aie sadauanusetasuedeen
icity aa ea ealtbe ai
iasisisniay

fl

ae geie
arate
ei ge

i yl.
Tatas Li} %
age ae ean

es
cs alti

a

yee

Sakare gona i
petite zene

Steg 7t «vs atniges i i : "
aaiae B ‘ i i Wie ‘i ant b
Z ee ee way rape ye

hice
tate

3 plitiaeninan 3)
yoiace OM ke dre at ea 4

ar ROR OEn aLs
sii ara oh te at

ee

pave tines 12 ff
We insinases

a ei kee
inst
ia
reac
mae ie tilstgs
Ae

Ace)
Eanvard

in dine Pan, E
Sone at ie # i ae
Hn dakeg eae
annoy
Mier

ys9e%

Inc

eH
aye dnacee

ey
ree

FY Uf) —> \% > ee i he” X Y \ ii “7, <R BQN YY If f° te
FEO = CS ere & Wer 2 ey EW 2 ED
= INOS a SS = = NY >" S NAosut

na p 2 n

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSOI

ES SMITt

i=
=
7)
) = 2) 2 = 7)
Ww = w im ra He p
= 4 = Ss 7 si 44
[oad a a = S a — fad YG
< eal <x c < WS. << = x
ce S cc = RAG Cc we
fea) mA faa) —. Ss \ fas} st
oe oO = 2) “SS = fo} pe
es] vA = - = 4
NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IyvuaIT LIBRAR! ES iio) LA aut eds NOILNLILSNI NVINOSH.
fe A Ly = -
ow = @ E . = o
Lies bs] Ps] -
2 2 : = : a
a = z r = i 2
m oe 4 pel ; Hd a m
a) i = = no
LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN CINSTITOTION | NOIEALIISNI NVINOSHLINS |S (yvud Moti BRARI ES | SMITHSO
a= < x Ee < = .< Sh ie se
XS = z = z 3 S QS =
QRS 9 % 8 foo 5 Me FZ
WN = So oO ela Oo % ae \. [e)
VS = E 2 = 2 E il a
| . 3 a 8 a 3 ra 1 8
NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHIINS SaluvugiT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSH
J 2 SC Ww 7 ui = ud 2 SX.
HOH Wer = on = Poe eee = o K
4 AS = « (yf jy & a AX
7 =. Ne : “PLY 3 = 2 gO
3 a8) 5 = « “Wey = cS BA
: 5 a 3 a 3 S 5
2 = ei aj = Zz.
PEGE Ue MRS tated aL RTS Leda cee A eae ee cat ee - Sulhois
- fo) Z _— (o} — = fo) alee fo) ay
J = Wy wo = a = o a y
: r Gy & S = We 5 0 c &
2 Gf BR : aN EE 5 ay
i) _— Uy Gs | w AY cad Pe) — YF
i a. eh Fi = = SNS VP = pear A
z D = ek a eee Oo z

NOILNLILSN! NVINOSHLINS SSIYWVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOALILSNI NWINOSt

saiuvyaly LIBRARIES SMITHS

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS

NVINOSHLIWS

IDV EINUVEITAI ey
SMITHSONIAN
NVINOSHLIWS
SMITHSONIAN
f
NVINOSHLIWS
Ye
SMITHSONIAN

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

WUTLZITIAILomt

NOILALILSNI

LIBRARIES
LIBRARIES
NOILALILSNI
LIBRARIES

NA
‘“
NOILALILSNI

NOILNLILSNI -NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NWINOSE

= om Zz — Zz (rm zm
5 = : — — 7
= w NG iS ow = “oO ° Ne
5 2 NY eS 2 = 2 = Nas
= > VGN 2 > pase > =
= = E = a 2 ra
Sf) an wn me Y _— a
m m m
S 7) . £ wn < 7) <=
SMITHS(

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYUdIT LIBRARIES

NVINOSHLINS SZIY¥Vualt

= . n = n Zz (27) z ae

f &. = < = = = =F SK

2 VEE = oO ae ey ro) Ty ra) INNS :

ZR 2 2 i A 2 bGiig o WX

see 2 = 2 GUY = So Gye = SY

RS eee as 5 S ace

,NOLLMLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3INVUGIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_NVINOS
— (ep) aes wn = —

“ 2 &. ww z uw 2 Mf 2 gs

—_— n w SO a n = Beacon tes = n AKO

z 2 XS =F = =. yl fy = = 2 NN

< =i WW = a <i i! = ee San WN

a S \\, fed = fa “Gy = x S aX

= 3 a 3 0 “YG = a 5B

— A 3] a er} ros a Zz

x
TIRRPARPIECC CMITHCONIAN INSTITUTION NOLINITICNT NYUINOCHTIING SaINWHNaIa LIBRARIES SMITHS

YET TAL YRS SC LE Of i poks oO G4; LN >] O $e oO
BY EB ONS 2 yyé 2,7 yy) 2/9 P= g
“SS > >’ Nose >" >
aS 3 = g er 5 : :
JTION NOULNLILSNI_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION _h
as j on

a 5 = Oy, % = :

< a < Give a < =

a + ce [aad = e& +

zn 5 2 a. é 2 5

za = A 3 Z2 am) Z

Ydi7 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYSIT LIBRARIES §

INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI

5 S pe aE z te =
@ = 2 o 2 is) =
5. rs) >)
> kK; > > ° po] > i
= e = a = 2 =
7) = n 7) eo cS 7) =
UTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS, S3IYVYEIT_LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN — N
= = x aN 2S < g z
= 2 5 2 WS 5 : : 3
z 2 z BRE 2 2 rd g
g = 2 ENG & = 2 E
= = = s : > = > ; =
Ze ; 7) 2 7p) She a
_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNIILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS * LIBRARIES S
= i 2 tat Zz we a S o
: =. Mp = ce = CN = = =
S a Ogg S ce c AN & G =
= pe) a at a
: 2 “@ 3 = 3 = : 2
pt} 2 = Zz
ITION | NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS (S3IYWYGIT LIBRARI ES_ SMITHSONIAN” INSTITUTION — NOILALILSNITN
* i om
fo) Sed S) ore fe) by ea ce) a
= o = fos] = Ly lee] = o
E > We 5 5 5 Fy > é =
= = \ SS po = = lig fi > = >
= eS AS = 2 = UC; ipa = a
YAIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS SIIUVYSIT LIBRARIES S
ayes = oe z= =< = <i 7 =
5 = = = £,= 5 Wy, z =
3 = 2 \y i GG? = Wy.2 :
aS FORTIN I 74 OT Za
- PA “NX XS 4 lef / 1 ( a he
: : SOW Ee sets :
2) wo ae i¢p) wo
is _NVINOSHIINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES _INSTITUTION | _N
Ww a ‘ Ww 2 io a Ww 2.
< Cc So SWS < = < ee < Cc
é 5 As 5 “= S = S
= o UCSF = 3 a iS) = fs)
ij Z = 2 aa zZ zy =
YI LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3!INVYGIT LIBRARIES S
a z iz z aa z iS z
o = ae) = wo NS ° o =
2 = z = 2 WAR 5 29 5
> EF: > ra S WS = > E:
2 = 2 i 2 \ = % =
m w m (2) hare e Ww ie 2)
a z on z a z Oo =
UTION | NOILMLILSNI nod tdVealT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOLLMLILSNI A
hse =< = < Se z \ g <
N = = = i= NN x = <= <= 5
NS SU = Ao af ca W\ SS =| = = =
Sea Vi 3 z5 Bi GOS FE 8 = 8
S$ 2G = Sag = WC, 8 z g z
> eg Ss > = SY > S : > ? Ss
aie 7, 77) ae 77) A Zz ‘ Fa
Yaiq_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31NVHSIT LIBRARIES. S
3 2 Ww 2 ti S Ron 2) S or)
g = og = 2 WY = @ i
= a. = in S Qy® sc = a.
S <5; c < a WRN < c <
5 2 5 e 5 Se S 2
2 a =a a S peels ee =F

WIS COW IN Hei Tay ae CN ETI eY LOTT T HI ein exis LTT ANT OU LC to 1 un al en en ane TOIT oT Gt so nn

- ; unt alae
' AIMS, yy
& ‘ ' D
i ' : iA ?
j ay : :
) \ im
¢
H
m ‘
fi
- 4
7 1
‘ee. =
7 Oo oo
: A
F ' ~ a
1
r ;
uO a
7 ok ‘
a fr it :
Y a TR oe

22 ln
=> mult

|

oe MMIII
INHtHNH

amy

eer

=" aq

= (dll

= lilt

SEPTEMBER 196]

VOL. 23,NO.9

°

Lij
VU
>
a
Lij
Te
Lid
Li
—
OQ
=
“oO

¢

©
a
fl
Li.

Bo
mo)
Be
iS)
a
==
iS)
——
We
“o
7
=
(S)
£
aD
tke
©
Qa.
S)
Q
7)
iS)
ol
©
Cd
YN
me]
(S)
=~
(=
—

UY
a
5
“
mM
c
EB
:

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

3
be

prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor

H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement.

The Bureau is not

responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

: 5/31/63

Page

CONTENTS

COVER: Typical lobster fishing boats anchored in a

small harbor in Maine.

A rapid increase in Maine

lobster landings occurred during World War II and
by 1945 total landings exceeded 19 million pounds.
Despite annual declines ‘since 1945, a general up-
ward trend has characterized the fishery and dur-
ing the 1950 decade landings averaged 21.5 million

pounds annually.

1. .Some Factors Influencing Maine Lobster Landings, by Robert L. Dow:

Part 1 - Length of Fishing Time and Catch-Per-Unit-of-Gear in the Maine Lobster Fishery

5... Part Il - Influence of Economic and Biological Factors in the Maine Lobster Fishery as Measured by
the Sequential Relationship of Sea Water Temperature to Landings to Price to Fishing Intensity

ee

6

Page

OMe.

Toc

ZA) rs
anlsree
22a.

22 es
CP WANG

PAS Sie
218) 525
Chee iG
Pye ae
AY BG

.. Part III - Observations on the Productive Recovery of the Maine Lobster Fishery
Ors

Part IV - The Role of Traps in the Maine Lobster Fishery
12 . .Development of a Thread-Herring Fishery in the Gulf of Mexico, by Johnny A. Butler

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS:
Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments:
Equipment Note No. 10--A Sea Sled to Tow-
ing Vessel Communication Method, by John
K. Holt
California:
Aerial Census of Sea Lions
Albacore Tuna off California and Baja
California Studied
Midwater Trawling for Salmon Fingerlings
Continued
Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products,
January-May 1961
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products:
Department of Defense Purchases, January-
April 1961
Department of Defense Purchases, January-
May 1961
Films:
Sponge Film Selected for International Showings
Fisheries Loan Fund:
Loans Approved, April 1-June 30, 1961
Fishing Vessel Mortgage and Loan Insurance:
Cases Approved, April-June 1961
Fish Flour:
Statement by Congressman Keith
Fish Meal:
Variable Quality Theory Being Tested

Page

Ovals
2Gre

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):

Freezing-Fish-at-Sea:
New Freezing Solution Sought
Frozen Foods:
Code Adopted by AFDOUS
Fur Seals:
International Treaty Negotiated 50 Years Ago
Game Fish:
Pacific Marine Game Fish Research Labora-
tory Planned
Great Lakes:
Efforts to Utilize Alewife Population in Lake
Michigan
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:
Lake Michigan Fish Population Survey
Continued
Lake Erie Fish Population Survey Continued
Hawaii:
Skipjack Tuna Landings, January-June 1961
Industrial Products:
World Production as Reported by Principal
Producing Countries
Maine Sardines:
Canned Stocks, July 1, 1961
Marketing:
Edible Fishery Products Marketing Prospects,
Summer-Autumn 1961

Contents continued page II.

IT COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd:):
Menhaden: Virginia (Contd.):
33... Parasites May Reveal Migratory Patterns 54... Scientist Participates in Field Test for
Michigan: Chemical Control of Oyster Drills
Sas Chemical Control of Sea Lamprey in North- Washington: ;
ern Streams Initiated 54... King and Silver Salmon Reared to Maturity
North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear in Captivity
Research: Weather Station:
34°. Survey of Midwater Fishery Resources off 56... Robot Station in Gulf of Mexico
New England Continued 56... Wholesale Prices, July 1961
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations: FOREIGN:
Soles Bottom Sediments and Organisms Collected International:
from Gulf of Maine Fishing Limits:
North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program: 58 ere Nordic Discussions
35 Area off Coast of Oregon Surveyed for Fish Oils:
Trawlable Bottom and Deep-Water Fauna 58 World Exports Continued Upward in 1960

36. Coastal Waters off Oregon and Washington Food and Agriculture Organization:
Explored for Albacore Tuna Beliote Fisheries Commission for West Africa .
Oceanography: Planned
37. Government-Industry Symposium on Instru- GOAne Council Approves West African and Euro-
mentation Held in Washington pean Fishery Commissions
Oregon: 60. Working Party of Experts to Increase Fish
37.. Albacore Tuna Scouting Cruise Ends Suc- Meal and Flour Demand Approved by
cessfully Council
37... Fish Commission Observer Reports No Fish 60)... Meeting on Economic Effects of Fishery
Kills in. Offshore Seismic Operation Regulations Concludes More Facts Needed
38 acc McKenzie River Salmon Spawning Channel Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission:
Agreement Reached Gig. Report on Eleventh Annual Meeting
Oysters: Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Convention:
38. Long Island Sound Observations on Spawning 63... Three Countries Sign Declaration of Under-
and Setting standing
39... Long Island Sound Observations on Spawning 63.. United States Invites FAO to Hold World
and Setting as of July 26 Meeting on Tuna Biology in California
Pollution: World:
Ke Contract Awarded for Dam to Stop Pollution 64 1958 Landings at Some of the World's
in Upper Sacramento River Valley Leading Fishing Ports
40.. Industrial Wastes Account for Most Fish Kills Aden Protectorate:
41 .. Russian Gill-Netter Docks in Boston, Mass., 65. Government Aids Fisheries
by Warren F. Rathjen and Peter C. Wilson Africa:
Salmon: 65... Fishery News Briefs
43... Mortality Studies of Silver Salmon Hooked Australia:
and Released by Trollers 65.. Tuna Catch Hits 5,000 Tons
Sea Scallops: Bahama Islands:
44... Economic Study of Atlantic Coast Fishing 65... Sponge Beds Reopened
Industry Started Brazil:
Shrimp: 66... Whale and Fish Meal Supply and Distribu-
45 Freeze-Dried Product on the Market for tion, 1959-1961
Institutional Use 66. Whale and Fish Oil Supply and Distribution,
South Carolina: 1959-1961
45... Fisheries Biological Research Progress, British Honduras:
April-June 1961 66.. Fishery Products Exports, 1959 and 1960
Tuna: Canada:
46... Research Discussed at. Honolulu Meeting 67.. Arctic Fisheries Survey
47... U.S. Fishery Landings, January-June 1961 67.. Fishing Vessel Reports Record Scallop Trip
U.S. Fishing Vessels: 68... Freeze-Drying Experiments on Fish
48 .. Documents Issued and Cancelled, May 1961 Continued
U. S. Foreign Trade: 68.. New Food Label Law
Ae) Edible Fishery Products, May 1961 Ceylon:
SOt. Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota 68... Japanese to Provide Fisheries Training
50.. World Trade in United States Fishery Products, Center
1960 68.. Japanese-Ceylonese Joint Fishing Venture
51.. U.S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions, Chile:
April-June 1961 69 .. Fish Meal and Oil Exports and Prices, Jan.-
Virginia: May 1961
52.. ,New Plastic Floats to Trace Movements of 69.. Implementing Regulations Issued for Fisher-
Young Fish ies Law
53... Oyster MSX Disease Reappears in Chesa- Costa Rica:
peake Bay 71.. Exports of Sea Turtles are Legal Except for

Those Caught in Nursery Area

Contents continued page II.

September 1961

Page

7

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Tl

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):

UG 0

72

72.

73.
73.

74
14

76
76

79.

UD a6

80..

80

80.
80..
80.

80
81

81

Chill G

82

82ers

B27.
Bai

83.

83
83

84_

84
84
85
85
85

86

Denmark:
Fish Meal and Solubles Prices, June 4-10,
1961
El Salvador:
New Tax Imposed on Shrimp Exports
German Federal Republic:
Fish Meal Prices, June 7, 1961
Fish Meal Prices, July 5, 1961
Ghana:
Bans Imports of Portuguese Canned Fish
Progress Reported in Modernizing Fishing
Industry
Iceland:
Ocean Perch Fishing and Marketing Problems
India:
Increased Fish Production Needed to Supply
Protein Food
Italy:
Imports and Exports of Marine Oils, 1959-60
Japan:
Commercial Deep-Sea Fishing Areas Con-
stantly Changing
Opinion on Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission's Proposal to Regulate Eastern
Pacific Yellowfin Tuna Fishing
Export Prices Raised for Canned Tuna in
Brine
Canned Tuna in Brine Exports to United
States, 1960
Seventh Sale to United States of Canned Tuna
in Brine .
Canned Tuna in Oil Exports to Europ
Prices for Exports of Frozen Tuna to U. S.
Fishery Agency Licenses 15 Tuna Mother-
ships with Portable Catcher Boats
Fishery Agency to Consolidate Tuna Research
Control of Atlantic Ocean Tuna Fleet by
Exporters Association Proposed
Frozen Albacore Tuna Export Market
Conditions
Fishery Landings Down at Yaizu in May 1961
Tuna Landings at Yaizu in June 1961
Summer Albacore Tuna Fishery Trends as of
June 1961
Albacore Tuna Fishing Picks Up
Albacore and Skipjack Tuna Landings and
Prices, June 18-24
Albacore-and Skipjack Tuna Landings and
Prices, June 25-July 1, 1961
Albacore and Skipjack Tuna Fishing Trends,
July 1961
Big-Eyed Tuna Fishing Reported Good
Number of Vessels Fishing Tuna in the
Atlantic Ocean
Poor Fishing Forces Tuna’Long-Liners to
Move Southward in Atlantic Ocean
Tuna Mothership Firms Plan to Transship
Frozen Tuna to United States
Research Vessel Explores North and Central
Pacific Ocean for Tuna
Catches of Tuna Motherships in South Pacific
Forecast of Japanese Halibut Catch by
Vessels Operating in Bering Sea Bottomfish
Fishery
Plans for Export of Frozen Halibut to United
States

Page

86 |.
Gileets
87...
87.
87.
88...
88...
88 .
89.
89.
89 1.
89...
90.
90.
pt:
91.
92.

92.
93).
93.0.
93:2),

94.

95Ne
EBiG sc

96.
96.
100..
101.

102.

103.

103.

103.
103.
104.

104...

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Japan (Contd.):
Bering Sea Bottomfish Fishery Catches
Lower than Expected
Fish Meal Production by Bering Sea Factory-
ships as of June 30
Factoryship Fish Meal Prices
Canned Jack Mackerel Exports
Canned Sardine Pack and Sales
Natural Pack Sardines to be Canned
Export Plans for:Canned Pink Salmon in 1961
Eastern Hokkaido Land-Based Salmon Fishery
North Pacific Salmon Mothership Operations
as of June 20
Bristol Bay King Crab Fishery
Bristol Bay Crab-Factoryship Attains Pack
Goal
Mothership Fleets Operating in North Pacific,
1961
Large Firm's Plans for Frozen and Canned
Oyster Exports in 1961
Frozen Swordfish Exports to the United States
Research Association to Study Revision of
International North Pacific Fisheries Con-
vention
Transshipments of Atlantic Trawl Fishery
Catches off West Africa
Tariff Negotiations with EEC Nations In-
cluded Fishery Products
Tuna Vessels Approved for Construction,
Fiscal Years 1958-60
Mauritania:
, Government Encourages Investment in Fish-
ing Industry
Malaya:
Japanese Negotiate for Another Tuna Fishing
Base
Mexico:
West Coast Shrimp Fishery Trends, Second
Quarter 1961
Netherlands:
Foreign Trade, Production, and Supply of
Fish and Marine-Animal Oils, 1960
Fish Meal Prices and Production
Whale Oil Prices and Utilization
Norway:
Cod Fishery Trends January-June 17, 1961
Foreign Trade and Production of Marine Oils
Marine-Oil Output Continues Downward
Peru:
Fish Meal Prices and Sales, April 16-May 15,
1961
Fish Meal Prices and Sales, May 1-June 15,
1961
Singapore:
Fishing Industry, 1960
South Pacific Islands Territories:
Training Center Studies Fishery Improve-
ment for Melanesians
South-West Africa:
Canned Fish Industry Optimistic about 1961
Sales
Pilchard Fishing Season Starts
Tanganyika:
Fishery Production Increasing

Union of South Africa:

Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery Landings,
January-March 1961

Contents continued page IV.

IV COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page Page
FOREIGN (Contd.): ; FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Union of South Africa (Contd.): Department of the Interior (Contd.):
104.. Warehousing and Shipping of Fish Meal in 111.. Science Advisor to Secretary Appointed
Paper Bags Fish and Wildlife Service:
U.S.S.R.: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: :
105.. Fishery News Briefs, June 1961 nig th ee Alaska Regional Office Positions Filled
106.. Crab Fishing Fleets in Bristol Bay TU Zier Federal Standard Proposed for Grades of
106... Soviet Fishing Limits Agreement with Frozen Fried Breaded Sea Scallops
Britain to End DS a Oceanographic and Hawaii Area Director
United Kingdom: Posts Filled
106.. Fiberglass Trawler Under Construction Department of State:
106... Fishery Loans Interest Rates Revised 113... Frank P. Briggs Sworn in as U. 8: Com-
Uruguay: missioner on Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
107.. Tuna Fishing Conditions and Markets Commission
West Indies: Department of the Treasury:
107... Construction of Japanese Tuna Cannery in Coast Guard:
Curacao TEE A Undocumented Boat Numbering Require-
FEDERAL ACTIONS: ments Issued
Department of Commerce: Foreign Assets Control:
Bureau of Census: Tacs U.S. Ban Lifted on Imports of Shrimp from
LOSe. Limited Revision of Import Commodity Hong Kong
Classifications in 1962 Planned U. S. Circuit Court:
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: 114... Fishing Crews Unemployment and Social
Food and Drug Administration: Security Tax Exemption Upheld
108.. Effective Date for Food Additives Amend- 114... Eighty-Seventh Congress (First Session)
ment Extended FISHERY INDICATORS:
LOB)... Extension of Effective Date of Food Addi- 120.. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected
tives Statute for Certain Substances Used States
Directly or Indirectly in Foods 121.. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
TOO Tr Food Additives Used in Certain Fishery 122... Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freez-
Products Approved ings of Fishery Products
109... Extension of Effective Date of Statute for 123... Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings
Additional Substances Used Indirectly in of Fishery Products at Principal Distribu-
Foods tion Centers
109.. Additional Food Additives Approved 123... Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production -
Public Health Service: U. S. and Alaska
tL) Ss Federal Action to Clean Up New York-New 124... Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
Jersey Raritan Bay Area Products
Department of the Interior: 125... Chart 7 - U. S. Fishery Products Imports

Hatchery in California 126... Fish and Wildlife Service Publications

110.. Contract Awarded for Trinity River Salmon RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
| 128... Miscellaneous Publications

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe
Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Janice Broquet, and Helen Paretti

KOK OK KK

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

P, 6--George H. Taylor, Dept. of Sea and Shore Fisheries, Augusta, Me.;
p. 19--V. B. Scheffer; p. 23--E, A. Macklow; pp. 26, 47, and 48--F.B.
Sanford and C. F. Lee; p. 52--Virginia Fisheries Laboratory; p. 74--
fig. 2, FAO; p. 75--fig. 3, F. L. Cyrien, FAO; pp. 76, 78, 87, and 88,
Consulate General of Japan, N. Y.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

G2
om)
<a
atin
ae |
om)
=
pe
ipod
ers
alli
fa ||
aut
|

|)
aul IT )
mi"
an
=

September 1961 Washington 25, D. C. Vol. 23, No. 9
a ey

SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING MAINE LOBSTER LANDINGS

By Robert L. Dow*
ABSTRACT

In this four-part article, some of the factors influencing lobster landings are ex-
amined,

Part I describes experiments carried on to measure the value of extended lobster
fishing time. Concurrently information on the validity of catch-per-unit-of-gear as
an index of lobster population abundance was obtained. Results indicate that during
the last quarter (spring) of the lobster year when the legal-size population has been
reduced to a minimum, extended-period fishing may be economically more efficient
than short-period trapping. For reasons of extreme variability in the length of the fish-
ing year, catch-per-unit-of-gear cannot be used as a valid index of lobster abundance.

Part II shows that analysis of data on the Maine lobster fishery during recentyears
indicates a measurable causal relationship between spring sea water temperature and
summer landings, The magnitude of summer landings determines the price paid fish-
ermen during the period and influences fishing intensity and landings during the follow-
ing winter and spring.

Part III points out that available data on the Maine lobster fishery during the period
1939-1947, when landings increased nearly 200 percent above the average of the two
preceding decades, indicate that an increase in landed value was the principal causative
factor.

Part IV indicates that major long-term fluctuations in Maine lobster landings are
the result of variations in fishing effort and that the number of traps fished is the most
consistent index of that effort.

Part I - Length of Fishing Time and Catch-Per-Unit-of-Gear in the Maine Lobster Fishery
BACKGROUND

Maine commercial lobster fishermen generally believe that their catches are increased
by set-over fishing except during the peak post-moult fishing period of the late summer and
early fall when greater catches sometimes compel them to empty their traps daily or, onoc-
casion, even more frequently.

The period of such extension beyond one day may range to a week or more when weather
conditions are sufficiently unfavorable, but generally does not exceed 72 hours.

Belief in the efficiency of extended period fishing is based on the assumption that pro-
longed exposure of lobsters to undisturbed baited traps will increase the net catch. The as-
sumption presupposes concurrent escapement will be less than the continuing level of catch.

Experimental traps fished under the direction of research personnel of the Maine De-
patient of Sea and Shore Fisheries by commercial lobster fishermen in three rather widely
Research Director, Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries, Augusta, Maine.

U. S, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO. 627

2. ‘COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

scattered areas of the central Maine coast provide information on this assumption as well as
‘on the validity of catch-per-unit-of-gear as an index of the magnitude of lobster populations.

Inthis report the followingterms are used: "trap haul,"the act of checking a trap for catch
by lifting or hauling it aboard the fishing vessel; ''daily,'' on successive days; ''set-over," on
non-successive days; and "length of fishing time," the duration of time during which a trap is
unchecked for catch.

Fig. 1 - A small harbor in eastern Maine showing lobster boats and traps.

MATERIALS

Three groups of 12 to 15 traps were built to the specifications of each of three commer-
cial fishermen who had volunteered to fish them and to maintain catch records during the pe-
riod of the experiments.

METHODS

A trap built by the Department and one built by the fisherman concerned were fished in
pairs for control purposes. This procedure conforms to the practice of fishing two or more
traps on a Single line in those areas where the type of bottom, tidal currents, water depth,
and other related factors are believed to cause high losses.when traps are operated singly.

Catch records without regard for legal or non-legal lobsters were maintained on forms
prepared and furnished by the Department.

>
Fishing was carried on during the following months:

Area #1--August, September, October, December, January, March, April, and May.

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

Area #2--October, November, February, March, April, May, June, October, and Novem-
ber.

Area #3--December, January, February, April, and May.

To reduce individual trap design and location as factors of fishing efficiency, traps were
randomly checked for catch and reset on both a daily and set-over basis.

RESULTS

The period of the experiments covered approximately one year; only in July were no
traps fished (table 1). Seventy-one days of 807 daily trap hauls averaging 11.4 traps per
haul-day produced 2,005 lobsters, or an average of 2.55 lobsters per trap haul. A total of
198 days of 2,505 set-over trap hauls averaging 12.6 traps per haul-day produced 6,323 lob-
sters, or an average of 2.52 lobsters per trap haul.

Table 1 - Comparison of Maine Lobster Catches by Daily and Set-Over Trap Hauls
Total Daily Avg. No. Lobsters Caught Total Set-Over Avg. No, Lobsters Caught
ZN Per T.

Per Trap

2 505

Avg. no. of traps hauled
per da

DISCUSSION

LENGTH OF FISHING TIME: Set-over haul fishing was carried on in all months except
July. Daily haul fishing was carried on in all months except January, June, and July. Since
the same traps were used for both types of fishing, individual trap bias was not a problem.

Set-over haul catches were greater in
October, November, March, April, and May;
while daily haul catches were greater in Au-
gust, September, December, and February.

There is evidence to support the belief of
commercial fishermen that during the peak
\post-moult (September) availability of
lobsters, daily haul catches are somewhat
higher (3.58 per trap) than those made by
set-over (2.95 per trap) fishing. The high
average trap catch at this season, with con-
sequent crowding of the lobsters in the trap,
competition for entry, more rapid deteriora-
ition of bait because of high water temperature,
and subsequent escapement during the set-over
time may serve to reduce the set-over catchin
comparison with daily haul fishing,

Fig. 2 - Maine fisherman repairing lobster trap.

Conversely, less crowded conditions to-
ward the end of the lobster year (June) when the available legal population has been reduced
by eight months of fishing may make set-over fishing economically more attractive, Re-

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

selts of the experiments indicate that during the last third of the lobster year (March-June)
the average catch for set-over fishing is 35 percent higher than for daily fishing.

The most intense fishing activity occurs during the period from July through September.
When late moulting delays the appearance of the annual recruitment significantly into this pe-
riod, most of the fishing effort has not been effectual in reducing the recruited population,
and a larger population survives to the winter and spring fisheries. The reduced intensity of
fishing--set-over fishing--may permit a greater carry-over abundance to last through the
winter and spring fisheries. The net affect on annual landings is likely to be small because
the fishing effort expended prior to the delayed summer recruitment actively diminished an-
nual landings by the yield of an equivalent effort applied at the end of the lobster year--May
and June--when its productivity would be least.

Fig. 3 - Oared boats have been largely replaced in the Maine
fishery by outboard and inboard powered boats. Fig. 4 - Typical Maine lobster boats.

CATCH-PER-UNIT-OF-GEAR: Although average catch per trap per day was slightly
lower (0.03) for set-over fishing than it was for daily fishing, total catch for the year was
2,8 times greater because of the greater number of fishing days. In these experiments typi-
cal of fishing practices and conditions, the set-over fishing year contained 198 haul days dur-
ing which each trap produced an average of 500 lobsters. The daily haul fishing year, less
attractive economically toward the end of the lobster year because of the sharply reduced
available population of lobsters, contained only 71 haul days during which each trap produced
an average of 181 lobsters.

Since annual catch-per-unit-of-gear is based on the total annual catch per trap, the more
days of fishing the greater will be the total catch and the yield per unit of gear.

For reasons of demonstrated wide variability in the length of the actual fishing year of
any given number of traps, catch-per-unit-of-gear in the lobster fishery has no validity as an
index of abundance. It does serve as an imprecise measure of response on the part of fisher-
men to meteorological and economic pressures.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Onan annual basis, set-over fishing is not more efficient nor will it produce greater
landings than daily haul fishing. There is evidence that as the available population declines
toward the end of the lobster year, set-over fishing may become economically more efficient.

2, Catch-per-unit-of-gear is not a valid index of lobster abundance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

THOMAS, H. J.
1951, Fluctuations in the Lobster (Homarus vulgaris) Population of the Scottish Coast, Scottish Home Department, Scotland.

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

‘Part Il - Influence of Economic and Biological Factors in the
Maine Lobster Fishery as Measured by the Sequential Relationship
of Sea Water Temperature to Landings to Price to Fishing Intensity

Two divergent explanations to account for the magnitude of fluctuations in Maine lobster,
Homarus americanus, landings have beendiscussedinprevious reports. Dow and Trott (1956)
attributed fluctuations in annual landings to economic influences while Taylor, Bigelow and
Graham (1957) associated a correlation of 0.85
between lobster landings and corresponding
mean sea water surface temperature for the
months October through April during the peri-
od 1939-1949 with the probability of more op-
timum conditions contributing to the survival
of a greater number of lobsters to catchable
size.

That both biological (meteorological) and
economic factors influence lobster landings
has been suggested by these studies. How
these factors are related and the extent to
which each effects landings is indicated by a
study of the fishery in recent years.

(1) Measurable relationships between
April-May subsurface sea water temperature
(thermograph records, 1952-1960) and July-
August post-moult lobster landings repre-
senting one-third of the average annual catch,
(2) between July-August landings and aver-
age landed price, and (3) between average
July-August price and landings during the first
six months of the following year representing
one-sixth of the average annual catch, are
suggested for the period 1952-1960 by corre-
lations!/ of 0.96 between the first two series
attributable to the association between water
temperature and recruitment of previously Fig. 5 - Ocean perch racks (what is left of fish after filleting)
sub-legal lobsters through expansion or con- are used extensively in Maine for lobster bait.
traction of the moulting period, -0.98 between
the second two series attributable to market response, and of 0.72 between the third two se-
ries attributable to fishing intensity.

lex

a

Table 2 - Relation of April-May Water Temperature to July-August Maine Lobster Landings to Landed Price to Winter-Spring Landings

2 b c d
April-May Lobster Landings the
Year Water Temperature det yied. nota oul de ie ap eye: Following
Above 40° F, Lobster Landings Sia January -June
oF. Million Lbs, ¢1 Lb. Millions Lbs.
1960 .. 6.6 6.5 44 4,3
LOS Svs 4.8 Biss) 51 4.5
LOS Bier. 5.8 6.0 50 4.4
IC EY A 6 8.0 728 35 4.4
1956)". Eo) 5.1 50 4.1
195 Sie 8.6 8.3 32 3.2
1954 ere 8.5 8.1 34 3.8
1953 enehe 10.0 8.1 33 3.6
1952 emeivenis 7.6 Tiel 42 4.1
Relationship between a and b with a correlation of 0.96 may be expressed as b = 2.1 + (0.67)a.
Relationship between b and c with an inverse correlation of -0,98 may be expressed as c = 13.1 + (-1.5)b.
Relationship between c and d with a correlation of 0.72 may be expressed as d = 2.42 + (0.385)c.

Relationship between a and d with an inverse correlation of -0.69 may be expressed as d = 52,2 + (-0.167)a.

1/Comeiatious were calculated by the simpic iinear method of Jeast squares.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

Water temperature is related to the peak time of moulting. After moulting, feeding ac-
tivity increases and lobsters are more easily trapped. The level of water temperature in
April and May is related to the magnitude of the catch in July and August. Catch determines
the price paid fishermen during July and August. Summer price appears to influence fishing
intensity of the following winter and spring and, in turn, is related to the magnitude of land-
ings for the period.

Based on water temperature only, computed values differed from actual values by +4.2
percent for July-August landings, by +6.0 percent for July-August price, and by +8.3 percent
for January-June landings during the period.

Although winter-spring inshore water temperature, closely related to the time of re-
cruitment of newly moulted lobsters, had no measurable effect upon landings of contempora-
neous winter and spring fisheries, July-August price factors, determined by post-moult land-
ings, appear to have directly influenced fishing intensity throughout the subsequent January-
June period (table 2).

LITERATURE CITED

DOW ORs Leeand DRODTM, We. Te
1956. A Study of Major Factors of Maine Lobster Production Fluctuations. Dept. of Sea and Shore Fisheries, Augusta, Maine, ms.

TAYLOR, C. C.; BIGELOW, H. B.; and GRAHAM, H. W.
1957. Climatic Trends and the Distribution of Marine Animals in New England. Fishery Bulletin 115, vol. 57, U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service.

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service thermograph records, Boothbay Harbor, Maine, 1952-1960.

Part lll - Observations on the Productive Recovery of the Maine Lobster Fishery
BACKGROUND

Prior to 1939 when a continuous statistical service was established, Maine lobster catch
records were based on estimates of the industry, the Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries,
and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (or its predecessor agencies).

These data, extant only
since 1880, indicate that land-
ings reacheda peak of 24.5 mil-
lion pounds in1889 but declined
to an annualaverage of 13.5
million for the next 15 years.

In the following decade a
gradualincrease reached 20.0
million paqunds by 1910 but de-
clined thereafter to 10.5 mil-
lion pounds annually at the be-
ginning of World War I. From
1919 to 1940 production fluctu-
ated only moderately, between
5.0 and 7.75 million, the low-
est average in the history of
the fis hery. Fig. 6 - Lobster dealer's buying site in eastern Maine.

A rapid increase in landings occurred during World War II and by 1945 total landings
exceedéd 19 million pounds. Despite annual declines since 1945, a general upward trend has
characterized the fishery and during the 1950 decade landings averaged 21.5 million pounds
annually.

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

Production data together with other information suggest that historically as well as other-
wise the fishery may be divided into several rather distinct periods (table 3). Until about
1845 little commercial use had been made of

the resource. Other than a small seasonal Table 3 - Average Annual Maine Lobster Landings by Periods
market for live lobsters, the shellfish were Period Millions of Pounds
used only as bait in some of the groundfish i 1843-1894

< . a8 irst large-scale live storage 1895-1904
fisheries, for fertilizer on coastal farms, and $Y wowaWarl...... | 1905-1916

as food. Post-World Warl ..... 1919-1929
5 1930-1938

1939-1947
1948-1960

The development of satisfactory canning
methods led to the rapid expansion of the fish-
ery beginning with 1843. For the next 50 years, until an increase in the legal minimum length
of lobsters was established in 1895, the principal commercial fishery was for the purpose of
supplying canneries.

The expanding live lobster market which had been the primary reason for a ''market''
minimum size to replace the ''canning'' lobster resulted in the construction during the follow-
ing decade of 23 natural sea water enclosures
called pounds." This was the largest num-
ber of such storage facilities ever constructed
in Maine in so short atime. (Dow, Harriman
& Scattergood 1959.) These 23 pounds pro-
vided storage capacity for 3.2 million pounds
of lobsters as compared with 44 operational
pounds in 1958 with a capacity of nearly 4.5
million pounds. Since 1895 the live market
has been the principal outlet for lobsters.

Production data suggest the probability
of cyclic changes in the abundance of lobsters,
a concept which is not supported by biological
and economic information developed since
1939.

DISCUSSION

In terms of change, the period of greatest
interest is that of World War II when the fish-
ery recovered from two decades of extremely

Fig. 7 - A Maine fisherman sells his catch of lobsters. low production. Following World War II an-

nual landings reached the highest catch level
in the history of the fishery. There is no evidence to indicate that the higher production of
the post-World War II period is anything more than a modification of the factor or factors
which made possible the rapid changes of the World War II period.

Average and maximum catch of the post-World War I and depression periods are repre-
sented by 1939 and 1940 landings. By 1945 landings had increased 189 percent.

The principal factors likely to have any considerable influence on lobster landings are
abundance, sea water temperature, type of bait, number of traps, number of fishermen, and
average landed value.

Since standard methods of sampling lobster populations for abundance have produced
such imprecise results, fluctuations in abundance can only be inferred. Indications of rela-
tive abundance, other than landings, do not suggest any significant change during the period.
The average weight of lobsters in the catch remained unchanged after the minimum legal
size increase in 1942, During each of the three years preceding the increase in minimum
size, average weight had been 1.1 pounds. During each of the six years following the increase,
average weight was 1.2 pounds. Any significant change in average weight would have been in-
dicative of an inverse increase or decrease in abundance,

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23, No. 9

Catch-per-unit-of-gear, frequently used as an index of relative abundance, has subse-
quently been shown to be an invalid measure in the lobster fishery because of variations in
fishing effort. (R. L. Dow 1961.) In 1940 at the beginning of the period and in 1947 at.the
end of the period, catch-per-unit-of-gear in the Maine lobster fishery was the same, 35.4
lobsters per-trap-per-year.

Surface and sub-surface sea water temperatures have been shown to be measurably re-
lated to certain seasonal lobster landings but there is no evidence of any relation to annual
catch. (Taylor, Bigelow and Graham 1957,and R. L. Dow 1961.)

The development of the ocean perch fishery provided a source of bait which later experi-
ments by the Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries demonstrated to be approximately 25 per-
cent more efficient than other natural baits then in use. Waste from the processing of ocean
perch fillets first became available in quantity in 1939. During the next several years land-
ings of this species increased to 40 million pounds. Both the number of fishermen and the
number of traps being fished increased greatly during the period as did average landed value.

Coefficients of correlation between each of the several factors and annual lobster land-
ings are of the order of 0.8 to 0.99 (table 4), Although deviations from the year-to-year trend
occurred in all series, only that of landed value was limited to one year, 1942, the year in
which an increase in the legal size reduced the catch a minimum of 0.7 million pounds, an a-
mount calculated from the size-frequency distribution of lobsters in the catch during the pre-
ceding three years. Had these lobsters been available to the fishery, total landings for the
year would have been 9,1 million pounds or more,

Table 4 - Comparison of Maine Lobster Landings with Water Temperature, Prices, and Other Significant Factors1/

ear Total Annual Mean Surface No. Average
Lobster Landings Temperature Landings Trap Fishermen Ex-Vessel Price
Million Lbs. 9 illi - | 1,000 Units 1,000 9
Saige con amial less veitedsipecialieriel pele ne BS 516 a
UO AGE Ce tet ci fore) se. Genie eto) oie. etre ne, 41, 473,
OAS Nate weve Wiis; fel 10 1eWerislierve cis. ts Ae) ates 378
TeV ool CAD GT ORO hoa cmoacy otc Pe) 24. ane
MCS Gea tethtirdeoc as onatano a3 25. 209
Tee A on pad 6 6 Ge cec ool D: DFO -6 26. 187
Dee areal aitr iiss Web ies este Ge efoto) Se 0 194
LOA Mie vel te! tote. erie ie vole: ie, oe, Favie 6 222
LOB OMe gihetes ia gitl steNiolcieeh otic e 4
Coefficient of earelanans r=

1/An increase in the minimum legal size in 1942 reduced landings a calculated minimum of 0.7 million pounds.

Moult-classes consisting of 15 percent carapace increment groups were calculated for
all lobster landings from July 1939 through June 1952 based on length-frequency and length-
weight measurements and moult-frequency observations.

Table 5 - Data on Moult-Class Maine Lobster Landings and
Average Ex-Vessel Price Per Pound

Lobster Moult Average Moult-Class
Class Ex-Vessel Price Landings
W/Lb.

It was observed that lobster-year (July-
June) catches varied independently of moult-
class catches. When the magnitude of the
catch from the first year fishing of newly re-
cruited lobsters suggested a decline in the
relative abundance of the previously sub-legal
population, subsequent proportionally higher
lobster-year catches from this same group as
it moved through the legal size range indicated
that fluctuations in apparent abundance were
not sufficient to influence landings significant-
ly.

Million Lbs.

1945 - 1946
1946-1947 ,
1947-1948 , fait
1948-1949 :

The average value of moult-class lobsters landed during the 13 lobster and 14 calendar

years of the period was determined. Data on moult-class landings and values are listed in
table 5.

Data in tables 4 and 5 have been purposely limited to the period 1939 until after World
War II because of the behavior of the lobster fishery. Lobster landings in Maine from 1919

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

to 1940 averaged only 6.6 million pounds per year but rapidly increased through 1945, then
declined temporarily for the next three years. My interest has been in trying to account for
this phenomenal change. Landings by calendar years, lobster years, and by moult-class
years indicate that economic factors were the most important in influencing the recovery of
the lobster fishery. Since that time, other factors, including the number of fishermen, the
number of traps, water temperatures, the extent of the area fished, and the length of fishing
time, appear to have increased considerably in importance. There is some indication that
since World War II there has been an inverse correlation between economic factors and land-
ings. That is, fishing effort declines when price declines which in turn leads to increased
price with lack of supply. This, in turn, stimulates increased fishing effort and landings go
up. For example, in 1948 average ex-vessel price per pound was 40 cents a pound because
landings were down to 16 million pounds that year. In 1949 landings increased to 19 million
pounds but price declined to 35 cents a pound. Price remained at the same level in 1950 and
landings declined to 18 million pounds. In 1952 price went up to 42.5 cents a pound and land-
ings in 1953 increased to 22 million pounds.

SUMMARY

Indications of relative abundance (landings, average weight, and catch-per-unit-of-gear)
fail to support the concept of any significant increase in abundance during the World War II
period. Water temperatures are related to the concentration and magnitude of seasonal land-
ings rather than to the magnitude of annual landings.

The more efficient bait, ocean perch, is still not available in many remote fishing areas
where landings have shown the same rate of increase. The number of traps is a biological
function insofar as traps are agents of food and shelter. Traps also reflect long-term fishing
effort and in that respect are of economic significance.

Moult-class catches derived from biological data support the reliability of the high cor-
relation between average landed ex-vessel price and annual landings during the World War
II period 1939-1947,

CONCLUSION

The magnitude of productive recovery of the Maine lobster fishery from the post-
World War I and Depression periods is attributable to economic factors of which landed value
during the World War II period is the most reliable indicator.

LITERATURE CITED
Dow, R. L.; HARRIMAN, D. M.; and SCATTERGOOD, L. W.
1959, The Role of Holding Pounds in the Maine Lobster Industry, Commercial Fisheries Review, vol.21, no. 5 (May). Also see
Sep. No. 548.

DOW, R. L.
1961, Length of Fishing Time and Catch-Per-Unit-of-Gear in the Maine Lobster Fishery, ms.

Influence of Economic and Biological Factors in the Maine Lobster Fishery as Measured by the Sequential Relationship of
Sea Water Temperature to Landings to Price to Fishing Intensity, ms.

TAYLOR, C. C.; BIGELOW, H. B.; and GRAHAM, H. W.
1957, Climatic Trends and the Distribution of Marine Animals in New England.

Part IV - The Role of Traps in the Maine Lobster Fishery
BACKGROUND
With respect to the fisherman, the role of traps in the Maine lobster fishery is relative-

ly uncomplicated, limited to the catching of lobsters. In terms of biology and economics, the
function of traps may become somewhat more complex.

10

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

An unbaited trap is an agent of shelter, while a baited trap-also provides a readily avail-
able source of food. The number of traps in operation is indicative of the level of fishing effort.

Fig. 8 - A portion of harbor at Cape Porpoise showing lobster "car" (left foreground), boats, and traps stacked on the dock,

Traps are of particular interest in the Maine lobster fishery because records of their
number are more consistent and include a longer period of years than those of any other fac-

Table 6 - Number of Traps and Landings in the
Maine Lobster Fishery, 1897-1960

ear Landings
Millions of Lbs.

19601) 2 66 << 24.0
10597 Sekar ht ace 22a
19S Sie terieg ors 2153
195 7ateibette teen 24.4
1O5OPeieuel srs ts 20.6
LOSS iveMene twice rs Boat
THe Yb oes Geis Get laid
LOSS ey ee) leis PASE}
LOS 2Meite tetteie 6 20.0
195 Us GareireG arate 20.8
1950p ei ienseine} © 430 18.4
Se eae tay 462

IES hag OO 459

1947 we cece 516 18.3
1946 2% 60 38 6 473 18.8
1948 ae cs; io 378 19,1
1944 se 0 6 Asy) 14.1
LOA Sie te Merkay fore 209 15
1942 eiiens 187 8.4
IO ve eee) 6 194 8.9
1940 2. cece 222 TG
19S OM ire) aitel ae 260 6.6
19387. ke tore, 0 258 Lah
1937 Tate ‘ete te 186 7.3
19395) vee te. eviene 185 Te
EES GS Go ome 180 Sa
LOS 2M ieteh ster ivate. 208 6.1
LOS ieee Netiels (6 168 5.4
IS30 es ave le 205 7.8
1 OAS treat syle 211 ihaal
1924 ale on 6 we 154 535
1906. 22 «0 305 15.0
LQOSi emetic, ie: 4 254 11.1
1OOS Tee oilers “6 268 ermal
19025 ote. e166 298 14.3
ISOS ects « 304 14.0
19000 ors yore 327 14.4
1809 ows eee 335 127)

tor likely to influence the magnitude of land-
ings. Trap records are available for 40 of
the 63 years since 1897.

DISCUSSION

Within this historic period (table 6), lob-
ster landings have ranged from 5 million to
24 million pounds and the number of traps
from 150,000 to nearly 750,000.

Chronologically as well as in terms of
the number of traps fished, the fishery falls
into three major periods (table 7). From1897

Table 7 - Average Number of Traps and Average Annual
Landings in Maine Lobster Fishery during Three Major Periods--
1897-1906, 1924-1944, and 1945-1960

Annual Average Average
of Traps Fished | Annual Landings
Millions of Lbs.
20.6
7.8
5 atk

Years

No. in 1,000's

509
205
289

1945-1960. .
1924-1944 , ,
1897-1906. .

to 1906 the number of traps fluctuated between
234,000 and 325,000 and landings between 11.1
million and 15.0 million pounds. Data are un-
available again until 1924, From 1924 to1944
the number of traps ranged from 154,000 to
260,000 and landings from 5.4 million to 14.1
million pounds. During recent years, 1945 to
1960, traps have ranged from 378,000 to
745,000 and landings from 15.9 million to
24.4 million pounds.

The relation of the number of traps
fished to various levels of landings is fur-

September 1961

ther illustrated when landings are grouped
by four-million-pound annual units (table 8).

The number of traps being fished appears
to be determined by the average landed price
paid fishermen for their catch. Only since
1939 have consecutive annual data on average
landed price been available. Coefficients of
correlation for the series; price and current

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ital

Table 8 - Relationship Between Number of Traps Fished and
Various Levels of Annual Landings

Range of
Annual Landings

Annual Average
No. of Traps

No. in 1,000's

203

262

316

449

585

year following; and price and average number of traps of current and year following-range

from 0.88 to 0.93.

CONCLUSION

Major long-term fluctuations in Maine lobster landings can be attributed to variations in
fishing effort of which the number of traps being fished is the most consistent index.

UNITED STATES CATCH BY AREAS, 1960

(Figures represent million pounds)

ALASKA

UNITED

A
\
aN,
MEXICO
HAWAII
cA 11 ax

Preliminary Data oe

STATES

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

DEVELOPMENT OF A THREAD-HERRING FISHERY
IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

By Johnny A. Butler*
ABSTRACT

Growth of industrial fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico has stimulated a search for supple-
mental sources of fish for industrial uses. One potential source has been found in the thread-
herring stocks of the Gulf. The thread-herring resource is described and efforts of the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the industry to develop methods of fishing for thread
herring with lampara and purse seines are reported.

INTRODUCTION

The rapid growth of the industrial fishery of the Gulf of Mexico--due primarily to the
growth of the fish-reduction and petfood industries--has resulted in an increasing demand
for industrial fish. This demand has created a need for further exploration and evaluation
of fishery resources that might be made available for continued industrial expansion and de-
velopment.

Growth of the fish-reduction industry in the Gulf since 1939 is shown in the landing sta-
tistics for menhaden (fig. 1). This growth has been brought about through increased and im-
proved plant facilities, and in recent years, through improved fishing techniques and vessel
modernization. Aerial spotting, larger and better-equipped vessels, use of lighter synthetic
seines, power blocks, and refrigeration have greatly increased the production capabilities.
But production has remained limited to a few months in any one locality and has been subject
to serious fluctuations,

Since 1952, several petfood
Menhaden Production, Gulf of Mexico, 1939—1960 plants have been established a-
Legend: , || long the northern coast of the

Total Gulf production ———_

Gulf of Mexico. These plants
process and can catfood from
Mississippi raw material produced prima-
ree rily by bottom-fish trawlers
Py (Haskell 1961). Approximately
75 percent of the trawl catches,
which in 1960 amounted to over
80 million pounds worth $1.2
million ex-vessel, is made up
of croakers, spots, and white
trout, with the balance consist-
ing of several dozen miscella-
neous species.

Louisiana

Future expansion of the in-
dustrial fishery will depend ul-
timately on the availability and

Fig. 1- The Gulf menhaden industry has shown a relatively constant growth since 1939, utilization of ee ite
but sharp year-to-year and area-to-area fluctuations in production have often created new areas, with new or modi
serious peobleme in maximum utilization of equipment and vessels. Supplementary fied equipment and methods.
sources of fish are needed, not only to allow continued increases in production, but - i
also to reduce the fluctuations in Pecdeetians Missing portions of te graph represent ae Cady Clie piace nas
periods for which information is not available. appears to offer one promising

ishery Methods and Equipment Specialist, Branch of Exploratory Fishing, Division of Industrial Research, U. S, Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, Pascagoula, Miss.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FiSH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP, NO. 628

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

avenue for such future expansion. The potential value of this resource to the industrial fish-
ery is indicated by thread-herring catches made recently off the Southeastern States. in coast-
al waters of the Atlantic (table 1) as a supplemental source of fish
for the fish-reduction and petfood fisheries. Similar indications
have been observed in the Gulf of Mexico where incidental catches
have been made from time to time to supplement production of the
SSPaetgeaa yr same fisheries, but no statistics on thread-herring catches are avail-
tees able from the Gulf owing to the highly incidental nature of such

PN ee catches, and the consequent lack of species breakdown. Thread her-
ring may also aid the fish-reduction industry in stabilizing produc -
tion and in extending the production period throughout the year as
they are present in many coastal waters during periods when menhaden are scarce.

THREAD HERRING

The thread herring, Opisthonema oglinum, is a sardine-like fish that ranges from the Gulf
of Maine to Rio de Janeiro and is found in great abundance from North Carolina to the West
Indies. Between Cape San Blas and Key West, Fla., the thread herring is the predominant
species of surface-school fish and a year-round inhabitant, and in all other portions of the
Gulf it may be found for at least some portion of the year. The full extent of the population
of thread herring in the Gulf is unknown, owing to the absence of either an established com-
mercial fishery or extensive research, but based on observations of schools throughout the
Gulf for several years the resource is estimated to be capable of supplying a sizable
annual catch.

Table 1 - Thread Herring Landings,
South Atlantic Coast of U. S.,
1956-59 1/

bined with menhaden landings.

In general appearance, the thread herring resembles menhaden, scaled sardines (razor
bellies), and gizzard shad. The best diagnostic characteristic of the thread herring is the
unusually long last ray of the dorsal fin. This characteristic is sufficient to differentiate the
fish from menhaden and scaled sardines, and gives rise to the common name of "hairy back,"
frequently used by commercial fishermen, The gizzard shad, found in both fresh and salt
water, has a similar long last ray on its dorsal fin. But the thread herring has scales that
cross over the ridge of the back, anterior to the origin of the dorsal fin, whereas the gizzard
shad is naked of scales along this ridge. Also, the pectoral fin of the thread herring folds in-
to a groove not found in the gizzard shad.

Several behavior characteristics of thread herring make these fish difficult to catch with
standard commercial gear. The schooling behavior is such that at times large schools rapidly
divide into smaller groups, and these smaller groups, of 25 tons or less, are extremely ma-
neuverable, fast, and very difficult to encircle. Commercial menhaden seiners prefer to work
larger and less maneuverable schools owing to the amount of labor involved in setting their
large seines. Thread-herring schools have also been observed to disperse completely in a
matter of a few seconds apparently when the fish are highly excited. Adding further to the
difficulty, when thread herring are entrapped by a net they tend to charge the webbing and
there is a high incidence of ''gilling."' Finally, thread-herring schools often occur in very
shallow water where the deep webbing of ordinary menhaden seines is endangered by contact
with the bottom and where the efficiency of these seines is lessened.

For these reasons, as well as the lack of sufficient information on the abundance of fish
present, commercial use of the thread-herring resource has been limited, and capture has
been incidental to capture of other species.

EFFORTS TO FISH FOR THREAD HERRING IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

In June 1953, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries vessel Oregon was engaged in
exploring for bait resources for use in live-bait tuna-fishing studies. Numerous schools of
thread herring were observed in the eastern Gulf during these explorations (Siebenaler 1953)
and their presence recorded. Repeated observations of large and numerous schools have
been made since by Bureau vessels--in the eastern Gulf in all seasons, and in other Gulf
areas through most of the year. Reports of the presence of these large and numerous schools.
combined with motion-picture records made for reference and shown to members of the in-
dustry, has created considerable interest in the resource.

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

SSeS — =

the Gulf actually began in 1957. In St. Petersburg, Fla., a 35-foot mackerel boat (fig. 2) was

Fig. 2 - The Florida lampara-seine operation for sardines. The
two wings of the lampara are being brought aboard with the aid

of a two-roller gurdy.

equipped with a mechanically-powered gurdy
and a West Coast lampara sardine seine to
fish for Spanish sardines (Sardinella anchovia).
These fish were sold as bait for sport fishing.
Some schools of thread herring were present
in the same areas as the Spanish sardines and
small quantities were caught, although little
specific effort was given to catching this spe-
cies because their acceptability as bait was
less than that of the Spanish sardines and they
are generally more difficult to catch.

The lampara-seine operation was mod-
erately successful during the summer of 1957,
but in 1958 the Spanish sardines did not re-
appear in the St. Petersburg area. Since
thread herring were less salable to bait deal-
ers, and industrial markets for thread herring
were not explored at that time, little further
effort was expended with lamparas, but lam-
para gear was shown to be of use in catching
commercial quantities of thread herring.

The use of lampara seines for thread-herring capture, although shown to be generally

efficient, presented several problems:

In shoal waters where thread herring are generally

found in greatest abundance, the leadline of the conventional lampara seine reaches the bot-
tom before assuming its closed-bottom shape; use of a powered gurdy for retrieving the lam-
para causes the leadline to lift, creating an avenue of escape for the fish as the seine is
hauled through the fairlead at the rail; and tidal conditions sometimes affect the proper open-
ing of the lampara bunt, and make it necessary for the vessel to be positioned downwind from

the seine on completion of the set.

BUREAU GEAR TRIALS--
1958-59: In the late fall of 1958,
in view of industry interest in
fishing new industrial fish sources,
the Bureau's gear research ves-
sel George M. Bowers was equip-
ped with a hydraulically-powered,
two-roller, lampara-seine gurdy
(fig. 3) and three types of lam-
para seines were tried in efforts
to correct some of the deficien-
cies noted in the gear used for
thread herring off St. Peters- ©
burg. Nets used were: A South
African purse-lampara; a tuna-
bait lampara; and a "simplified
design’ lampara. Of the three,
the ''simplified design'' lampara
was the most effective for catch-
ing thread herring. The ''sim-
plified design" lampara is 213
fathoms long with a bunt 33 fath-
oms long and two wings each 90
fathoms. The bunt is made of
$- and 32-inch stretched-mesh

Fig. 3 - Retrieving the lampara seine aboard the George M. Bowers.

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

webbing and the wings are 4-inch stretched-mesh webbing. The $-inch synthetic corkline
is buoyed up with 3- by 4-inch cylindrical BIastic floats on the center section and 2- by 3-inch
tapered plastic floats on the wing sections. A #-inch galvanized chain is used for the lead-
line. The bunt (fig. 4) is hung full, three feet to one, for maximum "'pocket"' and the wings are

Fig. 4 - Thread herring hardened in the bunt alongside the George M, Bowers.

hung almost straight (6:7) to assure closing of the 4-inch meshes when the net is pulled with
the power gurdy.

Development of the ''simplified design" lampara helped alleviate some of the problems

that faced the Gulf lampara operator--it partially eliminated the opening up of a hole through
which the fish could escape when the net was retrieved and it provided a lampara which could
be used in shallow water. More important, however, the Bureau's preliminary gear trials,
combined with the moderate success of the commercial lampara operation for sardines, en-
couraged members of the fish-reduction industry of the north Gulf to conduct trials of their
own with lampara seines and other gear for thread herring.

INDUSTRY TRIALS WITH LAMPARA SEINES--1958-59: In 1958, a member of the men-
haden industry in Pascagoula, Miss., equipped a shrimp vessel with a mechanically-powered
gurdy and a 350-fathom lampara seine. The seine was built by a successful West Coast lam-
para fisherman along the design of lampara seines used on the West Coast for mackerel and
sardines. Before seining for menhaden, a crew of Gulf Coast fishermen was sent to San Pe-
dro, Calif., for training aboard lampara vessels in that area. The first experimental lam-
para seining for menhaden by this unit began during the latter part of the 1958 menhaden sea-
son (October-November) off the coasts of Mississippi and Louisiana. As was to be expected

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

in using gear designed specifically for one fishery in a different fishery, need for modifica-
tion of design soon became apparent. Minor changes in mesh size, hangings of the corkline
and leadline, and size and weight of the leadline were tried without initial success.

Later in the winter of 1958/59 the lampara vessel was moved to the St. Petersburg area
where thread-herring schools were available for continuation of this experimental fishing.
The thread herring were smaller than the menhaden and additional changes in mesh size were
necessitated, Following these changes results were encouraging. Catches ranged as high as
27 tons of thread herring per set. The catches from this experimental operation were trans-
ported to Pascagoula and used with trawl-caught fish in canned catfood,

These results created more interest among the menhaden and petfood plant operators in
the new source of fishing stocks and the different fishing techniques. Numerous representa-
tives of the menhaden industry observed this new technique, and perhaps of greater impor-
tance, saw the abundant schools of thread herring from Clearwater to Boca Grande, Fla.

INDUSTRY TRIALS WITH PURSE SEINES--1958-60: The first-hand observations of the
thread-herring resource, made as a result of Bureau efforts, stimulated another vessel op-
erator to attempt fishing thread herring with the standard two-boat purse-seine technique
used in the Gulf menhaden fishery. Preliminary efforts were made during the offseason pe-
riod for menhaden, a period which, in the Gulf, normally occurs between November and April.
Lack of knowledge of bottom conditions in the area chosen for trials, use of purse seines de-
signed for deeper water, and the presence of excessive numbers of spiny clams (Atrina sp.)
caused considerable damage to the purse seines. In spite of these problems, sufficient quan-
tities of thread herring were caught with menhaden seines to encourage resumption of fish-
ing in the same area the following winter season with a different type of purse seine.

Single boat purse seining was introduced in efforts to catch thread herring during the
winter of 1959/60, The single-boat technique (Knake 1950) utilizes a single small seine skiff
and a larger vessel which carries the seine. When a school is sighted by aerial spotting or
spotting from the masthead of the main vessel, the skiff is cast off with one end of the seine
made fast to it. The main boat then encircles the school, laying the seine out over its stern.
On completion of the circle, the end of the seine is passed back to the main vessel from the
skiff and the bunt of the seine, which is at one end, is tied off alongside the vessel on the for-
ward port rail. The seine is then pursed using a ton weight of about 600 pounds, after which
the purse rings are brought aboard and the wing is retrieved through a power block hung
from the boom. As the wing comes aboard it is restacked on the stern for resetting. The
fish are hardened in the bunt by strapping, and are either pumped or brailed into the fishhold.
The single-boat purse-seine technique has proven to be the most successful technique used
so far for catching thread herring in the eastern Gulf. Rapid pursing, rapid retrieving of the
wing, applicability to use with small schools, and the low manpower requirements of this
technique make it generally acceptable.

Three small vessels, the largest a 53-foot shrimp vessel, were equipped with this type
of gear during the winter season of 1959/60 in the St. Petersburg area. Catches ranged from
5 to 40 tons per set. Adverse weather conditions and nonavailability of freight vessels to
transport’the catches to a petfood cannery in Pascagoula and a fish-reduction plant in Apa-
lachicola, Fla., limited the operation of these vessels. Approximately 1,400 tons were pro-
duced by the three vessels in a period of approximately 4 months, even though the actual fish-
ing time was limited to less than 45 days.

OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE

The development of the thread herring fishery in the Gulf of Mexico, as an adjunct ofthe
industrial fish industry, is dependent upon such factors as a stabilized world market for fish
meal, oil, and solubles and an increased demand for raw materials for the petfood industry.
Thread herring for reduction to fish meal, oil, and solubles have been proven to be of satis-
factory quality, and the operation has been shown to be economically profitable under normal
market conditions. As raw material for petfood, thread herring are commercially acceptable.

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

There is also the possibility that thread herring could be packed sardine+style, as a food
item. Development of a thread herring''sardine fishery'' is dependent upon establishment of
facilities and markets. Experimental canning has indicated that thread herring produce an
acceptable product when canned in oil, tomato sauce, and other usual types of sardine packs.
Continued research and experimental work is being undertaken by the Bureau and the com-
mercial industry to further evaluate the apparent great potential of this source of protein
from the Gulf of Mexico.

SUMMARY

The growth of the fish-reduction industry since 1939 and the establishment and growth of
the petfood industry in the Gulf of Mexico has created a demand for industrial fish. The pres-
ence of abundant stocks of thread herring in the Gulf offers a potential resource as a supple-
ment to existing industrial fish stocks. The exploratory and experimental work of the Bureau
and the industry in effecting suitable fishing techniques and gear and the development of uses
for thread herring, serve as a foundation for future development of the thread-herring fishery
in the Gulf of Mexico.

LITERATURE CITED

HASKELL, W. A. SIEBENALER, J. B.
1961. The Gulf of Mexico Trawl Fishery for Industrial Spe - 1953. Traplift Net for Catching Tuna Bait Fishes. Com-
cies. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 23, no. 2 mercial Fisheries Review, vol. 15, no. 8 (August),
(February), pp. 1-6. (Also Sep. No. 612.) pp. 14-17. (Also Sep. No. 356.)
KNAKE, B, O.

1950, Atlantic Coast Mackerel Purse Seine. U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Fishery Leaflet No. 373 (July),
9 pp.

BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROLYTIC TINPLATE AS
CONTAINER FOR MEAT AND FISH

Beef in gelatin and tuna in olive oil were packed, according to com-
mercial canning techniques, in cans of Ferrostan electrolytic tinplate No.
50, with normal or anodic passivating electrochemical treatment, with or
without interior sulphur-resisting lacquer coating. From the technical
pointof view, this type of tinplate has proved to be quite suitable for can-
ning the two products. From the aesthetical point of view, the tinplate
passivated bythe anodic treatment, whether plain or lacquered, was found
to be unsuitable for canning beef, while only the plain tinplate passivated
by the same treatment turned out to be unsuitablefor canning tuna. In all
the other cases, the sulphite discoloration of the tinplate either was prac-
tically absentor didnot exceed, in extent and nature, thatnormally occur-
ring on hot-dipped tinplate cans containing the same products. (Industrie
Conserve, vol. 35, no. 1; 1960, pp. 7-11.)

18 ¢ COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

zee!REN DS 2x

AND :

ie

ae =

Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments

EQUIPMENT NOTE NO, 10--
A SEA SLED TO TOWING VESSEL
COMMUNICATION METHOD:

For some types of fishing gear research,
SCUBA divers employ a diving sled towed by
the vessel towing the gear being studied
(Sand 1956, Holt 1960). This technique per-
mits continuous observation, photography,
and measurement of gear under normal op-
erating conditions. Lack of communication
between divers and the towing vessel is a
serious limiting factor in operations in which
sleds are used. The U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Gear Research Unit at
Pascagoula, Miss., has recently developed a
one-way communication method as a partial
solution to this problem (fig. 1).

The com-

Fig. 1 - A pictorial view of the sea sled in use.
munication conductor runs from the vessel to the sled along
the towing cable,

The method utilizes the following equip-
ment (fig? 2).

Vol. 23, No. 9

Fig. 2 - The bridge-mounted signal bell, 12-volt d.c. power
supply, and the sled-mounted signaling switch with watertight
connector attached, An electrical conductor (not shown) con-
nects these components,

Fig. 3 - Signaling switch mounted on the sea-sled control box.
A signal button; a 12-volt d.c. power sup-
ply; a standard 12-volt alarm bell; and an

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO. 629

ry
September 1961

electrical conductor between components.
The signal button is filled with castor oil so
that water pressure will not set off the signal
and so that water will not enter.the button.
The signal button is located on the control
box of the sled and is joined to the electrical
conductor through a watertight connector
(fig. 3). The conductor is standard 750-ohm
television aerial lead-in wire with metal
rings attached at 2-fathom intervals. The
sled towline, which runs from one drum of
the trawling winch, passes through all of the
rings. The unused length of conductor is

kept folded at the stern where it is suspended
from the rings (fig. 4). The power supply and
signal bell are mounted on the bridge.

Fig. 4 - The conductor wire hanging from its supporting rings.
The sea-sled towline passes through all of the rings.

A signal code, prepared before the divers
enter the water, is used to transmit the
wishes of the divers to the crew of the tow-
ing vessel. In this way changes affecting
speed, wire scope, or other factors can be
made effectively and simply without the time-
consuming necessity of surfacing. The meth-
od also is an improvement in diving safety
procedures, in that the vessel can be signaled
immediately in the event of an accident toone
of the divers or to equipment.

The primary deficiencies of the method
are that communication is possible in one
direction only and the number of prearranged
operations permitted is limited owing to the
necessity of keeping signals simple,

--By John K, Holt
Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist,
Branch of Exploratory Fishing,
Division of Industrial Research,
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Pascagoula, Miss.

= < —

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

California

AERIAL CENSUS OF SEA LIONS:

Airplane Spotting Flight 61-7-Sea Lion
Census: An aerial survey of the coast and
offshore islands from Pismo Beach and the
Oregon border to Pt. Conception was con-
ducted by the California Department of Fish
and Game Twin Beechcraft on June 6-9, 13,
and 19, 1961, to estimate the abundance of
sea lions in California. Significant concen-
trations of sea lions were found on Turtle
Rocks off Patrick Point, Sugar Loaf off Cape
Mendocino, Sea Lion Rocks off the Mattole
River, Jackass Gulch south of Shelter Cove,
Cottaneva Needle near Cape Vizcaino, rocks
off Fort Ross, Point Reyes, Farallon Islands,
Ano Nuevo Island, Santa Cruz Point, Parting-
ton Point, Cape San Martin, Point Piedras
Blancas, West end of San Miguel Island, Santa
Barbara Island, San Nicolas Island and the
west side of San Clemente Island. Individuals
and lesser numbers were found intermittently
between those places.

Califomia sea lions on Twin Rocks, Laguna, Calif.

Photographic equipment used included a
9" x 9" vertical aerial camera mounted in
the floor of the Beechcraft, a K-20 manually-
operated aerial camera, and a 35-mm. color
camera, Photographs were taken wherever
significant concentrations of sea lions were
encountered. Actual counts and estimates
were made in areas where only small num-
bers of animals were found.

Weather conditions, for the most part,
were ideal and the census was completed with-
iout undue delay because of coastal fog so often
present inthe past during June.

He OK OK OK OK

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ALBACORE TUNA OFF CALIFORNIA AND
BAJA CALIFORNIA STUDIED:

M/V “Alaska” Cruise 61-A-4-Albacore:
The high seas off California and Baja Cali-
fornia between Monterey and Guadalupe Island
from latitude 29-00' N, to 36 40' N, and off-
shore to longitude 141” W., were surveyed by
the California Department of Fish and Game
research vessel Alaska from May 9-June 13,
1961. The objectives were (1) to explore the
offshore area in an attempt to intercept and
determine the migration route of albacore
approaching the Pacific Coast fishing grounds;
and (2) to describe environmental conditions,
relative to albacore occurrence, by collect-
ing various physical and biological data.

San Francisco

San Pedro

1409

M/V Alaska Cruise 61-A-4-Albacore (May 9-June 13, 1961).

Approximately 3,000 of the 3,400-mile
vessel track were fished with surface troll-
ing gear. No albacore were caught or ob-
served in the area covered.

Temperatures in most of the survey area
were suitable for albacore. The warmest
sea-surface temperature recorded was 65.1
12 some, 1,140 miles west of San Pedro (lat-
itude 33°30'N., longitude 139° 34'W.). The
coolest was 57.2° F, about 240 miles west of
San Pedro (latitude 33°45' N., longitude
123°01' W.)

A total of 109 bathythermograph casts to
450 feet was made, each at approximately
20-mile intervals. Sea-water samples for

Vols 2 a. sNowg

salinity analysis were collected by means of
10-meter Nansen bottle casts at alternate
bathythermograph stations.

Eleven night-light stations were occupied.
Pacific sauries, Cololabis saira, were pres-
ent at all stations. Jack mackerel, Trachurus
symmetricus, to 20 inches in length were ob-
served at several stations east of longitude
130° W. A few lanternfish, Myctophum affine,
and several unidentified squid and salps were
present at nearly all stations. A pelagic
shark (Euprotomicrus bispinatus) was col-
lected about 1,000 miles offshore.

Daytime observations were logged fre-
quently. Blackfooted albatross were numer-
ous. Several storm petrels were sighted,
and a Laysan albatross followed the boat for
several days.

Whales and porpoise were observed on
two occasions, Japanese glass net floats
were abundant in some areas particularly
in the central portion of the survey area.

M/V'"'N. B. Scofield" Cruise 61-S-3-
Albacore: The high seas off California and
northern Baja California between f oint Reygs
and Cape Colnett from latitude 30° N. to 40
N. and offshore to longitude 135° W., were
surveyed (May 19-June 17, 1961) by the De-
partment's research vessel N. B. Scofield.
The objectives were (1) to explore this off-
shore area in an attempt to intercept and
determine the migration route of albacore
approaching the Pacific Coast fishing
grounds; and (2) to describe environmental
conditions, relative to albacore occurrence,
by collecting various physical and biological
data.

San Francisco

Monterey

Pt. Arguello

San Diego

y~

130° 120°

M/V N. B. Scofield Cruise 61-S-3-Albacore (May 19-June 17,
1961).

Surface trolling gear was used to fish
along more than 75 percent of the 3,200-

September 1961

mile vessel track. No albacore were caught
and there was no evidence of their presence
in the area covered.

Sea-surface temperatures in most of the
survey area were suitable for albacore. A
thermograph provided continuous records of
sea temperature approximately 6 feet below
the surface.
temperatures were obtained at regular in-
tervals with bucket and reversing thermom-
eters. At all 3 near-surface depths the cool-
est water (53° to 54~ F.) was encountered
early in the survey west of San Clemente,
San Nicolas, and Sant Cruz, Islands. Warm-
est temperatures (64 to 66° F, ) at these
depths were encountered 300 to 500 miles
west of San Francisco.

A total of 145 bathythermograph casts to
a depth of 450 feet were made at approxi-
mately 20-mile intervals throughout the sur-
vey. Nansen bottle casts to 10-meter depths
were made generally at alternate bathyther-
mograph stations or at about 40-mile inter-
vals. A water sample for salinity analysis
and a reversing thermometer record were
obtained at 81 stations.

Weather conditions were excellent for the
most part. Of 146 observations, only 6 per-
cent showed northwest winds in excess of 20
knots.

A night-light station was occupied on 14
occasions while the vessel drifted on sea
anchor. Pacific sauries, Cololabis saira,
were observed at every station in numbers
varying from 6 to several hundred. A small
sample was obtained from each station.
Several lanternfish, Myctophum affine and
Centrobranchus nigroocellatus, a juvenile
jack mackerel, Trachurus symmetricus, one
small shark (Euprotomicrus bispinatus), a
medusafish, Icichthys lockingtoni, and many

invertebrates also were collected.

Daytime observations were logged fre-
quently. The blackfooted albatross was the
most common bird sighted offshore. Also
observed were 3 species of storm petrels,
some shearwaters, some terns, a jaeger,
and a white albatross. Blue sharks were ob-
served on several occasions. Marlin were
seen jumping twice. A large pack of killer
whales were observed about 300 miles west
of San Francisto. Numerous Japanese glass
net floats of various sizes were observed
west of the 135th meridian.

Die hroigs iste Misi iste

At the surface and at 10-meters,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

MIDWATER TRAWLING FOR SALMON
FINGERLINGS CONTINUED:

M/V “Nautilus” Cruises 61-N-I1 and
61-N-12-Salmon: The midwater trawl op-
erations of the California Department of
Fish and Game research vessel Nautilus
were continued (June 5-9 and June 19-23,
1961) in the Carquinez Strait to capture
marked salmon fingerlings. All midwater
trawling for marked salmon fingerlings was
conducted between 7 a.m. and 3 p.m. and
each tow was for 20 minutes, Tows were
alternated between upstream and down-
stream, and between the north shore, center;
and south shore of the channel. A flow me-
ter was used to measure the amount of wa-
ter strained by the net on each tow.

During the 92 tows completed, a total of
309 king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
fingerlings was captured--catch per tow
varied from zero to 22. A total of 17 marked
salmon was recovered, 15 from releases
made at Rio Vista, 1 from releases made in
San Pablo Bay (approximately 2 miles sea-
ward of the fishing area), and 1 from re-
leases made at Coleman Hatchery. Two rain-
bow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were also taken;
one of these was marked and had been re-
leased in the American River.

Other species appearing in the catch,
listed in order of abundance, were: north-
ern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), Pacific
herring (Clupea pallasi), striped bass
(Roccus Saxatilis), American shad (Alosa

sapidissima), jack smelt (Atherinopsis
californiensis), Northern midshipman (Bor
ichthys notatus), and starry flounder (Plat-
ichthys stellatus).

One trip was made outside the Golden
Gate along Baker Beach. Three trawls were
made in the area between Mile Rock light-
house and the Golden Gate bridge. The first
set offshore from Baker Beach at the sur-
face produced 1 fingerling salmon. The
second set in the same area with diving
doors--net at approximate depth of 50 feet--
produced 29 salmon. The third set away
from the beach in deeper water with the net
at approximately 60 feet produced no salm-
on. On the return to Carquinez Strait, one
set was made east north-east of Angel Is-
land. No salmon were caught in this area.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1961 p, 19.

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Cans--Shipmenis for Fishery Products,
January-May 196!

Total shipments of metal cans during
January-May 1961 amounted to 52,940 short
tons of steel (based on the amount of steel
consumed in the manu-
facture of cans) ascom-
pared with 49,682 tons
in the same period a
year ago. Canning of
fishery products in Jan-
uary-May this year was confined largely to
tuna, shrimp, Gulf oysters, and jack and Pa-
cific mackerel,

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known
to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel
consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery prod-
ucts are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0
base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-APRIL 1961:

Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: For
the use of the Armed Forces under the De-
partment of Defense, about 1.9 million pounds
(value $988,000) of fresh and frozen fishery
products were purchased in April 1961 bythe
Military Subsistence Supply Agency. This
was higher than the quantity purchased in
March by 21.3 percent and 15.6 percent above
the amount purchased in April 1960. The
value of the purchases in April this year was
up 40.9 percent as compared with March and
was 3.1 percent higher than for April a year
ago.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, April 1961
with Comparisons

QUANTITY | VALUE
April an, -Apr. April
[i961 | 1960 | 1961 | 1960 | 196i $1960 |

like Bienen LAOODILES*)ieren oun
1,902 | 1,646 |7,069 | 6,894
During the first 4 months of 1961 pur-

chases totaled about 7.1 million pounds (val-
ued at $3.5 million)--an increase of 2.5 per-
cent in quantity, but lower by 4,1 percent in
value as*compared with the same period in
1960.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense

Vol. 23, No. 9

April 1961 averaged 51.9 cents a pound,
about 7.2 cents above the 44.7 cents paid in
March and 6.3 cents less than the 58.2 cents
paid during April last year.

Canned Fishery Products: Tuna was the
principal canned fishery product purchased

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, April 1961
with Comparisons ~

QUANTITY
1961 ]1960 | 1961 1961 {1960 | 1961 {1960

te ete (15 OOOKEDSS) cour} eileiver oit( SL O00) elem
Tuna 1,297] 13-]2,662]1,282| 572 | 8 |1,175|581
Salmon 2 - 2 - 2 - 2] -
Sardine 2iieis 81 61 10} 6 39] 26

for the use of the Armed Forces during April
this year. In the first 4 months of 1961, pur-
chases of canned tuna were up 107.6 percent
from the same period of 1960.

sk sk se oe we
*K *K OK OK

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-MAY 1961:

Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products:
For the use of the Armed Forces under the
Department of Defense, 2.2 million pounds
of fresh and frozen fishery products were
purchased in May 1961 by the Military Sub-
sistence Supply Agency. This was higher
than the quantity purchased in April by 16.2
percent and 3.9 percent above amount pur-
chased in May a year ago. The value of the
purchases in May this year was up 8.7 per-
cent as compared with April, but was 2.6
percent less than for May last year.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, May 1961
with Comparisons

ee a eo

During the first 5 months of 1961 pur-
chases totaled 9.3 million pounds (valued at
$4,6 million)--an increase of 2.8 percent in
quantity but a decrease of 3.8 percent in
value as compared with the same period in
1960,

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
May 196laveraged 48.6 cents a pound, about
3,3 cents less than the 51.9 cents paid in
April and 3.2 cents iess than the 51.8 cents
paid during May last year.

September 1961

Canned Fishery Products: Canned sar-
dines was the only canned fishery product
purchased for the use of the Armed Forces
during May this year. In the first 5 months
of 1961, purchases of canned sardines were

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Saban SUEY, Agency, May 1961

Product

Hees ear

i 8
Valued at less than $500.

up about 43.5 percent and canned tuna pur-
chases were up 107.5 percent as compared
with the same period in 1960, Only 2,000
pounds of salmon was purchased during first
five months of 1961 as purchases of this
product are usually made in the fall months
or about at the end of the spring and summer
salmon canning season,

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local
purchases not included in the data given; actual total pur-

chases are higher than indicated because local purchases are
not obtainable.

Films

SPONGE FILM SELECTED FOR
INTERNATIONAL SHOWINGS:

Another U. S. Department of the Interior
film, Sponge--Treasure from the Sea, has
been selected for showing at internationally-
prominent film festivals. The film was spon-
sored by the Sponge and Chamois Institute
and produced by the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries. It has already received
honors at the American Film Festival.

Sponge--Treasure from the Sea is a
sound-color portrayal of the natural sponge
industry in the United States. Most of it
was filmed at Tarpon Springs, Fla., the cen-
ter of the natural sponge industry in this
country. Old World ceremonies and music
add interest to the picture.

The film has been selected for showing
at the Edinburgh, Scotland, International
Film Festival and at the Venice, Italy, In-
ternational Film Festival where it vies for
honors with films from more than 35 coun-
tries. Selections of United States Govern-
ment films for international showing are
made by the Inter-Departmental Committee

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

Vessels operating in the sponge fishery docked at Tarpon Springs,
Fla., with their harvest of sponges. Sponges are being hung out
to dry.

on Auditory and Visual Aids for Distribution
Abroad. Arrangements for showing Govern-
ment films at foreign film festivals are made
by the U. S. Information Agency and the De-
partment of State.

For the Edinburgh showing there will be
a prescreening in London and another pre-
view in Edinburgh before final selection.
There is also a prescreening step at Venice.

Three Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
films have won awards at Edinburgh and
three in Venice.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1961 p. 34.

Re,
Wo. Tous

Fisheries Loan Fund

LOANS APPROVED,
APRIL 1-JUNE 30, 1961:

From the beginning of the program in 1956 through
June 30, 1961, a total of 961 applications for $28,949,169,
have been received. Of these, 511 ($12,013,809) have
been approved, 328 ($8,606,482) have been declined or
found ineligible, 90 ($5,104,066) have been withdrawn by
applicants before being processed, and 32 ($1,961,455)
are pending, Of the applications approved, 196 were ap-
proved for amounts less than applied for and the total
reduction was $1,263,357.

The following loans were approved April 1-June 30,
1961:

New England Area: Bluewaters, Inc., Gloucester, Mass.,
$80,000; Ruth and Helen, Inc., Newport, R.I., $15,000;
Sunapee, Inc., North Dartmouth, Mass., $21,000; and Wil-
helmsen Fishing Corp., North Dartmouth, Mass., $40,700.

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Gail Emma, Inc., Tampa,
Fla., $22,000; E. L. Gant, Port O’Connor, Tex., $8,600;
Jackson Seafood Co., Rockport, Tex., $25,000; J. H. Morgan,
McIntosh, Ga., $5,000; Warren H, Rector, Awendaw, S. Ce
$8,000; Sea Cat, Inc., Tampa, Fla., $17,000; Thomas A,
Smirch, St, Augustine, Fla., $19,800; St. George Seafood Co.,
Inc,, Tampa, Fla., $24,100; and Lathan Willis, Harkers Is-
land, N. C., $9,600.

California Area: Charles H. Hastings, Eureka, $9,500
and Charles L. White, San Diego, $3,000.

Hawaii Area: M. Hamabata and S, Tokumine, Honolulu,
$4,000 and Tatsuo Hayashi, Honolulu, $5,400.

Pacific Northwest Area: Wm, J, and J. T. Haavisto,
Ilwaco, Wash., $7, 690; John Honegger, Portland, Oreg.,
$10,000; Ernest A. Peterson, Astoria, Oreg., $2, 000;
Donald Truex, South Beach, Oreg., $6,500; and Wm, H,
Wood, Seattle, Wash., $14,000.

Alaska: John M, Griffin, Ketchikan, $6,500.
Fishing Vessel Mortgage
and Loan Insurance

CASES APPROVED, APRIL-JUNE 1961:

‘The Federal Fishing Vessel Mortgage and
|.oan Insurance Program was implemented
the latter part of 1960 as a result of enabling
!egislation passed by the Congress in that
year. Administered by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, the program provides
for Federal Government insurance of mort-
gages and loans for construction, reconstruc-
tion, and reconditioning of fishing vessels.
The first three insured mortgages and loans
under the program were approved prior to
April 1, 1961. During the April-June 1961
period the following insured mortgage and
loan was approved:

New England Area: Sylvester Maloney,
New Bedford, Mass., $60,000.

Fish Flour

STATEMENT BY CONGRESSMAN KEITH:

A statement on fish flour made by Con-
gressman Hastings Keith of Massachusetts
was published in the Congressional Record
appendix of June 19, 1961. The principal
portion of the statement follows:

Use of fish and marine animals as a
source of protein has been seriously ham-
pered by inferior means of harvesting,
processing, and storage. But, now, with
more advanced fishing techniques and
more than 5 years of experimentation, a
practical method has been perfected to
meet the urgent demand to supply the
two billion undernourished people of the

world with an abundant and inexpensive
source of protein to supplement their
native diets.

This remarkable new food from fish
could be of firstline importance to the
stepped up freedom from hunger cam-
paign of the United Nations and our
own food for peace program—one of the
agencies which may be used to combat
the crucial situation in Brazil. It could
also, conceivably, be a major boon to
the ailing American fishing industry.

Known as whole fish flour, it is more
accurately described as fish protein con-
centrate, and appears to be the most
efficient product yet developed for con-
verting protein from the sea into human
food.

A tasteless and odorless powder, fish
flour is made from the whole fish and is
the world’s cheapest, most abundant and
biologically richest source of animal
protein—two and a half times the food
value of milk powder at the same cost.
One of its chief qualities is an ability to
withstand adverse storage conditions,
and it is particularly suited to the un-
refrigerated facilities of the tropics. As
a human food it has growth-promoting
characteristics that surpass even the
widely used flour made from soybeans.

The VioBin Corp. of Monticello, Il., a
pharmaceutical preparation company,
has set up a pilot plant for the produc-
tion of fish flour in New Bedford. Early
cost estimates indicate it can be success-
fully produced at a price of only 14
cents a pound, with a protein content in
excess of 80 percent by weight.

Considering the great world need for
protein of high quality, the market for
fish flour is limitless. The source, too, is
virtually inexhaustible, as the raw mate-
rial is not prime fish—commercially mar-
keted—but sizes and species of fish
which until now have been cast from the
nets as worthless by the industry.

The exciting potential of such a food
is illustrated by the fact that 1 million
tons of fish flour could provide the an-
nual protein requirements of 100 million
people.

This food supplement is now being
used and tested on a limited scale in 48
nations. In cooperation with ICA and
various other organizations it has under-
gone exhaustive study. In El Salvadore,
where one such test was conducted, the
introduction of fish flour into the native
diet brought amazing results. Mixed
with other foods, it ‘markedly increased
the rate of weight and height gains in
children exhibiting various degrees of
malnutrition and tended to increase
the resistance of the subjects against
illnesses and intercurrent infection.” *

This should be wonderful news—a
genuine breakthrough in the age-old
fight against hunger and illness.

Unfortunately, however, there is still
a serious obstacle to the worldwide dis-
tribution of fish flour. As a new food
product, this dietary supplement. is sub-
ject to the approval of the Food and
Drug Administration. Such approval
has been withheld because the FDA
takes the position fish flour is “adult-
erated” and therefore unfit for human
consumption because it is made from
the whole fish. Our sources report this
is not a health question, but what has
been termed an “esthetic judgment.”

1From a report published in 1958 by the
University of El Savador’s Instituto Tropi-
cal De Investigaciones Cientificas,

Vol. 23, No. 9

September 1961

FDA has argued the average American
consumer would reject fish flour as a
food on esthetic grounds. In defense,
proponents point out that the use of
whole fish—dried, defatted, deodorized
and reduced to a fine powder—should be
more attractive from an esthetic stand-
point than oysters, sardines, clams and
other seafoods which we all enjoy and
which are eaten whole or often contain
the viscera.

In an effort to satisfy FDA that fish
flour will be a uniform, high-quality
product for the benefit of the consumer
and that the consumer would be pro-
tected by accepted food handling tech-
niques and standards of sanitation, a
strict “standard of identity and defini-
tion for whole fish flour” is being pre-
pared, These standards are being drawn
up by the Bureau of Commercial Fish-
erles in conjunction with the manufac-
turer, Dr. Ezra Levin, and Harold Put-
nam, counsel for the Senate Select Com-
mittee on Small Business.

It is anticipated FDA will publish the
standards in the Federal Register and
subsequently conduct a public hearing on
the question of whether whole fish flour
should be permitted to be marketed for
human consumption in the United
States. The hearing will probably be
this fall.

At such a hearing, the weight of public
opinion will, of course, play a vital role
in obtaining a favorable decision, as will
the amount of support received from
Members of Congress, the administra-
tion, and health and nutrition experts.

It is particularly important, if only
from a psychological standpoint, that
this. health-giving discovery have the
full endorsement of the U.S. Govern-
ment before we attempt to distribute it
to underdeveloped countries, where the
need is greatest and where field tests are
now being conducted with fish flour by
U.S. agencies or agencies which are spon-
sored in part and endorsed by the United
States.

Its value in such a program as food for
Peace, in Brazil or elsewhere, would be
utterly destroyed if it carried overseas a
labeling branding it “unfit” for Amer-
icans, even though a present exemption
in our law allows for exportation.

In a joint statement issued by Sena-
tors SALTONSTALL and SMITH of Mas-
sachusetts, it was rightly pointed out
that in the development of this protein-
rich food there has been no scientific
“Jag” by the United States. They added:

All the information we have indicates we
are years ahead of the Soviet Union. But,
it is important that we stay ahead.

If we do not push boldly on, we expect
Russia will be ready in a short time with
an acceptable process and once its fish flour
is available we are sure there will be no
delay in Russia pouring its production out
to all corners of the hungry earth.

Fish flour offers great promise to our
foreign policy by helping in a positive
sense those people President Kennedy
spoke of in his Inaugural Address, “in
the huts and villages of half the world,
struggling to break the bonds of mass
misery.”

Its continued development and effec-
tive production is a challenge to us and
to our fishing fleets. The profitable use
of that untapped mine of industrial fish
in waters off our shores presents a
dramatic possibility, as well, for the
domestic economy.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

However, all the significant benefits of
fish flour can be lost. The officials who
must make the final judgment as to its
desirability as a-human food must be as-
sured than an “aesthetic objection”
alone—if indeed one exists—should not
delay the worldwide distributién of a
product that could become a singularly
effective weapon in our global war for
peace.

Fish Meal

VARIABLE QUALITY THEORY
BEING TESTED:

Chick-feeding tests on 7 samples of fish
meal obtained from Gulf of Mexico menhaden
plants were completed as of June 1961 by
the College Park (Md.) Technological Labo-
ratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries. The tests showed (1) an extreme-
ly wide range in quality for such a small se-
ries; (2) excellent correlation to the quality
predicted from the knowledge of sample his-
tories. This prediction was based upon the
application of the hypotheses developed from
the findings of last season's meal-testing
program.

Sufficient additional samples had been re-
ceived in June from plants visited to start a
second test series. This series, it is hoped,
will substantiate the theories explaining var-
iable meal quality and enable the recommen-
dation of processing changes to eliminate the
variables in fish meal quality.

guia

Freezing -Fish-at-Sea

NEW FREEZING SOLUTION SOUGHT:

That groundfish (cod, haddock, hake,
pollack, etc.) can be satisfactorily pre-
served by brine-freezing at sea has been
demonstrated by research at the Glouces-
ter (Mass.) Technological Laboratory of
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
Sodium chloride brine, however, has seri-
ous drawbacks, and a new freezing medium
is needed,

The Gloucester Laboratory has let a
contract to the University of New Hamp-
shire on ''Development of Solutions for Im-
mersion-Freezing Fish at Sea.'' Research
efforts will be directed toward finding in-
expensive or easily refinable and re-usable

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

solutions that are non-toxic, have a freezing
point around 20° F.. and have a low viscosity
at low temperatures. Solutions approaching
these requirements will be tried on a labo-
ratory and pilot-plant scale.

Frozen Foods

CODE ADOPTED BY AFDOUS:

Over 250 regular and associate members of the Asso-~
ciation of Food and Drug Officials of the United States
(AFDOUS) convened at their 65th Annual Conference ‘on
June 19, 1961, in Washington, D, C. The meeting ended on
June 23. Of particular interest to the frozen fish industry
was the action taken by the Conference on the regulations
of frozen foods. The Association adopted the Frozen Foods
Code,

The 64th Annual Conference at Dallas, Tex., adopted the
Report of the Frozen Foods Standards subcommittee which
recommended that eight sections of the Frozen Foods Code
be forwarded to the Committee on Editing and Format in
order that they be put in final form for passage in 1961.
These sections included provisions for retail, warehousing,
transportation, construction and layout, equipment, and fro-
zen food handling in general. Since it was deemed that ad-
ditional scientific data were needed, no provisions for bac-
terial limits were made.

The Canned, Processed and Frozen Foods Committee of
AFDOUS convened in Washington during the Conference at
which time copies of the proposed code as prepared by the
AFDOUS Subcommittee on Editing and Format were re-
viewed and comments of the Editing and Format Subcom-
mittee, as well as those of the Frozen Foods All-Industry
Coordinating Committee were given full consideration, A
list of changes, considered to be justified by the Committee,
was prepared and made a part of the code, The Voluntary
Industry Operating Practices which was prepared by the
Frozen Foods All-Industry Coordinating Committee were
reviewed and it was generally agreed by the AFDOUS Com-
mittees that the industry operating practices followed very
closely the AFDOUS Code in temperature requirements,
The Industry Voluntary Operating Practices for Transporta-
tion Equipment will equal the AFDOUS Code requirements
by 1963 and call for 0° F, with a 5° F, tolerance by 1965,
which tolerance is 5° F, lower than the permitted tolerance
in the AFDOUS Code,

The AFDOUS Committee on Canned, Processed and Fro-
zen Foods reaffirmed its views that a voluntary industry
self-policed program cannot substitute for an AFDOUS
Code. The 20° F, tolerance for delivery trucks and the
statement that new refrigerated transportation equipment,
purchased after March 1, 1961, will be capable of achieving
only 5° F, temperatures, were the principal weaknesses in
the Voluntary Industry Practices, according to the AFDOUS
Committee. The Committee felt that since 0° F, is the in-
dustry goal, equipment purchased after the AFDOUS Code is
adopted should be capable of holding frozen foods at 0° F,

The Committee then made the following recommendations
which were adopted by the Association: ‘‘(1) In the absence
of adequate information for the establishment of bacterial
limits for frozen foods, the Committee recommends that this
question be referred to a subcommittee of microbiologists,
to be appointed by the Chairman, to develop definitive rec-
ommendations dn this subject. Under a broad charter this
subcommittee would be concerned with further simplification
and development of uniform methods of analysis and the in-
terpretation of the-microbiological findings obtained; (2) the
Committee recommends that the proposed Frozen Foods Code
as prepared by the Subcommittee on Editing and Format and

Vol. 23, No. 9

Peeled deveined shrimp laid out individually on large trays.
Trays are placed in a roller rack holding 15 trays. Full ''
rack being wheeled into blast freezer for freezing.

as amended by the Canned, Processed and Frozen Foods
Committee, be accepted by AFDOUS and published in the As-
sociation’s Quarterly Bulletin. The Committee further rec-
ommends that at the time it is published, it be made available
to States and Municipalities for their adoption.’’

Members of the fishing industry should take particular
note of the Committee’s report to the Association, that a
‘‘self-policing program cannot substitute for an AFDOUS
Code,’’ It is now the goal of the majority of the membership
of AFDOUS to go back home and start the ball rolling to en-
act implementing legislation,

INTERNATIONAL TREATY
NEGOTIATED 50 YEARS AGO:

Fifty years ago steps were taken which
saved a remnant seal herd in the North Pa-
cific from probable extinction and built it
into a valuable and continuing resource, the
Secretary of the Interior announced on July 2.

Fur Seals

It was on July 7, 1911, that four nations--
Japan, Russia, Great Britain (for Canada),
and the United States--signed the fur seal
treaty ending the killing of fur seals on the
high seas in the North Pacific and providing
a formula for sharing the kills made on rook-
eries, Provisions for policing the treaty
were included. The clause which ended pe-
lagic sealing cleared the way for an effec-
tive conservation program and provided the
basis for the United States to initiate effec-

d
September 1961

tive conservation practices on the Pribilof
Islands fur seal rookeries.

World War II disrupted this first treaty
agreement but on February 9, 1957, the four
nations (Canada signing for Canada) signed a
new treaty which became effective in October
of that year. A Canadian-United States agree-
ment had been in effect during the interim
period. The new treaty was similar in most
respects to the old one--pelagic sealing was
banned except for certain research operations
and for natives using primitive methods and
using the harvest for sustenance; the prin-
ciple of sharing the harvest on the rookeries
was maintained but the formula changed some-
what; policing was provided; and a new coor-
dinated research program was instituted
which made possible not only research on a
single herd but provided for studies to deter-
mine whether or not there was any interre-
lationship between the various North Pacific
fur seal herds.

Fig. 1 - "Fur seals sporting around the baidar--Natives of
St. Paul lightering off the bundled sealskins to the ship
from the Village Cove." A sketch by Henry W, Elliott,
who visited the Pribilofs for the Treasury Department and
the Smithsonian Institution in 1872, shortly after purchase
of the islands from Russia. The baidar, or bidarrah, was
made of sea lion skins; canvas-covered bidarrahs are still
used in ship-to-shore ferrying.

In the 1911 treaty, the rookery-owning
nation kept 70 percent of the harvest and the
other 30 percent was divided among the other
nations. In the present treaty, Japan and Can-
ada each got 15 percent of the United States
harvest on the Pribilof rookeries and a like
percentage of the Russian harvest on Robben
Island and Commander Islands off the Asian
coast. The Pribilof herd supplies about 80
percent of the world's production.

As a result of conservation practices
which the United States put into effect shortly
after the signing of the 1911 treaty, the Prib-
ilof herd has increased from approximately

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

132,000 in 1910 to 1,500,000 at the present
time.

Fig. 2 - Breeding grounds of the northern fur seals: Robben
Island (Kaihy6t6 or Tyuleniy Island) off Sakhalin; the
Commander Islands (Bering Island and Medny or Copper
Island) at the Soviet end of the Aleutian chain; and the
Pribilof Islands--St, Paul Island, St. George Island, Otter
Island, Walrus Island, and Sea Lion Rock.

There are five islands in the Pribilof
group in the Bering Sea about 300 miles off
the Alaska coast, The two largest are St.
Paul, 14 miles in length, and St. George, 10
miles in length. The two islands are about
40 miles apart. Although Alaska was visited
by Vitus Bering, Russian navigator, in 1741
and a great number of ''sea bears'' reported,
it was not until 1786 that Gehrman Pribylof,
another Russian navigator, discovered the
islands which bear his name and which con-
tain the great fur seal rookeries.

There are four periods of sealing history
in the Pribilof Islands. The first such period
of history began with the date of discovery
and continued until 1834 when, because ofthe
reduction of the herd, the Russian govern-
ment placed restrictions on sealing opera-
tions. During that 48-year period, records
show that two million fur seals were taken.

The second period is between 1834 and
1867, the year the Russians sold Alaska, in-
cluding the Pribilofs, to the United States.
During that time because of the reduced herd
and restrictions about 600,000 skins were
taken.

The third period began with the United
States ownership and control of the islands
and continued until 1910, a period marked
by the practice of harvesting by contract or
lease. From 1870 until 1890 the limit of kill

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

was 100,000 seals a year. This limit was
reached practically every year, for the re-
cord shows that there were 2,006,136 seals
taken and that the United States received
$6,020,152 in revenue. Then followed a drop
in seal population and a corresponding drop
in harvest. Only 330,603 seals were killed
from 1891 to 1910 and the revenue was
$3,453,944.

But this third period was marked by two
other significant situations. During the first
two years of United States control there was
indiscriminate killing with 225,901 skins
taken on the rookeries by independent op-
erators. Pelagic sealing began on a com-
mercial scale about 1871, reaching a peak in
1894 when 61,800 seals were taken at sea.
The actual number killed in pelagic sealing
but not recovered in any year, or the number
of seals which were wounded but escaped to
die of injuries later, cannot be estimated.

The fourth and present period of Pribilof
sealing is marked by direct management of
the resource by the United States Govern-
ment and the institution of scientific conser-
vation practices.

When pelagic sealing was outlawed by the
four nations, the door was opened to conser-
vation of the rookeries. The United States
immediately banned all killing on the Prib-
lofs for five years except that the natives
were permitted to kill for food supply. This
meant that only 2,500 to 3,500 seals were
killed a year. Killing was resumed in 1918
and the records show that 34,890 skins were
taken. Under the policy which had been es-
tablished the killing was (and still is) done
by Government employees and was restricted
to the harvest of bachelor males of the three-
and four-year-old class.

Females were given complete protection
until 1955 when the biological studies indi-
cated that the herd--scientifically estimated
at 1,500,000--had stabilized at that figure
and that disease and other natural causes
were taking any excess. This meant that the
time had come to end the protection which
had been given the female and that hence-
forth the annual harvest of female would,
under close supervision of the biologists, be
standard management practice.

The seal take for the ten years ending in
1955 had been approximately 65,000 annually.
Since the killing of females started, the an-

Vol. 23, No. 9

nual harvest has fluctuated because biological
research on this phase of management is still
in progress. The largest kill was in 1956; a
total of 122,826 skins was harvested.

The economics of the fur seal is a story
of its own. Until 1913 all raw seal skins were
shipped to London for processing, for that art
was known only to a small group of skilled
English workers. When some of these work-
ers were induced to come to the United States,
anew American industry was born. It was lo-
cated in St. Louis, Mo. The processing of a
skin involves about 125 distinct operations.
Each skin is handled separately.

With the taking of female skins a new
problem was created. The process used in
the preparation of male skins was not satis-
factory for female skins. Intensive research
followed and a sheared skin is now offered to
the fur trade.

While the Government has retained all
responsibility on each phase of the conserva-
tion and production of the seal resource, it
has found it advantageous to contract the
processing to a private firm, the Fouke Com-
pany of St. Louis, which has the sole contract
for the preparation of the skins offered atthe
semi-annual auctions. These auctions are
held in St. Louis each April and October. The
receipts come to the Government after the
contractural obligations are met.

The number of skins offered by the Gov-
ernment varies but approximates 25,000 at
each sale. The price varies with the year
and with the class of skin but the average
approximates $100 each.

Gross receipts from the sale of Pribilof
Islands! products in fiscal years 1959 and
1960 amounted to $9,201,182. Of this,
$3,096,129 was used to cover costs for han-
dling, dressing, dyeing, and selling these
products; $3,442,308 was used to covercosts
in administration of the Pribilof Islands; and
$1,863,921 represented net receipt payments
to the State of Alaska pursuant to authority
contained in Section 6 (e) of the Alaska State-
hood Act. Net receipt of the United States
Government, therefore, was $798,824.

Another economic phase is the meal and
oil produced by the reduction of the skinned
carcasses.

Then, there is the human angle, the Aleut,
who was brought to the once-unpopulated is-

September 1961

lands as the top harvest hand. The Aleut
and his modern, Government-built towns, the
schools and the relocation problem for those
whom the sealing industry will not support,
is still another story.

This, then, is a brief sketch of an indus-
try and a resource which can continue far
into the future--the result of an action con-

summated on July 7, 1911.

Note: A complete summary of Pribilof Islands sealing operations
is contained in Fishery Leaflet 516, ''Fur Seal Industry of the
Pribilof Islands, '' available from the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, Washington 25, D. C.

3

Game Fish

PACIFIC MARINE GAME FISH
RESEARCH LABORATORY PLANNED:

A marine game fish research center on
the Pacific Coast is planned by the U. S.
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Ap-
plication has been made to the Department
of the Navy for use of unoccupied buildings
at the Naval Net Depot at Tiburon, Calif.,
inside the Golden Gate on San Francisco Bay.

As of May 1961, initial efforts on the Pa-
cific Coast have been on a modest scale.
Temporary space has been at the University
of California at Los Angeles.

Surveys of sport fishing areas, facilities,
and use, which are in progress, will bring
into focus the needs and problems of the Pa-
cific Coast and will supplement the advice
from state conservation departments andthe
Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission.

=——s

=e

Great Lakes

EFFORTS TO UTILIZE ALEWIFE
POPULATION IN LAKE MICHIGAN:

The Lake Michigan alewife is one of sev-
eral species of fish in the Great Lakes that
is not being fully utilized as food for other
fish, such as lake trout, or by sport and
commercial fishermen. These fish used to
provide forage for the once-plentiful lake
trout. When lake trout are reestablished, a
certain part ofthe alewife and chub popula-
tions will be eaten by them. In the meantime,
the abundant alewives and other species are

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

29

being wasted. The U. 8S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries has been instrumental in in-
troducing new types of gear that can harvest
these underutilized fish economically. Tra-
ditional methods of fishing and handling are
impractical as the present market value of
such fish is very low compared to the more
familiar Great Lakes commercial species,

The Bureau stepped into the industrial de-
velopment picture of Great Lakes fisheries
just a few years ago. The Bureau's activities
have included: exploration to determine loca-
tion and availability of underutilized fish
stocks; assessment of the physical condition
of fishing grounds; instructing fishermen how
to use otter trawls and rig their vessels; im-
proving methods of handling fish aboard ves-
sels and ashore; developing new processing
machinery; improving sanitary conditions;
developing new products for human consump-
tion; and locating and expanding industrial,
animal, and human markets for fish. Most of
this work is based on the findings of the Bu-
reau's biologists which have conducted re-
search on fish and their environment on the
Great Lakes for many years.

Several trawl vessels are currently op-
erating on Lake Michigan under temporary
fishing permits. The newness of the fishery
and its lack of stability have made it unattrac-
tive to prospective investors in the handling,
processing, and marketing facilities neces-
sary to put it on a sound operating basis. The
otter trawl catches certain species of Great
Lakes! fish in economical quantities, when
they are sufficiently congregated and close to
the lake bottom,

An example of the integrated Bureau effort
to promote the use of alewives took place ear-
ly in May this year. Alewives were particu-
larly accessible at the time. Arrangements
were made to catch and load a 15-ton lot of
alewives aboard the Capitol I, a former Gulf
of Mexico shrimp trawler now operated out
of Saugatuck, Mich. The alewives were easily
caught, with as much as 7,000 pounds taken
in a single 10-minute drag. A fish pump,
similar to those being used for handling men-
haden on the Atlantic Coast, was used to
transfer the fish from the vessel's hold toa
watertight semitrailer. The trailer was pro-
vided by a Chicago firm that later reduced
the alewife to meal and oil on a test basis.

The use of more efficient fishing gear
could never completely remove such a fish

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

as the alewife from Lake Michigan, Fishing
with otter trawls would become unprofitable
long before the population reached a very
low level of abundance. Possibilities are
good, however, that alewives could be crop-
ped to a point that would make the population
healthier and reduce the spring fish kill or
die-off which is objectionable in many ways.

Great Lakes commercial fisheries will
find it necessary to modernize operations at
every level in order to cope with changing
conditions. Cooperation and encouragment
should come from all quarters to help the
dwindling number of commercial fishermen
adopt the latest technological advancements.
When this is accomplished, chances are that
the Great Lakes fishing industry will once
again occupy a prominent place in the busi-
ness community.

If the transition comes off well, with ade-
quate consideration given to all sides of the
problem, the lakes can become more valu-
able from both recreational and commercial
standpoints. Sensible harvesting of the great
numbers of underutilized fish such as the
alewife should result in better environmental
conditions for popular game species as well
as insure that important natural food re-
sources are not wasted.

The appearance in June 1961 of many dead
fish on the beaches and adjacent waters of
southern Lake Michigan is due to a natural,
seasonal fish kill or die-off of alewife. Ale-
wife is a species of herring-like fish that in-
vaded the Great Lakes from the Atlantic
Ocean by way of the St. Lawrence River. The
first published record of the alewife beingin
Lake Michigan was reported May 5, 1949.

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries Regional Headquarters at Ann Arbor,
Mich. , reports the alewife die-off is a thing
to be expected. This mass mortality is not
the result of commercial fishing. The die-
off occurs immediately after the spawning
period when these fish are in their poorest
physical condition and are particularly sus-
ceptible to the effects of disease and spring-
time fluctuating temperatures.

Vol. 23, No. 9

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:

LAKE MICHIGAN FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Cisco” Cruise 3: The chub.(Leu-
cichthys sp.) population survey in Lake Mich-
igan was continued (June 27-July 10, 1961) by
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Cisco, Gangs, os nylon gill
nets (50 feet each of T- and 13 = S00mteet
each of 2-, 23-, 23-, 23-, 3-, 32 -, and 4-inch
mesh) were set at 25 and 50 ‘fathoms off Frank-
fort, Charlevoix, and Manistique, Mich., and
Sturgeon Bay, Wis., and at 80 and 135 fath-
oms off Frankfort. Chub catches were light--
some very light--except at 50 fathoms off
Manistique where a sizable catch was made.
A very large percentage of the chubs were
L. hoyi, except in the 80- and 135-fathom
sets off Frankfort, in which L. kiyi made up
a sizable proportion. Smelt were fairly nu-
merous in the 25-fathom set off Manistique;
dotherwise the gill nets produced few fish be-
sides chubs.

Half-hour tows with a 50-foot balloon
trawl were made at 25 and 50 fathoms off
Frankfort; 30 fathoms off Charlevoix; 15, 25,
40, and 50 fathoms off Manistique; and 30 and
50 fathoms off Sturgeon Bay. Chub catches
were generally quite small, and were made
up of 98 to 100 percent bloaters. The chubs
taken in the trawls in the northern end of
Lake Michigan, especially off Manistique,
have averaged somewhat longer than those
taken in the southern portion last year.

All 50-fathom tows contained moderate
numbers of deep-water sculpins (up to 18
pounds); the 15-fathom tow off Manistique
took 63 pounds of smelt and 65 pounds of ale-
wives; and the 25-fathom tow off Manistique
produced 23 pounds of smelt. There were
few fish other than chubs in the other tows.

Hydrographic collections and observations
were made at the following locations: 40
fathoms off Frankfort, Charlevoix, Manistique,
and Sturgeon Bay; 40 fathoms in midlake be-
tween Charlevoix and Manistique; and 144
fathoms in midlake between Frankfort and
Sturgeon Bay. The surface water remains
rather cold for the time of year. Surface
temperatures ranged from 45.1 to 62. rhea
No sharp thermocline had developed in most
areas. There was generally a gradual drop
in temperature from just below the surface
to a depth of 100 feet or more.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug.

1961 p. 28.

SME Ne epee nS

September 1961

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V Musky II” June 1961: The Lake
Erie investigations of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries research vessel
Musky II during June 1961 were concentrat-
ed in Sandusky Bay and the adjacent lake
area. Both the 16-foot outboard Madtom
and the Musky II carried on extensive trawl-
ing. Special attention was directed toward
measuring the success of this year's re-
production of fish. Quarter- and half-meter
plankton nets were towed to collect eggs and
fry.

About mid-June, a 5-foot sled trawl was
tested but it did not prove to be aneffective
sampling device. Toward the latter part of
the month, however, the regular trawls with
g;-inch-mesh cod ends were capturing the
larger fish of the 1961 hatch. At this stage,
most young could be identified without the
aid of a microscope.

The preserved collections of young-of-
year fish include smelt, gizzard shad, trout-
perch, spot-tail shiner, sheepshead, white
bass, yellow perch, and yellow pike. Sam-
plings at present, however, are insufficient.
to assess the degree of success in spawning
for any of the species. It appears, never-
theless, that the hatches were generally
much better than those of the past year.

Sheepshead

e __ (Archosarqus probatocephalus)

The yellow pike hatch is of particular
interest. More young were taken in June
than in all of last year. The greatest num-
ber collected in any one day was 19--14
were from the lake and 5 from the Bay area.
Although the numbers collected are still
somewhat below those for the same period
in 1959, the 1961 O-group yellow pike are
averaging only 1.5 inches long as compared
to 3 inches for the former year. Because
of this smaller size, many are believed to
escape through the mesh of the trawl before
they reach the cod end.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

31

Pes Yellow Pike 2
~~ _S(Stizostedion vitreum vitreum)

The growth of the young of all species
appears to be several weeks behind that of
other years. This retardation is undoubtedly
due to the cooler temperatures which have
prevailed throughout most of June. Water
temperatures increased only 3° F.; they
averaged 68 F, in the western end of the
lake and 71° F. in Sandusky Bay.

Spottail Shiner
(Notropis hudsonius)

Trawl catches of the larger fishes con-
sisted mainly of yellow perch, and spot-tail
and emerald shiners. The yellow perch,
which had been congregated for spawning
earlier this spring, have dispersed con-
siderably to the greater depths. Many are
still inshore, however, and feeding heavily
on animal plankton and insect larvae.
These fish are now putting on girth and
weight and appear to be in very good con-
dition.

_ =

Emerald Shiner
(Notropis atherinoides)

Commercial fishermen ceased opera-
tions almost entirely and fishing will not
be resumed until the fall season. Several
trap nets still remain in the lake and a
few seines are being hauled; their catches,

however, are generally small.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1961 p. 29.

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Hawaii

SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS,
JANUARY-JUNE 1961:

Landings of skipjack tuna (mostly 18-22
pound size) in Hawaii during June 1961 were
about 2,750,000 pounds or only 50,000 pounds
under the record for June which was estab-
lished in 1954. The June 1961 landings of
skipjack were caught by a fishing fleet about
25 percent smaller than in 1954. This in-
dicates that the June 1961 landings per ves-
sel were the highest on record.

A prediction was made in March this year
by biologists of the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries that the skipjack landings in
1961 would be above average. However, the
time of the annual change of surface sea
temperature from cooling to warming in the
vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands was such
that using this as an index for predictive
purposes was to extrapolate beyond the range
of any of the historical data. Therefore, it
was not known whether this season would be
very good or whether fishing would shift be-
yond an optimum point and the season might
actually turn out to be either poor or medi-
ocre. Judging from the skipjack landings
through June (about 5.7 million pounds), the
prediction was reliable and summer condi-
tions could be considered highly favorable
for the occurrence of skipjack in Hawaiian
waters.

Landings of skipjack tuna in Hawaii dur-
ing May 1961 were estimated to be 1.1 mil-
lion pounds or about 37 percent higher than
the amount landed in the same month of 1960.
The May landings of skipjack were also about
10 percent above the 1948-59 average for the
month,

Total skipjack tuna landings for the first
five months of this year amounted to 2.9
million pounds as compared with a 12-year
average of 2.2 million pounds for the Janu-
uary-May period.

Vol.-23, No. 9

Industrial Products

WORLD PRODUCTION AS REPORTED
BY PRINCIPAL PRODUCING COUNTRIES:
The International Association of Fish
Meal Manufacturers has received and tab-
ulated data on the production of fish meal,
solubles, and oil as reported to them by 11
of the principal countries producing those
products. The Association reports that on
the basis of reports received from 10 of the
11 countries (Angola did not report) sched-
uled to report, the May 1961 production by
those countries was: fish meal 193,325 short
tons, solubles 10,811 tons, homogenized-con-
densed fish 1,353 tons, and oil 8,304,000 gal-
lons. It is indicated that the oil data are in-
complete.

The countries scheduled to report to the
Association monthly are the United States,
United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark, Germany,
Angola, Iceland, Norway, Peru, South Africa,
and France.

At the international meeting on fish meal
in Rome early this year, it was agreed that
it would be useful to have assembled by the
Association monthly data on the production of
fish meal, solubles, and oil in various coun-
tries. This is the first monthly report re-
ceived by cable from the Association.

—— AS

Maine Sardines

CANNED STOCKS, JULY 1, 1961: .
Distributor's stocks of Maine sardines
totaled 208,000 actual cases on July 1, 1961--
36,000 cases more than the 172,000 cases on
hand July 1, 1960. Stocks held by distribu-
tors on June 1, 1961, amounted to 215, 000
cases, and on April 1, 1961, totaled 267,000
cases, according to estimates made by the

U. S. Bureau of the Census.

Canners!' stocks on July 1, 1961, totaled
201,000 standard cases (100 32-o0z. cans), a
decrease of 158,000 cases (44.0 percent) as
compared with July 1, 1960. Stocks held

1,000 actual cases 208 215 267
1,000 std. cases2/ 201 294 506

2/100 3¥-oz. cans equal one standard case.

1960/61 Season
7/1/61 | 6/1/61 | 4/1/61] 1/1/61 | 11/1/60 | _7/1/60 [6

233 277
1,029

1/Table,represents marketing season from November 1-October 31,

172
359

1,258

September 1961

by canners on June 1, 1961, totaled 294,000
cases and on April 1, 1961, amounted to
506,000 cases.

The 1961 season's pack as of July 22
amounted to only 152,000 standard cases as
compared with 677,000 cases packed during
the same period a year ago.

At the beginning of the 1961 packing sea-
son on April 1, the carryover was about
457,000 cases as compared to 335,000 cases

a year earlier.
lote: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1961 p. 30.

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS
MARKETING PROSPECTS,
SUMMER-AUTUMN 1961:

Total United States civilian consumption
of fishery products is expected to be some-
what higher in the summer-fall of 1961 than
in the same period last year. But with popu-
lation higher this year, per capita use of
these products will remain about the same.
Retail prices of fish and shellfish probably
will average a bit higher this summer-fall
than a year earlier.

Marketing

Commercial landings of food fish and
shellfish in the summer are at a seasonally
high level and total catch for the year prob-
ably will be as high as in 1960. Supplies of
the processed items for 1961 likely will be
about the same as last year. The minor
variations probably will include less canned
tuna and Maine sardines, but more canned
salmon.

Imports were higher for the first four
months this year than a year ago and prob-
ably will continue high through the remain-
der of 1961, especially for fillets and shrimp.
Exports of edible fishery products in the
summer-fall might be considerably lower
than in 1960. Due to the small catch last
season and reduced domestie supplies, ex-
ports of California sardines through April
1961 were down 62 percent from the same
period last year.

This analysis appeared in a report pre-
pared by the Agricultural Marketing Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, incoopera-
tion with the Bureau of Commercial Fish-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

eries, U. S. Department of the Interior, and
published in the former agency's July 1961
issue of The National Food Situation (NFS-97).

Menhaden

PARASITES MAY REVEAL
MIGRATORY PATTERNS:

Parasites which attach themselves to
young menhaden may be used to determine
where schools of adult fish originated, ac-
cording to scientists at the Virginia Institute
of Marine Science.

Although menhaden are spawned in ocean
waters, the young come into bays and estu-
aries along the At-
lantic and Gulf
coasts where they
grow to maturity.
Juvenile menhaden
usually pick up par-
asites in the estu-
The Director of the Institute

arine waters.
reports, ''The types of parasites and the
numbers picked up in the Chesapeake Bay,
for instance, will often be different from
those picked up in the rivers and bays of

Maine or Florida. By examining large num-
bers of small fish, we have found that the
parasites found on adults correspond closely
to those found on one-year-olds. We strong-
ly suspect that these parasites will serveas
natural tags in tracing their migration."

Since the incubation areas of these im-
portant commercial fish can be pinned down,
it may well be possible to compare numbers
of fishes originating in polluted and unpol-
luted areas, and also to detect changes in
commercial catches resulting from increased
pollution in areas which once were clean.

Menhaden provide the largest fishery in
the United States. More menhaden are

' landed in Virginia than all the rest of its
“marine resources combined, and in 1959 the

catch was worth over $4,250,000 to the State's
fishermen and vessel owners.

Since menhaden meal is an important in-
gredient in poultry feed, the fishery is of
great importance to farmers. Chickens fed
a small percentage of fish meal reach mar-
ket size in a shorter period of time than
those denied this nutritious food. Menhaden

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

oil is often used in paints, varnishes, and
cosmetics, and large quantities are exported
to Europe for the manufacture of oleomarga-
mine:

Virginia scientists have studied menhaden
from Maine to Florida and along the coast of
Mexico to identify types of parasites found on
them and the abundance of each kind. This
has been a cooperative enterprise between
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
with the Bureau supplying samples of fish
from all along the coast and the Virginia sci-
entists collecting, identifying, and counting
the parasites.

The Bureau is particularly interested in
using fish parasites for natural tags to de-
termine migration of menhaden. As natural
tags, they would eliminate handling of the
fish, and the percentage of returns would be
much better than from man-tagged fish.

The Virginia research assistant, who has
been responsible for a great deal of the Vir-
ginia laboratory's phase of this work, re-
ports: ''We have made intensive studies of
menhaden collected along the Atlantic coast
from New York to the tip of Florida and
around the Gulf coast. There are three spe-
cies found on the Atlantic coast: Brevoortia
tyrannus is the important commercial spe-
cies of the Chesapeake Bay; below Cape Ca-
naveral on the Florida coast, Brevoortia
smithi, is the most abundant; and in the Gulf
of Mexico Brevoortia patronus is the most
important,

This study has been under way for two
years and both Bureau and Virginia sci-
entists feel the work accomplished is
most encouraging in providing better in-
formation for the menhaden industry.
Both agencies plan to increase the pace
and to extend the area of this research.

ES
Michigan

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF SEA LAMPREY
IN NORTHERN STREAMS INITIATED:
Permigsion for the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries to continue its chemical
war on the sea lamprey in 41 tributary
streams in Lake Superior and northern
Lakes Michigan and Huron during the July

Vol. 23, No. 9

1961-June 1962 fiscal year, has been granted
by the Michigan Conservation Department.

All but seven of the streams flow into
Lakes Huron and Michigan where the Bu-
reau has shifted its offensive since last fall
after completing the first series of treat-
ment in Lake Superior streams.

The Bureau is currently working on
blocks of northern Lake Michigan streams
in Menominee, Delta, Schoolcraft, Mackinac,
and Chippewa counties where it hopes to
complete its first punch this summer. Plans
call for linking its efforts closely with the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada during
the present fiscal year's campaign in Lake
Huron streams.

The Bureau's Great Lakes Laboratory
Director estimates it will take about4 years
to complete the first round of treatment in

all lamprey-producing streams tributary to

Lakes Michigan and Huron.

Hopes of breathing new life into the lake
trout fishery of the Great Lakes are pinned
to the lamprey control program. The next
step, already started on a limited scale, is
that of restocking the upper Great Lakes
with yearling lake trout.

Heading up this immense control-restock-
ing effort is the Great Lakes Fishery Com-
mission which is made up of conservation
officials from Ontario, the Federal govern-
ment, and the Great Lakes States.

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration

and Gear Research

SURVEY OF MIDWATER
FISHERY RESOURCES OFF
NEW ENGLAND CONTINUED:

M/V “Delaware” Cruisell: Over 1,000
linear miles of Guif of Maine and Georges
Bank waters were surveyed for concentra-
tions of midwater fishes by the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries exploratory fish-
ing vessel Delaware during a July 6-14,
1961, cruise. Utilizing fish-finding equip-
ment, extensive portions of the Maine and
Massachusetts coastal areas and parts of
Georges Bank were examined to determine
the availability of commercially-important

September 1961

species. No midwater catches in commer-
cial quantities were made during the cruise.

A midwater trawl was used on 10 occa-
sions to sample indications of marine life
revealed by the fish-locating equipment.
These fish species were represented in the
catches: spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias;
Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus harengus;
silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis; lumpfish,
Cyclopterus lumpus; longhorn sculpin, My-
oxocephalus octodecemspinosus; butterfish,
Poronotus triacanthus; Atlantic mackerel,
Scomber scombrus; and alewife, Alosapseu-
doharengus.

Hydrofoil otter board used to spread midwater trawl aboard
M/V Delaware. These boards are fished in a vertical position
and allow excellent control over the depth of the trawl, as
indicated by a depth-sounder transducer mounted on the
net.

Depth control of the midwater gear was
accomplished by varying the vessel speed
and the length of the towing warp. The re-
sponse by the hydrofoil otter boards used to
spread the net allowed fairly rapid changes
in the depth of the net amounting to 10 fath-
oms or more.

In addition to the midwater sampling
carried on, experiments using mercury-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

vapor lamps for fish attraction were at-
tempted at several locations; dip and gill
nets were used to sample those fish at-
tracted. Included in catches by these meth-
ods were hake (Urophycis sp.), Atlantic her-
ring (Clupea harengus), sand eels (Ammody-
tes americanus), alewife (Alosa pseudo-
harengus), and Atlantic mackerel (Scomber
scombrus).

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1961 p. 32
and April 1961 p. 26.

ser
“70%

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

BOTTOM SEDIMENTS AND ORGANISMS
COLLECTED FROM GULF OF MAINE:

M/V ‘Delaware ruises 61-9 and 61-
10: Three-hundred-sixty samples of bottom
sediments and organisms associated with
the bottom were collected at regularly-
spaced stations at 3-mile intervals on 8 east-
west transects across the Gulf of Maine by
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Delaware during two cruises
that ended late in June 1961.

The samples will be analyzed in the Bu-
reau's Woods Hole, Mass., Laboratory to
determine the relation of the bottom organ-
isms to the abundance and distribution of
bottom-living fishes which subsist on animal
life. Further studies will be made of the
relation of bottom organisms to the sediment
types in the Gulf of Maine and to the oceano-
graphic conditions obtaining in the various
parts of the Gulf.

'North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

AREA OFF COAST OF OREGON
SURVEYED FOR TRAWLABLE
BOTTOM AND DEEP-WATER FAUNA:
M/V “John N. Cobb’ Cruise 90: Objec-
tives of an 8-week cruise (ended June 15)
hy the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries exploratory fishing vessel John N.
Cobb were (1) to locate trawlable bottom
in areas presently avoided by commercial
trawlers, (2) to tag bottomfish found to in-
habit such areas, and (3) to obtain informa-
tion on marine fauna inhabiting very deep

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

waters off the Oregon coast. The deep-water
explorations marked the start of a survey to
be conducted off Oregon and Washington by
the Bureau in conjunction with the U. S. A-
tomic Energy Commission. The Oregon Fish
Commission cooperated with the Bureau in
the cruise.

- Area of Exploration,

- ee | - Comm. Trawling Grounds.

- Deep-Water Drags.
- Exploratory Drags.

- Snag Encountered.

M/V "ohn N N. Cobb" Cruise 50.

Regions included in the survey extended
from Stonewall Bank off Newport, Ore., to
the southern edge of Heceta Bank and anarea
located southwest of the mouth of the Colum-
bia River.

Systematic surveys of the ocean bottom
with a high-resolution, low-frequency echo-
sounder resulted in the discovery of several
trawlable areas of soft bottom within rocky
regions avoided by commercial fishermen.
The trawlable bottom included (1) a relative-
ly large area of approximately 100 square
miles at depths ranging from 75 to 200 fath-
oms located true west of Stonewall Bank,
(2) a small area extending from about 90 to
200 fathoms located offshore between the
Yachats River and the Siuslaw River, and
(3) an area of about 20 square miles located
at depths between 58 and 66 fathoms about

Vol. 23, No. 9

20 miles off Heceta Head. Good catches of
Dover sole, blackcod, and red rockfish were
taken in the first area. The second area
yielded excellent catches of Pacific ocean
perch, red rockfish, Dover sole, and black-
cod, including the largest catch ever made
by the John N. Cobb--40,000 pounds of Pa-
cific ocean perch obtained in 20 minutes of
trawling. The grounds in the third area off
Heceta Head produced poor catches of bot-
tomfish with some damage to fishing gear
resulting from the presence of large boul-
ders. Damage to fishing gear also occurred
in the first two areas from scattered out-
croppings of coral.

Biologists from the Oregon Fish Com-
mission tagged a total of 5,429 Dover sole,
and 175 Pacific ocean perch during the
cruise to provide information on the migra-
tory habits and rate of growth of those com-
mercially-important species.

Deep-water explorations included 16
trawl drags made at depths from 100 to 425
fathoms off the mouth of the Columbia River.
Substantial catches of Dover sole and black-
cod were taken in several of the drags. Un-
usual species encountered in the deeper wa-
ters included tanner crabs, brown sharks,
grenadiers (a relative of the cod), deep-sea
sole, and fanged viperfish.

COASTAL WATERS OFF OREGON
AND WASHINGTON EXPLORED
FOR ALBACORE TUNA:

M/V “ John N. Cobb’ Cruise 5 To ob-
tain information on the abundance | a dis-
tribution of albacore tuna and other pelagic

ey T Tesla a Tima ere Tiga Delete a aaa T ie Pe TT

BRITISH
COLUMBIA soe)

MO

CALIFORNIA

150° 1a3¢ io 130°

yeh getty AR a ey Pe eS pt hte ee ae

M/V "John N. Cobb" Chuise 51 (July -August 1961),

September 1961

species of fish, the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel
John N. Cobb departed Seattle on July 10,
T961, for a trip of 6 weeks of exploratory
high seas fishing off Washington and Oregon.
The coastal waters to 300 miles offshore of
the two states are scheduled to be explored
with gill nets, midwater trawls, andtrolling.
Information on albacore catches was sched-
uled to be broadcast to the fishing fleet by
radio from the John N. Cobb.

Oceanography

GOVERNMENT-INDUSTRY
SYMPOSIUM ON INSTRUMENTATION
HELD IN WASHINGTON:

A Government-Industry Symposium on Oceanographic
Instrumentation was held in the Department of the Interior
Auditorium by the Interagency Committee on Oceanogra-
phy on August 16-17, 1961.

One of the most serious problem areas in the National
Oceanographic Program is that of instrumentation, Existing
methods of data collection and processing must be radically
improved. Consequently, the primary objective of the sym-
posium is to focus attention in this critical area and to make
known to representatives of United States industry the
oceanographic instrumentation requirements which confront
the Nation and which must be solved if the national objectives
in the field of oceanography are to be fulfilled. The sympo-
sium was open to all companies interested in oceanograph-
ic instrumentation and data handling.

The instrumentation discussed during this symposium
was unclassified and reflected the requirements of Federal
and non-Federal activities and both military and nonmilitary
applications, It included basic and applied research aspects
as well as ocean surveys and will apply to under way and
stopped shipborne operations and to individual instruments
and instrument systems. The subject matter involved the
following disciplines: physical and chemical oceanography,
marine geology, geomagnetics, gravity, bathymetry, ma-
rine biology, radiobiology, meteorology, special fisheries
investigations, and others,

The Interagency Committee on Oceanography is the organi-
zation established by the Federal Council for Science and
Technology to coordinate the United States National Oceano-
graphic Program currently being carried out by Federal a-
gencies having an interest in oceanography. This Interagency
Committee represents the Departments of Defense; Com-
merce; Interior, Health, Education and Welfare; State; Treas-
ury; the Atomic Energy Commission; and the National Science
Foundation.

A,
Oregon

ALBACORE TUNA SCOUTING
CRUISE ENDS SUCCESSFULLY:

A successful exploratory albacore tuna
cruise by the Oregon Fish Commission's

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

chartered vessel Minnie B was completed
on July 16. A Fish Commission biologist
reported the best catches of albacore tuna
were made from Cape Blanco north to Coos
Bay, Ore,, about 75 miles offshore, in waters
with a 62° F. surface temperature.

The 15 albacore that were tagged and
released were caught by trolling a commer-
cial-type feathered jig. The surface water
temperatures engountered during the cruise
were between 62° and 64 F., generally high
for this time of year and up to two degrees
higher than during a similar 1960 cruise.

The biologist also reported that although
no commercial tuna vessels were sighted on
the albacore grounds during the cruise, some
boats were leaving Astoria and Newport on
July 15 and 16. One boat out of Astoria re-
ported a catch of three tuna made on July 15
about 40 miles southwest of the Columbia
River mouth.

The July cruise marked the third con-
secutive year the Fish Commission has un-
dertaken surveys to help predict the presence
of albacore tuna off the Oregon Coast by
correlating biological and environmental con-
ditions to the presence or absence of tuna,
and to gather data by tagging methods on the
migration and distribution habits of the tuna.

See CHESS ks

FISH COMMISSION OBSERVER
REPORTS NO FISH KILLS IN
OFFSHORE SEISMIC OPERATION:

No fish kills were observed during the
initial oil exploration operations off the
Oregon coast, the Fish Commission of Ore-
gon observer aboard the Shell Oil Company's
seismic vessel Miss Betty reported late in
June 1961. The observer, assigned jointly
by the Fish Commission and the Oregon
Game Commission to observe all seismic
oil exploratory work being conducted off the
Oregon coast by Shell Oil Company, was
accompanied on the first cruise on June 21
by two fishery agents of the Oregon Game
Commission.

Originally planned as a three-daycruise,
the operation was limited to one day because
of damage sustained by the Miss Betty in
heavy seas as the vessel was heading north
from California to begin work off Oregon.

Working out of Coos Bay, two Shell
Oil vessels were involved in the first

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

cruise--the Miss Betty handling the explo-
sive charges and the Miss Juanita carrying
seismic instruments.

The observers stated that each shot site
was observed but no dead fish were sighted.
The absence of concentrations of sea birds
that would normally soon assemble over any
fish kill gave additional evidence that the
explosions had not had adverse effects on
fish that may have been in the area.

Electronic devices capable of detecting
the presence of schools of fish are operated
on the explosives vessel as a precaution
against detonatinga charge inclose proximity
to fish concentrations where considerable
damage could conceivably result.

Every precaution to assure the safeguard-
ing of the State's offshore fishery is being
taken, the Commission Director stated. The
assignment of a full-time observer by the
Commission during all seismic operations is
an additional precaution to assure that poten-
tial fishery damage is prevented. The ob-
server, acting on and in behalf of the State
Fish Commission and the State Game Com-
mission, has the authority to stop operations
in any given area if, in his opinion, undue
damage to marine life or wildlife will occur,
or has occurred, or to stop temporarily or
slow up operations until the observer can
clearly determine the amount of actual or
potential biological damage.

ieee Abs rik ae
MK OOK Kk Sook

McKENZIE RIVER SALMON SPAWNING
CHANNEL AGREEMENT REACHED:
Regarding the operation and evaluation
of an artificial spawning channel for spring
chinook salmon on the McKenzie River, the
Oregon Fish Commission and the Eugene
Water and Electric Board have entered into
a formal agreement, the Commission Direc-
tor announced late in June 1961. The spawn-
ing channel was designed to offset some of
the losses of natural spawning grounds oc-
casioned by the construction of the Eugene
Board's Carmen-Smith hydroelectric project
on the McKenzie about 70 miles above Eugene.
The installation is the first of its kind in
Oregon for spring chinook salmon. Although
the McKenzie River and its tributaries pro-
duce between 45 and 50 percent of the Wil-
lamette River system's highly important
spring chinook run, no fish passage facilities
have been provided at Carmen-Smith due to

Vol. 23, No. 9

its location above the major spawning area
of the McKenzie system with, consequently,
relatively few anadromous fish involved.

The artificial spawning facility's design
was determined by attempting to duplicate
optimum natural spawning conditions. It
consists of a channel 500 feet long by 30 feet
wide (the channel bottom of which is covered
with graded gravel), a holding pond for adult
salmon, a controlled-flow water supply, trap
and weirs, and a main stream velocity bar-
rier to divert the fish into the facility. One
hundred or more spring chinook females can
be accommodated by the present channel,
Schoning stated.

A Commission biologist has been assigned
to conduct the operation of the channel and to
evaluate the results of the experiment. Sim-
ilar operations, notably in British Columbia
and in California, have given indications that
the spawning channel may become an impor-
tant tool in management of anadromous fish
runs in Western rivers, where an ever-in-
creasing number of dams create barriers to
free passage of anadromous species.

The Eugene Water and Electric Board is
financing the study, initially scheduled for a
period of three years.

Oysters.

LONG ISLAND SOUND OBSERVATIONS
ON SPAWNING AND SETTING:

Systematic observations in Long Island
Sound on spawning and setting of oysters
and starfish, using the same 10 major sta-
tions as in previous years were planned for
this summer by the Milford, Conn., Biolog-
ical Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries. However, several others
were to be established, chiefly inconnection
with studies on chemical methods of control
of shellfish predators.

In addition to information on setting, the
Laboratory plans to report on all other im-
portant biological phenomena that may be
observed, Industry and shellfish biologists,
as in the past, were to be informed of prog-
ress in the development of methods of
chemical control of shellfish enemies.

Spawning of oysters as of July 7, 1961,
had begun in the shallow tributaries of Long

September 1961

Island Sound, but the predominating majority
as of that date were still unspawned and many
unripe. Setting of starfish had also begun,
(Bulletin No. 1, July 7, 1961.)

ok ook ok Ok ook

LONG ISLAND SOUND OBSERVATIONS ON
SPAWNING AND SETTING AS OF JULY 26:

Several stations, in addition to the basic
ten, were established in New Haven Harbor
for observations on spawning and setting of
oysters and starfish during the summer by
the Milford, Conn., Biological Laboratory of
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
These stations were to be used in connection
with studies of chemical methods of control-
ling shellfish enemies.

Later, it became necessary to establish
several other stations--another in New Haven
Harbor arid 3 in the Bridgeport area. The
last three, established upon the request of
the State Shell Fish Commission, were lo-
cated in the area where the Bridgeport Har-
bor channel is to be dredged. These stations
were to be used in connection with observa-
tions on turbidity and sedimentation created,
by dredging, upon larval, juvenile, and adult
mollusks.

The water temperature at all of the sta-
tions showed a considerable increase, and on
July 24, when the last series of spat collec-
tors was brought in, the temperature ranged
from approximately 65 -73° F.

Studies of oysters showed that the major-
ity of them were in a partially spawned con-
dition, as was to be expected during this part
of the reproductive season. Some, however,
were virtually spawned out, while another
small group was composed of individuals that
were not quite ripe.

Studies of plankton samples were carried
on as a matter of routine to determine wheth-
er larvae of oysters and other bivalves were
present in the water. Early in July bivalve

larvae, especially young ones, were numerous.

By July 10 there were almost no early stage
larvae at any of the stations, but a fair num-
ber of late stage larvae, although none of
oysters, were found. By July 13 these larvae
had almost completely disappeared in the
Milford and New Haven areas, while at Bridge-
port a fair number of mussel larvae was
still found.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

Plankton samples collected two days
previously again showed a scarcity of bi-
valve larvae at all stations. This phenom-
enon was ascribed to a heavy bloom of dino-
flagellates (microscopic forms causing ''red
water"), primarily Prorocentrum micans,
and a species of Gymnodinium, waste prod-
ucts of which probably affect molluscan
larvae in nature and also render sea water
temporarily unfit for the laboratory work on
fertilization of oyster and clam eggs and
growing of larvae. These conditions, how-
ever, improve later in the season.

Setting of starfish continued and occurred
at all of the basic 10 stations, except at one
station. One station located at a depth of 24
feet in the Bridgeport area showed the heav-
iest set.

The first oyster spat was found at a sta-
tion in New Haven Harbor in an area where
studies of the methods of controlling oyster
enemies were being conducted. It set on
July 21. This observation indicates that the
Laboratory's formula offered many years
ago stating that, ''The beginning of oyster
setting in Long Island Sound should be usually
expected on July 19+ 4 days, regardless of
lunar phases and of changes in hydrostatic
pressure caused by changes in tidal level,"
still holds true in the majority of cases.
(Bulletin No. 2, July 26, 1961.)

Pollution

CONTRACT AWARDED FOR DAM
TO STOP POLLUTION IN UPPER
SACRAMENTO RIVER VALLEY:

A long-standing water pollution problem
which has taken a heavy toll of salmon,
steelhead trout, and rainbow trout in the
upper Sacramento River Valley is being
corrected, the Under Secretary of the In-
terior announced on June 30, 1961. The
problem originates with drainage water
principally from abandoned mines in the
Spring Creek area above Redding, Calif.,
bringing metal and acid pollutants into
Keswick Reservoir and the Sacramento
River.

The solution proposed by the Depart-
ment of the Interior is a 190-foot-high
earthfill dam, now.under contract for

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

$3,196,387, which will permit water regula-
tion to dilute the pollutants, and which at the
same time will prevent debris from obstruct-
ing the tailrace of the Spring Creek Power
Plant, which is now under construction. Both
are being built by the Department's Bureau
of Reclamation as part of the Central Valley
Project.

According to the Commissioner of Fish
and Wildlife, studies made by the U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service show that the fall run of
chinook salmon in the Sacramento River a-
bout the mouth of the Feather River provide
an annual catch of 700,000 fish, worth about
$5,900,000 to commercial and sport fisher-
men. About one-fourth of this fishery, with
an annual value of $1,400,000, comes from
the four-mile stretch of the river adversely
affected by the pollutants.

Historically, high Spring Creek flows
frequently coincided with flood flows of the
Sacramento River and the toxic water was
diluted sufficiently to be tolerable to fish,
primarily salmon. However, since flood
control on the upper Sacramento was achieved
by the construction of the Shasta Dam, the
highly polluted Spring Creek flows have
entered the Sacramento River at controlled
flow periods. As a result, the waters below
Keswick Dam, where the migrating fish are
concentrated, have been toxic enough at times
to kill large numbers of salmon and steel-
head.

The Service studies also showed that not
only did the mine-waste pollution kill salmon
and damage their food supply but that it also
ruined an important rainbow trout fishery in
the Spring Creek area of the Keswick Res-
ervoir.

Facing the dual problem of pollutants
seriously damaging the important fishery
and silt and debris threatening the tailrace
of the new Spring Creek powerplant, the
Bureau of Reclamation designed the Spring
Creek debris dam to provide storage space
for 2,000 acre-feet of sediment each year
for the next 50 years. In addition the dam
will provide for the retention of the polluted
water so that it can be slowly released and
diluted to provide protection to the fish and
the organisms upon which they feed.

The Spring Creek Dam embankment will
be 1,200 feet long at the crest. The contract
includes construction of the dam, concrete

Vol. 23, No. 9

spillway and outlet works, and excavation of
the powerplant tailrace. The powerplant
tailrace must be complete for use by June l,
1963, when the first generator of the 150,000-
kw. Spring Creek Powerplant will be tested,
prior to going into operation about July 1,
1963. The powerplant is six miles northwest
of Redding and the debris dam will be ashort
distance upstream. The powerplant and dam
are part of the Trinity River Division of the
Central Valley Project.

INDUSTRIAL WASTES ACCOUNT
FOR MOST FISH KILLS:

More fish are reported killed by industrial
wastes than by other pollutants, according to
a report of the U. S. Public Health Service's
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Con-
trol. Figures contained in the first annual
summary report of the cooperative Federal-
State fish-kill project showed that in the
first seven months, June through December
1960, a total of 286 reports was received
from 36 states showing a total of 6.3 million
fish killed.

Agricultural poisons accounted for the
second highest number of fish-kill reports,
though they were in fifth place in total num-
ber of fish killed.

The total river mileage affected was 1,153
miles, in addition to 51 miles of lake andbay
shore lines, and 1,407 acres of lakes, reser-
voirs, and bays.

Of the 305 reports onsource of kills (many
reported more than one source), industrial
wastes were reported in 98 instances, witha
total of 5,460, 000 fish killed; agricultural
poisons were reported in 81 instances, with
a total of 73,000 fish killed; unknown sources
were reported 51 times with a total of 190,000
fish killed; ''other'' sources were listed in
38 reports with a total of 38,000 fish killed;
domestic sewage was fifth with 27 reports,
with 287,000 fish killed; and mining opera-
tions were reported 10 times with a total of
250,000 fish killed.

One killtraced toindustrial wastes was es-
timated at 5 millionfish. This wasin19 miles
of the Kanawha River for about two days late in
August 1960, caused by a spill of methyl alco-
hol, Evenafter subtracting this figure, the
number of fish killed by industrial wastes is
nearly double the next named source of total
number of fish kills, domestic wastes.

ee <a | ae <a

September 1961

Russian Gill-Netter Docks in Boston, Mass.

As aresult of a medical emergency on
board the Soviet fishing vessel Kanhnhlpaa
(CPT 184), it docked in Boston harbor during
June 1961. The vessel, a gill netter, was one
of a fleet of vessels which had been working
in the western North Atlantic between the
Grand Banks of Newfoundland and Georges

earl
—~

Seacrest

Fig. 1 - The Kanhnhlpaa, a combination-type vessel, approxi-
mately 145 feet long. This type of vessel is normally active in
the herring fishery off Northern Europe and is capable of drift
gill-net fishing and/or trawling. Other than a trawling winch,
there was no trawl gear aboard the vessel during its visit to Bos-
ton. The vessel ordinarily fishes with a mothership. The ves-
sel salts its catch in barrels, which are later transferred to a
mothership. There is adequate fuel aboard for a trip of about
30 days.

Fig. 2 - View of the pilothouse aboard the Soviet gill-netter,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

Bank off the Massachusetts coast. With the
permission of the Soviet Embassy, several
members of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Gloucester Exploratory Fishing
and Gear Research Base were permitted on
board to see the vessel and its gear.

The Kanhnhlpaa had been away from her
home port of Kaliningrad on the Baltic Sea
since early April of this year; however, the
vessel's officers expected that they would
return to European waters soon after their
departure from Boston.

Fig. 3 - Depth-sounding equipment mounted in the pilothouse:
note the ''fishscope" under the recorder,

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Fig. 4 - Depth-sounder recording being examined aboard the gill-
netter, The recording gear is utilized principally as an orien-
tation instrument, according to a vessel officer, Although oc-
casional fish traces are apparent, the depth-sounder is not ordi-
narily used specifically for fish-finding. No other type of fish-
locating equipment was observed.

Fig. 5 - Portion of gill net piled under tarpaulin on port side of

fore-deck, Nets observed were of a nylon-type synthetic. Mesh
sizes in nae varied from 24 to 32 mm, or 0,9-1.3 inches (bar
measurement), When fishing, 50 to 70 joined sections of net
are set out from the port side. These sets are made in astraight
line and when completed cover up to 3 km, (approximately 2
miles).

Vol, 23, No. 9

SS
b: SOD

Fig. 6 - Footrope of gill net coiled on starboard side of vessel.
The heavy footrope provides the weight to sink the nets. It is
suspended from the gill net by rings similar to those on a purse
seine,

Fig. 7 - Crew members near the roller and net hauler on the star-

board rail of the vessel. There were 23 in the crew of the ves-
sel when it arrived in Boston.

September 1961

Fig. 8 - Fairlead and capstan used to haul the footrope aboard.
This gear is mounted near the vessel's bow on the starboardside.

Fig. 9 - Close-up of net-hauling device in use aboard the Kanhn-
hipaa, This equipment is generally similar to hauling devices
used by gill-net fishermen in New England, although it is of
heavier construction,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Fig. 10 - Visitors with crew members (in background) examining
a float from which the gill nets are suspended. The corkline of
the nets is usually fishes from$ to 5 fathoms below the surface.

--By Warren F, Rathjen and Peter C. Wilson,
Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialists,
Branch of Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research,
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Gloucester, Mass.

Salmon

MORTALITY STUDIES OF SILVER
SALMON HOOKED AND
RELEASED BY TROLLERS:

Determination of the mortality of silver
salmon hooked, landed, and released during
normal commercial trolling activities in
Oregon offshore waters was the primary
objective of a recently completed 18-day
salmon troll cruise by Oregon Fish Com-
mission biologists aboard the chartered
vessel Barracuda, the Commission announced
on June 30,

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The question of hooking mortality is of
primary concern in the management of the
State's salmon resource since, during actual
commercial trolling operations, minimum-
size requirements and a difference in open-
fishing season periods on chinook and silver
salmon result in the release of manysalmon
hooked and boated on the offshore trolling
grounds.

SILVER SALMON

se eo Licae ee eee - !

Present regulations specify that commer-
cially-taken chinook must measure at least
26 inches in length. Although there is no
minimum-size requirement on silver salmon
the season on this species does not open un-
til June 15, two months after the chinook
season opens. The difference in season is
based upon the biology of the silver which
shows phenomenal growth during the final
year of its two-year ocean sojourn, making
the delayed opening economically sound as
well as representing good management of
the resource.

2

More than 1,200 salmon, predominantly
silvers, were tagged and released during the
12 full days and 2 partial days of actual fish-
ing time during the cruise. Regulation com-
mercial gear, including various types of
spoons and wobblers equipped with the usual
barbed hooks, was used during the scientific
investigation. An area 20 miles in length
between the mouth of the Columbia River
southward to the vicinity of Cannon Beach
was fished.

In addition to the observed mortality ex-
perienced while actually hooking and boating
the salmon during the initial phases of the
operation, returns of tagged fish from both
the commercial and sports catch will yield
information on delayed mortality from in-
juries not readily apparent at the time of
tagging and release. As a bonus, the fish-
eries specialists expect to gain more infor-
mation concerning fishing intensities on
silver and chinook salmon stocks as well as
gathering supplemental biological data on
migratory habits and distribution. Such in-
formation is vital in determining proper
open and closed seasons and size limitations

Vol. 23, No. 9

in keeping with the best possible manage-
ment of this important resource.

Both commercial and sports fishermen
are urged to report the taking of tagged salm-
on to the Fish Commission Research Labora-
tory, Astoria, or to the Fish Commission of
Oregon, Portland 1, Oregon.

Sea Scallops

ECONOMIC STUDY OF ATLANTIC COAST
FISHING INDUSTRY STARTED:

A comprehensive economic study of do-
mestic sea scallop production has been
started by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, it was announced on June 27, 1961.
The objectives of the study are to examine
economic trends in the New England sea scal-
lop fishing industry and to determine the
competitive position of the domestic fleet in
relation to foreign-based vessels.

In the decade 1951-1960, sea scallop im-
ports have risen from about 750,000 pounds
annually to 6,800,000 pounds. Canada ex-
ported about 6.3 million pounds to the United
States in 1960 as compared to United States
production of 26.6 million pounds. The share
of the domestic market supplied by foreign
shippers has been steadily rising in recent
years.

The reason for the study is the economic
distress in which the sea scallop fishing in-
dustry centered at New Bedford, Mass., now
finds itself. Prices for sea scallops at that
port have declined drastically and fisher-
men's earnings have been severely affected.

The study is being made by Boston College
under a $16,750 contract awarded by the U.S.

September 1961

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. It will be
financed with funds made available by the
Saltonstall-Kennedy Act of 1956, which has
as its objective the betterment of the domes-
tic fisheries. The study is to be completed
by June 30, 1962.

aye

Shrimp

FREEZE-DRIED PRODUCT ON THE
MARKET FOR INSTITUTIONAL USE:

Now freeze-drying, a new preservation
process, is being used to preserve shrimp.
Freeze-dried shrimp sell for about the same
price as green frozen shrimp.

This new product is being produced by a
large United States importing firm through
a food processing subsidiary at San Carlos,
Mex;

Shrimp, frozen or fresh, are cooked and
cleaned, quick frozen, and dehydrated at
such high vacuum that ice crystals do not
melt to deform the tissues, nor does surface-
skinning occur. The freeze-dehydrated
shrimp after rehydration return to a fresh-
like state.

They are shipped in 3-quart cans, evac-
uated, and refilled with an inert gas. They
can be transported and stored without fur-
ther refrigeration until ready to serve.
Once packed in the can, shrimp need no re-
frigeration until the container is opened.
Then to reconstitute the shrimp, they are
placed in lukewarm water for 15 minutes,
which restores them to their original ap-
pearance and freshness. The 3-quart can
yields 33 pounds of shrimp with all its nat-

ural appearance, flavor, and texture restored.

At present only institutional users are
being served from the San Carlos plant which
handles several tons a day.

South Carolina

FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
PROGRESS, APRIL-JUNE 1961:

The following is a report on the progress
of biological research by the Bears Bluff
Laboratories, Wadmalaw Island, S. C., for
April-June 1961.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

Oyster Studies: As a cooperative program,
the Laboratories and the State's Division of
Commercial Fisheries set aside seed oyster
beds in the spring and early summer of 1960.
From these seed beds commercial oyster-
men harvested and transplanted 3,168 bushels
of young oysters to other leased grounds
within the State. This operation was success-
ful. During the period covered by this report
such transplantings were expanded and this
time 36,562 bushels of seed were distributed
on leased grounds. Detailed inspections of
some of the plantings indicate that less thana
10-percent mortality took place. In general
this program, which in the past years has not
been followed in South Carolina, appears
practical, provided the seed are moved to
areas comparable in hydrographic conditions,

Personnel from the Laboratories also as-
sisted in establishing and cultivating oyster
parks where the general public can gather
oysters for private use. Two dozen of these
public areas have now been set up; some in
each of the coastal counties.

Also during the quarter, tests were run
on the value of a lightweight aggregate to
determine if it could be used as a substitute
for shell cultch, Paired wire bags of shell
and rock were exposed in a good settingarea.
Setting began during the fourth week of May.
By the first week in June setting on steamed
shell cultch had reached an intensity of 15 to
16 spat per square inch. On the rock aggre-
gate, setting was extremely light. However,
by late June setting on the substitute cultch
began to improve. The tests will be contin-
ued through July before appraisal of the sub-
stitute cultch is made.

An examination of seed oysters moved in
October 1959 from a high salinity, intertidal
area to a low salinity, deep-water area
showed that most of the few oysters now
there are from a natural set. None was
found over 2 inches from hinge to bill and
more than 50 percent of those gathered were
less than 1 inch. On February 10,1960, four
covered wire trays containing high-salinity
intertidal seed were placed on the deep-wa-
ter beds. Three of the four trays were silted
over when recovered on June 28, 1961. The
fourth tray contained a dozen live oysters:
five in the 1 to 2 inch class; 6 in the 2 to 4
inch group; and 1 was 33 inches. All were
in poor condition and showed no new growth.

This experimental planting confirms the
belief that very careful attention must be

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

paid to transplanting of oysters in South
Carolina waters, particularly to environ-
mental conditions. Transplanting to sub-
tidal beds certainly needs further study.

Shrimp Studies: Both white and brown
shrimp declined in abundance in experimen-
tal trawls during the second quarter of 1961.
Brown shrimp were about 5 times less nu-
merous, and white shrimp showed a drop of
over 23 times during the quarter as com-
pared with the same quarter of 1960. The
decrease in numbers of white shrimp to date,
however, is by no means an indication of a
poor fall season since spawning is still con-
tinuing.

Postlarval brown shrimp were scarce in
experimental plankton tows this year. Al-
though these postlarval shrimp continued to
recruit for a longer period this year, their
numbers did not approach those of 1960.
White shrimp postlarvae began to appear in
plankton tows in late May and continued to
increase in abundance throughout June. These
postlarvae should reach maximum abundance
in inshore waters during the first few weeks
of the third quarter of 1961. Then it should
be possible to make some predictions as to
the expected abundance of adult shrimp for
the fall of 1961.

Fish: Shrimp survey catch data for the
April-June quarter this year revealed that
small spot were seven times as abundant in
experimental trawl hauls as compared with
those made during the same period in 1960.
These findings lend support to the earlier
predictions that 1961 should be a very suc-
cessful year for this species.

The number of croakers have increased
somewhat since the early part of this year,
but still continue to be considerably less
abundant than they were at this time in 1960.
The decline amounts to about 30 percent.

Pond Cultivation: Three experimental
shrimp ponds were drained and harvested
during the quarter. Two of these were one-
acre ponds and the other was a small one-
tenth acre pond which had been stocked by
means of a 4-inch fish pump. The one-acre
ponds had been drained on December 16,
1960, screened off with one-quarter inch
wire mesh and treated with ''Chem-Fish"' to
kill the remaining fish. These ponds were
then allowed to stock naturally by flooding
from the nearby creek.

Vol. 23, No. 9

The harvest from the one-tenth acre pond
was very small. Only six brown shrimp were
collected. This experiment Was not consid-
ered to be a valid test of the effectiveness of
the fish pump in stocking shrimp ponds since
postlarval brown shrimp were very scarce
this year. The experiment will be repeated
during the time that white shrimp postlarvae
are abundant.

One of the one-acre ponds which had very
little interchange of water with the creek,
contained only 2 pounds of 31-35 count brown
shrimp, 52 pounds of fish (chiefly spot), and
11 pounds of blue crabs.

The other acre pond, which had been al-
lowed to flood and partially drain on every
tide from early March until May, contained
a considerably greater amount of shrimp and
fish. This pond yielded approximately 9
pounds of brown shrimp, 150 pounds of fish,
and 7 pounds of blue crabs. The majority of
the fish were small spot which had entered
the pond as larvae earlier in the year. The
total number of fish collected from the pond
was about 15,000; of which 13,000 were spot.

Installation of an eight inch irrigation
pump, to be used in pond stocking of post-
larval shrimp, got under way during the
quarter. This pump will move large vol-
umes of water from the creek which runs
near the Laboratories into a one-acre ex-
perimental shrimp pond. This experiment
is to determine if postlarval shrimp can be
pumped into a pond in sufficient quantities
to give an adequate yield. This will give
actual experimental data to answer the nu-
merous letters of request on shrimp farm-
ing from those areas which, unlike South
Carolina, do not have sufficient rise and fall
of tide to stock the ponds.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1961 p. 39.

Tuna

RESEARCH DISCUSSED AT
HONOLULU MEETING:

An informal Pacific Tuna Biology Con-
ference was held August 14-19, 1961, at
Honolulu, Hawaii, bringing together scien-
tists from 17 organizations in six countries
to discuss the results of their research on
tuna,

September 1961

The Conference was sponsored by the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Bio-

logical Laboratory, Honolulu, and the partic-
ipants represented organizations in Canada,
French Oceania, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, and

the United States.

The Conference was organized into six

sections to consider the following aspects of
tuna biology: (1) distribution, (2) migrations,
(3) subpopulations, (4) behavior, (5) tuna oce-

anography, and (6) taxonomy and nomencla-

ture. More than 40 papers on those subjects
were distributed to the participants for dis-

cussion at the meeting.

The Conference immediately preceded

the 10th Pacific Science Congress, which was
held in Honolulu August 21-September 6, 1961,

with an attendance of over 1,000 scientists
from all over the world.

Three fishery research vessels were in

Honolulu during the Tuna Biology Conference
and were open for visits--the Shoyo Maru, of
the Tokyo University of Fisheries; the Makua
operated by the Hawaii State Division of Fish
and Game; and the Charles H. Gilbert, oper-

ated by the Bureau's Biological Laboratory,
Honolulu.

U. S. Fishery Landings, January-June 1961

Total Catch: Data primarily for the first six months of
1961 indicate that this year’s United States commercial fish-
ery landings are about 241 million pounds ahead of the first
six months last year.

«

Fig. 1 - In foreground are two of the more common types of
boats used to catch blue crabs in Chesapeake Bay area. Usu-
ally manned by one man and powered by an outboard motor,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

United States Commercial Fishery Landings of Certain
Species for Periods Shown, 1961 and 1960

1/ Total
Period | 1961— 1960} 1960

SER (DOOOMEDSS) cyanate

2,100 1,610 5,057
1,100 1,568 2,897
11,200 8,407) 15,548
1,400 1,874 3,199

18,700) 11,849] 21,644

Maine...... 1,100] 1,530] 3,834
Boston 2/.... 0 45,400| 38,633 76,695
Gloucester 2/, 8,200] 8,795] 12,107

Maine re eisi ere lei ie
Boston 2/,...
Gloucester 2/,

Total haddock

54,700} 48,958] _ 92,636

1958 92.636

12,500] 14,283] 21,351
8,700] 10,614] 16,802

38,158

AlaSKave ei al
Wash, & Oreg...

Total halibut . .
Herring:
MEME Baan 4 5 mos, 40 1,966} 152,327
AaSkaalsrevetoredlte Car 15,200 19,000 78,700
Industrial Fish,

11,200] 14,800] 43,733

25,900) 37,996} 74,945
17,300 9,232| 36,808
768,100} 541,232/1,999, 000

Maine & Mass, 4/

Ucean
Maine...... 26,934] 78,258
BOSTON Mr epenevel se 430 1,481

Gloucestere ay. 31,981} 61,673

boot 63,300

59,345} 141,412
Salmon: Maliyimueniial
ANASRAT Weis vole) s
Washington .. .

137,000
2/1,000

133,000} 213,000
2/832] 16,178
2/68] 5,582

callops, Sea, New
Bedford (meats

South Atl, & Gulf, 6 mos, 52,300] 61,781} 236,938
Washington ... Ewing 300 559 1,801
yak 70 14 881

Pana, Call ma
Tuna, Calif... . |{ toJuly 15|_ 178,000} 161,860} 283,060
a

= 393
40 60
16,000} 27,199

iting , 27,652} 74,989
Total all above items . . . .]1,388,150/1,165,8683,538,759
Others not listed ..... «| 304,250] 285,110]1,391,241

GrandTotal ...... . 11,692,400 1,450, 97844,980,000
1/Preliminary,. 3/Dressed weight.
i2/Landed weight, 4/Excludes menhaden.
lote: Data represent weight of fish and shellfish as landed

8,927| 19,353

Maine ye arsieet
Boston..... .

Gloucester. ..

except for mollusks which are reported on weights of meats
only.

47

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Menhaden: During the first 6 months of 1961, landings
totaled about 768 million pounds--up 227 million pounds as
compared with the same period in 1960.

Fig. 2 - Menhaden vessel docked at a fishery industrial products
plant in Empire, La.

Tuna: Landings in California, including transshipments of
United States-caught fish from South America, totaled 178
million pounds to July 15--a gain of 16 million pounds as com-
pared with 1960, The purse-seine catch was up 39 million
pounds while landings by the clipper fleet were down nearly
30 million pounds,

Salmon: On the basis of the reported pack of canned salm-
on, it is estimated that the Alaska catch to July 27 totaled a-
bout 137 million pounds--4 million pounds more than to the
same date in 1960,

Fig. 3 - Medium shrimp trawler docked at Westwego, La.

Vol. 23, No. 9

Haddock: New England landings-- about 55 million pounds
during the first six months of 1961--were nearly 6 million
pounds greater than in the same period in 1960.-

Qcean Perch: Landings at Maine ports during the first
five months of the year and at Gloucester through June totaled
over 63 million pounds~~-4 million pounds more than in the
same period in 1960,

Mackerel: Landings of jack mackerel (25.9 million pounds)
during the first six months of 1961 were only 68 percent as
large as in 1960, while those of Pacific mackerel (17.3 mil-
lion pounds) were nearly twice those for the same period last
year.

Whiting: Landings at Gloucester through July 23 totaled
16 million pounds~~-substantially less than the 1960 landings
for that period.

Shrimp: Landings in the South Atlantic and Gulf States
during the first 6 months of 1961 amounted to 52.3 million
pounds--somewhat less than in 1960.

Scallops: New Bedford landings through June totaled 9.7
million pounds--nearly 800,000 pounds more than in 1960,
Total 1960 landings of scallops were the largest in history.

U. S. Fishing Vessels

DOCUMENTS ISSUED AND
CANCELLED, MAY 1961:

During May 1961, 63 vessels of 5 net tons
and over were issued first documents as
fishing craft, 2 vessels less than in the same

Table 1 - U.S. Fishing Vessels4/--Documents Issued and
Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, May 1961

Gross Tonnage

Oe ie leveleheliere) eh etereusnehe

WO) Sac pa cota.
QO SQ mete taenstetealetsieiane
CUESE Sonu pen Oadaoo
mice ono do on b OD a
DOS Ota tseste oetetenatsneihs
COSC Ore Hatetetehe)slevekeneasis
Os Olewateleperctetsiey shersitens
ZO = CAO taal stall chanenetyateie
290299 ever skevieteralsiey nicielis
SERCH) onion pad tiod.ao
540-549...
770-779 .

1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft. A ves-
~ sel is defined as a craft of 5 net-tons and over,
2/Includes redocumented vessels previously removed from
~ yecords, Vessels issued first documents as fishing
craft reported in the May 1961 supplement were built:
46 in 1961, 2 in 1960, and 15 prior to 1945, Assigned to
various sections on the basis of their home ports.
3/Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold
~ alien, etc,
Source; Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the
United States, Bureau of Customs, U, S, Treasury Depart-
ment,

September 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

49

Table 2 - U.S. Fishing Vessels!/--Documentations Issued and Cancelled, by Areas, May 1961 with Comparisons

Area
(Home port)

Issued first documents 2/:
New England.......
Middle Atlantic .......
Chesapeake ..
South Atlantic
Gulf’ .4i¥
Pacific

eee ee ee eco eee e

Q
5
ry
Q
5
5
a
q
Or
TRNHOWO AR A

eee eee eee sce es see ee

for)
wo

Ce ey

Removed from documentation 3/:
New England.......... Fae
Middle Atlantic
Chesapeake
South Atlantic ......

Disietciarets srohele : 1

Puerto Rico

PErONwWNwWH

See footnotes in table 1.

month last year. But the number issued first
documents the first 5 months this year was
23 more than in the same period last year.

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, MAY 1961:

Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and proc-
essed fish and shellfish into the United
States during May 1961 increased by 18.9
percent in quantity and 24.4 percent in value
as compared with April 1961. The increase
was due partiallyto higher imports of fillets
other than groundfish (up 1.3 million pounds),
frozen other tuna (up 2.1 million pounds),
and lobster and spiny lobster (up 2.9 million
pounds). The increase was partly offset by
.a 0.9-million-pound decrease in the imports
of shrimp and frozen albacore tuna (down
0.7 million pounds).

Compared with May 1960, the imports
this May were up by 2.1 percent in quantity
and 0.4 percent in value due to higher im-
ports of groundfish fillets (up 4.9 million
pounds). Compensating, in part, for the
increase was a drop of about 3.8 million
pounds in the imports of frozen tuna other
than albacore.

May
1961

Jan,-May
Total

ateheleistenersieteneie (Number)..... Dickie MOO MAU HAH OOe

1 15 ui 35

4 2 10 16

10 25 23 18

5 15 22 48

11 52 29 89

33 70 68 147

i! 5 4 18

- 2 - -

2 6 8

2 15 4

2 17 9

3 11 18

8 aed 46

4 43 32

a 8 5

2 = 1

United States exports of processed fish
and shellfish in May 1961 were lower by
16.3 percent in quantity and 45.5 percent in
value as compared with April 1961.

Fresh, froze ie
processed
Exports:
Fish & shellfish:

83.4 | 81.7] 1,011.2] 26.0] 25.9 |304.8
Processed only 1/
(excluding fresh &

frozen’ eee

|1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other
specialties.

Compared with the same month in 1960,
the exports this May were down by 20.0 per-
cent in quantity and unchangedinvalue. The
drop in exports in May this year as com-
pared with the same month in 1960 were due
primarily to very low stocks of California
sardines and Pacific salmon available for
export to foreign markets.

Pete Egor tobe

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1961 at the 123-per-
cent rate of duty is 57,114,714 pounds. Any
imports in excess of the quota are dutiable
at 25 percent ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-June 30, 1961,
amounted to 23,575,216 pounds, according to
data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.

Imports in 1960 for the period January 1-
July 2 amounted to 22,698,066 pounds.

Je ale le ale
ath teas

WORLD TRADE IN UNITED STATES
FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1960:

In 1960, the United States exported a total
of $44,165,000 of fishery products to 105
countries throughout the world. This was a

slight decrease from 1959 when exports of
fishery products were valued at $44,241,000.
In 1959 the export value of U.S. fishery products
was the highest since the record year of 1947
when total U.S. exports reached almost 53
million dollars.

able 1 - United States Exports of Fishery Products, 1956-1960,

by Country of Destination
1957 1956

1960 | 1959 | 1958
), 309 8,644
8,928

Destination

Canada

United Kingdom
Netherlands
Japan
Philippines
Sweden

West Germany
Norway
Switzerland
France

Italy

Mexico
Belgium & Luxembourg
Venezuela
Australia
New Zealard
Greece

Cuba

All others 4,008
Motel ee sa tT da: Tae ae ota pease See ae noe

1/Consists of shipments to 86 reyes

Vol. 23, No. 9

Canada displaced the United Kingdom as
the leading market for United States fishery
products in 1960, regaining the position held
in the years 1955-58. Canada bought a vari-
ety of products, with shrimp remaining at
the top of the list.

Table 2 - Expyrts of U. S. Fishery Products to Canada, 1960

Product Value
Shrimp, canned

Shrimp, fresh and frozen

Salmon, canned

Salmon, fresh and frozen

Not only did the United Kingdom drop
back into second place in 1960, but thevalue
of exports of United States fishery products
dropped $468,000 from 1959. Although canned
salmon was still the major item shipped to the

United Kingdom, it had dropped by $1,264,000

or 15 percent,

Table 3 - Exports of U, S. Fishery Products
to the United Kingdom, 1960

Salmon, canned
Salmon, fresh and frozen
Pearl essence

The Philippines dropped to fifth place on
the list of customers for United States fish-
ery products. This was mainly accounted for
by a large reduction in purchases of both
canned salmon (down $996,000 from 1959)
and canned California sardines (down
$1,843,000 from 1959).

Table 4 - Exports of U. S, Fishery Products
to the Philippines, 1960

Product

California sardines, canned

Again in 1960, as in 1959, fish and other
marine animal oils made up the bulk of United
States fishery products exports to the Neth-
erlands, West Germany, Norway, .and Sweden.
In fact these four countries received almost
87 percent of the total exports of fish and
other marine animal oils. Exports of all

September 1961

fishery products to these four countries
amounted to $10,412,000.

Table 5 - U. S. Exports of Fish and Other Marine Animal Oils, —
1960, by Country of Destination

Japan rose from 8th place to 4th place in
the list of United States customers for fish-
ery products. In 1960, Japan purchased un-
manufactured shells valued at almost
$2,500,000 as compared with $867,000 for
the same product in 1959.

Table 6 - Exports of U. S. Fishery Products to Japan, 1960
Product

Shells, unmanufactured
Salmon, fresh and frozen

Shrimp, fresh and frozen

Shrimp, canned

Shrimp, salted, pickled, or dried
All other fishery products

Europe remained the leading continent
receiving United States fishery products in
1960, although there was a slight drop inthe
total value from 1959. Europe again took
more than 50 percent of the exports of fish-
ery products. In 1960, as in the past several
years, canned salmon valued at about
$7,600,000, and oils valued at $9,800,000,
were the major items shipped to Europe.

Table 7 - United States Exports of Fishery Products, 1960

Table 8 - Major U. S. Fishery Products Exports, 1960

Value | Percent of Total
%

Product

Fish and other marine animal oils
Salmon, canned
Salmon, fresh and frozen

Shrimp, canned
Shrimp, fresh and frozen

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ol

Oils, canned salmon, canned sardines,
and canned shrimp were among the leading
export items in 1960. These products ac-
counted for well over half of total United
States fishery products exports.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1960 p. 34.

U. S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions,
April-June 1961

United States production of fish sticks in
the second quarter of 1961 amounted to 15.5
million pounds and fish portions 12.5 million
pounds. This was an increase of 2.6 million
pounds or 20 percent in fish sticks, and 2.0
million pounds or 19 percent in fish portions
as compared with the same quarter of 1960.

ction of Fish Sticks by Months and Type,
April-June 1961

able 1 - U. S. Produ

April . 2 0s eee ee eee
May ... +.

14,494 | 1,027 15,521
Total 2nd quarter 19602/ | 11,987 12, 926

Total ist 6 months 19611/ | 33,613 | 2,211 35, 824

1/Preliminary.
2/Revised.

Cooked fish sticks (14.5 million pounds)
made up 93 percent of the total fish stick

Table 2 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks by Areas,
April-June 1961 and 1960

Atlantic Coast States. .
Inland and Gulf States .
Pacific Coast States 5
1/Preliminary.
2/Revisede

production, while the remaining 1.0 million
pounds (7 percent) consisted of raw fish
sticks. A total of 12.1 million pounds of
breaded fish portions (of which 9.8 million
pounds were raw) and 0.4 million pounds of
unbreaded portions was processed during
the second quarter of 1961.

The Atlantic Coast was the principal area
for the production of both fish sticks and
portions with 13.4 and 6.5 million pounds,
respectively. The remaining 2.1 million

Table 3 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks
by Months, 1957-1961

~ «+ (1,000 Lbs. ara

September
October .
November
December

i/Preliminary.
2/Revised .
pounds of fish sticks and 6.0 million pounds

of fish portions were produced in the inland,
Gulf, and Pacific Coast States.

- S. Production of Fish Portions by Months and Type,
April-June 1961 |!

Un- |
breaded} Total

May ..

[JRE Us Ouse
otal 2nd quarter 1961 1/
otal 2nd quarter 1960 2

Table 5 - U. S, Production of Fish Portions by Areas,
April-June 1961\ and 1960

19602/

d/
T, 000

Atlantic Coast States. .
Inland and Gulf States .
Pacific Coast States

1/Preliminary.
2/ Revised.

Table 6 - U. S. Production of Fish Portions
by Months, 1958-1961

4,259
4, 865
5, 805
4,515
3, 899
4,045

September

October .

November .

December a - 2,060
|_ Total ......J|] - | 48,300{ 37,147 [ 21,790)!

1/Preliminary,

2/Revised.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

65,059 ]60, 37861, 011| 53, 128] |

Vol, 233 )Now9

Virginia

NEW PLASTIC FLOATS TO TRACE
MOVEMENTS OF YOUNG FISH:

Trawlers and dredge vessels are expected
to catch brilliantly-colored plastic objects,
looking like brightly-colored mushrooms, in
their nets beginning about mid-July along the
Continental Shelf and throughout Chesapeake
Bay. These newly-designed bottom drift
floats were released in the water by scien-
tists of the Virginia Institute of Marine Sci-
ence for studies of bottom currents in Atlan-
tic and Bay waters. The floats are a re-
placement for the drift bottles generally
used to trace ocean or water currents,

et
Lt 1
Seem. ‘

Fig. 1 - Associate Marine Scientist at the Virginia Institute of
Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va., holding a "bouquet"
of plastic floats used for tracing ocean currents, Scientists at
the Institute are cooperating with the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institute, Woods Hole, Mass. While surveying for fish eggs and
larvae over the continental shelf, Virginia scientists toss over-
board a record number of plastic floats. Beachcombers, trawl
fishermen, and scallop dredgers are instructed to return them to
Woods Hole.

The Institute's research vessel Path-
finder while engaged in its July 1961 off-
shore cruise released a number of these
floats at stations in the lower Bay and off-
shore. A ring of salt holds several floats

September 1961

together as they sink to the bottom. The salt
ring quickly dissolves and the floats will
drift with the subsurface currents and even-
tually be picked up by trawlers or dredges
and returned to the Laboratory. A notation
in each ship's log will indicate where the
float was hauled aboard giving scientists
valuable information regarding bottom cur-
rents of coastal and Bay waters.

In addition to permitting Virginia scien-
tists to learn of water movements in and out
of the Bay and over the adjacent shelf, these
studies give a better understanding of why
fishes are caught in abundance some years
and are scarce during others. It has been
established that the main spawning area for
most Chesapeake fishes (gray sea trout,
spot, croaker, menhaden, and fluke or floun-
der) is over the Continental Shelf offshore
from Virginia. When the eggs hatch, the
tiny larvae sink and are carried by bottom
currents into the Bay, it is believed. During
some years, the currents change course and
cause the tiny fish to be carried to places
other than the Bay, thus accounting for rel-
atively small catches by sport and commer-
cial fishermen in succeeding years.

Fig. 2 -D. F. Bumpus, Oceanographer at the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Mass., designed the
plastic float (held in his left hand) for studying ocean cur-

rents. Old type glass drift bottle is held in the right hand,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

One of the important reasons why the In-
stitute's scientists have been'carrying out
their offshore research programs.is in order
to study the currents that are responsible for
the distribution of fish eggs and larvae. A
clear understanding of.fish populations in
Bay waters could not otherwise be obtained.

A reward will be paid for the return of
floats to the Laboratory. The yellow floats
resemble a saucer about the size of adinner
plate and have a pink tail about 18 inches
long. They will not likely be found along
shores or in still waters, since they move
along the bottom with tides and currents.

The Virginia Institute is releasing the
floats at the request of the Woods Hole Oce-
anographic Institution to assist the latter or-
ganization in their study of ocean currents
along the coast of Virginia.

He ook ok OK ook

OYSTER MSX DISEASE REAPPEARS
IN CHESAPEAKE BAY:

Evidence of this summer's first epidemic
of the dreaded oyster disease MSX was re-
ported early in July 1961 by biologists of the
Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Regular
inspections in June of oyster trays located at
26 stations throughout the Chesapeake Bay
and its estuarine system in Virginia indicated
a sudden rise in mortalities due to MSX in-
fections.

From the disease's past history, two
peaks of death are expected each summer--
the first peak is reached in late July and the
second in early September. This year's July
epidemic appears right on schedule. Inspec-
tions of oysters in trays are conducted weekly
during epidemic periods. Bimonthly checks
are made during the other months.

"The epidemic is just now building toward
the first summer peak kill," one of the biol-
ogists reported. ''We know that oysters dying
now were exposed to the disease late last
summer. Those now being exposed to MSX
for the first time, will have a high mortality
rate during the epidemic expected to follow
in September. Oysters planted during the
last normal planting season (October 1960
through June 1961) will therefore be exposed
during the current epidemic and die in large
numbers during the one in September," he
concluded. Once infected with MSX, a bed of
oysters never quite reaches normal death

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

rates again; oysters continue dying through-
out the year with major death peaks in sum-
mer and a minor one in winter.

Oyster tray stations are located in the
Potomac, Little Wicomico, Severn, Rappa-
hannock, York, and James Rivers, Mobjack
Bay, and all along the seaside and bayside of
Virginia's Eastern Shore. Local oysters and
disease-free oysters from the upper James
River are established in trays at each sta-
tion for regular checks by the Institute's
staff. Mortalities occurring during each
check period are recorded. Laboratory di-
agnoses of oysters from trays are conducted
daily to determine the extent of MSX infec-
tions. These tests are part of the over-all
research program aimed toward finding a
solution to the MSX oyster disease problem.

st sk ook St
Se miei oe ee

SCIENTIST PARTICIPATES IN
FIELD TEST FOR CHEMICAL
CONTROL OF OYSTER DRILLS:

A biologist from the Virginia Institute of
Marine Science is now participating in field
tests on the use of chemical barriers in
controlling oyster drills at the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, Milford, Conn.,
Biological Laboratory.

The Virginia scientist was invited by the
Director of the Milford Laboratory to par-
ticipate in and observe the use of certain
chemical barriers which have been devel-
oped at the Milford Laboratory to prevent
oyster drills from invading planted oyster
grounds. This is a cooperative program
between the Institute and the Bureau's Lab-
oratory. The Virginia scientist will learn
the techniques involved in using the chemical,
evaluate the results of the test run, and con-
sider the difficulties of applying and control-
ling the chemicals. From this information
the Institute hopes to be able to determine
the value of the use of this chemical barrier
by Virginia oyster growers.

Virginia's Commissioner of Fisheries
and scientists of the Institute have been es-
pecially interested in the applicability tech-
nique to Virginia conditions for some time.
"We must test carefully the effect of these
chemicals on the oysters themselves and on
the organisms associated with oysters," the
Institute's Director stated. ''Though the
technique shows promise, every aspect of
introducing chemicals to oyster grounds

Vol. 23, No. 9

must be carefully considered so that no dam-
age is done to the oysters themselves or to
those organisms upon which the oyster de-
pends,'' he added.

Predation from oyster drills, particularly
on the seaside of Virginia's Eastern Shore,
and also in the lower part of Chesapeake Bay,
has been a major problem confronting oyster
growers in those sections. These field tests
are but one phase of a continuing oyster drill
research.program which has been in progress
at the Institute for some time.

Washington

KING AND SILVER SALMON REARED
TO MATURITY IN CAPTIVITY:

| Chinook or king and silver salmon have

been reared to maturity in captivity for the
first time at the Washington State Depart-
ment of Fisheries Bowman's Bay Station.

The possibility of rearing salmon in salt-
water ponds until they reach maturity has
long been a dream of fish culturists. A vet-
eran supervisor of the State fish hatchery
system, said that as far as he knows this is
the first time salmon have been held in salt-
water ponds until they mature.

Standard rearing ponds of 20 by 80 feet
were used. Salmon were held to determine
if they could be reared for a normal life span
in artificial surroundings on an artificial diet,
attain sexual maturity, and produce viable
eggs that hatched normal offspring. The
salmon were fed the normal production diet
used in all state salmon hatcheries, made up
of salmon viscera, beef liver, and vitamins.

The experimental lot of fall chinook fin-
gerlings originated from eggs taken from
adults trapped at the Samish River rack dur-
ing the fall of 1954 and transferred to Bow-
man's Bay for rearing in salt water. A sim-
ilar procedure was carried out with a small
lot of 1955 brood chinook fingerlings. These
two lots of fish were eventually combined and
held in salt-water ponds at the hatchery until
they reached maturity.

These chinook salmon matured at 2, 3, 4,
and 5 years of age, following the same ma-
turation pattern as their mates which mi-
grated to sea and matured under natural

September 1961

conditions. At two years of age, all matur-
ing fish were males; at three years, over 95
percent were males. Maturing females were
primarily 4 and 5 years old. Even those
reaching 5 years of age were not over 3
pounds in weight, and approximated 19 inches.

In the fall of 1958, when fish were 4 years
of age, a total of 63 females were spawned
to determine fecundity and ability of eggs to
survive. The fish were killed directly out of
salt water, washed with fresh water, and
then spawned. Eggs were shipped to the
Samish River hatchery for incubation and
hatching.

The eggs were approximately of normal
size, but the average fecundity was only 456
eggs per female. Naturally-maturing female
chinook migrating from the ocean will con-
tain 3,000 to 5,000 eggs.

The chinook salmon eggs developed nor-
mally with an 18 percent mortality from the
time eggs were taken until fry were placed
in the ponds. This is higher than the ex-
pected loss, but 7 of the females had hard,
non-fertilizing, glass-like eggs, which prob-
ably accounts for the above-normal loss.
After 60 days of rearing in fresh water, the
fish were returned to Bowman's Bay and con-
verted to sea water. These fish were then
reared for 285 days in the salt-water ponds
and during that period developed normally
in all respects. At the end of the rearing
period the fingerlings attained an average
weight of 56.7 grams (about 2 ounces) per
fish.

These fish were utilized, during growth,
by the Research Division to test several
types of tags--plastic spaghetti, plastic dart,
and plastic disc.

The silver salmon reared in captivity
were 1954 brood. During the winter of 1957,
103 of the three-year-old silvers (54 males
and 49 females) were spawned, yielding a
total of 19,042 eggs. Average female fecun-
dity was 388 eggs. The eggs were approxi-
mately normal in size, but a small percent-
age were hard and glass-like in appearance
and these did not fertilize. The average
weight of the spawned silvers was 0.91 pounds
and the length averaged 14.3 inches.

The egg loss for the silvers during hatch- |
ing was relatively high, totaling 3,977 (21
percent) and the fry loss, after 32 days of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

55

rearing, at time of liberation was 881 fish
(5.8 percent). At the time of release, these
fingerlings did not show any abnormalities
and in appearance were similar to fish that
were offspring of naturally-reared parents.

Some of the 1954 brood silvers were not
ready for spawning in the winter of 1947 and
were held in the hatchery ponds for continued
rearing. They matured in the fall of 1958 at
four years of age. A total of 184 fish were
spawned (104 males and 80 females) yielding
29,869 eggs (a fecundity of 373 eggs per fe-
male). Egg loss from take to hatching was
only 12.5 percent, not considered excessive.
A total of 25,500 fry were put into rearing
ponds on April 14, 1959. These fish were
reared for 383 days at Bowman's Bay,
reached an average size of 21 fish per pound
and had a total survival of 62.75 percent
from the time the eggs were taken to libera-
tion. Some of the survivors (15,353) were
sized out to an average weight of 25 fish per
pound and marked with an adipose-both-
ventral-fin clip, then liberated in the Samish
River. Returns from those fish are expected
in the fall of 1961.

Another small part of the survivors (601
fish) were sized out to an average weight of
4 fish per pound, tagged with Petersen disc
tags and poly-vinyl spaghetti tags and liber-
ated along with the fin-clipped group. Re-
turns from those may also be expected inthe
fall of 1961.

The experiments, the technical assistant
of hatcheries stated, show definitely that
chinook and silver salmon can be reared to
maturity in a hatchery pond supplied with
salt water. Confinement had a depressant
effect upon growth and limited the fecundity
of the females to about one-tenth that of nor-
mal ocean-maturing adults moving innatural
migratory periods. However, no obvious
abnormalities occurred in the fry or finger-
lings during the rearing period involved.

The hatchery experts said they saw no
possibilities of rearing salmon in captivity
for food or commercial purposes, due to the
long time necessary for sizable growth and
the costs involved.

56

Weather Station
ROBOT STATION IN GULF OF MEXICO:

In July 1961, a weird-looking apparatus resembling
four huge aluminum waterless cookers set in an orange
and white platform was lowered into the Gulf of Mexico,
300 miles south of New Orleans. This is a unique method
of getting advance warnings of hurricanes, which may save
dozens of lives and protect untold numbers of ships and
aircraft.

Known as Nomad I, this sea-going robot does the work
of a weatherman under circumstances too trying for hu-
mans. Nomad can operate far out at sea for at least two
years, with no time off to eat, sleep, or get seasick in se-
vere storms,

Nomad is the joint product of the National Bureau of
Standards, U. S. Department of Commerce, and the Navy’s
Bureau of Weapons. The U. S, Coast Guard cutter Black-
thorn out of Mobile was scheduled to put Nomad in place,

What goes over the side will be an aluminum platform,
10 by 20 feet in size, loaded with weather gear encased in
four airtight aluminum wells sunk in the deck. After the
Blackthorn's winch and boom carefully set the platform
onto the ocean surface, the 15,000-foot mooring anchor
system will be paid out, and the electronic instruments
will be given their final adjustments by National Bureau
of Standards engineers aboard the vessel.

At regular six-hour intervals, and every hour during high
winds, the station will transmit weather data which its gear
has measured and coded, At each transmission, Nomad tells
the air temperature, water temperature, barometric pressure,
wind speed and direction, and the direction of the ocean’s sur-
face currents.

Nomad transmits by shortwave radio, using partly variable-
tone pulse signals and partly international Morse Code. Any-
one with short wave receiving equipment can pick up the night-
time signals.

In 1960, Nomad picked up the tell-tale signs of Hurricane
Ethel on September 12 and broadcast data which alerted the
Gulf Coast mainland approximately 48 hours before the storm
itself struck. The ungainly-looking device was the first free
floating, unmanned weather station in the history of weather
monitoring to detect and report the presence of a tropical
storm or hurricane. During the storm, Nomad partially part-
ed its mooring and turned broadside to the heavy seas. Part
of its topside equipment was submerged, but the station con-
tinued to transmit accurately and its signals were well re-
ceived throughout the storm period,

These floating automatic weather stations, with their maze
of electronic instruments, figure conspicuously in the planning
of weather networks of the future. Although no phase of the ex-
tended test program has met with complete success, and some
parts of the equipment undergo improvement each year, still,
the moderately-priced (about $50,000 per station) Nomad can
be designed and anchored to hold position and transmit effec-
tively in any non~freezing ocean area, without attendance and
without maintenance for fully two years. With minor refurbish-
ing after that period, the station will have a life expectancy of
at least ten years,

Nomad will soon go into production, and seven will be es-
tablished as Navy stations in storm-producing localities in the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans. After the pilot production models
have been proven, it is likely that Nomad will be used by the
U. S. Air Force and the National Bureau of Standards’ sister
Commerce agency, the Weather Bureau. Not only military, but
private and commercial ships and aircraft will profit immeas-
urably by the advance storm warnings thus provided.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

Wholesale Prices, July 1961

The over-all price index for edible fishery products (fresh,
frozen, and canned) for July 1961 at 129.2 percent of the 1947-
49 average was down slightly (0.2 percent) from the preceding
month and 0.5 percent lower than in the same month of 1960,
Lower prices for fresh drawn haddock and fresh shrimp wete
largely responsible fdr the slightly lower index in July this
year as compared with the preceding month, The same items
plus fresh haddock fillets and frozen shrimp ‘contributed to the
slight drop in the index between July 1960 and this July.

The fresh and frozen drawn, dressed, and whole finfish sub-
group index in July 1961 dropped 3.6 percent from a month
earlier due to lower wholesale prices for all subgroup items
except yellow pike (up 2.6 percent), In mid-July this year,
prices dropped from a month earlier for fresh drawn haddock
at Boston by 10.8 percent, fresh dressed halibut and salmon at
New York City by 5.4 percent and 1.4 percent, respectively
and fresh drawn Lake Superior whitefish at Chicago by 13.1
percent. The drop of 11.3 percent in the subgroup index from
July a year ago to this July was due primarily to sharply low-
er prices for fresh large drawn haddock (down 43.3 percent),
fresh dressed salmon, and the fresh-water species. An in-
crease of 2,0 percent in the fresh halibut price this July over
the same month of 1960 partially offset the lower prices for
the other items.

Wholesale prices for the fresh processed fish and shellfish
subgroup from June to July this year and from last July to this
July were about unchanged. Fresh shrimp supplies at New
York City from the South Atlantic States improved and whole-
sale prices dropped 6.5 percent from June to July this year,
The drop in the fresh shrimp price from June to July this year
was just about offset by an increase of 6.7 percent in the fresh
shucked oyster price. As compared with the same month of
1960, the July 1961 fresh scrod haddock fillet price was down
sharply (36.2 percent) due to better landings of small haddock,
and fresh shrimp prices were down 8.3 percent. These de-
creases were balanced out by an increase of 14,3 percent in
the price for fresh oyster meats.

Wholesale prices in July this year for frozen processed
fish and shellfish were up about 1.9 percent from the pre-
ceding month due to an increase of 2.9 percent (2 cents a
pound) in the frozen shrimp price at Chicago and an increase
of 1.6 percent (about 1/2 cent a pound) in the frozen skin-on
haddock fillet price at. Boston. Partially offsetting the in-
creases were declines of about 1/2 cent a pound in prices for
frozen flounder and ocean perch fillets. As compared with
July 1960, the subgroup index this July was lower by 2.1 per~
cent. Highér prices for frozen haddock (up 22,2 percent) and
ocean perch fillets (up 5.7 percent) were more than offset by
a drop of 9.8 percent in the frozen shrimp price.

The canned fishery products subgroup index in July 1961
was about unchanged from a month earlier except for a 3,2-
percent rise in the first-hand price for Maine sardines, The
canned Maine sardine pack as of the end of July this year was
extremely light. Other canned fish subgroup prices remained
unchanged in July this year at the levels which have prevailed
for the past few months. However, the subgroup index was
up 7.3 percent from July a year ago due to higher prices for
canned pink salmon, and both Maine and California sardines,

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and | Indexes fo for E Edible F Fish and Shellfish, by Jubyd 1961 V ait Comparisons _

Sat | Eoin ot of Ave: Prices es 1/|
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification (1947 Tease o0y

i pax] 1961 teh ine)
PM treme wav ecea lls een 129,5] 128.6 | 129.9

Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products... 4 sees acessecessessees sete
Drawn, Dressed Dressed, oF Whole Finfish; . ma eecvanee . IG | 146.5] Boe

Haddock, i shore, drawn, fresh Bae O56

Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd,, fresh or froz | New York

Salmon, king, Ize, & med,, drsd., fresh or froz, | New York
_ Whitefish, L, Supe~ior, drawn, fresh... © e| Chicago

Yellow pike, L. Michigan &Huron, rnd,, fresh .| New York.

eroeso-

Processed, Fresh (sh & Shellfish): . . «0 © ©
F Sean on, Bot, es > e| Boston D 029 229

Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), hea e e| New York | 1b, 73 018 a4 1904 120.9
Oyster$, shucked, standards . . » » » © © » oj Norfolk gal,| 8.00] 17.50 ae a ~ Be

Frozen h & Shellfish): . . 2 0

Seay aa Sree inr 1-Ib, pkg... oo
HRS) Stes SLs One 1-Ib, pkg. a

Ocean perc sins oo 1-Ib, pkg. o .
Shrimp, das. (26-80) count), 5-Ib, pkg. os © ©

Cqmed Fishers Products: 2.» el eiieien ofelte
No, 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs, . . » 28.00] 28,00:
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 asda
48 cans/cS.. 0 oo « » é geles 11,00] 11,00
Sardines, Calif, tom, pack, No, 1 oval as Oz)>
24 cans/cs, abe uite geles 4,50] 4,50
. Sardines, Maine, keyless ' oil, ‘1/4 drawn
(3-3/4 0%), 100 cans/cs, .« . 0. + +o.» of NewYork | cs, } 9,03] 8,75
1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery
Products Reports”’ should be referred to for actual prices,
2/New series indexes based on new weighting structure; not previously available,
Note: New series indexes for January-April for the category ‘*All Fish and Shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned);’’ January
131.3, February 138,3, and March 132,0, For category ‘‘Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products;'’ January 146.6, February
149,3, and March 146, va not previously available, See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1961, for explanation. '

FIRST PACK OF CANNED SALMON IN 1864

"The first pack of canned salmon in 1864 totaled only
2,000 cases but the packers had a great deal of difficulty in
selling this quantity, disposing of some in door-to-door sales
before wholesale buyers could be found for the ,remainder.
The tuna-canning industry in the United States dates from
1903 and the pack of that year was 250 cases (Cobb 1919).
After 9 years of effort the total pack of canned tuna was only
78,900 cases."

--Principles and Methods in the Canning of Fishery Products,

- Research Report No. 7 (page 43),
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

57

58

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No, 9

International

FISHING LIMITS

NORDIC DISCUSSIONS;

The Danish Government has asked Iceland
to start negotiations in the near future on
Faroese fishing rights in Icelandic waters,
the Danish Foreign Minister announced on
June 22.

On the same day, the Danish Fisheries
Minister reported on the recent Scandinavian
negotiations in Oslo regarding fishing limits
in the Skagerrak and the Kattegat. No results
were reached, since the Danes could not ac-
cept a Swedish-Norwegian proposal to main-
tain the status quo for those waters, while
Norway would simultaneously be extending
its fishing limit from Kap Lindesnes in the
south to the Soviet border in the north to 12
nautical miles. Further discussions were
expected to take place in July.

No decision has yet been made as to
whether Danish fishing limits are to be ex-
tended, declared the Danish Fisheries Min-
ister, but the Government expects Danish
fishery associations soon to submit demands
for a 12-mile limit in Danish waters. (Unit-
ed Aue Embassy, Copenhagen, June 27,
1961.

FISH OILS

WORLD EXPORTS. CONTINUED
UPWARD IN 1960:

World exports of fish oils (including fish-
liver oils) reached an alltime high of 300,000
short tons in 1960, reflecting record ship-
ments from Iceland, Peru, and the Republic
of South Africa. This was an increase of
35,000 tons from the previous high of 1959
and two+thirds larger than the 1950-54 aver-
age.

Iceland's exports of fish oil in 1960 were
nearly triple the shipments of the previous

year, Large supplies of oil from a good fish
catch in1959 and increased Government sub-
sidies for the processing and export of fish
oil helped push exports up sharply. Iceland's
exports may decline somewhat this year be-
causes. prices paid to processors for salted
fish were increased in late 1960, as the re-
sult of unfilled fish contracts with several
Eastern European countries. Lower stocks
and production of other marine oils accounted
for the slight decline in fish oil exports from
Norway.

Peru's fisg oil exports continued to rise
sharply in 1960. Shipments were double those
of 1959--the first year of large exports due
to the recent growth of the Peruvian fishing
industry. Fish oil exports are expected to
continue upward but possibly at a reduced
rate because the fear of overexpansion and
lower prices, as experienced by the fish meal
trade, is of some concern to the processing
industry. Most of Peru's exports goes to the
Netherlands and West Germany for further
processing and re-export, mostly to other
European countries.

Fish oil exports from the Republic of
South Africa in 1960 were 40 percent above

Fish (Including Liver) Oil Exports from Specified Countries and Estimated
World Total, Averages 1935-39 and 1950-54, Annual 1957-60
Continent and

Country

Worth America:

Germany, West : i Z 5
Iceland .......-.

Netherlands 3/ ....

Ne OM
waAraoea

Norway 4/

2) ep orxopeo
ww PND OWD i

Portugaly, sfevs:osstaretetene is7eraye 4 s' 5
United Kingdom .........- 3 5 6
|ita Total iatsrssy Anas GTR: 122, 113.7 | 102.3 | 78.
Atica:
eect estes eee 5.7 5.6 9.4 13.4
Renita of South Africa 36.5 26.0 | 18.1 11.4
Total ictctereiele wisfevecetsleness 42.2 31.6 27.5 24.8
i —
Asia:
Japany, crsfisis: core ye clieveielove cis 3.8 3.6 6.6 3.5
World Totals) .....-++s 300.0 Be5.0 | 200.0 | 190.0
1/Prelim!
P/total Cem
[Say 4 include some whale
Docs not include sizable cesses of bardened marine olls which are exported ennually.
S/lncludes estimates for minor

September 1961

International (Contd. ):

the previous year. As the result of succes-
sively large fish-catch quotas.each year, the
outturn of fish oil has increased rapidly since
the mid-fifties. Although the Government
exercises close control over the industry to
conserve resources, the fishing season, for-
merly confined to the March- November per-
iod, presently is unlimited.

Shipments of fish oils from the United
States, the world's largest producer and ex-
porter, were down slightly in 1960, A larg-
er outturn of fish oil resulted in a sharp
build-up of stocks from a low level at the
beginning of the year. Larger exports to
Canada, probably due to smaller domestic
production than in the first quarter of 1960,
mostly offset slightly smaller shipments to
Europe. Smaller United States exports to
Europe were in part the result of increased
fish oil shipments from Peru and Iceland
and the favorable price levels of United
States soybean and cottonseed oils during
most of the year. Total United States fish
oil exports, January-April 1961, were
22,000 tons--down about 5,000 tons from a
year earlier,

Europe is the world's largest market for
fish oil, Although several countries are ma-
jor exporters, most of the shipments are to
other European countries, Denmark and
West Germany import large quantities of
crude fish oil for processing and re-export
as an edible oil for use in margarine pro-
duction by other European countries,
(Foreign.-Crops and Markets, June 29, 1961,
U.S. Department of Agriculture. )

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1961 p. 44,
February 1960 p. 60.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

FISHERIES COMMISSION FOR
WEST AFRICA PLANNED:

A proposal for a new fisheries consulta-
tive body for Western Africa will be placed
before the Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations (FAO) when its
Council meets in Rome this year. The new
commission is the result of an FAO-spon-
sored meeting held at Dakar in June, where
delegations from eight nations met to consi-
der establishing a body in the western part
of Africa to serve that area in a manner sim-
ilar to other FAO fisheries bodies in the
Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific regions.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

onnce x
oe ‘
’
ALOERIA uniteo
Varas REPUBLIC
if (cover)

J
iN

ef 1 Pint ean S
uf ye ae NS Ser nioria Wy
iia ee, tes a

See ea

udanpa) i oe
Repuolic f ©” Kenya (Y
ab ted
Ppavanoa— "2

URUNOL

‘OF THE
conco
uy TANGANYIKA
(
hewn Sol nes
i Q
' Wa EY
RHODESIA .—" “71 o
i nd

ANGOLA

oS

wrasatano >

~~ ° 2

soutn- | \
west |

AFRICA FpnotecTonaTe

A / waLagasy
REPUBLIC

a
re
I
/ URION
oF
SOUTH AFRICA”

The proposed commission would include
FAO inember countries between Cape Spar-
tel and the Cape of Good Hope, whose terri-
tories lie wholly or partially within regions
which drain into the Atlantic Ocean and Lake
Chad.

Establishment of the commission was pro-
posed unanimously by the delegates repre-
senting Ghana; Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Li-
beria, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, and Spain;
the proposal was supported also by Sierra
Leone and Togo. Representatives from
France, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania,
the United States, and the Commission for
Technical Co-operation in Africa south of
the Sahara attended as observers, and spoke
in support of this proposal.

The delegates were unanimous in agree -
ing that such a regional fisheries body was
necessary. They felt that problems not only
of oceanography and marine biology, but also
concerning the inland waters, must be consid-
ered as. a whole from the geographical point
of view, disregarding political frontiers.

This would apply to coastal fisheries such as
Sardinella to fishing on the high seas, and al-
so to the fisheries of the great river basins.

The countries agreed that the technical
problems arising from fishing, such as catch-
ing, processing, storing and distribution,

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd. ):

were common to them all. As their geo-
graphical, climatic, and socio-economic
conditions were similar, a great advantage
could be gained through mutual experience
and effort.

Furthermore, the need for closer econom-
ic collaboration, under the auspices of a con-
sultative body, among countries concerned
with the increasing inter-regional trade in
fish and the growing export trade, was point-
ed out at the Dakar meeting.

Suggestions were made on the possibility
of education and vocational training of fish-
ermen plus|the training of instructors in
fishing techniques, within the framework of
a new fisheries consultative body.

Under the resolution passed by the Dakar
meeting, the proposed Regional Fisheries
Commission for Western Africaiwould sug-
gest common measures to be adopted by
member countries for drawing up and co-
ordinating a common program of research
for fisheries and related problems; for se-
curing rational and co-ordinated exploita-
tion of their fisheries resources and in the
fields of co-ordinated effort of fishery docu-
mentation, and in the education and training
of qualified fisheries personnel.

OK OK OK

COUNCIL APPROVES WEST AFRICAN AND
EUROPEAN FISHERY COMMISSIONS:

Two new fishery commissions, one for
Europe and the other for Western Africa,
were approved by the Council of the Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) during
its 35th session in Rome, Italy, in June 1961.
The 25-nation Council met to review proposals
for FAO's activities and budget for 1962/63
and to develop a provisional agenda and out-
line of work for the full 88-member Confer-
ence's session in November 1961,

The European Inland Fisheries Advisory
Commission (EIFAC) which held its initial
session in Dublin in April 1960, had its
rules of procedure confirmed by the Coun -
cil.. The establishment of such a commis -
sion was approved by the Council in 1957.

The Council also approved in principle
the establishment of a Regional Fisheries
Commission for Western Africa. A text
concerning the proposed Commission's

Vol. 23, No. 9

terms of reference and procedures will be
prepared for approval by the Council when
it meets again prior to the FAO Conference
in November.

The EIFAC had five basic points for its
first working platform. They were mutual
aid; fish-pond culture; a survey of lakes and
streams; pollution control and fish diseases;
and a review of the principal. species of Euro-
pean fish. Its member nations are: Austria,
Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ger-
many, Ireland, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands,
Portugal, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and
Yugoslavia.

The West African commission will be con-
cerned with the region extending from Cape
Spartel to the Cape of Good Hope and would
serve that area in a manner similar to other
FAO fisheries bodies in the Mediterranean
and Indo-Pacific regions.

OK OK OK

WORKING PARTY OF EXPERTS TO
INCREASE FISH MEAL AND FLOUR
DEMAND APPROVED BY COUNCIL:

In other fishery matters, the Council.con-
sidered a recommendation made by the Inter-
national Meeting on Fish Meal in Rome in
March 1961, that a working party of experts
be set up under the aegis of FAO to increase
the demand for fish meal and fish flour. This
expert group would ascertain the fish meal
and fish flour requirements of potential con-
suming countries.

This recommendation was approved in
principle by the Council and sent to the FAO
Director-General for implementation. _The
Council suggested that the expert group could
be convened simultaneously with the Septem-
ber International Meeting on Fish in Nutri-
tion in Washington, D,C., since most of the
experts who would form the proposed work-
ing party would be at the Washington meet-
ing.

OK OK KK

MEETING ON ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
FISHERY REGULATIONS CONCLUDES
MORE FACTS NEEDED:

A need to supply more relevant facts
about conditions in specific fisheries, in or-
der to aid administrators in developing fish-

September 1961

International (Contd. ):

ery regulations, was voiced by a fisheries
officer of the Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation (FAO) in summing up the FAO Expert
Meeting on Economic Effects of Fishery
Regulations, held in Ottawa June 12-17.

"Biologists, economists, and other spe-
cialists in fisheries still need to combine in
assembling the data required by policy-
makers,'' said the Chief of the Biology
Branch, FAO Fisheries Division. ''Experts
in different disciplines must be encouraged
to acquire a knowledge of each other's tech-
niques to blend their efforts. A mere addi-
tion to research results of projects pursued
along separate lines will not suffice.

"But a good start has been made at this
meeting in approaching the problems of man-
aging fisheries along national lines by bring-
ing specialists together from different
fields."

The purpose of the meeting was to add to
the theoretical knowledge of the economic
management of fisheries. Until recently,
regulating fishery resources was a means
of protecting these resources and maintain-
ing a steady yield. However, a rate of fish-
ing that produced maximum steady yield
might not necessarily be the most economi-
cal one.

The meeting was attended by 70 repre-
sentatives from 20 countries and interna-
tional fishery commissions.

Discussion panels were formed for the
purpose of considering fishery regulations
under several headings: the economics of
regulating fisheries; the effects of fishery
regulations on the catch of fish; the regula-
tion of the Pacific halibut fishery; the Paci-
fic coast salmon fishery; the regulation of
the South African west coast shoal fisheries;
the Atlantic lobster industry; the Japanese
trawl fishery; and the North Atlantic fish-
eries.

An Associate Professor of the University
of Washington Department of Economics
supported the demand for additional case
studies of specific fisheries and pointed out
that the experience gained could be of great
potential use in providing technical assis-
tance to developing countries. ''Fishery
regulations in developed countries have
been instituted for the most part only after

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

unsatisfactory conditions in al: eady- exploited
fisheries had arisen," he said.. "The know-
ledge acquired in the study of these situa-
tions could be profitably applied in design-
ing sound control programs for asnxyet-
unexploited fisheries.’

The Director of thé Conservation and
Development Service of the Canadian De-
partment of Fisheries said that the one sec-
tor which had not been represented at the
meeting was policy-making. ''Legislators,
my experience has taught me, will respond
to reasonable persuasion. It is the duty of
administrators and technical experts, there-
fore, to provide them with the evidence they
need for policy decision.'' The educational
process had to go even farther, he said, for
there was a responsibility on the part of the
experts, ''to get the facts to the public."' The
industry and the public generally had to know
why control measures were put into practice,
including the economic reasoning behind the

advocacy of certain types of regulations.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 38.

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

REPORT ON
ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING:

Actions affecting the fisheries of the en-
tire area in the North Atlantic from Green-
land to Rhode Island marked the Eleventh
Annual Meeting of the International Commis-
sion for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
held in Washington, D.C., June 5-10, 1961.
Although cod and haddock are already under
regulation in 3 of the 5 subareas of the Con-
vention area, recommendations or resolu-
tions passed at the last meeting look toward
regulating all groundfish in the entire Con-
vention area and sea scallops and harp and
hood seals as well.

Trawl Mesh-Size Regulations: Recommen-
dations for a number of mesh-Size regulations
resulted from the Commission's receiving a
report of a special committee on assessment
of the effects of increasing mesh size in the
Convention area, The committee, which was
appointed two years ago, submitted a volumi-
nous report that outlined the immediate and
long-term effects of different mesh sizes for
most of the stocks of the important ground-
fish species in the Northwest Atlantic.

Recommendations were made limiting the
size of mesh in the various subareas as fol-
lows (the figure shown on the following page
shows the five subareas established for man-
agement purposes):

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd. ):

1. In Subareas 1 and 2, a minimum mesh
size of 43 inches for all species of ground-
fish including ocean perch or redfish. To
date these subareas have been unregulated.

2. In Subarea 3, a minimum mesh size of
44 inches for all groundfish in the entire

657 100 FM. CURVE ---~---._-
CONVENTION AREA
BOUNDARY

SUBAREA BOUNDARY
eee BOUNDARY

Equal Area Projection

International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries--
subareas and subdivisions.

subarea except for ocean perch or redfish in
the southern part of the subarea where the
ocean perch are smaller (subdivisions N, O,
and P). The present regulation in this sub-
area calls for a minimum of 4 inches for cod
and haddock only.

3. In Subarea 4, a minimum mesh size of
44 inches for cod, haddock, and flatfishes.
The present regulation which specifies a
minimum of 43 inches applies only to cod
and haddock.

4, In Subarea 5, the 44-inch minimum for
cod and haddock was left unchanged.

Vol. 23, No. 9

Thus, when these recommendations were
implemented, there will be a uniform mini-
mum mesh size of 43 inches throughout the
Convention area for nets used in fishing for
cod and haddock. Flatfishes will be under a
43-inch minimum mesh size from Greenland
to the southern end of Nova Scotia, and ocean
perch or redfish will be under the same min-
imum size on all grounds north of the south-
ern part of the Grand Bank.

Fishing effort in the Northwest Atlantic
has increased in recent years and the pres-
sure is expected to mount even.higher. There
was general agreement in the Commission
that, under these circumstances, increasing
mesh size for all ground fish in the Conven-
tion area would be beneficial. The Commis-
sion expressed the opinion that it should look
forward to bringing the ocean perch or red-
fish of the southern part of the Convention
area, as well as silver hake (whiting) and flat-
fishes in Subarea 5, under mesh regulation as
soon as possible. There was also consider-
able interest in increasing the mesh size
above 43 inches for cod, haddock, and floun-
ders.

Sea Scallop Conservation: The conservation,
of sea Scallops was given considerable attention
by the Commission who recognized that scientif-
ic evidence indicates the present ring size used
in scallop dredges is too small to maintain max-
imum sustained yield at present fishing levels,
The Commission would welcome a proposal for
increasing ring size at its next annual meeting.
Canadian and United States scientists agreed to
work cooperatively in determining the optimum
size of ring to use and in developing a specific
propoSal for asea scallop ring size regulation.

Atlantic Seals: The harp and hood seals of
the Northwest Atlantic have recently been sub-
jected to greatly increased fishing pressure,
More countries are hunting them, using more
efficient methods, with the result that the popu-
lations have been severely reduced during the
lastdecade, Tobring these mammals under
control, the Commission recommended that the
Convention be amended to bring harp and hood
seals under the provisions of the International
Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisher-
ies, It was accordingly recommended thata
separate panel be established for the purpose
of dealing with the conservation requirements
of harp and hood seal populations,

September 1961

International (Contd. ):

Regulations Enforcement: The question of
adequate enforcement of regulations in the Con-
vention area was given considerable attention.
At the present time each country is responsible
for policing its ownnationals, The Commission
expressed interest in international inspection
of fishing vessels and appointed a committee to
study the feasibility of such inspection inthe
ICNAF area.

Trawl Chafing Gear: The use of topside
chafing gear by Some countries has always been
a troublesome problem Since it may interfere
with the escape ofsmallfish. The form of chaf-
ing gear to be usedis nowcarefully spelled out
in the mesh regulations butitis still considered
jundesirable from aconservation standpoint, A
committee was formed to examine the possibil-
ity of eliminating all topside chafing gear over
cod ends of nets,

Other Related Meetings and Actions: Dur-
ing the week preceding the Washington meeting,
the Commission's Committee on Researchand
Statistics metin Woods Hole, Mass. The sci-
entific advisers to the various panels also met
‘duringthis week at Woods Hole. Thescientists
reviewed the research and Statistical reports
of the member countries on the basis of which
they prepared special reports for the consider-
ation of the Commissioners in Washington.

The scientific groups revieweda report ofa
special international committee on environ-
mental studies in 1963. The International
Council for the Exploration of the Sea will be
askedto co-sponsor thiYsymposium, Another
result of this committee's work is a plan for
joint action of countries interested in Subarea
1 (west coastof Greenland), A multiship sur-
vey of the area is planned for 1963 to learn more
about the oceanographic conditions in the area
in relation to the drift of plankton and fish larvae.,

|
f

Preceding the meetings of the Committee on
Research and Statistics, a4-day symposium
on fish marking was heldin Woods Hole, Over
60 contributions|were submitted to this sympo-
sium covering the main topics: methods and
effectiveness of marking, tagging, and tag re-
covery, andanalysis ofresults. Many new
ideas developed from the symposium which will
be valuable in planning tagging programs inthe
ICNAF area, These include new methods of
tagging, new techniques for measuring the ef-
ficiency of tag recoveries, andnew methods
for estimating population size and mortality
rates.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

63

Reports of research pertinent to ICNAF
problems, statistics on each country's catch
in the Convention area, and results of biologi-
cal sampling of the catches are published an-
nually by the Commission in three publication
series: the Annual Proceedings, the Statisti-
cal Bulletin, and the Sampling Yearbook.

During its Washington meeting, the com-
mission elected the following officers to serve
for 2 years: Commission Chairman, George
R. Clark, Deputy Minister of Fisheries, Otta-

wa, Canada; Commission Vice Chairman, B.
| Dinesen, Under Secretary of the Fisheries
Ministry, Copenhagen, Denmark.

The International Commission for the North-
west Atlantic Fisheries was established under
a convention between 10 North American and
European countries which came into force on
July 3, 1950, Since then, two additional govern-
ments have become parties to the convention,
namely, the Federal Republic of Germany (1957)
andthe U.S,S,R, (1958). The present member
nations are:; Canada, Denmark, France, Fed-
eral Republic of Germany, Iceland, Italy, Nor-
way, Portugal, Spain, Soviet Union, United
Kingdom, and United States.

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES CONVENTION

THREE COUNTRIES SIGN
DECLARATION OF UNDERSTANDING:
Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Spain
in May 1961 signed the declaration of under-
standing regarding the International Conven-
tion for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries of
February 8, 1949. Done at Washington April
24, 1961 (not in force). The three countries
signed without reservations as to acceptance.
(Department of State Bulletin, May 22, 1961.)

UNITED STATES INVITES FAO TO HOLD WORLD
MEETING ON TUNA BIOLOGY IN CALIFORNIA

The United States Government is inviting
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
to hold its World Meeting on the Biology of
Tuna and Tuna-like Fishes in July 1962 in the
San Diego area in California. The fundamen-
tal objective of the conference is to assess
the potential of the world's tuna stocks. The
tunas, which were discarded fish a half cen-
tury ago, are now fished in every ocean ex-
cept the Arctic and the Antarctic and by fish-
‘ermen of many nations. It is hoped that from
the conference will come a composite picture
of the rate of utilization and the possibilities
and limits of future development.

Officials of the Department of State and
Department of the Interior have been confer -

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

ring for some time on arrangements for the
meeting. The United States tuna industry,
which is centered in California, and the Cali~
fornia congressional delegation have en-
dorsed the proposal for a conference. Gov-
ernor Edmund Brown of California has ex-
tended the State's hospitality to the members
of the conference.

The decision to hold a world meeting on
the biology of tuna arose from the successful
meeting on sardines called by the FAO in
Rome, Italy, in 1959, The rapid development
of tuna fisheries throughout the world empha-
sized the need for tuna researchers to meet
and discuss the biological and oceanographic
programs now being conducted. The need for
coordination of the work of the various tuna
research scientists is also becoming evident
as the importance of that resource continues
to grow.

The FAO decided that the 1962 meeting
should cover the biological aspects only of
tuna and tuna-like fish. Consideration will
be given later to meetings on the economic
and technological phases.

Under the general plan of the meeting only
the species of tuna and tuna-like fish which
are of commercial importance will be consid-
ered. The scope of the inquiry will include
the development of the various fisheries, the

Vol. 23, No. 9

identity, distribution and behavior, and the
potential yields of the various stocks; specific
problems and outlook for future cooperation
in coordination of methods and research
programs; and ways in which international
cooperation can be made possible.

WORLD

1958 LANDINGS AT SOME OF THE
WORLD'S LEADING FISHING PORTS:

In 1958, about a dozen major fishing ports in selected for-
eign countries and the United States accounted for a good
share of the world’s total fish landings. The fishing port of
Callao, Peru, in 1958 led all other ports with total landings
of 273,¢ 000 metric tons (601.9 million pounds), The Peruvian
catch was believed to consist mainly of anchovies used in that
country’s greatly expanded fish meal industry. Walvis Bay in
South-West Africa ranked in second place with 235,000 metric
tons (518.1 million pounds), The Walvis Bay pilchard (sar-
dine) production was an important part of that African port’s
1958 landings. The port of Bremerhaven in West Germany
was in third place with total fish landings of 230,000 metric
tons (507,1 million pounds).

Landings data covering individual fishing ports in the
U.S.S.R. and Communist China are unavailable for 1958.
New fishery developments and expansion in the Soviet fish-
ing fleet would no doubt place fishing ports in that country
in the forefront among the world’s larger fishing ports,

San Pedro, Calif., was the leading fishing port of the U-
nited States in 1958 (379.9 million pounds with an ex-vessel
value of $29.3 million), Landings at that port consisted
largely of tuna, jack and Pacific mackerel, anchovies, and
sardines. Lewes, Del,, a menhaden or industrial fish port,
was in second place (270.0 million pounds), followed by

' Reedville, Va., (236.9 million pounds), another leading men-

haden port. Gloucester, Mass., with landings of 230.2 mil-
lion pounds (mainly ocean perch, whiting, and industrial
fish) ranked fourth among the leading United States fishing
ports,

Landing at Some of the World’s Leading Fishing Ports, 1958
ae Se ee

Denmarkss, clersyatetsletevelsietalelern te
Eph allC@ reve ieleleiaraiteteleleictilele laisse
German Federal Republic .....

Esbjerg
Boulogne
Bremerhaven 1/

National Currency

(in Millions),

75.0 Kroner
10,437,.5 Francs

Peitde teheietal sfereretavehe Cuxhaven 1/

iceland ivpstereleteleteveterelcrareretere

Deritsseieyertstareioialereioisisiveiereiste
S e@eoeoevoveseoevoeeesee ove

Portugalscrerersisiske evens sreverele
South Africa, Union of ...eccc-

2/ Unavailable,
Note: (1) Prevailing 1958 official exchange rates used for conversion to U, S, dollars. (2) Only ports with landings of over
100,000 metric tons shown,

Reykjavik

Callao

Chimbote
Leixoes
Capetown

Walvis Bay

Hull

Grimsby

San Pedro, Calif,
Lewes, Del,
Reedville, Va.
Gloucester, Mass.

September 1961

Aden Protectorate

GOVERNMENT AIDS FISHERIES:

It has been announced that the Aden Pro-
tectorate Fisheries Department plans to build
a fish-curing station at Shugra in Fadhli State
to study different methods of salting fish in
order to assist the fishing industry and to ex-
pand the market for salted fish in the Pro-
tectorate.

The Government ~
has purchased a 30-
, foot motor fishing
vessel at an estima-
ted cost of £3,000
(about US$8,400)
from British Colon-
ial Development and
Welfare Funds for
use by the Fisheries
Department on the
waters off the West-
ern Aden Protector-
ate. The vessel is
fitted with an echo-sounder and carries gear
to carry out experiments with 12 different
methods of fishing. (United States Consulate
in Aden, May 8, 1961.)

Africa

FISHERY NEWS BRIEFS:

Fishery Research Vessel for Nigeria: The Nigeria Ministry
of Economic Development is publishing plans to secure and
place in operation a special research vessel to operate out of
Lagos to speed research in the sea fisheries of Nigeria and
the inland fisheries of the Niger River and Lake Chad. (The
Fishing News, London, May 19, 1961.)

Tuna Fishing off Sierra Leone: United States and Japanese
tuna boats have found tuna abundant outside the territorial
waters off Sierra Leone. Storage of frozen tuna is handled by
an Italian firm for shipment to the United States. Plans include
a cannery to be built at Freetown, (The Fishing News, London,
May 19, 1961.)

Freezing Center at Accra, Ghana: One of two Ghanaian fish-
ery trainees, studying various aspects of the fishing industry
in Great Britain, stated that a large freezing center is being
built at Accra to handle fish. (The Fishing News, London,
June 2, 1961.)

ing Vessels: In the renewal of the trade agreement between
Tunisia and Poland, fishing vessels are included in the list of
Polish products which may be imported into Tunisia. (U.S.
Foreign Service Despatch, Tunis, May 31, 1961.)

Alexandria, Egypt, to be Site of Repair and Shipbuilding
Yards for Fishing Vessels: It is reported that repair and
shipbuilding yards for fishing vessels are to be built at

Alexandria by-Poland.: (The Fishing News, London, May 19,
1961.)
=

==

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

Australia

TUNA CATCH HITS 5,000 TONS:

Australia's 1960/61 tuna catch, landed in
New South Wales and South Australia, for the
first time touched the 5,000-ton mark. Ofthe
total, 2,582 short tong were landed in New
South Wales and 2,254 tons in South Australia.
To this must be added some fish ordinarily
used for other than canning purposes; tuna
taken in South Australia after May 24, al-
though the season seemed then to be over;
tuna taken in other states (49 tons in
1959/60, )

A feature of this tuna season was the fact
that although New South Wales had a record
catch, South Australia jumped to near parity
with it as a tuna producing state. Last year
South Australia produced 1,535 tons.

The 1960/61 tuna catch of about 5,000 tons
has made tuna the No. 2, instead of No. 4, fish
in Australia by weight of catch second only to
mullet (1959/60 mullet catch 6,168 tons). In
1959/60 the shark catch totaled 4,228 tons
and Australian salmon 3,800 tons. (Austral-
ian Fisheries Newsletter, June 1961,

Bahama Islands

SPONGE BEDS REOPENED:

The Bahamas Agricultural and Marine
Products Board has announced that the Col-
ony's sponge beds, which have been closed
for four years owing to a blight, are now re-
opened.

In its notice, the Board pointed out that
"there appears to be a fairly good market for
wool sponge, but only a fair market for grass
sponge. There seems to be no demand what-
soever for yellow, hardhead, and reef sponge."

The Bahamas Government also announced
that it will not be conducting a ''Sponge Ex-
change as in the past, but fishermen will be
permitted to sell their sponges directly to
merchants, "

Impetus for reopening the sponge beds
came from natives of the Andros Island |dis-
tric and their representatives in the Bahamas
House of Assembly. Officials of the Bahamas
Agricultural and Marine Products Board are
not overly sanguine about the possibilities of
reviving the sponge industry, which was once

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Bahama Islands (Contd, ):

a major export, the United States Consulate
in Nassau reported on June 6, 1961.

Brazil

WHALE AND FISH MEAL
SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, 1959-1961:
The forecast of Brazil's supply of whale

and fish meal in 1961 shows a 45, 5-percent

Opening Stocks, Jan. 1.
Production... sess « | 15,000

Domestic Utilization .. ae :
Ending Stocks, Dec. 31.
1/Forecast «

2/Estimate.

3/Final Estimate»

increase over 1960 and a 215. 8-percent in-
crease over 1959, entirely due to an expec-
ted increase in domestic production. It is
estimated that domestic production should
increase Significantly--from 4,867 metric
tons in 1959 to 15,000 tons in 1961. (United
States Foreign Agricultural Service Report,

Sao Paulo, May 19, 1961. )

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1961 p. 54.
OK OK OK Ok

WHALE AND FISH OIL
SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION, 1959-1961:
A forecast of Brazil's supply of inedible
whale and fish oils in 1961 shows that it will
be more than 6 times greater than in 1959
and up 69.8 percent from 1960. Domestic
utilization is expected to keep pace with in-
creased production (see table).

Brazil's Supply and Distribution of Inedible Whale and Fish Oils, || |
1959-1961
Item 19611/ 19602 1959

3/Final Estimate,

Vol. 23, No. 9

Brazil's only edible oil of importance is
cod-liver oil and the entire supply is impor-
ted. However, with the expected increase in
the domestic production of whale and fish oil,
imports of cod-liver oil declined from 1, 218
metric tons in 1959 to 150 tons in 1960, and
are expected to drop to 100 tons in 1961. Dur-
ing the first 10 months of 1960, Norway was
the main supplier of edible crude cod-liver
oil, while only a negligible amount was re-
ceived from the United States. (United States
Foreign Agricultural Service Report, Sao
Paulo, May 19, 1961.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1961 p. 54.

British Honduras

FISHERY PRODUCTS EXPORTS,
1959 and 1960:

British Honduras exports of fishery prod-
ucts during 1960 totaled 497, 467 pounds, val-
ued at US$213, 824. As compared with 1959,
exports in 1960 were lower by 4.9 percent in
quantity, but were up about 14.0 percent in
value. In 1960, exports of spiny lobsters
(whole and tails) of 363,720 pounds were
down about 8.8 percent from the 398, 043
pounds exported in 1959. However, the value
($193, 304) of spiny lobster exports in 1960

British Honduras Exports of Fishery Products, 1959-60
(Total Exports & Exports to United States)

Product [Value |
i US$
Fresh, frozen or live fish:
Motaliexportsyany cw. ee 12,737
ExportsitoiU. Sain uiiioe: 9,48
Salted, dried fish, etc.
Total exports. ..5.% .. 3,
Exports::to.U Si. 8

Spiny lobster, whole & tails
Total exports... .. wbaAee eidee Ce
EEO tOMUZSIEE. tote deke

, a
363,720] 193,304} 398,043) 167,685
345,198 | 189,925 | 368,920) 162,411
ae
18
497,467 | 213,824 |523,249| 187,607
411,121 | 200,079 | 419,000) 172,075

Motalvexportsices succes
EXXDONtSatOgU San ceswecee ena

2.
92
1
2

Total all fishery products:
Total e: OXPOPTS! sc clets fies
Ee xportsHto Usssiercuamepe ei

was higher by 15.3 percent as compared with
the 1959 value ($167,685).

Exports of fish and shellfish to the United
States from British Honduras in 1960 account-
ed for 82.6 percent of the volume and 93.6
percent of the value of total fishery exports.
Spiny lobster exports in 1960 to the United
States were down 6.4 percent in quantity
due to higher prices onthe United States

September 1961

British Honduras (Contd. ):

market and possibly to an increase in the
amount of spiny lobsters shipped as tails
rather than whole.

oy

Canada

ARCTIC FISHERIES SURVEY:

The Yukon Territory cannot develop a
profitable sea fishery at the present time be-
cause there are not enough marketable fish
in adjacent waters, according to a survey
made in the summer of 1960 by the Arctic
Unit of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada.

Caplin, which are closely related to
smelt, and which are the chief food of New-
foundland cod from early spring to midsum-
mer, have recently appeared at and in the
vicinity of Herschel Island off the Yukon
coast. The only Yukon coastline is the ter-
ritory's northern boundary, where it looks
out on Mackenzie Bay of the. Arctic Ocean.
This strip is about as long as New Bruns-
wick's coastline on the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Herschel, roughly the area of Grand Manan
in Fundy, is the only sizable island close to
this coast. It was the base last summer for
experimental fishing by the Research Board's
motor vessel Salvelinus, to find out whether
this area would support a commercial fish-
ery. The answer was that it will not. The
area is covered with ice until late July. Be-
ginning on July 23, 1960, bottom trawling and
drift gill-netting revealed no abundance of
marketable fish, although beach seining on
the island proved that large quantities of cap-
lin were still present there.

The Arctic Unit, which has its headquar-
ters in Montreal, made this investigation in
pursuit of its current study of the commer-
cial potentiality of fish stocks throughout
the western Arctic.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

At the same time other Research Board
vessels in the eastern Arctic were continu-
ing the Unit's long-term study of stocks of
Arctic char, the fish so highly rated by gour-
mets, who described it as something between
sea salmon and brook trout. Two surveys
were made in fresh-water areas on the south
coast of Baffin Island and one on the east
coast of Hudson Bay. Char were scarce in
the latter area and although present in the
Baffin waters were not in sufficient quantities
to support commercial fishing. A few other
fresh-water fish were taken also, nine-spined
stickleback in the Baffin areas and sea-run
brook trout, whitefish, and ciscoes in the
waters running into eastern Hudson Bay.
(Canadian Trade News, April 1961.)

OK KK OK

FISHING VESSEL REPORTS
RECORD SCALLOP TRIP:

A record scallop trip of 62,571 pounds of
meats was reported early this year, when
the Canadian scallop dragger Barbara Joe
unloaded at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.

Scallop fishing is relatively new to Cana-
dians because it was scarcely more than a
decade ago that Canadian draggers began to
exploit the rich scallop fishing grounds off
the Nova Scotia coast. Inshore scallop fish-
ing such as that carried out in the heavy tidal
waters of the Bay of Fundy is an important
part of the fishing picture, but for vigorous
expansion the deep-sea scallop is a leader in
new developments contributing to the growth
of the Canadian fishing industry.

Rich Georges Bank--a big area of water
sprawling in the Atlantic about 160 miles
southwest of Yarmouth, |Nova Scotia--is an
important scallop fishing area, There are
other scallop grounds in the Canadian Atlan-
tic, but it is Georges Bank where the bulk of
the production is found, Each year sees more
vessels on Georges Bank, now being fished
heavily by both Canadian and United States
draggers.

Last year scallops returned nearly C$2
million to Canadian fishermen and vessel
owners in the Maritime Provinces.

So important is the scallop fishery that
Canada and the United States are carrying
out joint investigations as to how the scallop
lives and reacts to its environment.

68

Canada (Contd. ):

In good fishing weather it is an around-
the-clock operation for scallop fishermen.
There is plenty of work from the time the
dredges are hauled on deck, the scallops
shucked, washed, placed in bags, and iced in
the holds,

Only the white column of muscle, that
holds together the two halves of the shell and
operates the opening-and-shutting movement
that gives the shellfish its jet propulsion, is
utilized.

OR OOK OK OK

FREEZE- DRYING EXPERIMENTS
ON FISH CONTINUED:

- Canadian experiments on vacuum freeze-
drying of cod steaks and fillets have so far
been limited to drying fish slices of half-inch
thickness. After cutting the frozen fish into
steaks, fillets, or portions of this thickness,
the fish were dried for 10 hours in a vacuum
oven at 809 F, The finished product was
white, porous, and of good appearance. It
could be warehoused and distributed as read-
ily as any other frozen fish. The housewife
would need only to soak it in cold water for
five minutes to give the appearance and tex-
ture of fresh fish.

Similar experiments are planned for 1961,
using spiked plate-drying and radiant heating,
and comparing results with other methods.
Experiments will also be conducted with salt
fish, If vacuum freeze-drying can be made
commercially feasible in the salt fish indus-
try, it may, to some extent at least, super-
sede the present plant method for certain
products,

OK KOK

NEW FOOD LABEL LAW:

A new Canadian food label law now requires that the main
panel of the package show the contents close to the name,
General food labeling regulations under the Canadian Food
and Drugs Act, amended on January 1, 1960, come into full
force on January 1, 1962,

It is expected, notes the Canadian Department of National
Health and Welfare, that all food labels in consumer pack-
ages will conform with the new regulations by the first of
the new year, After that date, entry will be refused impor-
tations which do not meet the new labeling requirements,
Manufacturers expecting to export food products into Canada
should plan to conform to the new regulations.

Tt is now required that the main panel of a package of
food carry the brand or trade name, if any, the common name
of the food and a declaration of net contents in close proximity
to the common name, Close proximity is defined as immedi-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

ately above, below, to the right, or to the left of the common
name without intervening printed, written, or graphic matter.

In order for a net contents declaration to be considered
clearly and prominently displayed, it should be in bold-face
type and with a minimum height of type related to the area of
the main panel of the label. Thus, if the area of the main pan-
el of the label is between 20 and 40 square inches, the decla-
ration of net contents should be in bold-face type at least 1/8
inch in height. If fractions of an ounce, pound, or other unit
are used in the declaration of net contents, each part of the
fraction must meet this requirement. The regulations im-
pose no restriction on the maximum size of type that may
be used in a net contents declaration,

Ceylon

JAPANESE TO PROVIDE
FISHERIES TRAINING CENTER:

Under the terms of the agreement worked
out between Ceylon and Japan, Japan is send-
ing eight technicians, headed by an employee
of the Japanese Fishery Agency, to Ceylon on
July 10, 1961, to open the fisheries training
center at Negombo, Ceylon. The Center is
scheduled to open on September 1. Japan
will provide one training ship and contribute
a total of 1.3 million rupees (US$273, 000)
over a three-year period. In addition, Japan
will train 20 Ceylonese every four months in
the handling of fishing gear; instruct 10 Cey-
lonese for a one-year period in the operation
and maintenance of marine engines, and offer

instructions in general fishery problems,
(Suisan Tsushin, June 22, 1961, }

OK OK KOK

JAPANESE-CEYLONESE
JOINT FISHING VENTURE:

A Japanese fishing firm and a Ceylonese
firm have completed negotiations on forming
a joint company. The Japanese firm dis-
patched the tuna vessel No. 1 Shizuoka Maru,
87 gross tons, to Ceylon on June 20, 1961.
By agreement, the vessel will be used to
train Ceylonese fishermen in fishing tech-
niques, and all catches will be delivered to the
the Ceylonese firm for a period of one year.

The vessel will make 13 trips during the
year, each trip to be about 20 days. Plans
call for an additional 2 or 3 fishing vessels
if the venture proves successful, (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, June 23, 1961.)

September 1961

Chile

FISH MEAL AND OIL
EXPORTS AND PRICES, JAN. -MAY 1961:

Official trade statistics of the Banco Central report
exports of fish mea] and fish oil for the month of April
and the first quarter of 1961 (table 1).

} Table 1- Chilean Fish Meal and Oil] Exports
January-April 1961

Fish Meal
April 1961:

United States .
Netherlands .
France .....
Venezuela...
Germany....

Jan.~ Mar, 1961:
“United States. ...
Netherlands ....
France...
Germany...
Venezuela .
Sweden...
Brazil, .
Bolivia . siete

ee
ee
eee
oe
.
.

The trade journal of the Central Chamber of Com-
merce El Informativo publishes shipments on basis of
manifests (table 2), Data compiled from that source
does not fully agree with official trade figures but is
the only information available on a more current basis
(as far as values are concerned, the difference is be-
lieved to be in the listing of both c.i.f. and f.o.b. values
in accordance with the terms of the sale.)

All shipments continue to move out of the fish meal
plants located in Arica and Iquique which operate with
the 30-20 percent subsidy. Fish meal plants along
with other manufacturing industries located in the dis-
tressed northern area of Chile receive this subsidy on
products manufactured of natural resources and ex-
ported. The subsidy amounts to 30 percent of the
cost of raw material used and 20 percent of the
f.o.b. price of the finished product exported.
The subsidy fund for Arica is supported by a tax on
imports entering Arica and for Iquique by local sales
taxes. The primary purpose of the subsidy is to en-
courage private investment capital to assist in the
economic development of this northern region.

The one shipment of fish oil in April to the United
States was a special lot of ''merluza"' oil obtained
from the Instituto de Biologia of Vina del Mar, a de-
partment of the University of Chile. (United States
Embassy, Santiago, June 5, 1961.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

69

Table 2 - Chilean Exports of Fish Meal and Oil, __
March-May 1961

Fish Meal

United States...
Venezuela......
Netherlands.....

United States....
Netherlands .,..
Germany tc). onscetels

Aprilitotalyeeie.| Mey

United States ....
Netherlands ....

Fish Oil
March 1961: 2/
Germany......

Source: El Informativo, official publication of Central Chamber of Commerce of
Chile and Santiago.

1/Note that these data are substantially different from data reported in table 1,

2/Incomplete 4

HK OK OK OK

IMPLEMENTING REGULATIONS ISSUED
FOR FISHERIES LAW:

By Decree No. 133 dated February 9 and
and published March 29 in the Diaro Oficial,
the Chilean Government establishes the con-
trolling regulations for the new fisheries law
issued as DFL No. 266, April 6, 1961. Law
No. 208 of July 21, 1953, however, is not
superseded by this legislation and remains
in force for the industries which do not wish
to qualify under DFL No, 266, Although the
provisions are quite similar, No. 208 is ap-
plicable to both natural and juridical persons
while concessions offered under DFL No. 266
are offered to juridical persons only.

Decree No, 133 classifies the fisheries in-
dustry into three groups: fishing industries,
auxiliary fishing industries, and complemen-
tary fishing industries. Fishing industries
include those companies engaged in the fish-
ing, hunting, and capture of marine life.

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Chile (Contd.):

Processing and canning plants are classed
as auxiliary fishing industries. Enterprises
engaged in the construction and repair of in-
dustrial and commercial fishing boats or the
manufacture or construction of fishing equip-
ment for own use are classed as complemen-
tary fishing industries.

= BAHAMA |S.
A Tr aL 4 NTL.

To qualify for the privileges and conces-
sions specified in DFL No. 266, all fishing
industries must be registered on the Rol de
Industrias Pesqueras, Anexas y Complemen-
tarias in the Office of Fisheries and Hunting,
Ministry of Agriculture. Those already en-
tered in the Fisheries Register may reregis-
ter on the Rol and qualify. With registration
the juridical entity may request issuance of
the supreme decree by the Ministry of Agri-
culture which entitles it to all privileges and
concessions specified by DFL No. 266.

On presentation of this public document
such entities may import free of all duties,
taxes, and charges including consular fees
and deposits, products specified in Article
2, paragraph (i) of DFL No. 266, i.e. fishing

Vol. 23, No. 9

boats of over 10 metric tons, machinery used
exclusively by the fishing industry, nets, boats,
refrigerated trucks, and trailers completely
equipped, marine motors and winches, and
machinery parts and accessories.

A certificate from the Ministry of Economy
certifying that the product to be imported is
not produced in Chile in adequate quantity or
quality or at a reasonable price must be pre-
sented to the Central Bank, together with the
recommendation of the Department of Agri-
culture and Fisheries, to obtain free import
of merchandise specified-in Article 2, para-
graph (j) of Law No, 266. Included in the
group are petroleum fuels and lubricants ex-
cluding gasoline; refrigeration units, machin-
ery and parts and accessories; display re-
frigerator units, equipment and machinery
for sale of seafood, refrigerators or freezers;
tinplate with a protective varnish with or with-
out lithograph for re-exportation of canned
fish products; tackle, lines or ropes; steel
cables, galvanized or not; navigation and fish-
ing apparatus, implements and gear. The De-
partment of Industry and Commerce of the
Ministry of Economy will consider production
inadequate when it is insufficient to cover
normal domestic requirements, quality in-
adequate when the Chilean product is notice-
ably inferior to imported goods, and price un-
reasonable when it exceeds the c.i.f. value of
the imported product by 20 percent.

The 75-percent capitalization required by
Article 4 of DFL No. 266 of profits will be
applied on the profit shown on the income tax
statement less 8 percent as interest on paid-
in’capital and accumulated reserves, 2 per-
cent of capital and reserves for contingencies,
and up to 20 percent of the social capital for
salaries of no more than 3 administrative
members of the enterprise provided it is not
an anonymous society.

This 75-percent portion must be invested
in (1) consolidation and development of the
company through an increase in physical as-
sets, including stocks, increase in credits
for sales abroad, or reduction of debts, (2)
expansion into other fields of fisheries indus-
try, and/or (3) construction of workers! hous-
ing. The 75-percent reserve may be accumu-
lated for a period up to 3 years but the Office
of Internal Revenue, which has the responsi-
bility of ensuring that capitalization and in-
vestment are made in accordance with DFL
No. 266, may authorize an extension of the
three-year period,

September 1961

Chile (Contd.):

A fishing cooperative will be granted priv-
ileges and concessions authorized by DFL
No. 266 provided its application is accepted
by the Department of Agriculture and Fish-
eries and the supreme decree is issued.

Goods imported free of duty under DFL
No. 266 may be transferred within 5 years
of entry to another entity entitled to free
entry or upon payment of applicable import
taxes and/or duties. After 5 years the De-
partment of Agriculture and Fisheries may
waive payment of import charges. A ''fin-
ished product'' is understood to be that which
does not require further industrial process-
ing for use. In case of doubt the final deter-
minations shall be made by the Department
of Agriculture and Fisheries.

The decree granting the right to conces-
sions and privileges of DFL No. 266 will be
invalidated only by the President on basis of
fully documented proof of infringements re-
ferred to in Article 8 of DFL No. 266.

Most companies now operating under Law
No. 208 of July 23 are expected to reregister
in order to qualify for the privileges and con-
cessions of DFL No. 266. (United States Em-
bassy, Santiago, May 31, 1961.)

Costa Rica

EXPORTS OF SEA TURTLES ARE LEGAL
EXCEPT FOR THOSE CAUGHT
IN NURSERY AREA:

The Costa Rican Ministry of Agriculture
and Livestock states that exports of sea tur-
tles taken on the beaches or offshore (mostly
males or females that had already deposited
their eggs) are legal, with the exception of
those taken from Laguna del Tortuguero
beaches, which is an important nursery area
and essential to the maintenance of the re-
source in the Caribbean.

Laguna del Tortuguero is one of the few
known sites where female turtles come in
large numbers to lay eggs. Hunters would
go up and down the beach tipping turtles over
until they could be moved to pens prior to ex-
port. But most of the turtles harvested were
females which were not. given the opportunity
to deposit their eggs. Uncontrolled harvest-
ing of the female turtles in the past forced

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71

the authorities to close that area several
years ago and also prohibit the sales of tur-
tle eggs in the local market.

At. the present time there are no export-
ers of turtles in Costa Rica. It is believed
that a recently-formed fishermen's coopera-
tive (Asociacion Pesquera de Puerto Limon)
may in time be able to assume the role of
both producer and exporter. The Government
of Costa Rica would welcome the encourage-
ment of exports of sea turtles, provided that
the resource is protected from overexploita-
tion. (United States Embassy, San Jose,
dispatch dated June 30, 1961.)

Denmark

FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES PRICES,
JUNE 4-10, 1961:

During the week ending June 10, 1961, ex-
port prices for Danish herring meal were
quoted at 920 kroner a metric ton (US$121.01
a short ton) f.o.b. Esbjerg. Prices for lower
protein fish meal were 860 kroner a metric
ton ($113.12 a short ton).

A large order of fish solubles brought 750
kroner a metric ton ($98.65 a short ton). This
price represents a substantial increase from
an early May price of about $64.46 a short
ton. (United States Embassy, Copenhagen,
June 27, 1961.)

El Salvador

NEW TAX IMPOSED ON SHRIMP EXPORTS:

The Civil-Military Directorate of El Sal-
vador signed a decree (No. 154) on June 7,
1961, imposing an export duty of 15 centavos
(6 U. S. cents) for each net 453 grams (one
pound) of shrimp in any form exported from
El Salvador,

A plan to tax shrimp exports was studied
by the Government, reached the drafting stage
in October, and almost became law on March
17. The present law is believed to be less
objectionable to the industry than the previ-
ous draft, which provided for ad valorem
taxes on all shrimp exports, based on c.i.f.
prices, with rates ranging from 10 percent
on shrimp sold at 50 U. S. cents per pound

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

El Salvador (Contd.): An industry spokesman further stated to
the press that it was a most inopportune
time for such a duty since the catch in May
had dropped off due to the rainy season, off
50 percent from the April catch of 15,000
pounds. As of June, shrimp catches picked
up and 65 of the 72 shrimp vessels were ac-
tive. (United States Embassy, San Salvador,
dispatch dated July 5, 1961.)

or under, up to 20 percent on sales at $1.00
a pound,

Decree No, 154, published in the Diario
Oficial on June 14, 1961, justifies the law
stating that the State has madea heavy invest-
ment in fisheries investigations which the in-
dustry is now enjoying, that fishery resources
are the property of the State, and that the
shrimp industry has now reached a level of
development that enables it to repay the State
for its investment. The law provides for fines
ranging from 25 to 25,000 colones ($10 to
$10,000), with the possibility of suspension
or cancellation of the fishing license.

German Federal Republic

FISH MEAL PRICES,
JUNE 7, 1961:

Prices reported at Hamburg Commodity
Exchange as of June 7, 1961, for fish meal
delivered ex-Hamburg warehouse, or c.&f.
West German sea port were as follows:

The shrimp industry, which is presently
making a study of the new law, intends for-
mally to request the Directorate to recon-

ype of Fish Meal Protein Content (%) DM/Metric Ton US$/Short Ton

prompt/June

»

June
July-Sept. 130.41
- 26 4
: 135,52
136.08

As compared with May 7, 1961, fish-meal
prices on the Hamburg exchange on June 7,
1961, continued the upward trend for both do-
mestic and Peruvian fish meal. (United
States Consulate, Bremen, June 12, 1961.)

INote: Values converted at rate of 4.0 deutsche marks equal US$1.

sider the decree, according to press reports.
Eleven of the 14 shrimp companies have
formed a Camara Pesquera de El Salvador
(Fisheries Chamber). The industry is ex-
pected to object tothe new law on two grounds:
that the newly expanded companies have not
completed payments on newly-purchased
equipment, and are therefore in no position
to absorb the tax, and that the tax is too high
thus impeding the development of the smaller
companies,

me oe ok fe ok

FISH MEAL PRICES, JULY 5, 1961:
Prices reported at Hamburg Commodity

Exchange as of July 5, 1961, for fish meal

delivered ex-Hamburg warehouse, or c.&f,.

West German sea port were as follows:
Type of Fish Meal Protein Content (%) DM/Metric Ton Us$/Short Ton

German fish meal. ......

’ ” ”
ecoe oe

Peruvian fish meal .,....

” ”

South African fish meal ,..

” ”

b1.
(2) “‘Loco’’ means where and as it is at the time of sale, and all subsquent expenses to be at buyer’s account,

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

Fish-meal prices on the Hamburg ex-
change on July 5, 1961, averaged about the
same as on June 7, 1961. (United States Con-
sulate, Bremen, July 11, 1961.)

Ghana

BANS IMPORTS OF PORTUGUESE
CANNED FISH:

The Ghana Government has revoked the
application to Portugal and the Portuguese
monetary area ofall open general import li-
censes, effective June 1, 1961. The effect of
this is to require a specific license for im-
ports of goods consigned from Portuguese
territory regardless of origin and of Portu-
guese goods regardless of point of shipment.

According to Notice to Importers No. 152
dated June 1, 1961, the Ministry of Trade
will entertain applications for specific li-
censes only for pre-freezing Portuguese
transactions or for non-Portuguese goods
merely transshipped via Portuguese terri-
tory, and there is no guarantee of a license
even in those cases.

The major Portuguese product imported
by Ghana is canned fish, particularly sar-
dines and pilchards, Another traditional
source of fish was South Africa, the only oth-
er country against which Ghana has imposed
an import embargo.

Imports of canned sardines and pilchards
from South Africa and Portugal in 1960 to-
taled £G770,000 (about US$2.1 million) or
about 40 percent of the total, despite the fact
that the embargo against South Africa was
imposed during the year. (United States Em-
bassy, Accra, June 21, 1961.)

He Kk ok OK OOK

PROGRESS REPORTED IN
MODERNIZING FISHING INDUSTRY:

e Government of Ghana, depending on
fish as the mainstay in its national diet, has
made considerable progress in its efforts to
modernize its fishing fleet. Deep-water ports
and processing plants are under construction
or being completed, and the country is mak-
ing a concerted effort to exploit its vast ma-
rine potential. Progress in fisheries devel-

opment is reflected in the newly-constructed
harbors at Tema and Elmina, building new
boats for fishermen, and Government offshore
exploratory fishing for tuna.

One of Ghana's principal concerns in prop-
erly implementing its fishing mechanization
and modernization program has been to devise
marketing and distribution systems assuring
availability of fish in towns and villages in the
hinterlands. A fish marketing specialist of
the Food and Agriculture Organization has
been assisting Ghana in this endeavor, recom-
mending systems for wholesaling and retail-
ing fish in Ghana's interior.

Fish marketing traditionally has depended
on women fishmongers who deal directly with
the fishermen and completely control the trade.
The FAO expert has helped the Government
set up a pilot market at Takoradi where the
market buys the fish from the fishermen for
re-sale, at a negotiated price, to the women
traders. In return, the traders who have been
able to handle only small amounts of fish in
the past are provided with ice and cold-stor-
age facilities to help them extend their busi-
ness,

The expert is also assisting Ghana on an-
other project, drawing up the final plans for
a new market to be located at the recently-
completed million-dollar fishing harbor at
Tema. The latter port will serve as a dis-
tribution point for increased catches landed
at Tema and Elmina.

Fish flour, long advocated by FAO experts
for human consumption, has found a growing
market in Ghana. A pilot fish-flour plant has
been in operation for some time and now a
plant is being built to produce it on a commer-
cial scale. This fish flour, which can be kept
sterile up to two years in waterproof bags and
can be easily carried by bicycle, bullock, or
even as a headload, will be sent into the in-
terior of Ghana where there is a lack of pro-
tein and a large potential market for the fish
flour. (Commercial Outboarder, Summer
1961.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1960 p. 49.

74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Iceland

OCEAN PERCH FISHING AND
MARKETING PROBLEMS:

Ocean perch or redfish in the Atlantic have given Ice-
landers good catches in recent years, but they have found
that production is unpredictable,

In 1958 Icelandic trawlers made bumper catches of ocean
perch on Greenland and Newfoundland banks. Because of
that sotne trawler companies decided to build several big
trawlers, about 1,000 tons, which would quickly have paid
for themselves if catches had continued.

But no sooner had these new trawlers been delivered
than the ocean perch vanished from the banks and the big
trawlers made some disappointing trips returning: with on-
ly 50 or 80 metric tons after three-week trips. It became
difficult to find any paying catch for these trawlers and
they lay unused for many months,

In early May 1961, a few Icelandic trawlers on New-
foundland banks again found ocean perch but only for a
short time. But again the ocean perch catch dropped off,

A marketing problem is also confronting Iceland since
as of June 1961 no new trade agreement has been made
with the Soviet Union although such should normally be
concluded at the beginning of the year, Talks have been
going on at diplomatic levels but without result.

Since the beginning of this year there has been practi-
cally no export of frozen fish to Russia, while Icelanders
have continued to receive fuel shipments from the Black
Sea. This has now resulted in a 200 million kronur debt
to the Russians (US$5.2 million),

Russians trade on basis of world market prices. When
fish sales to Russia suddenly. increased in 1953 (because
of the landing ban in Britain), the Russians paid for ocean
perch a price comparable to the world market price. But
since then they have not been ready to increase the price
although market prices of ocean perch have increased a-
bout 30 percent in Western Germany and the United States.

Icelanders, therefore, have for a time been Selling the
fish under the world price to Russia, They maintain they
were able to do so when catches were good, but since
catches have decreased they cannot do so without losses,

However, Icelanders feel less dependent upon the Rus-
sian market since the dispute with Britain seems to be
solved, and the markets in Western Europe and the United
States are expanding. They also suspect that the pro-
ducing cost in the Russian fisheries is much higher, and
may be many times higher than the purchasing price of
Icelandic fish,

Icelanders would not like to lose the Russian market,
mainly because it is very big and sometimes has taken
considerable quantities, especially in years of bumper
catches. But they have found that the Russians are strong
negotiators who try to use their big buying power to get
goods cheaper, (The Fishing News, June 9, 1961.)

India

INCREASED FISH PRODUCTION NEEDED
TO SUPPLY PROTEIN FOOD:

India, with 438,000,000 inhabitants, has
suffered severe food shortages for many

Vol. 23, No. 9

years despite its 3,500 mile coastline, and its
immense fishery reserves which could be ex-
ploited to provide an abundance of fish.

Producing slightly more than one million
tons of fish per year, or approximately one
forty -fifth of the world's total yearly produc-
tion, India's fish consumption is only 0.9
pound per capita, one of the lowest in the
world.

Fig. 1 - Spear fishing in Andaman Islands from a hollow-
tree canoe is an outmoded fishing method still used
in India.

In addition, India requires 750,000 fisher-
men to harvest its comparatively meager
catch, Norway, a country of 3,500,000 inhab-
itants and a highly mechanized fishing fleet
employing 85,000 fishermen, produces more
than India. Norway has an annual catch that
varies from 1.2 to 1.8 million metric tons
despite the fact that its fisheries are highly
seasonal,

However, despite the various problems
suffered in its fishing industry, India has
shown a slow but definite growth in its at-
tempt to increase fishing production, It is -
expected that by 1966 the increase will be 50
percent above the 1956 level, but there are
problems still to be overcome.

India's fishing industry has been handicap-
ped mainly because of outmoded fishing tech-
niques handed down from one generation to
another. Fishermen are dependent on small,
primitive craft propelled by sail and oar and
are restricted to limited fishing areas. Their
yield is necessarily low due to the fact that

September 1961

India (Contd.):

they are constantly fishing the same waters
which have been thoroughly exploited.

In addition to being undermechanized, In-
dian fishermen are further handicapped by
problems of geographical dispersion; their
inadequacy to obtain credit; a shortage of
storage plants, preservation, transport, and
marketing facilities; and dependence on mid-
dlemen.

Fig. 2 - An FAO prototype powered surf boat going through the
/surf on the Indian coast. This is meant to replace the catam-
arans used along the surfbeaten coast where there are no harbors.

The establishment of either government-
or private-sponsored fishing cooperatives
would free fishermen of their economic bonds;
provide them with credit to buy new boats,
engines, tackle, and other supplies; will help
them to market their catch at a fair market
price. Cooperatives (which are in success-
ful operation in many countries) could also
provide credit to fishermen, permitting them
to mechanize their craft, with the investment
paid off through increased production.

The answer to India's problem of how to
provide more vitally-required food of a spe-
cific type that contains a high animal protein
yield definitely lies in fish foods, India's
coastal waters (particularly on the west coast
where the continental shelf extends about 100
miles offshore) and her inland waters with
their great variety of fish, provide ideal con-
ditions to augment fishing production.

The Indian Government's second Five-
Year Plan now in effect calls for the im-
provement in fishing methods, mechanization

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

75

of boats, the availability of proper fishing gear,
the introduction of new fish farming methods,
and the improvement of storage, transporta-
tion, and marketing facilities. It has been re-
ported, however, that the program, aimed at
supplying more food and helping to raise the
social and economic welfare of the fishing
population, has fallen short of its projected
production goal,

Fig. 3 - A trainee at the Fishing Gear Research Station in Cochin
learns to use a net-making machine under the instruction of a
fishing gear technologist.

The main reasons given for India's failure
to reach this goal to increase production (ex-
cept in isolated areas) is reported to lie in
(1) not being able to provide vast sums of
money required for investment in heavy mech-
anization equipment; (2) failure to eliminate
the middleman; and (3) the fisherman's role
as an independent businessman is difficult.

Regarding the availability of funds to invest
in the purchase of heavy equipment to mech-
anize large fishing vessels, it has been sug-
gested by the Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion (FAO) that production might be increased
at a faster pace by commencing with the mech-
anization of individual fishermen, The success
of this approach can be illustrated by large in-
creases in production in Mexico, Salvador,
Nicaragua, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Ceylon,
Malaya, Sarawak, Uganda, Angola, Senegal,
Nigeria, and many countries where outboard
motors have been employed to propel small
fishing craft. Outboard motors have also been
used for towing 20 to 30 other boats to and
from the fishing grounds.

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

India (Contd.):

A small-craft mechanization program
rather than long-range investment in heavy
fishing equipment would obtain immediate
increases in production by allowing fisher-
men to devote more time to their trade; to
extend their radius of operation into new and
more productive banks, presently out of
reach of oar and sail, and to return to mar-
ket more quickly.

The FAO is assisting India to establish
fishing cooperatives, and also training fish-
ermen on improved techniques, and the use
of better equipment and marketing practices,
but their work is naturally limited due to
India's vast size and the fact that the country
has 750,000 fishermen. A stepped-up pro-
gram for the establishment of many pilot co-
operatives which would expand with time,
would help India's fishing industry consider-
ably. (Commercial Outboarder, Vol. 2, No.
2, Summer 1961.)

Italy

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF
MARINE OILS, 1959-60:

Italy's combined imports of cod-liver and
marine oils increased from 8,903 metric tons
in 1959 to 9,547 tons in 1960. Most of these
oils were purchased from Australia, Norway,
and the United States. But shipments from
the United States decreased from 1,216 tons
in 1959 to 202 tons in 1960.

Italy's Imports of Fish Oil and Cod-Liver Oil, 1959-1960

Vol. 23, No. 9

Italy's exports of cod-liver and fish oil
were negligible. In 1960, exports amounted
to only 29 tons as compared to 146 tons in
1959, While in 1959 Italy shipped 75 tons to
the United States, none were shipped in 1960.
(United States Foreign Agricultural Service
Report, Rome, May 17, 1961.)

Japan

COMMERCIAL DEEP-SEA FISHING
AREAS CONSTANTLY CHANGING:

The fishing areas, especially those in off-
shore areas, exploited by Japanese fisheries
in the postwar period are constantly changing.
The Japanese fishing industry has grown tre-
mendously and has shifted in recent years
from coastal to offshore and from offshore to
deep-sea fishing operations. Today, she leads
the world with catches averaging 6,192,000
metric tons a year, surpassing the Commun-
ist Chinese fishing target of 5,800,000 tons
for 1960.

Fig. 1 - A big school of yellowtail herded into a net off Japan.

In order to conserve fishery resources
and utilize them reasonably, it has been the
desire of Japanese fishing circles to cooper-
ate unreservedly with other fishing nations |
and to observe strictly all international fishing
regulations. However, the Japanese feel that
the principle of the open seas is now in jeop-
ardy because of the strong claims put forward
by some foreign fishing nations regarding fish-
ing restrictions in the open seas in the name
of "preservation of fishery resources."

To cope with this situation, Japan is striv-
ing to explore and to develop new fishing
grounds, to conclude capital tie-up agree-

September 1961

Japan (Contd.):

ments with foreign countries for the estab-
lishment of joint enterprises, and to export
Japanese fishing know-how. Large fishing
companies are also going into the field of
processing marine products in addition to
their established fishing operations in order
to improve their business position.

The following is an outline of the changing
Japanese fishing industry today.

Salmon Fishing in North Pacific: The
most serious restrictions currently being
placed on Japanese fishing in the open seas
are those on salmon fishing in the Northern
Pacific. Salmon fishing is presently re-
stricted by the Japan-Soviet Fishery Treaty
as well as the Japan-U. 8.-Canada Fishery
Treaty.

At the fifth Japan-Soviet fishery negotia-
tions which were held in Tokyo from Febru-
ary 20, Japan's salmon quota for the 1961
season was Set at 65,000 metric tons. Asa
result of past negotiations between the two
countries, Japan's salmon quota in the re-
stricted areas has been diminishing every
year. The quota for last year was limited
to 67,500 tons. Moreover, fishing in the
Okhotsk Sea, which Japan considers clearly
an open sea, has been entirely prohibited
since January 1, 1959, Large areas arethus
being designated every year as closed to Jap-
anese fishing vessels, greatly reducing the
sphere of Japan's fishing operations.

Under the Japan-U. 8.-Canada Fishery
Treaty, Japan is obliged to refrain from fish-
ing in waters east of 175° west longitude un-
til agreement among the three nations is
reached on an accurate line of demarcation
between salmon originating in American and
Asian rivers. This provisional line (175°
west longitude) has been the focal point of
controversy at the annual fishery talks be-
tween the three nations. For example, in
last year's talks the United States called for
an extension of the provisional line by an-
other 10 degrees west while the Japanese
side was for maintenance of the status quo.
The negotiations were broken off and the is-
sue had to be carried over to this year.

Bottomfish Fishery in Bering Sea: In con-
trast to the diminishing salmon catches, hauls
of fish in the Bering Sea, such as flatfish, cod,
halibut, and other species of deep-sea fish,
have increased in recent years. These types

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

77

of fish are used for the production of fish meal
(animal feed), frozen fish, and fish oil. Thir-
teen fleets were in operation last year. This
year 28 fleets are operating in that area. In
the past, the operation of meal processing and
refrigerator ships was not profitable, but the
Japanese fishing industry became active in
this field to offset the curtailment of opera-
tions caused by the serious restrictions on
salmon fishing. Today it is thriving, thanks
to efforts in exploring new fishing grounds,
rationalizing the use of fishing vessels, and
improving fishing as well as processing tech-
niques. i

Fig. 2 - Mothership operating in the Bering Sea bottomfish fish-
ery with a fleet of trawlers. Mothership equipped to freeze and
also manufacture fish meal and oil.

Mother-of-Pearl Shell Fishing in Arafura
Sea: Japanese mother-of-pearl fishing in the
Arafura Sea is limited to a fixed volume which
is determined through provisional agreements
concluded between the Japanese and Australian
Governments every year prior to the opening of
the mother-of-pearl fishing Season. The initial
agreement was concluded following the ''Con-
tinental Shelf Declaration'' announced by the
Australian Government in 1953. The fishing
grounds are also restricted to a certain area
which is decided by the two countries. Japan
was permitted to catch a total of 415 tons of
mother-of-pearl shells last year, but the ac-
tual harvest was 385 tons. This figure com-
pares poorly with the 960 tons a year caught
up to the time of the Continental Shelf Declara-
tion. Japan's harvest during prewar years
averaged 4,000 tons annually.

Whaling in the Antarctic Ocean: Under
regulations of the International Whaling Con-
vention, the five whaling countries of the
world were originally allowed to catch as
many whales as they could within an annual
quota of 15,000 blue-whale units applicable to
allcountries, This was the so-called Olympic
formula under which Britain, Norway, the Neth-
erlands, the Soviet Union, and Japan operated.

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23, No. 9

Japan (Contd.):

Japan generally led the four other coun-
tries in the number of whales caught, but a
problem arose when Britain and Norway pro-
posed that a whale quota should be fixed for
each nation because of the increase in the
Soviet whaling fleet. Then in 1959, Norway
and the Netherlands withdrew from the con-
vention, resulting in an indiscriminate hunt-
ing of whales. Norway, however, rejoined
the convention last year and a conference
was convened in February this year to de-
liberate on the problem of assigning quotas
to each of the five nations. The result, how-
ever, was unsatisfactory and an over-all
agreement was not reached.

Fig. 3 - Cutting up a whale for processing aboard a Japanese
whaling factoryship in the Antarctic,

It was however decided to allow the Soviet
Union to catch 20 percent of the total quota,
although the four other countries--Japan,
Britain, the Netherlands, and Norway--have
not reached an agreement on the allocation
of the remaining 80 percent of the quota.

China Seas: Japanese fishing operations in
the Yellow and East China Seas were placed
under restrictions until June 1958, when the
Japan-Communist China Fishery Agreement
expired. Since then, fishing by Japanese boats
in those areas is not bound by any agreement -
or restriction. However, Japan has informed
Communist Chinathat she would voluntarily
abide by the regulations defined in the oldfish-
ery agreement between the two nations.

On the other hand, the Republic of Korea

is still adhering to and enforcing the unilater-
al ''Rhee Line'' fishing restrictions announced
in 1952 against Japan. In the fifth preliminary
negotiation between Japan and the Republic of
Korea which opened in October last year con-
cerning fishing and the ''Rhee Line," the prob-
lem of fishery resources had been discussed
until the recent political change took place in
the Republic of Korea.

Deep-Sea Tuna Fishing: Deep-sea tuna
fishing by Japanese vessels is relatively un-
affected by restrictions imposed by foreign
countries. With the abolition of the so-called
"MacArthur Line" in 1952, an increasing num-
ber of larger Japanese fishing vessels were
constructed and equipped with modern fishing
nets and gear. The marine catch for 1959 to-
taled 380,000 tons, more than twice the 1954
figure.

Japanese tuna vessels are now operating
not only in the Southern Pacific and Indian
Oceans but also in the Atlantic Ocean. Large
areas of new tuna fishing grounds are being
explored. Tuna fishing in the Atlantic Ocean
was initiated in 1957. Two years later, in
1959, the total tuna haul from that area a-
mounted to 50,800 tons, which was three times
the catch in 1958. The tuna vessels have also
increased in size from the 700-ton class to
those of more than 1,000 tons.

One of the difficulties confronting Japanese
tuna fishing is the Indonesian Government's
declaration on inland waters made in 1957,
According to the declaration, all waters with-
in the area enclosed by a line encompassing
the fringes of all the islands of Indonesia are
considered inland seas of that country. Japa-
nese tuna fishing is thus restricted greatly in
that area. Other problems facing Japanese tuna.
fishing are:the rationalization of the fishing ap-
provalsystem, maintenance of export prices,

| and the development of new export markets.

Fishing Companies Diversify: Since re-
strictions have been enforced on fishing op-

September 1961

Japan (Contd.):

erations in the open seas, and since a busi-
ness operation which depends solely on fish-
ing has its limitations, the big fishing com-
panies are now turning to new types. of ven-
tures. During the past 2 or 3 years, the ma-
jor fishing firms have ventured into: canning
of marine, agricultural, and meat products,
the manufacturing of hams, sausages, frozen
foodstuffs, mayonnaise, fruit juice, fish oil
and fish meal; as wellas the operation of mink
farms, This is an effort to diversify opera-
tions. Some of the companies have even
started chicken farms.

On the other hand, Japanese fishing ability
and methods have drawn recognition from
countries which are eager to develop their
own marine resources. Contracts have been
concluded in recent years for the establish-
ment of joint companies, chartering of fish-
ing vessels, marketing of fish, and other en-
terprises between Japanese companies and
those of Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Mex-
ico, India, Ceylon, Vietnam (South), Thailand,
Borneo, Britain, and Israel. In every case,
the venture has been conducted to the satis-
faction and mutual benefit of the parties con-
cerned. (Japan Report, June 15, 1961, Con-
sulate General of Japan, New York.)

OPINION ON INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL
TUNA COMMISSION'S PROPOSAL TO
REGULATE EASTERN PACIFIC
YELLOWFIN TUNA FISHING:

The Japanese periodical Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, July 3, 1961, stated that two devel-
opments in the United States bear watching.
One concerns the proposal to regulate the
catches of the Eastern Pacific tuna fishery
made by the Director of the Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission, and the other,
the tuna meeting scheduled in Honolulu in
August 1961.

The periodical pointed out that the Com-
mission's Director was reported to have
stated at a meeting held in Panama on Feb-
ruary 24, 1961, that it will be necessary to
consider adopting catch regulations this year
for yellowfin tuna fishing in the Eastern Pa-
cific. He was also reported to have stated
before a Congressional Committee hearing
that catch regulations may have to be estab- -
lished in the Eastern Pacific Ocean to pre-
vent yellowfin tuna resources from becoming
exhausted. His proposal was aimed at regu-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

79

lating the catches of the United States' tuna
fleet operating in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
However, the impact that such a regulation, if
enacted, would have on Japan must be consid-
ered, inasmuch as a number of Japanese tuna
long-liners have begun operations in the East-
ern Pacific due to poor fishing elsewhere in
the Pacific Ocean and in the Indian Ocean,

The Japanese Fishery Agency feels that
the catches made by the long-liners are not
large and should not create any problem from
the standpoint of the resource; however, Japan
cannot completely ignore any regulations es-
tablished for the area and permit her vessels
to operate freely in those waters.

Nippon Suisan Shimbun claimed that the
problem of tuna resources would be discussed
at the tuna meeting in Honolulu and it was not
possible to see how this subject could be com-
pletely divorced from the subject of regula-
tions being proposed by the Commission.

The periodical added that it was most dif-
ficult to ascertain precisely the extent of the
tuna resources and it was unlikely that this
problem would grow immediately into an in-
ternational issue. However, Japan does con-
duct a tuna trade with the United States and
this problem cannot be taken lightly. Allthese
developments indicate a trend that the tuna
problem is gradually but surely becoming an
international issue.

* Kk OK OK

EXPORT PRICES RAISED FOR
CANNED TUNA IN BRINE:

All prices for Japanese canned lightmeat tuna in brine
for export to the United States have been raised as follows:

Size & No, Cans New Price Old Price
per case (per case) (per case) Increase

Lightmeat tuna (not including yellowfin)

ee eee

ce eee

eee ee

eee ee

The above prices were approved at a meeting held on
June 21, 1961, by the Japan Export Canned Tuna Fisheries
Association.

Japanese sources in the United States said that the a-
bove prices would become effective July 10, 1961.

Also, the Japan Canned Foods Exporters Association Tuna
Standing Committee met June 21, 1961, to discuss sales poli-

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

cies for canned lightmeat tuna in brine for export to the United
States. At this meeting the Committee approved the proposal
submitted by packers to establish separate prices for canned
lightmeat tuna produced from yellowfin and canned lightmeat
tuna made from skipjack.

At the same time, the Committee agreed to accept the
50,000 cases (about 20,000 cases of skipjack and 30,000 cases
of yellowfin) held in stock by the joint sales company at the
packers’ prices. Also, in selling the 50,000 cases, the Com-
mittee agreed to sell the yellowfin first and to sell the canned
skipjack later, depending on market developments. (Suisan
Tsushin, June 23; Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 22, 1961.)

OU ees mE NS

CANNED TUNA IN BRINE EXPORTS
TO UNITED STATES, 1960:

Japanese exports of canned tuna inbrine January-December
1960 amounted to: white meat, 986,853 standard cases (48 7-
oz. cans) valued at $9,309,180 f.0.b.; light meat, 1,057,709
standard cases valued at $7,063,731 f.o.b., according to Japa-
nese official export records.

oie! Ky evs: i

SEVENTH SALE TO UNITED STATES
OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE:

The seventh sale of canned tuna in brine for export to
the United States was approved early in July by the Japan Can-
ned Foods Exporters Association's Standing Tuna Sales Com-
mittee. The quantity approved was 150,000 cases, consisting
of lightmeat (skipjack). Shipment was scheduled for July-Au-
gust 1961,

Of the 50,000 cases of lightmeat on the sixth or last sale,
some 20,000 cases of skipjack remained on hand with the ex-
porters, and that amount also was included with the seventh
sale. ) (Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai Shimbun, July 8,
1961.

Dien renlones oer oe

CANNED TUNA IN OIL
EXPORTS TO EUROPE:

Figures from the Japan Export Canned
Tuna Fisheries Association show that a total
of 135,728 cases of canned tuna in oil were
approved for export in April 1961. Included
are 43,912 cases of albacore, 10,667 cases
of yellowfin, 62,897 cases of big-eyed, 4,865
cases of skipjack, and 13,387 cases of ''flake-
type'' tuna. Principal markets (listed in ord-
er of importance) were West Germany, which
led with 30,578 cases, Canada, Lebanon,
Netherlands, and Kuwait. (Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, June 30, 1961.)

PRICES FOR EXPORTS OF
FROZEN TUNA TO U.5S.:

Reflecting the demand for raw tuna, the
Japanese f.o.b. export market prices of fro-
zen tuna for shipment to the United States
has been advancing gradually since mid-May

Vol. 23, No. 9

1961, and in early June reached about US$320
a short ton for albacore; and $270-$275 for
yellowfin gilled and gutted, weighing 20-80
pounds.

Some 5,000 short tons of yellowfin tuna
were exported in April and May, almost as
much as planned, while albacore amounted to
some 1,100 tons, considerably less than ex-
pected. (The Suisan Tsushin, June 13, 1961.)

OK Ok ok 3

FISHERY AGENCY LICENSES 15 TUNA
MOTHERSHIPS WITH PORTABLE
CATCHER BOATS:

The Japanese Fishery Agency, on April 18,
1961, authorized two types of tuna mothership
operations: (1) tuna motherships employing
regular catcher vessels; and (2) tuna mother-
ships fishing with portable catcher boats. Sub-
sequently, the Japanese fishing companies,
planning to operate tuna motherships of the
latter type, formed an association called Port-
able-Vessel-Carrying Mothership Association,
One of the primary functions of the Associa-
tion is to arrange for the purchase of vessel
rights for the purpose of constructing portable
boats under the replacement system estab-
lished by the Fishery Agency.

At the present, the Association consists of
16 member firms. Applications submitted by
these firms to engage in tuna fishing, using
portable boats, total approximately 30. Of
these, the Fishery Agency as of June 1961 has
licensed 11 firms to operate a total of 15 moth-
erships. As far as can be ascertained, it ap-
pears that each mothership will be carrying
only one portable catcher vessel. (Nippon
Suisan Shimbun, June 28; Shin Suisan Shimbun
Sokuho, July 4, 1961.)

me oe ok ook ole

FISHERY AGENCY TO CONSOLIDATE
TUNA RESEARCH:

The Japanese Fishery Agency is now study-
ing plans to consolidate all tuna research be-
ginning in 1962, and is planning to ask for a
small budget in 1962 to get the program
started.

Tuna research is now being conducted
at several research institutions and although
important they only present a fragmentary
picture of the over-all tuna problem. The
Fishery Agency hopes to consolidate all work
done on tuna so that effective use can be made
of information collected. The collection of

September 1961

Japan (Contd.):

data would be assigned to prefectural re-
search vessels and training vessels belong-
ing to fisheries high schools, and the data
collected would be processed at a central
unit.

Tuna research being conducted at the
Nankai Regional Fisheries Research Labora-
tory is considered to be of good quality, and
one objective of the program will be to in-
crease the production of good-quality re-
search. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 28,
1961.)

kK ok oe ok

CONTROL OF ATLANTIC OCEAN TUNA
FLEET BY EXPORTERS
ASSOCIATION PROPOSED:

The Japanese Fishery Agency is consid-
ering turning over control of the Japanese
Atlantic tuna fleet to the Export Frozen Tuna
Fisheries Association. The Association
would regulate the operations of the Atlantic
tuna fleet and the landing of Atlantic Ocean
tuna. The Fishery Agency is also reported
to be considering licensing all tuna vessels
in the Atlantic Ocean as ''commercial" fish-
ing vessels and not as "experimental" fish-
ing vessels, as has been the practice in the
past. The purpose of the change would be to
simplify the management of the Atlantic tuna

fishery and to vest control in a civilian group.

This means that the Association would con-
trol the flow of tuna in the Atlantic Ocean
area,

In practice, the Association has been set-
ting catch quotas for the Atlantic Ocean fleet
and the Fishery Agency has been licensing
fishing vessels to operate as ''experimental’'
fishing vessels within the framework of the
quotas set by the Association, The Fishery
Agency has also been designating ports in
the Atlantic Ocean, of which there are nine,
where Japanese tuna long-liners could land
their catches. However, in practice it took
the Fishery Agency some time to issue per-
mits for vessels to land their catches at cer-
tain ports so that at times fishing vessels
were receiving the authority some time after
they had landed their catches.

The Fishery Agency plans to draft abroad
policy for the Atlantic Ocean tuna fishery and
to leave the execution of the policies and the

management of the fishery to the Association.

July 10, 1961.)

*k ook ok ok ook

(Nippon Suisan Shimbun,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81

FROZEN ALBACORE TUNA
EXPORT MARKET CONDITIONS:

The prevailing high ex-vessel prices paid
in June 1961 for albacore by canners in Japan
are making it most difficult for frozen tuna
exporters to compete for raw fish. The ex-
port price of frozen albacore was about
US$320 to $330 a short ton in that month, but
canners were reported to be offering as much
as 130 yen a kilogram ($327 a short ton) for
raw albacore and frozen tuna exporters can-
not compete at that price. As a result, con-
signments of frozen albacore for export pur-
poses as of June only amounted to about 200
tons and it is unlikely that more than 400 tons
of albacore taken by the Japanese fleet will be
exported this year.

Exports of albacore caught by the Japanese
shore-based fleet have been declining in the
last two years. In 1959, those exports a-
mounted to 800 tons; in 1960, about 600 tons.
(Suisan Tsushin, June 30, 1961.)

FISHERY LANDINGS DOWN
AT YAIZU IN MAY 1961:

Landings of tuna and other fish at the im-
portant Japanese tuna port of Yaizu during
May 1961 totaled 16,900 metric tons, 186 tons
less than in the same month last year. Ex-
vessel prices were higher than last year and
the value of the landings was $4,143,889, about
$391,000 above the value reported last year.
The bulk of the landings was tuna.

Yaizu Fishery Landings, May 1961
Metric Tons

Indianl/

Big-eyed

Albacore

Skipjack ...
Wellowfin’ (30/1
Swordfish, broadbil

1/Indian Ocean bluefin tuna,

Entering into the regular season for alba-
core and skipjack, landings increased some-
what in May but they were not enough to fill
the demand of the canners.

Landings of all fishat Yaizu during January-
May totaled 56,008 tons, valued at $14,811,111
ex-vessel--3,383 tons less than last year in
quantity but $2,279,908 more in value. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, June 22, 1961.)

Je le gle cle ok
KOK OK

82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

TUNA LANDINGS AT YAIZU IN JUNE 1961:

A survey made by the Yaizu Fisherman*s Cooperative As-
sociation shows that in June 1961 a total of 16,709 metric tons
of fish valued at 1,477,560,000 yen (US$4.1 million) were land-
ed at Yaizu, one of Japan’s major tuna ports, This represents
an increase of 3,690 metric tons and 258 million yen ($717,000)
over June 1960.

Skipjack tuna led in landings with 5,894 metric tons, an in-
crease of about 2,600 tons over the same month last year, Al-
bacore landings totaled 5,253 metric tons, or about 600 tons
less than in June 1960, (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, July 6, 1961.)

Fishery Landings at Port of Yaizu
Average
Ex-Vessel

Species
and
Period Qty. Value Price
Metric 1,000 US$ Per
Tons Yen 1,000 Short Ton
June 1961:
Skipjack tuna.... 5,894 400,741] 1,113 $169
Albacore ’ Seer 5,253 657,899] 1,827 $315
Other tuna species 3,820 344,847 958 $227
Pacific mackerel . 1,193 43,467 121 $ 91
Othersts, ieefelsdasete 549 30,606

pisbensie (rice 1,477,560
(Cumulative Landings:
Jan.-June 1961 ..
Jan.-June 1960 ..

SUMMER ALBACORE TUNA FISHERY
TRENDS AS OF JUNE 1961:

Much was expected from this year's Japa-
nese summer albacore tuna fishery because
early in the season oceanic and fishing con-

ditions were considered favorable. In the
latter part of May 1961, however, when the
catch picks up rapidly in the average year,
landings failed to increase as expected. June
landings were no more than 30 or 40 percent
of landings in the same period last year.

Some 7,300 metric tons of summer alba-
core were landed at Yaizu and Shimizu (two
most important Japanese tuna ports) by June
10, which was but 60 percent of last year's
12,000 tons by the same date. The ex-ves-
sel price dropped below US$276 a metric ton
in mid-May, but it rose again and around
June 10 reached $322-$329 for fish weighing
about 28 pounds. Buyers of the fish were
almost entirely canners because the price
was too high for the freezers.

Summer Albacore una Landings at Yaim and
Shimizu, April-June 1960-61
j1 | ist Part of | Middle Part | Latter Part | ist Part of
cee ee re el ere

(Metric Fons) . « o «

Vol. 23 Now9

Because of the poor albacore fishing through
the first part of June this year, half of the 200
hook-and-line vessels fishing albacore switch-
ed to skipjack fishing. For this reason, skip-
jack tuna landings are increasing more than
last year and as of mid-June, 200-300 tons a
day on the average were being landed at Yaizu
and Shimizu. The ex-vessel price for skip-
jack was $163-$185 a metric ton. Although
the canners have begun to buy skipjack, buying
was not in full swing as of June 20. (Suisan
Tsushin, June 20, 1961.)

kK OK ok ok

ALBACORE TUNA FISHING PICKS UP:

According to a news dispatch from Yaizu,
albacore fishing has picked up considerably.
The combined landings of albacore at Yaizu
and Shimizu from June 11-22, 1961 were re-
ported from 200 to 500 metric tons of fish per
day.

A survey made by the Tokai University's
fishery laboratory shows that a total of about
190 to 200 tuna vessels are concentrated in
the area of good fishing, which lies between
145° and 150° E. longitude and between 31°
and 34° N, latitude. This concentration of
effort in one area is causing the laboratory
some concern. The laboratory feels that the
areas to the east of 150° should also be ex-
plored in case fishing should fall off in the
area of heavy fishing. (Suisan Keizai Shim-
bun, June 23, 1961.)

kk ok OK

ALBACORE AND SKIPJACK TUNA
LANDINGS AND PRICES, JUNE 18-24:

During the week of June 18-24, 1961, a to-
tal of 1,946 metric tons of albacoreand1,201
tons of skipjack were landed at the principal
Japanese tuna ports of Shimizu and Yaizu.
Price for albacore ranged from a low of 110
yen a kilogram (US$277 a short ton) at the
beginning of the week to a high of 137 yena
kilogram ($345 per short ton) on June 22 and
23. Skipjack for the fresh fish market sold
for a high of 160 yen a kilogram ($403 per
short ton) on June 20; skipjack for canning
purposes sold from a low of 54 yen a kilo-
gram ($136 per short ton) to a high of 64 yen
a kilogram ($161 per short ton), but for the
most part sold around the 61 yen level ($153
a short ton).

Albacore landings at Shimizu totaled 677
metric tons, and at Yaizu 1,269 metric tons.
Of the skipjack landed during the week, 1,071

September 1961

Japan (Contd.):

metric tons were landed at Yaizu, of which
816 tons were landed during the last three
days of the week. (Suisan Tsushin, June 26,
1961.)

sese Tle se se
pics icel sea ste

ALBACORE AND SKIPJACK TUNA
LANDINGS AND PRICES,
JUNE 25-JULY 1, 1961:

For the week of June 25 to July 1, 1961,
approximately 1,700 metric tons of albacore
and 2,200 tons of skipjack tuna were landed
at the three Japanese ports of Shimizu, Yaizu,
and Kesennuma. These data are not com-
plete since landings at Yaizu on July 1 and
landings at Kesennuma for June 28 to July 1
are not included.

Albacore landings at Shimizu totaled 703
tons, Yaizu 886 tons, and Kesennuma 94 tons.
Skipjack landings at Shimizu totaled 249 tons,
Yaizu 1,660 tons, and Kesennuma 280 tons.

Ex-vessel prices for albacore ranged
from a low of 114 yena kilogram (US$288 a
short ton) at Kesennuma on June 27 to a high
of 135 yen per kilogram ($340 a short ton) at
Shimizu on June 30. For the most part, alba-
core sold in the range of 120 to 130 yena
kilogram ($302 to $327 per short ton).

Skipjack ex-vessel prices showed a wide
fluctuation depending on whether they were
sold for the fresh fish trade or for canning
purposes. Those for canning generally sold
between 55 yen to about 68 yen a kilogram
($139 to $171 a short ton). (Suisan Tsushin,
July 3, 1961.)

OK KR Ok

ALBACORE AND SKIPJACK TUNA
FISHING TRENDS, JULY 1961:

SS tee ete

The albacore tuna schools early in July had moved far~-
ther offshore and the Japanese domestic tuna fleet was fish~
ing for albacore approximately 900 to 1,000 miles east of the
Japanese mainland. All small tuna vessels had switched to
skipjack fishing. The larger tuna fishing vessels which were
still fishing for albacore were reported to be averaging about
35-40 metric tons of albacore per trip. Those vessels were
planning to make one final trip, which meant that albacore
would be landed until the end of July.

For the first 15 days of July, the ex-vessel price of alba-
core held steady for the most part between 130 and 140 yen per
kilogram (US$327 to $353 per short ton). These prices are
somewhat higher than prices in late June when albacore sold
for 120 to 130 yen per kilogram ($302 to $327 per short ton).

The ex-vessel price of skipjack crept up slightly towards
the middle of July, with skipjack for canning purposes selling
generally between 70 to 75 yen per kilogram ($176 to $189 per
short ton). Towards the end of June, skipjack had sold be-
tween 55 to 68 yen per kilogram ($139 to $171 a short ton).

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

83

Landings of Tuna at Principal Japanese Ports

Skipjack

Albacore Yellowfin

(Metric Tons)

1,382
185
220

A small quantity (172 metric tons) of yellowfin was landed
towards the middle of July and ex-vessel prices ranged from
60 to 85 yen per kilogram ($151 to $214 per short ton).
{Suisan Tsushin, July 10 & 17, 1961.)

BIG-EYED TUNA FISHING
REPORTED GOOD:

Japanese fish sausage makers who ear-
lier this year faced a shortage of tuna were
reported to have an ample supply of fish on
hand as of June 1961. This turn of events
was attributed to the pickup in big-eyed tuna
fishing in the area north of New Guinea and
southwest of the Philippine Islands.

According to the captain of a Japanese ves-
sel which landed 200 metric tons of big-eyed
tuna at Yokohama in late June, all of which
were sold to one firm for fish sausage, fishing
was poor in the Indian Ocean and Australian
waters and the Japanese tuna fleet was con-
centrated in the area between 125° W. and 135°
W. longitude near the vicinity of 5° N. lati-
tude. Catches consisted mainly of big-eyed
tuna, and they were being utilized primarily
for fish sausage.

Big-eyed tuna had sold ex-vessel for over
100 yen a kilogram (US$251 a short ton) in
November and December 1960, then dropped
to about 90 yen a kilogram (US$227 a short
ton) in April and May of this year, and in June
was Selling for 80 to 70 yen a kilogram
(US$201 to $176 a short ton). Some compa-
nies had anticipated a decline in landings and
had stocked up large quantities of big-eyed
tuna when it sold for 90 yen a kilogram
(US$227 a short ton), but were not able to
dispose of the fish.

The decline in the big-eyed tuna price is
attributed not only to the excellent catches,
but to some extent also to the lack of cold-

84

Japan (Contd.):

storage space in Japan. Salmon and bottom-
fish taken in the North Pacific Ocean and Ber-
ing Sea are now being landed in Japan proper
and they are putting a critical drain on avail-
able storage space. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
June 22, 1961.)

eRe oe eee

NUMBER OF VESSELS FISHING TUNA
IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN:

As of the end of May 1961, there were
about 60 Japanese tuna vessels operating in
the Atlantic. Reports indicate that catches
have begun to decrease rapidly and the catch
by some vessels has been reduced to less
than 8,270 pounds a day on the average. This
drop in catch is causing concern among those
engaged in fishing tuna in the Atlantic.

When tuna fishing began in the Atlantic in
1957 and 1958, some vessels caught 33,080
pounds a day on the average and the catch
rate was 14-15 fish per 100 hooks. Thecatch
rate has been reduced to some 6-8 fish per
100 hooks. Also, because of the drop in

catch, the number of operating vessels is de-
clining. Because of this it is believed that
this year's total catch in the Atlantic is like-
ly to be much lower than last year's catch.

Planned Number of Japanese Vessels in the
Atlantic Tuna Fishery, April-September 1960-61
ear | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. |

While in 1960 the number of vessels fish-
ing tuna in the Atlantic gradually increased
from 54 in April to 60 in September, this
year the number is expected to decline from
64 in April to 46 in September.

It was also reported that two tuna vessels
of a large California cannery which this past
year have also been fishing tuna in the Atlan-
tic, have left for California because of de-
creasing catches. (The Suisan Tsushin, June
15 and 17,1961.)

POOR FISHING FORCES TUNA
LONG-LINERS TO MOVE
SOUTHWARD IN ATLANTIC OCEAN:

Poor fishing in the Atlantic Ocean during
June 1961 in the area between 10° N, and10°

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

S. latitude off the West African coast, where
the Japanese tuna long-line vessels normally
operate, has compelled the Japanese tuna fleet
to search for new grounds. The Japanese tuna
fleet began to move southward in mid-June
and by late June were operating in the vicinity
of 10° S. latitude and T0° E, longitude, with
some vessels fishing around 20° S, latitude
towards the Brazilian side of the Atlantic
Ocean.

Until late June the Japanese tuna long-
liners were averaging from 2 to 3 metric tons
of tuna per day, but fishing was reported to
have picked up since the fleet moved south,
with one 400-ton vessel reporting catches of
6 to 7 tons per day. However, as of the end
of June 1961, Atlantic Japanese tuna catches
were down about 40 percent as compared to
the same period last year.

The price for Japanese yellowfin tuna ex-
ports to Italy has been raised from $280 to
$285 a metric ton. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
July 8 and 13, 1961.)

HK OF OK Ok OK

TUNA MOTHERSHIP FIRMS PLAN TO
TRANSSHIP FROZEN TUNA
TO UNITED STATES:

A large Japanese fishing company, which
operates the tuna mothership Nojima Maru,
planned to transship 960 short tons of frozen
tuna from the mothership's catch to the United
States. This shipment was to be loaded at
Suva, Fiji Islands, in early September 1961
and delivered to San Francisco. The firm al-
so planned to have her carrier vessels make
three trips to Japan during the course of the
tuna mothership fishing season in the South
Pacific, and transport 960 tons of frozen tuna
on each trip. The company's parent company
was expected to handle all sales, both domes-
tic and foreign.

Another large fishing company, which op-
erates the tuna mothership No. 3 Tenyo Maru,
planned to transship to the United States via
Suva approximately 2,100 tons of frozen tuna
from that mothership's catch. The firm's
carrier vessels were scheduled to make a to-
tal of three trips to the United States, carry-
ing about 700 tons per trip. The trips were
scheduled for July 23, August 10, and Septem-
ber 1. In addition to these three transship-
ments, the same firm planned to ship to Ja-
pan about 4,000 tons of frozen fish in five
separate shipments of 800 tons each (would
include big-eyed tuna, large yellowfin

September 1961

Japan (Contd.):

over 100 pounds dressed, and shark) for
use in fish sausage.

(Catches of Two Japanese Tuna Mothership Fleets in South Pacific

795
310
272

A third Japanese fishing company planned
to dispatch a tuna mothership to the South
Pacific sometime in August. The article
does not identify the mothership but in the
past the firm has utilized the Jinyo Maru
(7,200 gross tons) as a tuna mothership and
it was expected that this same vessel would
be utilized for this purpose again. As of
late June the Jinyo Maru was engaged in
salmon fishing. The firm's tuna mothership
quota for this year is 3,612 metric tons.
(Suisan Tsushin, June 24; Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, June 22, 1961.)

K SK OK Se oe

RESEARCH VESSEL EXPLORES
NORTH AND CENTRAL PACIFIC
OCEAN FOR TUNA:

The Japanese Fishery Agency's research
vessel Shoyo Maru, 603 gross tons, was
scheduled to depart Tokyo July 18 to con-
duct a two-month survey of tuna fishing
grounds in the north and central Pacific
Ocean. The vessel called at Honolulu on
August 13 to bring Japanese fisheries scien-
tists to the Tuna Conference scheduled for
mid-August.

En route to Honolulu, the Shoyo Maru
planned to explore the grounds roughly be-
tween 160° W. longitude and between 38° and
42° N, latitude and on its return to Japan to
survey the distribution of young tuna in the
area lying between 160° E. and 175° W.
longitude along 20° N, latitude. (Japanese
periodicals Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 18;
Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, July 11,1961.)

stem eteolcer cise

CATCHES OF TUNA MOTHERSHIPS
IN SOUTH PACIFIC:
The Japanese tuna motherships No. 3
Tenyo Maru and Nojima Maru have “caught
a total of 4,725 metric tons of fish as of
June 27, 1961.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

_ Japanese Tuna Mothership Catches in South Pacific

Tuna:
Yellowfin

No. 3 Tenyo Maru fleet (45 catcher ves-
sels) was reported averaging 3 tons of fish
per catcher vessel per day; Nojima Maru
fleet was averaging about 2.8 tons of fish per
catcher vessel per day. (Suisan Keizai Shim-
bun, June 29, 1961.)

The carrier vessel Tsukishima Maru,
1,170 gross tons, was expected to transship
960 tons of frozen tuna from the tuna mother-
ship Nojima Maru. The Tsukishima Maru
was scheduled to depart Suva, Fiji Islands,

oon August 23 and arrive in San Francisco

around September 13.
bun, June 30, 1961.)

HK OK HK SK

FORECAST OF JAPANESE HALIBUT
CATCH BY VESSELS OPERATING
IN BERING SEA BOTTOMFISH FISHERY:
The Japanese halibut catch target in the
Bering Sea for the 1961 season, published
in Japanese periodicals in May and June, is
a composite figure compiled from license
applications submitted to the Japanese Fish-
ery Agency by the operating companies. The
Fishery Agency does not exercise quantity
controls over the Halibut catch by mother-
ship fleets in the North Pacific. The latest
compilation gives the target for the halibut
catch as 46,253 metric tons. This target is
for true halibut only, according to a July 20
report from the United States Embassy in
Tokyo.

(Suisan Keizai Shim-

Japanese halibut fishing is being conducted
between 170 degrees E. longitude and 175 de-
grees W. longitude along the 200-300 meter
(109-164 fathom) curve from Cape Olyutors-:
ki to 175 degrees W. longitude. The gear
used is mainly long lines. Trawls are fished
but not as successfully because of rough bot-
tom. Operating units consist of 127 long-line
vessels and 68 trawlers. Halibut range from
60 to 80 centimeters (23 to 31 inches) in
length, or 13 to 21 pounds each.

No definite schedule is followed in land-
ing the halibut catch in Japan. When mother-
ship freezers are taxed to capacity during

86

Japan (Contd.):

operations, halibut with other species are de-
livered by carrier vessels to Japan. Halibut
are generally dressed, sectioned into three
pieces, and frozen.

There is no concrete information on the
amount of halibut exports for 1961. The Ja-
pan Frozen Food Export Association informed
the Embassy an export target has not been
set up for halibut. The Fishery Agency ad-
vised that halibut exports for 1960 amounted
to about 10 percent of the catch. Preliminary
figures for 1960 show the halibut catch as
7,269 metric tons with 600 metric tons ex-
ported to the United States. In 1959 exports
totaled 411 metric tons of which 408 tons
went to the United States and 3 tons to Great
Britain,

In 1960 only 4 mothership fleets operated
in the area described above, but in 1961, 20
mothership fleets are fishing the same area

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

for halibut and other species of fish. The
total catch of halibut as of July 19 this sea-
son was 5,950 metric tons round weight.
Wholesale halibut prices in Tokyo are: small
28 U. S, cents a kilo (12.7 cents a pound),
medium 30 cents a kilo (13.6 cents a pound),
large 32 cents a kilo (14.5 cents a pound).
Demand is reported very active on the Japa-
nese market. Halibut exports to the United
States January-June 1961 amounted to 177
metric tons, with no exports to other coun-
tries.

Unofficial but informed sources regard
the catch target for 1961 unrealistic and
estimate that the halibut catch will be about
10,000 metric tons.

me OK OK OK OK

PLANS FOR EXPORT OF FROZEN
HALIBUT TO UNITED STATES:

As a new undertaking in 1961, a large
Japanese fishing company is reported to
have decided to start exports of halibut to
the United States beginning in’ July 1961,
through a large Japanese trading company.
Two export contracts with United States im-
porters and one with a British firm have
been concluded,

According to informed Japanese sources,
the latest estimate for exports of frozen
halibut to the United States is 2,000 short
tons of dressed fish and steaks, of which

Vol. 23, No. 9

1,500 tons will be steaks.

(Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, June 17, 1961.)

1 OK Ok KOK

BERING SEA BOTTOMFISH
FISHERY CATCHES LOWER
THAN EXPECTED:

Some of the Japanese firms which have fleets engaged in
the Bering Sea bottomfish fishery are becoming concerned
that operations may be in the red this year. Catches to mid-
June 1961 were lower than expected and the drop in catches is
attributed to the large concentration of fishing vessels ina
relatively confined area, Of a total of 28 fleets, 20 fleets are
concentrated in the area between Cape Navarin and Cape Olyu-
torski.

F age 1 - Japanese trawler attached to Japanese factoryship Shinyo
aru.

Prior to the beginning of the fishing season, an agreement
had been drafted by the companies concerning the conduct of
vessels planning to fish in the Olyutorski area but this agree-
ment on operations is reported to be rather ineffectual. The
fishing companies feel that the only way to correct the present
situation and help increase production is to remove the restric-
oe on the fishing grounds and allow the vessels to fish else-
where,

Specifically, the companies hope to have the ban removed
prohibiting their mothership fleets from fishing in areas other
than A, B, C, and D. They want their vessels to be allowed to
operate in areas E and F, as well as in the waters to the west
of 170° E, longitude and south of the Alaskan Peninsula,

Fig, 2 - Repairing nets aboard the Japanese refrigeration factory -
ship Shinyo Maru.

September 1961

Japan (Contd.):

The Japanese Fishery Agency has expressed the view that
requests to remove area restrictions will be denied, The
waters to the west of 170° E, longitude in the Bering Sea are
presently set aside for Japanese trawlers operating out of
Hokkaido, and areas E and F are presently restricted to the
fish meal motherships, oil-and-meal factoryships, and re-
frigeration factoryships which operated in those waters in
previous years. These are the vessels: Renshin Maru (14,094
gross tons), Gyokuei Maru (10,357 gross tons), Chiyo Maru
(7,194 gross tons), and Kinyo Maru (9,373 gross tons), which
are classified as fish meal factoryships; Tenyo Maru (11,581
gross tons), which is classified as an oil~and~meal factory~
ship; and the Shinyo Maru (5,630 gross tons), which is listed
as a refrigeration factoryship. The Fishery Agency believes
‘that the companies already engaged in fishing in the above
areas (areas E and F and the waters to the west of 170° E,
longitude) would strongly oppose changes permitting other
fleets to fish in waters which they had developed, As far as
permitting fishing south of the Alaska Peninsula is concerned,
the Fishery Agency definitely has no intention of opening up
this area due to the likelihood of halibut being caught inci-
dentally with other bottom fishes. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
June 23 & 25, 1961.)

Note: Areas A, B, C, and D include the waters in the Bering Sea between 170° E,
longitude and 170° W, longitude; area E includes the waters to the east of 170° W.
longitude; and area F is the triangular area formed by a line extending from Cape
Navarin to the Aleutian Islands along 180° longitude, east to Cape Sarichef, Uni-
mak Island, and back to Cape Navarin.

CTE C Ee Ee ENS

FISH MEAL PRODUCTION BY
BERING SEA FACTORYSHIPS
AS OF JUNE 30:

Production of the Japanese fish meal fac-
toryships operating in the Bristol Bay area
as of June 30 totaled 26,156\metric tons of
fish meal, 5,750 metric tons of fish solubles,
and 1,224 metric tons of fish oil. Five fac-
toryships belonging to three fishing compa-
nies are operating this season in the Bering
Sea. (Suisan Tsushin, July 10, 1961.)

errseasie) ive 11K

FACTORYSHIP FISH MEAL PRICES:

It appears likely that the fish meal pro-
duced by the Japanese fish meal factoryships
operating in the Bering Sea will be sold be-
tween 54,000 to 54,500 yen per metric ton
(US$136.00-137.89 a short ton) during the
first sale of this product. Producers hope
to get about 55,000 yen per metric ton ($138,80
a short ton); whereas, the national federation
representing users hopes to pay about 53,000
yen a metric ton ($133.36 a short ton).

Fish meal users also hope to have the
price of fish meal fixed according to protein
content. At the present time, the standard
for protein content is 65 percent but the pro-
tein content of imports fluctuate between 60
to 65 percent. The protein content of fish
meal produced by the Japanese fish meal
factoryships range from 67 to 70 percent and
it will be to the benefit of companies oper-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

87

ating these factoryships to have a system
where prices are fixed according to protein
content adopted, although this proposal origi-
nated from users. (Japanese fishery periodi-
cals Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, July 6; Nip-
pon Suisan Shimbun, July 7, 1961.)

Scape bisieia cis se

CANNED JACK MACKEREL EXPORTS:

The Japanese Canned Jack Mackerel Ex-
porters Association reports that consign-
ments to the Association for the period April
to June 1961 totaled 294,653 cases. Of that
amount, 221,557 cases were contracted for,
leaving a balance of slightly over 70,000 cases
on hand,

Miyako in Iwate Prefecture is considered Japan's leading mack-
erel port. Just before the opening of the mackerel season(some
time in September), boats assemble at Miyako flying colorful
pennants and at 6 a.m on the opening day sail for the fishing
areas.

The market for Japanese canned jack mack-
erel is limited to the countries in Southeast
Asia. Shipments of this product in April-June
were mainly to Singapore and Malaya, total-
ing 101,427 cases, or nearly half of the total
sales for the April-June period. Sales to
West Africa were next highest, totaling 46,890
cases, or approximately 20 percent of the to-
tal sales. Sales to Borneo, Hong Kong, and
Indonesia ranged from 3,000 to 4,000 cases.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 21, 1961.)

KOK OK ke ook

CANNED SARDINE PACK AND SALES:

The Japanese canned sardine pack April 1
to June 30, 1961, totaled 159,334 cases, Dur-
ing that'same period, 188,600 cases were
sold for export, of which 95,000 cases went
to the Philippines, 27,600 cases to Belgium,
22,840 cases to West Africa; 13,350 cases to
Indonesia, and lesser amounts to countries

88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

in Southeast Asia. Stocks on hand early in
July totaled 5,600 cases.

The boycott of South African sardines car-

ried out by some West African and Southeast

Asian nations is reported to be having a bene-

ficial effect on Japanese sales of sardines.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, July 11, 1961.)

NATURAL PACK SARDINES
TO BE CANNED:

Japan stopped producing natural-pack sar-
dines for export purposes a few years ago
since she was not able to compete with the
pack produced by South Africa, Instead, Ja-
pan concentrated on packing sardines in to-
mato sauce. However, a shortage of tomato
sauce exists in Japan at the present time,
particularly in Choshi, Chiba Prefecture,
and Japan has decided to go ahead and pro-
duce a limited amount of natural-pack sar-
dines this year.

The Export Canned Sardine Fisheries As-
sociation held a meeting with the sardine
joint sales company on June 27, 1961, and
unofficially established the following prices
for No. 4 (16-oz. can) canned sardines (nat-
ural) and a temporary pack target of 50,000
cases: wholesale price 2,050 yen (US$5.69)
per case; canner's price 1,960 yen (US$5.44)
per case,

Early in July sardines sold ex-vessel for
70 to 80 yen per kan ($47-$54 a short ton) at
Choshi, where fishing is excellent. Sardine
fishing is very poor elsewhere in Japan and
some packers in other regions are buying
sardines from Choshi at a cost of 130 to 140
yen per kan ($87-$94 per short ton). As of
July 3, Choshi packers had not yet begun to
produce natural-pack sardines which sell at
a lower price than sardines packed in toma-
to sauce. At the ex-vessel price of $47 to
$54 a short ton, Choshi packers are reported
to be making a profit of around 500 yen ($1.40)
per case on canned sardines in tomato sauce.
(Suisan Tsushin, June 28 & July 4, 1961.)

EXPORT PLANS FOR
CANNED PINK SALMON IN 1961:

Japan plans to export 300,000 cases (No.
ZO 72-ounce cans) of canned pink salmon
at a price of US$11.80 per case f.o.b. Japan,

Vol. 23, No. 9

The 300,000 cases are expected to be sold to
England and Australia. This amount is in ad-
dition to the 100,000 cases bought earlier this
year by six United States firms. (Suisan Tsu-
shin, July 1 & 4, 1961.) ;

Re Set Ee ee

EASTERN HOKKAIDO LAND-BASED
SALMON FISHERY:

The Japanese Fishery Agency began to is-
sue fishing licenses on June 21, 1961, to the
Hokkaido-based salmon gill-net fishing ves-
sels planning to fish in the Northwest Pacific
Fisheries Convention waters to the north of
45° N, latitude. Fishing was permitted inthis
restricted area beginning July 5 and ending
August 10. Only gill-net vessels were per-
mitted to fish in that area and they were re-
quired to pick up their permits by July 5.

Ps gw

Retrieving gill net and removing salmon from net aboard a Japa-
nese gill-netter in the North Pacific.

A total of 415 gill-net vessels were al-
lowed to fish in the restricted waters--277
were vessels ranging in size from: 30 gross
tons to a maximum of 75 tons (licensed by

September 1961

Japan (Contd.):

the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry),
and the remaining 138 vessels ranged insize
from 5 tons to 30 tons (licensed by the Gov-
ernor of Hokkaido), The Fishery Agency
fixed the individual quota of the 415 vessels
according to vessel size. Total catch quota
for the restricted area (north of 45° N, lati-
tude and south of 48° N, latitude) is 11,400
metric tons of salmon. (Nippon Suisan Shim-
bun, June 23, 1961.)

Ed Sno ee vibk ees

NORTH PACIFIC SALMON MOTHERSHIP
OPERATIONS AS OF JUNE 20:

The 12 Japanese salmon mothership fleets
in the North Pacific, which commenced fish-
ing on May 28, 1961, caught a total of about
26,000 metric tons of salmon as of June 18.
Every fleet is said to have attained about
half of its target. Catch of red salmon is
said to be excellent, making up about 70 per-
cent of the total catch.

Unlike last year, no fishing violations
were reported. This is attributed to (1) the
heavy fines that would be imposed on viola-
tors and (2) the threat of revoking the salm-
on fishing license of violators first in the
event that developments make it necessary
to reduce the size of the salmon fleet in the
future. The lack of violations is attributed
to some extent to the good catches of red
salmon and the prospects of operating at a
profit this year. Should fishing continue at
the present level, some motherships were
expected to terminate fishing around the mid-
dle of July, and others around July 20.

A later report stated that the 12 salmon
fleets have taken a total of 26,402 metric tons
of salmon as of June 20 and the fleets had
begun to move westward. Some fleets had
already met two-thirds of their quota and
those vessels should have been able to catch
their full quota well before the close of the
fishing season on August 10, even if fishing
slowed down. (Suisan Tsushin, June 22;
Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 27, 1961.)

CSUR en ook

BRISTOL BAY KING CRAB FISHERY:

The Japanese king crab factoryship Tokei
Maru operating in the Bristol Bay area had
produced approximately 64,000 cases of can-
ned king crab meat as of June 18, 1961. If

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

89

Tokei Maru, Japanese crab factoryship.

crab fishing continued good, the Tokei Maru
was expected to reach her target of 80,000
cases in early July. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
June 21, 1961.)

eK ok OK Ok

BRISTOL BAY CRAB-FACTORYSHIP
ATTAINS PACK GOAL:

The Tokei Maru (5,385 tons) crab-fishing
fleet jointly operated in Bristol Bay by three
Japanese companies reported early in July
1961 that it had attained its pack goal of 80,000
cases (48 $-lb, cans) of canned crab meat.
The fleet this year left the fishing grounds
for Hakodate, Hokkaido, a few days earlier
than last year, (Japanese newspaper, July 8,
1961.)

Editor's Note: Early this year the Shinyo
Maru factoryship fleet was also reported fish-
ing crabs in Bristol Bay but no pack target
was announced for it.

sk 3k) ok 2k 3k
MOTHERSHIP FLEETS OPERATING
IN NORTH PACIFIC, 1961:

Data on the projected catch of salmon, bot-
tomfish, crabs, and whales by the Japanese
mothership fleets operating in the North Pa-
cific in 1961 have been obtained from the Jap-
anese Fishery Agency and segments of the
fishing industry. These data confirm and
summarize information obtained piece-meal
from various Japanese periodicals,

90

Japan (Contd.):

Salmon Fishery: A total of 12 mothership
fleets with 410 catcher boats are operating in
the North Pacific salmon fishery. All of the
fleets left May 21, 1961. The production quota
for the mothership fleets is 53,600 metric
tons. The mothership fleets were allotted 82
percent of the Japanese quota of 65,000 metric
tons set under the terms of agreement
reached at the 1961 Japanese-Soviet fish-
ery negotiations, The remainder of the quota
of 11,400 tons was assigned to the land-based
fishery. In addition, a permissible catch of
70,000 tons outside the regulated waters of
the Soviet-Japanese Convention area or south
of 48° N, latitude has been set.

Bottomfish Fishery: A total of 28 mother-
ships with 362 catcher boats are engaged in
the North Pacific bottomfish fishery. Most
of the fleets left port in April, but a few left
in May. One fleet is expected to return on
July 22, 3 on September 30, and the balance
late in October. The estimated production
of the fleets is 61,984 metric tons of fish
meal, 145,729 tons of frozen fish, 2,512 tons
of salted fish, and 56,400 cases of shrimp
(48 $-lb. cans).

Crab Fishery: A total of 6 mothership
fleets with 79 catcher boats are fishing for
crabs in the North Pacific. Two of the fleets

left port on April 5, and 4 on April 24, 1961.
Four of the six fleets have an estimated pro-
duction target of 65,000 cases (48 $-Ib cans)
each, one fleet 80,000 cases, and for the sixth

fleet no production target has been set.

A good haul of king crabs aboard a Japanese crab factoryship in
the North Pacific.

Whaling: Two mothership fleets with 15
catcher boats are hunting and processing
whales in the North Pacific. Both left port
in May. One fleet has a quota of 1,800 sperm

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

whales, and the second has a quota of 800 blue-
whale units. (United States Embassy, Tokyo,
June 8, 1961.)

sle sk ste ste oe
kok ok ok ok

LARGE FIRM'S PLANS FOR FROZEN

AND CANNED OYSTER EXPORTS IN 1961:

A large Japanese oyster producer -process-
ing firm plans to export to the United States
300 short tons of frozen oysters and 40,000
cases of canned oysters between August and
November 1961.

In 1960, this firm exported to the United
States 32 tons of frozen oysters at 50-55 cents
a pound f.o.b. Japan and 60,000 cases of can-
ned smoked oysters. The glass-packed oys-
ters sold for $4.10 and the canned oysters
sold for $3.80 per case f.o.b. Japan.

The pack of canned oysters in Japan in1961
is estimated at 210,000 cases, or about 50 per-
cent of a normal year's production of 400,000

cases. As aresult, prices are expected to go
up in late fall. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June
30, 1961.)

Diesel ne. Or
Soman

FROZEN SWORDFISH EXPORTS
TO THE UNITED STATES:

The estimated quota for Japanese sword-
fish production for 1961 is about 5,500 met-
ric tons. The bulk of this quota will be
filled during periods of good fishing, usually
between June and September and between
December and February of each year. In
1960, Japan's exports of frozen swordfish
to the United States consisted of 5,003 met-
ric tons of swordfish fillets, 188 tons of

A swordfish being hauled aboard a Japanese catcher boat.

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

Japan (Contd.):

Table 1 - Japanese Frozen Swordfish Exports to United States’

Fillet 1/ Chunk 2/

Steaks 3/

1960:

January...

February. . 11 140 98
March.... 12 122 86
April 26 129 89
INESASO) Glee 9 95 66
June 5 89 64
Ol yiareveile, este 5 82 60
August 11 87 63
[September . 7 75 56
October... 15 90 68
November . 78
December .

2/80-
3/Less than 2 pounds per piece.
"n.a." - Not available.

Table 2 - Japanese Average F.O.B. Prices for Frozen
Swordfish Exports to U. S,

chunks, and 1,267 tons of steaks. (United
States Embassy, Tokyo, June 12, 1961.)

KOK OK Ok

RESEARCH ASSOCIATION TO STUDY
REVISION OF INTERNATIONAL NORTH
PACIFIC FISHERIES CONVENTION:

The Northern-Seas Fisheries Resources
Research Council, which is a unit of the Ja-
pan Fisheries Association, has set up a Ja-
pan-United States Canada Fishery Agree-
ment Research Association within the Japan-
United States-Canada Fishery Subcommittee.

The purpose of this new Association is to study
and make recommendations for revision of the
International Convention for the High-Seas
Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean, which
has been in force since June 1953.

The Research Association held its first
plenary session on June 17, 1961. It was re-
ported in the Japanese language press that the
Treaty is an unequal one which forces Japan
to abstain from fishing for salmon and salm-
on-trout east of the provisional territory line
located at 175° W. longitude and that the Re-
search Association is expected to study this
and other problem areas with a view to the
possible revision of the Convention. (United
States Embassy, Tokyo, June 30, 1961.)

Se\liste hi slenisie ss
SEESC eno a

TRANSSHIPMENTS OF ATLANTIC TRAWL
FISHERY CATCHES OFF WEST AFRICA:

Catches of the Japanese trawl fleet oper-
ating in West African Atlantic waters are
primarily being transshipped to Japan via
commercial vessels. The first transshipment
of 400 tons of trawl fish was made in Septem-
ber 1960. Since then, transshipments via
foreign commercial vessels have been increas-
ing. To cite recent shipments: June 4, 1961,
the vessel Ispaniola unloaded 2,300 tons offish
at Shimizu; July 6, the vessel Golden Ocean
was scheduled to have unloaded 1,200 tons of
fish at Shimonoseki in southern Japan. As of
June 26, approximately 6,000 tons of trawl
fish have been transshipped to Japan on com-
mercial vessels; whereas, only 1,800 tons
have been brought back to Japan by fishing
vessels.

The cost of transporting frozen fish from
West Africa to Japan is reported to be cheaper
than the cost of hauling frozen fish from Ja-
pan to the United States.

One of the large Japanese fishing compa-
nies operating in the West African trawl fish-
ery expects catches to increase, and plans on
placing the freezer vessel No. 37 Banshu
Maru, 3,700 gross tons, on the Atlantic run
when that vessel is not engaged in hauling fish
from the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea.
The same fishing company is also construc-

. ting a freezer vessel of about the same size

as No. 37 Banshu Maru, which it plans to put
on the Atlantic run,

Two other Japanese fishing companies are
engaged in the Atlantic trawl fishery off West
Africa, These two companies are also plan-

92

Japan (Contd.):

ning to tranship the catches of their trawl
fleets. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, June 26,
1961.)

Editor's Note: The first company men-
tioned uses the port of Las Palmas, Canary
Islands, as a base of operations for its At-
lantic trawl fleet and is presently construct-
ing a 3,000-ton cold-storage plant at that port.

Sa slentale
pedicle ear skcupoe

TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS WITH EEC
NATIONS INCLUDED FISHERY PRODUCTS:
The Japanese Government announced on

July 4, 1961, the results of the GATT (Gener -
al Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) negotia-
tions with the European Economic Communi-
ty (EEC) nations. Nine items were removed
from the tariff schedule and 23 appendeditems
negotiated. Four of the 23 items are marine

products, which Japan exports to Italy and
West Germany:

: Common Range of Existing

. (percent Ad Valorem)...

0-20
0-5
18
10

Marine products for which tariff rates
were agreed upon earlier:

Although the Common Market tariff rate
on frozen tuna of 25 percent represents an
increase of 5 percent from the existing rate
in the Common Market nations, whichranges
from 0 to 20 percent, the Italian Government,
through its Embassy in Tokyo, announced in
mid-May that Italy will not tax imports of

frozen tuna until 1971. This means that the
Common Market rate for frozen tuna will go
into effect in 1969 in all Common Market na-
tions (West Germany, France, Netherlands,
Belgium, and Luxembourg) except Italy.

According to earlier reports, these nations
were reported to,be considering a common
tariff rate of 7.5 percent for 1962, which
would then be raised to 15 percent and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

then to 25 percent in 1969. (Japanese period-
icals Suisan Tsushin, March 30; Shin Suisan
Shimbun, July 10, 1961.)

Da ety, sy econ
ok oo ok ok ook

TUNA VESSELS APPROVED FOR
CONSTRUCTION, FISCAL YEARS 1958-60:

A total of 407 tuna fishing vessels were approved for con-
struction for fiscal year 1960 (April 1, 1960 to March 31,

, 1961), according to the Japanese Fishery Agency. This is the

largest number of tuna vessels ever licensed for construction
in any one year since the end of World War II, and represents
an increase of 85 vessels over fiscal year 1959 and 255 over
fiscal year 1958, The increase in 1960, which is due largely
to the relaxation of regulations on enlarging tuna fishing ves-
sels, is mainly in tuna vessels under 40 tons, for which li-
censes are not required, and in steel vessels over 200 tons. .
On the other hand, applications for permits to construct
medium-class tuna vessels (40 tons to 100 tons) showed a de-
cline,

Table 1 - Tuna Vessels Approved for Construction,
Fiscal Years, oes

FY 1960

No. | Gross
Vessels} Tons

a0
36

FY | _Fyi959_| FY | _Fy1958_|

Gites No. | Gross
Vessels} Tons

Size
and
Type

Steel Vessels:
Under 100 tons
100 to 200 tons
Over 200 tons

Wooden Vessels:
39-ton vessels
40 to 100 tons

As for vessels actually launched in any one year, fiscal year
1960 also leads in this category. For 1960, a total of 112 steel
vessels and 214 wooden vessels were completed,

Table 2 - Tuna Vessels Completed in Fiscal Year 1960

Steel Vessels:
Less than 100 tons
Between 100 to 200 tons
Over 200 tons

Wooden Vessels:
39 gross tons
40 to 100 tons
(not indicated)

Construction of medium-class tuna vessels is at a low level
and this development will likely affect the tuna mothership
fishery. Tuna motherships presently cannot utilize vessels
over 200 tons as catcher vessels and they already are having
difficulty chartering vessels under 200 tons.

One development of the present vessel construction trend
has been the boom in the market of license rights. It is re-
ported that tuna fishing license rights are now selling for about
300,000 yen (US$830) a ton. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 17,
1961.)

September 1961

Mauritania

GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGES
INVESTMENT IN FISHING INDUSTRY:

The Livestock, Maritime Fisheries, and
Animal Industries Service of the Republic of
Mauritania has issued a brief publication en-
titled Note sur les Possibilites de Peche sur
la Cote Mauritanienne (“Note on the Fishing
Possibilities off the Coast of Mauritania").
It attempts to show very briefly what the po-
tentials are for the development of the indus-
try.

According to this publication, between
20,000 and 35, 000 metric tons of "courbine,"')
Sciaena aquila (probably croaker -like species),
Diagramma mediterraneum (probably species
of snapper), mullet, and small sharks are
caught by Canary Islanders within Mauritan-
ia's coastal waters. The catch, which is sea-
sonal, supplies three small industrial fish-
drying and salting plants in Port-Etienne,
which in turn annually export approximately
3,000 tons to central African markets. In
addition, two spiny lobster (langouste) can-
neries are established in Port- Etienne.

A large number of foreign trawlers oper-
ate outside the territorial waters of Mauri-
tania. At one count, there were 80 Spanish,
39 Portuguse, 10 Greek, and 6 Italian vessels
fishing for a wide variety of fish. Also, 660
tons of live spiny lobsters and 670 tons of
frozen spiny lobster tails were exported and
an unregistered amount were caught within the
territorial waters of Mauritania,

The publication concludes with an outline
of investment costs and equipment available
for prospective industry. Offered are lots
for construction, and approximate costs for
electricity, fresh water, ice, labor and petro-
leum products are quoted, as are customs
dues and taxes,

Although the Mauritanian fishing industry
is relatively undeveloped, and recently re-
ceived a major set-back when a newly-ac-
quired large freezing and canning vessel was
completely destroyed by fire, the Government
continues to press for added investment in
this field. Of particular promise is the spiny
lobster industry which is already exploited by
the French. (United States Embassy in Dakar,
June 30, 1961.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

93

Malaya

JAPANESE NEGOTIATE FOR
ANOTHER TUNA FISHING BASE:

The Japanese Tokushima (Prefecture) Tuna
Fishing Cooperative Association plans on send-
ing two of its members to Kuala Lumpur, Fed-
eration of Malaya, to investigate the possibil-
ity of establishing a joint fishing base at Kuala
Lumpur and to negotiate with Malayan officials
on this matter. The Association hopes to con-
struct a cold-storage plant and a cannery, and
base a fleet of 100-ton tuna fishing vessels at
Kuala Lumpur,

Japanese already operate one joint fishing
company in Penang located to the north of Ku-
ala Lumpur, This firm, which began opera-
tions in February 1960, has a cannery capa-
ble of processing tuna, The entire production
(canned tuna in soybean oil) of this firm is
presently being exported to Europe. In May
1961, the firm was reported to be having dif-
ficulty in contracting Japanese tuna fishing
vessels to fish for the company. Subsequent -
ly, this firm had to shut down for a while due
to lack of fish but was expected to resume
normal operations. Two tuna fishing vessels,
No. 10 Kompira Maru, 149 gross tons, and
No. 5 Myojin Maru, 96 gross tons, from Mi-
yagi Prefecture, have agreed to fish for the
company. These two vessels were expected
to depart Japan for Penang in late July. As
of June 1961, only one vessel, No. 2 Fuku
Maru, was fishing for the firm. This vessel
is operating in the Indian Ocean, (Japanese
fishery periodicals Nippon Suisan Shimbun,
July 5; Suisan Tsushin, July 11, 1961; and
miscellaneous sources, )

Mexico

WEST COAST SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS,
SECOND QUARTER 1961:

Shrimp landings at Mexico's west coast
ports of Guaymas and Mazatlan during the
second quarter of 1961 were heavier than nor-
mal, the shrimp sizes were smaller, and
brown shrimp predominated. This resulted
in lower prices, As of May 30, 1961, nearly
14,800 metric tons (8, 315 tons at Mazatlan
and 6,479 tons at Guaymas) had been landed
at the two major shrimp ports on the Gulf of
California, about 90 percent of the catch from
the Gulf and the remainder from estuaries
and rivers, Shrimp landings for the 1960/1961
season, which began in the fall of 1960 and

94

Mexico (Contd.):

ended on July 15, were higher than the previ-
ous season, but prices were low--ex-vessel
prices for the season through June of this
year averaged 56 to 57 U.S. cents a poundas
compared to an average of 70 cents a pound
for the 1959/1960 season. Few vessels were
active in the second quarter of 1961. At
least one Mazatlan owner planned to send
some of his vessels to the Baja California
coast on July 15 when the closed season went
into effect onthe Gulf of California.

The ''closed season'' for the shallow estu-
aries which went into effect on April 15 will
continue until October 1. Total landings in
those areas rarely exceed 1,000 tons andthis
ban primarily affects cooperatives and small
independent fishermen.

As of July 1, 1961, no information was
available on landings by the Topolobampo,
Sinaloa, and Puerto Penasco, Sonora, fleets
but they account for only a small portion of
the total landings on Mexico's west coast.

The project for the exploitation of spec-
ies of edible fish other than shrimp had not
worked well as of early July this year, with
heavy losses reported in the Topolobampo
area where this type of fishing is con-
centrated,

New benefits for the shrimp industry were
announced in late May 1961, among thema 5-
million peso (US$400, 000) credit for the con-
struction of 14 new shrimp vessels for the
Guaymas fleet. This will increase the num-
ber of vessels at Guaymas to 200, Most of
the present vessels are over 12 years old.

During the recent campaign tour of the
Governor-elect of Sonora, cooperative fish-
ermen in Guaymas requested improved ser-
vices, a delineation of the fishing boundaries
between Sonora and Sinaloa, and the con-
struction of a cooperative freezing plant.
(United States Consulate, Nogales, dispatch
dated July 6, 1961.)

SEC.
6 Sr

es ass
\ 3
ee)

FOREIGN TRADE, PRODUCTION,
AND SUPPLY OF FISH AND
MARINE-ANIMAL OILS, 1960:

Imports: In 1960, the Netherlands import-
. ed a total of 74,369 metric tons of crude fish'

Netherlands

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

and marine-animal oils, valued at US$13 mil-
lion. Of the total quantity, 27.2 percent was
received directly from whaling factoryships,
19.0 percent from the United States, and
14.3 percent from the Soviet Union,

Table 1 - Netherlands Imports of Fish and
Marine-Animal Oils, 1960

Product & Origin

United States! ejects .
Belgium-Luxembourg ... 2+ ee
United Kingdom , .
West: Germany. /:'e 116.0! «| we
Iceland

Angola eee Gur)
South West-Africa 2°
Union of South Africa ..
Canadair veis tee .
eriluunciie tenement

Chileye cols; euciel elie jeijor ews
Argentine ....

Japan eve: erisie
Australia ..

°
oO jewe Me. 8\ eine ie 1a: te

°
°

eco ee ee eo oO
e

Total
United Kingdom .....s0«
West Germany ....e.
Norway .
Peru
Japan’ 7s sire: joie ene
Other verse evens

Total

Spermaceti:
Belgium-Luxembourg . « « « « « «fe
United Kimgdom) << 0:01 + «.ecen ens
Other

74, 369 49, 164 | 13,037

2» 0 © e © oe © eo © o © » 2 ©

1/Less than 1 metric ton or USSI, 000.
Note: Values converted at rate of 3.771 quilders equals US$1

In the same year, the Netherlands also
imported 2, 287 tons of refined fish and ma-
rine-animal oils valued at US$533,000. The
bulk of these imports came from Peru, In
addition, 4 tons of spermaceti were imported
valued at US$2, 000 (table 1).

Exports: In 1960, the Netherlands export-
ed a total of 6,720 tons of crude fish and ma-
rine-animal oils valued at US$1.2 million--
West Germany was the principal customer
followed by France, In addition, the Nether-
lands exported 197 tons of fish or refined
marine-animal oils valued at US$70,000 and

- 1 ton of spermaceti (table 2).

Production: The Netherlands production
of whale and fish oils from domestic and
imported materials amounted to16, 000 tons in

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95

Netherlands (Contd.):

able 2 - Netherlands Exports of Fish and
Marine-Animal Oils, 1960

United States .
Belgium -Luxembourg
Frances) ic). 6) 0 1e.0) «
West Germany .

Fish & Marine -Animal ‘Oils,
[ Belgium-Luxembourg « « &
DRATEE. 1G Quglano tea
INOIWayaieietieile is! on 0
tally Genie) oer erie 6
Canary Islands ....
Australia 1.2.20

rijlaes a i metric ton a US$1, 000.

1960. Domestic production alone in 1960

amounted to 15,535 tons (11,982 tons of whale.

oil and 3,553 tons of fish oils) as compared
to 24,111 tons (18,894 tons of whale oil,
5,216 tons of fish oils, and 1 ton of sperm
oil) in 1959.

Supply and Distribution: In 1960, total
distribution of edible whale and fish oils in
the Netherlands amounted to 97, 607 tons,

Table 3 - Netherlands Edible Whale and Fish Oil Supply
and Distribution, 1960

Opening Stocks . .
im pOTtsaiveeiieiie ke
Production ....

isposition:

EXPOS meMonobeuemet on ememerene
Domestic Utilization:

As food-shardened refined oil

OtherisesMisiverelicisiiekelevele
Est, exports in mixed products
Waste, loss in refining & k;

The available supply totaled 113,242 tons
(table 3). (U.S, Foreign Agricultural Ser-
vice Report, The Hague, May 16, 1961.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1960 p. 81,
Aug. 1960 p. 63.

OK OK OK

| EY ce ec (ee

FISH MEAL PRICES
AND PRODUCTION:

In the early part of 1960, consumer prices
(free on farm) of fish or whale meal in the
Netherlands dropped sharply from US$124 a
short ton in January 1960 to a low of $88 a
ton in July of that year, Thereafter, the price
recovered and remained generally steady un-
til March 1961, when a minor decline set in
and continued into April 1961 when the price
was $98 a ton (see table).

Monthly Price of Fish Meal+/, January 1960-April 1961,
in the Netherlands

Guilders
Per 100 Kq.

eae) e:ceike 51,20
46.00
44,30
43.90
43.60
40.80
36.50
37.60
42,00
41,20
41.70
42,00

ee

September .

October ..
November .

1/Protein content 61. a percent,
Note: (1) Values converted at rate of 3.771 guilders equal US$1
2) Consumer prices free on farm.

Fish and whale meal production dropped
drastically from 15, 685 metric tons in 1959
to 7,694 tons in 1960, (U.S, Foreign Agri-
cultural Service Report, The Hague, May 16,
1961, )

WHALE OIL PRICES AND UTILIZATION:

The c.i.f, Rotterdam price of whale oil

only declined a fraction of a U.S, cent per
pound in the first 9 months of 1960, In No-
vember 1960, the price recovered and re-
mained at the higher level until March 1961,
when it declined by 0.5 cents. The price
again declined slightly in April 1961, reach-
ing 8.9 cents per pound, the lowest price
since January 1960 (see table).

The amount of refined hardened whale oil
used in producing margarine and food fats
for domestic consumption increased slightly
from 56, 378 metric tons in 1959 to 56, 578
tons in 1960. Of the 1960 total, 50,684 tons
were used in the manufacture of margarine
and 5,894 tons in food fats. In 1959, a total

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

also yielded 56,319 hectoliters (5,238 metric
tons) of cod-liver oil and a substantial quan-
tity of cod roe. (Fiskets Gang, June 22,
1961.)

Netherlands (Contd.):

Monthly Prices of Whale Oil in the Netherlands,
January 1960-April 1961

OK OK KOK

FOREIGN TRADE AND
PRODUCTION OF MARINE OILS:

Foreign Trade: Norway's total imports of
marine oils increased slightly, from 56,506
metric tons valued at US$10.9 million in1959
to 60,183 tons valued at US$11.2 million in
1960. Imports of crude whale oil and indus-
trial fish-liver oil fell sharply in 1960, while
imports of ''other marine oils'' showed the
greatest gain (table 1), The bulk of the marine
oil imports consisted mainly of raw material
for the hardening industry.

Wwib w

Septem ber ee
October . 6:3
November
December .

FAN IDROON

Ge
to

Because of Norway's drastic drop in her-
ring catches, imports of raw herring oil from
Iceland (the most important source) were
more than three time as high in 1960 than
during the previous year, while imports of
marine oil from West Germany (the second
largest exporter to Norway) declined slightly.
United States shipments to Norway also de-
clined in 1960 as did shipments from the
United Kingdom.

: (1) Values converted at rate of 32/71 guilders equal 'USS1.
(2) Offering c.ief. Rotterdam prices as reported about the
15th of each month,

of 50,961 tons was used in margarine and
5,417 tons infood fats. (U.S. Foreign Agri-
cultural Service Report, The Hague, May

16, 1961.)
B

COD FISHERY TRENDS,
JANUARY-JUNE 17, 1961;
The 1961 season's total landings of ma-
ture and young cod in Norway January 1-
June 17, 1961, amounted to 129,808 metric
tons, compared with 111,059 tons for the
same period last year. Of this year's land-
ings, 76,261 tons were sold for drying,
25,402 tons for salting, and 28,145 tons for
sale fresh or frozen (includes 18,241 tons
used for filleting). This season's fishery

Norway's 1959-60 imports of high potency
(vitamin A) fish-liver oil came mostly from
the Union of South Africa; imports of indus-
trial and mixed fish-liver oils came mostly
from Iceland; and imports of residual fish-
liver oil mainly from Sweden.

Norway

Norway in 1960 also received 12,264 tons of
"other marine oils'' valued $2.6 million. Of
the total, 5,412 tons came from West Ger-
many, 4,744 tons from the United States,
1,009 tons from Iceland, and the balance
from Denmark, Peru, Chile, and other
countries.

Table 1 - Norway's Imports of Marine Oils, 1959-1960

Whalevorltecrudess) ss: cue,ieueniey erent e oe) eee 6 ea) ee =e ee
SpermGibottlenose:oily crude. arena: fel tene sala rer emotes aon etichicnte
Hermimgioilernude’ ..-) sin .siiete eh ©

High potency (vitamin A) marine- animal oils

ISOdeliveriollts ene steve rele @) istce saiiel siistreuey opie emictt site) cove! (el ete
Veterinary fish- liver Orlmiatemts’ onemonsmen cue wes

Industrial fish <iVeriOils oe 6: fe. foros wise col (0) Van elise! (si ZNO Sette uelce ts: lhe te
Residual stish -liveriOil ie emete pouis leisy of Sicincuiens ai telpeli mote ame tPee

Othentmarinetoilsr 4s hes ci ete bsltetietelon cust cae ele. oF ote le neice ede o

1/Less than 500 kilograms.
2/Less than US$1, 000.

September 1961

Norway (Contd.):

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

97

Table 2 - Norway's Marine Oil Imports by Origin, 1959-1960

Whale oil, crude, total...

Sperm & bottlenose oil, total ....

lerring oil, crude:
United States (probably menhaden oil), .

United Kingdom :
West Germany

High potency (vitamin A) fishsliver oil:
nion of South Africa

Japan... 2...

Others ..

Iceland
Others)iyene eis

Residual fish-liver o
~ Denmark.
Sweden ....
Othersiaekeness

Other marine oils:
United States, .
Denmark. ...
iceland arse + «
West Germany .
IBETUWauelvedisnis)is
Chilesieniewenelas
OthersWousitetens

Most of the oil from the United States was
menhaden oil, and it is believed that some of
the oil from West Germany is also re-ex-
ports of United States menhaden oil. Since
in 1959 only 1,910 tons of ''other marine oils!
were imported, it is quite evident that the
sharp increase in 1960 imports was due
to Norway's herring fishery failure (table
2).

814
444
150

8, 125
2,647 | 3,071
109 161
2,756 | 3,232 453

116
944
122

oie
469
86

Total Norwegian exports of marine oils
and marine oil products decreased from
195,200 tons valued at US$42.9 millionin1959
to 149,473 tons valued at US$33.4 million in
1960. The heavy decrease in crude whale oil
exports were mainly responsible for this de-
cline. Exports of crude seal oil and edible
refined marine oils were the only products
whose exports increased in 1960 (table 3).

Table 3 - Norway's Exports of Marine Oils and Products, 1959-1960

Commodity

Whaleloils) cride/s tas) cies il's) 6 6)
Sperm & bottlenose oi] . .. 1.2.0
ELLING/OIls Cruces) ei\ci\ e) 0)! si ishvel oc\ene) ©

Sealgoil Worudenienemstelperiel sm eiissisa's
Fish-liveroils....

°
°

eo 6 © © © © © oo oo © © © © eo

.

Refined marine oils, edible. ....... . elisehen cltantenel Fea's
Refined marine oils, other. ....... sie etfeiHopheliverliatire
Marine animal oils, polymerized, oxidized, ete; edible Nels
Hardened fatsyfrom marine-animal oils, edible mileitest sits Syleten's
Hardened fats from marine-animal oils, for technical use avemrones
Fatty acids from marine oils, fatty alcohol. ....+-.ees oe
Otherjproductssmememeienieiedelenisn's mishlemshissrelreliecns tereliie ls) | s/keitelse
ocala Medeicrenalieiceibele Goo ool ce OND

1/Including sales made directly from the mneareucs

1960

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

Norway (Contd.):

Table 4 - Norway's Exports of Marine Oils by Destination, 1959-1960
Commodity and Destination

ale oil, crude, total) t)405, S oaane
perm & bottlenose oil, crude, totall/,
Seal oil, crude:
INTaNCelMelteieiterre. 0s: o 2 c 0
West Germany . Rite col fo) tat ol elta BuBEONOOMCeO ONO Ostet 3,016 4,069
Othersiapeteue 6 ene . . 36 61

edicinal cod-liver oil:

United States. ....
inland ion epep or wate) roite
Netherlands. ...
Czechoslovakia. . okorn
PRULKEY eres cis) er sie) sree
West Germany .

ital yaeucmensms
Netherlands. .
United Kingdom
Switzerland .
Austria. .
Brazile gene
Hong Kong
Singapore.
Mexico, .

.
Sweden...

° oo

United Kingdom
Czechoslovakia
West Germany

Mexico ¢ «ss
Brazilauestanenenre
ADTHETS Sistrorie tcc

2
12,675 1,775 15,569
aR -l a e (eS 94m mes 3)
37,478 | 69, 173 9,688 |" 44,651 [85,111 |

4,336 | 6,869

1/Distribution by countries not available.
i2/Less than $1,000.

In 1959 and 1960, most crude seal oil ex- Table 5 - Distribution of Norwegian-Produced
ports went to West Germany; the United Antarctic Whale Oil, 1959-1960
States was the largest buyer of medicinal
cod with 729 tons valued at US$216,000 in
1959 and 533 tons valued at US$165,000 in
1960; Denmark and Sweden were the leading
purchasers of veterinary cod-liver oil, with
Czechoslovakia and West Germany buying
most of the "other fish-liver oil'' (excepting
residual and brown)--table 4.

102, 960 123, 378

September 1961

Norway (Contd.):

Table 6 - Distribution of Norwegian -Produced
perm Oil, 1959-1960

Production: Norway's total marine oil
production has generally declined over the
past few years, mostly due to the depletion
of the winter herring off the coast of Norway.
Although the 1960 production of herring oil
was 8,000 tons more than in 1959, the Ant-
arctic whale- oil production was so much
smaller that the year-end result was only
188,894 tons of marine oils as compared to
205,720 tons in 1959 (table 7). Because of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

99

Norway's 1961 winter herring season ended
with a surprisingly small catch. Only 7,068
tons of winter herring were used for fish
meal and oil, a fraction of the 130,200 tons
used in 1959 and the 213,900 tons used in1960.
Therefore, the amount of herring oil pro-
duced in 1961 from Norway's winter herring
fishery was negligible. In April 1961 there
was some interest among Norwegian fisher-
men to fish for herring off Iceland.

Norway's production of Antarctic whale
oil amounted to 100,280 metric tons for the
1959/60 season. There was a steady decrease
in production since the 1956/57 season. Ant-
arctic Sperm oil production amounted to 10,777
tons in 1959/60, continuing a downward trend
which started in 1958/59.

Norwegian whale oil production from Husvik
Harbor, South Georgia Island, declined from
10,523 tons in 1955/56 to 4,199 tons in 1958/59.

Table 7 - Norway's Production of Marine Oils, 1957-1961

19613/

Cold cleared cod-liver oil
Other fish-liver oils

/90, 000 tons sold by April 1961.

the scarcity of winter herring, the herring
off Iceland and the small and fat herring off
Norway were fished more extensively. It is
anticipated that the decline in marine-oil
production will continue into 1961. Total
marine-oil production is expected to amount
to 158,200 metric tons in 1961, some 100,000
tons less than in 1957.

Total fish-oil production is expected to
decrease to 41,400 tons in 1961 due to the
anticipated decline in herring oil production,
Seal oil and sperm oil production should re-
‘main fairly constant in 1961, while total whale
oil production will be down some 5, 000 tons.

19602/ 1959
e (Metric Tons)

15,900

100, 000
800

105,043
769

This production leveled off in 1959/60. Sperm
oil production from that area increased in
1958/59, but fell off sharply in 1959/60.

Production of whale oil from the shore
stations in Norway tended to level off during
1956-1958, nearly doubled in 1959, but de-
clined again in 1960. On the other hand,
sperm oil production from the shore stations
reached a peak in 1958 and 1960 (table 8).

Norway's production of whale oii and
sperm oil was sold, as issued, through the
whaling companies' common marketing
pool.

100

Norway (Contd.)

able 8 - Norway's Whale Oil and Sperm Oil Production,
1955/56-1959/60 Seasons

ee
Po Whale Oil [Sperm Oil [Total Oi

NOS Bb Ore cars, coy ts) ces ieiia, co usde! <a
MOST OBA. ce olan ae iacvel foisal te ent
NOS GS premate siredomamierysb ey cree ae
DOGS (Gian ser terde Sen whee el ey

HOST 5821 es Pare ees
TOSGVST Rt ast coela ks
TOSS SON tard adevinckents: cen meaty

reliminary fi:

1 igures.
2/The Norwegian shore station at Husvik Harbor was notin operation.
Rae Data converted from barrels--1-metric ton equals 5.90523 barrels.

The Norwegian whaling companies re-
ported that as of April 1961 they had sold
90,000 long tons of whale oil at £73 10s,
(US$205.80) a long ton. Of the amount sold,
30,000 tons went to Norwegian buyers and
60,000 tons to a large British firm. Of the
sperm oil production, 10,500 long tons also
had been sold.

The average price for Norwegian whale
oil for the 1959/60 Antarctic season was
£72 13s. 2d. (US$203.44) a long ton as com-
pared with £73 2s. 4d. ($204.72), £72 2d.
($201.62), and £85 16s. 5d. ($240.30) a long
ton for the three previous seasons. The to-
tal value of the 1959/60 whale oil production
was 149 million kroner ($20.9 million) as
compared with 180 million kroner ($25.2 mil-
lion) for the previous season.

The average price of Norwegian sperm
oil for the. 1959/60 production season was
£66 4s, 11d. ($185.48) as compared with
£50 1s. 3d. ($140.17) a long ton for the pre-
vious season's production.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

Marine oils are the primary source of raw
material for Norway's production of marga-
rine and edible fats. The use of marine oils
increased in 1959 due to low prices, despite

Table 9 - Norwegian Production of Margarine and Edible Fats
and Amount of Marine Oils Utilized, 1958-1960
Ce eee Ye MAES)

- +» (Metric Tons), .\).) 50

Production:

Margarine). sie) eis on 6! to
Cooking fats . 2220s
Emulsified fats _......
(Marine oils used... . - - | 57,170 [ 57,091 | 52, 681]

a smaller production of margarine and fats
that year. Use of marine oils leveled off at
57,170 tons in 1960 (table 9). (U.S. Foreign
Service Dispatch, Copenhagen, April 7, 1961.)

Note: Values in Norwegian kroner converted at 7.14 kroner
equals US$1, and values in English £1 equals US$2. 80.

MARINE-OIL OUTPUT
CONTINUES DOWNWARD:

Norwegian production of marine oils con-
tinued to trend downward in 1960, and a fur-
ther decline is forecast for 1961.

There is some controversy as to whether
the traditional sources of supply--the winter
herring areas off the coast of Norway and the
Antarctic whaling grounds--have been exces—
sively used or whether the small catches are
due to temporary natural causes. In recent
years, the output of herring oil from the win-
ter catch has declined sharply--the 1961 catch
was the smallest since the near-failure of
1934. However, other grounds, such as the
summer herring areas off the coast of Iceland
and to a lesser extent Norway, are being ex-
panded rapidly. The summer herring catch
provided most of the fish oil produced in1960.

Large stocks of marine oils will partially
offset the lower outturn expected in 1961. Nev-

Norway's Supply and Distribution of Marine Oils, Annual 1955-60 and Forecast 1961

i960 | 1959 | 958 195

Supply:
Stocks, January 1 .
Production « «<<
Imports
Total suppl
Distribution:
Exports
Domestic consumption
Stocks, December 31
Total distribution
1/Preliminary.

338.6

| 76.8
B71 338.6

62.3

381.5

164.8 215.2 212.2
80.8 57.7
75's 42.6 49.5

319.4

236.1
65.9
79.5

381.5

223.1
86.0
75.4

384.5

September 1961

Norway (Contd. ):

ertheless, imports of fish oils will probably
increase sharply to fulfill Norway's trade
commitments with the U.S,5,R. and other
European countries. The major portion of
marine-oil imports in 1960 was crude her-
ring oil from Iceland and West Germany.
Imports from the United States declined
sharply, but they may increase in 1961.

The margarine industry uses most of the
marine oils consumed in Norway. In 1960,
over 70 percent of the total fats and oils used
in the production of margarine was of marine
origin.

About 27,240 short tons, or over one-half
of Norway's exports of hardened marine oils,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

101

was shippedtothe U.5,5,R, in1960. Thetra-
ditional buyers of Norway's antarctic whale oil
are the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and
WestGermany, (Foreign Crops and Markets,
July 3, 1961, U.S, Department of Agriculture, )

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1960 p. 85.

Peru

FISH MEAL PRICES AND SALES,
APRIL 16-May 15, 1961:

The following fish méal prices and sales
in the European market and United States
markets were included in the May 15, 1961,
issue of the Boletin Informativo, published
by the Consorcio Pesquero del Peru §, A,

Table 1 - Peruvian Fish Meal Prices, April 16-May 15, 1961

Period

Price Range in US$

and

Flat Market Prices 1/:
United States East Coast Shipments:
Ma Vil=l Dieteterecrencielateretets ell SHOLE toncuct.
Braet caaes SN ieg ibe 2
SORGHE

ADYINTGSB0 loresetielersieveievers!si]|

Japanese Shipments 3/:
IMA Ve STGP loners cueherchensteie: ie
ADTIUELG “30 )eyereretenciisceretets ae

short ton c&.f,
c&f,

111.13
90.72
N N

111.13

111.18
° 90.72

111.13
90.72 90.72
N

121.56

European Shipments:
Maye = Logercieteie tte vet eierere is

La Dt) te)

short ton c&.f,

eeceeeee ceo ee

ADEIMEG= 30 ekaretenretesocsiareve

» dy
ee ee ee © of oe

Protein Market Prices 4/;
United States Shipments:
May leTov tense isicrerel visterere

ay 9d
ececeeoe oe eee o

er)
ececeee eee eee ©

ADE G= SO vesevapereiievare tote

protein unit c& f,
short ton c& f,
short ton f,0,b. 2/

European Shipments:
Maye Sota e siavekatehe ave is
ApriltlG=3OMuetete rset eret ovcts a

protein unit c& f,
mC So yte

N
N

“‘N’? - No sales,

1/Filat” market is for sales made with a guaranteed minimum of protein (usually 65 percent), Any excess of protein is
to the buyer’s advantage. The most important flat markets for Peruvian fish meal are the east coast of the United

States and West Germany.

2/The Boletin Informativo showed prices in metric tons c&f, F.o.b. prices were calculated by subtracting
US$19.05 a short ton (equal to $21.00 a metric ton) for cost of freight to Europe, $26.31 a short ton (equal to $29.00
a metric ton) for freight to the United States west coast, and $20.41 a short ton (equal to $22.50 a metric ton) for
freight to U, S, Gulf of Mexico ports, Prices per unit converted to prices per short ton on basis of 65 percent pro-

tein meal,
3/F reight rates to Japan not available,

4/“Protein’? market is based on the price per unit of protein and buyers must pay for any excess protein found by labora-
tory analysis of shipments on arrival, The most important market on this basis is the west coast of the United

States,

102 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Peru (Contd. ):

Table 2- Peruvian Fish Meal Sales1/, Feb. 14-May 15, 1961

Flat Market Sales:
HOslerSetal eal aiere-aie,

Protein Market Sales:

TOMES. rerarevs: ese
me ULODC oretetsioke: isl

1/Exclusive of future contracts made prior to February 15,
1961.
“N’? = No sales,

Vol. 23, No. 9

FISH MEAL PRICES AND SALES,
MAY 1-JUNE 15, 1961:

The following fish meal prices and sales

in the European market and United States
markets were included in the June 15, 1961,
issue of the Boletin Informativo, published
by the Consorcio Pesquero del Peru §S, A.
(Consortium),

From May 16 to June 15, 1961, the Con-
sortium received 194 firm offers for fish
meal of which 125 for 69, 387 metric tons
were approved as follows: June 12,637 tons;
July 15,050 tons; August 16,350 tons; Sep-
tember 16, 400 tons; October 7, 350 tons; No-
vember 1,000 tons; and December 600 tons,
Included in the total sales are 800 tons of
steam-dried fish meal and 1, 000 tons of bo-
nito fish meal sold to the European "flat"

'

Table 1 - Peruvian Fish Meal Prices, May 1-June 15, 1961

Flat Market Prices 1/;
United States East Coast Shipments:
May 16-June 15 short ton c&.f,
eat? 1Cavets

pet ees

Price Range in US$

European Shipments:
May 16-June 15

er

May 1-15.

»

Protein Market Prices 4/:
United States Shipments;
May 16-June 15...
cee Ae ais ies short ton c& f,
short ton f,0.b, 2/
protein unit c&.f,
OE CED 5 short ton c&.f,
ban Sigaatces EO, a2 /,

European Shipments:
May I6=June 15.5 cist 0

eo ee oe ee ee

protein unit c&f,
short ton c&.f,
2S STG Hon Py)
May 1-15... ..
“‘N’? = No sales,

{ protein unit c& f,

protein unit c&f,

1/ ‘‘Flat’’ market is for sales made with a guaranteeed minimum of protein (usually 65 percent), Any excess of protein is

States and West Germany,

to the buyer’s advantage, The most important flat markets for Peruvian fish meal are the east coast of the United

2/The Boletin Inform ativo showed prices in metric tons c&f, F.o.b. prices were calculated by subtracting

~ US$19,05 a short ton (equal to $21.00 a metric ton) for cost of freight to Europe, $26.31 a short ton (equal to $29.00
a metric ton) for freight to the United States west coast, and $20.41 a short ton (equal to $22.50 a metric ton) for
freight to U. S. Gulf of Mexico ports, Prices per unit converted to prices per short ton on basis of 65 percent pro-

tein meal,
3/ Revised from $92.72,

4/*‘Protein” market is based on the price per unit of protein and buyers must pay for any excess protein found by labora-

States,

tory analysis of shipments on arrival, The most important market on this basis is the west coast of the United

September 1961

Peru (Contd. ):

market. During the May 16- June 15, 1961,
period, 5,100 tons were soldto Japan at
$104. 00 ametric ton f.a.s. or about $94, 35
a short ton. The average f.o.b. price for
all shipments of fish meal made between
Marchand Maythis year was $76, 49a metric
ton (US$69.39 a short ton).

Singapore

FISHING INDUSTRY, 1960:

Landings of fish and shellfish in 1960 in
Singapore amounted to 9,100 metric tons
(includes landings by all principal types of
fishing gear), according to estimates pro-
vided by the Singapore Director of Primary
Industry. Consumption of fishery products
in 1960 amounted to about 37,300 tons. In
1959, landings of fish and shellfish were es-
timated at 11, 300 tons and consumption of
fishery products at 38, 900 tons.

The licensed fishing fleet in 1960 consist-
ed of 1,774 non-powered vessels, 603 ves-
sels powered with outboard motors, and 164
vessels powered with inboard motors. Com-
parable figures for 1959 were: 1, 904 non-
powered vessels, 639 vessels with outboard
motors, and 154 vessels with inboard motors.
(United States Consulate in Singapore, June

Oats)

dh

South Pacific Islands Territories

TRAINING CENTER STUDIES FISHERY
IMPROVEMENT FOR MELANESIANS:

A 10-week training center to instruct
Melanesian fishermen in the operation of
improved fishing gear and mechanized fish-
ing craft was held beginning August 23, 1961,
in Tulagi, British Solomon Islands Protec-
torate. It was sponsored jointly by the Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the
South Pacific Commission (SPC), TheSouth
Pacific Commission, representing the gov-
ernments of Australia, France, the Nether-
lands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom,
and the United States, administers the South
Sea Islands Territories,

"Fishing is an important activity for sub-
sistence in an island economy,"' said the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

103

chief of FAO's fishing gearsection. ''The soil
is limited on coral atolls and with increasing
island populations, the Melanesians have to
turn even more to the sea for food,

"The inshore reefs and lagoons are gener-
ally overfished. The island fisherman lacks
the proper equipment and the training for fish-
ing in deep water, where mechanized boats
are needed,"

The training center was conducted on a
practical level and included a maximum of
training at sea under commercial fishing
conditions, It was for island fishermen from
the Melanesian archipelago.

The training center in Tulagi was the sec-
ond such center held this year by FAO's fish-
ing gear section. The other center was held
in Viet Nam,

South-West Africa

CANNED FISH INDUSTRY

OPTIMISTIC ABOUT 1961 SALES:

~ South-West African fish canners are op-
timistic about this year's sales prospects
and are hoping to do better even than in1960,
a record year, In early June this year,
4,000 tons of canned fish left Walvis Bay for
the Philippines which the chairman of one of
the fishery firms calls "unquestionably the
largest market available under present con-—
ditions to South-West Africa."' (United States
Embassy in Pretoria, June 29, 1961.)

2K OOK OK OK OK

PILCHARD FISHING SEASON STARTS:

As of April 1961, the Union of South Af-
rica Cape west coast factories and vessels
were reporting their best pelagic shoal fish-
ing season. At the same time, the factories
and vessels of South-West Africa's Walvis
Bay in March 1961 started after the 375, 000
short tons of pilchards and maasbanker which
they will be allowed to catch during 1961, But
the Walvis Bay 1961 season did not get off to
the spectacular start of January fishing off
the Cape coast. Due to unusual weather and
hydrographic conditions, large mature pil-
chards were scarce and many very young
fish were taken. However, fishing improved
considerably in April although the oil yield of
16 to 17 gallons from a ton of raw fish was
far below the 25 gallons and more obtained

104

South-West Africa (Contd. ):

from Cape pilchards, With Walvis Bay fac-
tories geared to repeat and perhaps improve
on their remarkable canning performance of
1960, the appearance of firm, mature fish

will be eagerly awaited by the fishing fleets,

The Union of South Africa Cape oil yield
coupled with extremely high catches has
boosted the early season exports of fish
body oil. In March the first bulk shipment,
4,800 tons, was sent to Europe. This was
followed by another shipment of 4, 000 tons.
A third shipment of 5, 400 tons from Cape
Town and 730 tons from Walvis Bay was also
on its way to Europe. (The South African

Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review,
Men ise <a yes ts Tae

FISHERY PRODUCTION INCREASING:

The Government of Tanganyika has made
progress in augmenting its fish production,
and plans to conduct a survey this year to
determine the potential for enlarging its
national fishing industry. The survey will
be supervised by an FAO fish marketing
specialist.

Tanganyika

Tanganyika has a possibility of becoming
one of Africa's largest fish producers if it
employs all of its resources, Tanganyika
either contains or borders on Lake Tangan-
yika, Nyasa, Rulwa, and Victoria--all large
bodies of water with a commercial fishing
potential,

Union of South Africa

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERY
LANDINGS, JANUARY-MARCH 1961:

The Union of South Africa Cape west coast pilchard-
maasbanker fishery (with about 150 vessels fishing) during ~
the first three months of the 1961 season landed 228,628
short tons pilchards, 11,880 tons maasbanker (jack mackerel),
and 12,419 tons mackerel. The total catch was 252,927 tons.

According to figures released by the Division of Fisheries,
the March catch was 64,698 tons pilchards, 4,145 tons maas-
banker, and 3,663 tons mackerel--a total catch of 72,506
tons. In March 1960 the catch was 66,286 tons pilchards,
12,285 tons maasbanker, and 5,756 tons mackerel; and
34,148 tons pilchards, 5,099 tons maasbanker, and 7,116 tons
mackerel in March 1959,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No.9

The March catch this year yielded 15,884 short tons fish
meal, 1,261,776 imperial gallons fish body oil, 5,648,708
pounds canned pilchards, 1,261,776 pounds canned maas-
banker, and 1,515,296 pounds canned mackerel.

Union of South Africa--Products Producédd from Pilchard-
Maasbanker Fishery Landings, January-March 1961
Canned
Fish Meal] Fish Oil | Pilchards |Maasbanker | Mackerel

sdeliote son er otis (17000 Lbs:) Rua eerste

13,669

In April, early reports indicated that good catches con-
tinued and it was expected that the first four months this year
would-show landings of well over 300,000 tons of pilchards,

maasbanker, and mackerel. More than ever, this year pil-
chards are accounting for the bulk of the catch. The good
condition of the fish and the appearance of schools close to
the Cape west coast plants have resulted in increased output
of canned fish. (The South African Shipping News and Fishing
Industry Review, May 1961.)

WAREHOUSING AND SHIPPING
OF FISH MEAL IN PAPER BAGS:

The principal advantage claimed for paper
bags, as opposed to burlap bags, as a package
for fish meal is that it substantially eliminates
the spontaneous heating hazard according to
Memorandum No. 99 of the South Africa Fish-
ing Industry Research Institute.

A well-constructed and properly closed
paper bag with an effective bitumen or tar
liner acts as a sealed container.

Causes of spontaneous heating tepend on
the free access of air containing oxygen and
moisture. The elimination of air results in
stoppage of all spontaneous heating.

The efficacy of bitumen-lined paper bags
in reducing spontaneous heating has been
demonstrated repeatedly. Inallcases it was
found that the temperature of meal produced
from herring, California sardines, and South
African pilchards, when packed in bitumen- |
lined paper bags, rose only a few degrees
above the initial packing temperature before
commencing to cool. The rate of cooling is
dictated by the size of the bag. It appears
that the initial temperature rise is due to the
consumption of the oxygen present between
the particles of meal in the bag.

Fish meal inbitumen-lined paper bags may
be stacked immedicately only if the meal is
cool, as prolonged exposure to high tempera-

September 1961

Union of South Africa (Contd. ):

ture (e. g., 140° F, or higher) is known to
have an adverse effect on the nutritional
quality of the meal. It is chiefly for this
reason that it has been\advocated that fish
meal in paper bags should be stacked as

cool as possible, Taking local climatic and
other conditions into account, the tempera-
ture should not exceed 100 F. Furthermore,
high temperatures may dry out and embrittle
the paper; may soften the glue or the bitumen
which might then creep under pressure, ete.
The temperature limit of 100° F. must there-
fore be strictly adhered to at the time of
stacking and storage,

The following conditions pertaining to the
bags themselves are required to ensure the
safe shipping of fish meal in paper bags, ie.:
(1) The paper bags must be impermeable to
oxygen, must have an adequate bitumen lining,
and must be of adequate strength. (2) All
torn or broken bags must be replaced or filled
into 'overslip"’ bags. If an occasional broken
bag happens to be overlooked, this will not
necessarily endanger the cargo but an accum-
ulation (say ten or more) of broken bags in
the center of a stack must be avoided; it is
felt that with normal supervision no broken
bags need go undetected, Fish meal in suit-
able bitumen-lined paper bags is a safer and
more hygienic cargothan when packed in bur-
lap bags.

Paper bags are known to have certain dis-
advantages, e.g., liability to breakage and
the possibility of staining with very oily fish -
meal; they are furthermore not as easy to
grip as burlap bags due to their smoothness,
(The South African Shipping News and Fishing
Industry Review, May 1961.) mee

U. S. S. R.

FISHERY NEWS BRIEFS, JUNE 1961:

Soviet Exploratory Fishing Vessels Sighted
in Gulf of Alaska: Soviet exploratory fishing
vessels, which generally appear a year or
two in advance of their organized fishing
fleets, this year have been observed in the
Gulf of Alaska off Kodiak Island and Yakutat,
These vessels are believed to be forerunners
of large Soviet fishing fleets operating north
and south of the Aleutian chain,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

salted herring with the Soviet Union's Far
Eastern fisheries authority. The Japanese
had been negotiating with Alaskans for the
herring, but the Soviet bid was lower than
anything that the Americans could quote,

The price of the herring was reported at
between $80 and $95 per metric ton, or an
average of about 43 cents per pound delivered
to Hokkaido. The Soviets specified that the
herring would be size graded with a minimum
length of 10 inches, (Pacific Fisherman,
May 1961.)

Soviets Fishing Off Cape Cod: U.5.S,R.
fishing vessels in May 1961 were seen about
30 miles in the North Atlantic off Cape Cod.
This is the first time Soviet fishing boats
have been observed so close to the mainland
of the continental United States east coast.
In the late 1950's the Soviets began trawling
in waters some distance from the northeast-
ern Canadian coast primarily for ocean perch
and cod. More recently, U.S.S.R. fisher-
men moved southward and were believed to
be gill-netting for herring and whiting in the
vicinity of Georges Bank. (Boston Traveler,
May 23; 1961.)

High-Seas Fishery Expansion Continues:
The Soviet mothership Iokhannes Vares pro-
cessed 1,740 metric tons of herring and serv-
iced 100 fishing vessels with supplies and
technical assistance during a three-months
period in the North Atlantic during 1960,

The Soviets are building: (1) a 14, 000
gross-ton fish and crab processing vessel to
be used in the North Pacific; (2) a 15, 000
gross-ton herring factoryship; and (3) a
45,000 gross-ton whaling ship for service
in the Antarctic, All three vessels are
being built in Soviet shipyards and the her-
ring and whaling ships are scheduled for
completion during 1961,

Large freezer-trawlers of the Lyindas
Girs type are under construction in Leningrad;
these vessels have modern freezing facilities
and equipment for manufacturing canned prod-
ucts and fish meal and oil.

The trend in Soviet high-seas fish proc-
essing is towards freezing and canning and
away from salting, although salting is still
second in importance to freezing, Frozen

106

UaSnosk. (Contds):

fish may be further processed on shore by
canneries, smoking plants, or ready-made
food plants. (The Fishing News. )

* ok KKK

CRAB FISHING FLEETS IN BRISTOL BAY:
According to information received from
the Japanese fleets operating in the Bristol

Bay area in the Bering Sea, the Soviet Union's

three crab fishing fleets are operating ona
large scale in that same area.

Last year Russian fleets were operating
in the same area, but according to informa-
tion from the Japanese fleets, one more
Russian fleet is operating this year with
three motherships--one is 18,000 tons and
two of 9,000 tons each. Judged on the num-
ber and capacity of the motherships, the
Japanese estimate the Russian crab fishing
fleets are able to catch and process several
times what Japan's Tokai Maru crab fleet
(jointly operated by three fishery companies)
can catch and process.

In addition, four trawling fleets of the
Soviet Union have also been reported oper-
ating in the same area, (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, June 18, 1961.)

HK OK OK OK OK

SOVIET FISHING LIMITS AGREEMENT
WITH BRITAIN TO END:

The British-Soviet fishing limits agree-
ment, which allows British trawlers to fish
up to three miles from the coast of Russia
in certain areas of the Barents Sea, willend
on March 12, 1962. This was announced in
Moscow on June 30, 1961,

The agreement was implemented in March
1957, and was due to run for five years, with
the provision that 12 months' notice would
need to be given by either side to terminate
it. The Soviets notified the British on March
2, 1961, Russia has given no specific rea-
son for ending the agreement, The treaty
would have been automatically extended for
afurther five years ifneither party denounced
ate

British trawlers will lose the right to fish
to within three miles in two areas in the
Barents Sea and will have to stay outside the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

12-mile limit. (Fish Trades Gazette, July
8, 1961, and The Fis Fishing Ne News, July 7,
1961; both are British fishery periodi-
cals, )

United Kingdom

FIBERGLASS TRAWLER
UNDER CONSTRUCTION:

A trawler built entirely of fiberglass is
under construction at Grimsby, England; it
will also be the first Diesel-electric vessel
to operate in Britain's middle- water fleet.

A break with tradition is made in the in-
ternal arrangements of the trawler; her en-
gineroom is amidships, her fishing room
aft of the engineroom, and crew accomoda-
tions under the foredeck,

The vessel has an over-all length of 130
feet 5 inches and a mean depth of 11 feet 4
inches. Her speed is expected to be 11 knots,
Three Diesel engines of 440 B. hp. willdrive
the generators with an electric propulsion
motor developing 800 hp. (Trade News,

May 1961, Canadian Department of Fish-
eries, )

ok Kk ok

FISHERY LOANS INTEREST RATES
REVISED:

The British White Fish Authority in May

1961 announced that, as a result of changes
in the rates of interest charged to them by
H,M, Treasury, their own rates of interest
on advances made as from June 3, 1961,
will be as follows:

Fishing vessels of not more than 140 ft. ,
new engines, nets, and gear:

On loans for not more than 5 years, 52
percent; no change,

On loans for more than 5 years, but not
more than 10 years, 6} percent; no change.

On loans for more than 10 years, but not
more than 15 years, 63 percent; no change.

On loans for more than 15 years, but not
more than 20 years, 6 percent; no change.

September 1961

United Kingdom (Contd, ):
Processing Plants:

1
On loans for not more than 15 years, 78
percent; increaset percent,

On loans for more than 15 years, but not
more than 20 years, 74 percent; increase $

percent.

The rates on advances made before June
3, 1961, are unchanged, (Fish Trades Ga-
zette, June 17, 1961.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 65 and
January 1961 p. 84.

Uruguay

TUNA FISHING CONDITIONS AND MARKETS:
The vessel Fikin Maru, 264 gross tons,
operated by a large Japanese fishing compa-
ny from Montevideo, Uruguay, completed its
third tuna fishing trip in June 1961, Accord-

ing to reports, the fishing grounds off Uru-
guay abound with tuna and the Eikin Maru was
able to catch 100 tons of tuna on a 30-day
trip.

However, Uruguayans do not particularly
seem to like tuna, and sales in Uruguay are
disappointing, although this may be due to
the lack of effective promotion. Yellowfin
tuna make up over half of the catch, with
some albacore and spearfish. The vessel
price is around $280 per metric ton for yel-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

107

lowfin, the same as export prices to Italy.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 30, 1961.)

West Indies

CONSTRUCTION OF JAPANESE

TUNA CANNERY IN CURACAO:

~ A large Japanese fishing company has
completed preliminary preparations for es-
tablishing a fishing base at Willemstad, Cur-
acao, Netherlands Antilles, in the Caribbean
Sea. Construction of a cannery was to start
in August and is scheduled to be completed

in May 1962. According to an earlier report,
the company is also constructing a 1, 500-ton
capacity cold-storage plant and a fish-sausage
plant in Curacao,

The Japanese firm is investing 530, 000
guilders (US$147, 700) in the fishing base
(authorized capital of 2,120,000 guilders or
$591,000). The Japanese firm is being grant-
ed a monopoly for 10 years by the Netherlands
Government and is being exempted from pay-
ing taxes on materials, Korean and Commu-
nist Chinese currencies, in addition to United
States and German currencies, are negotiable
in Curacao and this should help operations,

Besides packing canned tuna, the firm
plans to transship frozen tuna to the United
States and to Europe from Curacao, Tuna
unsuitable for export will be used for fish
sausages. Because the port of Willemstad
is an important port of call for a large num-
ber of freighters, frozen tuna can be shipped
out without delay. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
May 27 and July 8, 1961.)

WHAT IS PLANKTON?

Plankton isa term of Greek origin used to describe all the various aquatic
plants and animals, both marine and freshwater, which have little motility of their
own. They are dependent principally on the tides and currents to transport them
from place to place. While some animals classified as plankton have a certain
ability to swim, such as some larval fish and certain jellyfishes, this matters
little against the powers of oceanic tides and currents. The term nekton is used
to describe animals, such as fish and squid, which'are not planktonic and have
the ability toswim. (SeaSecrets, The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami,

Coral Gables, Fla.)

108

me

Department of Commerce
BUREAU OF CENSUS

LIMITED REVISION OF
IMPORT COMMODITY CLASSIFICATIONS
IN 1962 PLANNED:

A limited revision of Schedule A, Statistical Classification
of Commodities Imported into the United States, will be pos-
sible in 1962 in conjunction with the reprinting of Schedule A
and the USIDA (United States Import Duties Annotated), which
is necessary to reflect changes in rates of duties resulting
from the 1960-1961 negotiations under GATT in Geneva and
to correct and clarify reporting requirements in preparing
import entry forms.

Since the principal objective of the revision of USIDA and
any necessary corresponding changes in Schedule A will be
the improvement of accuracy of the import statistics through
the clarification of the reporting requirements, only a rela-
tively low priority will be given to the work of changing the
commodity classifications where such changes are not neces~
sary to reflect-the rate of duty changes. Users of the statistics
are aware of the substantial errors which are occurring in the
import statistics and will understand the desirability of stress-
ing actions for improving accuracy. These actions may in-
clude the integration of excessive statistical details.

A release date for the issuance of the revised USIDA and
Schedule A cannot be determined exactly until the results of
the GATT negotiations are ready for. announcement, For plan-
ning purposes, however, a tentative date of January 1962 has
been set.

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

EFFECTIVE DATE FOR FOOD ADDITIVES
AMENDMENT EXTENDED:

A time extension for obtaining safety clear-
ances for food additives was announced by the
Food and Drug Administration in the Federal
Register of June 30, 1961.

In the Federal Register of April 15, 1961,
it was announced that all extensions of the ef-
fective date of the food additives amendment
to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

@ FEDERAL:
ACTIONS

Vol. 23, No. 9

121,87, and 121.88 were

listed in 8§ 121, 86,
to be continued until July 1, 1961, unless a
regulation had been issued covering the sub-
ject matter of the extension or a regulation
or further extension had been denied. It was
also announced that legal action would not be
instituted under the food additives amendment
before-July 1, 1961, involving the use of any
food additive for which an extension request
was pending before the Commissioner of Food
and Drugs prior to March 6, 1961, unless the
Commissioner had denied the request prior
to July 1, 1961,

The Commissioner has before him a sub-
stantial number of requests for further exten-
sion of the effective date of the statute where
it will not be possible to accomplish the nec-
essary scientific review prior to Julyl, 1961.
Therefore, pursuant to section 6(c) of Public
Law 85-929, 72 Stat. 1784, as amended, the
time for considering such requests is extend-
ed to September 1, 1961.

EXTENSION OF EFFECTIVE DATE OF
FOOD ADDITIVES STATUTE FOR CERTAIN
SUBSTANCES USED DIRECTLY OR

INDIRECTLY IN FOODS:

Additives Used in Paper Products for Food
Packaging: The use in foods of certain addi-
tives as indirect additives for which toler-
ances have not yet been established or peti-
tions therefor denied has been further extend-
ed under the most recent amendment of the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The
order issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Ad-
ministration was published in the July 13,

1961, Federal Register, and became effec-
tive on July 3, 1961.

The order further extends the effective
date of statute for about 40 substances as in-
direct additives to food. The effective date
for some of the additives listed is extended
to July 1,-1962, and for the others to July 1,

September 1961

1963. Some of the substances include compo-
nents of paper and paperboard for food pack-
aging, components of lining for food contain-
ers, and components of adhesives, sizings,
plasticizers, coatings, sizing agents, etc.
The list of substances is in the regulations

as ''Part 121--Food Additives, Subpart A,
section 121. 91."

Direct Additives to Food: The same issue
of the Federal Register contains an order
(became effective June 30, 1961) listing about
38 substances as direct additives to food for
which the effective date of the statute is fur-
ther extended to July 1, 1962, for some and
to July 1, 1963, for the others. None of the
substances seem to be identified as any that
are used in fishery products, however. The
list is in the regulations as ''Part 121-- Food
Additives, Subject A, section 121.90,"

KOK KOK OK

FOOD ADDITIVES USED IN
CERTAIN FISHERY PRODUCTS APPROVED:
Certain substances or combinations used
in several fishery products have been ap-
proved as additives by the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration under section 409 of the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, In
the two orders published in the July 13 Fed-
eral Register, the Agency points out that af-
ter having evaluated the data submitted ina
petition filed by the company manufacturing
the substances, as well as other relevant ma-
terial, it has concluded that the food additives
or combinations in question can be used safe-
ly as indicated in the order for certain spec-
ified food products, including certain fishery
products,

The food additive calcium disodium EDTA
may be safely used in designated foods, for
the purpose and in accordance with the con-
ditions prescribed in the order. It is used
or intended for use in a number of food prod-
ucts including cooked canned crab meat (at
275 parts per million) and cooked canned
shrimp (at 250 parts per million), It may be
used with disodium EDTA (disodium ethylene-
diaminetetraacetate) or alone and with other
combinations in dressings, sauces, and sand-
wich spreads. -

The orders became effective on July 13,
1961, and as issued are incorporated in the
regulations under ''Part 121--Food Additives,
subpart D, section 121.1017 and section
Hr ATeOS 65)!

KOK OK KK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

109

EXTENSION OF EFFECTIVE DATE OF
STATUTE FOR ADDITIONAL SUBSTANCES
USED INDIRECTLY IN FOODS:

The use in foods of additional additives as
indirect additives for which tolerances have
not yet been established or petitions therefor
denied has been further extended under the
most recent amendment of the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The order issued
by the U.S, Food and Drug Administration
was published in the July 15, 1961, Federal
Register, and became effective on July 35
1961.

The order further extends the effective
date of statute for an additional 42 substances ©
as indirect additives to food. The effective
date for the additives listed is extended to
July 1, 1962. Some of the substances include
paper coating adjuvants used in food packages,
components of sizings and coatings, compo-
nents of film for food packaging, lubricant in
extruded food, etc. The list of substances is
in the regulations as ''Part 121-- Food Addi-
tives, Subpart A, section 121,91."

OK KKK

ADDITIONAL FOOD ADDITIVES

-APPROVED:

Additional food additives used as chelating >
agents in paper and paperboard for food pack- ~
aging and distilled acetylated monoglycerides
used in food for human consumption have been
approved for use by the U.S, Food and Drug
Administration under section 409 of the Fed-
eral Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In two
orders published-in the July 20, 1961, Fed-
eral Register, the Agency points out that af-
ter having evaluated the data submitted in pe-
titions filed by the companies making the sub-
stances, as well as other relevant material,
it has concluded that the food additives or
combinations in question can be used as indi-
cated in the orders.

The chelating agents used in the manufac-
ture of paper and paperboard approved are
sodium glucoheptonate, tetrasodium ethylene-
diaminetetraacetate, trisodium N-hydroxy-
ethyl ethylenediamine triacetate, or any com-
binations of those substances.

The food additive distilled acetylated mono-
glycerides may be used safely in or on food
in accordance with conditions prescribed in
the order.

Both orders became effective on July 20,
1961, and were incorporated in the regula-

110

tions under ''Part 121--Food Additives, Sub-
part F, section 121, 2515" for the chelating
agents and ''Subpart D, section 121.1018" for
the monoglycerides.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

FEDERAL ACTION TO CLEAN UP
NEW YORK-NEW JERSEY
RARITAN BAY AREA

Federal action to help clean up the Rari-
tan Bay area in New York and New Jersey
was announced on June 30, 1961, by the Sur-
geon General of the U.S, Public Health Ser-
vice. The Surgeon General called a confer-
ence on the problem-- which is the first step
in enforcement procedures under the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act of 1958--for
August 22 and 23,

The Raritan Bay receives water from the
Raritan River and the Arthurkill, both of
which are heavily polluted and are unsuitable
for many water uses,

New York and New Jersey closed the Rari-
tan Bay area to clam harvesting when it ap-
peared that raw clams had been taken from
polluted areas of Raritan Bay. This was one
of the factors that prompted the Service to
call a conference on pollution,

Representatives of the official water pol-
lution control agencies of New York and New
Jersey and of the Interstate Sanitation Com-
mission were asked to attend the conference.

In making the announcement, the Surgeon
General said: 'It ought to be clearly under-
stood that the purpose of the conference is to
deal with the broad problem of water pollu-
tion in this area, not solely with the effects
of water pollution on clams, Harvesting of
clams from these polluted waters was pro-
hibited by the States of New York and New
Jersey on May 1, 1961."

If suitable pollution abatement is not un-
dertaken after the first conference, Federal
procedures call for a public hearing before
a specially-constituted board, and later, pos-
sible further enforcement action by the De-
partment of Justice.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 23, No. 9

Department of the Interior

CONTRACT AWARDED FOR
TRINITY RIVER SALMON HATCHERY
IN CALIFORNIA:

A contract award opening the way for con-
struction of a fish hatchery on California's
Trinity River with a capacity of 45 million
salmon and steelhead annually was announced
by the Department of the Interior on July 29,
1961. The facility, part of the Central Valley
Project, will be located downstream from the
Lewiston Dam on the Trinity River.

It will have an annual capacity of 36 mil-
lion king salmon, 4 million silver salmon,
and 5 million steelhead fingerlings. Incor-
porating the latest design features, the hatch-
ery will permit releases from the Lewiston
and Trinity Dams in an Interior Department
program to help maintain downstream spawn-
ing in the Trinity River. The hatchery will
be operated by the State of California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game.

This program will materially assist in
maintaining Trinity River sports fishing as
well as benefitting Pacific Coast commercial
salmon fishing. Contract for the hatchery,
the Commissioner of Reclamation reported,
was awarded to the E-W. Construction Co.,
of Creswell, Oregon, on its bid of $1, 200, 261,
The contract calls for construction of four
hatchery buildings, a fish ladder, holding
tanks, nursery and rearing ponds, and other
facilities. Completion within 375 days is re-
quired,

Plans for the hatchery followed several
years of investigation conducted by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of Cal-
ifornia which conducted an inventory of fish
runs that would be affected by dam construc-
tion on the Trinity River.

As another part of the Interior Department
fish conservation program, construction is

September 1961

scheduled for the 190-foot Spring Creek Di-
version Dam designed to correct water pollu-
tion that has taken a heavy toll of fish life in
the upper Sacramento River. The dam also
will protect the Spring Creek Power Plant
from floating debris.

Trinity Dam began storing water for the
first time this year and is providing excel-
lent boating as well as good fishing. New
public campgrounds have been provided by
the Bureau of Reclamation on the shores of
the reservoir, now at 40 percent capacity,
in Trinity National Forest.

Kk OK

SCIENCE ADVISOR TO SECRETARY
APPOINTED:

Dr. Roger Revelle, of La Jolla, Calif. ,
has been appointed Science Advisor to the
Secretary of the Interior, Secretary Stewart
L, Udall announced on July 12, 1961.

Dr. Revelle, who is on a leave of absence
from his post as director of the University
of California's
Scripps Institution
of Oceanography,
will serve as the
principal science
advisor to the Sec-
retary and will co-
ordinate the sev-
eral scientific
programs of the
Department.

In announcing
the appointment,
Secretary Udall
said: ''Doctor
Revelle will be the
first science ad-
visor in the history
of the Department.
of the Interior. We
are very pleased that a scientist of his broad
experience and distinguished position in the
scientific community has accepted this ap-
pointment.

Dr, Roger Revelle.

"T am anxious that the Office of the Science

Advisor shall exert a maximum influence on
the policies and programs of the Department,
In addition to acting|for me in all scientific
matters within Interior, he will represent
this Department on the Federal Council for
Science and Technology, and in other inter-
departmental agencies for coordinating the
scientific activities of the Government."

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

111

Born in Seattle, Washington, on March 7,
1909, Dr. Revelle received his A,B, degree
in geology from Pomona College in 1929 and
his Ph, D. in oceanography from the University
of California in 1936, He has been professor
of oceanography at the University's Scripps
Institution of Oceanography since 1948 and its
director since 1950. For the past several
years, he has also been director of the La
Jolla campus and dean of the University's
School of Science and Engineering at La Jolla.

During World War II, he served as a Com-
mander in the U.S. Navy. Immediately after
the war, he was head of the Geophysics Branch,
Office of Naval Research. He also served as
a staff member of Operations Crossroads, the
1946 atomic test at Bikini.

One of the country's leading geophysicists
Dr. Revelle has led several oceanographic
exploring expeditions into the south and west
Pacific, and is one of the authors of modern
theories of the structure of the earth under-
neath the oceans,

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

ALASKA REGIONAL OFFICE

POSITIONS FILLED:

~ Promotions to two positions in the Alaska
Regional Office of the U.S. Bureau of Com-

mercial Fisheries were reported on July 3,

1961.

Frank T. Piskur, Director of the Fishery
Technological Laboratory at College Park,
Md., is the new Assistant Regional Director
in the Regional Office in Juneau, Alaska.

His appointment was effective June 25. Pis-
kur is a graduate of the University of Illinois.
From 1941 to 1944, he worked for the Fish-
ery Experimental Commission in Ketchikan,
Alaska, He has been with the Bureau since
1944, He has held positions of responsibility
in various Bureau technological laboratories.
Piskur fills the vacancy made in October
1960 when Harry L, Rietze was promoted
from Assistant Regional Director to Regional
Director.

Henry C. Scudder, currently an area fish-
ery administrator in Alaska, has been named
Assistant to the Regional Director in Juneau.
The appointment was likewise effected June
25, Scudder first came to the Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries in 1914 in temporary em-
ployment in Manchester, Iowa. On July 1,

112

1916, he received his first permanent ap-
pointment with the Bureau as a warden on the
Pribilof Islands. He remained on the Pribi-
lofs except for a time in the Army, in 1918,
until 1923, whenhe resigned tospend 20 years
in private industry. From 1943 to 1950 he
was in fishery managment positions with the
Bureau in Craig and Juneau, Alaska. After
four years with the Bureau of Indian Affairs,
also in Alaska, he returned to the Bureau as
Fishery Management Biologist in Ketchikan
and later in Juneau. He went to his present
position as Area Administrator in March of
this year.

3 OK OK OK

FEDERAL STANDARD PROPOSED
FOR GRADES OF FROZEN FRIED
BREADED SEA SCALLOPS:

A proposed standard for grades of frozen
fried breaded sea scallops was announced in
the July 20, 1961, Federal Register. The
proposed standard, if made effective, will be
the first issued by the U.S, Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries prescribing Government
standards for frozen fried scallops.

The proposed standard points out that fro-
zen fried scallops are prepared from the
whole or cut adductor muscles of the sea
scallop (Placopecten magellanicus), or scal-
lop units cut from a block of frozen sea scal-
lops, that are coated with wholesome batter
and breading and precooked in oil or fat, and
then packaged and frozen. They contain a
minimum of 60 percent by weight of scallop
meats.

As published, the proposed standard des-
cribes the product, styles of pack, grades,
factors of quality (ascertaining the grade;
evaluating the unscored factor of flavor and
odor; evaluating and rating the scored factors
of appearance, uniformity, absence of defects
and character; appearance; uniformity; ab-
sence of defects; and character); definitions
and methods of analysis; and lot certification
tolerances.

Interested persons had until August 19,
1961, to submit written comments, sugges-
tions, or objections on the proposed standard,

KOK Kk Ok

OCEANOGRAPHIC AND HAWAII AREA
DIRHCLOR: POSTS BILLED:

Vernon E. Brock, who has been area di-
rector of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

Fisheries for the Hawaii Area, has been
named laboratory director of the Bureau's
Biological Laboratory at Washington, D. C.,
and will serve as principal Bureau advisor
for oceanographic research, the Department
of the Interior announced on July 27, 1961.

Succeeding him as Area Director for Ha-
waii is John C. Marr who has been laboratory
director of the Bureau's Biological Laboratory
at Honolulu.

In addition to
his advisory role,
Brock represents
the Bureau in the
development and
coordination of the
National Oceano-
graphic Program.
The Washington
Laboratory carries
out fishery ocean-
ographic research
programs in the
Atlantic and, as
its Director, he
will be responsible
for the development of a fishery and oceano-
graphic research plan for a high-seas survey
of the equatorial Atlantic from South America
to the African coast.

Vernon E, Brock

Brock, a native of Fillmore, Calif., is a
graduate of Stanford University witha Master's
Degree. Before becoming Area Director,
Brock was Director and Assistant Director
of the Bureau's Pacific Oceanic Fishery In-
vestigations at Honolulu. From 1944 to 1958,
he was Director of the Division of Fish and
Game of the Territory of Hawaii. Earlier
he was employed as Chief Biologist by the
Fish Commission of Oregon.

Marr, who will
now administer the
Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries re-
search and indus-
try ;SCrVvIces pros
grams in the Ha-
waii area, is a
native of Oakland,
Calif. He gradu-
ated from Pasade-
na Junior College
and received A.B.
and M.A. degrees
in fisheries biology
from Stanford Uni-
versity. His first

September 1961

employment with the Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice was as a junior biological aid while at
Stanford.

After receiving his Master's Degree, he
worked for the California Division of Fish
and Game and the Office of Coordinator of
Fisheries. Since 1946, he has been in the
employ of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
engaged in biological research--first at the
Stanford University Laboratory and then at
La Jolla, Calif., before going to Hawaii.

Department of State

FRANK P, BRIGGS SWORN IN AS U. 58.
COMMISSIONER ON NORTHWEST
ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION:

Frank P. Briggs, Assistant Secretary of
the Interior for Fish and Wildlife, was sworn
in as U. S. Commissioner on the Internation-
al Commission for the Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries on July 5, 1961.

Briggs, anews-
paper publisher
and former U. S.
Senator, has, in
addition to hold-
ing other public
offices, been a
member of the
Missouri Conser-
vation Commissio
since 1947, and
served four terms
as its Chairman.

The Interna-
tional Commis-
sion for the North-
west Atlantic, on
which Briggs is
one of three U. S. Commissioners, was estab-
lished in 1951 pursuant to a Convention which
entered into force July 3, 1950. At the elev-
enth annual meeting of the Commission, held
in Washington June 5-10, 1961, the 12 member
nations were represented by a total of some
70 Commissioners and advisors. These coun-
tries, all having a fishing interest in the area
of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, are: Canada,
Denmark,’France, Germany, Iceland, Italy,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, U.S.S.R., United
Kingdom, and the United States.

Frank P, Briggs

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

113

The purpose of the Convention is to enable
the member Governments to take joint action
in the conservation of stocks of fish in the
Northwest Atlantic Ocean. As part of that
joint action, the Commission, meeting annu-
ally, plans, coordinates, and reviews pro-
grams of fishery research which are conduct-
ed by the individual member nations. If, aft-
er adequate research, regulatory measures
are found to be desirable, the Commission
recommends the adoption of such regulations
to the Member Governments. In the 11 years
of its existence the Commission has notably
stimulated the growth of knowledge of the
fisheries of the area and the measures nec-
essary for their wise utilization.

This is one of eight international fishery
commissions in which the United States par-
ticipates with 22 other countries in the con-
servation of the fishery resources of the
high seas.

Department of the Treasury
COAST GUARD

UNDOCUMENTED BOAT NUMBERING
REQUIREMENTS ISSUED:

Rules to define and clarify the intent of
the identification requirements for number-
ed boats or undocumented vessels were is-
sued by the U. S. Coast Guard and published
in the June 27, 1961, Federal Register. The
Coast Guard is charged with the general su-
pervision of the administration and enforce-
ment of the Federal Boating Act of 1958, and
the act of April 25, 1940, as amended.

One section of the act requires the display
of identification numbers on certain undocu-
mented vessels. The numbers required to
be displayed on boats are intended to provide
ready identification of the boat. Such identi-
fication numbers must be at least 3 inches
high, of block character of good proportion,
and of a color that contrasts with the back-
ground color to which such characters are
affixed so that they can be seen and read
easily. The law and regulations place the
responsibility for meeting these requirements
upon the boat owner. All owners of numbered
boats shall comply with the vessel identifica-
tion requirements.

The June 27 Federal Register designates
the rules established by the Coast Guard with

114

regard to numbering of boats under 46 CFR
171.05-2 and 171.05-6. The rules cover ar-
rangement of number placed on the vessel and
definitions of terms used. The effective date
was June 27, 1961.

FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL

U.S. BAN LIFTED ON IMPORTS OF
SHRIMP FROM HONG KONG:

Shrimp appropriately certified by the Hong
Kong Government may againbe imported into
the United States under the general license con-
tained in Section 500.536 (c) of the Foreign As-
sets Control Regulations. As of June 17,1961,
revised procedures for the certification of
shrimp from Hong Kong were agreedupon. The
first shipments under the new procedure were
to be made in August 1961.

Under the Foreign Assets Control Regula-
tions, the importation of Communist Chinese
products is not authorized, The Hong Kong cer-
tification procedures for shrimp were estab-
lished for the purpose of ensuring that Commu-
nist Chinese shrimp would not be exported from
Hong Kong tothe United States. Whenit became
evident that frozen shrimp of Communist Chinese
origin were infact being imported under cover
of certificates of origin, the procedures were
immediately suspended (sometime in1959).
After an investigation of the situation by the
Hong Kong authorities the procedures were re-
vised to include stricter requirements which are
believed will effectively prevent further ship-
ments of Communist Chinese shrimp from being
imported into the United States from Hong Kong.
(Letter dated July 18, 1961, from Acting Direc -
tor, Foreign Assets Control, U.S. Treasury De-
partment.)

The lifting of the ban was announced inthe
Federal Register of July 21, 1961, as follows:

Foreign Assets Control

IMPORTATION OF FRESH FROZEN
SHRIMP DIRECTLY FROM HONG
KONG

Available Certifications by the
Government of Hong Kong

Notice is hereby given that with the
reinstatement, as of June 17, 1961, of
the certification procedures entitled,
“marine products, fresh frozen,” certifi-
cates of origin issued : y the Department
of Commerce and Industry of the Hong
Kong Government under procedures
agreed upon between that Government
and the Foreign Assets Control are
again available for fresh frozen shrimp.

[SEAL] MarGaRET W. ScHWaRrTz,
Acting Director,
Foreign Assets Control.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Nov. 1959 p. 97.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

U. S. Circuit Court

FISHING CREWS UNEMPLOYMENT AND
SOCIAL SECURITY TAX
EXEMPTION UPHELD:

The United States Fifth Circuit Court of
appeals in New Orleans, La., in July 1961
ruled that the Internal Revenue Bureau can-
not levy social security and unemployment
compensation taxes against fishery products
packers for vessel captains and crewmen
who work as independent contractors.

The majority opinion by a three-judge
panel upheld a 1959 decision of Federal Dis-
trict Judge Sidney Mize in the case of J. L.
Enochs, District Director of Internal Reve-
nue, vs. Williams Packing and Navigation
Co., Inc. at Biloxi, Mississippi.

PeN.
Eighty-Seventh Congress
(First Session)
Public bills and resolutions which may

directly or indirectly affect fisheries and
allied industries are reported. Introduction,

referral to committees, pertinent legislative
actions, hearings, and other actions by the
House and Senate, as well as signature into
law or other final disposition are covered.

AMERICAN SAMOA FISHERIES: S. Doc. No. 38, Study
Mission to Eastern (American) Samoa (July 17, 1961
Report of Senators Oren E. Long of Hawaii, and Ernest
Gruening of Alaska to the Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs, United States Senate, pursuant to S. Res.
330, 86th Congress), 192 pp. printed. Chapter v--"In-
dustry and Business to Broaden the Economic Base,"
discusses American Samoa exports of fishery products,
the fisheries industry, possible expansion of fish indus-
try, Samoa fishing fleet possibility, and pond fisheries.

CATCH TRANSFER AT SEA: On July 19, Sub-com-
mittée on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation of House

September 1961

Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries met on

H. R. 682. Would legalize transferring of the catch of
one fishing vessel to another on the high seas, andtrans-
porting it without charge to a United States port. Interior
Department officials and various Congressmen presented
testimony. Hearings were concluded. On July 27, the
Subcommittee met in executive session and ordered re-
ported to full committee S. 1222, companion bill to H. R.
682. Committee tabled H. R. 682. Tae

On August 1, the House Committee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries met in executive session and ordered
favorably reported S. 1222. On August 3, the Committee
reported to the House S. 1222 (H. Rept. 840); referred to
Committee of the Whole House on State of the Union.

House of Representatives, 87th Congress, 1st Session,

to accompany S. 1222), 5 pp., printed. Committee re-
ported bill favorably without amendments and recommen-
ed passage. Contains purpose of bill, background, and
need for legislation, and departmental reports from De-
partment of Commerce, Department of the Interior, and
Department of the Treasury.

FEDERAL BOATING ACT OF 1958 AMENDMENTS: On
August 8, 5. 883, an act to extend the application of the
Federal Boating Act of 1958 to the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam, without
amendment, was reported out from House Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries (H. Rept. No. 861). Was
placed on proper calendar and referred to the Committee
of the Whole House on the State of the Union.

H. Rept. No. 861, Applying Federal Boating Act of
1958 to Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and Guam ‘(Report
from the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries,
U. S. House of Representatives, 87th Congress, lst Ses-
sion, to accompany S. 883), 4 pp., printed. Committee
reported bill favorably without amendment and recom-
mended passage. Contains purpose of the bill, Executive
Communication No. 487, reports of the Departments of
Interior and Treasury, and cites changes in existing law.

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT AMENDMENT:
S. J. Res. 121 (Capehart et al), introduced in Senate July
31, a joint resolution to amend the Federal Trade Com-
mission Act, to promote quality and price stabilization,
to define and restrain certain unfair methods of distri-
bution and to confirm and define the rights of producers
and resellers in the distribution of goods identified by
distinguishing brands, names, or trademarks, and for
other purposes; to Committee on Commerce.

FISH HATCHERY: H. R. 8371 (Evins), introduced in
House on July 27, a bill to authorize the Secretary of
the Interior to establish, construct, equip, operate, and
maintain a fish hatchery in DeKalb County, Tenn.; to
the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

FISHERY LOAN FUND MORTGAGE FORECLOSURE:
On July 15, Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Con-
servation of House Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries met on H, R. 206, a bill to facilitate adminis-
tration of the fishery loan fund established by section 4
of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956. Would give Interior
Secretary authority to dispose of property acquired
through foreclosure of vessel mortgages under the loan
fund. Witnesses from Department of Interior were heard.
Hearings were concluded. On July 27, the Subcommittee

met in executive session and ordered reported to full
committee H. R. 206

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

115

“On August 1, the House Committee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries met in executive session and ordered
favorably reported H. R. 206. On August 3, the Com-
mittee reported to House H. R. 206. Referred to Com-

mittee of the Whole House on State of the Union.

H. Rept. 845, Facilitating Administration of the Fish-
ery Loan Fund Established by the Fish and Wildlife Act
of 1956 (Report of the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries, U. S. House of Representatives, 87th
Congress, lst Session, to accompany H. R. 206), 3 pp.,
printed. Committee reported bill favorably without
amendment and recommended passage. Report pre -
sents purpose of bill, need for the legislation, cost of
legislation, and departmental report.

FOREIGN-FLAG VESSELS TO LAND CATCH OF
FISH IN VIRGIN ISLANDS: On July 19, Subcommittee
on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation of House Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries met on H. R.
3159, a bill to permit certain foreign-flag vessels fo
land their catches of fish in the Virgin Islands in cer-
tain circumstances. Testimony of a Congressman and
various officials of the Interior Department were heard.
Hearings were concluded. On July 27, the Subcommittee
met in executive session and ordered reported to full
committee H. R. 3159.

On August 1, the House Committee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries met in executive session and or-
dered favorably reported H. R. 3159. (H. Rept. 830).

Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House

of Representatives, 87th Congress, lst Session, to ac-
company H. R. 3159), 5 pp., printed. Committee report-
ed bill favorably without amendments and recommended
passage of bill. Report presents background of legisla-
tion, its purpose, need for legislation, departmental re-
ports, and changes in existing law.

On August 7, the House passed H. R. 3159, and sent
bill to Senate.

On August 8, the House-passed bill, H. R. 3159, was
received in Senate and referred to Committee on Com-
merce.

GULF OF MEXICO OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
Interior and Insular Affairs met on H. R. 6745, re Mata-
gorda Water Range, and H. R. 6849, re Corpus Christi
Offshore Warning Area. Would restrict mineral leas-
ing in large sections of areas named but as proposed
would not impair rights of commercial fishermen. Also
met on July 26.

IMPORT COMPETITION ADJUSTMENT: H. R. 8542
(Bates), introduced in House August 7, a bill to provide
for adjusting conditions of competition between certain
domestic industries and foreign industries with respect
to the level of wages and the working conditions in the
production of articles imported into the United States;
to the Committee on Ways and Means. Identical to H. R.
757 (Mrs. St. George). saan

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS,
FY 1962: House on July 25 disagreed to Senate amend-
ments to H. R. 6345, appropriations for the Department
of the Interior and related agencies (includes funds for
Fish and Wildlife Service and its two Bureaus); agreed
to a conference with the Senate; and appointed conferees.

116

Senate conferees were appointed several weeks earlier.
Conferees met in executive session on July 26.

On July 26, the Conferees, in executive session, agreed

to file a conference report (H. Rept. No. 797), on the dif-
ferences between the Senate- and House-passed versions
of H. R. 6345, fiscal.1962 appropriations for the Depart-
ment of the Interior. The Committee on Conference

agreed to recommend to their respective Houses various

amendments. Those pertaining to the Bureau of Commer-

cial Fisheries are: Amendment No. 14: Appropriates
$12,150,000 for management and investigations of re-
sources instead of $11,700,000 as proposed by the House.
and $12,225,000 as proposed by the Senate. The increase

provided over the House bill is for the following: research,

to improve the efficiency of blue crab plant operations,
$100,000; research on shrimp resources in the Gulf of
Mexico, $175,000; time-temperature tolerance study on
frozen fish and shellfish, $30,000; investigations into the
effect control techniques have on shellfish, $30,000; re-
search on the manufacture and use of fish protein concen-
trate, $50,000; and the fishery research program for the
rice areas, $65,000. Amendment No. 16: Deletes con-
tract authority of $700,000 for management and investi-
gations of resources (special foreign currency program)
inserted by the Senate for research contracts in foreign
areas. The conferees agree that it is not intended to
limit this program to a single year assuming that effec-
tive results are obtained with the direct appropriation of
$300,000 carried in the bill for fiscal year 1962.

For the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, the
Committee recommended: Amendment No. 18: Appro-
priates $23,315,650 for management and investigations
of resources instead of $23,000,000 as proposed by the
House and $23,972,000 as proposed by the Senate. A-
mendment No. 19: Appropriates $5,257,500 for construc-
tion instead of $3,770,000 as proposed by the House and
$5,350,650 as proposed by the Senate.

The conference report to the bill was presented to the
House on July 26, but not to the Senate.

On July 27, by a voice vote the House adopted the con-
ference report on H. R, 6345, Interior Appropriations for
fiscal year 1962, and sent the legislation to the Senate.

Conference Committee report was reported to the
Senate on July 27, which adopted the conference report
and cleared the legislation for the President.

For the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the Budget
estimate was $21,839,000; House allowance was
$20,793,000; Senate allowance was $21,318,000; Commit-
tee on Conference allowance is $21,243,000. As passed
the total appropriation of $21,243,000 provides
$12,150,000 for management and investigation of re-
sources ($75,000 less than the higher Senate allowance) ;
and the same as the House and Senate allowance for the
special foreign currency program ($300,000), construc-
tion ($7,561,000), general administrative expenses
($482,000), and construction of fishing vessels ($750,000).
In addition, the Bureau has $1,981,000 from indefinite
appropriation of receipts for administration of the Prib-
ilof Islands and $250,000 for administrative expenses for
the fisheries loan fund. In fiscal year 1961 the appro-
priation was $11,490,000 plus $2,070,000 for Pribilof
Islands and $250,000 for fisheries loan fund. However,
FY 1962 funds include $1,915,000 transfer from.Corps of:
Engineers for Columbia River fishery facilities and in-
cludes budget amendment increases; of $2,500,000 in
H. Doc. 113 (Amendments to the Budget for Fiscal Year

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

1962), and $1,431,000 transfer for construction of Colum-
bia River fishery facilities.

Vol. 23, No. 9

For Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, bill as
passed by Congress provides $29,644,150 as compared
to $30,393,650 allowed by the Senate, and compared to
$25,459,000 appropriated for FY 1961.

For Office of Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife, the
bill as passed provides $364,000, the same as allowed
by Senate and House, and tHe same as appropriated for
FY 1961. The grand total provided for the Fish and
Wildlife Service (includes the two Bureaus and Com-
missioner) by the bill as passed was $51,251,150 for
fiscal year 1962 as compared with $37,313,000 in FY
1961, plus funds for administration of Pribilof Islands
and fisheries loan fund.

H. Rept. 797, Making Appropriations for the Depart-
ment of the Interior and Related Agencies July 36-1961,
Report of Committee of Conference, House of Repre-
sentatives, 87th Congress, lst Session, to accompany
H. R. 6345), 10 pp., printed. Contains recommendations
of the Committee of Conference on the disagreeing votes
of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to
H.R. 6345.

On August 1, the Committee on House Administration
reported that H. R. 6345 was presented to the President
for his approval.

On August 3, H. R. 6345, fiscal 1962 appropriations
for the Department of the Interior was signed by the
President (P. L, 87-122).

KING AND SILVER SALMON ADVISORY COMMIT=
TEE: H.R, 8215 (Mrs. Hansen), introduced in House
July 18, a bill fo establish an advisory committee on
king and silver salmon, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Identi-
cal to H.R. 7595 (Clem Miller).

LABOR, HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
APPROPRIATIONS: HH, R. 7035 (Hill), introduced in
House May 18, 1961, a bill making appropriations for
the Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and
Welfare, and related agencies, for the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1962, and for other purposes. Funds are
provided in the amount of $1,820,000 for construction,
equipping, staffing, and operating two shellfish labora-
tories, one on the East Coast and one on the Gulf Coast,
to combat the danger of transmission of disease, such
as hepatitis, from raw shellfish to humans; shellfish
sanitation; and grants for shellfish research. Was re-
ported (H. Rept. 392) from House Committee on Appro-
priations on May 15, and passed House May 17. Was
reported in Senate (S, Rept. 618) on July 25. On August
1, the Senate considered H. R. 7035, adopted en bloc all
committee amendments, which were thereafter consid-
ered as original text for purpose of further amendment.

Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and
Welfare Appropriations for 1962, Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare Part 2--Public Health Service
(Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on
Appropriations, House of Representatives, Eighty-Sev-
enth Congress, First Session), 1,210 pp., printed. Con-
tains funds for research grants for shellfish technology
and marine ecology; shellfish sanitation; and for the
establishment of Public Health Service shellfish sanita-
tion laboratories on the Gulf and Northeast coasts.

H. Rept. 392, Departments of Labor, and Health, Ed-
ucation, and Welfare, and Related Agencies Appropria-
tion Bill, 1962 (87th Congress, Ist Session, Reportfrom
the Committee on Appropriations, to accompany H. R.

7035), 58 pp., printed. Bill includes funds in amountof

September 1961

$1,820,000 to establish and operate two shellfish labora-
tories, one on the East Coast, and one on the Gulf Coast.

Seventh Congress, First Session, on H, R, 7035, a bill
making appropriations for the Departments of Labor and
Health, Education, and Welfare, and related agencies,
for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1962, and for other
purposes), 1,719 pp., printed. Contains a section of Pub-
lic Health Service recommendations regarding "' Milk
Food, Interstate, and Community Sanitation Activity."
This section concerns food-borne infections and food
poisoning, including increasing pollution of shellfish-
growing waters; shellfish problem; import problems on
shellfish; and importation of Russian crab meat. Con-
tains resolution from the Conference of State Sanitary
Engineers, Atlanta, Ga., regarding certification of shell-
fish; recommendations of the Association of State and
Territorial Health Officers, San Francisco, Calif., regard-
ing shellfish sanitation, certification of foreign sources
of shellfish; statement of position of executive board
Conference of State Sanitary Engineers, relative to Pub-
lic Health Service Shellfish Sanitation Research; letters
from the Oyster Institute of North America, Alabama
Departments of Public Health and Conservation, and
Rhode Island Department of Health; and a report on
spread of hepatitis from shellfish. Also includes discus-*
sion on fish flour; chemicals used as food additives; col-
or additives in foods, drugs, and cosmetics; and misuse
of pesticides.

S. Rept. No. 618, Departments of Labor, and Health,
Education, and Welfare, and Related Agencies Appropri-
ation Bill, 1962 (87th Congress, First Session, United
States Senate, Report of Committee on Appropriations,
to accompany H, R, 7035), 72 pp., printed. Funds are
provided in the amount of $1,820,000 for construction,
equipping, staffing, and operating two shellfish labora-
tories, one on the East Coast and one on the Gulf Coast,
to combat the danger of transmission of disease, such
as hepatitis, from the raw shellfish to humans.

On August 2, the Senate passed with amendments
H. R. 7035, Senate insisted on its amendments, asked
for conference with House and appointed conferees.

On August 3, an objection was made in the House to
H. R. 7035 going to conference. Senate passed bill with
$883 million additional funds, as compared with action
of the House of Representatives.

MARINE MAMMAL HIGH SEAS PROTECTION: On
August 1, the House Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries met in executive session and ordered favor-
ably reported H. R. 7490, for the protection of marine
mammals on the high seas.

On August 8, H. R. 7490 was reported out from House
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries (H. Rept.
No. 865). Was placed on proper calendar and referred
to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the
Union.

H. Rept. No. 865, Protection of Marine Mammals on
the High Seas (Report from Committee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries, U.S. House of Representatives, 87th
Congress, 1st Session, to accompany H. R. 7490), 8 pp.,
printed. This legislation was originally introduced as
H. R, 777, and after hearings, the ''clean" bill, H. R.
7490, was introduced. Most of the changes are those ad-
vocated in the reports of various departments. Com-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

117

mittee regards the bill as necessary for the preserva-
tion of the particular species and recommends its en-
actment. Contains purpose of bill, background and need
for the legislation, cost of legislation, departmental
reports from the Departments of Interior, Justice,
Treasury, and State.

NATIONAL FISHERIES CENTER AND AQUARIUM:
S. 2296 Engle), introduced in Senate July 24, a bill ‘to
authorize the Secretary of the Interior to construct a
National Fisheries Center and Aquarium in the District
of Columbia; to Committee on Public Works. Identical
to H. R. 8181 (Kirwin).

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES CONVENTION:
On July 2%, a declaration of understanding regarding
the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries, signed at Washington, D.C., April 24, 1961
(Ex. M. 87th Cong., 1st Sess.), was received in Senate
and referred to Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PROGRAM: On July
27, the Senate considered S. 901, to establish a compre-
hensive 10-year program of oceanographic research
and surveys. agreeing by unanimous consent that on
July 28, further debate on the bill was limited to 24
hours. Committee amendments were adopted en bloc,
and bill was thereafter considered as original text for
purpose of further amendment. Senate adopted Magnu-
son amendment respecting authorized appropriations
for various Government x<tivities to carry out functions
under the bill,.and Gruening amendments to add Arctic
Ocean and Bering Sea to areas where additional pro-
grams relating to physical oceanography may be carried
out.

On July 28, by 50 yeas to 32 nays (motion to recon-
sider tabled), the Senate passed with amendments S.
901, after adopting two further amendments as follows:
Smith (Maine) amendment to require Budget Bureau to
furnish exact accounting to Congress each year of funds
spent; and Long (Louisiana), amendment barring use of
funds for technological research or development unless
results are made available to the public. On July 31,
the House received S. 901; referred to Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

Also, on July 31, the Subcomittee on Oceanography
of House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries
considered but took no final action on H. R. 4276, to
establish a National Oceanographic Council consisting
of certain designated Federal officials to create a Na-
tional Oceanographic Data Center and a National Instru-
mentation Test and Calibration Center.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSELS: H. R.
8463 (Geo. P. Miller) and H. R. 8476 (Morrison), intro-
duced in House August 2, bills to require that title to
certain vessels supplied directly or indirectly by the
United States for oceanographic research shall remain
in the United States, arid for other purposes; to Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Identical
bill introduced on August 7, H. R. 8541 (Thompson of
La.).

POLLUTION OF SEA TREATY IMPLEMENTATION:
Qn July 20, the Subcommittee on Coast Guard, Coast
and Geodetic Survey, and Navigation of House Commit-
tee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries held a hearing
on H.R, 8152, bill to implement the provisions of the
International Convention for the Prevention of the Pol-
lution of the Sea by Oil, 1954. Various government and
public witnesses were heard.

118

On July 31, the Merchant Marine and Fisheries Sub-
committee of the Senate Committee on Commerce held
and concluded hearings on S. 2187, companion bill to
H. R, 8152. Testimony of the Assistant Secretary of In-
terior for Fish and Wildlife, the Director of the Bureau
of Sportfisheries and Wildlife, and another official from
that bureau was heard.

On August 1, the Senate Committee on Commerce in
executive session ordered favorably reported S. 2187.
Also on August 1, the House Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries met in executive session and or-
dered reported favorably H. R, 8152 (amended), the com-

panion House bill on the same subject

On August 2, the House Committee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries reported to the House H. R, 8152
with amendment (H. Rept. No. 838); referred to Commit-
tee of the Whole House on the State of the Union,

H. Rept. No. 838, Implementing the Provisions of the
International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollu-

tives, 87th Congress, lst Session to accompany H. R.
8152), 9 pp., printed. Committee reported bill favorably
with amendments, and recommended passage of bill.
Contains purpose of bill, need for the legislation, amend-
ments, and departmental reports. The bill as introduced,
and the Convention differ in the percentage of oil to water
mixture; the Committee adopted language of convention.
Also, the bill, as introduced did not specify areas sub-
ject to terms of the convention, and did not provide for
maintenance or record books. As suggested by Depart-
ment of State and the Coast Guard, these schedules were
inserted in the bill. Bill would make no changes in exist-
ing law.

On August 4, the Senate Committe on Commerce re-
ported out with amendments S. 2187 (S. Rept. No. 666).

S. Rept, No. 666, Pollution of the Sea by Oil (Report
of Committee on Commerce, U. S, Senate, 87th Congress,
1st Session, to accompany S. 2187), 10 pp., printed.
Committee reported bill favorably with amendments and
recommended passage. Contains a general discussion,
the text of Convention, the legislation, reservations,
amendments, need for legislation, the position of the
shipping industry, and departmental reports. An amend-
ment to section 2(@) is to make uniform the definition of
"oil'' in the bill and the convention. Also, the addition of
two new sections would amend the bill so as to describe
the prohibited zones, and information required by the oil-
record book. There are no changes in existing law.

SHELLFISHERIES RESEARCH CENTER: On July 19,
Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation of
House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries met
on H. R, 2894, a bill to provide for the construction of a
shelifisheries research center at Milford, Conn. Testi-
mony of a Congressman and various officials of the In-
terior Department were heard. Hearings were con-
cluded. On July 27, the Subcommittee met in executive
session and ordered reported to full committee H. R.
2894,

On August 1, the House Cominittee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries met in executive session and ordered
favorably reported S. 606. On-August 3, the Committee
reported to’ House S. 606, (H. Rept. 846) without amend-
ment, Referred to Committee of Whole House on the
State of the Union,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

H. Rept. No. 846, Providing for the Construction of
a Shellfisheries Research Center at Milford, Conn.(Re-
port from the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries, U. S. House of Representatives, 87th Congress,
1st Session, to accompany S. 606), 3 pp., printed. Com-
mittee reported bill favorably without amendment and
recommended passage. Contains purpose of bill, back-
ground and need for the legislation, cost of legislation,
and departmental report.

SHRIMP IMPORT DUTIES: H. R, 8531 (Faseell), in-
croduced in House August 7, a bill to amend the Tariff
Act of 1930 to impose a duty on shrimp and to provide
for duty free entry of unprocessed shrimp annually in
an amount equal to imports of shrimp in 1960; to the
Committee on Ways and Means. Also, on August 8, the
House Committee on Ways and Means held hearings on
H, R. 6168, and related bills.

On August 8, a resolution of the House of Represent-
atives of the State of Texas was received in Senate, pe-
titioning the Congress of the United States and the de-
partments of the executive branch to ''exert their best
efforts to bring about a measure of stability to the do-
mestic shrimp market by a regulation of imports of
shrimp so that the domestic shrimp industry may sur-
vive and prosper, giving employment to Americans,
utilizing fully this valuable natural resource, and pre-
serving and maintaining the individual and independent
seamen and producers who wrest their living danger-
ously from the sea;"' |to the Committee on Finance. Al-
so, on August 8, the House Committee on Ways and
Means held and concluded hearings on H. R. 6168, and
related bills. Be

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MARINE AND AQUAT-
IC BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: H. R. 8401 (Geo. P. Mil-
ler), introduced in House July 31, a bill to authorize
expanded programs of marine and aquatic biological re-
search by the Smithsonian Institution, and for other pur-
poses, to Committee on House Administration.

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS, FY 1962:
On July 31, a subcommittee of the Senate Committee on
Appropriations resumed, in executive session, itshear-
ings on H, R, 7371, fiscal 1962 appropriations for the
Departments of State and Justice, and Judiciary. In-
cludes funds for International Fisheries Commissions.
On August 2, the subcommittee, in executive session,
met to mark up H. R. 7371.

On August 3, the Senate subcommittee of the Com-
mittee on Appropriations in executive session, marked
up and ordered favorably reported to the full commit-
tee with amendments H. R. 7371.

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS, FY 1962: H.
Doc. No. 210, Proposed Supp lemental Appropriations
and a Budget Amendment Involving a Reduction in the
in the Estimate of the Department of State, 87th Con-
gress, Ist Session (July 13, 1961, proposed supplemen-
tal appropriations in the amounts of $153,532,000 for
fiscal year 1962 and $6,831,000 for fiscal year 1961 and
prior years, and a budget amendment involving a reduc-
tion of $2,843,000 in the estimate of the Department of
State), 13 pp., printed. For the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, includes $800,000 for research on fish pas-
Sage over dams.

TARIFF CLASSIFICATION RESTATEMENT IN TAR-
IFF ACT OF 1930: On July 28, a letter from the Secre-

tary of the Treasury was received in Senate, transmit-

September 1961

ting a draft of proposed legislation to amend the Tariff
Act of 1930, and certain related laws to provide for the!
restatement of the tariff classification! provisions, and
for other purposes (with accompanying papers); to the
Committee on Finance. Would establish legislative
method for bringing the revised Tariff Schedules into
effect as recommended by the U. S. Tariff Commission.
The proposed new tariff classification provisions are
organized into 8 schedules (instead of 16), with provi-
sions of general application, principles and customs,
practices, headnotes and rules of interpretation, and
definitions incorporated to add clarity to the classifica-
tion provisions.

VESSEL COLLISION LIABILITY: S, 2313 (Magnuson),
introduced on July 26, a bill to unify apportionment of
liability in cases of collision between vessels, and re-
lated casualties; to Committee on Commerce. Estab-
lishes provisions under which compensation for dam-
ages shall be settled after a collision between vessels,
in whatever waters the collision takes place.

VESSEL TRANSFER: On July 19, Subcommittee on
Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation of House Commit-
tee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries met on H, R.
3788, a bill to provide for the transfer of the United
States vessel Alaska to the State of California for the
use and benefit of the department of fish and game of
such State. Testimony of a Congressman and various
officials of the Interior Department were heard. Hear-
ings were concluded. On July 27, the Subcommittee met
in executive session and ordered reported to full com-
mittee H, R, 3788. On August 1, the House Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries met in executive
session and ordered favarably reported H. R, 3788. On
August 2, the Committee reported to the House H, R.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

3788, without amendment (H. Rept. No. 837); referred
to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of
the Union.

VESSEL OWNERS'S LIABILITY: S. 2314 (Magnuson),
introduced in Senate July 26, a bill to limit the liability
of shipowners, and for other purposes; to Committee on
Commerce. The owner of a vessel may limit his liabil-
ity, and the liability of his vessel, with respectto claims
arising from any of several occurrences, unless the
occurrence giving rise to the claim resulted from ac-
tual fault or privity of the owner. Would include all
seagoing vessels and all vessels used on lakes or riv-
ers or in inland navigation, including pleasure yachts,
tugs, towboats, towing vessels, tank vessels, fishing
vessels, or their tenders, canal boats, scows, car
floats, barges, lighters, and all nondescript self-pro-
pelled and non-self-propelled vessels.

WATER RESOURCES CONSERVATION: On July 26,
the Senate Committees on Interior and Insular Affairs
and Public Works held joint hearings on S. 2246 and S.
1629, providing financial assistance to the States for
comprehensive water resources planning, receiving
testimony from Secretaries of Interior, Agriculture,
Labor, Health Education and Welfare, and the Assist-
ant Secretary of the Army. Hearings were adjourned
subject to call of the chair. The bill establishes a cab=
inet-level Water Resources Council to provide a com-
prehensive framework for water resources planning
within river basins. It also permits the establishment
of river basin water resources commissions to develop
long-range schedules and plants, and provides federal
financial assistance to the states for water resource
planning.

CURED FISH WAS NORTH AMERICAN STOCK IN TRADE

"The early colonists in New England and the Maritime Provinces
would not have been able to survive without the salt cod and smoked
herring they could prepare, for soil was poor and the climate un-
certain. While fish meant food to the early colonists, cured fish soon
became their capital resource and their stock in trade for the pur-

chase of supplies.

Their most abundant fish, cod, could be manufac-

tured into a durable protein food product, withstanding the primitive
shipping and storage conditions of the day, and was comparatively low
in price. Other cured fish suchas smoked halibut and herring, pickled
sturgeon, and salt salmon were soon being shipped abroad. Outof
this grew the "triangular trade": salt fish to Europe, manufactured
goods from Europe to the West Indies, and sugar, rum and molasses
to New England. The trade in salt|fish stimulated other industries
and capital was gradually accumulated so that the colonists could go
into shipping. Later, other natural resources such as timber were
exploited, and the first attempts were made to create other local man-

ufactures."'

--Principles and Methods in the Canning of Fishery Products,
Research Report No. 18 (page 2),
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

120 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

INDICATORS

“CHART if FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES.

In Millions of Pounds
MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND

NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

LEGEND:

CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 MQS. 1961 - 154.6)
Sint 1960 - 136.2
12 1960 - 501.1

CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 Mgs. 1961 - 527.8
Cig 1960 - 386.3
12 1960 - 1,041.7

6 MQS. 1961

1960

0
TAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE OATA

6 MS. 1961 - 12.4
6 |, 1960 - 13.0
12 1960 - 17.8

1961
1960 -
1960 - 190.6

v=

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CALIFORNIA 1/

OREGON

CUMULATIVE DATA

20]| 6 Mgs. 1961 - 245.2
Houlllee i 1960 - 236.9
12." 1960 - 543.2

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 MgS. 1961 - 9.3
3 cH 1960 - 8.3
12 1960 - 49,1

60 Pees

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
acne PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS,

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 121

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK Mune OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts) --— ase (Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA Esa ay CUMULATIVE DATA

6 Mgs. 1961 - 6

WHITING

n SHRIMP
(Maine and Massachusetts)

(Gulf States! including Florida West Coast)

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 MQS. 1961 - 48.6
6 1960 - 58.3
12 1960 - 205.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-

Boat In Thousands of Tons

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL

MENH/.DEN
(California)

(East and Gulf Coasts)

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

6 MQS. 1961 - 21.6
6 4 1960 - 23
12 1960 - 54.9

PILCHARD TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MGS. 1961 - 96.9
a 5 1960 - 68.4
12 1960 - 148.0

CUMULATIVE OATA
1960/61 SEASON,

TOTAL - 27.1
1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL - 35.4

LEGEND:

* 1960/61
—— 1959/60

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC, JAN FEB

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

122 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

U, S, FREEZINGS

U. S, HOLDINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 -MQS. 1961 - 176.3
7 4 1960 - 172
12 1960 - 328,

oo enae ne?

2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N. Y. SOUTH.

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGs2/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
NEBR. & KANS, 4/ALA., MISS,, LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN,

S/OH10, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN,, IOWA, MO., N. DAK

CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

Por
SFT aw

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 123

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

RECEIPTS 2! aT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET NEW YORK COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2!

(Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULAT 1! VE. OATA

7 QS. 1961 - 95.0 Cc ITY
7s Fe 1960 - 98.1
12 1960 - 168.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA ANO DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS 2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.
AT NEW YORK CITY

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen) COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS
CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MQS. 1961 - 42.9
7; 1960 - 50
12 1960 - 87

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MA\ JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE BOSTON

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS, COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MQS. 1961 - 49.6

196)

LEGEND:

——— 196)
secsessee 1960

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FISH MEAL FISH OIL
In Thousand In Millions of Gallons

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 MQS. 6 MQS. 1967 - 11.3
° 9 4 6 uP 1960 - 7
teen . 12 1960

1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC iy JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

124 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23, No. 9

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGEND:

MACKEREL 2!- CALIFORNIA

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA

om m= 196) |

seaceesees 1960 | 1260

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 1961 - 381.6
6 sia 1960 - 375.7
12 1960 - 934.7

NOV_DEC

0 =
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

6 IS. 1961 - 13.6 2 « 1961 - 2,117.7
6 no 1960 - 11.4 2 ae 1960 - 1,967.6
12 1960 - 24.9 12 1960 - 2,648.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 mgs. 1961 - 55.0 : 2 :
oe 1960 - 337.0 3 Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wgt.

12." 1960 - 1,997.6
SARDINES.... + drawn 32 oz.

SHRIMP....... cr 5 oz.

# > tuna 6&7 oz.

PILCHARDS... # 1 oval

SALMON...... 1-lb. tall

ANCHOVEES... $-Ib.

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/ INCLUDING SEA HERRING.

| LEGEND:

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA

SHRIMP - GULF STATES

*** 1960/61
——_ 13076 280

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,

TOTAL 615.9
1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL ~ 754.6

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL -

1959/60 SEASON,

TOTAL - 812.5

Orr ree 3
JAN FEB MAR AP

Obst
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC MWS SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

R MAY JUNE JULY

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 125

GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS
z nd YA :

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 Ms. 1961 - Bi
6 4 1960
12 1960

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Tuna Y
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
(in Oil and in Brine)

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 MgS. 1961 - 30.4
6 | 1960 - 28.6
12 1960 - 61.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

LEGEND:

am 1961
aaseneenes 1960

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
Fresh and Frozen)

QUMULATIVE DATA

6 QS. 1961 - 31.6
6 4 1960
12 1960

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 MOS. 1961 - 31.4
6 | 1960 - 33.0
12 1960 - 53.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

6M 1961 - 14,3
es 1960 - 24,1

OCT_NOV DEC

CANNED SARDINES
in Oil and not in Oi
CUMULATIVE DATA g

6 mgs. \1961 - 18.5
Oa 1960 15.4
12 1960 - 27.4

enaess? eae.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

126

Y

Ge -

A See

-e

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DI -
VISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON

25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:
CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.
FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS,
SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LIST OF DEALERS IN AN PRODUCERS

OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.
SEP. - SEPARATES (REPRINTS

Number Title
CFS-2569 - Maine Landings, 1960 Annual Summary (by
County, Gear, and Subarea), 17 pp.
CFS-2572 - Massachusetts Landings, 1960 Annual Sum-
mary (by Ports), 16 pp.
CFS-2573 - Massachusetts Landings, 1960 Annual Sum-
mary (by Gear and Subarea), 14 pp.
CFS-2591 - Rhode Island Landings, March 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2595 - Wisconsin Landings, March 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2598 - Shrimp Landings, January 1961, 6 pp.
CFS-2599 - Fish Meal and Oil, April 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2604 - Shrimp Landings, 1960 Annual Summary,
21 pp.
CFS-2607 - South Carolina Landings, April 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2609 - Maine Landings, April 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2610 - Frozen Fish Report, May 1961, 8 pp.
CFS-2611 - Michigan Landings, April 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2613 - Texas Landings, February 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2614 - Maryland Landings, April 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2615 - New York Landings, April 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2616 - Massachusetts Landings, February 1961,
5 pp.
CFS-2617 - Virginia Landings, March 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2618 - Virginia Landings, April 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2619 - California Landings, March 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2620 - Minnesota Landings, April 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2621 - Ohio Landings, April 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2622 - Wisconsin Landings, April 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2623 - Mississippi Landings, April 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2624 - Alabama Landings, March 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2625 - Rhode Island Landings, April 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2626 - Massachusetts Landings, April 1961, 5 pp.
CFS-2627 - North Carolina Landings, May 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2629 - Georgia Landings, May 1961,:2 pp.
CFS-2632 - Maryland Landings, May 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2638 - Alabama Landings, April 1961, 3 pp.

FL-508 - Whirling Disease (Myxosporidia: Myxosoma)
of Trout, by G. L. Hoffman, 2 pp., March 1961. De-
scribes whirling disease of trout, a serious hatchery
disease in Europe which has recently spread to Rus-
sia, Italy, and the United States.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.

Vol. 23, No. 9

Fe AIO LT LSS RPE ED OP PPPOE EEE I OO SO, Stray ot O88

FL-511 - The Sea Urchin Fishery, by Leslie W. Scatter-
good, 4 pp., illus., 1961. Describes the biology of the
sea urchin, and the landings and value of the catchof
this little-known fishery, centered jn Lincoln County,
Me.

FL-513 - Rains of Fishes, by Lola T. Dees, 5 pp., April
1961. Reports of fishes falling with rain have been
recorded in many parts of the world since early times.
A few instances are mentioned in this leaflet.

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, 1961 (Revised):
- 2 - New Hampshire.

ae 5 - Connecticut.

SL- 6 - New York Coastal Area.

SL- 8 - Pennsylvania.

SL- 9 - Delaware.

SL-14 - South Carolina.

SL-15 - Georgia.

SL-16 - Florida.

SL-17 - Alabama (Coastal Area).

SL-18 - Mississippi (Coastal Area).

SL-22 - Oregon.

SL-23 - Washington.

SL-39 - Tennessee (Mississippi River and Tributaries).

SL-40 - Oklanoma (Mississippi River and Tributaries).

SL-41 - Arkansas (Mississippi River and Tributaries).

SL-43 - Alabama (Mississippi River and Tributaries).

SL-45 - Mississippi (Mississippi River and Tributaries).

SL-46 - Texas (Mississippi River and Tributaries).

Sep. No. 624 - A Study of Vessel and Gear Usage in the
Shrimp Fishery of the Southeastern United States.

Sep. No. 625 - Report of 'Jellied'’ Flounder from Gulf
of Mexico.

Sep. No. 626 - Equipment Note No. 9 - The Surf-Clam
Fishery of New Jersey.

Annual Report, Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mas-
sachusetts, for the Year Ending June 30, 1960, t bya
Herbert W. Graham, Circular 99, 64 pp., illus., De-
cember 1960. Discusses the facilities and activities
of the Woods Hole Biological Laboratory during fis-
cal year 1960. Includes reports of investigations on
cod, flounder, haddock, hake, and ocean perch. Also
includes results of sea scallop, aquarium and experi-
mental, benthonic ecology, fishbehavior, and plankton
ecology studies. Covers the Laboratory's work in
instrumentation--including underwater television ob-
servations and radiological monitoring; port sampl-
ing; fish tagging; and shellfish research. Studiesre-
lating to the management of the groundfish of the
Northwest Atlantic, including mesh regulation inves-

September 1961

tigations, continued to occupy an important place in
the Laboratory program.

and Wildlife, for the fiscal year 1960, 49 pp., illus.,
printed. (Reprinted from the Annual Report of the
Secretary of the Interior, for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1960, pp. 319-367.) Summarizes the vari-
ous activities of the Service. Describes the activi-
ties of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: biolog-
ical research (shellfish, anadromous, inland, and
marine fisheries); industrial research; resource de-
velopment services; Pribilof Islands fur-seal har-
vest; and Columbia River fishery development pro-
gram. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife activ-
ities discussed include, among other projects, Fed-
eral aid to the states for the restoration of fish and
wildlife; fish hatcheries; fishery management serv-
ices; and river basin studies.

Wildlife Research Progress in the Fiscal Year 1960,
by Daniel L. Leedy, Circular 104, 33 pp., illus., Jan-
uary 1961.

THE FO .LOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM

BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S.
AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

THE
FISH

Number Title

MNL-53 - Fisheries of Honduras, 1961.

MNL-54 - Fisheries in British Borneo, 1960.

MNL-55 - Brazilian Shrimp Processing Companies,
1961.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE
SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

(Baltimore) Monthly Summary - Fishery Products, April
1961, 8 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, 103 So. Gay St., Baltimore 2, Md.)
Receipts at Baltimore by species and by states and
provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shell-
fish; total receipts by species and comparisons with
previous years; and wholesale prices on the Balti-
more market; for the month indicated.

California Fisheries, 1960, by V. J. Samson, 42 pp.,
illus. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Rm. 208, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro,
Calif.) A review of 1960 trends and conditions in the
California fisheries, including a historical review of
California fish meal prices, 1930-60. Among the
subjects discussed are the tuna industry and cannery
receipts; domestic tuna fishery--economic recovery
effected by conversion of clippers to purse seiners;
albacore fishery--including ex-vessel prices; other
tuna prices; canned pack; and imports. Also dis-
cussed are the sardine industry and canned pack;
mackerel fishery, pack, and prices; anchovy fishery;
canned pet food pack; whaling industry; and seasons
in major fisheries. Included in the statistical tables
are data on tuna and tunalike fish--canners' receipts,
domestic landings, cannery receipts of frozen im-
ported tuna, and canned pack, 1958-60; sardine land-
ings, canned pack, and meal and oil produced, 1960
and 1959 seasons; and the canners' receipts and pack
of mackerel and jack mackerel, 1958-60. Also in-
cluded are data on canners' receipts of raw mater-
ials and production of anchovies, herring, squid, pet
food, and meal and oil; freezings and cold-storage

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

127

holdings of fish and shellfish; landings in the Eureka
and San Pedro-Santa Monica areas; and imports of
fishery products into Arizona and California Customs
Districts, 1959-60.

California Fishery Products and Byproducts Brokers
and Importers, 1961 (Partial List, Revised April 15,
1961), SP List 1, 6 pp. (Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San
Pedro, Calif.) Contains the names and addresses of
primary receivers of various types of imported fish-
ery products and byproducts in the Los Angeles, San
Diego, and San Francisco areas.

California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, Part I -
Fishery Products Production and Market Data, Ma
1961, 15 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish Ait
Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.)
California cannery receipts of tuna and tunalike fish
and other species used for canning; pack of canned
tuna , tunalike, mackerel, and anchovies; market fish
receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka
areas; California and Arizona imports; canned fish
and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for can-
nery fish; Oregon and Washington receipts of fresh
and frozen tuna and tunalike fish; for the month in-
dicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and
Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale
Market Prices, June 1961, 13 pp. (Market News Serv-
ice, U. 5S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W. Washing-
tion St., Chicago 6, Il.) Receipts at Chicago by spe-
cies and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-
water fish and shellfish; and wholesale prices for
fresh and frozen fishery products; for the month in-
dicated.

Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments of

Fishery Products, May 1961, 8 pp. (Market News
ervice, U. S. Fish and Wildl ife Service, 609-611

Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La,) Gulf States _
shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab
meat production; LCL express shipments from New
Orleans; fishery imports at Port Isabel and Browns-
ville, Tex., from Mexico; wholesale prices of fish
and shellfish on the New Orleans French Market;
Gulf menhaden landings and production of meal,
solubles, and oil; and sponge sales; for the month in-
dicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in
Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and
Maryland, June 1961, 4 pp. (Market News Service,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St.,
Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for
the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower North-
ern Neck, Chincoteague, and Lower Eastern Shore;
the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and
Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic,
Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with cumula-
tive and comparative data; for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, May 1961,
22 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.)
Reviews the principal New England fishery ports, and
presents food fish landings by ports and species; in-
dustrial fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports;
cold-storage stocks of fishery products in New Eng-
land warehouses; fishery landings and ex-vessel
prices for ports in Massachusetts (Boston, Glouces-

128

ter, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods Hole),
Maine (Portland and Rockland), Rhode Island (Point
Judith), and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fishery
products prices to primary wholesalers at Boston,
Gloucester, and New Bedford; Atlantic Ave., Boston,
Mass., landings and ex-vessel prices; and landings
and ex-vessel prices for fares landed at the Boston
Fish Pier and sold through the New England Fish Ex-
change; for the month indicated.

New England Importers and Brokers of Imported Fish-
ery Products, 1961, 9 pp. (Market News Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth
Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Contains the names and
addresses of primary receivers of various types of
imported fishery products and byproducts in Boston,
Mass., and vicinity; other Massachusetts areas; Con-
necticut; Maine; and Rhode Island.

New York City's Wholesale Fisher Trade--Monthly
Summary for May 1961, 24 pp. (Market News Serv-
ice, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes sum-
maries and analyses of receipts and prices on whole-
sale Fulton Fish Market; imports entered at New
York City; primary wholesaler prices for fresh, can-
ned, and frozen products; and landings at Fulton Fish
Market docks and Stonington, Conn.; for the month
indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade, 1960 (Includes
Statistics and Marketing Trends), by T. J. Risoli,
58 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.)
The first part of this annual summary discusses fish-
ery products receipts and marketing trends in the
salt-water section of New York's wholesale Fulton
Fish Market during 1960. The second part covers
marketing trends and receipts in the wholesale fresh-
water fish market for 1960. The third part consists
of a series of statistical tables giving monthly over-
land and vessel receipts; receipts by species, meth-
ods of transportation, states, and provinces, 1960;

and imports of fishery products at New York City,
1960.

Seattle, Washington, Brokers and Importers of Fishery
Products, 1960, 6 pp. (Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Pier 42, So., Seattle 4,
Wash.) Contains the names and addresses of primary
receivers of various types of imported fishery prod-
ucts and byproducts and the country of origin.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE

ByAlaBie ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON
Deepens
Sy = &

"Additional Notes on the Maintenance of Immature Sea
Herring in Captivity," by H. C. Boyar and C. J. Sin-
dermann, article, Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol.
21,no. 4, 1959, pp. 185-187, processed, 25 cents a copy.

"Rapid Measurement of Fish," by Leonard L. Joeris,
article, Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 21, no. 4
1959, pp. 190-191, processed, 25 cents acopy.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH ANO WILO-
LIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION

ORGANIZATIONS OR PUBLISHER
DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN,

ANCHOVIES:

Estudio Preliminar sobre la Biometria, Biologia is

“Variacion del Contenido Graso del Box ieromeENGe
RAULIS ENCRASICHOLUS L., de Malaga (Prelim-
inary Study on the Biometrics, Biology, and Varia-
tion in Oil Content of the Anchovy, Engraulis encra-
sicholus L., at Malaga), by R. F. Crehuet and M. J.
deI V. Cordon, Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Ocean-
ografia,.no. 99, June 1960, 28 pp., illus., printedin
Spanish. Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Alcala,
27, Madrid, Spain.

ANTIBIOTICS:

"In Vitro Effects of Chlortetracycline on Bacteria In-
digenous to Gulf Shrimp and Oysters," by Arthur F.
Novak, Ernest A. Fieger, and Keith A. Stolzle, arti-
cle, Food Technology, vol. 14, November 1960, pp.
585-586, printed. Food Technology, The Garrard
Press, 510 No. Hickory St., Champaign, Il.

ANTIOXIDANTS: pe
Hydrolysis of Fish Materials, by Robert H. Bedford,

U. S. Patent No. 2,806,790, September 17, 1957,
printed. U.S. Patent Office, Washington 25, D.C.

"Improvement of the Keeping Quality of Fresh Fish
by Treatment with Antioxidants," by A. Liljemark,
H. W. Aas, and R. Marcuse, article, Fette Seifen
Anstrichmittel, vol. 61, 1959, pp. 465-468, printed
in German. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel, Industrie-
verlag von Herhaussen K. G., 24 Rodingsmarkt,
Hamburg 11, Germany.

"Refractive Index of Crystalline Guanine from Marine
Fish,'' by Tadashi Ueda, and Jogoro Matsuzawa, ar-
ticle, Norinsho Suisan Koshusho Kenkyu-Hokoku, vol.
6, 1956, pp. 97-100, printed in Japanese. Norinsho
Suisan Koshusho Kenkyu-Hokoku, Ministry of Agri-
culture and Forestry, Marine Products Training
Center, Shimonoseki, Japan.

"Utilization of Fish Liver Residues,'' by C. Gunasek-
era, article, Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council Pro-
ceedings, vol. 8, no. 2, 1960, pp. 89-92. Indo-Pa-
cific Fisheries Council Secretariat, Food and Agri-
culture Organization of the United Nations, Regional
Office for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand.

ARGENTINA:

Camara Marplatense de Industriales del Pescado -
Memoria y Balance, Periodo 1959-1960 (Associa-
tion of Mar del Plata Fish Processors - Report and
Financial Statement, 1959-1960), 149 Ejercicio, 19
pp., printed in Spanish. Camara Marplatense de In-
dustriales del Pescado, Calle 11 de Septiembre No.
2843, Mar del Plata, Argentina.

BALEARIC ISLANDS:

Carta de Pesca de las Baleares. Il--Norte de Mal-
lorcay MenorcayEstede Mallorca (Chart of the Bal-
éaric islands' Fishery. [I--North of Majorca and
Minorca and East of Majorca), by Miguel Oliver, no.
29, illus., printed in Spanish. Instituto Espanol de
Oceanografia, Alcala, 27, Madrid, Spain, 1960.

September 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

129

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

BIOCHEMISTRY:

"Amino Acid Composition of the Muscle Extracts of
Aquatic Animals," 5- K. Ito, article, Bulletin of the
Japanese Society ot Scientific Fisheries, vol. 23, nos.

and 8, 1957, pp. 497-500, printed in Japanese with
English summaries. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-Kai-
gandori 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"The Separation and Determination of Sugar Phosphates,
with Particular References to Extracts of Fish Tissue,"
by N. R. Jones and J. R. Burt, article, Analyst, vol.
85, November 1960, pp. 810-814, printed. Pratyst,

W. Heffer and Sons, Ltd., 3/4 Petty Curry, Cambridge,
England.

"Studies on the 'Kamaboko', Fish Jelly, and Fish Sau-
sage Products. VII--Influence of Added Salt Upon the
Water Intake of Fish Flesh (Parts 1 and 2),'' by Kaz-
uhiro Okamura, article, Bulletin of the Japanese So-
ciety of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, January 1960,
pp. 60-74, printed in Japanese with English abstract.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

BRAZIL:

Pesca, 1959, Estrutura e Producao (Fisheries, 1959,
Industry Data and Production), 42 pp., processed in
Portuguese. Ministerio da Agricultura, Servico de
Estatistica da Produaco, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
March 1961.

CALIFORNIA:

A Preliminary Report on the Fishery Resources of
California in Relation to the Central Valley Project,
by Willis H. Rich and others, 22 pp., processed.
Stanford University, Calif., August 19, 1944.

CANADA:

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
vol, 18, no. 2, March 1961, 148 pp., illus., printed.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada. Includes, among others, the following arti-
cles: "Artificial Drying of Cambodian Fish," by R.
Legendre; ''Probable Effects of Proposed Passama-
quoddy Power Project on Oceanographic Conditions,"
by R. W. Trites; ''Herring Movements in the Bay of
Fundy and Gulf of Maine, 1957 and 1958,"' by R. A.
McKenzie and S. N. Tibbo; ''Correlation of Morpho-
logical and Intra-Ocular Measurements in the Atlan-

tic Salmon (Salmo salar) Yearling," by M. A. Ali, P.
Copes, and W. R. Stevenson; ''Occurrence of Two
Species of Juvenile Rockfish in Queen Charlotte
Sound," by C. R. Hitz; ''Abnormalities in Lake Erie
Whitefish," by G. H. Lawler; and "Biosynthesis of
Trimethylammonium Compounds in Aquatic Animals.
IIl--Role of Betaine in the Formation of Trimethy-
lamine Oxide by Lobster (Homarus americanus),"

by E. Bilinski.

Sport Fish Resources of British Columbia, Part IV--
A General Evaluation, by Roderick L. Haig-Brown,
10 pp., processed. British Columbia Game Commis-

sion, 567 Burrard St., Vancouver, B. C. Canada, 1956.

CANNING:
Maquina para Coccion del Pescado Dentro de su En-
vase--Primera Instalada’en Espana (Machine for
Processing Fish in the Container--First Installation

in Spain), by Braulio Alfageme de Riva, 4 pp., illus.,
printed in Spanish. .(Reprinted from IDE--Informa-
tion. de Embalaje, no. 18.) Instituto Espanol del En-
vase y Embalaje, Breton de los Herreros, 67, Ma-
drid (3), Spain.

CARP:

"Influence of Motor Agitation on the Amount of Corti-
costeroids in the Plasma of a Teleost: The Carp
(Cyprinus carpio),'' by Jeanine Leloup-Hatey, arti-
cle, Journal de Physiologie (Paris), vol. 52, 1960,
pp. 145-146, printed. Journal de Physiologie, Lib-
raire Masson et Cie, 120 Blvd. St. Germain, Paris
6©, France.

'"Myogens of the Carp and Plaice," by J. G. Henrotte,
article, Biochimica et Biophysica acta, vol. 39, 1960,
pp. 103-121, printed in French. Biochimica et Bio-
physica Acta, Elsevier Publishing Co., 215 4th Ave.,
New York 3, N. Y.

Spawning and Development of Common Carp (CYPR-
INUS CARPIO) in Egyptian Ponds, by A. E. Imam and
M. T. Hashem, Notes and Memoirs No. 54, 14 pp.,
illus., printed in English and Arabic. Ministry of
Agriculture, Hydrobiological Department, Serow
Fish-Farm, Gammalia, Dakahlia, Egypt, 1960.

CHLORTETRACYCLINE:

"The Determination of Chlortetracycline in Tissues.
Parts I and II," by Tetuo Tomiyama, Atsushi Tsuda,
and Yasuo Yone, article, Food Research, vol. 25,
January-February 1960, pp. 97-112, printed. Food
Research, The Garrard Press, 510 No. Hickory St.,
Champaign, Il.

"Stability and Bacteriostatic Effect of Chlortetracy-
cline in Sea Water," by Yasuo Yone, Seiya Fuzino,
and Tetuo Tomiyama, article, Bulletin of the Japan-
ese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, May1960,
pp. 514-519, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

CHOLESTEROL:

"The Effect of Marine Products on the Blood Choles-
terol Levels in Man and in Animals. A Review," by
J. D. Wood, article, Journal of the Fisheries Re-
search Board of Canada, vol. 17, December 1960, pp.
903-912, printed. Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

COD:

"The Acid-Soluble Nucleotides of Codling (Gadus cal-
laria) Muscle," by N. R. Jones and J. Murray, arti-
cle, Biochemical Journal, vol. 77, December 1960,
pp. 567-574, printed. Biochemical Journal, Cam-
bridge, University Press, 200 Euston Rd., London
NW1, England.

"Studies on the North Sea Cod. III--Effects of Starva-
tion,"’ by R. M. Love, article, Journal of the Science
of Food and Agriculture, no. 9, September 1958, pp.
617-620, printed. Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture, Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Bel-
grave Sq., London SW1, England.

COMPOSITION:
"Marine Sterols. VI--Sterol Biosynthesis in Molluscs
and Echinoderms," by U. H. M. Fagerlund and D. R.

130

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 23, No.9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM. THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

Idler, article, Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and
Physiology, vol. 38, September 1960, pp. 997-1002, —
printed. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Phys-
iology, Division of Administration, National Research
Council, Sussex St., Ottawa, Canada.

"Marine Sterols. VII--The Synthesis of 29-Isofucost-
erol and the Attempted Synthesis of 17-Dehydrocho-
lesterol," by U. H. M. Fagerlund and D. R. Idler, ar-
ticle, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of

Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada.

"Sulfhydryl Groups of Tuna Myoglobins and Hemoglob-
ins, Whale Hemoglobin, Tobacco Mosiac Virus, and
Ovalbumin,"' by W. Duane Brown, Marino Martinez,
and Harold S. Olcott, article, Journal of Biological
Chemistry, vol. 236, January 1961, pp. 92-95, printed.
Journal of Biological Chemistry, American Society of
Biological Chemists, 428 East Preston St., Baltimore
2, Md.

COOKERY:

Seafood Cookery in North Carolina, compiled by Frank
B. Thomas, 48 pp., illus., printed, 25 cents. Public
Information Office, North Carolina Department of
Conservation and Development, Raleigh, N. C., Sep-
tember 1960. Outlines the forms in which fish are
marketed and contains instructions for preparing fin-
fish, shrimp, oysters, clams, crabs, and scallops.
Also included are recipes for sauces, canapes, and
hors d'oeuvres, soups and chowders, and stuffings
made or to be served with fish.

CUTTLEFISH:

"Biochemical Studies on the Viscera of Cuttlefish Om-
mastrephes sloani pacificus. III--On the Proteolytic
Enzymes of Viscera (Part 1),'' by Takashi Takaha-
shi, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Sci-
entific Fisheries, vol. 26, May 1960, pp. 500-503, —
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-
chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

DENMARK:

Fisheries Ministry's Research Laboratory Annual Re-
port for 1959, 51 pp., printed in Danish and English,
Fisheries Ministry's Research Laboratory, Copen-
hagen, Denmark, 1960.

"Main Experimental Results," article, beretning fra
Fiskeriministeriets Forsogslaboratorium for 1959
(Annual Report to the Danish Fishing Industry), pp.
41-49, printed in Danish and English. Fiskerimin-
isteriets Forsogslaboratorium, Copenhagen, Den-
mark, 1960.

DIETARY FAT:

Dietary Fat andIts Relation toHeart Attacks andStrokes
(Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Dietary Fat and
Atherosclerosis), 4 pp., printed. Dietary Fat and
Its Relation to Heart Attacks and Strokes (Report by
the Central Committee for Medical and Community
Program), 5 pp., printed. (Reprints of the same ar-
ticle in Circulation, vol. 23, January 1961--the sec-
ond reprint also contains a list of questions and an-
swers based on the report and designed to interpret
the meaning and application of the report for the
general public), American Heart Association, 44 E.

23rd St., New York 10, N. Y. Reduced fat consump-
tion, combined with. reasonable substitution of vege-
table oils and other unsaturated fats for animalfats
in the diet, is recommended in this report as a pos-
sible means of preventing atherosclerosis (harden-
ing of the arteries) and lessening the risk of heart
attacks and strokes. Recommendations are based

on the best scientific information available at the
present time. However, there is no final proof that
dietary changes can prevent heart attacks and strokes.
The Committee preparing the report states that, ''Not
all fats in the diet have the same effect on the amount
of cholesterol in the blood. In the usual diet eaten

in the United States, a large part of the fat is of the
saturated type... which tends to increase the choles-
terol in the blood. In contrast... many natural vege-
table oils, such as corn, cotton seed, and soya, as
well as the fat of fish, are relatively low in saturated
fats and high in fats of the poly-unsaturated type.
When these fats are substituted for a substantial part
of the saturated fats without increasing calories,,
blood cholesterol decreases.'' In conclusion, the
Committee called for intensified research into the
causes and prevention of atherosclerosis. ''This

is essential to obtain more complete information on
which more definite recommendations can eventually
be based."

DOLPHINS:

"Sounds Emitted by the Bottlenose Dolphin," by John
C, Lilly and Alice M. Miller, article, Science, vol.
133, no. 3465, May 26, 1961, pp. 1689-1693, illus.,.
printed, Science American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave. NW,
Washington 5, D. C.

ECOLOGY:

Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries, by George K.
Reid, 375 pp., printed, $7.50. Reinhold Publishing
Corp., 430 Park Ave., New York 22, N. Y.

Experimental Ecology of the Feeding of Fishes, by V.
S. Ivlev, 302 pp., printed, translated from Russian,

$7.50. Yale University Press, 143.Elm St., New
Haven, Conn., 1961. Summary of the results of in-
vestigations undertaken to establish experimentally
the fundamental laws of the trophic ecology of fish,
of selective feeding, indirect food relations of fish,
and ecology of starvation.

EELS:

PARACONGER, a New Genus with Three New Species
of Eels (Family Congridae), by Robert H. Kanazawa,
14 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings
of the United States National Museum, vol. 113, no.
3450, 1961, pp. 1-14.) Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D. C.

EGYPT:

The Fishery Grounds Near Alexandria, XIX--Mollusca,
by Adolf Steuer, Notes and Memoirs No. 33, 151 pp.,
illus., printed. Ministry of Commerce & Industry,
Fouad Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries, Alex-
andria, Egypt, 1939.

ELECTRIC FISHING:

"Electronic Fishing With Underwater Pulses," by
Harry P. Dale, article, Electronics, vol. 32, no. 4,
1959, printed. Electronics, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
330 W. 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y.

September 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 131

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

John St., Lancaster, England.

ELECTRONIC FISHING:

"Fish Fight Losing Battle Against Science," article,
Chemical and Engineering News, vol. 38, September
19, 1960, p. 140, printed. Chemical and Engineering
News, The American Chemical Society, 1801 K. St.
NW., Washington 6, D. C. Discusses the use of the
new "electronic fishing line.'' The line, actually a
steel cable, carries electrical conductors so that
fishermen might attach to the line various electrical
and electronic devices. A depth telemeter, for in-
stance, would be attached to the cable to show the
depth of the net. The crew would then raise or lower
the net to snare a catch previously spotted by echo-
sounding. Another aid to the fisherman would be an
on-bottom indicator which would tell the fishermen
when the net rose off the ocean bottom. A third de-
vice, a ground indicator similar to a speedometer,
would be attached to the cable to help the crew de-
termine the progress of the trawl along the sea bot-
tom. Still other instruments would indicate the wa-
ter temperature and the size of the catch. One of the
most important uses of the cable would be for attach-
ing lights. These lights, shining deep below the sur-
face, would attract fish into the path of the trawl.

ENZYMES:

"Amylase of Fresh-Water Fish,'' by Robert L. McGea-
chin and James W. Debnam, article, Proceedings of
Society for ExperimentalyBiology and Medicine, vol.
103, 1960, pp. 814-815, printed. Society for Experi-
mental Biology and Medicine, College of City of New
York, New York 31, N. Y.

FACTORYSHIPS:

"Los Barcos-Fabrica" (The Factoryships), by J. M.
Casal Lopez-Valeiras, articles, Metalurgia y Elec-
tricidad, vol. 24, no. 279, December 1960, an 143-
152; and vol. 25, no. 280, January 1961, pp. 337-355,
illus., printed in Spanish. Metalurgia y Electricidad,
#7 Cuesta de Santo Domingo, Madrid, Spain.

FAROE ISLANDS:

"The Fishery of the Faroes 1952-1960," article, Faroes
in Figures, no. 14, June 1961, pp. 2-6, printed. Faero
Amts Sparekasse, Thorshavn, Faroe Islands.

FATTY ACIDS:

"Comparative Analythical Studies of Fatty Acids of the
Alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa,"' by Hermann Schlenk and
others, article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists'
Society, vol..37, Novamber 1960, pp. 547-552, printed.
American Oil Chemists' Society, 35 East Wacker Dr.,
Chicago 1, Ill.

FISH BEHAVIOR: ‘

"O Reaktsii Ryby na Zvuk i Shumovykh Spektrakh
Traulera'' (On Fish Reaction to Sound and to Noise
Spectra of a Trawler), by E. V. Shishkova, article,
Rybone Khoziaistvo, no. 3, March 1958, pp. 33-39,
printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Gla-
vniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S. 5. R.

No. 55, 20 pp., printed in English with Arabic abstract.
Ministry of Agriculture, Hydrobiological Department,
Serow Fish-Farm, Gammalia, Dakahlia, Egypt, No-
vember 1959. Discusses the preparation, advantages,
and difficulties of fish culture in rice fields. Tables
cover results of experiments using tilapia, carp, and
mixed cultures in rice fields.

"Oznachenii Vneshnikh Priznakov Pishchi pri Korm-
lenii Molodi Lososia i Foreli'' (On the Importance of
External Signs of Food in Feeding Salmon and Trout
Young), by Iu. A. Labas, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
no. 6, June 1959, pp. 32-37, printed in Russian. Ry-
bnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gospl-
anie SSSR, Moscow, U.S. 5S. R.

FISH MEAL:

"The Nutritive Value of Fish Meal Protein: A Com-
parison of Chemical Measurements with a Chick-
Feeding Test,"' by Claude E. Thurston, L. E. Ouster-
hout, and Patricia P. MacMaster, article, Journal of
the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1a
vol. 43, November 1960, pp. 760-762, printed. Asso-
ciation of Official Agricultural Chemists, P. O. Box
540, Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington 4, D. C.

FISH MEASURING:
"One-Man'' Measuring Board, by T. Williams, Indo-
Pacific Fisheries Council Occasional Paper 60/3,
4 pp., illus., printed. Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council
Secretariat, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Far
East, Bangkok, Thailand, 1960.

FISH MOUNTING:

"Plaster Casts of Fish,'' by Dwight A. Webster, article,
The Conservationist, April-May 1961, pp. 28-32,
illus., printed. The Conservationist, Rm. 335, State
Campus, Albany, N. Y.

FISH OIL:

"Chemical Properties of Oils in Gamma-Radiated Fish
Meat and Products. Part Il--Difference of Proper-
ties of the Oil by Various Packing Films," by Takashi
Kaneda, Seinosuke Ishi, and Hisae Sakai, article, Bul-
letin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
‘vol. 26, August 1960, pp. 823-826, printed. Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kai-
gandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"Studies on Antimicrobial Action of Oxidized FishOil.
I--Fractionation of Carbonyls from the Oxidized
Calamary Oil Methyl Ester,'' by Masamichi Toyo-
mizu, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, July 1960, pp. 721-725,
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

FISH POPULATIONS: .

"Photographic Studies of Fish Populations,''by R. E.
Craig and R. Priestley, article, Nature, vol. 188,
October 22, 1960, pp. 333-334, printed. Nature, St.
Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10,
INS

FISH PROCESSING:
Selected Articles from Technology of Fish Processing,

x edited by T. I. Makarova, OTS 60-21865, 268 pp.,
SiC UE TURE: illus., printed, $2.75, Order by OTS number. Avail-
able from the Office of Technical Services, U. S. De-

Fish-Culture in Egyptian Rice Fields, by A. H. Shaheen,
A. E. Imam, and i T. Hashem, Notes and Memoirs

132

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 23, No. 9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

partment of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., 1960.
(Translated from Russian Tekhnologiya Rybnykh Prod-
dktov.)

FISH RESERVOIRS:

"A Proposal for the Management of Reservoirs for
Fisheries,'' by Andrew H. Hulsey, article, Proceed-
ings of the Twelfth Annual Conference, Southeastern
Association of Game and Fish Commissioners (Octo-
ber 19-22,.1958), pp. 132-143, printed. Southeastern
Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, Co-
lumbia;:S. C.,; 1959.

FISH SAUSAGE:

"Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth of Three Kinds of Ba-
cillus Which are Isolated from Fish Sausage," arti-
cle, Bulletin of the Japanese Societ of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 25, November 1959, pp. 554-560, printed

in Japanese. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"Bacteriological Studies on the Spoilage of Fish Sau-
sages. IV--The Formationof Volatile Acid and Vola-
tile Base by Bacillus" and ''V--The Formation of
Volatile Acid in the Course of the Spoilage of Fish
Sausage,"' by Mikio Akamatsu, articles, Bulletin of
the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26,
June 1960, pp. 581-594, printed in Japanese with Eng-
lish abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher-
ies, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo,
Japan.

FISH SCALES:

"Changes of State and Response of the Fish Scale Me-
lanophore During Continuous Immersion in Ringer's
Solution," by Kiyotsugu Seiji Iwata, Munetaka Wata-
nabe, and Toru Kurihara, article, Biological Journal

of Okayama University, vol. 5, 1959, pp. 185-194,
printed. Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.

FLOUNDER:

"Chemical Indices of Decomposition in Flounder," by
Fred Hillig and others, article, Journal of the Asso-
ciation of Official Agricultural Chemists, vol. 43,
November 1960, pp. 755-760, printed. Association
of Official Agricultural Chemists, P. O. Box 540,
Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington 4, D. C.

"Polia Pitaniia Kamball (Pleuronectidae) v Kronot-
skom Zalive'' (Feeding Grounds of Flounder in the
Kronotsk Gulf), by A. P. Kuznetsov, article, Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, no. 1, January 1958, pp. 7-11, printed
in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavnipro-
ekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S. 5S. R.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:

Catalogue of Fisheries Publications and Documents,
compiled by Patricia M. Andrews, 29 pp., processed.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy,
June 1961. Lists periodicals, FAO Fisheries Studies,
FAO Fisheries Papers, separate publications, and
publications of the General Fisheries Council for the
Mediterranean. Also lists publications of the Indo-
Pacific Fisheries Council, reports of the.Latin A-
merican Fisheries Training Centers, reports of the
Expanded Technical Assistance Program, and re-
prints of articles appearing in FAO Fisheries Bul-
letin and other periodicals. Rt,

Experience in Fishing Boat Building Applicable to the
Indo-Pacific Region (Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council,
9th Session), by J. O. Traung, 26 pp., illus., printed.
Indo-Pacific Fisheries ‘Council Secretariat, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Re-
gional Office for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok,
Thailand, January 1961.

FOOD PROCESSING:

An Introduction to Thermal Processing of Foods, by

~$. A. Goldblith, M. A. Joslyn, and J. T. R. Nickerson,
1140 pp., illus., printed, domestic $16.50, foreign
$17.50. The AVI Publishing Co., Inc., P. O. Box 388;
Westport, Conn., 1961. This volume, the first of ‘
several proposed in a series, presents some of the
important original papers relating to the microbio-
logy and thermal processing of foods--examples of
the food science literature of 1809 to 1960. In all
instances, the papers are reproduced as originally
published with the exception of the foreign papers of
which translations are presented. The section on
microbiology reprints in its original format the K. G.
Bitting translation of the classic, Appert's The Art
of Preserving Animal and Vegetable Substances for
Many Years (ofiginal published in 1810), and many
early articles on food technology. The section on
heat transfer includes articles on temperature-time
relations, heat penetration, and similar topics. The
part devoted to process calculation presents findings
on thermal processing in tin containers, the use of
bacteriological techniques in quality control, and
related studies. The concluding section on adapta-
tion to commercial conditions, contains articles on
agitating in processing and the use of the flash proc-
ess and aseptic fill. Liberally illustrated with dia-
grams, photographs, and tables, this textbook should
be invaluable to food industry people and any student
of foods and food science. It contains some refer-
ences to fishery products processing. Reprinted in
the book are the works of Prescott and Underwood
of Massachusetts, and Russell of Wisconsin. Also,
papers are presented illustrating the first use of the
thermocouple; Howard's original publication on mold
count; Breed's original paper on the direct micro-
scopic count; etc.

FREEZE-DRYING:

"Freeze-Drying,'' by John V. Ziemba, article, Food
Engineering, vol. 32, December 1960, pp. 57-64,
printed. Food Engineering, McGraw-Hill Publish-
ing Co., 330 West 42nd St., New York 36, N. Y.

FREEZING:

"Congelacion del Pescado por Contacto" (Contact-
Freezing Fish), by J. M. Casal Lopez-Valeiras, ar-
ticles, Metalurgia y Electricidad, vol. 23, no. 267,
December 1959, pp. 151-157; and vol. 24, no. 268,
January 1960, pp. 279-287, illus., printed in Spanish.
Metalurgia y Electricidad, #7 Cuesta de Santo Dom-
ingo, Madrid, Spain.

FROZEN FISH:

"Rapid Fish Thawing Method Developed by Torry,"
article, Food Manufacture, vol. 35, August 1960, p.
352, printed. Food Manufacture, Leonard Hill, Ltd.,
Stratford House, 9 Eden St., London NW1, England.

FROZEN FOODS:

A Bacteriological Survey of the Frozen ‘Precooked
Food Industry, by L. R. Shelton, Jr., and others,

September 1961

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE,

32 pp., processed. U.S. Department of Health, Ed-
ucation, and Welfare, Food and Drug Administration,
Washington 25, D. C. Covers a survey conducted in
March 1958-June 1959 of the frozen precooked foods
industry to determine the need for and feasibility of
establishing bacterial limits or standards for certain
products. It deals with the relationship between plant
operation and microbial content of the finished prod-
uct. Foods are categorized in four major groups.
Fish and shellfish products appear in three of the
four groups. Bacteriological findings on all the fin-
ished products samples are summarized in tables.
The fishery products specifically listed are: shrimp-
burger, crabburger, macaroni and tuna, shrimp chow
mein, shrimp rolls, lobster rolls, fried halibut, fried
shrimp, haddock in wine sauce, lobster newberg,
fried clams, fish sticks, fish cakes, crab cakes, dev-
iled crab, stuffed crab, cream of shrimp soup, oyster
stew, tuna pie, lobster pie, and raw breaded shrimp.

"A Visual Indicator of the Temperature of Frozen
Food," by D. L. Nicol, article, Chemistry and Indus-
el no. 41, October 8, 1960, pp. 1261-1262, printed.

emistry and Industry, Society of the Chemical In-
‘dustry, 14 Belgrave Sq., London SW1, England.

FUR SEAL:

Review of Fur Seal Operations and Administration of
the Pribilof Islands, Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Depart-
ment of the Interior (Report to the Congress of the
United States), 40 pp., processed. Comptroller Gen-
eral of the United States, Washington 25, D. C., June

1961.

GENERAL:

The Picture Book of Fisheries, by Anita Brooks, 96 pp.,

“illus., printed, $3.50. The John Day Company, Inc.,

210 Madison Ave., New York 16, N. Y., 1961. A
small book of good quality black and white photographs
depicting man's worldwide struggle to wrest food from
the oceans and waters of the earth. The author her-
self expresses the purpose of the book very well:
"Along with information about some of the aspects of
commercial fishing which I hope will be of use to
young students, I have tried in this book to give a
sense of the world through a collection of photo-
graphs--a world at work and at peace." In the intro-
duction to the book, Dr. Hernane Tavares de Sa,
U. N. Under-Secretary for Public Information, points
out that the huge fishing industry that goes on night
and day, all the year-round in good and bad weather,

"is a good example of the relationship of many dif-
ferent countries and peoples to each other."' Fisher-
men's work is the oldest in the world and today fish
is still one of the world's most important necessary
foods. For many countries, fish is the principal
source of protein. Using pictures with clear, con-
cise but descriptive captions, the author presents
fishing as it is carried on in the seas, lakes, and
streams of the world; the villages where fishermen
live; how the catch is prepared and brought to mar-
ket. A list of the most common varieties of fish as
well as an index round out the book. Part of the
"Picture Aids to World Geography" series, this book
is excellent for introducing children to the romance
of fishing. But it is an excellent addition to the li-
brary of any one interested in fisheries.

--J. Pileggi

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

133

BUT USUALLY MAY BE

Under Water and Sea Adventures: The Storyof the
Wonderful Waters Around the Earth, by Patrick
Ellam, 92 pp., illus., printed, $1.95. Grosset and
Dunlap, Inc., 1107 Broadway, New York 10, N. Y.,
1961. Tells young people about sea and winds, ocean
bottom, marine animals, and bathyscaphs.

HERRING:

"Seasonal Variation in the Collagen Content of Pacific
Herring Tissues," by J. R. McBride, R. A. MacLeod,
and D. R. Idler, article, Journal of the Fisheries Re-
search Board of Canada, vol. 17, December 1960, pp.

913-916, printed. Journal of the Fisheries Research
naeta of Canada, Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

"Sildeinnsiget 1961" (Herring Fishery Outlook, 1961),
by Finn Devold, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 18,
May 4, 1961, pp. 366- 368, illus., illus., printed. Fiskets
Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen,
Norway.

"Sildeundersokelser i Norskehavet med F/F G.O. Sars,
5-17 Desember 1960" (Herring Research in thé Nor-
wegian Sea by G.O. Sars, December 5-17, 1960), by
Ole J. Ostvedt, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 18,
May 4, 1961, pp. 364-365, illus., printed in Norwe-
gian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass
10, Bergen, Norway.

"Untersuchungen uber die Verbreitung der Heringsl-
arven im Englischen Kanal und der Sudlichen Nord-
see im Januar 1959" (Investigation of the Dissemina-
tion of Herring Larvae in the English Channel and in
the Southern Part of the North Sea in January 1959),
by Gotthilf Hempel, article, Helgolander Wissensch-
aftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, vol. 7, no. 2, 1960,

pp. 72-79, illus., printed in German with English sum -
mary. Biologischen Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg,
Germany.

JAMAICA:

"The Economic and Social Effect of Public Credit in
the Fishing Industry of Jamaica,'' by A. J. Thomas,
article, West Indies Fisheries Bulletin no. 6, Novem-
ber-December 1960, pp. 1-8, processed. Ministry of
Natural Resources and Agriculture, Federal House,
Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, West Indies. Discusses the
methods which were implemented to obtain public
credit and ensure the success of a program of mech-
anization in the marine fisheries of Jamaica. Funds
were provided for the purchase of outboard motors
on long-term credit. Other plans to help the fisher-
men were: sale of duty-free gasoline/oil to fisher-
men; sale of necessary equipment at prices lower.
than those of commercial houses; and servicing of
engines at nominal prices, as well as training the
fishermen in improved fishing methods. Also in-
cluded are the economic and social consequences of
these plans.

JAPAN:
Bulletin of the Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research
~ Laboratory, No. 23, March 1961, 82 pp., illus., printed
in Japanese with ‘English abstracts, Hokkaido Re-
gional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Yoichi, Hok-
kaido, Japan. Includes the following articles: ''Stud-
ies on the Early Life History of Herring, Clupea pal-

134 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No.9

lasi. I--Habitat and Feeding Habits of the Larvae in
Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido," by Shoichi Mikami, and oth-
ers; ''The Seasonal Change of Gonad Weight of Sock-
eye and Chum Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean,
Especially with Reference to Mature and Immature
Fish," by Kenji Takagi; "Studies on Mechanisms of
the Change in Quality of Primary Marine Products
and Methods for the Prevention of Deterioration. I--
The Comparative Aspects of the Change in Quality
on Salted Saury and Saury Meal," by Katsutoshi Miwa
and Echiko Konoshita; and ''Studies on the Utilization
of Marine Algae. I--Total Ash and Copper Contents
in L. religiosa Miyabe and L. angustata Kjellm," by
Shigeshi Komaki and Masako Matsumura. Also con-
tains articles on: ''Studies on Freezing of 'Surimi'
(Fish Paste) and Its Application. IV--On the Effect
of Sugar upon the Keeping Quality of Frozen Alaska
Pollack Meat,'' by Kaoru Tamoto and others; ''Studies
on the Characteristic Qualities of Fish Meat. III--
On Insolubility of Extracted Actomyosin Brought about
by Freezing. IV--Denaturation of Muscle Owing to
Deterioration of Freshness and Freezing. V--On
Changes in the Water-Holding Capacity of Alaska
Pollack during Freezing,'' by Toshio Tokunaga and
Masayoshi Nakamura.

JAPAN SEA:

"'Pervichnaya Produktsiya Yaponskogo Morya i Chasti
Tikhogo Okeana, Prilegayushchey k Yaponii, Vesnoy
1957 G." (The Primary Production of the Japan Sea
and of the Part of the Pacific Ocean Near Japan in
the Spring 1957), by Yu. I. Sorokin and O. I. Koblents-
Mishke, article, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol.
122, no. 6, 1958, pp. 1-18, 1020, printed in Russian.
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Podsosenski per. 21,
Moscow B-64, U.S. S. R.

LAMPREY:

"Partitioning of Body Water in Sea Lamprey," by
Thomas B. Thorson, article, Science, vol. 130, no.
3367, 1959, pp. 99-100, printed. American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massachu-
setts Ave., NW., Washington 5, D. C.

LOBSTERS:

"The Norway Lobster," article, World Fishing, vol. 10,
no. 6, June 1961, pp. 45-46, 53-54, illus., printed.
World Fishing, John Trundell (Publishers) Ltd., St.
Richard's House, Eversholt St., London NW1, Eng-
land.

LOUISIANA:

"A Study of an Estuarine Area with Water-Level Con-
trol. in the Louisiana Marsh,'' by Gordon Gunter, and
William E. Shell, Jr., article, Proceedings of the
Louisiana Academy of Science, vol. 21, 1958, pp. 5-
34, printed. Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy
of Science, Louisiana University, Baton Rouge, La,

MARINE ALGAE:

"Chemical Studies on Marine Algae. XIII--Isolation
of Crystal L-Citrulline from Chondrus ocellatus and
Rhodoglossum pulchrum,'' by Mitsuo Kuriyama, Mit-
suzo Takagi, and Kiichi Murata, article, Bulletin of
the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, vol.
10, November 1959, pp. 277-283, printed. Bulletin
of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University,
Hakodate, Japan.

10 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Biological
Bulletin, vol. 120, no. 2, April 1961, pp. 255-264.)
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.

"The Rim of the Reef," by E. Yale Dawson, article,
Natural History, vol. 70, no. 6, June-July 1961, pp.
8-16, illus., printed. The American Museum of
Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St., New
York 24, N. Y.

MARINE SHELLS:

How to Know the American Marine Shells, by R. Tuck-

~er Abbott, 234 pp., illus., printed, 75 cents. New A-
merican Library of World Literature, Inc., 501 Mad-
ison Ave., New York 22, N. Y. An authoritative guide
to shells of the Atlantic and Pacific’ coasts.

MARLIN:

"Distribution of the Blue Marlin and Black Marlin in
the Indo-Pacific,'' by James E. Morrow, IJr., article,
Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean,
vol. 9, no. 3, 1959, pp. 321-323, printed. The Marine
Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

MINK FEED:

Antioxidants and Other Feed Additives in Fish Diets
for Minks: Effect on Reproduction and Steatitis, by
J. R. Leekley and C. A. Cabell, Production Research
Report No. 49, 23 pp., printed. Agricultural Research
Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton 25, D. C., April 1961. Discusses the techniques
and results of cooperative research conducted on the
feeding of fish waste to minks. The availability of
large amounts of fish cannery waste in the Alaska
area as feedfor minks and the susceptibility of this
product to rancidity prompted tests on feed additives
that might preserve this material. From previous
experiments and practical mink feeding, it was known
that stored frozen fish waste, fed at relatively high
levels, resulted in steatitis (yellow fat disease) in
minks. Also in these previous studies supplementa-
ry antibiotic or tocopherols at the levels used, though
of some help, failed to prevent the disease. In the
present tests, the phenolic antioxidants, including
DPPD and BHT, were tested as additives to fish
waste diets in factorially designed experiments. In
these experiments, conducted during a 5-year peri-
od, a total of 474 female minks and their 1,420 kits
were fed the experimental diets through the breed-
ing, gestation, and suckling periods. Many of the
animals were fed to pelting. Results showed that
while DPPD causes adverse effects on mink repro-
duction, BHT has no ill effects on reproduction and
is useful in preventing steatitis.

MINNESOTA:

"An Economic Evaluation of the Sport Fishery of
Minnesota - Part One," by Zane Scheftel, article,
Minnesota Fish and Game Investigations, Fish Series
Number 1, 1958, pp. 26-34, printed. Minnesota De-
partment of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish,
Bureau of Research and Planning, State Office Bldg.,
St. Paul 1, Minn.

MOLLUSKS:

Indo-Pacific Mollusca -- A new journal devoted to the
study of the speciation and geographical distribution
of the marine mollusks of the tropical Pacific and
Indian Oceans. The subscription rate is US$5.00 per
hundred pages. Numbers will be issued at irregular

September 1961

intervals, as research is completed. The Department
of Mollusks, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, Philadelphia, Pa. Indo-Pacific Mollusca is a
series of taxonomic monographs of the marine mol-
lusks found from the east coast of Africa to the East
Indies, southern Japan, northern Australia and east-
ward through Polynesia. Each number covers all

the known recent and tertiary species of a genus or
family, and includes full synonymies, full descrip-
tions, measurements, types, ranges, locality records,
comparative remarks, and a condensation of anatom-
ical, ecological, and economic information. All spe-
cies are illustrated either in full color, black-and-
white photographs, or line drawings.

"Phosphatides of Mollusca," by Koichi Zama, Mutsuo
Hatano, and Hisanao Igarashi, article, Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, Sep-
tember 1960, pp. 917-920, printed. Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

MOROCCO:

La Pisciculture et la Peche dans les Eaux Continen-
tales du Maroc (Inland Waters Fish Culture and Fish-
ery of Morocco), 70 pp., illus., printed in French.

Le Conseiller Piscicole des Eaux et Forets, Minis-
tere de l'Agriculture, Rabat, Morocco, February
1960.

MUSSELS:

"Histochemical Demonstration of the Mode of Action
of the Alkaloid in Mussel Poisoning," by W. J. Pepler
and E. Loubster, article, Nature, vol. 188, December
3, 1960, p. 860, printed. Nature, St. Martin's Press,
Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N. Y.

NETHERLANDS:
Statistiek vande Visserij, 1959 (Statistics of Fisheries,
1959), 32 pp., illus., minted in Dutch with English
table of contents, fl. 3.15 (about 88 U. S. cents). The
Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics, The Hague,
Netherlands, 1960. A statistical review of the Neth-
erlands fishing industry during 1959. Discusses
vessels and manpower in the fisheries; production
of fish and shellfish by type of fishery, fishing region,
gear, and type of vessel; processing and sale of fish-
ery products--foreign trade, canning and smoking,
and fish meal; prices of fishery products; and whal-
ing. Much of the report is devoted to statistical
tables and graphs showing landings of fish and shell-
fish, number of fishing vessels, production of fish
meal and processing plants, foreign trade in fishery
products, and other similar data.

NETS:

"Breaking Strength of a Net,'' by Yasushi Kondo, ar-
ticle, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 26, June 1960, pp. 554-558, printed
in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"The Distribution of Stress on a Fishing Net. II-- On
the Impact Load,'' by Yasushi Kondo and Makoto
Suzuki, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, June 1960, pp. 559-564,
printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kai-
gandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

135

"Relative Efficiency and Selectivity of Experimental
Gill Nets of Linen and Nylon," by W. J. Scidmore,
and Zane Scheftel, article, Minnesota Fish and Game
Investigations, Fish Series No. 1, 1958) pp. 46-53,
printed. Minnesota Department of Conservation,
Division of Game and Fish, Bureau of Research and
Planning, State Office Bldg., St. Paul 1, Minn.

NYASALAND:

O Lago Niassa e o Seu Aproveitamento Piscicola (Lake
Nyasa and the Development of Its Fisheries), by J.
Goncalves Sanches, Notas Mimeografadas do. Centro
de Biologia Piscatoria No. 12, 13 pp., processed in
Portuguese. Centro de Biologia Piscatoria, Minis-
terio do Ultramar, Junta de Investigacoes do Ultra-
mar, Lisbon, Portugal, 1960.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

Some Relations of Estuarine Organisms to Salinity, by
Gordon Gunter, 9 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Lim-
nology and Oceanography, vol. 6, no. 2, April 1961,

pp. 182, 190.) Limnology and Oceanography, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.

ORSOM III--Compte-Rendu des Croisieres de 1'Annee
1960 (Orsom Il--Report of Cruises for 1960), Rap-
port de Croisiere No. 4, 34 pp., illus., processed in
French. Institut Francais d'Oceanie, Centre d'Ocean-
ographie, Noumea, New Caledonia, February 1961.

ORSOM Ill--Croisieres, Diverses de 1960--Physique
Chimie et Biologie (Orsom Mll--Various Cruises in
1960--Physics, Chemistry, and Biology), Rapport
Scientifique No. 20, 58 pp., illus., processed in
French. Institut Francais d'Oceanie, Centre d'O-

ceanographie, Noumea, New Caledonia, February 1961.

ORSOM III--Resultats de la Croisiere ''Dillon''--2eme
Partie, Chimie et Biologie (Orsom IlI--Results of
the “Dillon” Cruise. Part 2--Chemistry and Biology),
by Henri Rotschi and others, Rapport Scientifique No.
19, 106 pp., illus., processed in French. Institut
Francias d'Oceanie, Centre d'Oceanographie, Nou-
mea, New Caledonia, January 1961.

"Some Oceanographic Features of the Northeast Pacif-
ic Ocean during August 1955," by E, B. Bennett, ar-
ticle, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, vol. 16, no. 5, 1959, pp. 565-633, printed.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada.

OTOLITHS:

"Otolitos de Peces Actuales" (Otoliths of Present-Day
Fishes), by Juan Bauza Rullan, article, Boletin de la
Real Sociedad Espanola Historia Natural Biologia),
vol. 56, no. 2, 1958, pp. 111-126, printed in Spanish.
La Real Sociedad Espanola Historia Natural (Biolog-
ia), Madrid, Spain.

OYSTERS:

On Conditions Determining Sex in the Magaki Oyster
~{OSTREA GIGAS Thunberg), by I. Amemiya, M.

Tamura, and H. Senuma, Translation Series No. 296,
9 pp., iilus., processed, 1960. (Translated from
Japanese Fishery Science Society Journal, vol. 5,
no. 2, 1929, pp. 234-257.) Available only from the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological
Station, St. Andrews, N. B., Canada.

136

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No.9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

Effect of Gill Excision on Sex Determination in the
Oyster, OSTREA GIGAS Thunberg, Translation Series
No. 294, 2 pp., processed, 1960. (Translated from
Japanese, Journal of the Japanese Science Society,
vol. 10, no. 4, 1936, pp. 1023-1026.) Available only
from the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bio-
logical Station, St. Andrews, N. B., Canada.

On Sex Change in the Japanese Common Oyster OSTREA
GIGAS Thunberg, by Ikusaku Amemiya, Translation
Series No. 295, 3 pp., processed, 1960. (Translated
from Japanese, Proceedings of the Imperial Academ
Japan (Tokyo), vol. 5, no. 7, 1929, pp. 284-286.) A-
vailable only from the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, Biological Station, St. Andrews, N. B. Canada.

Some Observations on Effects of Environment on the
Kegaki Oyster (OSTREA SPINOSA), by I. Amemiya,
S. Semuna, and K. Suwa, Translation Series No. 297,
4 pp., illus., processed, 1960. (Translated from
Japanese, Fishery Science Society Journal, vol. 5,
no. 3, 1929, pp. 305-310.) Available only from the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological
Station, St. Andrews, N. B., Canada.

"Studies on the Effects of Copper Dissolved in Sea
Water on Oyster," by Masaru Fujiya, article, Bul-
letin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
vol. 26, March 1960, pp. 462-467, printed. Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kai-
gandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

PACKAGING:

Packaging Frozen Fish, by R. H. Moyer, Circular No.
23, 7 pp., printed. Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, Technological Station, 898 Richards St.,
Vancouver 2, B. C., Canada.

PAKISTAN:

"Directorate of Fisheries, East Pakistan," article,
Pakistan (Quarterly), vol. 10, no. 2, 1961, pp. 110-
112, illus., printed. Pakistan Publications, P. O.
Box 183, Karachi, Pakistan. Discusses the fisheries
resources of East Pakistan, annual production of
fish, and need for further development of the indus-
try. Covers the objectives of the Directorate of
Fisheries, intensification of the program of rehabili-
tation of polluted and unproductive waters, fish culture
and farming, production of fishery byproducts, estab-
lishment of cold-storage facilities, and related pro-
jects.

"Research in Marine Fisheries," article, Pakistan
(Quarterly), vol. 10, no. 2, 1961, pp. 108-109, illus.,
printed. Pakistan Publications, P. O. Box 183, Kar-
achi, Pakistan. Discusses biological and technolog-
ical research conducted by the Pakistan Central Fish-
eries Department. Covers identification and descrip-
tion of fish, exploratory fishing, gear research, work
done on keeping quality of fish, determination of
vitamin A content of shark-liver oil, mechanization
of fishing vessels, and investigation of the decline
of the hilsa fisheries.

PHOTOGRAPHY:

"A Technique for Fish Photography," by John E. Ran-
dall, article, Copeia, no. 2, June 1961, pp. 241-242,
printed. American Society of Ichthyologists and
Herpetologists, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, Calif.
(Also Contribution no. 311, The Marine Laboratory,

University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway,
Miami 49, Fla.)

PIGMENTS:

"Studies on the Pigments of Marine Animals. VI--
Carotenoids of Some Tunicates,"' by Kokichi Nishi-
bori, article, Publications of the Seto Marine Biolog-
ical Laboratory, vol. 7, 1958, pp. 181-192, printed.
Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University,
Seto, Japan.

POLLUTION:
The Hanford Atomic Project and Columbia River Pol-
lution, by H. V. Clukey, HW-54243, 21 pp., printed.
ice of Technical Services, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D. C., 1957.

PROCESSING:

"New Packaging Technique: Edible Protective Coat-
ing,'' by George Y. Brokaw, article, Food Processing,
vol. 21, December 1960, pp. 38-40, 43, printed. Food
Processing, Putnam Publishing Co., 111 East Dela-
ware Pl., Chicago 11, Il.

PRODUCTIVITY:

"Metodi di Ricerca Sulla Produttivita del Mare" (Meth-
ods of Research on the Productivity of the Sea), by
Costanzo M. De Angelis, article, Bollettino di Pesca,
Piscicultura e Idrobiologia, vol. 12, now2, 1958ispp:
159-211, printed in Italian. Laboratorio Centrale di
Idrobiologia, 91 Piazza Borghese, Rome, Italy.

PROTEINS:

"A Comparative Study of the Proteins of Shark and
Skate and Casein. I--Isolation, Analysis, and Com-
parison of Amino Acid Make-up," by K. S. Ambe and
Kamala Sohonie, article, Indian Journal of Fisheries,
vol. 4, 1957, pp. 113-123, printed. Indian Journal of
Fisheries, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, New
Delhi, India.

"On the Denaturation of Fish Muscle Proteins by De-
hydration. IIl--Changes in Viscosity and in Stream-
ing Birefringence of Extractable Proteins," by Ma-
sao Migita, Juichiro Matsumoto, and Taneko Suzuki,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 26, September 1960, pp. 925-930,
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"Filter-Paper Electrophoresis of Serum Proteins
from Sharks,'' by Theodore J. Starr and Walter Fos-
berg, article, Copeia, vol. 4, 1957, pp. 292-295,
printed. Copeia, American Society of Ichthyologists
and Herpetologists, 34th St. and Girard Ave., Phila-
delphia 4, Pa.

"The Influence of Sodium Chloride on the Solubility and
on the Susceptibility to Hydrolysis of the Muscle Pro-
teins of Fish by Pepsin," by G. K. Koval'chuk, arti-
B,no. 3, 1955 pp. 65-73, printed in Russian. Leituvos
TSR Mokslu Akademii Darbai: Trudy Akademii Na-
uk Litovskoi S. S. R., Valstybine Politines ir Mok-
slines Literaturos Leidykla, Vilnius, Lithuania.

"The Influence of Sodium Chloride on the Susceptibil-
ity of Hydrolysis of the Muscle Proteins of Fish by
Trypsin,'' by G. K. Koval'Chuk, article, Lietuvos
TSR Mokslu Akademii Darbai, series B, no. 3,1955,

September 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

137

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

pp. 75-79, printed in Russian. Lietuvos TSR Mokslu
Akademii Darbai, Trudy Akademii Nauk Litovskoi

S. S. R., Valstybine Politines ir Mokslines Literatu-
ros Leidykla, Vilnius, Lithuania.

QUALITY:

"Conway's Microdiffusion Technique for Volatile Bases
as a Test of Fish Freshness," by H. Wittfogel, arti-
cle, Archiv fur Lebensmittelhygiene Insbesondere
fur Fleish, Fisch, und Milchhygiene, vol. 11, 1960,
pp. 84-87, printed in German. Verlag M. & H. Sc-
haper, Grazer Str., 20, Hanover, Germany.

"Determination of Total Volatile Nitrogen in Cured
Fish Products," by Pillai V. Krishna and M. Rajen-
dranathan Nayar, article, Indian Journal of Fisheries,
vol. 4, 1958, pp. 295-303, printed. Indian Journal of
Fisheries, Ministry of Food and Agriculture of Gov-
ernment of India, New Delhi, India. '

RADIOACTIVITY:

"Accumulation of Radioactive Elements by Some Groups
of Aquatic Organisms," by D. I. Il'in, Yu I. Moskalev,
and A. I. Petrova, article, Soviet Journal of Atomic
Energy, vol. 5, 1958, pp. 1013-1016, printed, English
translation. Consultants Bureau, 227 W. 17th St.,
New York, N. Y., 1959.

"Accumulation of Radioactive Materials by Fishery
Organisms," by Walter A. Chipman, article, Proceed-
ings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, vol.
11, 1958, pp. 97-110. Marine Laboratory, University
of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

The Accumulation of Radioactivity as Shown by a Lim-
nological Study of the Columbia River in the Vicinity
of Hanford Works, by R. W. Coopey, HW-11662, 14
pp., printed. Office of Technical Services, U. S. De-
partment of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 1952.

A One-Year Study of Radioactivity in Columbia River
Fish, by K. E. Herde, HW-11344, 11 pp., printed.
Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D. C., 1957.

"Radioactivity in Marine Organisms," by A. H. W.
Aten, Jr., article, Proceedings of U. N. International
Conference for Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, 2nd,
Geneva, 1958, vol. 18, pp. 414-418. United Nations,

New York, N. Y.

REFRIGERATION:

Some Working Methods in Refrigeration on Long-Range

Fishing Trawlers, by A. I. Piskarev and A. K. Kam-
inarskaya, OTS 60-51190, 11 pp., illus., printed, 50
cents. Order by OTS number. Available from the
Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., 1960. (Translated

from Russian, Rybnoe Khozyaistvo, vol. 35, no. 1,
1959, pp. 52-59.) ‘

RESEARCH VESSEL:
"Podvodnaya Laboratoriya'"' (A Submarine Laboratory),
by A. Zorina, article, Nauka i Zhizn', no. 2, 1959,
pp. 17-18 and p. 2 of centerfold, printed in Russian.
Nauchtio-Populyarnyi Zhurnal, ''Proyda,'' Novaya
Ploshchad' 4, Moscow K-12, U.S. 5. R.

ROUGH FISH:
Rough Fish Sales in Minnesota, Publication No. 37
13 pp., illus., processed. Research Department,

Minnesota Legislative Research Committee, St.
Paul, Minn., December 1950.

SAFETY:

Pleasure Boat Safety, 32 pp., illus., printed. Office
of Merchant Marine Safety, U. S. Coast Guard, Wash-
ington 25, D. C., 1961. While this booklet is intended
primarily for pleasure craft operators, the rules also
are applicable to commercial fishing vessels. The
booklet explains the motorboat numbering system and
how to obtain a number from the Coast Guard; boat-
ing safety; the small boat versus the large vessel;
and types of boating accidents with emphasis on
night boating. It also describes the objectives and
activities of the United States Coast Guard Auxilia-
ry--a civilian organization dedicated to promoting
safety in the small boat field; techniques of artificial
respiration; and accidents involving casualties and how
toavoidthem. Included are statistical tables showing
breakdowns of accidents, deaths, and rescues involved
in boating mishaps.

SALINITY:

"Salinity and Size in Marine Fishes,"' byG. Gunter, ar-
ticle, Copeia, no. 2, June 1961, pp. 234-235, printed.
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetolo-
gists, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, Calif.

SALMON:

"Bol'she Vnimaniia Vosproizvodstvu Zapasov Chavchi,
O. tschawytscha'' (More Attention Should be Given to
the Reproduction of O. tschawytscha), by A. I. Smi-
rnov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 3, March 1958,
pp. 8-12, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow,
Ux S253 Ri.

"First Report on the Effect of the Liberation of Salmon
Fry in the Gudenaa, 1946-47," by Knud Larsen, arti-
cle, Report of the Danish Biological Station, XLIX,
1946, pp. 29-38, printed. Report of the Danish Bio-
logical Station, C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, Denmark,
1949.

"Isolation and Identification of 11-Ketotestosterone in
Salmon Plasma," by D. R. Idler, P. J. Schmidt, and
A. P. Ronald, article, Canadian Journal of Biochem-
istry and Physiology, vol. 38, October 1960, pp. 1053-
1057, printed. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and
Physiology, National Research Council, Ottawa, Can-
ada.

"Isoleucine, Leucine, Phenylalanine and Valine Re-
quirements of Chinook Salmon," by R. E. Chance, J.
E. Halver, and E. T. Mertz, article, Federation Pro-
ceedings, vol. 19, Part I, March 1960, p. 11, printed.
Federation of American Societies for Experimental
Biology, 9650 Wisconsin Ave., Washington 14, D. C.

"The Metabolism of Inositol in Salmon. I--The Dis-
tribution of Radioactivity in Acid-Soluble Extracts
of Coho Salmon Following Intraperitoneal and Intra-
arterial Injections of 2-C 4_wyoinositol; Il--The
Role pf Nucleotides in Relation to the Metabolism of
2-C!4-Myoinositol in Coho Liver," by H. Tsuyuki and
D. R. Idler, articles, Canadian Journal of Biochem-
istry and Physiology, vol. 38, September 1960, pp.
1173-1183, printed. Canadian Journal of Biochemis-
try and Physiology, Division of Administration, Na-
tional Research Council, Sussex, St., Ottawa, Canada.

138

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

"Nekotoryke Osobennosti Biologii Razmnozheniya i
Razvitiya Lososevoy Ryby Nerki--Qncorhynchus
nerka (Walbaum)" (Some Peculiarities of the Biology
of Propagation and the Development of the Salmon
Sub-Species Nerka--Oncorhynchus nerka, Walbum),
by A. I. Smirnov, article, Doklady Akademii Nauk
SSSR, vol. 123, no. 4, 1958, pp. 371-374, printed in
Russian. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Podsosenski
per. 21, Moscow B-64, U.S.S.R.

"Nutrition of Salmonoid Fishes. III--Water-Soluble
Vitamin Requirements of Chinook Salmon," by John
E. Halver, article, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 62, no.
2, 1957, pp. 225-243, printed. American Institute of
Nutrition, 36th Street at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

"Nutrition of Salmonoid Fishes. V--Classification of
Essential Amino Acids for Chinook Salmon," by John
E. Halver, Donald C. DeLong, and Edwin T. Mertz,
article, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 63, no. 1, 1957,
pp. 95-105, printed. American Institute of Nutrition,
36th St., at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

"Nutrition of Salmonoid Fishes. VI--Protein Require-
ments of Chinook Salmon at Two Water Tempera-
tures,'' by Donald C. DeLong, John E, Halver, and
Edwin T. Mertz, article, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 65,
no. 4, 1958, pp. 589-600, printed. American Institute
of Nutrition, 36th St., at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

"Opyty Gibridizatsii Tikhookeanskikh Lososei"' (Hy-
bridization Tests of Pacific Salmon), by I. S. Pavlov,
article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 6, June 1959, pp.
23-24, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow,
LOI tS tsiac ahs

"Opyt Ucheta Semgi v Rekakh Kol'skogo Poluostrova"
(Experiment in Stock-Taking of Salmon on the Kola
Peninsula), by V. V. Azbelev, G. D. Gromov, and
I. I. Lagunov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 2,
February 1958, pp. 22-24, printed in Russian. Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie
SSSR, Moscow, U.S. S. R.

''Primenenie Karlikovykh Samtsov Lososia na Rybovo-
dnykh Zavodakh"' (Employing Dwarf Male Salmon in
Fisheries), by A. A. Protasov and L. L. Kozlova,
article, Rynboe Khoziaistvo, no. 10, October 1958,
pp. 21-25, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow,
UL SitsRe

"Salmon Populations and Bottom Fauna in the Wenatch-
ee River, Washington," by C. P. Ruggles, article,
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol.
88, no. 3, 1959, pp. 186-190, printed. Secretary,
American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 429, McLean,
Va.

Six Salmon Rivers and Another, by George Frederick
Clarke, Lilus., printed, C$5 (about US$4.80). Bruns-
wick Press, Fredericton N.B. Canada.

Some Effects of Pile Area Effluent Water on Young
Silver Salmon, by P. A. Olson, HW8944, 21 pp.,
printed. Office of Technical Services, U. 5. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 1958.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

"Uskorenie, Protsessa Podgotovki Ikry Lososevykh k
Inkubatsii pri Pomoshchi Solei Dvukhvalentnykh Met-
allov'' (Speeding the Process of Preparing Salmon
Roe for Incubation by Means of Salts of Bivalent
Metals), by A. I. Zotin and A. V. Popov, article, Ry-
bnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 8, August 1959, pp. 9-15,
printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIROGla-
vniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S. 5S. R.

"Validity of the Scale Method for Aging Hatchery-
Reared Atlantic Salmon," by Keith A Havey, article,

American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box 429, McLean,
Va.

"Zapretit' Spinningovyi lov na Nerestovykh Semuzh'-
ikh Rekakh" (To Forbid Spinning Catches of the
Spawning Salmon Rivers), by N. D. Nikiforov, article,
Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 8, August 1959, p. 89, printed
in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproe-
kta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U. S. S. R. ‘

SARDINES:

The Biology of the Egyptian Sardine. Preliminary
Account of the Biology of SARDINELLA EBA, Cuv.
& Val., by A. M. El-Maghraby, Notes and Memoirs
No. 58, 29 pp., illus., printed inEnglish and Arabic.
Ministry of Agriculture, Hydrobiological Department,
Alexandria Institute of Hydrobiology, Alexandria,
Egypt, 1960.

"La Campagne Sardiniere: Les Lecons de 1960" (The
Sardine Season: Lessons of 1960); 'La Situation
des Conserves de Sardines a l'Ouverture de laCam-
pagne 1961" (The Status of the Sardine Canning In-
dustry at the Opening of the 1961 Season), by A. de
Torquat; ''La Crise de la Conserverie Francaise:
Diagnostics et Remedes Preconises par le Commis-
ariat General au Plan'' (The Canning Industry Crisis:
Problems and Remedies Recognized by the General.
Planning Commission); and ''La Sardine dans le
Plan de Relance de i'Industrie des Peches'' (The
Sardine in the Rehabilitation Plan of the Fishing In-
dustry); articles, La Peche Maritime, vol. 40, no.
998, May 20, 1961, pp. 269-276, illus., printed in
French. La Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Hauss-
mann, Paris, France.

Sardine Fisheries in U. A. R., by A. Rifaat, Notes and
Memoirs No. 53, 15pp., illus., printed in English and
Arabic. Ministry of Agriculture, Hydrobiological

Department, Alexandria, Egypt, 1960.

Some Observations on Sardines Fishing Using Light
Attraction, by Choukri Nassif, Notes and Memoirs
No. 46, 8 pp., illus., printed. Ministry of Agricul-
ture, Hydrobiological Department, Alexandria Insti-
tute of Hydrobiology, Alexandria, Egypt, 1960.

SEA BASS:

"A Review of the Seabasses of the Genus Centropristes
(Serranidae),'' by Rudolph J. Miller, article, Tulane
Studies in Zoology, vol. 7, no. 2, July 9, 1959, pp.
35-68, illus., printed, 75 cents. Meade Natural His-
tory Library, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

SEA TROUT:
A Contribution to the Benet of the Spotted Sea Trout,

~ CYNOSCION NEBULOSUS (Cuvier) of East-Central

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 139

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM,

Florida, by Durbin C, Tabb, Technical Series No. 35,
23 pp., iilus., printed. Florida State Board of Con-
servation, W. V. Knott Bldg., Tallahassee, Fla., Jan-
uary 1961. Discusses a study of the biology of spot-
ted weakfish or sea trout, conducted in the Indian
River area of east-central Florida during 1955-1957.
This species exhibits a rapid growth rate, averaging
approximately 16, 8, 7, 6, and 6 centimeters for each
of the first 5 years of life. Growth rates for the spe-
cies were found to be slightly higher in the Indian
River area than in other portions of its range. Meth-
ods and material used in the study, age and growthof
the sea trout, reproduction, and food preferences are
covered.

"Fischerei-Biologische Untersuchungen an der Meer-
forelle in der Provinz Bohuslan (Schweden)" (Fish-
ery Investigations of the Sea Trout in the Province of
Bohuslan, Sweden), by Armin Lindquist, article, Ser.
Biol.. no 9. pp. 1-23, printed. Institute of Marine
Research, Lysekil, Sweden, 1958.

SEAWEEDS:

"Drying of Seaweeds and Other Plants. III--Through-
Circulation Drying of Zostera marina,'' by J. H. Mer+
ritt, article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agri-
culture, vol. 11, November 1960, pp. 629-632, printed
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Soci-~
ety of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Sq., London
SW1, England.

Extraction of Agar-Agar from Drifted Seaweeds, by
Amin Aziz Samaan, Notes and Memoirs No. 60, 9pp.,
printed in English with Arabic abstract. Ministry of
Agriculture, Hydrobiological Department, Alexandria
Institute of Hydrobiology, Alexandria, Egypt, 1960.
The possibility of developing the seaweed industry in
Egypt is discussed as well as a suitable and simple

method for the extraction of agar-agar from seaweed.

It is found that it is suitable to utilize the red alga

Pterocaldia capillacea, which drifts in large quantities

during spring and summer off the coast of Alexandria
and Abu-Kir, for the extraction of agar-agar.

SHAD:

"Shad Management in Reservoirs," by William A. Smith,

Jr., article, Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Con-
ference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish
Commissioners (October 19-22, 1958), Louisville,
Ky., pp. 143-147, printed. Southeastern Association
of Game and Fish Commissioners, Columbia, S. C.,
1959;

SHARK SKIN:

"Studies on the Properties of Shark Skin as a Material
for Manufacturing Leather,'' by Toyo-o Takahashi
and others, article, Bulletin of the Tokai Regional
Fisheries Laboratory, no. 15, January 1957, pp. 95-
238, printed. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.

SHARKS:

Guide to the Study of the Anatomy of the Shark, NEC-
TURUS, and the Cat, by Samuel Eddy, Clarence P.
Oliver, and John P. Turner, 141 pp., printed. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16,
NERY:

SHELL:
"MOP Shell Production up 34%," article, Fisheries
Newsletter, vol. 20, no 5, May 1961, pp. 9, 11,

printed. Fisheries Newsletter, Commonwealth Di-
rector of Fisheries, Department of Primary Indus-
try, Canberra, Australia. Discusses the reasons
behind the rise in over-all production, decrease in
exports, and endeavors to encourage the use of moth-
er-of-pearl shell. Included are jstatistical tables on
the production and export of mother-of-pearl and
trochus shells, and number of vessels and men em-
ployed, 1956-1960.

SHRIMP:

Estudio del Crecimiento Relativo de la Gamba Blanca
(PARAPENAEUS LONGIRROSTRIS Lucas) de Mallo-
rca (Study of the Relative Growth of the White Shrimp--
Parapenaeus Longirrostris Lucas--of Majorca), by
Miguel Massuti, Boletin del Instituto Espanol de O-
ceanografia, No. 102, July 1960, 23 pp., illus., printed
in Spanish. Secretary, Instituto Espanol de Ocean-
ografia, Alcala, 27, Madrid, Spain.

Growth and Migration of the Tortugas Pink Shrimp,
PENAEUS DUORARUM, and Changes in the Catch
Per Unit of Effort of the Fishery, by E. 5S. Iversen
and A. C. Jones, Technical Series No. 34, 29 pp.,
illus., printed. Florida State Board of Conservation,
W. V. Knott Bldg., Tallahassee, Fla,, January 1961.
Growth and migratory behavior of tagged pink shrimp
were studied on the Dry Tortugas fishing grounds,
December 1957-September 1959. The average rate
of recovery of tagged shrimp was about 10 percent.
There is apparently little difference between winter
and summer growth rates. Using both sexes, small
shrimp (67 count or 25 mm. carapace length) in-
creased about 10-11 count per month; medium shrimp
(33 count or 33 mm. carapace length) increased a-
bout 2-3 counts per month; and large shrimp (20
count or 40 mm. carapace length) increased about
0-4 count per month. On the fishing grounds, tag-
ged shrimp moved a maximum of 5 miles per day
and in all directions from the point of release. The
majority moved to deeper water in a northwesterly
direction. Despite increased fishing effort, the
trend line of total production is approximately level.
The catch per boat night has declined over the years
1950-1959.

SINGAPORE:

Report of the Fisheries Division 1959, 28 pp., printed.
Fisheries Division, Ministry of Commerce and In-
dustry, Singapore, 1961. Reviews the achievements
of the Fisheries Division during 1959 and discusses
development of brackish-water shrimp ponds, the
fisheries loan fund, the fisheries mobile unit, the
apprenticeship training program and the Pilot Fish-
eries Training School. Also covers an inventory of
the industry--manpower, licensed fishing boats and
gear, and pond cultivation of fish; fresh fish sup-
plies--gross landings, local production, and imports
and exports of fresh fish; fresh fish prices; trade in
dried salt fish and other marine products; and cost
of fishing material. ‘A large portion of the report is
devoted to statistical tables showing number of fish-
ermen, licensed vessels and gear, fresh fish sup-
plies, foreign trade in fishery products, and other
pertinent data.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Building Growth-Mindedness into Your Business, by
Harold B. Maynard, Management Aids for Small
Manufacturers No, 125. 4pp., processed. SmallBus-
iness Administration, Washington 25, D.C., June 1961.

140 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 9

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Growth is essential to the long-term success of any
small firm. ''The starting point for sustained growth
is in building growth-mindedness into your associates
and employees,'' states the author. The owner-man-
ager can accomplish this by stressing such benefits
as greater profits, greater stability, stronger com-
petitive position, and greater opportunities for ad-
vancement. Activities by a firm which almost inevi-
‘tably lead to growth include reducing costs, improved
product quality, engaging in creative marketing, plan-
ning to use new developments, and seeking expansion
through merger and acquisition.

SMELT:

"Osmerus mordax--the Smelt,'' by Robert M. Roecker,
article, The Conservationist, April-May 1961, pp. 16-
18, illus., printed. The Conservationist, Rm. 335,
State Campus, Albany, N. Y. Discusses the stocking
of the Great Lakes and New York's Finger Lakes
with smelt and the development of the fishery in these
areas; and their spawning and feeding habits. Also
discusses dip-net regulations in New York State;
smelt as bait fish; landings and value of the catch;
vessels used; and experimental trawling in the Lake
Erie smelt fishery.

SMOKING:

"Studies on the Utilization of Electro-Smokes-Solution
for Fish Smoking," by Yasuhiko Tsuchiya and Tomoo
Nakano, article, Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Re-
search, vol. 11, April 1960, pp. 63-81, printed. Fac-
ulty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.

SPINY LOBSTERS:

"Les Douarnenistes Vont Pecher la Langouste Brune
sur les Cotes du Bresil'"' (Fishermen from Douar-
nenez Want to Fish for Brown Spiny Lobsters Off the
Coast of Brazil), article, La Peche Maritime, vol.
40, no. 998, May 20, 1961, pp. 283-286, illus.,
printed in French, La Peche Maritime, 190 Bou-
levard Haussman, Paris, France.

SPORT FISHING:

"The Use of Probability Sampling for Estimating An-
nual Number of Angler Days," by Norman Abramson
and Joyce Tolladay, article, California Fish andGame,
vol. 45, no. 4, 1959, pp. 303-311, printed. California
Dept. of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramen-
to 14, Calif.

SQUID:

"Studies on the Organic Phosphates in Muscle of Aquat-
ic Animals, VIII--Preparation of Inosinic Acidfrom
Squid Muscle,"' by Tsuneyuki Saito and others, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher-
ies, vol. 26, March 1960, pp. 317-320, printed in Jap-
anese with English abstract. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

STURGEON: .

"CO Novom Sposobe Mecheniia Osetrovykh" (On the New
Method of Marking Sturgeon), by V.:N. Zlokazov, ar-
ticle, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 3, March 1959, pp.1-
16, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO
Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S,S. R.

TAGGING:
"California Sturgeon Tagging Studies,"’ by Harold K.
Chadwick, article, California Fish and Game, vol. 45,

no. 4, 1959, pp. 297-301, printed. California Dept.
of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento 14,
Calif.

TEXAS:

Marine Resources of the Corpus Christi Area, by
Arvid A. Anderson, Research Monograph No. 21,
54 pp., illus., printed, $1.50. Corpus Christi Cham-
ber of Commerce, Corpus Christi, Tex., June 1960.

TILAPIA:

Age, Growth and Breeding Season of TILAPIA ZILLII
Gervais in Egyptian xperimental Ponds, by ATR.
El Bolock and R. Koura, Notes and Memoirs No. 49,
41 pp., illus., printed in English and Arabic. Minis-
try of Agriculture, Hydrobiological Department, In-
stitute of Freshwater Biology, Gizira--Cairo, Egypt,
1960.

Age, Growth and Survival of TILAPIA MOSSAMBICA
EEE) in Egyptian Ponds, by R. Koura and ARs
El Bolock, Notes and Memoirs No. 41, 21 pp., illus.,
printed in English and Arabic. Ministry of Agricul-
ture, Hydrobiological Department, Institute of Fresh-
water Biology, Gizira--Cairo, Egypt, 1958.

Notes on the Breeding Behavior, Embryonic and Lar-
val Development, of TILAPIA ZILLII Gervais, by
A. E. Imam and M. T. Hashem, Notes and Memoirs
No. 51, 21 pp., illus., printed in English and Arabic.
Ministry of Agriculture, Hydrobiological Department,
Serow Fish-Farm, Gammalia, Dakahlia, Egypt, Sep-
tember 1959.

"Some Marking Experiments with the Tilapia Fish,"
by C. F. Hickling, article, Malayan Agricultural Jour-
nal, vol. 42, no. 1, 1959, pp. 21-30, printed. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Federation of
Malaya.

TOXICITY:

"Toxicologic Studies on Paralytic Shellfish Poison,"
by G. S, Widberg and N. R. Stephenson, article, Tox-
icology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 2, 1960, pp.
607-615, printed. Toxicology and Applied Pharma-
cology, Academic Press, Inc., 111 Fifth Ave., New
York 3,.N.¥.

TRADE LISTS:

The Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department
of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., has published
the following mimeographed trade lists. Copies may
be obtained by firms in the United States from that
office or from Department of Commerce field offices
at $1 a copy.

Canneries--India, 16 pp. (April 1961). Lists the names
and addresses of canneries, size of firms, and types
of products handled by each firm. Includes fishcan-
neries,

Canneries and Frozen Foods--Producers and Export-
ers--Japan, 26 pp. (May 1961). Lists the names and
addresses, size of firms, and types of products han-
dled by each firm. Includes fish and shellfish can-
neries, freezers, and exporters.

Canneries and Frozen Foods--Producers and Export-
ers--El Salvador, 5 pp. (May 1961). Lists the names
and addresses, size of firms. and types of products

September 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 141

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT MAY BE
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

handled by each firm. Several fishing companies UNITED KINGDOM:

operate modern shrimp boats along the Salvadoran

Pacific Coast. Some of them maintain plants where
shrimp are processed and frozen, then exported by
air--principally to the United States.

TRAWLING:

"Recherches Concernant le Chalutage Pelagique a un
Seul Bateau'' (Researches into Midwater Trawling
with One Boat), by J. Ancellin and C. Nedelec, arti-
cle, Science et Peche, no. 81, May 1960, 5 pp., illus.
printed in French. Science et Peche, L'Institute
Scientifique et Technique des Peches Maritimes, 59
Avenue Raymond-Poincare, Paris TEE: France,

TRAWLS:

"Les Modeles Reduits de Chaluts" (Scale Models of
Trawls), by C. Nedelec, article, Science et Peche,
no. 79, March 1960, 6 pp., printed in French. Science
et Peche, L'Institute Scientifique et Technique des
Peches Maritimes, 59 Avenue Raymond-Poincare,
Paris 16©, France.

TROUT:

Fishing Fun with Your Own Trout Pond, 16 pp., illus.,
printed, 50 cents. U.S. Trout Farmers Assn., 110
Social Hall Ave., Salt Lake City, Utah. Discusses the
basic requirements for growing trout, the selection
and construction of a fish pond, restocking, and kinds
of trout desired. Also includes landscaping of atrout
pond, weed control, and a list of reference literature.
Detailed illustrations provide a complete outline of
location and construction of trout ponds.

"Osmo-Regulatory Adaptation of Steelhead Trout (Sal-
mo gairdneri Richardson) to Sea Water," by Arthur
Hillier Houston, article, Canadian Journal of Zoology,
vol..37, no. 5, 1959, pp. 729-748, printed. Canadian
Journal of Zoology, Division of Administration, Na-

tional Research Council, Sussex St., Ottawa 2, Canada.

"Some Effects of Oxygen in Relation to Temperature
on the Development of Lake Trout Embryos," by E.
T. Garside, article, Canadian Journal of Zoology,
vol. 37, no. 5, 1959, pp. 689-698, printed. Canadian
Journal of Zoology, Division of Administration, Na-
tional Research Council, Sussex St., Ottawa2, Canada.

TUNA: !
"Stomach Contents and Organ Weights of Some Bluefin

Tuna (Thunnus thynnus Linnaeus), Near Bimini, Baha-

mas,'' by Louis A, Krumholz, article, Zoologica Sci-
entific Contributions of the New York Zoological So-
ciety, vol. 44, part 3, nos. 6-8, 1959, pp. 127-131,
printed. New York Zoological Society, Zoological
Park, Bronx Park, New York 60, N.Y.

"Studies of an Unknown Factor inthe Pyloric Caeca of
Skipjack. I--Discovery of an Unknown Factor as a Sub-
stitute for the Citrovorum Factor," by DaiichiKaki-
moto, article, Bulletinof the Japanese Society of Scien-
tific Fisheries, vol. 26, August 1960, pp. 759-764,
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-
chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo.. Japan.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: |

29th Annual Report (April 1, 1957-March 31, 1958),
160 pp., printed. Department of Commerce and In-
dustries, Division of Fisheries, Beach Road, Sea
Point, Cape Town, Union of South Africa, 1960.

Report of Committee on Salmon and Freshwater Fish-
eries, Cmnd. 1350, 159 pp., illus., printed, 8s. (about
US$1.15). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, York
House, Kingsway, London WC2, England, May 1961.
The report to Parliament of the Salmon and Fresh-
water Fisheries Committee appointed by the Minister
of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in October 1959
to review the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Acts,
1923-35, and their operations, taking into account
the River Boards Act, 1958; and to make recommen-
dations. Conclusions and recommendations of the
Committee are presented under the following sub-
jects: conservation of fisheries; obstructions to the
passage of migratory fish; removal and diversion of
water; pollution of rivers and lakes; constitution and
functions of River Boards; and authority of the Min-
ister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Other
topics covered include fishery finance and licenses;
authority of enforcement officers; sale of fish; penal-
ties and legal procedures for violation of fishery
laws; and local provisions covering Scottish border
rivers, Thames and Lee Rivers, and estuaries fall-
ing within the jurisdiction of two or more River
Boards.

Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables, 1960, 48 pp.,
printed, 5s. (about 70 U. S. cents). Department of
Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, St. Andrew's
House, Edinburgh 1, Scotland, June 2, 1961. (Avail-
able from Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13a
Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland). Contains 27 sta-
tistical tables showing quantity and value of fish
landed and cured, number of vessels and fishermen,
and creek returns. Tables 1 through 19 cover quan-
tity and value of fish landed by British and foreign
vessels; landings of British vessels according to
method of fishing, 1938-60; quantity, value, and aver-
age value of each kind of fish landed by British ves-
sels in 1913, 1938, and 1953-60; and quantity and
value of each kind of fish landed in specific districts
by British vessels of various types. They also cover
quantity of each kind of fish landed and expenditure
of fishing effort in each fishing region by British
vessels; quantity of each kind of fish landed by for-
eign vessels from each fishing region and quantity
and value of fish landed by each nationality; and
seasonal landings of herring. Tables 20 through 22
show quantity of herring cured, 1913-60, and quantity
and value of white fish and herring cured in each
district, according to method of cure. Tables 23
through 26 show fishing vessels by type and district;
fishermen employed; and greatest number of vessels
and persons employed in each district in any week.
Table 27 shows number of vessels and fishermen and
quantity and value of fish landed in creeks.

UNITED NATIONS:

United Nations Economic and Social Council, 354 pp.,
illus., processed, limited edition. Information Cen-
ter, United Nations, New York, N. Y., May 1, 1961.
Among other topics, covers training of government
officers in the protection and improvement of inland
fishery resources, shellfisheries in Sudan, and
changes in small-craft fishing in India and Ceylon.

142

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 9

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

U.S.S.R.

"Ob Obogashchenii Kormovoy Bazy.Ryb Vodokhranili-
shch Kryma" (On Enriching the Food Supply for Fish-
es in Crimean Reservoirs), by P. A. Zhuravel', arti-
cle, Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrain, vol. 4, 1958, pp.
456-458, printed in Russian. Dopovidi Akademii Nauk
Ukrain, Kiev, Ukraine, U. 5. S. R.

VESSELS:

"The Maintenance of Wooden Vessels," by A. Swinfield,
article, South Pacific Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 3, July
1960, pp. 33-35, illus., printed. South Pacific Com-
mission, Box 5254, G. P. O., Sydney, Australia.

processed. U.S. Coast Guard, Washington 25, D. C.,
1956.

WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT:

The Conflict of Fish and Power: A Problem in the

~ Water Resource Development of the Pacific Northwest,
by W. R. D. Sewell, 81 pp., illus., processed, limited
distribution. (A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts).
Library, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.,
1956.

WHALE OIL:
"Production of Fatty Alcohols from Sperm Whale Oil,"

seem to be in response to sickness. Some of these
mammals have been captured and observed under
aquarium conditions.

"Utilizing the Whale," by Kjell Roed, article, Konkylien,
vol. 5, December 1960, pp. 27-29, printed in Norwe-
gian. Konkylien, Stord Marin Industri A.S., Bergen,
Norway.

WORLD TRADE:

The following World Trade Information Service Reports,
published by the Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., are for
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., at
10 cents a copy.

Basic Data on the Economy of the United Kingdom,
Economic Report No. 59-26, Part 1, 17 pp., illus.,
printed, March 1959.

Import Tariff System of Norway, Operations Report
No. 61-24, Part 2, 2 pp., printed, March 1961.

Import Tariff System of the United Kingdom, Opera-
tions Report No. 60-43, Part 2, 2 pp., printed, Sep-
tember 1960.

Marking and Labeling Requirements of Federal Re-
public of Germany and West Berlin, Operations Re-
port No. 61-11, Part 2, 4 pp., printed, March 1961.

by P. S. Ugryumov, article, Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, |WYOMING:

vol. 32, 1959, pp. 2324-2329, printed in Russian.
Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Izdatel'stvo Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S. S. R.

'y7souum Pyrolysis of Whale-Liver Oil," by Yoshimori
Cmote and Hiroshi Sumiyama, article, Shinku Kagaku,
vou. 7, 1959, pp. 106-112, printed in Japanese. Shinku

Kagaku, Japan Society of Vacuum Chemistry, Jissen

Women's College, 101 Tokiwamatsucho, Sibuyaku,

Tokyo, Japan,

WHALES:

"A Question in Whale Behavior," by Carleton Ray, ar-
ticle, Natural History, vol. 70, no. 6, June-July 1961,
pp..46-53, illus., printed. The American Museum of
Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St., New
York 24, N. Y. Discusses the characteristics of
whales, dolphins, and porpoises, and the reason for
their voluntary stranding. Most solitary strandings

printed. Wyoming Game and Fish Commission,
Cheyenne, Wyo., January 1, 1960. Includes among
others, a section on the operations of the Commis-
sion's Fish Division. Discusses the collection of
fish eggs, principally trout, from wild stock, propa-
gation of fish at hatcheries and rearing stations;
distribution of fish by trucks and airplanes; regula-
tions for protecting and expanding wild fish stocks;
fisheries management, including assistance in propa-
gation, surveys and investigations, and action pro-
grams in the various river systems. Action pro-
grams consisted of lake rehabilitation, development
of fishing areas, access to fishing waters, mainten-
ance of fishing areas screening irrigation ditches,
and pollution control. Other activities were public
relations programs, field biological investigations,
and laboratory studies.

VITAMIN A CONCENTRATE FROM FISH-LIVER OIL

Acid clay weakened witha definite amountof a water solution of am-
monia, urea, or NaOH was used as a material to adsorb impurities from
the sample by normal column chromatography, shaking, and stirring.
Under certain conditions, it was possible to concentrate Vitamin A by the
use of weakened acid clay, but constant activity could not be secured with

with these adsorbents. (Bulletin of the ee Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 25, no. 3, 1960, pp. 196-203.

NATIONAL FISH 'n SEAFOOD PARADE--OCTOBER 16-22, 1961

The Fishing Industry and the U. 8S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries are working to-
gether to encourage the greater use of fish and shellfish products during the ''Fish 'n Sea-
food Parade''--October 16-22, 1961. This is the Fishing Industry's seventh annual all-out
promotion channeled over radio, television, newspapers, and magazines. Many retailstores
and restaurants are making a concerted effort to display and stock the many varieties of
fishery products available.

In June 1961 preparations for the Seafood Parade began gathering momentum when the
Fish 'n Seafood Parade National Committee made a broadside mailing of brochures to chain
stores, distributors, and
other segments of the indus -
try. Also, the Committee
Timmy Tar says: offered in-store advertising

kits in color consisting of a

“ : pole display and diecut post-
Get ready to haul in iS oe ; Se

the catch, mate! The industry has planned

anextensiveadvertising,

OCTOBER 16-22 is

Fish’n Seafood Parade

~ NATIONAL COMMITTEE, FISH ’n SEAFOOD PARADE

1614 20th STREET, #.W., WASHINGTON 9, D.C.

publicity, and merchandising program during the period. As its contribution, the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries nationally distributed consumer education materials to newspaper
editors and other food publicists, public and private schools participating in the National
School Lounch Program, restaurants, public and private institutions, in-plant feeders, and
the retail food trade. Black and white food photographs were supplied tonewspaper food
columnists. In addition, the Bureau contacted television and radio stations throughout the
country to stimulate the use of animated public service television spots and public service
recorded announcements and radio scripts previously distributed by the Bureau. These
were augmented by personal appearances of Bureau home economists and marketing spe-
cialists on radio and television food shows throughout the country.

Chowders of many kinds of fishand shellfish highlight this year's Fish 'n Seafood Pa-
rade. Fish chowder is one of President and Mrs. Kennedy's favorite foods.

A jolly sailor boy on a huge fish again is the Fishing Industry's emblem, used in both
publicity and advertising, local and national.

|

=
|

beet)
Sot

oe

a - Fi

SS

3

{

OCTOBER 196]

°
O
Zz
oO
N
aa

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE

United States Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C.

iv oe DA ie ee oe “he ae Se
: i eeCLethed iN Poe i
, : ; ' ; ites i } ‘* uy Pa 2
= & ; : ens : :
; ot , Paani a
A ; a ; : — ‘s 4 ; _ RY or
.= : / ’ an aren

Pas
iin

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR
ramaetelmsr savas thug Dee DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF
CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

camp
wn
"ey

sane
ret
J)
sal
yee"
sm
=
cat

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor

H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Address correspondence andrequeststo the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement.

The Bureau is not

responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,

reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the

Budget, May 10, 1960.

a a Lane Id ATELY

CONTENTS

COVER: Deck scene on the M/V Silver Bay, chartered exploratory
fishing vessel of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, dur-
ing one of the scallop fishing demonstration trips conducted out of
Ft. Pierce, Fla., in June 1960. Observers have joined the crew in

hand shucking a large catch of calico scallops.

issue.)

(See p. 1 of this

Page
1 ..An Interim Report of the Cape Canaveral Calico Scallop Bed, by Harvey R. Bullis, Jr. and Robert Cum-
mins, Jr.
Page Page ;
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
American Dietetic Association: Great Lakes Fishery investigations:
9 .. Food and Atherosclerosis to be Discussed at 15 .. Sea Lamprey Research
' Annual Meeting 16 .. Sea Lamprey Control
Antarctic: 17... Commercial Lake Trout Fishery Census in
9 .. Research Program for 1962 Includes Fisher- Lake Superior
ies and Oceanography Projects 17 Yellow Pike Tagging in Green Bay-Saginaw
California: Bay
10 .. Crab Studies Conducted in Coastal Waters 17... Hatch and Survival in 1961 Fair for Many
11 .. Midwater Trawling-for Salmon Fingerlings Species in Lake Erie
Continued 18 .. Yellow Pike Tagging Experiment
11 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued 18 .. Lake Michigan Fish Population Survey Con-
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: tinued
11 .. Experimental Fishing with Monofilament 19 .. Western Lake Superior Fishery Survey Con-
Gill Nets for Skipjack Tuna Continued tinued
12 .. Oceanographic Data Collected from Hawaiian Gulf Fishery Investigations:
. Island Waters 20 .. Contracts Let for Biological Research in Gulf
Columbia River Fish Passage Research Pro- of Mexico
gram: Hawaii:
12 .. Accelerated Program Gets Under Way 20 .. Skipjack Tuna Landings, January-July 1961
Crabs: Missouri:
13... Study to Improve Efficiency in Processing 21 .. Commercial Fishery Landings, 1960
Plants North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:
Electronics: 21 . Trawl Nets of Different Designs Tested for
13... Thermometer Developed to Record Water Escapement of Groundfish
Temperature at Fish Hook 22 Data Collected on Georges Bank Sea Scallops
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:
14 .. Department of Defense Purchases, January- 22... Waters off Oregon and Washington Surveyed
June 1961 for Albacore and Other Species of Pelagic
Fish Bone Detection: Fish
14 X-Ray Unit Developed to Detect Bones in 24 .. Exploratory Trawling for Bottomfish in the
Fish Fillets and Portions Gulf of Alaska
Fish Flour: 24 ,. Survey of Marine Animals at Depths of 50 to
15 .. Protein Efficiency Rating High 450 Fathoms

Contents continued page II.

IT

Page

58

59
59

59
60
60
60
61
61
61
62
62
62
63
63
63
63
63
64
64
64
64
65
65
65
65
66

66
66

66
67
67
67
68
68
69
69

70

70

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No.10

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Japan:
Committee Studies Revision of International
North Pacific Fisheries Convention
Government Policy on Fisheries
Applications to Purse-Seine Tuna in Atlantic
Ocean Still Not Approved
Shipments of Atlantic Tuna to Japan Lag Be-
hind Quota
Atlantic Tuna Fishery Catches of Big-Eyed
Tuna and Spearfish to be Shipped to Japan
Big-Eyed Tuna Catch off West Africa Re-
ported Good
Tuna Vessels in Atlantic Ocean Switching to
Albacore Fishing
Firm Plans to Use Canary Islands to Store
Frozen Tuna for Czechoslovakia
Distant-Water Refrigerated Tuna Vessels
Increasing in Number
Size of Distant-Water Tuna Long-Line Fleet
Italian-Japanese Tuna Industry Meeting
Italian-Yugoslav Market Trends for Frozen
Tuna
Tuna Mothership Sent to South Pacific in
August 1961
Tuna Long-Liner Sent to Venezuela
Tuna Research Council Organized
Value of Frozen Tuna Exports to U. 5S., First
Quarter 1961
Supplies of Frozen Albacore and Yellowfin
Tuna for Export Low
Export Prices Raised on Canned Tuna in
Brine
Frozen Tuna Export Prices Increased
Canned Tuna in Brine Sales to U.S, in 1961
Offerings of Canned Tuna in Brine for Ex-
port
Salmon Catch by North Pacific Mothership
Fleets, 1959-1960
Fishery Agency Studying Reduction of North
Pacific Salmon Mothership Fleets
Mothership Salmon Fleets Try New Nylon
Gill Nets
Salmon Motherships and Catcher Boats Ne-
gotiate Season's Salmon Prices
Salmon Vessel Owners Request Permits for
Tuna Fishing
Exports of Fishery Products Decline in First
Half 1961
Frozen Sablefish Exported to United States
Exports to Ur.ited States of Major Canned
Fishery Products, 1959-1960
Imports of Frozen Shrimp
Bering Sea Bottomfish Fishery Trends
Three Fishery Firms to Fish King Crab in
Bristol Bay in Fall 1961
Fishing Firm to Operate Fish Meal Factory-
ship off Angola
Packing of Canned Jack Mackerel Continues
Overseas Trawl Fisheries
Study of Foreign Fishing Enterprises
New Fish Sausage Plant to be Constructed
Liberia:
Agreement Reached with Taiwan for Joint
Tuna Fishery off West Africa
Malaya:
Canned Tuna Packing

Page

70
71
ale
71
72
72
73
73
74
75
75
75
76
77
77
78
78
79
79
80

80

80
80

81
81
81

81
82

82
82
83
83

84

85

oe

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Mexico:
Crab Meat Industry
Ensenada Fisheries Trends, April-June 1961
Ex-Vessel Prices for Shrimp Up Sharply in
August
Morocco:
Canned Fish Exports
Norway:
Affect of EEC on Fisheries Discussed by
Fisheries Minister
Fishery and Whaling Trends, First Half 1961
Pakistan:
New Shrimp Trawier Purchased from Mexi-
can Shipyard
Peru:
Fisheries Trends, Second Quarter 1961
Fish Meal Prices and Sales, June 16-30, 1961
Portugal:
Fishery Trends, January-June 1961
Senegal:
Territorial Waters and Fishing Rights De-
fined
Tuna Industry
Sierra Leone:
Tuna Industry Expansion
South Africa Republic
Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery Industry, Jan-
uary-April 1961
Tuna Industry Developments
South and South-West Africa:
Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery Nearing End
of Greatest Season
South-West Africa: : :
Fishing Rights Extended for Total Period o
25 Years
Spain:
Imports of Fish Oils Liberalized
Vigo Fisheries Trends, April-June 1961
Sweden:
Fishermen's Federation Seeks Support for
Fishery Research
New Fishery Research Vessel Completed
Switzerland:
Fish Meal Imports Increase
Imports of Marine Oils, 1960
Taiwan:
Fishery Trends. Second Quarter 1961
Turkey:
Government Cooperates in Bluefin Tuna
Fishery
Loan Plan for Fishermen Set Up
We Suse Res
Fishery Trends, July 1961
Herring Fishing in Atlantic
United Kingdom:
Dogfish Migrations Studied
Fishery Trends, July 1961
New Type Stern Trawler Launched
Production and Utilization of Whale Oil
Yugoslavia:
Fish Oil and Meal Imports, 1959-1960

FEDERAL ACTIONS:

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:
Extension of Effective Date of Food Addi-
tives Statute for Certain Substances Used
Indirectly in Foods

Contents continued page IV.

October 1961

Page

25

26
26
26

27
27

27

28
29

31
31

31

32
33

33

34
35
35
36

36
37

38
38
38
39

40

41

41
44

44

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW III

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Oceanography: 4
. Unusual Sea Bottom Features Object of New
Ocean Study
Oysters:
. Chemical Methods for Control of Shellfish
Predators Tested
. Long Island Sound Observations on Spawning
and Setting as of August 17
. Maryland Observations, 1961 Season
- Maryland Observations as of August 24
- Use of Chemicals to Prevent Fouling of
Shells Used as Cultch
Shrimp:
. Large-Scale Marking Experiment in Dry
Tortugas Area
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
. Availability of Commercial Stocks of Calico
Scallops off Cape Canaveral (Fla.) Surveyed
. Coasts of North and South Carolina Surveyed
for Bottom Fish
Standards:
- Meetings Held on Proposed Quality Standards
for Frozen Flounder and Sole Fillets
. New Standards for Cod and Haddock Fillets
Adopted by State Purchasing Officials
State Purchasing Specifications:
. Specifications for Several Fishery Products
Framed for State Purchasing Officials
. U.S. Fishery Landings, January-July 1961
. U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles Supply, June 1961
United States Fishing Vessels:
Documentations Issued and Cancelled, June
1961
U.S. Foreign Trade:
- United States Exports and Re-Exports of
Frozen Shrimp to Japan, January-May 1961
« Edible Fishery Products, June 1961
. Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota
. U.S. Shrimp Supply Indicators as of Septem-
ber 6, 1961
. Wholesale Prices, August 1961
. Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, Janu-
ary-June 1961
FOREIGN:
International:
Fishing Limits:
' No Special Fishing Rights for Polish Trawl-
ers in Norwegian Territorial Waters
. Scandinavian Countries Discuss Extension
Food and Agriculture Organization:
Chairman Named for International Confer -
ence on Fish in Nutrition
Fisheries Research Vessels of the Future
Face Complex Problems
Great Lakes Fishery Commission:
; Annual Meeting Considers Sea Lamprey
Control and Uniform Fishing Regulations
‘International Pacific Halibut Commission:

Bio North Pacific Halibut Fishing in Area 3A

Ended
Japan-Soviet Northwest Pacific Fisheries
Commission:
6 Proceedings of Fifth Annual Meeting
. Nordic Fishery Coordination Committee
Proposed
North Pacific Fisheries Commission:
. Working Party on Oceanography Meets

| Pa

ge

FOREIGN (Contd.):

International (Contd.):
Whaling:
Agreement Reached on Division of Whale
Quota for 1962/63 Season
Norway to Sell Whale Factoryship to Japan
Angola: :
Fishery Trends, First Quarter 1961
Belgium:
Fish Meal Import Duty Reduced 50 Percent
Canada:
New Brunswick Fish Meal Prices, July 1961
Denmark:
Fishermen Seek Ex-Vessel Floor Prices for
Several Varieties of Fish
Fishery Trends, Second Quarter 1961
Fishery Trends, January-June 1961
Fishery Trends, July 1961
Marine Oil Supply, Distribution, and Foreign
Trade, 1959-1960 ;
Fish Meal Supply, Distribution, and Foreign
Trade, 1959-1960
Faroe Islands:
Frozen Fillets Shipped to U.S.
Loans for Fishing Vessels
Faroese Fishermen to Hand Line Inside Ice-
landic Fishing Limits Area
Fishery off West Greenland Produces Well
Line Fishermen Bothered Less by Foreign
Trawlers
France:
Tuna Industry, 1960
German Federal Republic:
Fish Meal Prices, August 4, 1961
Germans Permitted to Fish Inside Twelve
Miles of Icelandic Coasts
Ghana:
Government Strives for Self-Sufficiency in
Fish Production
Soviet Technical Assistance for Fisheries
Greenland:
Exploratory Fishing for New Grounds and
Fisheries
Fishery Products Buyers Visit Greenland
Guatemala:
New Law on Deep-Sea Fishing
Shrimp Fishing Base to be Established by
Japanese
Iceland:
Additional Devaluation Measures Affect Fish-
ing Industry
Committee to Study Trawler Operations
Faroese Get Icelandic Fishing Rights
Fishery Exports and European Economic In-
tegration
Fishery Trends, First Quarter 1961
Fish Production, January-April 1961
Herring Fishery Trends
Fishery Trends, July 1961
Summer Herring Fishery Good
India:
Japanese to Increase Capital of Joint Indian-
Japanese Fishing Company
Israel:
New Tuna Fishing Vessel Lands First Trip
Italy:
Fish Oil Imports from Dollar Area Liberal-
ized

Contents continued page III.

IV COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No.10

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page Page
FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.): FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Department of the Interior: 87 .. Eighty-Seventh Congress (First Session)
85 .. Geophysical Exploration Authorized in Pa- FISHERY INDICATORS:
cific Ocean Area off Oregon and Washington 93 .. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
Fish and Wildlife Service: 94 .. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: 95 .. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings
Boma. Three Positions Filled by Promotions of Fishery Products
SGirais Gloucester Technological Laboratory Di- 96 .. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings
rector Named of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution
Department of Labor: Centers
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions: 96 .. Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U.S,
SEF. Puerto Rico Tuna Canning Industry Does and Alaska
Not File Application for Minimum Wage 97 .. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
Rate Review Products
Department of the Treasury: 98... Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports
Bureau of Customs: RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
GH Guo Clarification of Manifesting and Entry of 99 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
Transferred Products of American Fish- 102 .. Miscellaneous Publications
eries

UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION CABLES

Charts showing the exact routes of telephone and telegraph
cables in the Northwest Atlantic area are now available for the
firsttimetofishermen. Untilrecently, information about the loca-
tions of the cables has beenrestricted by governments for military
reasons. It was noted that a great increase in otter trawling has
led to a serious increase in cable breaks. The cable companies
hope the release of the detailed charts will help prevent trawling
damage to the cables. Copies ofthe charts can be obtained by writ-
ing to American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 32 Avenue of
the Americas, New York 13, N. Y.

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, and Helen Paretti

se ook ok ok ok
7 oR AS OAS

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Cover--P, Struhsaker;p.2-fig.4, p. 6-fig. 10, and p. 7-figs. 11-12--J. B.
Rivers; p. 5, figs. 8 and 9--Florida State News Bureau, Tallahassee, Fla.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

ma = Ss — oe
October 1961 Washington 25, D. C. Vol. 23, No. 10

a

AN INTERIM REPORT OF THE
- CAPE CANAVERAL CALICO SCALLOP BED

Harvey R. Bullis, Jr.* and Robert Cummins, Jr.**
ABSTRACT

The commercial potential of the large bed of calico scallops (Pecten gibbus) recently delimited
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries off Cape Canaveral, Fla., was further investigated dur-
ing four cruises of the Bureau exploratory fishing vessel Silver Bay between June 1960 and February 1961.
Live scallops were found in depths varying from 8 to 40 fathoms, but commercial concentrations were
found only between 16 and 28 fathoms. Catch rates during simulated commercial production trials with
8- to 10-foot Georges Bank scallop dredges averaged 20 to 40 bushels of scallops an hour over the entire
length of the bed in depths of 17 to 23 fathoms. With the exception of heavy mortality and consequent
low catches in the northern two-thirds of the bed in February, no seasonal or north-south geographic
trends in catch rate were noticed. The vast size and interrupted nature of the currents of the area make
the possibility of simultaneous mass mortalities affecting the entire bed unlikely. Moreover, the eddy -
ing currents around Cape Canaveral seem to assure the tesettling of scallop larvae in the area, and,
therefore, assure a permanent resource. Scallops measuring az to 21 inches in shell diameter made up
the bulk of exploratory catches. Larger scallops were scarce and often in poor condition; smaller scal-
lops, indicative of c mercial - -size individuals in the near future, were found in all seasons. Meat
yields varied from 33 to 65 pints per 75-pound bushel of shell stock. Fluctuations in yield were local
in nature, closely connected with the physiological condition of the scallops, and could not be corre-
lated with either season or broad aspects of geographical distribution. Prognosis for future commercial
development of the bed is good. An early deterrent to commercial development was removed with the
appearance of mechanical shucking machines.

INTRODUCTION

Announcement by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in May 1960 of an immense
scallop bed off Cape Canaveral, Fla. (Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1960), immediately
created great interest in rapidly developing the resource. So many requests were received
by the Bureau for a more comprehensive evaluation of the commercial potential, particularly
‘of year-round production levels and yields,
that the exploratory cruise schedule of the
Silver Bay was altered to include four ad-
ditional dredging cruises in the following
year.

Principal objectives of the additional
cruises were to (a) more closely delineate
areas of commercial scallop concentration
within the general outline of the bed, (b)
obtain data on seasonal catch rates, and
(c) investigate geographical and seasonal
fluctuations in yield. The cruises were
conducted in June (Cruise No, 24), August
(Cruise No. 25A), and October-November
(Cruise No. 26) 1960, and January-February
1961 (Cruise No. 28). Results were outlined Fig. 1 - The Silver Bay, Bureau exploratory fishing vessel used to ex-
inthe reports issued for those cruises. plore the Cape Canaveral calico scallop bed.

This report provides a general year-round picture of production by summarizing the re-
sults of 526 dredge hauls made on the Cape Canaveral bed from May 1960 to February 1961
in depths ranging from 7 to 65 fathoms.

** Base Director, Gulf and South Atlantic Exploratory Fishing and { Branch of Exploratory Fishing, Division of Industrial

Gear Research, Pascagoula, Miss. Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
> Acting Chief, South Atlantic Fisheries Explorations, Brunswick, Ga.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO. 630

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23, No.10

af in

Fig. 3 - Hoisting the Georges Bank dredge aboard. Fig. 5 - A 6-foot tumbler dredge for calico scallop fishing.

October 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

FISHING GEAR AND METHODS

The Silver Bay, a New England trawler used for the explorations (fig. 1), is chartered by
the Bureau for exploratory fishing off the southeast coast of the United States. The vessel
has been described by Bullis and Rathjen (1959) and Captiva and Rivers (1960). Operational
port for the Silver Bay and the South Atlantic Exploratory Fishing Station is Brunswick, Ga.

All exploratory dredging in the Cape Canaveral area to date has been accomplished with
modified 8- and 10-foot Georges Bank sea-scallop dredges rigged with 2-inch rings and 42-
thread, 13-inch-stretched-mesh cotton liners (figs. 2, 3, and 4). Tests now in progress indi-
cate that a modified 6-foot tumbler dredge (figs. 5 and 6) will produce larger and cleaner
catches of calico scallops than the Georges Bank dredges, even though the latter fish a some-
what greater area. Further information on comparative efficiencies of these dredges will be
issued when results are complete.

6’ TUMBLER DREDGE

SPACE HOLES 3” APART
6

Fottern for Scallop Dredge 8ag

23 RI

TOP HALF

23 RINGS
15 RINGS 23 RINGS 15_ RINGS

mess] sive | sgtrom | SIDE

15 RINGS 1S RINGS

23 RINGS
SPLIT LINK-CONNECTOR

74a"

+34]
BOTTOM HALF
7/8"

23 RINGS

Fig. 6 - Construction diagram of a 6-foot tumbler dredge.

Normally drags were 30 minutes long, but depending on the concentration of scallops and
the rate of accumulation of debris, individual drags varied in ''on-bottom"’ time from 10 to 40
minutes. For comparative purposes, therefore, catch figures have been projected to catch
rates expressed as bushels per hour.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 10

Owing to the irregular distribution of calico scallops on the bed and to their apparent
tendency to occur in long narrow bands, single-vessel exploration of the resource presented
some difficulty. This was resolved by dropping marker buoys at the end points of prelimi-
nary drags, When the catch from these marked drags equaled or exceeded 5 bushels of scal-

OCEAN

28°00!

LEGEND:

AN TIC

lops an hour--considered
the minimum indication
of the presence of com-
mercial concentrations --
additional drags were
made back and forth over
the initial course, but at
slightly divergent angles.
This practice had twoad-
vantages: It usually made
possible delineation of
areas yielding higher
catch rates than shown
by the initial drag; and
made it possible to de-
termine that the relative-
ly small areas between 2
buoys could withstand

. Several days of continu-

ous round-the-clock fish-
ing with no apparent drop
in catch rate.

REGION COVERED

The Cape Canaveral
scallop bed extends for
at least 150 miles north
and south from about 20
miles north of Ormond
Beach to Stuart (fig. 7),
generally between 15 and
30 fathoms. It reaches a
maximum width of about
30 miles off Ormond
Beach and tapers grad-
ually to a narrow strip
below Fort Pierce.

ax]
Known aa EXPLORATORY
ie ar erin ae RESULTS
Delineates ie GENERAL DISTRI-
BE .. | BUTION OF SCALLOPS
a | | Gg. ): Living calico
=e scallops were foundover

Commercial

to date.

27°00!

~ g1e00'

Fig. 7 - Chart of the known reaches of the Cape Canaveral scallop bed.

a total depth range of 8

concentra- to 40 fathoms, but com-
WW - Hons of mercial concentrations
sere were restricted to the

narrower range of 16 to
28 fathoms, and the heay-
iest catches were found
between 17 and 23 fath-
oms. Although scallops
can be found in most

October 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

portions of the more restricted ranges, distribution of the heavy concentrations is irregular.
This has been shown also for the sea scallop and bay scallop fisheries of other areas, and
points out the desirability of working scallop grounds with several vessels rather than with
isolated units. Exploratory drags resulting in large catches of dead shell were often followed
by catches of 10 to 20 bushels of live scallops suitable for processing. With several vessels
working a bed simultaneously, the limits of local areas of heavy scallop concentration could
be delineated quickly and precisely, and shifts in the location of the concentrations could be
perceived more readily.

CATCH RATES: Catch rates as high as 78 bushels per hour were made, although rates
of 20 to 40 bushels per hour represented average production during simulated commercial
' production trials over the length of the bed between 17 and 23 fathoms. Neither seasonal nor
geographic trends in catch rate were apparent except on Cruise No. 28 in late winter when
very heavy scallop mortality was observed on
the northern two-thirds of the bed. Vast quan-
tities of shell were taken representing scallops
so recently dead that parts of the mantle rim
(flesh) remained on the still-joined shell
halves. Interspersed with much of the dead
shell, however, were many small live scallops
(4 to 13 inches in shell diameter) which possi-
bly represented young-of-the-year additions
to the bed.

During this period of heavy mortality and
consequent low catches in the northern portion,
commercial concentrations of medium and
large scallops remained available in the south-
ern third of the bed, with the highest catches
in the Bethel Shoal area (centered at 27°42'N.,,
80°11' W.).

Fig. 8 - The crew of the Silver Bay shucking calico scallops for i i i i
| technological examination, experimental cooking, and infor- The period ot investigation has been too
| mation on yield. short to determine whether widespread mor-

tality is of annual occurrence, but observa-
tions made point out that factors influencing spawning, growth, and mortality apparently do
not affect all areas of the bed simultaneously. This is probably due to the vast extent of the
bed, its wide depth range, and the interrupted current flow created by the existence of the
projecting Cape. Moreover, the interruption and eddying caused by the Cape Canaveral pro-
jection probably permits repetitive settling of
scallop larvae within the limits of the bed,
thereby creating a permanent resource,

SCALLOP SIZES: An extensive series of
measurements were made of scallops from
samples chosen from all areas and seasons in
which dredging was conducted, Individuals
were classed in 1 of 4 groups on the basis of
shell diameter: Small noncommercial--less
than 17 inches; small commercial--17 to 24
inches; medium commercial--24 to 25 aveheas ‘
and large--greater than 23 inches.

Individual catches usually contained a
preponderance of scallops of uniform size,
but smaller numbers of scallops of one or
more additional size classes were also in-
variably present. Grouping the catches by
depth interval or north-south progression
showed no trends in size distribution, and Fig. 9 - A clean catch of medium-size scallops(Pecten gibbus).

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 10

grouping by seasons showed only that all sizes greater than 13 inches are present in approxi-
mately the same proportion throughout the year.

Scallops of less than an inches are probably of marginal (small commercial size class)
or no (small none omreece ial size class) commercial importance, but their appearance in
large numbers is usually a good prediction of large concentrations of medium scallops within
a month or two in the same area. Medium scallops have provided the bulk of exploratory
catches over the entire bed and will undoubtedly provide the basic stock for the commercial
fishery. Meat size does not increase proportionately with shell diameter beyond the medium
class, and large individuals are not only relatively scarce, but are usually in poor condition
and unfit for commercial use. The largest shells taken measured about 3 inches in diameter.

FLUCTUATIONS IN YIELD: Meat yields were determined volumetrically from samples
taken on each cruise. Using a 75-pound bushel as a standard unit, the yield was measured
and expressed as the number of pints of meats per bushel. Figures obtained varied from 34
to 63 pints per bushel, and, although no long series of figures for individual meat count are
available, pints varied in content from about 50 to 200 meats.

Fluctuations in yield showed no discerni-
ble trends and could not be correlated with
depth, north-south progression, or season.
Extensive variation in yield was found among
different areas of the bed in the same season,
and in the same areas in different seasons,
but with an apparently random pattern, The
lowest yield measured was obtained in the

pring (April) and the highest in fall (October),
BPE other catches in those seasons show that
the extreme catches are not indicative of a
oa

| Yield can apparently be correlated best
with the physiological condition of the scallops
in each area, and condition varies with factors
that have yet to be fully investigated.

Size of scallops cannot be considered a
major factor influencing yield (the highest and
lowest yields measured involved equal-size
scallops), but extremely large scallops are
often in poor condition and are indicative of
low yield for that reason. Possibly these large
scallops are at the end of their life span.

They are present in all seasons, and the meat
(which is actually the adductor muscle) ofthese

Fig. 10 - A calico scallop meat or eye--the adductor muscle 4 ee : are Og
ae the viscera fee a Hf large individuals is often so weak that it is in-

capable of completely closing the shells. The
meats are also small, discolored, and unpalatable in appearance. Fortunately, the condition
occurred, during the explorations, in smallareas only, and a catch composed entirely of large
individuals in poor condition would frequently be followed in adjacent drags by catches com-
prised of individuals of another size group in excellent condition.

COMMERCIAL SIGNIFICANCE

One year of exploratory dredging has not provided sufficient coverage to more than gen-
erally delineate the limits of the more promising commercial concentrations of scallops with-
in the boundaries of the Cape Canaveral bed, Nothing is known of annual fluctuations or vari-
ations in the fishing concentrations or of the size of the total population of the bed. The enormous
size of the bed and the great volume of dead shell in varying conditions of disintegration in-

October 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

dicate heavy continuous scallop production over the areas explored to date. Even this, how-
ever, needs the confirmation that additional exploratory effort and commercial utilization
can provide.

Industry response to previous Bureau delineations of calico scallop beds has been less
than enthusiastic, and for the most part such response as has been shown has been short-
lived. One early attempt to develop a fishery for these scallops in the Gulf of Mexico has
been described by Bullis and Ingle (1958), Another attempt was made on beds investigated
off Core Banks, N. C., by the Silver Bay. This attempt resulted in limited utilization in the
winters of 1959/60 and 1960/61 by \ by vessels out of the nearby ports of Beaufort and Atlantic,
but interest was not widespread.

In contrast, public and industry response to the Canaveral scallop bed has developed
rapidly and not only has it been highly enthusiastic, but it has also been sustained. In addi-
tion to broad newspaper coverage, many magazine and trade-journal articles have appeared
dealing with the delineation and commercial evaluation of the bed. In chronological order,
some of these are: Seafood Merchandising, May 1960, p. 11, September 1960, p. 26; The Fish
Boat, June 1960, p. 21, July 1960, pp. 41-43, and September 1960, p. 8; World Fishing, / Au-
gust 1960, p. 30; The AN Florida Magazine (The Florida Times- Union) August 7, 1960; Flor-
ida Business and ‘Opportunity, Oc October 1960, pp. 13-15; Business Week, February 1961, pp.
142-146; Fishing Gazette, April 1961, pp. 34-35, & 56; Florida Journal of Commerce, May
1961, p. 26.

An early inhibitive factor to the quickly-generated commercial interest in fishing the
new resource was the problem of shucking. Some research has been devoted to this problem
and at least 3 automatic or partially-automatic commercial shucking machines have been
privately developed to the pilot-testing stage. Limited work has also been conducted by
the Bureau (Bullis and Love 1961) and there are indications that a number of mechanical
processing techniques will be forthcoming as the fishery develops beyond the prelimi-
nary stages. Tests of samples from exploratory work show that the calico scallop meats
withstand vigorous processing methods and freezer storage with no apparent reduction
in quality.

Fig. 11 - Rinsing a sample of scallop meats with sea wa- Fig. 12 - Packaging the scallop meats in ee containers prior
ter, to freezing.

The resource is readily accessible to the large fleet of shrimp trawlers based along the
south Atlantic coast of the United States, and the deep-water ports of Fort Pierce and Port
Canaveral are within a few hours' running time from the bed.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

LITERATURE CITED

BULLIS, HARVEY R., Jr., and LOVE, TRAVIS D.
1961. Application of Steaming and Vacuum to Shucking and
Cleaning Scallops. Commercial Fisheries Review,

Vol. 23, No. 10

1960). Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 22, no.
7 (July), pp. 41-43.

vol, 23, no. 5 (May), pp. 1-4. (Also see Separate 1960. Commercial Scallop Dredge Demonstrated to Fisher-
No. 618.) men, M/V Silver Bay Cruise 24. Commercial Fish-
eries Review, vol. 22, no. 9 (September), pp. 29-
and INGLE, ROBERT M. 30.
1959. A New Fishery for Scallops in Western Florida. Pro-
ceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 1960. Savannah River-~Cape Hatteras Offshore Area Surveyed
11th Annual Session (November 1958), pp. 75-78. for Fish and Shellfish Resources, M/V Silver Bay
Cruise 25, Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 22,
and RATHJEN, WARREN F. no. 10 (October), pp. 42-43.
1959. Shrimp Explorations off the Southeastern Coast of the
United States (1956-1958). Commercial Fisheries 1960. Scallop and Shrimp Resources Survey Off Florida East
Review, vol. 21, no. 6 (June), pp. 1-20. (Also see Coast Planned, M/V Silver Bay Cruise 26. Commer-
Separate No. 522.) ee Tepes Review, vol. 22, no. 11 (November),
pp. 41-42.
CAPTIVA, FRANCIS J., and RIVERS, JOAQUIM B,:
1960. Development and Use of Otter-Trawling Gear for Red 1960. Extensive Survey Made Off Florida East Coast for
Snapper Fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, June 1957-- Stocks of Shrimp and Scallops, M/V Silver Bay
May 1959. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 22, Cruise 26. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 23
no. 10 (October), pp. 1-14. (Also see Separate No. no. 1 (January), pp. 32-34.
600.
) 1960. Survey of Fish and Shellfish Resources Off Georgia

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, BUREAU OF
1960. Large Beds of Calico Scallops Found off Florida East
Coast, M/V Silver Bay Cruise 23 (April 13-May 6,

and Florida, M/V Silver Bay Cruise 28. Commer-
cial Fisheries Review, vol. 23, no. 4 (April), pp.
31-33.

FISH CURING IMPORTANT FACTORIN DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME NATIONS

"Fish curing has been an important factor in the development of all great mari-
time nations. From the Middle Ages until well into the nineteenth century agricul-
turalmethods were poor. Livestock were wintered with difficulty, and meat-curing
methods were so poor that there was little meat during the winter, also, other pro-
tein foods were scarce. Canning and freezing had not yet been developed. The peo-
ple needed a fairly low-priced protein food which would remain in good condition
for some time. Dried, salted, and smoked fish supplied this need. Before the be-

ginning of the industrial age, international commerce was largely in natural products.
The wine of Spain was exchanged for the dried and salt fish of England, the Nether-
lands, and Norway. The smoked herring of England was traded throughout central
Europe. Even in the sixteenth century, when England was fighting Spain, her trade
in driedfish with Spain was continued. Ithad been reported that England gained more
wealthfrom cured-fish products in the sixteenth century than Spain obtained in gold
from the Americas."

--Principles and Methods in the Canning of Fishery Products,
Research Report No. 18 (page 1),
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

Gctober 1961

American Dietetic Association

FOOD AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS TO BE
DISCUSSED AT ANNUAL MEETING:

Food and atherosclerosis are two of the
subjects listed for the 44th Annual Meeting
of The American Dietetic Association in St.
Louis, Mo., October 24-27, 1961. Daytime
sessions for the first three days will take
place at the Kiel Auditorium where an ex-
tensive exhibition of food service equipment
and food products will be on display. On the
last day sessions will be held at the Sheraton-
Jefferson, the headquarters hotel.

The latest advances in nutrition will be
one of the topics. A session will be devoted
to atherosclerosis, and one of the speakers
on the subject will present his views on
whether or not the American diet should be
drastically modified.

Food service administration will be the
subject of another session. The executive
vice president of the National Restaurant
Association, Chicago, will present his views
on what is needed in food service manage-
ment today. Another speaker will discuss
standards in precooked frozen foods, and
still another the latest convenience foods
from the institutional viewpoint. One speaker
will talk about new products, various proc-
esses, and latest methods of packaging.

Antarctic

RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR
'1962 INCLUDES FISHERIES AND
OCEANOGRAPHY PROJECTS:

The United States is about to launch its
largest and most far-reaching season of sci-
entific research in the Antarctic, and fisher-
ies and oceanography projects are included.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

=I1REN DSS > = =

= AND

FE DEVELO PMENTS &

With the start of the Southern Hemisphere
summer in October, close to 200 scientists
from more than 25 universities, research in-
stitutions, and government agencies will un-
dertake research projects on and around the
world's most remote and least-known con-
tinent.

The National Science Foundation on August
14, 1961, announced the awarding of 53 grants
and contracts totaling $4,687,783 in support
of Antarctic research. Additional grants yet
to be made will bring the total program to
about $5,500,000.

The Foundation funds and coordinates the
U.S. Antarctic Research Program, which is
administered by its Office of Antarctic Pro-
grams. The U.S. scientific program is co-
ordinated with the Antarctic programs of
other participating nations by the Committee
on Polar Research of the National Academy
of Sciences. Logistic support for the sci-
entific effort is provided by the U. S. Navy
and through cooperative arrangements with
other nations.

There will be for the first time a floating
research laboratory, the USNS Eltanin, oper-
ating in Antarctic waters under a lease agree-
ment between the National Science Foundation
and the Military Sea Transportation Service
(MSTS).

The Eltanin, an ice-strengthened ship
suited for operations in polar seas, will not
only be outfitted for oceanographic research,
but is intended to accommodate scientists of
many disciplines, including meteorology, up-
per atmosphere physics, marine biology, and
submarine geology ($1,027,076 to Military
Sea Transportation Service for conversion of
vessel for Antarctic ocean research and
$383,241 to Columbia University to equip the
vessel for geological, geophysical, and ocea-
nographic research in Antarctic waters.)

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Little is known about the biology of fresh-
water ponds and lakes in Antarcticabecause
of their remoteness and the short time they
are ice-free and warm enough to permit liv-
ing organisms to mature and reproduce. A
team of researchers from the University of
California at Davis will look for bacteria in
many of these lakes and ponds. The menwill
try to determine limitations to bacterial re-
productivity, sources of energy used by bac-
teria to remain alive, and methods of inter-
action and reproduction among the free-float-
ing organisms. (Amount of grant, $27,208.)

Other biological work will include:

The third year of a Stanford University
study of marine animals in the McMurdo
Sound area ($43,499).

Study and collection by the University of
the Pacific, Stockton, Calif., of the class of
arthropods known as Pycnogonida--marine
spider-like animals of which the sea-spider
is a well-known example ($550).

In two small fresh-water lakes of the Mt.
Gran Dry Valley area not far from McMurdo
Sound, University of Kansas biologists last
season discovered bottom water with temper-
atures up to 70° and with extremely high
salinity. In order to learn why such warm,
briny water occurs in permanently ice-cov-
ered lakes, a team from Kansas is returning
this season to carry out limnological and
geochemical investigations of the two lakes
($18,352).

Also, in the field of oceanography, inves-
tigators from the Texas A & M Research
Foundation will take surface and deep cur-
rent measurements in the Drake Passage
($50,785),

California

CRAB STUDIES CONDUCTED
IN COASTAL WATERS:

M/V “Nautilus” Cruise 61-N-4-7-Crab:
Crab fishing was conducted (Feb. 24-Mar. 11;
Apr. 1-9; May 27-June 4; June 24-July 3,
1961) by the California Department of Fish
and Game research vessel Nautilus in Cali-
fornia coastal waters off San Francisco and
Bodega Bay to locate nursery areas and fol-
low the development of juvenile Dungeness

Vol. 23, No. 10

crabs (Cancer magister)., Other objectives
were to determine which gear or combination
of gear is most effective for taking acomplete
size range of juvenile and maturecrabs; and
todetermine time of occurrence and relative
abundance of different size groups of crabs,

The following types of gear were used:
(1) four-foot beam trawl with bottom rake
attachment and 1-inch mesh net; (2) eight-
foot beam trawl with 1-inch mesh net; (3)
ten-foot beam trawl with $-inch mesh over-
hang and 1-inch mesh net; (4) seven 30-inch
diameter crab traps, woven with 1-inchmesh
stainless steel wire, without escape ports;
and (5) two standard commercial crab traps
of 4-inch mesh without escape ports,

SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA: The several
types of gear were fished at various locations.
The ranges of shoulder widths (straight-line
distance across the carapace immediately an-
terior to the outermost spine) of the crabs
caught rangedfrom 8to 158mm. Althoughnone
of the areas produced significant numbers of
juvenile crabs (8 to 100 mm.), the Potato Patch
was the most promising. Of the gear used, the
10-foot beam trawl, 30-inchdiameter traps,
and the commercial traps when used together,
produced acomplete size range of crabs pre-
sent inthe area. The 4-footbeam trawl witha
bottom rake attachment andthe 8-foot beam
trawl caught some crabs but quantities and size
ranges were not as great as when the 10-foot
beam trawl was used in the same areas.

Stinson
Bea

ch

BODEGA BAY AREA: In this area the 10-
foot beam trawl, 30-inch diameter traps, and
commercial traps were used, Heavy concen-
trations of juvenile crabs were locatedinocean
waters between Estero Americano and Estero

October 1961

Legend:

Wa ress

Fig. 2 - Bodega Bay area sampling locations.

de San Antonio. Crabs 7 to 165 mm. wide
were taken in the 10-foot beam trawl. In this
area 1,000 to 5,000 juveniles were taken per
tow. Very few crabs wider than 50 mm. were
taken by the 10-foot beam trawl; however,
those 50 to 192 mm. wide were readily caught
in the 30-inch diameter andcommercial traps.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Feb. 1961 p. 13.

MIDWATER TRAWLING FOR
SALMON FINGERLINGS CONTINUED:

M/V “Nautilus” Cruise 61-N-13; and M/V
"AT La Rocca™ Cruise 61-C-1: The midwater
trawl operations of the California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game research vessels
Nautilus (July 4-6, 1961) and Al La Rocca
(July 17-21, 1961) were continued in the Car-
quinez Strait to capture marked salmon fin-
gerlings. All midwater trawling for marked
salmon fingerlings was conducted between
8 a.m. and 4 p.m. and each tow was for 20
minutes. Tows were alternate upstream and
downstream along the north shore, center,
and south shore of the channel.

A total of 70 tows was made during the 2
cruises resulting in a catch of 43 king salm-
on fingerlings, 3 of which were marked; 2
from Rio Vista releases and 1 from releases
made at Coleman Hatchery. The Nautilus
was responsible for 36 of the 43 salmontaken
during the two cruises.

Incidental catches of northern anchovy
(Engraulis mordax) declined to approximately
5 pounds per tow. During June, catches of
that species ran as high as 800 pounds per
tow.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 196i p. 21.
2K OK OK ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

Airplane Spotting Flight 61-8-Pelagic Fish:
The inshore area from the United States-Mex-
ican Border to Pt. Reyes, Calif., was surveyed
from the air (July 10-13, 1961) by the Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game Cessna
"182" 9042T, to determine the distribution and
abundance of pelagic fish schools.

During the five days, unfavorable weather
prevailed along the southern and central Cali-
fornia coasts. Low coastal clouds, fog, and
thunder storms made it impossible to survey
some areas while others were covered under
adverse flying conditions.

Despite the poor conditions, 700 anchovy
schools were seen, all north of Point Dume.
Of this total, 262 schools were observed be-
tween Point Dume and Point Arguello; 30 in
Avila Bay, 175 in the northern end of Estero
Bay, 154 in the north-east corner of Monterey
Bay, and 79 at the northern end of Halfmoon
Bay.

No sardine or mackerel schools were ob-

served anywhere in the survey area.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1961 p. 20.

‘Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

EXPERIMENTAL FISHING WITH
MONOFILAMENT GILL NETS FOR
SKIPJACK TUNA CONTINUED:

In the feasibility test of the use of mono-
filament gill nets to catch skipjack tuna in
Hawaiian waters, the chartered vessel Broad-
bill in July 1961 was equipped with a power
block, gill-net bin, gill nets, and Loran, and
sea trials were held. The vessel and equip-
ment operated satisfactorily and fishing oper-
ations were started late in July. However, the
few skipjack schools sighted in Hawaiian wa-
ters limited the number of trials. From July
23-31, sets were made on only three schools.
A total of 25, 2-4 pound skipjack, were taken
by pole and line just prior to the setting of the
nets. The gill-net catches totaled 31 skipjack.
The gill nets did not fish as effectively as an-
ticipated and modifications to both the nets
and methods of handling are being made in an
attempt to increase their efficiency.

s! sk sk sk sk
rk ok ok ok ok

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA COLLECTED
FROM HAWAIIAN ISLAND WATERS:

M/V Charles i. Gilbert’ Cruise 03: A
the waters among and surrounding the Ha-
waiian Islands was completed on July 30 by
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Charles H. Gilbert. The
primary purpose of the cruise was to obtain
measurements of the temperature and salin-
ity of the surface water for use in the pro-
gram of research on skipjack tuna (aku) be-
ing carried on at the Bureau's Biological
Laboratory in Honolulu. Scientists of the

Laboratory believe that the seasonal and an-
nual variations in the Hawaiian skipjack catch
are related to certain temperature and salin-
ity changes which occur seasonally in the
surface waters of the ocean.

MAGLIIE SKIPUACK
Sal NORTH Parc CENTRAL [i 3 INTERMEDATE
ida 2 SLB LA man
—<— CRUISE TRACK UNIDENTIFIED
aa ae meee iis

M/V Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 53 (June 20-July 30, 1961).

Two thousand drift bottles were released at
various points throughout the cruise, as part
of a large-scale program, started this year,
to gain more knowledge of the pattern of ocean
currents in the Hawaiian region,

Tunaschools were less abundant than antic-
ipated inthe areacovered by the cruise, and bi-
ological observations were limited by the scar-
city offish, While at French Frigate Shoals, a
field party made acensus of the rare Hawaiian
monk seal andthe seaturtles on the island,

Bathythermograph lowerings were made
at three-hour intervals at sea. At each low-
ering a surface water sample and surface
temperature were obtained. The salinity
samples were titrated aboard ship.

Standard scouting procedures were fol-
lowed to collect data on bird flocks and as-

Vol. 23, No. 10

sociated fish schools. Thirty-five flocks
were sighted. The fish schools associated
with these flocks were as follows: 4 skip-
jack tuna, 1 mahimahi, 1 mahimahi-skipjack,
and 29 unidentified.

Scouting conditions were poor in the re-
gion east of the Hawaiian Islands due to rough
weather and very good during the remainder
of the cruise. None of the identified fish
schools responded to chumming, therefore,
no fish were tagged nor any blood samples
collected.

Bait was scarce at all locations scouted
with the exception of Kuliouou Stream, Oahu,
where tilapia and mosquitofish were present
in large quantities.

Forty-nine surface and 22 0-60 plankton
tows, using a one-meter net, were made dur-
ing the cruise. These included tows in low,
intermediate, and high salinity water types.

Weather observations were made 4 times
daily and transmitted to the Weather Bureau.

Two lures were trolled during daylight
hours with the discouraging result of 5 dol-
phin (Corphaena hippurus) and one wahoo be-
ing landed. Two skipjack, 2 dolphin, 2 little
tuna (Euthynnus yaito) and 2 unidentified fish
were hooked but not landed.

Eleven adult and 4 young adult Hawaiian
Monk seals were counted at French Frigate
Shoals. Three large female turtles were ob-
served nesting on East Island. Also, there
were 25-30 young adult laysan and blackfooted
albatross, and numerous sooty terns on East
Island.

Columbia River
Fish Passage Research Program

ACCELERATED PROGRAM
GETS UNDER WAY:

In July 1961, the new Columbia River ac-
celerated fish passage research program was
staffed and plans were completed for the re-
search to get under way.

The fish passage problems in the Columbia
River were brought to a head by proposals to
build high dams at the Nez Perce and Mountain

October 1961

Sheep sites on the Snake River. Secretary
of the Interior Udall has recommended to
the Federal Power Commission that action
on approval of these dams be deferred until
additional information is available on passage
of salmon at high dams and stated that the
Department of the Interior would engage in a
"crash" program to get this information.

Although the initial stimulus was supplied
by the Snake River dams, work will not be
limited to that area. Particular emphasis is
being given the downstream passage problem,
and such devices as louvers, electrical ar-
rays, and ''skimmers" will be tested.

Crabs

STUDY TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY

IN PROCESSING PLANTS:

~~ To discuss a new U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries study for improving the
efficiency in blue crab-processing plants, a
meeting was held on August 1, 1961, at the
National Fisheries Institute Headquarters in
Washington, D. C., between representatives
of the blue crab industry and the Bureau.
Through improved processing, which may be
achieved through the development of auto-
matic machinery, the production of the proc-
essing plants may be increased to enable
them to meet the requirements of the new
amendment to the minimum-wage-hour law
without increasing the cost of their product
to the consumer.

Blue Crab

It was agreed that a Government contract
would be awarded by the Bureau to a con-
sulting firm for the purpose of conducting a
survey of processing methods now utilized in
the industry. Upon completion of the survey,
the firm will meet with industry and Bureau
representatives to present their recommen-
dations to reduce operating costs.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

A second phase of the study will then in-
volve utilizing these recommendations for the
development of prototype automatic process-
ing equipment which may eventually be uti-
lized by the industry.

Electronics

THERMOMETER DEVELOPED
TO RECORD WATER TEMPERATURE
AT FISH HOOK:

Maryland scientists in their effort to probe
the secrets of fish life have developed a new
electronic fishing unit which can tell the tem-
perature of the water at the fish hook while
they are fishing. The new thermal hook is
called an ankylothermistor; Greek, meaning
hook-thermometer. The basic concept of the
unit originated with the Director of the Natural
Resources Institute of the University of Mary-
land. Skilled electronics technicians of the
Chesapeake Bay Institute of the Johns Hopkins
University constructed it to his specifications.

Far from being a mere gadget, it will be
put to immediate use in the Potomac River to
study the relationship between fishing success
and the heated water entering the river from
a power plant on the Potomac River. Ever
since the plant went into operation, disposing
of hot water in the river, fishermen and biol-
ogists have been noticing marked changes in
fish habits in the area. Now they expect to be
able to tell more precisely what effect the hot
water has on fishing, and how fishermen can
take maximum advantage of the responses of
fish to heat.

ounted on a cut-down salt-water fishing pole,
looks like a small walkie-talkie radio. In
reality, the box holds delicate instruments to
magnify the tiny electric current received,
and a needle and dial to show the fisherman-
scientist the temperature at the hook. The
fishing reel is a standard salt-water reel, but
the line is a pair of twisted wires with asmall
thermocouple installed just above the hook.
When a fish bites, or during periods when they
fail to bite, the operator can turn a dial on the
box and note the temperature reading to the
nearest half degree.

x The new unit, consisting of a black box

The new device also is expected to be used
in the Chesapeake Bay where scientists and

14

fishermen have long suspected that knowl-
edge of the temperature preferences of fish
can increase the catch.

S

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-JUNE 1961:

Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: For
the use of the Armed Forces under the De-
partment of Defense, about 1.6 million pounds
(value $702,000) of fresh and frozen fishery
products were purchased in June 1961 by the
Military Subsistence Supply Agency. This
was lower than the quantity purchased in May
1961 by 27.9 percent and 41.4 percent under
the amount purchased in June 1960. Thevalue
of the purchases in June this year was lower
by 34.6 percent as compared with May and
41.3 percent less than for June a year ago.
Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by

Military Subsistence Supply Agency,
June 1961 with Comparisons

|__June__{ Jan.-June [June Jan.-June |
1960 | i961 | 1960
sie ioneice (LFOOOFLbss) sees eaes « ($1,000) .

10, 872|11,740 |'702 | 1,195 | 5,311 | 5,986

During the first 6 months of 1961 purchases
totaled 10.9 million pounds (valued at $5.3
million)--a decrease of 7.4 percent in quantity
and 11.2 percent in value as compared with
the same period in 1960.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
June 1961 averaged 44.1 cents a pound, about
4.5 cents less than the 48.6 cents paid in May
and 0.1 cent more than the 44.0 cents paid
during June last year.

Canned Fishery Products: The only can-
ned fishery product purchased for the use of
the Armed Forces during June this year was

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency,
June 1961 with Comparisons

UE
| Jan.-June |

an. ~June — jee
(ae oat i > ($1,000). .

ae 2,662 is 449
2

90 84

35

a small quantity of canned sardines. In the
first 6 months of 1961, purchases of canned

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

tuna were up 83.7 percent and canned sar-
dines were up 7.1 percent as compared with
the same period in 1960. Canned salmon
purchases are practically all made at end of
the packing season (usually September and
October).

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local pur-
chases not included in the data given; actual total purchases
are higher than indicated because local purchases are not ob-

tainable.

a

Fish Bone Detection

X-RAY UNIT DEVELOPED TO DETECT
BONES IN FISH FILLETS AND PORTIONS:

Progress in the development of equipment
that will automatically detect fish bones and
reject fish fillets and portions containing
bones has been made by a Fitchburg, Mass.,
firm under a contract with the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries Technological
Laboratory at Gloucester.

The X-ray unit developed for this purpose
is capable of detecting most bones in fish
portions that are moving on a conveyor belt
at speeds up to 25 feet per minute. All bones
thicker than 0.012 of an inch (about as thick
as three sheets of typewriter paper) were
detected in half-inch thick portions. Almost
all portioned fishery products produced today
are a half-inch or less in thickness. Bones
0.012 of an inch thick or less are essentially
harmless in that they become friable when the
the fish is cooked. All bones greater than
0.018 of an inch in thickness were detected in
portions 3 of an inch thick. These larger
bones tend to be annoying in cooked products.

In operation of the test unit, fish portions
pass over an X-ray emitter at two speeds--
125 and 25 feet per minute. The X-rays pass
through the fillet or portion and strike a flu-
orescent screen causing a signal which is de-
tected by a shielded photo-electric cell. This
signal is then displayed on an oscilloscope as
a line-trace of light. Since the X-ray signal
for bones at the fluorescent screen is different
from that for meat, this difference shows up
as a deflection in the shape of the line-trace.
Thus, when a deflection shows up in the line-
trace, the operator knows that the sample be-
ing exposed to the X-rays contains a bone.

It is expected that additional equipment
can be fabricated which will be sensitive to

October 1961

this bone signal deflection that appears on
the oscilloscope. Such sensitized equipment
could then be coupled with an automatic re-
jection system. Thus, the end result would
be an automatic detection and rejection sys-
tem that would guarantee practically bone-
less fish fillets and portions.

Fish Flour.

PROTEIN EFFICIENCY RATING HIGH:

Speaking about a finding that fish flour has a higher protein
efficiency rating than skim milk or beef, Senator Saltonstall
made the following statement in the U.S. Senate, which was
printed in the Congressional Record of August 11, 1961:

‘'Mr. President, since the earliest times, the fishing indus-
try has been vital to the economy of Massachusetts and to the
economy of many other States along our sea coasts.

‘‘But today the industry faces difficult times, partly because
U.S. consumers eat much less fish than nutritionists believe
their bodies need.

“‘One dramatic answer, both to this nutritional need and to
the problems of the ailing industry, is a new product called
‘fish flour.’ This is processed from whole fish. It can be
made from any kind of fish, and from fish of any sizes. It
emerges from the process as a fine, white powder,

‘All of our studies to date indicate that this powder is the
cheapest source of animal protein in the world. It is an im-
mediate answer to the protein hunger which is such a serious
problem in so many parts of the world,

‘'My colleague, Senator Benjamin A, Smith III, and Represen-
tative Hasting Keith, of Cape Cod, and many other Members of
the Congress have been working for several months to make
this new product more widely understood and available. The
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in the Department of the In-
terior is an enthusiastic supporter of the product, and is en-
gaged in vital research with funds which we have appropriated
recently.

“‘But we have just received the finest scientific endorsement
to date in the form of a report from three food scientists at
the University of Illinois--Drs. B. Connor Johnson, V. Chalam
Metta, and Harold E. Schendel, of the division of animal nu-
trition at that university.

‘They have found that fish flour has a higher protein ef-
ficiency rating than skim nilk or beef; that it has no harmful
effect, even when fed as the sole source of protein; that stand-
ard East Indian diets showed growth improvements of from
50 to 100 percent when supplemented with fish flour; and that
3 percent fish flour can be added to standard diets without de-
tection by the consumer,

‘*Because of the enormous Significance of this report to our
fishing industry and to the solution of the world food problem,
I ask, Mr. President, that the summary and conclusions of
these scientists be printed in the Record at the conclusion of
my remarks.

There being no objection, the statement was ordered to be
printed in the Record, as follows:

‘‘Summary and Conclusions:
‘An odorless, defatted fish flour, evaluated for its protein

quality by the Mitchell method, was found to have a biological
value of 8 percent. At the 10 percent protein level in diet, its

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

15

protein efficiency ratio (gram gain per gram protein consumed)
was 3.24 as compared to 2.85 for skirn milk and 3,15 for beef,

‘‘When fed as the sole source of protein, fish flour proved
as adequate as casein for the reproduction and general per-
formance of rats through four generations, Examinations of
11 organs and tissues from animals of the first through third
generations revealed no differences between the groups,

‘“‘The supplementing value of fish flour added to four East
Indian diets was studied with growing rats using Mitchell’s
pair-feeding method. At 1- and 3-percent supplementation,
growth improvements were 13 to 76 percent and 43 to 145
percent, respectively, over the controls. The protein ef-
ficiency ratios of all but one of the cereal diets were also
improved significantly. . .by 1 and 3 percent fish flour
supplementation, indicating a better amino acid mixture of
the supplemented diets.

‘'Fish flour supplementation was also shown to improve the
protein efficiency ratio of experimental East Indian diets con-
taining both a low-protein corn (from 0,172 to 0.242) and of a
high-protein corn (from 0.245 to 0.320), indicating again that
an improved amino acid pattern had been achieved.

“*An organoleptic test indicated that a panel of 26 Indian
students was unable to detect the presence of 3 percent fish
flour in 3 Indian diets,

‘*All these data support the view that a good fish flour could
be areal significance in helping to supply the protein needs
of the world,”’

oe
hie

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

Following are some of the highlights of
the studies conducted by the Ann Arbor (Mich.)
Biological Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries during April-June
1961:

SEA LAMPREY RESEARCH: Bioassays
on water samples from the 18 representative
streams tributary to Lakes Huron and Mich-
igan were continued. The periodic bioassays
were also continued on water from Lake Hu-
ron. This work is part of the long-term study
of the seasonal loss of biological activity of
the nitrophenols.

Ripe individuals of the following 4 of the5
species of lampreys present in the Great
Lakes have been artificially spawned in the
laboratory: sea lamprey (Petromyzon mar-
inus); silver lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicus-
pis); American brook lamprey (Lampetra
lamottei); and the northern brook lamprey
(Ichthyomyzon fossor). To date we have been
unable to obtain ripe individuals of the chest-
nut lamprey (Ichthyomyzon castaneus). Fer-
tilized eggs of the available species are in
various stages of development; 2 species
have started to hatch. Periodic samples

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Sea Lamprey
(Petromyzon marinus)

will be taken of the ammocetes after hatch-
ing in an attempt to develop methods of iden-
tification.

A considerable number of sea lamprey
larvae will be exposed in the laboratory to a
wide variety of environmental conditions to
learn the effects on development and surviv-
al. This lamprey-culture may also provide
specimens for bioassay work.

Twenty-one 24-hour experiments were
made with larval lampreys and several chlo-
rinated benzenes as part of a project to de-
velop a chemical-survey technique. Two of
the compounds tested, orthodichlorobenzene
and paradichlorobenzene, show considerable
promise in causing larvae to emerge and in
preventing re-burrowing.

Six compartmented troughs have been
constructed and installed for use in a study
of the extent and factors of movements of
larval lamprey. This research is to include
also the investigation of possible upstream
movement of larval lampreys in relation to
swimming speed.

SEA LAMPREY CONTROL: Good weather,
a welcome contrast to last year, permitted
extensive field activity during the quarter.
The majority of electrical barriers were in
operation by the beginning of the period and
chemical-treatment crews from both the
Marquette and Ludington stations were in the
field during April. High-water levels limited
ammocete surveys during part of April, but
conditions were favorable by May.

Staff from the Marquette and Ludington
stations treated 18 Lake Michigan tributaries.
These streams are located in Charlevoix and
Emmet Counties on the northeast coast and
in Mackinac and Schoolcraft Counties on the
north shore. Streams of the Lower Peninsula
required approximately 31 pounds of active

Vol, 23, No. 10

ingredient per second foot of water, more
than twice the 14.5 pounds needed for Upper
Peninsula streams.

The routine bioassays were continued on
13 streams tributary to the east shore of
Lake Michigan; 28 tests were conducted by
June 8, The working range for treatment has
improved considerably over the previous
quarter. Minimum lethal concentrations have
fluctuated erratically, however during the
past month.

The surveys of ammocete distribution
have advanced notably. Fifty-two watersheds
tributary to the east shore of Lake Michigan
were checked during the quarter and surveys
were completed on 48. Only 10 contained sea
lamprey larvae.

Ammocete surveys were completed on 5
rivers on the north shore and 7 rivers on the
west shore of Lake Michigan. Five additional
west-shore streams were checked to deter-
mine presence or absence of sea lamprey
ammocetes; 1 of the 5 was infested.

Identification of larvae caused difficulties
for survey crews on the east shore of Lake
Michigan. Ammocetes, believed to be Amer-
ican brook lampreys, were encountered which
had pigment-distributions characteristic of
sea lampreys. This problem was greatest
with larvae collected from the Manistee River
drainage.

A new 80-place mobile bioassay laboratory
has been completed and placed in operation.
The acquisition of this unit provides both treat-
ment crews with bioassay facilities.

A total of 29 barriers were placed in oper-
ation along the south shore of Lake Superior
to measure the runs of adult sea lamprey.
(Twenty-three of the barriers were installed
prior to the beginning of the quarter.) The
last device was in operation by April 24. Al-
though high water and flooding have caused
occasional difficulties, conditions have been
immeasurably better than last season.

Captures of adult sea lampreys totaled
59,320 by June 23; these same devices had
produced 30,721 adults during the same pe-
riod in 1960. The 1961 catch represents an
increase of 93 percent. The year's run also
exceeds that of 1959 when 42,248 individuals
were caught during the same period. The in-

October 1961

crease in numbers of sea lampreys has
occurred throughout Lake Superior.

The search is being continued for ammo-
cetes in Lake Superior streams which have
been chemically treated. Results to date in-
dicate survival of a few sea lamprey ammo-
cetes in 18 of the treated streams. Periodic
collections are also being made from re-
established populations. A series of collec-
tions made last October of young-of-the-
year in 13 streams was duplicated during
May. The rate of growth in different streams
varied considerably.

COMMERCIAL LAKE TROUT FISHERY
CENSUS IN LAKE SUPERIOR: The 1961
census of the ccmmercial lake trout fishery
in Lake Superior was started in March. The
expansion of the census to Whitefish Bay
completes coverage of all major fishing a-
reas on the south shore. The incidence of
both fresh and old lamprey scars has been
generally higher than last year. Average
weights of trout in the commercial catch
have fallen to all-time lows. The quality of
fishing has been poorer than in 1960 although
there was some improvement in Wisconsin
in the early spring. No records were ob-
tained from Whitefish Bay in 1960, but fish-
ermen there report a very substantial im-
provement in fishing this spring. Although
the incidence of old lamprey scars in this
area is the highest of all the south shore
ports, fresh scarring was only 1.9 percent--
by far the lowest at any locality.

The number of fin-clipped hatchery trout
caught this spring was more than triple that
of the spring of 1960; the catch has dropped,
however, in Wisconsin. The decrease infin-
clipped fish in Wisconsin is probably a re-
flection of failure to mark the 1957 plant.
Large numbers of fin-clipped fish were taken
this spring in Whitefish Bay (nearly 25 per-
cent of the catch). Almost all of these fish
were from the 38,000 fish planted in the Bay
in 1958. Most unmarked fish in the catch in
Whitefish Bay are the proper age to befrom
the 1956 and 1957 plants (inside the Bay)
which were not fin-clipped. Planted trout
from Wisconsin are as numerous off Munis-
ing and Grand Marais, Mich., as are fish
planted in the immediate area. Indeed they
are common along the entire south shore
except in Whitefish Bay. A most unusual
capture was that of a 6.4-inch trout planted
in the fall of 1960 at Port Arthur, Ont., and
caught at Grand Marais, Mich., in April.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

The first results in a test of relative ef-
ficiency of nylon and cotton gill nets, fished
in separate gangs, indicate roughly a 2 to 1
advantage of nylon nets for taking lake trout.

A total of 463,378 lake trout yearlings
(average length 5.5 inches) were fin-clipped
at Pendills Rearing Station prior to their
release in Lake Superior in June.

YELLOW PIKE TAGGING IN GREEN

yellow pike or walleye tagging in conjunction
with the Institute for Fisheries Research,
Michigan Department of Conservation, Lake
Michigan's Green Bay and Lake Huron's
Saginaw Bay, was conducted in late April and
early May; 1,814 fish were tagged and scale
samples were taken from 950 of them. Trap
nets were set in northern Little Bay de Noc,
and on Stoney and Poplar Points just east of
Nahma in Big Bay de Noc. An attempt to
capture yellow pike in Wilsey Bay east of
Peninsula Point, with trap nets, produced
very few fish. Yellow pike were caught with
a dip net below the lamprey weir on the
Whitefish River. Fish were also tagged at
Dry Shoal northeast of Bark River; thesefish
were caught by a commercial fisherman.

Yellow Pike
(Stizostedion vitreum vitreum)

Additional information on tag recoveries
gives further evidence of numerous yellow
pike spawning populations in the Bay de Noc
area. These groups seemingly return to the
same spawning area year after year.

sk sk skew
TR a

HATCH AND SURVIVAL IN
1961 FAIR FOR MANY
SPECIES IN LAKE ERIE:

The 1961 hatch and survival appears fair
to good for many Lake Erie species, accord-
ing to the Biological Laboratory, U. 5. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries, Ann Arbor,
Mich. Based on exploratory fishing in July,
yellow perch were most abundant, and con-
siderable numbers of smelt and white bass
were taken. The largest collections of white

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

bass were from the extreme western end of
Lake Erie (Bono to Monroe), whereas smelt
were concentrated in the Island region and
deeper waters to the east. Young yellow pike
or walleyes were fairly common in most
areas, although not quite as plentiful as in
1959, Varying numbers of young-of-year
alewives, gizzard shad, spottail shiners, and
trout-perch were collected. The young fish
of all species were somewhat smaller than

for corresponding dates in other recent years,

presumably because of the cool weather dur-
ing last May and June.

TroutPerch
(Percopsis omiscumaycas)

Older fish taken in July included yellow
perch, smelt, sheepshead, white bass, channel
catfish, bullheads, carp, and goldfish. Only
yellow perch (1959 year-class) were col-
lected in quantity. The average length of
these 2-year-old perch was only about 7.3
inches. Consequently, few were expected to
reach the minimum legal length of 8.5 inches
by September, when Ohio's fall commercial
fishing season begins.

ey ee ete enon,

YELLOW PIKE TAGGING EXPERIMENT:

A mid-season assessment of the Lake
Erie yellow pike tagging experiment shows
that of the 4,000 yearling pike tagged in the
spring of 1960, 439 (11.0 percent) were re-
captured as of July 1961--334 in 1960, and
105 during the first 7 months of 1961. The
1961 returns have demonstrated a pronounced
movement of yellow pike to the extreme west-
ern end of Lake Erie and into the Detroit
River and northward. One fish was recovered
in Saginaw Bay, some 236 miles from the
locality of release. Only 3 tagged yellow
pike were recaptured east of Cleveland.

Se oe okt ear te:

Vol. 23, No. 10

LAKE MICHIGAN FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:
M/V_ Cisco" Cruise 4: The chub (Leu-

cichthys sp.) population survey in Lake Mich-
igan was continued (July 18-August 1, 1961)
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
researchvessel Cisco. The primary purpose
was to compare chub populations in the Charle-
voix-Manistique region with populations in '
1932 and in 1955. The comparisons were
made possible by duplicating (as to time of
year, depth, gear, and location) sets of linen
gill nets made by the Bureau's research ves-
sel Fulmar in 1932 and again by the Cisco in ~
1955. Nets of 23-, 2-, and 22-inch mesh
were set at 50 fathoms off Charlevoix, off
Manistique, and in midlake between those
ports. In 1955, chubs (Leucichthys hoyi) were
appreciably more abundant--except at Charle-
voix--than in 1932; considerably fewer east:
of other species (oe kiyi, L. reighardi,
zenithicus, L. alpenae se. taken; and a
chubs caught in 1955 were of much smaller
average size. During the present cruise,
many more chubs (L. hoyi) were taken at all
three locations than in either 1932 or 1955; far
fewer other chubs were caught than in 1932
(fewer in midlake than in 1955 but slightly
more off Charlevoix and Manistique); and the
chubs were of about the same average size
as in 1955, except off Manistique, where they
were larger (but not as large as in 1932).

Chub
(Leucichthys sp.)

(Leucichthys spp.) _
She yi See eee
af Porth tert |

Regular gangs of nylon gill nets (50 feet
each of 14- and 13-inch mesh and 300 feet
each of 2-, 28-, 23-, 23-, 3-, 34-, and 4-inch
mesh) were set at 25 and 50 fathoms off _
Charlevoix and Manistique. The catches
were light at 25 fathoms, but moderately
heavy at 50 fathoms.

Two half-hour tows with a 50-foot balloon
trawl at 30 fathoms off Charlevoix (in Little
Traverse Bay) yielded 108 and 115 pounds of
chubs; and one tow at 50 fathoms off Manis-
tique netted 97 pounds. Practically all of the
chubs were bloaters. Except for 10 pounds
of deep-water sculpins in the 50-fathom tow,
few fish other than chubs were taken.

October 1961

Hydrographic observations were made at
40-fathom stations off Charlevoix, off Man-
istique, and in midlake between the two ports.
Thermal stratification was present in all
areas. Surface water temperature, the aren
est thus far this year, ranged from 15.3
21.1° CG. (59.5° to 70.0° F.).

M/V ''Cisco'' Cruise 5: Much of this
cruise (August 8-21,1961) was devoted to
fishing linen gill nets off Ludington, Mich.,
so that existing chub populations in that area
might be compared with those present in
1931-32 and 1955. The linen gill nets were
fished exactly, as to mesh sizes (23-, 24-,
2%-, 23-, 3-inch, stretched), depth (25 and
60 fathoms), location, and almost exactly as
to time of year, as were the sets of the U.S.
Bureau of Fisheries research vessel Fulmar
in 1931-1932 and the Cisco in 1955. A sim-
ilar study was conducted in the Charlevoix
and Manistique, Mich., areas during cruise
4. The differences between the 1955 and
the 1931-1932 periods were striking off
Ludington. In 1955, the average size of the
chubs was much smaller than in 1931-32,
chubs (Leucichthys hoyi) were much more

plentiful, and other chubs (L. kiyi, L. reig-
hardi, L. zenithicus, L. alpenae) were de-

cidedly less abundant at both 25 and 60 fath-
oms. In 1931-1932 somewhat more than 40

percent of the chub catch was other than L.

hoyi, but in 1955 the catch had dropped to —

about 10 percent. Chubs other than L. hoyi

are even fewer now than in 1955, especially
at 60 fathoms, but the size distribution has

not changed appreciably.

Regular gangs ee nylon gill nets (50 feet
each of 15- and 13-, 300 feet each of 2-, 22-,
23-, 22-, Be , 85-, ad 4-inch mesh) were set
at 25 and 50 ‘fathoms off Frankfort, Mich.
The catch was rather light at the former
depth and very light at the latter. The 25-
fathom set took 330 L. hoyi, 18 L. kiyi, 2
L. alpenae, 1 L. zenithicus, 2 L. reighardi,
and 4 lake herring (L. artedii); the 50-fath-
om nets took 85 hoyi, 21 kiyi, kiyi, 6 L. reighardi,
1 L. alpenae, 1 lake herring, and 4 deep-
water sculpins. Several of the L. reighardi
in these nets and the ones off Ludington were
ripe or nearly ripe. This situation is con-
sidered unusual, since the spawning season
for this species in Lake Michigan is ordinar-
ily late April to early June. Many L. reig-
hardi were, in fact, spawning during that —
time this year.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

Half hour tows with a 50-foot balloon trawl
were made south of Frankfort (off Arcadia) at
10, 13, 14, 25, 35, and 50 fathoms. Chub
catches were 10, 27, 124, 184, 406, and 262
pounds, respectively. The catch at 35 fath-
oms, over 99 percent L. hoyi, was the largest
thus far this year. Smelt and alewives were
common at the shallowest 3 depths. The
largest catches were 48 pounds of smelt and
113 pounds of alewives. Thirty-six pounds
of deep-water sculpins were caught at 50
fathoms. A single tow of 30 fathoms in Little
Traverse Bay (near Charlevoix, Mich.) took
138 pounds of chubs.

Hydrographic information was collected at
a 40-fathom station off Frankfort. Surface-wa-
ter temperatures were mostly 18° toriOmaGe
(64.4° to68° F.). Near the endof the cruise,
however, following strong north winds, asur~,
face-water temperature of only 13.6 C. (56. 6°
F.) was recordednear Frankfort. Anupwelling,
the extent of which was not determined, was ap-

parently occurring.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1961 p. 30.

pithy eA eS A

WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR
FISHERY SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “"Siscowet" Cruise 4: Midsummer
environmental conditions were studied by the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re-
search vessel Siscowet (July 17-27, 1961) at
three limnological stations in western Lake
Superior, Hydrographic collections included:
records of water temperature; Secchi-disc
readings; water samples for chemical anal-
yses; and bottom and plankton samples. In-
formation was gathered also on the vertical
distribution of fish and on distribution and
survival of planted lake trout; larval stages
of various species of fish were collected; and
blood samples were taken from several Lake
Superior species for electrophoretic studies.

Stations visited were: north of Sand Island;
south of Stockton Island; Pike's Bay; Frog
Bay; northwest of Oak Island; northwest of
Ironwood Island; Punky Bay; east of Gull Is-
land; north of Clinton Point; southeast of Bear
Island; and Siskiwit Bay.

Surface-water temperatures had warmed
considerably since the last cruise to nearly
70° F. in some areas. Bottom temperatures
remained near 40° F.

A standard gang of gill nets set north of
Sand Island (48 fathoms) caught mostly chubs

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

and smelt. Gill nets set south of Stockton
Island (18 and 25 fathoms) took small num-
bers of whitefish, lake herring, and lake
trout. Three 1Z-inch-mesh gill nets which
were suspended 12 feet below the surface
(water depth 28 fathoms) north of Sand Island,
in an attempt to capture small lake herring,
caught 50 smelt, 10 chubs, and 10 herring.

About 25 trawl tows (average duration, 15
minutes) at depths ranging from 7 to 60 fath-
oms yielded generally small catches of smelt,
chubs, sticklebacks, and cottids. The most
successful catch was in Punky Bay (18 fath-
oms) where 19 small lake trout were captured
of which 18 were hatchery-reared (fin-clip-
ped).

Trawl tows near Cornucopia captured
hatchery-reared lake trout, which had been
planted near shore in the spring, at dis-
tances as great as 15 miles from thenearest
planting site.

As of late July the M/V Siscowet had
captured 102 small trout (excluding fish of
the 1961 plant) in the Apostle Island area;
85 (83 percent) were fin-clipped and 62 (73
percent) of the marked fish were from the
1960 Bayfield plant.

Blood samples were collected from lake
herring, lake trout, whitefish, pygmy white-
fish, sculpins, smelt, and several forms of
chubs for electrophoretic studies at the
University of Wisconsin. In these studies,
the haemoglobin of fish blood is subjected
to an electrical current; fractions of the
haemoglobin then separate into distinct pat-
terns which are characteristic for eachform
or species. It is hoped that these studies
will help answer some of the perplexing
problems in chub identification.

A skin diver observed the action of the
converted midwater trawl which was being
towed about 10 feet below the surface. He
reported that the trawl was completely open
to a diameter of about 12 feet.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1961 p. 27.

Gulf Fishery Investigations

CONTRACTS LET FOR BIOLOGICAL
RESEARCH IN GULF OF MEXICO:

A new contract for vessel charter was
awarded during August to the M/V Belle of

Vol. 23, No. 10

Texas by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries. The 75-foot vessel will be uti-
lized by the Bureau's Galveston (Tex.) Bio-
logical Laboratory for deep-sea shrimp
trawling.

Two research contracts for biological re-
search in the Gulf of Mexico under the di-
rection of the Bureau's Laboratory at Galves-
ton have been renewed for the fiscal year be-
ginning July 1, 1961. The contracts cover
the study of the egg and larval stages of pink
shrimp and their distribution by currents
(with the University of Miami), and the effects
of environmental factors on the development
and survival of larvae of blue crab (with Duke
University).

Hawaii

SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS,
JANUARY-JULY 1961:

Landings of skipjack tuna (mostly 18-28
pound size) in Hawaii during July 1961 were
about 2,430,000 pounds or 320,000 pounds
under the landings for the preceding month.
However, the July 1961 landings were close
to 0.5 million pounds above the 1948-58 av-
erage landings for the month.

Skipjack
(Katsuwomus pelamis)

Of the total landings, 6 percent were be-
low 8 pounds, 11 percent between 8 and 15
pounds, and 83 percent above 15 pounds. No
marked changes in size composition were
observed during the month. The changes
which did occur took place in the latter half
of the month and were (1) a slight increase
in percentage of small skipjack; (2) a slight
decrease in the size of the large fish; and
(3) a decrease in the number of fish in the
upper modal group.

Total estimated landings for January-July
1961 were 8.1 million pounds or about 2.2
million pounds above average, almost twice
the 1960 landings for the same period, and
one million pounds above the total 1959 catch.
The increase over 1959 was largely due to the
high catches in June of this year.

October 1961

Catches for Oahu boats averaged 10,382
pounds per trip. However, the catch was
reduced in the latter half of July, the total
landings being about one-third of those made
during the first half of the month.

a

SS

Missouri

COMMERCIAL FISHERY LANDINGS, 1960:
Commercial fish landings in Missouri
during 1960 amounted to 350,200 pounds with
a live-weight value at $81,000, according to a
biologist for the Missouri Conservation Com-

mission.

Mississippi River fishermen reported
landings of 178,180 pounds, Missouri River
fishermen 155,320 pounds, and St. Francis
River fishermen 16,700 pounds.

Carp is Missouri's most important com-
mercial fish, comprising about 45 percent of
the total catch, the biologist reported. Buf-
falofish ranked second with about 23 percent
of the landings, followed by flathead catfish,
drum, blue catfish, gar, paddlefish, quillback,
channel catfish, sturgeon, suckers, bowfin,
bullheads, and eels.

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

TRAWL NETS OF DIFFERENT
DESIGNS TESTED FOR
ESCAPEMENT OF GROUNDFISH:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 61-12: A study
of the differential escapement of haddock,
whiting, and other species of groundfishfrom
trawl nets of special design was made by the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re-
search vessel Delaware during a 15-day
cruise that ended August 3, 1961. Previous
experiments using the underwater television
camera to observe the behavior of various
species of fish in otter trawls had indicated

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

that haddock and whiting react differently to
their containment within the net and that this
differential behavior might be utilized in de-
veloping special types of nets which would
allow the escape of small, undersized haddock
while at the same time retaining most of the
whiting of marketable size.

A large number of experiments were con-
ducted on this cruise. In some of the experi-
ments conducted dur-
ing the cruise, a
"window'' was con-
structed in the upper
part of the cod end of
the net. This window
was in some cases
simply a large hole.
In other cases, it was
a large area covered
with a very large
mesh rather than the
small mesh of which
the rest of thenet was
constructed. The
window, in turn, was
covered with aspecial
small mesh cod end
to recover any fish
that passed through
the window. In some
experiments a deflector consisting of large
mesh netting was hung from the upper part of
the net and extended halfway to the bottom of
the net.

Cod end.

The results of the experiments substan-
tiated the theory that different species come
into the net at different levels and have dif-
ferent reaction patterns in attempting to es-
cape. Haddock, cod, and sea herring tend to
come in high in the net and were deflected
through the window in substantial percentages,
Other species, such as whiting, tend to come
into the net low down and were not deflected
through the window in such high percentages.

Another experiment in which the cod end
was divided horizontally by a sheet of netting
showed, in general, the same difference in
behavior pattern of the different species of
groundfish. Although the experiments cor-
roborated previous ideas as to the differential
behavior of different species, it was not pos-
sible in this series of experiments to develop
any net which might, in a practical way, allow
most of the small haddock to escape while
retaining most of the marketable whiting.

22

Further experiments will be conducted on
future cruises to gain more information on
this aspect of fish behavior which may be of
extreme importance to the conservation of
the groundfish.

Additional experiments were conducted on
the size selectivity of whiting using 3-inch
and 33-inch mesh nets to provide additional
information on the selectivity of this species.
This information is necessary in developing
a recommendation for a mesh regulation for
the whiting fishery.

Blood samples of haddock, cod, and whiting
were obtained for racial analyses. A total of
160 dogfish were tagged in Ipswich Bay. Dog-
fish in large numbers were observed at the
surface at several localities feeding on vari-
ous crustacea and on fish discarded by the
commercial fleet. A number of dogfish sam-
ples were taken for biological examination.

Water temperatures on the bottom in
depths of 25 fathoms and over in the Ipswich
Bay and offshore Cape Cod areas were un-
usually low for the time of the year--only about
37° F. instead of 39° F. to 40° F, as in past
years. These relatively cold bottom water
temperatures may explain, at least in part,
the late arrival of whiting on the inshore
grounds this year. Temperature transects
were made off Gloucester, Mass., and into
South Channel off Nauset Light on Cape Cod.

DATA COLLECTED ON
GEORGES BANK SEA SCALLOPS:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 61-13: Informa-
tion on the populations of sea scallops found
on Georges Bank was collected by the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research
vessel Delaware during a 10-day cruise that
ended on August 19, 1961. The cruise was
part of the Canadian-United States coopera-
tive program to obtain the scientific data
necessary for preparing a proposal on sea
scallop management for submission to the
International Commission for the Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries in 1962.

Information was collected on the different
sizes of sea scallops caught with dredges
with 3-, 4-, or 5-inch rings. A total of 112
tows of 10 minutes each were made at se-
lected stations and about 112,000 scallops
were collected and measured. The datacol-
lected will be analyzed to determine the es-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

capement of scallops through rings of differ-
ent sizes. Shell samples and live scallops
were brought back to the laboratory for fur-
ther study. In addition to scallop measure-
ments, sex ratios, length-weight ratios, and
the condition of the gonads were recorded.

WV

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

WATERS OFF OREGON AND WASHINGTON
SURVEYED FOR ALBACORE AND OTHER
SPECIES OF PELAGIC FISH:

M/V “John N. Cobb” Cruise 51: Primary
objectives of a 6-week cruise (ended August
18, 1961) by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel John N.
Cobb were to obtain information on the abun-
dance and distribution of albacore tuna and
other pelagic species of fish by sampling with
gill nets, trolling lines, pelagic trawls, and
night lights. Other objectives included the
collection of oceanographic data by partici-
pating staff members of the Bureau's San
Diego Biological Laboratory.

Regions surveyed during the cruise extend
from the California-Oregon border to Cape
Beale, British Columbia, offshore to a max-
imum of 310 miles.

The first half of the cruise was devoted to
use of gill nets, night lights, and trolling gear.
During the last half of the cruise, pelagic
trawling gear was used to sample shallow
areas (less than 50 fathoms deep) near the
mouth of the Columbia River, deep scattering
layers off Washington and Oregon, and the
coastal waters near Swiftshure Bank and the
Umatilla light ship.

A total of 5 gill-net sets was made using
4 shackles of surface nets and 4 shackles of
nets submerged to a corkline depth of 100
feet. The total catch of tuna consisted of 2
albacore and 1 bluefin. Blue sharks were
taken in every set and caused considerable
fouling and damage to the gear. All 8 shack-
les of gear were lost on the fifth set, pre-
sumed to be caused by excessive loading with
shark.

Trolling was conducted during daylight
hours with generally poor results. Fifty-two
albacore ranging in size from 29.4 - 31.9
inches were taken on troll lines. Bestcatches
were made onthe more southerly track lines.

October 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

Legend:
Cruise and trolling track,.——
Gilets Ct Oo 0-0 o
Oceanographic station.

a)
BT
Night light station, ————_—-
(Cs)

Bathythermograph cast,

Number albacore caught.
Pelagic net trawling area,

NC wu en
cis g ah eS: ee is
VANCOUVER’ Das

g> a>

WASHINGTON

SU ae aale
Vis:

(21)

O(1)

CALIFORNIA
130°}00' oe
M/V John N. Cobb Cruise 51 (July-Aug. 1961).

135°100":

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Night light stations showed very small
numbers of forage fishes and marine inver-
tebrates to be present. Of those observed
the principal species was saury. An occa-
sional lanternfish was taken in dip nets. At
one station approximately 50 juvenile sable-
fish were observed. Several specimens were
taken and preserved for later study.

Pelagic trawling was conducted during the
latter portion of the cruise using a net having
an opening of 80 feet horizontal and 90 feet
vertical. A total of 25 tows failed to produce
albacore.

Trawling in shallow water areas (less
than 50 fathoms) off the mouth of the Colum-
bia River produced an occasional silver
salmon and up to 160 pounds each of hake
and jack mackerel. Other species taken in
small numbers include blue shark, herring,
anchovies, English sole, turbot, and black
rockfish.

Tows made in the deep scattering layer
110 miles offshore produced large amounts
of jellyfish and small numbers of lanternfish,
fanged viperfish, and squid. These tows
ranged in depth from 150 to 200 fathoms.
Depth of the net was determined by use of the
electrical depth telemeter.

During the last 5 days of the cruise, the
pelagic trawl was fished near the Swiftsure
Bank and near the Umtilla light ship to deter-
mine the net's effectiveness in taking salmon.
Results were generally poor as the largest
catch of salmon consisted of 5 adults and 8
juveniles. Large catches of dogfish in the
Swiftsure area repeatedly damaged the gear.
Catches of dogfish estimated to be in excess
of 10,000 pounds were taken. During one set
the entire cod end was lost and the interme-
diate section was severely chaffed. Jack
mackerel and hake were also taken in this
area in amounts up to 200 pounds of each
species.

Staff members from the San Diego Bio-
logical Laboratory made numerous oceano-
graphic observations during the first half of
the cruise. Bathythermograph casts, water
sample stations, solar radiation recordings,
and plankton tows were made.

During most of the cruise northwest winds
from 10 to 45 knots prevailed.

sle ste ste sh ste
peniee oie ii

Vol. 23, No.0

EXPLORATORY TRAWLING
FOR BOTTOMFISH IN THE
GULF OF ALASKA:

M/V.“John N. Cobb” Cruise 52: Hight
weeks of exploratory t trawling for bottomfish
in the Gulf of
Alaska is the ob-
jective of the ex>
ploratory fishing
vessel John N.
Cobb of the U. S.
Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisher-
ies. The vessel left Seattle September 5,
1961, and was expected to return on October
27, 1961. Trawling was to be done between
Cape St. Elias and the general vicinity of
Portlock Bank.

Purposes of the cruise were to determine
the relative abundance and sizes of bottom-
fish and shellfish encountered in the area.
Otolith (ear bones) and scales were to be
taken from commercial species of fish for
determination of ages. Halibut catches were
to be tagged and returned to the water to
provide information on migration and growth.

Sonic equipment was to be used to survey
the bottom to determine suitable trawlable
bottom. Catches were examined to assess
the commercial fishing potential of the region.

POR et AO EO, Ae
He OK OOK OK OK

SURVEY OF MARINE ANIMALS AT
DEPTHS OF 50 TO 450 oe

M/V. “Commando” Cruise 1: A survey of
animals inhabiting 1 the ocean bottom was con-
ducted in the region southwest of the mouth
of the Columbia River by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries chartered fishing ves-
sel Commando during a 20-day cruise that
ended on July 12, 1961. Marine animals were
sampled at depths ranging between 50 and
450 fathoms. In addition, a high-resolution,
low frequency echo-sounder was used to lo-
cate areas of smooth ocean bottom in the
above region and offshore from Destruction
Island, Wash., to depths of 1,000 fathoms that
will be sampled for marine fauna on future
cruises.

A commercial-size 400-mesh otter trawl
with a small-mesh liner inserted in the cod
end of the net to retain small organisms was
used to sample animals residing on or close
to the ocean bottom. A small dredge was

October 1961

used to collect burrowing and other animals
inhabiting a thin surface layer of the ocean
bottom.

Samples of fish and shellfish were col-
lected for the Atomic Energy Commission
and delivered to the Radiation Biological
Laboratory at the College of Fisheries, Uni-
versity of Washington.

Food fish taken during the cruise included
sablefish (Anaplopoma fimbria), Dover sole
(Microstomus pacificus), rex sole (Glypto-
cephalus zachirus), petrale sole (Eopsetta
jordani), and several species of rockfish
(Sebaciodes), Sablefish and Dover sole were
taken throughout the entire depth range sam-
pled. The catch-per-hour of sablefish ranged
from 25 pounds to 700 pounds, with the best
catches occurring at depths of 275 to 375
fathoms. This is considerably deeper than
commercial trawl fishermen now operate in
the region surveyed. The highest catch of
Dover sole per hour of fishing, 800 pounds,
was taken at a depth of 250 fathoms. Although
some Dover sole were taken at all depths
surveyed, catches of this species declined
rapidly beyond 275 fathoms in depth. Ocean
perch (Sebastodes alutus) were captured at
depths from 75 to 250 fathoms, including a
catch of 750 pounds of this species taken in
a one-hour trawl drag at 225 fathoms.

Unusual species of fish encountered in
deep water included the black-tailed liparid
(Careproctus melanurus), arrowfish (Tac-
tostoma macropus), fanged viperfish (Cha-
uliodus macouni), deep-water sole (Embas-
Sichthys bathybius), long-finned cod (Anti-
mora rostrata), and several unidentified
herring-like fish.

Although not commercially utilized at
present, substantial numbers of tanner crabs
(Chionoecetes tanneri) were captured at
depths between 250 and 400 fathoms. Male
tanner crabs occupied the shallower portion
of this range while females were found in
the deeper waters.

Starfish of various species were common
at all depths surveyed. Concentrations of
brittle starfish (Ophiuroids) and sea cucum-
bers (Holothuroids) were found at a range of
150 to 200 fathoms and 225 to 300 fathoms,
respectively.

Three specimens of an unusual species of
octopus, the ''flapjack devilfish" (Opisthoteu-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

this sp.), were captured at depths from 300
to 450 fathoms. They measured 12 to 15
inches across the body which extended to the
outer margin of the tentacles,

eR

Oceanography

UNUSUAL SEA BOTTOM FEATURES
OBJECT OF NEW OCEAN STUDY:

Under the first research grant ($2,000)
awarded by the Coast and Geodetic Survey,
U. S. Department of Commerce, in its ex-
panding research program, oceanographers
began probing the sea near Bethany Beach,
Del., on August 7, to learn more about the
origin andbehavior of the mysterious sand
waves that intersect the U. S. coastline in
many areas from Cape Hatteras to New York.

Restricting their activities to a patch of
ocean about three times the size of New
York's Central Park, the oceanographers
equipped with cameras and instruments are
going to plunge into the sea to observe the
effect of currents and other phenomena on
the sandy bottom topography. This project,
Survey officials say, is the first systematic
and continuing research approach to the
study of sand wave morphology, and is im-
portant to increasing man's understanding
of the processes and mechanics of the sea.

The individual sand waves in the study
area are very broad formations rising and
falling from ridge to trough in heights of 10
feet or more, over one-half mile intervals.
Very little is known about these unusual
ocean floor undulations.

Skin diving oceanographers will release
colored dyes near the shallow ocean floor
and make film
records of sub-
surface currents
and turbulence
which, perhaps,
contribute to the
formation of the
sand waves. Some
oceanographers
have advanced the
theory that these
waves may be old
beach stands,
wet drowned in geolog-
ic time by a rising sea level. The ten-square-

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

mile project area along the Delaware coast
contains some of the best examples of sand
wave formations known to marine researchers

today.
“a BS
Me BH 4

CHEMICAL METHODS FOR CONTROL OF
SHELLFISH PREDATORS TESTED:

Steps are being taken to clear the chemical method for the
control of shellfish predators for industrial use, Testing is
being done by the Milford (Conn.) Biological Laboratory of
the U.S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. In previous pub-
lications the Laboratory strongly emphasized that although
the method is quite effective against boring snails, such as
oyster drills, and several other molluscan enemies, its use
is not recommended until the effects of the chemicals con-
stituting the formula on water communities in general could
be determined, and also ascertain whether some of the sub-
stances accumulate in the body tissues of mollusks, such as
oysters and clams, rendering them undesirable or dangerous
as food, =

Oysters”

In accordance with this principle, representatives of the
U.S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and other Federal insti-
tutions, including the U.S, Public Health Service and U.S.

Food and Drug Administration, held several meetings to de-
cide the steps that should be taken to determine the safety of
the method. Since then, to test the method, a number of exper-
imental oyster plots in Long Island Sound have been treated
with different formulae and different quantities of the chemi-
cals. At present, samples of oysters and clams are collected
at definite intervals from these plots and adjacent areas to be
tested for traces of the chemicals in their body tissues.

Because accurate testing methods have already been de-
veloped and approved for Sevin, one of the components of the
chemical formula, tests for residues of this chemical in mol-
luscan meats are already in progress. However, since no
methods were available for determining small quantities of
chlorinated benzenes, such as orthodichlorobenzene, in tissues
of clams and oysters, a contract to develop such a method has
been signed with a testing company of Hoboken, N. J. Only
after a method has been developed and accepted by proper
authorities, which may take several months, can analysis of
the sample begin, The Laboratory at Milford is now collect-
ing samples, however, that will be ready for analysis as soon
as a method is developed,

Oystermen are asked not to employ the chemical method
until it is approved since improper use of it may lead to many
undesirable misunderstandings and mistakes. Meanwhile,
various aspects of the method will be developed in an effort
to make it more versatile, effective, cheaper and, most of all,
safer for aquatic communities,

38 OK OK OK

LONG ISLAND SOUND
OBSERVATIONS ON SPAWNING
AND SETTING AS OF AUGUST 17:

Examination of numerous plankton samples, collected

since July 26, showed either a complete absence or a scarcity
of oyster larvae and of bivalve larvae in general, the U, S, Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Milford,
Conn., reports. Samples collected on July 27, each represent-
ing the plankton contents of 500 gallons of sea water, contained
only two oyster larvae at Station 10, 4 oyster larvae at Station
5, and 1 oyster larva at Station 2. From then until August 10
no oyster larvae and very few bivalve larvae of any kind were
found in the samples, From August 10 to 17, the water of Long
Island Sound became less populated with’ microorganisms of the

Vol. 23, No. 10

type that change the color of the water to brownish-red and,
parallel with this clearing, the number of bivalve larvae in-
creased although oyster larvae were still virtually absent,

Scarcity of bivalve larvae, in general, and oyster larvae,
in particular, is due to toxic substances released into the sea
water by microscopic ‘‘red water’’ organisms, These toxins
are known to interfere with development of molluscan eggs and
growth of their larvae, As of August 17 oyster setting has
been virtually a failure in all the areas of Long Island Sound
where observations on setting are conducted,

During the last part of July starfish setting continued to be
heaviest in the Bridgeport area, especially at Stations 9 and
10, The peak of the wave was reached during the first few days
of August. Setting virtually ceased on August 7, but was re-
sumed the following day and finally formed a second peak on
August 12 and 13, This peak, however, was peculiar in the re~
spect that, while some stations in each of the three major a=
reas received some set, other stations, exemplified by Stations
4 and 5 in New Haven and Station 10 in Bridgeport, were virtu-

‘ally free of newly set starfish. (Bulletin No. 4, August 17, 1961,

issued by the Milford Biological Laboratory.)

OK OK KS

MARYLAND OBSERVATIONS,
1961 SEASON:

Setting Observations: The progress of oyster setting in
Maryland as shown by exposure of test shells for weekly
periods incertain areas is reported seasonally by the State
of Maryland ''Special Oyster Bulletin'' of the Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory, Natural Resources Institute, Solo-
mons, Md,

Placement of test shell bags was begun this year on
June 12, Some areas included in former years have been
discontinued while stations in the Little Choptank have
been added, Setting as of late July 1961 has been rather
light and scattered except in St. Marys River and on Punch
Island Creek bar where, while not exceptionally heavy, the
best spatfalls for several years have been observed. The
late spring peak of barnacle setting had ended at most stations
before test bags were started. In St. Marys River a fairly
numerous set of barnacles occurred during the second week
of July.

General Conditions: Both water temperature and salinity
were lower than normal during most of the spring and early
summer of 1961. Rainfall was above normal and the increased
flow of soluble nutrients from the land probably has been an
important factor in the generally excellent spring growth and
spring fattening of oysters. An exception to this has been in
limited upstream areas where salinities became too low for
the oysters to feed and grow normally this spring.

Oyster Mortalities: Maryland oysters in general have con-
tinued to show an impressive freedom from the parasites and
predators that cause serious damage in most other areas.
However, the severe losses recently experienced in the neigh-
boring States of New Jersey, Delaware, and Virginia are a
matter of major concern,

Research in Progress: The extent to which MSX may con-
tribute to future mortalities in Maryland is not yet known, Oys-
ters in the Maryland Chesapeake area do not yet, as a group,
show resistance, but have been found to be highly susceptible
when experimentally transplanted to infested waters in Delaware
Bay. Resistance to the parasite is being shown by lower death
rate among surviving oysters in the heavy mortality areas of
Delaware Bay and Virginia, When resistant survivors become
apparent in Maryland, they should be utilized as brood stock in
order to hasten the buildup of a resistant population, This meas-
ure has been recommended in both Delaware Bay and Virginia,

There are indications, though still incomplete, that MSX
infection is lighter and less destructive in the low salinity
portion of affected areas, Experiments to determine the ef-
fect of low salinity on development of MSX are under way at
the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory where oysters from an
area of infection in Virginia are being held in aquaria under

October 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

high, intermediate, and low salinity conditions. Infections a-
mong all groups thus far have been too low to produce con-
clusive results so that a new series with more heavily in-

. fected oysters must be observed. It remains extremely im-
portant that no infected oysters be transplanted to uninfested
low salinity areas unless it can be demonstrated that MSX
will not continue to develop and spread to other oysters in
these waters,

Major emphasis is being given to continued oyster mor-
tality studies by all agencies working on the problem, This
laboratory plans to test resistance to MSX of oysters from
different sources when exposed on trays to the infective con-
ditions now present in Pocomoke Sound. Also the laboratory
will continue to monitor Maryland oyster mortality at se-
lected tray stations, study the effects of salinity upon MSX
development, check for the presence of MSX and other known
parasites on oyster beds throughout the State, conduct basic
studies of the MSX organism, search for new oyster parasites,
and follow up reports of any serious oyster losses that may
occur, These mortality studies will continue to be coordi-
nated with and supplement the research of the other scien-
tific agencies,

Outlook: Present indications are that,'except for a
scarcity of oysters on the bottom, the outlook for oysters
in most of Maryland continues good with prospects of bet-
ter than usual growth, Though the future oyster mortality
problem is uncertain, losses to date should not seriously
affect next season's harvest. An upturn in MSX mortality
in out-of-state areas has occurred each year during late
summer and fall and mortality from this cause in Mary-
land must be watched for, especially in those areas where
the parasite is now known to be present. It should be em-
phasized that MSX is perfectly harmless to man and its
presence in oysters does not affect the utilization of such
oysters as food,

ok Ok OK Kk 3K

MARYLAND OBSERVATIONS
AS OF AUGUST 24:

Setting Observations: Since issuance of the first bulle-
tin for this season, oyster setting improved in Holland
Straits, Hooper Straits, and the Tar Bay~Barren Island a-
rea but still was quite light, according to the August 24,
1961, ‘‘Special Oyster Bulletin’’ of the Chesapeake Bio-
logical Laboratory, Natural Resources Institute, Solomons,
Md, An upturn in Honga River shows a good set for the up-
per river. Setting tapered off on Punch Island Creek bar
and in the upper St. Marys where good sets occurred on
test shells, A first but light set occurred at the Labora-
tory pier in the lower Patuxent and at Hog Island on the
western side of the Bay near the mouth of the Patuxent.
Few additional spat were found in the Little Choptank
where the total set on the test shells remained light.

It must be emphasized that the surviving set at the end
of the season on planted shells usually will be much less
than the amount of 1- to 7-day old spat counted on clean
test shells, Sometimes nearly all of the set is lost due to
fouled shells and the presence of oyster enemies, The de-
gree of survival cannot be accurately predicted and varies
greatly from place to place, In general, a higher propor-
tion of spat will survive from a light set than from a heavy
one, partly because of uncrowded space for growth, Counts
of the surviving or commercial set on bottom cultch are
made in late fall and in the spring. Test shells are useful
for determining the time of set and the potentials for good
or poor commercial sets. Last year the State shell plant-
ing in Pry Cove, made just at the start of a light set, re-
ceived a commercial set on the upper layer of shells that
was approximately 75 percent of the quantity found on test
shells, an exceptionally good record that illustrated the
value of timing shell planting to coincide with the begin-
ning of an oyster set,

Other Conditions: Water temperatures for the past
month were near normal to a few degrees above, Salinity
at Solomons rose to about 12 but was still below normal,

Oysters opened for parasite examination generally were in
good condition for the season of the year,

Serious losses of oysters in lower Virginia and in por-
tions of the Maryland Seaside area occurred during the
past few weeks and were continuing. In the Maryland por-
tion of the Chesapeake area losses still were low. The
parasite MSX was not observed in other areas than those
reported in the previous bulletin,

sk ale sk ook ok
ok oe OK Ok OK

USE OF CHEMICALS TO PREVENT
FOULING OF SHELLS USED AS CULTCH:
Rapid fouling of oyster shells used as
cultch to collect sets of oysters is one of the
major difficulties experienced by oyster
growers of Long Island Sound and other
areas where cultivation of oysters is con-
ducted. Often, soon after planting, shells
become so encrusted with fouling organisms
that they are no longer of any value ascultch.

Realizing the seriousness of the fouling
problem to the oyster industry, the Milford
(Conn.) Biological Laboratory of the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, parallel
with studies on chemical control of oyster
predators, has been conducting extensive ex-
periments to find a method by means of which
fouling can be either prevented to a large de-
gree or entirely stopped. The fouling organ-
isms, which the Laboratory wishes to pre-
vent from setting, included barnacles, sea
grapes or tunicates, tube-forming worms,
such as Polydora, Bryozoa, Folliculina,
small mussels, and algae. The Laboratory
is also interested in preventing setting of
larvae of such predators as the flatworm
Stylochus, starfish and, in some areas, the
free-swimming larvae of drills.

Shrimp

LARGE-SCALE MARKING EXPERIMENT
IN DRY TORTUGAS AREA:

As a part of its program of research on
Gulf of Mexico shrimp stocks, the Galveston
Biological Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries initiated a large-
scale shrimp-marking experiment in the
area just north of Dry Tortugas in mid-Sep-
tember 1961. Objectives will be to secure a
reliable index of the rate of fishing on the
Tortugas pink shrimp stock, together with a
better measure of growth during the pink
shrimp's transition from noncommercial to
commercial size.

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

STAINED
SHRIMP

$2.00 REWARD

Shrimp have been marked with blue and green biological stains to obtain infor-
mation on movements, growth, and rate of harvest. The color appears only on both

sides of the head (in the gills) as shown in the illustration.

Look for color here

A reward of $2.00 will be paid for stained shrimp when returned with the following

information:

1. Exect place the shrimp was caught.
2. Date the shrimp was coeght.

Notify by mail the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, No. | Rickenbacker Causeway,

Miami, Florida, or contact any Fish and Wildlife Service agent at port of landing.

Please include name of vessel with the information submitted.

The capture, marking, and release of the
experimental shrimp was done by the explor-
atory fishing vessel George M. Bowers.
Plans called for release at random points on
the Tortugas grounds not less than 11,000
shrimp, 10,000 to be marked by injection with
green stain, 1,000 with blue. Since stains,
when injected into shrimp, ultimately con-
centrate in restricted areas of the head
(viewed from the side), commercial shrimp
catches must be examined rather closely to
detect stained individuals that might have
been recaptured. Marked shrimp may be
expected to occur in commercial catches
with diminishing frequency for at least six
months following commencement of the ex-
periment.

The nature of this experiment demands,
and its success in the light of applying the
same technique to shrimp stocks elsewhere
in the Gulf requires, that the highest possible
number of marked specimens detected be
returned for analysis.

Vol. 23, No. 10

South Atlantic Exploratory
Fishery Program

AVAILABILITY OF COMMERCIAL
STOCKS OF CALICO SCALLOPS OFF
CAPE CANAVERAL (FLA.) SURVEYED:
M/V “Silver Bay’ Cruise 31: Providing
technical assistance to the fishing industry
in developing the calico scallop fishery off
Cape Canaveral, Fla., was the primary ob-
jective of a 17-day cruise (ended July 21,
1961) by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Silver
Bay. Principal efforts were concentratedon
determining the availability of commercial
quantities of scallops in that area.

Best results were achieved SSE. of Cape
Canaveral in 20 fathoms (approximate posi-
tion 27°54' N., 80°06' W.). In that area,
catches of large scallops (shell diameter 2 to
22 inches) ranged up to 11 bushels per 15-
minute drag. Meat yields ranged from 53-6
pints per 75-pound bushel and from 70-85
scallop meats per pound.

Fishing between Cape Canaveral and
Grant, Fla., resulted in catches of small to
medium scallops in amounts ranging up to
15 bushels per 15-minute drag. Owing to the
small size and yield of the meats, only mar-
ginal commercial value can be attached to
the catches at present. East of Cape Canav-
eral in 13-22 fathoms catches consisted of
up to 8 bushels of scallops that did not ap-
proach commercial size and were mostly
between 3 and 1 inch in shell diameter.

The effectiveness of the types of scallop
gear used was tested in a series of compara-
tive trials. An 8-foot tumbler dredge with
2-inch rings was found most effective under
test conditions, Scallop samples were ob-
tained for use by Bureau biologists and tech-
nologists. Four lots of shell stock were
landed at Cape Canaveral for industry use in
testing newly-developed processing machin-
ery.

A secondary objective was to conduct
limited snapper trawling trials between St.
Augustine and the St. Johns River, Fla. Ef-
forts were confined to 11 drags in 12 to 32
fathoms. Catches of mixed fish ranged up to
1,570 pounds. Vermillion snapper (Rhombop-

October 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

1
!
I
1

\ [
20 )Fms 100 |Fms

LEGEND:

@ - 10' Scallop dredge.
- 8' Scallop dredge.

- 8' Tumbler dredge.
- 6' Tumbler dredge.

- Dip station.
- 50/70-Roller trawl.

16 TOWS-geor trials

f

M/V Silver Bay Cruise 31 (July 5-21, 1961).

COASTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA
SURVEYED FOR BOTTOM FISH:

M/V “Silver Bay™ Cruise 32: The major
objective of a 17-day cruise (ended August 23,
1961) by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Silver
Bay was to determine the potential for snap-
per, grouper, and associated species using

lites aurorubens), tomtate (Haemulon auro-
lineatum) and grey triggerfish (Balistes
capriscus) dominated most catches. Red
snapper (Lutianus blackfordi) and grey snap-
per (L. griseus) were taken in smaller a-
mounts.

sk oe sk sek
eo A A 7S

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 10

bottom trawls in conjunction with recorder Trawling was conducted with 50/70' and
indications of fish concentrations, off the 80/100' nylon, roller-rigged fish trawls
coasts of South and North Carolina. fished with 8- and 10-foot bracket doors.
Approximately 795 miles of fish-detection Drags in conjunction with slight recorder
transects were made in the area between tracings south of Charleston, S. C., produced
Savannah, Ga., and Cape Lookout, N. C. no commercial quantities of fish. Drags

-NORTH
CAROLINA —

— SOUTH
CAROLINA —

LEGEND:

O - 50/70 foot roller-rigged nylon
fish trawl.

® - 80/100 foot roller-rigged nylon
fish trawl.

O - 8-foot tumbler dredge.

4 - Night attraction station,

: ? —— - Fish detection transect.
BRUNSWICK i
] oe :

M/V Silver Bay Cruise 32 (August 7-23, 1961),

October 1961

made in conjunction with fair to good re-
corder tracings east and north of Charleston
produced catches up to 2,100 pounds of fish
per 60-minute drag. Most of the catches
were of commercial significance and were
comprised of vermillion snapper (Rhombop-
lites aurorubens), scup or porgy (Stenotomus
SP.), tomtate (Haemulon sp.), amberjack
(Seriola sp.), triggerfish (Balistes sp.), and
grouper (Mycteroperca sp.) in varying a-
mounts. One area SSW. of Cape Fear, N. C.,

’ produced individual catches of up to 1;000
pounds of vermillion snappers averaging 2
pounds each.

Trawling on broken bottom in 30 to 60
fathoms SSE. of Beaufort, S. C., where snap-
pers were previously reported (by the Bu-
reau's M/V Delaware in 1958 and by local
hand-line fishermen) failed|to produce this
species. Only minor gear damage was en-
countered in the areas surveyed.

Fish detection transects in Onslow Bay,
N. C., did not show good indications of bot-
tom fish although good midwater tracings
were recorded. Drags made in conjunction
with these midwater tracings, which occa-
sionally extended to the bottom, failed to
produce catches of commercial significance.
However, the presence of scad (Decapterus
sp.) and small scup suggest that the shoals
were comprised of these species.

Six scallop dredging stations in 8 to 18
fathoms NE. of Cape Fear, N.C., produced
a single live scallop (Pecten gibbus), 20mm.
in width.

A port call was made in Georgetown, S.C.,
at the request of local authorities and in-
terested fishermen.

Standards

MEETINGS HELD ON PROPOSED
QUALITY STANDARDS FOR FROZEN
FLOUNDER AND SOLE FILLETS:

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies held public meetings at Seattle, Wash.
(August 28), at San Francisco (August 30),
and at Boston, Mass. (September 1), to con-
sider new quality standards for frozen floun-
der and sole fillets.

Developed by Bureau laboratories in
Seattle, Wash., and Gloucester, Mass., these

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

standards mark another important step in a
constant effort by Government and industry
to improve fishery products.

Similar quality standards have been de-
veloped and are in use for fish sticks; fish
blocks; salmon and halibut steaks; cod, had-
dock, and ocean perch fillets; raw breaded
fish portions; and raw breaded and raw
headless shrimp. Another quality standard
that will soon be adopted is for frozen fried
scallops.

KOK KK

NEW STANDARDS FOR COD AND
HADDOCK FILLETS ADOPTED BY
STATE PURCHASING OFFICIALS:

New specifications for chilled and frozen
cod and haddock fillets developed by the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries' Labora-
tory at Gloucester, Mass., have been a-
dopted by the National Association of State
Purchasing Officials.

These specifications are the second ofa
series being developed by the Laboratory in
cooperation with the commercial fishing in-
dustry for the Association. Bureau scientists
are developing these specifications to enable
state purchasing officials to obtain wideruse
of uniform, high-quality fishery products in
state institutions.

State nutritional authorities recognize
fishery products as an economical source of
high quality protein food. While helping the
states to provide a varied diet of high-quality
fishery products, this new series of specifi-
cations will help the United States fishing in-
dustry to increase its sales.

Where possible, these specifications are
based on U. S. Grade Standards for fishery
products, thus enabling the states to take
advantage of the Bureau's inspection and
certification service, another guarantee of
high quality.

State Purchasing Specifications

SPECIFICATIONS FOR SEVERAL
FISHERY PRODUCTS FRAMED FOR
STATE PURCHASING OFFICIALS:
Specifications for frozen ocean perch
fillets, chilled and frozen cod or haddock

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 10

United States Commercial Fishery Landings of Certain
Species for Periods Shown, 1961 and 1960
Seay a Teen: for es eee
Anchovies, Calif, 7 mos

National Association of Gar:

State Purchasing Offi- Giainen meee
cals (NASPO). Late in Boston 2/.... .
July the Director of Gloucester 2/.
Purchases for the State
of Connecticut and his
assistants visited the
Gloucester Laboratory
to discuss fishery spec-
ifications work for the
Association.

fillets, and scallops were
framed by the Gloucester
Technological Laboratory
of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries during
the fiscal year ending

Boston 2/..0. «
Gloucester 2/. .

7 mos, 18,800
ges 10,800

18,682
14,102

A schedule for new NASPO specifications
to be developed during this fiscal year was
agreed upon. These include (1) portions, all i 3,400
forms; (2) shrimp, all forms; and (3) canned :
tuna,

29,600

16,462

It was also agreed to publish the specifi-
cations in some periodical, such as Com-
mercial Fisheries Review, in order to obtain
a permanent record of these specifications
and to make them known to all segments of
the fishing industry. NASPO also plans to
publish the specifications for use by the
States.

Ocean Perch:
Maine. ..... »
BOStONS sic lersieite
Gloucesters..). 0.

The Connecticut Director of Purchases
volunteered the institutions in Connecticut
for field-testing new whiting products to be
developed as part of a Bureau project to
improve the quality of whiting.

Shrimp (heads -on):
South Atl, & Gulf
Washington ...
Oregon

Maine ..ece-
BOStous cicie 6 =
Gloucester, . o

pasSsro ase isiliset oo7

2,1, 169,980,000

United States Fishery Landings,
January -July 1961

Total Landings: Landings of fish and shellfish in the U-

nited States during the first 7 months of 1961 amounted to
about 351 million pounds or 16 percent more than during the
comparable period of 1960.

Salmon: On the basis of the reported pack of canned salm~
on, it was estimated that the Alaska catch to August 20, 1961,
of about 232 million pounds was up almost 40 million pounds
over a year ago,

Shrimp: The South Atlantic and Gulf States landings
through July 1961 (nearly 70 million pounds) were down 28
million pounds--a drop of 29 percent from the same period
in 1960.

1/Preliminary.
2/Landed weight.
yess weight.

lote: Data represent weight of fish and shellfish as landed
except for mollusks which are weight of meats only.

Menhaden: Landings during the first 7 months of 1961 a-
mounted to about 1,294 million pounds--an increase of 295
million pounds over the previous year,

Tuna: Landings in California (including transshipments of
United States-caught fish from South America) totaled almost

October 1961

212 million pounds to August 19, 1961--up nearly 13 million
pounds from the same period in 1960.

Haddock: The 7-months 1961 landings of nearly 63 million
pounds were about 6 million pounds greater than during the
same period in 1960.

Halibut: The Alaska, Washington, and Oregon catch Jan-
uary through July of about 29 million pounds was 3 million
pounds less than in the same period in 1960,

Scallops: New Bedford landings of meats during the first
7 months of 1961 of almost 12 million pounds exceeded the
1960 catch for the period by 900,000 pounds.

Mackerel: Landings of Pacific mackerel (over 20 million
pounds) through July 1961 more than doubled those in the pre~
vious year, while jack mackerel landings (nearly 30 million
pounds) declined 9 million pounds in comparison with 1960,

Whiting: During the first 7 months of 1961, landings at
Gloucester (24 million pounds) were down 2 million pounds
or 8 percent as compared with the previous year,

fo}

@

U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles Supply,
June 1961

The total United States supply of fish meal
for the first 6 months of 1961 amounted to
207,000 tons--57,000
tons greater than dur-
ing the same period
of 1960. Thedomestic
production accounted
for 48 percent and
imports 52 percent
of the total supply
for the first half of 1961.

Fish meal produced by United States
firms during January-June 1961 totaled
close to 100,000 tons. Fish meal processed
from menhaden accounted for 82 percent of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

U. S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, January-June 1961
with Comparative Data

Fish Meal and Scrap:
Domestic production:
Menhaden.......
Tuna and mackerel . .
Herring, Alaska. ...

Republic of South Africa
Other countries

38, 428

131,561
| 421,277 |

660
28
530
39, 464 102, 103
1/Preliminary. Based on reports from firms which accounted for
96 percent of the 1960 total production.
2/50-percent solids. Includes production of homogenized con-
densed fish.

that total. Fish meal imports from foreign
countries during January-June 1961 amounted
to 107,000 tons--up 41,000 tons from the same
period of 1960. Imports from Peru made up
69 percent and those from Canada, South
Africa, and Chile accounted for 29 percent of
the imports in the first six months of 1961.

The United States supply of fish solubles
(including homogenized condensed fish) dur-
ing January-June 1961 was about the same
as in the first six months of 1960. Domestic
production in January-June 1961 amounted to
38,000 tons and imports totaled about 1,200
tons.

United States Fishing Vessels

DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED AND
CANCELLED, JUNE 1961:

During June 1961, 63 vessels of 5 net
tons and over were issued first documents
as fishing craft, 7 vessels less than in
the same month last year. But the num-
ber issued first documents the first 6
months this year was 16 more than in
the same period last year.

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

Table 1 - U.S, Fishing Vessels+/--Documentations Issued and Cancelled, by Areas, June 1961

Area
(Home Port)

Issued first documents 2/:
NewrEnglandisisteieteletsvecele.cte'e.c10
MiddletAtlantiCreratsieleeieleteiche cic
Ghesapeakerrem otetalelelereisieieialsie
South Atlanticys ete eic.c.0:0.0:6 010 0.6
Gulfgivctats eteisiayste(c eta cle\sjetelelera
Paciticrpersletetelerelerelestereteneieiele
GreatLakes,!s\c'cierelels sleis sie.
BUertosRICOMs:cieia\elajeieisie sleielers

Motaliive elec efelelevel sii

South Atlantic ..
Gulfirereietetars

Pacttich sires
Grearllakes'sicveleiers einie.e
Puerto RicO .csceccaces

tt cow! 09

Table 2 - U. S. Fishing Vessels=: ~-Documents Issued and ai}

Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, June 1961

Gross Tonnage

5-9 eeeecececeeeeorore

10-19 ...sccccvesee
20-29 ...cccncccece
80-39 .ccccccccceee

180-189 - seccccccrce
OB0-269%, eae secs ces
270-279 we ecesrcceces
580-589... eevee cece

1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing cra
sel is defined as a craft of 5 net-tons and over,
2/Includes redocumented vessels previously removed from
~ records, Vessels issued first documents as fishing
craft were built; 38 in 1961, 2 in 1960, 1 in 1958, 2 in
1957, 1 in 1955, and 19 prior to 1951, Assigned to a-
y reas on the basis of their home ports,
8/Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold
alien, etc,
Source: Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the
United States, Bureau of Customs, U.S, Treasury Depart-
ment,

F

ES
;

HoSS8Ra8 F

U. S. Foreign Trade

UNITED STATES EXPORTS AND
RE-EXPORTS OF FROZEN SHRIMP
TO JAPAN, JANUARY-MAY 1961:

Of the almost 2.8 million pounds of do-
mestic and foreign fresh and frozen shrimp
exported and re-exported from the United
States during the first five months of this
year, 53.1 percent or almost 1.5 million
pounds were shipped to Japan. A substantial
proportion of the shipments to Japan was
made from California. Most of the re-ex-
ports consist of shrimp imported into the
United States from Mexico.

United States Exports and Re-Exports of Fresh and Frozen
Shrimp 1/to Japan, Jan.-May 1961

rae Mere
Product Feb. | Mar pr. | May Total

Peet air beret aos_ais | aes Pare
1 Although data appear under the "fresh and frozen shrimp"

category, it is believed that all of the exports were frozen
shrimp.

Exports and re-exports of shrimp to
Japan from California were negligible prior
to 1961. But dueto a short supply of shrimp
in Japan during the first part of this year
and a-strong market, that country has pur-
chased substantial quantities of shrimp from
the United States. Most of the Japanese pur-
chases consist of frozenraw headless brown

October 1961

shrimp, 21-25 shrimpto the pound. But some
shipments included 26-30 count, 16-20 count,
and under 15 count. The data for the first
five months do not fully reveal the extent of
the shrimp exports to Japan since sizable

quantities were purchased in May and stock-
piled for shipment in June-July. Later in-

formation as it becomes available will re-

veal the full extent of frozen shrimp exports
to Japan.

WOK OK KK

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, JUNE 1961:
Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and proc-
essed fish and shellfish into the United States
during June 1961 increased by 4.1 percent in
quantity and 6.5 percent in value as compared
with May 1961. The increase was due pri-
marily to higher imports of groundfish and
other fillets (up 3.6 million pounds) and fro-
zen other tuna (up 2.9 million pounds), and
to a lesser degree, an increase in the im-
ports of canned tuna in brine and lobsters
and spiny lobsters.’ The increase was partly
offset by a 1.4-million-pound decrease in
the imports of frozen albacore tuna.

Compared with June 1960, the imports in
June this year were up by 0.6 percent in
quantity and 1.8 percent in value due to higher
imports of frozen groundfish fillets (up 5.6
million pounds). Compensating, in part, for
the increase was a drop of about 1.6 million
pounds in the imports of frozen albacore and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
June 1961 with Comparisons

Imports:
Fish & shellfish:

Fresh, frozen, &
processed1/, ...
Exports:
Fish & shellfish:
Processed only 1/
(excluding fresh &

other tuna, frozen shrimp, lobsters and spiny
lobster tails, and canned salmon.

United States exports of processed fish
and shellfish in June 1961 were lower by
14.4 percent in quantity and 33.3 percent in
value as compared with May 1961. Compared
with the same month in1960, the exports this
June were down by 18.3 percent in quantity
but unchanged in value. The lower exports
in June this year as compared with the same
month in 1960 were due primarily to sharply
lower exports of California sardines and
squid. In June 1961 the value of the exports
was relatively high because of increases in
the exports of high-priced fresh, frozen, and
canned shrimp.

Kk KOK

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1961 at the 123-percent
rate of duty is 57,114,714 pounds. Any im-
ports in excess of the quota are dutiable at
25 percent ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-July 29, 1961,
amounted to 27,898,898 pounds, according
to data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.

Imports in 1960 for the period January 1-
July 30 amounted to 26,754,852 pounds.

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

U.S. Shrimp Supply Indicators
as of Sept. 6, 1961

slaleletalejstete!o/eieterateiaelel(d,000/LDS:) leiefetaiarate

Total Landings, Atlantic and Gulf States (heads -off):
September... cceccesscecvececscce
FAUCUSUsvertetenei oielele aie) sierererensievslerelelslerete
July...

OO eC ee |

January -AUguStcnersierere sie sisieie sfetehelc’ ster
January=DeCembernereslerctsie sieisieveieielcielels

Vol. 23, No. 10

18,330
18,595
17,490
71,599
130,659

Quantity used for Canning, Gulf States (heads-off): 2/
eptember mevereraraivevcusiexererneiensichsholemeierens
VAUGUSU esa neusvewonoie\ eielexsleverovarencieravererexsuore
DULY: cue
JanlianyeAUCuStusteve erelohensleleheletelereieneievere
January=December evetsse wrors ehevereteieielate ore

a)

JUlVirstrcivereveresoletkeys etovalelei’etalicjie jee tcl ote revels
JUNE aay ahetavel/eyslelorels fareiess\ (er a\steresreieeveus)ie
January-July, monthly average ...cccecss
January -December, monthly average ......

Imports 4/;
UY Feverera6
TUNE Caierel ohajahe feta oveletere chahsnesekataieteteletats
IWENER Gino DD OCODIUGO OC
Tanuary JUNC sWalleyeisislefa tots! os eree
January-December......

1/Not available.

1,319
8,932
9,902
51,365
113,419

2/Pounds of headless shrimp determined by multiplying the number of standard cases by 33.

3/Source: ''Frozen Fish Reports." Includes raw headless only; excludes breaded, peeled and deveined, etc.

4/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp products as reported by U. S. Bureau of the Census.

Note: Data for 1961 are preliminary. August 1961 data estimated from information published daily by the New Orleans
Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp to heads-on weight multiply by 1.68.

Wholesale Prices, August 1961

In August this year, the wholesale price index for edible
fishery products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at 137,1 percent
of the 1947-49 average was up sharply (6.1 percent) from the
preceding month and was also higher by 10.2 percent from the
Same month of 1960. Higher wholesale prices for fresh and
frozen shrimp, fresh large haddock, and Maine canned sar=
dines this August were largely responsible for the increase
over July, As compared with August a year ago, most of the
fishery products index items were higher priced this August.

The fresh and frozen drawn, dressed, and whole finfish
subgroup index this August rose 10.9 percent from the pre-
ceding month due to higher ex-vessel prices for large haddock
at Boston (up 65.4 percent), fresh dressed Pacific halibut (up
8.6 percent), Lake Superior drawn whitefish (up 20.8 percent),
and fresh dressed king salmon (up 1.2 percent), Compared
with the same month of 1960, the subgroup index this August
rose about 2,7 percent, Sharply higher large haddock prices
(up 44,2 percent) at Boston plus an increase of 7.0 percent for
dressed halibut more than offset price declines of 24.5 per~
cent for fresh Great Lakes yellow pike and 2.8 percent for
fresh dressed king salmon at New York City.

The fresh processed fish and shellfish subgroup price index
jumped 8,4 percent from July to August this year and was up

20.2 percent from August 1960, From mid-July to mid-August
this year fresh shrimp prices at New York City increased 19.4
percent and fresh small haddock fillets at Boston rose 5.2
percent, When compared.with August of 1960, prices this
August were higher for fresh shrimp by 28.2 percent, fresh
small haddock fillets by 15.1 percent, and fresh shucked oys~-
ters by 14.3 percent,

Wholesale prices this August for frozen processed fish and
shellfish rose 7.5 percent from a month earlier due primarily
to a sharp rise (about 11 cents a pound or 14.8 percent) in
frozen shrimp prices at Chicago, From August a year ago to
this August the subgroup price index increased 10.1 percent
because of lower shrimp landings and stocks and shorter
supplies of frozen haddock and ocean perch fillets. In August
1961, prices increased for frozen shrimp (up 28.3 percent),
frozen haddock fillets (up 20.3 percent), and ocean perch fil-
lets (up 5.6 percent) from the same month of 1960.

The canned fishery products subgroup index in August 1961
increased 1.5 percent from July due to 14,2-percent higher
prices for canned Maine'sardines. The pack of Maine sar-
dines was below normal as of August 31. Other canned fish
products in the subgroup remained unchanged from past
months, As compared with August of 1960, the subgroup price
index was higher by 8.9 percent due to higher prices for
canned salmon and canned Maine and California sardines,
Stocks of canned Pacific salmon as of the end of August 1961
were moderately good and up from the same period of 1960.
Canned tuna stocks at the end of August 1961 were good but
trending lower; supplies of both Maine and California sar~
dines available for current use and for the near future were
very poor,

October 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, August 1961 With Comparisons

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification

Indexes
(1947-49=100)

Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products;
Drawn, Dressed, or Whole
Haddock, lge., offshore, drawn, fresh, ....
Halibut, West., 20/80 Ibs,, drsd., fresh or froz,
Salmon, king, ige, & med., drsd,, fresh or froz,
Whitefish, L, Superior, drawn, fresh . . o « «
Yellow pike, L. Michigan & Huron, rnd,,fresh .

July | June Aug.
1961 1961 1960

129,2 | 129.5

ISH sHionalteiioletis \emettemalat oleate
Boston
New York

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):. . 2 « « o«
Fillets, haddock, sml,, skins on, 20-1b, tins
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), headless, fresh,
Oysters, shucked, standards , . . « o « ©

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): . . .
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-Ib, pkg... . ©
Haddock, smi, skins on, 1-Jb, pkg,

Ocean perch, skins on, 1-1b, pkg, .

Shrimp, Ige. (26-30 count), 5-Ib, pkg. . . ©

iGannedyBishery,broducts:iji.. sys vetelenelielici
Salmon, pink, No, I tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs. . .
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02.),
48) Cans /CSeeteyecemenice scciemsitel seis renee
Sardines, Calif,, tom. pack, No, 1 oval (15 02.),
ASicanS/CSic hae) elie sVlaivel rerio ehien/sive
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn
(3-3/4 02,), 100 cans/cs,

’1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service ''Fishery

Products Reports" should be referred to for actual prices.

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products,
January-June 196]

Total shipments
of metal cans for
packing fishery prod-
ucts during January-
June 1961 amounted
to 63,146 short tons
of steel(basedon the

amount of steel consumed in the manufacture
of cans) as compared with 60,560 tons in the
same period of 1960, Canning of fishery prod-
ucts in January-June this year was confined
largely to tuna, shrimp, jack mackerel, Pa-
cific salmon, and Maine sardines. The great-
er use of cans this year was largely due to a
greater pack of salmon in Alaska,

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known
to be producing metal cans, Reported in base boxes of steel
consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery prod-
ucts are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0
base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel.

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

International

FISHING LIMITS

NO SPECIAL FISHING RIGHTS
FOR POLISH TRAWLERS IN
NORWEGIAN TERRITORIAL WATERS:
Representatives of the Norwegian and
Polish Governments in June 1961 concluded
negotiations regarding possible fishing rights
for Polish fishing vessels within the Norwe-
gian 12-mile fishing limits boundary. The
leader of the Norwegian delegation has re-
portedly stated to the press that there was
found to be no historical basis on which to
grant any special rights to Polish vessels.
Thus, when the Norwegian fishing limits
boundary is extended from 6 to 12 miles as
of September 1, 1961, Polish fishing vessels
will be obliged to remain outside the new
boundary. (United States Embassy, Oslo,
dispatch, dated July 7, 1961.)

pope ay a ee
ok ok ok ok

SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
DISCUSS EXTENSION:

The Danish Fisheries Minister early in
July 1961 was in Norway discussing with his
Swedish and Norwegian colleagues the ex-
tension of fishing limits for Greenland and
the Faroe Islands as well as for the three
Scandinavian countries proper. Danish fish-
ery circles predict the eventual adoption by
all three countries of a 12-mile limit, with
"traditional" fishing fleets (i.e. those from
the other two countries) permitted to con-
tinue to fish in the outer six of the 12 miles
for about ten years. (United States Embassy,
Copenhagen dispatch, dated July 11, 1961.)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

CHAIRMAN NAMED FOR INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON FISH IN NUTRITION:
For the FAO International Conference on
Fish in Nutrition, September 19-27, 1961, in
Washington, D. C., Donald L. McKernan, Di-

rector of the Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service was
named as chairman,

According to the
tentative agenda
drawn up for the
meeting, the con-
ference was to be
opened by Dr. D. B.
Finn, Director of
the FAO Fisheries
Division. Welcom-
ing remarks also
were to be made by
representatives of
the U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service.

Donald L. McKernan

The purpose of the meeting was to compile
and make available internationally the cur-
rent knowledge on the nutritive value of fish
and fishery products and on the biological
factors affecting their nutritional value. Five
main topic areas were set up, and the chair-
men of the respective sessions were: ''The
Role of Fish in World Nutrition,’ H. E.
Crowther, Assistant Director, U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries; ''Chemical Com-
position of Fish and Fishery Products," Dr.
G. A. Reay, Director, Torry Research Sta-
tion, Aberdeen, Scotland; ''Contribution of
Fish and Fish Products to National Diets,"
Prof. B. C. Guha, Head, Department of Ap-
plied Chemistry, University College of Science
and Technology, Calcutta, India; 'Fish and
Fishery Products in Animal Nutrition,"' Prof.
H. R. Bird, Chairman, Department of Poultry
Husbandry, University of Wisconsin; and ''De-
mand for Fish as Human Food and Possibili-
ties for Increased Consumption,'' Prof. Georg
Borgstrom, Michigan State University.

Participants from interested countries of
FAO's 88-nation membership were expected
to attend, along with scientists invited from
governmental. and nongovernmental organiza-
tions, and members of the fishing industry.

OK OK OK OK

October 1961

International (Contd.):

FISHERIES RESEARCH VESSELS OF THE
FUTURE FACE COMPLEX PROBLEMS:

The modern fisheries research vessel
more and more has become a floating labora-
tory, designed to do on-the-spot tests and,
in some cases, pass on the information to a
waiting fishing fleet. But even in a land-
locked laboratory, where does one put water
samples of a half ton each?

Such huge water samples are needed to
test for radioactivity, for the days are gone
when a scientist simply lowered a string of
small bottles over the ship's side and brought
up water from different depths to determine
the kind of plankton or the water's chemical
content. Now, in this atomic age, scientists
must test the oceans for radioactive waste,
and since this waste diffuses, the water sam-
ples have grown fro.n a quart to a half ton.
But still the problem remains--how to proc-
ess it?

Testing for radioactive waste, the possi-
bility of using ocean-going catamarans or
twin-hull craft for marine research, the
Japanese development of a ship that causes
no waves~-these and many more advanced
ideas were to be explored at a Food and Ag-
riculture Organization (FAO) sponsored
forum on research vessels, September 18-
30, 1961, in Tokyo, Japan.

The meeting's purpose was to compile
and exchange new information on the design
and operation of research vessels and to
bring together oceanographers, biologists,
and naval architects to discuss mutual prob-
lems and accomplishments.

The men involved in developing these new
ideas were to be present at the forum, men
like Prof. Takao Inui of the University of
Tokyo whose particular project has been
creating a ship that causes no waves.

"We have known that a bulbous bow will
reduce wave resistance,'' said the chief of
FAO's Fishing Boat Section, and secretary
of the forum. ''But Prof. Inui has beenstudy-
ing the exact relation of waves to the bow
and has developed and proved one type of
bulbous bow to completely eliminate the bow
wave."

It has already proved practical for a pas-
senger vessel. An aerial photo of two iden-
tical ships moving along at full speed shows

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

39

one ship had only a thin spume of white tailing
from its stern and no bow wave due to its Inui
bulb bow. An now Inui is trying to adapt his
discovery to other vessels.

The advantages of a waveless ship? Using
1,000 hp. where you would use 1,500 hp.--
much less pitch and much more space.

The problems of taking radioactive sam-
ples at sea is a fascinating subject, and they
will be presented by oceanographers from the
Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla,
Calif., who have been involved in trying to de-
velop a vessel for this puy pose.

The possibility of using catamarans, the
twin-hull ships, as research vessels was to
be reported by representatives of the Univer-
sity of Miami, Fla. That University has been
considering using an ocean-going catamaran
for fisheries researchand already has asmall
one in operation. Purported to be cheaper to
operate due to less wave resistance, the cat-
amaran has the practical advantage of pro-
viding more working space on the large plat-
form that joins itstwinhulls together.

However, one of the greatest factors to be
considered in designing a new research ves-
sel is not only cost of construction, but the
cost of operation and maintenance. The new
ship must be tailored to its job. Such a tailor-
ing job will be reported on at the forum by
Dr. H. F. P. Herdman of the National Institute
of Oceanography, Wormsley, England, who is
supervising the building of a new ship to re-
place the Discovery II, the latest in a series
of pioneer British fishery research ships.

The vessel, now under construction in Ab-
erdeen, Scotland, will incorporate all the new
features learned from patient experiments
with its parent craft. This will include such
items as a bow propeller to increase man-
neuverability when retrieving modern oceano-
graphic or biological apparatus moored in the
open sea.

Lately, researchvessels have a new func-
tion: doing research and providing general
knowledge on ship behaviour that the naval
architect can utilize in ship design. Papers
were to be given at the meeting on how re-
search vessels may give naval architects in-
sight into ship behaviour--insight that can be
directly used when designing passenger ships
and super tankers.

The forum was to spend its first two days
discussing work that is done on board a re-

40

International (Contd.):

search vessel. The participants were thento
board the 1,215-ton research vessel, the Koyo
Maru of the Shimonoseki College of Fisheries,
for a two-day practical demonstration and
then resume the meeting ashore.

GREAT LAKES FISHERY COMMISSION

ANNUAL MEETING CONSIDERS
SEA LAMPREY CONTROL AND
UNIFORM FISHING REGULATIONS:

The Great Lakes Fishery Commission
(GLFC), which leads the fight against the
fish-destroying sea lamprey, opened its two-
day annual meeting at the University of Mich-
igan June 22, 1961, with reports that revealed:

1, Chemicaltreatment of spawning streams
to kill young sea lamprey before they emerge
to feast on lake trout had been expanded toin-
clude 23 Lake Michigan tributaries through
mid-June.

2. Catches of sea lamprey at electrical
barriers in previously-treated Lake Superior
streams--the best means of checking effec-
tiveness of lamprey control methods--have
been higher this year than expected.

Sea lamprey electrical barrier on a Michigan upper peninsula
stream.

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies reported that 51,628 sea lamprey had
been caught in Lake Superior streams this
year through June 16, a figure considerably
higher than those of the previous four years.

The Bureau also reported, however, that
the lampricide now in use continues to prove
effective in killing lamprey young in the
treated streams. It shares the chemical
treatment work with the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No.10

The Chairman of the Commission said the
reports make it clear that ''destruction of a
portion of the ammocoete (lamprey larvae)
population is not sufficient to appreciably re-
duce the number of adults'' which emerge to
feed on valuable Great Lakes fish. He said
the Commission would "continue to rely on
our 1962 catches to establish the effective-
ness of the initial series of treatments."

The Commission recommended extension
of chemical treatment operations on Lake
Huron and Lake Michigan streams, and a sec-
ond round of treatment for Lake Superior
streams to destroy young lamprey established
since initial treatments began in 1958-59,

The Commission also proposed expanded
research and a cooperative study toward more
uniform fishing regulations on the big inland
waters.

A letter has been sent to regulatory agen-
cies in Ontario, Canada, and the states of the
United States bordering the Great Lakes--
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois,
Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York.
The letter proposes that conservation depart-
ments in each of the areas study fishery regu-
lations in the light of new scientific informa-
tion and suggests a series of meetings with
Great Lakes researchers.

The Commission's Executive Secretary
reported at the meeting that ''existence of
differences in fishery regulations of the Prov-
ince and the Great Lakes States is a source
of concern to those agencies for they apply,
to some extent at least, to populations of com-
mon concern and appear to reflect disagree-
ment on management practices.'' Complete
uniformity may not be possible or desirable,
he added, in cases where Separate fish popu-
lations differ in attributes or in their value

as primarily a recreational resource. Fluc-
tuations in fish environment, mortality and
growth rates must be considered.

The Executive Secretary proposed that
"each regulatory agency be asked to (1) ex-
amine each regulation in the light of present
information of all kinds and estimate its in-
fluence on yield; (2) recommend changes and
estimate their effect; and (3) suggest studies
which would follow the effects of the recom-
mended change."

The letter prepared by the Commission
reads in part:

October 1961

International (Contd.):

"The Great Lakes Fishery Commission
has been asked by its advisers to consider
means of achieving a greater degree of uni-
formity in regulations on the Great Lakes
Fishery. Although there is no virtue in uni-
formity per se, the Commission agrees that
many of the present regulations may be inef-
ficient and some possibly harmful to the pro-
ductivity of the fishery.

"The Commission believes that informa-
tion available on some segments of the fish-
ery is now sufficient to justify a critical ex-
amination of existing regulations to estimate,
or perhaps even measure, their effect on the
fishery. It believes that the agencies con-
cerned with regulating the fishery should ex-
amine each regulation, define its original in-
tent and, on the basis of present information,
estimate its impact on biological production,
economic yield, and other conditions.

"The information available within each
agency is not likely to prove adequate for the
exhaustive study of the regulations pro-
posed... . Itis, therefore, proposed that the
Commission arrange for the presentation of
working papers by scientists investigating
the life history and dynamics of some im-
portant populations in the Great Lakes and
by scientists from outside the Great Lakes
who may be able to contribute in some spe-
cial way.

"These working papers would be dis-
cussed by senior representatives of the
agencies concerned with evaluation of regu-
lations at a series of meetings. The first
meeting would deal with species or popula-
tions which are the most fully understood."

Commissioner Donald McKernan, Direc-
tor of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, received approval of his proposal that
a detailed prospectus be prepared for each
of the Great Lakes. He called for a broad
program in which specific major projects
are described ''in adequate detail as to need
and method of attack.'' The analysis of each
lake, he added, should ''not be confined to
biological-oceanographic matters, but be
broadened to include the various technological
and economic problems that are so important
to the sound and economic exploitation of the
fisheries.'' Cost estimates and priorities for

the various projects would be included.

Note: Commission established by a Convention between Canada
and the United States for the conservation of Great Lakes Fish-
ery Resources,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION

NORTH PACIFIC HALIBUT FISHING
IN AREA 3A ENDED:

The end of fishing in Pacific halibut Area 3A took place at
6 a.m. (P.S.T.) on August 23, 1961. The International Pacific
Halibut Commission made the announcement on August 4, 1961,
since it estimated that by August 23 the catch limit of 33 mil-
lion pounds for Area 3A would have been reached. As of Au-
gust 1, 1961, the landings of halibut from Area 3A were 27.0
million pounds, The Area 3A closure this year is 29 days
later than in 1960 when fishing ended on July 25. In 1959
fishing in Area 3A stopped on August 1; in 1958 on August 31;
and in 1957 on September 22.

tween Cape Spencer and Shumagin Islands. Fishing in Area
3A after August 23 is ended until reopened in 1962,

There has been no announcement as to closure of Area 2
and fishing in that area will continue until the 28,0-million-
pound limit has been caught. Halibut landings from Area 2
as of August 10, 1961, totaled 23.7 million pounds. In 1960
Area 2 closed on July 31, but in 1959 Area 2 closed on July 8.
This is the second year for many, many years that Area 3A
closed before Area 2, Area 1B fishing season is identical to
that for Area 2, Fishing in Areas 1A and 3B continued until
6 a.m. (P.S.T.) October 1, 1961.

The official opening date for all halibut fishing in the North
Pacific regulatory areas this year was May 10 at 6:00 a.m,
(P.S.T.), except that fishing in Area 3B South started on
April 25 and Area 3B North started on April 10,

This year Area 3A was open to fishing for 105 days--
20 days more than the 85 days in 1960. In 1959 the area was
open to fishing for 92 days, in 1958 for 119 days, in 1957 for
144 days (the longest season for the area since 1945 when the
area was open to fishing for 147 days). Between 1945 and
1955 the trend had been towards a shorter season, but then
the trend reversed itself and through 1957 the seasons were
longer. However, beginning in 1958 the trend was reversed
again and the seasons through 1960 became shorter, But
again in 1961 the trend reversed itself and the season has
become longer.

Under authority of the Convention between Canada and the
United States of America for the Preservation of the Halibut
Fishery of the Northern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, this
year’s regulations became effective March 30, 1961.

JAPAN-SOVIET NORTHWEST PACIFIC
FISHERIES COMMISSION

PROCEEDINGS OF
FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING:

The joint communique issued by Japanand
the U.S.S.R. on the fifth annual meeting of
the Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission
follows:

Joint Communique of the Northwest Pacif-
ic Japan-Soviet Fishery Commission, May 21,
1961: The Northwest Pacific Japan-Soviet
Fishery Commission held its 5th Conference

42

International (Contd.):

in Tokyo from February 6 through May 21,
1961. At the Conference, the Science and
Technical Committee met from February 6
through February 22 and the plenary session
met from February 20 through May 21 todis-
cuss the issues related to fishing on the high
seas of the northwest Pacific. After discus-
sions, the Commission adopted the following
principal decisions.

1. In order to preserve the salmon and
salmon-trout resources, a new prohibition
zone south of 48 degrees north latitude, in
addition to the same prohibition zone as last
year against the fishing of salmon and salm-
on-trout by mobile fishing instruments on
the high seas within the restricted zone, was
set for 1961.

2. The total fishing quota of salmon and
salmon-trout within the restricted zone for
1961 was set at 65,000 metric tons.

38. In 1961 and 1962, as regards all the
lines of drift nets floated over the whole
area of salmon and salmon-trout fishing op-
erations by fishing boats which belong to
mother boats within the restricted zone, the
part accounting for not less than 50 percent
of the length of each line shall consist of
nets which have a knot-to-knot mesh length
of not less than 65 millimeters.

4, Inorder to preserve the crab resources,
it was decided to conduct no commercial crab
fishing in1961in a few areas adjacent to the
west coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The Committee agreed on a scientific co-
operative survey program concerning salm-
on, salmon-trout, crab, and herring, recog-
nized the need to carry out an exchange of
men of learning and experience concerning
fisheries in 1961, and recommended the two
countries to carry out that exchange.

‘The Commission elected Iwao Fujita as
Chairman and P, A. Moiseev as Vice-Chair-
man of its 5th Conference.

The Commission decided to convene its
6th Conference in Moscow from February
2651962.

The Commission decided to convene the
Science and Technicial Subcommittee in
Moscow from February 5, 1962, having this
committee discuss ''the condition of the salm-
on and salmon-trout resources in the Treaty
area in 1962,"' and have it submit a report on

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

the matter to the next regular Conference of
the Commission.

The minutes of the 5th meeting of the
Commission were signed at the Japanese
Foreign Office on May 21..

The press release issued by the Japanese
Foreign Ministry on May 21 follows:

Fifth Session of the Japan-Soviet Fishery
Commission: The fifth annual meeting of the
Japan-Soviet Fishery Commission for the cur-
rent year opened in Tokyo on February 6, a-
bout two weeks behind schedule, being led off
by the meeting of the Science and Technology
Subcommittee. With the attendance of three
Japanese committee members and three So-
viet committee members, together with a
number of experts in various fields, the meet-
ing was held almost daily and was concluded
on May 20. In the meantime, the plenary ses-
sion of the Commission was held 29 times,
while the Science and Technology Subcommit-
tee met 13 times, and the informal talks be-
tween committee members of both nations a-
mounted to about 50 times.

The talks extended over more than 100
days. The items agreed to and the progress
of the talks are outlined in the following:

1. Boundaries of the Restricted Area for
Salmon and Salmon-Trout Fisheries:

The Soviet Union, holding that a large a-
mount of salmon and salmon-trout is being
captured in areas south of the current re-
stricted area, strongly insisted that such
southern areas should be incorporated into
the restricted area so as to apply the same
restrictive measures. To this, Japan held
the view that the enlargement and change of
the restricted area is a serious problem
touching the fundamentals of the Fishery
Treaty, and that since the southern areas
are fishing grounds for small-scale Japanese.
fishermen, the extension of the restricted
area will threaten their livelihood, Japan
took an uncompromising stand against the
enlargement of the restricted area. Japan
at the same time insisted that in the southern
areas, enforcement of Japan's self-imposed
restrictive measures as occasion demands
will be sufficient and as in the past, harsher
voluntary restrictive measures are to be
adopted in the current season in the areas in
question. The Soviet Union insisted on the
enlargement of the restricted area and did
not yield an inch, therefore, no agreement
was reached on this issue despite repeated

October 1961

International (Contd.):

talks. Meanwhile, with the arrival of the fish-
ing season in those areas, Japan gave per-
mission, out of sheer necessity, for the fish-
ing vessels to sail out for operations outside
the current restricted area. The Soviet Un-
ion, while strongly criticizing Japan for this
action, issued the statement that it would not
consider that the problem of the boundaries
of the restricted area had been settled. After
all, the fishery talks were adjourned without
reaching any agreement on this issue. :

2, Yearly Quota for Salmon and Salmon-
Trout Catches in the Restricted Area, Fish-
ing Season, and the Restricted Area:

In this year's conference, too, there was
a considerable gap between the views of Ja-
pan and the Soviet Union as to the appraisal
of the conditions of salmon and salmon-trout
resources, but as a result of discussions at
the Science and Technology Subcommittee,
Japan and the Soviet Union reached agree-
ment in that this year's condition of salmon
and salmon-trout resources, though it can-
not. be compared with the condition in the past
several abundant, odd-numbered years, is
much better than the past meager, even-
numbered years. Nonetheless, the Soviet Un-
ion, while insisting that salmon and salmon-
trout resources, particularly the latter, have
remarkably decreased along the coasts of the
Soviet Union because of offshore fisheries,
and at the same time that contrary to an in-
crease in Japan's catches, proposed the es-
tablishment of a vast forbidden area, partly
out of the intention of countering Japan's per-
mission for sailing out for fishing in the non-
restricted areas, and at the same time pro-
posed the moving up of the end of the fishing
season from August 10--the date provided
for in the Japan-Soviet Fishery Treaty and
observed since then--to July 25,

Furthermore, in the deliberation of the
yearly quota for salmon and salmon-trout,
whereas Japan proposed a quota of 80,000
tons from the standpoint that a quota should
be decided, in accordance with the agreement
reached at the Science and Technology Sub-
committee, somewhere between 85,000 tons,
which was the quota for the rich year 1959,
and 67,500 tons, which was the quota for the
lean last year, the Soviet Union proposed a
quota of only 50,000 tons.

As to the problems of the yearly quota for
salmon and salmon-trout catches and of the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

43

forbidden area, Japan and the Soviet Union
conducted talks several times and as a re-
sult of the submission of several substitute
plans, the gap of views between the two coun-
tries was narrowed gradually, but as to the
area south of latitude 48° N. and west of longi-
tude 160° E. (the main fishing ground for Japan's
port-based catcher boats) which is located
within the restricted area, the Soviet Union
stubbornly insisted that the area should be
incorporated into the prohibited fishing area,
Asaresult of Japan's persistent requests for a
concession, the Soviet Union finally agreed to
settle the issue by lifting the ban on the area
south of latitude 45951' N. and east of longi-
tude 151930! E. On the other hand, as to the
sea area north of latitude 48° N., the same
forbidden area as that for last year was es-
tablished,

As to the total amount of catches, Japan
insisted on a quota based on the conclusion
reached at the Science and Technology Sub-
committee, and it was difficult to reacha
compromise, but finally both sides agreed to
set up a quota of 65,000 tons for Japan.

Prior to this, the Soviet Union strongly
pointed out a large number of violation cases
on the part of Japanese fishing boats, and as
a result, the Committee recommended to both
Japan and the Soviet Union that stricter con-
trol measures be adopted.

3. Problems Concerning the Operations
of Salmon and Salmon-Trout Fisheries:

Concerning the control over fishery op-
erations, various problems were discussed,
including the following:

(a) As to the restriction on the capture of
red salmon, it was agreed that fishery and
scientific tests will be carried out with the
objective of setting the limit of catches at
7,750,000 fish (about 15,500 tons).

(b) As to the problem of enlarging the
mesh of the drift nets used in the mothership
fisheries, it was agreed that throughout the
entire areas where motherships are operated
the drift nets having mesh measuring 65 milli-
meters from knot to knot willbe used up to more
than 50 percent of the total drift nets. Inaddi-
tion, onthis same problem, the Commission
recognized the desirability that the scientific
research boats of both nations will be boarded
by a certain number of experts of the other

party.

44

International (Contd.):
4, Restrictions on Crab Fisheries:

As to the restrictions on crab fisheries
carried out on the western coasts of Kamchat-
ka, it was agreed that there will be nochange
from last year as to the forbidden area, the
amounts of canned crabs of both sides
(260,000 cases for Japan and 390,000 cases
for the Soviet Union, according to the Japa-
nese way of ccmputation) and the restric-
tions on the use of nets, and that as to the
area where the operations of Japan and the
Soviet Unionare adjusted for a certainperiod,
the order of the two countries will be re-
versed.

5. Restrictions on Herring Fisheries:

As to Hokkaido and Sakhalin herring, it
was decided for the current year, too, that
the same scientific research as last year
will be conducted and other adequate meas-
ures will be taken in the main spawning
grounds,

6. Joint Investigation and Exchange of
Men of Learning and Experience:

At this year's conference, it was agreed
that both Japan and the Soviet Union will map
out and adopt an advanced joint investigation
plan and that an exchange of men of learning
and experience will be carried out. (Supplied
by United States Embassy, Tokyo, report
dated July 5, 1961.)

NORDIC FISHERY COORDINATION
COMMITTEE PROPOSED

The establishment of a Nordic coordina-
tion committee for fisheries and fishing
limits was discussed informally by the fish-
ery ministers of Denmark, Sweden, and Nor-
way during a tour of the fisheries of north-
ern Norway in July 1961, according to press
reports. These same subjects were dis-
cussed at their meeting in Oslo.

The fishery ministers were expected to
propose such a coordination committee at
the meeting of the Nordic Council in October
1961. The coordination committee would
consist of representatives from the fishery
industries and the fishery ministerial staffs
as well as the ministers themselves. (From
a July 28, 1961, report from the Fisheries
Attache, United States Embassy, Copenhagen.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

WORKING PARTY ON
OCEANOGRAPHY MEETS:

The Working Part on Oceanography of the
Committee on Biology and Research of the In-
ternational North Pacific Fisheries Commis-
sion met July 15-August 15, 1961, in Nanaimo,
British Columbia, Canada.

The Committee was authorized to make a
joint report on oceanography of the area of in-
terest to the Commission and correspondents
were named by Canada, Japan, and the United
States to prepare such a joint report. The re-
port has been carried on by mail since it was
not possible for the Working Party members
to meet in 1960. The purpose of this meeting
was to coordinate their contributions and pre-
pare the final report.

The United States was represented by a
biologist from the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, Seattle, Wash.

WHALING

AGREEMENT REACHED ON DIVISION OF
WHALE QUOTA FOR 1962/63 SEASON:

The Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture
on July 31, 1961 announced that an agreement
was reached by Japan, Norway, United King-
dom, and the Netherlands on the division of
the quota of blue-whale units among those
countries effective the 1962/63 season. Fur-
ther consultations would take place in the
near future with the Soviet Union on the text
of the agreement regulating division of the
catch among the five countries. As soon as
agreement is reached with the Soviet Union,
the Netherlands will rejoin the International
Whaling Convention and sign the agreement
on the division of the catch.

The Soviet Union had previously agreed to
an allocation of 20 percent and that the re-
maining 80 percent was to be divided as fol-
lows: Japan 33 percent; Norway 32 percent;
United Kingdom 9 percent; and the Nether-
lands 6 percent as the basic share.'' In ad-
dition, the Netherlands is to receive each
year from the Japanese~Norwegian-British
share a bonus of 45, 60, or 70 units, provided
the Dutch whaling industry has caught 75, 80,
or 85 percent, respectively, of its quota by
the time the official catching season is four-
fifths expired. The four countries have also
agreed that the above arrangement will be

October 1961

International (Contd.):

valid seven years in accordance with the rec-
ommendations of the London whaling confer-
ence of November 1958. (As reported on Au-
gust 1, 1961, by the United States Embassy,
the Hague.)

eM tee sts bse
* KOK OK *

NORWAY TO SELL WHALE
FACTORYSHIP TO JAPAN:

It has been reported in the Norwegian
press that a Japanese whaling company has
agreed to purchase from a Norwegian shipping
and whaling company, the whale factoryship
Kosmos III, together with five whale catch-
ing boats, for the sum of 55.5 million kroner
(about US$7.8 million). With the transfer,
the Japanese company would reportedly take
over the whale quota assigned to the Kosmos
Ill expedition. The sale is contingent upon
approval being granted by the Norwegian
Government. (United States Embassy, Oslo,
dispatch dated July 7, 196i.)

Ye

FISHERY TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1961:

The recession continued to have a severe
effect on Angolan business in the fishing
centers such as Benguela, Mocamedes, Porto
Alexandre, and Baia Forte. Subsidies to the
fishing industry were terminated at the end
of 1960 in view of the rise in the worldprice
of machine-dried fish meal, but producers
in some areas were left without enough funds
to ready their equipment for the coming sea-
son or to hire the necessary employees.

Angola

According to editorial opinion, that which
is needed in the fishing industry is a reor-
ganization and modernization of the industry
so as to permit the more efficient produc-
tion of a wider variety of fish products. Al-
so, the length of the recession has left some
sections of the industry without enough funds
to take advantage of the resources they have.
A Provincia reported that the fishing indus-
try at Benguela petitioned the Governor Gen-
eral in March 1961 for the loan of approxi-
mately 6,000 contos (US$210,000) to ready
the fishing fleet there for the three-month
fishing season beginning in May. But no
loan was granted. Reports from other areas,
however, indicate that conditions have begun
to improve. The Mocamedes Fishing Guild,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

45

for example, reported considerable exports
of fish meal and higher fish meal quotations
at the close of the first quarter.

Angola's exports of fish meal in the first
quarter 1960 of 3,254 metric tons (valued at
US$361,900) rose to 16,023 tons (valued at
$1,197,805) in the first quarter of 1961, and
dried fish exports rose from 2,940 tons in
1960 to 3,824 tons in 1961. (From a July 13
report of the United States Consulate, Luanda.)

Belgium

FISH MEAL IMPORT DUTY
REDUCED 50 PERCENT:

The special import duties which have been
in effect since March 18, 1961, on Belgianim-
ports of fish meal and feedstuffs containing
fish meal have been reduced by 50 percent
following a new decree issued by the Minis-
tries of Agriculture and Economic Affairs on
July 17, 1961.

The revised duties, effective July 28, 1961,
are as follows:

(1) Fish meal and powder, Belgian franc
1.00 per kilo (US$18.14 a short ton); (2) Feed-
stuffs containing fish meal or powder, (a) of
which the gross protein content amounts to
15 percent or less, Belgian franc 0.10 per
kilo ($1.81 a short ton); (b) of which the gross
protein content amounts to more than 15 per-
cent but less than 25 percent, Belgian franc
0.75 per kilo ($13.61 a short ton); and (c) of
which the gross protein content amounts to
more than 25 percent, Belgian franc 1.00 per
kilo ($18.14 a short ton).

Belgian imports of fish meal experienced
a steep drop after the establishment of the
special import duty of $40.00 per metric ton
($36.29 a short ton) in March 1961. Importers
of fish meal and manufacturers of feedstuffs,
who had piled up large stocks during the last
few months of 1960 and the beginning of 1961,
reduced their imports to an extremely low
level. But now that the import duty on fish
meal has been reduced from $40.00 per met-
ric ton to $20.00 ($18.14 a short ton) it is ex-
pected that Belgian imports of fish meal will
gradually resume their former importance.
In addition to the import duties, there is also
a ''taxe de transmission'' (sales tax) of 8 per-
cent on fish meal, and 5 percent on feedstuffs
containing fish meal. (Report dated July 27,

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No.10

Belgium (Contd.):

1961, from United States Consulate in
Antwerp.)

Canada.

NEW BRUNSWICK
FISH MEAL PRICES, JULY 1961:
Fish-meal prices (60-percent protein)
quoted by New Brunswick producers late in
July 1961 averaged about C$120 a short ton
($2.00 a protein unit) for both exports and
domestic sales. Due to short supply and
good demand, fish-meal prices have advanced
steadily since May and as of late July were
up about $18 a ton from the $102 a ton ($1.70
a protein unit) quoted by producers in mid-
May this year. (United States Consulate,
Saint John, N. B., July 27, 1961.)

Denmark’

FISHERMEN SEEK EX-VESSEL FLOOR
PRICES FOR SEVERAL
VARIETIES OF FISH:

Floor or a minimum on ex-vessel prices
for several varieties of fish are being sought
by Danish fishermen. Producers of food fish,
disturbed by recent low prices for plaice, a
Danish staple, are seeking an agreement on
a voluntary floor or minimum price of one
krone per kilo (6.6 U. S. cents a pound) for
fish in the fourth size category. If this price
could not be realized, the fishermen would
sell their catch for mink food and bear any
loss themselves. Fishermen supplying in-
dustrial fish to trout-pond operators also
are seeking to institute a minimum price of
0.30 kroner per kilo (almost 2 cents a pound)
for herring.

Meanwhile, the head of the Skagen Fish-
eries Association has claimed that all prices
have increased except those paid to fisher-
men. He declared that fishermen must be
guaranteed reasonable minimum prices for
their catches, but did not believe that the
Government could set up a pool as a guaran-
tee for a minimum price regulation at once.
However, he said that the Government, after
having provided over 400 million kroner
(US$58 million) for agricultural support,
should be ready to cover a part of the ex-

penses involved in establishing a pool to guar-
antee minimum prices for fish.

The recent low prices paid for live plaice
in Danish ports spurred a newspaperman to
check prices from the fishermen's level to
the consumer. He found that port buyers paid
the fishermen about 1.30 kroner per kilo (a-
bout 8.6 U. S. cents a pound); the fish buyers
resold the fish to wholesalers in Danish cities,
such as Copenhagen, for about 2.60 kroner per
kilo (17 cents a pound); the wholesalers re-
ceived about 3.10 kroner per kilo (20.4 cents
a pound) from the retail fish dealers, whothen
sold the plaice to housewives for 5 kroner per
kilo (33 cents a pound) or almost quadruple
the price the fishermen received. (August 8,
1961, report from Fisheries Attache, United
State Embassy, Copenhagen.)

KK KOK

FISHERY TRENDS, SECOND QUARTER 1961:

The large export of cod fillets to the United
States in 1961 and the benefits derived from
the dollar premiums (about 4 percent) earned
by those exports were mentioned in a quarter-
ly radio review of the Danish fisheries made
by a member of the Fisheries Council--an or-
ganization of the major fishery associations
in Denmark. The premiums are scheduled to
expire on December 31, 1961. Since the fillet
producers have many difficulties now, he sug-
gested the fishery organizations seek to have
the dollar premiums extended. If the fishery
export industry did not obtain support, it was
possible it could not compete in the United
States with other countries.

With reference to the Common Market, he
believed there would be hardly any opposition
in the Danish fishing industry if the United
Kingdom also sought membership. Minimum
price regulations for various varieties of fish
could be established to insure fishermen a
reasonable return if there was harmony and
cooperation among the fishermen, but sacri-
fices would be required. One of the easiest
ways for the Government to aid the fishing
industry would be to provide funds for mar-
keting organizations both in Denmark and in
foreign countries--a proposal for which the
fishery organizations should seek support
from the Minister of Fisheries. (Fisheries
Attache report of August 8, 1961, United States
Embassy, Copenhagen.)

7K OK OK OK OK

October 1961

Denmark (Contd.):

FISHERY TRENDS, JANUARY-JUNE 1961:

While Danish fishery landings during the
first half of 1961 were down slightly from
last year, the valuable flatfish catch was up
almost 20 percent and the herring catch up
about 10 percent. As a result, exports of
fresh, iced, or frozen fish were up almost
40 percent in quantity and about 25 percent
in value as compared with 1960. Fish meal
exports, however, were only slightly in ex-
cess of the low 1960 level.

There were mounting complaints from
fishermen over continued low prices for in-
dustrial fish and declining prices for edible
fish. Partly because of price developments
and partly as a result of subsidies granted
farmers, some Danish fishermen began de-
manding minimum export price guarantees
and/or subsidies. Much concern was also
being expressed over the difficulty of re-
cruiting sufficient labor to man the fishing
fleet. Another problem of vital concern to
Denmark's fisheries is accession to the
European Economic Community (EEC). With
West Germany the leading purchaser of fish
from Denmark and with important markets
in the other EEC countries, Danish fishery
circles are almost unanimous in favoring
accession.

Fishing limits continued to be an impor-
tant topic of discussion, with both Danish-
Norwegian-Swedish and Icelandic-Faroese
talks taking place. The problem came into
vivid focus when, on May 30, 1961, a Danish
naval patrol vessel fired on a British trawl-
er which it claimed had violated Faroese
territorial waters. (From a July 26 report
of the United States Embassy, Copenhagen.)

Kk ok ok ok

FISHERY TRENDS, JULY 1961:

Salmon Fishing Began A Month Early:
The first Danish cutter began fishing for
salmon in the Baltic Sea this season in late
July, about a month earlier than the usual
starting time in late August. Favorable re-
ports from Swedish cutters which fish the
salmon grounds near the island of Gotland
off the east coast of Sweden all summer
were responsible for the earlier departure.

Shortage of Mates Delays Fishing Vessel
Departures: Esbjerg and Skagen, the two

largest fishing ports in Denmark, report a
shortage of mates has delayed the departure

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

of fishing craft. Unemployment in Denmark
is at the lowest level since 1940.

Shrimp Grading Proposed: The shrimp

committee of the various Jutland fishery as-
sociations has drafted for their consideration
a proposal that all shrimp catches be sorted
over a 7 millimeter (0.3 inch) screen. That
portion which goes through the screen must
be returned to the sea. The remainder may
be sold unsorted, or sorted into two groups.
One may not contain over 160 shrimp per kilo
(2.2 pounds) and the other a maximum of 290
shrimp per kilo. If adopted the Danish Fish-
ery Ministry will enforce the regulations.

Fisheries Associations May Realign: The
Skagen Fisheries Association, the largest
group in the Danish Fisheries Association,
is considering withdrawing and joining the
West Jutland Fisheries Association, or re-
maining separate from each. The division
into two large fisheries associations reported-
ly has weakened the Danish fishing industry
with respect to the Government and in nego-
tiations with other countries. A further di-
vision would be unfortunate at a time when
important negotiations with regard to fishing
limits and market problems are in prospect.
(Fisheries Attache report of July 28, 1961,
United States Embassy, Copenhagen.)

CEA Ste guess

MARINE OIL SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION,
AND FOREIGN TRADE, 1959-1960:

In 1960 the production of crude marine
oils declined, while imports from Peru in-
creased. Danish exports of marine oils were
down more than 50 percent because Danish
products could not compete with Peruvian
products on the world market.

Supply: Denmark's supply of crude ma-
rine oils in 1960 amounted to 38,393 metric
tons as compared with 43,316 tons in 1959.
This decline was due to smaller stocks, and
a drop in both domestic production and im-
ports. Fish oil (including herring oil) was
the type of crude marine oil most widely pro-
duced and exported. But production of fish
oil was down slightly in 1960 because lowfish
meal prices reduced the fishing effort for in-
dustrial fish. Prior to 1960 the production of
fish oil had for several years steadily in-
creased.

Herring oil was the leading crude marine
oil imported in 1959, but imports of that oil
fell sharply in 1960 and other crude marine

48

Denmark (Contd.):

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

Table 1 - Denmark's Supply and Distribution of Crude Marine Oils, 1959-1960

Fish Oil
Including
Herring Oil

Beginning stocks, Jan. 1
PIOdUCction! is fe eels! 0

8
8
Domestic utilization ..
Ending stocks, Dec. 31

« - Not available.
1/Herring oil.

oils were imported in larger quantities (table

1).

The supplies of crude marine oils were
disposed of in 1960 through exports of 6,378
tons and a domestic utilization of 26,504tons.

3; we

Whale Oil, Crude:
Norway S's eelge

3 Ei

Sperm Oil, Crude:
NOTWay ie: eles Le
Netherlands . .
West German

Norway .. .
West Germany « . 2) hlver cura cake

Other Marine Oils,
Iceland

ee © © © © © © © © 6 © 8 8

Peru

INOIWAy Maen eltamolia terial icity at ote Wekietier ciuenen'e 40
United’/Kangdom | 13.6. «4 a-c 6.2 ehiewren tate 4
INIOTOC COM me ta tiletins io eel aitelt a telteniet eee? oils 135
Portuguese: Wiest, Asrical tai 1's) re al /el si lotel oye 1,062
GChilew stor cpisemicotioiesesikstis! ieivelieyicl (ove el (eyes 688
RATA GUAY/ Miciveiieliielisinefieteite’ cei o) tislic] (elteyiey elie 48

United Kingdom
West Germany

Grand Total
1/Less than 1 metric ton,
Note: Does not include a small amount of hardened marine
oils included in the general classification of "marine oils and
other animal oils, hardened,"

Seo Other Crude ish Oi
Marine Oils erie Including
Herring Oil

, 787

Fish Oil

Whale | Seal | Other Crude
Oil | Oil | Marine Oils Marine

105 | 264
8,702
2,028 N. A.

23, 242 5,079 } we 38, 393 10, 835 es aaa 43, 316

Exports were down more than 50 percent, but
domestic utilization was expanded by 2,744
tons.

On the Danish market, imported fish oil
from Peru replaced some ot the domestic
herring oil and imported whale oil.

Imports: Denmark imported a total of
17,522 tons of all (crude and refined) marine

Table 3 - Denmark's Exports of All (Crude and Refined)

Marine Oils, 1960

West Germany i ereieneienetetemcloneten even saree
New Zealand

Netherlands
West German

Veterinary

ec ee

West Germany .

Venezuela...

Other Marine Oils,
Norway ... o
Sweden.) si.6 16
Holland
Italy el ovate
West German

Other Marine Oils, Refined:
@Norway.tars: cites stein tie
SWedenisetiie s/s) eteilel ete
United Kingdom
West German

1/Less than 1 metric ton.
Note: Does not include a small amount of hardened marine oils
included in the general classification of "marine oils and other
animal oils, hardened."

October 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

Denmark (Contd.): Imports: Denmark imported a total of 18,868 tons of
fish meal in 1960, made up of herring meal and other fish
. * . . meal, Iceland supplied the bulk of both types of meal
oils in 1960. Peru was the major supplier of | (apie 2).

marine oils to Denmark with 7,644 tons of

“other crude marine oils,'' 100 tons of crude Table 2 - Denmark's Imports of Fish Meal, 1960
herring (really anchovy) oil, and 48 tons of Product and| Origin Quantity
"other refined marine oils" (table 2). Im-
ports from Peru were stimulated in 1960 be- |\.. Ving Meal: Metric Tons
cause of low prices. The next important TSG ania: ue nce nes 4,314
supplier was Norway, followed by Iceland, Norway ... eee eee e ee eee eee 3,581
West Germany, and Portuguese West Africa. WAGEMel cp ong Salad ASmaMeia aca 289
otal eaed sey per rere y Useoret: 8,175
Denmark's imports of only crude marine lb eT Py
oils decreased slightly, from 15,952 tons in aserretucaaeg Daan ye te a 10,097
1959 to 14,762 tons in 1960. Imports of crude Norway .. OORT ee mes Re tele 593
herring oil decreased sharply in 1960, while United Kingdom 1... ..+++ +++: e
imports of other crude marine oils increased. Mota pape ee fresh a eae ron ae 10,693
Crude marine oil imports from the United = A eee ATT |
Grand’ Total oem aust iie ce: 18,868

States consisted of only 519 tons of crude her-

ring oil in 1959 and none in 1960.
Exports: Denmark exported a total of 31,770 tons of

fish meal in 1960. Of this total, 30,104 tons consisted of
Exports: Denmark exported 7,027 tons of herring meal, about one-half of which was exported to the

all (crude and refined) marine oils in 1960,
mostly consisting of crude herring oil to Nor-

way and West German (table 3). But exports Table 3 - Denmark’s Exports of Fish Meal, 1960
of crude herring oil to those two countries Product and Destination
declined in 1960 as compared with 1959, ige a Betis
(Excerpt from April 14, 1961, report from eerinel Meals rae eat
the United States Embassy, Copenhagen.) Binlandiseer eters ates Gn aes aki weyers 670
: A A A F Sweden cence sie iss sieifanisheee ters emavewsleiay oienis 1,509
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1960 p. 70. Gucannclovakl alee Sie BE Shen atl Ip ee 156
PAN CE wei ueteyiehisvetaiialtelcel leieleuelclisu ati si/sie)-e Seance 265
3k Ok Kk OK Ok Greece eanchereheyer cei sacke lores typo. tio 22
Netherlands..... deter crance apamehavekace sana : 2,470
a Ineliand yp ecaechcnen sebacecteusn ceca eteeieretelensttsts 2,583
FISH MEAL SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION, AND Italy cree SN arn elena ae nile 40
FOREIGN TRADE, 1959-1960: ee race eR 675 aid MU Penaksmekeseiienexenarsueneys Bigee
Supply: Denmark’s over~all supply of fish meal in 1960 United Kingdom (sjc.c\cce aitsetiesccal oil 14,505
amounted to 73,100 metric tons--14,800 tons less than in West Germany .. rap Wit al ape mate 2,093
1959, This decline was due to a 20,200-ton decrease in do- FAIStriateh ee ee Oe Th ere ae Sem) ere aes 110
mestic production, which lowered total output to 50,600 tons East Germany Oe Ae ae ed Rae eA ee 2,400
in 1960, The decline in domestic production was due to the WMexicomedn ei curnelore a receatene aaa Pavers ek 40
low prices for fish meal in 1960, Cyprusiiusletehs icine pcan shoeeieiatecelts aie 15
Malaya..... A Dino Gen ipeortkoe: OMS cenehoto 50
Smaller production in 1960 was, in part, offset by in- Singaporepmater-Gekeleteuetens lol emede obehe jas ees 76
creased imports, which rose from 13,400 tons in 1959 to
18,900 tons in 1960, Exports declined from 58,800 tons in Totaliattnaeeene Accra rte acer Setar ts pe srt 30,104
1959 to 31,800 tons in 1960 because Denmark could not com-
pete with Peru’s low-priced meal. Other Fish Meal:
Sweden ye Gers e-0: eran evel ab ahienoda ce eRelone 169
But in 1960 domestic utilization was stimulated by the Greece sereratoneletek sine sieiis leneqenatistonetseen eit she
lower prices and it rose from 25,500 tons in 1959 to 37,100 Poland Meeegemerapeneneer eer asaeteie siisiiel (evicyishis
tons in 1960 (table 1). WitZerlandssmspeissouetchenensnesecnet cls) cele le oh.
: WiestiGermanyii ct.) se sue alia) shiv) ieieitenelieiel eye
Table 1 - Denmark’s Fish Meal Supply and Distribution, BiasPiGermany7 ere) wie eneieneve 'slese teqeteieie: ellele
1959-1960 ELZY Dt ep day set ouepeye pete nemeWohe es eiteestied sel sbiep.e
NURIEV EY olor aac O G. Bethea. pe GeO. aeohonGronDo ag .
L
MOtalinercetedasemstovekowecoksie? meceite te yelehe

Available Supply: Grand! Tot ales eterssche he eteteite
Beginning stocks, Jan.1....
IPROGUCELON Gen eMaltalisk ete: onevints),« . a
Imports... 5 United Kingdom, (Excerpt from report of April 14, 1961,
from United States Embassy, Copenhagen.)

Total Supply .

ee

Distribution:
IIXPONUtSWeieteey el oneltelvente
Domestic utilization (as feed).
Ending stocks, Dec. 31 ....

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Faroe Islands

FROZEN FILLETS SHIPPED TO U. S.:

The export of quick-frozen fish fillets
from the Faroe Islands to the United States
was renewed late in July 1961 with a ship-
ment of 175 metric tons after a lapse of 6
months due to lack of supplies. The refrig-
erator ship also picked up 200 tons of fillets
in Greenland. Shipments were expected to
be made directly from the Faroe Islands to
the United States in late summer.

He ok oe ke ok

LOANS FOR FISHING VESSELS:

The Faroese Fishing Vessel Mortgage
Finance Corporation has financed an impor-
tant part of the modernization of the Faroese
fleet since its establishment in 1955. In the
year ending March 31, 1961, it made ten
loans to Faroese companies, totaling
8,645,000 kroner (almost US$1.2 million).
Sixty-eight loans, amounting to 30,061,502
kroner (about $4.4 million) have been made
since 1955, Capital and reserves amount to
about 10,000,000 kroner (almost $1.4 mil-
lion). Consideration is being given to loans
to 18 long-line cutters, totaling about
11,300,000 kroner ($1.6 million).

ve ok ok ok ok

FAROESE FISHERMEN TO HAND
LINE INSIDE ICELANDIC
FISHING LIMITS AREA:
On August 2, 1961, the Danish Foreign
Ministry released the following communique:

"By an exchange of notes between Den-
mark's Ambassador in Reykjavik and the
Icelandic Foreign Minister an agreement
was concluded yesterday concerning permis-
sion for Faroese fishermen to fish with hand
lines off Iceland.

"According to this agreement, ships reg-
istered in the Faroe Islands have the right
to fish with hand lines within Iceland's fish-
ing limits in the areas and at the times of
the year, where and when Icelandic vessels
are permitted to fish with bottom trawls or
floating trawls in accordance with the exist-
ing regulations,

"Vessels registered in the Faroe Islands,
furthermore, have the right to fish with hand
lines in the area between 4 and 8 nautical
miles within Iceland's fishing limits at Kol-
beinsd,.

Vol. 23, No. 10

The agreement is in force without time
limits, but either party may terminate it by
giving 6 months! notice."

oe oe ok ook Ok

FISHERY OFF WEST GREENLAND
PRODUCES WELL:

Although the Faroe Islands fishery off
West Greenland varied throughout the season,
the latter part has been excellent for the
2,350 motorboat fishermen based on land at
Faeringehavn, Kangarssuk, Borgshavn, and
Ravns Storé. Thirty-two motor boats with
4-5 men crews, often including one or two
young Greenlanders, landed 1,249 metric tons
of fish, mostly cod, in Faeringehayn, since
mid-June. The fish are filleted and frozen in
a modern shore plant and exported directly to
the United States.

The Faroe Islands fishermen also conduct _
a fishery from June to September on the West
Greenland coast with 5 motherships--schoon-
ers with 4-5 smaller boats which fish farther
out to sea. The catch is salted and returned
to the Faroe Islands.

1K OOK OK OK OK OK

LINE FISHERMEN BOTHERED
LESS BY FOREIGN TRAWLERS:

Faroe Islands line fishermen report with
satisfaction that foreign trawlers have both-
ered them less since the Danish frigate Niels
Ebbesen followed and shot at the trawler Red
Crusader from Aberdeen, Scotland. (Reports
of July 28 and August 8, 1961, from the Fish-
eries Attache, United States Embassy, Copen-

hagen.) =
Me

st

\ we. )
Fa
France

TUNA INDUSTRY, 1960:

In 1960, only 17,920 metric tons of tuna
were caught by French tuna vessels along
the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts, 20
percent less than in 1959 when 22,472 tons
were landed. In the Atlantic ports, 17,010
tons of 'white'' tuna (believed to be albacore)
and 550 tons of ''red'' tuna (believed to be
bluefin) were landed, and in the Mediterrane-
an ports 360 tons of ''red'' tuna were landed.
Minimum and maximum tuna prices are fixed
by agreement between the fishermen and can-
ners. Because of the decline in ''white'’ tuna
production, the average ex-vessel price rose

October 1961

France (Contd.):

5.5 percent to the agreed ceiling of 2.31 new
francs per kilo (US$420 a short ton),

"White'' tuna is fished from June to Oc-
tober in the open Atlantic, a great distance
from the continental shelf. The tuna area is
at the same latitude as the Bay of Biscay.
For several years, the French tuna fisher-
men have also been catching yellowfin.tuna
off the coast of Senegal.

The number of vessels engaged in tuna
fishing totaled 468 in 1960, compared with
more than 600 in 1958. In 1960, 37 percent
of the vessels fished with live bait with an
average catch more than double that of the
vessels fishing without live bait. Most of

Type of Fish Meal Protein Content (%)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

51

at Concarneau (2,110 tons) and Bayonne
(1,990 tons). The balance was either direct-
ly exported or landed at Dakar for the Sen-
egalese canneries. (United States Embassy,
Paris, report dated May 15, 1961; French ~
fishery periodical, Maree de France, August
1961.)

German Federal Republic

FISH MEAL PRICES,
AUGUST 4, 1961:

Prices reported at Hamburg Commodity
Exchange as of August 4, 1961, for fish meal
delivered ex-Hamburg warehouse, or c. &f.,
West German sea port were as follows:

Delivery DM/Metric Ton US$/Short Ton

German fish meal. .cooee

542.50
552.50
575,00
620,00
637,50
547.50
567,50

loco/ prompt

South African fish meal ...
Angola fish meal .cccoeo
Portuguese fish meal . ...
Icelandic herring meal ...

600,00
610,00
537.50
660,00

prompt/Sept,
Auge

Notes: (1) Values converted at rate of 4,0 deutschemarks equal US$1,
(2) ‘‘Loco’® means where and as it is at the time of sale, and all subsequent expenses to be at buyer’s account,

the tuna clippers are small vessels of less
than 26 meters (85 feet) in length.

St. Jean-de-Luz continued to be the lead-
ing tuna port of France, followed by Con-
carneau.

France's Tuna Landings at Principal Ports, 1960
Saint-Jean-de-Luz ..

Concameaul nesses 16
Les Sables-d'Olonne

le d'Yeu

ee ee ee

ght by French vessels

In addition to landings at French ports,
a number of French vessels engaged in tuna
fishing in African waters and caught an esti-
mated 13,000 tons during 1960. Of that total,
4,840 tons were landed in French ports as
frozen tuna for the canning industry, mostly

As compared with July 5, 1961, fish-meal
prices on the Hamburg Exchange on August 4,
1961, were averaging about $1.50 a short ton
higher for both domestic and imported fish
meal, (United States Consulate, Bremen, Au-
gust 9, 1961.)

GERMANS PERMITTED TO FISH INSIDE
TWELVE MILES OF ICELANDIC COASTS:
West German fishing vessels have been
given access to the same areas within the
Icelandic 12-mile fishing limits as were made
available to British vessels in the Icelandic-
British settlement of March 11, 1961. West
German vessels will be permitted to fish with-
in those areas until March 10, 1964, which is
also the terminal date for British operations.
By the agreement the West German Govern-
ment recognized Iceland's 12-mile fishing
limits, including the extended base lines. The
agreement between Germany and Iceland was
formalized by an exchange of notes on July 19,

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ~

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

1961. (From a July 20 report of the United
States Embassy, Reykjavik.)

According to German newspaper accounts,
West Germany recognized formally the 12-
mile zone in exchange for phase-out fishing
rights for West German vessels.

On September 1, 1958, the Government
of Iceland unilaterally extended its fishing
limits from 3 to 12 miles, Although the
West German Government did not recognize
de jure the extension, the German trawler
operators respected the 12-mile zone be-
cause Bonn was not willing to guarantee them
indemnification against the possible seizure
of their vessels. The trade voiced its dis-
pleasure over the extension on several oc-
casions, however, and claimed that the po-
tential catch off Iceland would be reduced by
10,000 to 25,000 metric tons per year. West

West German Fish Catch.

1,000.
Metric Tons

sif Iceland, 1956-60

% of Total
West German Landings

German statistics for the fish catch off Ice-
land in 1959 and 1960 would seem to bear
out this assertion, as they reveal a decline
annually from 1958. However, 1958 was an
unusually good year so far as the catch off
Iceland waters was concerned. (From Au-
gust 7, 1961, report of United States Con-
sulate, Bremen.)

Ghana

GOVERNMENT STRIVES FOR
SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN
FISH PRODUCTION:

The Government of Ghana opened the New
Tema fishing harbor on August 8, 1961, and
signed a £G10,000 (US$28,000) fishing agree-
ment with a British fishing company on Au-
gust 11, 1961, as part of an intensified pro-
gram to attain self sufficiency in fish pro-
duction,

The Tema fishing harbor is the first
harbor to be constructed in Ghana solely
for the use of fishing vessels. It can ac-

Vol. 23, No.10

commodate vessels 130-180 feet in length. A
temporary cold-storage plant is now in use at
Tema with a capacity of 1,000 metric tons, but
work will begin soon on a new plant with a ca-
pacity of 4,500 tons. This plant will be located
in the industrial area near the fishing harbor.
In addition, there will be a shipyard in which
wooden vessels up to 70 feet and steel vessels
up to 150 feetin length will be constructed.

To provide adequate marketing facilities, a
large wholesale market will also be estab-
lished,

As a result of a tuna survey of the Guinea
Gulf by a United States tuna fishing and can-
nery company, the Ghana Government has
ordered six modern fishing vessels from the
United Kingdom. These vessels will be 130
feet in length and will form the nucleus of a
long-range fishing fleet. The vessels are to
be delivered in November 1961. The British
fishing company will provide managerial and
technical personnel for the fishing fleet under
the £G10,000 agreement concluded with the
Government.

The Government has increased the budget
for fisheries from £G262,000 ($733,600) to
#,G850,000 ($2,380,000) for 1961/62. These
funds will be used to equip the new fishing
harbor, develop the long-range fishing fleet,
and to expand the outboard motor plan for
native canoe fishermen. The Government
will also operate a school to provide technical
training to Ghanaian personnel. This school
will be operated in conjunction with the Ghana
Nautical College.

Total consumption of fish in Ghana is esti-
mated at 55,000 metric tons and local produc-
tion is presently running at 26,000 tons. The
catch of the six long-range fishing vessels is
expected to increase landings sharply and
this potential catch, combined with the ex-
panding outboard motor plan for native fish-
ermen, would make Ghana self sufficient in -
fish production, This would effect a signifi-
cant saving in foreign exchange and help ease
the hardship arising out of the recent intro-
duction of an austere fiscal policy, the United
States Embassy in Accra reported on August
14, 1961.

SOVIET TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
FOR FISHERIES:

The Government of Ghana signed an agree-
ment on June 13, 1961, with the Soviet Union
for the construction of 13 fishery industries

October 1961

Ghana (Contd.):

in Ghana as a part of the Soviet technical as-
sistance program.

Some weeks earlier, the Government had
signed a contract for the purchase from a
British firm of four large purse-seiners and
two trawlers which will be operated with the
advice and assistance of a large United States
west coast canning company.

Also, Ghana Cold Stores Ltd., a consorti-
um of West European firms with Ghana Gov-
ernment participation, has announced the
completion of a $£:G470,000 (US$1.3 million)
cold-storage plant at Tema to serve the fish-
ing industry. It is not clear how the Soviet
projects will tie in with these other fishery
developments. (Excerpted from a United
States Embassy, Accra, report of July 1961.)

Greenland

EXPLORATORY FISHING FOR NEW
GROUNDS AND FISHERIES:

Greenland's Fishery Research organiza-
tion was making plans to start an intensive
exploratory research program in mid-Au-
gust 1961 along the east coast of Greenland
to find new, large fishing grounds, according
to the August 2 issue of Kristlige Dagbladet.
The research is being undertaken, in part,
for the benefit of the Faroe Islands fisher-
men who may lack fishing grounds after the
expansion of the fishing limits around Ice-
land.

At the same time, the Greenland National
Council is strongly interested in the research
because development of a fishery along the
southern Greenland coast naturally will bene-
fit the local population. There is close co-
operation in the program between Greenland,
Denmark, and the Faroe Islands. The pro-
gram will be led by the chief of Denmark's
Ocean and Fishery Research Station in the
Faroe Islands, and the Faroese vessel Pol-
lur will be used. There will be experiments
with long-line and hand-line gear as well as
biological research to determine the size,
age, and quality of the cod population. The
research will be of importance to the cod
fishery in West Greenland since there is a
steady exchange between the populations in
east and west Greenland waters. While this
research is going on, Norway also will send
its own expedition to the area,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

53

The Royal Greenland Trade organization
is arranging to send a Danish salmon fisher-
man to Greenland for three months so that he
can demonstrate methods and gear suitable
for a Greenland salmon fishery. It has been
found that salmon from Canada and Scotland
migrate to Greenland in the winter months
and that there may therefore be a possibility
for a salmon fishery along Greenland's coasts.
There is great interest in the outcome of such
a fishery. (United States Embassy, Copen-
hagen, report of August 8, 1961.)

sie ste te Ses ote
2k) de ois hes isk

FISHERY PRODUCTS BUYERS
VISIT GREENLAND:

A United States and an English buyer of
West Greenland frozen and canned fish and
shellfish visited Greenland fishing ports and
plants to observe the conditions under which
frozen cod, ocean catfish (wolffish), and
shrimp in glass are produced. The largest
production areas are Julianehaab, Narssaq,
Godthaab, Sukkertoppen, Holsteinsborg,
Egedesminde, and Christianshaab. The large
shrimp cannery in the latter port will sur-
pass previous pack records this year. (As
reported on July 28, 1961, by the Fisheries
Attache, United States Embassy, Copenhagen.)

&
rea ae

Guatemala

NEW LAW ON DEEP-SEA FISHING:

A new law on deep-sea fishing has been issued by Guate-
mala as Congressional Decree 1470 of June 23, 1961. It was
published in El Guatemalteco of July 11, 1961 (Volume 162,
No, 32), and became effective July 14, 1961.

The new law provides that the Ministry of Agriculture is
authorized to issue licenses to firms and individuals for ocean
fishing on a large scale, Such fishing is defined as: (1) boats
with engines, (2) boats equipped to fish in deep waters, (3) boats
of not less than 30 tons with refrigeration, and (4) operational
bases on shore with plants to process fish and provision boats,
Licenses are to be issued by the Hunting and Fishing Depart-
ment with validity not to exceed ten years and licenses are not
transferable, They are subject to the provisions of Government
Decree 1235 and fishing boats are subject to the provisions of
Government Decree 1329 of October 8, 1932, Regulations for
Registration and Inscription of Vessels and Boats (Diario de
Centro America, October 15, Vol. 5 No, 78.)

There are three types of licenses:

Type A--Guatemalans or Guatemalan enterprises with at
least 50 percent Guatemalan capital using Guatemalan flag
boats and unloading the catch in Guatemalan ports for proc-
essing and later total or partial export--no charge for annual
operating license and no dockage charges.

Type B--Alien persons or Guatemalan enterprises with
only 25-50 percent Guatemalan capital using both Guatemalan
and foregin flag boats and unloading the catch in Guatemalan
ports for processing and later total or partial export--no
charge for annual operating license for Guatemalan flag boats
and Q30-120 for foreign flag boats according to tonnage; dock-

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Guatemala (Contd.):

age charges (good for ten days and one departure from port)
are Q25 per ton (of boat) for shrimp fishing and Q5 per ton
for other types of fishing,

Type C--Guatemalan and alien persons and enterprises
using foreign flag boats and sending catch fresh directly to
foreign markets~-charge for annual operating license is
Q40-160 according to tonnage; dockage charges (good for ten
days and one departure from port) are Q50 per ton (of boat)
for shrimp fishing and Q10 per ton for other types of fishing.

The net tonnage of boats must be accredited to the Minis-
try of Agriculture by showing the certificates of registry.
For A and B licenses the boats must be registered in Guate-
malan ports, Before B andC licenses are issued cash de
posits must be made of Q2,000 and Q5,000, respectively, and
the licensees must have Apoderados or representatives in
Guatemala City.

B and C licensees may use motherships if they are
registered in Guatemalan ports, The motherships will be
charged the usual B or C license fees plus a 100 percent
surcharge on the dockage charges. However, in such a
case, there will be no dockage charges on the fishing boats,

A and B licensees fishing for shrimp must disembark
anything else caught at Guatemalan ports in a percentage to
be determined in each case by the Ministry of Agriculture.

Fines, seizures, license revocations, and the like will
be governed by the provisions of the new law as well as
those of Government Decree 1235, Any foreign government
participation after the license has been obtained, will be a
cause for its revocation, If no specific penalty for a vio-
lation of this law or Government Decree 1235 is provided,
then the penalty will be a fine of Q100-5,000 with a double
amount for a second offense, (Excerpt from July 24, 1961,
report from United States Embassy, Guatemala.)

Presidential Decree 550 of February 22, 1956 (published
in El Guatemalteco of February 22, Vol. 146, No, 69) is an-
nulled, This decree of one article empowered the Ministry
of Agriculture to issue licenses valid not to exceed ten
years to fish in lakes, rivers, and territorial seas, Li-
censes were subject to an advisory opinion from the Hunting
and Fishing Section of the Ministry. Article 134 of Govern-
ment Decree 1235 of January 18, 1932 (Diario de Centro
America, January 21, Vol. 3, No. 56) is annulled. This de-
cree is the Law Regulating Fish Culture and Fishing, Ar-
ticle 134 merely provided that infractions not otherwise pe-
nalized were to be punished by ten days' imprisonment com-
mutable at one quetzal per day with a double penalty for a

second offense.
Note: ‘One quetzal equals US$I.

sk ose ok ose sk
36 36 3K OK ook

SHRIMP FISHING BASE TO
BE ESTABLISHED BY JAPANESE:

The Japanese Fishery Agency approved
the joint application of two Japanese fishing
firms to engage in a joint shrimp fishing
venture with Guatemalan interests. The
shrimp fishing base will be established at
Champerico on the Pacific coast of Guate-
mala. Plans call for constructing a 100-
ton capacity cold-storage plant (a 20-ton
capacity cold-storage plant already exists)
and six 60-ton vessels; contracting 14 other
60-ton vessels to fish for the company; and
employ 3 30-ton vessels as scout boats.
Catch is expected to be exported to the United
States. (Suisan Tsushin, August 5, 1961.)

Vol. 23, No.10

Translator's Note: In addition to the two
aforementioned firms, two other firms had
submitted a joint application to establish a
shrimp base in Guatemala. The Fishery A-
gency had some qualms about permitting the
establishment of two Japanese shrimp bases
in Guatemala and sought to have the four
firms consolidate their operations, but neither
group agreed. As of August 1961, it was not
known whether the Fishery Agency would per-
mit another shrimp base to be established in
Guatemala.

Iceland

ADDITIONAL DEVALUATION MEASURES
AFFECT FISHING INDUSTRY:

Following announcement of the 43 kronur
to the US$1 devaluation on August 3, 1961,
Iceland's President signed a second decree,
announced August 4, which further imple-
mented the devaluation.

This provided, among other things, that
stocks of fish products sold abroad before
July 31 would fetch the seller the predevalua-
tion price only. Devaluation gains thereby
incurred will be used by the Treasury to de-
fray devaluation losses when servicing cer-
tain international obligations, e.g., repayments
to the International Monetary Fund.

The noteworthy provision of the decree,
however, was the levy of a 6 percent export
tax on the f.o.b. value of most fish products
produced after July 31. The decree provides
that receipts from this tax will all be plowed
back into the fisheries sector: 32 percent
for insurance premiums on fishing vessels;
30 percent for fisheries mortgage fund; 30
percent for fisheries loan fund; and practical-
ly all the remainder for fisheries research.
(As reported August 10, 1961, by United States
Embassy, Reykjavik.)

pitta crt bi bed

COMMITTEE TO STUDY
TRAWLER OPERATIONS:

The Icelandic Minister for Fisheries in
July 1961, appointed a three-member com-
mittee to study trawler operations. It will be
chaired by the Director of the Fisheries As-
sociation.

Concerned by the continued losses in Ice-
landic trawler operations, the Government

October 1961

Iceland (Contd.):

decided to take this step in an attempt to de-
termine what can be done to facilitate a pro-
fitable return to the trawlers. Such ques-
tions as size of crew, taxation, insurance,
public vs. private ownership, and debt burden
will be examined. (From a July 27, 1961, re-
port of the United States Embassy, Reykjavik.)

Sis ero ocie ets

FAROESE GET ICELANDIC
FISHING RIGHTS:

Press reports indicate that agreement was
reached in Reykjavik on July 21, 1961, on
Faroese fishing rights in Icelandic waters.
According to the press accounts, the Faroese
have been accorded greater rights than were
recently given to British fishermen, since the
Faroese use lines rather than trawls in those
waters. Faroese fishermen have been granted
the right to fish with lines within the 12-mile
Icelandic fishery limits in limited zones dur-
ing certain periods of the year. The agree-
ment will not become effective until approved
by the Danish and Icelandic Governments.
(Excerpt from United States Embassy, Copen-
hagen, report of July 28, 1961.)

Ese tte tebe tee 3

FISHERY EXPORTS AND EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION:

On July 11, 1961, the Icelandic Minister
of Commerce spoke to the Chamber of Com-
merce on Iceland and European economic in-
tegration. He pointed out that Iceland would

have to take a stand soon on joining the Euro- |.

pean Common Market (EEC) and the Euro-
pean Free Trade Association (EFTA), since
if they amalgamated Iceland would be con-
fronted by a common tariff against its fish-
ery exports.

While he mentioned difficulties certain
protected indigenous Icelandic industries
would face through membership, he also
hinted at areas where Iceland would be able
to make concessions to Western Europe, in
regard to ''rights of foreigners to land their
catches and operate processing plants in
Iceland,'' (United States Embassy, Reykjavik,
report of July 13, 1961.)

He 3K ok kK Ok

FISHERY TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1961:

Landings: In the first quarter of 1961, Ice-
land's fish catch was 17.2 percent less than

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

55

the catch for the same period of 1960, but
about the same as for the same period of
1959,

Labor disputes immobilized the important |
motorboat fishing fleet and processing plants
of the Westman Islands early in 1961 when
there was a heavy demand for frozen cod and
haddock fillets in the United States. Iceland-
ic cod landings declined by 37.9 percent, from
94,720 metric tons during the first quarter of
1960 to 58,820 tons during the same period of
1961. Onthe other hand, the unseasonable
appearance of many herring schools off the
southwest coasts made possible the landings
of 19,537 tons of herring during the first
quarter of 1961, whereas virtually none had
been caught during the same period for the
last few years. Ocean perch operations were
slowed by the absence of a sales contract
with the Soviet Union.

Deliveries of fish for processing declined
appreciably during the first quarter of 1961
as compared with the same period in 1960.
The declines were 39.4 percent for freezing
purposes, 36.4 percent for stockfish, and
23.3 percent for salting.

The trend of recent years, away from the
use of trawlers and towards increased use of
motorboats, was reversed slightly during the
first quarter of 1961 (table 1).

Table 1 - Iceland’s Groundfish Landings by Type of Vessel,
i January-March 1959-1961

(Percent)

83.2
16.8

Partially due to the labor dispute which
tied-up the motorboat fleet in the Westman
Islands, the amount of groundfish landed by
motorboat during the first quarter of 1961
decreased tremendously as compared with
the same quarter of 1960. On the other hand,
the amount of herring landed by motorboats
in the 1961 quarter increased principally be-
cause the herring appeared earlier this year.
Trawler landings of groundfish decreased
slightly for the 1961 period, while herring

landings increased (table 2).

Although the Trawler Owners Association
prohibited landings by their vessels in Hull
and Grimsby, England, until the fisheries

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Iceland (Contd.):

Table 2 - Iceland’s Fish Landings by Fishery and Type of
Vessel, January~ March 1960-61

1961 1960

Fishery

2/Round veloute

dispute with Great Britain was settled on
March 11, 1961, these trawlers did a lively
business at West German ports. Their ac-
cess to the British fishing ports for a time
after the settlement was limited by the As-
sociation as a result of a protest strike in

Hull and Grimsby.

Table 3 - Iceland's Fish Production, January-March 1961
How Utilized anuary -March
1961 1960 1959

- (Metric Tons) .

Oil and Meals anc shskomesenens
reezing! c)eisnene, 6) ste one. .
Salting
Fresh on ice landed abroad 5

Fresh on ice Tanded abroad ..
Freezing and filleting

a 0.6.0 eo 6 moe 8 8 0's

82 © 8 ee eens 08 8

Home consumption
Oil and meal

re ee

siietieivelile sgl. '6.a5. te:

3/270
3/112

1/Whole fish.
2/Drawn fish.
3/Believed to be mostly shrimp.

As to the Icelandic fishing limits agree-
ment with Great Britain, it remained to be
seen whether the terms would favor Iceland-
ic trawlers as against the motor fishing ves-
sels. Icelandic trawlers did gain access for
three years with British trawlers to certain
additional pockets, lying between the 4- and
12-mile limit, but all trawling was excluded
for the first time in sizable, rich southwest-
ern fishing areas by the pushing seaward of
base lines.

Exports: The failure of exports of fishery
products to stand out in the first quarter of

Vol. 23, No.10

Table 4 - Icelandic Fishery Landings by
(Principal Species, January-March1959-1961

Ocean perch ..

ee © @ eo

27107168] 3/129,355] 3/110,363

j1/Except for herring which are landed round, all fish are drawn
weight.

2/Includes 382 tons of shellfish,

3/Does not include shellfish,

1961, after a mediocre quarter in 1960, is be-
cause of relatively small carry-over stocks
at the end of 1960, the labor dispute which
hampered production early in 1961, and the
continued difficulty of the trawlers in oper-
ating successfully. A favorable development,
however, was the substantial price increases
which took place in world markets for dried
and frozen fish, fish meal, and fish oil.

There was a radical trade shift in exports
during the 1961 quarter, away from the Soviet
Bloc countries. No frozen fish were shipped
to the Soviet Union during the first quarter of
1961, whereas 7,640 metric tons had been
shipped during the first three months of 1960.
No agreement on frozen fish sales to the So-
viet Union had been reached by the end of the
1961 quarter. Also, no frozen fish were ship-
ped to East Germany. These exports had con-
sisted largely of salted herring. The only
Bloc country which imported Icelandic frozen
fish during the quarter was Czechoslovakia,
but even that country imported considerably
less than it had during the same quarter of
1960.

United States imports of Icelandic frozen
fish increased by 77.2 percent during the
first quarter of 1961 as compared with the
same quarter of 1960.

During the first quarter of 1961, Great
Britain's imports of Icelandic frozen fish
were valued at 20.9 million kroner
(US$548,556)--imports of stockfish were

October 1961

Iceland (Contd.):

valued at 38.6 million kroner (US$1.0 mil-
lion), most of which was transshipped to
Africa. Britain also imported fish and her-
ring meal valued at 31.6 million kroner
(US$829,396). Thus, the United States and
Great Britain became Iceland's leading fish-
ery markets, with West Germany third. The
Soviet Union, which had usually been Iceland's
leading trading partner during recent years,
was fourth.

With the settling of the Icelandic fishing
limits dispute with Great Britain, Iceland
considered full or associate membership in
the European Free Trade Association. Pos-
sible EEC and GATT membership were also
studied. (As reported by United States Em-
bassy, Reykjavik, July 10, 1961.)

Production of Fishery Products and By-
products: Icelands total production of fish-
ery products and byproducts for the first
quarter of 1961 amounted to 72,895 metric
tons. Cured fishery products, especially
wet salt fish and salted herring, were pro-
duced in the greatest quantity, followed close-
ly by frozen fishery products composed main-
ly of frozen fish fillets, offal, and herring.
(Aegir, July 12, 1961.)

OK OK OK AC
FISH PRODUCTION,
JANUARY-APRIL 1961:

How Utilized

Herring!/ for:
Oil and meal

Fresh on ice landed abroad
Freezing and filleting
Canning

Salting ....

Stockfish ..

Home consumption

Oil and meal

ole fish.

HERRING FISHERY TRENDS:

Landings: Iceland's total landings of
north coast herring as of June 24, 1961,
amounted to 5,818 metric tons as compared

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

57

to 15,338 tons as of the same date in 1960.
The bulk of the herring was good enough for
salting as compared with none during the
same period of 1960.

Although landings had been light, schools
of herring were reported plentiful. The num-
ber of vessels participating in the north
coast herring fishery this year is believed
to be fewer than in the summer of 1960 when
there were 261 vessels engaged in that fish-
ery.

Early in July huge shoals of herring ap-
peared off the east coast where virtually the
whole herring fleet was engaged, In 24
hours on July 10 nearly 70,000 barrels of
herring were landed. As of July 8, a total
of 28,832 tons of herring had been salted
compared with only 3,746 tons by the same
time last year. Last year, however, more
herring had been used for meal and oil than
this season as the herring were of lower
quality.

Soviet Herring Contract Signed: The press
finally confirmed on July 13 that the Herring
Production Board had signed a contract with
the Soviet Prodintorg for delivery of 50,000
barrels of salted herring to the Soviet Union
from the north coast herring catch. The con-
tract provides that Prodintorg may decide
within a month whether it wishes to purchase
an additional 10,000 barrels.

This news broke following press announce-
ments that virtually all existing contracts had
been filled by a flood of high-quality herring
into the processing ports. Existing contracts
for 230,000 barrels were largely with Sweden
and Finland, Negotiations continued regard-
ing a 6,000-barrel contract with West Ger-
many. (United States Embassy, Reykjavik,
reports dated June 29 and July 13, 1961.)

7K OK OK OK

FISHERY TRENDS, JULY 1961:

Although the main Icelandic January-May
fishing season catch (excluding herring) was
estimated at 21 percent less than for the main
1960 fishing season, prices received were
substantially higher. The 1961 summer her-
ring season started off extremely well, with
large and high-quality catches off the north
coast. By July 22, 107,055 metric tons of
herring had been landed and 42,980 tons
salted, compared with 68,220 tons landed and
only 10,090 tons salted by July 22, 1960. Like-
wise the flatfish catch off the south coast in
June and July was good,

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Iceland (Contd.):

During the second quarter of 1961 the
Freezing Plants Corporation began construc-
tion of a modern processing and distribution
plant in the Netherlands to serve the European
Economic Community area--$250,000 was
loaned by the Import-Export Bank of Wash-
ington to cover foreign exchange costs of the
project. (From a July 31, 1961, report of the
United States Embassy, Reykjavik.)

36: Be sos! ihe) cole:

SUMMER HERRING FISHERY GOOD:

The Icelandic herring fishery is the best
in 22 years, according to August 5, 1961,
newspaper reports from Reykjavik. Iceland
has experienced its best herring salting sea-
son--46,286 metric tons had been salted by
early August 1961 (14,268 tons by the same
time last year) out of a catch of 160,976 tons
(91,174 tons last year),

All herring caught since August 5 was
being used for fish meal and oil. Some in-
dustrial products plants ran out of storage
space for the oil produced early in August.

With Iceland's reduction plants swamped
with fish, Norwegian vessels introduced a
new feature by purchasing and loading1,350
metric tons of herring caught by Icelandic
vessels on August 8, This was carried to

oil and meal plants in Norway for processing.

The Soviets have contracted for 60,000
barrels of salt herring, whereas 120,000
barrels are stipulated in their trade agree-
ment with Iceland. On August 10 the press
announced Soviet interest in negotiating for
more summer salt herring. (From United
States Embassy, Reykjavik, report of August
10, 1961.)

India |

JAPANESE TO INCREASE CAPITAL
OF JOINT INDIAN-JAPANESE
FISHING COMPANY:

A large Japanese fishing company, which
has established a joint Indian-Japanese fish-
eries company in India, has submitted an ap-
plication to the Japanese Fishery Agency to
increase by 500,000 rupees (US$104,000) the
capital of the company in India. The money
will be used to construct fishing vessels and

Vol. 23, No. 10

expand plant facilities. The plan for the
joint fishing company calls for the construc-
tion of three 58-ton trawlers; three 12-ton
trawlers; an ice plant with a daily capacity
to produce 10 tons of ice and store 50 tons
of ice, as well as freeze five tons of fish; a
75-ton capacity cold-storage plant; anda
25-ton capacity refrigerated plant. (Trans-
lated from the Japanese periodical Suisan
Tsushin, July 14, 1961.)

Israel

NEW TUNA FISHING VESSEL
LANDS FIRST TRIP:

The new Israeli tuna fishing vessel, which
was delivered in France early this year,
landed its first trip of 200 metric tons dur-
ing August. The vessel, with a crew of 14
fishermen, was at sea for over three months.
(United States Embassy in Tel Aviv, August

1G; E9615)
ait
7]

FISH OIL IMPORTS FROM
DOLLAR AREA LIBERALIZED:

An Italian Ministerial Decree in July this
year liberalized fish oils for importationfrom
the ''Dollar Area.'' The exact tariff items in-
volved are:

Italy

15.04 - Fats and oils from fish and a-
quatic mammals, also refined.

15.14 - Spermaceti (from whales and
other cetaceans) crude,
pressed or refined, also arti-
ficially colored.

Japan

COMMITTEE STUDIES REVISION OF
INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC
FISHERIES CONVENTION:

The Japanese government-industry com-
mittee specially established to study the
tripartite (Japan, Canada, and the United
States) International Convention for the High |
Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean
was scheduling regular meetings from early

October 1961

Japan (Contd.):

August on to discuss Japan's position con-
cerning the principle of ''voluntary absten- «
tion'' in preparation for the forthcoming
Eighth Annual Meeting of the North Pacific
Fisheries Commission scheduled to be held

in Tokyo in late October 1961.

In a commentary, the July 19, 1961, issue
of the Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai Shim-
bun states that Canada and the United States
claim that the salmon and halibut resources
are being fully exploited by them and Japan
must voluntarily abstain from fishing for
salmon and halibut in the waters to the east
of 170° W. longitude. Under these terms,
Japan will forever not be able to fish for
salmon and halibut (in the waters to the east
of 170° W.), even if the salmon and halibut
resources should improve greatly since it is
likely that both the United States and Canada
would then increase their catch efforts. The
periodical adds that the question of voluntary
abstention must be studied carefully to see
whether it has any basis at all from the
standpoint of world trends and the Law of the
Sea, as well as from a biological standpoint,
and that Japan plans to press the discussions
on ''voluntary abstention!’ strongly at the
Eighth Annual Meeting.

Earlier reports had stated that the gov-
ernment-industry committee was officially
designated as the Fishery Agreement Re-
search Association within the Japan-United
States-Canada Fishery Subcommittee of the
Northern-Seas Fisheries Resources Re-
search Council.

bn ie LOR pie pl

GOVERNMENT POLICY ON FISHERIES:

On August 16, 1961, the Japanese Minis-
ter of Agriculture and Forestry convened a
two-hour staff meeting of all department and
section heads in the Fishery Agency and
broadly spelled out a policy for the Agency
to follow. His talk was reported in part in
the Japanese periodical Nippon Suisan Shim-
bun of August 18, 1961, as follows:

1. The fisheries industry of Japan seems
to be harboring a feeling of being stifled.
Fishery Agency must pursue a policy which
will dispel this feeling.

2. The one area where Government poli-
cy seems to be lagging is the coastal fish-
ery. Greater emphasis must be devoted to
the promotion of that fishery.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

59

3. Subsidies in the past have beenspread
too thin over a wide area, and have not been
effective. In the future, greater emphasis
should be placed on the promotion of coastal
fishing enterprises in appropriate fishing
districts.

4, Subsidies for the construction of
beaches (many Japanese fishing villages do
not have docks and utilize beaches for land-
ing and launching vessels) have been small.
Additional funds should be procured for this
project and long-range plans for this project
perhaps be made,

5. Management of the large fishing com-
panies does not pose problems. As for the
distant-water fisheries, care must be exer-
cised in the management of those fisheries
with international implications; as for all other
distant-water fisheries, the Agency should a-

‘dopt an aggressive policy from the standpoint

of promoting the development of the national
economy.

6. Emphasis should be placed in the ad-
justment of the port consolidation plan now
under study.

7. Greater effort should be placed on pub-
lic relations. One way of making the Japanese
people aware of fisheries is perhaps to con-
struct aquariums,

Sd eeu aie

APPLICATIONS TO PURSE-SEINE
TUNA IN ATLANTIC OCEAN
STILL NOT APPROVED:

The applications submitted by the three
Japanese fishing companies affiliated with
one large Japanese fishery firm to purse-
seine tuna in the Atlantic Ocean have not yet
been acted upon by the Fishery Agency, al-
though 40 days hadpassed, as of the end of
July 1961 since the three companies submit-
ted their applications. Permission is being
withheld at the present time inasmuch as a
purse-seine fishery in the Atlantic Ocean, if
licensed, would conflict with the existing long-
line tuna fishery. (Translated from the Japa-
nese periodical Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,
July 28, 1961.)

se sle cle cle ook
Pebies oo ens

SHIPMENTS OF ATLANTIC TUNA
TO JAPAN LAG BEHIND QUOTA:

The Japan Export Frozen Tuna Fisheries
Association established a plan in the spring
of 1961 whereby 10,000 metric tons of Atlan-

60

Japan (Contd.):

tic Ocean tuna would be shipped to Japan by
common carriers to help stabilize the Italian
tuna market. A recent survey made by the
Association shows that 2,817 metric tons of
frozen tuna (955 tons of yellowfin, 644 tons
of big-eyed, 1,101 tons of black marlin, and
117 tons of miscellaneous species) were
transported to Japan and a total of 28 fishing
vessels and 10 carriers participated in the
plan, reports the fishery periodical Suisan
Tsushin of July 24, 1961.

Poor fishing in the Atlantic Ocean since
spring and firm market conditions in Europe
are given as factors which resulted in amuch
smaller amount of Atlantic tuna being brought
back to Japan than had been anticipated.

Editor's Note: As of early July, tuna fish-
ing in the Atlantic had improved, according
to reports.

Ke Ok OK OK Ok

ATLANTIC TUNA FISHERY CATCHES
OF BIG-EYED TUNA AND SPEARFISH
TO BE SHIPPED TO JAPAN:

The Japanese Export Frozen Tuna Fish-
eries Association planned to ship back to Ja-
pan via common carrier the big-eyed tuna
and spearfish which were being taken in large
quantities (reported to be about 70 percent of
total catch) by the Japanese Atlantic tuna
fleet. A petition asking for shipment to Ja-
pan was being prepared for submission to
the Fishery Agency. Italy and Yugoslavia
were reported not to care too much for big-
eyed tuna and spearfish, but the Japanese
tuna vessels fishing in the Atlantic Ocean
(numbering 56 vessels as of mid-August
1961) were compelled to fish for these spe-
cies due to poor yellowfin fishing. However,

Japanese Projected Transshipments of Atlantic Big-Eyed Tuna
and Spearfish to Japan, August-October 1961

Port of
‘Transshipment

Cristobal, Panama Canal Zone
Port of Spain, Trinidad ....
Las Palmas, Canary Is. ....
Freetown, Sierra Leone ....

sOLAl ve iaialte nametteniel stems
1/In the text of the original article the amount of 1,775 metric
tons was used, which appears to be correct since one other
trade journal (Suisan Tsushin, August 9) reported 1,775 tons,
That journal stated that Japan planned to transship to Japan
400 metric tons in August, 975 tons in September, and 400
tons in October, but did not mention specific ports of trans-
shipment. :

Re senegals sities. sues

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

fish sausage producers in Japan were reported
to be facing a serious Shortage of tuna andthe
Export Frozen Tuna Fisheries Association
hoped to divert the Atlantic Ocean catch of
big-eyed tuna and spearfish to Japan to fill
this demand, (Translated from Japanese pe-
riodical Suisan Keizai Shimbun, August 11,
1961.)

BIG-EYED TUNA CATCH OFF
WEST AFRICA REPORTED GOOD:

Catch of big-eyed tuna by Japanese vessels
as of mid-July 1961 increased in the Atlantic
Ocean. Big-eyed tuna is said to make up a-
bout 60-70 percent of total tuna catches inthe
Atlantic. According to a Japanese newspaper,
this change in catch composition may necessi-
tate changing the price of tuna landed in Italy.
Normally, yellowfin makes up about 80 per-
cent of total tuna landings, with the other spe-
cies of tuna making up the remaining 20 per-
cent, and the tuna price (recently raised to
$285 a ton from $280 a ton) in Italy is fixed
on the basis of this catch ratio. However, with
big-eyed tuna now contributing an overwhelm-
ing 60-70 percent of the tuna catch, the 20-80
ratio no longer applies, which means that
present prices may have to be lowered, The
Japanese Exporters Association is planning
to convene a meeting of its Atlantic Tuna Com-
mittee to discuss this situation. Q

The main tuna fishing grounds in the At-
lantic as of mid-July were located between
0° and 5° W. longitude and south of the equator
between 15°S,and 30° S. latitude. The good
catches may help to ease the tuna shortage.
(Japanese periodical Shin Suisan Shimbun
Sokuho of July 19, 1961.)

Editor's Note: Japanese long-line vessels
in the Atlantic fishing tuna are operating far
to the south this year, farther south than they
normally do, in an attempt to locate better
fishing grounds,

2K Ok OK kK OK

TUNA VESSELS IN ATLANTIC OCEAN
SWITCHING TO ALBACORE FISHING:

Part of the Japanese fleet of 56 tuna long-
liners fishing in the Atlantic Ocean in August
1961 were reported to have switched to alba-
core fishing off Brazil. Normally, albacore
fishing does not peak until after October, but
it seems that those making the switch to alba-
core fishing figure that they may just as well
hunt for albacore than other species of tuna

October 1961

Japan (Contd.):

since fishing is poor anyway. (Translated
from Japanese periodical Suisan Tsushin,
August 10, 1961.)

st fe ste ste ste
sheiscunneneser ao

FIRM PLANS TO USE CANARY ISLANDS
TO STORE FROZEN TUNA
FOR CZECHOSLOVAKIA:

A large Japanese fishing company which
hopes to export frozen yellowfin tuna to
Czechoslovakia plans to utilize Las Palmas,
Canary Islands, as a temporary storage cen-
ter for tuna to be exported to Czechoslovakia
via Hamburg, Germany. The company is re-
ported to be planning on building a large cold-
storage plant at Las Palmas. This cold-stor-
age plant is to be used primarily for handling
the catch of the company's expanding Atlantic
trawl fleet. On August 26, 1961, this company
expected to send the newly-built stern trawl-
er Ibuki Maru, 2,500 gross tons, the largest
trawler ever to be built in Japan, to the At-
lantic Ocean. (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,
August 10 & 12, 1961.)

Translator's Note: Concerning exports
of frozen tuna to Czechoslovakia, which is on
a barter basis, two other large Japanese fish-
ing companies had an agreement to deliver a
total of 1,050 metric tons of frozen tuna to
Czechoslovakia between June and September
1961. The frozen tuna were to be delivered
to Hamburg, from whence they were to be
shipped by rail to Czechoslovakia. Czecho-
slovakia has stated that she would likely im-
port more tuna, pending the examination of
the quality of the 1,050 tons of frozen tuna
under contract. In the meanwhile, according
to earlier reports, the first firm mentioned
above has been negotiating to export 600 met-
ric tons of frozen tuna to Czechoslovakia.
As far as is known, the first firm has two
large trawlers operating off the west coast
of Africa, In addition to the Ibuki Maru, the
construction of which was; just completed,
the first firm plans to construct three large
trawlers in 1962 for the Atlantic Ocean fish-
ery.

As for cold-storage facilities in Las Pal-
mas, one of the two firms that was to deliver
the 1,050 tons completed the construction of
a 2,000-ton capacity cold-storage plant at
Las Palmas in June 1961 to handle the catch
of its trawl fleet, last reported to total five
vessels.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

61

DISTANT-WATER REFRIGERATED TUNA
VESSELS INCREASING IN NUMBER:

The number of refrigerated tuna fishing
vessels'' is increasing yearly, according to a
survey made by the Japanese Frozen Tuna As-
sociation. Construction of ''refrigerated tuna
fishing vessels'’ in 1959 totaled 45; in 1960,

49 vessels; and in 1961 well over 40 vessels
are expected to be constructed.

As of December 1960, of a total of 621 dis-
tant-water fishing vessels, 232 or over one-
third fell in the category of ''refrigerated tuna
vessels.'' They totaled 106,920 gross tons,
with a total freezing capacity of 2,365 metric
tons of tuna per day, and a cargo capacity of
over 61,200tons. Of the refrigeratedtuna ves-
sels, 103 are of the 300-400 gross tonsize, 56 of
400-500 gross tons, 41 of 200-300 gross tons,
and most of the balance of over 500 gross tons.

Vessels of 200 to 500 gross tons are re-
ported to be most efficient. Vessels over
1,000 gross tons (of which there are 12) are
all company-owned fishing vessels. (Trans-
lated from Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, July 18, 1961.)

Sta sip eats
ba daca

SIZE OF DISTANT-WATER TUNA
LONG-LINE FLEET:

Statistics compiled by the Export Frozen
Tuna Fisheries Association show that Japa-
nese distant-water tuna long-line vessels
presently number 333 vessels, totaling 131,492
gross tons, and that the construction of these
vessels is increasing yearly.

Japanese Construction of Tuna Long-Liners, 1956-60

As of August 1961, 56 distant-water tuna
vessels were reported to be operating in the
Atlentic Ocean, the same as last year for the
same period; over 100 vessels were estimated
to be fishing in the area southeast of Hawaiil
(catch reported to consist mainly of big-eyed
tuna); between 30-40 vessels were fishing for
Australian bluefin off the west coast of New
Zealand, where fishing was reported to be
good; and between 70-80 vessels were said to
be fishing in the Indian Ocean. (Suisan Tsu-
shin; August 10, 1961.) or
1/Translator's Note: According to available information, the Jap-

anese tuna vessels were primarily fishing inthe area bounded by

latitudes 10° N, and5°S, and longitudes 115° W, to 155° W. in
early June 1961,

Meio etn cliatn
ok ook ok Ok ok

62

Japan (Contd.)

ITALIAN-JAPANESE TUNA
INDUSTRY MEETING:

The following discussions took place at
the tuna industry meeting held in Rome on
July 19-21, 1961, between members of the
Japanese and Italian tuna industries. Ac-
cording to Japan's wishes, participation at
this meeting was limited to industry mem-
bers only, and the meeting was attended by
Japanese and Italian (including Sicilian) tuna
industry members.

The Japanese delegation discussed tuna
fishing conditions in the Atlantic Ocean and
stated that due to poor fishing in the Atlantic
Ocean, Japanese fishing was being extended
by about two months. But some vessels were
moving to the eastern Pacific, where good
fishing was reported. As a result of these
developments, Japan claimed that frozentuna
exports to Italy will probably not exceed
20,000 metric tons as compared to 26,000
metric tons in 1960.

The Italian tuna industry claimed that the
15,000 or so metric tons of frozen tuna which
Japan plans to export to Yugoslavia this year
are finding their way into Italy as canned or
frozen fish, thereby disrupting the Italian
market, and requested that tuna exports to
Italy be increased.

Concerning reject claims on frozen tuna,
Japan took the stand that if Italy should press
this matter strenuously, Japanese vessel own-
ers would decline to land fish in Italy. Also,
if Italy should adopt a claims system similar
to that in the United States, then Japan would
raise the export price of tuna to Italy to the
same level as exports to the United States.
The Italian tuna industry expressed diver-
gent views on reject claims. Members of
the Italian tuna association were strongly for
legislation whereby green meat tuna would
be rejected and brown meat tuna classified
as a grade B product. Non-members
claimed that emphasis should be placed on
the acquisition of raw materials and took a
negative attitude regarding such legislation.

The meeting ended with Italy and Japan
agreeing to establish a joint investigation
committee, subject to ratification by Japan
before August 31, 1961, whereby the com-
mittee would study the over-all problem of
claims and report the result of their investi-
gation to their respective industries. Ten-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

ure of this committee is six months. (Trans-
lated from Japanese periodicals Suisan Tsu-
shin, August 2; Suisan Keizai Shimbun, July
29, L961.)

ITALIAN-YUGOSLAV MARKET
TRENDS FOR FROZEN TUNA:

A group of Japanese fishery businessmen
who visited Italy and Yugoslavia in July 1961,
returned to Japan and reported that Italian
buyers seemed to want to import 30,000 tons
of Japanese frozen tuna in the Italian fiscal
year 1961 (July 1961-June 1962). Cold-stor-
age facilities are available at only a few points
in Italy and the total capacity is 7,000 metric
tons. The Italians are stepping up plans for
expansion of cold-storage equipment, notably
in Sicily.

As a whole, the cold-storage equipment in
Yugoslavia is adequate. Operations in Yugo-
slavia are integrated from cold storage to
canning, including can making. Fish in Yugo-
slavia was scarce in July and their interests
to buy Japanese frozen tuna was keen.

Heretofore frozen tuna exported by the Jap-
anese to Europe has been primarily yellowfin.
In mid-1961 the percentage of big-eyed in-
creased substantially. As a result of negotia-
tions with Italian and Yugoslavian buyers, it
was agreed that if big-eyed should be mixed
more than 20 percent, the price should be re-
duced by $15 per metric ton for that part of
the excess. The base price is $285 a metric
ton c.i.f. Therefore, the price of big-eyed
may be said to be $270 a ton, In the past
there had been no instance when big-eyed
made up more than 20 percent of any one lot.
(Translation from the fishery periodical Nip-
pon Suisan Shimbun, August 10, 1961.)

TUNA MOTHERSHIP SENT TO
SOUTH PACIFIC IN AUGUST 1961:

A Japanese fishery firm in July 1961 ap-
plied to the Fishery Agency for permission
to dispatch the tuna mothership Jinyo Maru,
7,200 gross tons, to the South Pacific. The
Fishery Agency was expected to grant per-
mission,

Jinyo Maru was scheduled to depart Hako-
date on August 13 and arrive on the tuna fish-
ing grounds in the vicinity of the Fiji Islands
on August 26, and be en route home around

October 1961

Japan (Contd.):

Catch Target of Jinyo Maru Tuna Mothership

Target
Metric Tons

ellowfin (fillet and round) ....-2eecevee 1,500
Albacore (round) .«. 2.2 ccecscee ee 1, 600
Big-eyed (fillet) 2.2. ceeecce atrelieltekelie 400
Swordfish (fillet) .....eee Re 1,000

400

Shark (fillet) . .-.
100

Other species (round

November 30. This mothership will be ac-
companied by 50 fishing vessels and has a

catch target of 5,000 metric tons. (Trans-
lated from the Japanese fishery periodical
Suisan Tsushin, July 27, 1961.)

Translator's Note: Jinyo Maru was em-
ployed as a salmon mothership during the
summer.

te esd Melb
TUNA LONG-LINER SENT
TO VENEZUELA:

Chiba Prefecture, Japan, which established
a joint fishing base in Venezuela two years a-
go, planned to send the tuna long-liner No. 27
Kompira Maru (308 gross tons) to Cumana,
Venezuela, to fish for tuna in the Caribbean
Sea. The vessel was scheduled to arrive in
Cumana on August 20, 1961. As of July 1961,
one 88-ton long-line vessel from Chiba Pre-
fecture was fishing out of Cumana. (Trans-
lated from the Japanese periodical Nippon
Suisan Shimbun, July 17, 1961.)

EE GHE oR tes

TUNA RESEARCH COUNCIL ORGANIZED:

A permanent Tuna and Skipjack Research
Council was organized and a general organi-
zational meeting was held on August 8, 1961.
Its aim is to promote fishery sciences re-
garding tuna and skipjack fisheries, to con-
duct research and investigations, and to im-
prove fishery techniques. Membership con-
sists of central and prefectural government
agencies and institutes, fishery associations,
and a number of interested companies asso-
ciated with the tuna industry, notably makers
of fishing gear and instruments.

The council is divided into three depart-
ments: (1) Fisheries Investigation and Re-
search (oceanography and fishing condition),
(2) Fisheries Science and Techniques (fishing
vessel, fishing gear, etc.), and (3) Fish Proc-
essing. The secretariat's office is in the

‘COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

63

Tuna Building, Tokyo. (As reported by Japa-
nese periodical early in August 1961.)

Sele sb le Se
mK OI OK OK oo

VALUE OF FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO
U. S., FIRST QUARTER 1961:

The value of Japan's exports of fresh and
frozen tuna (practically all frozen) increased
from US$5,028,000 during January-March 1960
to US$5,218,000 during January-March 1961.
(U. S. Embassy, Tokyo, August 9, 1961.)

SUPPLIES OF FROZEN ALBACORE AND
YELLOWFIN TUNA FOR EXPORT LOW:
Japanese supplies of frozen albacore and
yellowfin tuna for export to the United States
were Stillinadequate as of early August 1961
and a seller's market was in the making. Ex-
port prices as of August were US$330-$335
per short ton f.o.b. for albacore and $280 for
yellowfin. The yellowfin market was firm.
(Translated from the Japanese periodical

Suisan Tsushin, August 8, 1961.)

EXPORT PRICES RAISED ON
CANNED TUNA IN BRINE:

The Japan Export Canned Tuna Packers
Association decided on August 15, 1961, to
raise the export prices of all canned light-
meat tuna in brine by 20 cents a case as of
the August sale. This means that canned
lightmeat tuna other than yellowfin will now
sell for $7.50 a case and canned yellowfin
$7.60 a case, all prices f.o.b. Japan for a 48
7-oz.-can case, Price of canned whitemeat
(albacore) shall be raised for the September
sale, but the packers plan to negotiate this
matter first with the exporters. The price
of lightmeat yellowfin tuna in brine rose from
$6.80 a case during January-June 1961, to
$7.40 a case in July, and to $7.60 a case in
August. Lightmeat other than yellowfin rose
from $6.80 a case January-June 1961, to
$7.30 a case in July, to $7.50 a case in Au-
gust.

The Packers Association also agreed on
putting on one sale per month between August
and October. At each of these sales, 100,000
cases of canned lightmeat and canned white-
meat tuna was to be offered.

Exporters are not expected to protest this
increase inasmuch as the decisions arrived

64

Japan (Contd.):

at the meeting were discussed at a confer-
ence held a day earlier between packers and
exporters. (Part of information from Suisan
Tsushin, August 16, 1961.)

Sis aton ake

sk ok
beads bade g bd

FROZEN TUNA EXPORT
PRICES INCREASED:

Albacore and yellowfin tuna are in short
supply in Japan and this shortage has firmed
prices for these two species. The export
price of frozen albacore is reported to be
$330 to $335 a short ton f.o.b. Japan, and that
for yellowfin tuna is said to be $280 a ton
f.o.b. Japan. (From Japanese periodical
Suisan Tsushin, August 7, 1961.)

ei skh se seas

CANNED TUNA IN BRINE
SALES TO U.S. IN 1961;

If the sale of Japanese canned tuna inbrine
should be carried out according to the tar-
gets announced by the Canned Tuna Packers
Association (100,000 cases each of whitemeat
and lightmeat tuna to be sold in each of the
months of August, September, and October),
sales this year to the United States will total
2,185,000 cases (1,700,000 cases of white-
meat tuna and 485,000 cases of lightmeat
tuna),

This means that Japanese canned tuna will
account for about 88 percent of the quota of
57,114,714 pounds (about 2,720,000 cases) of
canned tuna in brine which may be imported
into the United States during the calendar
year 1961 at the 125-percent rate of duty.
Any imports in excess of the quota are duti-
able at 25 percent ad valorem. (As reported
in Suisan Tsushin, August 17, 1961.)

APs 605
KOK

OFFERINGS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE FOR EXPORT:

For Sale No. 11 which started on August
17, 1961, the Tokyo Canned Tuna Sales Com-
pany offered canned tuna in brine as follows:
100,000 cases of whitemeat tuna and 50,000
cases of lightmeat tuna, An additional 50,000
cases of lightmeat tuna were to be offered
towards the latter part of August. The light-
meat tuna were being offered under the new
price of $7.60 a case for yellowfin and $7.50
a case for tuna other than yellowfin.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

Sales of canned tuna to date (Sale No. 1 to
No. 10) total 1,585,500 cases, of which
1,400,500 cases were whitemeat tuna and
185,000 cases lightmeat tuna. Last year in
late July, 1,480,000 cases of canned tuna were
sold for export, of which 800,000 cases were
whitemeat tuna and 780,000 cases lightmeat
tuna. (As reported in Japanese periodical,
Suisan Tsushin, August 17, 1961.)

sk cle ste ok ok
mk OK ok OK OOK

SALMON CATCH BY NORTH PACIFIC
MOTHERSHIP FLEETS, 1959-1960:

The total catch of salmon by the 12 Japanese mothership
fleets in the North Pacific in 1960 amounted to 26,423,807
fish as compared with 42,331,078 fish taken in 1959, a de-
crease of 15,907,271 fish, or 37.5 percent (table 1). The pink
salmon catch in 1960 was 90 percent less than in 1959; chums
were down 18 percent, and cohoes or silvers dropped 32 per-
cent. But sockeye or red catches were up 42 percent and
chinook or king catches up 165 percent as compared to 1959,

The percentage composition of the three major species
in the 1960 catch was sockeyes 49,1 percent, chums 39.8 per-
cent, and pinks 7.1 percent, In 1959 sockeyes represented
21.5 percent of the total catch, chums 30.3 percent, and pinks
44.5 percent. ;

With pink, chum, and sockeye salmon appearing in good
numbers in 1959 and with good catches of sockeye and chum
salmon in 1960, little difficulty was experienced by the moth-
ership fleets in attaining their quotas.

At the Japanese-Soviet Northwest Pacific Fisheries Com-
mission meeting in 1959, the Japanese catch quota was Set at
85,000 metric tons, Of that quota, the Japanese Fishery A-
gency assigned 70,830 metric tons to the mothership fleet and _
14,170 metric tons to the land-based salmon fleet at Hokkaido,
In 1960, by Commission action, Japan was assigned a catch
quota of 67,500 metric tons, A division of the 1960 quota, by
the Fishery Agency, gave the mothership fleet 54,000 metric
tons and the land-based fleet 13,500 metric tons,

Faced with reduced catch quotas, action was taken late in
1959, by Japanese interests, to reduce fishing effort for the
1960 season by 4 motherships and 50 catcher boats, In 1960,
the fleet consisted of 12 motherships and 410 catcher boats,
compared with 16 motherships and 460 catcher boats in 1959,

There was some variation in the length of fishing seasons
between the two years. Fishing commenced on May 21 in
1959, terminating when the quota was filled on July 25, In
1960 fishing started on May 25 and ended when the quota was
reached on August 5. The Commission had set August 10 as
the closing date for fishing in both years,

Table 1 - Catch of Salmon by Japanese North Pacific
Mothership Fleets, 1959-60

. . (Number of Fish) .,

2,242,221 5,599,630
11,552,644 | 18,508,913
12,149,699 | 18,222,535

479,243 -

26,423,807

42,331,078

Under Commission regulations an over-all tonnage quota
for salmon is set but does not limit the numbers of fish of a
given species, except for red salmon, that may be taken to at-
tain the quota. In the case of red salmon both tonnage and
numbers apply. Within the total quota set in 1959, the red
salmon catch was limited to 16,000 metric tons or 8 million
fish and in 1960, 15,500 metric tons or 7.5 million fish.

%K OK ok ok ok

October 1961

Japan (Contd.):

FISHERY AGENCY STUDYING REDUCTION
OF NORTH PACIFIC SALMON
MOTHERSHIP FLEETS:

The Japanese Fishery Agency is studying
plans to reduce the 12 salmon motherships
and 410 catcher vessels operating in the
North Pacific by 2 or 3 motherships and by
70 to 100 catcher vessels, respectively, and
the Eastern Hokkaido land-based salmon
fleet of 415 vessels by 20 to 30 percent. The
Agency is also studying ways and means of
compensating vessel owners whose vessels
may be affected under such a plan of reduc-
tion.

In 1960, the Agency reduced the number
of North Pacific salmon motherships by four
(from 16 to 12) and the catcher vessels by
90. (Translated from the July 19 and 23,
1961, issues of the Japanese periodical Suisan
Keizai Shimbun.)

erst oe tose ket as

MOTHERSHIP SALMON FLEETS TRY
NEW NYLON GILL NETS:

The Japanese mothership-type salmon
fleets appear to be convinced of the merits
of a new special monofilament nylon gill net
described as a''transparent net.’ The fleets
plan to use these types of nets next year on
a large scale.

The ''transparent net,'' produced jointly
by two Japanese firms, was supplied to all
12 fleets engaged in the mothership-type
salmon fishery on an experimental basis this
year. Catch per unit of gear is said to have
been about twice that of nylon-type gear nor-
mally used and cost was limited to less than
60 percent of regular gear. The net is most
effective when used in the ratio of 3 shackles
of regular nylon-type gear and one shackle
of monofilament gill net.

Other Japanese net manufacturers hope to
start producing ''transparent nets" in the
near future and experiments are now being
conducted to utilize the ''transparent net'' for
other fisheries. The success of this new gear
is said to mark a revolutionary step in the
field of gear development.

Japanese has been experimenting with a
monofilamnet gill net for three years. Ex-
periments were first conducted by utilizing
hatchery fish, and in 1960 the Japanese salm-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

65

on mothership fleets used this gear on a trial
basis. Although extremetly effective, it was
found to be difficult to handle due to its bulki-
ness (stiffness). Also, knot slippage occurred.
These shortcomings now appear to have been
overcome. In 1961 the salmon motherships
were furnished with about 5,000 shackles (Jap-
anese shackle is approximately 150 feet long),
the land-based Eastern Hokkaido salmon fleet
with about 1,500 shackles, and the Japan Sea
pink salmon fleet about 500 shackles.

Advantages of the monofilament gill net
are described as follows: (1) transparent
characteristic of net makes it most effective;
(2) gilled fish are not scarred; (3) gilled fish
do not fall off; (4) net does not ''roll'' (entangle)
in rough sea; (5) net more durable than exist-
ing nets. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, August 6;
Suisan Tsushin, July 31, 1961.)

sedi statislelieaien tale
siciercios nce of

SALMON MOTHERSHIPS AND CATCHER
BOATS NEGOTIATE SEASON'S
SALMON PRICES:

Negotiations between Japanese salmon
mothership operating firms and the union of
catcher boats on the ex-vessel price of salm-
on caught during this year's operations hit a
snag as of mid-July 1961.

On July 15 the first arrivals from North
Pacific salmon operations were the salmon
factoryships Chiyo Maru and Meisei Maru.
They landed at the port of Hakodate.

After the first early shipment of half-pound
cans of pink salmon at US$11.80 f.o.b. per
case (48 cans), a small amount of the same
species in tall cans was shipped to the United
States at $23 per case (48 cans). The last
price in 1960 was $20 for 48 1-pound cans of
pink salmon, but this sale seemed to consist
of land-packed fish instead of factoryship-
packed fish. (Translated from Japanese pe-
riodical dated July 17, 1961.)

cata mecca sc moe

SALMON VESSEL OWNERS REQUEST
PERMITS FOR TUNA FISHING:

The special committee established by the
Japanese National Federation of Salmon Fish-
ing Cooperative Associations to study the full
utilization of salmon fishing vessels has sub-
mitted a request to the Fishery Agency to per-
mit approximately 120 salmon fishing vessels
presently without tuna fishing licenses to go

66

Japan (Contd.):

tuna fishing. This number only includes those
vessels which want to go tuna fishing.

According to the Federation, of the 410
salmon catcher vessels which engaged in the
salmon mothership fishery this year,
over 200 do not possess tuna fishing li-
censes. These vessels are compelled to lay
up their vessels at the termination of the
salmon season (which is for about two months,
June and July). Furthermore, salmon vessel
owners are greatly disturbed over the future
development of the salmon fishery, which has
until now shown a continued downward trend
as a result of fishing agreements between
the Soviet Union and Japan. Some of them
want to be allowed to go tuna fishing, which
they consider the best way to efficiently uti-
lize their vessels during the off-season for
salmon.

To this request, the Fishery Agency Di-
rector stated that he wanted to look into the
matter carefully before arriving at any de-
cision. (As reported in Suisan Keizai Shim-
bun, August 15, 1961.)

se sk ok ok ok
* KK OK O&K

EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS
DECLINE IN FIRST HALF 1961:

During the first half of 1961, Japan's
world exports of fish and fish products a-
mounted to 133,226 metric tons valued at
US$63.5 million. This represented a sharp
decline when compared with exports of
159,630 tons valued at $104.3 million during
the second half of 1960. Exports during the
first half of 1961 also were less than the
147,070 tons valued at $70.4 million, which
Japan exported in the first half of 1960.
(United States Embassy, Tokyo, August 9,
1961.)

FROZEN SABLEFISH EXPORTED
TO UNITED STATES:

A Japanese fishing firm is reported to
have exported early in August 1961 a total
of 10 metric tons of frozen silver cod or
sablefish to the United States through San
Francisco. The fish were 5 pounds and up,
and the price was 20-22 cents per pound
c.i.f, Negotiations are in progress for the
export of sablefish in other forms.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No.10

Because other fishing companies are also
interested in this export trade, 700-800 tons
may be exported by the end of 1961. The
catch of sablefish is reported to be unexpected-
ly good this year. (Translated from the Japa-
nese periodical Suisan Keizai Shimbun, Au-
gust 8, 1961.)

He oe ok oe ole
EXPORTS TO UNITED STATES OF MAJOR
CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1959-1960:
Japanese exports to the United States of canned fish,
fruits, and other edible food products amounted in 1960 to
4,049,739 actual cases valued at US$36.5 million as compared

to 1959 exports of 4,479,281 cases valued at $47.8 million. A
The bulk of the canned food exports consisted of fishery prod-

1960 1959

Product

US$ US$

301,719

6,748,606
35,784
13,181

Albacore in brine | 974,642] 9,254,975/1,002,775| 10,277,411
Other tunain brine] 30,341| 215,558} 28,773] 214,061
Skipjack in brine. |1,020,967| 6,870,575

Other 1,998 8,525

17,906,125

3,139

94,897

262,136
142,057] 986,492] 116,932] 827,311
130,348} 921,842] 110,835] 840,614
272,405| 1,908,334] 227,767] 1,667,925

ucts, Exports in 1960 were up significantly for canned prod-
ucts other than fish and shellfish and down substantially for
canned fishery products. (Translated from Japanese
sources.)

2,027,948/16,349,633

3,450
116,183
290,172

re ry

oY 3 oy ste
Deaconess

IMPORTS OF FROZEN SHRIMP: :
Japanese importation of shrimp has come
under an automatic license system since July
12, 1961. As of early July 1961, import con-
tracts have included about 1,700 metric tons
of shrimp (about 3.7 million pounds). It is
estimated that some 900 tons would come
from Mexico, 500 tons (about 1.1 million
pounds) from the United States, 200 tons
from Communist China, and 100 tons (catch
of Communist China) from Hong Kong. It is
said that of the total tonnage of shrimp to be

imported, 75 percent is going to the five big
fishing companies of Japan. (Translated
from Japanese periodical dated July 19, 1961.)

October 1961

Japan (Contd.):

Editor's Note: According to United States
export statistics, for January-April 196l a
total of 197,900 pounds of frozen shrimp of
U. S. production were shipped to Japan and
817,900 pounds of frozen shrimp of foreign
origin (mostly Mexican) were re-exported to
Japan,

BERING SEA BOTTOMFISH
FISHERY TRENDS:

According to available information in July
1961, the 20 Japanese mothership-type long-
line fleets operating in the Bering Sea be-
tween Cape Olyutorski and Cape Navarinare
catching much less halibut than anticipated
and are placing emphasis on catching sable-
fish, which are now being exported to the
United States.

Fishing as whole on a per-vessel basis
appears poor, the primary reason being the
tremendous concentration of fleets in a rela-
tively confined area. In June 1961, the fish-
ing companies requested that they be allowed
to fish elsewhere in the Bering Sea and south
of the Aleutian Islands. This request was de-
nied, but the latest move by these companies
to expand their operations elsewhere in the
Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans is now
being carefully studied by the Japanese Fish-
ery Agency. (Translated from several Japa-
nese periodicals, various dates in July 1961.)

THREE FISHERY FIRMS TO FISH
KING CRAB IN BRISTOL BAY IN FALL1961:
The Japanese Fishery Agency has decided
to permit three large Japanese fishing firms
to fish for king crab in Bristol Bay in the fall
of 1961 on an experimental basis. The A-
gency's intention is to let the three compa-
nies operate canning factoryships ranging
in size from 1,000 to 1,500 gross tons. The
fleets were assigned a combined quotas of
700 metric tons of frozen king crab. The
three companies will be permitted to oper-
ate a king crab fleet under joint management
in the spring of 1962, if the fall operations
prove successful. The Agency also is re-
ported not to have any objections to having
still another company operate a king crab
factoryship on an experimental basis, if that
company wishes to do so.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

67

The motherships to be operated are the
Eshin Maru with 4 catcher boats, the Chichibu
Maru with 6 catcher boats, and No. 31 Banshu
Maru with 6 catcher boats. Fishing operations
were scheduled to begin in August with a cut-
off date set for October 31, 1961.

The Japanese fishing firm which owns the
newly-constructed Eshin Maru (1,494 gross
tons) had planned to send the mothership to
the Indian Ocean in August to fish for tuna,
but when the Fishery Agency announced its
willingness to issue permi’s for crab fishing,
the firm diverted the vessel to the Bering Sea
as a king crab freezership.

In 1961, Japan is operating two king crab
motherships in the Bristol Bay area. They
are the Tokei Maru, 5,386 gross tons, which
produced 80,000 cases of king crab between
April 12 and July 2, and the Shinyo Maru
5,630 gross tons, which was assigned a quota
of 180 metric tons of frozen king crab, Ac-
cording to available information, Shinyo Maru,
which is also packing frozen fish, was still on
the fishing grounds as of early August. The
Tokei Maru is jointly operated by three fishing
companies and is licensed as a commercial
king crabfactoryship. ShinyoMaru is oper-
ated by one fishing firm and is licensedas an
experimental king crabfreezer vessel. (As
reported by various Japanese periodicals
and the United States Embassy in Tokyo.)

FISHING FIRM TO OPERATE FISH MEAL
FACTORYSHIP OFF ANGOLA:

A large Japanese fishing firm was sched-
uled in October 1961 to dispatch its fish meal
factoryship Renshin Maru (14,094 gross tons)
to the waters off Angola to operate for a pe-
riod of 75 days (production target--7,000 to
8,000 metric tons of fish meal), November
1961-February 1962. On August 17 this year
the Fishery Agency approved the firm's re-
quest to engage in this new venture on an ex-
perimental basis. Also, on the same day,
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
approved an allocation of foreign funds for
the purpose. The Government of Portugal
has already approved this venture. The ves-
sel had been operating in the Bering Sea.

The Japanese firm has an agreement with
the Angolan state (planning) corporation at
Luanda, Angola, whereby the small fishing
vessels affiliated with the corporation will
sell their catches of sardines to the Renshin
Maru for processing into fish meal. Produc-

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

tion over and beyond the established target
shall be turned over to the Angolan corpora-
tion, for which processing fees shall be
charged for labor. The fish meal brought
back by the factoryship is expected to be en-
tered into Japan free of duty. Although the
waters off Angola are rich in resources, fish-
meal processing facilities on land are in-
adequate and Angola is looking forward to
the arrival of the Renshin Maru.

Japan annually imports from 30,000 to
50,000 metric tons of fish meal, and as of
mid-July had already imported about 30,000

metric tons of fish meal from Peru this year.

The Japanese firm hopes to produce suffici-
ent fish meal so that a balance between do-
mestic consumption and domestic production
can be attained, thereby eliminating the ne-
cessity of importing foreign meal. Concrete
plans are to be developed after a thorough
survey is made of fishing conditions off the
coast of Angola. (Translated from various
Japanese periodicals.)

lee let mle: ale al
HC; IC vole aie

PACKING OF CANNED
JACK MACKEREL CONTINUES:

Japanese packing of jack mackerel for
export has been in progress since April1961.
Shipments to the sales company as of early
July amounted to over 500,000 cases, but
were expected to reach 600,000 cases by the
end of July. As of early July about 150,000
cases were still unsold. (Translated from
Japanese periodical dated July 15, 1961.)

sle ste ale cle ook
San orem ionic

OVERSEAS TRAWL FISHERIES:

Japanese periodicals in 1961 have carried
numerous articles concerning the plans of
the major Japanese fishing companies to in-
crease their overseas trawling operations.
It appears that the success achieved by Ja-
pan's overseas trawl fleet has moved the
Japanese trawl industry to greatly acceler-
ate trawl fishery operations overseas, This
success has prompted the Japanese compa-
nies operating mothership-type long-line
fleets in the Bering Sea to request the Fish-
ery Agency that they be allowed to operate
their long-line fleets in the same general
grounds fished by the distant-water trawl
fleets.

Vol. 23, No. 10

A major problem which the Fishery Agency
faces is in working out satisfactory adjust-
ments in the operations of the dtstant-water
trawl fishery to accommodate the mothership-
type long-line fleets, and the Fishery Agency
seems to be studying this problem from the
over-all perspective of the existing trawl fish-
eries, such as the East China Sea and Bering
Sea trawl fisheries.

The traditional fishing grounds of the Japa-
nese trawl fishery are in the East China Sea.
However, the steadily declining catch in that
area (catch of 17,600 tons in 1958 was 2 per-
cent less than in the previous year and 45 per-
cent less than in 1953) and the unstable opera-
tional conditions of that fishery prompted one
of the large Japanese companies to send two
of its 500-ton trawlers off northwest Australia
and one 1,000-ton trawler to West Africa in
1959, The initial withdrawal of these Japanese
trawlers from the East China Sea and their
subsequent redeployment elsewhere marks the
beginning of Japan's present overseas trawl
operations,

Japan's trawl fleet is presently fishing in
the waters off northwest Australia, west of
New Zealand, and off West Africa, as well as
in the Bering Sea. A large Japanese fishing
company, in anticipation of concentrations of
Japanese trawlers off West Africa, portend-
ing the likelihood of a glut of sea bream oc-
curring in Japan, is trying to develop a new
market for sea bream in Europe and Africa,
Between December 1960 and June 1961, the
firm exported 1,000 metric tons of sea bream
to Europe through an Italian agent at $200 a
ton. During the latter half of 1961, the same
firm plans to export an additional 2,000-3,000
tons to Europe.

Sea bream brings about $275 per ton in
Japan but it costs about $60 to $65 per ton to
ship to Japan. Thus, the export price to
Europe of $200 a ton is considered attractive,
although the Japanese firm's officials claim
that the Europeans and Africans will have to
be ''educated" to eat sea bream.

Another Japanese fishing company is con-
structing a sistershiptoits Amagi Maru, 2,250
gross tons, called the Ibuki Maru, 2,500 gross
tons. This stern trawler was expected to be
completed in September and was to be sent
to West Africa. In addition, the same firm is
planning to undertake the construction of 4
more large stern trawlers, of which 3 are

October 1961

Japan (Contd.):

expected to be completed by the summer of
1962, and the fourth in late 1962, bringing
the firm's distant-water trawl fleet to a to-
tal of six vessels. Of the six, it appears that
the firm will dispatch five trawlers to the
Atlantic Ocean. The same firm also is said
to be considering constructing a cold-stor-
age plant at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, to
handle the catch of its Atlantic trawl fleet.
As of July 1961, the company was landing sea
bream at Ghana and was planning on utilizing
the existing cold storage plant in Tema,
Ghana. If cold storage facilities at Las Pal-
mas or at Tema are not adequate, as a result
of the expansion which the firm is planning,
the company may build a 2,000-ton capacity
cold-storage plant at Tema, although negoti-
ations on this matter had not been started
with the Ghanian Government as of mid-1961.

A third Japanese fishing firm operated
the stern trawler No. 50 Akebono Maru,
1,470 gross tons, in the Bering Sea this year
and has constructed the No. 51 Akebono Maru
(date of completion--August 31, 1961), which
will be dispatched to the Bering Sea. The
same firm is planning to construct two addi-
tional stern trawlers, and upon their com-
pletion in spring 1962 they will be sent to
West Africa and to the Bering Sea.

Other Japanese fishing firms are reported
planning to operate in the Atlantic trawl fish-
ery in 1962, but no information is available
concerning their plans. (Information in this
article excerpted from translations of sev-
eral articles which appeared in a number of
Japanese periodicals in March-July 1961.)

toda stati alaii ale thy alo:

STUDY OF FOREIGN
FISHING ENTERPRISES:

The Japanese Fishery Agency has made
a study on the status of Japanese overseas
fishing enterprises. About half of the over-
seas fishing ventures engaged in by Japan
(which reportedly total about 80) are small-
scale short-term enterprises. Many are re-
ported to have failed, while others have failed
even before plans could be carried out. But
it is reported that the number of the enter-
prises is increasing yearly.

The Fishery Agency hopes to bring the
Japanese overseas fishing enterprise picture
up to date and has requested the prefectural
governments to conduct the survey within

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

their prefectures, and to include in the study

a review of the measures adopted in establish-
ing overseas enterprises. (Translated from
the Japanese periodical Suisan Tsushin, July
24, 1961.)

Editor's Note: According to information
from previous news releases in Japanese pe-
riodicals, Japan does not appear to have any
fixed policy concerning the establishment of
foreign fishing bases. The determination of
whether or not a foreign base should be es-
tablished appears to have been made on the
merits of each individual case. Most of the
earlier fishing bases established in foreign
countries have been for the purpose of catch-
ing tuna, but this picture has changed con-
siderably of late and become more complex,
with many more overseas bases being estab-
lished. Many of the new enterprises being
established in foreign countries by Japan are
for catching species other than tuna, e.g.,
shrimp and bottomfish.

Japan now appears to be planning a basic
policy concerning the establishment of for-
eign bases so that a ''race'' for overseas bases
and new markets would be eliminated and the
impact that such overseas bases would have
on Japan, as well as the country in whichthey
are being established, and on market condi-
tions in general would be taken into account.

te sle gle ale se
Kok OE OK

NEW FISH SAUSAGE PLANT
TO BE CONSTRUCTED: 2

A Japanese fishing company plans to con-
struct a fish sausage-ham plant with a daily
productive capacity of 200,000 pieces of fish
sausages at Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture.
Construction was to begin in August 1961 and
the plant is scheduled to be completed in
March 1962, Total construction cost is esti-
mated at 200 million yen or US$500,000.
(Translated from Japanese periodical Shin
Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, July 21, 1961.)

Translator's Note: Fish sausage has prov-
en to be a popular food item in Japan and all
the major Japanese fishing companies are ex-
panding their operations in this field. The
company building the new plant, for example,
is presently known to operate four fish saus-
age plants with a total productive capacity of
700,000 fish sausages a day. Another large
fishing company's production of fish sausages
totals 1.6 million sausages a day; another
produces 350,000 pieces a day. The combined
1960 production of fish sausages and fish hams

70

Japan (Contd.):

totaled 85,442 metric tons. This represents
about a fivefold increase in production of
those products over a five-year span.

The increasing growth of the fish sausage-
ham industry means that the demand for tuna
will continue to increase, for tuna is an im-
portant ingredient of fish sausage. Accord-
ing to news reports, big-eyed tuna appears
to be used extensively. To meet demand,
fish sausage producers have for some time
been requesting that more of the tuna caught
by the tuna motherships, the quota for which
was increased this year, be made available
to them.

JAPAN COVIRRENT

a

Liberia

AGREEMENT REACHED WITH TAIWAN
FOR JOINT TUNA FISHERY
OFF WEST AFRICA:

An agreement was signed this summer
between Liberia and Taiwan on agriculture
and fisheries technical aid and development
for Liberia. The part dealing with fisheries
calls for a joint undertaking of tuna long-
line fishing off West Africa for which the
Taiwan Government plans to send techni-
cians to Liberia. Tuna fishing carried on
jointly by the two countries is expected to
be based at Monrovia, Liberia, according to
a report from Taiwan (Formosa). (From a
translation of a news item in the Japanese
periodical Suisan Tsushin, August 4, 1961.)

Malaya

CANNED TUNA PACKING:

The joint Japanese-Malaya fishery prod-
ucts company in Penang, Malaya, is using
tuna from the Indian Ocean in its canned tuna
pack. On July 26, 1961, an official of the
firm pointed out that three types of tuna are
caught in the Indian Ocean: albacore or
white-meat tuna; and yellowfin and big-eyed,
both of which are called light-meat tuna. In
addition a number of spearfish, including
swordfish, are caught, but there has been no
demand for their meat on the local market,
and they are not canned.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

' the shell on,

Vol. 23, No. 10

The tuna canned by the company is packed
in cottonseed oil or soybean oil. A small
quantity for the Danish market has been
packed in tomato sauce. The size used is
the 7-ounce can, About 7,000 cases (48 7-oz.
cans) per month are packed,

Until recently most of the canned tuna was
shipped to West Germany, with smaller quan-
tities to Denmark, Holland, Belgium, and the
United Kingdom. However, in July Canada re-
ceived a shipment. The official of the firm
added that there is still no market for tuna in
Malaya. (United States Consulate, Penang,
report of July 27, 1961.)

<>

KTUNA

Mexico

CRAB MEAT INDUSTRY:

Blue crabs are found on both coasts of Mexico. Commer-
cial utilization, however, is limited almost entirely to the
east coast area between Tampico, Tamaulipas, and Alvarado,
Veracruz.

The records of the Mexican Bureau of Fisheries and Allied
Industries group crab meat along with other shellfish meats,
It is believed, nevertheless, that most of the poundage in that
classification is crab meat, The Mexican records show 250.1
metric tons of shellfish meats produced in 1959 and 402.9 tons
in 1960. In addition there were 556.2 tons of whole blue crabs
landed in 1959 and 691.0 tons in 1960.

It is believed that crab and crab meat production in Mexico
could be increased appreciably provided a ready market were
available and the smaller sizes utilizable. The east coast
probably is not producing near capacity and the west coast,
particularly in the States of Sonora, Sinaloa, and Nayarit, has
hardly been touched. The blue crabs of the west coast gener-
ally have been considerably smaller in size than those of the
east coast. The smaller size of those crabs undoubtedly has
contributed to their non-use. The blue crabs from Laguna
Madre and the Tampico-Laguna Tamiahua areas are said to
be the largest in Mexico. Those from the Veracruz- Alvarado
region are reported to be somewhat smaller.

With the interest now being shown at Tampico in crab meat
production for export, it is probable that exports of this prod-
uct will continue to increase. Mexican export data give ex-
ports of blue crab as fresh, iced or frozen and they do not in-
dicate whether the product is whole or whether it is meat.
Local sources state that almost all, if not all, of Mexican blue
crab (jaiba) exports are in the form of crab meat. The stone
crab (cangrejo moro) is the only form normally exported with
Stone crab exports are listed under miscellane-
ous shellfish.

Mexican blue crab exports (all to the United States) were
1.8 metric tons in 1959 and 7.9 tons in 1960. All of this is re-
ported to come from the Tampico area and most of it probably
arrives at the United States border aboard trucks.

Most of the Mexican crab meat production is sold in Mexico
City. For this local consumption no separation is made of claw,
lump, and body meat. All are mixed together with a rather
large proportion of shell. The fastidious end user must re-pick
the meat before use.

This meat (unre-picked) is sold by the primary wholesaler
in Mexico City at prices varying between 8.50 and 9.00 pesos
per kilo (about 30.9 and 32.7 U. S, cents per pound.) It is re-
ported that the f.o.b. cost Mexico City to the primary whole-

October 1961

Mexico (Contd.):

saler runs between 6.50 and 7.00 pesos per kilo (about 23.6
and 25.4 cents per pound),

Costs for crab meat suitable for the markets in the United
States should run somewhat higher than the above since more
care in the picking and cleaning is required,

Blue crabs and their meats are subject to both severance
and export taxes, The current severance tax on crab meat is
10 centavos a kilo and the export duty is 20.4 centavos (about
0.4 and 0.7 cents per pound, respectively).

The severance tax on whole blue crab taken from fresh
water is 2 centavos per kilo and 4 centavos from salt water
(about 0.07 and 0.15 cents per pound), Export duties on whole
blue crabs are the same as for the crab meat (about 0.7 cents
per pound)--Information supplied on July 25, 1961, by United
States Embassy, Mexico City.

Tats Oe En
i Er brauene ers

ENSENADA FISHERIES TRENDS,
APRIL-JUNE 1961:

During June 1961, hopes for increased
landings of fish and shellfish in the Ensenada
area of Mexico's west coast were raised
with reports of better fishing in nearby wa-
ters. Over 12,000 pounds of shrimp were
reported taken from the waters of Magdalena
Bay in the Territory of Baja California. Re-
ports on abalone landings were not available
as of the end of June.

The Fisheries Office in Ensenada re-
ported that it is losing revenue due to the
recent practice of tuna fishermen in using
"'deep-net'' methods for fishing beyond Mexi-
can territorial waters.

Final figures released on the 1960/61
spiny lobster fishing season show a total of
1,545,966 pounds landed at Ensenada. Gov-
ernment revenue from the catch amounted
to 211,359 pesos (about US$17,000), accord-
ing to a United States consular dispatch from
Tijuana dated July 5, 1961.

EX-VESSEL PRICES FOR SHRIMP
UP SHARPLY IN AUGUST:

Light shrimp landings on the Texas coast
and another price war at Mexican Gulf Coast
ports of Carmen and Campeche resulted in
a sharp increase in Mexican ex-vessel
shrimp prices between late July and mid-
August 1961, Ex-vessel prices at Salina
Cruz, which had been steady for some time,
jumped 4 to 10 U.S. cents a pound on August
21, 1961, July-August landings in the Car-
men-Campeche area and at Salina Cruz were
reported light.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW fil

Table 1 - Ex-Vessel Shrimp Prices at Mexican Gulf Coast
Ports of Carmen and Campeche, July 26-August 18, 1961

The closed season alon? the Pacific north-
west coast, which is Mexico's greatest shrimp
producing area, was lifted in the bays and in-

Table 2 - Ex-Vessel Brown Shrimpi/ Prices at Mexican
West Coast Port of Salina Cruz, August 18& 21, 1961

(U. S. Cents Per Pound)
60

terior waters on August 25. Trawling in out~
side waters in that area was expected to start
again on September 15, (Reported by United
States Embassy, Mexico, August 22, 1961.)

Morocco

CANNED FISH EXPORTS:

Morocco's canned fish exports for the
packing season June 1960-July 1961 amounted
to 2,331,451 cases. Of the total, 1,984,572
cases were sardines, 130,988 cases tuna, and
215,891 cases other types of canned fish. The
1960/61 exports were substantially higher
than the 1959/60 season exports of 2,066,569
cases, of which 1,674,082 cases were sar-
dines. (From a July 27, 1961, report of the
United States Embassy, Rabat.)

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Norway

AFFECT OF EEC ON FISHERIES
DISCUSSED BY FISHERIES MINISTER:

The Norwegian Fisheries Minister stated
late in August 1961 that a European market
arrangement based on the Treaty of Rome
would affect Norwegian fisheries regardless
of whether or not Norway joins the six nation
European Economic Community (EEC), Ad-
dressing the national convention of the Nor-
wegian Fishermen's Federation, he stated
that Norway in the near future would have to
choose between three alternatives: (1) seek
negotiations with a view to full membership
in EEC; (2) apply for a looser connection as
an associate member; or (3) not to engage in
any negotiations at all. When all necessary
studies have been completed, he said, the
Government will submit its recommenda-
tions to the new Parliament, due to be elected
September 11, 1961.

The Fishermen's convention unanimously
adopted a resolution expressing deep concern
about a possible Norwegian connection with
EEC, A question of primary concern is the
right of establishment provided in the Rome
Treaty, and also the right of foreigners to
fish inside Norway's fishery zone.

In his address to the convention, the Fish-
eries Minister observed that about 50 per-
cent of Norway's total exports of fish and
fish products now goes to Western Europe.
This amounts to some Kr. 450 million
(US$62,762,000) annually in foreign exchange
earnings. If Norway decides to stay out of a
market arrangement based on the Rome
Treaty, he said, it will have grave conse-
quences for the nation's fish exports. Thus,
under the new joint external tariffs, which
EEC has decided to put into effect, West
Germany will raise the import duty on fro-
zen fish fillets from 5 to 18 percent, while
the duty in Belgium, Netherlands, and Lux-
embourg will go up from 0 to 18 percent.
(News of Norway, August 31, 1961.)

FISHERY AND WHALING TRENDS,
FIRST HALF 1961:

Herring Fishery: In addition to the ad-
verse effects on production and the balance
of payments, Norway's virtually complete
failure of the 1961 winter herring season
has been a serious blow to the fishermen
and to the 70-odd herring reduction plants
along the west coast. The steady decline of

Vol. 23, No. 10

winter herring catches (94 percent in the past
five years) tends to confirm the predictions of
the fisheries research experts that this vital
fishery, which once accounted for the bulk of
the fish catch, is nearing the énd of a cycle
and that within a few years the herring may
disappear entirely from the Norwegian coast
for a decade or two.

A Government commission established one
year ago to investigate the entire matter has
recently submitted a report on its findings
and recommendations. The commission rec-
ommended, among other things, that the her-
ring fishermen continue to receive state aid,
that 5 million kroner (US$700,000) be made
available for loans to the fishermen, and that
a state agency be set up to help direct the
herring fishermen into other fisheries.

Whaling Factoryship Sold to Japan: A

Norwegian shipowner has sold the whale fac-
toryship Kosmos III to Japanese interests to-
gether with the five whale-catching boats and
the appurtenant catching rights amounting to
700 blue-whale units (from Norway's Antarc-
tie catch quota for 1961/62) for Kr. 55.5 mil-
lion (almost US$7.8 million). Included in the
agreement was 12.5 percent of the Norwegian
catch quota for seasons subsequent to 1961/62.
The Norwegian Government approved the sale
only on the condition that the sale not be con-
sidered a precedent for the sale of other fac-
toryships to foreign purchasers. The owner
of the Kosmos III has agreed to compensate
any other Norwegian whaling companies which
cease Antarctic operations. The Japanese have
renamed the factoryship, Nisshin Maru No. 3.

Permission for the sale, granted by the
Government upon advice from the Norwegian
Whaling Council, required dispensationfrom
the Whaling Law, which forbids the transfer
of Norwegian whaling vessels to alien citizens
or companies,

The reason for the sale is the decreasing
return of the Kosmos III over the past sever-
al years. In 1960 and 1961 the expedition
produced only about half the whale oil it did
in 1957. Kosmos IV, also owned by a com-
pany controlled by the same shipowner, has
produced even less. It was recently an-
nounced that the factoryships Pelagos and
Thorshammer will not participate in the
next whaling season and that the company
owning the Kosmos III will compensate the
owners of those two ships with the payment
of Kr. 7.5 million (a little over $1.0 million)
to each owner.

—— se

October 1961

Norway (Contd.):

In a radio address following the sale, the
owner of Kosmos III declared that the future
prospects for Norwegian whaling appear dim.
He alluded to diminishing whale stocks, the
decreasing price of whale oil, and the rapid
expansion of the whaling fleets of two nations.
He charged that the international whaling
regulations with respect to duration of the
season and the type of whales that may be
taken are being violated because of inade-
quate international control, and asserted
that this had placed the Norwegian expedi-
tions at a disadvantage. Finally he said that
he doubted there would ever be really effec-
tive international control of whaling.

The sale reduced Norway's fleet of fac-
toryships for Antarctic whaling to 7 and in-
creased Japan's fleet to 8. Other countries
that operate during the Antarctic season, to-
gether with the number of factoryships each
employs, are: the U.S.S.R., 3; the United
Kingdom, 2; and the Netherlands, 1. Two
Norwegian factoryships will probably be
scrapped in the next several years, andtheir
catch quotas will be redistributed among
Norway's remaining ships. (Excerpts from
United States Embassy, Oslo, reports of
July 21 and August 1, 1961; News of Norway,

Table 1 - Peru’s Principal Fishery Products Exports, First Quarter 1959-61

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

73

August 17, 1961; Foreign Crops and Markets,
LOS Department of Agriculture, August 28,
1961.)

Pakistan

NEW SHRIMP TRAWLER PURCHASED
FROM MEXICAN SHIPYARD:

In late July 1961, a 65-foot shrimp trawl-
er was about ready to be launched from a
shipyard in Mazatlan on Mexico's west coast
for the Government of Pakistan. The new
vesselis a conventional shrimp trawler
equipped with a Diesel engine. It is reported
that if arrangements can be made, the Gov-
ernment of Pakistan may order additional
shrimp trawlers from Mexican shipyards,
the United States Embassy in Mexico City
reported on July 26, 1961.
3)

ba ad
Peru

FISHERIES TRENDS, SECOND QUARTER 1961:

ee
In the second quarter of 1961 the orderly marketing of fish

meal continued to be effective under guidance of the Consorcio

Pesquero del Peru, 8.A. (Consortium), Due to the efforts of

Quantity F.o,b, Value
Products January-March January-March
1961 1959 1961 1960

Soles US$ Soles US$

eoeoee (Metric Tons)....- | 1 Million} 1,000 | 1 Million} 1,000

Skipjack tuna ...0+0e 947 1,650 930 2.3 86 4.7 170

Othenitunateesterciereve 222, 2,396 2,976 0.6 22 7.0 253

Swordfish </5\6)sleitie.> 66 4 82 0.8 30 f

Shrimp (‘‘Langostinos”’) 40 13 atbeab
4,090 3,951 4,8
4,166 3,540 42.1
110 241 4,2

Fish Byproducts:
Fish meal ,

160,677
905
17,162
2,036

Total Byproducts , 180,780 158,110 57,106

a per ng eg aa ar azae tasa | eae ee

Note: Tee rate for U.S, dollar exchange certificates was 26,80 soles in the first quarter o

961; 37.70 soles in oes

same period of 1960; and 26,40 soles in the first quarter of 1959.

74

Peru (Contd.):

the Consortium and the stronger world market for fish meal,
prices were maintained at a fair level. Data published by the
Consortium show a price of $102 per metric ton (US$92.53 a
short ton) c.&f, European markets at the beginning of the A-
pril 1961 quarter. Later in the quarter prices increased to
$121 a metric ton ($109.77 a short ton) and to $125 a metric
ton ($113.40 a short ton), and reached $128 a metric ton
($116.12 a short ton) about mid-May, They remained at that
level until the end of June.

Records of export shipments maintained by the Peruvian
National Fisheries Society show a total of 310,088 metric tons
as having been exported during the first five months of 1961.
Some 82 percent of that went to five countries: Holland (29
percent), Germany (23 percent), the United States (17 percent),
England (8 percent), and Japan (5 percent), The 5-months

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 2 - Fish Meal Export Prices f.0.b, Peruvian Ports
65 Percent Protein for Future or Spot Delivery

« «+ - o(US$/Short Ton). wees

Month:
JUNE S eisieiesale’s ace
May esccc cosccs
April . etgratetate

Average April-June .

rate of export appears to be well within the quota for the first
half of 1961 (340,000 tons) with which the industry was in
accord, following the establishment of an export quota for Peru
of 600,000 tons at the Paris meeting of fish meal producers in
October 1960.

However, although official data are lacking, members of
the fish meal industry have indicated that Peruvian fish meal
producers, up to early August, had already sold, for delivery
during 1961, more than the annual quota of 600,000 tons, and
that the total production for the year will reach 800,000 tons.
These members anticipate a 1962 Peruvian production of
more than 1 million tons, It is reported that several new fish
meal plants are being built, although no record of the issu-
ance of the required Governmental permit for this activity

lat Market Prices 1/:
European Shipments:

June i Ga SOMWs ferersleleieusieveters

short ton c,&,
nn teOsDs2/,
of,

” ”

* f0.b, 2/

16=fime 15 52sec sc:

May
+”

Protein Market Prices 3/:
European Shipments: —

sure HIG -OO Pree retetesesc eieieiere

protein unit c.&f,
short ton c,&,

” ” f,0,b,2, Vi
protein unit c,&,
short ton c,&,
short ton f,0,b. 2

May 1é-June 15...
”

so ”

e@e0 ee ceo ee

States and West Germany.

analysis of shipments on arrival,

Table 1 - Peruvian Anchovy Fish Meal Prices, June 16-30, 1961

i/**Flat’? market is for sales made with a guaranteed minimum of protein a
to the buyer’s advantage, The most important flat markets for Peruvian fish meal are the east coast of the United

2/The Boletin informativo showed prices in metric tons c,&f.; f.o.b, prices were calculated by subtracting US$19,05
a short ton (equal to $21,00 a metric ton) for cost of freight to Europe, $26,31 a short ton (equal to $29,00 a metric ton)
for freight to the United States west coast, and $20,41 a short ton (equal to $22.50 a metric ton) for freight to U, S, Gulf
of Mexico ports, Prices per unit converted to prices per short ton on basis of 65 percent protein meal,

3/‘*Protein’’ market is based on the price per unit of protein and buyers must pay for any excess protein found by laboratory

Vol. 23, No. 10

has been published in the official newspaper, Fishing vessels
continue to be launched from the numerous shipyards along
the Peruvian Coast at the rate of about one per week. Many
of them are 65-foot steel-hulled vessels.

There are other factors in the existing situation in the Pe-
ruvian industry which suggest that fish meal prices may not
remain at their present level. Some observers believe that
the European market is weakening and that resistance to the
high prices for Peruvian fish meal is growing stronger there,
It has been reported that there was about 140,000 tons of fish
meal in stock in Peru for future delivery as of the end of Ju-
ly, which points to one of the problems the Consortium faces,
that is, the maintenance of prices in the face of bank pressure
upon producers for the liquidation of loans.

There has been no indication of any effort on the part of the
Government of Peru or the industry itself to control its growth
or to take the restraining action necessary to prevent a recur~
rence of the 1960 slump in the market for fish meal,

Total exports of fishery products in the first quarter 1961
were up 12 percent in quantity, but down about 15 percent in
value compared with the first quarter of last year, reflecting
the lower prices of fish meal and the substantial drop in ex-
ports of frozen fish (about 68 percent reduction in volume; 62
percent in value). The tonnage of fish meal exports in the Jan-
uary- March 1961 quarter increased by 8.5 percent, but the
value was down 25.4 percent as compared with a similar peri-
od in 1960, Exports of fish oil in the first quarter of this year
rose sharply (259 percent) from the same quarter of 1960 and
were almost 13 times the exports for the January-March quar-
ter of 1959. (Reported August 3, 1961, by United States Em-
bassy, Lima.)

eK OK ROK

FISH MEAL PRICES AND SALES,
JUNE 16-30, 1961:

The following fish meal prices and sales in the European
and United States markets were included in the June 30, 1961,
issue of the Boletin Informativo, published by the Consorcio
Pesquero del Peru S. A. (Consortium).

From June 16-30, 1961, the Consortium received 25 firm
orders for fish meal, of which 13 for 3,575 metric tons were
approved for shipment as follows: June 200 tons; July 125
tons; August 600 tons; September 450 tons; October 700 tons;

Price Range in US$

116,12

97,07
121,56
102.51

89,44

percent), Any excess of protein is

ly 6

October 1961

Peru (Contd.):

November 750 tons; and December 750.tons, Except for 25
tons for Colombia, all sales during the June 16-30 period
were to the European market. No sales were made to the
United States. Sales for the flat market amounted to 3,075
tons (includes 900 tons of bonito meal), and 500 tons were
for the protein-unit market,

Sales of bonito meal to the European market were made
at $117.50 a metric ton c.&f. ($106.60 a short ton) or $87.55
a short ton f.o.b.

Portugal

FISHERY TRENDS, JANUARY-JUNE 1961:
Portuguese exports of canned fish (includ-
ing sardines, anchovies, and tuna) increased
from 21,570 metric tons in January-June
1960 to 23,173 tons in the same months this
year. The value increased from 341 million
escudos (US$1.2 million) in 1960 to 413.3 mil-
lion escudos ($1.4 million) in 1961.

Early July reports from the cod fleet off
the Newfoundland Banks were good and it was
reported that some trawlers planned to make
two trips. The vessels were moving from
the Banks to areas off Greenland to complete
their cargoes.

Early July reports from Oporto indicated
that the catch of the Matosinhos sardine fleet,
which began its fishing season on April 16,
had been poor.

Pack data for the first quarter of 1961
show that the output of canned sardines, tuna,
and anchovies was below last year's first
quarter pack, although there were sufficient
stocks on hand to enable shippers to increase
their exports during the first five months of
1961 over last year's first five months. Sales
to the United States in 1961 of canned fish (in-
cluding anchovies) showed an increase over
1960 for the same period.

The typical feeling in the industry was the
view expressed recently in the Jornal do
Comercio of Lisbon that with the reduction
of tariffs within the European Common Mar-
ket (EEC), Portuguese canned fish sales to
the EEC would doubtless decline. It also noted
that a recent Cairo meeting of African States
had recommended a boycott of Portuguese
products, which might also prove serious
since 12 percent of Portuguese canned fish

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

75

exports are sold in Africa. (United States

Embassy, Lisbon, report of July 17, 1961.)

Note: Values converted at rate of 28.90 escudos equal US$1 in
1961 and 28.80 escudos equal US$1 in 1960.

Senegal

TERRITORIAL, WATERS AND
FISHING RIGHTS DEFINED: |

Two laws concerning Senegal's territorial
waters were published by the Senegalese Jour=
nal Official of July 10, 1961. The first, Law
No. 61-46 of June 21, 1961, is concerned with
fishing rights within Senegalese territorial
waters, and the second, Law No. 61-51 of
June 21, 1961, delimits territorial waters.

Only Senegalese fishermen may fish within
the territorial waters unless a convention a-
greed to by Senegal has recognized the right
of others to do so. Any violators will face
the possibility of seizure of vessel and catch,
and fines totaling between 180,000 and
1,800,000 francs C.F.A. (about US$729-$7,293)
may be levied against them.

Senegal's territorial waters are defined as
extending Six nautical miles from a point
reached by the lowest ebb tide. An additional
six nautical miles are considered ''a contigu-
ous zone,"

Senegal also reserves all underwater sub-
terranean exploitation rights on the continent-
al shelf, which is defined as lying between the
point reached by the lowest ebb tide and the
line of depth of 200 meters (109.33 fathoms),
according to an August 3, 1961, report from
the United States Embassy, Dakar.

Notes: (1) Six nautical miles or "six milles marinss" a French
nautical mile (about 6,031.3 feet) is defined as 0,992 British
nautical mile (about 6,080 feet).

(2) 246.8 C,F.A. francs equal USS1,.

Soiree keine

TUNA INDUSTRY:

The importance of the tuna industry inSen-
egal has been steadily increasing (see table),
The tuna is mostly yellowfin. Dakar is the
center of the tuna industry.

The 1960/61 season was disappointing due
to a shortage of tuna, probably explained by
Dakar's vulnerable location at the upper lim-
it of the tuna fishing areas off West Africa.
The catch target was 13,500 tons. It had

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Senegal (Contd.):

Landings and Utilization of Tuna at
Dakar, Season 1955/56-1960/61

Shipped Frozen to
France

Processed
Locall

i eesisemeien eres (Metricitons) mete cmentene
7,500 7,500
11, 500 6, 500
7,500 4,500
10, 000 1, 500
1, 000

120

been agreed at the beginning of the season
that France would take 10,000 metric tons of
canned tuna, while 3,500 tons of canned tuna
would be sold outside the franc zone. France
in addition was to take 5,000 metric tons of
frozen tuna, and an additional 5,000 tons of
frozen was to be exported to countries other
than France.

The tuna season lasts from December to
May. Vessels from the French fleet (as
many as 94 in number from ports of Brittany
and southwest France), have landed most of
the catch, but Spanish fishermen have occa-
sionally participated. These vessels are
small, and the catch is put on ice until its
transfer to the refrigeration plant at Dakar
or to the canning plant. In addition, several
tuna clippers with freezing facilities have
landed or taken for transshipment frozen
tuna to France. The latter vessels are of
French registry, except for two which are of
Senegalese registry. Contracts for frozen
tuna also have been made with Italian and
United States interests.

Seventuna canning plants, owned by French
fishing interests, are found on the Cap Vert
peninsula in the vicinity of Dakar. Working
200 8-hour days a year, the plants would be
able to process 30,000 metric tons of raw
tuna. A study has been made for the con-
struction of a ''California-type'’ cannery
capable of handling 50,000 tons of tuna a
year with possible financing by the European
Economic Community Development Fund,
(From a United States Embassy, Dakar, des-
patch dated July 6, 1961.)

Dakar is located at the north end of the
tuna fishing grounds off West Africa, which
roughly extend from Dakar southward. Due
to cold water temperatures this year, the
fishing grounds were located farther south
and the tuna clippers were compelled to op-
erate off the Gold Coast. This trip would
have taken the smaller French fishing ves-

Vol. 23, No. 10

sels, of which a large majority, have capaci-
ties of holding only about 15 tons of fish, at
least 10 days one way. The smallness of the
French fishing vessels is claimed to be a
handicap and the consensus is that should
cold-storage facilities be built at Abidjan,
Ivory Coast, the importance of Dakar as a
tuna fishing port may gradually diminish.
(Translated from Japanese periodical Shin
Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, July 18, 1961.)
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 61, April
‘eee e 72 January 1961 p. 79, August 1960 p. 49, and July

Sierra Leone

TUNA INDUSTRY EXPANSION:

A large United States west coast tuna can-
ning firm has been given a development certi-
ficate by the Sierra Leone Government to en-
able the firm to establish a permanent base
of operation. The company proposes to utilize
Freetown as its tuna receiving center for off-
shore fishing.

The firm proposes to build a jetty in the
Kissy Dockyard area to accommodate tuna
fishing vessels, to construct brine-freezing
tanks for holding tuna awaiting transshipment
to Puerto Rico or the United States, and to
install an ice manufacturing plant for icing
the tuna catchers. Work on the first two
projects had already commenced as of mid-
July and should be completed by the end of
the year. In addition to the above facilities,
the firm has indicated that it would consider
building a tuna cannery provided adequate
tuna were available and a satisfactory source
of water is found.

In addition to the work outlined above
which is estimated to cost £100,000
(US$280,000), the firm has purchased the ex-
isting cold-storage plant at Kissy.

During 1960 the amount of tuna landed in
Freetown was 2,340 metric tons, whereas
landings for the first five months of 1961 to-
taled 2,768 tons. With a facility providing for
larger handling capacities, it is believed that
landings will increase.

While the granting of the development cer-
tificate may not immediately result in in-
creased employment in Sierra Leone, it will
assist the local Government in generating
more revenue through the use of Freetown

October 1961

Sierra Leone (Contd.):

harbor. (United States Embassy, Freetown,
report of July 19, 1961.)
ee

x

South Africa Republic

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERY
INDUSTRY, JANUARY-APRIL 1961:

The South Africa Republic Cape west
coast pelagic shoal fishery catch for the first
four months of the 1961 season totaled 283610
short tons pilchards, 15,549 tons maasbanker,
and 43,730 tons mackerel. The total catch
was 342,889 tons. In 1960 the total catch for
the same period was 235,782 tons.

The April catch was 54,982 tons pilchards,
3,669 tons maasbanker, and 31,311 tons mack-
erel, The total April catch was 89,962 tons.
In April 1960 the catch was 55,072 tons pil-
chards, 9,165 tons maasbanker, and 1,301
tons mackerel.

South Africa Republic--Products Produced from Pilchard-
Maasbanker Fishery Landings, January-April 1961

Fish Meal Fish Oil —Pilchards. «go 2079 Mackerel
Short 7,000
SHS Raa OOS sf 11 000 Lege se aan a
71,260 6, 499 16,589 3,996 13,272

The April catch this year yielded 19,056
tons fish meal, 2,011,032 gallons fish body
oil, 2,920,159 pounds canned pilchards,
781,296 pounds canned maasbanker, and
5,609,472 pounds canned mackerel. (From
The South African Shipping News and Fishing
Industry Review, June 1961.)

sle eke otek
ES ep abat ee bad

TUNA INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS:

Some new developments have occurred within the South
African fishing industry with regard to the development of
tuna fishing on a commercial basis,

The most active group in this respect continues to be a
combine of several large firms, This joint venture has to
date shipped 200 tons of frozen tuna; 20 tons were exported to
the United States in 10-ton lots on February 28 and March 28,
1961, The remaining 180 tons went to Italy, where it had a
good reception.

The broker for the shipments does not now foresee further
shipments to the United States, principally because the United
States buyer only pays for the usable portion of the fish. But
it is possible that future consignments of albacore tuna may be
sent to the United States; there have been indications that the
South Africans may be able to obtain $350 per short ton for
albacore, f.o.b, U. S. cannery, with the buyer permitted to re-
ject the unusable portion.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

77

On the Italian market the South Africans are able to get
105 (US$294) per metric ton, c.i.f., on the basis of landed
weight, for all species of tuna without differentiation. As the
percentage rejected by the United States buyer is estimated
to average about 5 percent and the ocean freight rate per
long ton to Genoa on the last shipment was R45 ($63) as com-
pared to $79 to the United States, the Italian price is con-
siderably higher than that now prevailing in the United States
for species other than albacore,

The South African combine has raised its sights con-
siderably since the early reports and is now thinking in
terms of an annual catch of 12,500 to 15,000 short tons of
tuna, This, it is hoped, will be accomplished by using 30-40
privately-owned pilchard boats equipped with long~-line gear,
from August to April each year. To induce the fishermen to
work during their normal off-season, it is planned to set a low
weekly target per boat, say 15 to 20 tons. Allowing time for
repairs, bad weather, shore leave, and other delays, this fleet
should still be able to land 12,000 tons without difficulty.

The group is also giving serious thought to the purchase of
two tuna-clippers. These boats should have a frozen storage
capacity of 150 tons each and should each be equipped with a
10-ton capacity quick-freezing plant. Between them, two such
boats should be able to bring in 3,000-4,000 tons per year at
the start and more as they gain experience. The group’s tar-
get of 12,000-15,000 tons per year seems to be a reasonable,
conservative estimate. As the 1961 pilchard season in the
Republic of South Africa (formerly the Union of South Africa)
closed on July 31, the implementation of the group’s plan was
expected within the next four months. '

Meanwhile the Fisheries Development Corporation of South
Africa Ltd. has convened meetings of all parties in the South
African fishing industry who are currently or potentially inter-
ested in tuna, The industry has, under the Corporation’s
sponsorship, instituted a ‘‘Tuna Forum”’ for the continuous
investigation of the questions involved in developing a tuna
industry. The following three points have been agreed upon:

1. Those members of the inshore (i.e. pilchard) industry
who wish to go ahead with experiments in long-lining, with
pilchard boats, will go ahead independently.

2. One South Africa firm has made available a 65-foot
trawler, which is now undergoing modifications, for experi-
mental seining. This boat will be equipped by the firm and
the Corporation; the rest of the industry is invited to staff
the boat as vacancies occur.

3. The Corporation is pursuing inyuiries with regard to
the possibility of chartering a United States tuna vessel for up
to a year, preferably one that can either long-line or net tuna,

Two schools of thought, which have existed from the
beginning, are coming more into the open as the South
African fishing industry gets more interested in exploiting
tuna, On the one hand, the combine which has already
shipped 200 tons wants to get into the business promptly
but feel its way. It believes that by using otherwise un-
occupied privately-owned pilchard boats it can experiment
on an increasing scale without any real investment of its
own. The combine’s spokesman points out that there is no
quick-freezing plant in Cape Town capable of handling whole
tuna at present. His group has available a blast-freezing
room with a capacity of 15-20 tons every 30 hours,

The Development Corporation and the firm with the trawl-
er, on the other hand, are not at all convinced that it is pos~
sible to build up an economical operation on the basis of em-
ploying off-season boats that are designed for pilchard sein-
ing and one-day operations. Consequently they are interested
in the use of larger vessels, equipped with quick-freezing
plants and refrigerated storage, capable of staying at sea ten
days and more, and equipped for seining. (Reported by the
United States Consulate, Cape Town, on July 21, 1961.)

ad

78

South and South-West Africa

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERY
NEARING END OF GREATEST SEASON:

The pelagic shoal fishery of the Republic
of South Africa reached the end of its 1961
season for pilchard, its mainstay, on July 31.
At the end of June, the Republic's shoal fish-
ermen had landed over 462,000 short tons of
raw pilchard, maasbanker, and mackerel, as
compared to just over 337,000 tons in the
first half of 1960.

able 1 - Republic of South Africa and Territory of South-West
Africa Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery Landings,
January-June 1961 and 1960

South-West Africa

an, -June
1961 1960

South Africa

an. ~June
1961 1960

The South-West Africa pelagic shoal fish-
ery, fishing for a quota of 375,000 short tons,
had ianded almost 196,000 tons by the end of
June as compared to 159,000 tons by June 30,
1960.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

later in the season were lower than the cus-
tomary average.

South-West African pilchard fishermen re-
ceived a flat rate of 9.20 rand ($12.88) a short
ton without any bonus.

Prices received for South African fishmeal
f.o.b. rail cars at United States port of entry
are said to have ranged from $87.50 at the be-
ginning of the year to $108 a short ton for the
most recent shipments. The July 1961 United
Kingdom price is given as 17 shillings ($2.38)
per protein unit. South African fish meal has,
this year, had a protein content running from
64.5 to 77 percent, with an average of 71.4
percent, according to the South African Fishing
Industry Research Institute. The industry, how-
ever, Sells on abasis of 65 percent, so that the
July 1961 United Kingdom price c.i.f. British

@ | port of entry per longton is £55 5s. ($154.70).

South African and South-West African fish
body oil is almost entirely sold to the United
Kindgom where the market is dominated by
one large British firm. The going price is
£55 ($154) per long ton (6.9 U. S. cents a
pound), c.i.f. British port of entry.

Table 2 - South Africa and South-West Production of Canned Fish, Fish Meal, Fish Body Oil, and Solubles from Pilchard-
Maasbanker Fisheries Landings, January-June 1961 and 1960

South Africa South-West Africa

an, —june

1961

Unit

48-lb. cases

Short tons

Long tons

Short tons
1/Data are for January-May only.

1960

a ES ie el
Gna aa
1,566, 191
38,051
10, 664
1,313

Fish meal, fish oil, and canned fish pro-
duction should also establish new records
this year in both South and South-West Africa.
While production will definitely set a new
record, earnings for fish meal at least will
not since fish meal was sold at prices lower
than in 1960.

The price paid to the pelagic shoal fisher-
men of the South Africa Republic per short
ton of raw fish landed in 1961 was set at the
beginning of the year at £3 19s. 6d. (US$11.13).
It was, however, also decided to pay a bonus
at the end of the season based on ''oil-yield!'

The bonus cannot be calculated until the
end of the season, but reports indicate that
the very high oil yields which were obtained
in the early months of the season, especially
at the Cape West Coast plants, were not sus-
tained and that, in fact, oil yields reported

While the 1961 over-all earnings of the
pelagic shoal fisheries of the Republic and
South-West Africa may reach a new high,
owing to increased volume, the improvement
in world fish meal prices will have little ef-
fect on South Africa this year. Most of the
1961 fish meal production was sold ahead at
last year's lower prices. (From July 26 and
27, 1961, reports of the United States Con-
sulate, Cape Town.)

South-West Africa

FISHING RIGHTS EXTENDED FOR
TOTAL PERIOD OF 25 YEARS:

Following representations made by the fish-
ing industry of the territory, the South-West
Africa Administration has agreed to extent li-

October 1961

South-West Africa (Contd.):

cense and quota rights for pilchard and spiny
lobster fishing for a total period of 25 years.
Previously, licenses and quota rights were
renewed each year. The pilchard quota--now
set at 375,000 short tons a year divided even-
ly among six factories--will not apparently
be changed unless scientific advisors to the
Administration believe that the condition of
the fishery and the resource justifies it.

With this concession giving security of
tenure to the factories manufacturing indus-
trial products and canning fish, boat owners
(who operate under contract to the processing
companies) have also asked for some guaran-
tee of their fishing rights. This has taken the
form of a pleaby the Walvis Bay Boat-Owners'
Association to the Government for the 25-year
licensing privilege tobe extended to fishing
craft. (From The South African Shipping News
and Fishing Industry Review, June 1961.)

Spain

IMPORTS OF FISH OILS LIBERALIZED:
Effective September 1, 1961, Spain has
liberalized the imports of fish and marine
mammal oils and fats (including refined,
simply irradiated, or vitamin-added). A list
of liberalized import commodities published
in the Official Bulletin of July 24, 1961, in-
cluded fish oils. (From a July 27, 1961, re-
port from the United States Embassy, Madrid.)

Cd et Ese sl

VIGO FISHERIES TRENDS, APRIL-JUNE 1961:

Fish Exchange: Landings at the Vigo Fish Exchange for
the second quarter of 1961 amounted to 17,461 metric tons,
an increase of 3,538 tons over the second quarter of 1960.
The value of the catch increased from 131,426,000 pesetas
(US$2,190,400) in the second quarter of 1960 to 157,931,000
pesetas (US$2,632,100) in the second quarter of this year.
The average price per kilo was 9.04 pesetas (6.8 U.S. cents
a pound) for the second quarter of 1961 and 9.41 pesetas

Table 1 - Vigo Landings and Average Ex~Vessel Prices
for Selected Species, April-June 1960-61

April-June 1961 April-June 1960

Species

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 8)

(7,1 U.S. cents a pound) for the same period 6f 1960; First
quarter 1961 landings of 14,387 tons, valued at 156,191,000
pesetas (US$2,603,200) were up about 21.4 percent in quantity
as compared with the second quarter of 1961.

Albacore landings of 188 tons during the second quarter of
1961 dropped sharply from the 754 tons landed the same quar-
ter of 1960. The albacore fleet was tied up in port several
days because of bad weather when the season started in June.
The albacore season is from June through September.

= ee
Table 2 ~ Distribution of Landings at Vigo, First and
Second Quarters 1961, and Second Quarter 1960

Shipped
Fresh
to Domestic
Markets

Local
Con-
surnption

Other Processing
(smoking, drying,
fish meal etc.)

Landings of octopus in the second quarter of 1961 exceeded
all other varieties, This species in the past two years has
become important to the Vigo area fishing industry as export
markets have been found in Argentina and the Philippines.

Fish Canning and Processing: The Vigo area fish canning
industry moved into high gear during the second quarter of
1961 as sardines became available following the opening of
the season on April 15. Sardine prices on the Vigo Fish Ex-
change dropped during the second quarter of 1961 to 5.20 pe-
setas per kilo (3.9 U.S. cents a pound) from the average price
of 7.07 pesetas per kilo (5.3 U.S. cents a pound) in the same
period of 1960, Canning of albacore, of increasing importance
to the industry in recent years, was off to a slow start, with
light landings and high prices~-average 23,04 pesetas per
kilo (17.4 U.S, cents a pound), well above the 17.41 pesetas
(13.2 cents a pound) in the second quarter of 1960.

In general, the outlook tor the canning industr> LO Stes
not favorable. Declining consumer demand in the .. e¢).
higher prices resulting from increased costs characterizes
the domestic market, while exports are expected to encoun-
ter the same difficulties which restricted sales in 1960,
i.e., strong Japanese competition in the important United
States tuna market, relatively high raw material costs, and
the lack of an aggressive well-organized export marketing
outlet,

Exports of Canned Fish, 1960: According to the Conservas
de Pescado covering the Northwest Zone of Spain, exports of
canned fish authorized for 1960 totaled 6,303 tons with a value
of US$4,484,910. (In the past, actual exports have fallen below
authorizations an average of 6 percent), Comparable figures
for 1959 were 7,063 tons with a value of $5,393,082. The de-
crease in quantity from 1959 was 10.8 percent and in value
16.8 percent, While exports of most types of canned fish in-
creased in 1960, the increases were more than offset by the
precipitous drop in canned-in-brine tuna exports, principally
to the United States, from $1,120,683 in 1959 to $166,916 in
1960. Showing a substantial increase were exports of ancho-
vies in olive oil, which approximately doubled in dollar value
over 1959,

The figures bring into clearer focus the fragmentary evi-
dence previously available which had indicated that 1960 was
a difficult year for canned fish exports. Apart from the prob-
lems encountered in marketing canned albacore, exports held
their own or increased somewhat. However, in a year of
generally improving exports for Spanish industries, and a
year of great expectations for the canning industry, the fail-
ure to consolidate the important gains made in 1959 was
particularly disappointing. The figures for 1960 again em-
phasize the tenuous position of Spanish canned fish products
in many foreign markets, (United States Consulate, Vigo,
July 14, 1961.) Ne <=>

80

Sweden

FISHERMEN'S FEDERATION SEEKS
SUPPORT FOR FISHERY RESEARCH:

That the need to expand fishery research
in Sweden has long been a known fact, is a
statement made by Sweden's Fisherman's Na-
tional Federation in a communication to the
Agricultural Comrnittee of the Swedish Parli-
ament which has before it a bill calling for
an investigation directed towards advancing
research activities in the fishing field.

The Federation is reported to have
stressed that means for comprehensive and
thorough basic research is one of the condi-
tions for favorable further fisheries develop-
ment in Sweden.

The Federation also is said to have ex-
pressed the opinion that fishery research in
Sweden was not holding its own with similar
activities in neighboring countries as well as
in a number of branches of the domestic food-
stuff industry.

Despite this general backward trend there
has been some progress in late years. The
Federation cited as examples: (1) the new
fishery research vessel Thetis; and (2) the
much needed re-equipment of the fishery re-
search laboratory at Lysekil.

The Federation reached the conclusion
that the main cause of the dilemma was the
lack of sufficient financing which is reflected
in both personnel and equipment. In view of
this situation, the Federation was of the opin-
ion that the proposed investigation was not
necessary. Instead it is recommended that
the Swedish Fisheries Board submit supply
estimates and at the same time specify the
tasks and purposes most important and nec-
essary which call for an increase in funds,
(United States Consul in Goteborg, August 10,
1961.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No.10

ies Board at Goteborg. The new vessel is
equipped for side and stern trawling and has
accommodations for 7 scientists and a 9-man
crew. The vessel is provided with two labo-
ratories, one for biological and hydrograph-
ical studies, and a smaller one for bacterio-
logical research. Vessel cost 1.5 million
crowns (US$289,500) and is the third Swedish
fishery research vessel in operation,

The navigating instruments include radar
and navigator. The fish-locating instruments
comprise two groups: one group consists of
a large writing echo-sounding device and a
fishlupe, both made in Germany; and the sec-
ond group comprises a recording echo-sound-
ing device and an Asdic apparatus. In addition,
the vessel is equipped with a 75-watt radio
transmitter.

The first trip of the new research vessel
will be to Skagerack and Kattegat to catch
fish and make a hydrographical survey, with
the primary emphasis on white fish, the
United States Consul in Goteborg reported
on July 28, and August 15, 1961.

Switzerland

FISH MEAL IMPORTS INCREASE:

Switzerland's imports of fish meal in-
creased from 13,364 metric tons in 1958 to
15,712 tons in 1959, and to 22,187 tons in
1960--all of which was utilized as feed.
(U.S. Foreign Agricultural Service Report,
Bern, June 6, 1961.)

IMPORTS OF MARINE OILS, 1960:

In 1960, Switzerland imported 1,750 metric
tons of inedible marine fats and oils. West
Germany was Switzerland's largest supplier
of inedible fats and oils in 1960, supplying
33.1 percent of those imports. Norway was
the second most important supplier, account-

Switzerland's Imports of Edible and Inedible Marine Fats and Oils, 1960

United Kingdom

Norway

NEW FISHERY RESEARCH
VESSEL COMPLETED:

The naval yard at Karlskrona, Sweden,
has delivered the new 100-foot fishery re-
search vessel Thetis to the Swedish Fisher-

West Germany

France

Iceland | Japan | Others | Total |

1,750
67

ing for 26.1 percent of the total, followed by
the United Kingdom with 19.1 percent.

Norway supplied most of the edible marine

oils. (U.S. Foreign Agricultural Service Re-
port, Bern, June 6, 1961.)

o00qg000g000

October 1961

Taiwan

FISHERY TRENDS, SECOND QUARTER 1961:

Landings of fish and shellfish in Taiwan
through June this year amounted to about
150,603 metric tons (332 million pounds) --
20.9 percent above the first half of 1960.

In order to continue Taiwan's rapid in-
crease in fisheries development, the Govern-
ment has drafted a 5-year plan to take effect
from 1962 which aims at an annual 8 percent
increase in fish production. Such a rise
would substar*ially increase daily per capita
consumption in Taiwan and provide a small
but growing surplus for export. The draft
plan calls for an investment of about US$37
million, largely for construction of deep-sea
vessels and for mechanization of coastal and
inshore vessels.

Emphasis on expansion of the tuna fishing
fleet continues. Approval has been given for
the granting of International Cooperation Ad-
ministration local-currency loans to help
construct 15 145-ton tuna long-liners (wood
hull). The mainstay of Taiwan's deep-sea
tuna fleet at present consists of 10 wooden
100-ton, 5 steel 150-ton, and 4 steel 350-ton
vessels. Two steel 550-ton vessels are now
being constructed in Japan and should be
ready by the end of this year. (From August
1, 1961, report, United States Embassy,
Taipei.)

Turkey

GOVERNMENT COOPERATES IN
BLUEFIN TUNA FISHERY:

The Turkish Meat and Fish Office in co-
operation with a private fishery firm, oper-
ating in the Island of Marmara, plans to fish
for bluefin tuna in the Sea of Marmara.

The Government Agency will supply a fish-
ing boat and a substitute vessel and the firm
will supply a new nylon bluefin tuna purse-
seine net.

If this experimental venture is successful,
the Meat and Fish Office intends to fish coop-
eratively with other fish cooperatives upon
request. (Fish and Fishery, monthly period-
ical of the Turkish Meat and Fish Office,
July-August 1961.)

Kk ok ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

81

LOAN PLAN FOR
FISHERMEN SET UP:

The Agriculture Bank of Turkey this sum-
mer set up procedures to distribute funds
from a loan totaling 2,750,000 Turkish liras
(US$305,000) obtained from the U. S. Interna-
tional Cooperation Administration Organiza-
tion, principally for loans to fishermen,

Local branches of the Bank and fishery co-
operatives have been asked to determine the
requirements of each share holder. The re-
quirements of the fishermen will be met ei-
ther in cash or fishing equipment.

The Turkish Meat and Fish Office has im-
porteda quantity of nylon yarns in the same
manner as fish netting previously, for dis-
tribution to fishermen. (Fish and Fishery,
monthly periodical of the Turkish Meat and
Fish Office, July-August 1961.)

U.S.S.R.

FISHERY TRENDS, JULY 1961:

Fishing Activity Continues in Northwest Atlantic: During
July, a number of Soviet trawlers and gill-netters continued
fishing in the Georges Bank area, Frequent sightings of these
and other Soviet fishing vessels--including a large Soviet stern
trawler, a factoryship, and a tanker--were reported by New
England fishermen.

Soviet and Japanese Fishing Fleets Active in Bering Sea:
In July, Soviet and Japanese fleets observed in the Bering Sea
included about 175 craft, mainly trawlers. The Soviets oper-
ated 3 large factoryship fleets consisting of about 75 craft, of
which 50 were reportedly trawlers. Some of the U.S.S.R. crafts
were fishing for king crab with tangle nets. The fleets were
observed mainly between 175° W. longitude and Bristol Bay.

Catch Goals: The goal set in the current Soviet seven-year |
plan is a fishery catch of 10.2 billion pounds (4,600,000 metric

Russian factory -type stern trawler fishing on northern edge of
Georges Bank. Length about 300 feet,

UO sio tke:

tons) by 1965 (includes whales and shell weight of shellfish).

In 1961, the total Soviet fishery catch is expected to reach 8 bil-
lion pounds (3,600,000 metric tons). Of that total, 78 percent

is expected to be taken in the open ocean with important in-
creases inthe catches of tuna, sardines, redfish(ocean perch),
and Atlantic herring. (University of Washington Circular No,
142; Pacific Fisherman, January 25, 1961.)

Soviet Salmon Seen off Scotland: The British Trawler
reports that thousands of humpback or pink salmon
(Oncorhyncus gorbuscha) were observed fleeing the Barents
Sea for the warmer waters around the northeast coast of
Scotland. This valuable species of salmon was found mainly
in the Pacific until the later 1950's when the Soviet Union
began planting millions of eggs in streams flowing into the
Barents Sea. (The Fishing News, June &, 1961.)

Large Factoryship Launched: The Soviet factoryship Andrei
Sakharon has recently been completed at Rostock in East Ger-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

many, Claimed to be the most advanced of its type in the world,
this vessel of 15,000 displacement tons provides complete and
automatic processing facilities, Equipment on board includes

a device for separating small and large fish, mechanized fish
cooling tanks, a new type of sardine dryer, an automatic oil
extractor (also claimed to be the first in the world), an ice-
making plant with a capacity of 25 tons per day, a machine for
making cartons, and airconditioned crew's quarters. As of
July 1961, the ship was on a two-months maiden voyage to the
Red Sea and Indian Ocean, (World Fishing, July 1961.)

Types of Freezer-Trawlers: Several improved types of
Soviet trawlers have been constructed in recent years. All
large freezer-trawlers are known as BMRTs from the Russian
term Bolschoe Moroziljnymi Rybolovnymi Trawler (large re-
frigerated fishing trawler); they are also referred to as Push-
kin-class trawlers, the name given to the first Soviet stern
trawler, Recent BMRTs--the Mayakowsky and Leskovy types--
constructed in Polish shipyards appear to have only minor
modifications frorn the Pushkin, mainly improvements in fish-
freezing equipment. No more freezing-in-brine systems are
being installed, except for tuna fishing. Another freezer-
trawler, the Nekrasov type, was built in West Germany and
several other types in East German shipyards. One type of
trawler is specially designed for fishing in tropical waters.
(Atlantic Ocean Fisheries, London, March 1961; and Fisher-
ies Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle,

May 1961.)

ek ok ok

HERRING FISHING IN ATLANTIC:

At the same time as the Faroe Islands
fishermen began summer herring fishing in
July in their home waters, the first Soviet
Union herring trawlers appeared, according
to Danish press reports. Formerly, the So-
viet vessels fished the year round in the
North Atlantic but now they are mostly in
the Baltic Sea from April to July. The Faroe
Islanders have never found the lean winter
herring worth catching.

The Soviet herring vessels are as large
as 300 tons with powerful engines and crews
of 30-35 men. In previous years the Soviet
fleet on the Faroe [slands grounds consisted
of between 200 and 300 such vessels sup-
ported by motherships and supply ships up
to 10,000 tons, while special tankers supplied
the fleet with fresh water. (United States

“Vol. 23, No wlOmay

Embassy, Copenhagen, Fisheries Attache re-
port dated July 28, 1961.)

“im,
ae a

~

eg

United Kingdom

DOGFISH MIGRATIONS STUDIED:

Dogfish tagged and released in the English
Channel in April this year by British biolo-
gists of the Lowestoft Fishery Research Lab-
oratory have been caught in the Channel and
the North Sea, one as far north as Hartlepool.

About 1,000 dogfish were marked with the
object of discovering their movements, and
the evidence is that the dogfish moved from
a point off Eastbourne into the North Sea,
though some went westwards, for two were
caught off the Isle of Wight.

The fishermen's theory that dogfish follow
the herring shoals is a myth in the opinion of
one of the British scientists, who has exam-
ined the stomach contents of several hundred
dogfish and has found that herring formed on-
ly a very small percentage of their diet. In
his view the dogfish is an indiscriminate feed-
er, eating practically anything that comes a-
long. He has even found portions of seal and
recently he found a garfish in the stomach of
a dogfish.

In the fall a further experiment is to be
conducted off the Humber, where it is pro-
posed to mark about 1,000 dogfish to try and
find out how quickly they are caught. The
scientists are also investigating the age at
which female dogfish begin to bear young and
the number of pups they bear ata time. (The
Fish Trades Gazette, August 5, 1961.)

sk eo
Piviarie nie

FISHERY TRENDS, JULY 1961:

Membership in Common Market Advan-
tageous to Fishery Exports: In response to a
House of Commons query asking what cons-
sequences the accession of the United King-
dom to the European Common Market would
have on the agreements which prevent British
trawlers from fishing in many northern Euro-
pean waters, the Minister of Agriculture, Fish-
eries and Food replied that Common Market
fisheries policies had not yet been fixed, but
the Common Market imported a significant
quantity of fish. From the point of view of
fishery exports, therefore, it would be an ad-

October 1961

United Kingdom (Contd.):

vantage for the United Kingdom to join the
Common Market.

New Icelandic and Norwegian Fishing
Limits Will Be Costly: The new fishing
limits off Iceland and Norway will cost the
United Kingdom about $16.5 million annually
in lost catches, according to a statement of
the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food in the House of Commons, This repre-
sents a 25 percent decline in the catch in
distant waters. He doubted that more than
two-thirds can be made up on other fishing
grounds. (Reported on July 28, 1961, by the
Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy,
Copenhagen.)

NEW TYPE STERN
TRAWLER LAUNCHED:

Britain's most unconventional trawler, a
near- and middle-water Diesel-electric stern
type which differs in almost every particular
from an ordinary trawler, was launched and
named Atlantic Dolphin at Grimsby, on July
ZOO Ele

The Atlantic Dolphin was built for a Mil-
ford Haven firm under the White Fish Au-
thority's grant and loans scheme. Before
authorizing the new vessel the Authority and
the Ministry of Transport insisted on the
most exhaustive tank trials under all possi-
ble sea conditions.

The new vessel is quite unlike convention-
al trawlers being reminiscent of the Fairtry
factoryships on a smaller scale.

The forecastle deck is continued for three-
quarters of the length of the hull. On this
shelter deck is a high, curved breakwater in
front of the streamlined fiber-glass wheel-
house and deckhouse. The vessel has a ramp
in the transom stern but, except during haul-
ing operations, the ramp is closed by a hinged
bulwark door which when lowered forms the
floor of the ramp. The fish is handled under
cover, the electric winch being also completely
undercover. The hatches tothe refrigerated
fish hold are inside the fish-handling room,
thoughthere is a hatch from the fish hold to the
shelter deck for discharging purposes.

Three Diesel-electric generators, each
of 400 hp., will be fitted together with a pro-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

83

pulsion motor of 800 hp. driving the propeller
through a reduction gear box. The Diesel gen-
erators are well forward of amidships where
the hull has been given much fuller lines than
is customary.

Accommodations for the crew of 15 (offi-
cers and men) will be well forward over the
main generator room and be of a very high
standard, all being two- and three-berth
cabins, The skipper's quarters are in the
upper deckhouse adjacent to the bridge.

Atlantic Dolphin is 130 feet long over-all
with an extreme moulded breadth of 26 feet
6 inches and a moulded depth of 14 feet 4
inches.

Trawl-handling gear is being prepared to
meet the specialized ideas of the trawler's
owner, and is stated to be on quite different
lines from anything hitherto seen in corre-
sponding types of vessels.

Another unusual feature of the new vessel
will be the electric galley. (The Fish Trades
Gazette, August 5, 1961.)

sek ke oe ok
Meiisten ease aK

PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION
OF WHALE OIL:

Production: In the 1959/60 season (Novem-
ber 1959-May 1960), production of Antarctic
whale oils amounted to 40,000 long tons on
British factoryships, while an additional 5,000
tons came from shore stations. This com-
pares with 38,000 tons from factoryships and
5,000 tons from shore stations in 1958/1959,
In the 1960/61 season, it was estimated that
British factoryship production would decline
to 30,000 tons because only two fleets were
operating instead of three as in previous sea-
sons. Including shore station production, the
total estimated 1960/61 season production
was expected to total 35,000 tons.

Utilization: Great Britain's utilization of
crude whale oil amounted to 143,000 tons in
calendar year 1959; it was estimated that the
same amount would be used in 1960,

The use of refined whale oil in margarine
production increased from 91,000 tons in1959
to 97,000 tons in 1960. This was due mainly
to a decline in the use of groundnut and palm
oil in margarine. The usé of refined whale
oil for compound cooking fat remained steady
at 45,000 tons for both years, (U.S. Foreign

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 10

United Kingdom (Contd.): 1959 to 517 tons in 1960. Nearly all was im-
ported from Norway--516 tons in 1960 and
Agricultural Service Report, London, April 458 tons in 1959,
14, 1961.)
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1960 p. 73. Imports of fish meal also increased, from
7,386 tons in 1959 to 12,639 tons in 1960.
While Angola supplied 3,042 tons in 1959,
none was received in 1960 from that country.
: Peru supplied 2,003 tons in 1959 and 3,500
Yugoslavia in 1960. Australia shipped none in 1960 and
2,341 tons in 1959. But the South Africa Re-
FISH OIL AND MEAL IMPORTS, 1959-1960: public shipped 9,139 tons in 1960. U.S.

Yugoslavia's total imports of unrefined Foreign Agricultural Service Report, Bel-
fish oil increased from 455 metric tons in grade, dated July 12, 196..)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Feb. 1960 p. 92.

SMOKED SALMON ROLLS

1 can (7 ounces) smoked salmon 1 teaspoon horse-radish

% cup mayonnaise or salad dressing 1 teaspoon grated onion

2 tablespoons lemon juice 1 cup pastry mix
Paprika

Drain and flake salmon. Add mayonnaise, lemon juice, and seasonings;
blendintoa paste. Prepare pastry according to directions. Divide in half;
roll very thin in a circle about 9 inches in diameter, Spread with salmon
mixture, Cut into wedge-shaped pieces, and roll in jelly-roll fashion be-
ginning at the round edge. Score top of rolls with a fork, and sprinkle with
paprika, Bake in a hot oven, 425° F., for 15 to 20 minutes or until brown.
Serve hot or cold. Makes approximately 32 rolls.

October 1961

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

EXTENSION OF EFFECTIVE DATE OF
FOOD ADDITIVES STATUTE FOR CERTAIN

SUBSTANCES USED INDIRECTLY IN FOODS:

The use in foods of certain additives as
indirect additives for which tolerances have
not yet been established or petitions therefor
denied has been further extended under the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as
amended, An order issued by the U. S. Food
and Drug Administration and published in
the August 1, 1961, Federal Register, lists
about 212 components of rubber and rubber
products used for food-handling equipment.
Specific uses or restrictions are shown for
most of the substances listed. The effective
date of the statute for the substances listed
is extended to July 1, 1963.

Another order, published in the August 25,
1961, Federal Register, lists about 75 sub-
stances. Specific uses or restrictions are
shown for most of the substances listed.

The lists of substances for both orders
are in the regulations as ''Part 121--Food
Additives, eas A, section 121.91."

<SLMLTD ON
»).

Department of the Interior

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION
AUTHORIZED IN PACIFIC OCEAN
AREA OFF OREGON AND WASHINGTON:
Approval of authorization of permits to
conduct geological and geophysical explora-
tion for oil on the Outer Continental Shelf of
the Pacific Ocean off Oregon and Washington
was announced on August 3, 1961, by the U. S.
Department of the Interior.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

y FEDE RAL ¥
‘47 ACTIONS

Oil companies interested in exploratory
work may now operate in Federal waters off
Oregon and Washington upon condition: (1)
that they obtain a permit from the regional
oil and gas supervisor of the Department's
Geological Survey, Los Angeles, Calif.; (2)
that operations shall be confined to sucharea
or areas as designated in the permit; and (3)
that a stipulation is filed with the regional
supervisor to comply with requirements to
protect and’conserve the aquatic life in the
designated area.

The regional oil and gas supervisor has
consulted with State authorities in Oregon
and Washington and has arranged touse state
inspection services for the protection of a-
quatic life.

Companies authorized to conduct geolog-
ical and geophysical explorations are not
authorized to drill exploratory wells, nor
does geophysical exploratory activity confer
preference in obtaining oil and gas leases.

ke sk ok ke
SO Soho openers ore

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

THREE POSITIONS FILLED
BY PROMOTIONS:

Three promotions in the Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries were announced on August
5, 1961, by Assistant Secretary for Fish and
Wildlife Frank P. Briggs.

Charles Butler, formerly Saltonstall-
Kennedy Program coordinator, was promoted
to Chief, Division of Industrial Research.
John A. Holston, formerly Chief, Branch of
Technology, was named Assistant Chief, Di-
vision of Industrial Research. Philip R. Nel-
son, Assistant Chief, Branch of Inland Fish-
eries in the Division of Biological Research,
was made Chief of that Branch.

86

Butler, 53, a native of Monmouth, Il.,

received a Bachelor of Science Degree in
; Chemistry from

Monmouth College
in 1929, He did
graduate work at
the University of
Washington. He
has been an em-
ployee of the Fish
and Wildlife Serv-
ice since 1943 when
he received a War-
Service appointment
as assistant tech-
nologist in Seattle.
He was promoted to
chemist in 1944. He
served in Honolulu
as chief of the technology section andlater was
afishery products technologist at Washington,
D. C.; Boston, Mass.;and College Park, Md,
Before becoming Saltonstall-Kennedy co-
ordinator, he was Chief of the Branchof Tech-
nology in the Washington, D. C., office.

Charles Butler.

Holston, who re-
ceivedhis B.S. De-
gree in Chemistry
from Boston College
in 1950, began em-
ployment with the
Bureauin195lasa
chemist at the Bos-
ton Office. Later,
he served in Boston
and then in Washing-
ton as afishery prod-
ucts technologist.
Since 1958, he had
been Chief of the
Branchof Technology.
A native of Chelsea, Mass., he is 39.

pee
John A. Holston.

Nelson, 43, a na-
tive of Tacoma, Wash.,
receivedaB.sS. De-
gree in Fisheries
from the University
of Washington in 1942,
He began employment
withthe Bureauas a
fishery research bi-
ologist in 1946 and
served in Seattle,
Wash., and Kodiak
Island, Alaska, until
1957. He was then
stationed in the An-
napolis, Md., shell-

Philip R. Nelson.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

fish laboratory until March 1958, when he
became Assistant Chief of the Branch of Anad-
romous and Inland Fisheries.

cy cis coat cos
Petia) ped eat

GLOUCESTER TECHNOLOGICAL
LABORATORY DIRECTOR NAMED:

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
of the Department of the Interior's Fish and
Wildlife Service has appointed Joseph W.
Slavin as Director of the Bureau's new Tech-
nological Laboratory in Gloucester, Mass.

Slavin has served as Acting Director of
the Gloucester Laboratory since the transfer
of former Director Samuel R. Pottinger to
head the Bureau's new Technical Advisory
Unit located in Boston.

A native of Boston, Slavin received a B.S.
degree in Engineering from the U.S. Merchant
Marine Academy in 1948. After six years in
private industry, Slavin was appointed as a
mechanical engineer to the Fish and Wildlife
Service's Technological Laboratory, then lo-
cated in East Boston. Since 1958 he has been
Assistant Laboratory Director.

Department of Labor

WAGE AND HOUR AND PUBLIC CONTRACTS DIVISIONS

PUERTO RICO TUNA CANNING INDUSTRY
DOES NOT FILE APPLICATION FOR
MINIMUM WAGE RATE REVIEW:

On July 20, 1961, it was announced that 11
industries in Puerto Rico and 1 industry in
the Virgin Islands had filed timely applica-
tions for minimum wage rate review com-
mittees under the provisions of the 1961 a-
mendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act.
But the Puerto Rico tuna-canning industry was
listed as one which had not filed. The an-
nouncement was made by the Administrator
of the Wage and Hour and Public Contracts
Division of the U. S. Department of Labor.

‘Yhe Administrator pointed out that under
the amendments ali minimum wage rates
provided in each current industry wage order
for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands willbe
automatically increased by 15 percent on
November 38, 1961, or one year after the ef-
fective date of the most recent wage order in
effect on November 3, 1961, whichever is

October 1961

later, except where the Secretary of Labor
appoints a review committee pursuant to an
industry application for such review.

In all other industries in the two Islands
which have not filed, the 15-percent automatic
increase in minimum wage rates will become
effective November 3, 1961, except in certain
classifications of these industries where the
one-year period from the effective date of
the current wage order extends beyond No-
vember 3. Since the Puerto Rican tuna-can-
ning industry did not file an application for
a review committee, on November 3, 1961,
the present minimum wage hourly rate of
$1.00 will automatically be increased to $1.15.
The same applies to Puerto Rican wholesal-
ing, warehousing, and distribution industries.
The current minimum wage hourly rate of
80 cents for the Puerto Rico canning and pre-
serving industries other than tuna canning
will automatically increase to 92 cents.

Department of the Treasury

BUREAU OF CUSTOMS

CLARIFICATION OF MANIFESTING AND
ENTRY OF TRANSFERRED PRODUCTS
OF AMERICAN FISHERIES:

Certain changes in the Customs Regula-
tions clarify the phase "imported by the tak-
ing vessel," in section 10.79, and eliminate
the requirement for entry of products of
American fisheries taken on the high seas
when they are shipped to the United States
by being transferred at sea to another fish-
ing vessel of the same fleet returning to port.
This means a fishing vessel may transfer
fishery products caught on the high seas or
in the territorial waters of the United States
from one United States fishing vessel to an-
other, and the carrying vessel may return to
a United States port without being held in
violation of its enrolled license.

The changes indicated were published in
the May 17,1961, Federal Register as follows:

Title 19—CUSTOMS DUTIES

Chapter I—Bureau of Customs,
Department of the Treasury

(T.D. 55384]
PART 10—ARTICLES CONDITIONALLY

FREE, SUBJECT TO A REDUCED
RATE, ETC.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

Products of American Fisheries

Sections 10.78 and 10.79, Customs
Regulations, relating to entry of prod-
ucts of American fisheries, amended.

To clarify the phrase ‘imported by the
taking vessel,” in § 10.79, and to elimi-
nate the requirement for entry of prod-
ucts of American fisheries taken on the
high seas when they are shipped to the
United States by being transferred at
sea to another fishing vessel of the same
fleet returning to port, the following
changes are made in the Customs
Regulations:

Section 10.78(a) is amended to read as
follows:

§ 10.78 Entry.

(a) Except as prescribed in § 10.79(d),
no entry shall be required for fish or
other marine products taken on the high
seas by vessels of the United States or
by residents of the United States in
undocumented vessels owned in the
United States when such fish or other
products are brought into port by the
taking vessel, or are transferred at sea
to another fishing vessel of the same
fleet and brought into port.

§ 10.79

The first sentence of § 10.79(a) is
amended to read as follows: “When
products of American fisheries claimed
to be free of duty under paragraph 1730
(a), Tariff Act of 1930, are imported
from a foreign country or its territorial
waters by the taking vessel, or are
shipped, except as provided for in § 10.78
(a), to the United States by the master,
owner, or agent of the taking vessel
otherwise than in the taking vessel, a
declaration, customs Form 3295, of the
master of the taking vessel, verified by
at least two members of the crew, shall
be required in connection with the
entry.”

(R.S. 251, sec. 624, 46 Stat. 759; 19 U.S.C. 66,
1624)

CSEAL] D. B. STRUBINGER,
Acting Commissioner of Customs.

Approved: May 10, 1961.

A, GILMORE FLUES,
Assistant Secretary of the

[Amendment]

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1961 p. 94.

Nir

Eighty -Seventh Congress
(First Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may
directily or indirectly
affect fisheries and al-
lied industries are re-
ported. Introduction, re-
ferral to committees,
pertinent legislative ac-
tions, hearings, and oth-
er actions by the House
and Senate, as wellas

88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

signature into law or other final disposition
are covered.

CATCH TRANSFER AT SEA: On August 21, the
House passed and cleared for the President S. 1222,
a bill relating to documentation and inspection of ves-
sels of the United States with amendment. The Senate
had passed the bill on May 26. As passed, the bill pro-
vides that a U. S. fishing vessel which occasionally
takes on board on the high seas and transports to a
U.S. port without payment, the catch of another U. S.
fishing vessel shall not be considered to be engaged in
the transportation of freight for hire. On August 23,
S. 1222 was presented to President for signature.

On August 30, the President signed S. 1222 (P. L.
87-177).

EXPORT POLICY ACT OF 1961: Promotion of
United States Exports (Aug. 30, 1961 Hearings before
Subcommittee No. 3 of the Committee on Banking and
Currency, U. S. House of Representatives, 87th Con-
gress, lst Session, on H. R. 8381 to amend Export-Im-
port Bank Act, 1945; H. R. 7102 and H. R. 7103 tocreate
American Export Credits Guaranty Corporation; H. R.
7266 and H. R. 8249 National Export Policy Act, 1961),
159 pp., printed. Contains text of each bill, statements
of various business officials, officials of Export-Import
Bank of Washington, and officials representing the Na-
tional Coordinating Committee for Export Credit Guar-
antees. Legislation would provide for a system of ex-
port credit guarantees which would become as impor-
tant to the expansion of American export trade as the
Federal Reserve System is to the soundness, stability,
and orderly progress of our banking structure.

FEDERAL BOATING ACT OF 1958 AMENDMENTS:
On August 21 the House passed and cleared for the
President S. 883, extending the application of the Fed-
eral Boating Act of 1958 to certain possessions of the
United States (Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and Guam).
The Senate passed S. 883 on April 24, On August 23 it
was presented to the President for signature. On Au-
gust 30, the President signed S. 883 (P. L. 87-171).

FISHERY LOAN FUND MORTGAGE FORECLO-
SURES: On August 21 the House passed and sent to the
Senate without amendments H. R. 206, facilitating ad-

ministration of the fishery loan fund ind established by the
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956. Would give the Secre-

tary of the Interior authority to dispose of vessels and
property acquired through foreclosures under the fish-

ery loan program,

On August 29, the Senate Committee on Commerce
reported out favorably H H. R. 206 without amendment
(S. Rept. 826). On Sept. 1, H.R. 206 was considered
and passed b: by the Senate without amendment and
cleared for the President. On Sept. 13, the bill was
signed by President (P. L. 87-219).

S. Rept. 826, Fishery Loan Fund (87th Congress, 1st
Session, report from the Committee on Commerce, to
accompany H. R. 206), 3 pp., printed. Committee re-
ported bill favorably without amendment and recom-
mended passage. Contains purpose of the bill, need
for the legislation, and 2 reports from Interior Depart-
ment.

FISHING VESSEL CREWS TO BE CONSIDERED
EMPLOYEES: H. R. 8800 (Pelly), introduced in House
August 18, a bill to amend section 2(3) of the National

Vol. 23, No. 10

Labor Relations Act so as to extend the coverage of such
act to members of the crews of certain fishing vessels;
to the Committee on Education and Labor.

FISH FLOUR: H.R. 9101 (Pike), and H. R. 9102
(Keith), See in House September 7, identical
bills to amend clause (3) of section 402 (a) of the Fed-
eral Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; to Committee on
Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Amends Act in
that ''no processed seafood product shall be deemed to
consist of any such substance or to be otherwise unfit
for food because such processed seafood product is de-
rived from whole fish, provided such product is proc-
essed under sanitary conditions and after processing
is nutritious and in no manner harmful to the health of
consumers thereof."

FOREIGN-FLAG VESSELS LANDING CATCHES OF
FISH IN VIRGIN ISLANDS: On August 29, the Senate
Committee on Commerce reported out favorably H. R.
3159, an act to permit certain foreign-flag vessels to
land their catches of fish in the Virgin Islands in cer-
tain circumstances, and for other purposes, without
amendment (S. Rept. 828). Passed House on August 7.

S. Rept. No. 828, Virgin Islands Fish Boats (87th
Congress, ist Session, report from the Committee on
Commerce to accompany H, R. 3159), 8 pp., printed.
Committee reported bill favorably, without amendment,
and recommended its passage. Contains purpose of
bill, need for legislation, reports of Interior Depart-
ment, State Department, Treasury Department, and
Comptroller General of the United States. Changes
existing law, in that there shall be no prohibition of
the landing by a foreign-flag vessel of not more than
50 feet over-all length in a port of the Virgin Islands
of the United States for immediate consumption of its
catch of fresh fish, whole or with the heads, viscera,
or fins removed, but not frozen, otherwise processed,
or further advanced. No fish under this authorization
shall be sold or transferred except for immediate con-
sumption. Sale or transfer to an agent, representative,
or employee of a freezer or cannery shall be prohib-
ited in the absence of satisfactory evidence that such
sale or transfer is for immediate consumption.

On September 1, H. R. 3159 was considered, passed
by Senate without amendment, and cleared for the
President. On Sept. 13, the bill was signed by the
President (P. L. 87-220).

FOREIGN TRADE: Foreign Commerce (June 21,
22, and July 11, 13, 21, and 24, 1961, Hearings before
Committee on Commerce, U.S. Senate, 87th Congress,
1st Session, on S. 1729, a bill to promote the foreign
commerce of the United States, andfor related pur-
poses), 217 pp., printed. Bill is designed to bring the
facilities of the United States Government for aiding
American businessmen in expanding their exports up
to a par with the facilities offered by other govern-
ments in aiding their businessmen. Contains state-
ments of various businessmen, government Officials,
associations; letters; telegrams; andagency comments
from the Controller General of the United States, Depart-
ment of Commerce, Department of State, Department of
the Treasury, and Export-Import Bank of Washington.

FOREIGN TRADE REGULATION: H. R. 9008 (Utt),
introduced in House August 31, a bill to regulate the
foreign trade of the United States by providing safe-
guards to domestic industry against unfair and de-
structive imports and to authorize reciprocal trade
agreements between the United States and foreign

October 1961

countries; to the Committee on Ways and Means, On
Sept. 7: H. R. 9063 (Cederberg), and H. R. 9065 (Knox)
were introduced in the House.

IMPORT COMMODITY LABELING: H. R. 8867
(Garland), introduced in House Aug. 23, a bill to amend
section 304 of the Tariff Act of 1930 to strengthen the
requirement that imported articles be marked with the
names of their countries of origin, so as to make cer-
tain that the ultimate users of such articles will be in-
formed as to their origin in all possible cases; to the
Committee on Ways and Means.

On September 1, the House Committee on Ways and
Means reported out H. R. 7692 (H. Rept. No. 1102).
Referred to Committee of the Whole House on the State
of the Union.

H. Rept. 1102, Marking of New Packages for Im-
ported Articles Articles (Sept. 1, 1961, Report from the Com-
mittee on Ways and Means, U. S. House of Representa-
tives to accompany H. R. 7692), 6 pp., printed. Com-
mittee reported bill favorably, with amendments, and
recommends passage. Contains amendments, purpose
of legislation, a general statement, and changes inexist-
ing laws.

On September 7, the House considered H. R. 7692,
amended and passed it. Would make 3 substantial
changes in existing law. First, it would be required
that articles removed from a container be marked to
show the country of origin on the repackaging: second,
containers for articles for export to the United States
must be marked to indicate that in the event of repack-
aging, such repackaging must contain the designation of
the country of origin; third, there is a penalty provi-
sion for failure to comply with these marking require-
ments applicable in the case of repackaging.

On September 8, Senate received House-passed bill
H. R. 7692; referred to Committee on Finance.

IMPORT COMPETITION ADJUSTMENT: On August
14, the Subcommittee on the Impact of Imports and Ex-
ports on American Employment, of House Committee
on Education and Labor held hearings; public witnesses
were heard, Hearings continued August 16.

H. R. 8875 (VanZandt), introduced in House Aug. 23,
a bill a protect the domestic economy, promote the na-
tional defense, and regulate the foreign commerce of
the United States by adjusting conditions of competition
between domestic industries and foreign industries,
and for other purposes; to Committee on Ways and
Means. Similar to other bills introduced on same sub-
ject.

INSPECTION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS BY INTERI-
OR DEPARTMENT: H. R. 8851 (Morrison of La.), in-
troduced in House August 22, a bill to authorize the
.continuation of certain inspection activities of the Sec-
retary of the Interior; to Committee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries. Authorizes the Secretary of In-
terior to continue inspection of food products other
than fishery products at request of a manufacturer or
processor, provided the food product was under in-
spection by contract for a one-year period prior to Au-
gust 31, 1961. S. 2499 (Long of La.) introduced in Sen-
ate on August 31, identical to H.R. 8851.

LABOR, HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
APPROPRIATIONS: House on August 21 disagreed to
Senate Amendments to H. R. 7035, fiscal 1962 appro-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

priations for the Department of Labor, and Health,
Education, and Welfare; agreed to a conference re-
quested by the Senate, and appointed conferees. Con-
tains funds for research grants for shellfish technolo-
gy and marine ecology, shellfish sanitation; and funds
in the amount of $1,820,000 for construction, equipping,
staffing, and operating two shellfish laboratories, one
on the East Coast and one on the Gulf Coast, to com-
bat the danger of transmission of disease, such as
hepatitis, from raw shellfish to humans,

On August 30, the Conferees met in executive ses-
sion to resolve differences between the House- and
Senate-passed version of H. R. 7035. No agreement
was reached, and another meeting was scheduled. On
September 7, the Committee of Conferences filed re-
port on H. R. 7035 (H. Rept. 1154).

H. Rept. No. 1154, Departments of of Labor, and
Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriation Bill,

1962 (Sept. 7, 1961 Report from Committee of Confer -
ence, to accompany H. R. 7035), 11 pp., printed. The
Committee on Conference came to agreement and pre-
sented their recommendations to their respective
Houses. Contains recommendations, and statement of
managers on the part of the House.

On September 11, the House adopted conference re-
port and on September 12 the Senate adopted confer-
ence report on H. R. 7035. This cleared the bill for
the President's signature.

MARINE MAMMAL HIGH SEAS PROTECTION: The
House on August 21 passed H. R. 7490, for the protec-
tion of marine mammals on ane high s seas. Included in
the bill are polar bear, sea otter, and walrus. Pro-
hibits the take, possession, transport, sale, or pur-
chase of the mammals indicated except as permitted
by the Act or in accordance with regulations issued
by the Secretary of the Interior. The bill was sent to.
the Senate without amendments. Read in Senate on
August 22 and referred to Committee on Commerce.

NATIONAL FISHERIES CENTER AND AQUARIUM:
On Aug. 23, the Committee on the District of Columbia
ordered favorably reported H. R. 8181, a bill to au-
thorize the Secretary of the Interior to construct a Na-
tional Fisheries Center and Aquarium in the District
of Columbia, without amendment (H. Rept. No. 1024);
referred to Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union. Passed by the House on August 28
by a record vote of 208 yeas to 135 nays.

NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE: On August 15,
the House Committee on Armed Services favorably re-
ported H. R. 8045, a bill to change the name of the
Hydrographic Office to U. S. Naval Oceanographic Of-
fice; without amendment (H. Rept. No. 906).

H. Rept. 906, Changing the Name of the Hydro-
graphic Office to the Oceanographic Office (87th
Congress, 1st Session, report from the Committee on
Armed Services to accompany H. R. 8045), 2 pp.,
printed. Committee reported bill favorably without
amendment, and recommended passage. Contains pur-
pose of bill, statement, agency report from Navy De-
partment. Legislation will not affect present person-
nel of this office in any way.

The House on August 21 passed and sent to the Sen-
ate without amendments H. R. 8045. Read in Senate
on August 22 and referred to the Committee on Armed
Services.

90

NORTHWEST NORTH AMERICA FISHERY INDUS-

TRIES; H, Doc. 176, Transport Requirements for the
Growth of Northwest North America, Vol. I (May 25,

1961, Letter from the Chairman, Alaska - International
Rail and Highway Commission, Transmitting the Final
Report of the Alaska International Rail and Highway
Commission, Pursuant to Public Law 884, 84th Con-
gress), 149 pp., printed. This report contains the con-
clusions and recommendations; chronology of studies,
scope of economic study as related to transportation,
resources of the area, military and civilian defense;
present, planned, and recommended transport facilities;
cost/benefit aspects of area transport development; 9
maps; 16 tables. Detailed economic studies of the re-
port analyze location, availability, and extent of natural
resources, among other subjects. The annual value of
production of fish and fish products is forecast to in-
crease by 1980 to $22 million.

H. Doc. 176, Transport Requirements for the Growth
pe Northwest N North America, a 2 ese, Report
Trans-

Coecaeich, "Transmitting the Final Report of the
Alaska International Rail and Highway Commission,
pursuant to Public Law 884, 84th Congress), 438 pp.,
printed. Contains five parts: I. Summary, Conclu-
sions, and Recommendations, II. Introduction, III.
Physical Features, Geology, and Climate, IV. The
Present Economy, V. Natural Resources--Past, Pres-
ent, and Future, 2 appendices, 79 tables, 43 figures.
This report appraises the resources of the Pacific
Northwest (principally Alaska, British Columbia, Yukon,
and Northwest Territories, taking inventory of those
known to be present in the area and estimating their
marketability in the next 20 years, Points out trans-
portation improvements needed for resource develop-
ment, gives estimated costs of selected transport facil-
ities, compares costs and benefits of such facilities,
outlines methods and problems for construction of such
facilities, all leading up to recommendations for spe-
cific transport improvements. A section is devoted to
''Fisheries,'' containing 8 tables, 7 figures, and 1 map.

POLLUTION OF SEA TREATY IMPLEMENTATION:
On August 14, the Senate considered and passed S. 2187,
to implement the provisions of the International Con-

vention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil,

1954, with amendments, and cleared it for House.

The House on August 21 passed and cleared for the
President S, 2187 (in lieu of H. R. 8152), Earlier in
the day the House had passed - H. . R. 8152, companion
a to S. 2187, but the proceedings were vacated and

. 8152 was laid on the table. On Aug. 23, S. 2187,
ae Steers to the President for signature.

On August 30, the President signed S. 2187 (P. L.
87-167). The International Convention is ‘designed to
reduce pollution of the sea by oil, action which annual-
ly results in the loss of thousands of birds, damage to
other fish and wildlife resources, and contamination of
recreational beaches.

PORTLAND HARBOR, MAINE, IMPROVEMENT:

. R. 8633 (Garland), introduced in House Aug. 10, a
eit which authorizes modification of the existing proj-
ect for Portland Harbor, Maine, as recommended by the
Corps of Engineers, at an estimated cost of $8,340,000;
referred to Committee on Public Works.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, Nooo

On September 12, the Senate Committee on Public
Works reported out S. 2394 with an amendment (S. Rept.
978).

S. Rept. 978, Authorizing the Improvement of Port-
land Harbor, Maine (87th Congress, 1st Session, report
from the Committee on Public Works to accompany
S. 2394), 8 pp., printed. Committee reported bill favor-
ably with amendment, and recommended passage. Con-
tains purpose, description of project, discussion, com-
mittee views, agency comments from Department of the
Army and Department of Interior, and comments from
State of Maine. :

SHELLFISH PROCESSING EXEMPTION FROM MIN-
pies! WAGE: H.R. 8930 (Blitch), H. R. 8931 (Bonner),
H.R. 8932 (Downing), H. E H. R. 8933 (Matthews), H.R.
i934 (Sikes), introduced in House August 28, bills to
amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to continue
in effect the exemptions for shellfish processing as con-
tained in such act prior to the Fair Labor Standards A-
mendments of 1961; to the Committee on Education and
Labor, On Sept. 14, S. 2553 (Holland) companion bill,
introduced in Senate.

Would retain the previous exemption for shellfish
processing from minimum wage provisions of the Fair
Labor Standards Act, Prior to enactment this year of
Public Law 87-30, which took effect on September 3,
1961, fish and shellfish processing enjoyed both a, year-
round exemption from the overtime-pay requirements
of the Act and a complete exemption from the minimum
wage requirements of the Act. Fish and shellfish can-
ning enjoyed the year-round overtime exemption but
were subject to the minimum wage. The law, which
went into effect September 3, 1961, places fish and
shellfish processing on the same basis as fish and shell-
fish canning: subject to minimum wage but exempt from
overtime pay. The bills introduced would retain the
minimum-wage exemption for shellfish processing only
but would leave fish processing and fish canning subject
to this requirement of the Act.

SHELLFISHERIES RESEARCH CENTER: On August
22, the House passed 8S. 606, providing for the construc-
tion of a shellfisheries research center at Milford,
Conn., and cleared the bill for the President.’ Senate
passed this bill on June 12. Would authorize the Secre-
tary of the Interior to construct a research center for
shellfish production at Milford, Conn., and to acquire
such real property as may be necessary. Research
center is to consist of research facilities, a pilot hatch-
ery and a training school, and shall be used for the con-
duct of basic research on the physiology and ecology of
commercial shellfish, development of hatchery methods
for cultivation of mollusks, and to train persons in the
most advanced methods of shellfish culture.

On August 30, the President signed S. 606 (P. L.
87-173,

SHRIMP IMPORT DUTIES: Tariff Treatment of
Shrimp Imports (Hearing before the Committee on
Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives,
Eighty-Seventh Congress, First Session, on H, R. 6168),
638 pp., printed, Contains text of bill; departmental
reports of Departments of Commerce, Interior, Labor,
State, Treasury, and the Tariff Commission; statements
of various Congressmen, fishery associations, etc. Bill
would impose a duty of 35 percent ad valorem of canned,
prepared, or processed shrimp. Fresh, frozen, or un-
processed shrimp could come in duty free up to the
volume imported in 1960, but the same duty would apply

October 1961

on the quantity in excess of the 1960 volume. The Sec-
retary of the Interior would be authorized to allocate
this duty-free quota among countries supplying imports
of shrimp to the United States in the year 1960. In oth-
er words, there would be a country-by-country quota in
accordance with the volume of imports of shrimp re-
ceived from each country in that year.

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS, FY 1962: Sup-
plemental Appropriation Bill, 1962 (Hearings before the
Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House
of Representatives, 87th Congress, 1st Session, on H.R,
9169), 946 pp., printed. Includes hearings on supple-
mental estimates for Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
An increase of $800,000 was requested for the activity
"Research on fish migration over dams.'' Committee
heard the Director and other staff members of the Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries.

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS, FY1962:
Departments of of State, Justice, the Judiciary, and Re-
lated Agencies , Appropriations, 1962 (Hearings before
the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations,
U.S. Senate, Eighty-Seventh Congress, 1st Session, on
H. R. 7371), 1245 pp., printed. State Department ap-
propriations contain funds for international fisheries
commissions, Contains State Department justification
for funds, discusses restoration of funds (for Inter-A-
merican Tropical Tuna Commission) disallowed by
House, need for restriction on catches of yellowfin tuna,
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission and possi-
bility of other countries joining commission, tuna re-
search, fisheries attache program, tunabait research,
use of seine method in tuna fishing, bait fishing for
tuna, letters from various interested associations and
a senator, skipjack tuna, and lamprey control.

On August 14, the Senate Committee on Appropria-
tions, in executive session, ordered favorably reported
with amendments H. R. 7371.

S. Rept. No. 731, Departments of State and Justice,
the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations —
Bill, 1962 (Report of Committee on Appropriations,
U.S. Senate, 87th Congress, 1st Session, to accompany
H.R. 7371), 16 pp., printed. For the international fish-
eries commission, the committee approved for Fiscal
Year 1962 the full budget estimate of $1,938,000 to
cover the costs of the various commissions paid from
this appropriation. This is an increase of $42,000 over
the amount allowed by the House, which will give the
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission funds as re-
quested in the budget.

On August 30, the Senate passed H. R. 7371, with
amendments. Senate insisted on its amendments, asked
conference with House, and appointed conferees.

On September 11, the conferees, in executive ses-
sion, agreed to file a conference report on the differ-
ences between the Senate- and House-passed versions
of H. R. 7371. On September 12, the House considered
the amendments in disagreement in conference report.
Further action was referred to September 13. On
September 13, both Houses of Congress adopted con-
ference report and and the bill was cleared for the
President.

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATION FOR FY 1962:
H.R. 9169 (Thomas), introduced in House September
12, a bill making supplemental appropriations for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1962, and for other pur-
poses. Bill was reported on September 12, from the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

91

House Committee on Appropriations, and committed to
the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the
Union (H. Rept. 1175). For the Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, the Committee has allowed $400,000, or one-half
the supplemental request of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, to conduct additional research on the prob-
lem of passing migrant fish over dams. This is in ad-
dition to $527,000 in the regular 1962 fund bill and
$252,000 of Saltonstall-Kennedy funds carried over from
last year, making a total of $1,179,000 forthe 1962 pro-
gram. The Committee pointed out that this almost tri-
ples the level of 1961, and any additional requirement
should be absorbed out of the $3,000,000 of Saltonstall-
Kennedy funds which are available for special emergen-
cy projects.

TARIFF CLASSIFICATION RESTATEMENT IN TAR-
IFF ACT OF 1930: _H. R. 8691 (Mills), introduced in

and certain related laws to provide for the restatement
of the tariff classification provisions, and for other pur-
poses; to the Committee on Ways and Means. On Aug.
16, the Committee on Ways and Means announced that it
would receive written statements from interested in-
dividuals and organizations on H. R. 8691, the adminis-
tration's bill to implement the proposed revised tariff
schedules as included in the U. 8. Tariff Commission's
"Tariff Commission Study," of Nov. 15, 1960, which was
prepared pursuant to direction of Congress in the Cus-
toms Simplification Act of 1954, Statements should be
submitted not later than August 29, 1961. H. R. 9189
(Mills), identical bill introduced on Sept. 13.

The proposed Revised Tariff Schedules were made
available to the public on November 15, 1960. The bill
would provide for (1) the adoption of the tariff schedules
of the United States as proposed by the Tariff Commis-
sion, and (2) the establishment of procedures for con-
tinuing review and revision of the new schedules.

The Customs Simplification Act of 1954 directed the
Tariff Commission to make a comprehensive study of
the laws prescribing the tariff status of imported arti-
cles and to submit to the President and to the Chairmen
of the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of
Representatives and the Committee on Finance of the
Senate a revision and consolidation of those laws, that,
in the judgment of the Commission, would accomplish
to the extent practicable the following purposes: (1)
Establish schedules of tariff classifications which will
be logical in arrangement and terminology and adapted
to the changes which have occurred since 1930 in the
character and importance of articles produced in and
imported into the United States and in the markets in
which they are sold, (2) Eliminate anomalies and illog-
ical results in the classification of articles. (3) Simpli-
fy the determination and application of tariff classifica-
tions.

The Commission was directed not to make changes
in rates of duty except in those instances where, in the
judgment of the Commission, incidental rate changes
were necessary to accomplish the purpose of simplifi-
cation. In the period elapsing between the adoption of
the legislation directing this study and the submission
of the final report on November 15, 1960, the Tariff
Commission (in 1955) submitted to the President and to
the Chairmen of the Committees on Finance and Ways
and Means an "Interim Report'' in which the plans for
pursuing the tariff study required by the 1954 legisla-
tion were detailed, Widespread press coverage was
given to this Interim Report. Subsequently, proposed
new tariff schedules were drafted by the Commission

92

and released to the public during 1958 and 1959, Public
hearings were held at frequent intervals by the United
States Tariff Commission and many interested parties
attended and submitted their views on the proposals of
the Commission, It is also understood that during
these years the Commission held frequent conferences
with domestic industry members and trade associations
as well as with importers and their association repre-
sentatives.

On September 8, the House Committee on Ways and
Means met in executive session on H. R, 8691. On
September 12, the Committee met again. No announce-
ments were made, and Committee continued on this
subject in executive session on September 13,

TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS: H. Con. Res. 368 (Haley),
H. Con, Res. 369 (Pillion), and H. Con. Res. 370 (Pirn-
Te), introduced in House August 14, concurrent resolu-
tions declaring the sense of the Congress that no furth-
er reductions in tariffs be made during the life of the™
present Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act; to Commit-
tee. on Ways and Means, Also, on August 14, H. Con.
Res. 373 (Becker), and H. Con. Res. 374 (Blitch); to
Committee on Ways and Means. On August 18: H. Con.
Res. 375 (Laird) and H. Con, Res. 376 (Philbin), On
Aug. 22: H. Con, Res. 379 (Boykin). On Aug. 30: H. Con.
Res. 381 (Downing). Aug. 31: H. Con. Res. 382 (Grant).
Sept. 7: H. Con. Res. 386 (Alford), and H. Con. Res.
387 (Robison).

TRADE AGREEMENTS: On September 1, the Presi-
dent submitted to both the House and Senate, the fifth
annual report on the operation of the trade agreements
program (H. Doc. No. 234); referred to the Committee
on Ways and Means in the House and to Committee on
Finance in Senate.

H. Doc, 234, Fifth Annual Report on the Operation
of the Trade Agreements Program (September 1, 1961,
Message from the President of the United States, Trans-
mitting the Fifth Annual Report on the Operation of the
Trade Agreements Program, Pursuant to Section 350@)
(1) of the Tariff Act of 1930 as Amended), 116 pp.,
printed. Contains letter of transmittal from the Presi-
dent and I, Development of International Trade in1960;
Il, The Trade Agreements Program and the GATT;
Ill. Removal of Quantitative Import Restrictions; IV.
Developments in Regional Associations; V. The Safe-
guarding Procedures of the Trade Agreements Pro-
gram; VI. United States Tariff Negotiations; 4 charts;
2 tables; and 3 annexes. Also discusses trade matters
of fundamental importance to the nations that partici-
pate in the work of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT). The United States, in line with its
over-all trade expansion program, continued to press

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

for removal of restrictions on American exports. A-
mong items considered at the Geneva meeting were:
removal of import restrictions; the GATT program for
expansion of trade; the formation of regional markets.

VESSEL TRANSFER ("ALASKA"): The House on
August 21 passed‘and sent to the Senate without amend-
ments H. R. 3788, providing for the transfer of the U.S.
vessel Alaska to the State of California for the use and
benefit of that State's Department of Fish and Game,
Read in Senate on August 22 and referred to Committee
on Commerce. On August 29, the Senate Committee on
Commerce reported out favorably H. R. 3788 without
amendment (S. Rept. 830).

without amendment and recommended passage. Con-
tains purpose of bill, general information, and report
from Interior Department. There are no changes in
existing law.

On September 1, Senator Morse asked unanimous
consent that the Senate return to consideration of H. R.
3788, making objection to the bill being considered on
calendar until full explanation is given by General Serv-
ices Administration and Department of Interior, ex-
plaining by what procedure and law the vessel Alaska
was turned over to the State of California, and by what
right this course of action was allowed.

WATER RESOURCES CONSERVATION: On August
16, the Senate Committees on Interior and Insular Af-
fairs and Public Works concluded their joint hearings
on S. 2246, providing financial assistance to the States
for comprehensive water resources planning, after re-
ceiving testimony from various Senators, government,
and public officials.

Water Resources Planning Act of 1961 (Joint Hear-
ings of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs,
and the Committee on Public Works, United States Sen-
ate, Eighty-Seventh Congress, lst Session on S, 2246,
S. 1629, and S. 1778, bills pertaining to the Water Re-
sources Planning Act of 1961; and Hearing of the Com-
mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs on S. 1629, a bill
to provide financial assistance to states for water re-
sources planning), 229 pp., printed. Contains texts of
bills, and reports from Departments of Agriculture, In-
terior, and Budget; statements of various public and
government officials; letters and telegrams from vari-
ous conservation organizations, and public and private
individuals, and 34 of the states.

October 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

FISHERY
INDICATORS

CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND LEGEND: NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 Ms. 1961 - 378.1 : 1961 - 154.6)
7 4 1960 5 "1960 - 136.2
12 1960 - 807.0 "1960 - 501.1

CUMULATIVE DATA

Hgs. 1961 - 749
1960 - 613
1960 - 1,041

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FLORIDA

CUMULATIVE DATA
vw mgs. 1961 - 105.0 CUMULATIVE DATA
7-4 1960 - 101
12 1960 - 190.

IS. 1961 - 13.2

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV DEC

OREGON

CUMULATIVE DATA
7 MQS- 1961 —_—S

1 1960 3M 1961 - 9.3

3 1960 - 3

12 1960 - 49.1

12 1960 - 54.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
T/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

94

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.

Vol. 23, No. 10

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK PEGENDE
(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

w gs 1961 - 72.4
ie 1960 - 64.4
2 1960 - 104.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

In Millions

ii SHRIMP

(Gulf States / including Florida West Coast)

= So?
Sear oa aad —

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/tA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-

PLETE. In Thousands

MENHADEN
(East and Gulf Coasts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

PILCHARD
(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL

1959/60 SEASON,
TOTAL -

See

35.4

LEGEND:

ae ** 1960/61
——_—sW1:959/60

<1
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DECj JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

1961
1960

OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA
7 gs. 1961 - 82.8

as 1960 - 86,3)
12 1960 - 142.6)

WHITING
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 36.7
1960 - 41,1
1960 - 95.7

UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

of Tons

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(California)

n 1960 - 24,3
1960 - 54.9

i JAN FEB- MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB

MAR_APR_MAY_JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV _DEC

October 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95

we

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGF HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHEKY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND:

U. S. HOLDINGS U, S. FREEZINGS

—_— oe 1961

1960

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 HQS. 1961
8 | 1960
12

2
1960 - 328.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGs2/

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS2/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Z/OH10, IND., ILL,, MICH., WIS., MINN., |OWA, MO., N, DAK., NEBR. & KANS,

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

=——.)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 10

| CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

RECEIPTS ay) AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

NEW YORK COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2!

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MQS. 1961 - 109.3 CITY

8 1960 - 113.0
12 1960 - 168.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS 2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET

(Fresh and Frozen) CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

1961 - 51.4
es 1960 - 8
1960 - 87.1

2 be .
eu enna fe, _anaresenasn fe

oo

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

8 MS. 1961 - 61.5

La 1960 - 67.2

12 1960 - 97.6

LEGEND:

——_— 1961

1960

FISH MEAL

FISH OIL
(In Thousands of Tons)

(In MfIlions of Gallons)
CUMULATIVE DATA

7 mgs, 1961 - 18.8
th 1960 - 12.9 F
12 1960 - 27.9

reer

A
—
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

October 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGEND:

MACKEREL ee CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

-_——-= 1961

seaeeeeees 1960

7 MQS. 1961
7 4 1960 - 37!

12 1960 - 934,

8 Mgs. 1961 - 7,407.0
Clg 1960 7,669.6
1960 - 10,790.0

ol
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
7 MQS. 1961 - 20.7
7 1960 - 12.0

0

3 -MQS. 1961 - 3,126.6
3, 1960 - 2,484.7
12 1960 - 2,648.8

12." 1960 - 24.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES

CUMULATIVE DATA
TANS a Pen paersial Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wet.
12_" 1960 - 1,997.6 SARDINES..... 100 4 drawn 32 02.
SHRIMP’. 325... 48 cA 5 oz.
TUNA nesters 48 #4 tuna 6&7 oz,
PILCHARDS... 48 # 1 oval 15 oz.
SALMON...... 48 1-1b. tall 16 oz.
ANCHOVIES... 48 4-1b. 8 oz.
DEC : ares

LEGEND:

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA ee nay SHRIMP - GULF STATES

seeeeees 1960/61 11280
CUMULATIVE DATA —— 1959/50 CUMULATIVE DATA

1960/61 SEASON, 1961/62 SEASON,
TOTAL - 615.9 AUG, - - 37.0]
1959/60 SEASON, 1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL - 754.6 AUG, - | - 159.1
1960/61 SEASON,

TOTAL =~ 624,1

0 — —
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY . AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

GF UNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS
Fresh and Fr.

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 HQS. 1961 - 11
Tae 1960 -
12 1960 - 155.6

=
\ec->-7"

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

Sma

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Tuna ¥
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 - 123.1
1960 - 130.8
1960 - 234.6

(in Oil and in Brine)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY, JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

U. S, IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

LEGEND:

-_——- 196)

2 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

«2 1960

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 -MQS. 1961 - 37.4
7 4 1960 - 37.4
12 1960 - 65.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MQS. 1961
7 4 1960
12

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MQS. 1961 - 21.0
7 4 1960 - 36.8
12 1960 - 74.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CANNED SARDINES
in Oil and not in Qi
CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 22.4
1960 - 17.0
1960 - 27,4

cestantttt tans get

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

October 1961

=

G

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE:
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S, FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, WASH-
INGTON 25, D. C.

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.

FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.

MNL - REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES.

SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
REVIEW.

SL - LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FISHERY

PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.
WL - WILDLIFE LEAFLETS.

Number Title
CFS-2605 - New Jersey Landings, March 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2606 - New Jersey Landings, April 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2620 - Minnesota Landings, April 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2628 - South Carolina Landings, May 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2630 - Shrimp Landings, February 1961, 6 pp.
CFS-2631 - New Jersey Landings, May 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2633 - Florida Landings, May 1961, 9 pp.
CFS-2634 - Maine Landings, May 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2635 - Fish Meal and Oil, May 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2637 - New York Landings, May 1961, 5 pp.
CFS-2639 - Michigan Landings, May 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2640 - Wisconsin Landings, May 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2641 - Virginia Landings, May 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2642 - Minnesota Landings, May 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2643 - Texas Landings, March 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2644 - California Landings, April 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2645 - Ohio Landings, May 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2646 - Mississippi Landings, May 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2647 - Texas Landings, April 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2649 - Fish Sticks and Portions, April-June 1961,
3 pp.
CFS-2650 - North Carolina Landings, June 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2651 - Georgia Landings, June 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2652 - South Carolina Landings, June 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2654 - Florida Landings, June 1961, 9 pp.
CFS-2655 - Fish Meal and Oil, June 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2659 - Maryland Landings, June 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2660 - Rhode Island Landings, May 1961, 3 pp.

FL-9 - (Revised April 1961) - Available Leaflets on
Fisheries, 7 pp.

FL-411 - (Revised January 1960) - Care of Tropical
Aquarium Fishes, 18 pp.

FL-512 - United States Fish and Wildlife Service Pub-
lications in Limnology, 1940-1960, compiled by
Lola T. Dees, 7 pp., April 1961.

RECENT

TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99

May

bes,

FL-514 - List of Special Scientific Report (Nos. 1-67)
and Special Scientific Report-Fisheries (Nos. 1-357),
compiled by Lola T. Dees, 36 pp., processed, April
1961.

FL-515 - United States Fish and Wildlife Service Pa-
pers on Physical and Chemical Oceanography, com-
piled by Lola T. Dees, 14 pp., April 1961.

FL-518 - A List of the Circulars of the United States
Fish and Wildlife Service, compiled by Lola T. Dees,
9 pp., processed, June 1961.

FL-519 - List of Research Reports of the United States
Fish and Wildlife Service, compiled by Lola T. Dees,
5 pp., processed, June 1961.

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, 1961 (Revised):
SL-12 - Virginia

SL-13 - North Carolina
SL-20 - Texas (Coastal Area).

WL-436 - Fur Catch in the United States, 1960, 3 pp.,
processed, June 1961.

List of Special Scientific Reports - Wildlife-Nos. 1-54,
3 pp., 1960.

Selected List of Fish and Wildlife Materials for Con-
servation Education, 2 pp.

Sep. No. 627 - Some Factors Influencing Maine Lobster
Landings.

Sep. No. 628 - Development of a Thread-Herring Fish-
ery in the Gulf of Mexico.

Equipment Note No. 10 - A Sea Sled to Towing Vessel
Communication Method.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE
BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U.S.
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Number Title

MNL- 7 - Mexican Fisheries, 1960.

MNL- 8 - Portugal's Fisheries Statistical Report, 1960.
MNL-26 - Taiwan Fisheries in 1960.

MNL-56 - Norwegian Fisheries, 1960.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE QNLY FROM THE
SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED:

(Baltimore) Monthly Summary--Fishery Products, May,
June, and July 1961, 8 pp. each. (Market News Serv-

100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 10

ice, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 400 E. Lom-
bard St., Baltimore 2, Md.) Receipts of fresh- and
salt-water fish and shellfish at Baltimore by spe-
cies and by states and provinces; total receipts by
species and comparisons with previous years; and
wholesale prices on the Baltimore market; for the
months indicated.

California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, Part
I--Fishery Products Production and Market Data,
June 1961, 15 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro,
Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna and tuna-
like fish and other species used for canning; ‘pack of
canned tuna, tunalike fish, mackerel, and anchovies;
market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica,
and Eureka areas; California imports; canned fish
and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel prices for can-
nery fish; American Tuna Boat Association auction
sales; Oregon and Washington receipts (domestic
and imports) of fresh and frozen tuna and tunalike
fish; for the month indicated.

Chemical Control of POLYDORA WEBSTERI and Other
Annelids Inhabiting Oyster Shells, by Clyde L. Mac-
Kenzie, Jr., and L. W. Shearer, 7 pp., illus., proc-
essed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the National
Shellfisheries Association, vol. 50, 1961, pp. 105-
111.) U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bio-

logical Laboratory, Milford, Conn.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and
Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale
Market Prices, July 1961, 13 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W.
Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago
by species and by states and provinces for fresh-
and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale
prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for
the month indicated.

The Effects of Salt Solutions of Different Strengths on
Oyster Enemies, by L. W. Shearer and C. L. Mac-
Kenzie, Jr., 7 pp., processed. (Reprinted from
Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Associa-
tion, vol. 50, 1961, pp. 97-103.) U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory,
Milford, Conn.

eries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Galveston,
Tex., September 22, 1960.

Gulf Monthly Landings, Production, and Shipments of
Fishery Products, June 1961, 8 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 609-611
Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf States
shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings;
crab meat production; LCL express shipments from
New Orleans; Gulf menhaden landings and produc-
tion of meal, solubles, and oil; wholesale prices of
fish and shellfish on the New Orleans French Mar-
ket; fishery imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville,
Tex., from Mexico; and sponge sales; for the month
indicated.

Clam, VENUS MERCENARIA, by Paul E. Chanley,

————— eel
7 pp., illus., processed. (Reprinted from Proceed-

ings of the National Shellfisheries Association,
vol. 50, 1961, pp. 163-169.) U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Milford,
Conn.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in

Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and_
Maryland, July 1961, 4 pp. (Market News Service,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St.,
Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for
the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower North-
ern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas
of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ccean City; and the
North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and
Morehead City; together with cumulative and com-
parative data; for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, June 1961,

22 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10,
Mass.) Reviews the principal New England fishery
ports, and presents food fish landings by ports and
species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel
prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery
products in New England warehouses; fishery land-
ings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massachu-
setts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Province-
town, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rock-
land), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut
(Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to
primary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and
New Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices for
fares landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold
through the New England Fish Exchange; for the
month indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly

Summary for June 1961, 18 pp. (Market News
Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes
summaries and analyses of receipts and prices 2n
wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at
New York City, primary wholesaler prices for fro-
zen products, and marketing trends; for the month
indicated.

Production of Fishery Products in Selected Areas of

Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and
Texas, 1960, by Peter DiMarco, 42 pp., processed,
August 4, 1961. (Available free from the U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, 609-611, Federal Bldg., 600
South St., New Orleans 12, La.) Part I reports on
trends and conditions in Gulf Coast fisheries during
1960 and gives a resume of the individual fisheries.
For the shrimp fishery, a detailed account is pre-
sented of total landings by states, extent of cover-
age of landings, composition of shrimp landings by
species and sizes, prices, canning, imports, cold-
storage stocks, and general trends and develop-
ments. Discusses production and market conditions
for the oyster and blue crab fisheries, as well as
imports of fresh and frozen fish and shellfish. Part
II includes shrimp closed seasons in effect in the
Gulf States during 1960, minimum shrimp size reg-
ulations, conversion factors and container capacities,
and shrimp sizes. The second part also contains
statistical tables showing total fishery products
landings; crab meat production by areas and months;
fishery imports through the New Orleans and Mor-
gan City, La., Customs Districts and Port Isabel

October 1961

and Brownsville, Tex.; and LCL express shipments
from New Orleans for 1960 by months and destina-
tion. Also includes tables showing monthly range
of wholesale prices of fishery products on the New
Orleans French Market; Gulf States weekly oyster
and shrimp packs, 1959/60 season and packs by
season 1955-60; summary of Gulf shrimp landings
for selected areas, 1959-60 and 5-year averages;
and fishery products market classifications in the
Gulf area.

(Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and
Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas
and Fisheries, Monthl Summary, June and July,
T1961, 9 pp. each. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.)

Includes landings and local receipts, with ex-vessel

and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported

by Seattle and Astoria (Oreg.) wholesale dealers;
shipments of fishery products; also Northwest Pa-
cific halibut landings; and Washington shrimp land-
ings; for the month indicated.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE
ARTICLES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE

SERVICE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, HONOLULU, HAWAII:

Families of Fishes New to the Antarctic (Communica-
tion 1), by A. P. Andriiashev, 9 pp., illus., proc-
essed. (Translated from Russian Zoologicheskii
Zhurnal, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, vol. 39,
no. 2, 1960, pp. 314-29 )} ae:

The Utilization of a Submarine for Scientific Fisheries

Research (Expeditions of the Submarine Severyanka),

by V. P. Zaitsev and D. V. Radakov, 4 pp., proc-
essed, July 1961. (Translated from Russian Soviet

Fisheries Investigations in North European Seas,
1960, pp. 463-465.)

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE

AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON
ZO OREGT GIT SEN aRIAl ue iia NRL

"Applications of a Boat-Rigged Direct-Current Shocker

on Lakes and Streams in West-Central Wisconsin,"
by Ludwig Frankenberger, article, Progressive
Fish-Culturist, vol. 22, no. 3, 1960, pp. 124-128,
processed, single copy 25 cents.

"Channel Catfish Culture in California, by G. E. Geibel
and P. J. Murray, article, Progressive Fish-Cul-

turist, vol. 23, no. 3, July 1961, pp. 99-105, proc-
essed, single copy 25 cents.

A Collapsible Nylon Fish Trap for Pond Sampling," by
Alfred Houser, article, Progressive Fish-Culturist,

vol, 22, no. 3, 1960, pp. 129-133, processed, single

copy 25 cents.

Fishery Statistics of the United States, 1959, by E. A.
Power, Statistical Digest No. 51, 458 pp., illus.,
printed, $2, 1961. The latest in a series of annual
statistical reports on the fisheries of the United
States contains data on the catch and ex-vessel
value of fishery products, employment in the fish-
eries, quantity of gear operated, the number of fish-
ing craft employed in the capture of fishery prod-
ucts, and certain information on the production and
value of manufactured fishery products and byprod-
ucts. Historical fishery statistics in the report in-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101

clude data on the areas in the United States for
which statistical surveys had been conducted from
1880 to 1959, inclusive. The catch of fishery prod-
ucts in all sections of the United Sfates during 1959
totaled approximately 5.1 billion pounds, valued at
$346 million ex-vessel--an increase of 8 percent
in quantity but a decrease of 7 percent in value as
compared with 1958.

Menhaden continued to rank first in quantity among
the species taken by United States fishermen, yield-
ing a catch of 2.2 billion pounds--43 percent of the
total landings. Landings were up in all areas with
the yield in the Gulf States reaching a record of 752
million pounds, an increase of 70 percent over the
1958 catch in these States.

The 1959 catch of shrimp, amounting to 240 mil-
lion pounds valued at $58 million, yielded more
revenue to United States fishermen than any other
species. Large runs of brown shrimp in Louisiana
and Mississippi during the late spring and early
summer and off the Texas Coast in the late sum-
mer and early fall contributed chiefly to the in-
crease. Despite heavier landings in 1959 the shrimp
industry faced many problems, among which was the
steady decline of retail prices, resulting in a 20-
percent loss in total value as compared with 1958.

The salmon fishery in the four Pacific Coast States,
in 1959, yielded a commercial catch of only 202 mil-
lion pounds-- the smallest during the century. Land-
ings in Alaska were 39 percent less than in 1958;
while the Oregon catch was down 35 percent, and
Washington, 22 percent. However, large catches of
chinook and silver in California raised that State's
catch to 6.8 million pounds.

Reedville, Virginia, with landings of 324 million
pounds, mainly menhaden, was the leading United
States fish-landing port in 1959. For the first time,
the catch of fish for industrial purposes and for
animal feeding--2,753 million pounds--exceeded the
quantity taken for human consumption--2,369 mil-
lion pounds. Canned fishery products totaling 975
million pounds were packed in the United States,
Puerto Rico, and American Samoa, yielding $348
million. The production of fish meal and scrap
amounted to 307 thousand tons--58 thousand tons
more than in 1958. The production of fresh andfro-
zen packaged fish fillets and steaks totaled 147.2
million pounds--a decrease of 8.6 million pounds
as compared with the previous year. The value of
fishery imports entered for consumption in 1959
was 12 percent greater than in the previous year,
while the value of exports of domestic fishery prod-
ucts increased 43 percent. Important items re-
ceived in considerably greater volume during 1959
were frozen tuna, shrimp, groundfish fillets, and
canned tuna.

Biological information included provides detailed
data on fluctuations in the commercial catch by spe-
cies, locality, gear, and type of craft operated.

"Results of Planting Kokanee Salmon in Two Adirondack

Mountain Lakes, New York," by Dwight A. Webster
and William Flick, article, Progressive Fish-Cul-
turist, vol. 22, no. 2, 1960, pp. 59-63, processed,
single copy 25 cents.

"A Small Drag Net for Capture of Bottom Fish and In-

vertebrates," by S. U. Quadri, article, Progressive

102

Fish-Culturist, vol. 22, no. 2, 1960, pp. 90-91, proc-
essed, single copy 25 cents.

"A Unitized System of Water-Level and Fish-Popula-
tion Control Structures for Spawning Sloughs,'' by
Donald R. Franklin and Lloyd L. Smith, Jr., article,
Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 22, no. 3, 1960,
pp. 138-140, processed, single copy 25 cents.

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND

TION ISSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT
FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS OR
PUBLISHER MENTIONED. OATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE
SHOWN.

AIRPLANE SPOTTING:

"Directing Fishing Vessels to Herring Schools with
Aircraft," by V. Maslov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
vol, 34, 1958, pp. 35-37, printed in Russian. Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie
SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

ALGAE:

An Algal Mass-Culture Unit for Feeding Marine n=
vertebrate Larvae, by B. Wisely and C. Purday,
Technical Paper No. 12, 14 pp., illus., printed.
Division of Fisheries and Oceanography, Common-
wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organiza-
tion, Melbourne, Australia, 1961.

The Wonders of Algae, by Lucy Kavaler, 96 pp., illus.,
printed, $3.50. Doubleday & Co., Garden City, N. Y.
Describes generally marine and fresh-water algae,
and tells young people about their space age uses.

AMINO ACIDS:

"The Chemical Composition of the Scent of Fresh
Water Fish With Special Reference to Amines and
Amino Acids,'' by H. Kleerekoper and J. A. Mogen-
sen, article, Zeitschrift fur Vergleichende Physio-
logie, vol. 42, 1959, pp. 492-500, printed in English.

eitschrift fur Vergleichende Physiologie, Springer-
Verlag, Neuheimer Landstr, 24, (17 a) Heidelberg,
Germany.

"Composition of the Nonprotein-Bound Amino Acids
in the Muscles of the River Lamprey,"' by Ghislaine
Duchateau and Marcel Florkin, article, Archives
Internationales de Physiologie et Biochemie, vol. 65,
1957, p. 378, printed in French. Archives Inter-
nationales de Physiologie et Biochemie, Imprimerie
H. Vaillant-Carmanne, S, A., 4 Place Saint-Michel,
Liege, Belgium.

AUSTRALIA:

let No. 1, 7 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from
Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 19, no. 7.) Department
of Primary Industry, Division of Fisheries and
Oceanography, Canberra, Australia.

BACTERIOLOGY:

"Bacteriology for Frozen Food Processors," article,
Frosted Food Field, vol. 32, February 1961, pp. 51-
52, 54-56, printed. Frosted Food Field, Inc., 321
Broadway, New York 7, N. Y.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

BELGIUM:

Rapport Annuel sur 1'Evolution de la Flotte de Peche
en 1960 (Annual Report of the Status of the Fishing
Fleet in 1960), 43 pp., processed in French. Minis-
tere des Communications, Administration de la Ma-
rine et de la Navigation Interieure, Brussels, Bel-
gium.

BERMUDA:

Bermuda Fisheries Research Program, Final Report,
August, 1958, by John E. Bardach, C, Lavett Smith,
and D. W. Menzel, 64 pp., illus., printed... Bermuda
Trade Development Board, Hamilton, Bermuda, 1958.
Deals with the problems of whether and how a devel-
oping Bermuda fishing industry can satisfy the de-
mands of a relatively large permanent population and
an even larger number of visitors annually. The
section on the present status of the fishery covers
fishing grounds, fish stocks, methods of catching and
marketing fish and shellfish, and their food value.
The section on the future of Bermuda's fishery dis-
cusses unexploited resources--flying fish, snappers,
and rough fish; and proposed organization of the fish-
ery--subsidy, management practices, fishing centers,
distribution, mechanization of vessels and gear, and
biological research. Includes statistical tables show-
ing results of red snapper test fishing, 1956/57; data
on experiments with fish attractant; and organization
of the fisheries on several Caribbean Islands,

BIBLIOGRAPHIES:

Technical Information, U. S. Atomic Energy Com-
mission, Washington, D. C., 1961. (For sale by the
Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.)

BIOCHEMISTRY:

Determination of Oxalic Acid in Fish Muscle," by
Yoshitaka Yamazoe, article, Kagaku (Tokyo), vol. 29,
1959, p. 468, printed in Japan. Kagaku, Iwanami
Shoten 2-3, Kanda-hitotsu bashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,
Japan.

"Quantitative Determination of Glycogen and Lactic
Acid in Fish Meat," by Janina Trawinska, article,
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska
Lublin-Polonia, Section DD, vol. 12, 1959, pp. 41-63,
printed in Polish with English summary. Uniwersy-
tet Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej Bivro Wydawnictw,
Plac Stalinas, Lublin, Poland.

BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: fe
"Connection Between Maturity, Size, and Age in Fishes,
by Gunnar Alm, article, Report No. 40, 1959, pp. 5-
145, printed in Swedish. Fishery Board of Sweden,
Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottningholm,

Sweden.

Guiana, 1960, Bulletin No. 3, 58 pp., illus., printed,
BG$1.00 (59 U. S. cents). Fisheries Division, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Georgetown, British Guiana,
November 22, 1960. The establishment of an experi-
mental and demonstration station for brackish-water
fish culture was recommended by the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development in its re-
port on the economic development of British Guiana

in the early 1950's. The present report contains

October 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

103

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

descriptions of the facilities and activities of the
station, completed in 1959. The research program
includes chemical and physical studies of water; and
biological studies such as daily collections of fish
fry and larvae and research on growth rates and
ecological problems. The report also discusses
operation of a smokehouse; fishing gear in use at
the Station; and such problems as silting, control of
predators, shrimp cultivation, and plankton blooms.

CALIFORNIA:

California Fish and Game, vol. 47, no. 3, July 1961,
75 pp., Ulus., printed, single copy 75 cents. Cali-
fornia Fish and Game, 987 Jedsmith Dr., Sacra-
mento 19, Calif. (For sale by the Printing Division,
Documents Section, Sacramento 14, Calif.) Includes,
among others, articles on: ''Survival, Mortality and
Movements of White Catfish and Brown Bullheads
in Clear Lake, California,'' by George W. McCammon
and Charles M. Seeley; ''The Use of the Sediment
Bottle Collector for Monitoring Polluted Marine Wa-
ters,'' by Donald J. Reish; "Age and Length Com-
position of the Sardine Catch Off the Pacific Coast
of the United States and Mexico in 1958-59,"" by
Robert S. Wolf and Anita Daugherty; and ''The Dis-
tribution of the California Sea Otter,'' by Richard A,
Boolootian.

CANADA:

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1959 (Ontario, Prairie
Provinces, and Northwest Territories), 70 pp.,
printed in French and English, C$1. Queen's Print-
er and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada,
July 1961. Contains tables giving the value of the
principal species of inland fish landed, 1952-59;
quantity and value of landings by species and fish-
eries districts, 1958-59; capital equipment used in
the primary fisheries operations; and the number
of persons engaged in the fisheries. This informa-
tion is presented separately for the provinces of
Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the
Northwest Territories.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,

vol. 18, no. 3, May 1961, 184 pp., ilfus., printed.
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Otta-
wa, Canada. Contains, among others, these articles:
"Spoilage of Fish in the Vessels at Sea, 7--Further
Studies on Seasonal Variations in the Landed Quality
of Gutted, Trawler-Caught Atlantic Cod and Had-
dock," by C. H. Castell and Jacqueline G. Giles;
"Grading Fish for Quality. 4--Variations in the
Relation between Trimethylamine Values andGrades
for Gutted, Trawler-Caught Atlantic Cod and Had-
dock," by C. H. Castell, Maxine F. Elson, and Jac-
queline G. Giles; ''Observations on Post Mortem
Biochemical Changes in Fish Muscle in Relation to
Rigor Mortis,'' by N. Tomlinson and others; ''Vari-
ability in Aerial Counts of Spawning Salmon," by
Donald E. Bevan; ''Preparation of Deoxynucleosides,
Purine and Pyrimidine Bases and Deoxyribose 1-
Phosphate from Deoxyribonucleic Acid Employing
Salmon Enzyme Systems," by Abdul Mannan and
H. L. A. Tarr; ''A Comparison of Three Methods of
Inactiviating Lobster Claws,'' by D. G. Wilder and
D. W. McLeese; ''Dietary Marine Fish Oils and
Cholesterol Metabolism. 3--The Comparative
Hypocholesterolemic Activities of Fish Oil and
Vitamin A." by J. D. Wood and J. Topliff; ''Radio-

active Iron as a Fish Mark,'' by D. P. Scott; "Plasma
Proteins of Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, as
Separated by Zone Electrophoresis,” by W. E. Van-
stone and F. Chung-Wai Ho; "Influence of Size upon
the Adaptation of Steelhead Trout (Salrno gairdneri)
and Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) to Sea Water,"
by Arthur H. Houston; "Comparison of Largest Great
Slave Lake Fish with North American Records," by
J. J. Keleher; and ''The Lake Trout of Lac la Ronge,
Saskatchewan," by D. S. Rawson.

CANNING:

"Rapid Method for Determination of Tin in Canned Fish
Products,'' by G. S. Akchurina and A. J, Cherkesov,
article, Trudy Astrakhanskogo Teknicheskogo In-
stituta Rynoi Promyshlemostia i Khozyaistva, no. 5,
1958, pp. 147-154, printed in Russian. Izdanie Tek-
nicheskogo Instituta, Rybnoi Promyshlennosti i
Kohozyaistvo Astrakhan, U. S. S. R.

CANS:

"Black Discoloration of Cans Containing Fish and
Shellfish," by Kisaku Yamada and Mizuho Tanaka,
article, Seikai-ku Suisan Kenlsyusho Kenkyu, Hokoku,
no. 17, 1959, pp. 1-13, printed in Japanese with Eng-
lish summary. Suisan-cho Seikai-ku, Suisan Ken-
kyusho, Marvo-Machi Nagasaki-shi, Japan.

CAVIAR:

"Slow Death Faces Russian Caviar Trade," article,
Business Week, no. 1664, July 22, 1961, pp. 122-124,
illus., printed. Business Week, McGraw-Hill Pub-
lishing Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York 36,N.Y.
Tells how nature, new hydro-power stations and ir-
rigation projects, cutthroat Russian poachers, and
river pollution are threatening the extinction of
sturgeon in Soviet waters. Also includes data on
the rise of sturgeon prices, competition in the cav-
iar market, and Russia's limited hopes and plans
for the future of the sturgeon fishing industry.

CHEMICAL CONTENT:
A Convenient Arrangement for the Dete:mination of
“Trimethylamine in Fillets, by P. L. Hoogland, New
Series Circular No. 3, i0 pp., illus., processed.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Technological
Station, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, March 1956.

CHILE:

"La Industria Pesquera Chilena'' (The Chilean Fish-
ing Industry), article, Puntal, vol, 8, no, 87, June
1961, pp. 16-19, illus., printed in Spanish. Puntal,
21 San Fernando, Alicante, Spain.

COD:

"A Comparison of the Acid-Soluble Collagens from
the Skin and Swim Bladder of the Cod," by E. Gor-
don Young and J. W. Lorimer, article, Archives of
Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol, 92, January 1961,
Ppp. 183=190-printed. Archives of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, Academic Press Inc.,111 5th Ave., New
NWOTK Seeley.

"Merkeforsok pa Brisling i Fjordene Sor for Bergen
i Juni-September 1960" (Tagging of Cod in the Bay
South of Bergen, June-September 1960), by Kaare
R. Gundersen, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 22,
June 1, 1961, pp. 425-426, illus., printed in Norwe-
gian, Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstu-
plass 10,.Bergen, Norway.

104

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

COMMISSIONS:

Thirteenth Annual Report of the Pacific Marine Fish-
eries Commission for the Year 1960, 60 pp., illus.,
printed. Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission,
741 State Office Bldg., 1400 SW. 5th Ave., Portland
1, Oreg. Reports briefly the specific activities of
the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission during
1960 and presents a review of long-term develop-
ments in the fields of research, regulation, and co-
ordination. Recommends that Congress set aside
the Salmon River of Idaho, tributary of the Snake
River, as a sanctuary for fish. Presents sections
on commercial and sport salmon fisheries, the
otter-trawl fishery, the Pacific Coast crab industry,
and the shrimp and albacore fisheries. Also in-
cludes results of research on English and petrale
sole, salmon tagging, and comparative hooking mor-
tality between treble and single hooks.

COMMON MARKET:

"The Common Market Forges Ahead," by P. T. East-
ham, article, Foreign Trade, vol. 116, no. 1, Julyl,
1961, pp. 5-8, printed. Foreign Trade, Queen's
Printer, Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, Can-
ada. This comprehensive review of progress made
within the European Economic Community last year
touches on all aspects of the Community's activities,
with emphasis on the eventual achievement of eco-
nomic integration.

COMPOSITION:

"Inorganic Chemical Constituents of Sea Fishes," by
Noboru Imanishi, article, Records of Oceanographic
Works in Japan, Spec. no. 3, 1959, pp. 135-139,
printed. Japanese National Commission for UNESCO,
4-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

CONNECTICUT:

"A Preliminary List of the Fishes Found in the Fresh
Waters of-Connecticut,"' by Robert J. Behnke and
Ralph M. Wetzel, article, Copeia, no. 2, June 29,
1960, pp. 141-143, printed. American Society of
Ichthyologists andHerpetologists, 34th St. andGirard
Ave., Philadelphia 4, Pa.

CONTAINERS:

(about 49 U. S. cents). The Timber Development
Association Ltd., 21 College Hill, London EC4,
England, October 1959. The advantages and dis-
advantages of various types of fish boxes are con-
sidered in this study. Wood is compared with alu-
minum, plastics, andother materials. Reference is
made to tests carried out in the United Kingdom on
a number of fish boxes and lined crates. The re-
sults of those tests showed that the most practical
type of container in use was the Hull liner crate,
consisting of an aluminum lining inside a wooden
crate.

CONTINENTAL WATERS:
"Restriction of the Croakers (Sciaenidae) and Ancho-
vies (Engraulidae) to Continental Waters," by George
S. Myers, article Copeia, no. 1., March 25, 1960,
pp. 67-68, printed. American Society of Ichthyolo-
gists and Herpetologists, 34th St. and Girard Ave.,
Philadelphia 4, Pa.

DAHOMEY:

Premiers Resultats des Lachers de Bouteilles Pour
Etude de Courants Effectues dans les Golfes du Benin
et de Guinee (Preliminary Results of the Release of
Drift Bottles in Studying the Currents in the Gulfs of
Benin and Guinea), by L. Vincent-Cuaz, 30 pp., illus.,
processed in French. Ministere de 1'Agriculture,
Centre d'Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques Appli-
quees ala Peche, Cotonou, Dahomey, French West
Africa.

Les Premiers Observations Hydrologiques et Biolo-
gigques Cotieres Effectuees le Long des Cotes Daho-
meennes (Preliminary Hydrological and Biological
Coastal Observations Along the Coasts of Dahomey),
by L. Vincent-Cuaz, 47 pp., illus., processed in
French. Ministere de l'Agriculture, Centre d'Etudes
Scientifiques et Techniques Appliquees a la Peche,
Cotonou, Dahomey, French West Africa.

DEFENSE DEPARTMENT:
Selling Food to the Armed Forces, 23 pp., processed.
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, 226 W. Jackson
Blvd., Chicago 6, I1l., September 1959.

Selling General Products and Operational Rations to
the Armed Forces, 14 pp., illus., processed, Head-
quarters Military Subsistence Supply Agency, 226
W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago 6, Il., November 1960.

ELECTRICAL FISHING:

"Sprat Fishing with Suction Pumps, Underwater Light
and Pulsating Current," by J. V. Nikonorov, article,
Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, 1959, pp. 53-58, printed
in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproe-
kta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION:

"EFTA: A Current Review,'' by C. L. Bland, article,
Foreign Trade, vol. 116, no. 1, July 1, 1961, pp. 8-9,
printed. Foreign Trade, Queen's Printer, Govern-
ment Printing Bureau, Ottawa, Canada. Since the
Stockholm Convention setting up European Free
Trade Association (EFTA) was ratified 14 months
ago, the Association has taken a number of steps in
addition to tariff reductions, which are outlined in
this review.

EXPLORATORY FISHING:

"Soviet Scientific Fish-Locating Expedition in Waters
of Western Africa and Outlook for Fisheries in This
Area," by V. A. Borodatov and IU. L. Karpechenko,
article, Trudy Soveshchaniia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 131-
138, printed in Russian. Trudy Soveshchaniia, Aka-
demiia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia,
Moscow, U.S.S.R.

FATTY ACIDS:

"Fatty Acids Components of Glycerides in the Distill-
ate from the Molecular Distillation of Shark Liver
Oils," by Seiichi Ishikawa and Atsuko Kojima, arti-
cle, Jissen Joshi Idaigaku Kiyo, vol. 5, 1958, pp.1-4,
printed in Japanese. Jissen Women's University,
Tokyo, Japan.

"Fatty Acids of the Liver Oil from Laemonema
Morosum," by Seiichi Ueno and Kenji Matsushima,
article, Yukagaku, no. 6, 1957, pp, 221-222, printed
in Japanese. Nippon Yukagaku Kyukai, Department

Vol. 23, No. 10

a

October 1961

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

BUT MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Uni-
versity of Tokyo, Motofujicho, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan,

"The Quantitative Analysis of Drying Oil Fatty Acids
by Gas/Liquid Chromatography," by S. M. Rybicka,
article eee SS and Industry No. 52, December
24, 1960, pp. 1594-1595, printed. Society of the
Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave 5q., London SW1,
England.

FISH BEHAVIOR:

"The Development of Schooling Behavior in Fishes,"
by Evelyn Shaw, article, Physiological Zoology,
vol. 33, no. 2, 1960, pp. 79-86, printed. Fhysiolo-
gical Zoology, University of Chicago Press, 5750
Ellis Ave., Chicago 37, Il.

The 1958-59 McNary Dam Light Guiding Studies, a
Paul E. Fields, Donald E. Johnson, and Saye
El-Sayed, Technical Report 50, 30 pp., printed.
School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Se-
attle, Wash., 1959.

FISH CULTURE:

Traite de Pisciculture (Dissertation on Fish Culture),
by Marcel Huet, 380 pp., illus., printed in French,
Editions CH. de Wyngaert, Ave. Georges Henri, 296,
Brussels 15, Belgium, 1960.

FISH FINDER:

"Modern Methods of Locating Herring by the Use of
Hydroacoustic Apparatus in the North Atlantic in
Fall and Winter," by V. G. Azhazha, article, Trudy
Soveshchaniia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 219-229, printed in
Russian. Trudy Soveshchaniia, Akademiia Nauk
SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow, U.S.S.R,

"Use of Hydroacoustic Fish-Locating Techniques in
the North Atlantic," by K. I. Iudanov, article, Trudy
Soveshchaniia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 230-234, printed in
Russian. Trudy Soveshchaniia, Akademiia Nauk
SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

FISH LIVERS:
Utilization of Fish Liver Residues, by C. Gunasekera,
Contribution No. 3, 4 pp., printed. (Reprinted from
Proceedings of the Indo- Pacific Fisheries Council,

8th Session, Section II, 1958, pp. 89-92.) Fisheries
Research Station, Colombo, ‘Ceylon.

FISH MEAL:

Future Developments in the Production and Utiliza-
“tion of Fish Meal--Vol. I (Report of the Interna-
tional Meeting on Fish Meal, FAO, Rome, 20-29,
March 1961), 38 pp., processed, Included are Ap-
pendix A--Officers of the Meeting, 2 pp.; Appendix
B--The World Outlook for Fish Meal, 58 pp.; Ap-
pendix C--Fish Meal Production and Trade in the
World, 67 pp.; Appendix D--Nutritional Aspects of
Importance in the Analysis of the Market for Fish
Meal, 31 pp.; Appendix E--Present-Day Use of Fish
Meal and Autolysates as Livestock and Poultry Feed,
8 pp.; Appendix F--World Fish Meal Production and
Trade, 47 pp.; Appendix G--The Medium-Term
Outlook for Demand and Production of Pigmeat,
Poultry Meat and Eggs in the Major Producing A-
reas, 3 pp.; Appendix H--Edible Fish Flour, 12 pp.;
Appendix I--Addendum to Appendix H--Edible Fish

Flour, 5 pp.; Appendix J--Report of Working Party
on Specifications for Fish Protein Concentrate (Com-
mittee B), 4 pp.; Appendix K--Selected Aspects of
Existing Plants Producing Fish Protein Concentrates,
Fish Flour, Fish Meal for Human Consumption, 4 pp.;
Appendix L--Edible Fish Meal and Fish Flour: Sug-
gestions for International Action, 9 pp.; Appendix M--
Statistical Tables, 11 pp.; Appendix N--List of Par-
ticipants and Secretariat, 19 pp.; and Appendix O--
List of, Documents, 4pp., Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme
di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

FISH OIL:

"Preparation of a Coating Material by Chlorination of
Fish Oil. VIII--Polymerization of Fish Oil With DI-
T-Butyl Peroxide," by Kosaku Suzuki, article, Bul-
letin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
vol. 26, August 1960, pp. 835-838, printed in Japa-
nese with English summary. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba Kaigandori,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

FISH SAUSAGE:

"Influences of Natural Spice and Its Powdered Es-
sence on the Quality of Fish Sausage," by Wataru
Simidu and Kunio Kanamori, article, Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26,
August 1960, pp. 839-842, printed in Japanese with
English summary. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

FISHERIES RESEARCH:

"Organization of Scientific Prospective Fishery Sur-
veys in the Atlantic Ocean," by K. A. Sobolev, I. G.
Fridliand, and O. D. Shebalin, article, Trudy Sovesh-
chaniia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 243-244, printed in Rus-
sian. Trudy Soveshchaniia, Akademiia Nauk SSSR,
Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow, U.S. S. R.

FISHERY RESOURCES:

"Productivity of the Sea and Fresh Water," article,
Nature, vol. 188, October 8, 1960, pp. 91-94, printed.
Nature, St. Martin's Press; Inc., 175 Fifth Ave.,
New York 10, N. Y.

FISHING HARBORS:

Chesapeake Bay Fishing Harbors Economic Study,
Maryland and Virginia, 347 pp., illus., processed.
Corps of Engineers, U. S, Army, Board of Engineers
for Rivers and Harbors, 2nd and Q Sts. SW, Wash-
ington 25,.D. C., January 1961. The planning and
construction jof harbors and channels to serve the
commercial fisheries of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland,
and Virginia, is a part of the water resources de-
velopment responsibility of the U. S. Corps of En-
gineers. The primary purpose of this study is to
serve as an aid in preparation of future survey re-
ports concerning specific localities, to determine
whether additional harbor and channel improvements
are economically justified. Contains basic informa-
tion on the nature and magnitude of the commercial
fishery activities to be served and on the harbors
and channels available for this purpose. Includes
data relative to biological, technological, and mar-
keting aspects of the fisheries. Presents informa-
tion as to costs and effects of harbor improvements
already accomplished. Much of the data, not previ-

106

ously available, was obtained directly from water-
men and others engaged in fishery activities, by
means of standardized questionnaires and personal
field interviews.

FLYINGFISH:
"The Growth, Breeding Cycle and Food of the Flying-
fish Parexocoetus brachypterus hillianus (Gosse),"

by John B. Lewis, article, Bulletin of Marine Science

of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 11, no. 2, 1961, pp.
256-266, illus., printed. Marine Laboratory, Uni-
versity of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Mi-
ami 49, Fla.

Recent Developments in the Barbadian Flying Fish
Fishery and Contributions to the Biolo of the Fly-
ing-Fish HIRUNDICHTHYS AFFINIS (Gunther 1866),
by D. N. F. Hall, Fishery Publications No. 7, 41 pp.,
illus., printed. Colonial Office, The Church House,
Great Smith St., London SW1, England, 1955.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:
Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council Proceedings, 8th

Session, Colombo, Ceylon, December 6-22, 1958,
Section III, 119 pp., illus., printed, $1, IPFC Sec-
retariat, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Far
East, Bangkok, Thailand, 1960. (A limited number
of copies are for sale by Publications Section, Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Rome, Italy.) Contains papers read at the Sympo-
sium on Fish Behavior held as part of the 8th Ses-
sion of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council. This
report is divided into four principal parts: (1) nature
of fish behavior; (2) basis, control, and integration
of behavior; (3) research on behavior; and (4) im-
portance of the study of fish behavior to the fish-
eries.

ture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle
Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

The Food and Agriculture Organization has published
reports describing that Agency's activities under
the Expanded Technical Assistance Program for de-
veloping the fisheries of many countries. These re-
ports have not been published on a sales basis, but
have been processed only for limited distribution to
governments, libraries, and universities. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale
delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

Informe al Gobierno de Colombia sobre un Proyecto
de Pesca Continental Desarrollado en Colombia,
1959-60 (Report to the Government of Colombia on
an Underdeveloped Inland Fishery Project in Co-
lombia, 1959-60), by John T. Greenbank, FAO Re-
port No. 1304, 21 pp., processed in Spanish, 1961.

Report to the Government of Burma on the Develop-
ment of Food Research and Food Industry in Burma,
by H. Wittfogel, FAO Report No. 1378, 30 pp., 1961.

processed, 1961.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

FRANCE:
"Les Engins de Peche dans la Prehistoire' (Pre-.
historic Fishing Gear), by A. Percier, article,
France Peche, vol. 6, no. 51, May 1961, pp. 53-55,

illus., printed in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-
Est, Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France.

Fishing Grounds in the Franco-British Sector of the
Atlantic, by Letoux, JPRS: 6343, 5 pp., processed.
(Translated from La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 998,
July 1960, pp. 389-393.) U.S. Joint Publications Re-
search Service, 1636 Connecticut Ave. NW., Wash-
ington 25, D. C., December 1, 1960.

"Pour 1'Approvisionnement du Marche Metropolitain:
Necessite d'un Juste Equilibre Entre le Germon et
l'Albacore"' (Supplying the Home Market: Need for a
Balance Between Yellowfin and Albacore); La Situa-
tion de la Conserverie sur le Marche du Thon (The
Tuna Market and the Status of the Canning Industry),
by A. de Torquat; ''Le Comite du Thon a Fait Preuve
de Sagesse en Reconduisant le Systeme de 1''Eventail
des Prix''' (Tuna Committee Proves the Wisdom in
Renewing the System of a Price Range); ''La Cam-
pagne de Prospection Thoniere du Navire Oceano-
graphique Thalassa de l'Institut Scientifique et
Technique des Peches Maritimes" (Tuna Explora-
tory Cruise of the Oceanographic Vessel Thalassa
of the Scientific and Technical Institute of Maritime
Fisheries); and ''Le Rapport de 1'Expedition Oceano-
graphique Norvegienne Devant les Cotes de l'Afrique
Occidentale" (The Report of the Norwegian Oceano-
graphic Expedition Along the Coasts of Western
Africa), articles, La Peche Maritime, vol. 40, no.
1,000, July 1961, pp. 497-500, 502-511, illus., printed
in French, La Peche Maritime, 190 Blvd. Haussman,
Paris, France.

"Toute la Production Francaise en 1960" (Total French
Production in 1960), article, France Peche, vol. 6,
no. 51, May 1961, pp. 19-23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 37-52,
60-65, 67,75, illus., printed in French. France Peche,
Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France.

FREE TRADE ASSOCIATIONS:

"Latin American Free Trade Association Now in
Operation," by A. J. Poirier, article, Foreign Com-
merce Weekly, vol. 66, no. 2, July 10, T1961, pp. 25,
42, printed, single copy 30 cents. U.S. Department
of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The Latin
American Free Trade Association, established un-
der a treaty signed by Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay at Montevideo
on February 18, 1960, and ratified on May 2, 1961,
by all countries except Paraguay, is now legally in
operation for the 6 countries which have deposited
their instruments of ratification. At the 9th session
of the United Nations Economic Commission for
Latin America (ECLA), held in Santiago, Chile, May
4-15, much of the work related to the achievements
of and plans for LAFTA and advent of the Central
American Common Market.

FREEZE-DRYING:
"Freeze-Dries for World Market," article, Food
Engineering, vol. 33, no. 7, July 1961, pp. 3-308
illus., printed, single copy $1. Food Engineering,

October 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

107

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.
Chilton Company, Chestnut and 56th Sts., Philadel-
phia 39, Pa. An Irish firm has recently commenced
operation of a $700,000 plant for freeze-drying
meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits. This article
explains in detail the process used at that plant.
Since the weight of the finished products is only a
fraction of that of the food before freezing, economy
in shipping is expected to compensate for the rela-
tively high processing cost. Other advantages of
freeze-dried foods are palatableness and long-keep-
ing quality.

FROZEN FISH:

La Peche Maritime, vol. 40, no. 999, June 1961, 164

“pp., ilus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime,
190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. A spe-
cial issue, devoted to frozen fish, includes, among
others, the following articles: 'La Congelation et
Ses Limites' (Freezing and Its Limitations), by L.
Soublin, and ''Progres de la Vente du Poisson Sur-
gele en France" (Progress in the Sale of Frozen
Fishery Products in France), by A. Kiener. Also
contains, under the heading of "foreign," articleson:
"Le Developpement de l'Industrie du Poisson Sur-
gele en Allemagne" (The Development of the Frozen
Fish Industry in Germany), by Walter W. Schwedke;
"Production, Distribution et Consommation du Pois-
son Surgele en Norvege" (Production, Distribution,
and Consumption of Frozen Fish in Norway), by
Rolf Kirkvaag; ''Organisation du Marche du Poisson
Surgele en Belgique'' (Organization of the Frozen
Fish Market in Belgium), by A. Verhavert; "Essor
de la Vente du Poisson Surgele en Grande-Bretagne"
(Soaring of Frozen Fish Sales in Great Britain), by
G. B. Butcher; and "La Chaine du Froid et le Com-
merce du Poisson Surgele en Italie'' (The Cold Chain
and the Frozen Fish Trade in Italy), by Cesare de
Felip. In addition, includes several articles under
the headings ''Freezing at Sea," ''Transportation,"
and ''Selling."

FROZEN FOODS:

"Frozen Precooked Foods Need Special Sanitation
Care," by F. S. Thatcher, article, Food in Canada,
vol. 20, 1960, pp. 24-27, printed. Food in Canada,
Maclean-Hunter Publishing Co. Ltd., 481 University
Ave., Toronto 2, Canada.

GATT:

"The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: An
Article-by-Article Analysis in Layman's Language,"
by Honore M. Catudal, article, The Department of
State Bulletin, vol. 44, no. 1148, June 26, 1961,
pp. 1010-1020; vol. 45, no. 1149, July 3, 1961, pp. 35-
42, printed, single copy 25 cents. Office of Public
Services, Bureau of Public Affairs, U. S. Depart-
ment of State, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U. 8. Printing Office,
Washington 25, D. C.) In an introductory statement,
the author explains the organization of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), its genesis
and development, the trade agreements authority,
and the structure of the General Agreement and the
Protocol of Provisional Application, There follows
a short explanation of each of the 35 articles of the
GATT. There are now 39 countries which are full
contracting parties to the Agreement. The schedules
of tariff concessions include about 60,000 items in
the tariff classifications of the contracting parties
and cover more than half of the world's total foreign
trade.

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC:

Jahresfischfachheft 1960 zur 2. Fischwirtschafts-
Ausstellung in Kiel (The 1960 Yearly Issue on Fish-
eries, prepared for the Second Exhibition on Fishery
Economics, Held at Kiel, June 18-26, 1960), 74 pp.,
illus., printed in German, DM 3 (about 75 U. S. cents).
Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel, Industrieverlag von
Hernhaussen K. G., Rodingsmarkt 24, Hamburg 11,
Germany.

GULF OF MEXICO:

Gulf Research Report, vol. 1, no. 1, April 1961, 61 pp.,
ilus., printed. Gulf Coast Research Laboratory,
Ocean Springs, Miss. The first issue of a new jour-
nal devoted primarily to publication of dataon marine
sciences, chiefly of the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent
waters. Contains an article, ''The Marine and Brack-
ish Water Mollusca of the State of Mississippi," by
Donald R. Moore.

HERRING:

"Biological Characteristics and Conditions for the Use
of Purse Seines in North Atlantic Herring Fisheries,"
by B. P. Manteifel' and L. A. Chaianeva, article,
Trudy Soveshchaniia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 98-105,
printed in Russian. Trudy Soveshchaniia, Akademiia
Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

"Comparative Economic Effectiveness of Basing the
North Atlantic Herring Fleet on Northern and Baltic
Ports,'' by M. P. Es'kova, article, Trudy Sovesh-
chaniia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 245-248, printed in Rus-
sian, Trudy Soveshchaniia, Akademiia Nauk SSSR,
Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"Dynamics of Some Biological Indices of the Atlanto-
Scandinavian Herring in Summer," by D. A. Shubni-
kov, article, Trudy Soveshchaniia, no, 10, 1960,
pp. 73-79, printed in Russian. Trudy Soveshchaniia,
Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia,
Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"Present State of Atlanto-Scandinavian Herring Stocks
and Outlook for Their Fisheries," by IU. Marti, ar-
ticle, Trudy Soveshchaniia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 47-58,
printed in Russian. Trudy Soveshchaniia, Akademiia
Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

"Specific Features and Characteristics of Commer-
cially Important Fall and Winter Concentrations of
the Atlanto-Scandinavian Herring," by I. G. Iudanov,
article, Trudy Soveshchaniia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 59-
65, printed in Russian. Trudy Soveshchaniia, Aka-
demiia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia,
Moscow, U. 5. S. R.

HERRING MEAL:

"The Effect of Storage Temperature and Antioxidant
Treatment on the Chemical and Nutritive Character-
istics of Herring Meal,'' by B. E. March, J. Biely,
and C, Goudie, article, Journal of the American Oil
Chemists' Society, vol. 38, February 1961, pp. 80-
84, printed. American Oil Chemists' Society, 35 E.
Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Ill.

HONDURAS:

Preliminary Report on the Marine Fisheries of Hon-
duras, by C. P. Idyll and William Saenz, 24 pp.,

108

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,
processed. The Marine Laboratory, #1 Ricken-
backer Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS:

List of Vessels over 50 Gross Tons Fishing in the
ICNAF' Convention Area in 1959, Serial No. 78I,_
printed. International Commission for the North-
west Atlantic Fisheries, Forrest Bldg., Carleton St.,
Halifax, N. S., Canada, 1961. Presents a summary
of number and tonnage of vessels over 50 tons fish-
ing in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Convention
Area in 1959, by country and type of vessel. The
number of vessels increased from 799 in 1953 to
872 in 1956, and to 1,162 in 1959. The increase in
tonnage was even larger. The greater number and
tonnage of vessels reported was caused by several
new countries having begun to fish in the Areasince
1956 and by the more detailed information on the
vessels submitted in 1959. Otter trawls are by far
the most common gear used in the Area. Of the 14
countries reporting, 8 have used otter trawls ex-
clusively. In the case of only 3 countries (Denmark,
Norway, and Portugal), the other vessels (liners
and dories) predominate. The term "liner" applies
mainly to long-liners but also to a few hand-liners.

(North Pacific Fur Seal Commission) Annual Report
for the Fiscal Year Endin. June 30, 1959, 83 pp.,
mission, Department of the Interior, Washington 25,
D. C., January 1960.

(North Pacific Fur Seal Commission) Report of
Proceedings of the First Meeting, January USSU.
1958, 52 pp., processed. Secretary, North Pacific
Fur Seal Commission, Department of the Interior,
Washington 25, D. C,

ITALY:

"The Italian Market for Fish," by M. S. Strong, ar-
ticle, Foreign Trade, vol. 116, no. 3, July 29, 1961,
pp. 20-22, printed, single copy 20 Canadian cents.
Foreign Trade, Queen's Printer, Government Print-
ing Bureau, Ottawa, Canada. Despite policies de-
signed to increase domestic production, Italy must
import large quantities of fish to meet demands of
a growing population. This article discusses official
policies on the fisheries, the importance of the co-
operatives in the industry, the distribution and con-
sumption of fresh and frozen fish and shellfish, the
effect of the Common Market on tariffs, and oppor-
tunities for expansion of the fishery products mar-
ket by foreign firms. Includes the common external
tariff rates on fish imports into EEC countries.

JAPAN:

Survey of Market Conditions and Principal Fishery
Products Prepared by the ae gency, 76 pp.,
printed in Japanese. Fisheries Agency, Ministry
of Agriculture and Forestry, Kasumigaseki, Chi-
yodaku, Tokyo, Japan.

Technical Report of Fishing Boat, no. 15, 161 pp.,
illus., printed in Japanese with English abstracts.
Fishing Boat Laboratory, Production Division, Fish-
eries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,

Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan, March1961.

LABRADOR:

Labrador Fishing, Laboratory Leaflet No. 26, 9 pp.,
illus., processed, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food, Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, England,
January 1961.

LIMNOLOGY:

Limnological Changes in Seton Lake Resulting from
Hydroelectric Diversions, by G. H. Geen and F. J.
Andrew, Progress Report No. 8, 79 pp., illus., proc-
essed. International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Com-
mission, New Westminster, B. C., Canada, 1961.

LOBSTERS:
Yellow Discoloration in Frozen Lobster Meat, by W.
J. Dyer and D. C. Horne, New Series Circular No. 2,
6 pp., illus., processed. Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, June 1953.

MARINE FUNGI:

6 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Mycologia,
vol. 51, no. 6, November-December 1959, pp. 871-
876.) Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1
Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

MARKETING:

Food isa Bargain, Marketing Bulletin No. 18, 14 pp.,
illus., printed, 10 cents. Marketing Economics
Division, Economic Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., May 1961.
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)
Presents, in booklet form, the story of food econom-
ics from farmer to consumer. It describes the
changes that took place in our food bill pvetween 1947-
49 and 1960--and what happens today to the money
we spend in the market for foods produced on Amer-
ican farms. Dlustrated with cartoon drawings and
printed in large type, this bulletin will be of special
interest to students.

MEDITERRANEAN:

"General Remarks on the Mediterranean Deep-Sea
Fishes,'' by Enrico Tortonese, article, Bulletin de
L'Institut Oceanographique, no. 1167, February 10,
1960, pp. 1-14, printed in English with French sum-
mary. Bulletin de L'Institut Oceanographique, Fonda-
tion Albert I~, Prince de Monaco, Monaco.

MIDWATER TRAWLING:

"Experimental Fishing for Herring with Midwater
Trawls in the North Atlantic by Vessels of the SRT
Type," by B. S. Solov'ev and A. A. Degtiarev, ar-
ticle, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol, 34, 1958, pp. 21-25,
printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO
Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

NORWAY:

"Fiskernes Arsinntekter i 1959'' (Annual Report on
Fishermen in 1959), by Georg Oppedal, article,
Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 21, May 25, 1961, pp. 402-
413, printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiske-
ridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

October 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

109

"Rapport om Tokt med G. O. Sars til Barentshavet
28. Mars til 29. April 1961'’ (Report on Cruise of
G. O. Sars to Barents Sea, March 28-April 29,1961),
by Lars Midttun, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no.
25, June 22, 1961, pp. 460-462, illus., printed in
Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Rad-
stuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

OCEAN PERCH:

"Biology of Rosefish and Outlook for Its Fisheries in
Seas of the North Atlantic," by V. I. Travin, article,
Trudy Soveshchaniia, no, 10, 1960, pp. 125-230,
printed in Russian. Trudy Soveshchaniia, Akademiia
Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

Oceanography, by Maurice Ewing and others, 654 pp.,
illus., printed, $14.75. American Association for
the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massachusetts
Ave. NW., Washington 5, D. C. Invited lectures
presented at the International Oceanographic Con-
gress held in New York, August 31-September 12,
1959, covering history of oceans, marine life, bound-
aries of the sea, and cycles of organic and inorganic
substances in the ocean,

Studies of Luminescent Flashing in Phosphorescent
Bay, Puerto Rico, and in the Calf of Naples Usin
a Portable Bathyphotometer, by George L. Clarke
and Lioyd R. Breslau, Contribution No. 1090, 35 pp.,
illus., printed in English with French summary.
(Reprinted from Bulletinde L'Institut Oceanograph-
ique, Monaco, no. 1171, March 4, 1960.) Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass,

OREGON:

Commercial Fishing Laws, State of Oregon, 1959-
1960, 180 pp., printed. Oregon Fish Commission,
307 State Office Bldg., 1400 SW 5th Ave., Portlandl,
Oreg. A compilation of the laws of the State of Or-
egon relating to the protection and propagation of
fish and shellfish. Contains chapters on application,
administration, and enforcement of commercial
fishing laws; compacts with other states; and li-
censes and pass books. Also includes sections on
general protective regulations; local and special
regulations; and regulations pertaining to the pack-
ing of fish and manufacture of fishery products.

OYSTERS:

"Plant Shells for Oysters," by Ednard Waldo, article,
Louisiana Conservationist, vol. 13, nos. 7-8, July-
August 1961, pp. 10-12, illus., printed. Louisiana
Conservationist, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400
Royal St., New Orleans 16, La, The author de-
scribes how shells, which are sprayed hydraulically
from barges, are planted in scientifically located
areas where there are firm enough bottoms to sus-
tain their weight and where the proper environment
for oyster growth has been established.

"Les Prodissoconques (Coquilles Larvaires) des
Ostreides Vivants'' (The Hinges--Larval Shells--
of Living Oysters), by Gilbert Ranson, article,
Bulletin de L'Institut Oceanographique, no. 1183,
June 7, 1960, pp. 1-41, illus., printed in French
with English summary. Bulletin de L'Institut Oce-
anographique, Fondation Albert I”, Prince de
Monaco, Monaco.

PASSAMAQUODDY TIDAL POWER PROJECT:
International Passamaquoddy Fisheries Board Report
to International Joint Commission, 64 pp., illus.,
processed. International Joint Commission, United
States and Canada, Washington, D. C., October 1959.

PEARLING:

"The 1960/61 Survey of Pearling Grounds," by Vernon
Wells, article, Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 20, no. 6,
June 1961, pp. 25, 27, printed. Fisheries Newsletter,
Commonwealth Director of Fisheries, Department of
Primary Industry, Canberra, Australia.

PESTICIDES:

"Are the Insecticides Required for Insect Control
Hazardous to Aquatic Life?'' by C. H. Hoffman, ar-
ticle, Agricultural Chemicals, vol. 14, no. 6, 1959,
pp. 34-36, printed. Agricultural Chemicals, Indus-
try Publications, Inc., Box 31, Caldwell, N. J.

"Pollutional Effects of Organic Insecticides," by
Clarence M. Tarzwell, article, Transactions of the
24th North American Wildlife Conference, pp. 132-
142, printed. Wildlife Management Institute, Wire
Bldg., Washington 5, D. C., 1959.

PHILIPPINES:

"Marine Fishes in Philippine Rivers and Lakes," by
Albert W. C. T. Herre, article, Philippine Journal
of Science, vol. 87, no. 1, 1958, pp. 65-88, printed.
Philippine Institute of Science and Technology, De-
partment of Agriculture and Natural Resources,
Manila, Philippines.

POLLUTION:

"The Effect of Sulphite Waste Waters on Death of
Fish,'' by E. Marczek and J. Zielinski, article, Gaz,
Woda i Technika Sanitarna, vol. 31, 1957, pp. 45-49,
printed in Polish. Ul. Czackiego 3/5, Warsaw,
Poland.

Pollution-Caused Fish Kills in 1960, Public Health
Service Publication No. 847, 22 pp., printed. Public
Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, Washington 25, D. C., 1961. The
initial summary of the cooperative Federal-State
fish kill project shows that in the first 7 months,
June-December 1960, a total of 286 reports were
received from 36 states showing a total of more
than 6 million fish killed. Industrial wastes were
the number one killer, with agricultural poisons lag-
ging far behind. This report discusses in detail the
method used in handling data, the type of coverage,
the data obtained, sources of pollution, other infor-
mation submitted, general evaluation of the findings,
and a sampling of respondents' comments. Included
are a sample of the questionnaire used and statistical
tables compiled from data obtained in the survey.

Pollution Problems Along the Gulf Coast, by Gordon
Gunter, 5 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Trans-
actions of the Second Seminar on Biological Prob-
Tems in Water Pollution, April 20-24, 1959, Cincin-
nati, Ohio.) U.S. Public Health Service, Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington
PAs, AD) (Or

"A Review of the Literature of 1958 on Sewage Waste
Treatment, and Water Pollution," by H. Heukelekian
and others, article, Sewage and Industrial Wastes,

110

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

vol. 31, no. 7, 1959, pp. 763-803, printed. Federa-
tion of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Associations,
4435 Wisconsin Ave. NW., Washington 16, D.C.

PORTUGAL:

Boletim da Pesca, vol. 13, no. 71, June 1961, 118 pp.,
illus., printed in Portuguese. Boletim da Pesca,
R. S. Bento, 644, 4 -Esq., Lisbon, Portugal. Con-
tains, among others, the following articles: "Con-
tribuicao para o Conhecimento da Biologia dos
Trachurus de Angola'' (Contribution to the Study of
the Biology of the Trachurus of Angola), by Pedro
da Franca and Maria de Lurdes Paes da Franca;
and ''XVII Congresso das Pescas e Industrias
Maritimas, Lorient, 4 a 9 de Octubro de 1960"
(XVII Congress on Fisheries and Marine Industries,
Lorient, October 4-9, 1960), by J. Le Garrec,

Gremio dos Armadores de Navios da Pesca do Bacal-
hau, Relatorio e Contas do Exercicio de 1960 e Or-
camento para 1961 (Cod Fishing Vessel Owners'
Guild, Statement of Operations for 1960 and Budget
for 1961), 24 pp., printed in Portuguese. Comissao
Revisora de Contas, Lisbon, Portugal, February 18,
1961.

Gremio dos Armadores da Pesca da Baleia, Relatorio
e Contas do Exercicio de 1960 e Orcamento para
1961 (Whaling Vessel Owners! Guild, Report of Op-
erations in 1960 and Budget for 1961), 32 pp., illus.,
printed in Portuguese. Comissao Revisora de Con-
tas, Lisbon, Portugal, March 2, 1961.

Gremio dos Armadores da Pesca da Sardinha, Rela-
torio e Contas do Exercicio de 1960 e Orcamento
para 1961 (Sardine Fishing Vessel Owners! Guild,
Statement of Operations for 1960 and Budget for
1961), 20 pp., printed in Portuguese. Comissao
Revisora de Contas, Lisbon, Portugal, January 27,
1961.

PRESERVATION:

"Experiences in the Preservation at Sea of Herring
for Fish Meal and Oil Industry. I--Drainage before
Preservation in Partitioned Fish Holds. II--Use of
Preservatives and Results Obtained," by E. Arnesen,
article, Fiskaren, vol. 36, 1959, pp. 1, 7, printed in
Norwegian. Fiskaren, Norges Fiskarlag, 6 Strand-
kaien, Bergen, Norway.

PROTEINS:

"Comparison of Physiological Actions of Inactive
Protein Crystals Obtained from Crude Tuna-Fish
Insulin Powder and Crystalline Glucagon," by Kaku-
ma Nagasawa and others, article Eisei Shikenjo
Hokoku, no. 76, 1958, pp. 321-322, printed in Japa-
nese. Kokuritsu Eisei Shikenjo, Yoga, Setagaya-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

Plasma Proteins in the Blood of Fishes from the Gulf
of Mexico, by L. L. Sulya, B. E. Box, and Gordon _
Gunter, 3 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from A-
merican Journal of Physiology, vol. 200, no. 1, Jan-
uary 1961, pp. 152-154.) American Journal of Phys-
iology, 102 Mezes Hall, University of Texas, Austin,
Tex.

"Proteins of Shellfish. VI--Paper-Electrophoretic
Behavior of Myosin Fraction of Adductor Muscle of

Vol. 23, No. 10

the Clam, Meretrix Meretrix,'' by Haruo Baba, ar-
ticle, Annual Report of the National Institute of Nu-
trition, 1959, p. 54, printed. National Institute of
Nutrition, Toyamacho, Tokyo, Japan.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE:

"Control of Radioactive Wastes,'' by A. S. Flemming,
article, Public Health Report, no. 74, 1959, pp. 883-
884, printed. U.S. Public Health Service, Depart-
ment of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington
PA gD Oe

The Need for Biological Monitoring of Radioactive
Waste Streams, by R. F. Foster, Fifth Nuclear
Engineering and Science Congress (Cleveland, Ohio,
1959), Preprint V-6, 20 pp., printed. Engineering
Joint Council, 29 W. 39th St., New York 18, N. Y.

RADIOACTIVITY:

Radioactive Materials in Food and Agriculture (Report
of an FAO Expert Committee, Rome, 30 November-
11 December 1959), FAO Atomic Energy Series No. 2,
132 pp., illus., printed, $1.50. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme
di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 1960. (For sale by Colum-
bia University Press, International Documents Serv-
ice, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.)

SAFETY AT SEA:
International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea,

1960 (Final Act of Conference with Annexes Includ-
ing the International Convention for the Safety of Life
at Sea, Signed in London, 17 June, 1960), 513 pp.,
printed in French and English, b1 1s. (about US$2.95).
Her Majesty's Stationery Office, York House, Kings-
way, London WC2, England, 1960.

SALMON:

from Russian, Izvestiya Tikhookeanskogo Nauchno-
Issledovatel'skogo Instituta Rybnogo Khozyaistva i
Okeanografii, vol. 41, 1954, pp. 111-195.) Office of
Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C., 1960.

"Artificial Spawning Channel Studied," article, Out-
door California, vol. 22, no. 6-7, June-July 1961,
pp. 16-17, illus., printed. Outdoor California, De-
partment of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sac-
ramento 14, Calif. Describes an artificial spawning
channel located in California about four miles below
Pardee Dam on the Mokelumne River. Ordinarily,
when a dam blocks off a spawning area a hatchery is
constructed to mitigate for the loss of the spawning
area. "In certain situations," states the author, "Tit
is believed that spawning channels may provide a
more efficient and more economical method of salm-
on culture than hatcheries. Also, fish produced from
a channel may have a better survival in the later
stages of their life cycle."

"Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During
Spawning Migration. XII--Liver Glycogen," by
Violet M. Chang and D, R. Idler, article, Canadian
Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 38,
June 1960, pp. 553-558, printed. Canadian Journal
of Biochemistry and Physiology, National Research
Council, Ottawa, Canada.

October 1961

"Kodiak Bear-Red Salmon Relationships at Karluk
Lake, Alaska," by Webster K, Clark, article, Trans-
actions of the 24th North American Wildlife Confer-
ence, March 2, 3, and 4, 1959, pp. 337-345, printed.
Wildlife Management Institute, Wire Bldg., Wash-
ington 5, D. C., 1959.

"A Possible Source of Error in Assessing the Survival
of Pacific Salmon Eggs by Redd Sampling," by J. G.
McDonald, article, The Canadian Fish Culturist,
Issue 26, March 1960, pp. 27-30, printed. The Ca-
nadian Fish Culturist, Department of Fisheries of
Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

"On the Possibilities of Improving Salmon Spawning
Areas,'' by William F. Royce, article, Transactions
of the 24th North American Wildlife Conference,
pp. 356-366, printed. Wildlife Management Institute,
Wire Bldg., Washington 5, D. C., 1959.

"The Structural Characters of Te Anau Salmon," by
G. Stokell, article, Transactions of the Royal Society
of New Zealand, vol. 87, nos. 3-4, 1959, pp, 255-263,
printed. Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington,

New Zealand.

SALT COD:

A Selected Bibliography of Salt Cod, compiled by
Marjorie E. McPhail, New Series Circular No. 5,
35 pp., processed, Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, Technological Station, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada, June 1957.

SALT CONTENT:

Determination of the Salt Content of Fish (A Simple
Apparatus and Procedure), by P. L. Hoogland and
H. C. Freeman, New Series Circular No. 4, 10 pp.,
illus., processed, Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, Technological Station, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada, April 1957.

SARDINES:

Contribuicoes para o Estudo da Biologia dos ''Clupei-
dae de Angola. 2--Observacoes Metricas e Meris-
ticas em SARDINELLA EBA C.& V. (Contributions
to the Study of the Biology of the Clupeidae of Angola.
2--Quantitative and Qualitative Observations of Sar-
dinella eba C. & V.), by Rui Monteiro, Notas Mimeo-
grafadas do Centro de Biologia Piscatoria No. 15,

16 pp., illus., processed in Portuguese. Centro de
Biologia Piscatoria, Ministerio do Ultramar, Junta
de Investigacoes do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal,
1960.

"Contribution a l'Etude Ecologique des Etangs Med-
iterraneens--Quelques Donnees Sur les Caracteres
Morphologiques et Biologiques de la Sardine (Sar-
dina pilchardus Walb.) de 1'Etang de Berre' (Con-
tribution to the Ecological Study of Mediterranean
Ponds--Data on the Morphological and Biological
Characteristics of the Sardine--Sardina pilchardus
Walb.--from the Pond of Berre), by D. Schachter,
no. 1175, March 1960, pp. 1-29, illus., printed in
French with English summaries. Bulletin de L'In-
stitut Oceanographique, Fondation Albert I€T, Prince
de Monaco, Monaco.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

111

SCALLOPS:

Outlook for the Georges Bank Scallop Fishery, by N.
Bourne, General Series Circular No. 33, 2 pp.,
printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bio-
logical Station, 5t. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada,
September 1960.

SHELLFISH:

Partial Metamorphosis in ANOMIA SIMPLEX, by V.L.
Loosanoff, 1 p., illus., printed. (Reprinted from
Science, vol. 133, no. 3470, June 30, 1961, pp. 2070-
2071.) American Association for the Advancement of
Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave, NW., Washington5,
IDE (Oi

Recent Advances in the Control of Shellfish Predators
and Competitors, by Victor L. Loosanoff, 15 pp.,
illus., printed. (Reprinted from Proceedings of the
Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Thirteenth
Annual Session, November 1960, pp. 113-127.) Ma-
rine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Ricken-
backer Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. The purpose of
this article is to describe briefly several methods
of control of shellfish enemies that either came in-
to practical use during recent years or are on the
threshold of being employed on a large scale by
shellfish industries.

SHRIMP:

Contributions to the Knowledge of the Alpheid Shrimp
of the Pacific Ocean. Part V--The Indo-Pacific
Members of the Genus ATHANAS; and Part VII--On
METABETAEUS Borradaile, with a New Species
from Hawaii, by Albert H. Banner and Dora May
Banner, 28 pp. and 5 pp., respectively, illus., printed.
(Reprinted from Pacific Science, vol. 14, no. 2, April
1960, pp. 129-155; and vol. 14, no. 3, July 1960,
pp. 299-303, respectively.) Pacific Science, Univer-
sity of Hawaii, Honolulu 14, Hawaii.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Trade Regulation and Small Business, Small Market-
ers Aid No. 67, 4pp., processed. Small Business
Administration, Washington 25, D. C., June 1961. A
report outlining Federal and State trade regulation
laws and their application to the small businessman,
Government regulation of monopolistic and unfair
trade practices directly affects and benefits small
business, This report points out certain types of
practices which are permitted the businessman and
others which are prohibited.

SMOKED FISH:

"Curing Fish by Smoking," article, South Pacific Bul-
letin, vol. 11, no. 2, April 1961, pp. 32-33, illus., _
printed, single copy 30 cents. South Pacific Com-
mission, Box 5254 G.P.O., Sydney, Australia.

SOMALI REPUBLIC:

Feasibility Study of Sea Foods Processing in the
Somali Republic, 14 pp., processed. Industry Divi-
sion, USOM/SR, United States Embassy, Mogadiscio,
Somali Republic, December 1960. Covers present
status of the fishing industry, background informa-
tion and feasibility of operations, and availability of
raw material. Also covers the possibilities of
marketing, materials and supplies, and distribution

112

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 10

of processed spiny lobster tails, shrimp, and fish
such as tuna. Included are statistical tables show-
ing costs of vessels and equipment, working capital
required, and related data.

SPINY LOBSTERS:

Nova Contribuicao para o Conhecimento das Lagostas
do Arquipelago de Cabo Verde (New Contribution to
Knowledge of Spiny Lobsters in the Cape Verde Is-
lands), by P. da Franca, M, L, Paes da Franca,
and F, Correia da Costa, Notas Mimeografadas do
Centro de Biologia Piscatoria No, 19, 43 pp., il-
lus., printed in Portuguese, Centro de Biologia
Piscatoria, Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar,
Lisbon, Portugal, 1961. Presents the results
of biological studies and experimental fisheries
of spiny lobsters in the Cape Verde Islands and
supplements the report (No, 6) published in 1959.

Pesca Exploratoria de la Langosta con Nasas, al Sur
de Camaguey, Cuba (Exploratory Fishing for Spiny
Lobsters with Various Type Pots to the South of
Camaguey, Cuba), by R. J. Buesa Mas, Contribucion
No. 11 del Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras,

30 pp., illus., printed in Spanish. Banco de Fomento
Agricola e Industrial, Playa Habana, Bauta, Cuba,
April 1960.

STANDARDS:

Shellfish Definitions and Standards under the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, F.D.C. Regs., Part
36, 7 pp., printed, 5 cents, reprinted April 1961.
Food and Drug Administration, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C.
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)
A reprint of the definitions and standards of identity
and fill of container for shellfish (canned shrimp,
canned oysters, raw oysters, and Pacific oysters)
promulgated under the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act. The act requires the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare to promulgate rea-
sonable definitions and standards for food to pro-
mote honesty and fair dealing in the interest of
consumers. After a standard goes into effect, it
constitutes the official specification for that food
for the purposes of enforcement of the act.

SURGEONF'ISH:

A Contribution to the Biology of the Convict Surgeon-
fish of the Hawaiian Islands, ACANTHURUS TRIO-
STEGUS SANDVICENSIS, by John E. Randall, Con-
tribution No. 301, 58 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted
from Pacific Science, vol. 15, no. 2, April 1961,
pp..215-272.) Marine Laboratory, University of
Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

SWEDEN:

Preliminar Fangststatistik over det Svenska Havs-
fisket Ar 1960 (Preliminary Catch Statistics of the
Swedish Marine Fishery, 1960), 10 pp., processed
in Swedish. The Royal Statistic Central Bureau,
Branch of Agriculture Statistics, Stockholm, Sweden.

TARIFFS:

"Effect of Tariff Changes on the Prices and Volume
of Imports," by Mordechai E,. Kreinin, article, The
American Economic Review, vol. 51, no. 3, June
1961, pp. 310-324, printed, single copy $1.50. The
American Economic Association, Curtis Reed Plaza,
Menasha, Wis.

TOXICITY:

"Biological Assay of Herbicides for Fish Toxicity,"
by James T, Davis, article, Weeds, vol. 7, no. 4,
1959, pp. 397-404, printed. Weed Society of Amer-_
ica, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.

Concerning Some Principles of the Toxicology of Fish
(Sur Quelques Principes de la Toxicologie due Pois- .

son), by K. Wuhrmann, Translation Series No. 243,
printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Ottawa, Canada, 1959.

TRADE LISTS:

The Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department
of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., has published
the following mimeographed trade list. Copies may
be obtained by firms in the United States from that
office or from Department of Commerce field offices
at $1 each.

Fish Processing Companies--Brazil, 4 pp. (July 1961).
Lists the names and addresses, size of firms, and
types of products handled by each firm. Includes
fish and shellfish canneries and freezers.

TRAINING:

"Trainees Build Cutters for SPC Fisheries Course,"
by H. Van Pel, article, South Pacific Bulletin, vol. 11,
no. 2, April 1961, pp. 28-29, 37, illus., printed, single
copy 30 cents. South Pacific Commission, Box 5254,
G.P.O., Sydney, Australia. The three 25-foot fish-
ing cutters built by trainees at the South Pacific Com-
mission Boatbuilding School at Auki, in the British
Solomons, will be used to train participants who will
attend the SPC Fisheries Centre, expected to open in
that area during 1961. Progress being made at both
School and Centre is described in this article.

TRANSFER OF FISH AT SEA:

"Sausages and Fishpots,' by J. J. Waterman, article,
World Fishing, vol. 10, no. 7, July 1961, pp. 19-20,
printed. World Fishing, John Trundell Ltd., St.
Richards House, Eversholt St., London NW1, England.
In 1960, the Torry Research Station began a series
of experiments in the ''sausage"' and ''fishpot'' meth-
ods of transferring fish at sea. Some of the early
results and conclusions of those experiments are
summarized here.

TRAWLING:

"Biological Prerequisites and Techniques of Fishing
for Herring With Variable-Depth Trawls in the North
Atlantic,'' by M. I. Ryzhenko, article, Trudy Sovesh-
chaniia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 239-242, printed in Russian.
Trudy Soveshchaniia, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtio-
logicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

Fishing, Report No. 4292-4293, 56 pp., illus., printed
in Korean. The Central Fisheries Experiment Sta-
tion, Office of Marine Affairs, Pusan, Korea.

"Fishing Efficiency of Otter Trawl Aided with a Kite,"
by Shigene Takayama, article, Indo-Pacific Fisher-
ies Council Proceedings, 8th Session, Colombo,
Ceylon, December 6-22, 1958, Section II, pp. 38-41,
printed, IPFC Secretariat, FAO Regional Office for
Asia and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand, 1960.

October 1961

TROUT:
"Further Observations on the Survival of Yearling
Lake Trout Planted in South Bay, Lake Huron," by
J. C. Budd and F.E.J. Fry, article, The Canadian
Fish Culturist, Issue 26, March 1960, pp. 7-13,
printed. Canadian Fish Culturist, Department of
Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

Insect Emergence from a Small Trout Loch and Its
Bearing on the Food Supply of Fish, by N. C. Mor-
gan and A. B. Waddell, ae oh ater and Salmon
Fisheries Research no, 25, 41 pp., illus., printed,
12s. 6d, (about US$1.75). Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, York House, Kingsway, London WC2, Eng-
land, 1961.

"New Horizons in Stocking Hatchery Trout," by Paul
R. Needham, article, Transactions of the 24th North
American Wildlife Conference, pp. 395-407, printed.
Wildlife Management Institute, Wire Bldg., Wash-
ington 5, D. C., 1959.

TUNA:

Algumas Regras Praticas para a Pesca do Atum com
Isco Vivo (Gomis Practical Rules for the Live Bait —
Tuna Fishery), by F. Correia da Costa, Notas Mim-
eografadas do Centro de Biologia Piscatoria No. 18,
19 pp., illus., processed in Portuguese with French
and English abstracts. Centro de Biologia Pisca-

toria, Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar, Lisbon,
Portugal, 1961.

"Chemical Composition of Yellowfin Tuna Meat," by
Masayuki Kochi and Shitoku Era, article, Norinsho
Suisan Koshusho Kenkyu Hokoku, vol. 8, 1959, pp. 67-
71, printed in Japanese. Shimonoseki College of
Fisheries, Jamaguchi Prefecture, Yoshimi, Shimon-
oseki, Japan.

Contribution a 1'Etude Biometrique de 1'Albacore
(Contribution to the Biometric Study of Albacore),
by L. Vincent-Cuaz, 107 pp., illus., processed in
French. Ministere de l'Agriculture, Centre d'Et-
udes Scientifiques et Techniques Appliquees a la
Peche, Cotonou, Dahomey, French West Africa.

Larvae and Juveniles of Tunas, Sailfishes, andSword-
fish (THUNIDAE, ISTIOPHORIDAE, XIPHIIDAE)
From the Central and Western Part of the Pacific
Ocean, by Sun Tsi-Gen, 21 pp., processed. (Trans-
lated from Russian Trudy Institute Okeanologi,
vol. 41, pp. 175-191.) Inter-American Tropical
Tuna Commission, La Jolla, Calif., 1960.

"Life History Notes on the Little Tuna, Euthynnus
alletteratus, from the Southeastern United States,"
by Donald P. de Sylva and Warren F. Rathjen, ar-
ticle, Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and
Caribbean, vol. 11, no. 2, 1961, pp. 161-190, illus.,
printed. Marine Laboratory, University of Miami,
#1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

"La nouvelle conserverie de thon de la Star-Kist
Caribe, a Porto Rico" (The New Star-Kist Caribe
Tuna Cannery in Puerto Rico), article, La Peche
Maritime, vol. 40, no. 1,000, July 1961, pp. 530-
531, 533, illus., printedinFrench, La Peche Mar-
time, 190 Blvd. Haussman, Paris, France.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

113

Jolla, Calif,

Studies of the Age, Growth, Sexual Maturity and
Spawning of Populations of Anchoveta (CETEN-
GRAULIS MYSTICETUS) of the Coast of the East-
ern Tropical Pacific Ocean, by Izadore Barrett and
Gerald V. Howard, 104 pp., illus., printed in Eng-
lish and Spanish. (Reprinted from Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 2,
1961, pp. 115-216.) Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission, La Jolla, Calif.

"Tagging of Skipjack in Hawaiian Waters,"' by Daniel
T. Yamashita and Kenneth D. Waldron, article, Pa-
cific Science, vol. 13, no. 4, 1959, pp. 342-348,
printed. Pacific Science, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu 14, Hawaii.

TURKEY:

Balik ve Balikcilik (Fish and Fishery), vol. 9, no. 5,
May-June 1961, 32 pp., illus., printed in Turkish
with English table of contents. Balikcilik Mudur-
lugu, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey. Includes, among
others, these articles: ''Weight of Our Bonitos for
the Last Two Years,"' by Sadan Barlas; ''Agriculture
and Industry of Seaweeds,"' by Fehmi Ersan; ''The
Biology and Appearance of Mackerels (Part II)," by
Huseyin Uysal; and "Of Biological and Hydrodynamic
Sounds Emitted by Fish," by Muzaffer Atli.

TURTLES:

"Turtles, Tame and Truculent,'' by Percy Viosca, Jr.,
article, Louisiana Conservationist, vol. 13, nos.7-8,
July-August 1961, pp. 5-8, illus., printed. Louisiana
Conservationist, Wild Life and Fisheries Bldg., 400
Royal St., New Orleans 16, La. Describes the tor-
toises, terrapin, and turtles of Louisiana. The dia-
mond-back terrapin and five kinds of sea turtles are
of commercial value. Includes a short note on the
scientific names and habitats of each of 21 species
of Louisiana Turtle.

UNITED KINGDOM:

3 Henrietta St., London WC2, England, 1960. Ac-
cording to the author, ''This study is concerned with
the economic aspects of the distribution of whitefish
in Great Britain. White fish is defined as 'fish
(whether fresh or preserved) of any kind found in
the sea, except (a) herring, (b) any of the salmon
species or (c) any species of trout which migrates
to and from the sea! but is more generally under-
stood to cover those varieties which live on or near
the sea bed. The primary purpose of the study, how-
ever, was not to give a comprehensive description
of the organization and methods of white fish distri-
bution, but rather to examine such matters relative
to the distribution and consumption of this commod-
ity as appeared to merit special study. PartI is

114

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

essentially descriptive and gives the various trends
of white fish landings, consumption and prices and
the patterns of fish consumption. Quantitative data
on these subjects are necessary for a proper under-
standing of the forces influencing the present organ-
ization of the fish trades, their recent history and
possible future developments. Part II describes the
structure and organization of the trades and exam-
ines the costs of fish distribution and the costs of
producing quick-frozen fish. Methods of sale, box-
ing and transport are also considered, and in the
final chapters the demand for white fish at first-
hand sales and consumer demand for fish are ana-
lyzed."

Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables, 1960, 47 pp., printed,
5s. (70 U. S. cents). Her Majesty's Stationery Office,
York House, Kingsway, London WC2, England, 1961.
Consists principally of statistical tables showing
the quantity, total value, and average value of fish
and shellfish production in England and Wales by
species, region, and method of capture for 1960.
Fish are divided into three main groups: demersal,
pelagic, and shellfish, (nformation of the number of
fishermen, vessels, and principal ports are given.
Data on foreign trade in fishery products are also
shown,

White Fish Authority, Tenth Annual Report for the

“Year ended 3ist March, 1961, 54¢pp., printed, 3s.
about 42 U.S. cents). Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, York House, Kingsway, London WC2, Eng-
land. Covers the activities and functions of the
White Fish Authority for the fiscal year ending
March 31, 1961, its income, expenditures, andfish-
ery loans. Also includes sections on production of
fishery products, marketing and distribution, re-
search and experiments, tvaining courses, and in-
vestigations,

WS:S.hus:

“Regards sur--Les Peches Sovistiques" (Regarding
Soviet Fisheries), by Robert Leniex, article, France
Peche, vol. 6, no. 51, May 1961, pp. 11-15, 17, illus.,
printed in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est,
Rue de Guemene, Lorient, Fiance.

"Sovjets Havsimpecium ['"(The Soviec Ocean Empire
QD, by Georg Borgstrom, article, Svenska Vastkust-
fiskaren, vol. 31, no. 10, May 25, 1961, pp. 220-221,
illus., printedinSwedish. Sveuska Vastkustfiskaren,
Fiskhannen, Gothenbore V, Swedea. This article
will be continued in tne next issue.

VESSELS:

"Operating Costs of Smsli Mechanized Fishing Boats,'
by Ernest Hess, article, West Iidies Fisheries Bul-
letin, no. 2, pp. 1-8, MarchApril 1961, processed,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture,
Federal House, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, West Indies.
Although mechanization is advantageous for many
reasons, many fishermen do aot realize that before
mechanization can pay its way, considerable addi-
tional catches and larger gross profits must be made
to pay for the financing and operation of the boat and
engine itself. In this: article, the economics of fish-
ing vessel operation are explained and suggestions
made for record-keeping and cost accounting,

1

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW —

Vol. 23, No. 10

ington, Department of Fisheries, Seattle, Wash.,
December 1960.

WEATHER CHARTS:

Coastal Warning Facilities Charts, 1961, 2 charts,
2 pp. each, processed, 10 cents each, 1961. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)
Weather Bureau, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D. C. Charts show stations displaying
small craft, gale, whole gale and hurricane warn-
ings, explanations of warning displays, and sched-
ules of AM and FM radio, TV, and radiophone sta-
tions that broadcast weather forecasts and warn-
ings: 16P--Morgan City, La., to Apalachicola, Fla.;
and 17P--Point Conception, Calif., to Mexican
Border. ra

WEST INDIES:
"Fisheries Problems in the West Indies," by E. Hess,
article, West Indies Fisheries Bulletin, no. 2, 1960,
pp. 1-10, processed. Ministry of Natural Resources
and Agriculture, Federal House, Port-of-Spain,
Trinidad, West Indies.

"West Indies Fisheries Development 1959/60," by
E. Hess, article, West Indies Fisheries Bulletin,
no. 1, 1961, pp. 1-3, processed. Ministry of Nat-
ural Resources and Agriculture, Federal House,
Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, West Indies.

WHALE OIL:

"Deodorization of Liquid Whale Oil in Hydrogen
Atmosphere," by T. A. Khorin, article, Masblobino-
Zhirovaya Promyshlennost, vol. 25, no. 3, 1959,
pp. 34-35 santas in Russian. Masbloboino-Zhiro-
vaya Promyshlennost, Izdatel'stvo Literatury po
Pishchevoi, Promyshlennosti, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

WHALES:

"Census of the California Gray Whale, 1959/60," by
Dale W. Rice, article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende,
vol. 50, no. 6, June 1961, pp. 219-225, illus., printed
in Norwegian and English. Hvalfangerforeningen,
Sandefjord, Norway.

International Whaling Statistics, no. XLV, 85 pp.,
printed, Kr. 3-00 (about 28 U. S. cents), The Com-
mittee for Whaling Statistics, Oslo, Norway, 1961.
A report on the results of the whaling operations
in the Antarctic during the season 1958/59 and on
grounds outside the Antarctic in the calendar year
1959. Includes statistical tables on whaling in the
Antarctic; whaling operations of Norway, the United
Kingdom, Japan, and the U.S.S.R; whaling results
for various other countries; average size of whales
caught; and whales caught by species, sex, and size.
Also includes data on average production of oil per
"pblue-whale equivalent;'' average production of oil
per sperm-whale; and whale foetuses measured.

International Whaling Statistics, no. XLVI, 56 pp.,
printed, Kr, 2.00 (about 28 U. S. cents). The Com-
mittee for Whaling Statistics, Oslo, Norway, 1961.

October 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

115

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

A report on the whaling operations in the Antarctic
during the season 1959/60. Includes statistical
tables showing whaling in the Antarctic; results for
various countries; average size of whales caught;
whales caught by species, sex, and size; and aver-

ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton 25, D. C., at 10 cents a copy.

Licensing and Exchange Controls, Japan, Operations
Report No. 61-27, Part 2, 4 pp., printed, April 1961.

age production of oil per blue-whale unit. Also in-
cludes data on size of pregnant whale females
caught; whale foetuses measured by species and
groups of size; and whale foetuses measured by
species and sex.

Preparing Shipments to Austria, Operations Report
No. 61-31, Part 2, 8 pp., printed, April 1961.

Patent and Trademark Re ations of Uruguay, Oper-

ations Report No. 61-34, Part 2, 8 pp., April 1961.

WORLD TRADE:

The following World Trade Information Service Re-
ports, published by the Bureau of Foreign Com-
merce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington,
D. C., are for sale by the Superintendent of Docu-

Import Tariff System of Italy, Operations Report No.
61-35, Part 2, 4 pp., printed, May 1961.

Licensing and Exchange Controls, Israel, Operations
Report No. 61-37, Part 2, 4 pp., printed, May 1961.

ORIGIN OF PACIFIC SALMON CANNING INDUSTRY

"George and William Hume with their friend A. S. Hapgood were the cre-
ators of the Pacific salmon canning industry. The Hume brothers, who had
worked as fishermen at their home in Maine, went to California as Forty-
niners. Theynoticed that salmon were plentiful in the Sacramento River and
believed that money might be made canning the fish. They went back to Maine
on a visit, induced A. S. Hapgood, a lobster canner, to return west with them
and the first Pacific salmon pack was made at Sacramento, California, in 1864.
The pack was a failure the next year, but conditions were reported to be ex-
tremely favorable on the Columbia River, so the Hume firm moved their equip-
ment to Eagle Cliff, Washington, about 40 miles up the river from Astoria and
made the first pack of Columbia River salmon in 1866.

"Canned salmon was introduced to England and Germany where the first
large market for this product was established by ships loading wheat and lum-

ber for European ports. Canneries became numerous along the Columbia
River, and as the sale of canned salmon increased steadily, the industry sought
new and profitable locations, first at New Westminster on the Fraser River
in British Columbia in 1867; then at Mukilteo, on Puget Sound, Washington
Territory, in 1877; and while Alaska is today the most important salmon can-
ning area, its first cannery was not built until 1878 at Klawak, on Prince of
Wales Island."

Principles and Methods in the
Canning of Fishery Products,
Research Report No.7 (page 3),
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

wy Si

a

Cn

USE OF OUTBOARD MOTORS AFFECTS NEITHER FISH NOR WATER

A number of scientific surveys conducted on the lakes, ponds, and reservoirs of sev-
eral states in the United States, to determine potential sources of pollution, reveal that the
use of outboard motors did no harm to the fish, aquatic vegetation, or water purity.

The various surveys! included lakes ranging in size from 40 to several thousand acres
and involving waters in which heavy concentrations of outboard motors were present. Sev-
eral investigations were conducted by municipal and private water supply agencies, who
hesitated to open the waters to outboard craft:until it had been scientifically determined
that such use would not result in pollution.

The reports indicate that
while there were a few iso-
lated instances in which in-
dividual outboards had im-
proper fuel-oil mixtures or
minor fuel leaks, these were
immediately corrected by
the operators for reasons of
economy and adequate oper-
ation.

One of the most signif-
icant studies on this subject ._
was carried out by Profes- [R.3 wee
sor Karl Lagler and associ- Hts ai

ates of the Department of Zo- The moving propeller of the outboard motor does not seem to be frightening these
7 c fish, especially the cobia, which is either making a dash at the propeller, or at the

ology of the Universit y of bubbles from the exhaust. Outboard engines do not effect the purity of water nor its

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. aquatic vegetation. |

The major purpose of the

study was todetermine whether the use of outboard motors had an adverse effect upon fish
in any respect. This necessitated including any possible effect onaquatic vegetation and on
the oxygen and impurity content of the water itself. The potential polluting agent, it was
thought, would be oil, fuel, and exhaust gases discharged into the water by motors.

''The opportunity was sought to observe effects of oil and fuel spilled from fueling op-
erations or exhausted from engines in each of the three motor use ponds examined," the |}
report stated. ''No visible indications of oil pollution could be discovered, hence its effects 5
could not be studied. It didnot appear on marginal or aquatic vegetation, on the many cle
pine test strips set in the water near the shore, or on the concrete structures for control
of pond levels. If no oil or fuel pollution could be discerned in these small experimental
ponds, it is accepted that this is not a matter of concern from normal outboard use in nat-
ural waters.'' In addition, there were no abnormal mortalities of fish in the experimental
water.

A survey made by the Water Department of the City of San Diego, Calif., to determine

the effect of outboard motors on the water supply reservoirs returned similar findings.

"Throughout the 45 years of recreational use of certain of our water supply reser-

voirs,'' the Director reports, ''we have not observed or measured a single instance where
any degree of pollution from the operation of outboard motors has occurred."

The question of potential pollution arose fromthe inquiries of various groups that con-
trolled lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, some of limited area, who did not want to open these
waters to boating without assurance that no harm to water purityor fish would result.

In some instances, surveys were conductedas a result of apparent loss of aquatic veg-
etation which, because of the operation of outboards, was attributed to this source. As such
vegetation plays an important partin natural fish reproduction, careful analysis was made.
In no instance, even where the body of water was limited in area, could the damage be at-
tributed to outboardmotor use. In some cases the damage resulted from drainage pollution
by outside agencies or by chemical treatment of the water for weed or mosquito control.
(Commercial Outboarder, Summer 1961.)

HY i SIBBS JR

me
re

OBE

i

--, Shes

AY463X

7

ni
i

(|

NOVEMBER 1961

i =
Hl ta | 2

wake .
i mal re 2<
=| CS) = E 5
uu a2 2
= =a
= . $3
oom sé
ioe ae:
= a ; Z >
= Y) )
i :
Ut :

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR
STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY! DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW(S»

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor

Address correspondence andrequests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

eS ea
CONTENTS

COVER: A North Carolina vessel with a catch of calico
scallops from the Core Banks bed discovered by the M/V
Silver Bay, chartered exploratory fishing vessel of the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The Silver Bay
discovered the bed in September 1959.

. Investigation of the Potential Albacore Resource of the Central North Pacific, by Joseph J. Graham and
James W. McGary
8 ..Financial Assistance to Fishing Industries in Various Countries, by C. E. Peterson

Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
California: North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear
14 .. Effect on Marine Life of High-Explosive Research:
Charge Studied 25 .. Otter Trawls with Polypropylene and Conven-
15 .. Midwater Trawling for Salmon Fingerlings tional Head Ropes Tested
Continued 25 .. Exploratory Fishing for Canning-Size Her-
15 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued ring off Maine Coast Unsuccessful
Columbia River Fisheries: North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:
17... Federal Funds to Northwest States for Fish- 26 .. Survey of Deep-Water Marine Fauna off
ery Facilities Mouth of Columbia River
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Oregon:
17... Department of Defense Purchases, January- 26 .. New Fishway Completed at Lookingglass
July 1961 Falls
Films: Oysters:
18 .., New Movie on Commercial Fisheries of 27 .. Long Island Sound Observations on Spawning
Chesapeake Bay Planned and Setting as of September 6 and 21
Fur Seals: Salmon:
18 .. Pribilof 1961 Harvest 28 .. Pinks Tagged to Determine Migration Pat-
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: terns and Size of Runs
19 .. Lake Erie Fish Population Survey Continued Sardines:
20 .. Lake Michigan Fish Population Survey Con- 28 .. California Landings Down 41 Percent Through
tinued September 1961
21 .. Western Lake Superior Fishery Survey Con- Shrimp:
tinued 28 .. Gulf of Mexico Survey Indicates Low Level of
Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program: Abundance over Wide Area
23... Midwater Trawling, Escapement Behavior of Sport Fishing:
Pelagic Fish, and Shrimp Exploratory Fish- 31 .. Atlantic Coast Marine Research Center Dedi-
ing cated
Hawaii: Tagging:
24 .. Skipjack Tuna Landings, January-August 1961 32 .. Automatic Tag Detection Device for Alaskan
Maine Sardines: Herring
24 ., Animal Feeding Tests Indicate Value as Tennessee:
Cholesterol Depressant 32... Commercial Fish Catch for Cumberland River

Reservoirs in 1960

Contents continued page II.

Pag

32

33
33
33
33
34

34
35

35

35
36

36
37

38

38

41

41

44

45

e

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 11

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Transportation:
Express Rates of Fish and Seafood about Un-
changed
Tuna:
Yellowfin Catch in Eastern Pacific at Record
High
Albacore Oceanographic Survey off Califor-
nia
United States and Territories 1961 Canned
Pack at Record High
U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles Supply, July 1961
U.S. Fishing Vessels:
Documentations Issued and Cancelled, July
1961
U.S. Foreign Trade:
Edible Fishery Products, July 1961
United States Exports and Re-Exports of
Frozen Shrimp to Japan, January-June
1961
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under
Quota
Vessels:
Inflatable Life Rafts Tested
Whiting:
Shelf Life of Frozen Products Affected by
Method and Time of Chilled Storage
Wholesale Prices, September 1961
Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, Janu-
ary-August 1961
FOREIGN:
International:
Fish Body Oils:
Market in Western Europe
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission:
Eastern Pacific Yellowfin Tuna Fishery
Regulation Recommended
International Pacific Halibut Commission:
North Pacific Halibut Fishing in Areas 2
and 1B Ended
Marine Oils:
World Production and Foreign Trade in
-Marine Oils, 1957-61
Tuna:
Conference Held on Biology of Pacific
Ocean Tunas
Australia:
Government-Sponsored Trawling Company
to be Sold
Survey of Tuna Resources off South-West
Coast Planned
Brazil:
Council Created for Fisheries Development
Canada:
New Brunswick Fish Meal Prices, August
1961
Regulations Amended to Include Shrimp
Cocktail
Rubber Bands Found Best for Securing Lob-
ster Claws
Czechoslovakia:
May Purchase More Frozen Tuna from Ja-
pan
Denmark:
Experimental Trawling for Cod off West
Greenland
Fishermen Leave Industry

Page

45
45
45
46
46
46
47

47

48
48

49

49
50
50
50
51
51

51
52

52
52
53
53
53
53

54

54
54
55
55
55
55
56
56

56
57

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Denmark (Contd.):
Fish Fillets and Blocks and Fishery Byprod-
ucts Exports:
January-May 1961
January-June 1961
January-July 1961
Mink Farmers Buy Food Fish
Retail Fish Dealers Discuss Per Capita Con-
sumption
Sales Cooperative Has Good Season
Egypt:
Organization Formed to Develop Marine Re-
sources
German Federal Republic:
Fish Meal Prices, September 8, 1961
Ghana:
Soviets Agree to Supply Fishing Vessels
Greece:
Controls on Canned Fishery Products Im-
ports
Iceland:
Fishery Products Exports to Soviet Bloc,
January-June 1961
Fishery Trends, Mid-August 1961
Italy:
Joint Italian- Japanese Committee to Investi-
gate Frozen Tuna Reject Claims
Japan:
Exports of Canned Tuna in Oil, 1956-60
Exports of Canned Tuna in Oil, April-July
1961
Export Price of Canned Albacore Tuna to be
Raised
Canned Tuna in Brine Export Price Raised
Frozen Tuna Exports to U. S., April 1-Au-
gust 19, 1961
Higher Export Prices for Atlantic Ocean
Frozen Tuna Considered
Increase Reported in Frozen Tuna Prices
Frozen Tuna Export Prices at New High
Tuna Mothership Returns with Full Trip
Tuna Mothership Returns from Fishing
Grounds
Frozen Tuna from Fiji Islands Transshipped
to the United States
Fishery Agency Studying Relaxation of Regu-
lations on Portable Vessels for Tuna Moth-
erships
Canned Salmon 1960 Pack Carry-Over as of
March 31, 1961
Canned Shrimp Exported to U. S. for First
Time
Frozen Shrimp Imports from Mexico Via
U. 5. Up Sharply
Production Report from North Pacific Shrimp
Factoryship as of August 2
Developments in Bering Sea Bottomfish Fish-
ery
Experimental Fishing South of Alaska Penin-
sula in 1960
Entry of Duty-Free Fish Meal Produced by
Factoryship off Angola Permitted
Exports of Canned Crab Meat, 1956-60
Fishery Landings at Yaizu, August 1961
Large Fishing Firm Surveys Sites for Atlan-
tic Bases

Contents continued page III.

November 1961

Page

57
57

57

57
58
58

58

59
60

60 --

61

61

62 -

63 +.

64 -«

64 +.

65 +

(ie) 6.0

65

for each photograph in this issue.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Ill

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.):
Production of Fish Sausage and Hams In-
creases.
Refrigerated Carrier Vessels Under Con-
struction
Soviet Fisheries Mission Comments on Jap-
anese North Pacific High-Seas Fishing
Operations
Libya:
Fisheries Trends, August 1961
Mexico:
Ex-Vessel Shrimp Prices as of August 28,
1961
Import Permit Required on Many Fishery
Products
Netherlands:
Oyster Industry Plans for Survival When
Producing Area is Cut off from Sea
Norway:
Fishermen and the Common Market
Fish Meal Industry Faces Crisis
Herring Catches in August Reported Good in
Lofoten Area
Production of Marine Oils Expected to Re-
main Low
Regulations Issued for Fishing Zone Exten-
sion
Pakistan:
Shrimp Fisheries of East Pakistan
Poland:
Fishing Fleet and Landings Up Sharply
Between 1949 and 1960
Sierra Leone:
Fishing Industry Continues to Grow
Somali Republic:
Fishery Trends, August 1961
South Africa Republic:
Canned Abalone Production, January-June
1961
Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery Industry,
January-May 1961
Sweden:
Fisheries Associations Discuss Herring
Landings in West Germany

Page

66

69

69

70

71

qin

Ono

oo

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Sweden (Contd.):
New Steel Trawlers Built in East Germany
Delivered
Thailand:
Industrial Investment Promotion Act Includes
Fisheries and Related Industries
Turkey:
Conference on Fisheries
United Kingdom:
Fishery Loans Interest Rates Revised
Trawlers Experiment With Transfer of
Catches at Sea to Carrier Vessel
FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:
Defoaming Agents Approved as Safe in Pa-
per and Paperboard Used to Pack Foods
Effective Date of Food Additives Statute for
Certain Substances Used Indirectly in
Foods Extended
Extension of Effective Date of Food Addi-
tives Statute for Certain Substances Used
Directly in Foods
Standard of Identity for Fish Flour Pro-
posed
Department of Labor:
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions:
Minimum Wage Order for American Samoa
Affects Fish Canning Industry
Eighty-Seventh Congress (First Session)
FISHERY INDICATORS:

75 .. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States

76
77

78

79
80

Soe rere
83 ..

Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries

Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freez-
ings of Fishery Products

Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings
of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution
Centers

Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production--U. S.
and Alaska

Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
Products

Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports

RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
Miscellaneous Publications

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, and Helen Paretti

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer

Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from

the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

P. 8--Les Hamm; p. 18--V. B. Scheffer; p. 60--H. Kristjonsson.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

"|
il

Wygainann
ieee

taney

|
i

a

i ul
slid
"i" |]
wnt
(DOmaaao NDAD

W

D. C. Vol.-23, No. 1]

at)
(Crna
ol |
f
| |

2
2
i)
i
rw.)
S
=
Qa
7)
2
3
@

INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL ALBACORE RESOURCE
OF THE CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC

By Joseph J. Graham,* and James W. McGary**

CONTENTS
Page Page
Introduction. <2.) «+ 1 An Environmental Difference .....-.e.2eec2+eecce 5
mhevPlan) -)/s1e1s +s. « ‘ 2 SUMNIary seeks euehsel el omels)venenelcl icity Gta colo 17
The Commercial Test . 3 Miterauirey Cited op cies tedielhemeyeecei telson. ePeoiieiteitenie Ny)
ABSTRACT

A study of the albacore tuna resources in the central and eastern North Pacific by ex-
ploratory fishingofa research and a chartered vessel of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Laboratory, Honolulu, culminated in a commercial-scale test. The test wasmade
with gill nets in the central North Pacific during July and August 1958. The catches obtained
from the chartered vessel Paragon showed that summer gill-netting for albacore in the central
North Pacific was not commercially feasible. However, environmental conditions encount-
ered in 1958 were not similar to those in 1955 and 1956 when the exploratory catches, which
prompted the test, were made. Colder surface water was present during 1958, and as aresult,
there was a southward shift of surface temperatures and a corresponding shift in albacore dis-
tribution. An instance of unusual albacore behavior was also observed which might have been
related to the environment and have affected the etriciency of the gill net fished from the
Paragon. It is suggested that one vessel on a single cruise does not provide an adequate test of
the potential albacore fishery in the area.

INTRODUCTION

In 1954 the U. 5S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Honolulu,
Hawaii, received an allotment of funds from the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act (68 Stat. 376) to
study the albacore tuna, Thunnus germo (Lacepede),1/ in the central and eastern North Pa-
cific. One of the major objectives of this study was to determine whether commercially
profitable concentrations of albacore tuna were present in the mid-ocean area between the
Japanese fishery in the western North Pacific and the United States fishery along the west
coast of North America. A series of exploratory fishing and oceanographic cruises was
made in the area between 170° E. longitude and the United States west coast. This phase of
the study culminated in a commercial-scale test of albacore fishing in the mid-ocean area
during July and August of 1958.

The series of cruises leading up to the commercial test provided information on the sea-
sonal distribution and relative abundance of albacore (Graham MS.)2/, The results may be
summarized as follows. In the fall, there was an almost continuous distribution of albacore

*Fishery Research Biologist Formerly of the Fishery Biological Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
** Oceanographer } Honolulu, Hawaii.
Note: Present address of senior author: Bureau's Biological Laboratory, Galveston, Tex.
us a " junior ": Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D. C.
1/Also known as Germo alalunga (Bonnaterre), Thunnus alalunga (Gmelin), and Germo germo (Lacepede).
2/Graham, Joseph J. MS. "The macroecology of the albacore tuma, Thunnus germo (Lacepede), in the central North Pacific."

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO. 631

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 11

across the North Pacific between the Japanese and the American west coast fisheries. This
same area was to a large extent devoid of fish in the winter. During the spring, albacore
were present between the two fisheries, but their distribution was discontinuous, and they
were difficult to find in abundance. A concentration of albacore was located in the summer
around the mid-forty latitudes between 175° W. and 160° W. longitude south of the Aleutian
Island chain. East of 160° W., fish were scarce until the vicinity of the west coast of North
America was reached.

The discovery of the summer concentration of fish in the central North Pacific came
about primarily through the use of surface gill nets. Surface trolling lines, the major gear
used in the American west coast fishery, were only of secondary importance (Tester 1956,
Anonymous 1956, Graham 1957, and Graham and Mann 1959). It appeared that this area con-
tained albacore which could be exploited commercially, because (1) the concentration of fish
was located in the same area during two consecutive summers, 1955 and 1956; (2) in 1956,
within the area of concentration, good catches were persistent locally for a period of 2 to 3
days; and (3) the fish captured were mostly of a size acceptable for canning (10 to 28 pounds).

THE PLAN

These findings warranted a practical test with gill nets by commercial fishermen. It was
decided to engage a chartered vessel, with a guaranteed return to the fishermen. This ar-
rangement allowed us to take advantage of the knowledge we had gained and insured an ade-
quate test of the area. It also provided freedom of operation in order to take advantage of the
skills and knowledge of the fishermen and simulated as nearly as possible a commercial fish-
ing operation. The bid specifications were prepared with these features in mind.

The general area delimited for fishing encompassed all positions where promisi ng catches
had been made during the 1955-56 summer cruises (41° N. to 48° N. latitude, and 175° W. to
155° W. longitude). Locations of the individual gill-net sets were left to the discretion of the
master of the vessel. Each prospective bidder was provided with background material sum-
marizing previous catch data for the area.

The successful bidder was required to equip his vessel so that a minimum of 40 shackles
of gill-netting could be set. The construction of the shackles was to be based in part on a
study by Graham and Mann (1959) on the results of previous gill- net fishing conducted by the
Honolulu Laboratory. The mesh was to measure between 73 and 84 inches (stretched meas-
ure) which would allow the escape of small fish. The minimum length of each shackle was to
be 50 fathoms and its depth 5 fathoms. To obtain full payment of the contract price, the ves-
sel was to set 1,200 shackles between July 20 and September 10, 1958, or as an alternative,
catch at least 60 tons of albacore. All sets were to be made during evening twilight and al-
lowed to soak at least 6 hours before being retrieved. In addition to fishing gill nets, a min-
imum of 6 surface lines were to be trolled during all daylight runs within the fishing areaand
at least 3 lines on runs to and from the fishing area.

The Bureau's research vessel Hugh M. Smith was to make oceanographic and biological
observations in the fishing area, on conditions usually associated with the presence or ab-
sence of albacore. These observations were to be compared with those of previous summer
cruises (1955 and 1956) and to assist the contract vessel by delineating the distribution of
albacore. Albacore were to be sampled in the surface layer by using: (1) 10 shackles of gill
net with mesh sizes of 43 to 74 inches; (2) 5 trolling lines; and (3) 20 baskets of a specially
designed long line with 12 droppers per basket and with each hook suspended from a buoy.
Droppers were placed 15 fathoms apart along the continuous mainline and were grouped in
series of 3 each with 4 lengths, 2, 4, 8, and 12 fathoms. The gill net was set at twilight and
allowed to fish overnight. Lines were trolled on daylight runs between stations and when
patrolling long-line sets, which were made primarily in the morning hours. A more complete
description of the fishing methods employed aboard the Hugh M. Smith and the contract ves-
sel is presented elsewhere (McGary and Graham 1960).

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

THE COMMERCIAL TEST

Northwestern Fisheries Inc. of Seattle, Wash., submitted the low bid of $45,990 for their
vessel the M/V Paragon, a 90-foot (over-all) halibut schooner with a beam of 19 feetand a 9-
foot draft (empty). Her cruising and
maximum speeds were 104 and 11 knots,
respectively. The ability of the vessel
to fish gill nets under the summer
weather conditions of the central North
Pacific had been proven during previ-
ous salmon research cruises fielded
by the Bureau's Seattle Exploratory
Fishing Station (Powell and Peterson
LOB)

The M/V Paragon departed from
Ballard, Wash., on July 16 with a
master, a crew of four fishermen
(fig. 1), and one of our Laboratory's
biologists aboard.

a The first gill-net set from the -
Paragon was made on July 26 at 41
AQUANG lS iim hl Wi (figs 2) and re
sulted in a promising catch of 145 albacore (2,800 pounds). Two subsequent sets in the same
vicinity yielded successively smaller catches of 133 fish (2,000 pounds) and 119 fish (1,900
pounds). Compared to the first 3 sets, the second group of 3 catches in this vicinity was dras-
tically reduced and declined steadily to a low
of 13 fish (200 pounds). The Paragon then ex-
plored northward and westward to 163° 37'W.,
without any significant improvement in catch.
Meanwhile, gill nets were set from the Hugh
M. Smith for the first time on July 29; five
‘sets were made along 160° W. (fig. 3) inabout
the same latitudes as the sets made by the
M/V Paragon. Only 4 and 5 albacore each
were Caught in two of the sets; none in the
other three sets.

Fig. 1 - Crew of the Paragon. One crew member is not shown here.

lo ae T T ea aap F leeaepalp een
POSITIONS OF GILLNET SETS

As a result of these poor catches, the

efforts of the two vessels were coordinated
in an attempt to locate albacore in abundance.
It was decided to explore and compare catches
made in western and eastern portions of the
area. Therefore, after the completion of work
along 160° W., the Hugh M. Smith's cruise
plan was_altered, and instead of working a-
long 165° W. the vessel turned westward to
175° W. The M/V Paragon returned eastward,
The numbers of fish caught per set from both
vessels varied considerably (figs. 2 and 3).
The one relatively good catch of 49 albacore
in the 10 shackles of gill net fished from the
Hugh M. Smith was offset by the fact that a-

out one-half of these fish weighed less than
10 pounds each. As pointed out above, fish de
less than 10 pounds were purposely excluded Geeatotartod

from the Para on's catch by the large gill- Fig. 2 - Vessel tracks, sets, and catches of the M/V Paragon.
net meshes ct to 85 inches).

161°

+ COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23, Now U1

The master of the Paragon considered
these results and elected to remain in the
vicinity of 158° W. (fig. 2), where he judged
that the fishing, while not good, showed some
promise. Unfortunately, this promise was
not fulfilled, and the Paragon then returned
to the vicinity of her first set. There, 2 good
catches of about 2,800 pounds (183 fish) and
3,400 pounds (227 fish) were made in 4 sets.
The catches made from the Paragon and those
from the Hugh M. Smith, which in the. mean-
time had explored as far west as 170° W. and
found no commercial quantities of albacore,
did not indicate to the master of the former
vessel that it would be profitable to continue
fishing beyond the contract period, so he de-
parted the fishing area for Seattle on August
30, The Hugh M. Smith was scheduled to re-
main in the area to continue fishing and to
make oceanographic observations along 165°
W. longitude. However, the serious illnessof
a fisherman forced the ‘captain to discontinue
the cruise on September 2, and the vessel re-
turned to Honolulu (fig. 3).

A summary of the catch statistics shows
that 1,617 albacore were caught from the
Paragon by gill nets and 234 fish bytrolling;
LEGEND: | of the latter number, 212 were caught in the
© GILLNET STATION area of gill-netting. The weight of the catch
4 LONGLINE STATION. unloaded from the Paragon at Seattle was
27,053 pounds. This weight was made up of
individual fish ranging in size from 63 to 46
pounds. Three size groups were present:
63-10 pounds, 10-21 pounds, and 21-46 pounds.
(A total of 781 albacore were measured by
the biologist aboard the Paragon.) Approxi-

Fig. 3 - Vessel tracks, sets, and catches of Hugh M, Smith, mately 92 percent of the fish were desirable

commercially (i.e., each greater than 10

pounds), and of those, fish between 15 and 17 pounds accounted for 49 percent or almost one-
half of the catch. Ninety-seven albacore were caught by the Hugh M. Smith with gill nets, 13
on, troll lines, and 2 on long-line gear. Measurements of 107 showed a similar size range
(63-35 pounds) and the same size groups as were found in the catch made from the Paragon.
One difference in the size composition of the fish obtained from the two vessels was evident.
As would be expected because of the smaller meshes (43 - 63 inches) used from the Hugh M.
Smith, a relatively large number (41 percent of the total catch) of albacore smaller than 10
pounds were captured. However, among the remaining fish of commercially desirable sizes,
fish between 15 and 17 pounds represented 29 percent of the total catch.

Table 1 - Summary of Expenses and Proceeds from the
M/V Paragon Albacore Venture

Expenses: $

On the basis of effort, the gill-net catch
rate and the trolling catch rate from the
Paragon were higher than from the Hugh M.
Smith. The catch per shackle per set from ;
the Paragon ranged from 0 to 5.7, with an Sieh Wael sones ep Cuan RS
avierage Of(ls3;) the catch, rate fromthe, Hu glass) | aan means ena Un Se ee
M. Smith ranged from 0 to 4.9, with an aver-
age of 0.5. Ona catch-per- -hour basis in the
fishing area, the troll catch rates from the
Paragon varied from 0.0 to 7.4 per hour for
individual days, with an average of 1.1. The

eel leice: tei ieilie ie lee eleven eene els. 16 eKe

1/Only one-third of the total cost of the gill net ($13, 406) and
trolling gear ($85, 28) has been entered, It is assumed that
with a reasonable amount of repair both could be used for

at least two additional trips.

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

rates from the Hugh M. Smith were much lower; 0.0 to 0.5 per hour, with an average of
only 0.06,

The 133 tons of albacore captured from the Paragon were far below the 60 tons antici-
pated from the results of previous summer surveys (1955 and1956),. The weight of the catchafter
a storage period of 3 months was approximately 24,000 pounds; it was soldfor 20 cents a pound for
a total of $4,800, Thedegree to which this particular test of the potential albacore fishery of the
area was a financial failure is evident from the cost and proceeds statistics of table 1.

AN ENVIRONMENTAL DIFFERENCE

The failure of the albacore catch by the Paragon to live up to expectations appears to be
related to a difference between the oceanic environments which existed during the summers
of the previous surveys (1955 and 1956), on the one hand, and that which prevailed during the
summer of the test (1958), on the other, The oceanic circulationin the fishing area is largely
zonal(east-west), and only slight seasonal and annual shifts occurin the locationof the bound-
aries of the major water types (McGary et al. 1958), However, a major change in the physical
characteristics of the area does occur in the form of large seasonal fluctuations in surface

LEGEND:
« >2 ALBACORE/ SHACKLE
e ALBACORE CAPTURED

NO ALBACORE CAPTURED

We

SURFACE TEMPERATURE
Ney, AUGUST 1958-1955

Yh
TAN
—- 32
:

See

TH 2 SOn
pe \" Ly

f - aA
a \

aa
\

st wes

Fig. 4 - Surface temperature anomalies (U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 1957-59), surface isotherms and positions of gill-net
catches of albacore during the summers of 1955, 1956 and 1958. The 1955 gill net catches were obtained from Powell and Peter-
son (1957), and isothermsand the 1956 and 1958 catches from the Honolulu Laboratory, Hatching indicates areas colder in 1958
than in 1955 and 1956,

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, Noo i

temperature. Also, local annual differences in surface temperature can be considerable
for a given year, and such a change occurred during the summer of 1958.

Sea-surface temperatures observed from the Hugh M. Smith and M/V Paragon in the
summer of 1958 were as much as 8° to 10° F. colder in some parts of the fishing area than
those obtained during the summer cruises of 1955 and 1956. These colder temperatures
represented either (1) differences in seasonal warming (which were not as great in 1958) or
(2) the influx of a water mass having inherently different temperature characteristics. How-
ever, the thickness of the surface layer above the thermocline (50-150 feet) was approximate-
ly the same in 1958 as during the previous years, discounting the second possibility.

Charts in figure 4 show the August 11-20 anomalies or departures of local surface tem-
peratures in 1955 and 1956 from those of 1958, Lines are drawn through points of equal de-
parture at intervals of 2° F. Where the
lines enclose an area colder in 1958
than in 1955 and 1956, it is hatched, the
amount of hatching depending upon the
degree of coldness, The anomalycharts
are accompanied by plots of surface iso-
therms and gill-net catches made dur-
ing the 3 years concerned. In the 1958-
55 chart, the entire area west of 140° W.
longitude, from about 35° N, to 50° N,
latitude, is shown as colder in1958 than
in 1955, The greatest differences ap-
pear as areas of 10°-12° F. colder wa-
ter occurring in the vicinity of 44° N.to
the west of 155° W. The magnitude of
such differences is more evident when
it is realized that they approach the
average annual seasonal variation of
15° F. The 1958-56 chart shows a
similar distribution in that the surface
waters over the area north of 40° N.
were colder in 1958 than in 1956. These
differences are reflected in the distribu-
tion of surface isotherms shown for the
3 years in figure 4. During 1955 and
1956 the surface isotherms, which en-
compass the range of surface temper-
ature usually coincident with albacore
distribution in the central North Pacific
(Graham 1957, Powell and Peterson
1957, and Graham MS.2/), are to be
found approximately 3 degrees of lati-
tude farther north than in 1958. The
albacore gill-net catches, although they
did not cover the area very well, sug-
gest that the southward shift in iso-
therms during 1958 was accompanied
by a corresponding shift in albacore
distribution.

10 15 20 It is difficult to directly associate
PERCENT OF TOTAL CATCH this environmental difference with the

Fig. 5 - Percentage of total catch (480) from the first six gill-net sets and Years of successful and unsuccessful
the percentage (per set) of the fish observed in the top, middle, andbot- gill-netting. However, one instance of

tom of the net. The length of the net simulates the percentage of the : ae &
total catch and the number of fish represents the percentage captured in unusual behavior exhibited by the alba
that position of the net, A total of 393 observations was made concem- COre deserves mention because of its
ing the position of fish in the net. possible relation to the environment
2/See footnote 2 on p. 1.

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

and its bearing on the efficiency of the Paragon's gill nets. Analysis of the depth positions
of albacore caught in the Paragon's net at her first six stations (fig. 5), when the catch
dropped from 13 tons to almost nothing, showed a progressive increase in the catch percen-
tiles of the bottom and middle two-thirds of the net3/. Possibly the albacore progressively
went below the 30-foot depth of the net in search of forage which was generally low accord-
ing to surface night-light counts of saury and squid from the Paragon (McGary and Graham
1960). Whether or not this represented a general decrease of albacore forage in the fishing
area during 1958 as compared to 1955 and 1956 cannot be ascertained.

In conclusion, the annual variability in the oceanic environment and in the distribution of
albacore is so great that the operation of a single vessel on a single cruise is not anadequate
test of the commercial fishing potentiality of the area investigated.

SUMMARY

Exploratory fishing by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory
at Honolulu during a study of the albacore tuna resources in the central and eastern North
Pacific, resulted in plans for a commercial-scale test. This test was directed toward a mid-
ocean, summer concentration of albacore susceptible to harvest with gill nets. A contract
was made with owners of the M/V Paragon of Seattle, Wash., to conduct a commercial trial
in the area during July and August 1958 using commercial gill nets.

The catches from the Paragon showed that summer gill-netting for albacore tuna in the
central North Pacific was not commercially feasible. However, environmental conditions
encountered in 1958 were not similar to those in 1955 and 1956 when the exploratory catches,
which prompted the test, were made. Colder surface water was present during 1958, and as
a result there was a southward shift of surface temperatures and a corresponding shift inthe
albacore distribution. In addition, one vessel probably does not provide an adequate test of
the potential albacore fishery in the area.

An instance of unusual albacore behavior was also observed which might have been re-
lated to the environment and have affected the efficiency of the gill net fished from the Para-
gon. An analysis of six consecutive gill-net sets within a single area showed a progressive
decrease in catch. The pattern of the fish in the nets indicated that the decrease was caused
by the albacore progressively decending below the 30-foot depth of the net. Night-light ob-
servations suggested the possibility that the descent was related to a scarcity of forage at
the surface,

LITERATURE CITED

ANONYMOUS
1956, Albacore--What About Next Year? Pacific Fisher-
man, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 32-33.

GRAHAM, J. Je
1957. Central North Pacific Albacore Surveys, May to
November 1955, U. S, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Special Scientific Report--Fisheries No. 212, 38 pp.

GRAHAM, J. 3. and MANN, H. J.

1959, Construction and Catch Selectivity of Albacore Gill
Nets Used in the Central North Pacific. Commer-
cial Fisheries Review, vol. 21, no. 8 (August),
ppe 1-6. (Also Sep. No. 556.)

McGARY, J. W. and GRAHAM, J. Je
1960. Biological and Oceanographic Observations in the
Central North Pacific, July-September 1958. U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Re-
port--Fisheries No, 358, 107 pp.

McGARY, J. W.; JONES, E. C.; and GRAHAM, J, J.
1958. Enrichment in the Transition Zone Between the Sub-
arctic and Central Water Masses of the Central
North Pacific. Proceedings of the Ninth Pacific
Science Congress, 1957, vol. 16, pp. 82-89.

POWELL, D. E.’ and PETERSON, A. E,
1957. Experimental Fishing to Determine Distribution of
Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean, 1955. U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Re-
port--Fisheries No. 205, 30 pp.

TESTER, A. Le
1956, The Where and Why of Albacore. Pacific Fisherman,
vol, 54, no. 4, pp. 21, 23-24.

U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
1957-59, Ten-Day Sea Surface Temperature Charts of the
Eastern North Pacific, 7 pp., Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Honolulu Biological Laboratory (mimeo-

graphed).

3/This trend was determined by inspection. Also, the data were examined using the Chi-square. A hypothesis was set up that the fish
were distributed in the net in a 1:1:1 ratio in the top, middle, and bottom. The sums of the Chi-squares of the first five stations
showed a statistically significant deviatjon from this expected ratio (X2 = 102.05, degrees of freedom 9), The interaction between

sets was also statistically significant (X
the suggested trend,

90.04, degrees of freedom 7), and it is thought that this heterogeneity lends credence to

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 11

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO FISHING INDUSTRIES
IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES

By C. E. Peterson*
BACKGROUND

Interest in governmental financial assistance to the fishing industries has been increas-
ing in recent years. Practically every nation with a fishery of any importance has some pro-
gram of credit assistance. There are three general types of financial aid given: (1) loans,
(2) direct subsidies, and (3) indirect subsidies. Using these categories, loan and mortgage
insurance or guarantees are included with direct loans.

In the space available, all fishery loan programs as used all over the world cannot be
reviewed in detail. Examples of each of the various types of loans can be described, and
purposes and results pointed
out. Some programs have dual
purposes and cannot be classi-
fied distinctly.

The types of credit assist-
ance provided by various gov-
ernments in all parts of the
world are shown in table 1.

LOANS

Generally speaking, the de-
veloping countries make loans
to fishermen primarily as a
means of mechanizing fishing
and increasing their standard of
living, or to increase catches in
order to provide food for the
population or products for export.

A former tuna clipper which was converted to a purse seiner with the aid of a fish- As aun example, in Jamaica,
ery loan from the U. S. Department of the Interior. the Fisheries Division purchases

outboard motors, sells them to
fishermen and allows 18 months for complete repayment. The Government then provides gas-
oline to fishermen at less than the commercial price by selling it duty-free, but adds one
shilling to the price of the gasoline and applies this on the note for payment of the motors.

In.the State of Madras in India the Director of Fisheries is authorized to lend money to
cooperatives to reloan to their members for general working capital. Also, he can sell
mechanized boats on hire-purchase, or a conditional sales contract basis. In this case 25
percent of the motor and 50 percent of the hull costs constitute a subsidy with the balance
payable in installments over seven years. Similar arrangements are also available on
trucks used in hauling fishery products. Other states in India have somewhat similar pro-
grams providing for construction of boats and purchase of nets, with the provision that a
certain percentage of the cost will be handled as a subsidy.

In Uganda, Africa, the Uganda Credit and Savings Bank has been established using Gov-
ernment funds, deposits, and some International Cooperation Administration funds for capital.
* Chief, Branch of Loans and Grants, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D. C.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 632

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - Government Loans Available to Fishery Industries in Various Countries
ORR ARER UY A cir in istratio nto teary mL OE oP rope OT
Minister of Na

Fishermen's Loan Boards
Denmark Fishery Bank Acquisition of vessels, engines, processing and marketing
facilities.
rance Credit Societies Acquisition of vessels, equipment, and engines.

Central Bank of Overseas France Acquisition of vessels and fishing gear.

Loan Boards Construction of vessels, purchase of engines, repairs and
modernization.
Iceland Fishery Loan Dept. Acquisition of vessels.

Fisheries Fund Acquisition of vessels and improvement of processing plants.

Iceland Bank of Development Acquisition of vessels and processing plants and improvements to
processing plants.

Fish Industry Fund Loans to assist new enterprises in the fishing indust

India State Fishery Agencies Loans to cooperatives for relending. Financing sale of mecha-
nized vessels and trucks on a hire-purchase basis. Loans for
augmenting fish production, construction of boats, and pur-

: chase of nets.

Treland Finances hire-purchase contracts for vessels.

Italy Improvements to vessels, engines, gear, shore establishments,

private lending institutions and distribution facilities.
Japan Japan Development Bank Assistance to large fishing enterprises.
Central Cooperative Bank for Loans to cooperatives for any purpose.
Agriculture and Forestry

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Construction and gear costs to individuals and small enterprises.
Finance Corporation

Government Special Account for Guarantees loans from banks to small enterprises and individuals.
Smaller Fisheries Credit Guaranty

Fisheries Division Direct disaster loans.

Malta

Netherlands Reconstruction Bank Construction and modernization of vessels.

Marketing Board for Fish and Acquisition of retail frozen food cabinets.

Fishery Products

Norway Fishery Bank Refinancing, rebuilding and acquisition of vessels, and purchase
of equipment and gear.

Norges Bank Working capital for processing and marketing facilities. Also
administers government guarantees of private short-term loans
to fishing vessel owners.

Ministry of Fisheries Construction, reconstruction and expansion of processing plants.

of the Fishing Indust
Spain National Reconstruction Credit Construction of large steel vessels.
Institute
Central Bank for Maritime and Purchase, construction and repair of vessels, purchase of engines,
Fisheries Credit equipment and gear. Loans to cooperatives and processing
plants.

Sweden Fishery Loan Fund Acquisition of vessels, engines and equipment.

Fund for the Promotion of Fish Acquisition of equipment to improve processing, storage and

Processing and Distribution distribution.

State Loan Fund for Gear Replace fixed gear lost in storm.

Turke sition of vessels and engines.

Uganda pose

South Africa Republic Fishery Development Corporation
White Fish Authority and Herring
Industry Board

United Kingdom

United States of America Secretary of the Interior (Fishery

Loan Fund)

(Fishing Vessel Mortgage Insurance
Program

etc., for fishermen and processing plants in remote areas.

Acquisition of new vessels, engines and gear; vessel improve -
ments; capital expenditures by cooperatives and processors; and
working capital for processors.

Financing and refinancing operations, maintenance, repairs,
replacement and equipment of vessels and gear and research
into the basic problems of the fishery.

Insures mortgages given for construction, reconstruction, and
reconditioning of fishing vessels.

Agricultural Bank Construction and reconstruction of vessels, and purchase of gear.

Under certain conditions the 'local"’ government guarantees 50 percent of the loan. As most
of their loans are very small, the cost of administration exceeds the income from interest,
and the excess costs of administration are paid by the Government.

These sample plans have been mentioned rather briefly to illustrate typical methods of
handling loans in several countries because the problems and purposes in those countries
are considerably different than those in the United States.

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 11

Most of the more highly developed countries that have a fishing industry of any conse-
quence have loan programs to assist fishermen and vessel owners in one manner or another.
These programs are generally designed to improve the economic position of the fisherman,
although in some cases they are used to promote certain changes in the fishing industry which
are felt to be desirable by the government,

There are three general ways of handling loans in the various more developed countries
with a number of variations for each. First is a direct loan by the government usually through
the fisheries agency. The second is a loan by a fisheries bank, a central government bank
set up to handle loans, or through a fisheries development corporation which can make loans.
The third is for the government to guarantee loans made by commercial lending institutions.
Some countries use only one of these methods, others use all three.

For example, Denmark channels all of its lending programs through the Royal Fisheries
Bank, and South Africa handles all of theirs through a Fisheries Development Corporation.
Japan handles some loans on a direct-loan basis, makes others through the Japan Develop-
ment Bank, the Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Finance Corporation, the Central Coop-
erative Bank for Agriculture and Forestry, and also guarantees loans from commercialbanks
through the Government's Special Account for Smaller Fisheries Credit Guarantees.

The Royal Fisheries Bank in Denmark makes loans for the acquisition of vessels, re-
placement of motors, and for facilities for processing and marketing of fishery products.
Although the Fisheries Bank operates entirely on government funds, the method of handling
the loans is such that the government does not have to put the money up at the time the loan
is made. When a loan is approved, the bank issues bonds to the fishermen in the amount of
the approved loan. These bonds earn 53-percent interest, which is the same amount that is
charged to the fishermen. The fishermen then must discount these bonds and sell them to
whoever will purchase them. This discount usually runs from 4 to 6 and at times as high as
10 percent. The bond holder thus holds bonds issued by the Fisheries Bank and which are
guaranteed by the Danish Government. Funds collected from the fishermen are used to pay
off the bonds.

In Norway direct loans are made by the Fisheries Bank and in some cases by the Nor-
wegian State Bank. In Sweden loans are handled by local government agencies, but the funds
are obtained from the National Government. In West Germany direct loans are obtainable
from the Federal Government for the construction of cutters. Guarantees of commercial
loans are also available from the West German Government.

The purposes for which loans are made are also quite diverse. These range all the way
from construction of a new vessel, vessel improvements, and fishing gear to the cost of ac-
quisition, reconditioning, or improving processing plants, working capital for processors, and
even loans on fishery products processed for export. South Africa Republic loans are made
not only to purchase powered vessels, but also to permit fishermen to construct houses and
to provide water, electricity, and other facilities to plants and communities constructed in
isolated areas.

A number of European countries distinguish between the types of owners in making loans.
Several of these countries will make loans only to a vessel in which the master is also the
owner. In some cases if he is a part owner they will only loan his share of the cost andother
owners must provide their share of the cost from other sources.

Countries report various degrees of success with their loan programs. for example,
Ireland, which is making a determined effort to increase the fisheries at any cost and con-
sequently has been exceedingly lenient in its loan program, reports that over 50 percent of
the loans are seriously delinquent. However, the Irish Government feels that the program
has achieved some success in that it is bringing more people into the fishing industry. On
the other hand, Denmark reports that they have practically no problem with delinquent pay-
ments and that the program has been responsible for considerable modernization of its fish-
ing fleet. In Great Britain one of the purposes was the conversion of coal-burning vessels to

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ial

oil-burning or Diesel engines in their white fish fleet. Subsidies have also been granted in
conjunction with the British loan program, and the combination has been quite successful in
encouraging the conversions.

In most of these countries it seems to be assumed that fisheries loans should be handled
by the government, and as near as can be determined there does not seem to be any objection
from commercial lending institutions. This lack of objection on the part of the commercial
lending institutions is probably due to poor experience in collections in the past, and the feel-
ing that they would prefer to lend their money to some less risky enterprises. The fact that
many of these countries make loans only to skipper-owned vessels may also affect this feel-
ing inasmuch as the larger so-called ''company owned enterprises" still have to get their
funds from commercial sources. As those generally are considered the better risks in Eu-
ropean countries because of their more stable financing, the commercial lenders appear to
be satisfied with this arrangement.

DIRECT SUBSIDIES

Direct subsidies or grants of various kinds are made by a number of countries. In the
United Kingdom, grants of 25 percent are available for the construction of new vessels (ex-
cludes large distant-water vessels) or for conversion of coal engines to oil engines. The
Herring Industry Board of that country owns a number of gutting machines and conveyors
which are leased to processors who cannot afford to buy this type of equipment. In Malta,
grants of up to 50 percent of the cost of acquisition or improvement of the fishing vessel or
equipment may be obtained. Grants for these purposes are also available in France and in
Ireland. A number of countries, including Belgium, Canada, France, West Germany, and
Ireland also make grants to pay part of the interest owed by fishermen because of loans made
in connection with the acquisition or modernization of fishing vessels. In the Province of
Quebec, Canada, grants are made to be used to reduce the amount of life insurance premiums
payable by a borrower in connection with private loans for the construction of vessels or the
purchase of engines, equipment, or fishing gear.

INDIRECT SUBSIDIES

There are a number of what may be termed "hidden subsidies" used in various countries.
The most obvious of these, of course, is simple tariff protection. There is also the require-
ment for licenses for the import of certain commodities which may restrict the amount which
can be brought in. The use of absolute quotas or prohibition of imports of certain commod-
ities may be used to protect a country's fisheries. In some countries, such as Norway, price
supports are available for certain fishery commodities. Low interest rates on fisheries
loans may be considered as a type of hidden subsidy. Exemption of products used by fisher-
men from import duties is also allowed in some countries. Accelerated depreciation sched-
ules on fishing vessels may be considered a subsidy as may be the 160-percent investment
allowance which has been proposed in Canada. Both accelerated depreciation and the 160-
percent investment allowance which allows using depreciation in the amount of 160 percent
of the total cost are useful only when relatively large profits are being made in the fishery.
As this is not true in many of the United States fisheries, these programs would provide no
assistance to those fisheries at this time. Basically, if a fishery is operating in a sufficient-
ly profitable manner to be able to effectively use these two plans as a means of effective as-
sistance, the fisheries are probably in sufficiently good financial condition as not to need gov-
ernmental assistance.

TYPES OF AID FOR UNITED STATES FISHERIES

In the United States the fisheries loan fund is administered by the Secretary of the Inte-
rior through the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The program provides for loans for fi-
nancing and refinancing operations, maintenance, repair, replacement and equipment of fish-
ing vessels and research into the basic problems of the fisheries. Applications cannot be
considered if the required credit is obtainable from any other source on reasonable terms.

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 11

The maximum period of a loan is 10 years and the present interest rate is 5 percent. There
is no provision for loans to shore installations.

A loan and mortgage insurance program to aid in the construction, reconstruction, or
reconditioning of fishing vessels is also administered through the Bureau. This provides
for insuring loans and mortgages in amounts of not more than 75 percent of the actual cost
of construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning of the vessel. The loan must be obtained
from non-public funds. Credit requirements for this program are higher than for the fish-
eries loan fund. The advantage of an insured loan is generally the use of a longer maturity
period and a larger loan on a given amount of collateral.

The only subsidy available to the United States fishing industry is a fishing vessel con-
struction differential subsidy administered through the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
Under certain restrictive conditions, this provides for payments equal to the difference in
the cost of construction of the fishing vessel in a domestic shipyard and a foreign yard with
a maximum of 33% percent. This subsidy is only available to vessels designed to fish in a
fishery which has obtained a finding of injury or threat of injury caused by increased im-
ports. This finding must be made by the U. S. Tariff Commission or the Secretary of the
Interior, depending on the tariff classification of the species involved. The plans for the
vessel must be approved by the Maritime Administration and the Secretary of Defense, and
the vessel must be built by the lowest competitive bidder under the supervision of the Mar-
itime Administration.

The depressed condition of most of the fisheries of the United States at this time has
been well documented. In connection with these, questions on the degree of assistance to be
provided have been raised.

Basically, one of the questions regarding the fisheries loan fund in the United States is
whether keeping the marginal operators in business is actually helping the industry as a
whole. The good operator frequently can obtain credit elsewhere although at a higher in-
terest rate and thus is not eligible for a fisheries loan. His competitor who may bea poorer
operator is unable to obtain credit elsewhere and so becomes eligible for a loan from the
Government at a lower interest rate. Would it be better for the industry to allow the poorer
or marginal operator to go out of business and extend the assistance to the good operator?
The question is whether it is advisable to make loans which admittedly only keep the vessel
operating for an additional year or two, without doing something to improve the over-all con-
dition of the fishery. If the over-all condition of the fishery does not improve, the fisherman
is unable to pay the loan and he is no better off than he was prior to receiving the loan.

What can be done to help a fishery get back on its feet to a point where its operations
are profitable? Research has been proposed as a means of assisting the various fisheries
and the fishing industry as a whole. At the present time there is a question regarding how
research can be of much lasting benefit to the industry because as quickly as a more effi-
cient way of doing something is discovered or a new product developed which should in-
crease the market, other countries producing fish for export to the United States can use
the improved methods or produce the new product. But their cost advantage plus lower
labor costs are usually retained. Certain technological advantages, particularly those pro-
vided by mechanization, may reduce the amount of labor required and thus somewhat reduce
the total cost differential, but a certain amount of labor is always required and this will still
be available at a lower cost in many foreign countries.

Currently, the fisheries loan fund in the United States is being administered so as to
provide financing for anyone eligible to receive assistance who has the ability andresources
to reasonably assure repayment. The more marginal operators generally cannot meet the
latter requirement.

The mortgage insurance program provides assistance in obtaining long-term financing
for the construction or reconstruction of vessels by the better operators who are able to ob-
tain credit from commercial sources.

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

The construction differential subsidy program provides assistance in constructing ves-
sels to be used in fisheries which have been found to be suffering injury or threat of injury
because of increased imports. This program has had very little acceptance by the industry
for two reasons: (1) vessel owners in eligible fisheries maintain that the amount of the sub-
sidy is not large enough to enable them to compete with vessels built at lower cost inforeign
yards under present conditions, and (2) fisheries which are in a sufficiently healthy condition
to compete successfully are not eligible for the subsidy. As a result, current aid to United
States fishermen is largely limited to credit assistance.

HUNTING ARCTIC WHALES WITH HYPODERMIC NEEDLE

A Maryland scientist hunted Arctic whales with a hypodermic needle
the summer of 1961, according to the Director of the Natural Resources
Institute of the University of Maryland.

The senior biologist for inland research of the Institute spent 3or 4
weeks atthe mouthof the Mackenzie River in Canada's Arctic Northwest
Territories. During his stay he killed and retrieved white whales by
using anordinary hunting bow and arrows tipped with a special hypoder-
mic cartridge.

Though not the largest of whales, the white whale attains 14-16 feet
in length and weighs over 800 pounds as an adult. Their appearance in
the relatively shallow water at the mouth of the Mackenzie is part of an
annual mating migration.

The specially-designed needle for whale use measures nearly 5}
inches long and is equipped with three sharpbarbs to hold it in the whale.
When the needle-tipped arrow hits the target, a small explosive charge
forces a special drug into the body of the whale to kill it. A smallbal-
loon on a line is attached to the arrow to follow the whale. It was ex-
pected that only one-tenth gram of the drug, succinylcholine chloride,
wouldbe needed to kill a one-ton whale, assuming that they are as sen-
sitive to it as are white-tailed deer.

If this test and subsequent trials on larger species of whales show
that they can be killed and retrieved in this manner, it will have a de-
cided effect on the world's whaling industry. The standard means of
taking commercial whales is by use of an explosive harpoon. In over
90 percent of the cases this method renders whale meat unfit for human
consumption as food, and tons of meat are wasted each year for human
consumption. The pelagic whaling industry, now facing near extinction,
could use any economic gains from meat taken in good condition. The
drug to be used in the new hypo-arrow would not be dangerous to humans
or animals later consuming the meat, and little damage will be done by
the needle.

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CES —————————

BS REND: Sz

= AND

or ;

California

EFFECT ON MARINE LIFE OF HIGH-
EXPLOSIVE CHARGE STUDIED:

M/V “Nautilus” Cruise 61-N-10-Seismic:
Observations on the effect on marine life of
a large, high-explosive charge were made by
the California Department of Fish andGame
research vessel Nautilus (July 20-21, 1961)
in the vicinity of Wilson Cove on the north-
east side of San Clemente Island. This was
the first of 18 explosions proposed by the
U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory
for the project designated HYDRA II, Other
objectives of the cruise were to (1) obtain
specimens for determining the normal back-
ground level of radioactivity in the HYDRA
II project area, and (2) make observations of
environmental conditions in the channel be-
tween San Pedro and San Clemente Island.

ut 118930!

M/V Nautilus Cruise 61-N-10-Seismic (July 20 and 21, 1961).

On July 21 at approximately 12:33 p.m.,
the first of a series of high-explosive charges
was detonated De the U. 5S. Navy, using 10,000
pounds of HBX-1; precast in a spherical shape
about 53 feet in eee with a booster
charge of 125 pounds of TNT. The depth of
charge was between 12 and 15 feet; distance

Vol. 23, No. 11

from shore, 2,400 feet; depth of water, 300
feet; and location of charge, lat. 32 °57121"N.,
long. 118°30'20"" W. Recording gear was on
three barges moored 1,100 to 1,500 feet from
the shotpoint and on two prominent points of
land to the west.

Approximately 8 minutes after detonation
of the explosion the Nautilus entered the area
of the base surge which encompassed about
800 to 1,000 feet in diameter.

For the next 2 hours the area within a
radius of one-half mile of the shotpoint was
checked for dead fish. The patrol boat Mar-
lin with several observers aboard worked
with the Nautilus during this period.

The kill was estimated at approximately
2,700 fish with limits between 1,650 and
3,700, Fifteen species of rockfish (Sebas-
todes sp.) and jack mackerel (Trachurus)
symmetricus) comprised the bulk of the kill.

With the exception of three vermilion rock-
fish, collected by the Marlin 1.5 to 1.75 miles
north northwest of the shotpoint, all the fish
were picked up within about one-half mile
(3,000 feet) of it. The greatest concentra-
tions were seen within 800 to 2,000 feet, in-
dicating a lethal range between those two ex-
tremes.

A sample of fish from this first explosion
was forwarded to the Department Radiation
Officer for determining the normal back-
ground level of radioactivity in the HYDRA
II project area.

Environmental conditions logged during
the trip from San Pedro to San Clemente Is-
land included: (a) Sea surface temperatures
averaging 71. 9° F, between San Pedro and
Santa Catalina Island and 69.8° F. between
Santa Catalina and San Clemente Island.
Coolest temperature recorded was 64.6° F.

November 1961

at Wilson Cove. (b) Muddy-colored water
was a common sight during the trip to Wilson
Cove. At times, visibility appeared to be no
more than a foot below the surface. This con-
dition was attributed to a profuse "bloom" of
planktonic organisms. (c) Schools of Pacific
bonito (Sarda chiliensis) were abundant in the
San Pedro Channel. Most of these appeared
to be actively feeding on aggregations of an-
chovy and saury. Two bonito, weighing about
four pounds each, were caught on trolling
lines off the east end of Santa Catalina Island.

Several large whales (presumably fin-
backs) were seen in the Outer Santa Barbara
Passage.

HK Ok OK ok ok

MIDWATER TRAWLING FOR SALMON
FINGERLINGS CONTINUED:

M/V “Nautilus” Cruise 61-N-14-Salmon:
The midwater trawl operations of the Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game research
vessel Nautilus were continued (August 7-10,
22-25, 1961) in the Carquinez Strait, Baker
Beach, and Point San Pedro areas to (1) cap-
ture marked salmon fingerlings on their sea-
ward migration, and (2) determine areas in
the ocean where salmon fingerlings may be
captured.

180 DAYS
King Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Trawling for marked salmon fingerlings
in Carquinez Strait was conducted between
8:00 a,m. and 3:30 p.m., and each tow was
for 20 minutes. Tows were alternated be-
tween upstream and downstream and between
the north shore, center, and south shore of
the channel. A flow meter was used to meas-
ure the amount of water strained by the net
on each tow.

A total of 70 tows was completed in the
Strait during this cruise. A total of 19 king
salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) finger -
lings was captured, none of which bore marks.
No rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were
captured during the month of August.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

Two tows were made at a depth of 40 to
60 feet to determine if salmon were migra-
ting indeeper water; however, none were cap-
tured. With the exception of these 2 deep
tows, all fishing was done at the surface.

Other species appearing in the catch,
listed in order of abundance were: northern

Northern Anchovy
(Engraulis mordax)

anchovy (Engraulis mordax), Pacific herring
(Clupea pallasi), shrimp (Paleomon sp.),
striped bass (Roccus saxatilis), American
shad (Alosa sapidissima), jack smelt (Athe-
rinopsis californiensis), Sacramento smelt
(Spirinchus thaleichthys), Northern midship-
man (Porichthys notatus), starry flounder
(Platichthys stellatus), Pacific lamprey (En-
tosphenus tridentata), and grey smoothhound
(Mustelus californicus).

One day was spent trawling off Point San
Pedro and Baker Beach. Two 20 minute tows
off Point San Pedro, at a depth of 50 to 60
feet, yielded catches of large jellyfish. At
Baker Beach, two 20-minute tows at a depth
of 40 to 50 feet produced large numbers of
herring and a few smelt. No salmon were
captured at either location.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1961p. 11.

sk sk ke te ok
HK OK OK OK ook

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Alaska™ Cruise 61-A-5-Pelagic
Fish: The Gulf of California from Tiburon
Island to Cape San Lucas and the outer coasts
of southern Baja California between Marquis
Point and Cedros Island were surveyed (July
21-August 20, 1961) by the California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game research vessel
Alaska. The objectives were (1) to obtain

samples of sardines from the Gulf of Cali-

fornia for blood genetic and morphometric
studies in order to distinguish the relation-
ships of the Gulf sardines to those on the
outer Pacific Coast; (2) to determine the
amount of recruitment from this year's sar-
dine spawning and to measure the population
density of older fish; (3) to sample Pacific
mackerel, jack mackerel, and anchovies for
age and distribution studies; and (4) to make

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

collections of other species requested by
other investigations.

GULF OF CALIFORNIA: Of the 51 night
light stations occupied in the Gulf, all but 3
were along the western (Baja California)
side. The vessel scouted 328 miles between
stations during which 8 unidentified schools
were observed. Scouting visibility was re-
duced because of bright moonlight. Sea-sur-
face temperatures ranged from 31.2 C,
(87.8° F.) at Guaymas to 23.8° C. (74.8° F.)
at San Rafael Bay. Most readings ranged,

between 26° C. (78.8° F.) and 28° C. (82.4° F).

Sardines were taken at 4 locations:
Mangles Point, Coronado Island, Ventana
Bay, and Cape San Lucas. Surface temper -
atures in those @reas ran no from'28°9.- 'G,
(84° F.) to 27.7° C. (81.9 Live fish,
85 to 110 mm. standard ee from Mangles
Point and Coronado Island were delivered
alive to U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries personnel for blood genetic tests which
indicated that the Gulf sardine is a third
distinct subpopulation. An additional 200
were frozen for morphometric studies.

Pacific mackerel were present at 9 sta-
tions. Several samples were preserved for
study ashore. Juvenile flatiron herring
(Harengula thrissina) were very abundant in
the southern part of the Gulf. Large num-
bers of adults were present near shore, but
few came to the light.

Pacific Mackerel (Pneumatophorus diego)

OUTER COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA:
Here, 43 night light stations were occupied.
Sardines were present at 4, Pacific mackerel
at 6, northern anchovies at 4, and jack mack-
erel at 4,

All sardines taken were small (95-135
mm.) and appeared to be predominately from
the 1961 year-class.

The vessel scouted 234 miles during
which 233 anchovy and 2 Pacific mackerel
schools were sighted. Anchovies were seen
over the entire area. Many additional schools
were seen during daytime anchorage.

Vol. 23, No. 11

Sea surface temperatures ranged from
Pls 05° Cants0z us F.) at Marquis Point to
14:0>1G4(57.207B rat Rampiente Point.

Airplane Spotting Flight 61-9-Pelagic
Fish: The inshore area from the United
States Mexican border to Point Conception,
Calif., was surveyed from the air (August 15,
18-19, 1961) by the Department's Cessna
"182" 9042T to determine the distribution
and abundance of pelagic fish schools.

Adverse weather limited flying time to
only 3 days of the 5 scheduled. Low clouds
necessitated a flying altitude of 700 feet or
less over most of the survey area. The low
cloud ceiling acted as an effective light filter
and reduced fish-spotting efficiency.

Only 18 schools, all anchovies, were ob-
served--14 schools were located off Point
La Jolla, 2 off Seal Beach, 1 near Huntington
Beach, and 1 off Port Hueneme.

Red water was noted off Hueneme and
North Island. About 150 sport-fishing boats
were observed off Point La Jolla just in-
shore from the 14 anchovy schools.

Airplane Spotting Flight 61-10-Pelagic
Fish: The inshore area from Long Beach to
San Diego and the offshore islands andbanks
of southern California were surveyed from
the air (August 28 and 29, 1961) by the De-
partment's Twin Beechcraft N5614D to de-
termine the distribution and abundance of

pelagic fish schools.

August 28, 1961

== — beet, st | 1961

Twin Beechcraft N5614D airplane spotting flight 61-10.

Low clouds during the morning and after-
noon restricted fish-spotting time to less
than 3 hours each day. Clouds and cloud

November 1961

shadows, which reduced spotting efficiency, |
extended as far seaward as did the flights.

Three compact "balls" of bright flashing
white sea bass were observed. Two of these
schools were off San Clemente and one off
Laguna.

A long, thin column of porpoises (specific
identity unknown), estimated over a mile long
and containing well over 100 animals, was
observed 20 miles southwest of San Diego.
The column consisted of no more than 2 an-
imals abreast, some singles, with the indi-
viduals and pairs fairly regularly spaced.

About 30 albacore boats were fishing 20
miles southeast of Cortez Bank.

Only a thin band of water along the wind-
ward side of the islands was open for fish
spotting. The lee sides were obscured by
low clouds. Although most of the mainland
coast was covered by clouds, 2 small schools
of anchovies were observed off Ventura.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1961p. 11.

Columbia River Fisheries

FEDERAL FUNDS TO NORTHWEST
STATES FOR FISHERY FACILITIES:

The Department of Interior announced
September 1 that Northwest States are to
receive $1,250,000 in Federal funds for op-
eration and maintenance of fishery facilities
and $770,000 for construction and stream
improvement in the current fiscal year (1962)
under the Columbia River Fishery Develop-
ment Program.

The cost for operation and maintenance
is $60,000 higher than the $1,190,000 allo-
cated last year to the three participating
states. In the 1961/62 operation and main-
tenance program, Washington will receive
$693,000, Oregon $517,000, and Idaho $40,000.

Reportedly, the major portion of the total
is for the operation of 8 salmon hatcheries
in Washington and 7 in Oregon.

From the $770,000 appropriation for con-
struction, $343,000 will be contracted to
Oregon, $261,000 to Idaho, and $166,000 to
Washington. Of that total, $310,000 will be
used for installation of fish screens to pre-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

1

vent loss of young salmon and steelhead in
irrigation diversions and $460,000 for con-
struction of fishways at natural falls and
other improvements in natural habitat. The
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries also
plans to spend $70,000 for that type of work.

In addition to these funds, $500,000 is
being assigned to the investigation of means
of improving operational procedures inhatch-
eries and management of natural areas. Two-
thirds will be spent by the states onthe study
of pond rearing, predation, introduction of
new stocks of fish, and fish-marking methods.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-JULY 1961:

Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: For
the use of the Armed Forces under the De-
partment of Defense, about 2.1 million pounds
(value $1,011,000) of fresh and frozen fishery
products were purchased in July 1961 by the
Military Subsistence Supply Agency. This
was higher than the quantity purchased in
June by 33.8 percent and 11.6 percent above
the amount purchased in July 1960. The value
of the purchases in July this year was up
about 44.0 percent as compared with June,
but was 6.7 percent less than for July a year
ago.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, July 1961
with Comparisons

a VALUE
an. - —— | Diseot

1960 1961 1960 ei 1960 | 196
Sub ben TOOOMLESS) Reem ens Soe teed aa

1,909 | 13,003 | 13,649] 1,011 | 1,084] 6, 322
During the first 7 months of 1961, pur-
chases totaled 13.0 million pounds (valued at
$6.3 million)--a decrease of 4.7 percent in
quantity and 10.6 percent in value as com-

pared with the same period in 1960.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
July 1961 averaged 47.4 cents a pound, 1.5
cents less than the 48.9 cents paid in June
and 9.4 cents less than the 56.8 cents paid
during July last year.

Canned Fishery Products: Tuna was the
principal canned fishery product purchased

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, July 1961
with om paans)

QUANTITY
Product -Jul
ae a 1960 a 1960
Sa (LOOOM DSS Ri war crete ete (STZOOO) 205
Tuna 1,474 481 |4,136,;1,930] 648 | 204 |1, 823) 8
Salmon - | - es 2
Sardine re) - 113 84

for the use of the Armed Forces during
July this year. In the first 7 months of 1961,
purchases of canned tuna were up 114.3 per-
cent and canned sardines were up 34.5 percent
as compared with the same period in 1960.

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local pur-
chases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are
higher than indicated because local purchases are not obtain-
able.

Films

NEW MOVIE ON COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
OF CHESAPEAKE BAY PLANNED:

A contract is being let for the production
of a 16mm. sound-color motion picture on
the commercial fisheries of Chesapeake Bay
and its estuaries. The production of this
educational market development motion pic-
ture is being financed by the States of Mary-
land and Virginia, and the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries. This Bureau-pro-
duced film, which will be in production about
a year and a half, will include such informa-
tion as the heritage of the Bay area, customs
of the people relating to the fishing industry
in the area, commercial and sport fishing,
and information to stimulate the consumption
of Chesapeake Bay fishery products.

Fur Seals

PRIBILOF 1961 HARVEST:

The 1961 fur seal harvest on the Pribilof
Islands in Alaska provided 97,091 seal skins.
Of these, 82,095 were males. This is the
largest annual harvest since 1956 when
126,826 animals were taken. For some years
previous to 1956 the annual harvest had aver-
aged about 65,000 3- and 4-year-oldbachelor
males.

Gross receipts to the United States Gov-
ernment from the sale of Pribilof Islands

Vol. 23, No. 11

Fur seal harems in dense formation.

products (including meal and oil from ren-
dering the carcasses) in the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1961, amounted to $2,839,862.
The State of Alaska and the United States
Government share in the net receipts after
fur seal processing costs and the costs of
administration of the Pribilof Islands are
deducted from the gross receipts. The Alas-
ka Statehood Act provides for payment of 70
percent of the net proceeds to the State of
Alaska.

In 1956 the practice of taking female seals,
which had been stopped in 1911 was reinsti-
tuted on the advice of wildlife biologists whose
studies indicated that such action was neces-
sary to provide the optimum size of herd and
to reduce pup mortality which would, ineffect,
substitute additional harvest for mortality.
For example, in 1957, a total of 74,514 dead
pups were counted on St. Paul Island, while
in 1958 the pup crop supporting a large part
of this year's kill suffered a loss of only
37,740.

The effect of overabundance appears to
have resulted in the smaller number of seals
which returned to the rookeries in the late
1950's; the effect of the current management
practice in herd reduction is beginning to be
evident in this year's return of a male har-
vest above the 65,000 level. An additional
harvest of as many as 30,000 female seals
will be necessary this fall as part of the man-
agement program.

The Pribilof herd, which had dwindled to
125,000 in 1911 when the first fur sealtreaty

November 1961

made management of the Pribilof herd pos-
sible by the outlawing of high-seas harvest-
ing, had reached about 1,500,000 animals
when the incidence of pup-killing diseases
became a problem.

During the 40 years of herd build-up only
the surplus males were taken.

The segregation of the young males, the
most desirable group for seal skins, is
largely accomplished by the polygamous na-
ture of the seal. While seals are born in
about equal numbers of male and female, the
older bulls maintain harems of from 25 to
100 cows and drive the younger males away
from the herd. Thus the males of the young-
er age groups are automatically segregated.
The practice of harvesting the majority of
these bachelor males each year permitted
adequate numbers of the young males to ac-
quire breeding age--about 7 years--and es-
tablish their harems.

The life span of the fur seal is about 20
years and the female begins to bear young
at 4 to 6 years of age. The seals spend
several months of each year at sea. In late
May the old males return to the Pribilof
rookeries. The younger males follow soon
after. The females arrive early in June and
the pups are born soon after the females ar-
rive on the Islands. Each has a single pup
in any one year. The average size of a new-
born pup is 12 pounds. The nursery season
for the new pup is also the mating seasonfor
the mother.

The five Pribilof Islands are inthe Bering
Sea about 200 miles north of the Aleutian
chain and about 300 miles west of the main-
land. Of the two that are inhabited, the larg-
est is St. Paul Island which is 14 miles in
length. St. George Island, 40 miles away, is
about 10 miles in length.

Records show that the Russians, who owned
the Pribilofs until they came into possession
of the United States in 1867 through the Alaska
Purchase, had harvested about 2,000,000 seal
pelts before 1834. Russia then placed re-
strictions upon the harvesting and from 1834
until 1867 only 600,000 pelts were taken.
Under United States ownership there was a
20-year period in which harvests of 100,000
a year were permitted and in most instances
accomplished. This was followed by another
20-year period ending in 1910 when only
about 330,000 seal skins were taken. Since

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

1911, the year in which the original fur seal
treaty was signed by Japan, Russia, Great
Britain (for Canada), and the United States,
sealing has been prohibited on the high seas,
and scientific management of the herd has
provided for the dramatic increase in herd
size and production of skins.

Intensive research is presently under way
on the Pribilof Islands and at sea to learn
more of the life history and population dy-
namics of the fur seal. These studies are
coordinated through the North Pacific Fur
Seal Commission, established under the pro-
visions of the 1957 Interim Convention on
Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals, and
are designed to provide information as to the
maximum sustainable yield of fur seals,
giving due regard to their relation to the
productivity of other eye marine resources
of the area.

Great Lakes Fiery lenistiote

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Madtom,” August 1961: The field
activities of the Lake Erie investigations of
the U. 5. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
during August 1961 consisted of trawl tows
conducted periodically at two stations to
check on the relationship between the avail-
ability of fish and water chemistry. Activi-
ties were devoted primarily to 3 day-night
series of trawl hauls at Station 4 (off Marble-
head) and Station 49 (off Bono) and to the
annual week-long cruise to 7 index stations
distributed about western Lake Erie. The
16-foot outboard Madtom carried out the
trawling at several points near Sandusky and
Port Clinton to assess the abundance and
growth of young-of-year fish in shallow in-
shore areas.

During the 3 day-night trawling series,
two 10-minute tows were made at each of 3
depths, during the morning, afternoon, and
evening (total of 54 tows at each station).
Approximately 50 percent of the fish caught
were young-of-the-year. Of special interest
was the collection of 344 young yellow pike
or walleyes at Station 4--far more than re-
corded for any previous similar series.
Large numbers of 2-year-old yellow perch
were taken intermittently, along with adult
spot-tail and emerald shiners. Changes in

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

VMoli23; Nose

meteorological conditions seemed to have
greater influence on fish movements and
concentrations than differences in depth or
time of day.

The summer index-station cruise served
to preserve continuity and the opportunity
for comparison with similar operations in
1959 and 1960. Two trawl tows were taken
at each of the 7 stations and turbidity, pH,
temperature, alkalinity, and oxygen content
of the water were determined. Samples of
plankton and bottom fauna were collectedfor
later study.

Growth rates for most young-of-year fish
were Slightly below the averages for recent
years. Yellow pike were about 4.6 inches
long in early August and had increased to
6.4 inches by the end of the month. The av-
erage total length in inches of young-of-the-
year of other species, in late August, were
as follows: alewife, 3.7; gizzard shad, 3.9;
trout-perch, 2.9; emerald shiner, 2.3; spot-
tail shiner, 2.4; channel catfish, 1.7; sheeps-
head, 2.2; white bass, 3.8; and yellow perch,
2.9. Judging by catches in comparable trawl
tows in recent years, most species were be-
lieved to have had a fairly successful hatch
and survival in 1961.

Water temperatures in August averaged
75- F. in the western end of the lake and
76° F. in Sandusky Bay. The cause of the
sizable mortality of yellow perch which oc-
cured in the open lake during July and has
since subsided, is still unknown. A defi-
ciency of dissolved oxygen continued in some
deep-water areas, but the condition was not
extensive or critical during August.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1961, pp.
17-18.

LAKE MICHIGAN FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Cisco” Cruise 6: The chub (Leu-
cichthys sp.) population survey in Lake
Michigan was continued (August 29-Septem-
ber 9, 1961) by the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries research vessel Cisco.

The first part of cruise 6 (August 29-
September 9, 1961) was devoted to routine
fishery and limnological sampling in north-
ern Lake Michigan, and the latter portion
was spent experimenting with a midwater

trawl. Despite almost continuous choppy
seas for the first 5 days, only a small a-
mount of the scheduled work had to be can-
celled.

Regular gangs of nylon gill nets (50 feet
each of 14- and 13-inch mesh, and 300 feet
each of 2-, 22-, 23-, 23-, 3-, 33-, and 4-inch
mesh) were set at 25 and 50 fathoms off
Frankfort, Mich., and Sturgeon Bay, Wis.
The catch off Frankfort was moderate at 25
fathoms and light at 50 fathoms; off Sturgeon
Bay both catches were very light.

Regular 30-minute bottom tows were made
with a 50-foot balloon trawl at15, 25, 35, and
50 fathoms off Manistique, Mich., and at 30
fathomsin Little Traverse Bayeast of Char-
levoix, Mich. Chub catches at the 4 depths
off Manistique were 88, 103, 374, and 161
pounds, respectively. The catch in Little
‘Traverse Bay was 111 pounds. Few chubs
other than L. hoyiweretaken, The only siz-
able catches of other species were 83 pounds
of alewives and 47 pounds of smelt (at 15 fath-
oms off Manistique). A whitefish with a
fresh lamprey wound was caught in the 35-
fathom tow off Manistique. This depth seemed
unusually great for whitefish, but the fish may
have been driven into deep water by the lam-
prey attack. Several trawl tows of short dur-
ation in Little Traverse Bay brought up live
L. hoyi, from whichblood samples were taken
for electrophoresis studies.

A modified 40-foot British Columbia mid-
water trawl was towed off Charlevoix at various
depths, from near the surface to near bottom.
\Most of the work was done over a 50- to 60-fath-
om bottom, but some tows were made in areas
20 and 30 fathoms deep. Tows were made at
night as well as during the day. A device for
telemetering depth and temperature was at-
tached to the footrope. The electric cable
used with the device was separate from the
towing warps, and was wound ona hand-op-
eratedreel. The equipment functioned well

November 1961

(except for a tendency for the depth-record-
ing unit to drift slightly), until a wire broke
inside the electric cable. All catches were
small, and consisted mostly of chubs (ma-
ture) at deeper levels, and alewives and
smelt (adults and young of the year of both
species) at medium and upper levels. The
O-group fish were especially well repre-
sented in shallow tows made above the ther-
mocline at night. One such tow took 127 and
86 young-of-the-year smelt and alewives,
respectively; two tows at the same depth and
location in the daytime took no fish. Other
catches of special interest included arather
pale 14.7-inch lake trout (1959 year-class,
planted in northern Lake Michigan in May
1960) with 2 fresh lamprey scars, at 19

Sea lamprey feeding on a trout.

fathoms over a 56-fathom bottom; a logperch
at 57 fathoms (the net struck the bottom on
this tow); and a ninespine stickleback near
bottom at 56 fathoms.

Limnological collections were made at
40-fathom stations off Manistique, Charle-
voix, Frankfort and Sturgeon Bay, and at
midlake between Manistique and Charlevoix,
and at 144 fathoms between Frankfort and
Sturgeon Bay. Surface water temperatures
were mostly about 20° C. (68° F.) except
near shore off Sturgeon Bay, where temper-
atures as low as 8.6° C. (47.5° F.) were re-
corded in an upwelling. The extent of the up-
welling was not determined, but a surface
temperature of 13.0° C. (55. 0° F.) was noted
near Summer Island, 62 miles north of Stur-
geon Pay: The highest record was 22. gio (is
(72.4° F.). Secchi disc readings were low
(9-22 feet) although there was no great a-
mount of net plankton.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1961 p.18.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR
FISHERY SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V oe Cruise 5: The objectives
of cruise 5 (August 7-14, 1961), to Whitefish
Bay, Lake Superior, were to locate lake-
dwelling sea lamprey ammocetes and to ob-
tain information on the abundance and dis-
tribution of lake trout, whitefish, lake her-
ring, and chubs, according to the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora-
tory at Ann Arbor, Mich.

An iron, pyramidal-shaped anchor dredge
(2-feet wide, 9-feet long), on loan from the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, was
towed by the Bureau's research vessel Sis-
cowet near the mouths of Bear Creek and
Tahquamenon and Betsy Rivers. A total of
more than 20 tows (average duration, 18
minutes) in water 8 to 12 feet deep yielded
no sea lamprey ammocetes, although 2 brook
lamprey ammocetes were caught. Thousands
of fingernail clams (a very important item in
the diet of whitefish) were taken by the dredge.

In spite of high winds during the entire
cruise, experimental fishing gear was op-
erated at the following locations: 1 mile
southeast of Whitefish Point; 2 miles east
of the Betsy River; 7 miles east of the Betsy
River; and 4 miles northeast of Tahquamenon
Island.

Trawl catches were light. Only 3 lake
trout (all fin-clipped) were captured, in ad-
dition to small numbers of smelt, sculpins,
sticklebacks, and chubs.

Four standard gangs of gill nets (150 feet
oe es inch mesh and 300 feet each of 13-, 23-,

, 34-, 4-, 44-, and 5-inch mesh) were set
z depths ranging from 15 to 41 fathoms.

Of the 22 lake trout taken in gill nets, 16
(73 percent) were fin-clipped. All marked
lake trout caught during cruise 5 were from
the plant made from shore at Whitefish Bay
in June 1961.

22

In an effort to obtain more information
on the water currents of eastern Lake Supe-
rior, glass drift-bottles were released at
three localities: 5 miles east of Copper
Harbor; just northwest of Crisp Point; and
northwest of the Big Two Hearted River.

Surface water temperatures varied only
between 63.7 F. and 65.5° F; bottom tem-
peratures remained at about 404 Be

M/V "Siscowet" Cruise 6: Studies during
cruise 6 were conducted (August 21-30, 1961)
at Keweenaw Bay, Traverse Bay, and Isle
Royale, Mich., and Thunder Bay, Ontario.
The work in Keweenaw Bay included attempts
to locate lake-dwelling sea lamprey am-
mocetes and the collection of data on the
abundance and distribution of various spe-
cies of fish, on the comparative survival of
lake trout planted from shore and by boat,
and on the contribution of hatchery-reared
lake trout to native stocks. The objectives
at Isle Royale and Thunder Bay were to com-
pare the relative abundance of lake trout with
previous years' catches and to collectvarious
forms of chubs for morphological studies.

An anchor dredge, borrowed from the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, was
towed near the mouths of the Falls, Big Hu-
ron, and Ravine Rivers, in water 8 to 23 feet
deep. No sea lamprey ammocetes were taken
in a total of approximately 25 tows (average
duration, 10 minutes). A few sculpins, brook
sticklebacks, and mayfly larvae were caught.

Standard gangs of experimental gill nets
(150 feet of 1-inch mesh and 300 feet each
of 13-, 2-, 25-, 3-, 34-, 4-, 45-, and 5-inch
mesh) were set in Keweenaw Bay north of
the HuronIslands, northwest of Point Abbaye,
and southeast of the entrance of the Portage
Ship Canal, The average weight of the 52 lake
trout taken in the gill nets was 0.9 pound; 18
(35 percent) were fin-clipped.

Nine 10-minute trawl tows were made in
Keweenaw Bay, midway between Baraga and
L'Anse and off Pequaming, at depths rang-
ing from 18 to 42 fathoms. A total of 167
lake trout were captured, of which165 were
fin-clipped. Of these hatchery-reared fish,
127 had been stockedas yearlings in Kewee-
naw Bay in June 1961 and 38 in June 1960.
Closely comparable numbers of recoveries
in the latter group originated from boat

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 11

plantings (20) and shore plantings (18). (In
1960, about equal numbers of yearling lake
trout were planted in Keweenaw Bay by boat
and from shore; in 1961, all plantings were
from shore.) The lake trout recaptured from
the 1961 plant averaged 0.7 inch longer than
at the time of release in June; the trout from
the June 1960 plant had grown 2.9 inches. In
addition to the lake trout taken by trawling

in Keweenaw Bay, small numbers of smelt,
pygmy whitefish, sculpins, ninespine stickle-
backs, and chubs were caught.

Three 10-minute tows in Traverse Bay
at 23, 32, and 41 fathoms yielded only 1 lake
trout (from the 1961 plant), and a few smelt,
pygmy whitefish, sculpins, and smallherring.

Only 1 of the 125 lake trout caught was
fin-clipped. Samples of blood and flesh were
taken from a number of “humper" lake trout
caught at 30 fathoms south of Mott Island,
for electrophoretic and fat-analysis studies.
Seventeen of the lake trout caught near Thomp-
son Island were tagged and released.

A gang of 5 gill nets (23- and 23-inch
mesh) set at 18 fathoms in Thunder Bay took
15 lake trout, 19 L. hoyi, 3 L. zenithicus,
and 18 L. reighardi dymondi (tentative iden-
tification), a subspecies reported to occur
along the north shore of Lake Superior.
Blood samples were collected from the dy-
mondi for electrophoretic studies.

Drift bottles were released northeast of
Yellow Dog Point, north of Salmon Trout
Point, and just south of Keweenaw Point and
Manitou Island. It was hoped that returns of
the bottles would add to the knowledge of
Lake Superior currents.

Surface water temperatures during the
cruise ranged from 60.8° F. in Thunder Bay
to 69.4° F. in Keweenaw Bay.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1961 p. 19.

CORRECTION

The sketch of the sheepshead (Archosarqus probatocephalus)
which appeared in the September 1961 Commercial Fisheries
Review, p. 31, was inserted in error as part of the article "Lake
Erie Fish Population Survey Continued." Since the article re-
ferred to fresh-water sheepshead, drum, or gaspergou (Aplodino-

tus grunniens Rafinesque), a sketch of the latter species should
have been inserted.

November 1961

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

MIDWATER TRAWLING, ESCAPEMENT
BEHAVIOR OF PELAGIC FISH, AND
SHRIMP EXPLORATORY FISHING:

M/V “Oregon” Cruise 75: Obtaining per-
formance data on experimental midwater
trawls, taking motion pictures of the escape-
ment behavior of various pelagic fish, and
exploratory fishing for shrimp west of the
Mississippi Delta were the specific objec-
tives of the July 21-September 16, 1961,
cruise of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Oregon.

During the first three phases of the
cruise, performance data were obtained on
several flotation devices, depressors, and
doors that were used with two experimental
trawls. An inverse relation between speed
and vertical net opening wasobserved. This
observation is consistent with prior test
findings with midwater trawls of other de-
signs. At towing speeds of 1.4-1.5 knots,
the trawls displayed 30-43 percent greater

LEGEND:

v
\
|
@ - 70' trawl station. |
o - 40' trawl station. |
7 - Vessel's track. \

/ ~ Bottom contours (fms.)} |

wv —- Broken or rough bottom
94°

M/V Oregon Cruise 75 (July 21-September 16, 1961).

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

vertical spread than they did at the assumed
optimum speed (based on balanced configura-
tion of the trawl) of 3.1-3.6 knots. Greater
vertical spread was accompanied by a sac-
rifice in horizontal spread.

A headrope-mounted echo-sounder trans-
ducer was used in conjunction with two re-
mote-controlled motion picture cameras
mounted on the headrope and in the funnel.
A total of 1,400 feet of 16 mm. film was taken
of net configuration and fish reactions.

The fourth phase consisted of eight days
of exploratory shrimp trawling, conducted
west of the Mississippi Delta at the request
of a group of Louisiana shrimp producers.
As requested, 41 trawling stations were
completed in depths of 30 to 60 fathoms be-
tween Barataria Bay and Sabine Pass. No
commercially-important concentrations
were located although large (15-20 count)
shrimp were taken in all depths fished. The
best catches of shrimp made were confined
to the 30-fathom range south of Barataria

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Bay and Ship Shoal. Beyond that depth bro-
ken or rough bottom restricted trawling ac-
tivities. Fish and shrimp specimens from
each station were preserved for further
study by the staff of the Galveston Fishery
Biological Laboratory.

bret |
= ie

Hawaii

SKIPJACK TUNA LANDINGS,
JANUARY-AUGUST 1961:

Landings of skipjack tuna (mostly 21-22
pound size) in Hawaii during August 1961
were about 1,420,000 pounds or 1,010,000
pounds under the landings for the preceding
month. The August 1961 landings were about
0.3 million pounds below the 1948-58 average
landings for the month. This decline in land-
ings apparently coincided in time with a
change in the water circulation pattern.

This decline is in marked contrast to the
preceding months, which have been well above
average,

Although the total catch during August fell
appreciably, length measurements at the can-
nery (3,361 skipjack) show little change in
size composition of the catch from that of
June and July. Two groups were present, a
dominant group centered around 74 cm.

(21.5 lbs.), and a much smaller group around
65 cm. (4.1 lbs.). Compared with 1959 and
1960, the dominant group is made up of some-
what smaller fish. In August 1959 the domi-
nant group was centered around 80cm. (27.9
lbs.) andin 1960 at 79cm. (26.9lbs.). Addi-
tional groups were centered around 46 cm.
(4.4 lbs.) and 64cm. (13.2 lbs.) during August
1959, and around 53cm. (7.0 lbs.) in 1960.

Total estimated landings for January-
August 1961 were 9.5 million pounds. On this
basis, itis estimated that total landings for the
year willbe about 11 and 12 million pounds

(compared with an average of 10 million pounds).

iE

Maine Sardines

ANIMAL FEEDING TESTS INDICATE
VALUE AS CHOLESTEROL DEPRESSANT:

A diet with a Maine sardine base will greatly reduce
high serum cholesterol levels in laboratory animals. This
statement was made to more than 400 delegates who attend-
ed the FAO International Conference on Fish in Nutrition,

Vol. 23, No. 11

MAINE SARDINE DIET REDUCED CHOLESTEROL LEVELS Tl
800
T El T I I T T T T
LEGEND: ioe
O——O GROUP I~- CONTROL DIET*®
O-----0 GROUP IT- CONTROL DIET
FOR 7 WEEKS
AND THEN SARDINES

@——e GROUP IT-SARDINE DIET

GROUP II TRANSFERRED
TO SARDINE RATION

TOTAL SERUM CHOLESTEROL - Mg %

WEEKS

* Control Ration - Commonly wed ooa-liquid type of bowsebold fat base.
#4 Age equivalent w 50-55 yean In humans.

***Average cholesterol level of humans 50 yeam af age.
‘##4#8Same for 40 year of age.

Fifty-five week tests by famous research organization shows that
feeding of Maine sardines to laboratory animals drastically re-
duced high serum cholesterol levels.

September 18-27, 1961. These findings were reported by

Dr. S. A. Miller of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
who Said that they came as the result of a recently-completed
55-week series of feeding tests,

He further stated that a study of the nutritive values of
Maine sardines showed that it is a good source of essential
nutrients, particularly protein and unsaturated fatty acids.

Blood cholesterol is currently considered by many lead-
ing physicians and nutritionists to be definitely related to
numerous serious heart diseases affecting or killing millions
of people annually.

The Maine Sardine Council's Executive Secretary, who
was a member of the official United States delegation to the
Conference, said that a number of leading food and health

_ authorities considered the results of the tests to be so im=

pressive that they had recommended that a similar study be
conducted on humans,

According to Miller, examination of the animals at the
end of the tests showed the cholesterol level of those on the
sardine diet to be less than half as high as thoSe on a con-
trol diet with a highly saturated fat base of a commonly-
used non-liquid type of household fat, Furthermore, the
researcher said, the study showed that when a group of ani-
mals on the control diet for seven weeks was transferred
to the sardine ration their cholesterol level dropped by more
than 60 percent almost immediately.

Numerous experts have long contended that foodstuffs
with a high saturated fat content tend to favor increased
cholesterol levels in humans while those with unsaturated
fat content, such as Maine sardines, appear to help control
this substance,

A much larger than normal amount of cholesterol was
added to both diets for each feeding and the serum levels
for those on the control rose steadily to an abnormal high
at the end of the tests, Those on the sardine ration en-
joyed a steady low and more normal level, according to
Miller.

The animals used attained an age equivalent of 50 to
55 years in humans by the 55th week, and the tests indi-
cated that their bodies were less able to adapt to the added
cholesterol as they got older.

fe eTe)

Cotes wo

November 1961

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

OTTER TRAWLS WITH
POLYPROPYLENE AND CONVEN-
TIONAL HEAD ROPES TESTED:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 61-14: Whether
or not a standard No. 41 otter trawl equipped
with a polypropylene head rope is more ef-
fective in fishing operations than the con-
ventional manila-wire combination head rope
was the objective of an August 24-September
3, 1961, cruise by the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel
Delaware. This cruise was the third in a
series designed to test different fiber mate-
rials in ropes and netting in the otter trawls
in use by the New England trawlers. ~

Mending a tear in polypropylene netting, M/V Delaware
Cruise 61-14.

During the cruise, a total of 98 1-hour
tows was made using two No. 41lottertrawls
that were rigged and fitted identically, ex-
cept for the head rope, with polypropylene
netting top sections and ropes... One trawl
was rigged with a combination wire-rope
head rope; the other with a polypropylene
head rope.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

All tows were made ina10-mile-square
area on Georges Bank. Bothtrawls were used
with the same rollers and doors and were fished
from the starboard side, alternating trawls
every 2 tows ona''round-the-clock" basis.

All fish of commercially-valuable species
were counted and measured. Results showed
no significant difference in catch rates be-
tween the two trawls.

Table of Catch Results on Delaware Cruise 61-14
, Combination Head rope | Polypropylene Head rop
Se 3 49 Tows) _(49 Tows

Pounds Pounds
Haddock 6,644 6,766
Yellowtail 543 585
Lemon Sole lst) 107
Whiting 162 163

From the data collected during the cruise,
recommendations cannot be made regarding
the desirablility of one head rope over an-
other. Further testing of these nets is cur-
rently under way by commercial fishing ves-
sels with Bureau cooperation.

“Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1961 p. 23
and April 1961 p. 26.

ste ste ale se ook
mK OK He KK

EXPLORATORY FISHING FOR
CANNING-SIZE HERRING OFF
MAINE COAST UNSUCCESSFUL:
M/V “Delaware” Cruise 61-15: In an
attempt to relieve the shortage of canning-
size herring available to the Maine sardine
canning industry, the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing ves-
sel Delaware surveyed the area offshore
from Gloucester, Mass., to West Quoddy
Head, Me., from September 7-13, 1961. The
survey consisted of (1) scouting, (2) gill-net
sampling, and (3) midwater trawling.

70° 68°

ig
W. Quoddy Hd. ery
a

M/V Delaware Cruise 61-5 (Sept. 7-13, 1961).

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The gill-net stations (see chart) resulted
in only small catches of herring.

The midwater trawl was first set on ap-
parently good depth-recorder indications but
resulted in catching only approximately 25
pounds of very small or "brit" herring.
These fish were of a size which allowed them
to pass through the 14-inch mesh of the cod
end. After adding a $-inch mesh liner inthe
cod end, the trawl was set the following day
on comparable tracings. This tow resulted
in 500 pounds of small (1 inch long) euphausid
shrimp, mixed with a number of small her-
ring and whiting.

Scouting with sonic depth-recording equip-
ment resulted in additional tracings. These
indications were of comparable density to
those previously sampled; the existing cir-
cumstances did not make midwater trawl
sets desirable.

A school of small herring were visually
sighted several miles east-southeast of
Matinicus Rock (see chart). With the excep-
tion of the few herring taken by the gill nets,
all herring observed were too small, by ex-
isting standards, for commercial use.

L

se
North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

SURVEY OF DEEP-WATER MARINE FAUNA
OFF MOUTH OF COLUMBIA RIVER:

M/V_ “Commando” Cruise 2: The second
of a series of cruises designed to survey
the deep-water marine fauna in the area
adjacent to the mouth of the Columbia River
was completed by the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries chartered fishing vessel
Commando on September 22, 1961. Highteen
tows were made with a standard 400-mesh
eastern otter trawl with a small meshliner
at depths from 50 to 475 fathoms. Several
bottom samples were taken with a Smith-
McIntyre bottom grab on loan from the Bu-
reau's Woods Hole, Mass., Biological Lab-
oratory.

Samples of fish and shellfish were col-
lected for the Atomic Energy Commission
and delivered to the Radiation Biological
Laboratory at the Fisheries Center, Uni-
versity of Washington. Additional samples
were collected for the Bureau's Technolog-
ical and Biological Laboratories in Seattle.

Volsj23; Nossal

In cooperation with the Oregon Fish Com-
mission, 391 Dover sole caught in depths
from 104 to 400 fathoms were tagged with
Peterson discs and released.

Commercial species of fish encountered
during the cruise included halibut (Hippo-
glossus stenolepsis), sablefish (Anaplopoma
fimbria), Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus),
rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), petrale
sole (Eopsetta jordani), turbot (Atheresthes
stomias), hake (Merluccius productus), and
several species of rockfish (Sebastodes).
Dover sole and sablefish were found through-
out the entire depth range surveyed. The
catch per hour of sablefish ranged from 30
to 450 pounds with the greatest catches being
made at 300 and 350 fathoms. The greatest
catch of Dover sole was made at 50 fathoms
where 1,300 pounds were taken in a one-hour
tow. Ocean perch (Sebastodes alutus) were
encountered from 75 to 275 fathoms with a
one-hour tow at 125 fathoms yielding 6,000
pounds. Large concentrations of hake were
found down to 200 fathoms including a one-
hour haul at 50 fathoms which yielded 6,000
pounds.

Invertebrates were conspicuous by their
absence from the catches. No large concen-
trations of sea urchins were found and the
numbers of other invertebrates were greatly
reduced. Tanner crabs (Chionoecetes tanneri)
were found from 250 to 475 fathoms with the
greatest concentration occurring at 350 fath-
oms where 190 pounds were taken in a one-
hour tow. Large males again occupied the
inshore areas with egg-carrying females re-
maining deeper.

Unusual fish and invertebrate species en-
countered in this deep-water survey were

similar to those found on the first survey.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1961
p- 24 and September 1961 p. 35.

Oregon

NEW FISHWAY COMPLETED
AT LOOKINGGLASS FALLS:

Anew fishway of unique design has been
completed on Lookingglass Creek, a tribu-
tary of the Grande Ronde River in Union
County, Ore., the Director of Engineering
for the Oregon Fish Commission announced
on September 22, 1961.

November 1961

The Denil (De neel') type fishway, as it
is called, is the second of its kind inthe State
and is located at Lookingglass Falls about 2
miles upstream from the mouth of Looking-
glass Creek. The falls are of the cascade-
type (rather than sheer drop) which salmon
and steelhead are able to navigate during
favorable high-water periods. Frequently,
however, low water keeps the fish from
reaching several miles of prime spawning
grounds. With the new fishway, the falls will
be passable at all stages of flow.

Baffles are so arranged on the fishway
that water currents will flush leaves, twigs,
and other debris through without allowing
accumulation, This feature will greatly re-
duce the normal amount of maintenance
necessary to keep the facility at peak oper-
ating capacity, thus eliminating the need for
an attendant to be present at all times. The
Denil fishway is therefore suited for isolated
locales such as Lookingglass Falls where it
is not practical to keep an attendant.

The 60-foot long, 6-foot deep, and 4- to
6-foot wide reinforced concrete fishway
(constructed with funds provided by Columbia
River Fishery Development Program of the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries) was
completed more than a month ahead of sched-
ule. This structure is steeper than most
fishways, rising 1 foot for each 6 feet in
length--necessary to insure turbulent water,
a major factor in the self-cleaning feature.
Fish are still able to negotiate the current
with ease, even with flows up to 30-feet per
second. However, these fishways are de-
signed for falls of moderate height only be-
cause no resting areas in the fishway can be
provided. The other Denil-type fishway in
Oregon is operated by the U. S. Forest Serv-
ice at the outlet of Suttle Lake and was con-
structed on the recommendation of the Ore-
gon Fish Commission.

Oysters

LONG ISLAND SOUND OBSERVATIONS
ON SPAWNING AND SETTING:

As of September 6: As was predicted in
the observations as of August 17, 1961, the
disappearance of "red water" organisms
from Long Island Sound resulted in better
survival of oyster larvae and heavier setting.
Nevertheless, regardless of the improvement

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

in the water condition, the intensity of setting
was very light at most of the stations as of
September 6, 1961. To that date, New Haven
Station #5 and two recently-established
Bridgeport Stations #21 and #22 were the
only ones where setting was approaching an
intensity of commercial significance, pro-
vided that the young oysters survive, the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological
Laboratory, Milford, Conn., reports. The
Laboratory was especially concerned about
the extremely poor setting at Bridgeport
Station #10, which for years has been one of
the best setting areas of the Sound.

The plankton samples collected August 31
again were relatively poor in oyster larvae.
Nevertheless, since one-third of all recently-
set oysters on the collectors taken out of the
water on August 31 were less than a day old,
setting was expected to continue.

Starfish setting still continued but re-
mained light. Again, the Bridgeport stations
were leading in the number of recently-set
starfish. Unfortunately, the starfish that set
earlier in the summer have survived in com-
paratively large numbers, have shown arapid
increase in size, and are presenting quite a
problem to the oyster industry, especially in
the Bridgeport area. (Bulletin No. 6, Sep-
tember 6, 1961, issued by the Milford Biolog-
ical Laboratory.)

As of September 21: Clearing of the Long
Island Sound water from "red water" organ-
isms observed early in September resulted,
as expected, in a better setting of oysters.
However, setting of increased intensity con-
tinued only a few days and was especially
pronounced at three Bridgeport stations.
Since that time, it has become erratic and
generally light, some of the stations showing
no set whatsoever, the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory,
Milford, Conn., reported as of September 21,
1961.

Although setting was still in progress in
all areas it is rather doubtful that the new
set will add significantly to the numbers that
have already been recorded. Only at four
stations did the season's set approach com-
mercial value. It is possible that one station,
which was established late in the season, also
collected a light commercial set.

Setting of starfish continued. However, it
remained light and at some stations no re-

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

cently set starfish were recorded from August
31 to September 18, It virtually ceased dur-
ing the same period at most Milford and New
Haven stations, while in the Bridgeport area
a few recently set individuals were found at
all stations.

Salmon

PINKS TAGGED TO DETERMINE
MIGRATION PATTERNS AND
SIZE OF RUNS:

A pink salmon tagging program in five
major streams tributary to Puget Sound was
conducted by the Washington State Depart-
ment of Fisheries as part of a joint inves-
tigation with the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada and the International Pacific
Salmon Fisheries Commission during the
1961 fishing season, Tagging operations by
the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
were conducted off Cape Flattery beginning
early in July 1961 and the International
Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission tagged
pink salmon in the Fraser River.

The Washington agency gathered pink
salmon by beach seines in the lower reaches
of the five streams (Skagit, Nooksack, Sno-
homish, Stillaguamish, and Dungeness Riv-
ers) and by one fish wheel in the Skagit Riv-

er. Salmon were tagged and released to
continue their migration journeys. Later,
spawning grounds were checked for tagged
to untagged pink salmon ratios from which
stream population determinations can be

Vol, 23; No. 11

made. This total, added to the 1961 pink
salmon catch, will give a good indication of
the run of this species in Puget Sound.

The three-way pink salmon tagging pro-
gram designed to gain more knowledge on
migration patterns and size of runs, etc.
was begun in 1960.

Sardines

CALIFORNIA LANDINGS DOWN 41
PERCENT THROUGH SEPTEMBER 1961:
California sardine landings this year
through September totaled only 7,882 tons,
a decrease of 5,406 =
tons or 41 percent
as compared with
the 1960 landings
for the same peri-
od, and were only
21 percent of the
January-Septem-
ber 1958 catch of
37,297 tons. Com-
parison with 1959
is not possible,
since the Southern
California sardine
fleet was tied up
during September
of that year in an
ex-vessel price
dispute.

Sardines have disappeared from the Central
California area this year, and only 1,400 tons
have been trucked to Monterey cannersfrom
Southern California waters this season through
September 30. A year ago those canners had
received 2,915 tons to the same date, and
11,330 tons in the same period during 1958.

Shrimp

GULF OF MEXICO SURVEY INDICATES
LOW LEVEL OF ABUNDANCE
OVER WIDE AREA:

In order to make systematic observations
of shrimp availability on the continental shelf
in the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi
River Delta to the Rio Grande River, the
Galveston (Texas) Biological Laboratory of

November 1961

ae

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

90° 85°

FWS SHRIMP FISHING GRID ZONES

25°

INLAND WATER AREA CODES

CHARLOTTE HARBOR
TAMPA BAY
APALACHICOLA BAY
ST. GEORGE SOUND
ST. ANDREW BAY

ST. JOSEPH BAY
CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY
PENSACOLA BAY
MOBILE BAY
PERDIDO BAY

MISSISSIPP| SOUND (MOBILE BAY
TO GULFPORT SHIP CHANNEL )

MISSISSIPP| SOUND (GULFPORT SHIP

CHANNEL TO LAKE BORGNE)

LAKE BORGNE

LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN
BRETON SOUND
CHANDELEUR SOUND
GARDEN ISLAND BAY

BARATARIA AND CAMINADA BAYS

LAKE SALVADOR
LITTLE LAKE

EAST BAY (BETWEEN SOUTHWEST

AND SOUTH PASSES)

BAY ADAM
TIMBALIER BAY
TERREBONNE BAY
CAILLOU BAY
LAKE BARRE
LAKE PELTO
LAKE DECADE
LAKE MECHANT
LAKE FELICITY
LOST LAKE
FOUR LEAGUE BAY

VERMILLION AND COTE BLANCHE BAYS

CALCASIEU LAKE
SABINE LAKE

0? 750

HONDURAS

WEST BAY 018,1
TRINITY BAY 078.2
UPPER GALVESTON BAY 018.3
EAST BAY 018.4
LOWER GALVESTON BAY 018.5
MATAGORDA BAY 019.1
SAN ANTONIO BAY 019.2
ARANSAS BAY 019.3
EAST MATAGORDA BAY 019.4
LAVACA BAY 019.5
ESPIRITU SANTO BAY 019.6
MESQUITE BAY 019.7
COPANO BAY 019.8
ORPUS CHRIST! BAY 020.1
NEUCES BAY 020.2
UPPER LAGUNA 020.3
BAFFIN BAY 020.4
LOWER LAGUNA 021.1

ALL AREAS ARE DESIGNATED WITH A
CODE NUMBER CONSISTING OF FOUR DIGITS | rf
INCLUDING ONE DECIMAL. THE DECIMAL 1S ' '
A ZERO EXCEPT WHEN SUBDIVISIONS OF AN =
AREA HAVE BEEN MADE AS IN THE CASE WITH
INLAND WATER AREAS. WHEN NECESSARY ONE
OR TWO ZEROS ARE INCLUDED BEFORE THE
NUMBER SHOWN ON THE CHART IN ORDER TO
BRING THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DIGITS TO
FOUR.

REVISED SEPTEMBER 1960

29

30

the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
expanded its program of shrimp research
this past summer. Once a suitable procedure
for expediting compilation and distribution of
such information becomes established, it will
be possible to keep industry informed of up-
to-the-minute whereabouts and relative den-
sity of shrimp concentrations in this general
area. Information on conditions at depths be-
yond those normally fished could be of par-
ticular importance.

From August 28 to September 8, 1961,
three cruises off Louisiana and Texas by the
Bureau's exploratory fishing vessel Oregon
and the chartered fishing vessel Belle of
Texas yielded data on the availability of
shrimp (table 1). A total of 72 stations, two-
thirds positioned at depths beyond the zone
of normal fishing activity, were occupied.
All coastal (statistical) subareas were re-
presented to about the same extent. Hauls
at each station averaged about an hour in
duration; net widths varied from 60/80 (bal-
loon) to 40 feet. Shrimp catches (heads-on)
were adjusted for comparative and other
purposes to a Standard 3-hour haul and 45-
foot net. Understandably, all 72 hauls were
not made at night, although this would have
been desirable from the standpoint of improv-
ing comparability of catch-rate data. The
short amount of cruise time (11 days) per-
mitted only 31 night hauls, and they were
about evenly distributed between shallow-
and deep-water stations.

[Table 1 - Cruise Data, M/V Oregon and M/V Belle of Texas, August 28-September 8, 1961
Statistic al Depth]
| “Area | Range|Hauls
| | Ems.| No. |
|Louisiana}

13

Average Duration| Catch Per 3-Hour Haul| Dominant Size (heads-off)]
of Haul Brown | White Brown White

Mins. heads-on 1/) -+ (Count Per. Lb)..

(Boxes--

<4 26-30
0.07 = 21-25
41-50
10-15
41-50
10-15

10-15 -
15-20 15-20
| 10-15 -
t

2 31-40 15-20
| 10-15
21-25
10-15
31-40
e: 15-20
0.12 Ss 15-20
= 15-20

The catches per 3-hour haul recorded
(see columns 6 and 7, table 1) corroborate
the present consensus that the 1961 shrimp
stocks in the Gulf of Mexico have indeed
ebbed to an unprofitable low. Since the prob-
ability of finding no concentrations in 72
widely scattered hauls would be very low
even in a somewhat less-than-average sea-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 11

son, we must conclude this to be an unusually
poor season. Both brown and white shrimp
seem equally affected with the decline evident
at all coastal points.

No catches outside the range of normal
operations (25-60 fathoms) indicated the
presence of commercial quantities there,
although quite large shrimp predominated.
Gear damage was considerable in that area.

It was believed earlier that a delayed
migration from bays at all points along the
coast had perhaps postponed the start of this
past summer's expected run of brown shrimp
in offshore waters. This seems unlikely in
view of the picture presented by bait shrimp
production in Galveston Bay (table 2). Despite

Table 2 - Commercial Bait Shrimp Production in Galveston Bay,
May-September Season, 1959-61

White Shrimp

the fact that total monthly landings in 1961
approached those for the same period last
year, considerably more effort had to be ex-
pended to obtain them. This reduced brown
shrimp catch-to-effort ratio reflects, in the
juvenile or nursery ground phase of this
year's early season spawning class, a much
lower population level than prevailed in 1960.

Also available as supporting evidence are
the results of the Bureau's Galveston Labo-
ratory 1961 semiweekly sampling program
in Galveston Entrance. These data show that
the numbers of postlarvae (obstensibly brown
shrimp) entering Galveston Bay during March
and April fell from 582 per sample (17 sam-
ples) in 1960 to 22 per sample (15 samples)
in the same period of 1961. The reliability
of counts of postlarvae as an indication of
shrimp abundance has not yet been established.
If observations during the next few years
confirm this relationship, it might be possible
to predict fishing success well in advance of
the season. Associated hydrographic data
are being analyzed to determine what factors
contribute most to the index's fluctuation and,
accordingly, to that of brown shrimp popula-
tions in general. It is significant that the
tentative conclusion that may be drawn from
material provided by research under way in

November 1961

Galveston Bay proper parallels that sug-
gested by the offshore cruise data presented
here.

Generally speaking, all factors point to a
poor year for the Gulf Coast shrimp industry.
But every so often an incident is called to the
Laboratory's attention which raises the hope
that this year's over-all yield may yet attain
proportions better than now predicted. On
September 20 the Bureau's Galveston Market
News-Statistics agent reported a 12-box
eatch of 21-25 count white shrimp made dur-
ing 12 hours of fishing the night before in 10
fathoms off Galveston.

Sport Fishing

ATLANTIC COAST MARINE
RESEARCH CENTER DEDICATED:

The Atlantic Marine Game Fish Research
Center, established by the U. S. Department
of the Interior to study the biological prob-
lems of America's fastest growing sport
fishery, was dedicated on September 28,1961,
by Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall
and Senator Harrison A. Williams, Jr., of
New Jersey.

The Atlantic Marine Game Fish Research Center, Sandy Hook, N. J.

The Research Center is at Sandy Hook,
N. J., in a former base hospital at Fort
Hancock. The area was made available by
the Department of the Army.

The current program of the new Center
involves the following activities: Completion
of a comprehensive report on a national sur-
vey of marine game fishing as a background
for directing future research; development
of a catalog of game fishing facilities; com-
pilation of a listing of all existing knowledge
on marine game fish and their environment;
the initiation of research to fill existing gaps
in knowledge of the biology of migratory fish

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

which utilize a protected inshore environ-
ment; and the sponsoring of graduate training
to stimulate the recruitment of marine biol-
ogists for work in that field.

To carry out the program, the Center has
biological laboratory facilities; oceanographic
instruments for salinity, temperature, and
current measurements; collecting equipment
for plankton and fish; and a salt-water system
with tanks for culturing marine organisms
and fish.

Marine sport fishermen catch more than
half a billion pounds of fish each year and
spend more than $600 million doing it. The
recent National Survey of Fishing and Hunt-
ing shows that 6,292,000 Americans engaged
in salt-water fishing in 1960, an increase of
about 38 percent over the 1955 figure. More
than half of the marine anglers, or 3.4 million,
fish in Atlantic waters.

Secretary Udall said at the dedication:

"Tt is clear that the oceans are both our
new frontier and our last frontier from the
standpoint of recreational fishing. The pace
of development in this country is rapid. By
the year 2000, there may well be 330 million
people, an increased concentration in metro-
politan areas, more money to spend, more
leisure, and better travel facilities.

"All of this points to a tremendous in-
crease in the demands upon our natural re-
sources including marine fishes and the wa-
ters in which they live. Often these demands
are of a conflicting or competing nature.
There can be no doubt, however, that outdoor
recreation, including fishing, has become one
of the large industries of the country and will
continue to outstrip our population growth,

"The advancement of science and conser-
vation in the field of marine fishes will be
needed to keep pace with this demand. The
task is so large that there is far more than
all of us can do. Duplication of effort would
be wasteful and we should be seeking every
means to cooperate and coordinate our activ-
ities, especially in research.

"Our program is conceived to accomplish
this. It will focus upon basic, long-term re-
search in an effort to provide new knowledge
and better understanding of marine fishes
for those who are responsible for the manage-
ment of this resource. In addition, we believe

32

that the Federal role in this field carries
additional responsibilities for defining the
national dimensions of this resource and for
developing methods to assess it periodically;
to stimulate the recruitment and training of
marine fishery biologists; and to assist in
the problem of scientific communication
which threatens to inundate us."

Pg

Tagging

AUTOMATIC TAG DETECTION
DEVICE FOR ALASKAN HERRING:

Alaska herring tagged with metallic strips
inserted in the body cavity by biologists of
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
have been recovered by the automatic tag
detection device installed in a Little Port
Walter (Alaska) herring reduction plant. As
of the end of August this year, 12 taggedfish,
which included several from 1960 tagging
operations, had been recovered.

The tag detection device has been in al-
most continuous operation since the beginning
of the 1961 Alaska herring fishing season.
The device has functioned well at close to the
maximum design load of the herring pumping
apparatus.

=

aut

Tennessee

COMMERCIAL FISH CATCH
FOR CUMBERLAND RIVER
RESERVOIRS IN 1960:

In addition to a sport fish catch of about
1.3 million pounds taken by anglers in 1960
from the U. 8S. Army Corps of Engineers'
impoundments of the Cumberland River Sys-
tem, commercial fishermen harvested nearly
221,000 pounds of commercial fish from the
five reservoirs. Altogether, the five reser-
voirs have a total 126,200 acres of water
surface. The commercial fish catch amounted
to only 1.7 pounds per acre. Cheatham Res-
ervoir provided over half the total commer-
cial catch or about 15 pounds per acre. Even
this much greater catch can be expected to
have little effect on the fish population, ac-
cording to a report by the Tennessee Game
and Fish Commission,

~—_ hr a
= ae
ose

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vole 23; Nosplat!

Transportation

EXPRESS RATES OF FISH AND
SEAFOOD ABOUT UNCHANGED:

Higher express rates proposed in June
1961 By REA Express for fresh and frozen
fishery products will not
go into effect. Subsequent
to the REA proposal for a
rate increase, the National
Fisheries Institute, sever-
al shippers of fishery
products, and the U.S. De-
partment of the Interior
petitioned the Interstate
Commerce Commission (ICC) to suspend and
investigate the new rates on the grounds that
they were unreasonable. The ICC instituted
I & S (Investigation and Suspension) Docket
7622--"'Increased Express Rates on Fish and
Seafood -.U.S.A."' The investigation of the in-
creased railway express rates has been can-
celled and the protested tariffs will be re-
placed.

After several informal meetings concern-
ing the proposed increases, REA officials and
representatives of the protestants agreed on
a compromise. The compromise included
cancellation of the re-icing charges even
though this subject would not have been under
investigation. It was generally agreed that
class-rated traffic (Tariff ICC 8500) and min-
imum charges would remain the same.

There were a few isolated hold-downs on
commodity rated traffic. Tariffs ICC 8320,
8321, and 8331 will be increased to a percent-
age of the applicable regional first-class rate
as follows: 1-499 pounds, 60 percent; 50-999
pounds, 56 percent; 1,000-1,999 pounds, 54
percent; 2,000 pounds and over, 51 percent.
Where quantity rates are in gallons such as
shucked clams, oysters, and scallops: 1-39
gallons, 60 percent; 40-79 gallons, 56 per-
cent; 80-159 gallons, 54 percent; over 159
gallons, 51 percent.

The REA will entertain proposals for spe-
cific commodity rate reductions where war-
ranted and consistent with the particular cost
of operations allowing for contributions to the
fixed costs and profit of the company.

The REA will publish new tariffs con-
sistent with the compromise.

ap

November 1961

Tuna

YELLOWFIN CATCH IN EASTERN
PACIFIC AT RECORD HIGH:

A record total of about 99,000 tons of
yellowfin tuna has been caught in the Eastern
Pacific by United States and Latin American
countries during 1961 through September,
setting a new catch record for this species.
However, most of the catch was by United
States vessels. The 1961 catch exceeds that
for the same period in 1960 (the former re-
cord year) by 19,500 tons, or 24 percent.

Yellowfin Tuna, average size, 30-40 lbs.

At this time it is estimated that the total
calendar year 1961 yellowfin landings from
the Eastern Pacific will approximate 115,000
tons, or about 10,000 tons more than that
caught during 1960.

¢g se ole sk otk ok
Kk ke KOK

ALBACORE OCEANOGRAPHIC
SURVEY OFF CALIFORNIA:

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Black Douglas and the Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game research
vessels Alaska and N. B. Scofield completed
an albacore tuna oceanographic survey in
July 1961.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

62° F. oceanic blue water within 2 to 3
miles of the boundary area.

UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES 1961
CANNED PACK AT RECORD HIGH:

As of September 23, 1961, for the United
States west coast and as of August 31 for
Hawaii, American Samoa, and
Puerto Rico, this year's total
tuna pack for those areas
totaled about 11.1 million
cases--an increase of 700,000
cases or 7 percent aS compared with the pre-
vious record pack in 1960 for the same pe-
riod. The pack in the areas mentioned re-
presents about 72 percent of the 15.3 million
cases packed in the United States, American
Samoa, and Puerto Rico in 1960.

While the California tuna pack in 1961 is
estimated at about the same as during 1960
(8.3 million cases), the pack in Puerto Rico,
American Samoa, and Hawaii is about twice
as large and accounts for nearly all of the
increase. Most of the increase is in the pack
of light meat tuna.

el

>
U. S. Fish Meal ea Solubles Supply,
July 1961

The total United States supply of fish meal
for the first 7 months of 1961 amounted to
288,600 tons--68,600 tons above the same
period of 1960. The domestic production

Sper;

TS
—7@

Albacore Tuna, average size, 12-25 lbs.

One of the highlights of the peace Douglas
cruise was the discovery of a5° F. thermal
boundary (in 2 miles, surface qvater temper-
atures changed from 57° to 62° F.) 150 miles
southwest of Point Conception. A marked
salinity gradient accompanied the tempera-
ture change and water color changed from
green to blue. Albacore were taken in the

Say ae
EN was as

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

accounted for 56 percent and imports 44 per-
cent of the total supply.

Fish meal produced by United States firms
during January-July 1961 totaled 162,400 tons.
Fish meal processed from menhaden accounted
for 86 percent of that total. Fish meal im-
ports from foreign countries during January-
July 1961 amounted to 126,200 tons--up 46,700
tons from the same period of 1960. Imports
from Peru made up 65 percent and those from
Canada, Chile, and the Republic of South Africa
accounted for 33 percent of the total,

U. S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, January-July
1960-61 and Total for 1960

Fish Meal and Scrap:
Domestic pre production:

Menhaden: <)fu2)- s.-dnsie 139), 357 106, 508} 218, 423
Tuna and mackerel .. . 11,378 17, 303| 26, 325
Herring, Alaska. .... 2050 3,140] 6,071
Others ia tote ves. cee 13,466] 38, 897

Total domestic production

Imports:
Canada ome 3 30, 982
Peu.... Bae 40,739] 68, 156
(CS) Schon 4G Ge ad ane 951413)" 21,183
ANGOLA cae sijorce rel lie - 888
Republic of South Africa Tif 26 47930). 7,073

Other countries ....

.

126, 173
288,573

79, 506
2195923

|Fish Solubles:

Domestic production 2/: 60,298] 55,822] 98,299
Imports:
Girth poe ant ahs 699 691 869
Denmark <2 6. 00) 28 1,858] 1,858

Other:countries .. 406 6s

Total imports...

Available fish solubles. su ppl

i/Preliminary. Based on reports from firms which accounted for
96 percent of the 1960 total production,

2/50 percent solids, Includes production of homogenized-con-
densed fish,

The United States supply of fish solubles
(including homogenized-condensed fish) dur-
ing January-July 1961 was nearly 3,800 tons
above’ the first seven months of 1960. Do-
mestic production in January-July 1961 a-
mounted to 60,300 tons, and imports totaled
1,900 tons.

U. S. Fishing Vessels

DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED AND
CANCELLED, JULY 1961:

During July 1961, 50 vessels of 5 net tons
and over were issued first documents as fish-

Vol. 23, No. 11

Table 1 - U. S. Fishing Vessels+/--Documentations Issued and

Cancelled, by Areas, July 1961 With Comparisons
Area

(Home Port) 1961 [1960] 1961] 1960] 1960

eile tenemen( Number) fenemememe

Issued first documents 2/:

New England)... 5 ce. 6 4 7, 21
MiddlevAtlantic (240 cueteres 1 2 5
Chesapeake is <i.) stieivetteieis 5 5 40
SouthvAtlantic wares) ails ells: 6 5 7 26
Gulf verre ctiet oa? s1<e! teh io lloite) 12 7 73
RACitiCusmefaacuemeisuetetsdetenun|(2cs 20 | 123
Greatilakesti ee si isits ois cele 1 2 9
Buertou Rico ste vetetelcltemente - - 2

LOtal@emete

Removed from documentation3/+
New England...
Middle Atlantic .
Chesapeake eens

South Atlantic ...

uo
¥
ow
lo)

Gulfvttietetenare
PACIfICta ce, elec,
Great Lakes ..
Puerto Rico

A

1/For explanation of footnotes, see table 2.

Table 2 - U, S, Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued and
Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, July 1961

Issued 2/ Cancelled 3/

sueleseieet(NUmMbEN) iter

Gross Tonnage

5-9) cie\ore cies ie e;0'0 0 8

OS Oar.
20-29 . cc cccccceece
30-39 ..
AO AO) eae le acs tose sioiaiele'
D0 =Odercisleie eisicleiefeieiens
60-69. weer ccc cace
MOTO 1s, ci aenei0! oi cre\eeis\\ae
80-89. cece
LOST OO eetele terete

[Ss]

TRPRPNOAR MOON
b

RPePRPI pt non

ecoce

ae

1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft,
sel is defined as a craft of 5 net tons and over.
2/Includes redocumented vessels previously removed from
~ records, Vessels issued first documents as fishing
craft were built: 31 in 1961, 3 in 1960, 1 in 1959, 1 in
1954, 1 in 1952, and 18 prior to 1951, Assigned to areas
on the basis of their home ports,
3/Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold
alien, etc,

Source: --Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the
United States, Bureau of Customs, U.S. Treasury ‘Depart-
ment,
|aseaneter.

ing craft, the same number as in July 1960.

But the number issued first documents the

first 7 months this year was 16 more than in

the same period last year.

ves~

\. he

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, JULY 1961:
Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and proc-
essed fish and shellfish into the United States

November 1961

during July 1961 decreased by 1.9 percent
in quantity and 3.6 percent in value as com-
pared with June 1961. The decrease was due
primarily to
lower imports
of tuna other
than albacore
(down 2.6 mil-
lion pounds) and
lobster and
spiny lobster
(down 1.6 mil-
lion pounds),
and to a lesser

_ Mall] aa

degree a decrease in the imports of frozen
shrimp. The decrease was partly offset by
a 3.3-million-pound increase in the imports
of groundfish fillets and blocks.

Compared with July 1960, the imports in
July this year were down 7.3 percent in quan-
tity, but up 5.5 percent in value. Lower im-
ports of frozen tuna other than albacore
(down 7.0 million pounds), canned tuna other
than albacore (down 1.2 million pounds), and
frozen shrimp (down 0.7 million pounds) con-
tributed to the decline. Compensating, in
part, for the decrease were increases in the
imports of canned albacore tuna (up about 1.5
million pounds), canned sardines not in oil
(up 2.0 million pounds), and lobster and spiny
lobster (up 1.5 million pounds).

U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
July 1961 with Comparisons

QUANTITY
196111960 | 1960 1960

(Millions of Lbs.) (Millions of $)

Imports:
Fish & Shellfish:
Fresh, frozen, &

rocessed 1/
Exports:

Fish & shellfish:
Processed only 1/
(excluding fresh &
frozen : b A . 19.2

1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other
specialties.

85.1/92.2 |1,011.2| 26.7 | 25.3 | 304.8

United States exports of processed fish
and shellfish in July 1961 were higher by
25.9 percent in quantity, but unchanged in
value as compared with June 1961. Compared
with the same month in 1960, the exports this
July were down 25.8 percent in quantity and
20.0 percent in value. The lower exports in
July this year as compared with the same
month in 1960 were due to decreased exports
of canned shrimp, salmon, and California
sardines.

ko OK ok ook OO

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

UNITED STATES EXPORTS AND
RE-EXPORTS OF FROZEN SHRIMP TO
JAPAN, JANUARY-JUNE 1961:

Of the almost 3.6 million pounds of domes-
tic and foreign fresh and frozen shrimp ex-
ported and re-exported from the United States
during the first six months of this year, a
little over 2.0 million pounds were shipped to
Japan. A substantial proportion of the ship-
ments to Japan was made from California.
Most of the re-exports consist of shrimp im-
ported into the United States from Mexico.

U. S. Exports and Re-Exports of Fresh and Frozen
Shrimp 1/ to Japan, Jan. -June 1961

1/Although data appear under the "fresh and frozen shrimp"
category, it is believed that all of the exports were frozen
shrimp.

Exports and re-exports of shrimp to Japan
from California were negligible prior to 1961.
But due to a short supply of shrimp in Japan
during the first part of this year andastrong
market, that country has purchased substan-
tial quantities of shrimp from the United
States. Most of the Japanese purchases con-
sist of frozen raw headless brown shrimp, 21-
25 shrimp to the pound. But some shipments
included 26-30 count, 16-20 count, and under
15 count.

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States during
the calendar year 1961 at the 123-percent rate
of duty is 57,114,714 pounds. Any imports in
excess of the quota are dutiable at 25 percent
ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-September 2, 1961,
amounted to 35,537,369 pounds, according to
data compiled by the Bureau of Customs.

Imports in 1960 for the period January 1-
September 3 amounted to 32,925,519 pounds.

£

INFLATABLE LIFE RAFTS TESTED:
The value of inflatable life rafts as sur-
vival insurance for the crews of fishing

Vessels

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

vessels was demonstrated in a recent test
on board the Boston trawler Terra Nova.

With 60 or more spectators aboard, in-
cluding vessel owners, marine insurance
officials, newspapermen, and others inter-
ested in marine safety, the Terra Nova
sailed out beyond Boston Lightship where a
Coast Guard-approved inflatable life raft
was thrown overboard from the deck of the
trawler.

The raft inflated automatically inside of
30 seconds whereupon it was subjected to a
series of operational tests including board-
ing from the water by fully-clothed men,
towing (fully loaded) at a 5-knot rate, and
jump boarding by crew members who jumped
from the vessel's bridge onto the canopy of
the raft, with no damage resulting.

The head of the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries Fishing Vessel Safety Pro-
gram reported that the demonstration was a
complete success from a performance stand-
point and proved that rafts of this type can
be quickly launched by untrained crews under
adverse conditions, are easy to board, and
offer protection from extreme weather con-
ditions--an important consideration where
survival is concerned.

"The introduction of these Coast Guard-
approved inflatable life rafts to the fishing
industry," he stated, "is an important con-
tribution to marine safety and we urge all
fishing vessel operators to consider inflat-
able life rafts as a means of providing sur-
vival insurance for their crews."

Whiting

SHELF LIFE OF FROZEN PRODUCTS
AFFECTED BY METHOD AND TIME
OF CHILLED STORAGE:

Results of tests made by the Gloucester
Technological Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries on whiting show
that both the method and the length of chilled
storage seriously influence the shelf life of
the frozen products.

Whiting held for 2 days in ice or in re-
frigerated sea water had a frozen storage
life of 12 months. Those held for 7 days in
refrigerated sea water were of acceptable

Vol. 23, No. 11

quality until only the sixth month of frozen
storage; whereas the samples held in ice for
7 days had a frozen shelf life of only 2 months.
The point of no return (zero months frozen
storage) was found after storage for 14 days
in refrigerated sea water 9 days in ice.

Wholesale Prices, September 1961

There was a Slight drop in prices of fishery products
during September this year, according to the wholesale
price index for edible fishery products (fresh, frozen, and
canned). The September index at 136.9 percent of the 1947-
49 average showed a reversal of the steady increase in
prices reported from April through August this year,

But while the over-all decrease was less than 1 percent,
there were Significant decreases from August to September

in some fresh drawn and dressed fish products, These in-
cluded fresh large haddock (ex-vessel price at Boston down
31 percent), king salmon (wholesale price at New York City
down 5 percent), and fresh Lake Superior whitefish (whole-
sale price at Chicago down 17 percent). As the season for
fresh salmon came to an end, the price of frozen king salm-
on in September was down slightly from that for fresh salm-
on in August. The decreases were almost offset by higher
prices for fresh halibut (as fishing in the North Pacific drew
to a close) and yellow pike at New York City.

Among the processed fresh products, prices for shucked
oysters at Norfolk dropped slightly as the new season opened
in September, with indications that supplies would be light this
season, However, shucked oysters at $7,50 a gallon were
nearly double the 1947-49 base period price,

Fresh and frozen shrimp prices from August to Septem-
ber continued to rise as the available supplies shrank to on-
ly about half what was available a year earlier. Wholesale
prices for fresh shrimp at New York City rose 2 percent and
for frozen shrimp at Chicago rose 9 percent. Gulf landings
of shrimp showed no improvement in September and produc-
tion was almost one-third less than in 1960, A substantial ex-
port of frozen shrimp to Japan on contracts made earlier this
year when supplies appeared plentiful made the shortage of
stocks in cold-storage more acute,

In the canned fish subgroup, a definite firming up of
canned tuna prices was noted in September with an average
increase of 50 cents per case (up 5 percent) for light meat
chunks at Los Angeles as compared with the previous month,
A sharp decline in availability of frozen tuna imports has
strengthened the domestic raw tuna prices and an increase
in the demand for raw tuna among canners has sparked a
rise in imported frozen tuna prices, The current California
sardine season was off to a poor start in September, with a
catch of only 8,100 tons--down 5,000 tons or 39 percent from
September 1960 (also a light production month). With canned
new crop California sardines in limited supply, the canners
were quoting on pound ovals only in cases of 24s at a firm
price of $4.75 (up 6 percent from August 1961). While the
average price for canned Maine sardines did not change in
September, the available supply at the end of the month was
down by 1.2 million cases, or 72 percent, aS compared with
the same period a year ago,

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: . . . 2 «+e
Haddock, ige,, offshore, drawn, fresh . . . ee

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):. . .. -
Fillets, haddock, smi, skins on, 20-1b, tins , .
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), headless, fresh, .
Oysters, shucked, standards. . .... ee

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): . ....

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, September 1961 With Comparisons

ALL FISH &iSHELLEISH (Fresh; Frozen; é&\Ganned), <0). sie) 0 «6: « \ei,0,e ei.0. 6) ©

a eee ae ee

EKeSHRCAELOZEMPFISHE EYE ESOGUCES Me melbemelielielierevemeMolacilieaisimeliial: oielieliols omolicne

Halibut, West., 20/80 ibs., drsd., fresh or froz,| New York
Salmon, king, ige, & med., drsd., fresh or froz, | New York
Whitefish, L, Superior, drawn, fresh . . . .o .| Chicago

Yellow pike, L, Michigan & Huron, rnd,, fresh .} New York

Avg. Prices 1/

Indexes
i (1947 -49=100)

Unit (8)
Sept, | Aug. Sept. | Aug. July Sept.
1961 | 1961 1961 | 1961 | 1961 | 1960

128.1

136.9 | 137.1] 129.2

ee © © © o © © © o

Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-Ib, pkg. . 2...
Haddock, smi, skins on, 1-lb. pkg, . .
Ocean perch, lge., skins on, 1-Ib, pkg, .
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), brown, 5-1b, pkg. .

Canned Fishery Products: ... stole cie/cozis
Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs. Shine
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 aes

48 cans/cs, . oD BOlD. 6

Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack, ‘No, i oval (15 oz Bey
24 cans/cS.e . . ec siisiieleje
Sardines, Maine, keyless. oil, 1/4 drawn
(829/Aozs) S10 0lcans/Csiuesue ae tree eemlenye

ee re em ee ee ee — a ee —

.| Los Angeles
Los Angeles

New York

1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘Fishery
| Products Reports” should be referred to for actual prices,

el]

Compared with a year ago, the over-all index this Sep-
tember was up 6.9 percent. A number of products in the
index were priced substantially higher this September than
in the Same month in 1960, Among these were western hali-
but at New York City (up 26.5 percent), fresh shrimp at
New York City (up 23.2 percent), and frozen shrimp at Chi-
cago (up 28.3 percent), Also, all of the canned fish included
in the index were priced substantially higher. Except for
halibut, most of the fresh fish products in the index were
priced substantially lower with fresh haddock at Boston
down 20.9 percent and fresh salmon also down substantially.

THE PLACE OF FISH...
ENERGY
PROTEIN V
AORTA v

NOS Zs VITAMINS

READILY DIGESTIBLE

. in CHILDREN’S DIETS

ee ae for Fishery Products,
January -August 196]

Total shipments of metal cans during
January-August 1961 amounted to 89,428
short tons of steel (based
on the amount of steel
consumed in the manu-
facture of cans) as com-
pared with 87,179 tons in
the same period of 1960.
Canning of fishery prod-
ucts in January-August this year was con-
fined largely to tuna, shrimp, jack mackerel,
Pacific salmon, and Maine sardines.

Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known
to be producing metalcans. Reported in base boxes of steel con-
sumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products

are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base
boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel.

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

FOREIG|

Vol. 23)5Nosmal

<< SS

———

International

FISH BODY OILS

MARKET IN WESTERN EUROPE:

This assessment of the fish body oil market in Western
Europe was made early in September 1961 by the Regional
Fisheries Attache stationed at the United States Embassy in
Copenhagen. The assessment is based on conferences with
the most important fish oil trade interests and government
representatives in Hamburg, Bremen, The Hague, and Rot-
terdam,

The semi-refined Peruvian fish body oil price on Septem-
ber 1, 1961, was US$125 per metric ton (about 5.67 U.S. cents
a pound), in bulk c.i.f. Rotterdam, but probably the same
price prevailed for delivery in other northern European ports,
especially Scandinavian. The fish oil market in Western Eu-
rope is weak with buyers believing bids a few dollars a ton
lower would be accepted. Panamanian oil is in the market at
about the same price in small lots. Buyers also believe there
are unsold stocks in Peru, Iceland, and other countries, and
that forthcoming production in Peru this fall with lack of stor-
age will not permit Peruvian producers to hold the current
price level and it may drop to $110-$115 a ton (5.0-5.22 cents
a pound), They state Peruvian sellers repeatedly failed in ef-
forts to stabilize the market at successively lower levels in
the last six months,

r

Since Peruvian fish body oil is the dominant factor in the
European market, menhaden oil must meet competition from
that product, A very large buyer says that crude menhaden
oil with 3 percent free fatty acid, 1 percent moisture, and
impurities, unbleached, untreated, and free from mineral oils
with analysis in the United States, is worth $4 to $5 less per
metric ton than semi-refined Peruvian oil with 1/2 percent
free fatty acid, 1/2 percent moisture, and impurities, maxi-
mum 13 percent unsaponifiables, color maximum Gardner 9,
iodine number maximum 200, with analysis European port.
The high iodine number of Peruvian oil is compensated for
by low stearine and free fatty acid,

’

The West European fish body oil trade believes there are
no significant changes in the consumption of fish body oils.
Oils up to 3 percent free fatty acid are used for margarine,
over that for technical industrial uses in leather industry,
paints, floor coverings, foundries, and fish canning, In Ger-
many 80 percent of the use in the leather industry has re-
portedly been taken over by chemicals which are more uni-
form in action.

Consumption of butter reportedly has increased in Ger-
many and the Netherlands due to prosperous economies.

| Margarine consumption is down possibly 10 to 20 percent.

Some sales of margarine declined for a short period due to
publicity of use of a stabilizer which may have caused illness
to consumers, but which was not scientifically proven to be at
fault. It is believed that the future demand for margarine
made from fish body oils will be relatively stable because the
vegetable margarine price is appreciably higher.

Sales for menhaden oil are poor at the current market and
are not expected to improve in the foreseeable future except
at competitive prices with Peruvian semi-refined oil, possibly
at $4 to $5 less per ton. No one sees new markets for fish
body oils, even at lower prices because there are no lower-
priced oil markets to enter, and lower prices are not expected
to stimulate margarine use. Menhaden oil would receive bet-
ter acceptance if more attention was paid to quality by not mix-
ing good and poor lots, and if iodine number, free fatty acid,
and stearine were lower,

INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION

EASTERN PACIFIC YELLOWFIN TUNA
FISHERY REGULATION RECOMMENDED:

The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Com-
mission, consisting of representatives of the
Governments of Costa Rica, Ecuador, Pana-
ma, and the United States, recommended on
September 14, 1961, joint action by their Gov-
ernments to regulate the fishery for yellow-
fin tuna in the Eastern Pacific Ocean in order
to conserve the populations of this species of
tuna and to maintain them so as to provide
maximum continuing harvests. This was the
result of a special meeting of the Commis-
sion, heldin Long Beach, Calif., which adopted
a resolution to that effect.

The Commission's scientific staff, with
headquarters at the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography of the University of California,
has been carrying out during the past ll years
extensive scientific research on populations
of tropical tunas (yellowfin and skipjack) in
the Eastern Pacific Ocean and the effects of
the fishery upon them. These researches
have made it possible for the Commission to
detect the advent of overfishing of the yellow-
fin populations inits early stage, and to rec-
ommend effective conservation measures im-
mediately upon finding that they are required.

Until 1959, both the skipjack tuna and the
yellowfin tuna had remained underutilized.
With the conversion of many vessels of the
fishing fleet from bait-fishing to purse-sein-

November 1961

International (Contd.):

ing, which is especially effective for catching
yellowfin tuna, and with the addition of new
vessels to the fishing fleet, during the past
two years, the intensity of fishing reached,
in 1960, the level corresponding to the max-
‘mum sustainable catch of yellowfin tuna in
the Eastern Pacific Ocean. It is expected
that during 1961, the fishing intensity will be
substantially above the optimum amount, and
that, in consequence, conservation regula-
tions should be applied to this high-seas fish-
ery for yellowfin tuna. The stock of skipjack
tuna, however, which are fished by the same
fleet of vessels, in the same region of the
ocean, can support harvests much greater
than are presently being obtained. The Com-
mission, therefore, faced the problem of lim-
iting fishing for yellowfin tuna while encour-
aging expansion of the fishery for skipjack.

The Commission met on September 14,
with its Director of Investigations and sev-
eral members of his staff, and with repre-
sentatives of all elements of the tuna fishing
industry, to consider the need for conserva-
tion regulation of the fishery for yellowfin
tuna, to select the most appropriate type of
regulation, and to make specific recommen-
dations to the Member Governments for reg-
ulations during the forthcoming year. Offici-
al observers were also present from Colom-
bia, Mexico, and Peru.

A review of the extensive data collected
by the staff based on detailed statistics of
fishing effort and catch, and on biological
studies of the tunas indicated clearly the
need for regulation of the fishery for yellow-
fin. Careful consideration of various possi-
ble types of fishing regulations led to the
conclusion that an annual catch limit, or
"quota'' would be the most effective and
practical measure, Based on the staff's es-
timate of the harvest that will be taken dur-
ing 1961, the quota for 1962 was recom-
mended to be 83,000 tons, of which amount
74,600 tons may be taken during an open
season commencing January 1, 1962, and
8,400 tons will be reserved for unavoidable
incidental catch of yellowfin by vessels fish-
ing for skipjack after the closure of the sea-
son for yellowfin. Any vessel fishing for
skipjack during the closed season for yellow-
fin will be allowed a maximum of 15 percent
of yellowfin in its landings for each trip.

Since the recommended quota is based on
a forecast of the catch of yellowfin during the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

39

remainder of 1961, and the actual catch may
be different from the estimate, the Commis-
sion will review the catch-statistical data soon
after the end of the year and, if indicated,
transmit revised recommendations to the
Member Governments. This will be done at
the regular annual meeting of the Commission
which will be held in mid-May 1962 in Quito,
Ecuador, unless it is necessary to hold an-
other Special Meeting prior to that date.

In the future, it is expected that recom-
mendations for catch-quotas on yellowfin tuna
will be made annually at the regular annual
meetings of the Commission, which are held
each spring. The sites of the meetings rotate
among the member countries.

Although regulation by catch-quota was
found to be the most practical method of reg-
ulation of the yellowfin fishery at this time,
the scientific data indicate that establishment
of a minimum size limit, greater than the
present size at which yellowfin commence to
be caught, could substantially increase the
harvest which could be obtained. This is be-
cause, at small sizes, the tuna of this species
are gaining more weight by growth than is be-
ing lost by mortality. Hence, by leaving them
in the sea to grow to a larger size before cap-
ture, the tonnage caught could be increased.
Unfortunately, however, fishermen cannot now
usually determine the size of fish in a school
until it is in the net and most of the fish are
dead or dying. It is hoped that further re-
search by industry and governmental agencies
will lead to development of methods whereby
the master of a fishing vessel will be able to
determine accurately the size fish in a school
before setting his net around it. Such a devel-
opment could lead to an increase in the har-
vest of yellowfin tuna of a value of several
millions of dollars each year.

The resolution adopted by the Commission
follows:

"Observing, that the studies of its scientif-
ic staff have indicated that during the year
1960 the intensity of fishing for yellowfin tuna
in the Eastern Pacific Ocean had reached the
level corresponding to maximum average sus~
tainable catch;

Observing, that continuing studies of catch
statistics and other data indicate that, during
1961, there has been a further increase in the
amount of fishing for yellowfin tuna, that the
total catch during this year will exceed the
sustainable yield, and that, consequently, the

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

populations of this species will most probab-
ly be reduced to a level which cannot provide
sustained maximum yield.

Concluding, therefore, that there is a need
for joint action by the High Contracting Par-
ties to restore the yellowfin populations to
those levels of abundance which will make
possible the maximum sustainable yield, and
to maintain them in that condition.

Noting, however, that the stocks of skip-
jack tuna, which are fished in the same fish-
ing region, at the same time, can support in-
creased harvests, which should be encour-
aged.

Noting that in fishing for skipjack some
incidental catch of yellowfin is unavoidable,

Having considered various possible types
of regulation of the yellowfin tuna fishery
with respect to their biological and economic
effects, feasibility and enforcement, and

Having considered that limitation of total
catch, by annual quota, is the most effective
and practicable type of regulation.

Noting that, although there are, in the
Eastern Tropical Pacific, at least two semi-
independent component yellowfin tuna popu-
lations, the allocation of fishing effort to
them due to economic forces is such that,
with a single annual catch quota for the en-
tire region, there is a high probability that
there will result properly balanced harvests
from the population components, and, con-
sequently,

Having concluded that, initially at least,
regulation of the yellowfin tuna fishery should
be effected by a single annual total catch
quota for the entire region.

Having considered the estimates of the
scientific staff that

(1) There will be removed by the end of
1961, from the yellowfin tuna stocks, some
23,000 tons, above the maximum sustainable
yield, which require to be restored.

(2) At the level of abundance which will
be reached by the end of 1961 the yellowfin
stocks will most probably be capable of sus-
taining a yield of only 87,000 tons (if recruit-
ment is density-dependent) or of 95,000 tons

Vol.-23)) iINogmal

(if recruitment is density -independent), it be-
ing not possible at this time to state which
condition applies.

(3) A catch quota of less than the sustain-
able yield at the level of abundance expected
to be reached by the end of 1961 is required
to restore the stocks to the condition corre-
sponding to maximum average sustainable
yield

Recommends to the High Contracting Par-
ties, that they take joint action, as follows:

(1) Establishment of a quota of total catch
of yellowfin tuna by fishermen of all nations
of 83,000 tons during the calendar year 1962.

(2) Reservation of 8,400 tons of this yel-
lowfin tuna quota for allowance for incidental
catches when fishing for skipjack after closure
of the fishery for yellowfin tuna.

(3) Opening of the fishery for yellowfintuna
on January 1, 1962; during the open season
vessels to be allowed to clear port for fishing
for this species and for skipjack.

(4) Closure of the fishery for yellowfin tuna
during 1962 at such date as the quantity landed
plus the expected landings of vessels which
are at sea with clearance for yellowfin tuna
fishing reaches 74,600 tons.

(5) After the closure of the yellowfin tuna
fishery, issuing of clearances to vessels for
skipjack fishing only. Any vessel operating
under such clearance should be allowed to
land not more than 15 percent by weight of
yellowfin among its catch on any trip.

(6) Such action as may be necessary to in-
duce Governments whose vessels operate in
this fishery, but which are not parties to the
Convention for the Establishment of an Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission, to co-
operate in effecting these conservation meas~
ures.

Resolves that the statistics of catch and
effort respecting yellowfin tuna will be re-
viewed as soon after the end of calendar year
1961 as practicable and, if there is any sub-
stantial departure from the forecast values,
the foregoing recommendations will, if indi-
cated, be revised and the High Contracting
Parties will be advised accordingly by this
Commission.

November 1961

International (Contd.):
INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION

NORTH PACIFIC HALIBUT FISHING
IN AREAS 2 AND 1B ENDED:

The International Pacific Halibut Commise
sion on August 29 announced the closure of
Areas 2 and 1B.to halibut fishing effective at
6 a.m. (P.S.T.) September 7, 1961. The Com-
mission estimated that the 28-million-pound
limit set for Area 2 would be caught by the
closing date. Area 1B, which has no catch
limit, will also.be closed on the same date
as Area 2, Fishing in Area 3A ended on Au-
gust 23. Fishing in Areas 1B, 2, and 3A is
ended until the areas are reopened in
1962.

The official opening date for all halibut
fishing in the North Pacific regulatory area
this year was May 10 at 6:00 a.m. (P.S.T.),
except that fishing in Area 3B Southstarted
on April 25 and Area 3B North started on
April 10.

Areas 2 and 1B this year were open to
halibut fishing for 120 days as compared with
91 days in 1960, 68 days in 1959, 59 days in
1958, and 47 days in 1957. These same areas
were fished for 38 days in 1956 (fishing
started May 20), 24 days in 1955, 21 days in
1954, and 24 days in 1953, Area 1B includes
the waters between Heceta Head and Willapa
Bay, Wash.; Area 2, the waters between Will-
ae Bay and Cape Spencer; Area 3A, the wa-
ters between Cape Spencer and Shumagin Is-
lands,

In 1960 there was a second fishing season
for Areas 2 and 1B. But the regulations for
this year provided for only one season with
a quota of 28 million pounds for Area 2 in-
stead of 26.5 million, the quota for 1960.
Fishing in Areas 1A, 3B South, and 3B North
will continue until 6 a.m, (P.S.T.) October 1,
1961. Area 3B South includes the waters
West of Area 3A, not including the Bering
Sea, Area 3B North includes the waters in
the Bering Sea. Area 1A includes waters
South of Heceta Head, Oreg.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1961 p. 41.
MARINE OILS

WORLD PRODUCTION
AND FOREIGN TRADE IN
MARINE OILS, 1957-61:

World production of marine oils (including whale and
sperm whale oils, and fish and fish-liver oils) in 1961 is ex>

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

41

pected to show an increase over 1960. Increased whale oil
production will be due to more coming from the Antarctic.
Increased sperm whale oil production will be due to an in-
crease from areas outside the Antarctic.

Table 1 - Estimated World Production of Marine Oils,
1957-61

ype 1961)/ 1960 | 19592/ [19582/ | 1957

(1,000 Short-Tons):. .'.7...

ALE eweleiellsie fel eis 450 415 435
Sperm whale ..... 130 130 135
ish (including liver) 600 575 515
otal Meteretiovel seg 1,180 ]1,110} 1,120] 1,085

1/Forecast.
2/Revised.

World exports of marine oils are expected to increase to
an all-time high in 1961. Both exports of whale and sperm
whale oil will increase, while shipments of fish oils should
reach the record quantity of 1960,

me 2
Table 2 - Estimated World Exports of Marine Oils, 1957-61

Marine Oils

|Wihalenievererareian cs 450 425 415 435

Sperm whale .... 130 120 130 135

Fish (including liver) 300 300 265 200

=
WMotalicnusisasterene eal 880 845 810 7

| I/Forecast. 10

|2/Revised.

As of mid-1961, Iceland’s fish oil exports were expected to
drop sharply from the record high shipments of 1960, made
possible by large beginning stocks, However, this drop will
be offset somewhat by increased exports from Peru and the
Republic of South Africa. Production of fish oil in those two
countries is expanding rapidly and all, except a limited quan-
tity retained for domestic consumption, enters world trade,
World trade in fish oils in recent years has been stimulated
by a declining production of marine oils in Western Europe,
the world’s leading consumer of those oils, (Foreign Crops
ae Markets, U.S. Department of Agriculture, August 31,
1961

TUNA

CONFERENCE HELD ON BIOLOGY
OF PACIFIC OCEAN TUNAS:

An informal Pacific Tuna Biology Confer-
ence, arranged by the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Honolulu Biological Lab-
oratory, was held at the University of Hawaii,
August 14-19, 1961.. It was attended by 79 in-
dividuals, including 40 from overseas. In ad-
dition to the continental United States, the
overseas participants were from Australia,
Canada, Ecuador, Hong Kong, Italy (FAO),
Japan, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New
Zealand, and the Philippines.

Virtually all of the 50 contributed papers
were reproduced and distributed in advance
of the Conference. No papers were presented
at the Conference. They were grouped by

42

International (Contd.):

subject matter in the following categories:

(1) Taxonomy and Nomenclature; (2) Distri-
bution; (3) Migration; (4) Behavior; (5) Sub-
populations; (6) Tuna Oceanography; and (7)
Background Papers. Half-day discussions
were heldonnearly eachcategory. Each dis-
cussion group was provided with a discussion
leader and rapporteur. Summary reports of
the discussions were available on the day fol-
lowing.

Recommendations of the Conference arose
during the course of the discussions and from
two working groups (one on Taxonomy and
Nomenclature, the other on Identification of
Larval and Juvenile Tunas), Of the 15 rec-
ommendations of the Conference, 4 were con-
cerned with the subpopulation or racial prob-
lem. The Bureau's Honolulu Laboratory was
requested to establish ea World Center for the
exchange of tuna red blood cells and reagents
used in identifying tuna blood groups (which
are being used to identify subpopulations).
Examples of problems to be attacked by tag-
ging experiments or blood group studies in-
cluded (1) do small southern bluefin south of
Australia subsequently enter the fisheries to
the west and northwest of Australia? (2) what
are the movements of small North Pacific al-
bacore up to the time they enter the fishery ?;
and (3) do the small-medium albacore found
off the west coast of South America eventual-
ly enter the fishery of the tropical South Pa-
cific? The importance of improving methods
of transporting and storing blood samples
was recognized. Additional studies of how
much mixing must take place between sub-
populations before they are no longer ''in-
dependent'’ were urged.

Other recommendations dealt with taxono-
my and nomenclature, assessment of year-
class size of North Pacific albacore, interna-
tional cooperation and exchange of scientists
between laboratories, and the need to assess
the magnitude of the world tuna resource and
the potential sustained yield of tuna.

Recommendations, together with abstracts
of submitted papers and summary reports of
the discussions, will be published.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol..23;Nox ola

Australia

GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED TRAWLING
COMPANY TO BE SOLD:

The Australian Government has decided to
invite offers from commercial interests for
the trawl fishing enterprise based on Port
Adelaide and operating in the Great Austra-
lian Bight. The enterprise has been operated
by a trawling company backed by the Govern-
ment.

Announcing this in Canberra on June 14,
1961, the Minister for Primary Industry said
the company had naturally encountered prob-
lems inevitable in a pioneering project of this
sort during the first year or so of operations.
However, over the period of 15 months that the
company had been trawling, it had done valu-
able work intesting the commercial potential-
ities of the Bight fishery. It had obtained in-
formation and gained experience that would
be of much value to any private concern in-
terested in carrying on the enterprise.

The company's trawler Southern Endeavour
is a modern Diesel vessel, 160 feet in length,
and well suited to the Bight conditions. The
company had undertaken successful experi-
ments in processing the Bight fish and mar-
keting it in the form of frozen fillets. Accept-
ance by the trade and the public of the proc-
essed fish has been very encouraging.

The Minister for primary Industry said
the Government's action in providing funds
to test the Bight's commercial potentialities
had been in line with its policy of aiding the
development of Australian fisheries, and the
development fund established from the pro-
ceeds of the sale of the Whaling Commissionin
1956 had been set up for that special purpose.
The decision now to invite private enterprise
to take over the project was also in line with
Government policy.

Negotiations for the sale of the undertak-
ing as a going concern would be in the hands
of the Board of Directors of the trawling
company. Any offers for a part interest in
the undertaking or for the trawler and other
assets of the company would likewise be con-
sidered. The company would seek offers
through the press and appropriate fisheries
publications. The decision on the accept-
ance of any offer would finally rest with the
Government. (Australian Fisheries News-
Letter, July 1961.)

November 1961

Australia (Contd.):

SURVEY OF TUNA RESOURCES OFF
SOUTH-WEST COAST PLANNED:

In June 1961, the Australian Minister of
Primary Industry announced that a survey to
determine the commercial tuna fishing po-
tential off the southwest coast of Australia
would be started.

The survey, which would cover a period
of 12 months, would be financed from the
Fisheries Development Trust Account.

A proven tuna fishing vessel with an ex-
perienced crew would undertake the survey
and tenders would soon be called for the
charter of a suitable vessel.

The Minister said the presence of tuna in
the waters off the south-west coast of Aus-
tralia had been clearly established, but the
commercial prospects were unknown. The
Commonwealth Government and the Western
Australian Government are anxious to extend
the tuna industry to the Western Australian
area,

In 1960/61 Australian production of tuna
was estimated at about 10 million pounds of
which about half was produced on the south
coast of New South Wales and half in South
Australia. The industry has expanded ten-
fold since 1954/55, when 1 million pounds
was produced,

There was believed to be an even greater
potential market in Australia, because the
present Australian consumption of one-fifth
pound of processed tuna per capita per year
was well below consumption in the United
Kingdom and the United States.

South Australia ended the 1961 tuna sea-
son with a catch of about 2,500 tons (value
£140,000 or about US$313,000), according to
a statement by an industry member.

This is within about 100 tons of the New
South Wales catch of 2,582 tons and means
that the Australian total for 1960/61 will
reach the 5,000-ton total estimated by Aus-
tralian fisheries officials.

About 400 tons of frozen tuna had left Port
Lincoln for United States ports and another
200 tons were exported in July this year.
(Fisheries Newsletter, July 1961.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Brazil

COUNCIL CREATED FOR
FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT:

A Fisheries Development Council (Consel-
ho de Desenvolvimento da Pesca~-CODEPE)
in the Brazilian Government has been created
by Decree No. 50872 of June 28, 1961. The
new agency, which was being organized late
in August 1961, will be directly subordinate
to the President of the Republic and its Ex-
ecutive Director will therefore have the
equivalent of ministerial rank. Federal re-
sponsibility for fisheries has heretofore been
exercised by the Hunting and Fisheries Divi-
sion of the Department of Animal Production
of the Ministry of Agriculture.

The Fisheries Development Council will
be responsible for policy and planning for the
fishing industry on a national scale, some-
thing which has hitherto not effectively ex-
isted. Its policy directives will be carried
out by the present Hunting and Fisheries Di-
vision of the Ministry of Agriculture as well
as by other Federal agencies concerned with
the fishing industry and it is authorized to
enter into agreements with State and Munici-
pal Governments for this purpose. Its tasks
will be to carry out research with the aim of
developing the fishing industry; to recom-
mend construction of ports, shipyards, cold-
storage plants, processing plants, and other
installations; to recommend the granting of
subsidies, tax exemptions, and technical and
financial assistance for the establishment or
development of fishing and fishing vessel con-
struction industries; and to study the re-
equipping of the national fishing fleet. The
Council will also examine and recommend
changes in present fishing legislation, in-
cluding the organization of the Federal agen-
cies now concerned with fisheries, and take
the necessary steps for changing the present
Fisheries Credit Fund into a Fisheries De-
velopment Bank, though what revenue it will
have is not yet known, (United States Em-
bassy in Rio de Janeiro, August 28, 1961.)

Canada

NEW BRUNSWICK FISH MEAL
PRICES, AUGUST 1961:

Fish-meal prices (60-percent protein)
quoted by New Brunswick producers late in
August 1961 averaged about C$120 a short
ton ($2.00 a protein unit) for both exports
and domestic sales. The price was un-

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

changed from the late July 1961 price.
(U. S. Consulate, Saint John, N.B., August 29,
1961.)

te she gle gle
Kok ye oS

REGULATIONS AMENDED TO
INCLUDE SHRIMP COCKTAIL:

Canadian requirements for shrimp cock-
tail were issued on August 16, 1961, as an
amendment to the Regula-

tions under the Meat and EO LD
Canned Foods Act of Cana- “\74 ; ;
da. The requirements are: Bib dak
1. "Shrimp cocktail" m ) ( i)
—

means shrimp in combina-
tion with sauce, spices, seasonings, and fla-
vorings.

2. In the preparation of shrimp cocktail,
only sound, cooked, and peeled whole shrimp
may be used and the contents of the canshall
include not less than 36.5 percent by weight
of shrimp.

ek OK ok Ok

RUBBER BANDS FOUND BEST
FOR SECURING LOBSTER CLAWS:

A series of experiments in the inactiva-
ting of lobster claws has been carried out by
scientists of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada. The method offering the best ad-
vantages is that of securing the claws with
rubber bands or twine. The other methods
tried by the team consisted of either insert-
ing a small wooden or plastic plug in the
thumb joint of the claw; or cutting the lob-
ster's extensor tendons so that it was unable
to open its claw.

After months of experiments with all
three, and also with untreated lobsters, it
was found that the rubber band method had
distinct advantages over both ''plugging" and
"cutting.'' While the death rate among lob-
sters that had been banded was slightly high-
er than among those that had been "plugged,"
it was found that the insertion of the plugs
often caused serious damage to the claws.
This in turn tended to affect the appearance
of the shell and the meat, destroyed some of
the meat, and led to the development of off-
flavors.

The tendon-cut lobsters were not appar-
ently affected by the operation, but it was

Vol. 23, No. 11

found that at times, particularly during han-
dling, the claws opened when the lobsters
came into contact with others, and some of
the injuries inflicted at such times were
thought to have undoubtedly contributed to the
increased death rate in lobsters treated in
this manner.

The main complaints leveled against the
use of bands by Canadian fishermen is that
the bands tend to slip off, and that this partic-
ular method is slower than plugging or cutting.
(World Fishing, September 1961.)

>

Czechoslovakia

MAY PURCHASE MORE FROZEN
TUNA FROM JAPAN:

Czechoslovakia, which signed an agree-
ment with Japan in April 1961 to purchase
1,050 metric tons of frozen tuna, has indi-
cated that she would like to import an addi-
tional 900 metric tons, and Japan is shortly
expected to approve this second contract.
The contract price will be $290 a metric ton
c.i.f. for yellowfin tuna (including albacore
and bluefin) and $275 a ton (c.i.f.) for big-
eyed tuna.

Sales to Czechoslovakia, Libya, and Tunis-
ia, etc., not including Italy and Yugoslavia,
are expected to total 550 metric tons in Oc-
tober, 480 tons in November, and 1,000 tons
in December. (Suisan Tsushin, September 11,
1961.)

Translator's Note: According to earlier
press reports, Japan was to deliver 1,050
metric tons of frozen tuna to Czechoslovakia
between June and September 1961. Czecho-
slovakia had then indicated that she would
likely purchase more tuna if the shipments
proved satisfactory.

(gece

Denmark

EXPERIMENTAL TRAWLING FOR COD
OFF WEST GREENLAND:

The experimental fishery for cod off West
Greenland this summer, conducted by two
Danish steel cutters (equipped with bottom
and floating trawls) from Skagen, has been
characterized as a ''fiasco'' in newspaper ac-
counts. In four months the cutters were able

November 1961

Denmark (Contd.):

to catch only 100 metric tons of fish. The
unsuccessful effort cost the Greenland Na-
tional Council 300,000 kroner (US$43,500).
The contract was cancelled August 22, 1961.

The 100-foot vessels were chartered for
32,150 kroner ($4,700) each per month and
fished from Godthaab to Holsteinborg. One
reason for the failure was the lack of knowl-
edge of bottom conditions and ocean currents.

The owner of the cutters is less pessi-
mistic about trawling than the Council. His
company is investing 6,500,000 kroner
($943,000) in a fillet plant in Godthaab. When
the plant begins operations in 1963, the steel
cutters will fish again for polar cod, as he
believes unlimited quantities can be taken
in the winter. (August 25, 1961, report from
the Fisheries Attache, United States Embas-
sy, Copenhagen.)

sk ke oe See
KK OK ook ook ok

FISHERMEN LEAVE INDUSTRY:

Reports from the various Danish fishing
ports continue to indicate that fishermen are
leaving the fishing industry. At Esbjerg, the
largest port, it is believed 400 fishermen
have taken other jobs this summer. There
is little to indicate that they will return to
the fluctuating prices and incomes of the fish-
ing industry.

The head of the Esbjerg Fishery Associa-
tion has suggested that the Danish cutters
recruit Greenland and Faroese fishermen.
The Ministry for Greenland sees merit in the
suggestion as fitting in well with its educa-
tional program, and indicated it would con-
sider such a request from the Association.
At present substantial numbers of Faroese
fishermen fish on Icelandic, Norwegian, and
German vessels so it is reasonable to expect
they would fish on Danish craft. (Fisheries
Attache, United States Embassy, Copenhagen,
August 25, 1961.)

A LOR On eS
CIN eal reise

FISH FILLETS AND BLOCKS
AND FISHERY BYPRODUCTS EXPORTS:

January-May 1961:

Denmark exported 5.8 million pounds of fresh and frozen
fish fillets and blocks during May 1961. This represented
an increase of 2,3 million pounds as compared with May
1960. Of the total exports in May 1961, the United States
received 749,000 pounds, mostly cod and related species.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

45

From January through May 1961, Denmark shipped 5.8
million pounds of frozen fish fillets and blocks to the United
States, again mostly cod and related species,

Total exports of fresh and frozen fillets and blocks for
January through May 1961 amounted to 29.1 million pounds,
an increase of 9.5 million pounds over the same period in
1960, Exports of fillets and blocks of cod and related species
increased by 26 percent, and flounder and sole exports in-
creased by 45 percent.

Denmark's Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and |
Blocks and Fishery Byproducts, January-May 19614/

May |

Jan.- May

Product

(1000 LDS.) oc) .s.

dible products:
Fillets and Blocks:

Cod and related species .
Flounder and sole.....
LENIN Ghevetekay stetetsversteiis

2,947
2,356

440
Otherciersneucssene ease 88
Total. . 5,831

shalenewets (ShOrtstons)

Industrial products:

Fish meal, solubles, &
Similar products ...0. .:...|'2,2L0 12,977] 10,752

1/Shipments from the Faroe Islands and Greenland direct to foreign countries not in-

cluded.
2/Included with "other" category.

Denmark’s exports of fish meal, fish solubles, and other
similar products also increased from 1,928 short tons in May
1960 to 2,215 tons in May 1961, Exports of industrial fish-
ery products for the first five months of 1961 were 21 per-
cent greater than those of the same period in 1960. None of
those products were shipped to the United States,

In April 1961, Denmark exported almost 4,2 million pounds
of fresh and frozen fish fillets and blocks as compared to 5,0
million pounds in the same month of'1960, Shipments to the
United States in April this year totaled 644,000 pounds, mostly
of cod and related species. April 1961 total exports of fish
meal, fish solubles, and similar products of 839 short tons

were Substantially less than exports of 1,856 tons in April 1960.
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1961 p. 60.

January-June 1961:

Denmark exported 6,5 million pounds of fresh and fro-
zen fish fillets and blocks during June 1961. This repre-
sented an increase of 1,7 million pounds as compared with
June 1960. Of the total exports in June 1961, the United
States received almost 1.9 million pounds, mostly cod and
related species,

_From January through June 1961, Denmark shipped 7.7
million pounds of frozen fish fillets and blocks to the United
States, again mostly cod and related species,

Total exports of fresh and frozen fillets and blocks Jan-
uary through June 1961 amounted to 35.6 million pounds, an

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Denmark (Contd.):

increase of 11,2 million pounds over the same period in 1960.
Exports of fillets and blocks of cod and related species in-
creased by 30 percent, and flounder and sole exports in-
creased by 31 percent.

Denmark’s Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and
Blocks and Fishery Byproducts, January-June 19611/

(af June

- 1961 1960

=

Jan.-June

1961 1960

Siduay sieges (2,000 FIGDS 3) ie arene. «:

Product

Edible Products:
Fillets and Blocks:

Cod and related species| 3,740] 2,440 20,474 | 15,706

Flounder and sole ... 2,039| 2,182 | 10,232 7,837
PL@n TITS; taraich ener eltajie etre 485 = 4,161
(OA e\ ks rai hicnee Deca ariitt 223] 2/196 700 2/847
sat
BOTA is, ene aM ehacereine 6,487 | 4,818 | 35,567 | 24,390

eno (Shortvlons)it) ic are «

Industrial Products:
Fish meal, solubles, &

similar products .... 9,070] 5,080 | 22,047 | 15,832
|T/Shipments from the Faroe Islands and Greenland direct to foreign countries not in-
cluded,

2/Includes herring fillets.

Denmark’s exports of fish meal, fish solubles, and cher
similar products also increased from 5,080 short tons in June
1960 to 9,070 tons in June 1961. Exports of industrial fishery
products for the first six months of 1961 were 39 percent
greater than those of the same period in 1960, None of those
products were shipped to the United States.

intel (siolinlar hate tastar
se oe SK OK 3K

January-July 1961:

Denmark exported 5.5 million pounds of fresh and fro-
zen fish fillets and blocks during July 1961, This was an
increase of 1.7 million pounds as compared with July 1960.
Of the total exports in July 1961, the United States re-
ceived 1.2 million pounds, mostly cod and related species,

From January through July 1961, Denmark shipped 8,9
million pounds of frozen fish fillets and blocks to the United
States; again mostly cod and related species.

Total exports of fresh and frozen fillets and blocks Jan-
uary through July 1961 amounted to 41.0 million pounds, an

Denmark’s Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and
Blocks and Fishery Byproducts, January-July 1961)/

-
. July
IBpoduct

1961 | 1960 | 1961 | 1960

Jan.~July

a

aera faye peal OO0REDSs) nar cirene taltette
IBbdible Products:

Fillets and Blocks:
Cod & related species .| 2,325 1,906 22,799 | 17,612

Flounder and sole..../| 2,619 Ltite 12,851 9,609
Herring «00 ss00 6 6 «| 406 C 4,567 =
L Others ers teterehorersye 2 128 2/68 828 2/915
ANGEL 4 5 civ Geb Gece -| 5,478 3,746 41,045 | 28,136
See eeeres =» o(OhOrteLOnS)i. sues res
[pieitelss tae Products:
Fish meal, solubles, &
similar products ... .| 4,737 5,864 26,784] 21,696

1/Shipments from the Faroe Islands and Greenland direct to foreign countries not in-
cluded,
2/Includes herring fillets.

Vol; 235 None

increase of 12.9 million pounds over the same period in
1960, Exports of fillets and blocks of cod and related spe-
cies increased by 29 percent, and flounder and sole exports
increased 34 percent.

Denmark’s exports of fish meal, fish solubles, and other
similar products decreased from 5,864 short tons in July
1960 to 4,737 tons in July 1961. But exports of industrial
fishery products for the first seven months of 1961 were 23
percent greater than those of the same period in 1960. None
of those products were shipped to the United States.

se ale se le 3k
ble Set ce tees

MINK FARMERS BUY FOOD FISH:

Low prices for the fourth grade of plaice
in August 1961 made it possible for Danish
mink farmers to purchase these small food
fish at the fish auctions for as low as 5.8 U.S.
cents a kilogram (2.6 cents a pound), There
are substantial imports of fish waste from
Germany for mink food at a price of about
3.62 cents per kilo (1.7 cents a pound) to
which the cost of freight must be added. Dan-
ish fishermen have been unable to agree on
measures to set a minimum price for small
plaice and to increase the minimum size.
(The United States Embassy, Copenhagen,
Fisheries Attache reported on August 25,
1961.)

RETAIL FISH DEALERS DISCUSS
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION:

At the meeting of the National Organization
of Denmark's Retail Fish Dealers on August
21, 1961, in Horsens, the president announced
that the per capita consumption of fish in Den-
mark in 1960 was 14.5 kilos (round weight) or
31.9 pounds, an increase of 3.7 kilos or 8.1
pounds over 1959,

At the previous annual meeting the results
of Swedish research indicated that eating fish
could decrease the risk of arteriosclerosis.
Danish research has now demonstrated that
there was a connection between a high level
of cholesterol in the blood and the develop-
ment of arteriosclerosis. In a radio talk, Dr.
Erling Lund, a well known Danish physician,
stated that it was important that there be
eaten greater amounts than heretofore of the
fats and oils containing the unsaturated fatty
acids such as found in fish.

More fish retailers are installing freezer
cabinets but only about 2.2 million pounds of
frozen fish were sold in 1960. Fish retailers,
like fishing vessel owners, find it difficult to
secure labor. The number of independent re-

November 1961

Denmark (Contd.):

tail fish dealers is decreasing markedly.

The plans of the Health Department for regu-
lating the sale of frozen fish were welcomed.
A demand for date stamping all quick-frozen
fishery products is to be investigated. Regu-
lations governing chain-store operations were
pointed to by the Minister of Fisheries as a
protection against eventual competition with
foreign companies through membership in
the Common Market. Another Ministry of
Fisheries official reminded the retail deal-
ers that they, as well as fishermen, were
eligible for loans from the Danish Fishery
Bank.

The per capita consumption is deter-
mined annually by the Ministry of Fisheries
by adding the production and imports and de-
ducting the exports and dividing the popula-
tion by the remainder. The very large in-
crease from 1959 to 1960 stimulated a re-
check of the figures with the same result.
The Ministry official who prepared the fig-
ures ascribed the increase to the fact that
the depressed fish meal market forced more
Danish fishing vessels into producing food
fish rather than industrial fish. He also
thought there was an increased consumption
of fish fillets. (According to a report from
the Fisheries Attache, United States Embas-
sy, Copenhagen, dated August 25, 1961.)

Kok ok Ok Ok

SALES COOPERATIVE
HAS GOOD SEASON:

A Danish cooperative marketing agency,
which is affiliated with 26 fishery sales co-
operatives throughout Denmark, announced
at its annual meeting on August 19, 1961,
that it had had its best Season with sales a-
mounting to 15,300,000 kroner (US$2.2 mil-
lion), and a net profit of 130,000 kroner
($18,900), Half of the profit goes to share-
holders in proportion to their deliveries of
fish and half to the reserve fund which now
totals 440,000 kroner ($63,800). (An August
25, 1961, report from the United States Em-
bassy, Copenhagen, Fisheries Attache.)

aN

| y

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

47

Egypt

ORGANIZATION FORMED TO
DEVELOP MARINE RESOURCES:

A decree signed by Egypt's President on
September 12, 1961, officially establishing a
General Marine Wealth Development Organi-
zation, which is to be attached to the Office
of the Presidency, was published by the Egyp-
tian press September 13. The press account
follows:

"Article 1--A General Marine Wealth De-
velopment Organization is to be established
and attached to the Presidency. It is to be
regarded as an economic establishment gov-
erned by Law No, 265 for 1960,

"Article 2--This organization will serve
the following purposes:

"1, Contribute to the development of the
national economy of the Republic by working
out projects for horizontal and vertical ex-
pansion of fisheries.

"2, Increase the potentialities of the fish-
ing fleet and improve fish transport; improve
fish storage, marketing, diversification of
products and scientific and technical research.

"3, Improve fishery cooperatives finan-
cially and technically, through participation
in establishing them, participation in capital,
advancing loans and extending necessary as-
sistance in the light of the general coopera-
tives policy.

"4, Found or participate in founding es-
tablishments and companies and supervising
and guiding their activities.

"The Organization may also collaborate
with other establishmens to achieve its ob-
jectives.

"Article 3--The funds of the organization
will consist of:

"1, The capital of certain companies
which will be defined by Republican decree.

"2, The profits realized by the Organiza-
tion projects.

"3, The appropriation which will be set
aside in the State Budget for the Organiza-
tion's machinery.

48

Egypt (Contd.):

"4, Loans and aid to be granted by the
State.

"5, Funds raised by organizations and
accepted by the board of directors,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 11

German Federal Republic

FISH MEAL PRICES, SEPTEMBER 8, 1961:
Prices reported at Hamburg Commodity
Exchange as of September 8, 1961, for fish
meal delivered ex-Hamburg warehouse, or
c.&f, West German sea port were as follows:

Type of Fish Meal Protein Content (%)

Delivery

DM/Metric Ton 1/ | US$/Short Ton

50-55
55-60
60-65 oy
60-65
64-68
65-70
65-70

German fish meal. .ccece

” 2”
eococeoe

” std, brands

herring meal...

Peruvian fish meal sleretatete

Angola fish meal ...e.0e

Portuguese fish meal . oo.
Icelandic herring meal

loco

loco/ prompt 2/
vo ” 3/

Sept, 1961 ~
prompt

2/
Oct, 1961-Apr, 1962

65-70 Sept, 1961
50-55 prompt/Oct, 1961
70-75 oco/ Oct, 1961 2/

1/Values converted at rate of 4,0 deutsche marks equal US$1.

125.87

128,14

eS rd 131,54
140,28
142,88
120.78
123.61
138.35
123,61

149,69-151.76

8/

3/**Loco’® means where and as it is at the time of sale, and all subsequent expenses to be at buyer’s account,

3/Delivered coastal location,

a rae |

"Article 4--The Board of Directors of the
Organization will consist of a chairman and
a number of members to be appointed by a
Republican decree defining the remuneration
of each director and the term of their ap-
pointment.

"Article 5--The Board of Directors of the
Organization will be the supreme authority
to supervise its affairs and plan its policy.
It will have the right to take any measures
deemed necessary to achieve the Organiza-
tion's aims,

"The decree provides that the financial
year for this organization shall begin on
July 1 and end at the end of June the follow-
ing year,

"It is also stipulated that a further Re-
publican decree willbe issued establishing
the organization's budget.

"It also provides that the Director of the
Organization shall be appointed by a Repub-
lican decree fixing his remuneration.

"The decree comes intoeffect from the
date of its promulgation in the ‘Official
Journal',"

The Hydrobiological Institute is expected
tobe transferred from the Ministry of Agri-
culture to anew General Marine Wealth De-
velopment Organization, attached to the of-
fice of the Presidency. (United States Con-
sulate in Alexandria, September 14, 1961.)

—fe DOL RO

As compared with August 4, 1961, fish-
meal prices on the Hamburg exchange on
September 8, 1961, were mixed, with both
domestic and imported fish meal somewhat
higher on the average except for Peruvian
meal which was down about $4-5 a short ton.
(United States Consulate, Bremen, September
12, 1961.)

Ghana

SOVIETS AGREE TO SUPPLY
FISHING VESSELS:

The Government of Ghana signed an agree-
ment with the Soviet Union in Accra on Au-
gust 27, 1961, under which the Soviets will
supply 10 fishing vessels valued at G1,670,000
($4,676,000). The vessels will be delivered
within three years, the first deliveries arriv-
ing in 1962. Each vessel will carry a crewof
20 and have a capacity for 185 metric tons of
fish. The agreement was signed on behalf of
the Ghana Government Minister of Agricul-
ture, and the Trade Councelor of the Soviet
Embassy signed for the Soviet Union. (From
United States Embassy, Accra, August 31,
1961.)

November 1961

Greece

CONTROLS ON CANNED
FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS:

Canned fish products are included in Greek import com~-
modity List F-100 which covers commodities for which a
cash deposit of 140 percent of c.i.f. value (100 percent of
c.i.f. invoice value plus a 40 percent deposit of c.i.f. value
against import duties and taxes) is required at the time of
application for an import approval, This requirement ap-
plies to all commodities included in List F-100 regardless
of country of origin, However, there is no provision in cur-
rent licensing regulations which requires importers to make
the cash deposit within prescribed time-limits prior to
shipment of the goods involved, The advance deposit may
be made at any time before the date of shipment of the goods,
which is evidenced by the date of issuance of the relevant
bill of lading. Accordingly, if a Greek importer were noti-
fied promptly (i.e. by cable) of the scheduled date of ship-
ment of his order he could make the deposit immediately be~
fore that date, What is important and should be borne in
mind by foreign suppliers is that a prior-to-shipment im-
port approval is essential in the case of shipments consigned
to Greek importers, Settlement of shipping documents
covering unauthorized shipments (i.e. goods not covered by
a validated import approval issued prior to shipment) may
be effected only against payment of onerous cash penalties,

There is no practical way whereby foreign suppliers of
canned products may assist their Greek customers by fi-
nancing advance cash deposits, Greek regulations do not
permit Greek banks to finance these products. Moreover,
foreign exchange remittances made to beneficiaries in
Greece cannot be re-exported under currency control regu-
lations. Accordingly there is no legitimate way whereby
foreign suppliers could recover amounts remitted to their
customers,

The advance deposit requirement constitutes a burden
on the trade of all foreign countries shipping to Greece,
However, it is in line with the Greek Government’s over-
all trade policy-~in effect since the liberalized trade sys-
tem was adopted in 1953--of seeking to slow down the tem-
po of imports by placing added burdens on the cash assets
of importers, thereby reducing the volume of imports which
they can finance on a cash basis,

Greece in its foreign trade relations continues to run a
large deficit in its merchandise balance; for example, Greek
exports in 1960 covered only about 40 percent of the value
of imports into the country. It is hardly likely, therefore,
that the Greek Government will consider altering its import
regulations designed to limit the inflow of foreign products
in the near future, the United States Embassy in Athens re-
ported on August 29, 1961.

Iceland

FISHERY PRODUCTS EXPORTS TO
SOVIET BLOC, JANUARY-JUNE 1961:

Inthe first six months of 1961, Iceland ex-
ported 16,757 metric tons (valued at
US$3,150,000) of fishery products to the So-
viet Bloc countries. The decline in Iceland's
volume of trade with the Bloc countries which
occurred during the first half of 1960 con-
tinued during January-June 1961. Over -all
trade in both directions with the Bloc dropped
from 24.2 percent of total trade (imports and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

exports) with all countries to 18.0 percent.
The Bloc share of total trade (imports and
exports) during the first half of 1959 amounted
to 34.0 percent.

+

Icelandic Exports to Soviet Bloc, January-June 1961
(Country and Commodity Quantity Value f.o.b.
Metric 1,000 USS
Tons IKr. 1,000

Czechoslovakia:

Frozenitishe lee ee eee 1,571.0 23,285 613
Canned fish .......--. 60.6 3,569 94
Frozen herring ...+e2-- 4,128.8 21, 634 569
Fishtme ale megs icre. cae eters 354.2 1,546 41
Herring meal. .... 2.2 645.9 2,829 74
Cod-liver oil . ... =... 474.2 _ 4,401 116

Totalmm brevis e: ante wa “7, 234.7 | 57;264 | 1,506
East Germany:

Frozen herring . 2. .o0e+-++ eval) 1, 867 49
Saltihercing! Wits aie eteals Ea O58.9 21,030 553

TL tall aa ae eran 3,036.0 | 22,897 | 602
un :

Canned fish « .... s+ i 177 }
God-liventoilisi isis. ec es 31.0 288 8

OtAUEaeeme wate ei ee stelle Bynes 465 13
Poland:

Frozen herring), s/he s\qs =n 1,870.7 9750 257
Salttherrings. Shc. s-/0 1s) «) 2,000.0 14, 890 392
ishytme alii er,ofte: elec) (on et *. 402.7 1,694 45
Herringmeal .....2-- 302.1 1, 284 34
God=liverioil’ sce. 6 130.0 1, 182 31

Toluene a | 4,705.5 | 28,807 759|
Rumania

Frozen herring .....e-- 30.4 151 4
Saltiherring!.) isos «ues! slice 600.0 4,161 i10

Total . eA PROD 630.4 | 4,312 114
USRSPASHER Ss:

Frozen herring ......- 648.7 23098 68
Salted herring ......- 35.14 28563 68

Total Wevavny (ae wane 1,000.1 5, 181 136
China

Cod=liver oil eine: 2 ene 118.0 1, 108 pAe)

Grand Total (All Countries) 16, 757.0 ie)

—-
120,034 | 3, 15
aa]

: Values converted at rate of 38 jaonur equal US$1.

The Bloc share of all Icelandic exports
(about 92.5 percent was fishery products) de-
creased from 31.9 percent during the first
six months of 1960 to 11.3 percent during
January-June 1961. Imports from the Bloc
increased slightly from 20.3 percent to 23.2
percent, comparing the same periods.

While exports to Czechoslovakia and Po-
land during the first six months of 1961 in-
creased considerably, there was asharp de-
cline in exports to East Germany and the So-
viet Union, in particular. Frozen fish ac-
counted for most of the decline in exports to
those countries. During the first half of 1960
the Soviet Union was the leading buyer of fro-
zen fish and the quantity purchased by East
Germany was only exceeded by the United
States. As of the end of June this year, no
frozen fish had been exported to the Soviet
Union or East Germany. (United States Em-
bassy in Reykjavik, August 23, 1961.)

50

Iceland (Contd.):

FISHERY TRENDS, MID-AUGUST 1961:

The ex-vessel value of Iceland's 1961
summer herring landings has beenestimated
at 238.1 million kronur (US$5.4 million at
rate of 43 kronur to US$1). It is difficult to
estimate the final export value of the prod-
ucts derived from the landings because of
frequent fluctuations in meal and oil prices;
however, it probably will be about 500 mil-
lion Icelandic kronur (US$11.6 million). This
has been one of the best seasons, both with
regard to the quantity and quality of the her-
ring. On August 19, 1961, the total herring
catch amounted to 200,263 metric tons as
compared with 104,577 tons for the same pe-
riod of 1960. It was reported by the Iceland-
ic press on August 17 that an agreement with
the Soviet Union for 20,000 additional barrels
of salted herring had been signed.

The press also reported on August 22 the
approval of an Icelandic proposal at the Nor-
dic Council Economic Affairs Committee in
Oslo to establish a committee to discuss the
problem of fisheries in the Nordic countries
in connection with membership in the Euro-
pean Economic Community. The committee
was to convene in Reykjavik early in Septem-
ber, the United States Embassy in Reykjavik
reported on August 24, 1961.

Destination

605,239
175,177
111,413
50,765
38,774
48,139
32,532
17,559
8,188
252,683

Saudi Arabia.....
Britain....
Italyeveraress

Others 1/....

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 11

Italy

JOINT ITALIAN-JAPANESE COMMITTEE
TO INVESTIGATE FROZEN TUNA
REJECT CLAIMS:

Japan early in September 1961 formally
ratified the proposal to form a joint Italian-
Japanese investigation committee to study the
problem of frozen tuna reject claims in Italy.
The three members appointed to represent
Japan consist of one representative of a large
Japanese fishing company located in Genoa, a
representative of another Japanese fishing
company in Milan, and a third member who
will represent the Japan Export Trade Pro-
motion Organization (JETRO).

The committee will be located at Genoa,
Italy, and was expected to discuss at its first
meeting freezing conditions aboard Japanese
fishing vessels and supervision exercised by
Italy after the Japanese frozen tuna are landed
on the docks. Tenure of the committee is six

months. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, September 7,
1961.)
+
rs sie
Japan i

EXPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN OIL, 1956-60:
Japanese exports of canned tuna in oil of

1,340,469 cases during calender year 1960

were 20,608 cases or 15 percent less than in

415,365
153,093
105,915
87,738
44,595
67,263
71,581
69,143
43,212
303,172

265,886
145,844
76,302
67,110
32,102
22,503
49,625
41,570
30,803
140,511

252,891
148,626
110,118
712,389
51,429
58,736
48,902
712,849
150,302
223,733

i,

872,256

361,077

1960 ali 1959 | 1958 1957
aie ialoc sieeve. scetemene iT eielelelereiess (ACUUAL GASES) erevelaverierenaieversnete
Pan 337,640 268,454 242,972 405,371
beac 166,629 668,039 315,779 163,880
eee 836,200 494,584 313,505 615,724
orally. bee 1,340,469 1,361,077 872,256 1,184,975 878,276

November 1961

Japan (Contd.):

1959, but 468,213 cases or 35 percent more
than in 1958.

West Germany was the principal buyer
with 605,239 cases, or 45 percent, of the to-
tal exports. While the exports of the skip-
jack and albacore packs have fluctuated sub-
stantially, there has been a steady increase
in the exports of other tuna from 1958 through
1960.

EXPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN OIL,
APRIL-JULY 1961:

Data compiled by the Export Canned Tuna
Producers Association show that the amount
of canned tuna in oil approved for export
April-July 1961 amounted to over 521,000
actual cases, equivalent to about 390,000

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

However, on September 7, the Canned Tuna
Packers Association voted on an increase of
50 cents a case for canned albacore, This
means that tuna packers and exporters will
now have to resolve their differences over the
amount of the increase.

Pending developments at the forthcoming
price negotiations, the Packers Association
may bring up the question of raising once a-
gain the price of canned light meat tuna in
brine. Present price of canned light meat
tuna in brine (not including yellowfin) is $7.50
a case, and canned yellowfin $7.60 a case,
f.o.b. Japan. (Suisan Tsushin, September 6 &
8, 1961.)

Sle le gle she ste
rs ese sated es

CANNED TUNA IN BRINE
EXPORT PRICE RAISED:
At a meeting on September 19, 1961, the

Japan Canned Tuna Packers Association of-

Japanese Exports of Canned Tuna in Oil, April-July 1959-61 and Annual Totals for 1959-60

oy, Again Sears pie Fiscal Year Total April July Fiscal Year Total
Destination (April=March) (April-March)
ee aaa]
i sperercie afatateveheyotcl cveretonsreys + « e (Actual Cases)... ..-..06 baaaod sieisieajere
Gerimanygrterratersietersiete carerenelere 166,218 122,658 438,906 126,436 484,808
Ganadawreetersiekeretvencreheislalenerere 107,405 67,998 151,754 48,720 160,385
Netherlands\s\ereveloveleicieleieie oie ole 45,531 27,721 62,999 30,996 85,863
Switzerlandieperen evensievedvevcuetciere 27,431 26,709 68,578 11,933 36,918
Belginmpyaretepetste ciehercievels 19,889 22,042 53,197 87,705 92,360
Bnakitl on SoG Ob OnOOO GD OU 12,754 10,150 18,489 26,954 105,185
WEN oig6.0.6 BOGOD Odeo OGDO AG 4,010 1,800 15,337 19,354 26,584
@thericountri eStemsesl elteleieveel et eiste 138,017 58,646 279,561 166,597 485,063
2 Le |
istehoke SopoooouE | 521,255 337,724 1,083,816 [8,605 1,477,116

standard cases (48 7-oz. cans). This repre- [ fically voted to accept the agreement arrived

sents a considerable increase over the same

period in 1960 and 1959 when exports totaled

337,724 and 468,695 actual cases, respective-
ly. (Suisan Tsushin, September 11, and April
24, 1961.)

EXPORT PRICE OF CANNED ALBACORE
TUNA TO BE RAISED:

The Japan Canned Foods Exporters As-
sociation's Tuna Standing Committee met on
September 5 to discuss a price increase for
canned albacore tuna in brine, The commit-
tee agreed on a new price of $9.40 a case
(48 7-oz. cans) f.o.b. Japan. This is an in-
crease of 25 cents a case from the old price
of $9.15 a case.

at the joint meeting held on September 14-15
with the Exporters Association to raise the
export price of canned whitemeat tuna inbrine
by 40 cents a case for September's sale and
an additional 10 cents a case beginning in Oc-
tober. The Packers Association also agreed
on raising the export price of canned light-
meat tuna in brine (not including yellowfin) by
10 cents a case. Thus, the new export price
of canned white-meat tuna in brine was $9.55
a case f.o.b. Japan for September and was
$9.65 a case beginning in October. Therais-
ing of the export price of canned lightmeat
tuna in brine other than canned yellowfin by
10 cents a case brought the price of that pack
to the same level as that for canned yellowfin,
or $7.60 a case f.o.b. Japan, effective since
late June.

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

Some members of the Packers Association
were concerned that the export price of can-
ned yellowfin was not raised also, and agreed
to the new prices only after attaching the con-
dition that every effort should be made to
sell, as quickly as possible, the 79,000 cases
of canned yellowfin held in stock as of mid-
September 1961.

At the sale of canned tuna scheduled for
September, it was expected that 100,000 cases
each of canned whitemeat tuna and canned
lightmeat tuna would be offered. (Suisan
Tsushin September 16, and 20, 1961.)

FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO U.S.,
ABRMGTOAUGUST Alo; suo bus

The Japan Export Frozen Tuna Products
Association has furnished the following sta-
tistics on frozen tuna exports to the United
States directly from Japan for April 1-Au-
gust 19, 1961. Exports of yellowfin tuna to-
taled 14,186 short tons. Price range (per
short ton f.o.b. Japan) for size categories of
yellowfin were as follows: 20-80 pounds
(gilled and gutted) $270-$285; 20-100 pounds
$265-$290; 80-100 pounds $265-$280. Yel-
lowfin dressed $275-$285, fillet $275-$300.
Exports of frozen albacore were 5,137 short
tons with a price range of $320-$360 per ton.

Japan's export target of frozen tuna of
Atlantic origin for April 1-October 31, 1961,
was 11,950 short tons, consisting mostly of
albacore. Price range at transshipment
point (per ton f.o.b.) Cristobal or Port of
Spain was: albacore $270-$345; yellowfin
(gilled and gutted) $240-$280; yellowfin
dressed $220-$270. Data not available on
quantity of tuna transshipped to the United
States from Atlantic.

For April 1-October 31, 1961, Japan's
export target for Atlantic frozen tuna to Italy
is 17,831 long tons; Yugoslavia 5,292 long
tons; other European countries 2,649 long
tons. Price range f.o.b. transshipment points
(Dakar or Freetown): albacore $265-$300
per long ton; yellowfin (gilled and gutted)
$215-$240; yellowfin dressed $230-$260;
yellowfin fillet $240. These were the pre-
vailing price ranges reported during August.
(United States Embassy, Tokyo, September
13%) 19615)

KOK OK OK 3K

Vol. 23, Nona

HIGHER EXPORT PRICES FOR
ATLANTIC OCEAN FROZEN
TUNA CONSIDERED:

The Atlantic Ocean Tuna Committee of the
Frozen Food Exporters Association of Japan
met on September 7, 1961, to discuss amounts
and prices of Atlantic frozen tuna to be ex-
ported between October and December 1961.
The Tuna Committee agreed to raise the price
of yellowfin and big-eyed tuna from US$5 to
$15 a metric ton; establish two price classi-
fications, one for big-eyed tuna and the other
for yellowfin tuna, with albacore and bluefin
tuna under the yellowfin classification; and
sell lots of mixed fish with more than 50 per-
cent yellowfin (including albacore and bluefin)
at the same price as yellowfin. The Commit-
tee also set the amount of frozen tuna to be
exported to Italy for the month of October at
1,600 metric tons and for November at 1,000
tons, but didnot release a figure for December.

Decisions reached by this Committee are
not final. This Committee as of early Sep-
tember examined prices by markets and was
expected to come out with definite data the
week of September 11 on the amount of the
price increase it will propose, and later plans
on holding a joint meeting with producers to
discuss the matter. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
September 10, 1961.)

Export prices (c.i.f.) by markets furnished
by the Tuna Committee for Atlantic frozen
tuna follow:

Yellowfin

. » (Per Metric Ton). .
$290 $270
$285
$275
$285

$300
$290
$300

INCREASE REPORTED IN
FROZEN TUNA PRICES:
The August 24, 1961, Japanese periodical

Suisan Tsushin reported that the catch of yel-

lowfin tuna by the Japanese had been light.
Therefore, the price of frozen yellowfin for
export to the United States was rising day by
day. As of August 24, gilled and gutted fro-
zen yellowfin was reported selling at US$290
a short ton f.o.b.--an increase of $50 or so
from the same date a year ago. Fillets were
about $300 a ton, while loins sold as high as
$630 a ton. The price of albacore tuna also
was advancing and was reported to have
reached $360 a ton.

sk sk sk ose ok
TK OK OK OK OS

November 1961

Japan (Contd.):

FROZEN TUNA EXPORT
PRICES AT NEW HIGH:

Japanese prices of frozen tuna for export
to the United States in mid-September 1961
were reported to have reached a new high.
Prices f.o.b. Japan are: frozen yellowfin
gilled and gutted $300 a short ton, yellowfin
fillets $310 a ton, loins $420 to $430 a ton,
albacore about $370 a ton,

As of mid-September the trend was for in-

creased exports of fillets to the United States,

as well as loins. Also, exports of tuna other
than albacore and yellowfin were on the in-
crease, indicating a shortage of tuna in the
United States. (Suisan Tsushin, September
18, 1961.)

Or poy rea 0a) ee
eae Era Sy pa pe

TUNA MOTHERSHIP RETURNS
WITH FULL TRIP:

A Japanese tuna mothership No. 3 Tenyo
Maru (which departed for the South Pacific
tuna area in early May) arrived at the port
of Shimizu, Shizuoka Prefecture, on Septem-
ber 7, 1961. The vessel caught a total of
2,868 metric tons of albacore, 1,974 tons of

yellowfin, and 4,843 tons of spearfish, sharks,

and other species of tuna. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, September 7, 1961.

Translator's Note: Available catch re-
ports from Japanese trade journals show that
for the months of May and June, yellowfin
predominated inthe catch of the tuna mother-
ships Tenyo Maru and Nojima Maru, but their
catch for the season consisted mostly of al-
bacore. The Nojima Maru, caught 897 tons
of yellowfin and 465 metric tons of albacore
by late June. As of early September, that
vessel was reported to have caught 3,520
metric tons of albacore and 1,380 metric
tons of yellowfin, which means that for the
months of July, August, and part of Septem-
ber the vessel caught about 3,000 tons of al-
bacore and slightly less than 500 tons of yel-
lowfin. The Tenyo Maru was estimated to
have caught 1,900 tons of albacore andslight-
ly less than 700 tons of yellowfin during the
months of July and August.

pty pO BD. G0
ad bpd ba bey

TUNA MOTHERSHIP RETURNS
FROM FISHING GROUNDS:

The Japanese tuna mothership Nojima
Maru (8,503 gross tons) was expected to
reach her catch target of 7,500 metric tons

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

of frozenfish, primarily tuna, around Septem -
ber 22 and was scheduled to return to Kobe,
Japan, onOctober 5,1961. The vessel fished
in the South Pacific near the Fiji Islands.

Nojima Maru was expected to bring back
4,100 metric tons of frozen fish, of which
2,000 tons would be frozen albacore and 500
tons frozen yellowfin. Earlier in the season,
part of the Nojima Maru's catch was shipped
directly to Japan (three shipments) and one
transshipment of 770 metric tons of frozen
tuna was made to San Francisco. Including
these shipments, Nojima Maru caught a total
of 3,520 metric tons of albacore and 1,380
metric tons of yellowfin.

Catch of albacore was exceedingly good
this year as compared to previous years,
and in view of prevailing firm tuna prices the
Nojima Maru is expected to show a profit for
the first time. (Suisan Tsushin, September
to Gil)

Translator's Note: Two other Japanese
tuna motherships are still on the fishing
grounds: The Koyo Maru (7,500 gross tons)
with a catch target of 7,500 metric tons of
fish, mainly tuna; and the Jinyo Maru (7,200
gross tons) with a catch target of 3,500 metric
tons of tuna. Both motherships departed for
the South Pacific tuna fishing grounds near
the Fiji Islands in August.

FROZEN TUNA FROM FIJI ISLANDS
TRANSSHIPPED TO THE UNITED STATES:
A Japanese fishing company, which oper-
ates the tuna mothership Nojima Maru (8,503
gross tons), transshipped 860 short tons of
the mothership's catch to San Francisco via
Suva, Fiji Islands. The carrier vessel Tsu-
kishima Maru (1,170 gross tons) carrying
this shipment departed Suva on August 24,

The carrier vessel (No. 35 Banshu Maru)
of another Japanese fishing company, was
due to pick up 750 short tons of frozen tuna
from the same company's tuna mothership
Koyo Maru for delivery to the United States.
This transfer was also to take place at Suva,
and the Banshu Maru departed Suva on Sep-
tember 6. This vessel was scheduled totrans-
port an additional 750 short tons of frozen
tuna to the United States in early October.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, September 7, 1961.)

Pt bed

se ke ok
* ook OK

54

Japan (Contd.):

FISHERY AGENCY STUDYING
RELAXATION OF REGULATIONS
ON PORTABLE VESSELS FOR
TUNA MOTHERSHIPS:

The Japanese Fishery Agency in August 1961 was re-ex-
amining the licensing policy for portable-vessel-carrying
tuna motherships so as to revise it to make it more realis-
tic. Under the present system, which was approved in A-
pril of this year, owners of large tuna vessels who wish to
fish with one portable vessel (size limited to 20 tons) must
withdraw from the tuna fishery one distant-water tuna fish-
ing vessel; those who wish to fish with two portable vessels
must put up the equivalent of 50 tons of distant-water fish-
ing vessel rights, and they can utilize the unused tonnage of
the vessel withdrawn from the tuna fishery to enlarge other
medium and distant-water tuna vessels under the tonnage
replacement system. As for owners of vessels who fished
with one portable vessel prior to the enactment of the pres-
ent regulations and who wish to fish with two portable ves-
sels, they are required to put up 25 tons of distant-water
tuna vessel rights for the second portable vessel.

Under the direction of the Fishery Agency, the 16 com-
panies planning to operate portable-vessel-carrying tuna
motherships formed an association whereby this associa-
tion would purchase distant-water fishing vessel rights and
allocate those rights to its members by lottery. This would
then eliminate unnecessary competition between companies
to purchase vessel rights, which otherwise would drive the
market for vessel rights higher. A total of 31 large tuna ves-
sels was registered with the association, and the association
was to have completed procuring distant-water tuna fishing
vessel rights by the end of August. -As of late August, a total
of 15 vessels (out of the 31 vessels listed) has been licensed
to operate as portable-vessel-carrying tuna motherships,
each carrying one portable vessel,

The association is reported not to have been successful
at all in procuring vessel rights for replacement purposes,
The association claims the regulations are too strict and
wants them changed. It also claims the price of distant-
water tuna vessel rights is very high. Then, too, none was
available for sale, which made it impossible for the associ-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ation to accomplish its objective before the August 31 dead-
line.

The Fishery Agency realizes that present requirements
are too stringent and feels that the Agency should help the
association along in developing the portable-vessel-carrying
tuna mothership industry and is expected to liberalize existing|
regulations. However, the Fishery Agency does not want to
jeopardize that segment of the tuna fishing industry connected
with the operation of ordinary tuna fishing vessels and will
make a final decision after consulting with the National Fed-
eration of Tuna Fishing Cooperative Associations. (Suisan
peal Shimbun, August 2; Nippon Suisan Shimbun, August 21,

Translator’s Note: The cost per ton of a distant-water
tuna vessel right is said to be well over $800. This means
that if a boat owner wishes to build two portable boats, he
must, under the present regulations, procure the right to 50
tons of a distant-water tuna fishing vessel for replacement
purposes, At present prices, this would cost him at least
$40,000 (50 x $800) before he can even start building two
portable boats of less than 20 tons each.

The Fishery Agency has not yet decided on the disposition
of a Japanese fishing company’s large tuna vessel No, 21 Ku-
roshio Maru, which was specially licensed to fish on an ex-
perimental basis with 6 portable vessels last year. The ques-
tion is whether it should permit this vessel to operate this
year with 5 portable vessels or with 4 portable vessels. (Sui-
San Keizai Shimbun, August 2, 1961.)

Slatenl dala ’ckomects
36: 6) kK. ski sk

Vol! 235 No sella

CANNED SALMON 1960 PACK
CARRY-OVER AS OF MARCH 31, 1961:

As of March 31, 1961 (end of fiscal year
1960), the carry-over from the Japanese 1960
canned salmon pack amounted to 219,390 cases
(48 1-lb. cans per case), The carry-over in-
cluded 188,110 cases of sockeye or red salm-
on, 15,540 cases of silver, 12,230 cases of
king, 3,050 cases of pink, 100 cases of chum,
and 360 cases of salmon tidbits. Included in
the total carry-over was 12,500 cases of red

| salmon packed from frozen salmon purchased

from the United States. (United States Em-
bassy in Tokyo, September 12, 1961.)

Sle gle gle Sle gle
Pee Raters eens

CANNED SHRIMP EXPORTED TO U.S.
FOR FIRST TIME:

A large Japanese fishing firm began to ex-
port 5,000 cases of canned shrimp to the
United States, for the first time in July 1961
and completed the entire shipment by mid-
August 1961. It was rumored that the selling
price was not quite $15 per case f.o.b. as
originally planned. In August, some 10,000
cases were expected to arrive from the North
Pacific shrimp factoryship and the company
intends to export them all tothe United States
and Europe.

The company which operated the world's
first shrimp-canning factoryship in the Ber-
ing Sea this year, will handle more than half
of the export quantity and the remainder
through 2 or 3 large exporters. Three other
large fishing firms are pushing their plans to
also fish and can shrimp in the Bering Sea
next year with newly-acquired machinery.

With the canned shrimp, frozen shrimp
will also be exported to the United States
through San Francisco, and to Australia. Up
to the present time, the firm operating this
year's factoryship has been exporting annual-
ly some 1,000 metric tons of frozen shrimp
produced inthe Seto Inland Sea and Kyushu
to the United States. Poor shrimp fishing in
Japan this year has made it necessary for the
firm to export the shrimp caught in the North
Pacific.

The shrimp-canning factoryship (Eijin
Maru) production target is 50,000 to 60,000
cases of canned and 3,500 tons of frozen
shrimp. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, August 2,
1961.)

Mee eebisten inlet ial
> a ad

November 1961

Japan (Contd.):

FROZEN SHRIMP IMPORTS FROM
MEXICO VIA U. S. UP SHARPLY:

Since 1959, Japanese shrimp imports have
shown a marked increase. In that year total
shrimp imports amounted to 529,000 pounds,
with Communist China being the principal
supplier with 508,800 pounds (96 percent) and
the balance from South Korea.

In 1960, Japanese shrimp imports rose to
1,370,000 pounds, with South Korea, Com-
munist China, and Hong Kong accounting for
91 percent of the total. Imports in pounds
were: South Korea 270,000, Communist China
454,000, Hong Kong 433,000, Kuwait 10,000,
Australia 2,000, United States domestic
90,000, and Mexican re-exports from the
United States 115,000.

During the first 5 months in 1961, Japan
imported 1,420,000 pounds of shrimp which
is more than for the entire year of 1960. Im-
ports of shrimp of Mexican origin and re-
exported from the United States accounted
for 1,150,000 pounds or 81 percent of all
shrimp imports for that period. Imports
from other countries were, in pounds: United
States domestic 124,000, South Korea 14,000,
Communist China 31,000, Hong Kong 55,000,
Iran 10,000, British North Borneo 18,000, and
El Salvador 19,000. (United States Embassy,
Tokyo, report dated August 23, 1961.)

Note: Information did not indicate type of shrimp, but most of

the imports and re-exports from the United States were frozen
shrimp,

PRODUCTION REPORT FROM NORTH
PACIFIC SHRIMP FACTORYSHIP
AS OF AUGUST 2:

The Japanese shrimp factoryship Bijin
Maru operating in the North Pacific reported
that as of August 2, 1961, it packed 30,952
cases of canned shrimp and 3,000 metric tons
of frozen shrimp. This was 50 percent of its
production target.

Operations have proved to be satisfactory.
In the beginning, the vessel canned about 250
cases a day, but beginning early in August the
pack was increased to 600 cases a day.

Three other Japanese fishing companies
are reported interested in North Pacific
shrimp fishing and they are planning to op-
erate shrimp factoryships next year. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, August 17, 1961.)

Hk sk ook oe ook

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

55

DEVELOPMENTS IN BERING SEA
BOTTOMFISH FISHERY:

Japanese press reports appearing earlier
this year indicated that 21 fleets with over
200 catcher vessels were planning to fish with
long lines, trawls, and gill nets off the shelf
extending out from the Russian coast between
Cape Navarin and Cape Olyutorski. Subse-
quent news reports indicated that these fleets
concentrated on halibut at the beginning of the
season. As catch of halibut declined, they
switched to fishing for sablefish (black cod),
then for herring.

Catch of herring in August was reported
to be good with some fleets averaging 200
tons a day. However, as of early September,
saury fishing in Japan was in full swing, caus-
ing a sharp drop in the price of herring. The
Bering Sea fleets in September were reported
to have switched back to catching sablefish
and other bottomfish. Reports indicate that
many of these vessels may wind up the sea-
son in the red this year. (Source: Various
Japanese periodicals.)

EXPERIMENTAL FISHING SOUTH OF
ALASKA PENINSULA IN 1960:

In 1960, three Japanese fishing companies
were issued permits by the Fishery Agency
to conduct exploratory fishing south of the
Alaska Peninsula (off Kodiak Island). Opera-
tions were carried out August 20-September
25 in waters north of 53930! north latitude
and between 155° and 165° west longitude.

Seven vessels of the 70- to 80-ton class
were employed in the exploratory operations.

The types of gear used were the Danish
trawl, gill nets, longline, and midwater trawl.
A total of 157 drags were made with the Dan-
ish trawls of which 53 were unsuccessful be-
cause of breaks in the nets caused by fouling
on rocky bottom. The number of gill-net sets
totaled 34, of which 23 were set on the ocean
floor and the remainder were fished on the
surface. Eighteen sets were made with long
lines using a total of 1,015 baskets of gear.
No success was had with midwater trawls or
surface gill nets.

A total of 306.9 metric tons of fish were
caught with rockfish, arrow-toothed halibut,
and Alaska pollock accounting for 94 percent
of the total catch. In order of importance in
total quantity taken was rockfish with 150.3
metric tons, arrow-toothed halibut 79.5 tons,

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 11

Japan (Contd.): low of 74,4 percent in 1960 to a high of 89 percent in 1956,
Of Japan’s total exports, the United States imported between

F a high of 52 percent in 1958 and a low of 46 percent in 1960.
Alaska pollock 57.9 tons, sablefish 10.2 tons, 3 E E Be

cod 6.7 tons, flounder 1.6 tons, and halibut Table 1 - Japan’s Exports of Canned Crab Meat (all species),
0.7 tons, Herring, the principal species pep Seheo nll
sought, were not present in the area fished (Country of | al
or, if present, were unavailable to the gear Destination uO | 1959 1958 | 1957 | 1956
FISHEO ss FG. oe) oye lysed?) Pua e's «i cut Gea lly, Shee ea eee mete ane (Cases of 48 8-oz. Cans)......
i United States .. .| 222,667] 308,319] 297,628 | 304,522 | 257,300
The Danish trawl caught 98.6 percent of United Kingdom .| 135,785 | 192,370 | 181,802 | 244.697 | 210,026
the total catch followed by long lines with1.1 ||France....... 42,900 1530 722 445 -
“1 FLA Wali ys S: 2 se vee 6,671 8,2 7,813 5,117
percent and bottom gill nets 0.3 percent. Gauss eee Ss 3/021| 11.355| 7’5e2| 107438
Other European
Regulations by the Fishery Agency pre- Countries... .| 46,820] 50,136] 53,579] 48,857
= r i ‘al So. & Central
scribed that all halibut and salmon taken TG Sh Acris oan 1,486] 2 1,819 |* (1,013) |+-1;122
ing the operations were not to be retained. hee qe Dea iasees Aerts = 505 12,278
A z UStRaLLAys sone epee > , ? ,
It was reported that the halibut taken, togeth Inerisa Sieielde 1668| 1.995) 2/022] 2/887
er with 1 red salmon and 3 pink salmon were ||Near East... - 896 756) 1,478] 3,177
released Others .. Ne: 677 863 395 -
Total... . .| 483,274 | 606,757 |573,107 |649,083

Early in 1961, the same three companies
submittee applications to the Fishery Agency
for continuation of the exploratory operations | =
which were started in 1960. These applica-
tions in August 1961 were under study. (From
an August 16, 1961, report submitted by the

Table 2 - Japan’s Exports of Canned Crab Meat by Species,
1956-1960

1960 [1959 | 1958

Species

cNedetorsee (Cases of 48 8-oz. Cans)......

2 : 1 King crab ... . |306,044 | 488,025 | 447,290 [399,113 | 223,124
Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy, Kegani crab. . | {169,507 | 108,868 | 113,309 | 239,827 | 289.871
Tokyo.) Hanasaki crab..| 7,723| 9,864] 12,508] 10,143

Eo Total.... . .|483,274 | 606,757 | 573,107 |649,083 |524,354

Table 3 - Japanese Exports of Canned Crab-Meat to

U.S. by Species, 1956-1960
i Species

1960 1959: | 1958
(Cases of 48 8-oz. Cans
ing crab... |170,708|271,515
eganicrab . 51,659 .
Keser crab 300

222,667 | 308,319

ENTRY OF DUTY-FREE FISH MEAL
PRODUCED BY FACTORYSHIP
OFF ANGOLA PERMITTED:

Following the announcement that a Japa-
nese fishing firm planned on dispatching its
fish meal factoryship Renshin Maru (14,094
gross tons) to the waters off Angola, the ques- Surpass
tion was raised whether an import duty should

160,785
93,605
2,910

otal ae 297,628 [304,522

be placed on the fish meal produced by the
company's factoryship and brought back to
Japan, inasmuch as the company planned on
utilizing Angolan fishing vessels as catcher
vessels. After fully considering this matter,
the Japanese Government has decided to per-
mit the free entry of fish meal produced by
this company's factoryship since Peruvian
fish meal is presently being entered free of
duty into Japan. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
September 9, 1961.)

EXPORTS OF CANNED
CRAB MEAT, 1956-60:

Exports of canned crab meat (including king, kegani,
hanasaki) by Japan in 1960 amounted to 483,274 cases
(48 8-oz, cans) or about 14.8 percent less than the 1956-60
average of 567,315 cases, The United States and the United
Kingdom were Japan's best customers for canned crab
meat. Purchases by those two countries varied between a

FISHERY LANDINGS AT YAIZU,
AUGUST 1961:

Landings of tuna and other fish at the im-
portant Japanese tuna port of Yaizu during
August 1961 totaled 7,628 metric tons; 1,779
tons, or 23 percent more than for August 1960.
The value of the August 1961 landings was
US$1,890,952, a gain of $59,333 or 3.2 percent
over the August 1960 value. Ex-vessel prices
for tuna continued to average higher thanthose
paid a year ago.

Yaizu Fishery Landings, August 1961
Metric Tons

Species

Tuna:
Albacore
Skipjack
Other tavan.

Mackerel

November 1961

Japan (Contd.):

Landings of all fish at Yaizu this year dur-
ing January-August totaled 91,621 tons valued
at $23,541,666 ex-vessel--3,260 tons more
than last year in quantity and $3,363,750 more
in value. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, September
ie 1961.)

Se ge Sk ke
Kk Kk ook ok

LARGE FISHING FIRM SURVEYS
SITES FOR ATLANTIC BASES:

The chief of the trade section of a large
Japanese fishery firm left Tokyo on Septem-
ber 19, 1961, to make a survey of possible
sites for constructing fishing bases in the
Atlantic Ocean area. He expected to visit
such places as Dakar, Las Palmas (Canary
Islands), and Guatemala, but would first visit
Las, Palmas where his company plans to build
a cold-storage plant. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun,
September 18, 1961.)

oe ok ook ok ok

PRODUCTION OF FISH SAUSAGE
AND HAMS INCREASES:

Production of fish (tuna and tuna-like are
generally the principal ingredients) ham and
sausages in Japan for the first six months of
1961 was estimated at 36,200 metric tons.
This represents an increase of about 30 per-
cent over the same period last year, when
production totaled 27,700 metric tons. Pro-
duction of fish hams showed the greatest in-
crease, from 5,300 tons in January-June
1960 to 7,500 tons in the same period of 1961,
or about a 42 percent increase. Fish saus-
age production this year totaled 28,700 tons,
as compared to 22,400 tons last year, an in-
crease of about 28 percent.

Hopes were held of producing over 100,000
tons of fish sausages and fish hams this year
(1960 production was 85,500 tons), but it
seems that this target may be somewhat dif-
ficult to achieve. Production was down in
February and March (tuna-like fishes which
are used extensively in the production of fish
sausages and hams were in very short sup-
ply at that time) but picked up in April. Pro-
duction for June 1961 exceeded by 60 percent
that of June 1960. The increase in 1961 pro-
duction is attributed primarily to the estab-
lishment of a number of large new fish saus-
age-ham plants. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
September 10, 1961.)

se ose
Kk OK

siciictar pale:
mk ok OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

57

REFRIGERATED CARRIER VESSELS
UNDER CONSTRUCTION:

The refrigerated carrier vessel Kazushima
Maru (3,800 gross tons), which is being built
for one of Japan's large fishing companies, is
expected to be completed in December, This
company is also constructing a 9,500-ton re-
frigerated carrier vessel named Takashima
Maru, which is scheduled to be launched in
mid-December. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, Sep-
tember 8, 1961.)

SOVIET FISHERIES MISSION COMMENTS
ON JAPANESE NORTH PACIFIC
HIGH-SEAS FISHING OPERATIONS:

In June and July 1961 an eight-man Soviet fisheries
mission inspected Japanese high-seas fishing operations
in the North Pacific and shore installations at Hokkaido,
Japan, This mission was in exchange for an eight-man
mission sent by Japan to Kamchatka and Sakhalin in June
1961.

The Soviet mission was divided into three groups:
(1) mothership team, (2) Hokkaido team, and (3) research
ship team,

The mothership team boarded the Japanese North Pa-
cific salmon mothership Meisei-Maru,

The Hokkaido team visited fish markets, salmon can-
neries, shipyards, can and net manufacturing plants, a
mink farm, research Stations, and fish hatcheries,

The research team went aboard the Japanese research
vessel Hokko-Maru, to observe experiments testing the
fishing efficiency of gill nets having meshes of varying
sizes,

The Soviet mission held several press conferences after
completion of their scheduled trip commenting that (1) equip-
ment on Japanese fishing vessels was very good but accom-
modations for the crews were very poor; (2) standards were
high in can manufacturing and salmon canning but not as
mechanized as in the U.S.S.R.; (3) canning techniques were
good but Soviet canned salmon and mackerel are of better
quality; (4) Soviet Union was releasing 2 billion young salm-
on in the next two years compared to Japan’s planned sched-
ule to release 800 million; (5) Japan must exert greater ef-
forts in the field of salmon propagation for the protection of
the salmon resources common to both countries; (6) addition-
al experts should be added to the exchange missions; (7) Ja-
pan Should expand its restricted fishing area because of poor
spawning conditions and increased catches by the Japanese
fishing fleets outside the restricted or regulated area of
North Pacific Soviet-Japanese convention waters,

Six members of Japan’s fisheries mission to U.S.S.R. in-
spected fishery operations in West Kamchatka and 2 men
observed research work conducted on a Soviet survey ves-
sel, (U. S, Embassy, Tokyo, August 9, 1961, despatch.)

Libya

FISHERIES TRENDS, AUGUST 1961:
The tuna fishing season in Tripolitania,
which occurred during the second quarter of

58

Libya (Contd.):

1961, was reported a failure by reliable un-
official sources due to the non-appearance
of any sizable schools of tuna for the first
time in years. No large catches were re-
ported, and coastal fishermen at the end of
June were pulling in their nets. It appeared
likely that the several tuna canneries on the
Tripolitanian coast would have to buy fish,
probably from the Japanese. Predatory fish,
such as shark and dogfish, were thought to
have driven the schools away.

The appearance of Greek sponge fishing
boats in April signified the opening of the
season in Tripolitania. Reportedly dissatis-
fied with high license fees in Tripolitania,
they shifted their operations to Cyrenaica,
but results of their operations were not
known as of mid-August this year.

In addition to the German fisheries ex-
perts who visited Libya in the first quarter,
a Nationalist Chinese expert was reported in
Tripoli at the end of June. The Government
was apparently welcoming advice regarding
its earlier decisions (in January this year)
to establish a Federal Fisheries Service.
Finally a Ministry of National Economy order,
published in June, established a temporary
Fisheries Affairs Office under the Ministry.
(United States Embassy, Tripoli, report of
August 25, 1961.

)
pb . sd

Mexico

EX-VESSEL SHRIMP PRICES
AS OF AUGUST 28, 1961:

On August 23, 1961, ex-vessel shrimp prices at Mexico’s
Gulf ports of Carmen and Campeche increased again. Due
to prevailing high prices, it was reported that practically
no shrimp were being peeled and deveined in that area. A
further increase in ex-vessel prices took place on August 28
when prices increased 2 cents a pound for 36-40 count shrimp

[Ex-Vessel Prices, Carmen-Campeche, All Species (Headless)
=|
Count
per Lb, August 28 August 23 August 18 July 26 |
Sree eel Bye (WU S.CentararPound) .cicd5 cel. 3
Wi/iS eer ere 78 78 74 64
16/20' "| 72 72 68 57
Au 25 ater 66 66 62 52
26/30 .. 60 60 57 47
S/ Soi 56 56 51 42
36/40 .. 50 48 45 37
41/50. 5. 43 42 39 32
36 27
18

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23; Noses

and one cent a pound for 41-50 count shrimp. (United States
Embassy in Mexico City, August 25 and 30, 1961.)

IMPORT PERMIT REQUIRED
ON MANY FISHERY PRODUCTS:

Effective June 28, 1961, the Mexican list
of products requiring a prior import permit
includes many fishery products. Import con-
trol on fishery products applies also to en-
tries into Mexican free zones and perimeters.

The fishery products listed are: Tariff
Schedule Number and Product: 040.00.00,
lobsters; 040.00.01, oysters in the shell;
040.00.98, shellfish and mollusks, not speci-
fied; 040.00.99, fish; 041.00.01, squid, frozen;
041.00.22, shrimp, freshor chilled; 041.00.03,
shrimp, frozen; 041.00.05, huachinango (por gy),
frozen; 041.00.07, lobster, frozen; 041.00.10,
salmon, fresh or chilled; 041.00.11, salmon,
frozen; 041.00.12, sardines, fresh or chilled;
041.00.13, sardines, frozen; 041.00.98, fish,
fresh, chilled, or frozen, not specified;
042.00.00, herring, smoked, cooked, salted,
salt-pressed, or dried; 042.00.01, cod, smoked,
cooked, salted, salt-pressed, or dried;
042.00.02, shrimp, smoked, cooked, salted;
salt-pressed, or dried; 042.00.03, salmon
smoked, cooked, salted, salt-pressed, or dried;
042.00.04, sardines, smoked, cooked,
salted, salt-pressed, or dried; 042.00.96, food-
stuffs, containing fish, crustaceans, shellfish,
or mollusks, not hermetically packed, not
specified; 042.00.97, crustaceans, shellfish or
mollusks, smoked, cooked, salted, salt-pressed,
or dried, not specified; 042.00.98, fish, cooked,
salted, salt-pressed, or dried, not specified.

Mexico added the following to the above
list, effective July 28: 892.09.05, fish nets of
vegetable fibers; 892.09.06, fish nets of arti-
ficial or animal fibers or mixtures thereof.
Effective July 29: 042.00.99, fish, smoked,
not specified. (Foreign Commerce Weekly,
August 14 and September 11, 1961.)

Netherlands

OYSTER INDUSTRY PLANS FOR SURVIVAL
WHEN PRODUCING AREA IS
CUT OFF FROM SEA:

To prevent a reoccurrence of the disas-
trous floods of January 31, 1953, in the south-
western part of the Netherlands, the Govern-
ment established a special study commission,

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ae)

Netherlands (Contd.): for the growth and fattening of oysters, but it
may be necessary to eliminate the excess of
sand and silt before the water can be used in
an oyster culture project. Rearing of oyster
larvae and artificial production of oyster spat
is certainly possible, should i:itural reproduc-
tion fail in a man-made oyster area. The
rearing procedure is, however, not yet fool-
proof; though ways to improve it have been
found,

the so-called Delta Commission, which advo-
eates a considerable shortening of the Dutch
coastline, especially in the south-western
district. Such a procedure would not only
make defense against the sea easier, but
would also lead to the creation of huge bodies
of fresh water, to be filled by the Rhine River.

The Dutch Parliament decided in principle

to follow the advice of the Delta Commission. It has now been decided to construct an

One of the estuaries to be cut off from the
sea is the Oosterschelde, the artery of the
Dutch oyster industry. Holland is the second
oyster-producing country in Europe, but in
mechanization and scientifically-guided con-
trol of predators, parasites, and diseases, it
ranks among the first in the world.

Well over 30 million Dutch oysters were
marketed in the 1960/61 season, and the town
of Yerseke, with its large oyster storage

artificial oyster-rearing area to continue the
experimental work and to develop new tech-
niques of oyster cultivation. This project will
be constructed behind the recently-completed
enclosure dam north of the city of Veere, in
stagnant but saline water, close to the open
North Sea. It will consist of a large, rather
shallow basin which can take up fresh sup-
plies of sea water at high tide. After the sed-
imentation of excess sand and silt, this water
will be led in wide channels to the area where

basins and its important fleet (it is the third
fishing port of the Netherlands) flourishes.

the oysters are kept. Since current velocities
will differ from section to section of the chan-
nels the best conditions for growth and fatten-

Though it will take some 15 years before
the Oosterschelde is cut off from the sea,
Zealand oystermen are already faced with
the problem of whether to advise their sons
to choose this very specialized profession.
The construction of the huge enclosure dam
in the Oosterschelde will no doubt mean the
end of Yerseke as a European oyster center,
but will it also mean the definite and irrevo-
cable loss of the Dutch oyster industry? Is
it really impossible to grow oysters ona
commercial scale in other areas on the Dutch
coast, or to execute engineering works to
make a well-chosen section suitable for a
profitable cultivation of oysters?

The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries
ordered investigations aimed at perpetuation
of the Dutch oyster industry. A field labora-
tory of the Netherlands Institute for Fishery
Investigations was set up in Wemeldinge; the
work began there in 1955, efforts being made
to rear oyster larvae indoors.

It can now be concluded from these in-
vestigations that growth and fattening of oys-
ters is possible under conditions differing
considerably from those prevailing in the
oyster district of the Oosterschelde. When
an appropriate technique can be developed,
oysters can be grown on sandy bottom at low
current velocities. The phytoplankton con-
tent of several water masses is high enough

ing can be found after a few years of experi-
mentation. Frequent analysis of the water in
settling basinand rearing channels will make
it possible to study the factors conducive to
oyster culture.

The oystermen from Yerseke will be con-
fronted with this work at frequent intervals,
and their practical advice will be very wel-
come indeed. Thus science and the industry
will try to find out together how to grow oys-
ters in a man-made area. The experience
gained over several years will be used to de-
cide when such a new technique can be fool-
proof and profitable enough to warrant the in-
vestment required for oyster culture ona
scale comparable with the present. (World

Fishing, September 1961.)

Norway

FISHERMEN AND THE COMMON MARKET:
The Norwegian Government should not con-
sider that Norwegian fishermen, as a matter
of course, will agree to foreign fishermen
generally being permitted to fish within Nor-
wegian fishing limits, according to press re-
ports of a statement made by the head of Nor-
way's Fishery Association at the national
meeting in Trondhjem on August 21, 1961.

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Norway (Contd.):

He said that the fishermen must understand
clearly what it will cost to join or not join
the Common Market. (As reported by the
Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy,
Copenhagen, on August 25, 1961.)

Se cle ak oe
Meaceisiss okt oe

FISH MEAL INDUSTRY FACES CRISIS:

The crisis in Norway’s fish meal and oil industry has
now been reported on by a committee set up to deal with
the matter. The crisis resulted from the combined effects
of the failure, since 1957, of the traditional winter herring
fishery and the drop in world market prices for meal and
oil since 1959, The amount of winter herring bought by the
reduction plants has dwindled from a maximum 911,400
metric tons in 1956 to a mere 7,440 tons this year, less
than would normally be taken by the plants for just one
day’s operation at full capacity.

This development has completely changed the economic
status of the Norwegian meal and oil industry, The fisher-
men have, of course, been seriously affected, but they can
at least turn to other fishing with Government subsidies.

There are 76 meal and oil plants in Norway, with a daily
handling capacity of 47,917 tons. The price crisis has af-
fected all the plants, but the 53 in Western Norway (from
Egersund to Kristiansund) which rely almost exclusively
on the winter season for raw material have been extremely
hard hit,

Since World War II, the Norwegian meal and oil industry
has become of major importance, and has made use of more
than 50 percent of the total Norwegian fishery catch. Her-
ring provides the main source of supply, and since the war
the reduction plants have taken 76 percent of all landed
winter herring and 85 percent of all fat and small herring.
From 1953 through 1957 Norway accounted for 16.9 per-
cent of the world’s production of fish meal, This shrunk
to 8.3 percent in 1958, and 7.2 percent in 1959. The industry
also provided a valuable export trade for the country; during
1953-57, the Norwegian share of the world export of fish
meal averaged 35 percent. It fell to 17.3 percent in 1958 and
to 11.6 percent in 1959.

The Nowegian Government is at present trying to build up
the industry with marketing guarantees to the meal and oil
manufacturing companies, and with price subsidies to the fish-
ermen, This has led to increased fishing for North Sea fish
(North Sea herring, sand eels, and Norway pout) by trawlers,
and the establishment of industrial purse-seine fishing for
Icelandic herring. This led to an increase in raw fish for the
Western Norway plants at least. ©

In North Norway, the subsidies have encouraged fisher-
men to concentrate far more on the capelin and fat and small
herring fishery. Over 186,000 tons of capelin were landed
this past spring--double the landings for the same period of
1960, With these supplies together with those of fat and small
herring which have poured into the bins of the plants since
late autumn 1960, the North Norway plants have been able to
operate continuously for between 8 and 9 months, with no
time for even a checkup of the machinery. The fishermen
feel that the present capacity of the North Norway plants is
insufficient and slows down landing possibilities, They have
thus put forward strong demands for the building of new plants,
especially in Finnmark,

The committee’s recommendations have not been too
well received. The committee suggested that the capa-
city of plants should be cut by scrapping (or ‘‘organized
condemnation’’) of machinery, while other plants should
be ‘‘laid up’’ until the present position improves, (World
Fishing, September 1961.)

Vol: 2:3, None

HERRING CATCHES IN AUGUST REPORTED
GOOD IN LOFOTEN AREA:

For the first time in many years, waters
off North Norway's Lofoten islands were teem-
ing with fat herring. As of August 29, fisher-
men had landed about 90,000 hectoliters (8370
metric tons) which had a first-hand value of
about Kr. 2.7 million (US$378,000). Herring
runs of similar size have occurred in Lofoten
only four times before in this century. Ac-
cording to experts, the influx is likely to con-
tinue for many months.

On the herring fishing grounds off the west coast of Norway. Pho-
to shows about 180 tons of herring concentrated in the bag sec-
tion of a large purse seine which has been tied up to the fishing
vessel. Fish are now ready for brailing on board the vessel.

Norwegian participation in the Iceland sum-
mer herring fishery produced very good re-
sults. During July and August, about 80-90
Norwegian fishing vessels brought home about
1,000,000 hectoliters (93,000 tons) of Iceland
herring. This was processed into 20,000 tons
of herring meal. The more than 1,200 ves-
sels which took part in last winter's herring
fishery off West Norway landed only about
60,000-70,000 hectoliters (5,580-6,510 tons)

November 1961

Norway (Contd.):

at coastal processing plants. (News of Nor-
way, September 7, 1961.)

PRODUCTION OF MARINE OILS
EXPECTED TO REMAIN LOW:

Winter herring fishing off Norway's west
coast is nearing the end of a cycle that may
be followed by a complete absence of the fish
in the area during the next 10 or 20 years,
according to Norwegian experts.

It is believed that the fish populationtends
to shift periodically to other areas, depend-
ing on ocean currents, water temperatures,
and other factors.

The 1961 winter herring season ended
largely in failure, with ‘landings of only 74,000
short tons, the smallest in 50 years andmuch
below the 1954-60 average of 800,000 tons.

This year's small herring catch has dealt
a serious blow to fishermen and reduction
plants, which produce fish oil and meal. For
years, Norway's domestic edible oil require-
ments have been met largely by the winter
herring catch. Also, exports of hardened
marine oils have been produced largely from
the herring catch.

Norway's declining domestic production
of marine oils is attributable to smaller
catches of winter herring and Antarctic
whales. As a result, imports of fish oilhave
been increased in recent years to meet re-
quirements for domestic edible oil and ex-
port commitments for hardened marine oil.

In 1960, Norway's import requirements
for marine oil were largely met with 45,000
tons of raw herring oil from Iceland. This
year, the United States may be the major
supplier of marine oils to Norway. In the
first half of 1961, fish oil exports from the
United States to Norway totaled 15,640 tons,
or double those of 1960. (Foreign Crops and
Markets, U. 5S. Department of Agriculture,
September 4, 1961.)

REGULATIONS ISSUED FOR
FISHING ZONE EXTENSION:

Regulations covering the extension of Nor-
way's fishing limits zone from 6 to 12 nauti-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

cal miles, effective September 1, 1961, have
been announced by the Norwegian Government.
The extension applies to waters west andnorth
of Lindesnes. On April 1, 1961, the Norwe-
gian fishing limits zone was extended from 4
to 6 nautical miles.

A newspaper report of a ministerial meet-
ing in Oslo August 19, 1961, stated that incon-
nection with the expansion of the Norwegian
fishing limits to 12 nautical miles on Septem-
ber 1, it had been decided to permit Swedish,
Danish, and Faroese fishing vessels to fish
until further notice in the area beyond 6 nauti-
cal miles from land from the southern tip of
Norway northward and westward.

The new Norwegian fishing limits, which
became effective September 1, set the new
boundary at 12 nautical miles from the coast
from Cape Lindesnaes toward the west and
north. There are no changes east of the Cape
where the Danish fishermen will have the
same rights they have always had, according
to newspaper reports of August 23. West of
Cape Lindesnaes, according to Danish-Nor-
wegian agreements, Danish fishermen may
fish up to 6 nautical miles from the coast,
despite the new fishing limits. This fishery,
however, is subject to Norwegian fishery
legislation and jurisdiction.

In anticipation of the new fishing limits,
the Norwegian Government reached a number
of important decisions in this connection, ac-
cording to newspaper reports on August 19.
Norwegian fishing vessels may use trawls in
the area between 6 and 12 miles from the
coast. In certain areas and at certain times
it is forbidden to fish with other gear than
lines, hand lines, or nets within 4 nautical
miles of the coast.

In accordance with the Norwegian-British
agreement of November 17, 1960, British
fishing vessels may fish in the 6- to 12-mile
belt until October 31, 1970, under the same
conditions as Norwegian fishing craft.

The Soviet Union has asked to negotiate
with Norway in regard to the latter's 12-mile
fishing limits which will become effective
September 1, according to the Oslo corres-
pondent of Copenhagen's Berlingske Tidende
of August 13. No dates have been set for the
negotiations, but the Foreign Ministry has
presented certain questions to the Soviet For-
eign Ministry in order to clarify the area of
the negotiations. The correspondent con-

62

Norway (Contd.):

cludes the Russians will want the same rights
as the British to fish up to the six-mile limit.
Simee the Russians, themselves, maintain a
12-mile boundary, it seems reasonable to be-
lieve that the Norwegian authorities will de-
mand the same rights for Norwegian fisher-
men to fish within the 12-mile boundary as
the Russians eventually obtain in Norwegian
territory. To guard the 12-mile zone against
violations, the Norwegian Navy will have six
armed craft, with a complement of 132 men,
at its disposal. These have been leased by
the Navy, until new patrol vessels now under
construction are ready for service. (August
25, 1961, report from the Fisheries Attache,
United States Embassy, Copenhagen, and News
of Norway, August 24, 1961.)

Pakistan

SHRIMP FISHERIES OF
EAST PAKISTAN:

Due to the scattered nature of the shrimp
industry in East Pakistan, it is rather diffi-
cult to give reasonably accurate statistics of
production. In addition to the shrimp caught
by commercial fishermen, a considerable
quantity is caught and consumed by agricul-
turists and others.

Types of Shrimp: A total of 22 species of
shrimp have been recorded from the East
Pakistan waters. Bagda chingri (Penaeus
semisulcatus) is the biggest salt-water type
of Fast Pakistan, which sometimes attains a
length well over a foot. It is abundantly avail-
able in Khulna Sundarbans, Chapda chingri
(P. indicus), though smaller than bagda
chingri in size, constitutes the biggest com-
mercial catch of the province. Throughout
the year, this species is caught and quanti-
ties are collected from the Sundarban area.

The most important fresh-water shrimp
is Golda chingri or Mocha chingri (Pataemon
carcmus), This species is very common in
the lower reaches of the rivers, lakes, beels,
paddy fields, and tanks. They grow up to one
foot in length.

Honye chingri, (Metapenaeus monoceros),
Ghusha chingri (Leander sp.), shul chingri
(Pataemon birmanicus birmanicus) are the
other important species of shrimp fished in
East Pakistan waters.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 1

Some species of shrimp are available
throughout the year while others are caught
during certain months only. Several species
of Pataemon are collected in huge quantities
from fresh-water fisheries after the monsoon
when the water level falls. In Khulna Sundar-
bans and Bakarganj, where maximum quanti-
ties of shrimp are caught, fishing goes on
through out the year.

Methods of Fishing: Various types of nets
and traps are used for the capture of shrimp.
Berjal, moijal (drag and seine nets), chantijal
(trawl net), behuti or behundi jal (fixed purse
net), Charpata jal (stake nets), vesal jal, Hon-
cha jal (framed or dip nets), and kepla jal
(cast net) are generally used. Behundi jal is
extensively used in the estuarine areas and
are very effective. More shrimp are caught
by these nets than all other types of nets and
traps taken together.

Honcha, dhak, hogra, kholson, etc. (various
types of split bamboo traps) also are used for
shrimp.

Culture: Shrimp are regularly cultured in
bheries (salt-water fisheries) of Khulna and
to some extent in the khals (channels) of Bak-
arganj and Chittagong.

The young shrimp enter the bheries along
with other species of fish during the months
of January to April. After growth and fatten-
ing, these are marketed from June onwards.
No special cultural practices are followed for
rearing shrimp in the bheries. Bagda chingri
forms the most important species in such im-
poundments.

Occasionally villagers stock their ponds
with young Golda chingri. Shrimp are of great
economic importance. So the attention of the
Directorate of Fisheries is directed to ex-
plore the possibilities of rearing commercial-
ly-important species of fresh-water shrimp
in ponds. Research is being conducted in the
laboratory of the Directorate to work out a
method for successful culture of shrimp in
ponds, Feeding habit, breeding habit, growth
rate, etc. of different species are being stud-
ied and results so far obtained are promising.

Preservation: During the season a huge
quantity of shrimp is caught, a considerable
part of which, due to lack of transport and
preservation facilities, cannot be marketed
fresh, Soa good percentage of the catch is
either sun-dried, boiled and sun-dried, or
smoked in the crudest possible method.

November 1961

Pakistan (Contd.):

In sun-drying, the shrimp are simply
spread out in mats, in bamboo trays, or on
raised split bamboo platforms. After hard
drying these are removed and shelled by
beating. The finished product is stored in
gunny bags while the shells are sold as fer-
tilizer.

In a second method, the shrimp are boiled
for a few minutes in fresh water containing
a small quantity of common salt. As soon as
the shells become soft, the water is drained
out and the shrimp are spread out for sun-
drying.

Shrimp are smoked by placing them on
raised platforms, and then applying hard-
wood smoke from below. No wood containing
much resin and oils is used for the purpose.
An improved method of shrimp curing de-
vised at the Fisheries Experimental Station,
Tanur (Madras), can be adopted in East Paki-
stan with advantage. This method consists
of boiling fresh shrimp in 6 percent brine for
2 minutes. As soon as the shrimp begin to
float, they are removed, shelled, and placed
in vats containing a saturated salt solution
for 15-30 minutes. After brining, the shrimp
are gently squeezed and spread on trays and
either dried in the sun or in an artificial
drier during inclement weather. The re-
sulting product keeps for days. This prod-
uct can be easily transported to distant
places packed in butter paper and small bam-
boo baskets. The ''semi-dried prawns''--as
the product is known--are freshened by soak-
ing them in warm water for a few minutes.

The semidried shrimp can be kept 8-12
months in sealed tins containing carbon di-
oxide gas. Plants can be established in im-
portant shrimp-catching areas for the prepa-
ration of semidried shrimp.

In Tanur Fisheries Station (Madras), a
process for shelling shrimp has been evolved.
This process consists of boiling fresh shrimp
in 5 percent brine, shelling them, washing the
meat in 10 percent brine, and packing the
product in airtight glass jars.

Quick-frozen fresh shrimp are indemand in
foreign countries, particularly in the United
States. A plant has been established at Ba-
jua (Khulna) for freezing shrimp for export

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

63

to the United States. (Pakistan Observer Sun-
day Supplement, August 6, 1961.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1961 p.77.

Poland

FISHING FLEET AND LANDINGS UP
SHARPLY BETWEEN 1949 AND 1960:
Poland's fleet of sea fishing vessels of on-
ly 302 craft (made up mostly of small inshore
boats) had by 1960 grown to 657 vessels. The

gross registered tonnage of the fleet in the
same period increased from 15,200 to 71,400
tons.

During the period, the fleet of cutters

Table 1 - Poland's Fleet of Fishing Vessels,
1949, 1955, and 1959-60

1960] 1959] 1955] 1949

- (Number of Vessels). . .

pe of Vessel

Super trawlers
Trawlems:. 02+ + «6 0 «

Total Gross Register Tons | 1/71, 400/58, 100 |34, 300 15200
1/Includes one factory trawler of 2,600 gross registered tons.

almost doubled and the fleet of supertrawlers
increased from zero to 53 vessels. In 1960
the fleet of supertrawlers included one fac-
tory trawler of 2,600 tons (GRT).

Table 2 - Poland's Marine Landings of Fishery Products,

1949, 1955, and 1959-60
Fishery [1960 | 1959_| 1955 | 1949
Sciielewees (Metric Tons)... ...
soars 36,700} 40, 300

146,000 7 100 | 59, 300

The sharp increase in the fishing fleet
increased marine landings by 182.8 percent,
from 59,300 metric tons in 1949 to 167,700
tons in 1960. The landings of herring, which
apparently are the chief objective of the super-
trawlers, rose almost sevenfold between 1949
and 1960. (Concise Statistical Yearbook of
the Polish People's Republi 1961. )

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Sierra Leone

FISHING INDUSTRY CONTINUES TO GROW:

The development of Sierra Leone's in-
shore fishing industry has made some good
progress in the past 15 years although the
supply of locally-caught fish has not kept
pace with demand, which has increased
greatly with rising living standards (im-
ports of fish products were valued at about
US$1,042,000 in 1960). About 25,000 metric
tons of fish (primarily bonga and mullet, but
including also skate, shark, ladyfish, whiting,
gwangwa, sheephead, crocus, snapper, cat-
fish, and sole) were landed in 1960, a marked
increase over the estimated landings of about
5,000 tons in 1945. The bulk of the catch was
brought in by unpowered bonga canoes, 3,000-
3,500 of which now operate in Sierra Leone
waters as compared with only 300 in the im-
mediate postwar period. Techniques are
largely primitive, with cast nets from the
canoes and also some beach seines and hand
lines in use.

A small portion of the catch (estimated at
2,000 and 3,000 tons) was landed by about 10
African and European-owned motor trawlers
which have been operating off the coast in
recent years. Inshore fishing is protected
by a law prohibiting these larger vessels
from operating in the estuaries or within one
mile of the coast. Outside this area the
_trawling grounds are restricted to inshore
waters rarely deeper than 20 fathoms due
to the existence of a permanent thermocline
at this depth below which there is a sudden
drop in the catch. While the trawling grounds
are probably not yet fully exploited, there is
a danger that the increased introduction of
powered vessels might result in overfishing.
This situation is aggravated by the fishing
of large numbers of foreigners, particularly
Fantis from Ghana, off the Sierra Leone
coast.

The indigenous fishing industry is largely
controlled by local traders (almost invari-
ably women) who provide the capital needed
for the purchase of fishing gear and are re-
paid in kind from the catches which they mar-
ket. Most fish are sold fresh, the demand in
the coastal areas generally being sufficient
to absorb quickly the available supplies. Oc-
casionally when supplies exceed demand (at
relatively high prices), bonga and mullet are
preserved by smoking and drying and sub-
sequently sold locally or inland. The amount
of marine fish reaching the interior in this

Vols 23) Noma

manner, however, is probably quite limited.
While there are no records of landings, in-
land rivers and lakes are fished and likely
yield a useful seasonal catch, although this
source also falls considerably short of the
needs of the interior peoples.

The Government is attempting to foster
the growth of inshore fishing by encouraging
the increased use of modern techniques and
improvements in credit and marketing facili-
ties. The Fisheries Development Research
Unit, in addition to its scientific activities,
operates a loan scheme to enable local fish-
ermen to purchase small trawlers and mod-
ern gear. Fishing cooperatives are being
encouraged and there are now seven such
societies. The Government is also consider-
ing various other measures to assist the fish-
ing industry, including establishment of a ves-
sel-building yard, construction of low-cost
jetties, establishment of an outboard motor
repair shop, and the improvement of cold-
storage and ice-making facilities.

It is in offshore fishing that the greatest
possibilities for growth would appear to lie.
In recent years tuna schools have been found
70-80 miles off the Sierra Leone coast and
Freetown is now the second largest tuna re-
ceiving port in West Africa. Recently a sig-
nificant expansion of the tuna industry has oc-
curred, mainly through the efforts of a United
States fish canning company working in con-
junction with a locally-operated cold-storage
warehouse. In 1960, 2,340 tons of tuna were
landed, while in the first five months of 1961
landings totaled 2,768 tons. None of the catch
is as yet marketed locally, but it is held in
cold storage and later shipped to Puerto Rico
for canning. Expansion of cold-storage facili-
ties is under way and construction of a can-
ning factory is a future possibility. (United
States Embassy, Freetown, August 14, 1961.)

Somali Republic

FISHERY TRENDS, AUGUST 1961:

The fish resources of the Gulf of Aden
(that borders on part of Somali) are believed
to be considerable and the primary exploita-
tion to date has not been in the regions of the
northern area. Butinthe adjoining Migiurtina
region at Candala there is an Italian tuna-can-
ning plant which has been in operation for
many years.

November 1961

Somali Republic (Contd.):

Italian financial circles have recently dis-
played an interest in initiating larger-scale
investment in the fishing industry which con-
templates buying up large quantities of tuna
and shark on the northern Somali coast, and
shipping them out of the port of Berbera for
canning and processing into bone meal in
Italy. The plan envisages furnishing local
fishermen with long lines and other equip-
ment. (United States Embassy in Mogadiscio,
August 29, 1961.)

wee

South Africa Republic

CANNED ABALONE PRODUCTION,
JANUARY -JUNE 1961:

In the first six months of 1961, four South
African firms produced a total of 249,723
pounds of canned abalone. The pack consisted
of 12,191 pounds in cases of 48 1-lb. cans,
179,932 pounds in cases of 48 14-o0z. cans,
and 57,600 pounds in cases of 48 $-lb. cans.

According to the South Africa Republic's
Division of Fisheries, no abalone are canned
in South-West Africa. (United States Consul-
ate in Cape Town, August 24, 1961.)

se le cle sk oe
id ES lesa eit

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERY
INDUSTRY, JANUARY-MAY 1961:

The Union of South Africa Cape west coast
pelagic shoal fishery catch for the first five
months of the 1961 season consisted of pil-
chards 343,815 short tons, maasbanker
29,911 tons, and mackerel 45,716 tons. The
total catch was 419,422 tons. In 1960 the
catch for the same period was pilchards
211,525 tons, maasbanker 43,143 tons, and
mackerel 28,273 tons; a grand total of 282,941
tons. In 1959 the total catch for the first five
months was 197,125 tons.

The May catch was pilchards 60,205 tons,
maasbanker 14,362 tons; and mackerel 1,986
tons; a grand total of 76,553 tons. In May
1960 the catch was pilchards 46,396 tons,
maasbanker 2,422 tons, and mackerel 341
tons; a grand total of 49,159 tons.

The May catch this year yielded: fish
meal 17,601 tons, fish body oil 1,499,880 Im-
perial gallons, canned pilchards 709,824

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

65

pounds, canned maasbanker 2,759,568 pounds,
and canned mackerel 493,680 pounds.

South Africa Republic--Products Produced from Pilchard-
Maasbanker Fishery Landings, January-May 1961

Canned
Fish Meal Fish Oil
Pilchards

Maasbanker
Sutera (1000) Lbs.) iicc.10 + iY

17,299 | _ 6,756

During May 1961 the Walvis Bay shoal fish-
ing industry of South-West Africacaught: pil-
chards 70,946 tons, and maasbanker 14 tons.
The total Walvis Bay catch to the end of May
was: pilchards 127,970 tons, and maasbanker
14 tons. (From The South African Shipping
News and Fishing Industry Review, July 1961.)

Mackerel

Sweden

FISHERIES ASSOCIATIONS DISCUSS
HERRING LANDINGS IN WEST GERMANY:

Representatives of the West Germantrawl-
ing and canning industries met in Goteborg,
Sweden, to discuss the Swedish direct landings
of herring in West Germany with representa-
tives of West Coast Fishermen's Central As-
sociation, the West Coast Fishermen's Fish
Processing, and West Coast Fish. The meet-
ing in September 1961 was arranged inasmuch
as the West German trawler companies in-
sisted that Swedish fishermen either limit
their direct landings of herring in West Ger-
man ports or, if this was not possible, stop
the landings.

As a result of the negotiations a minimum
price of DM 16 (US$4.00) per box was set for
herring landed in West German ports. For
herring which cannot be soldat aprice of DM 16
per box, and which will be taken over by the
reduction plants, the Central Association
guaranteed Swedish fishermen a price of at
least DM 10 ($2.50) per box.

The agreement was effective immediately
and is valid through the end of 1961, at which
time it will be subject to renegotiation.

The Central Association also decided to
limit the Swedish fishermen's landings of
herring in West German ports from 140 boxes
per fisherman each week to 120 boxes per
man each week. This restriction is valid until
further notice. (United States Consulate, Gote-
borg, September 18, 1961.)

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Sweden (Contd.):

NEW STEEL TRAWLERS BUILT IN
EAST GERMANY DELIVERED:

The first two steel trawlers in the series
on order from an East German shipyard have
been delivered to two owners on the Swedish
west coast.

The trawlers have a length of 105 feet, a
beam of 22 feet, and are equipped with 560
hp. Diesel engines giving the trawlers a
speed of 10 knots. The loading capacity is
1,500 boxes. The trawlers are equipped with
echo-sounding devices and radiotelephone,
The cost of each vessel was about 600,000
crowns (about US$115,800).

A representative of the Swedish firm that
imported the steel trawlers, stated that the
first series on order with the East German
shipyard numbers 11 trawlers. A second
series of 4 trawlers has also been placed
with the same yard. The latter trawlers will
be equipped with a more powerful engine of
Swedish manufacture. (United States Consu-
late, Goteborg, September 18, 1961.)

A

Lise

Thailand

INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT PROMOTION
ACT INCLUDES FISHERIES AND
RELATED INDUSTRIES:

The Industrial Investment Promotion Act
of Thailand, designed as a revision of previ-
ous laws, decrees, and announcements re-
lating to the promotion of industrial invest-
ment (including private foreign investment),
came into force on October 25, 1960, when
published in the Government Gazette. Fish-
eries and related industries are included.

Supplanting the International Promotion
Act of 1954 and various subsequent announce-
ments, the act is significant in the following
two respects.

(1) The number of industries eligible for
benefits has been substantially increased.

(2) Thailand's industrial promotion in-
ducements are now no longer based on mere
''announcements' but on actual legislation;
hence, investor confidence is expected to

grow.

Vol. 23, No. 11

Among industries eligible for rights and
benefits under the act are:

Fishing net or seine production (minimum
annual capacity, 30,000 kilograms or about
66,000 pounds).

and Se
Jif lies FEDe RATION OF yacavaN

Food canning, including food packaging in
other airtight containers (local raw materials
must be mainly used. Minimum annual ca-
pacity, 500 metric tons of quality canned or
otherwise airtight-packaged food).

Pearl oyster breeding (process must in-
clude all phases up to and including the pearl
and pearl-by-product yielding stage. Mini-
mum investment is $100,000).

Deep-sea fishing (minimum capacity,
plant(s) ashore to process the catch of craft
of at least 30 gross tons, operating in waters
of a depth of at least 30 meters or about 16
fathoms. Applications to cover both shore
and offshore overations as a package proj-
ect).

November 1961

Turkey

CONFERENCE ON FISHERIES:

A conference on the Turkish Fishing In-
dustry arranged jointly by the Turkish Min-
istry of Commerce and the State Hydraulics
Department was held in Ankara, August 9-
12, 1961. The Minister of Commerce, who
gave the opening speech, after a short his-
tory of the fishing industry in Turkey, em-
phasized the importance of the industry to
the Turkish economy and added that the Tur-
kish Government has decided to extend cred-
its without interest to persons engaged in the
fishing business. The Government has also
decided, according to the Minister, to reduce
the cost of fishing gear sold in Turkey. An-
other official at the Conference confirmed
those statements and added that the Fisher-
ies Administration must be better organized.

A report previously prepared by the Min-
istry of Commerce on the Fishing Industry
in Turkey was discussed and members of the
industry voiced their needs and wishes. Sub-
jects under discussionincluded: (1) necessary
measures for the development of the fishing
industry; (2) production and storage of fish;
and (3) marketing problems. A decision was
taken to prepare a report on the Turkish Fish-
ing Industry for submission to the State Plan-
ning Agency.

Fisheries received attention in the recent-
ly published seventeen-point statement on
Agricultural Policy made by the Republican
People's Party. It was recommended that
fish production be better organized and do-
mestic production be increased, (United
States Embassy, Ankara, September 1, 1961.)

Ey

United Kingdom

FISHERY LOANS INTEREST
RATES REVISED:

The British White Fish Authority in Au-
gust 1961 announced that their rates of inter-
est on advances made as from August 5, are
as follows:

Fishing vessels of not more than 140 feet,
new engines, nets, and gear:

On loans for not more than 5 years--7y
percent; increase 1 percent.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

67

On loans for more than 5 years but not
more than 10 years--7 percent; increase 2
percent.

On loans for more than 10 years but not
more than 15 years--72 percent; increase a
percent.

On loans for more than 15 years but not
BROS than 20 years--74 percent; increase
2 percent.

Processing plants:

On loans for not jmore than 15 years--8%
percent; increase lk percent.

On loans for more than 15 years but not
more than 20 years--77 percent; increase
+ percent.

The rates on advances made before Au-
gust 5 are unchanged. (Fish Trades Gazette,
August 19, 1961.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, September 1961
p- 106; January 1961 p, 84.

sle ste le osle ook
Hk sk KK Kk OK

TRAWLERS EXPERIMENT WITH
TRANSFER OF CATCHES AT
SEA TO CARRIER VESSEL:

A five-trawler express fishing venture--
aimed at getting fresh fish back to port more
quickly--was launched from Grimsby, Eng-
land, on August 22, 1961, on a purely experi-
mental basis. The skippers of five distant-
water trawlers owned by a large British fish-
ing company (and part of an associated fish-
eries group at Grimsby) sailed with the single
operation order: ''Fill the first one and get
her back from sea."

The ''fresher fish'' fleet was composed of
four catchers and one carrier, and the catch-
ers had slight modifications to enable them
to transfer their catches to the carrier,

The carrier in the operation was the North-
ern Sky. The four trawlers were: Northern
Foam, Northern Prince, Isernia, and Serron.

The purpose of the experiment was to
transfer the first part of the catches by the
trawlers to the Northern Sky so that a larger
quantity of first-class fish can be sent back
to port immediately. The remaining four ves-
sels resumed trawling in the normal way to

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 11

United Kingdom (Contd.):

fill their holds and returned to port later to
keep the supply pipeline full. The Northern
Sky is estimated to be able to carry about
560,000 pounds of fish.

A spokesman for the company owning the
trawlers said: ''We are carrying out this ex-
periment to see if it is feasible to transfer
fish at sea. If we prove that it is technically
possible, it will have a great significance for
the factory-type of vessel."

The experiment by five British trawlers
in transferring catches at sea has been con-
sidered a success. The trawler Northern
Sky, which served as a carrier for four other
trawlers, returned to Grimsby, England, on
September 4, 1961.

After the four trawlers had made a catch,
the fish were gutted and transferred to the
Northern Sky, the carrier, which immediate-
ly started for home. Fishing took place off
Iceland.

The Northern Sky was back in port after
14 days, thus clipping five days off the usual
trip since the shortest voyage from Iceland
of any vessel arriving at Grimsby that day
was 19 days.

The catch was also better than average,
being a big combined one of excellent quali-
ty--419,860 pounds which sold for £9,326
(US$26,112). The other four trawlers con-
tinued operations in the normal way after
the Northern Sky left.

During the first five days of actual fish-
ing, trawlers transferred their catches in
winds of up to 40 miles per hour, and at one
stage the transfer was done in dense fog, an
operation that took 12 hours.

The fish was actually transferred ina
manner similar to a ship refueling at sea.
The catcher and the carrier steered on par-
allel courses and the catch was transferred
by passing a line shackled into the closed
cod-end net from the catcher to the carrier,
which then winched it aboard. The fish was
transferred to the carrier as soon as it was
gutted,

Despite the adverse weather encountered
the managing director of the trawling firm
said:

2

"The quality of the fishis excellent, and we
feel we have learned a tremendous amount about
transferring fish at sea. From this point of
view it has been a very successful experiment
indeed, Hadit not been for the particularly
slack fishing at the grounds, we do not think
there would have been any difficulties intrans-
ferring a bigger catch. We now know that it
is a feasible proposition to do so."

Stating that no further trips were planned
in the immediate future, he went on: ''We
shall wait and see how we assess the com-
mercial possibilities of the venture."

This is one of two major experiments by
an associated group of British fishing firms,
involving £1 million (US$2.8 million) worth
of trawlers, to get fresher fish to the house-
wife.

The other was the building of the part-
refrigerated trawler Lord Nelson, twice the
size of any other trawler, which landed at
Grimsby the week of August 29 after her
maiden voyage with a 612,360-pound catch,
over half of which had been fresh-frozen at
sea, (The Fishing News, August 25 and Sep-
tember 8, 1961.)

November 1961

ge

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

DEFOAMING AGENTS APPROVED AS
SAFE IN PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
USED TO PACK FOODS:

Defoaming agents may be safely used in
the manufacture of paper and paperboard in-
tended for use in packaging, transporting, or
holding food under certain prescribed condi-
tions. The Commissioner of Food and Drugs,
having evaluated the data submitted in peti-
tions filed by several companies, and other
relevant material, has issued an order ap-
proving the use of certain defoaming agents.
Under the prescribed conditions of safe us-
age, substances approved are not expected
to become components of food in any signifi-
cant amount. The order issued in the August
30, 1961, Federal Register and effective on
that date, lists about 125 substances. In-
cluded are fatty triglycerides and the fatty
acids, alcohols, and dimers derived from
them, and included are such substances as
beef tallow, corn oil, fish oil, sperm oil, and
other types of oil. Another group approved
is the fatty triglycerides, rosin oils, and ma-
rine oils, and the fatty acids and alcohols de-
rived from them and reacted with one or
more of the substances listed under this
group, with or without dehydration, to form
chemicals of the category indicated in the
list. Some of the chemicals listed in this
group are soaps, esters, amides, air-blown
oils, etc.

The list of substances approved is in the
regulations as ''Part 121--Food Additives,
Subpart F, section 121.2519,"

sk fe she ste st
MemmaKE oe

EFFECTIVE DATE OF FOOD ADDITIVES
STATUTE FOR CERTAIN SUBSTANCES
USED INDIRECTLY IN FOODS EXTENDED:
The use in foods of certain substances as
indirect additives has been further extended

wy, FEDERAL @
¢ ACTIONS

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act as amended. The order issued by the

U. S. Food and Drug Administration was pub-
lished in the August 31, 1961, Federal Reg-
ister, and became effective on August 22,
LOGIE.

About 146 substances used as components
of coatings of paper and paperboard for food
packaging are included in the order, including
such substances as aluminum stearate, ani-
mal glue, boric acid, borax, hydrogenated fish
oil, tallow, tall oil, etc. The extension of ef-
fective date for all substances listed in the
order is to July 1, 1962.

The list of substances is in the regulations
as ''Part 121--Food Additives, Subpart A,
section 121.91."

EXTENSION OF EFFECTIVE DATE OF
FOOD ADDITIVES STATUTE FOR CERTAIN
SUBSTANCES USED DIRECTLY IN FOODS:
Three new orders further extend the use
in foods of certain substances as direct addi-
tives under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cos-
metic Act as amended, One order issued by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration was pub-
lished in the September 6, 1961, Federal Reg-
ister, and became effective on August 28,
1961. Used under the conditions prescribed
in the order, the 23 substances listed may be
used as direct additives in food until July 1,
1962, for some and until July 1, 1963, for oth-
ers. Among the substances listed are cer-
tain fatty acids, boron, fluorine, sorbitol,
starch modified with propylene oxide, etc.

A second order involves the direct use in
foods of certain substances as flavoring sub-
stances and adjuncts in accordance with good
manufacturing practice. The order was pub-
lished in the September 6, 1961, Federal Reg-
ister, and became effective on August 28, 1961.
About 470 substances are listed in the order,
including such substances as styrene, styrolyl,
alcohol, nerol, linalyl propionate ethyl lac-
tate, etc. The extension of effective date for

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

all substances listed in the order is to Janu-
ary 1, 1963, and in some cases to June 30,
1964.

The third order concerns the direct use
in foods of certain flavoring substances and
natural substances used in conjunction with
flavors. The order was published in the Sep-
tember 8, 1961, Federal Register, and be-
came effective on August 30 1961. About 164
substances are included in the order. Spe-
cific uses or restrictions are shown for a few
of the substances listed, which include Ice-
land moss, rosin, saffron, etc. Extension of
effective date is to January 1, 1963, because
tolerances have not been established or peti-
tions therefor denied for the substances
listed.

The list of substances in all three orders
are included in the regulations as '' Part
121--Food Additives, Subpart A, section
121/903!"

ok OK OK ok Ok

STANDARD OF IDENTITY FOR
FISH FLOUR PROPOSED:

Establishment of a proposed definition and standard of
identity for fish protein concentrate or whole fish flour
was announced by the U, S, Food and Drug Administration
in the Federal Register of September 15, 1961.

The announcement stated that a manufacturer had vis~
ited the Agency to discuss a process he has developed for
manufacturing a fish flour product which could be used as

Vol. 23, No. 11

a source of protein to be marketed at a price ‘‘that would
be most attractive when compared with the cost of other
sources of protein,’’

The ‘‘whole fish flour’’ is to be made by taking whole
fish of varying sizes, grinding them, and after removing
the fat by a chemical process, drying the flour so pro-
duced,

The Food and Drug Administration informally expressed
the opinion that this ‘‘whole fish flour’’ should be regarded
as an adulterated article under the provisions of the Fed-
eral Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, because it was to be
made without the removal of those portions of the fish, in-
cluding the intestines and intestinal contents, that are not
normally regarded as acceptable for human food in the U-
nited States, Proponents of the product, however, stated
that they did not agree with this view and represented that
if consumers generally were fully informed of the nature of
the article they would regard it as suitable for use in their
food supply.

The proposed standard includes the following specifica-
tions:

1. Proteiu content measured by methods of the Associa-
tion of Official Agricultural Chemists, shall not be less than
70 percent by weight of the final product and biological val-
ues of the finished fish protein concentrate,

2, Moisture and ash contents shall not exceed 6 percent
and 25 percent by weight of the final product,

3, Fat content shall not exceed one percent.

4, The final product should have no more than a faint fish
odor and taste and when baked in bread in the ratio of one part
of fish protein concentrate to 11 parts of grain flour, there
should be no detectable fish odor or taste.

5. The fish protein concentrate, after six months storage
at temperatures prevailing in areas of intended use but not
exceeding 100 degrees F, and when packed in metal contain-
ers or in polyethylene bags, should show no spoilage as
judged by the development of off-flavors, mold growth, pro-
duction of toxic amines, or by deterioration in protein quali-
ty as shown by digestibility and available lysine values below
the specific minima,

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDU-
CATION, AND WELFARE

Food and Drug Administration
[21 CFR Part 37]

FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE,
WHOLE FISH FLOUR

Notice To Establish Definition and
Standard of Identity

A manufacturer approached the Food
and Drug Administration to discuss a
process that he has developed for manu-
facturing a fish flour product which
could be used as a source of protein to
be marketed at a price that would be
most attractive when compared with the
cost of other sources of protein. The
article was referred to as “whole fish
flour” and was to be made by taking
whole fish of varying sizes, grinding
them, and, after removing the fat by a
chemical process, drying the flour so pro-
duced. In some cases the flour was to
be deodorized by a further process.

The Food and Drug Administration in-
formally expressed the opinion that this
“whole fish flour” should be regarded as
an adulterated article under the provi-
sions of the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act, because it was to be made

‘without the removal of those portions’
of the fish, including the intestines and
intestinal contents, that are not nor-
mally regarded as acceptable for human
food in the United States. Proponents
of the product, however, stated that they
did not agree with this view and repre-
sented that if consumers generally were
fully informed of the nature of the article
they would regard it as suitable for use
in their food supply.

The Commissioner of Food and Drugs
has received from Mr. Harold Putnam
of Washington, D.C., acting on behalf
of the manufacturer of this article, and
others, a petition for the establishment
of a standard of identity for ‘whole fish
flour.” The Commissioner has con-
cluded that this proposal should be pub-
lished in order to afford all persons in-
terested in this article an opportunity
to comment thereon.

The proposal submitted is as follows:

§ 37.5 Fish protein concentrate, whole
fish flour; definition and standard of
identity.

(a) Definition. Fish protein concen-
tfate, whole fish flour, is a food supple-
ment consisting primarily of a dried and
processed fish protein and_of the natu-
rally associated vitamins and organic
minerals. It is derived from any species
of whole and wholesome fish, handled
from catch to packaging in a sanitary
manner.

(b) Standard of identity—(1) Protein
content. Protein content (N X 6.25),
measured by methods of. the Association
of Official Agricultural Chemists, shall
not be less than 70 percent by weight of
the final product (Official Methods of
Analysis, A.O.A.C., 9th Ed., secs. 22.011,
22.023, 22.024; ch. 22, p. 285). Biological
values of the finished fish protein con-
centrate shall not be less than 105 per-
cent as measured by the official A.O.A.C.
method for the biological evaluation of
protein quality (secs. 39.133-39.137, in-
clusive, ch. 39, p. 680).

(2) Moisture and ash content. Mois-
ture and ash contents shall not exceed
6 percent and 25 percent, respectively,
by weight of the final product, measured
by A.O.A.C. standards (secs. 22.003,
22.010, ch. 22, p. 283, 284).

(3) Fat content. Fat content shall not
exceed 1 percent (sec. 18.011-18.012, in-
clusive, ch. 18, p. 235, or sec. 22.037, ch.
22, p. 287).

(4) Odor and taste. The final product
should have no more than a faint fish
odor and taste, and when baked in bread
in the ratio of 1 part of fish protein con-
centrate to 11 parts of grain flour, there
should be no detectable fish odor or
taste.

(5) Storage stability. Fish protein
concentrate, after 6 months’ storage at
temperatures prevailing in areas of in-
tended use (but not exceeding 100° F.

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW reall

(38° C.)), and when packed in metal con-
tainers or in polyethylene bags, should
show no spoilage as judged by the devel-
opment of off-flavors, mold growth, pro-
duction of toxic amines (mistamine, ty-
ramine), or by deterioration in protein
quality as shown by digestibility and
available lysine values below the specific
minima.

(6) Bacteriology. The product should
be free of Escherichia coli, Salmonella,
and pathogenic anaerobes, and have
a total bacterial plate count of not
more than 2,000 per gram.

(7) Safety. The finished product
should contain no additives, preserva-
tives, or harmful solvent residues.

Pursuant to the provisions of the Fed-
eral Food, Drug. and Cosmetic Act (secs.
401, 701, 52 Stat. 1046, 1055, as amended
70 Stat. 919, 72 Stat. 948; 21 U.S.C. 341,
371) and in accordance with the author-
ity delegated to the Commissioner of
Food and Drugs by the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare (25 F.R.
8625), all interested persons are invited
to submit their views in writing regard-
ing the proposal published herein. Such
views and comments should be submitted
in quintuplicates, addressed to the Hear-
ing Clerk, Department of Health, Edu-
cation, and Welfare, Room 5440, 330
Independence Avenue SW., Washington
25, D.C., prior to the sixtieth day follow-
ing the date of publication of this notice
in the FEDERAL REGISTER.

Dated: September 7, 1961.

CsEAL] Geo. P. Larrick,
Commissioner of Food and Drugs.

Department of (nee

WAGE AND HOUR AND PUBLIC CONTRACTS DIVISIONS

MINIMUM WAGE ORDER FOR
AMERICAN SAMOA AFFECTS
FISH CANNING INDUSTRY:

Higher minimum wage rates under the
Fair Labor Standards Act have been set for
industries (including the
fish canning and process-
ing industry) in American
Samoa and became effec-
tive September 14, 1961.
The new rates were an-
nounced in a wage order
issued by the Adminis-
trator of the U. S. Labor
Department's Wage and or
Hour and Public Contracts Divisions. The
order was published in the August 30, 1961,
Federal Register.

In the fish canning and processing indus-
try and the petroleum marketing industry, a
minimum wage of 90 cents an hour replaces

the previous hourly rate of 75 cents. The
minimum rate for Classification B of the ship-
ping and transportation industry has alsobeen
increased to 90 cents, replacing the 75-cent
rate. Classification A of that industry, which
includes seamen newly covered by the Fair
Labor Standards Amendments of 1961, is
subject to a minimum wage of 50 cents an
hour.

All other covered industries are grouped
under miscellaneous industries, where a min-
imum wage of 70 cents an hour applies. Previ-
ous hourly rate for those industries was 55
cents. The 70-cent rate also applies to any
workers newly covered by the amendments,
except seamen.

The new rates are based on the recom-
mendations of Industry Committee No. 4 for
American Samoa, which earlier this year met
in Pago Pago. Such committees are author-
ized by the Fair Labor Standards Act to rec-
ommend minimum wage rates for American
Samoa at or below the statutory minimum
which applies on the mainland. Composed of
residents of American Samoa and the main-
land, the committees are equally representa-
tive of employers, employees, and the public.

The fish canning and processing industry
inAmerican Samoa is defined as including
the canning, freezing, preserving or other
processing of any kind of fish, shellfish, or
other aquatic forms of animal life and the
manufacture of any byproduct thereof.

Eighty-Seventh Congress
(First Session)

CONGRESS ADJOURNS:

After the longest session
in ten years, the first ses- 5
sion of the 87th Congress a
adjourned in the early
morning of September
27, 1961. The second
session of this Con-
gress will convene on
January 10, 1962, un-
less the President
calls a special ses-
sion in the meantime.
All pending legisla-
tion before either the

or,

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Senate or House will retain its status as of
adjournment and will be subject to further
consideration in the second session. Bills
introduced in the first session do not have to
be reintroduced. Bills that were reported
out of a committee or passed by one body of
the Congress remain in status quo and do not
have to again retrace their legislative steps.

FISHING VESSEL DISASTER LOANS: H. R. 9375
(Kilgore), introduced in House on September 22, a bill
to provide disaster loans to fishing vessel owners and
operators adversely affected by failure of the fishery
resource, and for other purposes; to the Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries. It is proposed that
initial operating funds of $30,000,000, maximum, be
transferred to the Secretary of the Interior by the Sec-
retary of Agriculture from the revolving fund created
by section 84 of the Farm Credit Act of 1933, as a-
mended (12 U. S. C. 1148a), The money would be used
to set up a separate revolving fund to carry out the
loan provisions proposed in the bill. Fishing vessel
owners or operators would be able to make loans ata
maximum interest rate of 3 percent from the fund if
the following conditions exist: If as a result of produc-
tion failure or resource disaster temporary financial
difficulty exists; credit is not available on reasonable
terms from commercial banks, co-op lending agen-
cies, or other sources; an adequate record of produc-
tion for three successive years can be demonstrated;
satisfactory evidence can be provided that repayment
can be reasonably assured.

IMPORT COMPETITION ADJUSTMENT: H.R.
9292 (Bow), introduced in House September 19, a bill
to regulate the foreign trade of the United States by
providing safeguards to domestic industry against un-
fair and destructive imports and to authorize recipro-
cal trade agreements between the United States and
foreign countries; to the Committee on Ways and
Means,

The Subcommittee on the Impact of Imports and Ex-
ports on American Labor, of the House Committee on
Education and Labor scheduled hearings on Fisheries
Imports--Seattle, Wash., on November 29, and Port-
land, Oreg., on November 30,

INSPECTION FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS: H. Rept.
1241, Consumer Protection Activities of Federal De-
partments and Agencies (Eighth Report by the Commit-
tee on Government Operations, 87th Congress, 1st Ses-
sion), 346 pp., printed. This report is the first of a
series. It is intended primarily to give basic informa-
tion concerning Federal activities which directly pro-
tect consumer interests. Report consists of informa-
tion provided by the Federal agencies concerned, to-
gether with a staff analysis of data provided. While
the primary activities of the Department of Interior
are not directed to consumer protection, there are
three fields of activity in the Department which affect
consumer interest directly, one of which is the volun-
tary inspection of fishery products. - The Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries has operated the USDI volun-
tary inspection service for fishery products for the
past 3 years, and has developed and promulgated U.S.
standards for grades of 10 fishery products. This pro-
gram offers three distinct services: (a) continuous in-
spection, (b) lot inspection, and (c) unofficial sample
inspection. The report discusses these three services

Vol. 23; Noseieh

in more detail, giving statutory authority; number of
employees; annual expenditures; adequacy of resources;
consumer education; legal or administrative provisions;
and services in connection with fish processing.

INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES ORGANIZATIONS:
H. Doc. 222, United States Contributions to International
Organizations (Letter from the Acting Secretary of State,
dated August 10, transmitting the Ninth Report on the
Extent and Disposition of U. S. Contributions to Interna-
tional Organizations for the Fiscal Year 1960, pursuant
to section 2 of Public Law 806, 81st Congress), 128 pp.,
printed. Each year the Secretary of State reports on the
extent and disposition of financial contributions by the
United States to International Organizations of which it
is amember. This is the ninth such report to Congress,
and covers United States contributions for the fiscal
year 1960. Only multi-lateral organizations and pro-
grams are included. Bilateral commissions have been
excluded, This document gives a brief outline of the
history of each such commission: secretary or direc-
tor; term of office; origin and development; initial date
of United States participation; current authority for
United States participation; purpose of organization;
United States contribution; and the governing body. A-
mong the various organizations mentioned are the Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission; International
Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries; In-
ternational Whaling Commission; and the North Pacific
Fur Seal Commission.

LABOR, HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
APPROPRIATIONS, FY 1962: On September 26, H. R.
7035, fiscal 1962 appropriations for Departments “of
Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare, was ap-
proved and signed by the President (P. L. 87- 290).
(Public Health Service appropriations, under "Milk,
Food, Interstate, and Community Sanitation,'' contain
funds for research grants for shellfish technology and
marine ecology; shellfish sanitation; and $1,820,000
for construction, equipping, staffing, and operating two
shellfish laboratories, one on the East Coast and one
on the Gulf Coast, to combat the danger of transmis-
sion of disease, such as hepatitis, from raw shellfish
to humans. Also includes funds for Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Program,

NUTRITION OFFICE: H, R. 9440 (King, Utah), in-
troduced into House September 25, a bill to establish
an Office of Nutrition in the Department of Health, Edu-
cation, and Welfare, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. The
Office of Nutrition would be headed by a Commissioner
who would be a recognized authority in the field of bio-
logic chemistry, competent to direct research and ap-
plication of the products of research in the field of
human nutrition. He would conduct and encourage, co-
operate with, and render assistance to other appropri-
ate public authorities, scientific institutions, and scien-
tists in the conduct of, research, investigations, experi-
ments, demonstrations, and studies in the field of hu-
man nutrition. An annual report of activities would be
submitted to the President and Congress.

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PROGRAM: On Sep-
tember 15, the Committee on Conference submitted
conference report and statement on H. R. 6845 (H. Rept.
1194). The bill passed the Senate, amended on June 12.
Senate amendment struck out all of the House bill after
the enacting clause and inserted S. 1189 as substitute.
House asked for conference June 29. In conference the
House receded from its disagreement to the amendment

November 1961

of the Senate with an amendment which is a substitute
for both the House bill and Senate amendment. The
conference substitute would require the Coast Guard
to conduct such oceanographic research, to use such
equipment and instruments, and to collect and analyze
such oceanographic data, in cooperation with other
agencies of the Government, or not, as may be in the
national interest.

H. Rept. 1194, Coast Guard Oceanographic Research

(Report from the Committee of Conference 87th Con-
gress, lst Session, to accompany H. R. 6845), 3 pp.,
printed. The Committee recommended that the House
recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the
Senate, and agree to same with amendment. The Senate
agree to same, Contains recommendations of Confer-
ence Committee and Statement of the Managers of the
House.

On September 19, the Senate adopted the conference
report and on September 21 the House adopted the con-
ference report.

On September 25, the Committee on House Adminis-
tration reported that H. R. 6845 was sent to the Presi-
dent for signature. President approved bill on Oct. 5
(PB. L. 87-396).

Oceanography 1961--Phase 3 (Hearings before the
Subcommittee on Oceanography of the Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries, U. S. House of Repre-
sentatives, 87th Congress, 1st Session on H. R. 4276),
379 pp., printed. Contains text of bill; testimony of
various naval officers, scientists, and government of-
ficials; reports of ten government departments; and 3
tables, 3 charts, and 1 appendix. Would establish the
National Oceanographic Council, composed of the Sec-
retary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, the
Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Commerce,
the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and
the Director of the National Science Foundation. The
Council would be required to develop long-range plans
for research, development, studies, and surveys of the
aquatic environment, and coordinate the efforts of all
Government agencies in the field of oceanography. The
Council would be directed to establish a National Oce-
anographic Data Center, whose functions would be to
(1) acquire, assemble, process, and disseminate all
scientific and technological oceanographic and related
environmental data; (2) conduct research and other
projects within the fields of its activities for any de-
partment, agency, or instrumentality of the United
States on a cost reimbursable basis, and (3) exchange
or sell, on a cost reimbursable basis; such data, publi-
cations, or other information of the center as the Coun-
cil deems to be in the public interest.

PORTLAND HARBOR, MAINE, IMPROVEMENTS:
On September 15, the Senate proceeded to consider
S. 2394, to authorize the improvement of Portland Har-
bor, Maine, with an amendment. Amendment was a-
greed to, bill ordered to be engrossed for a third read-
ing, was read the third time, and passed.

SALTONSTALL-KENNEDY ACT FUNDS REAPPOR-
TIONMENT: Fishery Research and Rehabilitation (A-
mendments to Saltonstall-Kennedy Act) (June 15, 1961,
Hearings before the Merchant Marine and Fisheries
Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce, United
States Senate, 87th Congress, 1st Session, on S. 1230),
107 pp., printed. Contains statements and communica-
tions from various Senators, government officials,
Chambers of Commerce, fisheries associations, and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

73

industry officials; 1 chart and 25 tables. The Salton-
stall-Kennedy Act of 1954 provides an amount equivalent
to 30 percent of duties collected on the importation of
fisheries products annually be used to rehabilitate our
domestic fishing industry. Under S. 1230 an additional
sum equal to 30 percent of the custom receipts on fish-
eries products from the 30 percent gross custom re-
ceipts appropriated to the Secretary of Agriculture
would be turned over to the Secretary of Interior to be
placed in another special fund for allocation to the States
in proportion to the value of the raw fish landed and of
manufactured and processed fishery merchandise manu-
factured within each State, averaged over the preceding
3 years for which figures are available.

SPORT FISHING STAMP: H. R. 9475 (Fulton), intro-
duced in House Sept. 27, a bill to provide for the issu-
ance of a Federal fishing stamp in connection with non-
commercial fishing licenses for nonresidents in States,
and for other purposes; to Committee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries. Stamps would be sold at U. S. post-
offices, under regulations prescribed by the Postmaster
General. Fee is to be set by the Secretary of the Interi-
or. Proceeds from sale of stamps would be paid into a
special ''Fishing Stamp Fund," and shall be available to
the Secretary of the Interior to promote fishing in na-
tional parks, including stocking of streams, etc., within
national parks,

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR FY
ministration reported it had presented to the President
for his approval H. R. 7371, an act making appropria-
tions for the Departments of State and Justice, the Ju-
diciary, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1962, and for other purposes. On September
21, the President signed H. R. 7371 (P. L. 87-265). In
cludes funds for international fisheries commissions.

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR DISAS-
TER RELIEF, ETC.: S. Doc. 54, Proposed Supplemen-
tal Appropriations for Disaster Relief, Small Business
Administration, the Corps of Engineers, and the De-
partment of Agriculture September 21, 1961, Communi-
cation from the President of the United States Transmit-
ting Proposed Supplemental Appropriations for the Fis-
cal Year 1962 in the Amount of $15 Million for Disaster
Relief, $30 Million for the Small Business Administra-
tion, $5 Million for the Corps of Engineers, and $5 Mil-
lion for the Department of Agriculture), 3 pp., printed.
Contains letter from the President submitting proposed
supplemental appropriations as submitted to him from
the Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Includes funds
in amount of $5 million appropriated to the President for
unforseeable conditions of severe nature, to assure that
adequate funds will be available to give assistance to
disaster-stricken areas during the remainder of fiscal
year; and for the Small Business Administration, ap-
propriates $30 million for the revolving fund. Would
enable SBA to make disaster loans to victims of recent
hurricane in Texas, and other disasters which could
arise during balance of fiscal year.

SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATIONS FOR FY 1962:
H. R. 9169 (Thomas), introduced in House September
12, a bill making supplemental appropriations for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1962, from the House Com-
mittee on Appropriations, and committed to the Commit-
tee of the Whole House on the State of the Union (H. Rept.
1175). For the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Commit-
tee has allowed $400,000, or one-half the supplemental
request of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries to con-
‘duct additional research on the problem of passing mi-

74

grant fish over dams. This is in addition to $527,000
in the regular 1962 fund bill and $252,000 of Saltonstall-
Kennedy funds carried over from last year, making a
total of $1,179,000 for the 1962 program. The Commit-
tee pointed out that this almost triples the level of 1961,
and any additional requirement should be absorbed out
of the $3,000,000 of Saltonstall-Kennedy funds which
are available for special emergency projects. Also
provides additional amounts for: Public Health Service
"Water supply and water pollution control," for grants
to States under section 5 of the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act as amended, and funds for depressed
areas. On September 15, the House passed H. R. 9169.
On September 16, the bill was received in Senate and
referred to Committee on Appropriations.

On September 18, the Senate Committee on Appro-
priations began hearings on H, R. 9169.

On September 21 the Senate Committee on Appropri-
ations concluded hearings on H. R. 9169 after hearing
various Congressmen and witnesses from the Depart -
ment of the Interior and various other Departments.
Committee held executive session September 22, to
mark up bill.

On September 22, the Senate Committee on Appro-
priations, in executive session, ordered favorably re-
ported with amendments, H. R. 9169 Smathers (Flor-
ida), submitted a notice in writing to suspend the rule,
to amend the bill to add:

"Amendment to Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

"Section 13(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of
1938 is amended by striking out the period at the end
of paragraph (22) and inserting in lieu thereof; 'or'
and by adding at the end thereof the following new para-
graph:

'' 1(23) any employee employed in the processing, mar-
keting, freezing, curing, storing, packing for shipment,
or distributing of shellfish unless canne and retorted.'

"Section 13(b) (4) of such Act is amended by insert-
ing after 'vegetable life' the following: ‘(other than
shellfish unless canned and retorted).' "'

This would have meant if passed that employees
employed in shellfish processing (other than canned

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 2:3, Nos il

and retorted) would be exempt from the new minimum
wage law. This amendment was not approved and did
not become part of H. R. 9169.

On September 26, the Senate passed H. R. 9169,
after adopting all committee amendments en bloc--
which were then considered as original text for pur-
pose of further amendment. Senate then passed a
series of other amendments proposed by Senators
Russell, Morse, Mansfield, Hill, Long, and Hayden.
The Senate insisted on its amendments, asked for con-
ference with House, and appointed conferees. The
House disagreed to amendments of the Senate on H. R.
9169, agreed to conference on disagreeing votes of the
two Houses, and appointed conferees. The conferees,
in executive session, agreed to file conference report
on differences of Senate- and House-passed versions
of bill (H. Rept. 1272). On September 27, by voice
vote the House adopted the conference report, insisted
on its disagreement to amendment 96, and sent bill
back to the Senate. The Senate agreed to conference
report September 27, and the bill was passed and
cleared for President. On September 30, the Presi-
dent signed the bill (P. L. 87-332).

H. Rept. 1272, Supplemental Appropriation Bill, 1962
(Report of Committee of Conference, 87th Congress, _

lst Session, to accompany H. R. 9169), 12 pp., printed.
Committee submitted to their respective Houses the ac-
tion agreed upon and recommended in conference. Con-
tains statement of managers on part of the House, and
explanation of each of the amendments.

TUNA CONVENTION ACT OF 1950 AMENDMENTS:
S. 2568 (Magnuson), introduced in Senate September 18
a bill to amend the act of September 7, 1950, to extend
the regulatory authority of the Federal and State agen-
cies concerned under the terms of the Convention for
the establishment of an Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission, signed at Washington, May 31, 1949, and
for other purposes; to the Committee on Commerce.
The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission was
originally conceived as an investigatory body. But with
recent development of new fishing techniques and gear,
namely purse seining with the nylon net and power block,
the productivity of the U. S. tuna fleet has increased
rapidly, particularly as regards yellowfin tuna. An
annual yellowfin tuna quota for the entire convention
area is the objective of this bill.

FE

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

INDICATORS

CHART 1 - FISHERY TANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND LEGEND: NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

CUMULATIVE DATA -

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 Mgs. 1961 pea ae
8 | 1960 8 ore 1360 - 361 v
12 use) : 12 1960 - 501, Read

JAN FEB SEPT

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG

NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA
140

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 Mgs. 1961
7 1960
h2 1960

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MS. 1961 - 999.0
> a I) ¢ 1960 783.7
12 1960 - 1,041.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

0
UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV_DEC
FLORIDA

OHIO
CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MQS. 1961 - 14.0
8 , 1960 - 14.8
12 1960 - 17.8

« 1961 - 118.8
1960 - 118.9
1960 - 190.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CALIFORNIA 2/

CUMULATIVE DATA OREGON
8 Mgs. 1961 - 3.
8 4 1960 - 33
12 1960 - 543.2

CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 - 9.3
1960 - 8.3)
1960 - 49,1

Tae rTES
oo =

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

76

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA
8 MS. 1961 - 62,1

es 1960 - 74.8
12 1960 - 104.5

1/ SHRIMP
(Gulf States—' including Florida West Coast)
CUMULATIVE DATA
8 mgs. 1961 - 6
8 * 1960 - 11
12 1960 - 20!

V/A. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-
PLETE.

MENH/.DEN
(East and Gulf Coasts)

JAN FEB

PILCHARD
(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA

1961/62 SEASON,
AUG.-SEPT. - 8.1
1960/61 SEASON,
AUG. -SEPT.
1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL

- 13.3

- 27.1

LEGEND:

1961/62
+ 1960/61
———_:1959/60

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

LEGEND:

1961
1960

OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

6 HQS. 1961 - 97.7

Vol. 23, Nowe

8. 1960 - 103.2
12 1960 - 142.6

WHITING
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA
6 QS. 1961 - 58.8

Che 1960 - 62.4
12 1960 - 95.7

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB

Jo Thousands of Tons

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 HS. 1961 - 28.4

Sys 1960 - 28.8
12 1960 - 54.9

8 MS. 1961
8 196
12

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

LEGEND:

U. S. HOLDINGS U. S. FREEZINGS

—_—ae 1961

1960

eaeeceeee CUMULATIVE DATA
8 + 1961 - 216.4
8 ne 1960 - 215.2
12 1960 - 328.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
4/ALA., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN,

CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

i,
piers)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted. cured, and smoked products.

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No! 11

| CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

/

RECEIPTS 2

AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET

(Fresh and Frozen) NEW YORK
CUMULATIVE DATA
9 MgS. 1961 - 121.2 CITY

9 4 1960 - 128.0
12 1960 - 168.8

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND OIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS 2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 Qs.
sie
12

1960 - 87.1

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS; COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 mgs. 196) - 71.3

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FISH OIL
(In Millions of Gallons)

FISH MEAL
(In Thousands of Tons)

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MS. 1961 - 220.6
8 | 1960 - 194.5
12 1960 - 289.7

70

A
eal
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGEND:
; 2/ 2
TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA Pome he. MACKEREL 2! - CALIFORNIA
sors sseeer260) CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MQS. 1961 - 495.5
8 |, 1960 - 446.2
12 1960 - 934.7

Q mgs. 1967 - 8,279.0
1960 - 8,427.1 |"
1960 - 10,790.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

(0)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MgS. 1961 - 51.7
B 4, 1960 - 12,0
1960 - 24.9

al
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/
SARDINES —' (Estimated) - MAINE STANDARD CASES
CUMULATIVE DATA
S.MQS.( 1961 491.7 Variet No.C Desig N gi
5 1960 - 1,732.1 vs jo. Cans esignati t Wet.
12 " - 1960 - 1,997.6 as -
SARDINES..... 100 4 drawn 32 oz.
SHRIMP sees 48 Sa 5 oz.
POUNAY i fasee iis 48 #4 tuna 6&7 oz.
PILCHARDS... 48 # 1 oval 15 oz.
SALMON...... 48 1-lb. tall L602,
ANCHOVIES... 48 $-1b. 8 oz.

LEGEND:
SARDINES - CALIFORNIA Ese a1 961/62 SHRIMP - GULF STATES
CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

1961/62 SEASON,
AUG, -SEPT.
1960/61 SEASON,
AUG. -SEPT.
1960/61 SEASON,

TOTAL

Obs cet 0 ROOTS rene
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, Noel

CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND: FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH

GF UNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS
(Fresh and Frozen)

-_——-= 1961
eusecssees 1960

CUMULATIVE DATA

133

Veo

Fe,

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
na (Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

8B mgs. 1961 - 40.8
Gira 1950
12 1960 - 53.7

8 MgS. 1961 - 40.3
ar. 1960 - 39.4
12 1960 - 73.6

TAN FES JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Tuna Y
(Fresh and Frozen)

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MQS. 1961 - 31.1
8 | 1960 - 53.2
i2 1960 - 74.2

8 o
12 1960

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
8 (in Oil and in Brine)

\NNED SARDINES
in Oil and not in Oil

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 mgs. 1961
8 | 1960 9
12 1960 - 27.4

ant? tees ye

CUMULATIVE DATA =

8 mgs. 1961 - 43.9
8 es 1960 - 40.6
12 1960 - 61.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

November 1961

Sy yy

oP MT aA eno + Rs ee Oe BOO Is 9 + 0 29 caaac--

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE

DIVISION OF INFORMATION,
INGTON 25, D.C.

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES,

FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.

SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LIST OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS

OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.

SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.

TL - TECHNICAL REPORT ON A SPECIFIC SUBJECT.
Number Title
CFS-2478 - South Atlantic Fisheries, 1960 Annual Sum-

mary, 6 pp.

CFS-2636 - Frozen Fish Report, June 1961, 8 pp.
CFS-2648 - Massachusetts Landings, April 1961, 5 pp.
CFS-2653 - Maine Landings, June 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2656 - Shrimp Landings, March 1961, 6 pp.
CFS-2657 - Frozen Fish Report, July 1961, 8 pp.
CFS-2658 - New Jersey Landings, June 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2661 - Michigan Landings, June 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2662 - Wisconsin Landings, June 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2663 - Minnesota Landings, June 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2664 - Louisiana Landings, January 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2665 - New York Landings, June 1961, 5 pp.
CFS-2666 - Virginia Landings, June 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2667 - Ohio Landings, June 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2668 - Texas Landings, May 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2670 - North Carolina Landings, July 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2671 - Maryland Landings, July 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2672 - Georgia Landings, July 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2673 - Fish Meal and Oil, July 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2674 - Florida Landings, July 1961, 9 pp.
CFS-2679 - South Carolina Landings, July 1961, 2 pp.

U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASH-
TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOL!.OWS:

FL-336uu - Commercial Fisheries Outlook, January-
March 1961, 44 pp.

FL-336 - Commercial Fisheries Outlook, April-June
1961, 4 pp.
FL-336 - Commercial Fisheries Outlook, July-Sep-

tember 1961, 4 pp.

FL-443 (Revised June 1961) - Construction of a Garden
Fish Pool, 4 pp., illus.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

81

SPetatastes Bo.

FL-510 - Great Lakes Trawler Conversion, by William
G. Gordon and Keith D. Brouillard, 14 pp., illus.,
March 1961. Commercial fishermen of the Great
Lakes have been forced to reconsider the economic
feasibility of their methods of operation because of
a recent decline in availability of traditionally-used
fish stocks and an explosive increase in noncom-
mercial species, The future of the fishing industry
depends on producing fishery products at competi-
tive prices. More efficient harvesting of existing
stocks is necessary. Methods of converting from
traditional Great Lakes vessels to stern-set trawl-
ers or draggers are being evolved. This leaflet dis-
cusses in detail vessel conversions, trawling gear,
and economic considerations involved.

FL-517 - Ambergris, by Lola T. Dees, 7 pp., illus.,
May 1961.

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, 1961 (Revised):
SL- 1 - Maine.

SL-19 - Louisiana (Coastal Area).

SL-21 - California.

TL-16 - A Literature Review on Possible Uses for Dog-
fish, by Kathryn L, Osterhaug, 43 pp., February 1961.

Sep. No. 630 - An Interim Report of the Cape Canaveral
Calico Scallop Bed.

Fisheries Loan Fund, Fiscal Year 1959, Fish and Wild-
life Circular 113, 14 pp processed. Covers organ-
ization of the Office o:1 Loans and Grants, operational
changes, and status of the loan fund, and practical
value of the program. Includes graphs showing num-
ber and value of loan applications received by areas,
and number and value of loans approved by areas.

The Groundfish Industries of New England and Canada

~~ (A Comparative Economic Analysis), by Edward J.
Lynch, Richard M. Doherty, and George P. Draheim,
Circular 121, 192 pp., July 1961. This report is an
attempt to qualify and list both internal and external
causes of the decline of the New England groundfish
industry. The study focuses on the comparative
costs of production of New England groundfish ves-
sels and those in the Canadian Atlantic Provinces.
It deals with the economic, social, and biological
factors which have affected both the New England
and Canadian groundfish industries. Such topics as

FL-505 - Shipworms and Other Marine Borers, by
Michael Castagna, 12 pp., illus., processed, June
1961. Gives the classification, description, repro-
duction and early life history, distribution, anddam-
age of shipworms, boring clams, and marine-boring
crustaceans. Control and prevention are also dis-
cussed. Includes a bibliography of publications on
marine borers.

background and the problem areas; the Atlantic
Provinces of Canada; haddock and other groundfish
resources; costs and earnings of New England trawl-
ers; comparative costs in the Canadian and New
England groundfish industries; and resources and
productivity are all discussed.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The Soft-Shell Clam Industry of Maine, by Robert L.

Dow and Dana E, Wallace, Circular 110, 41 pp.,
ilus., June 1961. This report examines the organ-
ization and problems of the Maine soft-shell clam
industry as well as the physical factors which limit
market supplies from this public resource. The in-
fluence of public opinion, conservation legislation,
and current management practices upon the industry
are discussed in detail. The effect of hydrological,
geological, and meteorological conditions upon the
clam flats and the problems of predation are dis-
cussed and illustrated by photographs. Also in-
cluded are statistical tables covering U. S. produc-
tion of soft-shell clams by states, 1954-58; produc-
tion and price per pound of clams, 1887-1959; total
landings; average daily catch; and related topics.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE

SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

(Baltimore) Monthly Summary--Fishery Products,

August 1961, 8 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, 103 S. Gay St., Baltimore 2,
Md.) Receipts of fresh- and salt-water fish and
shellfish at Baltimore by species and by states and
provinces; total receipts by species and comparisons
with previous periods; and wholesale prices for
fresh fishery products on the Baltimore market; for
the month indicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,

Part I - Fishery Products Production and Market
Data, July 1961, 16 pp. (Market News Service, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San
Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna
and tunalike fish and other species used for canning;
pack of canned tuna, tunalike fish, mackerel, and
anchovies; market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa
Monica, and Eureka areas; California and Arizona
imports; canned fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-
vessel prices for cannery fish; Oregon and Wash-
ington receipts (domestic and imports) of fresh and

frozen tuna and tunalike fish; for the month indicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,

Partiil= Fishing Information, May and June 1961,
1i and 9pp., respectively, illus. (U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, P.O.
Box 6121, Pt. Loma Station, San Diego 6, Calif.)
Contains sea-surface temperatures, fishing andre-
search information of interest to the West Coast
tuna-fisning industry and marine scientists; for the
months indicated,

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale

Market Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Re-
ceipts, Prices, and Trends, August 1961, 14 pp.
(Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, IL.)
Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and
provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shell-
fish; and weekly wholesale prices for fresh and
frozen fishery products; for the month indicated.

Field Tests of a Cnemical Method for the Control of

Marine Gastropods, by H. C. Davis, V. L. Loosanoff,
and C. L. MacKenzie, Jr., Bulletin No. 3, vol. 25,
pp. 3-15, illus., processed. U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Milford,
Conn., August 7, 1961. A report presented at the
convention of the National Shellfisheries Associa-
tion on the method of chemical control of oyster

Vol. 23, No. 11

drills and other gastropods. During the summer of
1960 extensive field tests were conducted, using one
of the basic formulae designed to control oyster
drills and other gastropods. The purpose of these
tests was fourfold: (1) to evaluate several methods
of application of chemically-treated sand; (2) to de-
termine the effectiveness of several variations of
the method in the control of oyster drills and other
gastropods; (3) to determine the effect of treatment
on other fauna; and (4) to determine the effect of
treatment on setting of oysters and starfish in treated
areas. Materials and methods used as well as ex-
perimental results and conclusions are discussed,
Also included are illustrations on the method of
spreading treated sand, location of oyster grounds
used in tests, and details of the test plots.

Gulf of Mexico Monthly Landings, Production and Ship-
ments of Fishery Py Gaictss July 1961, 8 pp. (Mar-

ket News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Rm. 609, 600 South St., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf
States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab land-
ings; crab meat production; LCL express shipments
from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and
shellfish on the New Orleans French Market; fishery
imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Texas, from
Mexico; and sponge sales; for the month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in

Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and
Maryland, August 1961, pp. (Market News Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18S. King St., Hamp-
ton, Va.) Landings of food fish and shellfish and
production of crab meat and shucked oysters for the
Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Chincoteague,
Lower Northern Neck, and Lower Eastern Shore; the
Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean
City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beau-
fort, and Morehead City;. together with cumulative
and comparative data on fishery products and shrimp
production; for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, July 1961,

22 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.)
Review of the principal New England fishery ports.
Presents data on.fishery landings by ports and spe-
cies; industrial-fish landings and ex-vessel prices;
imports; cold=storage stocks of fishery products in
New England warehouses; fishery landings and ex-
vessel prices for ports in Massachusetts (Boston,
Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods
Hole), Maine (Portland and Rockland), Rhode Island
(Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen
fishery products prices to primary wholesalers at
Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and Boston
Fish Pier and Atlantic Avenue fishery landings and
ex-vessel prices by species; for the month indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly
(™

Summary, June 1961, 18 pp. arket News Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St., New
York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries and analyses

of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Mar-
ket, including both the salt- and fresh-water sec-
tions; imports entered at New York customs district;
primary wholesalers' selling prices for fresh, fro-
zen, and selected canned fishery products; market-
ing trends; and landings at Fulton Fish Market docks
and Stonington, Conn.; for the month indicated.

Parasites and Diseases of Warm-Water Fishes, Cir-

cular 112, 20 pp. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

November 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Fish Farm- ticularly 1960 Trends), by M. Nagai, K. Kawaguchi, a

ing Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Ark.)

Progress Report on Chemical Methods of Control of
Molluscan Enemies, by V. L. Loosanoff, C. L. Mac-
Kenzie, Jr., and H. C. Davis, Bulletin No. 8, vol. 24,
20 pp., processed. U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Milford, Conn.,
1960.

(Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings
of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fish-

eries, Monthly Summary, August 1961, 9 pp. (Mar-
ket News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
706 Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle 4,
Wash.) Includes Seattle's landings by the halibut
and salmon fleets reported through the exchanges;
landings of halibut reported by the International
Pacific Halibut Commission; landings of otter-trawl
receipts reported by the Fishermen's Marketing
Association of Washington; local landings by inde-
pendent vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska
by scheduled and non-scheduled shipping lines and
airways; imports from British Columbia via rail,
motor truck, shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings;
and imports from other countries through Washing-
ton customs district; for the month indicated,

(Upper Great Lakes Fishery Committee) Minutes -
Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1959,
59 pp., illus., processed. (U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Regional Office, Bureau of Commercial’
Fisheries, 5 Research Dr., Ann Arbor, Mich.)

Use of Chemically-Treated Cultth for Increased Pro-

~~ duction of Seed Oysters, by C. L. MacKenzie, Jr.,
V. L. Loosanoff, and W. T. Gnewuch, Bulletin No. 5,
vol..25, 15 pp., illus., processed. U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory,
Milford, Conn., August 21, 1961.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE

HONOLULU, HAWAII.

The Commercial Fishery Situation on the Ivory Coast,
by A. Lassarat, 58 pp., illus., processed, June 1961.
(Translated from French, Republic of the Ivory
Coast, Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Sea Fishery
Service, Abidjan. B. P. 1849--T. 51-69, March
1961.) Covers the fishing fleet and its support,
tonnage of fishery products landed, andcommercial
utilization; and the fishing techniques practiced--
trawling, seining, and tuna fishing. Small-scale
fishing is presently expanding vigorously because
fish has become the principal source of cheap pro-
tein food. The establishment of the tuna fishery,
which depends on putting into service vast refrig-
eration installations, may give rise to the develop-
ment of a large canning industry and also a feed
industry. The development of fishing and its re-
lated industries, which at present employ about
20,000 people, may create additional supplementary
jobs. ''The future of fisheries on the Ivory Coast
is very promising in view of the extent of the mar-
ket for local consumption and the prospects for de-
velopment of the tuna industry,'' concludes the
author.

Operations of Japanese Tuna Longliners and Tuna
Fishing Conditions in the Equatorial Atlantic (Par-

and J. Nakagome, 10 pp., illus., processed, June
1961. (Translated from Japanese, Tuna Fishing,
no. 77,’ April 1961, pp. 16-22.) The third report on
the operations of Japanese tuna long-line vessels and
the tuna fishing conditions in the equatorial Atlantic,
The authors discuss the findings of the Kanagawa
Prefecture Fishery Experiment Station. A compar-
ison is made of the operating method with that of the
preceding year, and the year-to-year changes in
fishing conditions, particularly for yellowfin tuna,
are explained. Included is a table showing arrivals
and departures of Japanese tuna-fishing vessels
from Atlantic ports, 1957-60.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE

255 DigiGe

Fishway Research at the Fisheries-Engineering Re-
search Laboratory, by Gerald B. Collins and Carl
H. Elling, Circular 98, 20 pp., illus., printed, 20
cents, November 1960. Results of 4 years of re-
search on fishway problems, data on rates of move-
ment of salmonids ascending fishways, andof spatial
requirements of fish are given and experiments to
measure fishway capacity are described. Effect of
fishway slope and fishway length on fish performance
and biochemical state, experiments measuring swim-
ming abilities of salmon, fish attraction to water
velocities and light conditions, as well as effects of
light and water velocity on rates of passage through
channels and fishways are discussed. Experiments
involving fingerling passage problems and the test-
ing of full-scale prototype fishway designs are illus-
trated.

"Rapid Analysis of the Amino Acid Content of Fish
Diets,'' by W. E. Shanks and J. E. Halver, article,

Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 22, no. 2, 1960,
pp. 51-58, processed, single copy 25 cents.

MISCELLANEOUS
‘PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILD-

LIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION
ISSUING THEM. OR ONDEN.

ABALONE:

"Abalone Juice, Fractionation and Antibacterial Spec-
trum,'' by Benjamin Prescott and C. P. Li, article,
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology
and Medicine, vol. 105, 1960, pp. 498-500, printed.
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 630
W. 168th St., New York 32, N. Y.

ALGAE:
"The Nutrient Value of Diatom Algae," by G. K.
Barashkov, article, Priroda, vol. 49, no. 6, 1960,
p. 100, printed in Russian. Priroda, Izdatel'stvo
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

AMINO ACIDS:
"On the Available Lysine in Protein of Fish and Algae,"
by Haruo Baba, article, Bulletin of the Japanese

84

Society of Fisheries, vol. 26, March 1960, pp. 330-
333, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

ANTIBIOTICS:

"Effect of Tetracycline Antibiotics on the Proteolysis
of Fish Muscle,’ by Nihal N. De Silva and R. B.
Hughes, article, Nature, vol. 188, November 19,
1960, p. 663, printed. Nature, St. Martin's Press,
Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N. Y.

AUSTRALIA:

List of Publications, 1945-1961 (Replacing all Pre-
vious Lists), General Circular No. 9, 9 pp., proc-
essed. Fisheries and Wildlife Department, 605
Flinders Street Extension, Melbourne, C.3., Vic-
toria, Australia, March 17, 1961.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

"Evidence for the Occurrence of Uridine Diphosphate
N-Acetyglucosamine in Crustacean Tissues," by
Mary R. Lunt and P. W. Kent, article, Biochemical
Journal, vol. 78, January 1961, pp. 128-134, printed.
Biochemical Journal, Cambridge University Press,
200 Euston Rd., London NW1, England.

"A Hypocholesterolemic Factor in Marine Sterols,"'
by E. Reiner, D. R. Idler, and J. D. Wood, article,
Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology,
vol. 38, December 1960, pp. 1499-1500, printed.
Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology,

The National Research Council, Sussex St., Ottawa,
Canada.

"Studies on the Biochemical Change in Fish Muscle.
X--On the Amp-Deaminase Activity of Some Frac-
tions Prepared from Fish Muscle,"' by Tomio Hi-
daka and Kaname Saito, article, Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26,
October 1960, pp. 1001-1005, printed. Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-
Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"The 3 S Fragments of Rabbit and Crayfish Myosin Ob-
tained by Copper Cyanide Treatment," by D. R. Kominz
and K. Maruyama, article, Archives of Biochemistry
and EEnyaIee, vol. 90, September 1960, pp. 52-56,
printed. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
Academic Press, Inc., 111 5th Ave., New York 3, N. Y.

BIOSYNTHESIS:
Biosynthesis of Trimethylammonium Compounds in
Aquatic Animals. I--Formation of Trimethylamine
Oxide and Betaine from C**-Labelled Compounds
by Lobster (Homarus americanus)" by E, Bilinski,
article, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, vol. 17, December 1960, pp. 895-897,
printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, West
Block, Ottawa, Canada.

CALIFORNIA:

Forty-Sixth Biennial Report, California Department
of Fish and Game (July 1, 1958, through June 30,
1960), 77 pp., illus., printed. California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacra-
mento 14, Calif. This report covers in detail the
activities of the Department cf Fish and Game dur-
ing the period July 1, 1958, through June 30, 1960.
Also included are reports of major policy decisions

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23, No. 11

by the Fish and Game Commission and activities of
the Wildlife Conservation Board. The section on in-
land fisheries discusses trout hatcheries and the re-
search and experimental programs, habitat improve-
ment through chemical treatment of lakes and
streams, Kokanee salmon, warm-water fish, and
striped bass, The section on marine resources
covers salmon and steelhead--lower river salmon
project, upper river studies, coastal stream studies,
silver salmon, and other activities; sportfisheries--
party boat fishing, northern California sportfish,
ocean fish habitat development, California bonito,
barracuda, white sea bass, and kelp bass; pelagic
fisheries--tuna, anchovy, mackerel, and sardines;
bottom fisheries--rockfish and California halibut;
shellfisheries--abalone, crab, oysters, ocean shrimp,
and pismo clam; pollution studies; research vessels;
seismic explorations; and biostatistics. Also in-
cluded in the report are statistical summaries.

CANADA:

Fisheries Statistics of Canada (Nova Scotia), 1959,
42 pp., printed in French and English, C$1. Queen's
Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada,
August 1961. Consists of tables giving the quantity
and value of fish and shellfish landed in Nova Scotia,
1944-1959; the quantity and value of fishery products
by species and fisheries districts, 1958-1959; capital
equipment employed and number of persons engaged
in the primary operations by fisheries districts,
1958-1959; and classification of powered fishing
craft by over-all length.

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1959 (Prince Edward
Island), 22 pp., printed in English and French, 50
Canadian cents. Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, July 1961. Contains
tables showing the quantity and value of fishery
products landed in Prince Edward Island, 1944-1959,
by species; quantity and value by species and fish-
eries districts, 1958-59; capital equipment employed
in primary operations, 1958-59; classification of
powered fishing craft by over-all length; and num-
ber of persons engaged in primary operations by
fisheries districts and in the major fisheries of
Prince Edward Island.

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1960 (British Colum-
bia), 17 pp., illvs., printed in French and English,
50 Canadian cents. Queen's Printer and Controller
of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, July 1961. Contains
tables giving the quantity and value of fishery prod-
ucts landed in British Columbia in 1948-60, by spe-
cies; landings and products, quantity and value by
species and fisheries districts for 1959-60; capital
equipment in the primary fisheries operations, 1959-
60; and number of persons engaged in primary fish-
eries operations, 1959-60.

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1960 (Newfoundland),
24 pp., illus., printed in French and English, 50
Canadian cents. Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, July 1961. Presents
tables giving the value of fishery products by spe-
cies, 1956-60; quantity and value of fishery products
by species and fisheries areas, 1959-60; capital
equipment employed in primary operations by areas,
1959-60; and number of persons engaged in the fish-
eries by areas, 1959-60.

November 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

85

Teeming Waters, by Mark Ronayne, Cat. No. Fs31-
1960/1, 17 pp., illus., printed, 25 Canadian cents.
(Reprinted from Canadian Geographical Journal.)
Department of Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
(Available from the Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Can-
ada.) A brief but well illustrated article on Canada's
marine and inland fisheries. The author states
that ''...after four and a half centuries, notable
changes have come over the fisheries off our east
coast, in the species sought, the ships that pursue
them and in the catching methods. But one factor
remains unchanged--from the earliest days of dis-
covery to the present, the wealth of these waters
continues to be a prize coveted by fishermen of
many European as well as the two North American
nations, and food from these teeming waters con-
tinues to follow multilaned routes to many parts of
the globe. Richly endowed as she is on the east
coast, Canada is no less fortunate in the resource of
her Pacific waters. Here, too, are found the re-
quisites of a great natural heritage replete with
variety, quality and abundance. Based on the all-
important salmon, the west coast fisheries also have
access to important stocks of halibut, herring and
various groundfish and shellfish species which sup-
port a rich and multi-faceted industry."

CARP:

"The Culture of Carp (Cyprinus carpro L.) in Ponds
in Uganda," by A. G. Wurtz and C. J. H. Simpson,
article, East African Agricultural and Forestry
Journal, vol. 26, no. 2, October 1960, pp. 111-116,
printed. East African Agricultural and Forestry
Journal, Box 21, Kikuyu, Kenya.

"The Dependency of the Fat Content of the Liver of
the Carp (Cyprinus carpio) on the Season, the Food,
and the Sex, as Well as Its Relation to the Content
of Fat-Soluble Vitamin A,'' by Gunter Ketz, article,
Naturwissenschaften, vol. 46, 1959, p. 610, printed
in German. Naturwissenschaften, Springer-Verlag,
Reichpietschufer 20, Berlin W35, Germany.

CATFISH:

"Farmers Interested in Pelleted Catfish Food," ar-
ticle, Feedstuffs, vol. 33, April 8, 1961, pp. 1, 93,
printed. Feedstuffs, Miller Publishing Co., 2501
Wayzata Blvd., Minneapolis 5, Minn.

CHEMICAL CONTENT:

Br ocnemice Studies on Pteria (Pinctada) martensii
Dunker) and Hyriopsis schlegelii (V. Martens). _
XII--On the Apparent Ion Products of (Catt)x(CO3°*),
(Ca*+)x(HPO4=) and (Catt)x(PO4=)2 in Blood and
Tissue Fluids of Shellfish," by Yoshishige Horiguchi,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 26, July 1960, pp. 701-707, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"Inosinic Acid Content of Foodstuffs. III--Marine
'Products,'' by Takao Fujita, and Yoshiro Hashimoto,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 26, Sept. 1960, pp. 907-910, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"The Pantothenic Acid Content of Fish and Shellfish,"
by Hideo Higashi, Shigeo Murayama, Masaaki Yan-

ase, and Kikuko Tabei, article, Bulletin of the Japa-
nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, no. 9,
1959, pp. 770-775, printed. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori,
Minato-ku,, Tokyo, Japan.

COD:

Preliminary Results of Grey Cod Tagging in Hecate
Strait, in 1960 and 1961, by J. A. Thomson, Circular
No. 62, 8 pp., illus., processed. Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C.,

Canada, July 1961.

COMPOSITION:

"A Simple and Rapid Method for the Determination of
Histamine in Fish Flesh,'' by Toshiharu Kawabata,
Yutaka Uchida, and Taeko Akano, article, Bulletin
of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
vol. 26, December 1960 pp. 1183-1191, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"Sodium and Potassium in Puerto Rican Meats and
Fish," by Marta Cancio, article, Journal of the
American Dietetic Association, vol. 38, April 1961,
pp. 341-343, printed. American Dietetic Associa-
tion, 620 No. Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, Il.

"Studies on the External Mucous Substance of Fishes.
I--On the Chemical Properties of the Mucous Sub-
stance of Loach, Misgurnus anguillicadatus Cantor;
II--On the Chemical Properties of the Mucous Sub-
stance of Conger, Astroconger myriaster Brevoort,"
by Noriyuki Enomoto and Yukio Tomiyasu, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 26, July 1960, pp. 739-748, printed. Japa-
nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-
Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"Studies on Muscle of Aquatic Animals. XXVIII--Pro-
tein Composition of Fish Muscle,'' by Yutaka Shimizu
and Wataru Simidu, article, Bulletin of the Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, August 1960,
pp. 806-809, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

"Studies on the Physiological Chemistry of Phosphorus
Compounds in Fish Muscle. I--Distribution of Vari-
ous Phosphorus Compounds in Fish Muscle; II--On
the Individual and Regional Variations of Phospho-
rus Compounds Contents in Fish Muscle; III-On Phos-
phorus Compounds Not Hydrolyzed by n-HC1 in 7
Min. at 100°C, (Examination on the RP),"" by Tomoo
Nakano and Yasuhiko Tsuchiya, articles, Bulletin of
the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26,
November 1960, pp. 1095-1098, 1192-1197, 1198-
1199, respectively, printed. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

CRAB MEAT:

Technology of Crabmeat Production--A Bibliography,
by Melvin A. Benarde, 7 pp., printed. (Reprinted
from Journal of Milk and Food Technology, vol. 24,
no. 7, July 1961, pp. 211-217.) International Associ-

ation of Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc., Box 437,
Shelbyville, Ind.

86

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 11

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

CRUSTACEA:

"A New Deep-Water Species of Lysiosquilla (Crus-
tacea, Stomatopoda) from the Gulf of Mexico," by
Raymond B. Manning, Contribution no. 298, 7 pp.,
illus., printed. (Reprinted from Annals and Mag-
azine of Natural History, Ser. LSA volLwiwiyip. 1693;
November 1960.) The Marine Laboratory, Univer-
sity of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami
49, Fla.

Stomatopod Crustacea from the Atlantic Coast of
Northern South America, by Raymond B. Manning,
Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition Report No. 9,
50 pp., illus., printed, $1.25. The University of
Southern California Press, Los Angeles, Calif.,
June 28, 1961. (Also Contribution no. 3Uu4 from
The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1
Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.)

CUBA:

"Fishing at Cojimar (Cuba)," by P. W. Gilbert, ar-
ticle, Sea Frontiers, vol. 7, no. 1, February 1961,
pp. 53-56, illus., printed. Sea Frontiers, Marine
Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker
Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

DEHYDRATION:

"Dehydration of Fish and Shellfish in Heated Air.
I--Drying of Adductor Muscle of Scallop," by Ta-
dashi Kubo and others, article, Hokusuishi Geppo,
vol. 16, 1959, pp. 312-316. Hokkaido Fisheries
Scientific Institute, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan.

DELAWARE RIVER BASIN PROJECT:

Fish and Wildlife Resources (Appendix J, Report on
the Comprehensive Survey of the Water Resources
of the Delaware River Basin),129 pp., illus., proc-
essed, 75 cents. District Engineer, U. S. Army
Engineer District, P. O. Box 8629, Philadelphia 1,
Pa. An appendix to a report recommending acom-
prehensive plan for development of the Delaware
River Basin on fish and wildlife resources. It pre-
sents reconnaissance-type data regarding the more
important fish and wildlife resources of the basin,
including related needs and problems, and also de-
scribes the probable effects that proposed water
development projects will have on various fish and
wildlife resources. This appendix also includes a
plan suggesting general means whereby fish and
wildlife resources can be protected and improved
for the enjoyment of present and future human pop-
ulations of the basin and vicinity. This appendix
was prepared by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
for the U. S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia,
Pa

EAST AFRICA:

East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organ-
ization Annual Report 1960, 51 pp., printed, 4s.
(about 60 U. S. cents). East African Fisheries Re-
search Organization, P. O. Box 343, Jinja, Uganda.
Describes scientific work accomplished in the study

of nile perch, algology and hydrology, invertebrates, |

breeding and experimental growth of Tilapia, and
the fisheries of Lake Victoria and Lake Naivasha.
Also includes a bibliography of recent publications
on East African fisheries and related subjects, and
appendices of research papers on fisheries.

FARM PONDS:
Improve and Manage Farm Ponds, 2 pp., illus., printed,
Missouri Conservation Commission, Jefferson City,
Mo., 1959.

FEDERAL REGULATIONS:

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 50--Wildlife and
Fisheries (Revised as of January 1, 1961), 50 CFR
1.1, 214 pp., printed, $3.75. Office of the Federal
Register, National Archives and Records Service,
General Services Administration, Washington, D. C.
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)
Contains codification of documents of general appli-
cability and future effect as of January 1, 1961, with
ancillaries and index, referring to commercial fish-
eries, sport fishing, and wildlife. It replaces the
volume published in 1949 entitled Title 50--Wildlife,
becoming an integral part of the Code of Federal
Regulations. In consolidating the material in Title
50, with subsequent changes and additions, there
have been included all rules and regulations, general
and permanent in nature, duly promulgated on or
before December 31, 1960, and effective as to facts
arising on and after January 1, 1961. The book is
divided into chapters on the U. S. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife; the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries; and international regulatory
agencies (fishing and whaling). The chapter on the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries covers field organ-
ization; the North Pacific commercial fisheries;
administration of the Pribilof Islands (fur seals);
whaling provisions; the Northwest Atlantic haddock
and cod fisheries; and Federal aid to the fisheries.
It also covers processed fishery products: inspection
and certification; and U. S. standards for frozen
fried fish sticks, raw breaded shrimp, fish blocks,
haddock fillets, raw headless shrimp, and other fro-
zen products. The chapter on international regula-
tory agencies discusses the provisions of the Inter-
national Pacific Halibut Commission and the Inter-
national Whaling Commission.

FISH FARMING:
Fish Farming in Farm Dams, Fisheries Circular No. 4,
4 pp., processed, Fisheries & Game Department,
605 Flinders St., Melbourne, Australia, July 1959.

FISH FLOUR:

"Fish Flour for Human Consumption," by J. H. Olden,
article, Current Affairs Bulletin, Indo-Pacific Fish-
eries Council, no. 28, August 1960, pp. 11-19, printed.
Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, FAO Regional Office,
Bangkok, Thailand.

"Notes on Tests in Thailand on the Acceptability of
Good Quality Fish Meal for Human Consumption,"
by Uthai Bisolyaputra and Kosol Suriyong, article,
Proceedings, Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, 8th
Session, Section Il, December 1958, pp. 82-84,
printed. Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council Secretariat,
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Far East,
Bangkok, Thailand, 1960.

"Variability in Nutritional Value of Fish Flour," by
A. B. Morrison and J. M. McLaughlan, article,

Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology,
vol, 39, March 1961, pp. 511-517, printed. Canadian

November 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, National
Research Council, Ottawa, Canada.

FISH MEAL:

"Presente y Futuro de la Harine'"' (Present and Future
of Fish Meal), article, Pesca, vol. II, no. 6, June
1961, pp. 15-31, illus., printed in Spanish. Pesca,
Av. Wilson 911, Oficina 602, Apartado 2218 Lima,
Peru. A study of the fish meal world market, based
on a Food and Agriculture Organization report on
fish meal marketing. It contains an analysis of the
factors affecting demand, consumption trends, and
future plans for the principal consumers and pro-
ducing countries. Includes statistics on imports,
exports, and consumption of fish meal in various
countries.

‘Unidentified Growth Factors in Fishery Products,"
by Roger Berglund, article, Feedstuffs, vol. 33,
April 1, 1961, pp. 16-17, printed. Feedstuffs, Mil-
ler Publishing Co., 2501 Wayzata Blvd., Minneapolis
5, Minn.

"Nutritive Quality of Fish Meal Today," by Roger
Berglund, article, Feedstuffs, vol. 33, April 1, 1961,
p. 14, printed. Feedstuffs, Miller Publishing Co.,
2501 Wayzata Blvd., Minneapolis 5, Minn.

FISH OILS:

"Autoxidation of Fish Oils. I--Identification of Vol-
atile Monocarbonyl Compounds From Autoxidized
Salmon Oil," by T. C. Yu, Edgar A. Day, and Rus-
sel O. Sinnhuber, article, Journal of Food Science,
vol. 26, March-April 1961, pp. 192-197, printed.
Department of Food and Dairy Technology, Oregon
State College, Corvallis, Oreg.

"Effect of Short-Term Feeding of Fish Oils of Anti-
oxidants on Plasma and Liver Cholesterol in the
Rat,'' by M. E. Nimni and others, article, Journal
of Nutrition, vol. 73, March 1961, pp. 243-246,
printed. American Institute of Nutrition, 36th St.
at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

"Higher Alcohols in Pollock Viscera Oil," by Koji
Naito and Yoshiro Hashimoto, article, Bulletin of
the Japanese Society of Scientific.Fisheries, vol. 26,
October 1960, pp. 1032-1035, printed. Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-
Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

FISH POISONING:

"Bioassay of Ciguatera Toxin," by Albert H. Banner
and others, article, Nature, vol. 189, January 21,
1961, pp. 229-230, printed. Nature, St. Martin's
Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N. Y.

Ciguatera-Poisoning by Fishes of Tropic Seas, by
J. E. Randall, Publications on Fisheries No. 1,
7 pp., printed. Caribbean Commission, San Juan,
Puerto Rico, 1961.

FISH SERUMS:

"Electrophoretic Study in Starch Gel of Serums of
Fish: Cyclostomes, Selachians, and Teleosts,"' by
Andree Drilhon, article, Comptes Rendus des Sean-
ces de la Societe de Biologie et de ses Filiales,
vol. 153, 1959, 1532-1535, printed. Masson et Cie.,
Libraires de 1'Academie de Medecine, 120 Blvd.

St. Germain, Paris (6~), France.

FISH SOLUBLES:

"Effect of Vitamin E and Condensed Fish Solubles on
the Hatchability of Chicken Eggs," by Fortunato T.
Basilio, article, Araneta Journal of Agriculture,
vol. 6, no. 2, 1959, pp. 111-136, printed. Araneta
Institute of Agriculture, Victoneta Park, Malabon,
Rizal, Philippines.

Liquid Feed Concentrate from Fishes and Fish Wastes,
by J. Majewski, Polish Patent No. 42,729, December
28, 1959, printed in Polish. Urzad Patentowy, Pol-
skiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej, Al. Niepodleglosci,
188, Warsaw 10, Poland.

FISHERY REGULATIONS:

"Hconomic Effects of Fishery Regulation," article,
Trade News, vol. 13, no. 12, June 1961, pp. 3-5,
illus., processed. Trade News, Information and
Education Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa,
Canada. Discusses the FAO Expert Meeting on the
Economic Effects of Fishery Regulation, held in
Ottawa, June 12-17, 1961. The meeting was the first
international gathering of its kind on the North Amer-
ican continent. Countries represented included Can-
ada, Chile, Denmark, France, Iceland, Japan, Nor-
way, Philippines, South Africa, Spain, the United
Kingdom, and the United States. There were also
participants from several international fisheries
commissions, the FAO itself, and other agencies.
Papers were presented on the economics of regula-
ting fisheries; the effects of regulations on the catch;
and related subjects. Biologists, economists, and
other specialists in the field of fisheries must com-
bine forces in assembling the data required by ad-
ministrators and policymakers to arrive at sound
decisions, one expert concluded.

iJ

FISHERY RESEARCH:

Fishing Effort--The Effect of Fishing on Resources
and the Selectivity of Fishing Gear (Proceedings of
the Joint Scientific Meeting of ICNAF, ICES and
FAO, 27 May-3 June 1957), Reports-vol. 1, 45 pp.,
printed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,
Rome, Italy, 1960.

FISHWAYS:

"Susquehanna Fishways Studied at Bonneville Lab.,"
by Russell S. Orr, article, Pennsylvania Angler,
vol, 30, no. 8, August 1961, pp. 2-5, illus., printed,
single copy 10 cents. Pennsylvania Fish Commis-
sion, South Office Bldg., Harrisburg, Pa.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:

AList of Experts Concerned with the Study of Algae,
FAO Fisheries Biology Technical Paper No. 7, 33 pp.,
processed. Fisheries Division, Biology Branch,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na-
tions, Rome, Italy, May 1961. This is one of aseries
of technical papers in which are listed the names
and addresses of persons known to FAO to be con-
ducting research on, or interested in, a particular
subject within the general field of aquatic sciences
and fisheries research.

Marketing Problems and Improvement Programs, by
J. C. Abbott, FAO Marketing Guide No. 1, 282 pp.,
illus., printed. Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Cara-
calla, Rome, Italy, 1958. This guide provides a

88

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

better understanding of marketing, brings about a
wider appreciation of its significance, and indicates
ways in which existing marketing practices may be
improved. The introductory chapter discusses the
importance of marketing and practical problems
and programs. Chapter 2 deals with the main ele-
ments in marketing and their part in the marketing

"Vacuum Freeze Dehydration Process Enters Mar-
ket," by M. Scott Cassell, article, Industrial Re-
frigeration, January 1961, pp. 14-15, 16, ilus.,
printed. Industrial Refrigeration, Nickerson &
Collins Co., 433 N. Waller Ave., Chicago 44, Ill.

FREEZING:

Vol. 23, Novi

system. Assembly, distribution, transport, storage,
grading and standardization, wholesale distributors, Freezers," by F. L. Levy, article, Journal of Re-
marketing margins, supply and demand, monopoly, frigeration, vol. 1, no. 3, March-April 1958, pp. 55-
and other related topics are covered in this chapter. 58, illus., printed. Journal of Refrigeration, Foxlow
Characteristic marketing problems are discussed Publications Ltd., 19 Harcourt St., London W1, Eng-
in Chapter 3, beginning at farm level and centinuing land.

through to the wholesale and retail phases of mar-
keting and the provision of facilitating services.
Methods of introducing improvements are the sub-
ject of the final chapter. This chapter deals with
private enterprise, marketing cooperatives, mar-
keting boards, government regulatory programs,
government facilitating programs, government mar-
keting departments, and FAO assistance in mar-
keting development. Also includes additional papers
on marketing as well as a selected bibliography.

"Calculating the Freezing Time of Fish in Airblast

"Influence of Change of Storage Temperature, Re-
freezing and Rethawing, and Defrosting Process
Upon Drip from Frozen Whalemeat,"' by Kazuo
Tanaka and Takeo Tanaka, article, Journal of the
Tokyo University of Fisheries, vol. 44, 1958, pp. 1-
11, printed. Tokyo University of Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

FROZEN FISH:
"Quick Thaw for Frozen Fish," article, Canadian Re-
FREEZE-DRYING:

"Absorption of Atmospheric Moisture in Freeze-
Dried Pork and Fish,"' by Norman A. Matheson,
article, Nature, vol. 184, December 19, 1959,
pp. 1949-1950, printed. Nature, St. Martin's Press,
Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N. Y.

"Accelerated Freeze Drying. I--Developments to
Date,'' by J. McN. Dalgleish, article, Food Manufac-
ture, vol. 36, February 1961, pp. 56-59, printed.
Food Manufacture, Leonard Hill Ltd., Stratford
House, 9 Eden Street, London NW1, England.

"Commercial Application of Accelerated Freeze-
Drying,'' article, Canadian Refrigeration and Air-
Conditioning Journal, vol. 26, no. 9, September 1960,
pp. 21-22, illus., printed. Canadian Refrigeration
and Air-Conditioning Journal, National Business
Publications Ltd., 137 Wellington St. W, Toronto,
Canada.

"How Microwaves Speed Freeze-Drying,"' by R. V.
Decareau, article, Food Engineering, vol. 33,no. 8,
August 1961, pp. 34-36, illus., printed, single copy
$1. Food Engineering. Chilton Company, Chestnut
and 56th Sts., Philadelphia 39, Pa. In summary
the author states that "high-frequency energy
readily penetrates even thick frozen foods, sub-
limes the ice without raising product temperature.
Economics of microwaves are promising as an
adjunct to conventional heating."' An illustration
shows a closeup of microwave freeze-drying cham-
ber with random loading of shrimp on plastic trays.

"How One Company Freeze-Dries Shrimp--and Plans
Full Line of Sublimated Food Products,'' by Ken-
neth A, Andersen, article, Canner/Packer (Western
Edition), vol. 130, May 1961, pp. 23-24, printed.
Canner/Packer, Triad Publishing Co., 59 E. Monroe
St., Chicago 3, Til.

"Sublimation Freeze-Drying Without Vacuum," by

H. T. Meryman, article, Science, vol. 130, 1959,

pp. 628-629, printed. Science, American Associa-

tion for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massa-

chusetts Ave. NW., Washington 5, D. C.

frigeration and Air-Conditioning Journal, vol. 26m
no. 9, September 1960, p. 31, printed. Canadian Re-
frigeration and Air-Conditioning Journal, National
Business Publications Ltd., 137 Wellington St., W.
Toronto, Canada,

FROZEN STORAGE:
"Fish Handling and Preservation.

Changes during
Freezing and Frozen Storage,'' by W. A. Empey,
article, Food Preservation Quarterly, vol. 18,no. 4,
December 1958, pp. 76-78, printed. Food Preserva-
tion Quarterly, Commonwealth Scientific & Industri-
al Research Organization, Division of Food Pre-
servation and Transport, Homebush, N. S. W.,
Australia,

GEAR:
The Assessment of the Long Term Effects of Changes

in Gear Selectivity and Fishing Effort, by “Rodney
Jones, Marine Research No. 2, 21 pp., printed, 10s.
(US$1.40). Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
for Scotland, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1961. (Available
from Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A Castle
St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland.

The Estimation of the Effect on Catches of Changes

in Gear Selectivity, by J. A. Gulland, 11 pp., printed.
(Reprinted from Journal du Conseil International
Pour l'Exploration de la Mer, vol. 26, no. 2, 1961,
pp. 204-214.) Conseil Permanent International pour
1'Exploration de la Mer, Charlottenlund Slot, Den-

mark,

GENERAL:
"Conquering Inner Space--Oceans,"

by Vincent Mar-
teka, article, Science Newsletter, vol. 80, no. 7,
August 12, 1961, pp. 101-102, illus., printed, single
copy 15 cents. Science Service, Inc., 1719 N St.
NW., Washington 6, D. C. "A new United States
emphasis in exploring and solving the secrets of the
oceans promises to yield many benefits for man-
kind,'' states the author. Several oceanographic
programs, both private and Government~-sponsored
are now under way. ''With the crowding of land by
a skyrocketing population, man may soon count on
the sea for food," according to the author.

November 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED: FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM.

(U. S. Bureau of the Census) Statistical Abstract of
the United States, 1961 (82nd Annual Edition), 1049
pp., illus., printed, $3.50 (buckram). U.S. Bureau
of the Census, Washington, D. C., 1961. (For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Included,

among others, is a chapter on United States fisheries.

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC:

"Ie Developpement du Potentiel de Travail dans le
Domaine de la Peche pour 1'Allemagne de 1'Est et
Ses Perspectives Jusqu'en 1980" (The Potential De-
velopment of Fisheries in East Germany and Fish-
ing Prospects Until 1980), article, France Peche,
vol. 6, no. 52, June 1961, pp. 39-42, printed in
French. France Peche, Tour Sud- -Est, Rue de
Guemene, Lorient, France.

Voraussichtliche Wirkungen der Binnen-und Aussen-
zolle der Buropaischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft
auf den Aussenhandel mit Fischen, Krebsen, Wels
chtieren, Fischwaren und Fischereierzeu nissen
der Bundesrepublik Deutschland unter Berucksich-
Higung des Handels uber die Bremischen Hafen

P

robable Effects of Internal and External Tariffs
of the European Common Market on Foreign Trade
in Fish, Crayfish, Soft Shell Fauna, and Fishery
Products of the Federal Republic of Germany with
Special Emphasis on Trade Through the Ports of
Bremen), by Wilhelm Blanke, Schriftenreihe, Band
1/5, 49 pp., processed in German. Forschungsstelle
fur Fischereiwirtschaft, Parkstrasse 50, Bremen,
Germany, May 8, 1961.

GREAT LAKES:

"Great Lakes Fisheries," article, Trade News, vol.
13, no. 12, June 1961, pp. 6-8, illus., processed.
Trade News, Information and Educational Service,
Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Reviews
the annual meeting of the Canadian Federal-Provin-
cial Committee for Ontario Fisheries held in Ot-
tawa early in 1961. Research programs and man-
agement practices of Lakes Ontario, Huron, Supe-
rior, and Erie are discussed. Encouraging results
from the lamprey control program are reported.
Technological work, gear research, and economics
projects are also discussed.

HEMOGLOBIN:

"Multiple Hemoglobins in Fish, II," by Kanehisa
Hashimoto, and Fumio Matsuura, article, Bulletin
of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
vol, 26, March 1960, pp. 354-360, printed. Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-
Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

HERRING:

"Chemical Studies on the Herring (Clupea harengus).
IV--Creatine in Herring Flesh, and Its Behavior
during Heat Processing," by R. B. Hughes, article,
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,
vol. 11, December 1960, pp. 700-702, printed. The
Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Sq.,
London SW1, England.

"Fat Determinations of Brisling Used in the Norwe-
gian Canning Industry in the Year 1959," article,
Tidsskrift for Hermetikindustri, vol. 46, 1960,
pp. 31-36, printed in Norwegian. Norske Hcrmetik-
fabrikkers Landsforening, Stavanger, Norway.

"Results of Scottish Herring Fisheries in 1960 and
Prospects for 1961,'' by B. B. Parrish, A. Saville,
and I. G. Baxter, article, Scottish Fisheries Bulletin,
No. 15, June 1961, pp. 2-12, illus., printed. Scottish
Fisheries Bulletin, Fisheries Division, Department
of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Edinburgh,
Scotland.

ICE;

"Bacteriology of Crushed Trawler Ice," by D. L.
Georgala, article, Fishing Industry Research In-
stitute) Thirteenth nnual Report for 1959, pp. . 10-
Il, printed. Fishi Fishing Indus Industry Research Institute,
Cape Town, Republic of South Africa,

INDIA: en
Preliminary List of the Fishes of Rajasthan, by G. R.

Chaturvedi, Occasional Paper 60/2, 7 pp., processed.
Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand,

INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES:

Report of Committee on International Relations, by
~ William A, Dill, 4 pp., printed. (Reprinted from
Transactions of the American Fisheries Societ

‘Janu Y Librarian

Colorado A & M College, Ft. Collins, Colo. Dis-
cusses international meetings of significance to
fisheries, new fisheries commissions and councils,
technical assistance to developing countries, and
international surveys pertaining to fisheries,

IRRADIATION:

"Some Aspects of the Present Status of Food Irradia-
tion,'' by J. J. Macfarlane, article, Food Preserva-
tion Quarterly, vol. 20, September 1960, pp. 42-46,
printed. Food Preservation Quarterly, Common-
,wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organiza-
tion, Homebush, N.S.W., Australia.

ISRAEL:

Fishermen's Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 8 (28), June 1961,
36 pp., illus., printed in Hebrew with some English
abstracts. Fishermen's Bulletin, Sea Fisheries Re-
search Station, P. O. Box 699, Haifa, Israel. Con-
tains, among others, the following articles: '!The
Red-Sea Fishery,'' by E. Gilat; ''Ancient Net Indus-
try,'' by M. Nun; "Observations on the Reaction of
Fishes to Artificial Light,'' by A. Ben-Tuvia; ''Con-
tribution to the Study of the Biology of the Grey Mul-
let (M. cephalus) (L.) in the Lake of Tiberias and
the Prospects of Developing a Mullet Fishery in the
Lake,'' by A. Yashouv; "Trawl Fisheries in the North
Atlantic, "by M. Kramer; "Expense Account for One
Night's Effort in Light Fishing for Sardines;'' and
"Marketing Fishfrom the Red Sea, Oct. 1960-May
1961," by I. Ziskin.

JAPAN:

Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Labo-
~ ratory, “no. 29, January 1961, 57 pp., illus., printed
in Japanese with English summaries. Tokai Region-
al Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima,
Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others, the
following articles: ''Fishing Grounds and Age Com-
position of Mackerel on the Southeastern Coast of
Honshu, Japan," by H. Takano; and ''Studies on Mid-
water Trawling. II--Field Experiments of a Net
Sonde,'' by S. Takayama and T. Koyama.

90

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Lab-

oratory, no. 30, March 1961, 134 pp., illus., printed
in Japanese with English summaries. Tokai Region-

al Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima,
Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others,

the following articles: ''Studies on Trawl Net. IV--

An Angle Meter for the Otter Board," by S. Taka-
yama and T. Koyama; "Studies on Gill Nets. I--
Performance of Gill Nets and Reaction of Fish to
the Net; Il--Efficiency of Gill Nets and Factors for
Forming Fishing Grounds," by M. Nomura; ''Rela-
tion between the Fat Content of Skipjack Meat and
Weight of Fatty Tissue on the Heart," by T. Taka-
hashi; and "A Survey of Fur Seal Liver Oil and Its
Vitamin A Content," by Y. Shimma and H. Taguchi.

Collected Reprints, 1960 (from the Tokai Regional
Fisheries Research Laboratory), 161 pp., illus.,
printed in Japanese with some English summaries.
Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory,
Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes,
among others, the following articles: ''Relation
between Oceanographic Conditions and Distribution
of Anchovy Eggs and Larvae in Owase Bay," by Z.
Nakai, S. Hattori, and T. Watanabe; "Influence of
Waves Against Behavior of the Double Drift Net in

the Waters. The Case When the Net is Put Parallel

with Running Wave Direction," by M. Nomua, K.
Mori, and H. Taketomi; ''On the Denaturation of

Fish Muscle Proteins by Dehydration. II--Changes

in Viscosity and in Streaming Birefringence of Ex-
tractable Proteins,'' by M. Migita, J. Matsumoto, >
and T. Suzuki; "Studies on the Fatty Acids in Ma-
rine Animal Livers. I--Quantitative Analysis of
Unsaturated Fatty Acid Bromides," by H. Higashi,
Y. Shimma, and H. Taguchi; ''Studies on the Bait
for Fishing. Part I--An Improved Type of Chum
for Yellowtail: Fishing,'' by T. Kaneda, T. Koyama,
and §. Ishii; ''Studies on Vitamin D in Aquatic An-
imals. I--Improvement of the Assay Method by
Using Chromatography,"' by T. Yamakawa and K,
Iwasaki; ''Chemical Properties of Oils in Gamma-

Radiated Fish Meat and Products. Part IIl--Differ-

ence of Properties of the Oil by Various Packing
Film," by T. Kaneda, S. Ishii, and H. Sakai; and"A
Method for Removing Oils from Oily 'Katsuobushi'
and Other Dried Strips,'' by T. Kaneda and others.

Le Japon et 1'Exploitation de la Mer (Japan and the
Exploitation of the Sea), by Francois Doumenge,
224 pp., illus., printed in French. (Reprintedfrom
Bulletin de la Societe Languedocienne de Geogra-
phie, vol. 32, no. 1, January-June 1961.) Societe
Languedocienne de Geographie, Institut de Geogra-
phie, Faculte des Lettres, 14 Rue Cardinal-de-
Cabrieres, Montpellier, France.

KING CRAB:
"Studies on the Muscle Meat of Paralithodes Cam-

tschatica (Tilesius) II.,'' by Eiichi Tanikawa, Yoshio

Nagasawa, and Minoru Akiba, article, Bulletin of
the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, vol.

10, November 1959, pp. 257-276, printed in English.

Hokkaido University, Kameda-Machi, Hakodate,
Japan.

LAKE ERIE:

Commercial Fisheries Catch Summary for Lake Erie,

Ohio, in 1960, W-200, 6 pp., illus., printed. Divi-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, Noni

sion of Wildlife, Department of Natural Resources, '
1500 Dublin Rd., Columbus, Ohio, 1961.

"Environmental Changes in Lake Erie,'' by Alfred M.
Beeton, article, Transactions of the American Fish-
eries Society, vol. 90, no. 2, 1961, pp. 153-159,
printed. Librarian, Colorado A & M College, Ft.
Collins, Colo.

LAKE VICTORIA:

“The Fisheries of Lake Victoria, 1954-1959,"' by D. J.
Garrod, article, East African Agricultural and For-
estry Journal, vol, 25, no. 1, July 1960, pp. 42-48,
printed. East African Agricultural and Forestry
Journal, Box 21, Kikuyu, Kenya, Africa.

LAMPREY:

Use of 3-Trifluormethyl-4-Nitrophenol as a Selective
‘Sea Lamprey Larvicide, by Vernon C. Applegate and
others, Technical Report No. 1, 35 pp., printed.
Great Lakes Fishery Commission, 1319 North Uni-
versity Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich., 1961.

LIMNOLOGY:

The Laboratory for Experimental Limnology 1954-59,
Research Report No. 44, 24 pp., printed. Depart- _
ment of Lands and Forests, Ontario, Canada, Janu-
ary 1961. Discusses investigations completed and
now in progress by the Laboratory for experimental
limnology regarding the response of aquatic organ-
isms to their environment. Investigations on tem-
perature relations of salmonoids; respiration of
speckled trout, goldfish, and carp; and behavior of
the swimbladder in various salmonoids are de-
scribed in detail. Also discusses the effect of the
photoperiod on the reproduction of speckled trout
and guppy; effect of oxygen on the development of
fish eggs; hybrids of speckled and lake trout; and
autecology of yellow perch.

MARINE BORERS:

Marine Boring and Fouling Organisms (a Symposium),
edited by Dixy Lee Ray, 948 pp., Ulus., printed,
$8.50. University of Washington Press, University
of Washington, Seattle, Wash., 1959.

MINK RATIONS:

"The Adverse Effect of Raw Whale Liver on the
Breeding Performance of Female Mink," by D. W.
Friend and E, W. Crampton, article, Journal of
Nutrition, vol. 73, March 1961, pp. 317-320, printed,
Journal of Nutrition, American Institute of Nutrition,
36th St. at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

MOLLUSKS:

Molluscs: an Introduction to Their Form and Func-
tions, by J. E. Morton, 232 pp., illus., printed, $1.40.
The Science Library, Harper & Bros., 49 E. 33 St.,
New York 16, N. Y., 1960.

Sobre Moluscos de Angola e da Inhaca--Mocambique
(On Mollusks of Angola and Inhaca--Mozambique),

by M. L. Paes da Franca, Trabalhos do Centro de

Biologia Piscatoria Nos. 26 and 27, 128 pp., illus.,
printed in Portuguese, (Reprinted from Memorias
da Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar No. 15, 2nd
series, 1960.) Centro de Biologia Piscatoria, Lis-
bon, Portugal, 1960.

November 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

oil

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

MOZAMBIQUE:
Valor Comercial das Pescarias da Ilha da Inhaca

(Mocambique) em 1957-58 (Commercial Value of
the Fisheries of the Island of Inhaca--Mozambique--
in 1957-58), by J. Goncalves Sanches, Notas Mimeo-
grafadas do Centro de Biologia Piscatoria No. 17,
30 pp., illus., processed in Portuguese with French
and English abstracts. Centro de Biologia Pisca-
toria, Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar, Lisbon,
Portugal, 1961;

MUSSELS:

"The Freezing and Cold Storage of Mussels," by A.
Banks and C. T. House, article, Modern Refrigera-
tion, vol. 61, no. 724, July 1958, pp. S86-685, printed,
Modern Refrigeration, Refrigeration Press Ltd.,
Maclaren House, 131 Great Suffolk St., London SE1,
England.

NETS:

"Synthetic Fish Nets," by F. A. Decker, Jr., article,
Chemical and Engineering News, vol. 39, January
30, 1961, p. 5, printed. The American Chemical
Society, 1801 K St. NW., Washington 6, D, C.

"Tests of Poundnets with Pneumatic Rig,'' by Iu. A.
Koblents, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 34,1958,
pp. 49-52, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
VNIRO Glavinproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

NEW ZEALAND:

Report of the Marine Department for the Year Ended
31 March 1961, 59 pp., printed. Covers the activ-
ities and accomplishments of the Marine Depart-
ment, including a report on fisheries for 1960. The
latter discusses the quantity and value of fish and
shellfish landings, fishing vessels, total landings at
various ports, foreign trade in fishery products,
and fish-liver oil production. It also discusses the
whaling season, oysters, mussels, fresh-water and
marine research, and fishery legislation, A num-
ber of statistical tables are included.

NORTH CAROLINA:

"Winter Fish Mortality in Pamlico Sound, North
Carolina," by Harry W. Wells, Mary Jane Wells,
and I. E. Gray, article, Ecology, vol. 42, no. 1,
January 1961, pp. 217-219, illus., printed, single
copy $2.50. Ecological Society of America, Duke
University Press, Box 6697, College Station, Dur-
ham, N. C.

NORWAY:

"Fiskefartoyers Lonnsomhet i 1959, Arsresultater"
(Fishing Vessel Profits in 1959--Annual Results),
article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 28, July 13, 1961,
pp. 490-499; no. 29, July 20, 1961, pp. 511-516; and
no. 30, July 27, 1961, pp. 527-532, printed in Nor-
wegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstu-
plass 10, Bergen, Norway.

NUTRITION:

Eating is Fun... for Older People, Too, 28 pp.,
illus., printed, single copy 50 cents (discount for
orders of 5 or more). The American Dietetic As-
sociation, 620 No. Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, Il.,
August 1961. Designed for the use of managers of
small nursing homes and homes for the aging. The
contents are applicable to family use, also. The

menu patterns are based upon the normal nutrition-
al requirements of older people. Fish is included in
some of the menus.

Step Lively and Control Weight, 6 pp., illus., printed,
single copy 3 cents (discount for orders of 50 or
more). The American Dietetic Association, 620 No.
Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, Ill., August 1961.

OYSTERS:

"The Determinaticn of Glycogen in Oysters," by J. R.
Fraser and D. C. Holmes, article, The Analyst,
vol. 86, February 1961, pp. 131-132, printed. The
Analyst, W. Heffner and Sons Ltd., 3/4 Petty Cury,
Cambridge, England.

"Scottish Oyster Fisheries and Experiments," by R.
H. Millar, article, Scottish Fisheries Bulletin, No. 15,
June 1961, pp. 12-14, printed. Scottish Fisheries
Bulletin, Fisheries Division, Department of Agricul-
ture and Fisheries for Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland.

PACIFIC ISLANDS:

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, 1960 (13th An-
nual Report to the United Nations on the Administra-
tion of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands -
July 1, 1959 to June 30, 1960), 267 pp., illus., printed,
$1.00, May 1961. (For sale by Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.) Discusses, among other things,
fisheries in the Pacific Islands.

PARASITES:
"Presence of Blood Antigens in Fish Mucus and Its
Possible Parasitological Significance,"' by Fergus
J. O'Rourke, article, Nature, vol. 189, March 18,
1961, p. 943, printed. Nature, St. Martin's Press,
Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N. Y.

PHYSIOLOGY:

"Glycogen and Lipid Storage in Some Fishes of the
Gulf of Mexico," by C. L. Dodgen, and L. L. Sulya,
article, Federation Proceedings, vol. 20, Part I,
March 1961, p. 267, printed. Federation of Amer-
ican Societies for Experimental Biology, 9650 Wis-
consin Ave. NW, Washington 14, D. C.

"Proposal for Study of Physiological Variation in Ma-
rine Animals,'' by C. L. Prosser, article, Annee
Biologique, vol. 33, 1957, pp. 191-197, printed in
French. Annee Biologique, Federation des Societes
de Sciences Naturelles, 57 Rue Cuivier, Paris 5,
France.

PLANKTON:

"Influence of Fertilization of Ponds on the Develop-
ment of the Zooplankton," by A. Czapik, article,
Biul. Polska Akademia Nauk, no. 5, 1957, pp. 71-96,
printed in Polish with German summary. Polska
Akademia Nauk, Ponsewowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe,
Krakowskie Przedmiescie, 79, Warsaw, Poland.

"Nutritive Value of Plankton,"' by Werner G. Jaffe,
article, Archivos Venezolanos Nacional de Nutri-
cion, vol. 9, 1959, pp. 147-158, printed in Spanish.
Instituto Nacional de Nutricion, Plaza Espana,
Caracas, Venezuela.

92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23, No, 11

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NQT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE
IN

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

POLLUTION:
The Biology of Polluted Waters, by H. B. N. Hynes,
216 pp., illus., printed, $3.50, Liverpool University
Press, Liverpool, England, 1960.

PRESERVATION:

Torry Research Station Annual Report, 1960, on the
Handling and Preservation of Fish and Fish Prod-
ucts, 49 pp., printed, 3s. (about 42 U.S. cents).
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Charles House, 5-11 Regent St., London SW1, Eng-
land, 1961. (Also available from Her Majesty's
Stationery Office, 13A Castle St., Edinburgh 2,
Scotland.) Describes accomplishments in research
during 1960 on improvement in quality of iced fish,
freezing and cold storage, smoke curing, drying,
canning, and fishery byproducts. Also includes
work on effect of temperature on the multiplication
of marine bacteria, fish muscle proteins, fat oxida-
tion, dielectric properties of cod muscle, heat trans-
fer in plate freezers, and many others. Also con-
tains a list of reports and papers published during
1960 on the handling and preservation of fish and
fish products,

PROTEINS:

"Blood Proteins of Some Indian Fresh-Water Fishes,"
by N. Chandrasekhar, article, Proceedings of the
Indian Academy of Sciences, vol. 49B, 1959; pp. 377-
385, printed. Indian Academy of Sciences, Banga-
lore, India.

Protein-Containing Food Product from Fish, by
George B. Galliver and Alan W. Holmes, Nether-
lands Patent No. 92,828, December 15, 1959, printed
in Dutch. Bureau voor de Industriele Eigendom,
Willem Witsenplein, 6, The Hague, Netherlands,

Protein from Fish for Use as Supplementary Feed,
by Klement Mohler and Raimund Vogel, German
Patent No. 970,350, September 11, 1958, printed
in German. Deutsches Patentant, Zeibrucken-
strasse, 12, Munich 2, Germany.

QUALITY:

"Fish Transportation. I--Time Change in Electric
Resistance of Fish," by Mitsugi Nagamatsu, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 26, August 1960, pp. 771-777, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

RADIOACTIVITY:

"Potassium as an Index of Naturally Occurring
Radioactivity in Tuna Muscle," by Diptiman Cha-
kravarti and Timothy Joyner, article, Transac-
1960, pp. 312-314, printed. Librarian, American
Fisheries Society, Colorado A & M College, Ft.
Collins, Colo.

REACTIONS OF FISH:

"The Reactions of Fishes to Toxic Substances, II--
The Reactions of Fishes to Acids," by Shinya Ishio,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Fish-
eries, vol. 26, September 1960, pp. 894-899, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

REFRIGERATED STORAGE:

"Formation of Acetoin in Cod and Other Bottom-Fish
Fillets during Refrigerated Storage,'' by Herman S.
Groninger, article, Food Technology, vol. 15, Jan-
uary 1961, pp. 10-12, printed. Food Technology,
The Garrard Press, 510 No. Hickory, Champaign,
Ql.

REFRIGERATION:

'Ice-Making and Storage at New Fish Depot," article,
Modern Refrigeration, vol. 63, no. 752, November
1960, pp. 1147-1148, illus., printed. Modern Re-
frigeration, Refrigeration Press Ltd., Maclaren
House, 131 Great Suffolk St., London SE1, England.

"Liquid Nitrogen Spray in Truck Cools Frozen Food
Quickly, Efficiently,'' article, Food Engineering,
vol, 33, February 1961, p. 79, printed. Food Engi-
neering, Chilton Company, Chestnut and 56th Sts.,
Philadelphia 39, Pa.

"USDA Runs Extensive Test on Linde's Liquid Nitro-
gen System for Trucks," article, Quick Frozen
Foods, vol. 23, no. 6, January 1961, pp. 106-107,
printed. Quick Frozen Foods, E. W. Williams Pub-
lications, Inc., 82 Wall St., New York 5, N. Y.

RIBOFLAVIN:

"Riboflavin Contents in the Liver of Fish,'' by Hideo
Higashi, Shigeo Murayama, and Kikuko Tabei, ar-
ticle, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 25, December 1959, pp. 680-686,
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

ROCKFISH:

"Proximate Composition of Nine Species of Rockfish,"
by Claude E. Thurston, article, Journal of Food Sci-
ence, vol, 26, January 1961, pp. 38-42, printed.
Journal of Food Science, Institute of Food Technol-
ogists, 510-522 No. Hickory St., Champaign, Il.

SALMON:

"The Australian Salmon," by W. B. Malcolm, article,
Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 20, no. 7, July 1961, pp.
19, 22, illus., printed. Commonwealth Director of
Fisheries, Department of Primary Industry, Can-
berra, Australia. Refers to the trout Arripis trutta.

"Changes in Plasma 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids Ac-
companying Sexual Maturation and Spawning of the
Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and
Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdnerii),” by S. Hane and
O. H. Robertson, article, Proceedings of the Nation-
al Academy of Sciences of the United States of Amer-
ica, vol. 45, 1959, pp. 886-893, printed. National
Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave. NW.,
Washington 25, D. C.

"Freezing of Salmon for Canning," by E. Tanikawa
and T. Motohiro, article, Bulletin de L'Institut In-
ternational du Froid, vol. 39, 1959, p. 870, printed
in French and English. Institut International du
Froid, 177 Blvd. Malesherbes, Paris XVII, France.

"Investigation and Management of Atlantic Salmon
(Summary of 1960-61 Reports). Part I--The Re-
search Programme," by C. J. Kerswill; ''Part 2--

November 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

The Management Programme," article, Trade News,
vol. 14, no. 1, July 1961, pp. 3-15, illus., printed.
Trade News, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Can-
ada. Part 1 gives an account of the extensive pro-
gram of investigation of Atlantic salmon in Eastern
Canada. It covers availability of adult salmon, dis-
tribution and use of salmon of known river origin,
young salmon production, various environmental
changes, and studies of the behavior of young salm-
on. Part 2, the report on the management program,
consists of reviews prepared by personnel of fish-
ery groups connected with river studies, pollution
studies, hatcheries, hydro development, fresh-water
fish populations, and other miscellaneous projects.

SARDINES:

Aspectos Biologicos y Economicos de la Pesqueria
de Sardina RDINOPS CAERULEA (Girard, 1854)
en Aguas Mexicanas del Pacifico (Biological and
Etonomic Aspects of the Sardine, Sardinops caer-
ulea--Girard, 1854--, Fishery in Mexican Pacific
Waters), by Rodolfo Ramirez Granados, 130 pp.,
illus., printed in Spanish. Secretaria de Marina,
Direccion General de Pesca e Industrias Conexas,
Mexico D. F., Mexico, 1958.

SEAWEEDS:

"Chemical Studies onthe Green Seaweed. I--Seasonal
Variations Reflectedon Biochemical Composition of
Enteromorpha compressa and Ulva pertusa," by Kiyo
Mita, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scien-
tific Fisheries, vol. 26, October 1960, pp. 1010-1012,
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-
chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

SHARKS:

"Note on the Thermal Decomposition of Urea in the
Muscle of Shark Fish," by M. Suyama and T, Toku-
hiro, article, Journal of the Tokyo University of
Fisheries, vol. 41, 1954, pp. 45-52, printed. Tokyo
University of Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Shark: Unpredictable Killer of the Sea, by Thomas
Helm, printed, C$4.50. Dodd, Mead and Company
(Canada) Limited, Toronto, Canada, 1961.

SHRIMP:

"A Special Case of Blackening of Preserved Shrimp,'
by L. Van Coillie, article, Revue Conserve France
et Union Francaise, pp. 65-67, printed in French,
Revue Conserve France et Union Francaise, 1 Rue
de la Reale, Paris 1, France, 1957.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Depreciation Costs - Don't Overlook Them, by Carl
P. N. Jensen, Small Marketers Aid No. 68, 4 pp.,
printed. Small Business Administration, Washing-
ton 25, D. C., June 1961. A report on the impor-
tance of considering depreciation costs in manag-
ing a small firm. Discusses depreciation as a
business expense. Explains how depreciation is
determined and emphasizes the importance of peri-
odically setting aside equipment-replacing funds.
Included is a simple record form which the owner-
manager can use to keep track of his depreciation
expenses.

Designing for Higher Profits, by Robert B. Sleight,
Technical Aids for Small Manufacturers No. 75,

4 pp., printed. Small Business Administration,
Washington 25, D. C., July-August 1961. An aid
for businessmen and technical executives. In sum-
mary, the author states that ''Designing for higher
profits often means building more comfort and con-
venience into equipment, work places, and methods.
It means trying to arrange the physical things as-
sociated with a job in the best way for the operator.
Well-designed products are more salable. Well-
designed work places are more comfortable and
efficient. Well-designed methods are less costly.
Top technical people in small plants would do well
to look for the chances to improve design.'' This
aid tells of actual business situations and how they
were handled. These situations suggest approaches
which can be adapted by others to their own needs.

SOUTH CAROLINA:

Common Marine Fishes of South Carolina, by Charles
M. Bearden, Contribution No. 34, 44 pp., illus.,
printed, 8 cents. Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wad-
malaw Island, S, C., July 1961. At least 250 species
of marine fish are found in South Carolina's marine
waters. Many of these species are commonly taken
by sports and commercial fishermen and some are
important food and game fish. This publication con-
tains information on the identities and habits of
some of the more common salt-water fish. Approx-
imately 20 species of salt-water fish, taken chiefly
by otter trawl, haul seine, and gill net, enter the
commercial catch annually. Spot, shad, and mullet
have made up the bulk of the commercial catch in
recent years and are the State's most valuable com-
mercial fish.

SPOILAGE:

"Changes in the Actin of Cod Flesh during Storage at
-14° C.," by J. J. Connell, article, Journal of the
Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 11, September
1960, pp. 515-519, printed. Journal of the Science
of Food and Agriculture, Society of Chemical Indus-
try, 14 Belgrave Sq., London SW1, England.

"Formation of Acetoin in Cod and Other Bottom-Fish
Fillets during Refrigerated Storage,'' by H. S. Gron-
inger, article, Food Technology, vol. 15, no. 1, Jan-
uary 1961, pp. 10-12, illus., printed. Food Technol-
ogy, The Garrard Press, 510 N. Hickory, Champaign,
Ul.

"Studies on the Determination of Spoilage in Brined
Fresh-Water Fishes. I--Comparison of Various
Methods for the Determination of Spoilage in Brined
Carassius carassius," by Eiichi Kuroda, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol, 26, September 1960, pp. 944-948, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

SQUID:

"Studies on the Complete Utilization of Squid (Om-
mastrephes sloani, pacificus). XVII--On the 'Flat
our! oO anned Squid Meat, by Eiichi Tanikawa
and Yoshio Nagasawa, article, Bulletin of the Fac-
aay Fisheries, Hokkaido University, vol. 9,
August 1958, pp. 138-144, printed in Japanese with
English abstract. Hokkaido University, Kameda-
Machi, Hakodate, Japan.

94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

STORAGE:

"Storage of Fried Hake," by G. M. Dreosti and A. M.
Atkinson, article, Fishing Industry Research Insti-
tute, Thirteenth Annual Report for 1959, pp. 18-19,
printed. Fishing Industry Research Institute, Cape
Town, Republic of South Africa,

TIDES:

Tide Tables--Central and Western Pacific Ocean and
Indian Ocean, 1962, 385 pp., printed, $1. U.S. De-
partment of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey,
Washington 25, D. C., August 1961. High and low
water predictions.

TILAPIA:

"The Culture of Tilapia nigra (Gunther) in Ponds.
IV--The Seasonal Growth of Male T. nigra," by
V. D. van Someren and P. J. Whitehead, article,
East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal,
vol. 26, no. 2, October 1960, pp. 79-86, printed.
East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal,
Box 21, Kikuyu, Kenya.

"The Culture of Tilapia nigra (Gunther) in Ponds.
V--The Effect of Progressive Alterations in Stock-
ing Density on the Growth of Male T. nigra," by
V. D. van Someren and P, J. Whitehead, article,
East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal,
vol, 26, no. 3, January 1961, pp. 145-155, printed.
East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal,
Box 21, Kikuyu, Kenya.

TOXINS:

"Fish-Killing Factor Produced by Proteus vulgaris.

I--Production of the Toxic Factor,” by Hideo Mori-

yama and Hiroshi Ueno, article, Japanese Journal
of Microbiology, vol. 3, 1959, pp. 105-112, printed
in English, French, or German. Japanese Journal
of Microbiology, Maruzen Co., Ltd., 303 Fifth Ave.,
New York 16, N. Y.

TRAWLS:
Preventing Damages to Trawls," by S. M. Barkan
and G. D. Silukov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
vol. 34, 1958, pp. 53-56, printed in Russian. Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie
SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

TRINIDAD:

"Availability of Fish in Trinidad Waters in 1960," by
J. S. Kenny and D, E. Lagois, article, West Indies
Fisheries Bulletin, no. 3, May/June 1961, pp. 1-14,
processed. Ministry of Natural Resources and
Agriculture, Federal House, Port-of-Spain, Trin-
idad, West Indies.

TROPICAL MARINE FISH:
Larval and Adult Stages of the Stromateoid Fish
PSENES REGULUS With Comments on Its Classi-

Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Carib-
bean, vol. 11, no. 2, June 1961, pp. 210-236.) In-
stitute of Marine Science, University of Miami,
#1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

TROUT:
"Studies on the Digestive Enzymes of Rainbow Trout.
I--Carbohydrases,'"' by Manabu Kitamikado and

Vol. 23, Nos in

Shinko Tachino, article, Bulletin of the Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, July 1960,
pp. 679-684, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

TUNA:

"Expansion of N.S.W. Tuna Fishing Industry," by J.
Freijs, article, The Refrigeration Journal, vol. 14,
no. 6, December 1960, pp. 45, 47, 59, illus., printed.
The Refrigeration Journal, Australian Institute of
Refrigeration, 62 Margaret St., Sydney 1, Australia.

"A Method for Removing Oils from Oily 'Katsuobushi'
.and Other Dried Strips,'' by Takashi Kaneda and
others, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, December 1960, pp.
1204-1209, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

The Purse Seine Revolution in Tuna Fishing, by
Richard L. McNeely, 27 pp., illus., printed. (Re-
printed from Pacific Fisherman, June 1961, pp. 27-
58.) Pacific Fisherman, Miller Freeman Publica-

_tions, 731 South West Oak St., Portland 5, Oreg.

"Studies on an Unknown Factor in the Pyloric Caeca
of Skipjack. Il--Characteristics of the Unknown
Factor (Part 1),'' by Daiichi Kakimoto, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 26, August 1960, pp. 765-770, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"Studies on the Unknown Factor in the Pyloric Caeca
of Skipjack, III--Isolation and Characterization of
the Unknown Factor,'' by Daiichi Kakimoto, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 26, October 1960, pp. 989-995, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, ~

TURKEY:

Balik ve Balikcilik (Fish and Fishery), vol. 9, no. 6,
July-August 1961, 28 pp., illus., printed in Turkish
with English table of contents. Balik ve Balikcilik,
Balikcilik Mudurlugu, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey.
Includes the following articles: 'The Use of Dolphin
Skins in Industry," by Hikmet Akgunes; ''Gurnard
and Its Fishing,'' by Sitki Uner; "Of Biological and
Hydrodynamic Sounds Emitted by Fish," by Muz-
affer Atli; ''The Biology and Appearance of Mack-
erel (Part III),'' by Huseyin Uysal; and ''Turkey's
1960 Fish Exportation,"’ by Sadan Barlas.

TURTLES:

"The Ecology and Migrations of Sea Turtles. 4--The
Green Turtle in the Caribbean Sea," by A. Carr and
L, Ogren, article 1, Bulletin, American Museum of
Natural History, vol. 121, 1960, 48 pp., illus.,
printed. American Museum of Natural History,
Central Park West and 79th St., New York, N. Y.

UNITED KINGDOM:

Fisheries of Scotland Report for 1960, 108 pp., printed,
5s. 6d. (about 77 U. S. cents). Department of Agricul-
ture and Fisheries for Scotland, Aberdeen, Scotland,
June 1961, (Available from Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, 13A Castle St., Edinburgh 2, Scotland.)

November 1961

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Herring Industry Board, Twenty-Sixth Annual Report,
1960, 60 pp., printed, 3s. (about 42 U. S. cents). Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, 13A Castle St., Edin-
burgh 2, Scotland, March 29, 1961. Reports on the
herring fisheries in the North Sea; commercial and
statutory arrangements between or concerning the
Herring Industry Board, the catches, and the shore-
based sections of the industry; markets and market-
ing; production, research, and development; and the
herring fleet. Contains statistical tables showing
the landings and value of catches and disposal of
landings during the winter, summer, and autumn
seasons; composition of the fleet in the Irish Sea
area; and related data.

WG Bb tb tae

Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, no. 3, 1961, 80 pp., illus.,
printed in Russian with English table of contents
and summaries. Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, c/o Four
Continent Book Corp., 822 Broadway, New York 3,
N. Y. Includes, among others, the following arti-
cles: 'Low Temperature Storage of Cod andOcean
Perch," by A. I. Piskarev, A. P. Bornovalova, and
L. G. Lukyanitsa; ''All-Union Scientific Technical
Conference of Specialists in the Fishing Industry;"
and ''Seminar of Technologists of the Estonian
Fishing Industry."

VESSELS:

"External Cathodic Protection of Floating Craft,"
article, Chemistry and Industry, no. 8, February
25, 1961, pp. 228-229, printed. Society of the
Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Sq., London, SW1,
England.

VITAMINS:
"Vitamin B, Content of the Skin and Muscle of Ma-
rine Fishes,'' by Kazuko Oka, Chemical Abstracts,
vol. 53, no. 22589h, November 25, 1959, printed.

WEATHER CHARTS:

Coastal Warning Facilities Chart, Canadian Border
to Eureka, Calif., and Alaska, 1961, 1 p., processed,
10 cents. Weather Bureau, U. 8. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Su-
perintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Print-
ing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The chart shows
stations displaying small craft, gale, whole gale,
and hurricane warnings, explanation of warning dis-
plays, and schedules of AM and FM radio and TV
stations that broadcast weather forecasts and warn-
ings.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95

WORLD TRADE:

The following World Trade Information Service Re-
ports, published by the Bureau of Foreign Com-
merce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington,
D. C., are for sale by the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
toni25) D2". at 10; cents:a copy.

Import Tariff System of Switzerland, Operations Re-
port No. 61-39, WTIS Part 2, 2 pp., printed, June
1961.

Import Tariff System of the Bahamas, Operations Re-
port No, 61-40, WTIS Part 2, 2 pp., printed, June
1961.

YELLOW PIKE:

"Factors Related to Commercial Production of the
Walleye in Red Lakes, Minnesota," by Lloyd L.
Smith, Jr. and Richard L. Pycha, article, Transac-
tions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 90,
no. 2, 1961, pp. 190-217, printed. Librarian, A& M
College, Ft. Collins, Colo.

YELLOWTAIL:

"Oil of Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). I--Fats
Contained in Various Parts of the Body in the Proc-
ess of Gonad Maturation," and ''II-Seasonal Varia-
tion of Component Fatty Acids of Viscera Oil," by
H. Tsuyuki, A. Shionoya, and T. Matsumoto, articles,
Yukagaku, vol. 7, 1958; pp. 189-195, and vol. 8, 1959,
pp. 31-34, respectively, printed in Japanese. Nippon
Yukagaku Kyukai, Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Moto-
fujicho, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Coastal Warning Facilities Chart, Eureka to Point
Conception, Calif., 1961, 1p., processed, 10 cents,
Weather Bureau, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent
of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D. C.)

WHITEFISH:
Gill-Net Selectivity of Lake Whitefish from Goderich-
“Bayfield Area, Lake Huron, 4 pp., printed. (Re-
printed from Transactions of the American Fish-
eries Society, vol. 90, no. 3, July 1961, pp. 337-
340.) Librarian, Colorado A & M College, Ft. Col-
lins, Colo.

MR
ait ,, i)

‘ iy

FEDERAL REFUGE AND FISH HATCHERY MEN GET UNIFORMS

The field men operating National Wildlife Refuges and National Fish Hatcheries
of the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife will be in uniform and identifiable
as associated with the Federal natural
resource development program, the
Department of the Interior reported
on August 30, 1961. The change was
effective July 1 but employees had un-
til November 1, 1961, to purchase uni-
forms. Approximately 1,200 employ-
ees are affected.

The uniform willbe atan mixture
with a gold arm patch carrying the
insignia of Interior's Fish and Wild-
life Service. The Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife will be desig-
natedbyashoulder tab. Regional su-
pervisors and Regional technical per-
sonnel of the operations mentioned
will wear the uniform while in the
field.

The regulations provide that the
official uniform is to be worn by per-
sonnel on duty at field station head-
quarters, while engaged in routine
duties, while distributing fish, while
visiting stations on official business,
and while representing the Bureau at
meetings and when working with the
public.

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service employee wearing new uniform. The uniform will be gabardine or

dacron-wool tropical depending upon
the need. It will consist of a cruiser coat or ''Eisenhower" jacket, trousers, 'open-
road" style hat, or ski cap as the occasion requires, a poplin or dacron-wool shirt
and tie, socks, shoes or boots, and belt. A suit coat may be worn by some. Supple-
mentary items include cold weather and rough duty jackets and trousers, and various
L hard-work items.

bn Nee

A

Mt

Mull

sam
| Ill ull

M
H

94463 Fishe

Piece

DECEMBER 1961

L. 23, NO. 12

Lu
=
>
a
uu
n
Lu
Lo
—
(an)
=
a2)
1S
©
LL
2
Le

bk
o
boa
(S)
ww
=
iS)
i
we
wi
e)
ah
c
Y
£
ae
&
©
ao
iS)
(aa)
(72)
iS)
hy
©
Ce
YN
me)
iS)
=
i=
=

U
(aa)
c
O
as
Oo
£
cls
7)
>

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY
DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF
CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor

Address correspondence andrequests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

nS
CONTENTS

COVER: Airplanes are being used by the United States commercial
fisheries in various areas to locate concentrations of schooling
fish. Aerial photo showing herring massed against the webbing
of a stop seine the morning after the net had been set. Aircraft
are sometimes used to examine the stop-seined area for the re-
sults of the previous night's fishing, to determine if the quantity
of fish caught is worth moving into a seine pocket for holding.
Location; entrance to New Harbor, Maine. (Seep. 1 of this issue.)

. -Aerial Fish Spotting in the United States Commercial Fisheries, by James L. Squire, Jr.
8 ..Effects of Some Pesticides on Eggs and Larvae of Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and Clams (Venus mer-
cenaria), by Harry C. Davis

Page Page

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
California: Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program (Contd.):
24 .. Shrimp Study off California Coast Continued 31... Exploratory Shrimp Fishing in Selected Areas
24 .. Investigation of Abalone Resources Con- of North-Central Gulf of Mexico
tinued 32 .. Shrimp Trawl Operational Studies Continued
25 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued 32 .. Shrimp Tagging Near Dry Tortugas
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: Gulf Fishery Investigations:
25 .. New Research Vessel for Honolulu Biologi- 33... Shrimp Fishery Program
cal Laboratory 34 .. Estuarine Program
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: 35 .. Industrial Fishery Program
26 .. Department of Defense Purchases, January- Gulf of Mexico Fishing Industry:
August 1961 36 .. Hurricane ''Carla'' Inflicts Heavy Damage
27... Veterans Administration Awards on Canned Hawaii:
Tuna and Salmon 37... Commercial Fishery Landings, July 1960-
Fisheries Loan Fund: June 1961
27... Loans Approved, July 1-October 31, 1961 Industrial Products:
Fish Solubles: U.S. Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles:
28 .. Patent on Recovery of Fish Solubles SSM Production, January-September 1961
Florida: Somer. Production and Imports, January- August
Omer Fisheries Research, April-June 1961 1961
Fur Seals: Marine Game Fish:
29 .. Prices for Alaska Skins Drop at Fall Auction 40 .. Research Aided by Loan of Vessel
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: Marketing:
29... Lake Erie Fish Population Survey Continued 40 .. Edible Fishery Products Prospects, Winter
30 .. Lake Michigan Fish Population Survey Con- 1961/62
tinued North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear
Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program: Research:
31 .. Experimental Midwater Trawl Tested and 41 .. Midwater Trawling Operations Completed
Compared with British Columbia Type for 1961

Contents continued page II.

IT

Page

41
42
42
42
43
43

45

46
46

47

47
48
48
49
49
49

49
50

51

52
52

52
53

54

56

58

58

59

59

59

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:
- Groundfish Survey off New England
North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:
. Exploratory Trawling for Bottom Fish in
Gulf of Alaska
Oysters:
. Delaware Bay Survival Improved
. _Use of Grounds in Low-Salinity Water Urged
Pacific Coast:
. _ Field Hearings Held on Fishery Problems
Pacific Ocean:
. Discovery of 34 Seamounts Under Pacific
Reported
Pollution:
. Maritime Administration Attacks Oil Pollu-
tion of the Seas
Shrimp:
United States Landings and Stocks Down
United States Shrimp Supply Indicators as of
November 2, 1961
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
. Fish and Shellfish Exploration off Georgia
and’ Florida Continued
Sport Fishery:
. _ Pacific Marine Sport Fishery Research
Striped Bass:
- _Chesapeake Bay Five-Year Migration Study
Tuna:
. California Ex-Vessel Prices Advance for the
Third Time in 1961
. California Ex-Vessel Prices Advance for the
Fourth Time in 1961
. California Bluefin Ex-Vessel Price also Ad-
vanced
.. California Canned Tuna Wholesale Prices In-
crease
. | Two Additional Canned Products Introduced
. U.S. Fishery Landings, January-August 1961
U.S. Fishing Vessels:
- Documents Issued and Cancelled, August 1961
U.S. Foreign Trade:
5 Edible Fishery Products, August 1961
United States Exports and Re-Exports of
Frozen Shrimp to Japan, January-July 1961
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota

: : U. S. Production of Fish Sticks and Portions,

July-September 1961

. . Wholesale Prices, October 1961

FOREIGN:
. Principal Species of Commercial Shrimp in
Argentina, by Enrique E. Boschi
International;
International Pacific Halibut Commission:
. All Regular North Pacific Halibut Fishing
Ended October 1, 1961
International North Pacific Fisheries Com-
mission:
Japanese Press Comments on Meeting of
Commission
International Council for the Exploration of
the Sea:
Forty-Ninth Statutory Meeting
Oceanography:
6 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commis-
sion Meets.
International Association of Fish Meal Man-
ufacturers:
i Second Annual Conference

Page

60

61

61
62

63

63

64
64

67

67

68

68
68
69
69
69
70
tia
71

72
72

72
72
73
73
73
74
74
75
75

.

FOREIGN (Contd,):

International (Contd.):
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development:
OECD Replaces Organization for European
Economic Cooperation
United States-Canada St. Croix River Basin
Project Includes Restoration of Anadromous
Fish Runs
Food and Agriculture Organization:
World Tuna Congress for 1962 Planned
Forum on Research Vessels Held in Japan
United Nations Conference of New Sources of
Energy:
Solar Drying Devices Could Save Money in
Fishing and Farming
Australia:
Fishing Vessel Chartered by Government to
Survey Tuna Resources
Modern Pilchard Purse-Seine Gear Introduced
Commonwealth Fisheries Council Formed
Burma:
Import Duty Rates on Fishery Products In-
creased
Canada:
New Brunswick Fish Meal Prices, September
1961
Synthetic Monofilament Gill Nets Banned in
British Columbia Salmon Fishery in 1962
Curacao:
Japanese Fish Cannery Planned for Free Zone
Denmark:
Fishery Trends, January-August 1961
Fish Fillets and Blocks and Fishery Byprod-
ucts Exports, January-August 1961
Ecuador:
Import Duty on Fish Nets and Twine Lowered
Fiji Islands:
Tuna Fishing Base Planned
German Federal Republic:
Fish Meal Prices, October 6, 1961
Guatemala:
Joint Japanese-Guatemala Shrimp Base Starts
Operations
Iceland:
Shrimp Industry
Fishery Landings, January-June 1961
Icelandic Production of Processed Fishery
Products and Byproducts, January-June
1961
India:
Fisheries Management Institute
Ivory Coast:
Fishing Industry Expands
Japan:
New Canned Tuna Products Sales Smaller
Than Anticipated
Pack of Canned Tuna in Brine by Can Sizes,
1960
Frozen Tuna Exports to United States, April-
September 1961
Frozen Tuna Shipments, April-September
1961
Frozen Tuna Export Quotas and Sales Pro-
cedure Changes Considered
Frozen Tuna Deliveries to Yugoslavia Ex-
pected to Drop
New Regulations on Frozen Tuna Landings
and Transshipments

Contents continued page III.

December 1961

Page

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

III

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.):
Restrictions on Portable-Vessel-Carrying
Tuna Motherships Relaxed
Study of Pole-and-Line Skipjack Fishery
Under Way
Imports of Certain Marine Products Liber-
alized
.. Tuna Imports Liberalized
.. Unlicensed Tuna Vessels May be Registered
Under Foreign Flag
.. Shrimp Industry and Market Trends
.. Yaizu Fishery Landings, September 1961
.. Canned Sardine Exports, April-September
1961
.. Salmon Predation by Sharks Studied
.. Two Fish Meal Factoryships Exceed Quotas
Experimental King Crab Factoryship in Ber-
ing Sea
Industry Hopes to See Waters South of Alaska
Peninsula Opened to Fishing

Kuwait:
.. Persian Gulf Fishing Industry
Libya:
Bureau for Fisheries Affairs Set Up
Mexico:
Guymas Shrimp Fishery Trends, 1960/61
Season
Fish Landings at Veracruz Reported Light
Nigeria:
as Fishery Landings, 1960
Peru:

.. Industry to Manufacture Fish Flour
.. Growth of the Fishing Industry, 1955-1960
.». Anchovy Landings January-June 1961 Set
New Record
Philippine Republic:
Inland Fishing Research Project
Portugal:
.. Sardine Fishery Trends
Sierra Leone:
.. Fisheries Loan and Credit Fund
South Africa Republic:
.. Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery Industry,
January-June 1961
Indian Ocean Research
Spain:
.. WVigo Fisheries Trends, Third Quarter 1961
Sweden:
.. Two Largest Fish Canners Plan Merger

Page

89
90
90
90
90

90
91

91

100

101
103

FOREIGN (Contd,):
Wnossskea:
Fishing Operations in Bering Sea
Northeastern Pacific Fishery Research
Northwestern Atlantic Fisheries
Whale Oil Sold to Western Europe
Mothership with Almost 4 Million Pounds of
Herring
.. North Pacific Whaling
.. Marine Studies Centered at Sevastopol
Yemen:
Fishing Industry
FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:
Use of Sodium Nitrite in Smoked Cured Tuna
and Salmon Products
Use of Sodium Nitrite in Canned Pet Food
Containing Fish and Meat
Food Additives Orders on Use of Red Sea-
weed Extracts in Foods
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Land Management:
ells Mineral Leases in New Areas of Gulf of
Mexico Outer Continental Shelf
U.S. Tariff Commission:
.. Hearing on Proposed First Supplemental Re-
port Relating to Tariff Classification Study
Department of the Treasury:
Coast Guard:
o Amended Vessel Inspection Regulations
Issued
. Eighty-Seventh Congress (First Session)
FISHERY INDICATORS:
. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States

J °o-0-o
6-1 D-0-0

.. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
.. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings
of Fishery Products
Chart 4 ~ Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings
of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution

Centers

Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U.S.
and Alaska

Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
Products

Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports
RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS;
Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
. + Miscellaneous Publications

ogoo00000g00000

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, and Helen Paretti

2K OK OK KOK

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Cover & p. 4, fig. 4--J. L. Squire, Jr. & K. A. Smith; p. 3--J. L. Squire, Jr.; p. 4, fig. 3, &p.5--K. A.
Smith; p. 33--Biological Laboratory, Galveston, Tex.; pp. 36-37--Clinton E, Nickerson, Aransas Pass,
Tex.; pp. 38, 46, & 51--F, B. Sanford& C. F. Lee; p. 41--Expl, Fish. & Gear Res. Base, Gloucester,
Mass.; pe 44--Coast & Geodetic Survey; p. 81--Consulate General of Japan, N. Y.; pe 84--FAO photo;
ppe 68 & 85--J. O. Tranug, FAO; p. 91--H. Kristjonsson, FAO.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

MMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW
December 1961 Washington 25, D. C. Vol. 23, No. 12

AERIAL FISH SPOTTING IN
THE UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

By James L. Squire, Jr.*
SUMMARY

About 70 aircraft are used by the United States commercial fisheries to locate concen-
trations of schooling fish and to assist the fishing fleet.in their capture. Use of spotter air-
craft has enabled the fishing fleet to increase its efficiency by reducing the amount of search
time required to locate concentrations of fish.

One of the primary reasons for successful aerial fish-spotting operations since the World
War II period was the development of reliable light aircraft engines and electronic equipment.

Each commercial species requires a specialized spotting technique. In some fisheries
operations may be conducted only during daylight hours, or at the hours of dusk, or at night
only during periods when there is no moonlight. The skill of the spotter pilot is dependent
upon good visual acuity and the ability to ''recognize'' schooling fish and to determine species
from aerial observations.

ALASKA

Altitudes of operation may | Sima =

vary from 300 to over 2,000

feet.

Tuna, sardines, salmon,
mackerel, anchovies, barracu-
da, menhaden, bonito, and At-

: F PURSE SEINE ; 12taircraft
lantic herring are some of the | ,soraine x

: Zi 7 ‘White Seo Bas WN
species that are fished using Masietel 7
aerial spotting as an aid. yalontin one

Skipjock Tuna Set ain
One of the hazards of ae- “SILL NETS a ==)

Thread Harring

rial fish spotting is mid-air
collisions. Seven fatalities
have been attributed to mid-
air collisions between fish spotter aircraft in the past five years. Cooperative regulations
have been developed by fish-spotter pilots to reduce the chance of mid-air collisions.

Mullet
Fig. 1 - Cor mercial fishing areas using aircraft.

The exact value of aerial fish spotting to the commercial fishing industry is not known
but is considered to be substantial. Some fishing vessels are at times reluctant to journey
to the fishing grounds unless an aerial reconnaissance of the grounds has been made.

Charges for the fish-spotting service varies from one area to another--both the rate

and method of computing payment.

** Formerly Director, North Atlantic Exploratory Fishing Base, Gloucester, Mass.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. “NO. 633

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

The use of aircraft for fish spotting will increase in the future and light aircraft nowused
in some fisheries will undoubtedly be replaced by one-man helicopters, when the development
of that aircraft has reached a point of dependability and its initial cost reduced.

BACKGROUND

The search for methods to develop the efficiency of commercial fishing has resulted in
an increased use of light aircraft in many domestic and foreign fisheries during the past dec-
ade. Approximately 70 aircraft are now in use throughout the United States during the vari-
ous fishing seasons for the purpose of scouting for concentrations of schooling fish and di-
recting fishing operations of the commercial fleet.

The first use of aircraft for scouting concentrations of schooling fish was reported to be
in 1920 for menhaden in the Atlantic. Several attempts to use aircraft and blimps for fish
spotting were recorded for the period before and during World War II. Since World War II,
by using aircraft to aid in spotting surface schooling fish, fishing vessels have been able to
reduce the amount of search time. This is due to the aircraft's ability to search a tremen-
dously greater area during a given period of time, to observe schooling fish when below the
surface, and assist the fishing vessel in selecting the fish school with the approximate de-
sired tonnage. In some instances aircraft have enabled vessels to fish during daylight hours
where previously night fishing during the dark phase of the moon's cycle was the only con-
ventional method, thereby increasing the productive efficiency of the fishing fleet.

One of the principle factors that has resulted in the widespread use of private commer-
cial aircraft for fish spotting was the development of reliable light aircraft engines, and de-
pendable radio equipment.

TECHNIQUES OF OPERATION

The various United States fisheries have independent methods of search and spotting
techniques developed for the species that are of direct concern. Search altitudes may vary
according to the species for which a search is being conducted. Under certain conditions,
depending on high light intensity, low turbidity of the water, and surface schooling, concen-
trations of fish are observable at altitudes of several thousand feet. However, most commer-
cial spotting operations are conducted at altitudes ranging from 500 to 1,500 feet. Species
that are available during the hours of strong light and are abundant in large schools are usu-
ally observable from higher: altitudes than those species generally occurring in small schools
and at the hours of reduced light.

The accuracy of observations involved in fish location is a function of the pilot's ability,
training, and experience. The skilled fish-spotter pilot has developed an ability to distin-
guish subtle differences to be found in the color composition of water masses containing near-
surface schooling fish and those without fish. Proficient fish spotting is dependent on the
visual acuity of the pilot, his ability to discern gradations of luminosity emitted from the sur-
face and to then discriminate between color or light intensity. He then, ''recognizes" or per-
ceives some distinctive inherent characteristic associated with a fish-school target. The
fish-spotter pilot has developed, through many hours of observing, a background of training
and experience which provides the associations necessary for the determination or recogni-
tion of targets of schooling fish. When persons inexperienced in observing schooling fish are
taken on a fish-spotting mission, they usually fail to observe concentrations of fish even
though they may be quite obvious to the trained observer. However, most persons with good
visual acuity are able to distinguish schooling fish with a short period of instruction.

The second phase of the recognition process, and one of great importance to the com-
mercial fishery, is the determination of species. Determination of species may be on the
basis of color, shape, behavior, or other differences and may be a combination of two or
more factors. If operations are in areas where one species predominates, the problem of
species recognition is reduced. However, in areas such as southern California where sever-
al species--sardines, anchovies, bonito, barracuda, and mackerel--are selectively sought by
the commercial fleet, there is a need for further refinement of identification methods, as

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

schools of those species may appear to be indistinguishable from one another. The more
skilled fish spotters have developed observation techniques to determine the differences be-
tween the commercial species.

AREAS OF OPERATION

Aircraft are now being used in the following areas for fish spotting: Alaska: salmon;
Pacific West Coast: sardine, mackerel, bonito, sea bass, barracuda, anchovy, and tuna; Gulf
of Mexico: menhaden, and thread herring; Atlantic Coast: menhaden, Atlantic herring (Maine
sardine), blueback herring, swordfish, and bluefin tuna (see fig. 1).

Menhaden, tuna, sardines,
salmon, sea bass, mackerel,
swordfish, and anchovies are
some species that are attimes
available and easily observed
from the air, and are fished
under conditions of bright sun-
light (see figures 2a and 2b,
and figure 3).

In contrast to such species
is the Atlantic herring (Maine
sardine); which is usually ob-
servable only under conditions
of reduced light, during one to
two hours from dusk till dark-
ness. At this time the herring
rise from the bottom and mi-
grate toward the inshore areas.
Commercial fish spotting for
Atlantic herring is sometimes
conducted at altitudes down to
300 feet to better identify small
schools that may be confused
with the rocky bottom and sub-
merged kelp areas that are com-
mon to the coast of Maine. Air-
craft are sometimes used to
examine the stop-seined area
for the results of the previous
night's fishing, to determine if
the quantity of fish caught is
worth moving into a seine pock-
et for holding.

Aerial fish-spotting oper-
ations are conducted during the
day, and at night off southern
California during periods of the
dark cycle of the moon, Sar-
dines and other pelagic school-
ing species have been located

at night by the luminescence of
planktonic organisms, common- Figs. 2a and 2b - Anchovy schools near shore, north of San Quintin, Baja California,

; ; Mexico, Altitude 150 feet (2 t pe i =
ly Called by fishermen as, ‘ities Sere o Ae ce een (oe), Retna (2b) oncentrations extended for a5

in the water.'' This is the re-

sult of the ''plankton'' being agitated by the schooling fish and is a phenomena that is observa-
ble only during the dark period of the moon's cycle. This luminescence is observable from
the air and is used by the aerial spotter to locate schools, as it is by the surface fisherman.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No, 12

Night aerial spotting operations have been a common practice in California for the past five
years. Night-and-day operations ranging 125 miles or more into the offshore areas are con-
ducted using single-engine light aircraft. Such planes used primarily for tuna spotting, either
off southern California or off the southern end of Baja California, Mexico, are capable of

Fig. 3 - Concentrations of anchovies off Coronado Strand, Calif.

flights of 12 hours or more.
Flights of extended duration oc-
cur during the moon's cycle of
full darkness and the fish spot-
ter aircraft may remain in the
air from dusk till dawn.

Operating procedures be-
tween the fishing vessel and the
spotter aircraft may vary great-
ly. In some areas the aircraft is
is used to guide the seine vessel
to an area where schooling fish
are found to be abundant; and
the seine vessel will then pro-
ceed with the fishing procedure,
using surface observations as a
guide. In other cases, the air-
craft spotter who is proficient
in seining procedures will direct
the setting of the purse seine, or
stop seine, by radio contact with
the captain of the fishing vessel.

When the schooling fish are not close to the surface and therefore not visable from the fish-
ing vessel it is still possible for the aircraft spotter to locate the school and direct the posi-

tioning and setting of the seine.

Fig. 4 - Herring in aseine pocket, and the results of a night's stop-off in the large seine-enclosed area.
On the right, the seine twine is "ballooned" by the incoming tide. Location, north side of Great Mark Is-
land, Casco Bay, Maine.

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

TYPES OF AIRCRAFT AND EQUIPMENT

The type of aircraft most preferred and used in aerial scouting work is the light aircraft
of high-wing monoplane design with a tandem seating arrangement, allowing observation from
either side of the aircraft. The aircraft are powered by a 4 or 6 cylinder opposed-piston en-
gine having a horsepower range of 65 to 150. Several commercial aircraft designs have cer-
tain important features that lend themselves to fish spotting. In general, they are, low-stall-
ing speed, inherent stability, good visibility, and relatively low maintenance and cost of oper-
ation.

The cost of light aircraft now in use by the commercial fish spotter may range from
$2,000 to $12,000 depending on the age and condition of the engine and airframe, and if new
or used. A new aircraft of the type described in the following specifications, equipped with
floats, radio communications, and navigational equipment, would cost about $12,000.

Helicopters have been used experimentally for commercial fish spotting; however, the
helicopter's high initial and operating costs have discouraged its use in most commercial
fishing operations. The continued development of the helicopter will in the future result in
construction of an economical machine, probably of the one-man type, that will see wide-
spread use by the commercial fishing fleet. A small helicopter of the one-man type could be
operated from the fishing vessel and would be very useful in oceanic fisheries that range
long distances from shore-based aircraft.

In recent years, reliable radio communication equipment has been developed allowing
direct contact between the fishing vessel and the aircraft. This is in contrast with communi-
cations systems experimented with in the earlier days of fish spotting. Such methods as wig-
wagging the wings and heading the aircraft in the direction of the fish school; flying low over
the fishing vessel, cutting the engine, and yelling directions; diving on the school; dropping
empty milk cartons or floats on the school; signaling with a system of colored lights--these
have been replaced with an efficient plane-to-boat electronic communications system. Radio
frequencies in the high frequencies and very-high frequencies (VHF) are most commonly used,
Equipment may range from elaborate VHF communications systems between the shore plant,
fishing vessels, and spotter aircraft, to simple systems between the plane and vessel using
the marine frequencies of 2738 kilocycles. Citizen band units on a frequency of 27 megacycles
are in use, and though range is limited, it does provide a near-private means of giving fish-
ing information.

Most aircraft used in over-
water fish spotting operations
are equipped with wheels and
can be operated only from a
land airport. Land-based air-
craft are easier to maintain
than are float-equipped air-
craft operating from a salt-wa-
ter base, because of the elimi-
nation of the corrosion prob-
lem. Also, inmost areas serv-
ice facilities for land-based
aircraft are common but sea-
plane service facilities areal-
most non-existent. Float-
equipped aircraft are common-
ly found in the Gulf of Mexico
menhaden fishery and the Maine
herring fishery (see fig. 5).

The cost of float-equipped air-

craft is about $2,800 more than
that of wheel-equipped aircraft.
However, the ability to make a forced landing on water with float aircraft, versus a landing
on water with a wheel-equipped type is a factor that must be evaluated by the personnel who

Fig. 5 - Float-equipped aircraft of a type used in fish spotting.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 23, No. 12

fly the aircraft. In most cases, wheel landing on water will result in overturn of the aircraft,
damage, and usually complete loss by sinking.

Typical specifications of light aircraft used in fish spotting are:

Design - High-wing monoplane, two-place (tandem seating).

Engine - 4-cylinder opposed, 150 B. hp. @ 2,700 r.p.m. engines may range from 65 to
160 B. hp.

Gross weight - 1,750 lbs.

Empty weight - 930 lbs.

Useful load - 820 lbs.

Wing span - 35 ft.

Cruising speed - 113 m.p.h. (75% power),

Stalling speed - 45 m.p.h. (flaps extended).

Fuel capacity - 36 U.S. gallons.

Fuel consumption - 9 U.S. gals./hr. (75% power).

Cruising range - 460 miles (75% power).

Conventional light aircraft are sometimes modified to carry large quantities of fuel giv-
ing 12 or more hours of flight duration.

Radio equipment usually includes a marine-band transmitter-receiver, a citizen-band
set, or both, and an aircraft VHF navigation-communications set capable of omni-reception.
An A.D.F. (automatic direction finder) may be included in some cases.

Instrumentation, in addition to the basic flight and engine instruments, may consist of a
full panel allowing operation of the aircraft under I.F.R. (instrument flight rules) conditions.
Aircraft operating in the offshore areas, and at night, are usually so equipped.

HAZARDS OF OPERATION

Aside from the hazard of power failure, which would result in a forced landing, there is
the hazard of mid-air collision. During the past five years, records indicate that in the Mid-
dle Atlantic and New England areas there have been at least seven fatalities resulting from
mid-air collisions between aircraft conducting fish-spotting operations. A mid-air collision
between a fish-spotter aircraft and a military jet in North Carolina, and off southern Cali-
fornia a missing aircraft and an unexplained crash into the sea, has resulted in additional
fatalities.

Aerial fish spotting requires the concentration of the pilot, not only upon flying the air-
craft but in searching below and to the side of the aircraft for signs of schooling fish. Once
the fish are found, it is of necessity that the pilot closely observe the fish during a circling
procedure while waiting for the seiner to arrive at the proper position before setting the net,
and when setting the net. The attention required of the pilot to search and direct the fishing
vessel reduces the amount of attention that the pilot can give to other air traffic.

In an effort to eliminate or cut down on the hazard of mid-air collision, the commercial
fishing*industry has, in areas where fatalities have occurred, developed safety rules for fish-
spotting operations. Theserules are agreedupon by the companies and pilots involved, and op-
erate successfully only through the cooperation of the pilots. In 1959, as a result of a mid-
air collision accounting for three fatalities in 1958, companies and pilots in the Gloucester,
Mass., area, in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries developed the
following voluntary rules. These rules were in part based on those developed by companies
and spotter pilots in the Chesapeake Bay area after a fatal accident in 1956. The coopera-
tive safety rules are:

1. Working altitudes as specified will be adhered to: 0 - 1,500 feet, Company
A, Gloucester, Mass., 2,000 feet plus, Company B, Gloucester, Mass.; or at
ceilings below 2,000 feet a minimum altitude separation of 300 feet will be
maintained between aircraft.

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

2. All fish-spotter pilots will set their altimeters to the barometric pressure
(altimeter setting) each morning at time of take-off.

3. No formation or acrobatic flying over the fishing areas.

I certify and agree that the foregoing rules have been accepted by the companies
and pilots involved in aerial fish-spotting operations and that the boat captains op-
erating in cooperation with the pilots have been made aware of these rules and that
all conditions set forth herein will be complied with. I further agree that the ac-
ceptance of these rules does not in any manner alleviate the pilot for compliance
with all pertinent Federal Air Regulations.

(signed by company representatives and pilots)
VALUE TO THE INDUSTRY

The fish spotter's value to those commercial fisheries dependent upon seining pelagic
schooling fish... is well established and, in many cases, fishing vessel operators are reluc-
tant to venture to the fishing grounds unless an aircraft has scouted the area and can give
current information on the location of schooling fish. Fish-spotting pilots contend that un-
less fish are spotted from the air, it is useless for commercial fishing vessels to attempt
scouting. But weather conditions resulting in low ceilings and poor visability is one of the
few times when surface observations from a fishing boat is the only way to spot schooling
fish. The resulting increase in fishing efficiency from the use of aircraft has not been fully
appreciated by the commercial fishing industry in general, as aircraft are not usually thought
of as having an important part in commercial fishing. In southern California it has been esti-
mated by one of the more experienced fish-spotting pilots that each active fish-spotting air-
craft is responsible for directing fishing operations resulting in the catch of at least 20,000
tons of sardines, mackerel, and other species during a season. Aircraft used in fish spotting
are sometimes owned by the fishing vessel or processor, and pilots are hired on a monthly
or seasonal basis at a flat rate. In other cases, the aircraft are independently-owned and
spot for the commercial fishing vessels on a share basis, or for a company on a fixed rate,
For example, in the southern California purse-seine fishery, itis reported that the feefor the
spotting service is five percent of the gross ex-vessel sale of the catch on a long-term con-
tract, or seven percent of the individual catch when not under contract. In other areas, fees
have been reported to be 1 to 13 shares of the vessel's gross stock. The number of fishing
vessels that can be properly serviced by one spotter aircraft is 4 to 5,

BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANONYMOUS CUSHING, D. H.; DEVOLD, F.; MARR, J. C. and
1950. Helicopter Used for Locating Tuna Fish. Atlantic KRISTJONSSON, H.
Fisherman, vol. 31, no. 2, p. 20. 1952. Some Modern Methods of Fish Detection., F.A.Q.

Fisheries Bulletin, vol. 5, 3-4, pp. 1-27.

COWARD, kK.
1950. More Trouble for Tuna, Pan American Fisherman,
vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 12-20.

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

EFFECTS OF SOME PESTICIDES ON EGGS AND LARVAE OF OYSTERS
(CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA) AND CLAMS (VENUS MERCENARIA)

Harry C. Davis*
SUMMARY

The effects of several concentrations of 31 compounds, on egg development and survival
and growth of bivalve larvae, have been determined, Some compounds were tested on eggs
and larvae of both oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and clams, Venus mercenaria (Mercena-
ria mercenaria), but the majority were tested on only one or the other of these species of bi-
valves. The compounds included were 14 insecticides, 4 weedicides, 4 oils and organic sol-
vents, and 9 compounds that are used as antibiotics, bactericides, or disinfectants.

Within each group of compounds there were great differences in toxicity to bivalve lar-
vae. Thus DDT, one of the most toxic of the commonly used insecticides, at a concentration
of 0.05 parts per million (p.p.m.), caused over 90 percent mortality of oyster larvae and al-
most completely prevented growth, whereas growth of clam larvae in 5.0 p.p.m. of lindane,
the least toxic of the commonly used insecticides, was somewhat faster than that of larvae
in control cultures. Even at 10.0 p.p.m., essentially a saturated solution of lindane, there
was no appreciable mortality of clam larvae. It is suggested that, in enclosed bodies of wa-
ter, lindane could possibly be used to control crustaceans without harming bivalve larvae or
their food organisms.

Certain concentrations of sulmet, phenol, chloramphenicol, and dowicide ''A," among the
antibiotic, bactericide, and disinfectant compounds, improved the rate of growth of larvae ap-
preciably. This is attributed to the inhibition of growth of toxic bacteria. Acetone and tri-
chlorobenzene among the solvents, monuron and fenuron among the weedicides, and lindane
and guthion among the insecticides, at certain concentrations, also improve the rate of growth
of larvae to some extent and it is suggested that these compounds may also partially inhibit
toxic bacteria,

With almost every compound tested, slowing of the rate of growth of larvae was the first
evidence of toxicity. Appreciable mortality usually occurred only when concentrations were
increased enough to reduce the rate of growth by 50 percent or more.

BACKGROUND

Work on the effects of antifungal and antibacterial agents was started at Milford Labora-
tory several years ago in an attempt to find compounds that could be used routinely under
laboratory or hatchery conditions to control fungi and bacteria known to be pathogenic or
toxic to larvae of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and clams, Venus mercenaria (Mercenaria
mercenaria). Our earlier work on the effects of some antibiotics on these larvae has been
reported along with the effects of some other dissolved substances (Davis and Chanley 1955).
Walne (1958a, 1958b, 1959) has emphasized the harmful effects of bacterial growths in labo-
ratory cultures of larvae of European oysters (Ostrea edulis) and described his results using
antibiotics and ultraviolet light to control bacteria in these cultures.

In the present series of experiments we have tested several additional bactericides and
fungicides and some of the compounds evaluated for use in combating shellfish predators. In
response to requests for information on the effects, on oysters and clams of different ages,
of pesticides used in marsh areas to control mosquitoes, other insects, weeds and brush, we
have expanded this work to include the effects of some common insecticides and weedicides.
*Division of Biological Research, Biological Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Milford, Conn.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 634

December 1961 - COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

Doudoroff et al (1953) from laboratory tests of soils collected from toxaphene-treated
fields have concluded that stream waters can be rendered toxic to fish by drainage from such
fields and state ‘application of some of these insecticides to crops apparently has resulted in
serious pollution of streams and reservoirs into which these materials have been washed
from the soil by heavy rains" (page 840). Harrington and Bidlingmayer (1958) made observa-
tions of a salt marsh in Florida following aerial treatment with dieldrin that averaged 0.13
to 0.4 parts per million (p.p.m.) of the active ingredient depending on depth of water. They
state ''the fish kill was substantially complete'' but that ''mollusks (snails, nudibranchs, te-
thyoids, and oysters) seemed to be unharmed by dieldrin. Crustaceans were virtually ex-
terminated throughout the area" (page 81). Hooper (1959) has reported that toxaphene at 0.1
p.p.m. used in two Michigan fresh-water lakes, in addition to killing fish, seemed to kill most
of the invertebrates except mollusks and oligochaetes.

The results reported in this article have been obtained over a period of several years.
Many of the compounds have been tested at a series of concentrations in only a single experi-
ment. In each case, however, the results represent the average of duplicate cultures at each
concentration and, in most cases, both the agreement between duplicate cultures and the gra-
dation of effect with increasing concentration of the substance tested indicate the reliability
of the results. Since the compounds vary widely in their toxicity to larvae, the range of con-
centrations tested is not the same for all compounds.

The tests have been run using our standard methods of larval culture (Davis 1953) which
include ultraviolet treatment of all sea water used. A series of one-liter cultures in 1,500
ml, pyrex beakers was used. All the cultures were kept in the same constant temperature
bath and each culture received an equal quantity of the same foods each day. In testing the
effects on egg development an equal number of eggs was placed in each beaker of the series.
One pair of these cultures served as controls and an additional pair was used for each con-
centration of the compounds to be tested. Quantitative samples were taken 48 hours after
fertilization to determine the number of eggs that had developed to the straight hinge larval
stage. The results are given as the relative percentage (R) of eggs developing to the straight
hinge stage calculated as follows:

- Average number of larvae in experimental cultures ES

Average number of larvae in control cultures

Due to errors inherent in the setting up of cultures and sampling, the percéntage of eggs de-
veloping to straight hinge larval stages and the survival percentages are accurate only to
about t10 percent. Differences of less than 20 percent are, therefore, of doubtful significance.

The effect of the compounds on survival and growth of larvae was tested using larvae
that had developed to the straight hinge stage (48 hours) under normal conditions. An equal
number of these larvae was placed in each of a series of beakers. Two such beaker cultures
were used as controls and two were used for each concentration of the compounds to be tested.
Quantitative samples were taken only on the 12th day in experiments using clam larvae, and
on the 14th day in experiments using oyster larvae. Nevertheless, the larvae were examined,
and their condition and the estimated mortality noted, every second day when the sea water
in the cultures was changed and the different concentrations of the toxicants reestablished.
Growth (G), expressed as a percentage of that in control cultures, was calculated as follows:

Gc: Mean length of experimental larvae - mean length at 48 hours x 100

Mean length of control larvae - mean length at 48 hours
Mortality is shown only in those instances where it was obviously significant. A list of
the chemicals tested, with their chemical names and solubilities, where known, is given
in Appendix I (see page 10).
BACTERICIDES AND DISINFECTANTS

Although oyster larvae appear to be more susceptible to toxins produced by algae and
bacteria than are clam larvae, only rarely have we observed bacteria or fungi that appeared

i

0 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

Appendix I
Common Name Chemical Name Solubuaty a Were and
INSECTICIDES:
Aldrin hexachloro hexahydro-endo, exo dimethanonaphthalene insol, in HzO (?)

1,590,000 p.p.m. in acetone

Niagara Compound alkyl (Cg-C1g) dimethy! benzyl ammonium chloride
N-3452

Niagara Compound 2-chloro -1-nitropropane
N-3514

DDT 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chloropheny!) ethane 0.0002 p.p.m. in 2
0.2 p.pem. as colloid
590,000 p.p

Dicapthon O-O-dimethyl-O (2 chloro-4 nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate very low sol. in H30 (?)
Ve S. in acetone
hexachloro epoxy octahydro-endo, exo dimethanonaphthalene insol. in HpO (7)
540,000 p.p.m. in acetone

Dipterex
hexachloro epoxy octahydro-endo, endo-dimethanonaphthalene
O, O-dimethyl-S-~(4 oxobenzotriazino-3 methyl) phosphorodithioate

440,000 p.p.m. in acetone

O, O-diethyl-O-p-nitropheny! thiophosphate
Tepp tetraethyl pyrophosphate misc. inHj0 ~
(hydrolyzes)
misc. in acetone
predominant 4,500,000 p.p.m. in acetone
é 300,000 p.pem. in acetone
ee oon oes

Fenuron 3 phenyl-1, 1-dimethylurea 2,900 p.p.m. H20

Monuron 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea 230 p.pem. in H90

Neburon 1-n-butyl-3-(3, 4-dichloropheny!)-1-methylurea 4.8 p.p.m. in H20

ee
Allyl alcohol 2 propene-1-o1 misc. in H,O
O-dichlorobenzene o-dichlorobenzene 130 p.p.m. in H90
misc. in acetone

Trichlorobenzene trichlorobenzene 25 p.p.m. inH90

misc. in acetone

Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) D-(-)-threo -2-dichloroacetamido-1-p nitrophenyl 2,500 p.p.m. in H20

-1, 3-propanediol V.S. in acetone
Delrad (algacide
Dowicide "A" sodium -o-phenylphenate . 4H»O 1,220,000 p.p.m. in H20
Dowicide "G"
Nemagon
Phenol
Roccal alkyl(CgH 47-CjgH37) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride 10% sohition
V.Se 1n

Sulmet (sodium sulfamethazine) 2-sulfanilimido, 4-6-dimethyl pyrimidine

sodium

4 | cerbaeree
|)
Os! BESS sisl5 i Is
|e EAL IE
mB 8) | Io
oO
=|
QO}
is)

to be actively pathogenic to oyster larvae. By contrast, clam larvae are frequently seen that
appear to have been invaded by active pathogens. In the tests of bactericides and disinfect-

larvae. Since the effects of toxic or pathogenic bacteria and fungi usually do not appear until
after eggs have developed into shelled larvae, some of the compounds, earlier in the program,
were not tested for their effect on egg development.

The effects of four bactericides (phenol, roceal, dowicide ''A,'' and dowicide ''G''), a soil
fumigant (nemagon), and a fungicide (nabam) on development of clam eggs indicate the great
differences between these compounds (fig. 1). Thus, nabam and dowicide ''G' prevented nor-
mal development of clam eggs at each concentration tested. Roccal at a concentration of 0.1
._p.m. permitted normal development, at 0.2 p.p.m. it reduced the number of normal larvae

‘od

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

by 55 percent and at 1.0 p.p.m. and higher concentrations it entirely prevented normal egg
development. In contrast to these highly toxic compounds dowicide "A" and nemagon per-
mitted a normal percentage of clam eggs to develop in concentrations up to 5.0 p.p.m., and
phenol was not toxic at concentrations below 10.0 p.p.m. At low concentrations (0.025 to 0.2
p.p.m.) phenol, possibly through a slight bacteristatic effect, appeared to have increased the
percentage of clam eggs developing normally.

While the compounds still had the same general order of toxicity, when tested on sur-
vival and ‘growth of clam larvae, certain differences were apparent (fig. 2). Dowicide ''G"
was again lethal at all concentrations tested but nabam, which entirely prevented normal
egg development at all concentrations, did not significantly affect survival of larvae through
the 12 days of the experiment at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 p.p.m. although it did almost
completely prevent growth. Roccal, dowicide ''A,'' and nemagon conversely appeared to be

GOMPOUND TESTED BACTERICIDES AND DISINFECTANTS

PHENOL y UMMM

ROGCAL

NEMAGON

Mmm
YM VM.
oaranaenenenns aed

MIMI
DOWICIDE MMMM
A soeenonennennnntn

Sees

tees s

DOWICIDE
re .

60
PERCENT
Fig. 1 - The effects of several concentrations of some bactericides and disinfectants on the relative percentage (R) of clam eggs devel

oping to the straight hinge stage. The percentages shown are averages of duplicate cultures at each concentration calculated as fol-
lows:

R = average number of larvae in experimental cultures 100
: average number of larvae in control cultures x

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

more toxic to larvae than to the eggs, i.e. some eggs developed in 0.2 p.p.m. of roccal, but
this concentration eventually killed all larvae. Similarly, although a normal percentage of
eggs developed to straight hinge larval stages in 5.0 p.p.m. of dowicide ''A,"' all concentra-
tions of 1.0 p.p.m. and over were lethal to larvae.

COMPOUND TESTED BACTERIGIDES AND DISINFECTANTS

SULMET 9 =a =

PHENOL

CHLORAMPHENICOL

O25 [ses Si es Ses enc oN ea Oe stewie ee arco a een eet wee ner nog
eR Le) MANU TT

DOWICIDE 1.00 100% MORTALITY
A ci

2.50
5.00
10.00

0.25

SOlTTTNTTTOMTMMMMT 25%, mMortacity
NEMAGON OL 92 °%/. MORTALITY

2.50fs"] 98% MORTALITY

s.00L___J 99% MORTALITY

10.00 100% MORTALITY

: MYSYEYARDBR NHN MAAAAAAAAA-@W_OQ§A§,- SAAGOGG>->—s
DELRAD 05 EE HEAVY MORTALITY

ROCCAL 020 100% MORTALITY AT 12 DAYS
100 100% MORTALITY AT 12 DAYS

soll mn
ULL,

2.50 100° MORTALITY
6.00 100 °% MORTALITY

100% MORTALITY WITHIN 6 DAYS

DOWICIDE
G

Fig. 2 - The effects of several concentrations of some bactericides and disinfectants on the growth of clam larvae. The percentages
(G) plotted are averages of duplicate cultures at each concentration calculated as follows:

G = mean length of experimental larvae at 12 days - mean length at 48 hours x 100

mean length of control larvae at 12 days - mean length at 48 hours

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

Likewise, nemagon even at 10.0 p.p.m. did not seriously affect egg development, but
growth and survival of larvae were normal only at 0.25 p.p.m.; all higher concentrations
drastically reduced growth and survival. Delrad, an algacide, was also quite toxic to larvae
at concentrations high enough to be an effective algacide, Phenol, at 10.0 p.p.m., although it
had little effect on eggs, significantly reduced the rate of growth of clam larvae. At lower
concentrations, however, phenol along with low concentrations of dowicide "A" and certain
concentrations of sulmet and chloramphenicol increased the rate of growth of clam larvae
significantly above that of larvae in control cultures. Nevertheless, even with these com-
pounds too high a concentration can significantly reduce growth and survival of clam larvae
(fig. 2).

OILS AND SOLVENTS

QW IIIT
050 LLL LEE tA UMMM

250° aE =
8.00 0.0
10.00 0.0

ALLYL ALCOHOL

DICHLOROBENZENE

ACETONE

'DW™§$™§p»»_ >> yy
LMM LLM

FENURON
NEBURON

60
| ; PERCENT |

Fig. 3 - The effects of several concentrations of oils, solvents and weedicides on the relative percentage (R) of clam eggs developing
to the straight hinge stage. The percentages shown are averages of duplicate cultures at each concentration calculated as follows:

R = average number of larvae in experimental cultures

average number of larvae in control cultures x 100

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

Sulmet is now used routinely at our laboratory to prevent growth of harmful bacteria in
larval cultures, and phenol, chloramphenicol, and perhaps even dowicide ''A'' can be used in
conjunction with other antibiotics to aid in control of epidemics caused by bacteria not amen-
able to control with sulmet.

WEEDICIDES

The weedicides tested all belong to the methyl urea group of compounds but differ great-
ly in their solubilities and in their toxicity to clam eggs and larvae. Fenuron and monuron
are the most soluble (Appendix I) and were the least toxic. Neither, in concentrations up to
5.0 p.p.m., significantly affected the percentage of clam eggs reaching the straight hinge
stage (fig. 3). Diuron (solubility 42.0 p.p.m.) at 1.0 p.p.m. significantly reduced the percent-
age of eggs developing normally and at 5.0 p.p.m. none of the clam eggs developed into nor-
mal straight hinge larvae. Neburon, the least soluble (4.8 p.p.m. in water), also prevented
normal development of clam eggs at the only concentration tested (2.4 p.p.m.; saturated so-
lution in sea water diluted with an equal volume of sea water).

When these compounds were tested for their effect on survival and growth of clam lar-
vae, their order of toxicity was the same as for egg development. The larvae actually grew
significantly better in eachof the four concentrations of fenuronthanincontrol cultures (fig. 4).
Monuron, at low concentrations, likewise increased the rate of growth of clam larvae but at 1.0
p-p.m.and5.0p.p.m. gave some evidence of beingtoxic. Diurondid not seriously interfere with
growth at 1.0 p.p.m. and lower concentrations but at 5:0 p.p.m. it drastically reduced the
rate of growth and in one of the pair of cultures caused over 90 percent mortality. Neburon
at concentrations of 2.4 and 4.8 p.p.m. (only concentrations tested) caused 100 percent mor-
tality of the larvae (fig. 4).

OILS AND SOLVENTS

The two oils, orthodichlorobenzene and trichlorobenzene, were tested because of their
use in our predator control work (Loosanoff et al 1960). Both are relatively insoluble in wa-
ter (Appendix I) and were comparatively harmless to clam larvae at the concentrations tested.
Orthodichlorobenzene had no significant effect on egg development at any concentration tested
less than 10.0 p.p.m. and even at this concentration the reduction was barely significant (fig.
3). Trichlorobenzene significantly reduced the percentage of clam eggs developing normally
at both concentrations tested. Even at a trichlorobenzene concentration of 10.0 p.p.m., how-
ever, over 50 percent of the eggs did develop normally.

These two oils had even less effect on survival and growth of larvae than on egg develop-
ment. Neither had any appreciable effect on survival at the concentrations tested and in all
concentrations of both oils larvae had reached setting size by the 12th day (fig. 4).

Acetone and allyl alcohol, commonly used solvents, differed greatly in their toxicity to
clam eggs and larvae. The percentage of eggs developing normally was not significantly af-
fected by concentrations of acetone as high as 100.0 p.p.m., while even 1.0 p.p.m. of allyl
alcohol was sufficient to cause an approximate 50 percent reduction in the number develop-
ing normally and 2.5 p.p.m. completely prevented normal development (fig. 3).

The difference in effects if these solvents on survival and growth of clam larvae was
even more pronounced; as little as 0.25 p.p.m. of allyl alcohol caused 100 percent mortality
of clam larvae within eight days, whereas survival was not affected by 250 p.p.m. of acetone
and growth of larvae at this concentration was only slightly retarded (fig. 4).

Since the tests on acetone, stock solutions of several of the compounds "insoluble" in
water have been made up in acetone in concentrations such that the final concentration of
acetone in any larval culture would be 100 p.p.m. or less. Tests on nemagon, aldrin, toxa-
phene, and sevin were run in this manner, which insures that the correct quantity of the
toxicant is added to the culture even though it may not all stay in solution in the sea water.

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15
In tests with nemagon and sevin(solubility of both1,000 p.p.m. in water) results were the same
whether the stock solutions were made up in water or in acetone.
INSECTICIDES
The effects of twelve insecticides, on survival and growth of bivalve larvae, have been
tests. Six of these (guthion, sevin, lindane, toxaphene, aldrin, and dicapthon), together with

Niagara Compound N-3514 (2-chloro-i-nitropropane) have been tested on clam eggs (fig. 5)
and larvae (fig. 6). Seven, including guthion, parathion, DDT, dipterex, TEPP, dieldrin, and

COMPOUND TESTED OILS AND SOLVENTS

AGETONE

AOU CEE AE A
SX GVA AAA AAA SSS

ORTHO-DI
CHLOROBENZENE

TRICHLOROBENZENE 505

0.25 100% MORTALITY WITHIN 8 DAYS

050
com " ” wow

ALLYL ALCOHOL 250
500 ” “8

10.00

WEEDICIDES

0.25
0.50

MONURON 1.00 ts

5.0 0 [esc

0.25
0.50

DIURON 1.00 i
5.00 [usmateresnsan tine Reunenaraarsn Genial eneinT aes]. OO MORTALITY.) IN) ONE{\;CULTURE

FENURON

3(00 (Reese ee ee ee ee ee

24 100% MORTALITY
4.8 100% MORTALITY

NEBURON

60
PERCENT

Fig. 4 - The effects of several concentrations of oils, solvents, and weedicides on the growth of clam larvae. The percentages (G)
plotted are averages of duplicate cultures at each concentration calculated as follows:

Gc = mean length of experimental larvae at 12 days - mean length at 48 hours 100
mean length of control larvae at 12 days - mean length at 48 hours =

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No, 12

endrin, together with Niagara Compound N-3514 and Niagara Compound N-3452 /alkyl (CgCi9)
dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride/ have been tested for their effect on survival and growth
of oyster larvae (fig. 8). Guthion, endrin, dieldrin, TEPP, sevin, lindane, and Niagara Com-
pounds N-3514 and N-3452 have also been tested on oyster eggs (fig. 7).

Lindane was the least toxic, to bivalve eggs and larvae, of any of these compounds. Ap-
proximately 60 percent of the clam eggs and 43 percent of the oyster eggs developed normal-
ly in concentrations of lindane up to 10 p.p.m., which is essentially a saturated solution.
Moreover, there was no appreciable mortality of clam larvae receiving this concentration of

COMPOUND TESTED INSECTICIDES

LINDANE

TOXAPHENE

GUTHION

DICAPTHON

COMPOUND
3514

60
PERCENT

Fig. 5 - The effects of several concentrations of some insecticides on the relative percentage (R) of clam eggs developing to the
straight hinge stage. The percentages shown are averages of duplicate cultures at each concentration calculated as follows:

R =2verage number of larvae in experimental cultures x 100
"average number of larvae in control cultures

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

lindane routinely, although growth of these larvae was significantly reduced (fig. 6). Concen-
trations of 5 p.p.m. or lower had little or no effect on development of clam or oyster eggs or
on survival and growth of clam larvae (effect on oyster larvae not tested).

Aldrin did not appear to be very toxic to clam eggs, i.e. 64 percent developed normally
at 10.0 p.p.m. (fig. 5). When aldrin was tested on clam larvae, however, it proved to be quite
toxic. Growth of clam larvae was almost completely stopped by aldrin concentrations of 0.25
p.p.m. and 0.5 p.p.m. although there was no appreciable mortality of larvae at these concen-
trations. At all higher concentrations of aldrin, however, mortality was essentially 100 per-
cent (fig. 6). Doudoroff et al (1953) report that the 10-day TLM (the median tolerance limit
at which just 50 percent of the fish survive) for goldfish is about 0.02 p.p.m. of aldrin.

GOMPOUND TESTED INSECTICIDES

100 °% MORTALITY
10.00 100 % MORTALITY

sauna

LINDANE MMM LLL

50% MORTALITY
80% MORTALITY

TOXAPHENE OOOO eS MOBTALITY,

GUTHION 00 Lae
MORTALITY AT 4 DAYS

“ ooo om

100 °% MORTALITY

DIGAPTHION
100 % MORTALITY

COMPOUND .00 100°% MORTALITY WITHIN 2 DAYS
3514 z bs sir eho er

60
PERCENT

Fig. 6 - The effects of several concentrations of some insecticides on the growth of clam larvae. The percentages (G) plotted are
averages of duplicate cultures at each concentration calculated as follows:

G = mean length of experimental larvae at 12 days - mean length at 48 hours x 100
mean length of control larvae at 12 days - mean length at 48 hours

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

Toxaphene, likewise, was more toxic to clam larvae than might be expected from its ef-
fect on clam eggs. Some eggs developed normally in concentrations up to 5.0 p.p.m, of toxa-
phene and egg development appeared to be entirely normal at 0.25 and 0.50 p.p.m. Since the
solubility of toxaphene is presumably 1.5 p.p.m., the increasing toxicity to clam eggs at 2.5,
5.0 and 10.0 p.p.m. possibly indicates that some of the other components of this mixture
reach toxic levels as the concentration is increased above 1.5 p.p.m. When clam larvae were
kept in solutions of toxaphene, however, 0.25 p.p.m. was sufficient to reduce growth of the
larvae drastically and to cause a 50 percent mortality. Some larvae survived 12 days in0.50
p.p.m. but growth of these larvae was negligible. Doudoroff et al (1953) report the 10-day
TLM for goldfish is somewhat below 0.005 p.p.m. of toxaphene. As already noted, Hooper
(1959) reports that in lakes treated with 0.1 p.p.m. fish and most invertebrates, except mol-
lusks and oligochaetes, seem to have been killed.

Guthion appeared to be somewhat more toxic than sevin to developing clam eggs, i.e. 64
percent of the eggs developed in 2.50 p.p.m. of sevin, whereas only 30.5 percent developed
normally in 1.0 p.p.m. of guthion. Their effects on clam larvae, however, were very similar;
neither had any marked effect on growth or survival at 1.0 p.p.m. although both caused 100
percent mortality when their concentrations were increased to 5.0 p.p.m.

Dicapthon appeared to have about the same order of toxicity as sevin and guthion on clam
eggs but was somewhat more toxic to clam larvae than either of the latter two. The similari-
ty of effects of dicapthon at 1.0 p.p.m. and 2.0 p.p.m. on clam larvae may indicate that the
maximum solubility of this compound is about 1.0 p.p.m. (solubility ''very low'' in water).

Niagara Compound N-3514 (2-chloro-1-nitropropane) was the most lethal of any of these
compounds tested on clam eggs and larvae. A concentration of 1.0 p.p.m. was sufficient to
stop egg development and to kill clam larvae within two days.

Except for Niagara Compounds N-3514 and N-3452, both of which caused virtually 100
percent mortality of oyster eggs and larvae at all concentrations tested, DDT was the most
toxic of the insecticides tested on oyster larvae. DDT was not tested on egg development,
but even at 0.025 p.p.m. DDT drastically reduced the rate of growth of oyster larvae and
caused a mortality of about 20 percent. At a concentration of 0.05 p.p.m. DDT almost com-
pletely stopped growth of oyster larvae and caused a mortality in excess of 90 percent within
the 14 days of the experiment (fig. 8).

TEPP appears to be the least toxic of the insecticides tested on oyster eggs, but this
compound is notably unstable in water solution and most of it was undoubtedly hydrolyzed
withinthe first 24 hours of egg development. When used routinely on oyster larvae it re-
duced growth significantly at all concentrations tested (1.0 to 10.0 p.p.m.) but did not cause
any appreciable mortality. Lindane, as mentioned previously, was also relatively nontoxic
to oyster eggs but was not tested on oyster larvae. Sevin, the other insecticide tested on
oyster eggs but not on oyster larvae, at a concentration of 1.0 p.p.m. caused a 40 percent re-
duction in the percentage of oyster eggs reaching the normal straight hinge stage, and at 5.0
and 10.0 p.p.m. it entirely prevented normal egg development (fig. 7).

The effects of endrin and dieldrin on development of oyster eggs and growth of oyster
larvae were run prior to the tests on acetone and results were erratic. Both are listed as
insoluble in water. Presumably, these two insecticides are very stable and are used where
long-lasting residual insecticidal effects are desired. The much lower toxicity to oyster
eggs noted in the second experiment (fig. 7), when the same stock suspension (now two weeks
older) was used, probably indicates that the insecticides had flocculated in the stock suspen-
sion and were ina less soluble form. As the first experiment indicated, however, under
proper conditions both these insecticides can cause a serious reduction in the percentage of
oyster eggs developing normally. The effect of endrin on growth of oyster larvae was also
erratic within a single experiment (fig. 8). This was again probably due to solubility diffi-
culties and failure to get a uniform suspension in the different test beakers.

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

Dipterex was not tested.on oyster eggs, but caused a significant reduction in growth of
oyster larvae at a concentration of only 0.025 p.p.m. The rate of growth of oyster larvae
was almost the same in dipterex concentrations of 0.025 p.p.m., 0.05 p.p.m.and 1.0 p.p.m.
i.e. itdidnot decrease appreciably with an increase in the concentration of dipterex. At 1.0
p.p.m., however, the mortality of oyster larvae reached almost 50 percent, whereas in the
lower concentrations there was no appreciable mortality.

COMPOUND TESTED INSECTICIDES

GUTHION

ENDRIN

DIELORIN

LINDANE

oes HRURONEUEREREEERLRUREAURUREAONTUONLANUAUCUAUUUUETONURUEEREEARERAAOOAOAOUUAOAOOAOOAOOOOROAOUOOOOAOAAROGOUOAUOOAOOAUOOOOOOOOOOOOOOGOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONOOD
| i ae a STD ea <a er ASR ac Tig ene ee Daniel Ske SRI RSS|
\ OLA,

o25 a ; z
Ck Ce SE TS
\ OLY

500 10
1000 0.0

COMPOUND
3452

COMPOUND
3514

60
PERCENT

Fig. 7 - The effects of several concentrations of some insecticides on the relative percentage (R) of oyster eggs developing to the
straight hinge stage. The percentages shown are averages of duplicate cultures at each concentration calculated as follows:

R = average number of larvae in experimental cultures . 199

average number of larvae in control cultures

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No, 12

Guthion and parathion were two of the first insecticides to be tested for their effects on
growth and survival of oyster larvae. Guthion has subsequently been tested for its effect on
egg development. While guthion at 0.50 p.p.m. reduced the percentage of oyster eggs reaching
the straight hinge stage and at 1.0 p.p.m. entirely prevented egg development (fig. 7), at very
low concentrations (0.025 p.p.m. and 0.05 p.p.m.) it appeared to increase the rate of growth
of oyster larvae (fig. 8). Parathion at 0.025 p.p.m. also slightly increased the rate of growth.
Both compounds, however, are toxic at higher concentrations. Guthion at a concentration of
1.0 p.p.m. reduced the rate of growth of oyster larvae appreciably and at this concentration
parathion reduced the rate of growth drastically.

COMPOUND TESTED INSECTICIDES

GUTHION
|" QL LLL LLL

PARATHION
lel LMM ade

0.025 5 20% MORTALITY
0.05 OVER 90% MORTALITY AT 14 DAYS

1.00 100% MORTALITY BY THE 6TH DAY

DIPTEREX
| 0 LLL LLL, «3p MORTALITY

LLL Yl

DIELDRIN

° rem TTI
ENDRIN ‘100 LLL VEEL
2.50 } <__aaeae
S5.00B 5S]

0.50 100% MORTALITY
1.00 ” .

COMPOUND
2.50 ” “
3452 cae ote 5

1.00
COMPOUND TO 100% MORTALITY IN
3514 5.00

60
PERCENT

Fig. 8 - The effects of several concentrations of some insecticides on the growth of oyster larvae. The percentages (G) plotted are
averages of duplicate cultures at each concentration calculated as follows:

G= mean length of experimental larvae at 14 days - mean length at 48 hours , 199

mean length of control larvae at 14 days - mean length at 48 hours

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

DISCUSSION

In general, some eggs were capable of developing into normal straight hinge larvae in
higher concentrations of almost all of the compounds tested than the larvae could tolerate
and grow. Guthion was the only compound that permitted normal or near normal growth of
larvae at concentrations which allowed less than 50 percent of the eggs to develop normally.
Thus, at 1.0 p.p.m. of guthion only 31 percent of the clam eggs and no oyster eggs developed
normally, yet clam larvae survived and grew almost as well as the controls. Oyster larvae
showed no mortality and at 14 days their increase in length was about 75 percent as great as
that of controls.

As previously reported (Davis and Chanley 1955), the first evidence of toxicity of dis-
solved compounds was usually a reduction in the rate of growth of larvae. In many instances
the rate of growth of larvae was reduced by more than 50 percent before any appreciable
mortality occurred, and in some, such as nabam (fig. 2) and aldrin (fig. 7), growth of larvae
was almost completely stopped by concentrations too lowtocause appreciable mortality with-
in 12 or 14 days. Under such conditions, however, in natural waters larvae would almost
surely die before reaching metamorphosis or the greatly extended larval period would re-
sult in enormous losses through dispersion, predation, etc.

With at least some of the compounds tested the effects on growth and survival of bivalve
larvae may be an indirect effect resulting from the toxicity of the compounds to the food or-
ganisms used (Ukeles personal communication). With other compounds, such as sulmet, very
good growth of larvae was obtained in concentrations that are inhibitory or lethal to the food
organisms. This indicates that food organisms, killed without coagulation or destruction of
the cells, may still be good food. Similarly, food cells killed by ultraviolet treatment are
still utilizable by bivalve larvae,

Twelve of the 31 compounds, at one or more of the concentrations tested, gave a more
rapid rate of growth of larvae than did the controls. This increased rate of growth ranged
from slight increases that were not statistically significant, in the case of parathion on oys-
ters (fig. 8), lindane on clams (fig. 6), and trichlorobenzene, diuron and, possibly, acetone on
clams (fig. 4), to increases that appear to be highly significant, such as phenol, sulmet, chlo-
ramphenicol, dowicide ''A'' on clams (fig. 2), monuron and fenuron on clams (fig. 4), and gut-
hion on oysters (fig. 8). The four that produced the most pronounced increases are known to
be bacteristatic substances, Since it is known that some bacteria produce toxins that retard
growth of larvae (Davis 1953, Walne 1958a, 1958b), it is presumed that the increased rate of
growth of larvae in these cases is the result of inhibiting the growth of toxic bacteria. The
remaining eight compounds are not known to be bacteristatic but, since it seems improbable
that they actively promote growth of larvae, it appears likely that, in some manner, they also
tend to reduce the number of bacteria that would otherwise slow the growth of larvae.

Decker (1960) states that ''Any impartial appraisal of the impact of insecticides on wild-
life must give equal consideration to both the good and bad side effects that may occur, and
if we are honest, we must look for the good as diligently as we look for the bad" (page 30).
He points out that at the present time pesticides seem to be only minor influents in nature
compared to other factors in land and water development and use.

The great differences, in toxicity to bivalve larvae, of different compounds used for the
same purpose suggest that a sufficient knowledge of the effects of these compounds on bi-
valves, their eggs, and larvae should enable us to choose effective insecticides, weedicides,
etc., for use in marshes and on land draining over shellfish beds, without endangering the
shellfish population. For example, the use of lindane for spraying marsh areas, instead of
the much more toxic DDT, might do much to restrict the damage to shellfish populations
within the area.

The concentration of pesticides in estuarine waters resulting from runoff from treated
land areas, of course, cannot be predicted. It would be expected to be highest where the run-
off enters the estuary, but actual concentrations would only be determined by chemical analy-

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

sis of the water. As a guide in direct addition of a pesticide to a body of water, as in the con-
trol of aquatic weeds and mosquito control programs, assuming that all of the pesticide goes
into solution and is uniformly distributed, an application of one pound per acre would give a
concentration of 0.37 p.p.m. in water one foot deep. If the water were 16 feet deep, the con-
centration would be 0.37 + 16 or 0.023 p.p.m. In the case of DDT, this would still be enough

to reduce the rate of growth of oyster larvae by 40 percent and to reduce their survival by

20 percent.

Loosanoff (1947) and Waugh and Ansel (1956) found that oyster shells treated with a kero-
sene solution of DDT caught almost as many oyster spat as did untreated shells and that the
number of barnacles that set on such treated shells was greatly reduced, Waugh et al(1952),
however, reported that lindane was almost as effective as DDT in treatment of shells to pre-
vent setting of barnacles. Since the toxicity of lindane to bivalve larvae is much lower than
that of DDT, lindane would seem to be the logical choice for such usage.

Loosanoff et al (1957) also found that crustaceans of the subclass Copepoda, in mass
cultures of algae, could be killed by use of 1.0 p.p.m. of guthion, dipterex, parathion, lindane,
or DDT. They found that lindane at 0.05 p.p.m. also killed these crustaceans, and have un-

published data showing an 80 percent mortality of adult green crabs in 0.2 p.p.m.

Ukeles

(unpublished data) has shown that the five species of algae tested tolerate up to 0.5 p.p.m. of

lindane.

Since clam larvae showed optimum growth at 5.0 p.p.m. lindane, it suggests the

possibility that in enclosed bodies of water, as in pond culture, a sufficient concentration of
this chemical could be maintained to destroy all crustacean larvae, probably including those
of barnacles, without affecting the growth of bivalve larvae or their food organisms.

The fact that oysters will set on shells treated with a substance as toxic to larvae as
DDT indicates that chemicals, with the very low solubilities characteristic of many of these
pesticides, can be safely used in controlling fouling organisms and predators if properly ap-
plied. The chlorinated benzenes, which are the basic ingredient of the chemical methods
proposed for predator control by Loosanoff et al (1960) are not only relatively insoluble but
also relatively nontoxic to eggs and larvae of bivalves. Moreover, the method of application

proposed by these authors is designed to limit their dispersal.

It should be possible, by suit-

able choices of chemical additives, to develop mixtures that, when used on spat collectors or
on Shellfish beds, will control many of the competitors and predators of shellfish without af-
fecting the development and growth of shellfish and their foods.

LITERATURE CITED

DAVIS, H. C.
1953. On Food and Feeding of Larvae of the American Oys-
ter (C. virginica). Biol, Bull., vol. 104, no, 3,
pp. 334-350.

and CHANLEY, P. E.
1956. Effects of Some Dissolved Substances on Bivalve
Larvae. Proc. Natl. Shellfish. Assoc. 1955, vol.
46, pp. 59-74.

DECKER, GEORGE C,
1960. Insecticides in the 20th Century Environment. AIBS
Bulls, vol, 105no.) 2) ipp.exe/—30.

DOUDOROFF, PETER; KATZ, MAX; and
TARZWELL, CLARENCE M.
1953. Toxicity of Some Organic Insecticides to Fish. Sew-
age and Industrial Wastes, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 840-
844,

HARRINGTON, ROBERT W., Jr., and
BIDLINGMAYER, WILLIAM L,
1958. Effects of Dieldrin on Fishes and Invertebrates of a
Salt Marsh. The Journ. of Wildlife Management,
vol, 22, no. 1, pp. 76-82.

HOOPER, FRANK F,
1959, Use of the Newer Organic Insecticides for Fish Popu-
‘lation Control. Institute for Fisheries Research,

Michigan Department of Conservation, Ann Arbor,
Mich.

LOOSANOFF, V. L.: |
1947. Effects of DDT Upon Setting, Growth and Survival of
Oysters. Fishing Gazette, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 94
and 96.

; HANKS, J. E.; and GANAROS, A. E.
1957. Control of Certain Forms of Zooplankton in Mass Algal
Cultures. Science, vol. 125, no. 3257, pp. 1092-
1093,

; MacKENZIE, C. L., Jr.; and SHEARER, L. W.

———_)
1960. Use of Chemicals to Control Shellfish Predators,

Science, vol. 131, no. 3412, pp. 1522-1523.

WALNE, P. R.
1958a. The Importance of Bacteria in Laboratory Experiments
on Rearing the Larvae of Ostrea edulis (L.). Journ.

1958b. Ultra-Violet Sterilization of Water Used for Rearing
Oyster Larvae. Nature, vol, 181, p. 1747.

1959, Experiments on the Large Scale Culture of Oyster
Larvae. International Council for the Exploration of
the Sea, C. M, 1959, Shellfish Committee no. 106,
pp. 1-7.

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

WAUGH, G. DUNCAN, and ANSELL, A.

; HAWES, F. B.; and WILLIAMS, F.
1956. The Effect, on Oyster Spatfall, of Controlling Bamacle

1952. Insecticides for Preventing Barnacle Settlement. The
Settlement with DDT. The Annals of Applied Biolo- Annals of Applied Biology, vol. 39, no. 3, ppe 407-
gy, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 619-625. 415.

Note: Acknowledgments: The author expresses his appreciation to Dr. V. L. Loosanoff, who suggested the problem and for his coop-
eration throughout the work; to the Niagara Chemical Division, Food Machinery & Chemical Corp., which supplied many of the
pesticides; and to all the members of the staff at Milford for their cooperation. Especial thanks are due Dr. Robert F. Normandin
and Manton Botsford for preparing the figures and to Miss Rita Riccio for editing the manuscript.

A FISH FOOD CHAIN

~ \

aud

n ra
IN SOIL WATER =>

——<——

==
>, YOUNG GAME FISH

a

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Se

California

SHRIMP STUDY OFF CALIFORNIA
COAST CONTINUED:

Airplane Spotting Flight 61-12-Shrimp:
The coastline from San Francisco to the
Oregon border was surveyed from the air
on September 27, 1961, by the California
Department of Fish and Game Twin Beech-
craft N5614D to locate areas of shrimp trawl-
ing.

Although a low lying heat haze was present
over the coastal water, visibility was good and
the shrimp trawlers were readily identified
from the air. The ocean was calm and nu-
merous salmon trollers were seen in the off-
shore waters. No schools of pelagic fish
were seen, nor were any whales or porpoises
noted,

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Aug. 1961 p. 18.

aiaifrats hale ele aks:
Set ere ekenios

INVESTIGATION OF ABALONE
RESOURCES CONTINUED:

M/V_ “"N. B. Scofield” and "Mollusk"
Cruises 6184, 6185, 61Mi, 61M2-Abalone:
The Channel Islands (Santa Catalina, Santa
Barbara, San Clemente, San Nicolas, Santa
Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel, and Anacapa)
and the area off the mainland at Pt. Loma
were surveyed (August 7-20 and August 30-
September 10, 1961) by the California De-
partment of Fish and Game researchvessels
N. B. Scofield and Mollusk. The objectives
were (1) to examine areas of commercial
abalone diving; (2) to examine established
stations; (3) to tag black abalone, Haliotis
cracherodii, for growth and movement studies
in cooperation with the Santa Barbara Muse-
um; and (4) to collect and photograph species
of abalone.

All of the Channel Islands were visited
and areas where commercial diving hadbeen
conducted were examined. In general, most

SS SSS

Sipere | REN DS 33

= AND

DEVELOPMENTS:

Vol. 23), Novel2

Epes

legal size abalone appeared to have been well
harvested, Pink abalone, H. corrugata, on
the southwest side of San Clemente Island
showed evidence of new and rapid growth.
The kelp, Macrocystis, in that area and a-
round the other islands, was quite thick. Re-
covery of the kelp was still continuing and at
San Nicolas Island it has returned in greater
concentrations than before the warm-water
years.

On the northeast side of Santa Cruz Island
the red abalone, H. rufescens, was the
dominant species
in certain areas.
During previous
explorations in the
same general areas
the pink abalone,

H. corrugata, was
the dominant species.

Examination of
the island stations
revealed that con-
siderable changes have been taking place.
The most striking was the marked decrease
in the numbers of abalone as compared with
the last inspection in 1960. At the Catalina
stations almost all the abalone have either
died (there were great numbers of empty
shells of all sizes scattered over the bottom
of the station areas) or have disappeared. It
is also believed that these areas have been
heavily fished for abalone.

Red Abalone Shell
(Haliotis rufescens)

In cooperation with the Santa Barbara Mu-
seum, approximately 150 black abalone were
tagged on Santa Rosa Island for growth, move-
ment, and longevity studies.

Still and moving pictures were taken in
black and white and in color of activities of -
the investigation and of the species of abalo-
ne taken.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1961 p. 22.

2K OK ok ok

December 1961

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Alaska” Cruise 61A6-Pelagic Fish:
The coastal waters of central Baja Califor-
nia, Mexico, from Ballenas Bay to Santa
Rosalia Bay were surveyed (September 1-16,
1961) by the California Department of Fish
and Game research vessel Alaska. The ob-
jectives were (1) to survey the sardine pop-
ulation to determine the amount of recruit-
ment from this year's spawning and to meas-
ure the population density of older fish; (2)
to sample Pacific mackerel, jack mackerel,
and anchovies for age and distribution studies;
and (3) to make incidental collections re-
quested by other investigations.

Of the 56 night light stations occupied,
sardines were present at 11, anchovies at
13, Pacific mackerel at 15, and jack mack-
erel at 4,

While the vessel was scouting 324 miles
between light stations, 327 anchovy, 17 sar-
dine and 3 Pacific mackerel schools were
sighted. Many additional anchovy schools
were observed during daylight hours while
under way and on anchor,

Hight of the 11 samples of sardines ap-
peared to be fish-of-the-year, Allfish under
120 mm. were schooled with anchovies. Only
one sardine sample of large adults (180-200
mm.) was collected. Most of this sample
consisted of fish which were sexually de-
veloped for spawning.

All sardine schools sighted were in one
small area of Sebastian Vizcaino Bay and
appeared to be adults.

Anchovies were observed in unusually
large numbers during the 1960 survey. They
were distributed over the entire area sur-
veyed, ranging from thin, widely scattered,
surface schools to large dense school groups.
The dominant size group of anchovies, 70-
90 mm. standard length, may have been
under-sampled due to their negative photo-
tactic behavior.

Small numbers of Pacific and jack mack-
erel were taken at light stations, usually
with other species.

A sample of white seabass was collected
at Asuncion Bay where they were unusually
abundant. The capture of 2 sablefish (Ano-
plopoma fimbria) in a deep-water free- _

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

25

floating trap off San Benito Islands repre-
sents a possible southward range extension.

Sea surface temperatures ranged from
18.22 (C.5(64: 8° F.) at Point San Eugenio to
24.0° C, (75.2° F.) at Ballenas Bay, Fair
weather was prevalent during the entire
cruise.

Airplane Spotting Flight 61-11-Pelagic
Fish: The inshore area from the United
States-Mexican Border to Point Reyes, Calif.,
was surveyed from the air (September 11-14,
1961) by the Department's Cessna ''182"

9042T to determine the distribution and abun-

dance of pelagic fish schools.

Except for 1 day in central California
weather conditions were unfavorable. Low
coastal clouds, fog, and generally poor vis-
ibility prevailed over most of the inshore
area from Point Arguello to the Mexican
Border.

In southern California, fish schools were
observed in only 2 places--1 to 2 miles off-
shore at South Laguna where many small,
fragmentary, unidentified spots were being
harrassed by a large number of bonito, and
near the Seal Beach Ammunition Depot break-
water where there were 8 medium-size an-
chovy schools.

Many anchovies were in Monterey Bay in
a thin, almost continuous band between Cap-
itola and the middle of Fort Ord, in very
shallow water. No attempt was made to count
the fish because of the lack of school integ-
rity. There were similar anchovy concentra-
tions in Halfmoon Bay and Bolinas Bay, with
approximately 25 to 50 schools in each place.

A fairly large school group of fish was
present between Gamboa Point and Lopez
Point. Although identification was not posi-
tive, the 120 schools displayed color and
behavior patterns typical of sardines. The
schools varied in size from-small spots to

large, concentrated schools.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Nov. 1961 p. 15,

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

NEW RESEARCH VESSEL FOR HONOLULU
BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY:
Reflecting the growing national interest

in exploration of the oceans and development

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

of aquatic food resources, the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries received for fiscal
year 1962 an appropriation of $1,763,400 for
the design and construction of an oceano-

graphic and fisheries research vessel for

its Biological Laboratory at Honolulu. De-
sign of the vessel and supervision of its con-
struction willbe the responsibility of afirm
of naval architects and. marine engineers of

Seattle, Wash.

While preliminary planning of the new
ship has just begun, the general specifica-
tions call for a large and versatile vessel
with a 10,000-mile cruising range and ac-
commodations for 10 scientists and 20 crew-
men. The oceanographic installations will
permit collection of water samples and wa-
ter temperature measurements to anydepth
and the towing of a variety of plankton nets
and midwater trawls for sampling the small
marine animals. Tuna and other large fish
will be collected for study by means of long
lines, gill nets, and trolling gear, The ship-
board laboratory will have aquaria for ex-
periments in the hatching and rearing of fish
and for holding live specimens for observa-

tion. Underwater glass viewing ports at
bow and stern, which were first employed
for the study of tuna behavior in the Labo-
ratory's present vessel, the Charles H.
Gilbert, will also be a feature of the new
ship.

The varied specialized requirements of
oceanographic and fishery research vessels
are receiving intensive study in many parts
of the world, according to the proceedings
of the FAO-sponsored conference on re-
search ship design at Tokyo held in 1961.

In the past the Biological Laboratory at
Honolulu, like most similar institutions
throughout the world, has had to rely to a
large extent on adaptations of ordinary com-
mercial fishing boats to meet its seagoing
research needs. Of the three vessels with

Vol. 23, No. 12

which the Laboratory's scientists have
spread a tight network of observations over
the expanses of the central Pacific, one was
a conventional purse seiner and another was
a standard California tuna clipper, neither
particularly well suited to oceanographic
work. The 118-foot Charles H. Gilbert, the
only vessel operated by the Laboratory at
present, was built in 1952 specifically for
research, but its size imposes limitations
on the area that can be covered and the types
of observations and studies that canbe carried
on in the open sea. When the new vessel
enters service, probably in 1963, greater
scope for observation and collection and a
wider range of facilities for study and ex-
perimentation will be afforded the Labora-
tory's scientists.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-AUGUST 1961:

Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products:
For the use of the Armed Forces under
the Department of Defense, 2.0 million pounds
(value $1,082,000) of fresh and frozen fishery
products were purchased in August 1961 by
the Military Subsistence Supply Agency. This
was lower than the quantity purchased in July
by 6.2 percent and was 15.9 percent under the
amount purchased in August 1960. The value
of the purchases in August 1961 was higher
by 7.0 percent as compared with July and9.1
percent less than for August 1960.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, August 1961
with Comparisons

[| Jan.-Aug. |
1960 | 1961

During the first 8 months of 1961 pur-
chases totaled 15.0 million pounds (valued at
$7.4 million)--a decrease of 6.5 percent in
quantity and 10.4 percent in value as com-
pared with the same period in 1960.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
August 1961 averaged 54.2 cents a pound,
about 6.8 cents more than the 47.4 cents paid
in July and 4.1 cents above the 50.1 cents
paid during August 1960.

December 1961

Canned Fishery Products: Tuna was the
principal canned fishery product purchased
for the use of the Armed Forces during Au-
gust this year. In the first 8 months of 1960,
purchases of canned tuna were up 95.0 per-

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Military Subsistence Supply Agency, August 1961
with Comparisons

QUANTITY VALUE

1961 [ 1960 [1961 [1960
~ ($1, 000) .
hive 133 1,940) 993
2
; 55

| August |

ae 1960
zy (WROOOsL bss) euewees
7| 32

cent and canned sardines were up 16.2 per-

cent as compared with the same period in

1960. Most canned salmon purchases are

made at the end of the canning season--usu-

ally in September or October.

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local
purchases not included in the data given; actual total pur-

chases are higher than indicated because local purchases are
not obtainable.

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION AWARDS
ON CANNED TUNA AND SALMON:

The following canned fish awards were
announced by the Veterans Administration
Supply Depot at Hines, [li-
nois:

| Tuna, dietetic--9,940 doz.

Awarded to Boston firm, 13
percent-10 days, f.o.b. Eastport, Maine.

Tuna, light meat, chunk style, in vegeta-
ble oil--6,180 doz. 4-lb. cans at $21.15 per
dozen. Awarded to San Diego, Calif., canning
firm, 13 percent-20 days, f.o.b. San Diego,
Calif.

Salmon, dietetic--10,060 doz. No. 4 cans
at $4,995 per doz. and salmon, red or sock-
eye--21,320 doz. No. 1 cans at $7.8475 per
doz., awarded to a Seattle, Wash., firm, 14
percent- 10 days, f.o.b. Seattle, Wash.

Salmon, med. red or coho, with skin and
backbone on--2,750 doz. 4-lb. cans at $30.98
per dozen, awarded to another Seattle, Wash.,
firm, 1 percent-10 days, f.o.b. Seattle, Wash.

No. 4 cans at $2.95 per dozen.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

Fisheries Loan Fund

LOANS APPROVED,
JULY 1-OCTOBER 31, 1961:

From the beginning of the program in
1956 through October 31, 1961, a total of
1,026 applications for $30,363,304 have been
received. Of these 536 ($13,267,774) have
been approved, 354 ($9,407,216) have been
declined or found ineligible, 100 ($5,442,079)
have been withdrawn by applicants before be-
ing processed, and 36 ($759,330) are pending.
Of the applications approved, 208 ($1,486,905)
were approved for amounts less than applied
for:

The following loans were approved from
July 1, 1961, through October 31, 1961:

New England Area: Joseph J. Krawiec,
Stonington, Conn., $18,000; Peter Condelli,
Medford, Mass., $40,000; Gerald C. McCarthy,
South Dartmouth, Mass., $38,000; Leroy A.
Cushman, Port Clyde, Maine, $2,500; and
George P. Berry, Port Norris, N. J., $4,500.

South Atlantic and Gulf Area: George E.
Lipscomb, Magnolia Springs, Ala., $19,000;
Waasy T. Franks, Fort Myers, Fla., $13,250;
A. I. and C. P. Tormala, Fort Myers, Fla.,
$15,000; Edgar J. Kirby Construction Corpo-
ration, Fort Pierce, Fla., $3,500; E. J. Kirby
and Walter Rosslow, Fort Pierce, Fla.,
$9,000; Clarence W. Hammond, West Palm
Beach, Fla., $59,000; Henry and Elizabeth
von der Hofen, Galveston, Tex., $16,250;

A. B. Allen and James F. White, Brownsville,
Tex., $15,350; and Tatum Bros., Brownsville,
Tex., $37,200.

California Area: Richard O. Young, Eu-
reka, $28,260; Edward X. Madruga, San Diego,
$350,000; Ernest R. Monteiro, San Diego,
$113,000; Frank and Cecelia Souza, San Diego,
$5,770; and Arnold A.Vidal, San Diego, $120,000.

Great Lakes Area: Melvin M. Erickson,

Bayfield, Wis., $2,000.
Hawaii Area: Hajime Yamane, Aiea, $7,540.

Pacific Northwest Area: GlenL. and Ken-
neth L. Martinson, Oceanlake, Ore., $6,680;
and Archie F. Larson, Port Angeles, Wash.,
$25,000.

Alaska: Patrick D. Robinson, Juneau, $4,975.

lote: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1961 p. 23.

LIE

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Fish Solubles

PATENT ON RECOVERY OF
FISH SOLUBLES:

United States Patent No. 2,934,433, dated
April 26, 1960, provides for a process for
the recovery of fish solubles. A mixture of
fish stickwater containing particles of in-
soluble proteins and dissolved proteins and
comminuted raw fish viscera are heated to
170° to 200° F. (76.7° to 93.3° C.) at pH 4to
8.5 for a time sufficient to peptize and dis-
perse the insoluble proteins. After cooling,
the nonprotein solid particles are separated
and the remaining liquor is evaporated to a
higher solids content.

Florida

FISHERIES RESEARCH, APRIL-JUNE 1961:

Research with funds provided by various
sources, including the Florida State Board
of Conservation and the U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service is being carried on by the Ma-
rine Laboratory of the University of Miami.
The research of interest to commercial fish-
eries which appeared in the Laboratory's
June 1961 Salt Water Fisheries Newsletter
follows:

Larval Shrimp: Investigation of the sea-
sonal and geographical distribution of the
young of the pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum),
the commercial species caught off Key West,
has been continued through a contract with
the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Collections
were made during practically every month
and over as wide a geographical area as pos-
sible on the Tortugas fishing grounds to give
‘a complete picture of the distribution of pink
shrimp larvae there. Specimens were col-
lected from Sanibel Island to south of the
Florida Keys, and from the 100-fathom line
inshore to 2 fathoms.

Samples obtained during this year re-
vealed centers of abundance of larvae, which
are believed to represent a peak of spawning
activity on the Tortugas fishing grounds.
During the summer peak of spawning, the
center of abundance was near the area of
maximum fishing effort, In the period No-
vember 1960-February 1961, there were
fewer larvae at the center of the grounds
than in deeper water to the northwest. This
suggests that the center of spawning shifted

Vol. 23, No. 12

to deeper water. In March and April 1961,

the numbers of larvae were greater than in
the winter months, and the center of abun-

dance was again in shallower water of from
13-17 fathoms.

Spotted Sea Trout: Specially-designed
tagging experiments were carried out on
spotted sea trout (Cynoscion nebulosus) in
the vicinity of Pine Island, near Fort Myers,
during January 1961. The results of the tag-
ging experiments are being analyzed. The
preliminary results suggests that mortality
due to natural causes, predators, disease,
etc. is about five times as high as mortality
due to fishing. This result, which will be
checked with more information, is not sur-
prising, but it is contrary to the belief held
by most fishermen, i.e., that the other fish-
ermen are taking the majority of the fish.

Fishing: The investigations conducted dur-
ing the past year of utilizing trash fish pro-
duced some interesting results.

Economic and mechanical difficulties
have discouraged the collection of trash fish
from shrimp trawlers in the past, conse-
quently vast quantities of fish have been dis-
carded. The method investigated facilitates
the landing and marketing of scrap fish by
making possible the storage of fish without
refrigeration for extended periods of time.

The process consists of an enzymatic
hydrolysis or auto-digestion. The fish is
digested by its own gastric juices. To pre-
vent bacterial spoilage and the formation of
offensive odors, a quantity of acid is added,
which also aids the action of the enzymes of
the fish.

In the process of hydrolysis the fish be-
comes liquified, with the formation of two
factions: a clear liquid and a semisolid sedi-
ment. The liquid contains soluble proteins
and fragments of these nutrients; the solids
contain undigested fish and minerals.

The "liquid fish" can be used as a start-
ing material for the preparation of fish sol-
ubles, fish meal, concentrated pet food, fish
hatchery food, or other animal feeds.

If the liquid fish which contains crude
protein, can be further hydrolysed and the
products refined it can provide food for hu-
mans,

December 1961

Fish Behavior Studies: Experiments on
the effects of light upon the pink shrimp
(Penaeus duorarum) and the white shrimp
(P. setiferus), a project sponsored by the
National Science Foundation, are in progress.
Preliminary results indicate that under con-
trolled conditions in the laboratory some in-
tensities and wave lengths of light may be
more attractive to pink shrimp than food
odors. After the shrimp were starved for
varying periods, their willingness to cross
an electric barrier to obtain food was meas-
ured, It was found that a higher voltage was
required to prevent them from approaching
certain beams of light than to prevent them
from approaching the food. These findings
have a definite application to shrimp fishing.

A scientist visiting from Japan on agrant
from the National Science Foundation has
been doing work on the vision of pelagic fish.
He has found that certain pelagic fish, for
example, the blackfin tuna, co not see clearly
things that appear directly ahead of them.
The blackfin does focus clearly, however, on
objects that are slightly above it. This ob-
servation is in keeping with what we know of
the swimming and feeding habits of the ani-
mal which normally swims at some distance
under the surface and feeds on fishes swim-
ming at or near the surface.

Experiments on detection of low-frequency
sound by sharks are also in progress. Pre-
liminary results indicate that nurse shark
(Ginglymostoma cirratum) and lemon shark
(Negaprion brevirostris) are well adapted to
experimental procedures and that they learn
rapidly in a test situation. This project is
sponsored by the office of Naval Research.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1961 p. 25.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

Fur Seals

PRICES FOR ALASKA SKINS
DROP AT FALL AUCTION:

The autumn 1961 auction sale of the U. S.
Government and other foreign-produced fur
seal skins was held at St. Louis, Mo., on
October 5 and 6, 1961. At this sale, a total
of 27,239 seal skins were sold for the ac-
count of the U. S. Government at a total value
of $2,187,696.

The average price for United States con-
ventionally-processed Alaska seal skins was
$86.69 per skin, a decline of 3.8 percent
from the spring sale. Average prices re-
ceived for the various types of skins were;
Matara, $81.29 (down 2.6 percent); Black,
$91.73 (down 2.0 percent); Kitovi, $84.56 each
(down 11.1 percent). The price decline re-
flects the general decrease in the prices of
other high-quality furs.

An encouraging aspect of the sale was the
very substantial increase in the price of the
sheared female or Lakoda skins. Lakoda
skins were first offered for sale in the fall
of 1960 when the skins averaged $36.05 each.
In the spring of 1961, the price dropped to
$11.99. However, at the autumn sale the av-
erage price jumped to $41.05 per skin for
the 3,805 skins offered for sale, anincrease
of 242 percent.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1961 p. 18.

3

Great Lakes Fishery Investig ations

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Musky ID September 1961: Thefish
population survey in Lake Erie was continued
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Musky II. During early Sep-
tember, bottom trawls were towed at 8 sta-
tions in the Sandusky, East Harbor, and Island
areas. The catches, particularly of yearling
and older fish, were lighter than expected.
An average of 553 fish was taken per 10-
minute tow, of which 75 percent were young-

|of-the-year (mostly white bass, yellowperch,

alewives, gizzard shad, and spot-tail shiners;
sheepshead and channel catfish were caught
in fair numbers at the Sandusky Bay station,
and a total of 9 yellow pike or walleyes, av-
eraging 7.0 inches in length, was taken at 3

30

stations). Surface water temperatures at
the western end of the lake averaged 76° F.

Operations of the Musky II for the re-
mainder of the month were highlighted by a
2-week fishery-limnological cruise to central
and eastern Lake Erie and western Lake On-
tario. Bottom samples were collected and
complete water analyses were made at 9
stations established in Lake Erie by the Cisco
in 1957; bathythermograph casts and Secchi-
disc readings were made and surface water
samples were taken at 7 other localities in
the central basin. An overnight gill-net set
(300 feet each of 2-, 23-, and 3-inch mesh)
northeast of Long Point at 25 fathoms caught
175 smelt, 3 yellow perch, and 1 cisco.

During a 3-day period in western Lake
Ontario, near the mouth of the Niagara River,
light-meter readings, bathythermograph casts,
and oxygen analyses were made at 2 stations
and surface water samples were collected at
18 others. Two-day gill-net sets (300 feet
each of 2-, 24-, and 3-inch mesh) at depths of
25 and 50 fathoms took 90 smelt, 9 alewives,
and 8 coregonids or chubs of 4 species (Leu-
cichthys artedii, C. kiyi, C. hoyi, and C.
reighardi). Trawling was attempted at sev-
eral locations with little success. Much of
the area was unsuitable for bottom tows and
appeared to be rather barren. Species taken
(average, 107 fish per tow) were smelt, ale-
wives, and spot-tail shiners (mostly young-
of-the-year).

En route to Sandusky on the return trip,
trawls were towed at stations previously es-
tablished in Lake Erie, off Dunkirk, N. Y.;
Erie, Pa., and Ashtabula, Fairport, and
Cleveland, Ohio. A progressive increase in
the catch of fish was apparent as the vessel
progressed westward. Smelt, white bass,
and yellow perch were taken in varying num-
bers. Water temperature averaged about
66° F., somewhat cooler than in the western
end of the lake.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Nov. 1961 p. 19.

LAKE MICHIGAN FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V Cisco” Cruise 7: The chub (Leu-
cichthys sp.) population survey in Lake Mich-
igan was continued (September 19-October 3,
1961) by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries research vessel Cisco.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

Research vessel of the Service's Great Lakes Fish-
eries Investigations.

Most of the cruise was spent in fishing
trawls and nylon gill nets of standard design,
in order to add to the information on present
chub populations needed to establish a base
with which future populations may be com-
pared. Standard gangs of gill nets (50 feet
each of 1=- and 13-inch mesh, and 300 feet
each of 2-, 2%-, 22-, 3-, 35>) and 4ainets
mesh) were set at 25 and 50 fathoms off
Manistique, Mich., and Sturgeon Bay, Wis.,
and at 25, 50, 80, and 135 fathoms off Frank-
fort, Mich. Catches (predominately core-
gonids or chubs, Leucichthys sp.) were light
in the 80- and 135-fathom sets and moderate
in the others.

Six 30-minute bottom tows were made with
a 50-foot balloontrawlat15, 25, 35,and 30 fath-
oms off Arcadia, Mich. (10 miles south of
Frankfort), and at 30 and 50 fathoms off Stur-
geon Bay.

The extremely small catches at 35 and 50
fathoms off Arcadia were probably due, at
least in part, to a strong current running op-
posite to the direction of tow, which caused
the boat to move appreciably slower than usu-
al at the normal engine speed (strong currents
were also noted off Sturgeon Bay). A bathy-
thermograph cast at 35 fathoms indicated that
there was an upwelling in the area. The small
chub catch at 15 fathoms was to be expected,
since water was warm all the way to the bot-
tom at this depth. Some alewives were taken
in every tow; the maximum amount caught
was 126 pounds, at 15 fathoms off Arcadia.
Deep-water sculpins (up to 8 pounds), a few
slimy sculpins and smelt, and a single long-
nose sucker were the only other species
caught in the trawls.

Regular hydrographic stations were visited
at 40 fathoms off Frankfort, Charlevoix, and

December 1961

Sturgeon Bay, and at 142 fathoms in midlake
between Frankfort and Sturgeon Bay. The
surface water, which was_cooling during the
cruise, ranged from 10.0° to 19.0° C. (50.0°
to 66.2~ F.). The epilimnion was deepening
under the influence of almost constant strong
winds, and in places there was complete mix-

ing down to a depth of nearly 25 fathoms.
lote: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Nov. 1961 p. 20.

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

EXPERIMENTAL MIDWATER TRAWL
TESTED AND COMPARED WITH
BRITISH COLUMBIA TYPE:

M/V "Oregon" Cruise 74 (March-April
1961): The evaluation of the gross mechan-
ical performance of a ''standard" British
Columbia midwater trawl and an experimen-
tal-design midwater trawl was the purpose
of this cruise of the M/V Oregon, explora-
tory fishing vessel of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries.

Setting mid-water trawl showing head rope transducers and
camera mount,

The standard trawl (82-foot headrope,
56-foot maximum designed opening) fished
on 6- x 3-foot doors was found to spread
from 24 to 54 feet vertically and from 123
to 253 feet horizontally, depending upon ves-
sel speed. A direct relationship between
horizontal spread and increased speed was
found in all tests as was an inverse relation-
ship between the vertical spread and in-
creased speed.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

A departure from normal trawl construc-
tion involving fitting the trawl longitudinally
to riblines of precalculated length (in this
case 86.6 percent of the stretched mesh
measure, Since the headrope, footrope, and
breastlines were hung in 50 percent of
stretched mesh width) was also tested. These
tests did not indicate any increase of spread
or towing speed over the same net without
riblines. Tests of the experimental trawl
were not completed due to early termination
of the cruise.

Preliminary field tests were conducted
with a newly-designed remote control16 mm.
movie camera system designed to obtain a
photographic record of gear performance
under conditions not suitable for diver ob-
servations and to study fish-escapement be-
havior with respect to the gear. Also, initial
experiments were made with a headrope-
mounted sonic transducer.

The movie camera (400-foot film capacity)
performed as designed. Remote control of
the drive motor permits operation of the unit
when desired, for example, when fish are ob-
served via the headrope-mounted sonic trans-
ducer. Approximately 200 feet of intelligible
film taken at a depth of 23 fathoms was ob-
tained on this initial trial.

OK OK OK OK

EXPLORATORY SHRIMP FISHING IN
SELECTED AREAS OF NORTH-
CENTRAL GULF OF MEXICO:

M/V “Oregon™ Cruise 76A (October 2-8,
1961): To test-fish for shrimp in selected
areas in the 25-70fathom depth range in se-
lected areas of the north-central Gulf of Mex-
ico where exploratory trawling in previous
years revealed small, unfished concentrations
of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) was the
objective of this cruise of the M/V Oregon.
This exploratory fishing vessel of the U. 5S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries made a total
of 27 nighttime tows with 40-, 60-, and 70-foot
shrimp trawls in the following areas: I-40 to
72 fathoms southeast of Pensacola, Fla.; II-
20 to 56 fathoms south of Gulf Shore, Ala.;
III-30 to 52 fathoms east of North Pass (Delta);
IV-20 to 48 fathoms south of Southwest Pass
(Delta).

Shrimp catches were very poor in all
areas. Highest catch rates were obtained in
area Ii in 33 fathoms. There a 70-foot trawl

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

produced 15 pounds (heads off) of brown
shrimp per hour-tow. The few shrimp en-
countered beyond the 30-fathom curve aver-
aged 12-15 count (heads off).

Six trawl tear-ups resulted from mud
bogging in the Delta area.

Three drags of 2-3 hours duration were
made in royal-red shrimp depths of 220-240
fathoms. Catches ranged from 60 to 230
pounds of heads-on royal reds. Heads-off
count averaged 26-30 shrimp per pound.

TK ook Kk OK OOK

SHRIMP TRAWL OPERATIONAL
STUDIES CONTINUED:

“M/V "George M. Bowers” Cruise 33:
Mechanical studies and underwater photo-
graphy of Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawls
under actual fishing conditions were con-
tinued by the M/V George M. Bowers, ex-
ploratory fishing vessel of the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries. Operations were
conducted July 20-September 5, 1961, in Ft.
Pierce and Panama City, Fla., areas.

The Service's exploratory fishing vessel George M. Bowers.

Trawls photographed were the 40-foot
flat, the 40-foot semiballoon, and the 40-
foot balloon. One-half scale models of the

three 40-foot designs were also photographed.

A total of 4,500 feet of underwater film was
obtained.

Vol. 23, No. 12

Preliminary field tests of a remote-
reading strain gauge system were conducted.
Modifications to the sensing elements and
readout circuitry were found to benecessary,.

A two-way sea sled-to-towing vessel
voice communication system was used dur-
ing all diving operations expediting this
phase of the work considerably.

He gle Sle. gle ale
Sey res3! eh ake

SHRIMP TAGGING NEAR DRY TORTUGAS:

M/V “George M. Bowers’ Cruise 34
(September 14-26, 1961): Pink shrimp
(Penaeus duorarum) were caught, stained,
and released in the immediate vicinity of the
Dry Tortugas commercial shrimp grounds
by the exploratory fishing vessel George M.
Bowers. This trip was in cooperation with
the Bureau's Galveston Biological Labora-
tory. About 2,100 individual pink shrimp of
an 86-mm. (+2 mm.) size group were stained
with trypan blue and released. Recoveries of
these shrimp will provide information regard-
ing growth rate, migration pattern, and mor-
tality of that species.

Pink Shrimp
(Penaeus duorarum)

Originally it was intended also to stain
10,000 shrimp of all sizes with fast green
FCF, It was necessary to forego this ob-
jective due to the high rate of mortality (75-
80 percent) encountered in the holding tanks.
Presumably this was the result of the high
surface water temperatures during this sum-

mer.

Gulf Fishery Investigations

Some of the highlights of studies con-
ducted by the Galveston Biological Labora-
tory of the U. 5S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries during July-September 1961:

December 1961

SHRIMP FISHERY PROGRAM: Migrations
of Pink Shrimp: Thé final tally disclosed
that commercial fishermen turned in 60 and
_ 154 recaptures, respectively, of shrimp
stained and released as juveniles at Bottle
Key (13,309) in November and Lower Pine
Island Sound (32,913) in December 1960. Of
the Bottle Key recaptures, 10 came from
Florida Bay within 6 miles of the release
site and 50 from the Tortugas grounds about
120 miles to the west. Early Pine Island
Sound recaptures were all made in the large
Sanibel shrimping area west and northwest
of Naples. Later ones came from a small
section of the Sanibel grounds due west of
Redfish Pass. Shrimp in both experiments
were still being recaptured 6 months after
release. The 50 recoveries from Bottle Key
on the Tortugas grounds establish the affilia-
tion between nursery areas in extreme north-
east Florida Bay and the Tortugas shrimp
stocks,

Mortality and Growth of Pink Shrimp: A
dual-purpose study to determine (1) fishing
mortality in the fished portion of a pink
shrimp population and (2) growth in pink
shrimp making the transition from pre-com-

Injecting dye into a shrimp for marking to determine migrations
and abundance,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

mercial to commercial size, began near the
end of the quarter. The study's first phase,
execution of two simultaneous mark-recap-
ture experiments, was initiated during the
week of September 17,1961, on the lower
edge of the Tortugas fishing grounds. Use
of the Bureau's M/V George M. Bowers fa-
cilitated this operation. Original plans
called for the release of approximately
10,000 shrimp representing all commercial
sizes and marked with fast green dye and
1,000 to 2,000 precommercial but uniformly-
sized shrimp marked with Trypan blue. Be-
cause high water-surface and air tempera-
tures resulted in the larger shrimp suffer-
ing excessive mortality during marking op-
erations and prerelease holding periods, the
first (or mortality) experiment had to be
postponed to a period of more favorable con-
ditions. The second experiment got under
way, however, with 2,100 shrimp (84.0 to
87.9 mm. total length) being marked with
Trypan blue and released at scattered points
on the grounds. As of October 6, 126 had
already been recaptured. The underwater
shrimp release box designed for this study
functioned as expected, and underwater still
and motion pictures were made of it inaction.

Shrimp Spawning Populations: During the
quarter the chartered trawler Belle of Texas

made four cruises in the survey area be-
tween Freeport and Cameron. Of about 10,000
shrimp caught during those cruises, 36 per-
cent were brown shrimp and 42 percent were
rock shrimp, Sicyonia brevirostris. Ovary
samples from each of 1,050 females (seven
species) were fixed, sectioned, stained, and
mounted. Study of these ovary sections is
proceeding and will reveal the seasonal re-
productive status of the various populations,

LARVAL

STAGES

Life cycle of shrimp. Spawned in the ocean, the larvae (here
greatly magnified) migrate to inshore nursery areas. As the
shrimp grow, they return to sea where they support the most
valuable of our commercial fisheries,

34

A cursory check of brown shrimp modal
lengths tabulated according to cruise period,
sex, and sample depthreveals that: (1) there
is distinct sexual dimorphism, (2) size and
depth of capture are directly proportional,
and (3) recruitment to the offshore stocks
begins in June.

This project acquired new dimensions re-
cently when the survey area was expanded to
include all waters west of the Mississippi
River. Station transects have been positioned
within each Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
statistical area in order that information ob-
tained with research vessels can be corre-
lated with commercial landing data. Biolog-
ical data consist of abundance estimates,
species composition, length measurements,
plankton collections, and ovary samples.
Temperature, salinity, and current direction
and velocity profiles are determined concur-
rently. Additional current studies utilizing
drift bottles and bottom drifters are antici-
pated.

Implementing the expanded portion of this
project in early September, the M/V Oregon
trawled at 40 stations in depths of 30-60
fathoms between the Mississippi Delta and
Galveston, and the M/V Belle of Texas at 21
stations between Galveston and Brownsville.

Bait Shrimp Fishery: Bait shrimp pro-
duction in the Galveston Bay area during July
and August dropped measurably below that
for the same period in 1960. On the other
hand, bait fishing effort showed a correspond-
ing increase, all of which reflects areduced
survival to postlarval and juvenile stages
this year. Comparatively poor production in
offshore waters has also been a consequence.

All bait, stands or camps sustained some
damage from Hurricane ''Carla'' (September
9-13). Only six camps on Galveston Island
and two camps on the Bolivar Peninsula were
back in operation on September 18. Ninety-
three percent of the camps in this general
area were completely destroyed but many
have already been partially restored.

ESTUARINE PROGRAM: Ecology of West-
ern Gulf Estuaries: Field work continued in
the three areas--Clear Lake, Offat's Bayou,
and Trinity Bay--and analysis of the Clear
Lake data for 1959, 1960, and through June
of 1961 has been accelerated.

Plans for expansion of the project in the
Galveston Bay system were made. These

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

plans involve remodeling the 40-foot vessel
Tommy Box which was obtained on surplus
from the Border Patrol in Brownsville, Texas.
Remodeling will include the installation of a
new Diesel motor and changes to the after-
deck and cabin to accommodate instruments
and trawling gear. Sampling stations are
planned for both upper and lower Galveston
Bay as well as East and West Bays. 'Deep-
water,'' bay stations; shore stations; and
shallow, lake or bayou stations are to be set

up.
Effects of Engineering Projects: A total

of 56 appraisals were made of engineering
projects affecting marine fishery resources.
Of this number, only three did not involve
Texas waters. The majority resulted from
the more than 80 Corps of Engineers public
notices screened during the quarter to de-
termine which projects could materially af-
fect marine and estuarine fishery resources.
Marine fishery sections of 13 Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife draft reports on water
development projects were reviewed for con-
currence or recommendations.

Weekly sampling at 12 stations in Trinity
Bay was continued, when conditions permitted,
in connection with a study of the effects on
Trinity Bay fauna of the Wallisville and Liv-
ingston Dam Projects (U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers). Sampling at each station in-
cludes top and bottom salinity and tempera-
ture measurements, surface Secchi disc
readings to provide a turbidity index, and a
trawl haul for biological specimens. Data
from 22 September samples are now being
analyzed. This analysis will be of particular
interest due to the passage of Hurricane
"Carla" through this area on September 9-12,
1961.

Ecology of Eastern Gulf Estuaries: An
ecological study of Tampa Bay was inaugu-
rated to study the productive potential of the
waters of Tampa Bay as nursery grounds for
commercially important species of fish, crus-
taceans, and mollusks. Samples are being
collected weekly from 29 locations distributed
throughout Tampa Bay and up to 10 miles off--
shore. Collections of biological specimens
are made with a 15-foot trawl, beach seine,
and 1-meter plankton net. Hydrological data
obtained concurrently consist of temperature,
light penetration, pH, and salinity. Total
phosphate-phosphorus and total organic and
inorganic nitrogen will be taken at a few sta-
tions.

December 1961

Already 25 families and 38 species of fish
have been identified. Most numerous were
Anchoa mitchilli, Galeichthys felis, Eucin-
ostomus gula, Orthopristis chrysopterus,
Bairdiella chrysura, Leiostomus xanthurus,
and Lagodon rhomboides. The first observa-
tions indicate presence of high numbers (62-
101) of fish in the trawls from the grass bot-
tom areas off Egmont Key, in Terra Ceia
Bay, and in Old Tampa Bay. Trawls over
muddy bottom in the upper Hillsborough Bay
produced relatively high numbers (84) of
Galeichthys felis while trawls over sandy
bottom were generally poor in fish.

Squids were abundant. Shrimps were the
most abundant crustacea. Crabs, pelecypods,
and echinoderms were also taken in smaller
numbers.

INDUSTRIAL FISHERY PROGRAM: Dur-
ing the quarter an average of nine species
comprised landings coming from west of the
Mississippi River Delta (West Gulf), specif-
ically in depths of 34 to 11 fathoms off Wine
Island, Timbalier Island, Grand Isle, and
West Bay (all in Louisiana), The average
catch per tow for this area was 6,153 pounds.
East of the Mississippi River Delta (East
Gulf) an average of 16 species was present
in catches made in 3 to 11 fathoms off Horn
Island, Miss.; Petit Island, Miss.; Dauphin
Island, Ala.; and Gulf Shores, Ala. The av-
erage catch per tow in the East Gulf was
3,702 pounds.

Atlantic croaker continued to be the dom-
inant species in both fishing areas. Atlantic
cutlassfish accounted for a significantly
greater percentage of over-all landings. A
twofold increase for this species was noted
in East Gulf catches. Atlantic croaker also
increased on both fishing grounds but was
apparently more abundant in the East Gulf
area. The spot was the only major species
which showed a decline in either area.

The two species of sea trout commonly
present in industrial catches were not sep-
arated until August. Cynoscion nothus, or
silver sea trout, nearly always has 27 verte-
brae, rarely 26; soft anal rays are predom-
inantly 9; the eye is conspicuously larger in
comparison with other sea trout; and the
tongue is pigmented over most of its surface,
In contrast, Cynoscion arenarius, or sand
sea trout, has 25 vertebrae; 10 to 12 softanal
rays; and the tongue is pigmented only at the
periphery.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

Both species occurred in catches from
the East Gulf at depths of 3 to 11 fathoms.
In the West Gulf both species were taken
from depths of 4 to 6 fathoms. Sand sea
trout were six times more abundant in the
East Gulf and 1.5 times more abundant in
the West Gulf. On East Gulf grounds silver
sea trout appeared most abundant in water
8 to 11 fathoms deep.

Silver sea trout evidently do not attain the
size of sand sea trout on either the East or
West Gulf grounds. The largest silver sea
trout and sand sea trout measured 252 and
403 mm. (total length), respectively. In late
August fish of both species with translucent
ova were found in 9 fathoms at the entrance
to Mobile Ship Channel. At the same time,
fish of both species containing opaque ova
were taken in 4 to 5 fathoms off Wine Island,
La,

Examination of scales from silver and
sand sea trout disclosed the presence of
rings whose structure and distribution sug-
gest them to be annuli. If this be the case,
then 3-year classes appear to be present in
the silver sea trout, while 4- and possibly
6-year classes represent the sand sea trout.
The first- and second-year classes would be
interpreted as dominating catches of both
species,

Additional sea trout samples are being
obtained from offshore stations by the Bu-
reau's M/V Oregon. Life history samples
of Atlantic croaker and spot are also being
taken from industrial catches. Scales of
these species are being examined for legi-
bility and possible use in determining year
class composition,

During the quarter 214 five-pound fish
samples taken with trawls off the coasts of
Texas and Louisiana were processed for
species composition, length and weight meas-
urements, and determinations of sex and
gonad condition. All were obtained in co-
operation with the Shrimp Fishery Program
which recently extended its cruise schedule
to include stations in the Freeport to Browns-
ville and Cameron to Mississippi River areas.
One 5-pound sample is being randomly drawn
from the unsorted catches of 1-hour hauls
made once every 3 weeks at each new Station.
Some 45 stations now make up the cruise pat-
tern.

Data thus far analyzed indicate that the
longspine porgy, Stenotomus caprinus, pre-

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

dominates over the sampling area. Its con-
tribution to the total catch (accumulated since
January) was 53 and 40 percent by number
and weight, respectively. Other important
species included the silver sea trout, Cynos-
cion nothus, shoal flounder, Syacium gunteri;
Atlantic croaker, Micropogon undulatus; rock
sea bass, Centropristes philadelphicus; and
lizardfish, Synodus foetens.

Longspine porgies examined to date have
fallen within the total length range of 60 to
195 mm., their average length varying with
sampling depth. Ripe or spent females have
only been taken during the period January
through May at depths of 25 to 45 fathoms.
A study to explore the feasibility of using
porgy scales to determine population age
composition was begun at the close of the
quarter.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1961 p. 24.

{ES
SDs

Gulf of Mexico Fishing Industry

HURRICANE "CARLA" INFLICTS
HEAVY DAMAGE:

Hurricane “Carla struck the Texas coast
on September 11, 1961. The storm's greatest
impact was in the Matagorda Bay area. Many
segments of the fishing industry in the area
were damaged. Considering the intensity of
the storm, vessel losses were light. But
there were a number of total losses and a
number of vessels that suffered major dam-
age. Shore plants and other facilities, espe-
cially at Port O'Connor, Port Lavaca, Pal-
acios, Freeport, and over a sizable portion
of the Texas coast, were damaged more or
less substantially. There was some damage
to fishery shore plants by flooding in the
Louisiana coastal area. But because of am-
ple warnings by the U. S. Weather Bureau,
losses were somewhat less than expected.

Fig. 1 - Before Hurricane "Carla," on this site in Texas were
located a State biological laboratory, a crab plant, and sev-
eral other small buildings.

Vol. 23, No. 12

U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
laboratory facilities at Galveston, which re-
ceived the full force of the storm, were dam-
aged to some extent but not severely. None
of the other Bureau facilities in other Gulf
Coast areas were damaged.

Shrimp landings on the upper Texas Coast
were light after the storm, but landings on
the lower Texas Coast were heavy early in
October for a few days. However, the rate
of catch was not maintained and landings be-
came light again after the short spurt of good
fishing.

Hurricane ''Carla'' developed as a tropical
storm in the Caribbean off Nicaragua on Sep-
tember 4, It moved northward and developed
full hurricane strength after striking the
north end of Yucatan Peninsula on September
7. It moved due north for most of the follow-
ing day during which a hurricane watch was
maintained and the Weather Bureau issued
warnings that ''Carla'' was the most danger-
ous hurricane in the history of the Weather
Bureau. It was reported to have an eye 50
miles in diameter with winds of 150 miles
an hour at its center. ''Carla'' ultimately
struck the coast, with the center ofthe storm
at Matagorda Bay, on the morning of Sep-
termber 11.

The shrimp industry, generally centered
on the Texas coast in September, suffered
heavy damage from Hurricane ''Carla,'' The
storm damage created a particularly diffi-
cult situation in the Gulf Coast commercial
fisheries, having followed a very poor shrimp
production season.

The damage to fishery facilities on the
Gulf Coast from east to west appeared to be
as follows:

Louisiana: Extremely high tides in south-
ern Louisiana resulted in some damage to
shore plants. Machinery in canning plants in
Terrebonne Parish was damaged.

Port Arthur-Sabine: There was minor
water damage to shore plants in that area,
and there may be some loss to fish meal as
a result of flooding. These plants, however,
are back in operation.

Galveston: Shore installations handling
fishery products in Galveston suffered only
minor damage and the fleet escaped serious
loss. Some vessels that sought refuge in

December 1961

the Houston Ship Channel were deposited on
shore or docks when the 17-foot water level
subsided.

Freeport: Shore plant installations at
Freeport were heavily damaged, andtwo shore
plants were completely destroyed. Twelve
shrimp vessels at Freeport were known to
be aground and 5 were sunk. Others were
reported to have sought refuge up the river
where they were trapped by debris. Much

of Freeport after the storm was under water.

Fig. 2 - After Hurricane "Carla," this iswhat remained of a crab-
picking plant located on this bulkhead in Palacios, Tex.

Port O'Connor, Palacios, and Port La-
vaca: All in Matagorda Bay and directly in
the path of the storm suffered severe dam-
age. In Port O'Connor shore plant installa-
tions, docks, and boats were all gone, and
only three houses in the town were left in-
tact. At Palacios all shore installations
were destroyed and vessels were carried
inland and apparently were extensively dam-
aged. At Port Lavaca shore plant installa-
tions were severely damaged.

Fig. 3 - Damage inflicted by Hurricane "Carla" to a shrimp and
oyster plant at Palacios, Tex.

Seadrift: Shore plant installations and a
new crab picking and oyster shucking plant,
scheduled to open in September, were com-
pletely destroyed. Boat sheds and other
buildings were also destroyed.

Rockport: Damage was less extensive,
but many shrimp boats were left high and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

Fig. 4 - These shrimp vessels, which rode out Hurricane "Carla"
in the new boat basin at Rockport, Tex., were beached by re-
ceding tides. Damage was not serious for these vessels.

dry by receding tides, and two vessels were
reported missing. Repairs to shore plant
installations were expected to be completed
in a relatively short time.

Aransas Pass and Corpus Christi: Dam-
age to shore plants and vessels in that area
was relatively minor. Two vessels were re-
ported lost and one was sunk at its mooring,
but may be saivaged.

Brownsville: Brownsville experienced
winds not exceeding 40 miles an hour. Little
or no damage occurred in that area and busi-
ness was normal,

Hawaii

COMMERCIAL FISHERY LANDINGS,
JULY 1960-JUNE 1961:

Commercial fisheries landings of sea and
pond fish in the State of Hawaii during the
fiscal year July 1960-June 1961 amounted to
13.7 million pounds valued at $2.9!millionex-
vessel, according to the Hawaiian Division
of Fish and Game. Landings of tuna made up
84.7 percent of the quantity and 65.5 percent
of the value of all fishery landings. Skipjack
tuna was the most important species landed.

Table 1 - Hawaiian Commercial Fishery Landings
and Ex-Vessel Value, July 1960-June 1961
Species Quantity] Value

English Name Hawaiian Name

Ocean Catch:
Amberjack

Dolphin

Goatfish

(Table continued on next page.)

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - Hawaiian Commercial Fishery Landings and
Ex-Vessel Value, July 1960-June 1961 (Contd.)

i Hawaiian Name
1, 000
Lbs. {$1,000
Op 214 89
via 19
: Opakapaka
Fink Kalekale { sa Bg

<|
pe
=
®

en eae 54
ehu or Ulaula
Swordfishes, sailfishes
spearfishes, & marlins | A'u & A'u lepe

618

i lo
NN N as
I Iro}po oO “N

49
Yellowfin
Skipjack Aku 10,194 11,271
Bonito or little tuna | Kawakawa 1 iy;

Kuahohu,
Kona, Papai,
Samoan, Moala

1/Less than $500.

The Island of Oahu accounted for 10.7
million pounds (valued at about $2.3 million)
or 78.1 percent of the quantity and 78.5 per-
cent of the total value of all landings of sea
and pondfish and shellfish in the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1961. The Island of Hawaii
was the second most important center of
Hawaii's fishing industry and accounted for
11.7 percent of the total landings, and 12.6
percent of the total value. Landings of com-
mercial fish and shellfish in the Islands of
Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Kauai were quite light.

Table 2 - Hawaiian Commercial Fishery Landings
by Islands, July 1960-June 1961

Pond Catch Total Catch
| Quantity] Value | Quantity] Value | Quantity] Valuel

74 74
E

13, 670 [ 2,850 13,731
|1/Less than $500.

Landings of commercial fish and shellfish
in the Hawaiian Islands during July 1960-
June 1961 by months were heaviest during
the summer andearlyfall months. The July-
September 1960 period and the May-June
1961 period accounted for 63.2 percent of
the totallandings. June 1961 alone accounted

Vol. 23, No. 12

Table 3 - Hawaiian Commercial Fishery Landings
by Months, July 1960-June 1961

1960

July
\August
September

for 22.7 percent of the total landings. Land-
ings of commercial fish and shellfish in the
Hawaiian Islands are dominated by the sea-
sonal availability of skipjack tuna. The fish-
ery for tuna is the most important fishery in
the Islands.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1960 p. 36.

Industrial Products

U.S. FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES:

Production, January-September 1961:
Although the production of meal, oil, and
solubles during September was less, the
quantity processed January-September 1961
was Significantly greater than during the
same period in 1960.

During September 1961, fish meal produc-
tion amounted to 29,000 tons--87 percent
from menhaden. Fish solubles and homog-
enized fish produced totaled 11,400 tons.
The production of marine-animal oils totaled

Fully loaded menhaden vessel approaching a reduction plant
in Empire, La.

2 eee

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39
U. S. Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, September 1961 1/ with Comparative Data |
= September anuary -September Total
rooney 1961 1960
Bs be loanetlG ciieliette| (OHOLLHLONS) ererseiheNisivell sem sitesteryedtaitts
|Fish Meal and Scrap:
Mle wife elimi. su elbeWieMiai oll oe elNWctvils - 89 1,092 1,092
Herring:
Nas karipettcmtem cite noaieneitsh ys sie tiotieMs AN 6, 103
IMENING on oe 5 A Sn RUA en ° 2.915
Menhaden2/Misiieieieneicienct ccietomeeeiene 218, 423
Sardine Mbaci tic maa met amc Wray came Ais a 3,301 |
Wunatandimackerellii ie) vejiel ele! eueile! eile 2 20,325
Wnclassified sues cueuuel veces 2 2279
233, 100 279, 438
3/ 10, 309
3/ 289, 747
10,485 76,564 89, 377
9,532 8,752 CEEEY
siiaeacialenetioiertsine ete ay(Gallons)ieeseueieuencwemencaeete mete
= - 6, 900 66, 121 66, 121
ANNA'S Kaowreitel teller volte 2 51,786 415,086 625, 786 1, 385, 218 1, 385,218
Maine, . 4 a 4/ 27,395 4/ 129,795 132,973
Menbadenta/agemsncteiomen ahem omen em cuieiie satelite 2,971,984 26,523,074 | 19,099,274 24, 453,736
SardinewebaciticumemomeusielicWehtol eikspicits tel sitelie!l 22,851 22, 851 73, 896 143, 654
miunarandimacKkerel Weise ke sciietieltciic. ella ale ertelve 109,968 485, 145 369, 113 507, 180
Other (including whale)... 67,635 956, 689 1,041, 062 NEY EYL

1/Preliminary data.

2/Includes a small quantity produced from thread herring.
3/Not available on a monthly basis.

4/Included in "Other" in order to avoid disclosure of the production of individual firms.

Note: Excludes liver oils.

3.2 million gallons--92 percent from men-
haden. Compared with August 1960, produc-
tion was down 26 percent for fish meal, 9
percent for fish solubles and homogenized
fish, and 26 percent for marine-animal oils.

Fish meal processed during the first nine
months of 1961 amounted to 248,600 tons--
15,500 tons greater than in the same period
of the previous year. Fish solubles and ho-
mogenized fish production totaled 10,500
tons--1,000 tons greater than in the same
period in 1960. The first nine-months pro-
duction of marine animal oil amounted to
3.2 million gallons--1.1 million gallons less
than during the same period in 1960.

HOOK A OK

Production and Imports, January-August
1961: The total United States supply of fish
meal for the first 8 months of 1961 amounted to
365,800 tons--83,400

-_| tons above the same
ma period of 1960, The
=| domestic production
accounted for 60 per-

peat:

Menhaden Plant

punk |:

bo

ee,

percent of the total
for the first 8 months of 1961.

3,224,224 | 4, 354,905 | 28,620,445 | 22, 164,479 27, 826, 409

U. S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles,
January -August 1961 and Comparative Data

Item

[Fish Meal and Scrap:

Domestic production:
Meénbadeniemieitenens. «
Tuna and mackerel . .
Herring, Alaska... .
Other

Republic of South Africa
Other countries ....
Domestic production2/
Imports:
Canad aes scien
Denmark ..

Other countries .... 165

[__‘Total imports... | 2,245 | 2,279]

1/Preliminary. Based on reports from firms which accounted
for 96 percent of the 1960 total production.

2/50 percent solids. Includes production of homogenized con-

densed fish.

Fish meal produced by United States firms
during January-August 1961 totaled 220,600
tons. Fish meal processed from menhaden
accounted for 87 percent of that total. Fish

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

meal imports from foreign countries during
January-August 1961 amounted to 145,200
tons--up 57,400 tons from the same period
in 1960. Imports from Peru made up 64 per-
cent and those from Canada accounted for 20
percent of the imports in the first 8 months
of 1961. :

The United States supply of fish solubles
(including homogenized condensed fish) dur-
ing January-August 1961 was 6,900 tons above
the supply for the same period in 1960. The
domestic production amounted to 80,200 tons,
while imports totaled 2,200 tons.

ALE

Marine Game Fish

RESEARCH AIDED BY
LOAN OF VESSEL:

A large New Jersey fish reduction firm
has offered, and the U. S. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife has accepted, use of
its research vessel Cape May for two months
in the Middle Atlantic area. The ship is ful-
ly equipped with navigational, communication,
and safety equipment and manned with deck
and engineering officers and cook; fuel and
maintenance and vessel and crew insurance
will be furnished.

Peeeeennns
‘ Fie
* oF,

M/V Cape May, belonging to a New Jersey fish-reduction firm,
will be used to extend shore-bound marine game fish research
between Fire Island, N. Y., and Delaware Bay.

The offer is made because of concern
about the abundance and danger of sharks in
waters off the New Jersey resorts (two per-
sons were attacked last season). This offer
gives vessel time worth as much as $1,000 a
day to the Bureau and the opportunity for ex-
tending its shore-bound marine game fish re-
searchinto the coastal waters between Fire
Island, N. Y., and Delaware Bay.

Vol. 23, No. 12

Use of the vessel has been fully coordi-
nated with the U..S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries and the New Jersey Division of
Fish and Game. A Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries biologist has been assigned full
time to the vessel for the two-month period;
other units of the Bureau have loaned special
gear; and a New Jersey biologist will take
part in the 10 planned cruises. Around-the-
clock fishing and plankton sampling will add
to knowledge about shark predation on game
fish as well as on game fish abundance, spe-
cies, distribution in space and time, useful
data on environmental conditions, and on
spawning of game fish as revealed through
examination of the plankton for eggs and
larvae.

Marketing

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS
PROSPECTS, WINTER 1961/62:

During the next several months per capita
consumption of food fishery products by ci-
vilians in the United States is expected to be
close to the year-earlier rate. Supplies of
important commercially-processed fish and
shellfish are expected to be about equal to
the level of the previous year. Retail prices
of food fishery products are likely to remain
at least moderately higher this season than
last.

About as much food fishery products are
expected through the winter months this year
as last. Stocks of frozen fish were noticeably
lower at the beginning of the fall than at the
same time last year, and the seasonal decline
in production will continue through February
1962. However, imports, particularly of the
fresh and frozen items, are likely to continue
greater than a year ago. Supplies of canned
salmon will be-much larger this season than
last and those of tuna about as large. De-
clines are indicated for canned sardines--
both the California and the Maine products.
The catch of Maine sardines through mid-
October has been only one-third of the year-
earlier catch.

Exports of edible fishery products in the
coming months may total no larger than a
year earlier. The outmovement of canned
salmon may be up a little but decreases are
expected in canned California pilchards and
mackerel.

December 1961

This analysis appeared in a report pre-
pared by the Agricultural Marketing Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooper-
ation with the Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, U. S. Department of the HEMET and
published in the former agency's November
1961 issue of The National Food Situation
(NFS-98).

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

MIDWATER TRAWLING OPERATIONS
COMPLETED FOR 1961:

M/V "Delaware™ Cruise 61-18: The
fourth in a series of cruises devoted to def-
inition of the potential fishery resources of
the midwater zone over the Continental Shelf
off the Northeastern United States was car-
ried out (October 10-18, 1961) by the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries explora-
tory fishing vessel Delaware.

Hauling back 85-foot nylon midwater trawl aboard the M/V
Delaware.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

Scouting was carried on over broad areas
of the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank and adja-
cent waters. Sonic equipment was used con-
tinuously in an effort to locate shoals of fish
for fishing tests with midwater trawl nets.
No significant aggregations of fish were found
in the mid-depths,

A midwater trawl net was set only six times
during the 9-day cruise; the small catches
made included the following species: haddock,
silver hake (whiting), butterfish, herring, and
‘dogfish.

The completion of this cruise terminated
the Delaware's activity in midwater trawling
operations for 1961. This work will continue
on an intermittent basis aboard the 65-foot
research vessel T-476 through the winter
season.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Nov. 1961 p. 25.

deen yg Ne
GULS
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

GROUNDFISH SURVEY
OFF NEW ENGLAND:

M/V “Delaware™ (October 25-November
6, 1961): The U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Dela-
ware| completed on November 6, 1961, , the
first part of an extensive groundfish survey
which includes sampling the fish populations
from the Gulf of Maine, Browns Bank off
Nova Scotia, Georges Bank, and southward
to Hudson Canyon.

The vessel fished at selected stations in
the Gulf of Maine, Browns Bank, the northern
edge of Georges Bank, and the Great South
Channel. Biological information collected
included blood samples from several of the
important commercial species; age and
growth material from haddock, cod, longfin
hake, and argentines; and whiting stomachs.
A sample of the invertebrates caught at each
station was preserved and returned to the
laboratory. Special collections of young had-
dock, ocean perch, dogfish, and cunners were
made for further study. Hydrographic ob-
servations were made throughout the cruise.

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

EXPLORATORY TRAWLING FOR
BOTTOM FISH IN GULF OF ALASKA:

M/V “John N. Cobb” Cruise 52: Primary
objectives of an 8-week cruise (ended Octo-
ber 27, 1961) by the U. 5S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries exploratory fishing ves-
sel John N. Cobb were to (1) assess the
magnitude of latent bottom fish populations
in the Gulf of Alaska, and (2) obtain infor-
mation on the age and size composition of
bottom fish encountered. The survey was
undertaken in cooperation with the Alaska
Region of the Bureau.

LEGEND

‘lane Z- Area of exploration

Exploratory fishing vessel M/V John N. N. Cobb Cruise 52 (Sept, -
Oct. 1961).

The area of exploration extended from
Cape St. Elias to Cape Resurrection. Acom-
mercial-size otter-trawl net was used to
sample bottom fish populations within the
region. Catch information obtained during
the exploration is now being analyzed by the
Bureau.

Otoliths ("ear bones") and scales were
removed from sablefish, true cod, flatfish,
and several species of rockfish to provide
information on their age and growth.

Adverse weather conditions seriously
hampered exploratory fishing operations

during much of the cruise.
lote: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1961 p. 24.

DELAWARE BAY SURVIVAL IMPROVED:
A decided improvement in survival of
oysters in Delaware Bay in 1961 was re-

Oysters

Vol: 23, Not 12

ported in October 1961. The usuallate sum-
mer kill by MSX did not occur in native or
imported oysters, according to a news re-
lease from the Virginia Fisheries Labora-
tory at Gloucester Point, Va. The Director
of the Shellfish Laboratory of Rutgers Uni-
versity reported to the Shallow Water Con-
ference in Baltimore, Md., that Delaware
oystermen planted approximately 160,000
bushels of large oysters from up-Bay seed
beds in May 1961. This fall they are market-
ing these oysters and survival has been ex-
cellent. The seed oysters were large because
none had been taken from the seed beds since
1958, Therefore, only a short period of
growth and fattening was needed before mar-
keting. It ought to be emphasized that it is
not clear what damage MSX would do in Dela-
ware beds if oysters were held the full 2- or
3-year term usually needed to produce mar-
ket oysters.

Planters in MSX-infected areas of Chesa-
peake Bay should be encouraged by events in
Delaware Bay. The beginning of the epidemic
in Chesapeake Bay was almost exactly two
years behind the onset in Delaware Bay.
Nevertheless scientists at the Virginia labo-
ratory are urging oystermen to continue mak-
ing trial plantings to detect any improvement
in survival of oysters. The laboratory is al-
so monitoring major growing areas but can-
not follow conditions in all minor tributaries.

Improved survival can lead to short-term
plantings and if successful to longer-term
plantings later. One danger is that MSX will
wait until beds are heavily planted before
giving rise to another serious epidemic.

Recent tests of Virginia oysters indicate
no further spread of MSX. In fact, above
Urbanna in the Rappahannock River, MSX
was found higher in the river in 1959 than in
1961. This suggests that MSX has reached
its limit in low salinity waters. Some fluc-
tuations from wet to dry years can be ex-
pected however.

BHO Vlada) eC cr
* ok ok ok Ok

USE OF GROUNDS IN
LOW-SALINITY WATER URGED:

Oystermen in Virginia are re-appraising
their farming operations to meet the demand
for market oysters resulting from or follow-
ing the destruction of large plantings by the
protozoan parasite MSX, As hasbeen pointed
out by scientists of the Virginia Institute of

December 1961

Marine Science at Gloucester Point, MSX ap-
parently is checked by low-salinity water.
Oysters tolerate a larger range of saltiness
than most of their enemies and pests, and
grow wellinsalty ocean water, brackish water
of creeks, and in all degrees of saltiness in
between,

The Virginia scientists at Gloucester Point
have pinpointed areas infested by this micro-
parasite, and are now urging full use of
grounds inlow-salinity waters, Favorable a-
reas should be the York River above Clay Bank,
the Rappahannock above Urbanna and Towles
Point, and those small rivers and creeks on
the above named rivers, the Potomac, and wa-
ters of the Bayside of Eastern Shore where
salinities are low in spring and not too high
in late summer,

Oystermen can judge where it is safe to
plant by the presence or absence of mortality
inlate 1961. Ifheavy unexplained losses which
follow the pattern of MSX kills have occurred,
there are strong reasons to suspect that MSX
is active.

Undoubtedly many fine oysters canbe grown
in the numerous low-salinity creeks in Vir-
ginia. Big planters have avoided creeks be-
cause the oyster beds there must necessari-
ly be small and small beds do not lend them-
‘selves to the use of large boats and heavy
dredges.

High prices now being paid for market oys-
ters should encourage operators to farm small
acreages, using small boats and light equip-
ment, and making the best use of present knowl-
edge of oyster culture, Plants with small a-
creages cancarry out such practicesin waters
near their homes.

More planters should attempt to collect
their own seed oysters, where it is possible.
For years oystermen have known that seed
oysters produced near the grounds where they
are to be planted survive best.

Theuse of shells in wire bags for culch is
increasing each season. Shells in wire bags
catch more spat than loose shells and often
provide adequate strikes of young oysters in
otherwise marginal setting areas.

The increased value of oysters may make
it profitable to prepare soft bottoms for
planting by stiffening them with shells. Per-
haps tray culture will become profitable in
spite of high costs of operation,

— Ps

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

43

Pacific Coast

FIELD HEARINGS HELD
ON FISHERY PROBLEMS:

A series of field hearings were held on
the Pacific Coast and in Alaska, to seek
some answers to fishery problems. Senator
Warren G. Magnuson (D. Wash.) Chairman
of the Merchant Marine and Fisheries Sub-
committee of the Senate Committee on Com-
merce, announced the hearings on September
20, 1961. The first of the hearings was held
in San Rafael, Calif., on October 4, with Sen-
ator Clair Engle of California as hearing
Chairman.

On October 12, 1961, Senator Warren G,
Magnuson (Wash.), Chairman of the Merchant
Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee of the
Senate Committee on Commerce, conducted
a hearing on fishery problems. Senator E. L.
Bartlett (Alaska), also scheduled a series of
hearings in Alaska; October 17, Dillingham;
October 18, Naknek; October 19, Kodiak;
October 23 and 24, Anchorage; October 25,
Ketchikan; October 26 and 27, Juneau. The
hearings at Anchorage covered other subjects
than fisheries.

State fish and game authorities of the
Pacific Coast states participated in the hear-
ings, together with Federal agency officials,
representatives of commercial and sport fish-
ery groups, biologists, and oceanographers,

Stepped-up fishery research efforts and
application of research findings towards
solution of the problems of the industry were
a major objective of the Committee's over-
all study. More active cooperation of State,
Federal, and industry officials also must be
achieved, Senator Magnuson stated, so that
every possible source may be tapped that
might help in any way towards rehabilitation
of this most important economic resource.

Pacific Ocean

DISCOVERY OF 34 SEAMOUNTS
UNDER PACIFIC REPORTED:

A long chain of mountains hitherto unknown to man has
been discovered under the North Pacific Ocean by the U.S,
Department of Commerce Coast and Geodetic Survey Ship
Pioneer, the Secretary of Commerce reported on Octo-
ber 14, 1961.

The seamounts, 34 of them rising 3,000 to 6,000 feet and
extending over a 1,000-mile area, are only the first of many

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

new discoveries expected from ‘‘the first methodical ocean-
wide survey in modern history’’ begun in April by the Pjio-
neer. The ship will eventually comb 3 million square miles
of ocean between the Hawaiian Islands and Aleutian Islands,
The newly discovered mountains lie in the area just south of
Alaska and the Aleutians, extending about half the distance
from Alaska to the Hawaiian Islands,

In this extensive program of oceanographic, weather, and
geologic studies, the Pioneer is following closely spaced
courses in a north-south direction between Oahu and the
Aleutian trench, Although seamounts of 3,000 to 6,000 feet
are not uncommon in the Pacific Basin, the discovery of the
34 mountains in this particular area gives oceanographers a
different picture of the bottom topography than hitherto sus-
pected.

Actually, only the gross features of shape and structure
are known of 90 percent of the ocean floor that lies beyond
the Continental Shelf, The 34 seamounts discovered by the
Pioneer lie in an area where existing charts only sparsely
define the true depths and bottom configuration,

The discovery of the seamounts is one of the many sur-
prises that have been encountered in our efforts to learn
more about the ocean floor, To open many new oceanograph-
ic frontiers, the Pioneer, equipped with the latest scientific
devices, has been assigned its new and novel mission,

Until now, oceanwide investigations have been only inci-
dental byproducts of more specific coastal missions, Sur-
vey ships, for example, have been mapping the Gulf of Alas-
ka for years on their way to and from their coastal working
areas, but this deep-sea reconnaissance work has been eco-
nomically carried out by the Bureau with a minimum effort,
It has, however, provided valuable data on some features of
the ocean bottom such as disclosing submarine trenches,
the Continental Shelf, and undersea mountains,

Fig. 1 - Nansen bottle used with oceanographic winch to obtain
water samples and temperatures at any depths aboard a Coast
and Geodetic survey ship.

Vol. 23, No. 12

Systematic oceanwide surveys, Such as that now under-
way by the Pioneer, have been made possible by advances
in new techniques of echo-sounding and positioning of ships.

Determination of the depths of the water and the accurate
location of the spot at which the depth is determined are re-
quired in such surveying. The Pioneer is equipped with the
most modern echo-sounding equipment and a long range con-
trol system known as Loran C. The recent construction of
Loran C stations in Hawaii and Alaska have extended relia-
ble radio signals for positioning ships thousands of miles in-
to the North Pacific Ocean.

Echo-sounding determines depths indirectly by the meas-
urement of time interval required for a sound wave to travel
from. the survey vessel to the bottom of the ocean, and to re-
turn as an echo to the ship. Early in the Twentieth Century,
depths were measured by dropping a sinker to the bottom on
piano wire. It sometimes required hours to accomplish a
single sounding at great depths in this manner,

The 34 seamounts were discovered in a period of only
five months by the Pioneer, Extending between the 35th
and 50th parallels North, the seamounts contrast sharply in
height with the depths shown on existing charts, Ome sea-
mount 6,270 feet high was located where present charts show
almost a flat bottom, The top of this mountain is 11,580 feet
below the surface of the water.

A seamount is defined as an isolated elevation of the deep-
sea floor of about 3,000 feet or more and circular or ellipti-
calin form, Scores of important seamounts have been dis-
covered by Coast and Geodetic Survey vessels in the Gulf of
Alaska--some 11,000 feet in height. The Kodiak Seamount
Chain is featured by a line of great seamounts extending for
650 miles across the Gulf of Alaska without evidence of in-
tervening sea~floor topography that would normally be ex-
pected in a fault zone. Possibly, the same complex sea-

es |

——— ‘ {

Fig. 2 - Sea bottom sampler snapper used aboard a Coast and Ge-
odetic survey ship.

December 1961

floor topography will be found in the area presently being
surveyed by the Pioneer,

The 311-foot Pioneer carries a complement of 12 of-
ficers and 80 crewmen. In addition to hydrography, the ship
is equipped with an oceanographic laboratory for processing
water samples, bottom cores, biological specimens, and oth-
er data. A running log is maintained by the ship regarding
current set and drift, changes of water color, areas of phos-
phorescence, schools of fish, and unique flotsam, Bathy-
thermogram observations are made every two hours at 450-
foot depths, and supplemental water temperatures are taken
at 900-foot depths every 4 hours,

An observer from Commerce’s Weather Bureau releases
weather balloons daily, and transmits this information to
Stations ashore at six-hour intervals, Geologic and gravity
studies are also part of this comprehensive survey. A pro-
ton magnetometer is towed about 97-percent of the time.

As the Pioneer’s systematic surveys progress west~
ward in the seasons to come, oceanographers will begin
piecing together the general pattern of sea-floor topography
for the North Central Pacific. West of the W. 165th Merid-
ian existing data on the depth and character of the sea floor
become even more fragmentary.

In addition to the knowledge gained on sea-floor topog-
raphy, oceanwide surveys will contribute towards a better
understanding of marine meteorology, organic matter in the
oceans, the fields of submarine and surface navigation, the
utilization of mineral as well as fisheries resources, and
the discovery of new concepts which will inevitably come
from the accumulated information supplied by a thorough
survey program,

The discovery of the seamounts is only a teaser in man’s
hungry quest for knowledge of the ocean frontier-~a frontier
comprising two-thirds of the earth’s surface about which he
is grossly ignorant,

Pollution

MARITIME ADMINISTRATION ATTACKS
OIL POLLUTION OF THE SEAS:

Oilis seriously troubling the coastal wa-
ters of the United States, Canada, and other
nations. Resorters frequently find their
beaches fouled by oily water, birds find their
coastal feeding grounds ruined by oil and die
of starvation, and fish are poisoned by oil.
This oil is discharged by merchant ships, and
the damage is the penalty paid for progress
in substituting fuel oil for wind or coal to
drive the world's commercial vessels.

But the U.S. Department of Commerce's
Maritime Administration is taking a major
step toward greatly decreasing sea pollution
by oil in launching a research and develop-
ment project to develop an effective oil-wa-
ter separator.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

Most of the current oil pollution is the
result of ships pumping out their ballast be-
fore entering port. The majority of ships
today, at least in the U. S. Merchant Marine,
are steam-turbine-driven vessels using oil-
fired boilers. The oil is a residual oil from
the petroleum refining process known as
"Bunker C,"' which has a specific gravity
which enables it to mix with sea water.

The fuel is stored in tanks which form the
bottom of the ship, and as the fuel is used
from individual tanks these tanks must be
filled with seawater to maintain stability and
safety of the ship on the ocean. About fifty
miles out of port, the ships pump out their
sea-water ballast. But oil residue in the
tanks has mixed with the water and also is
pumped into the sea.

Although the volume of fuel oil thus dis-
charged by a single ship is only about 100
gallons, there are thousands of ships dis-
charging this oil each year off the U. 5S.
coasts.

The damage caused by this vast total a-
mount of oil to present and potential recre-
ational areas and private property is exten-
sive, the Maritime Administration reports.
Even when ballast water is.discharged beyond
the 50-mile limit, some floats ashore. The
tides bring oil to many non-shipping areas,
killing many edible forms of marine life and
thousands of wild birds each year.

The problem is world-wide, as was re-
cognized in London in 1954 when the Inter-
national Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution of the Seas by Oil was drafted. This
Convention forbids ships to discharge persist-
ent oil or oily residue within certain sea a-
reas, or to discharge water which contains
more than 100 parts per million of oil.

In addition, some ships are equipped with
"single gravity type" oil-water separators,
but this equipment is not effective in separa-
ting oil from water when both have essential-
ly the same specific gravity, as is the usual
case with Bunker C oil.

The Maritime Administration's research
contract calls for the development of a unit
capable of effective and continuous separa-

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

tion of Bunker C oil from water. The device
must be simple in design, fully automatic in
its operation, and so constructed as to re-
quire minimum maintenance and attention.

The process should be able to treat an
oil-water mixture whose oil concentration
may vary from 0 to 100 percent at any one
time, while the water mixture may be either
fresh or salt with a temperature range of
about 40° F. to 80° F. Separation is to be at
a rate of not less than 600 gallons per min-
ute, and the water discharge should contain
less than 20 parts per million of oil. The
over-all design considerations are based on
the requirements contained in "Circular of
Requirements" issued by the Maritime Ad-
ministration.

Successful development of the separator
will go a long way toward fulfilling Mari-
time's obligation to pursue research as an
active member of the U. S. National Com-
mittee for the Prevention of Pollution of the
Seas by Fuel Oil, Maritime Administration

officials believe.
re

Shrimp

UNITED STATES LANDINGS
AND STOCKS DOWN:

South Atlantic and Gulf shrimp landings
of 62.0 million pounds during January
through September 1961 were 35.8 million
pounds or 37 percent less than in the same
period of 1960. Landings in that area re-
present over 95 percent of the total amount
landed in the United States.

During August and September (the normal
heavy producing months) only 20.5 million
pounds were landed, or slightly more than
half of the 39.2 million pounds landed in the
same two months in 1960. Preliminary re-
ports indicated that the trend of sharply de-
creased shrimp landings in the Gulf continued
through most of October. In September 1961,
after hurricane ''Carla" hit the Gulf Coast,
there was a short spurt of landings of brown
shrimp from the western Gulf area, but land-
ings dropped off toa low level againina week.

The United States cold-storage holdings
of raw headless shrimp as of September 30,
1961, of 13.4 million pounds were 10.2 mil-

Vol. 23, No. 12

Shrimp trawler docked at Biloxi, Miss.

lion pounds or 43 percent below the Septem-
ber 30, 1960, holdings of 23.6 million pounds.
The September 1961 holdings of other frozen
shrimp (breaded, peeled and deveined, etc.)
of 7.4 million pounds were 4.3 million pounds
or 37 percent below those of a year earlier.
A sizable amount of the stocks in storage
were committed and were not actually on the
market.

While United States fresh and frozen
shrimp imports through August this year of
70.7 million pounds were 5.6 million pounds
or 9 percent above 1960 imports for the
same period, the increase did not offset the
drop in domestic production nor change the
over-all tight supply situation.

Although wholesale prices were higher
than a year ago, the demand continued to
exceed the supply. The market for shrimp
was strong with supplies very limited.

EF Fe terse end ee

UNITED STATES SHRIMP SUPPLY
INDICATORS AS OF NOVEMBER 2, 1961:

ee e+ » (1,000 Lbs,, Heads-Off) .

Total landings, S, Atl,
~& Gulf States:
November ...c00
Mctobercevere/ererexers
September ceeoe-
January-October ..
January -December .

14,454] 12,412] 12,416] 9,
12,700] 21,690] 19,602] 16,461] 14,256
9,534] 18,832] 18,330] 15,847] 13,673
ya 119,484] 109,531! 96,037 {100,218

(Table continued on next page.)

December 1961

United States Shrimp Supply Indicators as of

November 2, 1961 (Contd.)
1958 [0 51957.

1960

- - (1,000 Lbs., Heads-Off) .

Item and Period

Quantity used for can-

ning, Gulf States 2/;
November...
October... é
September ...-06
January-October ..
January -December .

Frozen inventory (as
of end of each ea a
raw headless only 3/:
November .. eee x
Octobenmemicterierer
September ..cee.
FAUCUSLetevereielsiolers
January -Dece:

monthly avg. ooo.

22,326
20,362
16,896
10,867

13,627

mports 4/:
eee ereteleiele

@ctobeneverasteaie:
September ......
AUZUSUststolicietelsiove
January-August ..
January -December ,

269 | 10,617
15,340 | 11,463
7,541| 7,620
5,107] 6,628
62,794 | 45,246
113,419|106,555 | 85,393

9,237
TAT

/Pounds of headless shrimp determined by multiplying the
number of standard cases by 33.

Shrimp products other than raw headless not included.

/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dricd, and other shrimp
products as reported by U. S. Bureau of the Census.

lote: Data for 1961 are preliminary, October 1961 data

estimated from information published daily by the New

Orleans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp

to heads-on weight multiply by 1.68. “il

South Atlantic peetorarany
Fishery Program

FISH AND SHELLFISH EXPLORATION OFF
GEORGIA AND FLORIDA CONTINUED:

M/V "Silver Bay” Cruise 33: On October
6, 1961, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Silver
Bay completed an 18-day exploratory fishing
cruise off Georgia andthe east coastof Flor-
ida. The first portion of the cruise was de-
voted to additional scallop dredging on the
Cape Canaveral, Fla., bed and the second
portion was devoted to offshore pelagic fish

explorations.

Commercial concentrations of optimum
size (50-55 mm.) calico scallops were found
to exist over approximately a 40-square-
mile area near Bethel Shoal in the 20-25
fathom depth range. Catches within this
area (bounded by the latitudes 27° 36' N. to
27° 56'N, ) ranged from 24 bushels per 15-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

minute drag to a high of 20 bushels per 5-
minute drag. Actual fishing time (170 minutes)
with an eight-foot tumbler dredge at one lo-
cation (27953.5' N., 80908' W.) produced 143
bushels of scallops. Meat condition was ex-
cellent--yielding 5 to 53 pints per 72-pound
bushel, and counting 76 to 80 individual meats
per pound.

An extensive concentration of small (20-
40 mm.), presumably 'young-of-the-year,"
scallops was located off Cape Canaveral in
the 15- to 25-fathom depth range. Within
this area (bounded by the latitudes 28°02' N.
to 28°27! N.) individual catches of small
scallops ranged as high as 25 bushels (es-
timated 62,000 individuals) per 15-minute
tow. Previous observations made aboard
the Silver Bay indicate that the scallops
should reach a commercial size within 3 to
5 months.

Dredging north of Cape Canaveral, in the
18- to 50-fathom depth range, produced gen-
erally negative results, put one 15-minute
drag near 29°13! INTs 80°15! W., in 35-fath-
oms, resulted in a 5-bushel catch of optimum
size scallops.

Scallop samples and specimens were pro-
vided for industry and Bureau technologists
and biologists.

Midwater trawling and tuna long-line ex-
plorations were initiated in the offshore waters
of northern Florida. Long-line sects on. the 500
and 1,000 fathom isobaths resulted in smal]
catches of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares),
albacore (T. alalunga), andbig-eyed tuna
(T. obesus).

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Oct. 1961 p. 28.

Sport Fishery

PACIFIC MARINE SPORT
FISHERY RESEARCH:

Vacant buildings ina , deactivated naval submarine net
depot on San Francisco Bay are destined to become a re-
search center for the Pacific Coast marine sport fishery,
the Department of the Interior announced on October 25,
1961. The site will be known as the Tiburon Marine Re-
search Laboratory, At the outset it will occupy two
buildings,

The Department’s Fish and Wildlife Service said several
reasons underlie the establishment of the laboratory in the
San Francisco region: A million and a half sport fishermen
seek salt-water fish on the West Coast each year and com-
mercial fishing is of extreme importance to the area,

48

Assignment of the Tiburon structures to the Fish and
Wildlife Service was made possible through an agreement
between the Service and the Department of the Navy. Other
buildings may be acquired as needed.

Tiburon is in Marin County, just north of San Francisco,
and is ideally located as to geography and environment. -At
its door are the ocean, bays, estuaries, and coastal rivers,
Geographically it fills a gap in the Federal fishery research
program which has long-established investigations for tuna
and other fisheries in southern California waters and the big
Columbia River research and development program to the
north, It is close to transportation facilities, to numerous
educational institutions doing considerable research, and is
near the headquarters of the California Academy of Sciences.
Excellent docks are available to serve the Federal laboratory.

Plans for the new Tiburon Marine Research Laboratory
still are being formulated. The center is intended to serve
Pacific Coast needs similarly to those provided for the At-
lantic Coast by the Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory in New
Jersey.

The Sandy Hook Laboratory has been operating a year and
has seven biologists and other staff members. One biologist
is at Tiburon during the formative period, Like the Sandy
Hook Research Laboratory, the Tiburon Laboratory will be
under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife,

Bureau officials emphasized that when the Pacific marine
sport fishery research program is fully operational its work
will have been carefully coordinated with private and public
research activities seeking answers in the same field,

Striped Bass

CHESAPEAKE BAY FIVE-YEAR
MIGRATION STUDY:

News of a five-year study on striped bass
movements was made public on October 30,
1961, by the Natural Resources Institute of
the University of Maryland. This study was
designed to develop new techniques of tag-
ging and, at the same time, supply much
needed information about age, growth, avail-
ability, and abundance of striped bass in the
Chesapeake Bay areas of fishing.

According to the study, the striped bass
(rockfish) remained in local waters in var-
ious parts of Chesapeake
Bay while young. Later,
when older, they may
leave the Bay for Atlantic
Coast points as far away
as northern New England,
This species contributes
extensive angling pleas-
ure and financial return from sportsmen to
many tidewater communities. Also, during
1959 the Chesapeake Bay commercial catch
totaled 6.14 million pounds valued at $1.1
million ex-vessel.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23), Nowst2)

The first results of a combined effort by
Maryland's Chesapeake Biological Labora-
tory, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Beau-
fort Biological Laboratory, indicate that
pan-size striped bass stay close to the area
of tagging in the Chesapeake Bay area.
Over 3,500 fish were tagged in the study,
which indicated that most two-year-old
striped bass under 12 inches remained in
the river where they were first tagged.
After reaching the 12-inch size, the fish
may travel greater distances, but rarely
out of the Bay. Some of the larger fish
in the older year-classes moved out of
the Bay as far north as Maine, but they
were surprisingly few in number.

Research has been. progressing in the
Potomac River which supports the largest
striped bass fishery in the Bay area. Re-
search is also planned for other major
tributaries and the Bay proper with goals
of determining the natural death rate,
numbers available to fisheries, the ex-
istence and locations of subpopulations,
and the contribution these stocks make to
other coastal areas,

‘Tuna

CALIFORNIA EX-VESSEL PRICES
ADVANCE FOR THE THIRD TIME IN 1961:
Effective October 2, 1961, a $10-per ton
ex-vessel price increase was announced by
Southern California canners for bluefin,
skipjack, and yellowfin tuna. The new prices
per ton are: bluefin $270, skipjack $230, and
yellowfin $280. Previous increases of $10
per ton were made this year on July 1 for
bluefin and yellowfin tuna, and on August 25

December 1961

by $10 per ton for all 3 species. Current
ex-vessel prices are $30 per ton more than
a year ago for bluefin and yellowfin, and $20
per ton above the 1960 skipjack tuna price.

Current ex-vessel tuna prices are still
far below the peak year of 1954, when can-
ners paid $340 for bluefin, $310 for skipjack,
and $350 for yellowfin, a range of $70 to $80
per ton above the current prices for those
species.

KK KOK OK
CALIFORNIA EX-VESSEL PRICES
ADVANCE FOR THE FOURTH
TIME IN 1961:

Effective October 30, 1961, another $10-
per-ton ex-vessel price increase ( the fourth
this year) was announced by Southern Cali-
fornia canners for skipjack and yellowfin
tuna. The new prices per ton are: skipjack
$240 and yellowfin $290. Bluefin remains at
$270 per ton.

The first increase this year of $10 per
ton was made on July 1 for bluefin and yel-
lowfin tuna. The second increase of $10 a
ton was made on August 25 and applied to
bluefin, skipjack, and yellowfin. The third
increase, also $10 a ton, was announced on
October.2, and applied to the same three
species as the second increase.

Current ex-vessel prices are $30 per ton
more than a year ago for bluefin and skipjack,
and $40 per ton for yellowfin tuna.

Ex-vessel tuna prices at present are ata
6-year high, but are still far below the peak
year of 1954 when canners paid $340 for blue-
fin, $310 for skipjack, and $350 for yellow-
fin.

CALIFORNIA BLUEFIN EX-VESSEL
PRICE ALSO ADVANCED:

Although not involved in the California ex-
vessel price dispute for an increase in skip-
jack and yellowfin tuna prices, the bluefin
tuna price was also increased $10 per ton to
$280, effective October 30, 1961. This isthe
fourth price increase for this species since
June 1961--the previous ones were announced
on July 1, August 25, and October 2; each in-
crease was $10 per ton.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

49

Although the bluefin tuna seasonnormally
starts in the spring months in California, the
advance was made to retain the previous price
differential between the various tuna species.

CALIFORNIA CANNED TUNA
WHOLESALE PRICES INCREASE:

On October 31, 1961, California packers
of canned tuna announced general price in-
creases ranging from $0.50 to $1.00 per case
at the wholesale level for most styles of their
canned tuna packs. This was the third round
of price increases since September 1, and
followed the increase in raw tuna prices which
advanced about $40 per ton (15 percent) since
June 1961.

Imported frozen tuna prices have also in-
creased considerably since the first of the
year, due to demand exceeding supplies, which
in turn firmed up prices for domestic-caught
tuna.

The November 1, 1961, Bureau of Labor
Statistics average price for the wholesale
index on canned chunk style light meat tuna
of $12.15 a case of 48 halves represented an
increase of $1.15 (10 percent) from the Au-
gust 1961 average. However, the price was
still only 91.6 percent of the 1947-49 base
price, while other selected canned fishery
products were well over 100 percent of the
base price.

OR len ney
mK 3S 3S

TWO ADDITIONAL CANNED
PRODUCTS INTRODUCED:

A large California tuna canner announced
on October 26, 1961, the introduction of 2
additional styles of pack for
canned tuna. This is part of
the canning company's pro-
gram of expansion.

One variety is packed in
corn oil, in place of the
commonly-used soya oil.
The other style of pack is without oil, and is
packed in a clear vegetable broth.

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

U. S. Fishery Landings,
January -August 196]

Total Landings: Landings of fish and shellfish in the United
States during the first 8 months of 1961 were up about 358 mil-
lion pounds, or 11 percent more than during the comparable
period of 1960,

‘Salmon: On the basis of the reported pack of canned salm-
on, it was estimated that the Alaska catch for the year of a-
bout 262 million pounds was up 55 million pounds over a year
ago.

Shrimp: The South Atlantic and Gulf States landings
through August 1961 (88 million pounds) were down 45 mil-
lion pounds-~a drop of 34 percent from the same period in
1960,

Menhaden: Landings during the first 9 months of 1961
amounted to about 2,020 million pounds--an increase of
325 million pounds over the previous year. It appears that
the 1961 catch of menhaden will exceed the record 1959 land-
ings of 2,203 million pounds,

Heavy cement shucking bench in New Orleans oyster plant. Bur-
lap bags of oysters on the bench ready for shucking. Shells are
dropped through apertures in the bench top to the floor below.

Vol. 23, No. 12

United States Commercial Fishery Landings of Certain
Species for Periods Shown, 1961 and 1960

Total
Species Period 19611/] | 1960 | 1960

sisre fe'e1e(1000) LDS.) renereetete

Cod:

Glouceste:

Total cod

Maine eee
Bostones/savacs
Gloucester 3/, ,

| 70,500] 66,91] 92,636 |

8 mos. 23,200] 19,294] 21,351
Say 13,200} 15,332] 16,802
36,400| 24,626, 98,153
11,700] 73,024] 152,327

i eiete tote TOISeDE SCS) 38,700] _50,278| _77,913
Maine & Mass, 2/ | 8 mos, 35,500] 30,915} 43,733

33,600] 48,630} 74,945
Sex: 23,200| 14,100} _ 36,808

[9 mos. | 2,019,651[1,695,098|1,999,000

Pacilicier, i,t
Ocean Perch:
MainGisre-ererercice
TSOStOM ever secs we
Gloucester ..

Total ocean perch. ...
Salmon, Alaska. . 262,500] 207,101] 207,101
Sardines, Calif, .. 20,500] 28,703) 57,513

patted MEE
Bedford (meats). |8 mos, 14,200] 13,008] 19,353

Shrimp (heads-on),
So, Atlantic &

MAING Fe reverexelete
BOStOM sie evenelene
Gloucester... .

Grand Total... ... . .| 3,552,800/3,194, 653) 4,930,000
1/Preliminary. 4/Dressed weight.

2/Cannery receipts. 5/Excludes menhaden.
3/Landed weight.

Note: Data formollusks represent the weight of meats only.
Data of other fish and shellfish represent weight as lauded.

December 1961

Tuna: Landings in California (including transshipments
of United States-caught fish from South America) totaled
almost 259 million pounds to September 30, 1961--up nearly
33 million pounds from the same period in 1960.

Haddock: The 8-months 1961 landings of 70.5 million
pounds were about 4 million pounds greater than during the
same period in 1960.

Halibut: The Alaska, Washington, and Oregon catch
through August of 36 million pounds was 2 million pounds
more than in the same period in 1960.

Scallups: New Bedford landings of meats during the
first 8 months of 1961 of over 14 million pounds exceeded
the 1960 catch for the period by over a million pounds,

Mackerel: Landings of Pacific mackerel (23 million
pounds) through August 1961 were 9 million pounds more
than those in the previous year, while jack mackerel land-
ings (33.6 million pounds) declined 10 million pounds,

Whiting: During the first 8 months of 1961, landings at
Gloucester (36 million pounds) were down 4 million pounds
compared with the previous year.

U. S. Fishing Vessels

DOCUMENTS ISSUED AND
CANCELLED, AUGUST 1961:

During August 1961, 41 vessels of 5 net
tons and over were issued first documents
as fishing craft, as compared with 50 in
August 1960. The number issued first

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

documents the first 8 months this year
was 7 more than in the same period last
year.

Table 2 - U. S, Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued and
Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, August 1961
Cancetied 3/

el(Number)\c70 slele cielo

Gross Tonnage

e

PRR rH wWNPNAN AD
herp torrrworan

sel is defined as a craft of 5 net tons and over,
2/Includes redocumented vessels previously removed from
records, Vessels issued first documents as fishing —
craft were built: 28 in 1961, 1 in 1956, 11 prior to 1951,
and 1 unknown, Assigned to areas on the basis of their
home ports, ,
3/Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold
alien, etc,
Source: Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the
United States, Bureau of Customs, U.S. Treasury Depart-
ment,

Table 1 - U, S, Fishing Vessels 1/ --Documents Issued and Cancelled, by Areas, August 1961 with Comparisons

Issued first documents 2/ 3

INGWHEDElandeietelclelercielcicicicleiere
Middle Atlantic ...cccecccccce
Chesapeake .. ecocccrsecece
South Atlantic .ececeeccccece
GU op 5q506000
PACH Ciepatelsietolelete/ajeleiotereletelone
Great‘LakesS). 6c ccececcss
Puerto RicO .cecccccscccecs

Pe
rNHOOuaNAN

B

Total. .ccccccccccccccce

Removed from documentation 3/;
INewlEngland/syfaleteicielelelslefeferes
Middle Atlantic ..ccccces-cce
Chesapeake .scccssccicccrcce
South Atlantic Joc. ccawcsece
Gullittatetelsietelelolalelencloicreksieferere
Pacific. .
Greatlakesislesstelelslelsicle/sclet ele
IRUCTIOIRICOMetetcheloletoletorsterclelole

oOrRGrDY

ee

Total
See footnotes in table 2,

bo
-

i) a
— trPopNW:1 hb o
}

foo}

on

52

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
AUGUST 1961:

Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and proc-
essed fish and shellfish into the United States
during August 1961 rose 3.6 percent in quan-
tity and 7.9 percent in value as compared
with July 1961. The increase was due pri-
marily to greater imports of frozen albacore
tuna (up 1.6 million pounds), frozen ocean
perch fillets (up 1.2 million pounds), canned
albacore tuna (up 1.5 million pounds), canned
light meat tuna (up 1.1 million pounds), and
fresh swordfish from Canada (up 1.8 million
pounds). These gains were somewhat offset
by a decline in the imports of all types of
frozen fillets except ocean perch, frozen tuna
other than albacore, canned salmon, andfro-
zen and canned spiny lobsters.

Compared with August 1960, imports in
August 1961 were down 10.0 percent in quan-
tity, but up 4.7 percent invalue. The increase
in value was due to higher prices this year
for nearly allimported fishery products. The
drop in quantity came about because of a
12.9-million-pound dropin frozen tuna other
than albacore and smaller declines in the im-
ports of groundfish fillets (down 3.6 million
pounds) and fresh and frozen salmon (down
1.0 million pounds). These declines were only
partially offset by increases in fillets other
than groundfish, cannéd white meat tuna, can-
ned salmon, frozen spiny lobsters, andfrozen
scallops.

U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
August 1961 with Comparisons

Quanti Value
1961 196
« (Millions of Lbs.) .}. (Millions of $) .

Imports:
Fish & Shellfish:
Fresh, frozen &
processed!/ , . | 88.2]98.0 1,011.2 [28.8] 27.5] 304.8

Exports:
Processed only 1/
A ere) 48.7 evar eae

=xports:

Fish & Shellfish:

(excluding fre
& frozen)...

1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other
specialties.

United States exports of processed fish
and shellfish in August 1961 were up 13.3
percent in quantity and 12.5 percent invalue
as compared with July 1961. Compared with
the same month in 1960, the exports in August
1961 were down 26.1 percent in quantity and
40.0 percent in value. The lower exports in

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

August 1961 were due to a drop in the ex-
ports of canned shrimp, salmon, and Cali-
fornia sardines.

OK OK OK

UNITED STATES EXPORTS AND
RE-EXPORTS OF FROZEN SHRIMP TO
JAPAN, JANUARY-JULY 1961:

Of the almost 6.2 million pounds of do-
mestic and foreign fresh and frozen shrimp
exported and re-exported from the United
States during the first seven months of 1961,
almost 4.4 million pounds were shipped to
Japan. A substantial proportion of the ship-
ments to Japan was made from California.
Most of the re-exports consisted of shrimp
imported into the United States from Mexico,

U. S. Exports and Re-Exports of Fresh and Frozen
Shrimp!/ to Japan, Jan.-July 1961

Type of 1 Jul

Product Joly, UO RROT
sie) ul (1 OOOREBS 3) Rename
1,211 1,657

2,705

1, 137
1/Although data appear under the "fresh and frozen shrimp"
category, it is believed that all of the exports were frozen
shrimp.

Exports and re-exports of shrimp to Japan
from California were negligible prior to 1961.
But due to a short supply of shrimp in Japan
during the first part of this year and astrong
market, that country has purchased substan-
tial quantities of shrimp from the United
States. Most of the Japanese purchases con-
sisted of frozen raw headless brown shrimp,
21-25 shrimp to the pound. But some ship-
ments included 26-30 count, 16-20 count, and
under 15 count.

sle sk ok
KOH OK

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1961 at the 123 percent
rate of duty is 57,114,714 pounds (about
2,720,000 std. cases). Any imports in ex-
cess of the quota are dutiable at 25 percent
ad valorem.

Imports from January 1-September 30,
1961, amounted to 40,664,702 pounds (about
1,936,500 std. cases), according to data com-
piled by the Bureau of Customs.

December 1961

Imports in 1960 for the period January
1-October 1 amounted to 37,708,987 pounds
(about 1,795,700 std. cases).

U. S. Production of Fish Sticks
and Portions, July-September 1961

United States production of fish sticks
during the third quarter of 1961 amounted to
15.7 million pounds and the production of fish
portions totaled 14.6 million pounds. This
was a gain of 11 percent in fish sticks and21
percent in portions as compared with the
same period of 1960. Most of the increase
in fish sticks occurred in the cooked product
(up 1.7 million pounds). The increase in
portions was attributed to a greater produc-
tion of raw breaded portions (up 2.2 million
pounds).

Table 1 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks by Months and Type,
July-September 1961

1/Preliminary data.
2/Revised.

Table 2 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks by Areas,
July-September 1961

Area

Atlantic Coast States ...

Inland and Gulf States...

T/Preliminary data.
2/Revised.

Cooked fish sticks (14.7 million pounds)
made up 92 percent of the fish stick total.
The remaining 8 percent consisted of raw
fish sticks. A total of 14.3 million pounds
of breaded fish portions (of which 11.6 mil-
lion pounds were raw) and 343,000 pounds
of unbreaded portions was processed during
the third quarter of 1961.

The Atlantic Coast led in the production
of fish sticks and portions with a totalof 21.3

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

able 3 - U.S. Production of Fish Sticks by Months,

19611/] 19602/] 1959
Seeie Me CLSOOO;T bss
5,504
6,535
7,837
4, 864
3,700
4, 362

1957-1961
1958] 1957

1/Preliminary data.
2/Revised.

Table 4 - U. S. Production of Fish Portions by Months,
July-September 1961

an ie
Cooked| Raw | Total |breaded| Total

aun me} 10
343
[Total 3rd quarter 196027 [2,036 | 9,440|11, 476
Total ist months 1961 1/|7, 614 3,175 140, 789] 1, 946 2, 035]
Peta iseSmmouthe 15602 [Saat p7 asebe PraL teao paces
1/Preliminary data.
2/Revised.

Table 5 - U. S. Production of Fish Portions by Areas,
July-September 1961

Area

Atlantic Coast States. .
Inland and Gulf States .
Pacific Coast States

1/Preliminary data.
2/Revised.

pee Tota lias tga. cun | aim | 48, 200072 947 [/21. 750
1/Preliminary data.

2/Revised.

million pounds. The remaining 9 million

pounds of sticks and portions were from the
inland, Gulf, and Pacific Coast states.

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

During the first 9 months of 1961, 51.6
million pounds of fish sticks were produced--
an increase of 10 percent as compared with
the same period of 1960. Fish portions (42
million pounds) were 23 percent greater than
in the first 9 months of 1960.

Wholesale Prices, October 1961

There was a slight increase in prices of fishery prod-
ucts during October 1961, according to the wholesale price
index for edible fishery products (fresh, frozen, and
canned). The October index at 138.1 percent of the 1947-
49 average was 1.2 percent higher than for September, and
indicated a return to the trend of rising prices (prices had

increased steadily from April through August 1961). whitefish (wholesale price at Chicago up 31 percent), and
fresh or frozen king salmon at New York City. But prices
Prices for drawn, dressed, or whole finfish products dropped for dressed western halibut (wholesale price at
were mixed. From September to October 1961, prices New York City down 11 percent) and fresh round yellow
rose for fresh large haddock (ex-vessel price at Boston up pike (wholesale price at New York City down 25 percent).
2 cents per pound, or 13 percent), fresh Lake Superior The lower halibut prices in October were due to the use of

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, October 1961 With 161, Wit Comper oon aaa

Point pono alkenes Avg. Prices 1/ es 182 & tiadeee wa
Pricing (3) (1947-49=100)

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification

ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned)

Fresiié; Frozen Fishery: Products: 5, srej)s seu 2) e) te couse lies
Drawn, Dressed, or’ Whole Finfishs: 263. 5 <).cec.tellenebete
Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh . .. . .| Boston
Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz. .| New York
Salmon, king, lge. & med., drsd., fresh or froz. .| New York
Whitefish, L. Superior, drawn, fresh . . . . . .| Chicago
Yellow pike, L. Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh. .|New York

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):. ....
Fillets, haddock, sml,, skins on, 20-Ib. tins.
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh .
Oysters, shucked;, standards: ; 2 ...5. 4) .) 2 2

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): ....
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, I-lb. pkg. . 2... .
Haddock, sml., skins on, 1-Ib. pkg. . .

Ocean perch, Ige,, skins on 1-lb, pks.. .

Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), brown, 5-1b, pkg, . .

iGanned/ Fishery*ProductS:i a. “ste senate ee ome
Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs.
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02z.),

ASICANS/ CSM. a ots ena heathen ee eke
Sardines, Calif,, tom. pack, No, 1 oval (15 0z.),

9A cans/cs NEO cise meee 3 ae b
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 dean

(8=3/4,02;) #L00Kcans/CS Sie. eiteaeesas terete :
1/ Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level. Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery
Products Reports’ should be referred to for actual prices.

‘December 1961

frozen fish because the season for fresh halibut ended in
September,

Among the processed fresh fishery products, prices
for shucked oysters (standards) at Norfolk rose 50 cents
a gallon to the former high of $8.00. A lighter than ex-
pected supply in October along with an active demand
brought the price back to about double the base period
price.

Fresh and frozen shrimp prices dropped slightly from
September to October 1961 at Chicago and New York City
because of a short spurt in Gulf landings in late Septem-
ber. However, the available supplies in October were
still only about one-half of a year earlier, Total shrimp
(raw headless, breaded, peeled and deveined, and other
types) cold-storage holdings on October 31, 1961, of 26,1
million pounds were 17.6 million pounds or 40 percent be-
low a year earlier, A sharp drop in the October domestic
shrimp production also contributed to the limited shrimp
supplies. The shrimp supply situation, however, improved
somewhat in October with an increase in the stocks of 5,4
million pounds from the end of September to the end of Oc-
tober because of increased imports of 2.3 million pounds
from Mexico into Arizona and California.

A continued firming up of canned tuna prices was re-
ported in October, with an average advance in mid-October
of 15 cents per case over the September average, However,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

another: sharp price increase for California canned tuna

was announced on October 30 of up to $1.00 per case for
most species and styles of pack, If the price remains steady
at that level, the November 1961 average price will be $12.15
per case, or 50 cents above the October 15 average price.

The October 1961 California sardine fishery landings
showed no improvement over the previous month. Due to
limited supplies, California canned sardine prices in Oc~
tober again rose by 3 percent over September, or an in-
crease of 9 percent over the August 1961 index,

With canned Maine sardine stocks in October at less than
one-third of a year earlier, the wholesale price advanced by
$2.00 a case or 19 percent during the last week of October
1961 which will make the November price $12.31 per case if
no further increases take place.

Compared with a year earlier, the over-all index for edible
fishery products in October 1961 was up 6.7 percent. A num-
ber of products in the index were priced substantially higher
in October 1961 than a year earlier, Among these were fro-
zen western halibut at New York City (up 13.6 percent), fresh
shrimp at New York City (up 33.1 percent), and frozen shrimp
at Chicago (up 18.9 percent). The canned fish subgroup index
for October 1961 rose 6,8 percent as compared with October
1960. Most fresh fish items in the index were priced substan-
tially lower, with fresh haddock at Boston down 24,2 percent
because of heavier landings in October 1961.

LETHAL EFFECTS OF VISIBLE LIGHT ON FISH EGGS AND EMBRYOS

Experiments conducted at a New York State hatchery showed that an unusually

heavy mortality (90 percent) of brook trout eggs in troughs was due to overhead 40-
watt cool-white fluorescent bugbs. Reporting in the April 7 issue of Science, the
author, Dr. Alfred Perlmutter, hypothesizes that visible light could kill the eggs and
embryos of all aquatic animals.

He cites research on rainbow trout by Handorf (Physiologie, 1960) which indi-
cates that violet and blue bands of white light are highly lethal. Green, yellow, and
orange bands were progressively much less lethal. Greater resistance was shown
by intensely colored yellow eggs than by paler eggs.

The author theorizes that if visible light is potentially lethal, all natural adapta-
tions of egg and Smeeye tend to minimize the lethal effects, but do not give complete
protection. The degree of mortality caused by exposure would vary with environ-
mental changes. He concludes: ''Years in whichthe spawning season extended over
aperiodwithclear, sunny weather comparatively free of wind and rain might result
in unusually clear water, greater penetration of lethal visible light, and poor sur-
vival of the progeny of many aquatic forms. Year-class fluctuations in aquatic or-
ganisms have been attributed to changes in a wide variety of biological and physico-
chemical conditions such as food, predation, disease, temperature, salinity, and cur-
rents. Yet frequently such fluctuations have shown either no relationship to, or a
poor correlation with, these factors. It is suggested that in these instances visible
light intensity might have been the unknown factor influencing year-class fluctuation."

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

Principal Species of Commercial Shrimp in Argentina
By Enrique E. Boschi*

The main commercial species of shrimp caught in Argentine waters in the South Atlan-
tic is Hymenopenaeus mulleri, Penaeidae family. This species is locally known as "angosti-
no" and is pink in color.

It makes up the bulk of the crustaceans caught in Argentina. Marketed fresh, frozen,
and canned, some of the frozen shrimp are exported to the United States.

The average yearly Argentine
production from 1955 to 1960 was
2,327,704 pounds, heads-on.

Due to the magnitude of the fish-
eries for this shellfish, several Ar-
gentine institutions have initiated
comprehensive studies of the species,
some of the results of which have al-

ready been published (Anelescu and
Boschi, 1 959), Fig. 1 - Shrimp fishing boats of Mar de Plata Port (Buenos Aires Province).

The first part of this investigation was conducted in the fishing area near the city of Mar
del Plata, in the Province of Buenos Aires. This area was selected because it is the largest
fishing port of the Republic and because of the facilities provided by the Marine Laboratory
of the Department of Fisheries Investigations under the Secretary of Agriculture.

SAMPLING

Aproximately 3,000 specimens from the landings at the port were examined during 1954,
1955, and 1956. The specimens consisted of 15 lots corresponding to different months. To-
tal lengthi/ varied between 32 mm. and 176 mm., the majority being between the limits of 70
and 129 mm. (classes VII-XIII, table 1). According to the data, the females had a mean total
of 106 mm. and the males 94.73 mm,

SEXUAL CYCLE

The observations made during the years of 1954 through 1956 show that maximum spawn-
ing activity occurs during the warm season of the year, corresponding in the Southern Hemi-
sphere to the months of December, January, and February. It is during that time that most
ripe females are found. Their ovaries have a greenish coloration, During the winter months

**Fishery Research Biologist, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biologia, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos

Aires, Argentina.
1/Total length measured from the tip of rostrum to the tip of the telson.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 635

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

Length Frequency and Percentage of Male and Female Specimens of Hymenopenaeus mulleri from Mar del Plata,
February 1954 Through September 1956

Classification at

Class No- Intervals of 10 mm,

Female Male and Female

<

30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
100-109
110-119
120-129
130-139
140-149
150-159
160-169
170-179

Vv
VI
vil
Vur
IX
x
XI
XI

94,730.82 106,00+0, 60 103.0040. 41
94, 1041.02 104, 1040.75 100.90+0.51
Standard deviation (¢) 21.5340.58 27.3340.42 21.8440, 29
Skewness (Sk) +0.087 +0. 130 +0.288

some females are also found with fully de-
veloped gonads. The number of the winter
spawners is much smaller than the summer
spawners, but it indicates that this species
has sexual activity during the entire year,
with a peak during the summer months.

It is probable that the coastal waters of
Mar del Plata are not a suitable area for
spawning, and this function evidently takes
place in deeper waters.

HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The water masses over the continental
shelf of the fishing grounds off the Province
of Buenos Aires have certain special charac-
teristics due to the combined action of the
waters of various origins that are mixed dur-
ing the year. The water masses are made
up of:

(1) Fresh water from the Rio de la Plata

(2) Waters from the cold drift of the
Malvinas, bearing waters of sub-~Antarctic
origin. These waters prevail on the borders
of the continental shelf. Their winter temp-
erature is 6° to 8° C, (42.80-46.4° F.) and
their salinity between 33 and 34 parts per
thousand,

(3) The warm waters of the Brazilian
current which invade the oceanic area out-
side of the slope. The summer temperature : = — —~ a
of these waters is over 20° C, (68° F.) and Fig. 2 - Stippled areas indicate principal shrimp fishing grounds

: ees along the coast of Argentina.
their salinity 36 parts per thousand,

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

(4) Waters from upwelling originating in the deep layers of the slope. They appear in
the vicinity of the shelf drop-off. Their temperature goes up to 6° C, (42.8° F.). Their sa-
linity is high and they are rich in phosphates.

(5) In the coastal area, on the inside of the shelf, there is a ''strip'' of waters known as
"residual" or ''shelf waters.'' These waters are different from the bordering and slope wa-
ters because of their higher temperature and lower salinities. These have a movement back
and forth along the coast during the various seasons of the year.

Summarizing the above information, one can say that the layer of waters at a depth of
20 meters (about 66 feet) that enclose the shrimp fishing grounds of Mar del Plata have a
temperature of 9° C, to 200 C, (48.2-68.0° F.) and that the salinity varies between 33.27 and
54,94 parts per thousand.

FISHING

The fishing methods and gear common in the Mar del Plata area are the beam trawl and
a smaller trawl. The fishing boats have an over-all length of 26 to 39 feet. The trawling is
done in the sandy and muddy bottoms, generally at depths of 13 to 66 feet. Tows range from
half an hour to one hour anda half, Fishing trips last one day, from very early in the morn-
ing until noon, The shrimp (heads-on) are stored in baskets and brought to port for cooking.

The greatest production in Argentina comes from the southern territory (Patagonia) near
the city of Rawson. The second most productive area is near Bahia Blanca, in the Province

of Buenos Aires (fig. 2),

A study of the shrimp from the Rawson area has been started.

LITERATURE CITED

ANGELESCU, V, and BOSCHI, E, E.
1959, Estudio Biologico Pesquero del Langostino de Mar del
Plata en Conexion con la Operacion Nivel Medio.
Serv. Hidrog. Naval, Sec. Marina, Buenos Aires,
Publ. H. 1017, i40 pp.

LIND. M, J.
1957. Survey of Shrimp Fisheries of Central and South
America, Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scien-
tific Report No. 235, pp. 5-9.

International
INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION

ALL REGULAR NORTH PACIFIC HALIBUT
FISHING ENDED OCTOBER 1, 1961:

North Pacific regular halibut fishing in
Areas 1A, 3B North, and 3B South ended at
6 a.m. (P.S.T.) on October 1, 1961. The
areas mentioned were the only ones open
for fishing after the closure of Areas 2 and
1B on September 7. Area 3B South includes
the waters west of Area 3A, not including the
Bering Sea, Area 3B North includes the wa-
ters in the Bering Sea. Area 1A includes wa-
ters south of Heceta Head, Oreg.

However, incidentally-caught halibut could
be ianded until 6 a.m. November 16, 1961.
The rule is that halibut caught incidentally to
fishing for food fish with set lines may be
taken in the ratio of 1 pound of halibut to 7
pounds of other food fish. The November 16

deadline applied not to the catching of the

halibut, but to landing and unloading.

The official opening date for all halibut
fishing inthe North Pacific regulatory areas
this year was May 10 at 6:00 a.m. (P.S.T.),
except that fishingin Areas 3B South started
on April 25 and Area 3B North started on
April 10.

Under the authority of the Convention be-
tween Canada and the United States for the
Preservation of the Halibut Fishery of. the
| Northern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, this
year's regulations became effective on March
BHO srkisloyali

INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

JAPANESE PRESS COMMENTS ON
MEETING OF COMMISSION:

The 8th annual meeting of the Internation-
al North Pacific Fisheries Commission

December 1961

International (Contd.):

(INPFC) was scheduled for November 6-11,
1961, in Tokyo.

The Japanese press reported that discus-
sions at the meeting would be centered on
two principal issues: (1) whether to move
the present provisional abstention line (east
of which the Japanese abstain from taking
salmon) westward from its position at
175° W. longitude; and (2) whether the three
member nations (United States, Canada, and
Japan) are satisfied that the stocks of salm-
on and halibut and those stocks of herring off
the Canadian coast are such as to continue to
warrant abstention under the terms of the
Convention. Japan in past meetings of the
Commission has insisted on the exclusion of
those stocks of fish under the terms of the
Annex to the Convention.

Japanese press Stories implied that the
Japanese Government would oppose any plan
submitted by the United States and Canada to
shift the abstention line westward. Some al-
so conjectured that the question of the Soviet
Union becoming a member of the INPFC
would be discussed by the Commission since
some fishery circles were reported to hold
the view that in order to achieve adequate
conservation of the fishery resources of the
North Pacific it would be necessary to in-
clude the Soviet Union as a Party to the Con-
vention when the Treaty is revised in 1963,
according to Japanese press reports.

The Working Party on High Seas Salmon
Distribution of the Committee on Biology and
Research of the INPFC met in Tokyo, October
1-20, 1961. Composed of one expert each
from Canada, Japan and the United States, it
was established by the Commission's Com-
mittee on Biology and Research to undertake
preparation of joint reports on salmon re-
search. (United States Embassy, Tokyo, Oc-
tober 13, 1961.)

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE
EXPLORATION OF THE SEA

FORTY -NINTH STATUTORY MEETING:

The 49th statutory meeting of the Inter -
national Council for the Exploration of the
Sea was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, Octo-
ber 2-11, 1961.

The Council's main functions are to en-
courage investigations in marine science and
to coordinate operations to this end by par-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

ticipating governments. Its area of opera-
tions may be roughly defined as the eastern
North Atlantic Ocean and contiguous seas, in-
cluding Greenlandic and Icelandic waters.
The United States is not a member of the
Council but is usually invited to send observ-
ers to the annual meetings. Three symposia,
which began on September 25, were held in
connection with the meeting. Two United
States observers attended the meeting.

OCEANOGRAPHY

INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC
COMMISSION MEETS:

UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceano-
graphic Commission held an organizational
meeting in Paris, October 19-27, 1961, ac-
cording to a State Department spokesman,
UNESCO, at its 11th session, adopted a reso-
lution establishing the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission ''to promote sci-
entific investigations with a view to learning
more about the nature and resources of the
oceans through the concerted action of its
members." It is planned for the Commission
to meet annually and to ''consider and recom-
mend international programs for oceanograph-
ic investigation, review the results of scien-
tific investigation and define the basic prob-
lems requiring international cooperation,"
and work for the exchange of oceanographic
data on a world-wide basis.

UNESCO also established an Office of
Oceanography to handle other activities in
oceanography and act as a secretariat for
the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Com-
mission (IOC). IOC membership is open to
all members of UNESCO, FAO, and other
agencies of the United Nations. It is reported
that more than 35 governments are expected
to become members of IOC. In June 1961 a
resolution of the International Commission
for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries urged
that member-delegations be fully briefed on
the oceanographic aspects of fisheries re-
search, and to work for the establishment of

an advisory fisheries committee to IOC.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 39.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
FISH MEAL MANUFACTURERS

SECOND ANNUAL CONFERENCE:

At the invitation of the Portuguese Gov-
ernment, the Second Annual Conference of
the International Association of Fish Meal
Manufacturers was held in Lisbon, October
26-27, 1961. The Conference was preceded

60

International (Conta.):

on October 25 by meetings of the Executive
Council and of the Scientific Subcommittee.

In addition to many Delegates from Met-
ropolitan Portugal and Angola Portuguese
Province, delegates and observers attended
the Conference from the following member
countries: France, Germany, Ireland, Neth-
erlands, Norway, Peru, South Africa, Spain,
Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United
States. Delegates from Belgium and Moroc-
co regretted their inability to attend. In ad-
dition, invited observers attended from Cana-
da, Denmark, the Food and Agricultural Or-
ganization, and the Fishmeal Exporters Or-
ganization. During the Conference the Fish-
ery Council of Canada was admitted to mem-
bership.

Apart fromthe usual business of an annual
conference, among the matters discussed were
means of increasing the consumption of fish
meal and the better understanding of its value
in less developed farming countries as well
as in developed markets; the collection and
dissemination of statistics in cooperation with
FAO; and the practical and scientific assist-
ance which the industry could give to FAO,
WHO, and UNICEF in the development and
utilization of fish in fish protein concentrate
for human consumption in protein deficient
countries. In particular, pilot-plant facili-
ties and samples of fish meal for human con-
sumption were offered to FAO to assist that
organization and other international bodies in
implementing plans discussed at the recent
Fish in Nutrition Conference and Working
Party in Washington, D. C.

Other scientific matters discussed were
the continued effort further to improve the
already high quality of this valuable protein
food by expanding international studies, by
improving methods of analysis, and by adopt-
ing the latest techniques of manufacture.

The principal objectives of the Association
are the exchange and dissemination of scien-
tific and technical information, examination
and promotion of all matters of general inter-
est to the industry, and representation inter -
nationally of the industry. The Conference
provided a forum for discussion on scientific,
manufacturing, and general trade problems.
The Association was formed in October 1959.

Current problems whichthe Association is
tackling, in some cases in conjunction with

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

other organizations, include promotion activi-
ties and the advancement of scientific knowl-
edge which will assist in the opening of wider
markets for fish meal in both developed and
underdeveloped markets and the greater utili-
zation of fish meal in animal feeding, techni-
cal work and exploration of the requirements
and demand for fish meal and fish flour for
human consumption, standardization of ana-
lytical methods, and a wide range of techni-
cal and nutritional problems.

At the FAO Meeting on Fish Meal held in
Rome in March 1961, the Association was en-
trusted with the task of collecting and dissem-
inating certain monthly statistics, and apart
from cooperating in preparing the program
and agenda, played a prominent part in the
proceedings.

Delegates and Observers attending the
Conference included leading manufacturers
and scientists in the industry. Manufacturers!
associations in the following countries have
now joined the Association: Angola, Belgium,
France, Germany, Iceland, Mauretania, Mo-
rocco, Norway, the Netherlands, Peru, Spain,
South Africa, and the United Kingdom. In ad-
dition, most leading individual manufacturers
in the United States, which have no individual
Association, and the principal manufacturer
in Sweden are members. (United States Em-
bassy, Copenhagen, October 9, 1961.)

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

OECD REPLACES ORGANIZATION FOR
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COOPERATION:

The Organization for Economic Coopera-
tion and Development (OECD), which came
into being September 30, 1961, supplants the
Organization for European Economic Coopera-
tion (OEEC) which was created in 1948.

The new designation reflects the changes
that have taken place in the world economic
situation since the former organization was
created to administer the Marshall Plan aid
and to restore the European economy ona
cooperative basis. It also reflects the fact
that two non-European countries--the United
States and Canada--now have become full
members, bringing the total to 20 countries,
and that the organization will stress the need
for major free world industrial nations to
consult closely on their economic policies.

On October 16-18, 1961, the Fisheries
Committee of the OECD met in Paris to con-

December 1961

International (Contd.):

sider its work program for the coming year
and review changes made during the past
year in fishery policies of the member coun-
tries. The Committee discussed a draft pro-
gram of work for the OECD in fishery mat-
ters; subsidies and other financial support to
the fishing industries; the report on meeting
of experts on the standardization of packag-
ing material for fresh fish; and a progress
report on technical actions on fishery mat-
ters.

Under the new organization, the Fisheries
Committee has been elevated from a working
party under the Agriculture Committee to a
position with status equivalent to Agriculture.

UNITED STATES-CANADA ST, CROIX RIVER BASIN PROJECT
INCLUDES RESTORATION OF ANADROMOUS FISH RUNS

The U. S. Department of State announced
October 2, 1961, that the Government of the
United States has considered the report of
the International Joint Commission, United
States and Canada, on the development of the
water resources of the St. Croix River Basin,
dated October 7, 1959, and has approved the
recommendations contained in the report with
the exception of one which is still under study.
A similar approval of the Commission's re-
port was announced by the Government of
Canada. The project affects the Canadian
Province of New Brunswick and the State of
Maine in the United States.

The International Joint Commission was
established pursuant to the Boundary Waters
Treaty of 1909 to provide for the settlement
of questions and to make recommendations
concerning the use of boundary waters be-
tween the United States and Canada. The Gov-
ernments of Canada and the United States,
pursuant to Article IX of the Boundary Wa-
ters Treaty of 1909, on June 10, 1955 re-
quested the International Joint Commission
to investigate and report on the possibilities
of further development of water resources of
the St. Croix River Basin in Maine and New
Brunswick.

To conduct the necessary investigations in
the area, the Commission established the In-
ternational St. Croix River Engineering Board
with members from both countries. Inter-
ested parties were invited to present their
views to the Commission at a public hearing
in Calais, Maine, on June 27, 1958. As a re-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

61

sult of its investigations and testimony at the
public hearing, the Commission made a num-
ber of recommendations which were made
public on November 10, 1959. These have
been carefully studied by the Governments
concerned.

The Governments have accepted the Com-
mission's recommendations regarding steps
to be taken to abate the pollution of the St.
Croix River and recommendations that anad-
romous fish runs be restored.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

WORLD TUNA CONGRESS
FOR 1962 PLANNED:

One of the impressive developments in world fishing dur-
ing the past few years has been the increase of the catch of
tunas and bonitos from about 500,000 tons in 1952 to more
than 800,000 tons in 1959, But nobody yet knows the extent of
the stocks of this group of fish, and even their migratory and
spawning habits largely remain wrapped in mystery.

In the past the sea fishing industry has chiefly concen-
trated its activities on rich fishing grounds such as those
found in the White Sea, off Iceland, off Newfoundland, and in
various areas of the Continental Shelf of Europe, the Ameri-
cas, Africa, and Asia, and it is only recently that fishermen
have discovered that the tuna and related species roam in the
hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, over the temperate
and tropical oceans of the world. So tuna fishing has become
a major industry, nowhere more so than in Japan where the
tuna fleets catch more than 500,000 metric tons of fish per
year compared with little more than 200,000 tons in 1952,
Even those figures do not reflect the full extent of Japanese
enterprise in this booming industry as the Japanese tuna fish-
ing boats are now operating in all the great oceans,

With the rapid development of the tuna fishing industry
have come queStions and problems of concern to all the
nations engaged in the industry, many of them problems
which can best be solved through international cooperation.
In this connection the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), Rome, Italy, has taken the lead and is convening a
World Scientific Meeting on the Biology of Tunas and Related
Species, which will be held, at the invitation of the United
States Government, in La Jolla, Calif, July 2-14, 1962.

While it is true that tuna and related species have been
fished by man from immemorial times (the tuna fishery in the
Mediterranean, for example, is one of the oldest fisheries in
the world), it is mainly since World War II that fishermen have
realized the extent and commercial importance of this group
of fish. For example, French, American, Japanese, and other
fishermen have, in recent years, opened up a profitable tuna
fishery off the coast of West Africa, while Norwegian and Ger-
man fishermen have found they can catch tuna in the North
Sea and in areas off the Norwegian coast, But the Japanese
have been the great leaders in this fishery and they are oper-
ating in all the oceans of the world.

With this vast expansion of the tuna fishery there have
come many problems. Commercially, the main types of tuna
and related species are bluefin, yellowfin, big-eyed, albacore,
skipjack, little tuna, and bonito, There is no agreement So far
among biologists as to how many species of tuna there are.
Two of the main types, the bluefin, which is found mostly in
the North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and North Pacific waters,
and the yellowfin, which is found mostly in the South Atlantic,
the Pacific, and Indian Oceans, are among the most important
commercially. Albacore, skipjack, bonitos, and little tuna are
found in most of the oceans and seas, The question of identi-
fication of these various types will be a major item on the a-
genda of the meeting.

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

It is expected that a good deal of discussion will center
around the need for reliable and standard statistics on catch
and effort,

At present, for instance, only a few of the increasing num-
ber of countries engaged in tuna fishing keep statistics of

Bluefin Tuna

Yellowfin
Tuna

Shipjack

Little Tuna

Vol. 23, No. 12

catch and effort but with no agreed, uniform method so that
the statistics are not comparable and much of their potential
value is lost. ‘‘What is needed is an agreement among tuna
fishing countries to standardize their methods of collection
of Statistics, which would be a big step towards assessing
the magnitude of the world effort now going into tuna fishing
and its effect on stocks,.’’

Another big problem which concerns both biologists and
fishermen*is the migratory habits of this large and roaming
species of fish. Nobody knows for certain, for example,
whether the tuna which swim into the Mediterranean, pre-
sumably to spawn in the Aegean and Black Seas, form part
of the vast tuna schools that migrate into the South Atlantic,
down the west coast of Africa, and then across the ocean to
the east coast of South and North America, or swim north-
ward up the coast of Europe around the British Isles and
over to North America,

In fact, we know very little about where tuna go in any
of their seasonal movements. Attempts have been, and are
being, made to track these migrations and there is some evi-
dence to suggest from the catch of tagged fish that the bluefin
tuna of the North Atlantic, for example, pass through the Med-
iterranean to Spawn in the Aegean and Black Seas and then
resume their thousands of miles of migration through the
North and South Atlantic. But this is little more than hypoth-
esis at present, supported only by the occasional catch of a
tagged fish, For instance, two tuna which were tagged in 1954
by biologists of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute,
Woods Hole, Mass., were caught five years later, in October
1959, by French tuna boats operating from the south of
France, Similarly, tuna that had been tagged by biologists of
the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission in California
have been captured off the coast of Japan.

In view of the growing importance of the tuna fisheries,
it is essential to know the full life story of tuna, the environ-
ment in which they live, the catch and effort of the fishing
industry and an understanding of the dynamics of the popu-
lation, if the stocks are to be exploited without depleting them.

The problems briefly mentioned, and many others, will
be discussed by the World Congress, It is hoped that at the
international meeting of fisheries scientists ways and means
will be found to bring about effective international cooperation
in investigating the riddle of the tunas so that ultimately we
come to have sound knowledge of the magnitude of the resource
and the effect that fisheries exert upon it.

Such knowledge is necessary if scientists are ever to be
able to predict the volume which can be caught without im-
pairing stocks, But that is looking far into the future and will,
in any case, be a Subject for discussion at the 1962 Congress,

sle sk ok ole oe
Seema oe CNS

FORUM ON RESEARCH VESSELS
HELD IN JAPAN:

The Research Vessel Forum convened in Japan by the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) opened Septem-
ber 18, 1961, in Tokyo. The purpose of the Forum was to
provide information on all important technical aspects of
the design and operation of research vessels, particularly
those for fishery research, and to provide oceanographers,
biologists, and naval architects an opportunity to exchange
information and to discuss the work accomplished.

Discussions centered on ‘‘Jobs To Be Done.’’ Oceanog-
raphers mentioned the increasing specialization in the vari-
ous fields of oceanography. Considerable stress was laid on
rapid changes in techniques used by physical and chemical
oceanographers., Trends toward use of instruments which
give multiple synoptic results through use of towed cables
and special instruments were discussed. These methods of
obtaining data require extensive hoisting devices with ex-
tremely sensitive controls,

New problems facing oceanographers created by radio~
active waste were pointed out. Sampling of waters for
trace elements requires large volumes of water. Weight

December 1961

International (Contd.):

of water samples taken plus the need to keep them free of
outside contamination requires innovations in deck equip~
ment. Use of radioactive tracers or ‘‘tags’’ by both physi-
cal oceanographers and biologists were discussed, Prob-
lems of vessel and vessel laboratory contamination were
stressed, Suggestions were made for minimizing radioac~
tive contamination through use of paints with specified pro-
cedures for their use. In this connection, laboratory design
and organization (vessel layout) were discussed,

Requirements by biologists for shipboard facilities for
keeping organisms alive presents special problems in ves~
sel plumbing. Normal piping (galvan, iron, etc.) is not satis-
factory because of toxic effects on larval forms, Plastic
pipes were recommended, It was noted that in some in-
stances bottom (copper) paintscowld affect survival of orga-
nisms necesSitating intakes for aquarium facilities to ex-
tend beyond the hull,

Projects to be conducted by exploratory fishing, experi-
mental fishing, and gear research vessels were discussed
and factors influencing ship design were noted. Members
of the Forum boarded the Japanese research vessel Koyo
Maru for a two-day trip at which time equipment aboard
the vessel was demonstrated and a visit was made to the
fishing port of Hedate.

Exchange of information took place on specific needs of
research vessels including laboratory space, power (steam,
Diesel, Diesel-electric, etc.), range requirements (fuel, etc.),
winches required for scientific and fishing activities, and
electronic devices,

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE
ON NEW SOURCES OF ENERGY

SOLAR DRYING DEVICES COULD SAVE
MONEY IN FISHING AND FARMING:

Annual savings in the millions of dollars
may be possible if effective, economical so-
lar energy techniques could be applied in ag-
riculture and fishing, the United Nations Con-
ference on New Sources of Energy, whichmet
in Rome, was told. A consulting chemical
engineer of Denver, Colo., has suggested that
these savings might be realized through low-
ering the costs of drying fish and various ag-
ricultural products; improving the quality of
the products; and ''reducing losses by spoil-
age, deterioration, transport delays, and oth-
er factors."

The comments were made in a discussion
of the potentialities of solar energy for dry-
ing, cooking, and heat storage.

Some 500 scientists, engineers, technical
experts, and government administrators from
70 countries attended the Conference, which
opened on August 21-31, 1961. The partici-
pants considered practical ways of using
energy from the sun, the wind, and the earth's
underground heat, especially in less devel-
oped countries lacking conventional sources
of energy for economic development.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

63

In the discussion on solar energy, attention
was drawn, among other things, to the wide-
spread use of solar devices for drying grapes
and fish, and to the contemplated application
of solar drying of oil shale in Brazil to re-
move moisture from shale before oil extrac-
tion.

At least eight or ten improved types of so-
lar cookers and ovens are available on the
market, the Conference was informed, but
costs of the units must be lowered before
widespread use can be expected in the less
developed countries. Local customs and tra-
ditions were considered to be ''more serious
obstacles" than technical problems in intro-
ducing solar cooking.

The Director of the National Physical Lab-
oratory of Israel, said the prospects for in-
creasing solar uses in food preservation were
more favorable than those for air condition-
ing. The Director of the Kobayashi Institute
of Physical Research of Japan said that solar
water heaters were the most widespread di-
rect use of solar energy. He spoke of a sim-
ple type of plastic heater developed in Japan.

«dale
Bia

Australia

FISHING VESSEL CHARTERED BY
GOVERNMENT TO SURVEY
TUNA RESOURCES:

The top vessel of the tuna fleet in New
South Wales and South Australia, the M/V
Estelle Star, has been chartered by the Aus-
tralian Government to survey the commercial
potential of tuna fishing off the southwest
coast of Australia, the Minister for Primary
Industry announced on August 3, 1961.

The survey was due to start in August and
will last 12 months. The presence of tuna in
the waters off the southwest coast of Austra-
lia has been clearly established, but little is
known of the commercial prospects. The
Commonwealth Government and the Western
Australian Government are anxious to extend
the tuna industry to the Western Australian
area, the Minister of Primary Industry stated.

The Estelie Star, which was converted for
tuna fishing two years ago, is 85 feet long,
has a speed of 10 knots, and has refrigeration
space for 42 tons of tuna. In the two years
since it was converted to tuna fishing, the ves-

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Australia (Contd.):

sel has taken about 20 percent of the total
Australian catch each year. During the
1960/61 season the vessel caught 870 tons of
tuna.

"The Estelle Star is therefore a proven
tuna fishing vessel and has an experienced
crew. It is well equipped for survey work,"
the Minister stated.

"Tf the survey proves successful, I hope
that a prosperous tuna industry will be de-
veloped in Western Australia to help meet
the growing demand for this fish. The Aus-
tralian tuna catch has grown from 115 tons
in 1951/52 to an estimated 5,000 tons last
year. It is now the second largest fishery in
Australian waters.

"However, owing to the growing popularity
of canned tuna with the Australian public, lo-
cal supplies have proved inadequate and tuna
imports have increased rapidly in the past 12
months,"' he added.

At present the Australian tuna catch is
taken about equally in New South Wales and
South Australia.

The survey will be financed by the Fish-
eries Development Trust Account which was
established by the Commonwealth Govern-
ment in 1956 with funds received from the
sale of the Australian Whaling Commission's
station at Carnarvon. The western Austra-
lian Government and the Commonwealth re-
search office will cooperate with the Fish-
eries Division of the Department of Primary
Industry in the survey.

kok kK

MODERN PILCHARD PURSE-SEINE
GEAR INTRODUCED:

Pilchard purse-seine fishing using a modern nylon knot-
less seine and a power block has been developed in Australia
during the past two years by the managing director of a fish
cannery at Port Phillip.

For the purpose, a 68-foot fishing vessel (the M/V Sur-
rise) was outfitted for purse-seining with a Japanese nylon
net (150 fathoms long and 11 fathoms deep, equipped with
plastic floats, nylon headline and footline, and a galvanized
chain leadline),

The Australian Fisheries Division imported from the U-
nited States a power block, with a rope drive worked from
the purse winch, and this was lent to operators of the Sur-
prise to use with the large purse seine in order to make the
purse~Seine operation as efficient as possible,

Vol. 23, No. 12

The necessary canning equipment to can pilchards in
flat cans has been installed at the Port Phillip cannery.

The five-man crew of the Surprise consists of ex
perienced purse-seine fishermen who have worked in the
Adriatic Sea and out of San Pedro, Calif.

After final preparations, including the fitting of a turn-
table in place of the existing platform on the vessel to
facilitate the handling of the net, the purse~seine net was
placed aboard the vessel early in March and a trial set was
made off Port Arlington.

On the first set the efficiency of the operation was well
demonstrated, The whole operation can now be carried out,
at night, in a little over 30 minutes,

Most of the fishing to date has been at night, using mercu-
ry vapor lights on the vessel and also on an 18-ft, boat,
Catches at first were small, but indications of possible com-
mercial quantities appeared at the end of May when the ves-
sel landed 5 short tons in a single haul, (Australian Fisheries
Newsletter, July 1961.)

ok * OOK OK

COMMONWEALTH FISHERIES
COUNCIL FORMED:

A conference of Commonwealth and State
Ministers responsible for Australian fisher-
ies, meeting at Canberra on September 1,
1961, decided to set up an Australian Fisher -
ies Council.

The Chairman of the conference was the
Minister for Primary Industry. He said the
conference agreed the Fisheries Council
would be established on the lines of the Aus-
tralian Agricultural Council which has been
functioning for more than a quarter of a cen-
tury to consider and recommend on agricul-
tural questions of mutual interest to the Com-
wealth and state governments.

The Fisheries Council will consist of the .
six State Ministers responsible for fisheries,
the Minister for Primary Industry, who will
be Chairman, the Minister in Charge of Com-
monwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization (C.S.I.R.O.), the Minister for
Territories, and the Minister for Trade.

The functions of the Council will include:

1. Generally to promote the welfare and
development of fishing industries.

2. To arrange the mutual exchange of in-
formation regarding fisheries production and
marketing.

3. To cooperate to ensure the improve-
ment of the quality of fisheries products, and
the maintenance of high grade standards.

December 1961

Australia (Contd.):

4. To cooperate to ensure uniform man-
agement policy.

5. To consider the requirements of fish-
ing industries in regard to production and
marketing.

6. To promote the adoption of a uniform
policy on external marketing problems, par-
ticularly those pertaining to the negotiation
of intra-Commonwealth and International Ar-
rangements.

7. To consult on proposals for the grant
of financial assistance to the fishing indus-
tries.

8. To consider matters submitted to the
Council by the Standing Committee on Fish-
eries.

According to the Minister for Primary In-
dustry, the conference decided that the first
meeting of the Fisheries Council should be
held within a year's time. Meeting of the
Council will be held in each state and Canber-
ra in rotation.

The conference of Ministers also decided
to set up a Standing Committee on Fisheries
consisting of the principal fisheries officers
of the six states, the Commonwealth Director
of Fisheries, the chief of the C.S.I.R.O. Divi-
sion of Fisheries and Oceanography, anda
representative of the Department of Terri-
tories, to advise the Council on the functions
already outlined. The first meeting of the
Standing Committee will take place within
six months time.

Excerpts from a statement by the Minis-
ter of Primary Industry follow:

"The responsibilities of the States and the
Commonwealth are clear in such matters as
the management of fisheries in territorial
and extra-territorial. waters, but as fisher-
men operate from state ports and the fisher -
ies overlap the respective state/Common-
wealth boundaries of administration, the need
for close cooperation among all Government
authorities is self-evident.

"However, while such cooperation is most
necessary, we should nevertheless accept our
respective responsibilities in the different
fields. These areas of responsiblility were

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

65

first defined in 1947 and it may now be oppor-
tune to review the situation in the light of de-
velopments since then.

"It is highly important to cooperate in our
efforts to protect and conserve our fisheries.
Owing to the migratory habits of fish it is
necessary that we examine each fishery care-
fully and introduce measures of management
which will be to the mutual benefit of all con-
cerned in the fishing industry--whether it be
the fisherman, the processor or the consum-
er--regardless of the State in which they may,
live. Similarly continuing liaison between all
the Governments represented here today is
most important for the development of our
fishing industries. A feature of the agenda
we have before us is the number of items
which require the close cooperationof us all.

'"A basic problem is that the Australian
catch has not kept pace with our increase in
population. While Australian production has
remained more or less stable, imports have
increased considerably to meet consumer de-
mand, The inability of Australian production
to grow at a desirable rate may well be at-
tributed to both biological and economic rea-
sons which require the attention of Govern-
ments to encourage efficient and economic de-
velopment in all sectors of the industry.

"Although production from some fisheries
has increased, there has unfortunately been a
significant fall in the quantity of fish taken in
other sections of the industry and as a result
the overall production has remained relative-
ly stationary. The decline of certain fisher-
ies, particularly the East Coast trawling in-
dustry, may be due partly to scarcity of fish
and partly to economic reasons.

"Statistics show that the production of Ti-
ger Flathead in New South Wales last year
was 1,265,000 pounds, which is only 40 per-
cent of the catch seven years ago. Similarly,
the 1959/60 barracouta catch of 5,870,000
pounds was less than two thirds of the 1952/53
catch. There has also been a recent and seri-
ous fall in Australian salmon (trout) produc-
tion. Last year the quantity landed was
7,600,000 pounds, as compared with 12,160,000
pounds only three years ago.

"The decline in these important fisheries
points to the need for more research to pin-
point the factors affecting the catch and to
suggest means of maintaining production at a
reasonable level.

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Australia (Contd.):

"In contrast to the decline in some of our
own fisheries there has been a substantial in-
crease over recent years in the volume of
imported frozen filleted fish. This is some-
what disquieting. Much of this imported fish
is coming from the United Kingdom, South
Africa, and New Zealand. The value of these
imports in 1959/60 was approximately £37
million (about US$7.3 million) compared with
about £14 million (about $3.4 million) in
1956/57. This development in itself empha-
sises the need to encourage the production
of a good quality Australian pack which can
be sold in competition and still be profitable
to both fishermen and processors,

" Actually half of the total fish and fish
products consumed in Australia is imported.
The total value of imports of fish of allkinds
was £.6,145,000 ($13.7 million) in 1957/58
and £8,047,000 ($18 million) in 1959/60.° On
the other hand, fish exports from Australia
which in 1957/58 were valued at $2,800,000
(about $6.3 million) had risen in value to
£4,196,000 (about $9.4 million) in 1959/60.
However, crayfish (spiny lobster) exports to
the United States represented about 90 per-
cent of the total.

"With regard to imports of fish, one of
the problems we face is the direct Govern-
ment assistance that is being given to fish-
eries overseas. This makes it possible for
fish products to be landed in Australia at
relatively low prices. The assistance varies
from the subsidization of boat building, fish-
ing operations, consumption and exports, to
import restrictions. In the United States a
part of the money raised by Customs duties
on fish products is used for research and de-
velopment, while a loan fund has been es-
tablished to improve fishing fleets and to en-
courage more profitable operations.

"Though some of the forms of assistance
used overseas may not be acceptable to Aus-
tralian governments, the time has come
when we should study more closely the meth-
ods which can best be used to improve our
own fishing industry and so enable our fish-
ermen to obtain a reasonable share of the
domestic market.

"The Department of Primary Industry
Fisheries Division has been studying devel-
opments in overseas fishing industries and
according to the departmental reports it is

Vol. 23, No. 12

significant that there is a general tendency
abroad to spread activities over a wider area
in search of new fishing grounds. Vessels
are becoming larger and in some fisheries
the trend is towards operations by factory
ships and fleets of catcher boats with a moth-
er ship. This development is transferring
boat ownership from individuals to large com-
panies. Advances have been made in vessel
design and construction with an increasing
use of fibre glass and plastics. Refrigera-
tion facilities are improving and greater use
is being made of electronic navigation and
fishing aids.

Recently we introduced into Australia a
power block in an attempt to speed up purse-
seine fishing operations. Tests on the pil-
chard fishery have been most successful and
it is hoped that the block will be used for oth-
er fisheries with the same result.

"As part of the drive to expand Australian
fisheries, the Fisheries Development Trust
Fund, founded on the sale proceeds of the
Whaling Commission's station at Carnarvon,
was established.

"Generally speaking the money can be
spent on developing fisheries in extra-terri-
torial waters, whether the fisheries are con-
fined solely to those waters or extend into
territorial waters, as well as on technical,
scientific and economic research into fish-
eries. Because of the constitutional limita-
tion, direct financial assistance to the states
from the fund itself cannot be given. The
major expenditure to date has been on test-
ing the commercial possibilities of trawling
in the Great Australian Bight. The remain-
ing expenditure has been mainly for surveys
of different fishing areas, construction of a
barracouta survey vessel, and crayfish bi-
ological research, Total expenditure to date
amounts to £378,000 ($845,200).

"T would now like to say something on cer-
tain specific aspects of the industry which
may be of general interest to Ministers.

"Crayfish: A feature of Australian fish-
eries is the commercial quantities of crayfish
or spiny lobster taken off the coast from Port
Macquarie to Shark Bay, and especially off
the West Coast. The development of this in-
dustry is mainly due to the attractive United
States market for frozen cray tails. The an-
nual catch has. increased considerably and
estimated earnings have risen from $1,850,000
in 1950/51 to $8,400,000 in 1959/60.

December 1961

Australia (Contd.):

"While we may be optimistic about the
future of this industry, we must continue by
careful management to safeguard it against
depletion or over-exploitation which could
adversely affect supplies and sales returns
in the years to come.

"Tuna: The Australian tuna catch has
shown a spectacular increase from 153 tons
in 1950/51 to 5,000 tons in 1960/61. In vol-
ume it now ranks above all other Australian
fisheries, except crayfish and mullet. Can-
ned tuna has been readily accepted by the
Australian public and the demand has grown
at such a rate that, despite rising local pro-
duction, imports are increasing.

"T hope it will be possible to raise our
production so that we are not only self-sup-
porting but are able to export substantial
quantities of tuna in the round as well as in
canned form. To do this we must aim at the
development of this particular fishery not
only in the existing areas but also in other
States. As Ministers are probably aware, a
survey of the tuna fishing potential was com-
menced recently inWestern Australian waters
in collaboration with the Western Australian
Government and the C.S.I.R.O. I hope that
not only will this survey lead to the success-
ful establishment of a tuna industry in that
State but also that it will encourage further
development in other States as well.

"Pearling: As a result of competition
from the plastics industry the Australian
pearling industry is going through a difficult
period. Prices for the lower grade shell
have been poor, due mainly to the loss of the
shirt button trade. Fortunately, Australian
pearl oysters are capable of producing the
larger cultured pearls and it is expected that
a portion of the pearling fleet will eventually
be used to supply live shell for the pearl cul-
ture farms. There are significant develop-
ments in this direction and I understand that
some 15 leases in all have been granted for
this industry.

"Pearl culture is comparatively new in
Australia, but it could eventually make a
substantial contribution towards our over-
seas income and should be encouraged along
sound and orderly lines. However, it may be
necessary in the best interests of this indus-
try to watch closely its rate of expansion in
relation to the demand on world markets and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

also to maintain as much Australian capital
as possible in it.
&

Burma

IMPORT DUTY RATES ON
FISHERY PRODUCTS INCREASED:

The rates of duty for a number of imported
commodities, including fishery products, were
increased effective September 15, 1961, bya

REGIONAL AREAS
COMMONLY ACCEPTED IN a
SOUTHERN **. EASTERN ASIA eG

PACIFIC
OCEAN

oe
roms
ARABIAN. ob ASS =—|
SEA = Ke Gaye 2 Se PHILIPPINES
=i Sere =

a i
SOUTHEAST=ASIAZ”

4 £2
Wines 5
= aay

INDIAN OCEAN

governmental order issued under the Burma
Customs Tariff Act of 1953. (United States
Embassy, Rangoon, dispatch dated September
18, 1961.) The new and former rates of duty
for fishery products follow:

Former
Rate
of Du

| 50 pyas per viss_| 25 pyas

Rate of Duty

ras pvas|

| 75 pyas per viss_| 50 pyas |
1

11 Fish and fish products,
not elsewhere specified,
crustacea and molluses
and preparations thereof | 100% ad valorem] 40%

75% ad valorem

Canada

NEW BRUNSWICK FISH MEAL PRICES,
SEPTEMBER 1961:

Fish-meal prices (60-percent protein)
quoted by New Brunswick producers late in
September 1961 averaged C$120 a short ton
($2.00 a protein unit) for both exports and

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Canada (Contd.):

domestic sales. There has been no change in
this price since late July 1961. (United
States Consulate, Saint John, N.B., Septem-
ber 28, 1961.)

ARS 2,
KOK Ok ok

SYNTHETIC MONOFILAMENT GILL NETS
BANNED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
SALMON FISHERY IN 1962:

The use of monofilament synthetic material in gill nets
used in the British Columbia salmon fishery has been banned
for one year by the Canadian Department of Fisheries, All
sections of the British Columbia industry and fishing gear
suppliers have been notified that the Department will prohibit
use of the monofilament salmon gill nets in 1962, The action
will give the Department time to make a thorough appraisal
of the administrative problems associated with this type of
gear.

The decision to ban the gear was taken on the basis of
evidence secured mainly during the 1961 season’s oper-
ations, It has been established that monofilament nets will,
under certain conditions, outfish nylon and other regular
gill nets to a degree where serious management problems
would follow widespread adoption of the gear. Significant
numbers of fishermen planned to convert to monifilament
nets next year, and any advantages to the fishermen re-
sulting from increasing efficiency would have had to be met
with further restrictions on fishing time.

Some idea of the efficiency of the monofilament nets may
be gained from this single report on the use of this gear in
the Rivers Inlet sockeye fishery in the 1961 season. In one
week, when the average catch of all gill-net boats was 410
sockeye, two fishermen using complete monofilament nets
took 1,100 and 1,546 sockeye each.

In another case, a fisherman who used a 50-fathom
monofilament panel in his regular nylon net found it fished
two or three times better than the remainder of the net.

The monofilament gill net first appeared in the British
Columbia fisheries in 1959, when a few fishermen used -
sections of monofilament webbing in their nylon or linen
nets, The new gear had been introduced in the State of
Washington fishery the previous year and, in 1960, that
State prohibited its use in the salmon fisheries,

The Department of Fisheries of Canada kept a close
watch on the monofilament gill nets in 1960, but the gener~
ally low catches did not produce conclusive.evidence that
the gear posed a threat to salmon stocks greater than that
of other gear, The decision to ban the monofilament gill
net was a most difficult one for the Department. In view
of the problems widespread use of the gear would create
in management of the salmon resource, however, there
was no immediate alternative. For the time being, the ban
on the use of the monofilament gill net applies to the calendar
year 1962 only. (Canadian Trade News, August 1961.)

Curacao:

JAPANESE FISH CANNERY
PLANNED FOR FREE ZONE:

A large Japanese fishery company has
formed a subsidiary in Curacao for the pur-

Vol. 23, No. 12

pose of establishing a fish cannery in the
Free Zone.

The Japanese subsidiary has an authorized
capital of US$1,140,000 and a paid in capital
of $134,000. As inducements to set up an in-
dustry in Curacao, the firm has been granted
a 10-year tax holiday and a 10-year monopo-
ly on the processing and canning of fish. The
monopoly is believed to be attractive to the
Japanese firm because it protects their labor
supply from the potential competition of any
processor who may enter the same business
in Curacao at a later date. (United States
Consulate General, Curacao, Sept. 8, 1961.)

Denmark

FISHERY TRENDS,

JANUARY-AUGUST 1961:

A sharp upturn in the Danish fish catch
during the summer months raised the total
catch for the first 8 months of 1961 to 5 per-
cent above a year earlier. The valuable flat-
fish catch was up about 25 percent and the
herring catch almost 20 percent. As a re-
sult, exports of fresh, iced, or frozen fish
were about 33 percent ahead of 1960 by
weight and about 25 percent ahead by value.
While fish meal exports showed compar-
able percentage gains over the low 1960 level,
they remained far below earlier years.

Portable roller for beaching smaller Danish fishing boats.

December 1961

Denmark (Contd.):

The size of the catch caused a further de-
cline in domestic prices for consumer fish,
with attendant grumbling from fishermen
over this development and over continued low
prices for industrial fish. Partly because of
price developments and partly as a result of
subsidies granted the farmers, some Danish
fishermen were demanding export price guar-
antees and/or domestic subsidies. Much con-
cern continued to be expressed over the diffi-
culty of recruiting sufficient labor to man the
fishing fleet.

Another problem of vital concern to Den-
mark's fisheries is accession to the Euro-
pean Economic Community (EEC). With im-
portant markets in the EEC countries, Dan-
ish fishery circles are almost unanimous in
favoring accession, although some concern
is expressed over the eventual effect of EEC
membership on fishing rights. (United States
Embassy, Copenhagen, October 16, 1961.)

eK OK OK Ok

FISH FILLETS AND BLOCKS AND
FISHERY BYPRODUCTS EXPORTS,
JANUARY -AUGUST 1961:

Denmark exported 5.8 million pounds of fresh and fro-
zen fish fillets and blocks during August 1961--only 195,000
pounds more than in August 1960. The United States re-
ceived only 283,000 pounds, mostly cod and related species.

From January through August 1961, Denmark shipped 9.1
million pounds of frozen fish fillets and blocks to the United
States, again mostly cod and related species,

Total exports of fresh and frozen fillets and blocks Janu-
ary-August 1961 amounted to 46.9 million pounds, an increase
of 14.2 million pounds over the same period in 1960, Exports
of fillets and blocks of cod and related species increased by
27.7 percent, and flounder and sole exports were up 22,0
percent.

Denmark’s Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and
Blocks and Fishery Byproducts, January~August 19611/

Product

1961 | 1960 | 1961

[Edible Products: (1,000 Lbs.) .
Fillets and blocks:
Cod and related species..

Flounder and sole

1,402 | 24,396
3,185 | 15,612
- 5,988
2/9 887

4,596 | 46,883

Fish meal, solubles, &
similar products
1/Shipments from the Faroe Islands and Greenland direct to foreign countries not in-

cluded.
2/Includes herring fillets.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

69

Denmark's exports of fish meal, fish solubles, and other
similar products rose from 5,922 short tons in August 1960
to 6,750 tons in August 1961. But exports of industrial fish-
ery products for the first eight months of 1961 were 21.4
percent greater than those of the same period in 1960.

By

Ecuador

IMPORT DUTY ON FISH NETS
AND TWINE LOWERED:

Ecuador has lowered the specific import
duty on fishing nets made of synthetic fiber
and on twisted cotton thread.

Tariff items affected, their new duties in
sucres per gross kilogram, percent ad va-
lorem, and previous rate, are as follows
(18.18 sucres = US$1, official rate):

487. Netted fabric: (a) Fishing nets
made of synthetic fiber, 10
sucresakilo (55 U. S. cents a
kilo or about 25 cents a pound)
plus 10 percent ad valorem;
former rate 120 sucres a kilo
($6.60 a kilo or about $3.00 a
pound) plus 10 percent ad va-
lorem; new subitem. (b) Other
items unchanged from former
rate, new subitem.

524, Twisted cotton thread, 10 sucres
a kilo plus 10 percent ad va-
lorem; former rate, 17 sucres
a kilo (93.5 cents a kilo or about
42.4 cents a pound),

The reductions, set forth in Decree No.
1411, were published in Registro Oficial of
August 19, 1961, and became effective onthat
date.

Fiji Islands

TUNA FISHING BASE PLANNED:

According to recent Japanese press re-
ports, a plan to establish a fishing base in
the Fiji Islands appears to have created much
interest within the Japanese fishing industry.
This plan was developed by a member of the
Japanese Diet, who visited the Fiji Islands in
June 1961 with fellow members to investigate
possible localities for constructing fishing
bases. He returned to the Fiji Islands inSep-

70

Fiji Islands (Contd.):

tember to further his plan, which is reported
to be of such an unprecedented character that
existing Japanese policies concerning the es-
tablishment of overseas bases do not cover
such conditions, and basic policy changes may
need to be made to fit such situations. Also,
the plan if carried out, would affect the future
development of the fishing industry. Accord-
ingly, the Japanese Fishery Agency Director
has instructed the responsible section within
his Agency to carefully study the plan.

In essence the plan proposes to:

1, Establish a joint company at Levuka, Fiji Islands, with
each national party to the venture to contribute the equivalent
of 50 percent, or 250 million yen (US$694, 400).

2. Construct a freezing plant with a daily freezing capacity
of 40 metric tons and an ice-producing plant of 40-ton capacity.
These plants would be constructed by a Japanese firm.

3. Construct a two-line cannery with a daily production ca-
pacity of 500 cases. This plant would be constructed by a Japa-
nese can company.

4. Construct a fish meal and oil plant.

5. Construct a machine shop, wireless station, residences,
supply, and recreational facilities,

Initially, the joint company would be op-
erated by the joint company but management
would eventually be turned over to a fisher-
men's cooperative. The cooperative, to be
called the South Pacific Ocean Tuna Fishing
Cooperative, is to be established immediate-
ly in Japan, and would negotiate a contract to
deliver catches to the joint company. Under
a five-year plan, the cooperative would dis-
patch 100 fishing vessels, each of 65 tons
gross, to fish for this base, and of this num-
ber 20 vessels would be constructed in the
first year. Vessel license restrictions would
be waived, as the fishermen would be emi-
grating to the Fiji Islands. In addition, 40

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

technicians would be sent to manage the base
and 200 or so natives hired as help. (Suisan
Tsushin, September 14 and Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, September 2, 1961.

A New Zealand Press Association report
of October 5, 1961, appearing inthe Auckland
Herald and the Wellington Dominion, states
that Japanese tuna vessels will work from
Fiji during the next tuna season in New Zea-
land waters.

It reports that according to a Suva, Fiji
Island, solicitor, a Japanese-controlled com-
pany with a nominal capital of £250,000
($694,400) had been formed in Fiji and that
work had begun on establishing a cannery
and base for fishing boats at Levuka. The
report goes on to state that the company in
Fiji was first launched by seven citizens from
Suva. A New Zealand firm was requested to
submit a plan for the construction of a can-
nery. The controlling shares were purchased
by Japanese interests and fishing experts from
Japan were immediately sent to Fiji to estab-
lish the industry.

In aninterview with a Fiji newspaper, the
Suva solicitor said local and export markets
would be investigated. ''We intend to export
to Hawaii, the United States, Europe, and Ja-
pan," he said. "If there are markets in New
Zealand and Australia, we will export tothose
countries too,'' said the solicitor. ''The fish-
ing boats will be Japanese manned and the ex-
perts in the venture will be Japanese." (U.S.
Embassy, Wellington, October 16, 1961.)

=

German Federal Republic

ESE: MEAL PRICES, OCTOBER 6, 1961:

German,
”

eocvceoceoveeete

” ry

e@ceee GAe00200

loco/ prompt2/
2/

” 2/

* std, brands so.0+ Oct, 1961

prompt/De:

Toco/Oct, 1961
prompt/Oct, 1961
Joc0/ rte 1961 2/

Portuguese eeccoccce o
Icelandic herring
ou

-July 1962

597,00
547.50
677,80
85.00

nive. etostnoed et e SS
Biiliocot teas where and ag i0is ak ee eee

3/Delivered coastal location,

December 1961

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

Prices reported at Hamburg Commodity
Exchange as of October 6, 1961, for fishmeal
delivered ex-Hamburg warehouse, or c.&f.
West German sea port are shown in the table
on the preceding page.

As compared with September 4, 1961, fish-
meal prices on the Hamburg exchange on
October 6, 1961, were mixed, with both do-
mestic and imported fish meal somewhat low-
er on the average. (United States Consulate,
Bremen, October 12, 1961.)

———————

Guatemala

JOINT JAPANESE-GUATEMALA SHRIMP
BASE STARTS OPERATIONS:

The new fish processing installations and
seven fishing vessels (belonging to two Gua-
temalan fishing companies) were blessed and
inaugurated at the Pacific coast port of Cham-
perico, Guatemala. President Ydigoras, as
wellas severalof his Cabinet Ministers,
prominent figures inthe Guatemalan banking
and business world, and a large delegation
of Japanese businessmen attended the cere-
monies.

The two companies have been reorganized
recently with the introduction of Japanese
capital representing 42 percent of the total
investment, which has been declared at more
than Q.1,500,000 (US$1.5 million). Two Jap-
anese companies are participating in this
venture. A Japanese engineer is said to be
a technical director for the fishing and proc-
essing operations. The six fishing vessels
(each of 30 gross tons) and one tow boat are
captained by Japanese and a substantial
percentage of the crew members are
also Japanese to provide training for
the Guatemalans, The fishing vessels
(built in Mexico) are reported to have a ca-
pacity in their freezing compartments for
12,000 pounds of fish, permitting them to re-
main at sea for seven days before returning
to port. Besides the 6 fishing vessels, 14
local vessels are to be chartered, making a
total of 20 shrimp vessels fishing for the
joint company. Vessels which were former-
ly leased by one of the two Guatemalan com-
panies from Panama were reported to have
been returned to their owners.

At the present time the main activity of
the joint operation centers around the catch-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

71

ing, processing, freezing, and exportation of
shrimp. The management said they hope to
sell to the restaurant trade in the United
States by providing quick service by air, but
the bulk of the catch will be shipped by sea to
United States ports to be sold to supermar-
kets and other retail outlets.

The price of shrimp is too high to find a
large domestic market, sales generally being
restricted to the more wealthy consumer.

The consumption of fish products has tradition-
ally beenlowin Guatemala. Therefore, as it
was explained by members of the Japanese dele-
gation, the companies planto introduce a low-
priced fish-meal sausage, which could be pur-
chased by the poorest consumer, thus increas -
ing the protein diet of these classes andcreating
a market for seafood other than shrimp.

President Ydigoras has given strong back-
ing to the creation of a local fishing industry,
as exemplified in the recently enacted law on
deep-sea fishing, which gives preferential treat-
ment to fishing companies incorporatedin Gua-
temala and which register their vessels in Gua-
temala. Thetwo Guatemalan companies in-
volved inthe venture with the Japanese have fol-
lowed the procedures prescribed by the law and
seem to have the President's blessing.

In addition, a cold-storage plant with a
freezing capacity of 12.5 tons and holding ca-
pacity of 20 tons; and an ice plant of 15-ton
capacity, are under construction and sched-
uled for early completion.

Iceland

SHRIMP INDUSTRY:

Iceland's export value for shrimp products
as of October 1961 was about 25 millionkronur
(US$656,000) a year. The export value of
shrimp for the first six months of 1961 was
18 million kronur ($472,000). The weight of
the shrimp exported the first six months of
1961 was 25 percent more than in the same
period in 1960. The expansion of the shrimp
industry depends on finding new shrimp
grounds. During a month-long search for
shrimp fishing grounds carried out in the
summer of 1961 on the north and east coasts,
shrimp was found in 56 of the 87 locations
explored, (United States Embassy, Reykja-
vik, report dated October 12, 1961.)

Note: Values converted to dollars|at rate of 38. 10 kronur equal US$1,

ee

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

Iceland (Contd.): India

FISHERY LANDINGS, JANUARY-JUNE 1961: | FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE:
Peer ans Plans for a Fisheries Management Insti-
hearer | i961. | 1960 |, | tute are being implemented by the Govern-

. . (Metric Tons) . . ment of India and the Food and Agriculture
erring! fr Organization (FAO), Financial support will
meena ake Rae be given by the United Nations Special Fund
Salting . ; : and the Government. The Institute will be
Fresh on ice » «+ « sss jointly administered by FAO and the Govern-

ment.

Fresh on ice landed abroad ....

Freezing and filleting . .

Seltinge sees , The Institute will be situated in Bombay,

sls tts and will be housed in a new building, to be
erected in the near future. FAO desires that

each state in India be represented on the

oe ce AAR aan een re eect elon Board of Directors. FAO will also encourage

eventual development of the Institute on an
international basis.

2/Drawn fish.
3/Shrimp 801 tons; lobster 304 tons,

The Institute will provide three years of
cs a an a training for carefully selected students, and
their training willinclude management of fish-

ICELANDIC PRODUCTION OF PROCESSED eries, marine biology, and associated sciences.

FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS Eight students have already been accepted and
JANUARY -JUNE 1961: ‘ a total enrollment of 40 to 50 students is ex-

pected. (United States Embassy, New Delhi,
August 21, 1961.)

Frozen

Fillets ..ccccose
Fish waste . eseee
HOENYing sere sicisi'ete
Pishiroe sre cies: cle
Shrimp and lobster.

Ivory Coast

FISHING INDUSTRY EXPANDS:

The fisheries of the Ivory Coast have grown
steadily since 1954, By 1961, Abidjan had 60
fishing vessels, 3 boatyards, and 2 ice plants.

ay MEDITERRANEAN. Sw

Cured

Salt fish, wet... +e
Stockfish<\..s< s6
Herring seoes+s
ISHEFOC etc (e'eie isis
Otheniiieteie:ssle ere e

6.8

56 2.0

WODStet eye, eleve e's 0.1
Liver sececce 0.2
OMENie's cic sie.0) 40 14,1
Oilevetlietsiteserelistel 7,8
Solubles (50% solids) 0.6
6

PORTUGUES
GUINEA

Total Misc. uh
1/Includes 40 tons of shrimp,
Note: Values converted at rate of 38 kronur equals US$1.00.

December 1961

Ivory Coast (Contd.):

The 2 ice plants have a total daily capaci-
ty of 150 tons.

In 1960, two-thirds of the Ivory Coast
catch of 29,000 tons was smoked. Freshfish
without ice is marketed within a 30-mile ra-
dius of Abidjan. Fresh fish on ice is shipped
in refrigerated trucks at night and reaches
interior towns within 250 miles of Abidjan
and Koumassi, Ghana,

The distribution of frozen fish is limited
to the centers with cold-storage plants--
Bouake, Dimbokro, Divo, and Gagnoa. Smoke-
dried fish reaches all the centers of the in-

NEW CANNED TUNA PRODUCTS
SALES SMALLER THAN ANTICIPATED:

A large Japanese fishing company which
introduced three new canned tuna products--
curried tuna, vegetable tuna, and sandwich
tuna--in Japan in June 1961, is reported to
have sold about 60,000 cases of those prod-
ucts as of September 1961. Sales are re-
ported much lower than anticipated and they
feel that it may take some time before the
products gain acceptance with the general
public.

Japan

However, sales, which averaged about
20,000 cases a month, are considered fairly
good when compared with the sale of canned
"tender tuna'' introduced by another fishing
firm in July 1960. That company's sales
averaged slightly under 17,000 cases a month,
or about 250,000 cases for 15 months, ending
in September 1961. The ''tender tuna!’ con-
sist of four types of pack: tuna in soy sauce,
tomato sauce, stew, and curry.

The fish firm hopes to promote curried
tuna, vegetable tuna, and sandwich tuna so
as to eventually sell about 500,000 cases a
year in Japan, However, sales for the first
year are expected to total only about 150,000
cases. (Suisan Tsushin, September 27, 1961.)

Translator's Note: Canned curried tuna
consists of tuna and curry sauce. Vegetable
tuna is made of tuna, tomato sauce, and po-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

73

tatoes. Canned sandwich tuna is a sand-
wich spread.

KK ok ok ok

PACK OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE
BY CAN SIZES, 1960:

During the calendar year 1960, the Japa-
nese pack of canned tuna (light and white
meat) in brine totaled 2,042,388 actual cases.

1,963, 870 78,518 42, 388)
Total (std. cs.1/). [2,023, 647 93,042 2, 116, 689

A standard case is 48 7-0z. cans or the equivalent,

=

By can size, the 7-oz. 48 cans-per-case
pack accounted for 1,085,714 cases, or 53
percent of the total brine pack. The institu-
tional can size (66 oz., 6 cans per case) ac-
counted for 535,543 cases, or 26 percent of
the total. Most of the brine pack was solid,
accounting for 96 percent of the total, with
the balance inflakes and grated. (See table.)

* OK OK OK OK

FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO UNITED
STATES, APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1961:

Frozen albacore and yellowfin exports to the United States
from Japan proper, April 1 to September 30, 1961, declined,
while transshipments to the United States of those species in-
creased, according to data compiled by the Japan Frozen
Foods Exporters Association (table 1).

Table 1 -Japanese Frozen Tuna Exports to U. S.,
April-September 1961 and 1960

Exports of frozen tuna to Italy totaled 13,620 metric tons
and to Yugoslavia 4,137 tons, between April 1 and Septem-
ber 30, 1961. Exports to those two countries for the same
period in 1960 totaled 12,272 tons and 4,805 tons, respectively.
(Suisan Tsushin, October 5 & 7, 1961.)

Translator’s Note: On the basis of the values for the a-
bove exports, albacore exports to the United States from Japan

74

Japan (Contd.):

proper sold for an average of $328 a short ton between April-
September 1961 and $294 a ton for the same period in 1960;
frozen yellowfin sold for an average of $281 a short ton be-
tween April-September 1961 and $253 a short ton for the same
period in 1960, all f.o.b. Japan,

According to earlier press reports, Japan established an
export quota to the United States of 95,000 short tons of frozen
tuna (see table 2),

Table 2 - Comparison of Japanese Frozen Tuna Quota and ]
Exports to United States for Fiscal Year 1961
a

Exports’/

Quota Target | Apr.-Sept. age of
April 1, 1961- 1961 Quota
March 31, 1962 |(Six Months)} Exported
<s © « «(short Tons)... . %

‘Albacore:

Japan proper .....
Transshipments
Yellowfin:

30,000
5,000

6,521
3,649

Japan proper..... 30,000 15,484 52
Transshipments... 30,000 8,961 30
| re
Tuna Loins:
Japan proper..... 3,600 1,883 52
iotallitcy shatematiseer as 98,600 36,498 37
|1/Does not include big-eyed and skipjack exports.

KOK ok ok Ok

FROZEN TUNA SHIPMENTS,
APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1961:

According to the Japanese tuna freezers association,
total shipments of frozen tuna during the first half of the
Japanese fiscal year 1561 (April-September) amounted to
some 67,000 metric tons, almost the same as the previous
year during the same period, Of the total, 23,900 short
tons of Atlantic tuna went to Europe and Africa, 27,500
short tons were directly shipped from Japan to the United
States and Canada, and 12,000 short tons were transshipped
to the United States and others, (Note: Destination of the
balance was not shown.)

Compared with the corresponding period the previous
year, shipments (23,900 short tons) of Atlantic tuna to
Europe and Africa were up 9 percent. To Italy, the prin-
cipal market, 16,400 short tons (17,200 tons the previous
year) were shipped, a decrease of 4 percent. But there
were greater increases in shipments to Yugoslavia and
other European and African areas, To Yugoslavia, ship-
ments of 4,900 short tons (3,000 tons the previous year)
were up 61 percent. To other European and African areas,
shipments of 2,600 short tons (1,000 tons the previous year)
were up 49 percent, During May and June 1961, fishing
for Atlantic tuna was poor and scheduled June and July ship
ments were delayed one to two months, Beginning the latte
part of July, fishing conditions improved and recovered to
the same level as those prevailing the previous year.

Shipments during the first half of the fiscal year were up
because of good catches of big-eyed. But yellowfin catches
were poor, In August 1961, the 20-percent big-eyed limit
(in effect since the previous fiscal year) was removed for
mixed shipments. As a result, big-eyed made up for the
shortage of yellowfin in the catches, However, the value of
the 1961 fiscal year’s shipments was expected to be less than
the previous year because the price on any portion of big-
eyed in excess of 20 percent of any shipment was reduced
by $15 a short ton, Czechoslovakia and Spain bought frozen
tuna from Atlantic Japanese tuna vessels for the first time
and were responsible for some of the increase in shipments
in fiscal year 1960.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No, 12

The 12,000 short tons of frozen.Atlantic tuna transshipped
to the United States were 7 percent less than the previous
year. Of that total, yellowfin accounted for 10,200 short tons,
15 percent less than the previous year when 12,200 tons were
shipped,

The albacore catch in the Atlantic improved after the sea-
son’s opening the beginning of September 1961 and amounted
to 1,840 metric tons, 140 percent more than the 760 tons
caught the previous year,

Direct shipments from Japan to the United States and
Canada amounted to 27,500 short tons during the first six
months of fiscal year 1961, 5 percent less than the previous
year, Two of Japan’s largest fishery firms were the shippers,
Of the total shipped, 9,100 tons were albacore (8 percent less
than the 9,900 tons shipped a year earlier) and 18,400 short
tons were yellowfin (3 percent less than the 18,900 tons a year
earlier). Included in the albacore shipment was a transship~
ment from Suva, Fiji Islands. This was the quantity shipped
as of the end of September 1961, but higher ex-vessel prices
in the United States have heightened interest in exports, As
of October 10, an additional 11,600 tons of albacore and
20,000 tons of yellowfin were shipped to the United States
direct from Japan, This meant increasing the quota for di-
rect shipments from Japan and the adjustment regulation
drafting committee was studying the need for an increase

in the quota, (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, October 14, 1961.)
Editor's Note: The data in this article differ from those in the previous article, but
are believed to be more recent.

Se ek bee es Pe

FROZEN TUNA EXPORT QUOTAS
AND SALES PROCEDURE
CHANGES CONSIDERED:

On October 3, 1961, the Japanese Export
Frozen Tuna Producers Association's Atlan-
tic Ocean Tuna Liaison Committee met to dis-
cuss how sales of frozen Atlantic Ocean tuna
transshipped to the United States should be
handled in the future. The Liaison Commit-
tee agreed that beginning in January 1962,
Atlantic Ocean-caught tuna should be sold
through the Export Frozen Tuna Sales Com-

pany.

On October 5, the Association's board of
directors met to discuss the problem of plac-
ing frozen albacore and yellowfin tuna under
one over-all export quota and handling all
sales of frozen yellowfin from Japan proper
through the Sales Company.

The question of combining exports from
Japan proper of frozen albacore and yellowfin
under one over-all quota came up as a result
of what was considered to be an insufficient
export quota for yellowfin. Combining the al-
bacore and yellowfin export quotas would make
it possible to export more frozen yellowfin
when albacore supplies are short; whereas,
under the present quota system (one quota for
frozen albacore and another for frozen yellow-
fin), it would not be possible to utilize the un-
used portion of a quota for one species by sub-
stituting another species in its place.

December 1961

Japan (Contd.):

Strong opinions prevailed at the board of
directors meeting that it would be undesir-
able to change the separate quota system and
that the export quota of 30,000 tons for fro-
zen yellowfin should be raised to 35,000 tons
or 40,000 tons instead. This matter is to be
discussed further by the board of directors
as soon as it receives a-report from the com-
mittee appointed to draft proposals concern-
ing changes in export regulations. This com-
mittee was scheduled to meet during the week
of October 8.

The question of yellowfin sales through the
Sales Company arose as a result of claims
made by the Exporters Association that yel-
lowfin exports should be handled through the
Sales Company in the same manner as alba-
core exports, since this would simplify busi-
ness transactions. After deliberating over
this matter, the Producers Association's
board of directors agreed to consider the
proposals made bythe Exporters Association
and to study this matter further. (Suisan
Tsushin, October 4 & 6, 1961.)

2 ok ok OK Ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

FROZEN TUNA DELIVERIES TO
YUGOSLAVIA EXPECTED TO DROP:

The Japanese long-line tuna vessels oper-
ating in the Atlantic Ocean planned to fish a-
long the Brazilian side of the Atlantic Ocean
for albacore during the last three months in
1961. Their catch is expected to be exported
to the United States, and this means that there
will be less tuna available for export to
Europe.

Yugoslavia wants to import a total of
4,900 metric tons between October and De-
cember (October--1,600 metric tons; No-
vember--1,800 tons; December~--1,500 tons).
However, indications are that Japan will not
be able to deliver more than 430 tons (Octo-
ber--250 tons; November~--180 tons), or less
than 10 percent of the total amount desired
by Yugoslavia. (Suisan Tsushin, September
14, 1961.)

me OK OK OK Ae

NEW REGULATIONS ON FROZEN TUNA
LANDINGS AND TRANSSHIPMENTS:

The Japanese Fishery Agency made pub-
lic inSeptember 1961, the following regula-
tions governing the operations of Japanese
tuna vessels in the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific
Ocean, and the Indian Ocean.

75

Atlantic Ocean: Medium-type tuna ves-
sels, distant-water tuna vessels, and portable-
vessel-carrying tuna motherships shall be
authorized to operate in the Atlantic Ocean
for specified periods, except (1) when they
do not have plans to export their catches to
foreign countries; (2) when their operations
are considered to have a bad effect on inter-
national relations; (3) when they plan to op-
erate in the Atlantic Ocean for a period of
over two years.

Essentially, all vessels must file with the
Fishery Agency applications indicating their
intent to engage in the Atlantic Ocean tuna
fishery and must submit certain prescribed
documents.

Permission to land or transfer catches,
including products produced from the catch-
es, at ports bordering the Atlantic Ocean,
shall be granted separately for each trip, as
a rule. However, permission will not be
granted (1) when it is not altogether clear
whether the catches, including products pro-
duced from the catches, will be consumed in
the country to which they are delivered; (2)
when it is felt that approval may result in
obstructing the promotion of direct Japanese
tuna exports.

Transfer at sea from one vessel to an-
other of catches, including products produced
from those catches, shall be prohibited.

Medium-type tuna vessels and distant wa-
ter tuna vessels planning to land or transfer
their catches, including products processed
from the catches, at ports bordering the At-
lantic Ocean must submit applications be-
forehand for clearance.

Portable-vessel-carrying tuna mother -
ships planning to land or transfer their catch-
es, including products produced from the
catches, at ports bordering the Atlantic Ocean
must submit certain prescribed documents
before departing their Japanese home ports.
They must also apply for clearance each
time they want to land or transfer their catch-
es at ports bordering the Atlantic Ocean.

Vessels which plan to export tuna to those
localities not governed by the export regula-
tions of the Export Frozen Tuna Producers
Association, and plan to land or transfer their
catches at ports bordering the Atlantic Ocean
over an extended period of time at intermit-
tent intervals, must first be cleared before
they leave their Japanese home ports.

76

Indian and Pacific Oceans: Medium-type
tuna vessels, distant-water tuna vessels, and
portable-vessel-carrying tuna motherships
will not as a rule be permitted to land or
transfer their catches, including products
processed from the catches, at ports other
than Japanese ports. This rule will not ap-
ply in the case where it is clear that the
catches or products will be consumed in the
foreign country that they were delivered to.
Landings of tuna at Samoa and Santo are also
exempt from this ruling.

Applications to land catches, including
products produced from the catches, at ports
other than Japanese ports must be submitted
in accordance with regulations governing the
landing or transfer of tuna in the ports bor-
dering the Atlantic Ocean.

Transfer of catches, including products
processed from the catches, for the purpose
of shipping them to Japan by vessels other
than by vessels which originally landed the
fish shall be prohibited. Such transfers shall
be allowed only when it becomes necessary
to transship tuna from the Atlantic Ocean to
Japan to stabilize market conditions or per-
mit the maximum utilization of the catch.

Medium-type tuna vessels and distant-wa-
ter tuna vessels must submit a report to the
Fishery Agency Director within 30 days after
they land or transfer ‘their catches, includ-
ing products produced from the catches, at
a foreign port. (Shin Suisan Shimbun, Sep-
tember 25, 1961.)

KK OK

RESTRICTIONS ON PORTABLE-VESSEL-
CARRYING TUNA MOTHERSHIPS RELAXED:

On September 20, 1961, the Japanese Fish-
ery Agency announced changes in the regu-
lations governing portable-vessel-carrying
tuna motherships. The original regulations
were formulated in April 1961 but industry
claimed that they were too strict and im-
practical, and had requested that they be re-
vised,

sk x
ee

The biggest change is in the relaxation
of restrictions on tne building of portable
vessels. Under the old regulations, which
permitted the use of two or more portable
vessels, to construct a second portable ves-
sel one distant-water tuna fishing vessel of
180 tons or less had to be withdrawn from
the fishery and 25 tons of this vessel put up
as replacement, with the remaining tonnage
of the retired vessel to be used in enlarging

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No.2

other medium and.distant-water fishing ves-
sels. The new regulations authorize the use
of three or more portable vessels and only
one distant-water vessel need be retired for
every two portable vessels beyond the first
two,L/ However, size of the portable vessels
would be restricted to 25 tons or less, as be-
fore.

Other important features of the revised
regulations are:

A vessel will be licensed as a portable-
vessel-carrying tuna mothership when one
or more distant-water tuna fishing vessels
of equivalent total tonnage as that of the ves-
sel to be used as a mothership are retired
from the fishery. In other words, two dis-
tant-water vessels of, say, 500 tons each
could be put up as replacement to construct
a 1,000-ton mothership.

Restrictions on the amount of distant-wa-
ter vessel tonnages that can be used as re-
placement in constructing a larger tuna moth-
ership shall be waived. However, the re-
maining unused tonnage of distant-water ves-
sels cannot be used to enlarge medium-type
or distant-water type vessels. They can on-
ly be used as replacement for constructing
portable vessels.

Vessels will no longer carry dual classi-
fications. They shall either be classified as
a distant-water tuna fishing vessel or a port-
able-vessel-carrying tuna mothership. Those
distant-water tuna fishing vessels converting
to tuna motherships cannot revert to their
original classification. This measure elimi-
nates the confusion of classifying a vessel as
a portable-vessel-carrying tuna mothership
one part of the fishing season, and as a dis-
tant-water tuna vessel during another part of
the year, depending on its operation.

The use of distant-water tuna fishing ves-
sels over 180 tons for replacement purposes
was authorized until November 30, 1961, only
when such vessels were used primarily as
replacements for the construction of portable
vessels. This measure made it possible for
all firms planning to operate portable-vessel-
carrying tuna motherships to retire only one
large distant-water tuna fishing vessel, say,
one of 450 tons or larger, the vessel rights
of which they could share to construct port-
able vessels for their motherships. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, September 21, Shin Suisan
Shimbun, September 25, 1961.)
1/This is interpreted to mean that only 25 tons of a distant-water

tuna vessel need be put up as replacement to construct every
two portable vessels over and above the first two.

OK ok ok ok

December 1961

Japan (Contd.)

STUDY OF POLE-AND-LINE
SKIPJACK FISHERY.UNDER WAY:

The Japanese National Federation of Tuna
and Skipjack Fishing Cooperative Association
has started a study of the problems involving
the management of pole-and-line skipjack
tuna fishing vessels. Over the years, the
pole-and-line skipjack fleet has dwindled
from about 500 vessels in 1955 to its present
fleet of 348 vessels, of which 140 are medi-
um-type (40 to 100 gross tons) and the re-
mainder of less than 39 tons gross. This re-
duction in the fleet is attributed to the un-
stableness of the pole-and-line fishery and
to the trend among owners of medium-type
vessels to build larger vessels for distant-
water tuna fishing. Medium-type vessels
can be used as replacements in building larg-
er vessels; whereas vessels under 39 tons,
for which licenses are not required, cannot
be used for this purpose.

The unstableness of the skipjack fishery is
reflectedinthe catchof the pole-and-line ves-
sels. Pole-and-line vessel landings dropped
substantially in 1960, the decline occurring
mainly in the catch of skipjack (see table).

Japanese Pole-and-Line Landings of
Skipjack and Other Tuna, 1958-1960

earn Meee nien EEN isiipjectl | a NOmer Tune ||

eae sts (Metric Tons). ....
78,546 109,577
166, 628 182,782
1/ 184,527

1/Not available

In addition to the decline inthe catch of skip-
jack, the lower price whichthis species norm-
ally commands is reported to be a factor con-
tributing tothe unstableness of the pole-and-
line fishery. It is estimated that a pole-and-
line skipjack vessel must land over 25 million
yen (about US$70,000) worth of fish per year
to show a profit, but that only about half of
the fleet ever takes inmore than this amount.

There is a definite trend towards building
of larger vessels in the tuna fishery. The
drop in the number of vessels in the tuna and
skipjack fleet has occurred mainly in the
number of medium-type fishing vessels,
which also engage in skipjack fishing. This
class of vessels has been used to a large ex-
tent for tonnage replacement purposes to
construct large distant-water tuna vessels.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, September 20 and

Mayo e961.) ine

KOK OK OK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77

IMPORTS OF CERTAIN MARINE
PRODUCTS LIBERALIZED:

The Japanese Government plans to permit
the importation of a number of marine prod-
ucts under a new trade liberalization policy.
This policy is to be carried out in three suc-
cessive stages extending over a period of one
year. The most recent revised schedule of
this plan calls for the removal of restrictions
onimports of freshand frozentuna, swordfish,
salmon, and all shellfish except scallops, be-
erieins October 1, 1961.

The final draft of the plan was compiled by
the Economic Planning Board, an independent
agency directly responsible to the prime min-
ister, after it held consultations with the Minis
try of International Trade and Industry, Minis-
try of Agriculture and Forestry, and the Minis-
try of Finance. On September 26, the plan was
to be submitted for discussion ata meeting of
departmental heads concerned with the nation-
al economy.

The following marine products are covered

in the final draft of the plan which was under
October 1, 1961 | Fresh and frozen: tuna, swordfish, red snap-
per, “salmon, sea cucumber, Salmon roe,
~ skipjack (katsuobushi)
April 1, 1962 irae are iqjar eee Orem a ae)
lop, scallop muscle, herring, herring roe, and
cod (including Alaska pollock) are concerned,
nese Government plans to|take upthose items
separately as they are covered under the Gen-

consideration in ie Si oui TO GH
of Coverage Commodities
crustaceans, mollusks (except scallops)
Others: salted salmon re, whale oil, dried
October 1, 1962 | Fresh and frozen: whale meat, yellowtail,
~ jack mackerel, Pacific mackerel sardine.
Salted and dried: yellowtail, sardine, saury|
jack mackerel, Pacific mackerel.
aoe and smoked: whale meat.
: dried cuttlefish Us
Insofar as items like fish meal, fish oil, scal-
they willnot likely be covered under the trade
liberalization planfor sometime. The Japa~
eral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, September 22, 1961.)

Translator's Note: At the present time,
imports into Japan are permitted under one
of three systems. They are the Automatic
Approval (AA) system, Automatic Fund Al-
location (AFA) system, and a third system
which covers items not covered under
the first two systems. These three sys-
tems are briefly described on the following

page:

78

Japan (Contd.):

The AA system is the least restrictive of
all the three systems. Commodities listed
under that category can be imported into Ja-
pan simply by arranging for an allocation of
foreign funds directly with a bank.

The AFA system is more restrictive than
the AA system. Items listed under the AFA
system can only be imported after approval
has been obtained first from the Ministry of
International Trade and Industry (MITI).
Thus, MITI is in a position to exercise con-
trol over imports of commodities in that cate-
gory, if necessary. Upon obtaining MITI's
approval, an importer can then negotiate di-
rectly with a bank for an allocation of foreign
funds.

The third system is the most restrictive
of all the three systems. Imports of items
listed under that classification are strictly
controlled by the Japanese Government. They
include such commodities as foodstuffs (rice,
for example), coal, tobacco, petroleum, ma-
chinery, etc.

Japan is liberalizing trade by changing the
classifications of different commodities,
placing many of the items now covered under
the more stringent systems under the more
liberal systems. For example, some marine
products, such as shrimp and salmon, imports
of which were allowed to some extent in the
past by MITI under the AFA system, are be-
ing reclassified under the AA system. As
far as can be ascertained, all the marine
products listed in the schedule shown above
in the news report are to be classified under
the AA system.

According to information provided by the
Consulate-General of Japan, in Los Angeles,
the AA and AFA systems presently account
for about 65 percent of total imports into Ja-
pan. A year from now, under the trade liber-
alization policy, these two systems should ac-
count for about 90 percent of total Japanese
imports.

The relaxing of trade restrictions on tuna,
imports of which apparently were not per-
mitted in the past, is posing a problem to the
Fishery Agency.

Insofar as tariffs are concerned, one Japa-
nese trade paper reported earlier that the
Japanese Government was planning to impose

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

a duty of 10 percent on imports of fresh and
frozen tuna, and 15 percent on imports of
processed tuna. Japan enacted a new tariff
law on March 31, 1961, by which the Govern-
ment can change a tariff rate by Cabinet Or-
dinance when the existing tariff rate is con-
sidered to be damaging to the national econo-
my. Previously, the Japanese Diet acted on
such legislation. This law makes it possible
for the Japanese Government to act rapidly
in a situation where, for example, Japanfinds
herself the target of a dumping operation.
The law includes two other important provi-
sions. They are: (1) authority to adopt a
tariff quota system by means of which the
Government can prescribe a higher tariff for
goods imported over and above a certain an-
nual quantity; and (2) provisions whereby the
Government can make exemptions or refund
duties on commodities administratively de-
termined to be in critical demand in Japan.

KK Ok Ok ok

TUNA IMPORTS LIBERALIZED:

Effective in October 1961, the Japanese
Government liberalized the importation of
tuna into Japan under that country's trade
liberalization plan. However, this measure
is expected to have very little effect upon
the Japanese tuna industry. The Japanese
Fishery Agency feels that placing tuna on the
trade liberalization list, now that the Japanese
Government is relaxing trade restrictions,
was only natural in view of the fact that the
supply of tuna in Japan is expected to decline
following an increase in the use of this prod-
uct by Japanese fish sausage makers and the
continued growth of the United States tuna
market.

The Fishery Agency considers that tuna-
producing countries, like the United States,
Peru, and France, are not in a position to
produce more tuna for export beyond their
present capabilities. Very little tuna is ex-
pected to be imported by Japan, although tuna
from such countries as Formosa and Okinawa
may be imported to S0me extent. (Shin Suisan
Shimbun Sokuho, September 21, 1961.)

Translator's Note: According to one ear-
lier press report, an import duty of 10 per-
cent may be levied on fresh and frozen tuna
imported into Japan and 15 percent on proc-
essed tuna products.

2K Ok Ok Ok

December 1961

Japan (Contd.):

UNLICENSED TUNA VESSELS MAY BE
REGISTERED UNDER FOREIGN FLAG;

The lifting of existing trade restrictions on marine products
imports as propoSed in the final draft now under consideration
by the Japanese Government is expected to have little effect on
the Japanese fishing industry as a whole. However, now that
the Government is planning to allow tuna to.be imported into
Japan, the Fishery Agency expects that attempts will be made
to dispatch fishing vessels without tuna fishing licenses to
overseas bases, register these vessels under foreign flags,
then convert them for tuna fishing and export their catch to
Japan,

Under present conditions, the Fishery Agency would not be
able to curb such trends effectively, inasmuch as it is not em-
powered to check the transfer of unlicensed vessels to jointly-
operated overseas fishing bases, Such transfers are classi-
fied as exports, and the Ministry of International Trade and In~
dustry and the Ministry of Transportation are responsible for
these matters, although these two ministries do consult the
Fishery Agency.

Also, the lack of a clearly defined Government policy con-
cerning the establishment and management of overseas bases
will make it somewhat difficult for the Fishery Agency to
curb the transfer of unlicensed vessels to overseas bases,
Applications to establish overseas bases had until now been
judged on their individual merits, To correct this situation,
in July 1961 the Fishery Agency requested all national and
prefectural governmental agencies to submit a review of poli-
cies followed in licensing overseas bases. These reports are
now being studied by the Agency for the purpose of adopting a
uniform national policy.

On the other hand, the National Federation of Skipjack and
Tuna Fishing Cooperative Associations takes the view that, in
addition to the study being made by the Fishery Agency, con-
sideration should be given to the stabilization of tuna prices
in the light of the new trade policy, which would permit tuna
to be imported into Japan, and which, in turn, would likely af-
fect domestic prices, The National Federation appears to want
tuna included in the Government’s production adjustment and
price stabilization programs, and intends to submit its recom-
mendations to the proper authorities. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun,
September 20, 1961, and miscellaneous sources.)

Translator’s Note: In connection with the problem dis-
cussed in the above news article, the Japanese policy con-
cerning the licensing of tuna vessels should perhaps be ex-
plained at this time.

The Japanese Fishery Agency rigidly controls the size of
the Japanese tuna fleet over 40 tons gross (vessels under 39
tons do not require licenses) by limiting the total tonnage of
all vessels in this category. Tuna vessels in this category
are further classified as medium-type (40 to 100 tons gross)
and distant-water tuna fishing vessels (over 100 tons gross),

New tuna vessels over 40 tons gross can only be built by
retiring existing vessels through an intricate system of
rules evolved by the Fishery Agency. Occasionally, these
regulations are relaxed, permitting the construction of ves-
sels larger than those replaced, as was the case in Decem-
ber 1960,

Thus, the restrictions placed on the construction of new
tuna vessels over 40 tons serve to place a premium on ex-
isting tuna fishing licenses. These licenses are sold or
traded on the basis of so many dollars a vessel ton, and re-
cent reports indicate that this ‘‘right,’’ as it is commonly
called, is selling for over $800 aton, This means that a
person who does not own a tuna fishing license and who
wants to build a tuna vessel, say of 100 gross tons, must
first acquire the ‘‘right’’ to a 100-ton vessel, In other words,
he must pay the equivalent of $80,000 for a tuna fishing li-
cense before he can even start building his 100-ton vessel,
the construction cost of which is extra.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79

Insofar as the operation of tuna vessels out of overseas
bases are concerned, the Fishery Agency frowns on the uti-
lization of vessels out of overseas bases when such vessels
are not properly authorized by the Agency to engage in tuna
fishing.

Conceivably, Japanese firms with overseas bases could
very well take advantage of the proposed trade liberaliza-
tion program, which would allow tuna to be imported into
Japan, by increasing their tuna vessels operating out of
overseas bases and exporting their catches to Japan, Their
overseas fleet could be increased by one of two means:

(1) Dispatch vessels under 39 tons, for which tuna fishing
licenses are not required, to overseas bases, with per-
mission from the Fishery Agency; (2) ‘‘Export’’ to for-
eign countries (a) vessels less than 39 tons, and/or

(b) vessels over 40 tons not now registered as tuna ves-
sels in Japan and convert them for tuna fishing, once their
registrations have been changed,

An example of (1) is seen where a large fishing com-
pany has submitted an application to dispatch tuna fishing
vessels under 39 tons to an overseas base, according to
a recent trade article. The Fishery Agency is reported
to be studying this application carefully in view of the
Government’s plan to liberalize trade in tuna, As for (2),
the Fishery Agency is fully cognizant that such a trend
may develop and hopes to develop measures to cope with it,

OK OK Ok Ok

SHRIMP INDUSTRY AND
MARKET TRENDS:

Shrimp imported by Japan are sold to tempura restau-
rants, other public eating houses, retail stores, and to
wholesale houses, The major outlet for imported shrimp
are the tempura restaurants. In Tokyo alone there are 110
large and approximately 500 small tempura restaurants and
about 5,700 other restaurants which include shrimp tempura
on their menus, Small quantities are sold to retail and whole-
sale dealers,

The preferable sizes for this trade are shrimp of 10-15
count to the pound and 21-25 count, The August 1961 c.i.f,
prices for 10-15 count were 85 U.S. cents a pound and for
the 21-25 count 80 cents a pound.

A shrimp fishery for taisho-ebi (Penaeus orientalis), a
large shrimp, has developed rapidly in the Yellow Sea be-
tween Korea and Red China. This fishery is operated by two
of Japan’s leading fishery companies located at two ports=-
Tobata (Kyushu) and Shimoneseki. The shrimp beds are lo-
cated in relatively deep waters (about 80 fathoms) and large
boats and gear are required for this operation. The fishery
takes place from November to March which is at a different
time of year than for the other shrimp fisheries. The 1960
catch was estimated at 6,500 metric tons, consisting of
shrimp about 340 mm, (13.4 inches) in length. Industry
sources forecast that with reduced catches in January, Feb-
ruary, and March 1961 production this year will be 30 per-
cent less than in 1960.

In 1959, Japan’s landings of taisho-ebi amounted to 6,532
metric tons of heads-off shrimp, During the first six months
of the year domestic market demands were met and fishing
companies conducted a profitable export business, During the
last six months of 1959; however, there was a reversal in
marketing trends, With reduced inventories and with good
consumer demand, prices for large shrimp in Japan moved
upward, making it profitable to import shrimp. Heavy domes-
tic market demand continued in 1960 and 1961. This situation
coupled with high domestic prices made shrimp relatively un-
profitable, Japan exported 360 tons of frozen headless shrimp
to the United States in 1960 as compared to 1,385 tons in 1959.
Exports of frozen peeled shrimp in 1959 of 950 tons dropped
to 700 tons in 1960. Exports to the United States for the first
six months of 1961 consisted only of frozen peeled shrimp a-
mounting to 400 tons.

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan Contd.):

Since July 12, 1961, imports of shrimp are no longer sub-
ject to exchange controls under the exchange allocation sys-
tem of the Japanese Government, In other words, shrimp are
now on the so-called automatic-approval (AA) list, which
means that importers are not required to obtain a license in
advance in order to import shrimp. As a result of this action,
industry sources estimate that Japan will be importing about
5,000 tons of frozen heads-off shrimp in 1961. Of this total,
it is éstimated that about 3,000 tons will be imported from
the United States and 2,000 tons from other shrimp producing
countries, During the first five months of 1961, imports from
the United States have amounted to over 500 metric tons,

The outlook for continued imports of shrimp to Japan in
1962, according to an industry source, will depend upon:
(1) domestic production of large shrimp; (2) market condi-
tions in foreign countries; and (3) the strength of the domes-
tic market.

It is forecast that approximately 1,050 tons of frozen,
peeled shrimp will be exported annually of which 800 tons
will be consigned to the United States and 250 tons to Great
Britain. During the first half of 1961, about 400 tons of fro-
zen peeled shrimp had been exported to the United States.
No frozen heads~off shrimp were exported to the United
States during that period,

Estimates for 1962 place Japan’s total consumption of
large heads~off shrimp at approximately 10,000 tons which
includes both domestic production and imports. Japanese
shrimp interests forecast that prices for shrimp in the, United
States will continue at high levels and with a stabilized mar-
ket in Japan shrimp will be imported only from Iran, Hong
Kong, the China Mainland, and that imports from Mexico and
other Latin American countries will be by direct shipment in-
stead of being re-exported from the United States.

It is estimated that the 1962 production of species of
shrimp other than taisho-ebi will be approximately 45,000-
50,000 metric tons, Since those shrimp command a different
market, that production will not influence the market demand
for the large varieties of shrimp.

There are at least 29 kinds of shrimp which are taken com-
mercially in Japan, Four of these are actually fresh-water
species taken in Lake Biwa and elsewhere. The marine spe-
cies are, however, by far the most important commercially
from the standpoint of present domestic use and export val-
ues,

Of the marine species there are two basic groups: the Pan-
dalid type shrimp found off Northern Honshu and Hokkaido is
similar in habitat to the closely related forms found off Ore-
gon, Washington, Alaska, and in the Gulf of Maine, The aver-
age size for the Pandalid shrimp is about 105 mm, (about 4
inches) in length. The Penaeid type shrimp are found in warm
waters from Matsushima and Toyama Bay southward (Honshu
Island) and are very similar to the shrimp found along the
south Atlantic and Gulf coasts in the United States. The sizes
range up to 340 mm, (13.4 inches), depending upon the species,

Of the warm-water shrimp, a very important shrimp fish-
ery is that for the kuruma-ebi (Penaeus japonicus), This
shrimp is found from Matsushima Bay and southward. The
fishery is concentrated in the Inland Sea from June to Novem-
ber, The size of the shrimp is about 270 mm. (10.6 inches) in
length and the catch is used almost entirely in the domestic
market,

Unique to the shrimp industry is the culture of the kuruma~
ebi shrimp in the old salt ponds located at Kumamoto (Kyushu)
and Yamaguchi. Each year large numbers of post larvae
shrimp are collected and placed in rearing ponds where they
are fed to attain good growth, In 1960, a project was initiated
to rear Shrimp directly from brood stock. These installations
are located at Takamatsu (Shikoku), In the first year of opera-
tion one ton of shrimp was marketed, These shrimp are Sold
at 200 mm, (about 8 inches) in length heads~off. Production in
1961 will be approximately 2 tons. In order to operate this

Vol. 23, No. 12

project on a profitable basis at least 300 tons of shrimp
must be produced annually.

The landings of shrimp in Japan rose sharply in 1958 and
rose more Slowly but steadily subsequently. Total production
for 1960 was estimated at 67,500 tons, an increase of 13.4 per-
cent over the 59,548 tons landed in 1959, and about 34.4 per-
cent dbove the 1956 landings of 50,224 tons,

The best prospects of increasing domestic shrimp produc-
tion appears to be in the Hokkaido area of northern Japan.
The Pandalid or small cold-water shrimp grounds in Hokkai-
do are still only partially exploited, According to the Hok-
kaido Government officials, there are large stocks of shrimp
along the northern coast which are not being fished at the
present time and which could easily double present produc-
tion,

In very recent years, Japan has produced considerable
quantities of shrimp in distant waters by mothership fish-
eries or by agreement with various countries, It is the plan
of the fishing companies to operate this type of fishery where-
ver practicable, (U.S, Fisheries Attache, Tokyo, Septem-
ber 20, 1961.)

OK OK KOK

YAIZU FISHERY LANDINGS,
SEPTEMBER 1961:

Landings of tuna and other fish at the im-
portant Japanese tuna port of Yaizu during
September 1961 totaled 7,202 metric tons,
1,200 tons more than for September 1960.
The value of the September 1961 landings was
US$1,580,556, some $250,000 less than in the
same month of 1960.

Yaizu Fishery Landings, September 1961

‘Tuna:

Indian bluefin ..

Landings of all fish at Yaizu this year dur-
ing January-September totaled 98,800 tons
valued at about $25 million ex-vessel. Tuna

made up half of the landings. Ex-vesselprices

this year were lower than in the same period
of 1960. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, October 17,
1961.)

KOK KOK

CANNED SARDINE EXPORTS,
APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1961:

Data compiled by the Japan Canned Sar-
dine and Saury Sales Company show thatsales
of Japanese canned sardine for the period
April 1 to September 30, 1961, totaled 279,464
cases. This represents a decline of 108,017
cases (28 percent) from the same period in

December 1961

Japan (Contd.):

1960, attributed primarily to lighter
landings of fish.

Japanese Exports of Canned Sardines, April 1-September 1961
ountry or Area of Destination 1961 | 1960. |

Ph bi ppine Islands

279,464 387, 481

Canned sardines were exported to Indo-
nesia for the first time this year. Exports
to Burma increased during 1961 due to that
country substituting sardines for sauries
(see table), according to Suisan Tsushin, Oc-
tober 9, 1961.

Me OK KK

SALMON PREDATION BY
SHARKS STUDIED:

Japan undertook a full-scale study this
year to determine the extent of salmon pre-
dation by mackerel and other sharks and dis-
patched the long-line vessel No. 5 Uraichi Maru
(97 gross tons) to determine the distribution of
mackerel sharks in the North Pacific Ocean
and the Bering Sea, as well as to collect shark
stomach samples. This vessel operated inthe
area bounded by latitudes 40°.N. and 52° N,
and by longitudes: 145° E. and 177° W. for two
months beginning in May 1961.

The Uraichi Maru made 56 sets and caught
a total of 901 sharks--272 mackerel sharks,
623 blue sharks, and six other species of
shark, including dogfish--and tagged 196
mackerel sharks, 494 blue sharks, and 4dog-
fish. A total of 44 mackerel sharks was ex-
amined, and data on head length, body length,
body weight, sex, gonad condition, and other
data were collected. Examination of the
stomachs of the 44 blue sharks showed that
27, or 61.4 percent, contained food, and 16,
or 36.4 percent, contained salmon. Com-
puted on the basis of the stomach samples
which contained food, the number of samples
containing salmon remains totaled 59.3 per-
cent.

Studies were also conducted on sharks
caught by the commercial salmon catcher
vessels fishing for the salmon motherships.
A total of 3,903 sharks was taken in the com-
mercial gill nets, Examination of the stom-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

81

ach samples of 773 sharks revealed that 332,
or 42.9 percent, contained food and 252 sam-
ples, or 32.6 percent, contained salmon, A-
gain, based on the samples which only con-
tained food, the number of samples contain-
ing salmon totaled 75.9 percent. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, September 6, 1961.)

TWO FISH MEAL FACTORYSHIPS
EXCEED QUOTAS:

Two fish meal factoryships (Renshin Maru, 14,094 gross
tons; Kinyo Maru, 9,373 gross tons) which have been on the
Bristol Bay bottomfish grounds since late April 1961 were
due to leave the fishing grounds in late September. The
Renshin Maru was scheduled to arrive at Yokohama on
October 11 and the Kinyo Maru at Hakodate on October 13,
with a combined total of over 33,000 metric tons of fish meal,

These two factoryships have already met their respective
targets, -The Kinyo Maru, which had a production target of
14,000 tons of fish meal, is expected to bring back well over
15,000 tons of fish meal; the Renshin Maru, with a quota of
16,000 tons of fish meal,.was expected to produce 18,000 tons,
The Renshin Maru was scheduled to depart for West Africa
in late October, where she expected to operate off Angola
for a period of about 75 days, Her production target for this
operation was 7,000 to 8,000 tons of fish meal,

The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Indus-
try (MITI) announced that it had allocated $660,000 in foreign
currency for importing 27,000 metric tons of fresh fish for
use in producing fish meal and oil, This money was allocated
to a large fishing firm, which has sent its fish meal factory-
ship Renshin Maru to operate off Angola, West Africa. The
money is to pay ay the Angolan fishermen for the catches de-
livered to the factoryship for processing into fish meal and
oil,

The owner of the Renshin Maru and the Kinyo Maru hope
to sell the fish meal production for an average price of
54,000 yen (US$150) per metric ton. On the basis of this
price, both factoryships were expected to show profits of
about 100 million yen ($278,000) each.

KOK OK AK

EXPERIMENTAL KING CRAB
FACTORYSHIP IN BERING SEA:

The Same company’s freezer factoryship Shinyo Maru
(5,630 gross tons) was tentatively scheduled to leave the

Crab boats leaving Japanese king crab factoryship in Bering Sea
to haul in nets,

82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

Japan (Contd.): Kuwait

eastern Bering Sea fishing grounds either in late September PERSIAN GULF FISHING INDUSTRY:

or in early October and dock at Aomori in northern Japan, q z y 7 7 .
The Shinyo Maru, which was licensed as an experimental The major fishing interests in Kuwait have

king crab freezer vessel by the Japanese Fishery Agency, pooled their resources and two companies
was on the fishing grounds since mid-April. Reports indi- have now been organized to fish the entire
cated that during the first half of September the vessel oper- ‘ E
ated in the vicinity of 57° to 58° N. latitude and 171° W. Persian (Arabian) Gulf area and possibly the
longitude. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, September 18, Suisan offshore areas of the Sudan. The first mod-
Keizai Shimbun, September 16, 1961, and miscellaneous ern commercial fishing operation in the Gulf
sources.) fe ,
focussed on shrimp and was organized by a
eee ese be Kuwaiti merchant with the cooperation of a
United States company. The interest of a
Kuwait shaikh in a fishing f ani
INDUSTRY HOPES TO SEE WATERS inspired by a Sudani saree aoe oral nae
SOUTH OF ALASKA PENINSULA y i g

ened by the success of the already established

OPENED TO FISHING: company's first partial shrimp season--

The Japanese fishing industry is showing a profound in-

terest in the International North Pacific Fisheries Commis- 1959/60), the latter part of 1960 assumed

an meeting waer iors fel a Tokyo sa in aber arreg formal dimensions, After prolonged negotia-

1961. Industry hopes that the Japanese Government wi c

take up the problem of bottom fish with a positive attitude. tions, the two groups merged to create two

Specifically, industry wants the waters to the south of the new companies in which both, with others,

eae la arene Ra dine ip lee? oud net epee would share. One company is based in the

e permitted to take halibut on a limited scale within the . : Eger

area east of 175° W. longitude, where Japan has agreed to city of Kuwait. The owners of the original

abstain from taking halibut under the International Conven= shrimp fleet (which at the time of merger

tion for the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific O- comprised four trawlers) were paid cash for

arn 71 percent participation by the Shaikh interest.
The Japanese fishery interests claim that the halibut The remaining 29 percent of the company re-

conservation measures of the United States and Canada in mained in the hands of the original owners

the Convention area east of 175° W. longitude, which pro- 3

hibit Japan from taking halibut, are ineffectual since the Of the 71 percent, some part is scheduled

Soviet Union, which is not a member of the Convention, is for outside interests. The second company

exploiting the bal put stockeacueeree: is based in Dubai and its control is divided
The Japanese fishing vessels this year have caught close as follows: 25 percent to the original owners

to 10,000 metric tons of halibut in the waters west of 175° W. of the shrimp fleet; 5 percent to the Ruler of
longitude outside the Convention area, The Japanese fishing

industry is strongly urging the Japanese Government to dis~ Dubai; and 70 percent for the Shaikh group.
card its past passive attitude in regard to the Convention and | Although it was originally planned that 20 per-

to press for approval of halibut fishing in the Convention a- .
rea up to an amount of around 3,000 tons, Industry is highly cent of the latter shares would be assigned to

unhappy not only with the Convention itself but with the Fish- | @ foreign company which would provide tech-

cues Agency, which is reporeed ah be Planning on lcensing nical advice as well as capital, there is now
the operation of drift nets only in the area southeast of the * * eis .
Aiaska Peninsula in 1962, and prohibiting long-lining and consideration of Pevising the share holdings
bottom trawling in that same area so as to prevent halibut to provide for 50 percent foreign participa-
from being taken incidentally to other fish, tion,

The Japanese fishing industry claims that it really wants oe
to fish for arrow-toothed ‘halibut (Atherestes species) and Although separate legal entities, the two
rockfsiiini:he (Gulf of Alaska, ana that wenldinoi De: DEot companies will in fact, at least initially, share
itable for the industry to engage in herring fishing in the facilities, fishing fleet, and top-1 l anaes
Gulf; that rather than completely curtail fishing for rock- liities, lishing 1leet, op-level manage
fish and errow-toothed halibut for fear halibut may be taken ment. A new office has been opened in Kuwait

incidentally to those fish, industry wants the Government to

Baia LIGA camORnUTEt BalIEGe GE takes from which the planning for both operations

emanates. This office belongs to the first of
The Japanese Government, however, cannot support the the two companies mentioned, which was as
desire of its fishing industry unless the present Convention
is revised, The only recourse open to the Japanese Govern- of early October 1961 the only one of the two
ment under the present arrangement is to counter United companies off the ground,
States and Canadian arguments by systematically presenting

Javan's dissatisfaction with the present enforcement of the . a ' 4
abstention principle in regard to halibut. (News item trans~- The Kuwait-based company, as indicated

lated from the Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai Shimbun, above, will essentially be an extension and

October 21, 1961.) expansion of the shrimp operation which be-
gan its third season in the fall of 1961. Dur-
ing the first partial and second full seasons,
the original fleet of 2 trawlers of 15~ and 17-
ton capacity, respectively, increased to 4
trawlers; all brought from the United States.

December 1961

Kuwait (Contd.):

Since the merger of the companies, 3 more
locally-built trawlers of unknown capacity
were purchased. (The names of the seven
trawlers are: Dasman I, Naktoom, Rihab,
Taroob, Zafar, Rubyan and Rashid.) It is
hoped that at least 20 more locally-built
craft will join the fleet in the next two years.
The pace at which trawlers are added to the
fleet will depend on many developments
whose outcome is not now predictable. These
include the following:

1. The catch in 1961 and related experi-
ence which will have a bearing on the extent
of the fishing potential in the Gulf: The
shrimp take in 1960 was ''not up to expecta-
tions" according to officials of the company,
who attributed this fact to the dynamiting
which accompanied an oil company's geo-
physical and seismic survey of its offshore
petroleum concession area. However, com-
pany officials and the United States trawler
captains are unwaveringly optimistic about
the vast potential of the Gulf and look for-
ward to the 1961 catch to prove the point.

2. Markets: Company officials have no
doubt they are able to sell abroad (mostly to
the United States) all of the shrimp caught.
The United States company has been retained
as an"'agent"' for distribution and the company
hopes to handle the anticipated increased
shrimp catch and to improve the product by
installing automatic shrimp-processing ma-
chinery. Negotiations have been under way
for some time with a Geneva firm whose
representatives visited Kuwait early in1961
and apparently were successful in persuad-
ing company officials of the value of automa-
tion. However, the project will be held in
abeyance until a disputed piece of landalong
the harbor, a necessary location for the plant,
comes into the hands of the company, Ar-
rangements have also been made to cover
the local market more effectively and to be-
gin introducing a variety of Gulf fish into
the regional market. The company plans to
open soon in Kuwait a new privately-owned
fish market containing the most modern of
refrigeration conveniences for the sale of
both fresh and frozen fish of all varieties.
The company hopes also to be able to con-
tract with the large foreign (mostly oil) com-
panies in the vicinity and with the Kuwait Gov-
ernment to supply them with fish. Regional
distribution will begin with Lebanon, The
company is arranging an outlet in Beirut
and plans to ship fresh and frozen fish by

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

air in the return flight of the craft now chart-
ered to bring fresh fruit and vegetables to
Kuwait from Lebanon. In the longer run, com-
pany officials think in terms of a fleet of re-
frigerated trucks transporting and exchang-
ing the green produce of its neighbors and
Kuwait's fish.

3. The rapidity of the development of fish
processing capability: Although the only tried
and hitherto successful aspect of commercial
fishing for export in the Gulf has been for
shrimp, the company officials have based the
founding of both companies on the expectation
of large-scale fish processing including the
freezing, canning, and smoking of fish, pro-
duction of fish meal, and extracting of fish
oil, As conceived, the major part of the fish-
processing aspects of the business would be
based in Dubai and vested in the second fish-
ing company mentioned. However, progress
there will depend on the speed with which for-
eign technical and capital help becomes avail-
able and the success which attends the other
elements of the business. (United States Em-
bassy, Kuwait, October 2, 1961.)

Libya

BUREAU FOR FISHERIES
AFFAIRS SET UP:

A Bureau for Fisheries Affairs as part of
the Ministry of National Economy of Libya
was created by Ministerial Resolution No.
1/1961 published in the Federal Official Ga-
zette of June 29, 1961. The lack of such an

agency previously made it difficult to coor-
dinate recommendations of foreign experts
who were making Libyan fisheries studies.
The agency was setup in order to facilitate
the work of technical aid fisheries experts
expected to advise the Libyan Gevernment,
and who may be seconded by the Governments
of Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, or
Nationalist China,

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Libya (Contd.):
The new Bureau shall be responsible for:

(a) Carrying out researches and collec-
tion of data and statistics on fish, fishing,
marketing and industrialization of fish, and
publishing such data and statistics.

(b) Laying down sound plans and rules for
this industry.

(c) Guiding and giving advice on the most
modern methods used in fishing, preparation,
preserving, transporting, and giving advice
and aid on increasing the production and mar-
keting of fish, and encouraging fishermen to
adopt such advice and training workers in
fishing.

(d) Proposing the arrangements necessary
for aiding fishermen and providing them with
modern tools and equipment therefor.

(e) Encouraging and assisting the forming
of fishing cooperatives.

(f) Consulting and cooperating if neces-
sary with the competent foreign or interna-
tional bodies with a view to verifying the
foregoing purposes.

(g) Proposing the regulations deemed
necessary for the protection, administration,
investment, and improving the traps and do-
ing other things related to fishing or fish-
ing industry. (United States Embassy, Trip-
oli, September 23, 1961.)

Mexico

GUYMAS SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS,
1960/61 SEASON:

The Gulf of California deep-sea fishing season closed on
July 15, 1961, when the ‘‘veda’’ or prohibition on shrimp fish-
ing in the Gulf went into effect. Fishing activities in September
1961 were resumed on a highly optimistic note. Shrimp were
plentiful and United States market prices were at a high lev-
el,

Total shrimp landings by the Guaymas fleet during the
1960/61 season, which closed on July 16, 1961, were 15.6
million pounds as compared with the almost 12,0 million
pounds in the 1959/60 season. Of the total catch, 14.5 million
pounds were caught on the high seas and 1.1 million pounds
in the coastal areas, The number of deep-sea vessels at
Guaymas which are ready for the 1961/62 season was reduced
to 182, Five vessels were lost during the past season and on-
ly one new vessel was added to the fleet. Although prices for
shrimp during the 1960/61 season were below normal, the sea-

Vol. 23, No. 12

son was mildly successful due to the increase in shrimp land-
ings of 3.6 million pounds,

The prohibition on shrimp fishing in the coastal areas by
small craft was lifted on September 1, Since there is practi-
cally no communication with the small ports where bay fishing
is economically important, specific data on the actual amount
of the catch in those ports are not available, but all indicators
point to a fine season there as of mid-October 1961.

During the first five days of the deep-sea fishing season,
34,000 pounds were landed at Guaymas by 9 vessels, The
shrimp were caught relatively near the port.

During the ‘‘veda’’ or closed season offshore, nearly the
whole Guaymas fleet stayed in port for refitting instead of fish-
ing off the west coast of Baja California, When the ‘‘veda’’ was
lifted for deep-sea fishing, 161 craft left port.- The remaining
vessels in the harbor were held up by ice shortages and incom-
pleted repairs, This fall, the number of vessels in the Guaymas
fishing area is expected to be augmented by 10 vessels from
Salina Cruz, Oaxaca.

In October, the spiny lobster fishing season began at Bahia
Kino in Sonora. Spiny lobster prices were 15 pesos a kilo
(54.5 U.S. cents a pound) ex-vessel, and fishermen were hope-
ful for an improvement over last season’s poor landings of 45
metric tons, Lobsters in the Bahia Kino area are caught with
traps and by divers,

A ‘‘veda’’ or closed season was placed on the capture, sale,
and consumption of marine turtles and marine turtle eggs, ef-
fective September 14, 1961.

In his inaugural speech, Governor Encinas of Sonora stated
that credits would be made available for the construction of
more fish-processing plants and promised more aid for fishing
cooperatives, (United States Consulate, Nogales, report of Oc-
tober 13, 1961.)

* KK ok Ok

FISH LANDINGS AT VERACRUZ
REPORTED LIGHT:

The principal species of fresh fish landed
in the state of Veracruz (namely the cities of
Veracruz and Alvarado) totaled only 569 met-
ric tons during the first 6 months of 1961, ac-
cording to a United States Consular dispatch
dated September 15, 1961, from Veracruz.
(Alvarado depends on fishing almost entirely.)

A stand in the fresh fish and shellfish market in Veracruz.

December 1961

Mexico (Contd.):

The largest decline in catch was reported
by Alvarado for sierra or Spanish mackerel--
only 88 metric tons were landed at that city
during the first 6 months of 1961 in contrast
to 461 tons during the calendar year of 1960.
Robalo (snook) landings also decreased con-
siderably this year with only 168 tons landed
the first 6 months this year as against 558
tons during all of 1960,

For Alvarado 1960 was a poor year with
landings only a little more than half of each
of the previous three years, and 1961 land-
ings will probably be even lower. In addition,
the city's fish office reports that the oyster
beds in the area have been destroyed by floods
in the last four years. But that office pointed
out that the area's shrimp fleet has been in-
creasing and should result in an increase in
shrimp landings in the future.

The Veracruz city fish office reports that
only 320 tons of sierra or Spanish mackerel
were landed in that city through March 1961
as compared to 669 tons in the same period
of 1960. (United States Embassy, Veracruz,
September 15, 1961.)

Nigeria

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1960:

In 1960, Nigeria's fresh-water fish land-
ings of 30,000 metric tons exceeded marine
landings of 28,600 tons.

The marine landings were made chiefly by
the indigenous canoe fishery which brought in
approximately 25,000tons. Trawlers basedin
Nigeria landed only about 3,600 tons of fish.
Dugout canoes andring-gillnets are used for
fishing bonga (Ethmalosa sp.) and sardines

AB RIE

A 20-foot aluminum surf boat designed and built for the Nigeria
Federal Fisheries Department in 1956. An experimental vessel
for ring-net fishing. Rudder being placed in position prior to
sailing for its first trials,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

85

(Sardinella sp.). Beachseines are also em-
ployed.

It is thought that the bonga fishery could
contribute to a substantial increase in produc-
tion, even for fish meal. The sardine re-
source, however, is thought to be limited.
Eleven trawlers operate out of Lagos and land
250 to 300 tons of fish monthly (about 3,500
tons annually). The inshore grounds where
they fish are considered capable of support-
ing a maximum of 40 trawlers producing a-
bout 10,000 tons annually. (Fisheries Survey
of Nigeria, ICA Consultants Reports, Series
No. 3., August 14, 1961.)

Peru

INDUSTRY TO MANUFACTURE
FISH FLOUR:

The President of the Peruvian National
Fisheries Society announced that a group of
Peruvian fish meal producers have decided to
begin manufacture of edible fish flour. The
decision was made after medical experiments
proved the high protein value of fish flour for
human consumption.

Nutritional experiments on use of fishflour
are being carried out by a Peruvian doctor,
Undernourished infants at the British-Ameri-
can Hospital in Lima are fed fish flour. Re-
sults have been most satisfactory. Edible
fish flour is not yet produced in Peru, but if
production can begin on a large enough scale
with a low enough price for consumers, it
will have important economic consequences.
(United States Embassy, Lima, September 28,
1961.)

By ted abe keto

GROWTH OF THE

FISHING INDUSTRY, 1955-1960:

From 1955 through 1960, landings of fish in Peru increased
at a tremendous rate. Most of the catch was utilized in fish
meal production, which increased more than 22 times from
1955 to 1960--from 25,000 metric tons to 560,000 tons,

Peru’s domestic fish consumption for human food also in-
creased sharply--139 percent from 1953 to 1960--from
30,500 tons to 73,000 tons, Higher prices for meat is the
reason why the demand for fishery products in Peru has in-
creased,

Of the 73,000 tons of fish consumed in 1960, 35 percent
was used in the Lima area, according to the Peruvian Servicio
de Pesqueria. This does not include 21,000 tons of dried
salted fish destined principally for the Peruvian mountain
villages, and 5,000 tons of canned fish. Another 500 tons of
fishery products were consumed locally throughout Peru.

86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No, 12

Peru (Contd.):

TuMBES
ZORRITOS “ ~
Cor, Be

RN

——"

PERU

DEPARTMENTAL BOUMDARTES
— ——— — INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

MAP RD. DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT

—-
ie AMAZONAS LAMBAYEQUE
6 ANCASH
19 APURIMAC
9 AREQUIPA
18 AYACUCHO
4 CALABARCA
20 8 ©6GuscO
17 PUANCAVELICA
14 HUANUGO
8 a
16 JRA
5 LA LiBERTAD

December 1961

Peru (Contd.):

Table 1 - Peru’s Exports of Principal. Processed Fishery |
Products, 1960 ¥/

Sil
Quantity Value H
—_——!
Metric 1,000 US$
Tons Soles 1,000

18,129 2,048
15,423 5,782
345 25|
507,042 39,478
35,008 371
2,783 175
13,500 1,806

592,230

1,418,815
|1/Revised.

2/Not further identified, but believed to be mostly canned bonito.

Production of certain processed fishery products for calendar
year 1960 was: frozen fish_18,000 metric tons, canned fish
1,700,000 cases, fish meal 550,000 metric tons, and fish oil
48,000 tons,

Table 2 - Peru’s Fish Meal Production, 1955-1960

1,000
Metric Tons

The 1960 production or fish meal was at a record high,
exceeding 1959 by 230,000 metric tons, and about 34 times
the 1958 production,

OK OK OK OK

ANCHOVY LANDINGS
JANUARY-JUNE 1961 SET NEW RECORD:
During the first half of 1961, Peru's an-
chovy landings reached the new record of
2,325,148 metric tons or close to 5.1 billion
pounds, Landings amounted to 1,500,544 tons
in 1960 and 829,630 tons in 1959. Reasons
for the increase were given as greater tech-
nical skill in fishing and the increased num-
ber of vessels engaged in anchovy fishing,
the United States Embassy in Lima reported
on September 28, 1961.

Philippine Republic

INLAND FISHING RESEARCH PROJECT:
Under the sponsorship of the United Na-
tions, the Philippines has launched a five-
year project aimed at collecting information
on inland fishing. The site of the project is
a barrio in Los Banos, Laguna, on the shores

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

of Laguna de Bay. A team of fishery experts
headed by a fishery technologist and assisted
by anFAO fishery expert will undertake the
following projects: (1) survey current and
potential inland waters from the aspect of
fish production; (2) test new scientific equip-
ment; (3) study the life cycle of domestic fish;
and (4) study water chemistry. The fishery
team expects it will be able to make useful
recommendations on expanding the Philippine
inland fishing industry as the project pro-
gresses. (United States Embassy, Manila,
October 19, 1961.)

Portugal

SARDINE FISHERY TRENDS:

According to figures recently released by
the Sardine Fishing Guild, 31,420 metrictons
of sardines were landed in Portugal during
the first seven months of 1961 as compared
with 28,137 tons in that period of 1960. Other
species landed by the sardine fleet during the
same 1961 period were: mackerel--705 tons
(567 tons in 1960), anchovy--2,761 tons (2,550
tons in 1960), and chinchards--22,673 tons
(16,174 tons in 1960).

On October 4, 1961, the Matosinhos sar-
dine fleet landed a record total one-day catch
of 73,000 cabazes (approximately 1,800 met-
ric tons) of sardines valued at about 7,500
contes (US$262,500). The over-all fishing
season compared very favorably with that of
last year. Canning factories were kept active
and exports were maintained. (Report from
United States Embassy, Lisbon, October 12,
1961.)

Sierra Leone

FISHERIES LOAN AND CREDIT FUND:

The Government of Sierra Leone has es-
tablished a Fisheries Loan and Credit Fund
to be used for the following purposes: (1) the
purchase of outboard motors and parts; (2)
the conversion of canoes to take outboard mo-
tors; (3) the purchase of inboard engines and
parts; (4) the purchase of improved fishing
gear; (5) the purchase of materials for the
construction of buildings for the fishing or
fish preserving industry.

88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

catch to the end of June was 195,924
tons.

Sierra Leone (Contd.):

It is understood that the Government will
limit these loans for the present to coopera-
tives only. (United States Embassy, Freetown,
September 13, 1961.)

ek ok ok Ok

INDIAN OCEAN RESEARCH:

South Africa's biggest fishery research
vessel, the Africana II, in the autumn of
1961 left on a 40-day cruise as part of the
1960-64 Indian Ocean Project, designed to
probe some of the mysteries of that ocean.
This is the first of 3 South African vessels
to join in this international operation in which
more than 40 modern research vessels from
20 countries will take part.

South Africa Republic

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERY
INDUSTRY, JANUARY-JUNE 1961:
The Republic of South Africa Cape west
coast pelagic shoal fishery catch for the
first six months of the 1961 season totaled:
pilchards 386,996 short tons, maasbanker
41,350 tons, and mackerel 45,726 tons. The
total catch was 474,072 tons. In 1960 theto-
tal catch for the same period was: pilchards
261,666 tons, maasbanker 44,850 tons, and
mackerel 28,353 tons; a grand total of 334,869
tons. In 1959 the total catch for the first six
months was 221,646 tons.

During her 3,000-mile voyage, special
fishing equipment was to be used to seek
samples of plankton, young fish, bottom fish,
and sharks. Efforts will also be made to
catch tuna by the Japanese long-line method,
(The Fishing News, September 8, 1961.)

Spain
The June catch was: pilchards 43,181
tons, maasbanker 11,439 tons, and mackerel

10 tons. The total June catch was 54,630
tons. In June 1960 the catch was: pilchards
50,141 tons, maasbanker 1,707 tons, and mack-
erel 80 tons; a grand total of 51,928 tons.

VIGO FISHERIES TRENDS,
THIRD QUARTER 1961:

Landings: The third quarter 1961 at Vigo,
Spain, was favorable for landings of the most
marketable industrial variety--sardines.
Tuna landings rose from 553 tons in July to
2,165 tons in August. Over-all landings in
Vigo in the third quarter were up 31 percent
in quantity and 52 percent in value over the
previous quarter, and were up 12 percent and
8 percer:, respectively, as compared withthe
third quarter of 1960.

Table 1 - Vigo Fishery Landings,
Third Quarter 1961 with Comparisons

| Period Quantity | Value ate al

Metric Tons! 1,000 Pesetas} US$1, 000
July-September 1961 22,921, 239,586 3,993
| [April-June 1961 .. 17,461 157,931 2,632
July -September 1960 20,425 221, 343 3,689

The main species (sardines, horse mack-
erel, albacore, and small hake) comprised
about 60 percent of the total landings in the
third quarter 1961, with the balance made up

The June catch this year yielded: fish
meal 12,402 tons, fish body oil 821,837 Im-
perial gallons, canned pilchards 1,206,228
pounds, canned maasbanker 3,820,152 pounds,
and canned mackerel 9,144 pounds. (From
The South African Shipping News and Fishing
Industry B Review, August 1961 )

Republic of South Africa--Products Produced from Pilchard-
Maasbanker Fishery Landings, January-June 1961

Short Tons |Imp. Gals. | ..... (1; 000SLbs=) ieacnseatens
“101, 263 _ 10,576 13,775

During June 1961 the Walvis Bay shoal
fishing industry of South-West Africa caught:
pilchards 67,940 tons. The total Walvis Bay

Table 2 - Vigo Landings of Principal Species and Average Ex-Vessel Prices, Third Quarter 1961 with Comparisons

1961 pe eee

[July-September April-June Sd —sSly-September

aan ieee fae Gamat Tava ce amet | aaa ce
U.S. ¢/Lb be

December 1961

Spain (Contd.):

of more than 40 different species (table
2).

The shellfish season opened on October 1,
with large catches of clams and cockles
(""berberecho'').

Fish Canning: The Galician fish-canning
industry in the third quarter was at the height
of production owing to the summer abundance

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

U.S. S.R.

FISHING OPERATIONS IN BERING SEA:
During the summer of 1961, Soviet fishing
fleets operated in the eastern Bering Sea, es-
pecially along the 100-fathom curve west of
northwest of the Pribilof Islands. Numerous
modern Soviet fishing and associated vessels
worked the fishing grounds on the shelf's
edge. One fleet operating in Bristol Bay con-
sisted of 6 refrigerator ships, 2 Pushkin-type
stern trawlers, 26 medium (SRT) trawlers,

Table 3 - Utilization of Vigo Fishery Landings, Third Quarter 1961 with Comparisons

P Shipped Fresh to

eye peer bet 1961 .
April-June 1961

of sardines and tuna (table 3). There was a
steady demand for Spanish canned fish in the
domestic and foreign markets. (United States
Consulate, Vigo, October 18 and 25, 1961.)
Note: Values converted at rate of 60 pesetas equal US$1.

Sweden \
TWO LARGEST FISH CANNERS
PLAN MERGER:

The two largest canning companies in Swe-
den (one located in Goteborg and one in Stock-
holm) have made plans to amalgamate on Jan-
uary 1, 1962. Thetwo organizations, which
employ about 900 persons, are responsible
for about 75 percent of Sweden's production
of canned herring.

The two companies during the transition
period willcarry out their activities as hith-
erto but under a central management. The
final decision about the amalgamationis sub-
ject to approval of the stockholders,

The Goteborg firm owns six canning plants
located in Goteborg, Lysekil, Stromstad, Greb-
bestad, Gullholmen, and Hamburgsund, all on
the Swedish west coast, as well as a canning
plant for vegetables in Kristianstad.

The Stockholm firm owns three canning
plants on the Swedish west coast, located at
Gravarne, Vajern, and Bovallstrand. In ad-
dition, the company has facilities in Goteborg
for the purpose of freezing certain products,
(AmericanConsul, Goteborg, Oct. 13, 1961.)

Other Processing

(smoking, drying,
fish meal, etc.)

(Metric Tons) .

Local
Comsumption

and 1 small freighter. The bulk of the catch
was apparently small gray flatfish (sole and
flounder).

7,326
1 302
Se 085

Soviet transport surrounded by factoryship and fishing vessels

' Bering Sea (April 1959).

Another Soviet fleet in Bristol Bay con-
sisted of a crab factoryship, the Andrey
Zakharov, and 12 small catcher boats. This
large ship, estimated to be 540 feet in length
and of 15,000 gross tons, was seen launching
the catcher boats, each of which carried 8 to
10 crewmen. The king crab catch by the tan-
gle nets appeared to be good. Other medium
(SRT) trawlers were seen operating on the
fringes of the fleets and may have been ex-
ploring the fishing grounds.

In deeper water, west of the 100-fathom
line, red rockfish (redfish) were seen being

90

Ue Sao. ke (Contds):

transferred from an SRT trawler to a fleet
refrigerator ship.

The Soviet fishing effort in the Bering Sea
in 1961 evidently increased over 1960. But
the fishing effort by the Soviet fleets con-
tinues to be less intense than that observed
among the Japanese fleets. In 1960, the esti-
mated Bering Sea catch of the U.S. S. R. was
300 million pounds and that of Japan 975 mil-
lion pounds.

se ke ok ke Ok
ek ok ok ok

NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC
FISHERY RESEARCH:

The U.S. 5S. R. is expanding its explora-
tory fishing in the Northeastern Pacific and
the Gulf of Alaska. A trawler-research ves-

sel, the Orlik, in mid-1961 reportedly left on
a four-months expedition for the Soviet Pacif-
ic Ocean Institute for Fish Economy and Oce-
anography. Also, the freezer-trawler Ulya-

Soviet trawler engaged in exploratory fishing and research in
the Gulf of Alaska in June 1959.

novsk departed for redfish fishing grounds in
the Northeastern Pacific where it was to be
joined by another trawler, the Adler.

2K OOK ok Kk ook

NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC FISHERIES:
In a speech titled “Basic Trends of the
Technical Progress in Fish Industries,"
A, A. Ishkov, a member of the Council of
Ministers of the U.S. S. R., made an impor-
tant reference to fisheries in the Northwest
Atlantic Ocean. After predicting a rise in
Soviet per capita fish consumption from the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

current 9.5 to 9.7 kilograms (about 21 pounds)
per year to 13.6 kilograms (30 pounds) in
1965, the Minister pointed out that the North-
west Atlantic is the principal region for So-
viet expansion in the immediate future. (Ryb-
noe Khosiaistvo, Moscow, May 1961.)

KOK OK OK 3K

WHALE OIL SOLD TO WESTERN EUROPE:

The Soviet Union, a rapidly growing mem-
ber of the world's family of whaling nations,
made its first sales on the world whale oil
market in 1960. Approximately one-third of
its 1960 production of whale oil went to an in-
ternational trading firm, presumably for re-
sale to West Germany and the Netherlands,
two large outlets for United States vegetable
andfish oils. Russian whale oil production in
1960 was the equivalent of 2,782 blue whales,
slightly below the U.S. S. R.'s quota for the
year.

Currently, the Soviet Union imports large
amounts of hardened marine oils from Nor-
way; therefore, there was some surprise at
the Russians exporting whale oil. In the fu-
ture they are expected to consume most of
their production domestically. (Foreign Agri-
culture, October 1961, U. S. Department of
Agriculture.)

kk KOK

MOTHERSHIP WITH ALMOST 4 MILLION
POUNDS OF HERRING:

In a period of three months this year in
the North Atlantic herring fishery, the Soviet
mothership Iokhannes Vares processed 1,740
metric tons (3.8 million pounds) of herring
and serviced 100 fishing vessels with sup-
plies and technical assistance.

Of the processed catch, 4,000 11-pound
containers consisted of ''special salted her-
ring.'' After a brief stay in port, the mother-
ship sailed to the Newfoundland banks for the
ocean perch fishery.

At the same time, a large freezer trawler,
six medium trawlers, and six other vessels
which had taken part in the herring fishery
were ordered to Newfoundland without first
going to port.

HK OK OK ok 3K

NORTH PACIFIC WHALING:
During the 1960 summer season, the
U.S. S. R. operated four whale jshore stations

December 1961

We oo Ren (Contd):

on the Kurile Islands and one whale factory-
ship off Kamchatka. The 13 catcher boats
based at the shore stations caught 1,931
whales and the 9 catchers operating from
the factoryship caught 2,472 whales. Most of
the catches consisted of sperm whales.
(Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende, July 1961.)

MARINE STUDIES CENTERED
AT SEVASTOPOL:

The Marine Hydrophysical Institute will
be transferred from Moscow to Sevastopol
on the Black Sea. Already located at this
port is the Marine Biological Institute, U-
krainian Academy of Sciences. (Current Re-
view of the Soviet Technical Press, October

@, Wes
ey,

FISHING INDUSTRY:

While Yemen has considerable potential
for developing its Red Sea fishing resources,
fishing today is still conducted on a small
scale and in a primitive manner. Fish is an
important feature of the diet for the inhabit-
ants of coastal towns, and in areas around
Hodeida, Mocha, and Salif where there is suf-
ficient population to support fishermen, small
fishing fleets are in operation. In addition to
kingfish, red snapper, pompano, and other
varieties of edible fish, shrimp in relatively
large quantities, crab, and spiny lobster are
found in the waters off the Yemeni coast.
The fishermen currently devote their efforts
almost exclusively to obtaining catches of
fish. They are, nevertheless, familiar with
the techniques required for catching shellfish

Yemen

HERRING REST IN DEEP WATER

Russian scientists utilized submarines to obsérve
herring behavior in the Norwegian Sea in 1959. During
the day, winter herring were restful--even motion-
less--in deep water, with heads down or upward, and
even belly up. They rose toward evening and grew
more and more agile through the night, reaching a peak
of activity at dawn and then subsiding. The study is
printed in Russian in Rybnoe Khoziaistvo 35(7), 1959.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

and would no doubt fish for shrimp and crabs
if a market existed for them. |

Fishermen in Yemen making a fish trap from straw.

In addition to fishing for the Yemeni coast-
al market, Yemeni fishermen also catch and
export a small fish (''wazeef'') which appears
to be a variety of sardine. Although the ex-
port industry has declined sharply in recent
years, it still has a sound economic basis and
could be revived. The Yemeni fishermen who
catch ''wazeef'' operate from Mocha or Khawk-
ha and fish in waters adjacent to these locales.
While some of the fish are dried at Khawkha
and sold throughout the southern Yemen, gen-
erally the fishermen take their catch either
to Amran on the Protectorate coast or di-
rectly to Aden where the fish are dried and
prepared for export. Consequently, Aden
trade figures do not reflect the portion of the
Aden fishing industry that is conducted by
Yemeni boats in Yemeni waters. In 1959, the
combined Aden-Yemen dried fish exports
consisted of 2,575 metric tons valued at
£183,965 (US$515,000). Ceylon which pur -
chased 83 percent of Aden's dried fish pro-
vided the only significant market. (United
States Legation, Taiz, October 9, 1961.)

\

92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Department of Health,

Education, and Welfare
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

“USE OF SODIUM NITRITE IN SMOKED
CURED TUNA AND SALMON PRODUCTS:
Sodium nitrite may be safely used in
smoked cured tuna and salmon products in
accordance with the prescribed conditions
in the two orders issued by the U. S. Food
and Drug Administration under section 409

of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act. The two orders published in the Sep-
tember 23, 1961, Federal Register became
effective on publication.

For smoked cured salmon, sodium nitrite
is to be used or intended for use alone or in
combination with sodium nitrate as a pres-
ervative and color fixative so that the level
of sodium nitrate does not exceed 500 parts
per million (0.05 percent) and the level of
sodium nitrite does not exceed 200 parts per

million (0.02 percent) in the finished product.

For smoked cured tuna and smoked cured
tuna products, sodium nitrite is to be used
or intended for use alone or in combination
with sodium nitrate as a color fixative so
that the level of sodium nitrite does not ex-
ceed 10 parts per million in the finished
product.

The orders were incorporated in the reg-
ulations under ''Part 121--Food Additives,
subpart D, sections 121.1063 and 121.1064."

Sea ped eee FNS

USE OF SODIUM NITRITE IN CANNED
PET FOOD CONTAINING
FISH AND MEAT:

Sodium nitrite (as a color stabilizer and
preservative) may be safely used in canned
pet food containing meat and fish, according
to an order issued by the U. S. Food and
Drug Administration under section 409 of

y FEDE RAL ¥
ACTIONS

Vol. 23, No. 12

the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
The order was published in the September

23, 1961, Federal Register and became ef-
fective on publication. The additive is to be
used or intended for use alone as a preserva-
tive and color fixative in canned pet food con-
taining fish, meat, and fish and meat byprod-
ucts so that the level of sodium nitrite does
not exceed 20 parts per million (0.002 per-
cent).

The order was incorporated in the regula-
tions under ''Part 121--Food Additives, sub-
part C, section 121.223."

Shack eae

FOOD ADDITIVES ORDERS ON USE OF
RED SEAWEED EXTRACTS IN FOODS:

On the use of the food additivés carra-
geenan and salts of carrageenan and furcel--
leran and salts of furcelleran in food for
human consumption, the U. S. Food and Drug
Administration has issued two orders under
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
as amended. The substances mentioned may
be used safely as thickeners, emulsifiers, or
stabilizers in food in accordance with the
prescribed conditions in the regulations.
Carrageenan is the refined hydrocolloid pre-
pared by aqueous extraction from the follow-
ing members of the families Gigartinaceae
and Solieriaceae of the class Rodophyceae
(red seaweed): Chondrus crispus, C. ocella-
tus, Eucheuma cottonii, E. Spinosum, Gigar-
tina acicularis, G. pisti pistillata, G. radula, G.
stellata. Salts of carrageenan consist of one
or a mixture of two or more of the ammoni-
um, calcium, potassium, or sodium salts of
carrageenan. Furcelleran is the refined
hydrocolloid prepared by aqueous extraction
of Furcellaria fastigiata of the class Rodo-
phyceae (red seaweed). The salts consist of
one or a mixture of the ammonium, calcium,
potassium, or sodium salts of furcelleran.

Both orders were published in the Octo-
ber 6, 1961, Federal Register, and became
effective upon publication. The two sub-

December 1961

stances were included under the regulations
as ''Part 121--Food Additives, Subpart D,
sections 121.1066, 121.1067, 121.1068, and
121.1069."

sm Fou,
@ oN

A |

a

Department of the Interior
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

MINERAL LEASES IN NEW AREAS
OF GULF OF MEXICO OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF:

The minerals industry is being asked to nominate new a-
reas for oil and gas leasing on the Outer Continental Shelf off
Louisiana and Texas, Secretary of the Interior Stewart L.
Udall announced on October 2, 1961. Secretary Udall said the
nominations (which could be made until November 3) will be
used by the Department in determining what areas will be
opened to leasing through competitive bidding.

This is the first call for nominations on the oil-rich Outer
Continental Shelf this year, said the Secretary. The last com-
petitive oil and gas lease bid opening for the Gulf of Mexico
area was held in February 1960.

The Secretary explained that nominated areas must be
identified by leasing block numbers as shown on official leas-
ing maps prepared by the Bureau of Land Management. In
Louisiana each regular block contains 5,000 acres; and in
Texas, 5,760 acres, Whole blocks or subdivisions may be
nominated,

It is estimated that about 20 percent of this Nation’s oil
and gas reserves are on the Outer Continental Shelf. Last
year nearly 36 million barrels of oil were produced from
the Outer Continental Shelf and about 207 billion cubic feét
of gas. There were about 500 oil and gas leases covering
over 2 million acres,

The Bureau of Land Management notice was published in
the Federal Register of September 30, 1961. After nomi-
nations have been received a complete description of all areas
to be leased through competitive bidding will be published in
the Federal Register.

U. S. Tariff Commission

HEARING ON PROPOSED FIRST
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT RELATING TO
TARIFF CLASSIFICATION STUDY:

On November 20, 1961, a public hearing was held for the
purpose of receiving the views of interested parties with re-
spect to a proposed first supplemental report to accompany
the Tariff Classification Study, issued on October 31, 1961.

The Tariff Classification Study was prepared pursuant to
Title I of the Customs Simplification Act of 1954, as amended
(Public Law 768, 83rd Congress; Public Law 934, 84th Con-
gress), which directed the Commission to make a comprehen-
Sive study of the laws of the United States prescribing the
tariff status of imported articles and to submit to the Presi-
dent and to the Chairmen of the Committee on Ways and Means
of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Finance
of the Senate a revision and consolidation of these laws which,
in the judgment of the Commission, would, to the extent practi-
cable--

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

(1) Establish schedules of tariff classifications which will
be logical in arrangement and terminology and adapted to the
changes which have occurred since 1930 in the character and
importance of articles produced in and imported into the U-
nited States and in the markets in which they are sold,

(2) Eliminate anomalies and illogical results in the classi-
fication of articles,

(3) Simplify the determination and application of tariff
classifications,

The results of this study, embodied in the Tariff Classifi-
cation Study, were submitted on November 15, 1960, to the
President and to the Chairmen of the Committee on Ways and
Means of the House of Representatives and the Committee on
Finance of the Senate,

Since that date, legislative modifications, court decisions,
and administrative actions have occurred which affect a num-
ber of the provisions in the Tariff Classification Study. The
Commission has also received suggestions from interested
parties for changes in certain of the headnotes and tariff
schedules contained in the Study, both in the form of direct
submissions to the Commission and in the form of submis-
sions to the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of
Representatives in response to a press release of that Com-
mittee on August 15, 1961, calling for written comments from
interested parties on the Tariff Classification Study.

The proposed supplemental report contains an explanation
of the changes in the headnotes and tariff schedules of the Tariff
Classification Study which, inthe judgment of the Commission,
are necessary to bring them up to date, to correct error, or
to further the objectives of the Study, as well as a statement
of the reasons for not accepting certain of the suggestions

received from interested parties.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1960 p, 93.

TARP,
CA;
\ mole

‘Department of the Treasury

COAST GUARD

AMENDED VESSEL INSPECTION
REGULATIONS ISSUED:

Amended vessel inspection regulations
have been issued by the U. S. Coast Guard.
Part II of the September 30, 1961, issue of
the Federal Register is devoted to miscel-
laneous amendments of the regulations. The
amendments to the regulations are covered
under ''Title 46--Shipping."

While fishing vessels are not specifically
mentioned, some of the amendments may ap-
ply to larger fishing vessels.

(First Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may
directly or indirectly affect fisheries and al-
lied industries are reported. Introduction,

94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

referral to committees, pertinent legisla-
tive actions, hearings, and other actions by

the House and Senate, as well as signature
into law or other final disposition are cov-
ered,

EXPORT POLICY ACT OF 1961: Promotion of

Currency, House of Representatives, 87th Congress,
lst Session on H. R. 8381, Amend Export-Import Bank
Act, 1945; H. R. 7102 and H. R. 7103, Create American
Export Credits Guaranty Corporation; and H. R. 7266
and H. R. 8249, National Export Policy Act, 1961), 160
pp., printed. Contains text of each bill, statements by
officials of the Export-Import Bank, Bank of America,
Bank of America International, and a Senator. To cor-
rect problem of the imbalance of international pay-
ments and outflow of gold to other countries, credit
would be extended to purchasers abroad by Export-Im-
port Bank, among others, and would be guaranteed by
the Federal Government. 3

FOREIGN ECONOMIC POLICY: A New Look at
Foreign Economic Policy in Light of the Cold War and

the Extension of the Common Market in Europe (Octo-
ber 23, 1961, Report of Christian A. Herter and Wil-

liam L. Clayton, prepared at request of the Subcommit-
tee on Foreign Economic Policy of the Joint Economic

Committee of the Congress), 16 pp., printed.

The authors point out that 27 years ago, with the
enactment of the Trade Agreements Act, the United
States committed itself to a liberal foreign economic
policy. In 1962 it must be renewed again. Further,
they state: ''We believe that the United States must
form a trade partnership with the European Common
Market and take the leadership in further expanding a
free world economic community. As a minimum step

Vol, 23, No. 12

in that direction, the Trade Agreements Act must give
the President authority to negotiate tariff reduction
across the board in place of his present authority to
negotiate item by item. Our allies in Europe are no
longer dealing in item-by-item terms, and we must
adapt our negotiating authority accordingly."

IMPORT COMPETITION ADJUSTMENT: Congress-
man John H. Dent, Chairman of the House Subcommit-
tee on the Impact of Imports and Exports on American
Employment, held hearings in Washington, D. C., No-
vember 27-28-29-30 and December 1, 4-5, 1961. The
hearings covered a number of industries, including the
fishing industry. Many industries were given an oppor-
tunity to express their views before that date. These
hearings covered all aspects of the foreign trade move-
ment insofar as it is related to employment in any area
of the country or any segment of the economy.

POLLUTION OF THE SEA TREATY IMPLEMENTA-

Fisheries Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce,
United States Senate, 87th Congress, lst Session on

S. 2187, a bill to implement the provisions of the Inter-
national Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution
of the Sea by Oil, 1954; and S, 2175 and H. R. 7391, bills
to promote the conservation of migratory waterfowl by
the acquisition of wetlands and other essential water-
fowl habitat, and for other purposes), 40 pp., printed,
Contains text of each bill; statements of various govern-
ment officials, Senators, wildlife conservation institutes
and leagues; letters from various State wildlife and fish
commissions, Senators, and government officials; and
reports from the Bureau of the Budget, Comptroller
General of the United States, Departments of Agricul-
ture, Interior and Justice.

PACKAGING AND LABELING PRACTICES: On Oc-
tober 25, 26, and 27, Senator Hart (Mich.), of the Anti-
trust and Monopoly Subcommittee, of the Senate Com-
mittee on Judiciary, conducted public hearings on pack-
aging and labeling practices affecting consumers. Wit-
nesses included trade association representatives, con-
tainer manufacturers, retailers both large and small,
designers, researchers, and wholesalers. Senator Hart
stated: ''The efforts taken by industry. .. to meet some
of the practices developed at the first hearings (June
28, 29, and 30), are very encouraging. It demonstrates
that segments of the food industry at least are aware of
the problems facing the consumer in shopping wisely
and are interested in making progress in meeting con-
sumer complaints."

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95

INDICATORS _

| - FISHERY LANDINGS for ar SEDECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

CUMULATIVE DATA 5 CUMULATIVE DATA

9 mgs. 1961 - 586.1 5 9 MQS. 1961 -
OF 1960 - 660.3 g 1960 -
12 1960 - 807.0 12," 1960 - 5

NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA
140 CUMULATIVE DATA
8 Mgs. 1961 - 108.5)

8 , 1960 - 116.5
12 1960 - 308.4

ALABAMA, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND TEXAS

. 1961 - 1,065.6
1960 - 1942.2
1960 - 1,041.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FLORIDA

ATIVE DATA
« 1961 - 136.6
we 1960 - 130.8
1960 - 190.6

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 mgs. 1961 - 14.5
1960 - 15.7
1960 - 17.8

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CALIFORNIA 1/

CUMULATIVE OATA

GS. 1961 - 415.4
1960 - 392.4
1960 - 543.2

» 1961 - 23.9
es 1960 - 20.6
1960 - 49.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

U/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS,

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK aac
(Maine and Massachusetts) -——— 1961
1960

OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)
1961 -
- ; - 1961 - 102.6.
TS Sree ire 1960 - 117.0

SHRIMP

WHITING
(Gulf States! includi g Florida West Coast)

(Maine and Massachusetts)

2 1960 ai 7165

12 "1960 - 205.7 2 1960 2385

ESOT Sytiesee eR
SS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

« & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-

In Thousands

MENHADEN PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(East and Gulf Coasts) (California)

- 1961 - 34.3
1960 - 34.8
1960 - 54.9

Speesensseensen ss

PILCHARD

(California)
CUMULAT| VE OATA

1961/62 SEASON + 1961 - 139.5
Gecaeroeret ae 1960 - 130:7

1960/61 SEASON, 1960 - 148.0
AUG.-OCT.

1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL

1961/62
1960/61
1959/60

‘AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC| JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY-JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND:

U. S, HOLDINGS U.S, FREEZINGS

—_—— 1961

1960

FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N. Y. SOUTH.

/

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS=

GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS—

JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS

yetttteends

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

1/
RECEIPTS —" AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen NEW YORE

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS2

MULATIVE DATA

10 MQS. 1961 - 137.2 CITY

10 , 1960 - 143.6
gi2 1960 - 168.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DiRECT VESSEL LANDINGS 2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.
AT NEw YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET

(Fresh and Frozen) CHICAGO

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

+» 1961 - 65.2
1960 - 74.0
1960 - 87.1

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

- 1961 - 71,3
9 5 1960 - 76.7
1960 - 97.6

FISH OIL.
(In Millions of Gallons)

FISH MEAL
(In Thousands of Tons)

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

=.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGEND:
ae 2/
TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA MACKEREL ~' - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 MOS. 1961 - 628.7)
10M" Ige0 2 gata: 9" 1960 = seta
¥ 3790. 2 1960 - 934.7

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 MS. 1961 - 72.4
9 3, 1960 - 17.0

12 1960 - 24,9

CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 SEASON,

TOTAL | - 3,296.0
1960 SEASON,

TOTAL - 2,648.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

/

SARDINES»
CUMULATIVE DATA

(Estimated) - MAINE

STANDARD CASES

EB ies eh & 1,048.0 Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wet.
I}12 1960 - 1,997.6
SARDINES..... 100 4 drawn 32 oz.

SHRIMP ace 48 ae 5 oz.

TUNAt ese: 48 #3 tuna 6&7 oz.

PILCHARDS... 48 # 1 oval 15 oz.

aelotetets 48

1-lb. tall 16 oz.

ANCHOVIES... 48 4-1b. 8 oz.

LEGEND:

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA

SHRIMP - GULF STATES
UMUCATIVE DATA
1961/62 SEASON

= 1961/62
* 1960/61 |/280
—— 1959/60

1961/62 SEASON,

AUG. SEPT. - 191.9 AUG.-OCT. - 111.8
1960/61 SEASON, 1960/61 SEASON

AUG, SEPT, - 328.8}{ AUG.-OCT. - 296.3
1960/61 SEASON, 1960/61 SEASON

TOTAL = 615.9} TOTAL

0 = 0
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY.

Per ees ee
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

9 MQS. 1961 - 45.2
9 | 1960 - 44,0
12 1960 - 73.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Tuna ¥Y
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

« 1961 - 152.2
1960 - 178.1
1960 - 234.6)

1/ EXCLUDES LO1NS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
(in Oil and in Brine)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS !MPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

9 MgS. 1961 - 43.2
9 | 1960 - 43,0
12 1960 - 53.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

} 9 Mgs. 1961 - 35.9
9 , 1960 - 61.2
12 1960 - 74.2

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CANNED SARDINES
in Oil and not in Oil
CUMULATIVE DATA

mgs. 1961 - 27,3

-<. mee
roe -* a
qosnans tes yet!
one b

“eaeneeet®

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Vol, 23; Noei2

December 1961

HI: IT
aw a

SUigs

’ T faesae -
ZF

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASH-
INGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOL-
LOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.

FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.

MNL - REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES.

SSR.- FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES
(LIMITED DISTRIBUTION).

SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
REVIEW.

Number Title

CFS-2669 - Massachusetts Landings, May 1961, 5 pp.
CFS-2675 - Maine Landings, July 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2676 - Frozen Fish Report, August 1961, 8 pp.
CFS-2677 - California Landings, May 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2678 - Shrimp Landings, April 1961, 6 pp.
CFS-2682 - Mississippi Landings, June 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2683 - Virginia Landings, July 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2684 - Minnesota Landings, July 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2686 - Ohio Landings, July 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2687 - Louisiana Landings, February 1961, 2 nv.
CFS-2689 - New York Landings, July 1961, 5 pp.
CFS-2690 - Mississippi Landings, July 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2691 - Louisiana Landings, March 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2692 - Rhode Island Landings, June 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2693 - Rhode Island Landings, July 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2696 - North Carolina Landings, August 1961, 4 pp.

FL-293 - List of Fishermen's and Fish Shore Workers'
Unions in the United States, 8 pp., revised August
1961.

FL-452 - Fishery Motion Pictures, 22 pp., illus., re-
vised July 1961. Lists the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries films and explains how to borrow them
and from whom. Currently available films are,
"Sponge--Treasure from the Sea,'' ''Salmon--Catch
to Can," "Take a Can of Salmon," ''Fish Cookery
with Savoir," and "Outdoor Fish Cookery.'' Also
available are, ''Sardines from Maine, Down East
Style," "It's the Maine Sardine," "Shrimp Tips from
New Orleans," and several others.

SSR-Fish. No. 379 - Stomach Content Analysis of Troll-
Caught King and Coho Salmon, Southeastern Alaska,
1957-58, by Gerald M. Reid, 10 pp., illus., July
1961.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Y PUBLICATIONS =

Ale ie C2 Sha BOERS ILD 52 ue p commen SL Bae BSL =

101

an

ay

SSR-Fish. No. 383 - Second Survey of the Occurrence
of Parasites and Blemishes in Pacific Ocean Perch,
Sebastodes alutus, May-June 1959, by John Liston
and Charles R. Hitz, 9 pp., illus., July 1961.

SSR-Fish. No. 384 - Graphic Presentation of Pacific
Sardine Age Composition Data, by Robert S. Wolf,
35 pp., illus., July 1961.

SSR-Fish. No. 387 - Downstream Movement of Lam-
preys and Fishes in the Carp Lake River, Michigan,
by Vernon C, Applegate, 75 pp., August 1961.

Sep. No. 631 - Investigation of the Potential Albacore
Resource of the Central North Pacific.

Sep. No. 632 - Financial Assistance to Fishing Indus-
tries in Various Countries.

« FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Number Title

MNL-59 - Survey of Shrimp Potential in Southern Bra-
zil, 1961, 16 pp.

MNL-58 - Republic of Korea's Fishing Industry, 1960,
4 pp.

MNL-44 - Icelandic Fisheries, 1960, 14 pp.

MNL-60 - Netherlands' Fisheries, 1960, 16 pp.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE AR-
TICLES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV-

ICE, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, P. O. BOX 3830, HONOLULU,
HAWALIL.

On the Interrelationship Between Bluefin Tuna and
Coastal Fishes, by Takeyuki Doi, 8 pp., illus., proc-
essed, August 1961. (Translated from Japanese,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 26, no. 2, 1960, pp. 99-102.)

On the Structure of Yellowfin Tuna Schools as Seen

of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol.
Domo; 713. 1957, pp. 373-375.)

Studies on the Eggs, Larvae, and Juvenile of Japanese
Fishes. Series I, by Keitaro Uchida and others,
8 pp., processed, September 1961. (Translated
from Japanese, extracts of Studies on the Eggs,
Larvae, and Juvenile of Japanese Fishes, Series at

1958, pp. 26-27, 30-31, 65.)

102

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE
SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED:

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part 1 - Fishery Products Production and Market
Data, August 1961, 16 pp. (Market News Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg.,
San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of
tuna and tunalike fish and other species used for
canning; pack of canned tuna, tunalike fish, mack-
erel, and anchovies; market fish receipts at San
Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; California
and Arizona imports; canned fish and frozen shrimp
prices; ex-vessel prices for cannery fish; Oregon
and Washington receipts (domestic and imports) of
fresh and frozen tuna and tunalike fish; for the
month indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale
Market Fresh and Frozen Fis ery Products Re-

ceipts, Prices, and Trends, September 1961 (Great
Lakes Edition), 20 pp. (Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W. Washington St.,
Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago by species and
by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water
fish and shellfish; and weekly wholesale prices for
fresh and frozen fishery products; for the month
indicated. A review of Great Lakes commercial
fish landings for 1960 and part of 1961 with trends,
developments, and highlights, is featured in this
issue.

Gulf of Mexico Monthly Landings, Production and Shi =
ments of Fishery Products, August 1961, 8 pp.
(Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, Rm. 609, 600 South St., New Orleans 12, La.)
Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab
landings; crab meat production; LCL express ship-
ments from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish
and shellfish on the New Orleans French Market;
fishery imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville,
Texas, from Mexico; and sponge sales; for the month
indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in
Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and
Maryland, September 1961, 4 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 S, King
St., Hampton, Va.) Landings of food fish and shell-
fish and production of crab meat and shucked oys-
ters for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads,
Chincoteague, Lower Northern Neck, and Lower
Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield,
Cambridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina
areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City;
together with cumulative and comparative data on
fishery products and shrimp production; for the
month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, August
1961, 22 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10,
Mass.) Review of the principal New England fish-
ery ports. Presents data on fishery landings by
ports and species; industrial-fish landings and ex-
vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fish-
ery products in New England warehouses; fishery
landings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massa-
chusetts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Prov-
incetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and
Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Con-
necticut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices
to primary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 1:

New Bedford; and Boston Fish Pier and Atlantic
Avenue fishery landings and ex-vessel prices by
species; for the month indicated,

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthl
Summary--July 1961, 18 pp. (Market News Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St., New
York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries and analyses
of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Mar:
ket, including both the salt- and fresh-water sections
imports entered at New York customs district; pri-
mary wholesalers' selling prices for fresh, frozen,
and selected canned fishery products; marketing
trends; and landings at Fulton Fish Market docks
and Stonington, Conn.; for the month indicated.

(Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings
of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fish-

eries, Monthly Summary, September 1961, 9 pp.
(Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice, 706 Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seat-
tle 4, Wash.) Includes Seattle's landings by the hal-
ibut and salmon fleets reported through the exchanges;
landings of halibut reported by the International
Pacific Halibut Commission; landings of otter-trawl
receipts reported by the Fishermen's Marketing
Association of Washington; local landings by inde-
pendent vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska
by scheduled and non-scheduled shipping lines and
airways; imports from British Columbia via rail,
motor truck, shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings;
and imports from other countries through Washing-
ton customs district; for the month indicated.

Treatment of Cultch to Collect Heavier Sets of Oysters,
by V. L. Loosanoff, Bulletin No. 8, vol. 25, 6 pp.,
illus., processed. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Labo-
ratory, Milford, Conn., October 3, 1961.) A’report
on treatment of cultch to increase the sets of oys-
ters in Long Island Sound. Studies showed that rel-
atively poor production of seed oysters in Connect-
icut waters is due principally to light setting, foul-
ing of cultch,.and poor survival of set. Extensive
experiments demonstrated that oyster shells used
as cultch, if treated with certain chemicals, over-
came some of the difficulties, especially fouling by
marine organisms.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATSONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE

25mm Deice

printed, 20 cents, 1961.

1960 National Survey of Fishing and Hunting, Circular
120, 77 pp., illus., printed, 50 cents, September 1961
The second nationwide economic survey of sport
fishing and hunting in the United States. A detailed
study of participation in these sports, including
types of fishing and hunting, expenditures, mileage
traveled, and similar topics, was made of the more
active sport fishermen and hunters. This study re-
vealed an estimated 30 million sport fishermen or
hunters in 1960, about 23 percent of the population
12 years old and over. These people reported a-
round 650 million recreation days of fishing and
hunting and an expenditure of close to 4 billion dol-
lars. As compared with a similar survey in 1955,
the number of sportsmen had increased by over 5
million and their expenditures by 1 billion dollars.
In 1960, 3 billion dollars were spent on fishing, as

December 1961

compared with 1.9 billion dollars in 1955, The re-
mainder of this report is confined to the results of
the detailed study with appropriate comparisons
with the 1955 results. An attractively illustrated
and easy-to-read booklet.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE
SHOWN.
ALABAMA:

"Some Interesting Records of Marine Fishes from
Alabama," by H. T. Boschung, Jr., article, Journal
of Alabama Academy of Science, article, vol. 29,
1957, pp. 33-34, printed. Medical College of Ala-
bama, Birmingham, Ala.

ANADROMOUS FISH:

"Anadromous Fish Conservation in a Swedish Salmon
River,'' by Arne Lindroth, Seventh Technical Meet-
and Natural Resources, Theme I, vol. IV,1960, pp.
308-315, printed. International Union for Conser-
vation, 2144 P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

ANCHOVIES:

"Generalidades sobre a Fabricacao dos Filetes de
Anchova em Azeite, em Espanha"' (Report on the
Processing of Canned Anchovy Fillets in Oil in
Spain), by Emilio Rodriguez Alonso, article, Con-
servas de Peixe, vol. 16, no. 184, July 1961, pp. 15,
22, printed in Portuguese. Conservas de Peixe,
Sociedade Astoria, Lda., Regueirao dos Anjos, 68,
Lisbon, Portugal.

AQUATIC RESOURCES:

"The Effect of Various Conservational Measures or
Works on the Aquatic Environment and on the Stocks
of that Environment," by P. A. Larkin, Seventh
Technical Meeting, International Union for Conser-

vol. IV, 1960, pp. 44-52, printed. International
Union for Conservation, 2144 P St. NW., Washing-
ton 6, D, C. Points out how man's activities can
change aquatic environments.

"The Influence of Drainage Works, Levees, Dykes,
Dredging, etc., on the Aquatic Environment and
Stocks," by T. A. Stuart, Seventh Technical Meet-
ing, International Union for Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources, Theme I, vol. IV, 1960,
pp. 337-345, printed. International Union for Con-
servation, 2144 P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

"The Influence of Soil and Water Conservation on
Natural Aquatic Resources," by E. B. Worthington,
Seventh Technical Meeting, International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,
Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 363-364, printed. In-
ternational Union for Conservation, 2144 P St. NW.,
Washington 6, D. C.

"An Introduction to the Theme and a Summary of the
Background and Experience Papers,'' by Umberto

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

1038

d'Ancona, Seventh Technical Meeting, International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Re-
sources, Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 7-31, printed.
International Union for Conservation, 2144 P St.
NW., Washington 6, D. C. This review paper deals
with the conservation of aquatic resources from
the point of view of conservation of the habitat and
the natural biological equilibrium.

"Methods of Minimizing the Deleterious Effects of
Water- and Land-Use Practices on Aquatic Re-
sources," by William A. Dill, and G. L. Kesteven,
Seventh Technical Meeting, International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,
Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 271-307, printed. In-
ternational Union for Conservation, 2144 P St. NW.,
Washington 6, D. C.

"Multiple Purpose Planning for Aquatic Resources,"
by Lloyd O. Meehean, Seventh Technical Meeting,
International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources, Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 53-
60, printed. International Union for Conservation,
2144 P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C. States that the
valuable aquatic resources can be preserved pro-
vided they are given adequate consideration in the
basic planning for conservation of other resources
such as soil and water. Generally, aquatic re-
sources are a nonconsumptive use of water as op-
posed to consumptive use by irrigation, for example.

BALTIC SEA: !

Nauchnaia Konferetsiia po Izucheniiu Vnutrennikn
Vodoemov Pribaltiki (Transactions of the Fifth Con-
ference on the Study of Inland Waters on the Baltic
Sea Region), 280 pp., printed in Russian. Trudy po
Red. G. G. Vinberga, Minst, Izd-vo Gelgosuviv. im
V. I. Lenina, U.S.S.R., 1959.

BARENTS SEA:

"Causes of Seasonal and Annual Variations in the
Density of Cod and Haddock Shoal Concentrations
in the Barents Sea,'' by M. -M. Kamshilov, N. V.
Mironova, and O. F. Kondratsova, article, Trudy
Soveshchanii Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, no. 10,
1960, pp. 117-121, 122-124, printed in Russian.
Trudy Soveshchanii Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtio-
logicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

BATHYSPHERE:

"Bathysphere for Operation to a Depth of 600 Meters,"
by M. N. Diomidov, article, Sudostroyeniye, vol. 26,
no. 9, September 1960, pp. 11-13, printed in Russian.
Sudostroyeniye, Sovet Ministrov SSR, Sudpromgiz,
Suvarooski, Leningrad S-15, U.S.S.R.

BILLFISHES:

"Maryland Billfishes,"’ by Frank Schwartz, article,
Maryland Conservationist, vol. 38, no. 4, July-
August 1961, pp. 20-24, illus., printed, single copy
25 cents. Department of Game and Inland Fish,
State Office Bldg., Box 231, Annapolis, Md. Dis-
cusses the blue marlin, white marlin, swordfish,
long-billed spearfish, and Atlantic sailfish found
in Maryland Waters.

BLACK SEA:

English Translation of Agreement Between the Gov-
ernments of the Union 2 Soviet Socialist Republics,

the People's Republic of Bulgaria, and the Rumanian
People's Re abs Concerning the Fisheries of the

Black Sea, TAO Fisheries Biology Technical Paper
No. 6, pp., processed, limited distribution. Fish-

104

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

eries Division, Biology Branch, Food and Agricul-
ture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy,
February 1961.

“™. BONITO:

. "Materials or the Development of Bonito in the Bar-
ents Sea," by Iu. F. Pozdniakov, article, Trud
Moskovskogo Mekhaniko Baumaua Imeni, no, Ds
1960, pp. 211-225, printed in Russian. Trudy Mos-
kovskogo Mekhaniko~Mashino-Stroitel'nogo, In-
stituta Imeni Baumaua, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

CANADA:

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1959 (New Brunswick),
32 pp., illus., printed in French and English, 75
Canadian cents. Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, September 1961. Con-
sists of tables giving the quantity and value of the
principal species of fish and shellfish landed in
New Brunswick, 1944-59; quantity and value of man-
ufactured fishery products, 1944-59; quantity and
value of landings by species and fisheries districts,
1958-59; capital equipment in the primary fisheries
operations, 1958-59; classification of powered fish-
ing craft by over-all length, 1958-59; number of
persons engaged in primary operations by fisheries
districts, 1958-59; and persons engaged in the ma-
jor fisheries, 1958-59.

"Resources for Tomorrow" (A Natural Resources
Conference, Montreal--October 23-28, 1961), ar-
ticles, Trade News, vol. 14, no. 2, August 1961,
pp. 3-13, illus., printed. Information and Educa-
tional Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa,
Canada. Contains a summary of each of the papers
on fisheries and related topics which were especially
prepared for the Natural Resources Conference:
"The Role of the Fisheries in the Canadian Econ-
omy," by J. A. Crutchfield; ''Productive Capacity
of Canadian Fisheries," by W. E. Ricker; ''The
Demand Outlook for the Canadian Fisheries," by
W. C. MacKenzie; "Survey of Legislation and Trea-
ties Affecting Fisheries," by S. V. Ozere; "Infor-
mation and Extension Work in the Atlantic Fisher-
ies," by A. F. Laidlaw; ''The Management of Atlan-
tic Salmon," by C. J. Kerswill; "Requirements in
Fisheries Research," by W. A. Clemens; ''The Or-
ganization of Wildlife and Fisheries Research in
Canada," by J. R. Dymond; ''The Effect of Man-
Made Changes on the Environment of Fishes," by
P. A. Larkin; and "Multi-Purpose Development of
the Fraser River," by A. F. Paget and C. H. Clay.

"Soine Freshwater Fishes From Northeastern Quebec
and Labrador," by D. E. McAllister, and Sherman
Bleakney, article, National Museum of Canada Bul-
letin, vol. 166, 1959, pp. 31-39, printed. National
Museum of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

CARP:

"Genetic Improvement of Carp. II-Marking Fish by
Branding," by Moav Rom, G. Wohlfarth, and M.
Lahman, article, Bamidgeh (Bulletin of Fish Culture
in Israel), vol. 12, no. 2, 1960, pp. 49-53, printed.
Department of Fisheries and Fish Breeders! As-
sociation, Nir-David, D. N., Hakirya, Israel.

"Reactions of Aquarium Carp to Food and Flavors,"
by Howard A. Loeb, article, New York Fish and

Game Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, 1960, pp. 60-71, printed.
New York Conservation Department, Albany 1, N. Y.

CHESAPEAKE BAY:

Chesapeake Science, vol. 2, nos. 1-2, March-June
1961, 111 pp., illus., printed, single copy, 75 cents.
Department of Research and Education, Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md. Includes,
among others, these articles: 'The Chesapeake Bay
Cooperative Striped Bass Program," by James E.
Sykes; ''Comparison of Three Tags on Striped Bass
in the Chesapeake Bay Area,'' by Robert M. Lewis;
"Age, Growth, and Movements of the Striped Bass,
Roccus saxatilis, taken in Size Selective Fishing
Gear in Maryland,'' by Romeo J. Mansueti; ''Move-
ments of Striped Bass Tagged in Virginia Waters of
Chesapeake Bay," by William H. Massmann and
Anthony L. Pacheco; ''Reduced Oxygen Tolerance
and Toxicity of Petroleum Products to Juvenile
American Shad,'' by Marlin E. Tagatz; and ''A Poto-
mac River Shad Fishery, 1814-1824," by William H.
Massmann,

COD:

"La Campagne du Navire Oceanographique G.O. Sars--
a Permis de Recueillir un Grand Nombre de Ren-
seignements sur les Bancs de Morues du Groenland"
(Cruise of the Oceanographic Vessel G.O. Sars--
Collected a Large Amount of Data on Greenland's
Cod Banks), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 40,
no. 1001, August 1961, pp. 577-578, illus., printed
in French, 10 NF (about US$2). La Peche Maritime,
190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

"Long Lasting Group Migrations of the Codfish of the
Barents Sea According to Tagging Data,'' by K. G.
Konstantinov and V. P. Ponomarenko, article, Trud:
Moskovskogo Mekhaniko Baumaua Imeni, no. 2, 1960,
pp. 207-210, printed in Russian. Trudy Moskovs-

kogo Mekhaniko-Mashino-Stroitel'nogo, Instituta

Imeni Baumaua, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"State of the Stocks and Abundance of Codfish in the
Southern Part of the Barents Sea," by N. A. Maslov,
article, Trudy Soveshchanii Ikhtiologicheskaia
Komissiia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 106-116, printed in
Russian. Trudy Soveshchanii Akademiia Nauk SSSR,
Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

CONSERVATION:

"Wildlife and Water Conservation,"' by Clarence
Cottam, article, Journal of Soil and Water Con-
servation, vol. 13, 1958, pp. 65-69, printed. Soil
Conservation Society of America, Box 1392, Fair-
mont, W. Va.

CRUSTACEA:
A Biology of Crustacea, by James Green, 195 pp.,
illus., printed, $5.75. Quadrangle Books, 119 W.
Lake St., Chicago, I1l.~

DAMS:

"Dams as Barriers or Deterrents to the Migration of
Fish," by C. J. McGrath, Seventh Technical Meeting,
International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources, Theme I, vol. I’, 1960, pp. 81-
92, printed. International Union for Conservation,
2144 P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

December 1961

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

"Dams as Barriers or Deterrents to the Migration of
Fish," by Lloyd A. Royal and A. C. Cooper, Seventh
Technical Meeting, International Union for Conser-
vation of Nature and Natural Resources, Theme I,
vol. IV, 1960, pp. 93-100, printed. International
Union for Conservation, 2144 P St. NW., Washing-
tor6;.D. ©.

"Dams and Drowned-Out Stream Fisheries in South-
ern Rhodesia,"' by A. Marr, Seventh Technical
Meeting, International Union for Congervation of
Nature and Natural Resources, Theme I, vol. IV,
1960, pp. 139-151, printed. International Union of
Conservation, 2144 P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

"The Effects of Water Diversions on Fish," by J. H.
Wales, Seventh Technical Meeting, International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Re-
sources, Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 158-164,
printed. International Union for Conservation, 2144
P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

_DOLPHIN:

“S"Egg Development and Hatched Larvae of the Com-
mon Dolphin-Fish, Coryphaena hippurus Linne,"
by Satoshi Mito, article, Bulletin of the Japanese
Societ: of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, no. 3, 1960,
pp. 54-226 printed. Society of Scientific Fisher-
ies, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-
kaigandori, 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

= "Fishing for Dolphins in the Western Part of the
Japan Sea. V--Species of Fishes Attracted to Bam-
boo Rafts,'' by Shumpei Kojima, article, Bulletin of
the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26,
no. 4, 1960, pp. -382, printed. Society of Scien-
tific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries,
Shiba-kaigandori, 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

“uFishing for Dolphins in the Western Part of the
Japan Sea. VI--Behaviours of Fish Gathering A-
round Bamboo Rafts,'' by Shumpei Kojima, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, vol. 26, no. 4, 1960, pp. 383-388, printed.
Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Univer-
sity of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori, 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

EELS:

"Conservation of Elver Migration Routes into the
Inland Water System of the Netherlands," by C. L.
Deelder, Seventh Technical Meeting, International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Re-
sources, Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 321-322,
printed. International Union for Conservation,
2144 P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

"Distribution of the Sexes and Environmental In-
fluence in the European Eel,'' by Umberto D'Ancona,

Archives d'Anatomie Microscopique et de Morpho-

logie Experimentale, 48 bis, 1959, pp. 61-71, printed

in French. Archives d'Anatomie Microscopique et

de Morphologie Experimentale, Masson et Cie.,

120 Blvd. Saint-Germain, Paris 6, France.

"La Peche a l'Anguille en Pologne" (The Eel Fishery
in Poland), by Georges Leszczynski, article, La
Peche Maritime, vol. 40, no. 1001, August 1961,
pp. 579-583, illus., printed in French, 10 NF (about

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

US$2). La Peche Maritime, 190. Boulevard Haus-

smann, Paris, France.

ELECTRIC FISHING:

Fish Population Analyses in Some Small Danish Trout
Streams by Means of D. C. Electro-Fishing, by Knud
Larsen, Meddelelser Fra Danmarks Fiskeri-Og
Havundersogelser, Ny serie, bind 1, no. 10, 1955,

69 pp., printed in Danish. Meddelelser Fra Dan-
marks Fiskeri-Og Havundersogelser, C. A. Reitzel,
Norregade 20, Copenhagen K. Denmark.

FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT:

Handy Reference Guide to the Fair Labor Standards
Act (Federal Wage-Hour Law), 17 pp., processed,
I0 cents. Wage and Hour and Public Contracts
Divisions, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington
25, D. C., September 3, 1961. Intended to give in-
formation about the principal provisions of the
Federal Wage-Hour Law, this pamphlet explains
the Act and changes made by the 1961 amendmenis.

Highlights of the Fair Labor Standards Act as A-
mended, 1961, 2 pp., 1961.

Summary, Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1961
(Effective September Ee 1961), 4 pp., May 17, 1961.

Retail and Service Enterprises and Establishments
under the Fair Labor Standards Act, as Amended
1961, 7 pp., 1961.

FARM PONDS:
Owner Experiences with Farm Ponds in East-Central
Alabama, by James A. Hutchinson and Morris White,
Circular 129, 12 pp., printed. Agricultural Experi-
ment Station of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute,

Auburn, Ala., May 1959.

Trout Pond Management in Massachusetts, by James
W. Mullan and William A. Tompkins, 132 pp., printed.
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Game,
Westboro, Mass.

FEEDS:

"Natural Resources of Feed Proteins in Waters of
the U.S.S.R. and Their Utilization in Animal Hus-
bandry,'"' by A. V. Fediushin, article, Zoologicheski
Zhurnal, vol. 40, no. 2, February 1961, pp. 159-1638,
printed in Russian with Enslish summary. Redakt-
siia Zoologicheskogo Zhurnala, Podsosenskii per.
d. 21, Moscow B-64, U.S.S.R.

FISH BEHAVIOR:

"Do Fish Sleep?'' by A. A. Klykov, article, Dosh-
kol'noye Vospitaniye, vol. 33, no. 12, December
1960, pp. 68-69, printed in Russian. Doshkol'noye
Vospitaniye, Ministerstvo Prosveshcheniya RSFSR,
Uchpedgiz, 3-i Proyezd Mar'iuoi Roshclii 41, Mos-
cow 1-18, U.S.S.R.

"The Reactions of Fishes to Toxic Substances, 1--
New Designed Gradient Tank for Studying Avoidance
Reactions of Fishes,'' by Shinya Ishio, article, Bul-
letin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,

106

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

vol, 26, no. 3, 1960, pp. 349-353, printed. Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University
of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori, 6-chome, Tokyo,
Japan,

FISH DETECTION:

"Detection of Fish by Sonobuoy,'' by Tomiju Hashi-
moto, Minoru Nishimura, and Yoshinobu Maniwa,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, vol. 26, no. 3, 1960, pp. 245-249, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo
University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori, 6-chome,
Tokyo, Japan.

FISH FINDER:

"Current Status of Fish Finders in Japan," by S.
Kawada, article, Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council
Proceedings, Sixth Session, Sections Iland III, vol. 6,
nos. 2-3, i536, pp. 265-267, printed. FAO Regional
Office for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand,

FISH PONDS:

"Change in Bacterial Forms in Fish Ponds as a Func-
tion of Type of Fertilizers," by A. G. Rodina, ar-
ticle, Mikrobiologiia, vol. 28, no. 3, 1959, pp. 392-
398, printed in Russian. Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

FISH SCREEN:

"Tracy Fish Station Saves Fish by Millions," article,
Outdoor California, vol. 22, no. 8, August 1961, pp.
8-9, illus., printed. Department of Fish and Game,
722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento 14, Calif. An all-
time record salvage of newly-hatched striped bass,
plus large numbers of young salmon, shad, smelt,
catfish, and other species appears certain in 1961
at the Tracy Fish Collecting Facility of the U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation in the San Joaquin River
Delta Area,

FISHING EFFORT:

"The Analysis of a Catch Curve," by D. G. Chapman
and D. S. Robson, article, Biometrics, vol. 16, no. 3,
September 1960, pp. 354-368, printed. ‘Biometric
Society, Box 5457, Raleigh, N. C.

FLOUNDER:

"Features of the Biology of Flounder," by N. S.
Fadeev, article, Priroda, vol. 50, no. 3, March
1961, p. 113, printed in Russian. Priroda, Aka-
demii Nauk SSSR, M. Khariton'yevski per. 4, Mos-
cow, U.S.S.R.

FLYING FISH:

"A Preliminary Report on the Results of Tagging
Experiments on the Flying Fish Hirundichthys
affinis (Gunther),"' by Brian C, Mulloney, article,
West Indics Fisheries Bulletin, no. 4, July-August
1961, pp. 1-9, illus., processed, single copy
BWI$0.17 (about 10 U. S. cents). Ministry of
Natural Resources and Agriculture, Federal House,
Port of Spain, Trinidad.

FRANCE:

"I'Avenir des Peches Francaises" (The Future of
the French Fisheries), article, France Peche,
vol, 6, no. 53, July-August 1961, pp. 39-40, printed
in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, Rue de
Guemene, Lorient (Morbihan), France.

Bulletin Officiel d'Information du Conseil Superieur
de la Peche, no. 44, April-May-June 1961, 91 pp.,
printed in French, single copy 1.5 NF (about 31 U.S.
cents). Conseil Superieur de la Peche, 1 Avenue
de Lowendal, Paris 7°, France, Includes, among
others, the following articles: 'L'Ombre Commun
(Thymallus thymallus), sa Reproduction et son
Elevage’ (The Grayling, Its Reproduction and Cul-
ture); ''Arrete Ministeriel du 16 Mars 1961 (Veri-
fication des Mailles des Filets et Engins)" (Minis-
terial Decree of March 16, 1961--Examination of
Net Meshes and Gear); and ''Arrete du 12 Mai 1961
(Procedure d'Adjudication du Droit de Peche dans
les Eaux du Domaine Public)'' (Decree of May 12,
1961--Procedure for Adjudication of Fishing Rights
in Waters Located in the Public Domain).

"La Production Francaise en 1960: 494,000 T pour
675 Millions de Nouveaux Francs" (French Fisheries
Production in 1960: 494,000 Metric Tons Valued at
675 Million New Francs), article, La Peche Mari-
time, vol. 40, no. 1001, August 1961, pp. 561-571,
printed in French, 10 NF (about US$2). La Peche
Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

FRESH-WATER FISH:

"Comparative Biochemical Characteristics of Some
Fresh-Water Invertebrates and Fishes," by A. V.
Ananichev, article, Biokhimiia, vol. 26, no. 1, Jan-
uary-February 1961, pp. 18-30, printed in Russian
with English summary. Biokhimiia, Izdatelstvo
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

FROZEN FISH:

"La Preference Va au Filet Congele" (The Trend is
to Frozen Fillets), by Henning Pedersen, France
Peche, vol. 6, no. 53, July-August 1961, pp. 31, 33-
34, illus., printed in French. (Translated from an
article in Revue Danoise, no. 18, February 1961.)
France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene,
Lorient (Morbihan), France.

FUR SEALS:

"Taxonomic Position of the Baikal Seal,"' by N. N.
Kondakovy, article, Biul MOIP. Otd. Biol., vol. 65,
no. 4, July-August 1960, pp. 120-121, printed in
Russian. Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei
Prirody Biulleten, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

GEAR:

"Un Engin Sous-Marin de Peche Pelagique Va-t-il
Revolutionner Nos Methodes de Capture" (An Under-
water Instrument for the Pelagic Fishery Which Will
Revolutionize Our Fishing Methods), article, France
Peche, vol. 6, no. 53, July-August 1961, pp. 27-30,
illus., printed in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-
Est, Rue de Guemene, Lorient (Morbihan), France.

GROUNDFISH:

A Study of Annual and Seasonal Bathymetric Catch

~ Patterns for Commercially Important Groundfishes
of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America,
by Dayton L. Alverson, Pacific Marine Fisheries
Commission Bulletin no. 4, 1960, 66 p., printed.
Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, 741 State
Office Building, 1400 SW 5th Ave., Portland1, Oreg.

HADDOCK:
"Yearly Fluctuations in the Food of Haddock at the
Murman Coast," by R. Ia. Tseeb, article, Tisudy

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Moskovskogo Mekhaniko Baumaua Imeni, no. 2,
1960, pp. 186-202, printed in Russian. Trudy Mos-
kovskogo Mekhaniko-Mashino-Stroitel'nogo, In-
stituta Imeni Baumaua, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

JELLYFISH:

The Medusae of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the

“Arctic Ocean Including the Description of a New
Species of EUCODONIUM (Hydrozoa: Anthomedusae),
by Cadet Hand and Lai Bing Kan, Technical Paper
No. 6, 21 pp., illus., printed, C$1. Arctic Institute
of North America, 3485 University St., Montreal 2,
Canada, June 1961.

HAKE:

"Observations on the Stomach Contents of the Silver
Hake," by Albert C. Jensen and Raymond L. Fritz,
article, Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society, vol. 89, no. 2, 1960, pp. 239-240, printed.
The American Fisheries Society, Secretary, P. O.
Box 429, McLean, Va.

LAW OF THE SEA:

Mezhdunarodno-Pravovoi Rezhim Otkrytogo Moria i
Knotinental'nogo Shel'fa (International Laws on the
Open Sea and Contenel Shelf), by S. V. Molodtsov,
347 pp., printed in Russian. Izdatelstvo Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1960.

HALIBUT:

"A Range Extension of the California Halibut (Para-
lightys californicus)," by E. G. Gunderson, article,
California Fish and Game, vol. 46, no. 3, 1960,
pp. 373-374, printed. Department of Fish andGame,
987 Jedsmith Dr., Sacramento 19,-Calif.

LIGHT ATTRACTION:
"Experiments with the Fish Gathering Lamp," by N. Y.
Kawamoto, article, Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council
Proceedings, Sixth Session, Sections II and III, pp.

HERRING: 278-280, printed. IPFC Secretariat, FAO Regional
"Is Herring Food for Everyone?," by M. S. Marshak, Office for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand,
article, Zdorov'e, vol. 7, no. 2, February 1961, p. 31, 1956.

printed in Russian. Zdorov'e, Min. Zdravo-Okhra-

neniia SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. "Fishing With Light in Japan,'' by S. Takayama, ar-
ticle, Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council Proceedings,
Sixth Session, 1956, Sections II and III, pp. 276-277,
printed. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Far
East, Bangkok, Thailand.

Pervichnaia Obrabotka Atlanticheskoi Sel'di; Posobie
Dlia Rybmasterov Promyslovykh Sudov (Preliminary
Processing of the Atlantic Herring; Manual for Head
Fishermen Working on Fishing Ships), by N. N.
Rulev, 78 pp., printed in Russian. Kaliningradskoe
Izdatelstvo, Kaliningrad, U.S.S.R., 1960,

"Observations on Fishing with Light in the Philippines,’
by S. B. Rasalan, and B. Datingaling, article, Indo-
Pacific Fisheries Council Proceedings, Sixth Session,
1956, Sections II and III, p. 275, printed. FAO Re-
gional Office for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok,

INDONESIA:
"The Inland Fisheries Extension Services in Indone-

sia,'' by M. Ahjar, article, Indo-Pacific Fisheries Thailand.
Council Proceedings, Sixth Session, 1956, Sections
TI and III, pp. 306-307, printed. IPFC Secretariat, MINERALS:

FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Far East,

"Mineral Content of Fish," by N. E. Kasinova, article,
Bangkok, Thailand.

Voprosy Pitaniia, vol. 20, no. 1, January-February

1961, pp. 74-77, printed in Russian with English sum-

INLAND FISHERIES: mary. Voprosy Pitaniia, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"The Effects of Impoundment on Inland Fisheries,"
by Per Aass, Seventh Technical Meeting, Inter-
national Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources, Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 69-
76, printed. International Union for Conservation,
2144 P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

NETHERLANDS:

Statistiek van de Visserij, 1960 (Fisheries Statistics,
1960), 36 pp., illus., printed in Dutch with English
table of contents, fl. 3.55 (about 95 U. S. cents). The
Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics, The Hague,
Netherlands, 1961. A statistical review of the Neth-
erlands fishing industry for 1960. Discusses vessels
and manpower in the fisheries; production of fish and
shellfish by type of fishery, fishing region, gear, and
type of vessels; processing and sale of fishery prod-
ucts--foreign trade, canning and smoking, and fish
meal; prices of fishery products; and whaling. Much
of the report is devoted to statistical tables and
graphs showing landings of fish and shellfish, number
of vessels, production of fish meal and processing
plants, foreign trade in fishery products, and re-

INSULIN:

"A Comparison of Cod and Bovine Insulins," by S.
Wilson and G. H. Dixon, article, Nature, vol. 191,
no. 4791, August 26, 1961, pp. 876-879, illus.,
printed. Nature, St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth
Ave., New York 10, N. Y.

ISRAEL:
Bamidgeh (Bulletin of Fish Culture in Israel), vol. 13,
no. 2, June 1961, 36 pp., illus., printed in Hebrew

and English. Department of Fisheries and Fish lated data.
Breeders! Association, Nir-David, D. N., Hakirya,
Israel. Includes the following articles: ''The Food | NETS:

of Tilapia nilotica in Ponds of the Fish Culture Re- "Effect of Fyke-Net Position on Fish Catch," by

search Station at Dor,"' by A. Yashouv and J. Cher-
vinski; and ''Genetic Improvements of Carp. III--
Progeny Tests for Differences in Growth Rate 1959-
60,"' by G. Wohlfarth, Rom Moav, and M. Lahman,

Robert W. Bernhardt, article, New York Fish and
Game Journal, article, vol. 7, no. 1, 1960, pp. 83-93,
printed. New York Conservation Department, Albany
1S Noy

~

~~

Annual Report of the Department of Game, Fish, and
Tsetse Control for the Year Ended 31st December
1960, 27 pp., illus., printed, 5 s. (about 70 U. S
cents). The Government Printer, Zomba, Nyasaland,
1961.. The section on fisheries discusses the state
of the fish stocks, the African fishery, the fish trade,
developmental and experimental work, fisheries re-
search organizations, trout fishing, and fish farm-
ing. Also includes tables showing landings by type
of gear and month in the African and non-African
fisheries, landings at recording stations, and data
on trout fishing.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

"Marine Fischereibiologie und Allgemeine Meeres-
biologie" (Marine Fisheries Biology and General
Oceanography), by A‘ Buckmann, article, Exper-
ientia, vol. 12, no. 11, 1956, pp. 405-411, printed.
Experientia, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.

Oceanus, vol. 8, no. 1, September 1961, 24 pp., illus.,
printed. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Woods Hole, Mass. Entire issue is devoted to Cruise
No. 17 of the research vessel Chain. The scientific
party of 29, including biologists, traveled 17,000
miles during their three and a half month's trip to
the Romanche Trench area in the equatorial Atlantic.
Contains articles on the geology of the ocean floor,
equatorial undercurrents, sound scattering, bottom
sampling, foraminifera, radiosotope studies of sea
water, and other topics.

PELAGIC FISHES:

"The Effect of Sunlight on Pelagic Fish Eggs," by
Yu. Zaytsev, article, Dopovidi Akad. Nauk URSR,
vol. 8, 1959, pp. 917-520, printed. Academy of
Sciences of the Ukrainian, S.S.R., Kiev, Ukraine,
U.S.S.R.

PESTICIDES:

"Effects on Fish and Wildlife of Chemical Treatments
of Large Areas,'' by John L. George, article, Journal
of Forestry, vol. 57, 1959, pp. 250-254, printed.
Society of ae esieat Foresters, 17th St. and Penn-
sylvania Ave. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

PHILIPPINES:

Fisheries Statistics of the Philippines, 1960, 81 pp.,
processed. Department of Agriculture and Natural
Resources, Bureau of Fisheries, Quezon City, Phil-
ippines. A complete report covering all aspects of
Philippine fishery production during 1960, with
some comparative data for previous years. The
tables are grouped together under the headings (1)
production, consumption, and requirement; (2) com-
mercial fishing vessels; (3) fish ponds; (4) foreign
trade; and (5) other data. Subdivision of the tables
is made according to gear, species caught, monthly
production, and fishing grounds. The appendices
include, among other items, information on the fish-
ery districts, fishing grounds used by commercial
fishing vessels, and forms used in collecting fishery
statistics. Except for the table showing fish produc-
tion data since 1948, most of the information covers
the five-year period 1956-60.

POLLOCK:

"The Pollack Pollachius virens L. as a Possible
Fishing Object in the Barents Sea,'' by N. V. Mir-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 12

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE
OBTAINED FROM THE QRGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.
NYASALAND:

onova, article, Trudy Soveshchanii Ikhtiologicheskaia
Komissiia, no. 10, 1960, pp. 122-124, printedin Rus-

sian. Trudy Soveshchanii Akademiia Nauk SSSR,
Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

POLLUTION:

"Effects and Control of Stream Pollution," by Clarence
M. Tarzwell, Seventh Technical Meeting, Internation-
al Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Re-
sources, Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 242-252, printed.
International Union for Conservation, 2144 P St. NW.,
Washington 6, D. C.

"The Influence of Sewages on Fisheries," by H. Lieb-
mann, Seventh Technical Meeting, International Union
for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,
Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 236-241, printed. Inter-
national Union for Conservation, 2144 P St. NW.,
Washington 6, D, C.

Pollution-Caused Fish Kills, January-June 1961, 4 pp.,
printed, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington 25, D.C.,
July 1961.

"Pollution Control and Water Conservation," by F. T.
K, Pentelow, Seventh Technical Meeting, Internation-
al Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Re-
sources, Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 365-370, printed.
International Union for Conservation, 2144 P St. NW.,
Washington 6, D. C.

POND CULTURE:

"On the Significance of the Change of Pond Water in
Cultivation of Marine Fish," by Jiro Kittaka, article,
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisher-
ies, vol. 26, no. 3, 1960, pp. 230-238, printed. Soci-
ety of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of
Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori, 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

PORTUGAL:

"La Industria Conservera en Portugal, Balance de
1960 y Perspectivas para 1961" (The Canning In-
dustry in Portugal, Review of 1960 and Prospects
for 1961), article, Industria Conservera, vol. 27,
no. 263, May 1961, pp. 119-120, printed in Spanish.
Industria Conservera, Calle Marques de Valladares,
41, Vigo, Spain.

PRESERVATION:

"Sanitary and Bacteriological Control Analysis in the
Fish Preserving Industry," by Iu. A. Ravich-Shcher-
bo, article, Voprosy Pitaniya, vol. 19, no. 5, Septem-
ber-October 1960, pp. 79-82, printed in Russian.
Voprosy Pitaniya, Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo
Meditsinskoi Literatury, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

PROTEINS:

"The Sugars in Biliproteins,"' by Takashi Sasaki and
Yasuhiko Tsuchiya, article, The Tohoku Journal of
Agricultural Research, vol. 12, no. 1, March 1961,
pp. 43-47, illus., printed. The Tohoku Journal of
Agricultural Research, The Faculty of Agriculture,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Réports on the
occurrence of several sugars'on the hydrolyzates
of the purified and crystallized biliproteins sepa-
rated from fresh algae (Porphyra tenera) collected
from Matsushima Bay.

December 1961

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NO

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

109

FROM THE FISH AWD LILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

AVALLABLE
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

PUERTO RICO:

Local Investment in Puerto Rican Manufacturing, by
David L. Chewning and Julio L. Pietrantoni, Jr.,
Management Research Summary, 4 pp., processed.
Small Business Administration, Washington 25, D.C.,
May 1961. A report on investment by Puerto Ricans
in industrial plants operated on their Island. Main-
land and Government investment has increased in
the past decade but the Island's industrial economy
can be further stimulated by a greater infusion of
local capital, the authors believe. The report ad-
vocates a four-fold program which will increase
local investment opportunities by expanding the mar-
ket for its products and by improving the general
level of managerial competence through educational
programs,

RADIOACTIVE WASTES:

The Distribution of Elements in the Sea, by F. F.
Koczy, Contribution No. 327, 10 pp., illus., proc-
essed. (Reprinted from Disposal of Radioactive
Wastes, International Atomic Energy Agency,
Vienna, 1960, pp. 189-197.) The Marine Labora-
tory. University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Cause-
way, Miami 49, Fla., 1961.

RED TIDE:

"The Effect of Salinity on Growth of Gymnodinium
breve Davis,'' by David V. Aldrich, and William
B. Wilson, article, The Biological Bulletin, vol.119,
no, 1, 1960, pp. 57-63, printed. The Marine Biolog-
ical Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.

SALMON:

The Biology and Production of the Stocks of Black
Sea Kumzha (Salmon/Trout), by G. P. Barach,
Translation Series no. 286, 10 pp., processed,
(Translated from Russian, Akademiia Nauk SSSR,
Ikhtiologicheskia Komissiia, Trudy Soveshchanii,
no. 7, 1957, pp. 235-242.) Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C.,
Canada, 1960.

The Characteristics of the Biology of Reproduction
and Development of the Coho - Oncorhynchus
kisutch (Walbaum), by A. I. Smirnov, Translation
Series no. 287, 12 pp., illus. (Translated from
Russian, Vestnik Moskovskovo Universiteta, Series
6 (Biologiia), no. 1, 1960, pp. 9-19. Fisheries Re-
search Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nana-
imo, B. C., Canada, 1960.

"Chromosome Studies on Three Canadian Populations
of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L.," by E. R. Booth-
royd, article, Canadian Journal of Genetics and
Cytology, vol. I, no. 2, 1959, pp. 161-172, printed.
Genetics Society of Canada, Entomology Research
Institute, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
Canada.

"Development of the Autumn Keta in the Amur River,
Oncorhynchus keta (Walb),"' by N. N. Disler, article,
Trudy Instituta Morfol. Zhivot, vol. 20, 1957, pp. 3-
70, printed in Russian. Akademii Nauk SSSR, In-
stitut Okeanologii, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"An Ecological Study on the Salmon Fry, Oncorhyn-
chus keta (Walbaum), VI--Note on the Feeding
Activity of Chum Salmon Fry," by Tetsuo Kobay-

ashi, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of

Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, no. 6, 1960, pp. 577-
580, printed. Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o
Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori,
6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"The Effects of Impoundment on Salmon and Sea Trout
Rivers,'' by Sven Somme, Seventh Technical Meeting,
International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources, Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 77-
80, printed. International Union for Conservation,
2144 P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

"Estudo sobre la Formacion de las Escamas del
Salmon Atlantico' (Study on the Formation of Scales
of Atlantic Salmon), by Maximiliano Elegido Alonso-
Geta, article, Montes (Madrid), vol. 15, no. 90,1959,
pp. 555-560, printed. Montes, Luchana 17, Madrid,

"The Importance of the Ocean Sport Fishery to the
Ocean Catch of Salmon in the States of Washington,
Oregon and California," by Henry O. Wendler, ar-
ticle, California Fish and Game, vol. 46, no. 3, 1960,
pp. 291-300, printed. Department of Fish andGame,
987 Jedsmith Dr., Sacramento 19, Calif.

Lake Coho, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) Morpha
relictus Nova, by P. A. Dvinin, Translation Series
no. 285, 5 pp., processed, (Translated from Rus-
sian, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 69, no. 5,
1949, pp. 695-697.) Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada,
1960.

"Materials on the Age and Growth Rate of Summer-

Spawning Keta--Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum) --of
the My River,'' by A. A. Svetovidova, article, Nau-

chnye Doklady Vyshey Shkoly, Biologicheskie Nauki,
no. 1, 1961, pp. 35-34, printed in Russian. Gosudar-
stvennoe Izdatelstvo ''Vysshaia Shkola,'' Podsosen-
skii per. 20, Moscow B-62, U.S.S.R.

"On The Offshore Distribution and Stocks of Pink
Salmon," by Teruo Ishida, and Kiichi Miyaguchi,
article, Bulletin of the Hokkaido Regional Fisheries
Research Laboratory, no. 20, 1959, pp. 84-103,
printed, Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan.

_"On the So-Called ''Fry Zone" Appearing in the Scale

of Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum),"
by Kiichi Miyaguchi, article, Bulletin of the Hokkaido
Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no. 20,

1959, pp. 104-108, printed. Hokkaido Regional Fish-
eries Research Laboratory, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan.

Some Biological Problems Associated with the Trans-
plantation of Pacific Salmon, by A. T. Smirnov,
Translation Series no. 330, 4 pp., processed. (Trans-
lated from Russian, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, no. 10,
1956, pp. 54-56.) Fisheries Research Board of Can-
ada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada,
March 1961.

"Narcotization of Chinook Salmon Fingerlings With
Tricaine Methanesulfonate (M.S. 222),'' by Ronald
Eisler and Tadeusz Backiel, article Transactions
of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 89, no. 2,
1960, pp. 164-167, printed. The Res Fish-

110

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

ee»,

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

eries Society, Secretary, P. O. Box 429, McLean,
Va.

Parasitism of Salmon of the Genus (Oncorhynchus)
by the Pacific Lamprey, by I. B. Birman, Trans-
lation Series no. 290, 4 pp., processed. (Trans-
lated from Russian, Izvestiia Tinro, vol. 32, 1950,

pp. 158-160.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada,

Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1960.

On the Period of Formation of the Annual Rings on

St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New
Works TOP .Ne Ye

SHRIMP:

"Habitat of Juvenile Shrimp (Family Penaeidae),"' by
Gordon Gunter, article, Ecology, vol. 42, no.3, 1961,
pp. 598-600, printed. Ecological Society of America,
Duke University Press, Box 6697, College Station,
Durham N.C?

The Influence of Temperature and Light on the Dis-

the Scales of Pacific Salmon and the Rate of Growth
of Pinks, by I. B. Birman, Translation Series no.
327, 4 pp., processed. (Translated from Russian,
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 132, no. 5, 1960,
pp. 1187-1190.) Fisheries Research Board of Can-
ada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada,
1960.

Pink Salmon in the Basins of the Barents and White
Seas, by E. G. Kossov, M. S. Lazarev, and L. V.
Polikashin, Translation Series no. 323, 10 pp.,
processed. (Translated from Russian, Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, vol. 36, no. 8, 1960, pp. 20-25.) Fish-
eries Research Board of Canada, Biological Sta-
tion, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1960.

"Recovery, Growth, and Movement of Hatchery-

Reared Lake Atlantic Salmon at Long Pond, Maine,"

by Keith A. Havey, article, Transactions of the
American Fisheries Society, vol. 89, no. 2, 1960,
pp. 212-217, printed. The American Fisheries
Society, Secretary, P. O. Box 429, McLean, Va.

"Swimming Performance of Juvenile Sockeye Salmon
in Salt and Fresh Water,'' by Alan B. Groves, ar-
ticle, Transactions of the American Fisheries So-
ciety, vol. 89, no. 2, 1960, pp. 218-221, printed. _
The American Fisheries Society, Secretary, P. O.
Box 429, McLean, Va.

"A Virus-Like Disease of Chinook Salmon," by A. J.
Ross, J. Pelnar, and R. R. Rucker, article, Trans-
actions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 89,
no. 2, 1960, pp. 160-163, printed. The American
Fisheries Society, Secretary, P. O. 429, McLean,
Va.

SARDINES:

"Franca--A Situacao das Conservas de Sardinhas no
Comeco da Campanha de 1961" (France--The Po-
sition of Sardine Canning at the Beginning of the
1961 Season), by A. de Torquat, article, Conservas

tribution of Shrimps in Medium and Great Depths,
by Walter Ghidalia and Francois Bourgois, GFCM
Studies and Reviews No. 16, 58 pp., illus., proc-
essed. General Fisheries Council for the Mediter-
ranean Secretariat, Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, August 1961.
Discusses the influence of thermal and haloid char-
acteristics of different types of water on the dis-
tribution of crustaceans and the influence of light on
the distribution of Peneidae in the Mediterranean.
Undertaken for the purpose of analyzing the bottoms
where Peneidae live, this study concludes with the
statement that ''the nature of the sediment and the
depth do not alone determine the distribution of the
species studies, for temperature and light are e-
qually important."

SMALL CRAFT CHARTS: é

Series 165--San Francisco Bay to Antioch, California,
3 pp., illus., printed, $1.50. U.S. Coast and Geo-
detic Survey, Washington 25, D. C., 1961. Designed
to promote safety in small craft navigation, this
chart folio contains 3 fold-out charts particularly
suited for plotting in close quarters. Tide tables,
rules of the road, whistle signals, symbols and
abbreviations, storm warning signals, and instruc-
tions for obtaining daily weather forecasts are in-
cluded. The number of facilities available to small
craft for docking, supplies, fuel, and services are
tabulated and keyed to the chart. This is the fourth
in a series of small-craft charts.

N
SMELT:

"Some Aspects of the Life History of the Smelt Os-
merus mordax in Western Lake Superior," by John
Hale, article, Minnesota Fish and Game Investiga-
tions, no. 2, 1960, pp. 25-41, printed. Minnesota
Department of Conservation, 301 Centennial Bldg.,
658 Cedar St., St. Paul 1, Minn.

SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC:
Fishing Industry Research Institute, Fourteenth An-

de Peixe, vol. 16, no. 184, July 1961, p. 13, printed
in Portuguese. Conservas de Peixe, Sociedade
Astoria, Lda., Regueirao dos Anjos, 68, Lisbon,
Portugal.

"A Statistical Study of the Estimation of Abundance
of Sardine (Sardinops caerulea) Eggs,'' by Bruce A.
Taft, article, Limnolo and Oceanography, vol. 5,
no. 3, 1960, pp. 245-264, printed. Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.

SEA TROUT:

"Recapture in the River Tweed of a Sea-Trout
Marked in Devonshire," by A. Swain, I. R. H. Allan,
and M. J. Bulleid, article, Nature, vol. 187, no.
4740, September 3, 1960, p. 877, printed. Nature,

nual Report of the Director, 1 January-31 Decem-
ber, 1960, 48 pp., illus., printed. Fishing Industry
Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Ron-
debosch, South Africa Republic. Includes functions
and activities of the Institute and brief accounts of
progress in its program of research during 1960.
Presents results of investigations covering fresh,
frozen, salted and dried, and canned fish; fish
sausage and spread; fish meal; stickwater recovery;
and routine inspections and analyses.

SPAIN:

"El Ano Pesquero Espanol a Traves de la Estadis-
tica'' (The Spanish Fishery Year through Siatistics),
article, Industrias Pesqueras, vol. 35, no. 817-818,
May 15, 1961, pp. 200-203, illus., printed in Spanish.
Industrias Pesqueras, 21/2 Policarpo Sanz, Vigo, Spain.

December 1961

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AYALLABLE
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

SPONGES:

Preliminary Discussion of the Sponges of Brazil, by
M. W. de Laubenfels, Contribuicoes Avulsas do In-
stituto Oceanografico, Oceanografia Biologia No. 1,
4 pp., printed in English with Portuguese summary.
Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo,
Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1956.

TAX GUIDE:

Tax Guide for Small Business, 1962 Edition, 144 pp.,
printed, 40 cents. Internal Revenue Service, Wash-
ington, D. C., December 1961. (For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The newtax
guide (for use in filing the 1961 income tax returns,
excise tax returns, and other returns for 1962) con-
sists of explanations and answers to most of the tax
problems of the small businessman. In addition it
contains a tax calendar for 1962 which should prove
helpful to all businessmen throughout the year,
since it indicates what he should do and when he
should do it in regard to the various Federal taxes.
The booklet also has a checklist of special interest
to the man just starting in business in that it af-
fords a quick method for determining what Federal
taxes for which he may be liable.

TIDE TABLES:

Tidal Current Tables 1962--Atlantic Coast of North
America, 182 pp., printed, $1. U. S. Department of
Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington
PAs), DY (Ora soit \aha he

Tidal Current Tables 1962--Pacific Coast of North
America and Asia, 238 pp., printed, $1. U.S. De-
partment of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey,
Washington 25, D. C., 1961.

TILAPIA:
"Comparative Evaluation of Two Tilapias as Pond-
fishes in Alabama," by H. S. Swingle, article,

tary, The American Fisheries Society, P. O. Box
429, McLean, Va.

TRADE LISTS:

The Bureau of International Business Operations,
U. 5S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25,
D. C., has published the following mimeographed
trade lists. Copies may be obtained by firms in
the United States from that office or from Depart-
ment of Commerce field offices at $1 a copy.

Canneries and Frozen Foods--Producers and Ex-
porters--Finland, 3 pp. (August 1961). Lists the
names and addresses, size of firms, and types of
products handled by each firm. Includes fish can-
neries, freezers, and exporters.

Canneries and Frozen Foods--Producers and Ex-
porters--Uruguay, 6 pp. (August 1961). Lists the
names and addresses, size of firms, and types of
products handled by each firm. Includes fish and
shellfish canneries, freezers, and exporters.

TROUT:
"Comportement Alimentaire de Truites Mouchetees
(Salvelinus fontinalis) Elevees en Pisciculture et

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

hal

FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

Ensemencees en Riviere a l'Age Adulte" (Feeding
Behavior of Speckled Trout Raised in a Hatchery
and Released as Adults in a River), by Adrien
Robert, article, Naturaliste Canadien, vol. 87, no. 4,
1960, pp. 113-116, printed. Naturaliste Canadien,
L'Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada.

"Effect of Sorting Brown Trout on Sex Ratio and
Growth," by D. C. Haskell, R. Davies, and J. Rec-
kahn, article, New York Fish and Game Journal,
vol. 7, no. 1, 1960, pp. 39-45, printed. New York
Conservation Department, Albany 1, N. Y.

TUNA:

"Australian Tuna Research," article, Fisheries News-
letter, vol. 20, no. 9, September 1961, pp. 20-21,
illus., printed. Commonwealth Fisheries Office,
Department of Primary Industry, Canberra, Aus-
tralia. Discusses the work of the Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization's
Division of Fisheries and Oceanography on tagging
tuna, Three research vessels have carried on the
work of trolling, collecting data on environmental
conditions, and measuring bluefin and yellowfin tuna.
Included are tables showing data on long-line land-
ings and on releases and recaptures of fish, 1960/61.

"On the Predatory Relationships Among Bluefin Tuna
and Coastal Fishes in the Southern Waters of Japan,"
by Takeyuki Doi, article, Bulletin of the Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 26, no. 2, 1960,
pp. 99-102, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries 6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

The Sicilian Tuna Trap, by Vito Fodera, GFCM
Studies and Reviews No. 15, 114 pp., illus., proc-
essed. General Fisheries Council for the Mediter-
ranean, Secretariat, Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, July 1961.
A technical paper presented at the Sixth Session of
the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterrane-
an, held at Rome, September 22-28, 1960. Outlines
the procedure for constructing a madrague (tuna
trap) and the materials used. Also discusses set-
ting and operation of the trap. Includes a glossary
of terms used in tuna trap fishing in Sicily and a
large section containing maps, photos, anddetailed
drawings of gear,

TURTLES:

"Pacific Turtle Problem," by Archie Carr, article,
Natural History, vol. 70, no. 8, October 1961, pp.
64-71, illus., printed, single copy 50 cents. The
American Museum of Natural History, Central Park
W. at 79th St., New York 24,N.Y. The author describes
his observations of the common sea turtles found off the
west coast of Mexico. Identification of the turtles, their
habitats, and breeding habits are described. Photos
and drawings of the turtles add interest to the article.

UNITED KINGDOM:

The Fishing Industry, Cmnd. 1453, 11 pp., printed,
Is. (about 14 U. S. cents). Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, York House, Kingsway, London WC2, Eng-
land, August 1961. A report presented to Parlia-
ment by the Secretary of State for the Home Depart-
ment, the Secretary of State for Scotland, and the
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food by

112

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 23, No. 12

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

command of Her Majesty. Discusses financial as-
sistance to the fishing industry: distant-, middle-,
and near-water fleets; inshore and herring fleets;
shellfish; grants and loans for vessel construction;
and loans for processing plants. Also covers land-
ings, processing, and distribution problems; re-
search and experimental work; and organization of
the White Fish Authority and Herring Industry
Board. The British Government believes that, al-
though the proposals outlined in this paper differ
from the recommendations contained in the Fleck
Report, they "' . represent aconstructive approach
to the problems of the fishing industry, and provide
the different sections of the industry with a reason-
able opportunity to adjust themselves to the new
conditions which they are now facing."

"Salmon and Freshwater Fishing in Great Britain,"
by J. W. Jones, article, Nature, vol. 191, no. 4792,
September 2, 1961, pp. 962-963, printed. Nature,
St. Martin's Press, 175 Fiftn Ave., New York 10,
N.Y.

U.S.S.R.:
Kaspliskala Fauna v Azovo-Chernomorskom Basseine
(Caspian Fauna in the Azov-Black Sea Basin), by
F. D. Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 286 pp., printed in
Russian, Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

"La Recherche pour les Peches en U.R.S.S. Est Axee
sur l'Efficacite"’ (Fisheries Research inthe U.S.S.R.
is Based onEfficacy), article, Le Marin, vol. 15, no.
742, August 25, 1961, pp. 1,10, printedin French.
Le Marin, 38 rue du Pre-Botte, Rennes (I. & V.),
France.

WATER UTILIZATION:

"Fishery Problems Created by Water Utilization
Projects in Scotland and East Africa,'' by Vernon
D. Van Someren, Seventh Technical Meeting, Inter-
national Union for Conservation of Nature and Nat-
ural Resources, Theme I, vol. IV, 1960, pp. 323-
336, printed. International Union for Conservation,
2144 P St. NW., Washington 6, D. C.

"Some Influences of Multi-Purpose Water Usage on
Water Quality,'' by Robert O. Sylvester, Seventh
Technical Meeting, International Union for Conser-
vation of Nature and Natural Resources, Theme I,
vol. IV, 1960, pp. 215-235, printed. International
Union for Conservation, 2144 P St. NW., Washing-
ton(67.D-1G:

WEST AFRICA:

"Primo Elenco di Pesci Raccolti in Atlantico nelle
Acque della Mauritania, del Sahara Spagnolo e
delle Canarie" (First Group of Fish Collected in
Atlantic Waters of Mauritania, of Spanish Sahara,
and of the Canary Islands), by Andrea Scaccini,
article, Thalassia, vol. 4, no. 10, 1941, pp. 3-49,
illus., printed in Italian. Instituto Italo-Germanico
di Biologia Marian di Rovigno d'Istria, Venice,
Italy.

WHALING:

"IWC Report: Antarctic Whaling," article, Fisheries
Newsletter, vol. 20, no. 8, August 1961, pp. 23, 27,
printed. Commonwealth Fisheries Office, Depart-
ment of Primary Industry, Canberra, Australia. In

the 1960/61 Antarctic pelagic whaling season, 21
fleets from 5 nations took 16,427 blue-whale units,
compared with 15,512 taken by 20 fleets in 1959/60.
The catch quota for the 1960/61 season was 17,780
blue-whale units. The International Whaling Com-
mission has responsibility for establishing a total
quota for Antarctic pelagic whaling. The five coun-
tries (Japan, Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom,
and U.S.S.R.) engaged in Antarctic whaling held a
-series of meetings in London for the purpose of
agreeing on a formula for division of the total quota.

"The World Catch 1960," article, Norsk Hvalfangst-
Tidende (The Norwegian Whaling Gazette), vol. 50,
no. 7, July 1961, pp. 293-300, 303-308, illus., printed.
Norsk Havalfangst-Tidende, Hvalfangerforeningen,
Sandefjord, Norway. A detailed report on the whale
catch in the Antarctic in the season 1959/60 and in
grounds outside the Antarctic in the calendar year
1960 by companies of various nations. Discusses
the whaling grounds and details of whaling activities
in all areas of the world. Whaling fleets from 17
nations participated during 1960, operating in the
North and South Pacific, the South Atlantic, and the
Antarctic areas. A total of 63,205 whales were landed
during the year. Included are statistical tables show-
ing landings by geographical area and by company,
by country, and by location of whaling grounds. Also
included is a world map showing whaling areas dur-
ing 1960.

WORLD TRADE:

The following printed World Trade Information Serv-
ice Reports, published by the Bureau of Foreign
Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington, D. C., are for sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.

Import Tariff System of Portugal, Operations Report
No. 61-41, WTIS Part 2, 2 pp., 10 cents, July 1961.

Foreign Government Purchasing Agencies in the
United pistes: Operations Report No. 61-42, WTIS

Part 2, 4 pp., printed, 10 cents, July 1961.

Licensing and Exchange Controls--New Zealand,
Operations Report No. 61-45, WTIS Part 2, 7 pp.,
10 cents, August 1961.

Economic Developments in Japan, 1960, Economic
Report No. 61-46, WTIS Part I, 10 pp., 15 cents,
June 1961.

Import Tariff System
Report No. 61-46,
August 1961.

of Egyp ek MO Operations
WTIS Part 2,2 pp., 10 cents,

Licensing and Exchange Controls--Afghanistan,
Operations Report No. 61-48, WTIS Part 2, 3 pp.,

10 cents, August 1961.

Food Regulations of Sweden, Operations Report No.
~ 61-50, WTIS Part 2, 8 pp., 10 cents, August 1961.

Licensing and Exchange Controls--Cambodia, Opera-
tions Report No, 61-53, WTIS Part 2, 6 pp., 10 cents,
August 1961.

Import ee System of Spain, Operations Report No.
61-54, WTIS Part 2, 2pp., 10 cents, August 1961.

December 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Investment Factors in Thailand, Economic Report No.

61-61, WTIS Part 1, 8 pp., illus., 15 cents, August
1961.

YELLOW PIKE:

"First-Year Growth of the Walleye, Stizostedion vi-
treum vitreum (Mitchell), and Associated Factors
in the Red Lakes, Minnesoia," by Lloyd L, Smith
Jr. and Richard L. Pycha, article, Limnology and
Oceanography, vol. 5, no. 3, 1960, pp. 281-290,

CORRECTION

In the October 1961 issue, page 110, article "Plasma
Proteins in the Blood of Fishes from the Gulf of Mexico,"
the address of the publisher of the American Journal of
Physiology was given in error, The correct address is
American Physiology Society, 9650 Wisconsin Ave, NW.

printed. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Woods Hole, Mass.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST RAINBOW TROUT TRANSPLANTED
IN VENEZUELA AND HAWAII

In Venezuelan waters sport fishermen are going to be casting for
Pacific Northwest rainbow trout, nature willing and cooperative.

So will Hawaiians and their tourist guests who fish in the streams
of those Pacific islands.

The Department of Interior's Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
life rainbow trout hatchery in north central Washington (near Winthrop)
early in 1961 sent 200,000 of the more than 4,000,000 rainbow trout eggs
taken in that hatchery to Caracas, Venezuela and Honolulu, Hawaii. The
eggs were carefully placedon trays, packed inice,and sent by jet planes.
The eggs have been planted in the fishing streams for hatching. The
200,000 eggs were evenly divided between Venezuela and Hawaii.

Bureauof Sport Fisheries and Wildlife officials say there is every
reason to believe the project of transplanting trout from the Pacific
Northwest to the warmer areas of Venezuela and Hawaii will be suc-
cessful and the eggs moved those thousands of miles will produce fish
for the anglers and the base stock for future natural production in the
South American country and the new state of the United States.

The eggs to Hawaii, inthe air only a few hours, arrived in excellent
condition, according to the Division of Fish and Game of the State of
Hawaii Department of Agriculture and Conservation.

The eggs were put in slotted plastic boxes and the boxes then placed
in streams of the Kokee public fishing area. The slots in the boxes pro-
vide forescapement. They are small enough to hold the eggs, but large
enough so the young fish can swim through them into the stream and
start feeding. (Outdoor California, April 1961.)

Washington, D.C.

113

RAVES
i

vial tT i
SN

Viet ht
; Nf

Vie
(i

Pn)

PONS ‘

A hvat

i
ate

we
ie

es ,.
i

bon fe
if

ns e
Malla ee : &
i ; - :
wu 5 7 . = 3
Hil NT a : =
(li = - - are
WN oO Ss
Cu ESit
“ee Sees
ao Of ie Se Dae
ae rae - Ss
=r = eae 5S
ZW =

=

—)

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

° R
od Sa a aa sed ean DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, ASST. DIRECTOR

CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor
G.A. Albano and H. Beasley, Assistant Editors

Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Fishery Market News Service, U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, Room 510, Arlington, Va. 22209.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 1, 1963.

5/31/68

ey

This is an index of Volume 23, Numbers 1 through 12, issuedin 1961. It is a subject
index, with an author index for only the feature articles in each monthly issue. Indexing
of other material is based on the principal subject with some cross-reference, The use
or! ''in entries denotes the omission (repetition) of the major subject heading which
appears in ALL CAPS.

Actions in Congress affecting or of interest to commercial fisheries are indexed only ul
once by subject under tke general-heading: ''CONGRESS, EIGHTY -SEVENTH (First Session)",
i.e., no attempt has been made to cross-reference those entries.

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe Compositor--Betty Baran

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1

INDEX TO VOLUME 23 (NUMBERS 1-12 INCLUSIVE)--1961

The reference gives the month and the page number,

1961 Index
ABALONE
Alaska:
regulation, new,permits commercial fishing for
; Mar. p. 20.
California:
resources investigation; Jan. p18, Mar. p.22,
Dec. p,24.
Canned:

South Africa Republic production, Jan,-June
1961; Nov. Pp. 65.

ADEN PROTECTORATE
Government aids fisheries; Sept. p.65.

ADDITIVES (see FOOD ADDITIVES)

ADDITIONS TO THE U.S, FISHING FLEET
(see VESSELS, FISHING)

ADVERTISING
Sweden:
funds allotted for of fishery products; July
p.90.

AFRICA

Fishery news briefs; Sept. p.65.

Food and Agriculture Organization regional fish-
eries body for West under consideration;
June p.50. x

Italian meeting of Fourth Convention on Economic
Relations with African Continent, fisheries
stressed at; June p.50.

Oceanography and marine fisheries convention;
Mar. p.43.

Trawling operation off northwest
Japanese company plans; Aug. p.77.

» another

AGAR-AGAR
Portuguese trends; Apr, p.78.

AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF
Food stamp plan, pilot, includes fishery products;
July p.97.

AIR-CURTAIN
Sardines, Maine, used for fishing; Mar. p.1.

AIRPLANE SPOTTING
Aerial fish spotting in the United States commer-
cial fisheries; Dec. p.1.
California:
abalone resources investigation; Mar, p. 22.
crab fishing area and intensity studies; Mar.
peed.
pelagic fish population survey; Jan. p.19, Apr.
p.14, May p.11, Aug. p.20, Nov. p.15, Dec.
Dave

AIR TRANSPORTATION
Striped bass, live, air-transported to Kentucky
lake; Mar, p.115.

ALABAMA
Farm pond-stocking with channel catfish, experi-
ment on; May p.15.
Oyster farming,
p. 29.

opens new areas for; Apr.

ALASKA
Abalone fishing, commercial, new regulation per-
mits; Mar. p.20.
Commercial Fisheries, Bureau of:
biological laboratory at Auke Bay, Alaska, new,
June p.14,
Crab, king:
tagged by Japanese off Kodiak, taken in Alitak
Bay; June p.15.
tag-retention studies started; July p. 22.
Freezerships, tax upheld on; July p.100.
Fur seals: :
international treaty negotiated 50 years ago;
Sept. p.26.
Pribilof 1961 harvest; Nov. p.18.
skin prices drop at fall auction; Dec, p.29.
skin prices drop at spring 1961 auction; July
p. 18.
Halibut and bottomfish off , International Pa-
cific Halibut Commission survey of; Aug. p.46.
Herring:
tag-detection device, automatic; Nov, p.32.
Japanese fishing:
industry in Japan hopes to see waters south of
Peninsula opened; Dec. p. 82.
trawling experimental, planned off Kodiak
Island; Aug. p.77.
trawling south of Alaska Peninsula, applications
rejected by Japanese Government for; May
p.53.

Mesh-size regulations revised for nets now in use;
Feb. p.12.

Regulations for commercial fishing for 1961 sea-
son; Feb. p.11

Salmon:

canned pack for 1960; Jan, p.17.

harvesting annual runs creates great interest;
Jan. p.16.

sixth species caught in waters; Jan. p.17.

sockeye or red, Bristol Bay 1961 run forecast;
Jan. p.16, May p.24.

Shrimp exploration in Central waters by the
M/V "John N. Cobb,'' October-November 1959;
Jan. p.1.

Traps, fish, used by Indian communities, State
Supreme Court rules on case which affects; Aug.
p.14.

Walrus utilization in

; May p.10.

ALASKA, GULF OF
Bottomfish, exploratory fishing in by M/V
"John N. Cobb" for; Oct. p. 24.

ALASKA PENINSULA
Japanese fishing, experimental, south of in
1960; Nov. p.55.

. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ALEUTIAN ISLANDS
Japanese firm hopes to fish south of
p. 70.
Japanese plan to send fleets to fish herring and
bottomfish south of ; May p.53.

; July

ALEWIFE
Great Lakes:
utilize in Lake Michigan, efforts to; Sept.
p.29,

ALGERIA
Shrimp industry; Mar. p. 44.

AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
Food and atherosclerosis to be discussed at annual
meeting; Oct. p.9.

AMERICAN FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Oceanographic research stressed at meeting; Aug.
p.14,

AMERICAN SAMOA
Fish canning industry, minimum wage order for
affects; Nov. p.71.

Tuna:
biological data collection planned; June p.17.
landings, Oct. 1960; Jan. p.17.

Wages, minimum, for , hearing to investigate

and recommend; Aug. p. 98.

ANCHOVIES
California:
population survey; July p.10, Aug. p.20, Oct.
peda.
Peru:
landings in Jan, -June 1961 set new record; Dec.
p. 87.
Spain:
landings heavy during season; July p. 87.

ANDERSON, ANDREW W,
Transfered from Assistant Director Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries to Fishery Attache in
Copenhagen; Aug, p.97.

ANGOLA
Fishery trends, first quarter 1961; Oct. p.45.
Fishing industry being reorganized; Feb. p.34.
Fishing industry depressed; June p.52, Aug. p.54,
Fish meal:
exports, subsidy ended on; May p. 40.
Japanese company plans to operate factoryship

off | Oct. po67.
prices, Dec. 16-31, 1960; Mar. p.45.
production by Japanese factoryship off :
duty-free entry into Japan permitted for; Nov.
p.56.
Fish oil:

industry and trade, 1959-1961; July p.43.
prices, Dec. 16-31, 1960; Mar. p.45.
Tuna:
Japanese fishing off reported good; Apr.
p. 66,

ANIMAL FEED
International meeting discusses role of fish meal
in ; May p. 38.

1961 Index
ANTARCTIC
Research in ,» Navy ship to be refitted for;
June p.15.
Research, marine, included in studies to be con-
ducted by vessel on permanent station in B
Aug. p.16.

Research program for 1962 includes fisheries and
oceanography projects; Oct. p.9.

Whale oil:
prices for 1960/61 production trend higher; Aug,
p.54.
Whaling output higher for 1960/61 pelagic season;
July p. 41.
ARAL SEA
U.S.S.R. transplanted herring from Baltic Sea to
; Jan. p. 83,
ARCTIC
Fisheries survey by Canada in western ; Sept.
p. 67.
Submarine collects plankton in Ocean; Mar.
p.35.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
Fish meal and oil industry; Feb. p.35.
Fish meal plant activated at Puerto Deseado; Apr.
p. 46.

Shrimp:

commercial species, principal,in
p. 56,

industry trends, Oct. 1960; Jan. p.52.
landings from Rawson area poor; May p.40.

3 Decs

ARKANSAS
Fish-farmers, product-development work aids;
Apr. p.20.

ASSOCIATION OF FOOD AND DRUG OFFICIALS OF
THE U.S.
Frozen foods code adopted by 3 Sept ps6.
ATLANTIC COAST
Scallops, sea, , fishing industry economic
study started; Sept. p. 44.

ATLANTIC MARINE GAME FISH RESEARCH CENTER
Sport fishing research center dedicated; Nov. p.31.
Survey of marine sport fishing near completion;

Aug. p.16.

ATLANTIC OCEAN
Atlas of North planned; May p.19.
Tuna:
Japanese applications to purse-seine in
still not approved; Oct. p.59.
Japanese Fisheries Agency research vessel to
explore se De Dale
Japanese fishing in ; May p.50.
Japanese fleet, control by exporters association
proposed of; Sept. p. 81.
Japanese long-liners to move southward, poor
fishing forces; Sept. p. 84.
Japanese vessels fishing in
Sept. p. 84.
Tuna, frozen:
Japanese consider higher prices for type;
Nov. p. 52,

» number of;

1961 Index

ATLAS
Atlantic Ocean, North, planned of; May p.19.
Norwegian and Greenland Seas fishery issued
by Soviets; Mar. p. 87, Apr. p. 86.

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION, U.S.

Fresh fishery products, extending storage life by
use of radioisotopes to be studied; Feb. p.25.

Marine animals survey at !depths of 50 to 450
fathoms; Oct. p.24.

Radioactive particles concentration by marine ani-
mals, Virginia Fisheries Laboratory receives
grant to study; Jan. p.41.

ATOMIC WASTE
Ocean disposal problems, university receives grant
for study of; June p.16.

ATTRACTING FISH
U.S.S.R.:
lights, flashing, to lure herring; June p. 83.

AUSTRALIA

Canned fish import status changed from quota to
replacement basis; May p.41.

Commonwealth Fisheries Council formed; Dec. p. 64,

Finfish landings, fiscal year 1959/60; Aug. p.55

Fish sticks and portions, Norwegian, good demand
for; July p. 43.

Freezer-trawler conversion scheduled; Apr. p.46.

Marine oils, foreign trade in fiscal years 1958/59-
1959/60; July p.43.

Mother-of-pearl shell fishing by Japanese off 5
Sept. pat.

Pilchard purse-seine gear, modern, introduced;

Decwip. G4:
Scallop bed, new, found off Queensland; Feb. p.36.
Shellfish landings, fiscal year 1959/60; July p. 44.
Shrimp industry; May p.40.
Spiny lobsters:

exports and industry, fiscal year 1959/60; Jan.
p53).
size, new, limit for South ; Feb. p.36.
Trawling company, Government-sponsored, to be
sold; Nov. p.42.
Tuna:
canned imports, higher tariff rates recommend-
ed for; Aug. p.59.
catch hits 5,000 tons; Sept. p.65.
clipper bought in the United States arrives; Apr.
p.47
fishery trends, fall 1960; Feb. p.36.
New South Wales landings set new record; May
p.41.
resources off , fishing vessel chartered by
Government to survey; Dec. p.63.
resources off south-west coast, survey planned
of; Nov. p.43.
Vessels, fishing, Government confirms ban on im-
port of; July p. 44.
Whale oil supply, distribution, and foreign trade,
fiscal years 1957/58-1960/61; July p.45.
Whaling:
Japanese- humpback agreement; Apr. p.46.

AUSTRIA
Fish meal market; May p. 42.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

AUTHORS AND TITLES
AMBROSE, MARY E. (and Sammie Bethea):

Physical and Chemical Properties of Shrimp
Drip as Indices of Quality; Jan. p.9,
correction--Apr. p.90.

BETHEA, SAMMIE (and Mary E. Ambrose):

Physical and Chemical Properties of Shrimp
Drip as Indices of Quality; Jan. p.9,
correction--Apr. p.90.

BULLIS, HARVEY R., JR. (and Robert Cummins,
Aiea) a

Interim Report of the Cape Canaveral Calico
Scallop Bed, An; Oct. p.1.

(and Travis D. Love):

Application of Steaming and Vacuum to Shucking
and Cleaning Scallops; May p.1, correction--
July p.125.

BUTLER, JOHNNY A.:

Development of Thread-Herring Fishery in the
Gulf of Mexico; Sept. p.12.

CARVER, JOSEPH H. (and Bernard I. Sohn and
George F. Mangan, Jr.):

Composition of Commercially-Important Fish
from New England Waters. Part I - Proxi-
mate Analyses of Cod, Haddock, Atlantic
Ocean Perch, Butterfish, and Mackerel; Feb.
Bae

COLLINS, JEFF:

Processing and Quality Studies of Shrimp Held
in Refrigerated Sea Water andIce. Part V -
Interchange of Components in a Shrimp-Ice
System; July p.1.

CUMMINS, ROBERT, JR. (and Harvey R. Bullis,
age) 8

Interim Report of the Cape Canaveral Calico

Scallop Bed, An; Oct. p.1l.
DAVIS, HARRY C.:

Effects of Some Pesticides on Eggs and Larvae
of Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and Clams
(Venus mercenaria); Dec. p.8.

DOW, ROBERT L.:

Some Factors Influencing Maine Lobster Land-

ings; Sept. p.1.
FITZGIBBON, DON:

Indexes of the Cost of Transportation for Fish-

ery Products; June p.12.
GRAHAM, HERBERT W.:

Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission, Re-

port of Eleventh Annual Meeting; Sept. p. 61.
GRAHAM, JOSEPH J, (and James W. McGary):

Investigation of the Potential Albacore Resource

of the Central North Pacific; Nov. p.1.
HASKELL, WINTHROP A.,:

Gulf of Mexico Trawl Fishery for Industrial
Species; Feb. p.1.

HITZ, C.R.( and H.C. Johnson and A.T. Pruter):

Bottom Trawling Explorations Off the Washing-
ton and British Columbia Coasts, May-August

1960; June p.1.
HOLT, JOHN K.:

Sea Sled to Towing Vessel Communication
Method, A--Equipment Note No. 10; Sept.
p.18.

JOHNSON, HAROLD C.:

New Hydraulically-Driven Block Speeds Haul-
ing Crab-Pot Warps, Equipment Note No. 8;
dane pelos

(and C.R. Hitz and A.T. Pruter):

Bottom Trawling Explorations Off the Wash-

ington and British Columbia Coasts,

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1961 Index

AUTHORS AND TITLES (cont.)

May-August 1960; June p.1.

(and Fred Wathne):

Shrimp Exploration in Central Alaskan Waters
by the M/V "John N. Cobb,'' October-Novem-
ber 1959; Jan. p.1.

JUHL, ROLF:

Study of Vessel and Gear Usage in the Shrimp
Fishery of the Southeastern United States, A;
Aug. p.1.

LOVE, TRAVIS D.:

"Jellied" Flounder from Gulf of Mexico Report
of; Aug. p.9.

(and Harvey R. Bullis, Jr.):

Application of Steaming and Vacuum to Shuck-
ing and Cleaning Scallops; May p.1 correction
--July p.125,

MACKENZIE, CLYDE L., JR.:

Practical Chemical Method for Killing Mussels

and Other Oyster Competitors, A; Mar. p.15.
MCGARY, JAMES W., (and Joseph J. Graham):

Investigation of the Potential Albacore Resource

of the Central North Pacific; Nov. joe Ue
MANGAN, GEORGE F., JR. (and Joseph H. Car-
ver and Bernard I. Sohn):

Composition of Commercially-Important Fish
from New England Waters. Part I - Proxi-
mate Analyses of Cod, Haddock, Atlantic
Ocean Perch, Butterfish, and Mackerel; Feb.
pal.

MCNEELY, RICHARD L,:

Experiments Utilizing Electrical Trawl Cables

--A progress Report; Apr. p.1.
MCRAE, ERNEST D., JR.:

Red Crab Explorations Off the Northeastern

Coast of the United States; May p.5.
PETERSON, C,E.:

Financial Assistance to Fishing Industries in
Various Countries; Nov. p.8.

PRUTER, A.T. (and C.R. Hitz and H.C. Johnson):

Bottom Trawling Explorations Off the Washing-

ton and British Columbia Coasts, May- August
1960; June p.1.
RATHJEN, WARREN F. (and Peter C. Wilson):
Russian Gill-Netter Docks in Boston, Mass.;
Sept. p.41.
RUGGIERO, MICHAEL:
Surf-Clam Fishery of New Jersey, The, Equip-
ment Note No, 9; Aug. p.11.
SMITH, KEITH A.:
Air-Curtain Fishing for Maine Sardines; Mar.

peal.
SOHN, BERNARD LI. (and Joseph H. Carver and

George F, Mangan, Jr.):

. Composition of Commercially-Important Fish
from New England Waters, Part I - Proxi-
mate Analyses of Cod, Haddock, Atlantic
Ocean Perch, Butterfish, and Mackerel; Feb.
piv.

SQUIRE, JEAMES L, \JR.:
Aerial Fish Spotting in the United States Com-
mercial Fisheries; Dec. p.1.
WATERS, MELVIN E.:
Inhibition of Mold on Smoked Mullet; Apr. p.8,
WATHNE, FRED (and Harold C. Johnson):
Shrimp Exploration in Central Alaska Waters
by the M/V "John N. Cobb," October-Novem-
ber 1959; Jan. p.1.

AUTHORS AND TITLES
WHITELEATHER, RICHARD T.:
Down with Rejects--Up with Profits--correction;
Feb, p.92;
WILSON, PETER C, (and Warren F, Rathjen):
Russian Gill-Netter Docks in Boston, Mass;
Sept. p.41.
BAHAMA ISLANDS
Sponge beds reopened; Sept. p.65.

BAIT SHRIMP (also see SHRIMP)
Production in Galveston Bay; June p.24.

BAIT FISHING
Ecuador coast, by foreign vessels prohibited
off; Aug. p.61.

BALTIC SEA
U.S.S.R, transplanted herring from to Aral
Sea; Jan. p.83.

BARBADOS
Fishing industry growing; July p.48.
BASS, KELP
Serological studies on started California

in preparation for tuna study; May p.11.

BEHAVIOR
Fish studies in Florida; Dec. p.29.
Shark studies in Florida; Aug. p.26.
BELGIUM

Canned fish:
imports, 1959; July p. 46.
prices, February 1961; July p.46.
Consumption of fishery products, 1960; Aug. p.56.
Fish meal:
import duty imposed; June p.52.
import duty reduced 50 percent; Oct. p.45.
prices; Mar. p.45, Apr. p.47, May p.42, June
p.53, Aug. p.55, Aug. p.56.
Shrimp industry; Feb. p.37.

BERING SEA
Bottomfish fishery:
Japan:
catches lower than expected; Sept. p.86
catch target for 1961; July p.71.

controls imposed onfishery in ; July p.68.
developments in 3 sept. pal, Octap- ole
Nov. p.55,

plans for 1961; June p.68.
twenty-six fleets to engage in fishery in F

July p.69,
Crabs, king:
Japan authorizes fall fishing in ; Oct. p.67.
Japanese tuna vessel being sent to to

fish for crabs; Oct. p.67.
Russia's fishing fleets in Bristol Bay area; Sept.
eOGs
Fieh meet! Japanese production as of June 30 of;
Sept. p.87.

Japan:

halibut catch forecast for vessels operating in

bottomfish fishery; Sept. p.85.

U.S.S.R. fishing operations in the ; June p.83,
Dec. p.89:
U.S.S.R. and Japanese fishing fleets active in 3

Oct: pr8i-

1961 Index

BERING SEA (cont. )
U.S.S.R. and Japanese fishing fleets active in 5
Oct. p.81

BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
Commercial Fisheries, Bureau of:
Auke Bay (Alaska) , new; June p.14,

BIOLOGY
Tuna, U.S. invites FAO to hold world meeting in
California on; Sept. p.63.

BLOCK
Hydraulically-driven , new, speeds hauling
crab-pot warps; Jan. p.15.
BLOCKS, FISH (see FISH BLOCKS)
BOATS (see VESSELS)
BONITO

Spain's fishery trends; Apr. p.81.
Turkey's exports higher in 1960; May p.63.

BOSTON
Russian gill-netter docks in ;.eept. p.41.
BOTTOMFISH
Alaska, survey of and halibut by International
Pacific Halibut Commission off; Aug, p.46.
Bering Sea:
Japanese fleets, twenty-six, to engage in
fishery; July p.69.
Japanese halibut catch forecast for vessels
operating in fishery; Sept. p.85.
Gulf of Alaska, exploratory fishing for by
M/V "John N. Cobb" in the; Oct. p.24, Dec. p.42.
Gulf of Mexico distribution and abundance
studies; Dec. p.35.
Halibut catch target of 28 Japanese North Pacific
fleets; Aug. p.76.
International Pacific Halibut Commission survey
off Alaska; Aug. p.46.
Japan:
Bering Sea:
catches lower than expected; Sept. p.86
fishery, controls imposed on; July p.68.
fishery, developments in; Nov. p.55.
fishery for , twenty-six fleets to engage
in; July p.69.
fishery trends; Sept. p.77, Oct. p.67.
fishing fleet's catch target for 1961; July p.71.
North Pacific fishery trends as of May 22, 1961;
Aug. p.77.
North Pacific, mothership fleets operating in
1961; Sept. p.90.
North and South Carolina coastal waters surveyed
for by M/V "Silver Bay;"' Oct. p.29.

Oregon, trawling exploration off coast of; June p.35.

Washington and British Columbia coasts, trawling
explorations off the; May-August 1960; June p.1.

BOTTOM TRAWLING (see TRAWLING)
BRAZIL
Amazonian fishermen catch fish with feet, fingers;
June p.97.

Cod-liver oil imports, 1959-1961; Sept. p.66.
Fish and whale meal, supply and distribution of,
1959-1961; Sept. p. 66

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

BRAZIL
Fisheries development, council created for; Nov.
p.43.
Fish meal and oil industry; Jan. p.54.
Salt fish, Norwegian, export prospects to
market improve; Jan. p.75.
Sao Paulo's fishing industry; July p.47, Aug. p.57.
Shrimp industry; Feb. p.38, Mar.p.45, July p.46.
Tuna:
fishing by vessels of ; Mar. p.46, Aug.p.56.
Japanese firm to expand fishing activities; Apr.
p.47.
Japanese fishermen hope to establish fishing
company and fish off ; July p.46.

BRIGGS, FRANK P.
Harvesting crops from the sea a conservation
challenge; June p.31.
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission:
U.S. Commissioner, sworn in as; Sept. p.113.

BRISTOL BAY
Crabs, king:
Japan:
factoryship attains pack goal; Sept. p.89
fishery in ; June p.69, July p.72, Sept.p.89.
fishery firms, ‘three, to fish in fall 1961; Oct.
Dao;
Russia's fishing fleets in ; Sept. p.106.
Japanese fish meal factoryship fishery trends;
June p.68.
Japanese mothership fishery trends, May (1961);
July p.71.
Salmon, sockeye, forecast for 1961 run; Jan, p.16.

BRITISH GUIANA
Shrimp industry; Feb. p.39
World Bank loan includes lending program for
fishing industry; Aug. p.57.

BRITISH HONDURAS
Exports of fishery products, 1959 and 1960; Sept.
p.66,
Shrimp fishing industry undeveloped; Jan. p.56.

BRITISH NORTH BORNEO
Shrimp:
resources off
p.42.
State of Brunei fishery undeveloped; May p.42.

surveyed by Japanese; May

BRITISH WEST INDIES
Barbados fishing industry growing; July p.48.

BROWNLEE DAM
Fish passage facilities at
adequate; Feb. p.18.

cause concern, in-

BUFFALOFISH
Product-development work on
fish farmers; Apr. p.20.

aids Arkansas

BURMA
Import duty rates on fishery products increased;
Dec.3p.67,

Japanese-Burmese fishing company, new joint; Jan.
p.96, Apr. p.48.
Shrimp industry; Feb, p.39.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

BUTTERFISH
Composition analysis of 3 bebep.T.
BYPRODUCTS (see INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS)
CABLES
Trawl , electrical, experiment ilizing;
Apr p nts utilizing;
Underwater communication
CALIFORNIA
Abalone resources investigation continued; Jan. De
18, Mar. p.22, Dec. p.24.
"Alaska'' research vessel, underwater chamber
with glass ports added to; Aug. p.17.
Anchovy population survey continued; July p.10.
Crabs, dungeness:
coastal waters, studies conducted in; Feb. p.13,
Octaps 10:
fishing area and intensity studies continued by
airplane spotting (flight 60-25-crab); Mar.p,
21,
Mackerel, jack, population survey continued; July
Dp.L0%

nee ees OCt spel:

Marine life, effect studied of high-explosive charge,

on; Nov. p.14.
Marine research vessel,
grant for; June p.35.

institution receives

Pelagic fish population survey continued; Jan, p.19.

Feb. p.14, Mar. p.23, Apr. p.14, May p.11, July
p.10, Aug. p.20, Oct. p.11, Nov. p.15, Dec. p.25.
Petrale sale tagging studies (M/V "'N.B. Scofield"
cruise 60-S-6-trawl); Mar. p.21.
Pollution in upper Sacramento River Valley, con-
tract awarded for dam to stop; Sept. p.39.
Rockfish studied off southern coast (M/V "'N.B,
Scofield'' cruise 61-S-1-rockfish); July p.12.
Salmon:
king:
homing instinct develops early in life, mark-
ing experiments reveal that; Mar. p.22.
Sener migrations of young studied; May
p.
midwater trawling for fingerlings; Aug. p.19,
Sept. p.21, Oct. p.11, Nov. p.15,
Sacramento River, big 1960 run to; Jan, p.18,
epenine channel, artificial, experiment; Feb,
p.13,
spawning run in
Apr. p.14.
Sardines:
concentrations investigated, reports of; Mar.
p.23.
landings down 41 percent through September
1961; Nov. p.28.
population survey continued; July p.10.
Séa lions:
aerial census (airplane spotting flight 61-7-sea
lion census); Sept. p.19.
Seaweed:
kelp,j giant, transplanting and habitat develop-
ment studies; July p.10.
Shrimp study off coast continued; Feb. p.16,
June p.17, Aug. p.18, Dec. p.24.

's Central Valley area;

Tuna:
albacore:
oceanographic survey off 3 Nov.p.33.
survey off and Baja California (M/V

"Alaska" cruise 61A4-albacore and M/V

1961 Index

Sept. p.20.
bluefin:
ex-vessel price advanced; Dec. p.49.
canned:
wholesale prices increase; Dec. p.49
Pacific Coast, preparation for study on M/V
"Nautilus" cruise 61-N-1-tuna); May p.11.
prices, ex-vessel, advance; Dec. pp.48 & 49.
Whaling land stations licensed for 1961; Aug. p.44,

CANADA

Arctic fisheries survey; Sept. p.67.
Biological research notes; July p.48.
British Columbia:
fishery trends, 1960; Jan. p.57.
trawling, bottom, explorations off the and
Washington coasts, May-August 1960; June p.1.
Cod fillets, large, new slicing machine developed
for; July p.52.
Dogfish:
British Columbia control program, 1960; Jan.
prove
Dogfish livers:
landings in British Columbia; May p.43.
subsidy on west coast; Jan. p.60, May p.43, June
p.95.
Fillets, cod, new slicing machine developed for;
July p.52.
Fish blocks, frozen, studies indicate ''wetness''
due to poor draining before freezing; July p.53.
Fisheries Act amended; July p.50.
Fisheries Department authority broadened; July
p.50.
Fishery cooperatives, 1959; Jan. p.59.
Fishing limits:
restriction within 12-mile zone to be relaxed;
July p.50,
vessel, fishing, definition revision brings up
question of fishing limits; June p.53.
Fish meal:
British Columbia, as fishing season ends mar-
ket improves for; June p.54,
British Columbia industry trends; Mar. p.46.
New Brunswick prices, Mar. p.48, Apr. p.48,
May p.44, July p.52, Aug. p.59, Oct. p.46, Nov.
p.43, Dec. p.67.
Fish solubles used to stop soil erosion; July p.49.
Food label law, new; Sept. p. 68.
Freeze-drying of fish, experiments continued on;
Sept. p.68.

Great Lakes fisheries, failures in; July p.49.
Groundfish study compares production costs in New
England and Canadian industries; Jan. p.27, Mar.

p.28.
Halibut trends in British Columbia, 1960; Jan. p.58.
Herring:
British Columbia:
fleet ends long tie-up; Feb. p.41.
landings and products, 1955) 56-1960/61: May
p.43.
oil prices at Toronto; July p.53, Aug. p.58.
International Joint Commission:
Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Projects:
project not economically feasible; Aug. p.49.
report submitted on; July p.39.
Lake Erie gill net mesh size restrictions removed;
June p.53,
Lake trout crossed with speckled trout; July p.49.

1961 Index

CANADA (cont.)

Landings of marine fisheries, 1960; Apr. p.48.

Lobster claws, rubber bands found best for secur-
ing; Nov. p.44.

Lobsters, canned, new regulations require certain
data on can; June p.53.

Mackerel, spring, canned, permits use of
citric acid in; June p.55,

Marine oils:

foreign trade, utilization, and production, 1958-
1960; July p.50.

use in edible products declines; Apr, p.48.

New Brunswick St. Croix River Basin project in-
cludes restoration of anadromous fish runs; Dec.
p.6l.

Overfishing not responsible for drop in yield; July
p.49.

Oyster, shucked, production in British Columbia,
1960; Mar. p.47.

Pollution penalties increased; July p.50.

Resources, natural, conference scheduled for Octo-
ber 1961; Mar. p.47.

Salmon:

British Columbia trends, 1960; Jan. p.57.

gill nets, synthetic monofilament, banned in
British Columbia fishery in 1962; Dec. p.68.

canned:

British Columbia pack drops sharply in 1960;
Jan, p.57,
marketing prospects in ; June p.50,

Scallops, record trip reported by fishing vessel;
Sept. p.67.

Sea lamprey:

fishery in Ontario; Jan. p.60.

research; July p.48.

Sealing by Newfoundland in Northwest Atlantic,
June p.51.

Shrimp;

British Columbia industry; Feb. p.41.

cocktail, regulations amended to include; Nov.
p.44.

Smelt introduction in Great Lakes; July p.49.

Trawlers, large, on Atlantic Coast still restricted
to fishing beyond twelve miles; Aug. p.58.

Tuna:

British Columbia trends, 1960; Jan. p.59.

canned in oil, Japan fixes floor prices for ex-
ports to of; June p.65.

Vessel, new, for North Pacific Ocean research;
Aug. p.59.

Vessels, fishing:

Canadian Great Lakes vessels may not land in
U.S. ports, U.S. Treasury Department rules;
Aug. p.100.

construction, Government proposes to increase
assistance for; Aug. p.58.

definition; June p.53, July p.50.

Whaling:

British Columbia:
industry reactivation in 1961 doubtful; Apr.p.49,
operations closed in 1960; Jan. p.58.

CANARY ISLANDS
Japanese firm plans to use to store frozentuna

for Czechoslovakia; Oct, p.61.
Japanese fishing company builds cold storage plant
in ; Apr. p.68.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

CANNED FISH
Australia's import status of changed from
quota to replacement basis; May p.41.
Belgium's rices, Feb, 1961; July p.46.
Defense, Department of:

Military Subsistence Supply Agency purchases;
Jan. p.22, Feb. p.19, Mar. p.25, Apr. p.19, May
p.14, July p.15, Sept. p.22, Oct. p.14, Nov. p.
17, Dec. pret

Japan:

exports to U.S, of major canned fishery products,

1959-1960; Oct. p.66.

standards planned for many products; Aug.
Dade.
Mackerel, spring, Canada permits use of citric acid
in; June p.55,
Morocco's exports of 5OCtepetils
Portugal:

exports; Mar. p.84, May p.60, Aug. p.85.

pack; Mar. p.84, May p.60, Aug. p.85.
Salmon marketing prospects in Canada; June p.55.
Sardines, Maine, stocks; Mar. p.32, June p.28, Aug.

p.30.
Sardines, Philippine trading company opens bids for;
June p.80.

South-West Africa industry optimistic about
1961 sales; Sept. p.103.
Tuna:
standard of identity, proposal to retain two of the
labeling requirements protested in the; May p.
68.
U.S. and territories 1961 canned pack at record
high; Nov. p.33.
U.S. production of for 1960; May 1961 out-
side back cover.
Veterans Administration requirements for
from 1960-61 pack; July p.15.

CANNERS
Norwegian fish form export pool; Apr. p.75.
CANNING
American Samoa fish
order affects; Nov. p.71.
Crab meat, canned, studies on browning of; Mar.
p.69.
Electrolytic tinplate as container for meat and fish,
behavior of; Sept. p.17.

industry, minimum wage

Japan:
companies fish, small, to be acquired by
large firms; Aug. p.74.
oyster freezing and plant, modern; Aug. p.
79.
Salmon industry on Pacific Coast, origin of;
Oct. p.115.
United States, introduced in 1819 in; Jan. p.89.
CANS

Aluminum fish
ing; Apr. p.79.

Electrolytic tinplate as container for meat and fish,
behavior of; Sept. p.17.

Japanese steel company makes chromeplated steel
sheets for ; Aug. p.75.

Shipments for fishery products; Jan. p.19, Feb. p.
17, Mar. p.23, May p.12, July p.13, Aug. p.21, Sept.
p.22, Nov. p.37.

, plant in Portugal for fabricat-

CAPE CANAVERAL
Scallop, calico, bed, interim report of the &

Oct, pt.

CENSUS, BUREAU OF THE
Import commodity classifications, limited revision
in 1962 planned of; Sept. p.108.

CENTRAL AMERICA COMMON MARKET
Treaty signed; May p.31.

CENTRAL AMERICAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
Common market treaty; May p. 31, Aug. p.50.

CENTRAL PACIFIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS
Pacific Ocean currents study around the Hawaiian
Islands, drift bottles used for; Mar. p.23, May p.
12, Aug. p.22, Oct:-p-12.
Tuna:
albacore, tagging returns indicate single popu-
lation in North Pacific of; July p.13.
American Samoa, collection of biological data
planned at; June p.17.
Hawaiian landings, lower, in 1960 bear out pre-
dictions of biologists; Mar. p.24.
larvae, Pacific, identification; Jan. p.20.
oceanographic data collected from Hawaiian
Island waters (M/V "Charles H. Gilbert'');
Mar. p.23, May p.12, Aug. p.22, Oct. p.12.
skipjack:
area south and west of Hawaii scouted for
(M/V "Charles H, Gilbert''); July p.14.
blood samples aid in distribution studies; Feb,
Delite
experimental fishing with monofilament gill
nets; July p.14, Oct. p.11.
live bait, threadfin shad continues to show
promise as; June p.18.
Vessel, research, new, for Honolulu Biological
Laboratory; Dec. p.25.
West African fisheries organization, regional,
United States represented at conference on setting
up; July p.41.

CEYLON

Fishermen's catch raised by motorization of prim-
itive craft; May p.44.

Fishing enterprise plans to expand; Jan. p.60.

Fishing fleet, 1959; Mar. p.48.

Japanese aid in establishing fisheries training cen-
ter in ; June p.55, Sept. p.68.

Japanese-Ceylonese joint fishing venture; Sept. p.
68.

CHAFING GEAR
Use of in cod ends discussed by Northwest At-
lantic Fisheries Commission; Sept. p.63.

CHESAPEAKE BAY
Commercial fisheries of » new movie planned
on; Nov. p.18.
Oyster MSX disease reappears in ; Sept. p.53.
Striped bass five-year migration study; Dec. p.48.

CHICAGO

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Receipts of fresh and frozen fishery products, 1960;
Apr. p.16.

1961 Index

CHILE

Fisheries law, implementing regulations issued
for; Sept. p.69.

Fishing fleet reconstruction aided by Finnish ex-
pert; May p.45.

Fish meal exports and prices; Mar. p.49, May p.
45, July p.54, Sept. p.69.

Fish oil, exports; May p.45, July p.54, Sept. p.69.

Fish rehabilatation survey by FAO expert; July p.
36.

Shrimp and "langostino" industry, 1960; Mar. p.49.

Whale oil production and exports, 1958-1960; July
p.o4,

CHOLESTEROL
Fish in the diet and ; June p.32.
Sardines, canned, Maine, as depressant, ani-
mal feeding tests indicate value of; June p. 29,

Nov. p.24,
CHUB
Fillets, breaded, tested for consumer acceptance;
Mar, p.28.
CLAM(S)
Hard:
New England transplanted in France thrive;
June p.19,

North Carolina explorations for ; May p.25,
pesticides, effects on eggs and larvae of
~ some; Dec. p.8.
Raritan Bay area of New York-New Jersey, Fed-
eral action to clean up; Sept. p.110.
Surf:
dredge, high-pressure, jet, used in New Jersey
fishery; Aug. p.11.
New Jersey fishery for ; Aug. p.1l.

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY (see COMMERCE,
DEPARTMENT OF)

COAST GUARD (see TREASURY DEPARTMENT,U.S.)

COD
Compositon analysis of
Denmark:
West Greenland, experimental trawling for
off; Nov. p.44,
Fillets:
slicing machine, new developed by Canadians;
July p.52,
standards, new, for adopted by state pur-
chasing officials; Nov. p.31.
Norway:
fishery trends; July p.82, Aug. p.82, Sept. p.96.
Portugal:
fishery trends; Apr. p.78.
fishing fleet ends season with better catch; Jan.
p.77.
Salted:
new method of curing; Feb. p.72.
Spain exports to Puerto Rico for the first time;
Feb, p.58.
Sweden's minimum ex-vessel prices increased;
Aug. p.88.

; Feb. p.7.

COD-LIVER OIL

Brazil's imports of , 1959-1961; Sept. p.66.

1961 Index COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

COLD-STORAGE
Japanese Government to subsidize construction of

two plants; Aug. p.77.

COLOMBIA
Fishery trends, December 1960; Mar. p.51..
Government support needed for fisheries; Mar. p.
51.
Research on fishery, laboratory established for;
Mar. p.51,
Shrimp fishing industry; Feb. p.42.

COLOR ADDITIVES
Regulations, proposed, for , Food and Drug
Administration; Apr. p.91.

COLUMBIA RIVER
Fishery facilities, Federal funds to Northwest
States for; Nov. p.17.
Fish passage accelerated research program gets
under way; Oct. p.12.
Marine fauna in deep water, survey off mouth of

of; Nov. p.26.
Salmon:
fishing regulations for 1961; Apr. p.31.
management of resource in aided by test

fishing; June p.39.

COLUMBIA RIVER FISH PASSAGE RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Program, accelerated, gets under way; Oct. p.12.

COMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF
Coast and Geodetic Survey:
ocean-wide oceanography survey, first, announc-
ed; June p.37.

sea bottom features, unusual, object of new ocean

study; Oct. p.25.
seamounts, discouvery of 34 under Pacific re-
ported; Dec. p.43,
Maritime Administration:
oil pollution of the seas, attacks; Dec. p.
45,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, BUREAU OF
Alaska RegionalOffice positions filled; Sept. p.111.
Assistant Director selected; Aug. p.97.
Biological laboratory at Auke Bay, Alaska, new;
June p.14.
Columbia River fishery facilities, Federal funds to
Northwest States for; Nov. p.17.
Crab, blue, processing plants, study to improve ef-
ficiency in; Oct. p.13.
Films:
Interior receives international motion picture
award; June p.19.
natural sponge industry in color; Jan. p.34,
Fishery agency begins its ninetieth year; Mar. p.
91

Fresh fishery products, extending storage life by
use of radioisotopes to be studied; Feb. p.25.

Long-range report issued; Apr. p.20.

Mortgage insurance for fishing vessels, clarifying
amendment on; June p.88.

Oceanographic and Hawaii Area Director posts
filled; Sept. p.112.

Positions, three, filled by promotions; Oct. p.85.

Research vessel, fishery, Louisiana firm to con-
struct for ; July p.28.

Research vessel, new, for Honolulu Biological
Laboratory; Dec. p.25.
Standard, Federal, proposed for grades of frozen
fried breaded sea scallops; Sept. p.112.
COMMITTEE FOR RECIPROCITY INFORMATION
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:
import restrictions, foreign, consultations
scheduled by for 1961 on; May p.67.
U.S. supplementary list of items for trade-agree-
ment negotiations; Jan. p.49.

COMMON MARKET
Central America Treaty signed; May p.31.

COMPOSITION
New England waters, analyses of commercially-
important fish--cod, haddock, Atlantic ocean perch,
butterfish, and mackerel from; Feb. p.7.

CONGRESS, EIGHTY-SEVENTH (First Session)
Alaska fisheries transport act extension; Jan. p. 89.
American Samoa fisheries; Sept. p.114.

Aquatic resources expansion, Mar. p.95.

Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission; May
p.75.

Budget of the United States; Mar. p.95.

Buy American Act; Feb. p.68, Mar. p.95.

‘California fishing problems; Mar. p.95.

Catch transfer at sea; Feb. p.68, Apr. p.92, May p.
75, June p.92, July p.100, Sept. p.114, Oct. p.88.

Chemical Pesticides Coordination Act; July p.100.

Columbia River Basin Treaty; Feb. p.68, Apr. p.93.

Columbia River Interstate Compact; Apr. p.93.

Commercial fisheries conference; July p.101.

Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife Service; July
p.101.

Congress adjourns; Nov. p.71.

Conservation of natural resources; Feb. p.68.

Crab meat imports from U.S.S.R.; Apr. p.93.

Depressed areas; Feb. p.68, Mar. p.95, Apr. p.93,
May p.75, June p.93.

Development loan fund; Feb. p.69.

Exempt railroad transportation for fish, livestock,
and agricultural commodities; Feb. p.69, May p.
76.

Export Policy Act of 1961; Mar. p.95, Apr. p.94,
June p.93, Oct. p.88, Dec. p.94.

Federal Boating Act of 1958 amendments; Mar, p.95,
May p.76, June p.93, Aug. p.100, Sept. p.115, Oct.
p.88.

Federal Trade Commission Act amendment; Sept.
p.114.

Federal Transportation Department; Mar. p.95.

Fish flour; May p.79, Oct. p.88.

Fish hatchery; Apr. p.94, June p.93, Sept. p.115.

Fish and wildlife aid through equipment transfer;
Apr. p.94, May p.76, Aug. p.100.

Fish and Wildlife Assistant Secretary of Interior;
Apr. p.94, May p.76, June p.93.

Fishermen's Cooperatives Association Bank; Feb.
p.69,

Fishery conservation measures; Feb. p.69.

Fishery Loan Fund mortgage foreclosures; Feb. p.
p.69, Sept. p.115, Oct. p.88.

Fishery problems, Pacific Coast field hearings held
on; Dec. p.43.

Fishing vessel crews to be considered employees;
Apr. p.94, Oct. p.88.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CONGRESS, EIGHTY-SEVENTH (cont.)

Fishing vessel disaster loans; Nov. p.72.

Food additives; Feb.p.69, Mar. p.96, Apr. p.94,
May p.76,

Food allotment program; Feb. p.69.

Food and Agriculture Organization; Aug. p.100.

Food stamp plan; Feb, p.69, Mar.p.96,

Foreign-flag vessels landing fish in Virgin Islands;
Feb. p.69, Sept. p.115, Oct. p.88.

Foreign trade; Oct. p.88, Dec. p.v4.

Foreign Trade Study Commission; Feb. p.69, Mar.
p.96.

Fur seal operations; Aug. p.101.

Game and food fish conservation in dam reser-
voirs; Feb. p.68, Mar. p.96, June p.93, Aug. p.
101.

Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf restrictions;
June p.93, July p.101, Aug. p.101, Sept. p.115.

Harbor facilities rehabilitation; Feb. p.70.

Imported commodity labeling; Feb. p.70, Apr. p.94,
Oct. p.89.

Import competition adjustment; Feb. p.70, Mar. p.
96 and 98, Apr. p.94, May p.76, June p.93, July
p.191, Aug. p.101, Sept. p.115, Oct. p.'89, Nov. p.
72, Dec. p.94.

Imports of polluted shellfish prohibited; Feb. p.70.

Income tax revision in favor of fishermen; May p.
77, June p.93.

Inspection of fishery products by Interior Depart-
ment; Oct. p.89, Nov. p.72.

Interior Department appropriations; Apr. p.94, May
p.77, June p.94, July p.101, Sept. p.115.

International fisheries organizations; Nov. p.72.

King and Silver Salmon Advisory Committee; July
p.102, Sept. p.116.

Labor, Health, Education, and Welfare appropria-
tions; Sept. p.116, Oct. p.89, Nov. p.72.

Marine mammal high seas protection; Feb. p.70,
June p.94, July p.102, Sept. p.117, Oct. p.89.

Maximum workweek reduction; Feb. p.70.

Medical care for fishing vessel owners; Feb. p.70.

Medical care for vessel personnel; Feb, p.70, Apr.
p.95, Aug. p.101.

Metric system study; Feb. p.70, July p.102, Aug.
p.101.

Minimum wage legislation; Feb. p.70, Mar. p.96,
Apr. p.95, May p.78, June p.94,

National Aquarium in District of Columbia; Feb.
p.70, Mar. p.97, Apr. p.96, May p.79, June p.95.
National Fisheries Center in District of Columbia;

Feb. p.70, Aug. p.101, Sept. p.117, Oct. p.89.

National Science Academy; Feb. p.70, May p.79,
July p.102, Aug. p.101.

Natural resources conservation; Mar. p.97, May
p.79, June p.95, July p.102.

Natural resources development; Apr. p.96, Aug.
p.101.

Naval Oceanographic Office; Aug. p.101, Oct. p.89.

Navigation and inspection law amendment; Mar. p.
oie

Netting imports for research; June p.95,

Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Convention;S5ept.p.117.

Northwest North America fishery industries; Oct.
p.90.

Nutrition Office; Nov. p.72.

Oceanographic funds for National Science Founda-
tion; July p.102.

Oceanographic research program; Mar. p.97, Apr.
p.96, May p.79, June p.95, July p.102, Aug. p.101,

1961 Index

Sept. p.117, Nov. p.72.

Oceanographic research vessels; Sept. p.117.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and De-
velopment; Mar. p.97, Apr. p.96.

Outdoor Recreation Resources and Review Com-
mission; Feb. p.70, Mar. p.97, Apr. p.96, May
p.79.

Oyster planters disaster loans; Feb. p.71.

Oyster producers loans; July p.103.

Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission; Aug. p.102.

Packaging and labeling practices; Dec. p.94.

Pollution of Sea Convention; June p.95.

Pollution of Sea Treaty implementation; Aug. p. 102,,.
Sept. p.117, Oct. p.90, Dec. p.94.

Portland Harbor, Maine, improvement; Oct. p.90,
Nov. p.73.

Power projects fishery resources protection; Feb.
pat; Apr: p97.

Public works appropriations, 1962; Aug. p.102.

Radiation processing of food; Mar. p.97.

Research and development contract costs; June p.
96.

Safety of Life at Sea Convention; June p.96.

Saltonstall-Kennedy Act fund reapportionments;
Feb. p.71, Apr. 1.97, May p.79, June p.96, Nov. p.
73,

Saltonstall-Kennedy Act annual report; July p.103.

Science Department; Feb. p.71.

Scientific research and development report; July
pal03:

Seamen's physical requirements; June p.96.

Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce investigations; Feb. p.71.

Shelifisheries research center; Feb. p.71, July p.
103, Sept. p.118, Oct. p.90.

Shellfish processing exemption from minimum wage;
Oct. p.90.

Shrimp import duties; Feb. p.71, May p.79, June p.
96, July p.103, Aug. p.102, Sept. p.118, Oct. p.90.

Small business; Apr. p.97.

Smithsonian Insitution marine and aquatic biological
research; Sept. p.118.

Sport fish study; May p.80, Aug. p.102.

Sport fishing stamp; Nov. p.72.

State Department appropriations; Apr. p.97, July p.
103, Aug. p.102, Sept. p.118, Oct. p.91, Nov. p.73.

Stern ramp trawler; Mar. p.98.

Submerged Lands Act amendment; Feb, p.71, Mar.
p.98, May p.80, June p.96, July p.104.

Supplemental appropriations; Apr. p.97, May p.80,
Sept. p.118, Oct. p.91, Nov..p.73.

Tariff negotiations; Feb. p.71, Mar. p.98, Apr. p.
98, May p.80, June p.96, Oct. p.92.

Tariff revisions; Feb. p.71, Sept. p.118, Oct. p.91.

Tariff Study Commission; Feb, p.72, Mar. p.98.

Tariff study by House Committee; Mar. p.98.

Trade agreements; Oct. p.92.

Tuna Convention Act of 1950 amendments; Nov.p.74.

Vessel collision liability; Sept. p.119.

Vessel measurement; July p.104, Aug. p.102.

Vessel owners' liability; Sept. p.119.

Vessel transfer (M/V "Alaska''); Sept. p.119, Oct.
p.92,

Vessel, undocumented, numbering regulations; Aug.
p.102.

Water pollution control; Feb. p.72, Mar. p.98, Apr.
p.98, May p.81 June p.96, July p.104, Aug. p.102.

1961 Index

CONGRESS, EIGHTY-SEVENTH (cont.)

Water Pollution Control Research Laboratory; Feb.
p.72, Mar. p.98, May p.81, June p.97.

Water resources; Feb. p.72, Mar. p.98, May p.81.

Water resources activities in the United States;
Mar. p.98.

Water resources conservation; Aug. p.103, Sept.
pelliss Oct: p92.

Weather station in Gulf; Feb. p.72.

World trade; May p. 81, Aug. p.103.

CONSERVATION
Harvesting crops from the seaa challenge;
June p.31.

CONSUMPTION

Belgium's fishery products , 1960; Aug.p.56.

United States fishery products , 1960; Apr. p.
34,
Houston, Texas, frozen fish and shellfish in

restaurants and institutions of; Feb. p.23.

COSTA RICA
Fishermen's cooperative established; July p.55.
Shrimp industry; Mar. p.51.
Turtle, sea, exports are legal except for those
caught in nursery area; Sept. p.71.

CRAB(S)
Black, hydraulically-driven, new, speeds hauling
-pot warps; Jan. p.15.

CRAB(S), BLUE

Freshness test for meat, rapid objective, and spoil-
age characteristics, correction; Jan, after p.103.

Larvae of , effects of environmental factors on
the development and survival of; Oct. p.20.

Larval development of ,» Duke University re-
ceives grant to study; Feb. p.25.

.Processing plants, study to improve efficiency in;

©ctap. 13)
} South Carolina studies, Sept. 1960-March 1961;
June p.40.
Tagged in Chesapeake Bay, large number of :
Jan, p.41.

CRAB(S), DUNGENESS (MARKET)
California studies conducted in coastal waters;
Feb, p.13, Mar. p.21, Oct. p.10.

CRAB(S), KING
Alaska:
tagged by Japanese off Kodiak and taken in Alitak
Bay; June p.15.
tag-retention studies started; July p.22.
Bering Sea:
Japanese experimental factoryship; Dec. p.81.

Japanese tuna vessel to fish for ; Oct. p.67.
Bristol Bay:
Japan authorizes fall fishing for s1OCtapsGie

Japanese catch; July p.72.

Japanese factoryship attains pack goal; Sept. p.
89.

Japanese fishery firms to fish in fall 1961 in;
Oct. p.67.

Japanese fishing; June p.69, Sept. p.89.

Russia's fishing fleets in area; Sept. p.106.

Japanese fishery committee proposals for 1961;
Mar. p.69.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

CONGRESS, EIGHTY-SEVENTH

North Pacific:
Japanese and U.S.5.R. salmon and quotas
for 1961; July p.40, Aug. p.47, Oct. p.43.
Japanese fleets report good fishing; Aug. p.76.
Japanese mothership fleets operating in 1961;
Sept. p.90.
CRAB(S), RED
Explorations off the Northeastern Coast of the Unit-
ed States; May p.5.

CRAB MEAT
Canned:
browning of , Japanese study; Mar. p.69.
imports of Soviet , restrictions lifted on;
May p.71.

Japanese exports, 1956-60; Nov. p.56.
United Kingdom imports from Russia increased;
Jan, p.84.
Mexico's industry; Oct. p.70.

CREDIT FOR FISHERY INDUSTRIES
Technical meeting on , training personnel and
attracting capital for fisheries discussed at; Jan.
p.48.

CROMWELL CURRENT
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
tion; Apr. p.28.

investiga-

CROWTHER, HAROLD E.
Assistant Director of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, selected for position of; Aug. p.97.

CRUSTACEA (see SHELLFISH)

CUBA

Dried-salt fish producers in Norway seek to barter
for Cuban sugar; Apr. p.76.

Fisheries trends; Feb, p.43, Mar. p.54.

Fishing industry expansion aided by Government;
Jan, p.61,

Prices for fish, wholesale and retail, regulated for
certain species; Jan. p.61.

CURACAO
Japanese fish cannery planned for Free Zone; Dec.
p.68.
Japanese fishing base, Netherlands approves es-
tablishment of; Aug. p.59.
Tuna base in Caribbean area, Japanese fishing com-
pany plans; Aug. p.70.

CURED FISH

Cod, salt, new method of curing; Feb. p.72.

Drying, solar, devices could save money in fishing
and farming; Dec. p.63.

Fish curing important factor in development of
maritime nations; Oct. p.8.

North American stock in trade in early days; Sept.
p.119.

CUSTOMS, BUREAU OF (see TREASURY DEPART-
MENT)

CYPRUS
Fisheries development survey by FAO expert; July
p.36,

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1961 Index
CZECHOSLOVAKIA DENMARK
Icelandic exports of fishery products in 196U to p. 56, Aug. p. 60, Sept. p. 71.
; June p. 63. supply, distribution, and foreign trade, 1959-
Tuna, frozen: 1960; Oct. p. 49.
Japan, may purchase more from; Nov. p. Fish solubles:
44. exports, 1957-60; June p. 56.
Japanese firm plans to use Canary Islands to prices; Mar. p. 54, May p. 46, July p. 56,
store for Octamp- rol. Aug. p. 60, Sept. p. 71.

Japanese firms to deliver to ; Aug. p. 60.
Japan signs agreement for exports to ‘
June p. 66, July p. 75.

DAMS

Fish passage facilities at Oxbow and Brownlee
Dams cause concern, inadequate; Feb. p. 18.

Fish passage problem on Middle Snake, study
announced of; May p. 13.

Middle Snake power license, Interior Department
recommends against immediate; Jan. p. 20.

Pollution in upper Sacramento River Valley,
contract awarded for to stop; Sept. p. 39.

Salmon passage problem on McKenzie River in
Oregon; Aug. p. 35.

Salmon staircase at

; Aug. p. 103.

DEFENSE, DEPARTMENT OF
Military Subsistence Supply Agency:

canned fishery products purchases; Jan. p. 22,
Feb. p. 19, Mar. p. 25, Apr. p. 19, May p.
14, July p. 15, Sept. p. 22, Oct. p. 14, Nov.
Delica Dees, De ail.

fresh and frozen fish purchases; Jan. p. 21,
Feb. p. 18, Mar. p. 25, Apr. p. 18, May p.
14, July p. 15, Sept. p. 22, Oct. p. 14, Nov.
PP. ls, Dee. cp. 26.

small business firms, a $700 million food buyer
offers special opportunities to; July p. 4.

DELAWARE BAY
Oyster survival improved; Dec. p. 42.

DENMARK
Cod:
exports of fillets to United States large in first
half 1961; Oct. p. 46.

West Greenland, experimental trawling off; Nov.

p. 44.

Common market and effect on fishing industry;
Oct. p. 46.

Consumption, per capita, retail fish dealers dis-
cuss; Nov. p. 46.

Cooperative, sales, has good season; Nov. p. 47.

European Free Trade Association Convention to
apply to Greenland; Aug. p. 51.

Exports of fish fillets and byproducts; July p. 56,
Aug. p. 60, Nov. p. 45, Dec. p. 69.

Factoryships, fish, U.S.S.R. orders four more
from SADE Decl ls

Fisheries associations may realign; Oct. p. 47.

Fisheries Trade Fair, fourth International; July
Denote

Fisheries trends; Jan. p. 62, Apr. p. 49, July p.
56, Oct. p. 46, Dec. p. 68.

Fishermen leave industry; Nov. p. 45.

Fishing limits, Scandinavian countries discuss;
Sept. p58; Oct. p. 38%

Fish meal:

plants widely distributed; Aug. p. 61.
prices; Mar. p. 54, Apr. p. 49, May p. 46, July

Industrial fisheries prospects improve; July p.
56.

Marine oil supply, distribution, and foreign trade,
1959-1960; Oct. p.-47.

Mink farmers buy food fish; Nov. p. 46.

Nordic fishery coordination committee proposed;
Oct. p. 44.

Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Convention:

declaration of understanding signed by 5
Sept. p. 63.

Prices, ex-vessel floor, sought by fishermen for

several varieties of fish; Oct. p. 46.

Salmon:
Baltic Sea fishing began a month early; Oct. p.
47.
industry trends; Apr. p. 50.
Shrimp:

grading proposed; Oct. p. 47.
industry trends; Mar. p. 55.
processing methods; June p. 56.
Trawl, floating, single boat, experiments; July p.
57.
Vessel, fishing, departures delayed by shortage of
mates; Oct. p. 47.

DIET
Fish in the
June p. 32.

four times a week recommended;

DISEASES
Oyster » new, discovered in Virginia; Aug. p.
35

DOGFISH
Canada:
British Columbia:
control program, 1960; Jan. p. 57.
liver landings; May p. 43.
liver subsidy on West Coast; Jan. p. 60, June

ip. D0:
Serological studies on herring, used for; Mar,
Dridee
Spiny tagged off new England; Aug. p. 33.
United Kingdom, migrations of studied in;
Oct. p. 82.
DREDGE
Clam , high-pressure, jet, used in New
Jersey; Aug. p. 11.
DRILLS
Oyster » roofing tile to trap; May p. 28.
DRIP
Shrimp quality, physical and chemical properties
of as indices of; Jan. p. 9. Also see correc-

tion; Apr. p. 90.

DRYING
Solar devices could save money in fishing and
farming; Dec. p. 63.

1961 Index

DUKE UNIVERSITY
Oceanographic vessel, biological, to build;
July p. 25.

EAST AFRICA
Fishing potential discussed at international sympo-
sium; Feb. p. 43.
Marine biology and fisheries of Africa's East
Coast, meeting on; May p. 33.
Rock cod species, study of; Aug. p. 61.

ECONOMIC(S)
Regulations, fishery, meeting on effects con-
cludes more facts needed; Sept. p. 60.

ECUADOR
Bait fishing by foreign vessels prohibited; Aug. p.
61.
Fishery Institute, FAO Fishery officer to head;
June p. 49.
Fishing industry, 1961; June p. 58.
Fish nets and twine, import duty lowered on; Dec.
p. 69.
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Convention adhered
to by ; June p. 57.
National Institute to expand and study fisheries;
Mar. p. 58.
Sardine, canned, imports prohibited; Apr. p. 51.
Shrimp:
exports, first quarter 1960 and 1961; July p. 57.
fishery profits decline; Apr. p. 51.
industry trends; Mar. p. 58, June p. 58.

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS
Marketing prospects; Jan. p. 29, July p. 22, Sept.
p. 33, Dec. p. 40.

EEL(S)
Netherlands, conservation of young migration
routes into inland water system of the; Jan. p. 8.
United Kingdom, jellied popular in; July p.
126.

EGYPT
Canned fish trends, October 1960; Jan. p. 63.
Dried and salted fish industry trends, October
1960; Jan. p. 64.
Fisheries trends, October 1960; Jan. p. 63.
Government aid to fisheries; Jan. p. 64.
Marine resources, organization formed to develop;
Nov. p. 47.
Shrimp:
industry trends, October 1960; Jan. p. 63.
United Arab Republic regulations governing
freezing and export; Aug. p. 92.
Spiny lobster exports planned; Jan. p. 64
Vessel, fishing, Alexandria to be site of repair
and shipbuilding yards for; Sept. p. 65.

ELECTRICAL FISHING
Trawl cables, electrical, experiments utilizing;
IN ores joy Ale

ELECTRONICS
Thermometer developed to record water temper-
ature at fish hook; Oct. p. 13.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

EL SALVADOR
Shrimp:
exports, new tax imposed on; Sept. p. 71.
industry trends; Jan. p. 62, Apr. p. 51.
vessels, two firms seek U.S. funds to build; Jan.
p. 62.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Symposium on planned by Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries Commission; Sept. p. 63.

EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT
South investigationsby Scripps Institution of
Oceanography; Apr. p. 28.

EQUIPMENT NOTES
No. 8--New Hydraulically-Driven Block Speeds
Hauling Crab-Pot Warps; Jan. p. 15.
No. 9--The Surf-Clam Fishery of New Jersey; Aug.
Perils
No. 10--A Sea Sled to Towing Vessel Communica-
tion Method; Sept. p. 18.

ESTUARINE PROGRAM
Gulf of Mexico studies; Dec. p. 34.

EUROPE
Western
38.

» market for fish body oils in; Nov. p.

EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET (see EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC COMMUNITY)

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

Danish fishing industry, and effect on; Oct. p.
46.

GATT, report of to; Feb. p. 32.

Iceland's attitude regarding the and European
Free Trade Association; July p. 63.

Japanese tariff negotiations with included fish-
ery products; Sept. p. 92.

Norway, effect of on fisheries discussed by
Fisheries Minister; Oct. p. 72.

Norwegian fishermen and the

United Kingdom membership in
to fishery exports; Oct. p. 82.

jaNov:.. p. 59:
advantageous

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION
Convention to apply to Greenland; Aug. p. 51.
Duties between member countries, reduction of;

Aug. p. 50.
Finland and Outer Seven countries sign agreement
of association; Aug. p. 50.
Finland's association with
Iceland's attitude regarding the
pean Common Market; July p. 63.

AUS MPs Rod.
and the Euro-

EUROPEAN INLAND FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMIS-

SION
FAO Council approved ; Sept. p. 60.
EXEMPT TRUCKING
Frozen fishery products, prepared, ICC ruling
claims that many products not exempt from regu-
lation for trucks; July p. 99.

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

EXPORTS

Canned fish to Belgium, U.S.
46.

Edible fishery products, fresh, frozen, and proc-
essed; Jan. p. 39, Feb. p. 27, Mar. p. 36, Apr. p.
37, May p. 27, June p. 44, July p. 33, Aug. p. 39,
Sept. p. 49, Oct. p. 35, Nov. p. 35, Dec. p. 52.

Fish oil:

Italian imports from dollar area liberalized; Oct.

p. 58.

U.S. in 1960 down slightly; Apr. p. 37.

Wiss ,» January-March 1961; July p. 32.
France's fishery products imports subject to quan-

titative restrictions; Feb. p. 46.

Greece's import controls on canned fishery prod-
ucts; Nov. p. 49.

Import restrictions, foreign, consultations sched-
uled by Committee for Reciprocity Information for
1961 on; May p. 67.

Mexico requires import permits on many fishery
products; Nov. p. 58.

Processed fish and shellfish
Jan. p. 39.

Sardines, canned:

Philippine decontrol has limited impact on im-

ports from U.S.; May p. 59.

U.S. product preferred by Philippines; May p.50.
Selected fishery products; Jan. p. 40, Aug. p. 39.
Shrimp, frozen, U.S, and re-exports to Japan

of; Oct: p. 34, Nov. p. 35, Dec. p,.52.

United States-fishery products, world trade in 1960
fonssoept. p-.00:

Whale oil, U.S. of, January-March 1961; July
p. 32.

of, 1959; July p.

» September 1960;

EXPRESS RATES

Fish and seafood about unchanged; Nov. p. 32.

Fishery products commodity rate increases sus-
pended; Aug. p. 23.

Fishery products, indexes of express transporta-
tion cost fcr; June p. 12.

Rates, express commodity, on fishery products
cancelled; Aug. p. 23.

EYES
Pelagic fish being studied; Aug. p. 26.

FACTORYSHIP(S)
German Federal Republic:
freezing unit for trawlers, company devel-
ops; July p. 57.
trawler » new stern-type, returns with rec-
ord trip, Aug. p. 62.
Greece's stern trawler
tic; Jan. p. 66.
Japan:
fish meal company agrees to deliver 14,000
tons of meal; July p. 73.
shrimp processing to operate in North Pa-
cific; Aug. ip. tie
Norway's first trawler delivered; July p. 82.
Transfer of fish at sea from trawler to ex
periment on; Apr. p. 87.
Unis. Re:
factoryship, large, launched; Oct. p. 82.

to fish in North Atlan-

herring , new, for Far East; May p. 64.
orders four more fish from Denmark Apr.
Deole

stern-trawlers for fishing in tropics; June p. 82.

1961 Index

FACTORYSHIP(S)
Wissen:
trawlers fishing off South-West Africa; July p. 93.
trawler, new, to fish in the Northwest Atlantic;

Mar. p. 87.
FAR EAST
Russian herring factoryship, new, for ; May p.

64.

FARM PONDS
Alabama experiment on stocking with channel cat-
fish; May p. 15.

FAROE ISLANDS

Fillets, frozen, shipped to U.S.; Oct. p. 50.

Fishermen to hand line inside Icelandic fishing limits
area; Oct. p. 50.

Fishery trends, July 1961; Oct. p. 50.

Fishing rights, Faroese get Icelandic; Oct. p. 55.

Fishing vessels, loans for; Oct. p. 50.

Line fishermen bothered less by foreign trawlers;
Oct..p. 50:

West Greenland fishery produces well; Oct. p. 50.

FEDERAL AID FUNDS
Commercial fishery states, Interior Department
endorses aid to; Aug. p. 24.
Fish and wildlife restoration, for; Jan. (p.:21%
Aug. p. 24.

FEDERAL PURCHASES OR FISHERY PRODUCTS
Defense, Department of:
Military Subsistence Supply Agency:
canned fish purchases; Jan. p. 22, Feb. p. 19,
Mar. p. 25, Apr. p. 19, May p. 14, July p. 1p,
Sept. p. 22, Oct. p14, Nov. p:divieDec™ipyg
2tle 5
fresh and frozen fishery products purchases;
Jan. p. 21, Feb. p. 18, Mar. p. 25, Apr. p.
19, May p. 14, July p. 15, Sept. p. 22, Oct. p.
14, Nov. p. 17, Dec. p. 26.
Small business firms, a $700 million food buyer
offers special opportunities to; July p. 4.
Veterans Administration:
canned fish requirements from 1960-61 pack; July
p. 15.
tuna and salmon, canned, awards on; Dec. p. 27.

FIJI ISLANDS

Japanese plan tuna fishing base in ; Dec. p. 69.
FILLETS
Bones in , X-ray unit developed to detect; Oct.
p. 14.
Chub ,» breaded, tested for consumer accept-

ance; Mar. p. 28.
Denmark's exports of fish and blocks and fishery
byproducts; Aug. p. 60, Nov. p. 45.
Cod:
Danish exports to United States large in first half
of 1961; Octs ip. 46.
slicing machine developed for large
52.
standards, new, adopted by state purchasing offi-
cialis; Oct; ‘p; 3;
Faroe Islands ship frozen to U.S. Oct. p. 50.
Flounder, frozen, standards of quality proposed for;
Oct? ip.pol,.

; July p.

1961 Index

FILLETS

Haddock , new standards adopted by state of-
ficials for; Oct. (1961) p. 31.

Ocean perch, frozen, voluntary grade standards
issued for; Feb. (1961) p. 66.

Pacific ocean perch, frozen, voluntary grade stand-
ards issued for; Feb. (1961) p. 66.

Sole, frozen, standards of quality proposed for;
Oct. (1961) p. 31.

FILM (S)
Cheasapeake Bay commercial fisheries, new
planned on; Nov. (1961) p. 18.
Fishery , Interior receives international
motion picture award for; June (1961) p. 19.
Natural sponge industry, color on; Jan.(1961)
p. 34, June (1961) p. 23.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE

Fishing industries in various countries, to;
Nov. (1961) p. 8.
FINLAND
Fisheries trends, 1959-60; Jan. (1961) p. 64.
European Free Trade Association, signs

agreement of association with; Aug. (1961) p.51.

FISH
' Vertical ocean circulation helps to feed
(1961) p. 26.

; July

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, U.S.

Commissioner, former, accepts position as Fish-
ery Attache to Japan; May (1961) p. 14.

Long-range reports issued; Apr. (1961) p. 20.

Special Assistant to Commissioner appointed; July
(1961) p. 98.

Top fishery posts filled; June (1961) p. 89.

Vessel, fishing, construction subsidy, proposal to
permit use of either value or volume in deter-
mining eligibility for; Aug. (1961) p. 97.

FISH BEHAVIOR
United Kingdom conducts experiments on whether
or not fish see trawl net; Aug. (1961) p. 93.

FISH BLOCKS
Denmark's exports of fish fillets and and
fishery byproducts; Aug. (1961) p.60, Nov. (1961)
p. 45.
"Wet'' frozen used in making fish sticks,
effects of; July (1961) p.53.

FISH BONES
Detection of in fish fillets and portions,
X-ray unit developed for; Oct. (1961) p. 14.

FISHERIES LOAN FUND
Loans approved; Mar. (1961) p.25, June (1961) p. 21)
Sept. (1961) p. 23, Dec. (1961) p. 27.

FISHERMEN
Tax exemption for unemployment and social
security for fishing crews upheld by Federal
Court; Sept. (1961) p. 114.

FISHERY COOPERATIVES
Canadian , 1959; Jan. (1961) p. 59.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

FISHERY LOANS (see LOANS)

15

FISH FARMING
Alabama farm ponds, experiment on stocking with
channel catfish; May (1961) p. 15.
Arkansas fish farmers, product-development work
aids; Apr. (1961) p. 20.
Salmon:
Washington experiments begin to pay off;
Mar. (1961) p. 38.
Washington State plant of two million fish marks
beginning of large-scale experiment; Apr.
(1961) p. 38.

FISH FLOUR

Cookies made with served at luncheon; July (1961)
p. 104.

Demand for and fish meal, working party of ex-
perts approved by FAO Council to increase; Sept.
(1961) p. 60.

Development of for human consumption support-
ed by Senators from Massachusetts; July (1961)
pi l6:

Food for humans, successful tests of fish meal in;
May (1961) p. 37.

India experiments with biscuits; July (1961) p.67.

Interior Secretary letter to Senator Smith on ;
July (1961) p. 16.

Interior Secretary luncheon points way to end protein
deficiency; June (1961) p. 20.

Mexican scientists find promising as an additive
to foods; May (1961) p. 54.

Peruvian industry to manufacture
p. 85.

Protein efficiency rating high; Oct. (1961) p. 15.

; Dec. (1961)

Standard of identity proposed for ; Nov. (1961)
p. 70.
Statement by Congressman Keith on ; Sept.(1961)
p. 24.
FISH HAMS

Japanese production of ; Aug. (1961) p. 75.
FISH HATCHERIES
Federal and refuge men get uniforms; Nov.
(1961) outside back cover.

FISHING LIMITS
British-Icelandic dispute over
(1961) p. 49.
Canada:
trawlers, large, on Atlantic Coast still restricted
to fishing beyond twelve miles; Aug. (1961) p. 58.
vessel fishing, definition revision brings up ques-
tion of ; June (1961) p. 53.

Faroese fishermen to hand line inside Icelandic
area; Oct. (1961) pp..50,55.
Germans permitted to fish inside twelve miles of
Icelandic coasts; Oct. (1961) p. 51.
Iceland:
Government resolution to settle
British; May (1961) p. 48.
trawling regulations within 12-mile fishing zone
issued; May (1961) p.48, Aug. (1961) p. 64.
Norway:
agreement with Britain on extension of
approved; May (1961) p. 56, July (1961) p. 36.
extension of ; Apr. (1961) p. 75, June (1961)
p. 77, Nov. (1961) p. 61.

settled; June

dispute with

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

FISHING LIMITS (cont.)

Norway: (cont.)

territorial waters, no special rights for Polish
trawlers in; Oct. (1961) p. 38.

Scandinavian countries discuss
p. 58, Oct. (1961) p. 38.

Senegal territorial waters and
(1961) p. 75.

Soviet agreement with Britain to end; Sept.
(1961) p. 106.

Swedish-Norwegian talks on

; Sept. (1961)

defined; Oct.

; May (1961) p. 34.

FISHING PORTS
Landings, 1958, at some of the world's leading ;
Sept. (1961) p. 64.

FISHING VESSEL CONSTRUCTION DIFFERENTIAL
SUBSIDY
First application received; June (1961) p. 22.

FISHING VESSEL MORTGAGE AND LOAN INSURANCE
Cases approved; June (1961) p. 22, Sept. (1961) p. 24.

FISH IN NUTRITION INTERNATIONAL MEETING
Plans almost completed for ; Aug. (1961) p. 49.

FISH KILL(S)
Alewife die-off in Lake Michigan; Sept. (1961) p. 30.
Industrial wastes account for most ; Sept.
(1961) p. 40.

FISH LADDERS

Fish passage facilities at Oxbow and Brownlee Dams
cause concern, inadequate; Feb. (1961) p. 18.

Fish passage problem on Middle Snake, study an-
nounced of; May (1961) p. 13.

Oregon recommends new at Willamette Falls;
Jan. (1961) p. 31.

Salmon staircase at dams; Aug. (1961) p. 103.

FISH MEAL
Angola:
fishing industry depressed; June (1961) p.52.
prices, Dec. 16-31, 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 45.
subsidy ended on ; May (1961) p. 40.
Animal feed, International meeting discusses role

of in; May (1961) p. 38.
Argentina:
oil and industry; Feb. (1961) p. 35.

plant at Puerto Deseado activated; Apr. (1961) p.46.
Austria's market for ; May (1961) p. 42.
Belgium:

import duty imposed on ; June (1961) p. 52.

import duty reduced 50 percent; Oct. (1961) p. 45.

prices; Mar. (1961) p.45, Apr. (1961) p.47, May
(1961) p.42, June (1961) p.53, Aug. (1961) p. 55.

Brazil:

industry trends; Jan. (1961) p. 54.

supply and distribution of whale and
1961; Sept. (1961) p. 66.

Canada;

British Columbia industry trends; Mar. (1961)
p. 46, June (1961) p. 54.

New Brunswick prices; Mar. (1961) p. 48, Apr.
(1961) p. 48, May (1961) p.44, July (1961) p. 52,
Aug. (1961) p.59, Oct. (1961) p. 46, Nov. (1961)
p. 43, Dec. (1961) p. 67.

Chile:

exports and prices; Mar. (1961) p.49, May (1961)

p. 45, Sept. (1961) p. 69.

» 1959-

1961 Index
FISH MEAL
Chile:
exports increased sharply in 1960; July
(1961) p. 54.

production and exports, 1958-1960; July (1961) p.54.
Demand for and fish flour, working party of
experts approved by FAO Council to increase;
Sept. (1961) p. 60.
Denmark:
plants widely distributed; Aug. (1961) p. 61.
price jumps due to default on future contracts;
July (1961) p. 56.
prices; Mar. (1961) p. 54, Apr. (1961) p.49, May
(1961) p. 46, July (1961) p.56, Aug. (1961) p. 60,
Sept. (1961) p. 71.
supply, distribution, and foreign trade, 1959-1960;
Oct. (1961) p. 49.
Food and Agriculture Organization holds meeting to
study international market problems; May (1961)
Dios
Food for humans, successful tests of fish meal in;
May (1961) p. 37.
French and oil prices; May (1961) p. 46, June
(1961) p.59, July (1961) p. 57.
German Federal Republic:
prices; Feb. (1961) p.47, Mar. (1961) p.59, Apr.
(1961) p. 53, May (1961) p.47, June (1961) p. 60,
July (1961) p. 60, Sept. (1961) p. 72, Oct. (1961)
p.51, Nov. (1961) p.48, Dec. (1961) p. 70.
production and demand, report on worldwide; May
(1961) p. 46.
supply, distribution, and prices of
July (1961) p. 60.
Governments and industry seek greater markets for
; Mar. (1961) p. 41.
International meeting in Rome; May (1961) p. 36.
International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers,
second annual conference of; Dec. (1961) p.59. ,
International meeting confident of price recovery;
May (1961) p. 38.
International meeting, United States represented at;
May (1961) p. 36.

, 1959-1960,

Japan:
factoryship company agrees to deliver 14,000 tons
of ; July (1961) p. 73.

factoryship fishery, Bristol Bay, trends; June
(1961) p. 68, Sept. (1961) p. 87.

factoryship prices; Mar. (1961) p. 70, Sept.
(1961) p. 87.

factoryship off Angola, company plans to operate;
Oct. (1961) p. 67.

factoryship-produced off Angola, duty-free
entry permitted of; Nov. (1961) p. 56.

factoryships, two, exceed quotas; Dec. (1961) p. 81.

Feed Supply Committee recommends import of
32,000 tons; June (1961) p. 71.

Fisheries Agency proposal to stabilize market;
June (1961) p. 70.

Government plans to import ; Apr. (1961) p.69.

imports additional 10,000 tons of Peruvian 9
June (1961) p. 71.

import of , industry protests plan to; Apr.
(1961) p. 70.

import price for Peruvian ; Apr. (1961) p. 71.

parley ends without agreement; Mar. (1961) p. 69.

prices; Mar. (1961) p. 70, May (1961) p. 52, July
(1961) p. 73, Aug. (1961) p. 78.

producers being organized; Mar. (1961) p. 69.

Moroccan export prices; Mar. (1961) p. 74,
May (1961) p. 55.

1961 Index

FISH, MEAL (cont.)
Netherlands: (cont.)

prices of , Jan. 1960-Apr. 1961; Sept. (1961)
p. 95.
production of whale and , 1959-1960; Sept.
(1961) p. 95.
Norway:
herring and oil supplies low; May (1961) p. 58.

industry faces crisis; Nov. (1961) p. 60.
Paper bags, warehousing and shipping meal in;
Sept. (1961) p. 104.
Peru:
expansion of industry creates world problem;
Mar. (1961) p. 80.
export prices; Mar. (1961) p. 80, Apr. (1961) p. 77,
May (1961) p. 58.
exports in 1961 limited to 600,000 tons; Mar.
(1961) p. 81.
exports, 1958-1960; May (1961) p. 58.
industry trends; Feb. (1961) p.56, July (1961) p. 85,
Oct. (1961) p. 73.
marketing of ,» Peru and West Germany sign
agreement on; May (1961) p. 34.
prices and sales; Aug. (1961) p. 82, Sept. (1961)
p. 101, Oct. (1961) p. 74.
‘Quality, variable, theory being tested; Sept. (1961)
p. 25.
Research on and ‘oil, new technical advisory
unit to stimulate; Jan. (1961) p. 18.
South Africa Republic:
prices, December 1960; Apr. (1961) p. 86.
production for 1961 mostly sold in advance; Apr.
(1961) p. 80.
raw fish price, industry lowers; Mar. (1961) p. 87.
South-West Africa production; Apr. (1961) p. 80,
July (1961) p. 87.
Spain's producers hope for higher import duties;
Aug. (1961) p. 87.
Switzerland's imports increase, 1960; Oct. (1961)
p. 80,
Thailand duty lowered; Jan. (1961) p. 81.
Transportation of , scrap, and solubles, a study
“of; Feb. (1961) p. 12.
United Kingdom prices; Mar. (1961) p. 88, Apr.
(1961) p. 88, May (1961) p. 65, July (1961) p. 94.
U.S. and solubles supply; Apr. (1961) p. 14,
Oct. (1961) p. 33, Nov. (1961) p. 33, Dec. (1961)
p. 39.
U.S. production and imports; Jan. (1961) p. 38, Feb.
(1961) p.27, Mar. (1961) p.20, June (1961) p. 43,
July (1961) p. 32, Aug. (1961) p. 38, Oct. (1961)
p. 33, Nov. (1961) p. 33, Dec. (1961) p. 38.
World production as reported by principal producing
countries; Sept. (1961) p. 32.
Yugoslavia imports of , 1959-1960; Oct. (1961)
p. 84,

FISH MEAL MANUFACTURERS, INTERNATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF
Second annual conference of ; Dec. (1961) p. 59.

FISH MIGRATIONS
Plastic floats, new, to trace movements of young
fish; Sept. (1961) p. 52.

FISH OILS (see OILS)
FISH PASSAGE

Columbia River accelerated research program
gets under way; Oct. (1961) p. 12.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

FISH POPULATIONS
Lake Erie survey; June (1961) p. 23, Nov. (1961) p.19.
Lake Michigan survey; Oct. (1961) p. 18, Nov.
(1961) p. 20.

FISH PORTIONS
Australia, demand good for Norwegian in; July
(1961) p. 43. aS
Bone detection in fish fillets and
developed for; Oct. (1961) p. 14.
U.S. production; Mar. (1961) p. 37, June (1961) p. 45,
Sept. (1961) p.51, Dec. (1961) p. 53.

, X-ray unit

FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE (see Fish FLOUR)

FISH SAUSAGE
Japan:
plants for ; June (1961) p. 71, July (1961) p. 74,
Oct. (1961) p. 69.
production of
p. 57.

; Aug. (1961) p. 75, Nov (1961)

FISH SCRAP
Transportation of fish meal,
study of; Feb. (1961) p. 12.

, and solubles, a

FISH SOLUBLES
Denmark:
exports, 1957-60; June (1961) p. 56.
prices; Mar. (1961) p.54, May (1961) p.46, July
(1961) p.56, Aug. (1961) p. 60, Sept. (1961) p. 71.
Japan:
imports classified under animal feeds; July (1961)
p. 74.
permission to import
May (1961) p. 52.
Patent on recovery of ; Dec. (1961) p. 28.
Soil erosion, used to stop; July (1961) p. 49.
South African prices, December 1960; Apr. (1961)
p. 86.
Transportation of fish meal, scrap, and steel
study of; Feb. (1961) p. 12.
U.S. fish meal and supply; Apr. (1961) p. 14,
Oct. (1961) p. 33, Nov. (1961) p. 33.
U.S, production and imports; Jan. (1961) p. 38,
Feb. (1961) p.27, Mar. (1961) p. 20, June (1961)
p. 43, July (1961) p. 32, Aug. (1961) p. 38, Oct. (1961)
p. 33, Nov. (1961) p. 33, Dec. (1961) p. 38.
World production as reported by principal producing
countries; Sept. (1961) p. 32.

from U.S. requested;

FISH SPECIES

U.S.S.R. scientists discover unknown ; June
(1961) p. 11.
FISH STICKS
Australia, demand good for Norwegian in; July

(1961) p. 43.
Fish blocks, frozen, used in , wetness due to
poor draining before freezing; July (1961) p. 53.
U.S. production; Mar. (1961) p. 37, June (1961) p. 45,
Sept. (1961) p.51, Dec. (1961) p.53.

FISH STOCKS
Midwater , survey initiated by M/V ''Delaware'

of; Apr. (1961) p. 26.

FISH THAWING
Electronic unit for

developed; June (1961) p. 86.

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

FISH MEAL (cont.)
Netherlands: (cont.)
industry and market, 1959-60; May (1961) p. 55.

FISHWAY(S)
Maryland study concludes that at Conowingo
Dam would have little value; Apr. (1961) p. 24.
Oregon:
bids invited on new type ; Apr. (1961) p. 28.
Lookingglass Falls, new | completed at; Nov.
(1961) p. 26.

FLOATING TRAWL (see MIDWATER TRAWL)
FLOAT(S)

Convoluted developed to replace damaged
purse-seine floats; July (1961) p. 18.

Plastic to trace movements of young fish; Sept.
(1961) p. 52.
FLORIDA
Eyes of pelagic fish being studied in ; Aug.
(1961) p. 26.
Fish and shellfish resources survey off east

coast; Apr. (1961) p. 31, July (1961) p. 30, Oct.
(1961) p. 28, Dec. (1961) p. 47.
Fish behavior studies; Dec. (1961) p. 29.
Fisheries research; Jan. (1961) p. 22, May (1961)
p. 15, Aug. (1961) p. 25, Dec. (1961) p. 28.

Marine life studies, Miami University Marine
Laboratory receives grant for; Feb. (1961) p. 19.
Nonutilized fish incidental to shrimp fishing, use of;

Jan. (1961) p.23, May (1961) p.16, Aug. (1961)
p. 25, Dec. (1961) p. 28.
Preservation of frozen and fresh fishery products,
use of okra powder in; May (1961) p. 16.
Scallops, calico:
Cape Canaveral bed, interim report of the; Oct.
(1961) p.1.
exploratory trawling off sidan. (1961)' ps 32,
July (1961) p. 30, Oct. (1961) pp. 1 & 28.
Sea trout, spotted, tagging program; Jan. (1961)
p. 22, May (1961) p. 16, Aug. (1961) p. 25, Dec.
(1961) p. 28.
Shark behavior studies; Aug. (1961) p. 26.
Shrimp:
breaded, frozen, quality studies; Jan. (1961) p. 23,
May (1961) p. 16.
larval studies; Jan. (1961) p. 22, May (1961) p. 15,
Aug. (1961) p. 25, Dec. (1961) p. 28.
marking experiment, large-scale, in Dry Tortugas
area; Oct. (1961) p. 27.
reaction to light studied; Jan. (1961) p. 23.
royal-red exploratory trawling off ; July
* (1961) p. 30. :
stocks, extensive survey made off east coast of
for; Jan. (1961) p. 32.

FLOUNDER
Fillets, frozen, standards of quality proposed for;
Oct. (1961) p. 31.

"Jellied" from Gulf of Mexico, report of; Aug.
(1961) p.9.
Recipe for turbans; Apr. (1961) p. 120.

Which side up?; Jan. (1961) p. 86.
FLOUNDER, SUMMER (see FLUKE)
FLOUR, FISH (see FISH FLOUR)

1961 Index

FLUKE
Tagged off eastern Long Island; July (1961) p. 25.
Tagged off Middle Atlantic Coast by M/V "Delaware':
June (1961) p. 34.

FOOD
Fishing industry must meet challenge to supply
from the sea; June (1961) p. 31.

FOOD ADDITIVES

Additional approved; Sept. (1961) p. 109.

Clearance of , additional time proposed for;
Apr. (1961) p. 91.

Defoaming agents approved as safe in paper and
paperboard used to pack food; Nov. (1961) p. 69.

Effective date of statute for certain substances
used directly or indirectly in foods; May (1961)

p. 68, Aug. (1961) p. 96, Sept. (1961) p. 108, Oct.
(1961) p. 85, Nov. (1961) p. 69.
Fishery products, certain, Food and Drug Adminis-
tration approves used in; Sept. (1961) p. 109.
Flavoring substances used directly in foods, ex-
tension of effective date of statute for; Nov. (1961)
p. 69.
Mexican scientists find fish flour promising as an
additive to foods; May (1961) p. 54.
Paper products for food packaging, regulations
amended to include additional substances used in;
Aug. (1961) p. 97.
Red seaweed extracts in foods, orders on use of;
Dec. (1961) p. 92.
Shellfish, canned, Food and Drug Administration
approves for; June (1961) p. 88.
Sodium nitrite:
use in canned pet food containing fish and meat;
Dec. (1961) p. 92.

use in salmon products; Dec. (1961) p. 92.

use in tuna products; Aug. (1961) p. 96, Dec. (1961)
p. 92.

Substances added to
(1961) p. 91. :

Substances generally recognized as safe incorpofated
into regulations; Aug. (1961) p. 96.

list safe for use; Apr.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION
Ceylon fishermen's catch raised by motorization of
primitive craft; May (1961) p. 44.
Chile's fishing fleet reconstruction aided by Finnish
expert; May (1961) p. 45.
Council's 34th Session ends; Jan. (1961) p. 47.
Fishery commissions for West Africa and Europe
approved by Council; Sept. (1961) p. 60.
Fishery regulations, meeting on economic effects of;
May (1961) p. 38, Sept. (1961) p. 60.
Fish meal:
animal feed, international meeting discusses role
of fish meal in; May (1961) p. 38.
demand, working party of experts approved by
Council to increase; Sept. (1961) p. 60.
food for humans, successful tests in; May (1961)
eh hth
governments and industry seek greater market for;
Mar. (1961) p. 41. f
international meeting confident of price recovery;
May (1961) p. 38.
international meeting, market problems studied at;
May (1961) p. 35.
international meeting in Rome; May (1961) p. 36.

1961 Index

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (cont?.)

Fish meal: (cont.)

U.S. represented at international meeting; May
(1961) p. 36.

Fish processing, modern, yields new products;
Feb. (1961) p. 30.

Fish-processing technology training center spon-
sored by Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council; Feb.
(1961) p. 33.

Fisheries Director, new British trawler named
after; Feb. (1961) p. 30.

Fisheries experts assigned on surveys in Latin
America, Africa, and Cyprus; July (1961) p. 36.

Fishery Officer to head Ecuadoran Fishery Institute;
June (1961) p. 49.

Nutrition, chairman named for international
conference on fish in; Oct. (1961) p. 38.

Nutrition, international meeting on role of fish in;
July (1961) p. 37, Aug. (1961) p. 49.

Oceanography joint policy committee recommended
at 34th session of Council; Jan. (1961) p. 47.

Pearl-oyster beds, India, biologist surveys;
Jan. (1961) p. 69.

Philippine limnological laboratory, U.S. fresh-water
fishery expert to assist in organizing; July (1961)
p. 86.

Shrimp resources of Latin America, biologist to
survey; Feb. (1961) p. 30.

Training center studies fishery improvement for
Melanesians; Sept. (1961) p. 103.

Training personnel and attracting capital for
fisheries discussed at meeting; Jan. (1961) p. 48.

Tuna biology:

U.S. invites to hold world meeting in
California on; Sept. (1961) p. 63.
world congress for 1962 planned; Dec. (1961) p. 61.

Vessels for fishery research in the future face
complex problems; Oct. (1961) p. 39.

Vessels for fishery research topic of forum in
Tokyo; July (1961) p. 36, Oct. (1961) p. 39, Dec.
(1961) p. 62.

West Africa, regional fisheries body under con-
sideration for; June (1961) p.50, July (1961) p. 41,
Sept. (1961) p. 59.

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, U.S.
Color additives proposed regulations; Apr. (1961)

p. 92.
Fish flour, standards of identity proposed for; Nov.
(1961) p. 70.

Food additives:

additional substances approved; Sept. (1961) p. 109.

additional time for clearance proposed for; Apr.
(1961) p. 91.

amendment, effective date extended for; Sept.
(1961) p. 108.

defoaming agents approved as safe in paper and
paperboard used to pack foods; Nov. (1961) p. 69.

list safe for use, substances added to; Apr. (1961)
Deols

red seaweed extracts in foods, orders on use of;
Dec. (1961) p. 92.

regulations amended to include additional substances
used in paper products for food packaging; Aug.
(1961) p. 97.

sodium nitrite in tuna products, petition filed for
use of; Aug. (1961) p. 96.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

19

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION U.S.

Food additives:

statute for certain substances used directly or
indirectly in foods, effective date of; May (1961)
p. 68, Aug. (1961) p. 96, Sept. (1961) p. 108, Oct.
(1961) p. 85, Nov. (1961) p. 69.

substances generally recognized as safe incor-
porated into regulations; Aug. (1961) p. 96.

use in certain fishery products approved by
Sept. (1961) p. 109.

Radiation used in food inspection and controlling
processing, regulation on sources of; Apr. (1961)
p. 92, July (1961) p. 97.

Shellfish, canned, additive approved for; June (1961)
p. 88.

Shrimp, frozen raw breaded, standards of identity
proposed for; May (1961) p. 69.

Tuna, canned, standards of identity, protest filed on
proposal to retain two of the labeling requirements
in the; May (1961) p. 68.

FOOD CHAIN
Fish - Dec. (1961) p. 23.

FOOD SERVICE
New frontiers in ; June (1961) p. 32.
FOOD SPOILAGE
Control of , grant made for study of new ap-
proach to; Jan. (1961) p. 23.

FOOD STAMP PLAN
Fishery products included in pilot
p: on.

; July (1961)

FOREIGN TRADE, U.S, (also see EXPORTS; IMPORTS)
Edible fishery products, in; Jan. (1961) p. 39,
Feb. (1961) p. 27, Mar. (1961) p. 36, Apr. (1961)

p. 36, May (1961) p. 27, June (1961) p. 44, July
(1961) p. 33, Aug. (1961) p. 39, Sept. (1961) p. 49,
Oct. (1961) p. 35, Nov. (1961) p. 34, Dec. (1961)

p. 52.

Outlook on
(1961) p. 33.
Selected fishery products, imports and exports of;

Jan. (1961) p. 39, Aug. (1961) p. 39.

by present Administration; July

FORMOSA (see TAIWAN)

FOURTH CONVENTION ON ECONOMIC RELATIONS
WITH AFRICAN CONTINENT
Fisheries stressed at meeting held in Naples, Italy;
June (1961) p. 50.

FRANCE

Clams, hard, from New England transplanted in
thrive; June (1961) p. 19.

Fish meal and oil prices; May (1961) p. 46, June
(1961) p.59, July (1961) p. 57.

Frozen fish, new combine to promote sale of; Apr.
(1961) p. 53.

Imports of fishery products subject to quantitative
restrictions; Feb. (1961) p. 46.

Irradiation of food, information center established in

for; Aug. (1961) p. 49.

Multipurpose sixty-foot fishing vessel; Aug. (1961)

p. 61.

Shrimp industry; Feb. (1961) p. 46.

20

FRANCE (cont,)
Tuna, frozen, may import from Japan;
(1961) p. 66.
Tuna industry, 1960; Oct. (1961) p. 50.

June

FRAZER RIVER
Salmon runs, , research planned to meet
changing conditions; Aug, (1961) p. 46.

FREEZE-DRYING
Canadian experiments on
(1961) p. 68.
Experiments on planned; Mar. (1961) p. 26.
Processing of foods by ; May (1961) p. 100.
Shrimp product, freeze-dried, on the market for
institutional use; Sept. (1961) p. 45.

continued; Sept.

FREEZERSHIPS
Alaska tax on upheld by U.S, Supreme Court;
July (1961) p. 100.

FREEZING

Factoryship trawlers, West German company
develops unit for; July (1961) p. 57.

Fish blocks, frozen, ''wetness' due to poor draining
before ; July (1961) p. 53.

Immersion of fish, new solution sought for;
Sept. (1961) p. 25.

Liquid nitrogen freezer, first, adapted to production
line; Apr. (1961) p. 21.

Oyster canning and
Aug. (1961) p. 79.

Plate freezer, vertical, for new British stern
trawler; June (1961) p. 86.

plant, modern, in Japan;

FREEZING-FISH-AT-SEA
Freezing unit for factoryship trawlers, West German
company develops; July (1961) p. 57.
Freezing solution, new, sought; Sept. (1961) p. 25.

FREIGHT (see RAIL FREIGHT)

FRENCH GUIANA
Fishing industry expansion planned; Aug. (1961) p.62.

FRENCH WEST AFRICA
Senegal's tuna fishing industry; Jan. (1961) p. 79,
Aug. (1961) p. 85.

FRESH FISH
British wholesale firm predicts continued big de-
mand for ; Aug. (1961) p. 93.
Quality standards for considered at meeting
in Washington; July (1961) p. 21.
Storage life of , extension by use of radioiso-
topes to be studied; Feb. (1961) p. 25.

FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS
Military Subsistence Supply Agency purchases; Jan.
(1961) p. 21, Feb. (1961) p.18, Mar. (1961) p. 25,
Apr. (1961) p.18, May (1961) p. 14, July (1961)
p.15, Sept. (1961) p. 22, Oct. (1961) p. 14,
Nov. (1961) p. 17, Dec. (1961) p. 26.

FROZEN FISH
Houston's consumption in restaurants and institutions;
Feb. (1961) p. 23.
Marketing of Norwegian in European markets
tested; Mar. (1961) p. 77.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

1961 Index

FROZEN FISH
Ruling claims that many prepared not exempt
from regulation for trucks; July (1961) p. 99.
Thawing of
June (1961) p. 86.
Transportation, sea, of ; July (1961) p.9.
FROZEN FOODS
Code adopted by AFDOUS; Sept. (1961) p. 26.
Handling practices approved, voluntary; Aug. (1961)
p. 26.
Massachusetts
(1961) p. 25.
Time-temperature integrator, new, effective testing
device; July (1961) p. 17.
West German marketing of
July (1961) p. 59.

code effective in February; Apr.

, developments in;

FUR SEAL COMMISSION, NORTH PACIFIC
Fourth annual meeting; Apr. (1961) p. 45.

FUR SEAL (S)

International treaty negotiated 50 years ago;
Sept. (1961) p. 26.

North Pacific Commission, fourth annual
meeting of; Apr. (1961) p. 45.

Pribilof 1961 harvest; Nov. (1961) p. 18.

Prices for Alaska skins; July (1961) p. 18, Dec.
(1961) p. 29.

GABON
Fish resources off coast reported to be plentiful;
Aug. (1961) p. 62.

GAME FISH
Marine:
Atlantic:
ranges of
(1961) p. 16.
survey of sport fishing near completion; Aug.
(1961) p. 16.
Pacific:
research laboratory planned; Sept. (1961) p. 29.
sport fishery research; Dec. (1961) p. 47.

, two approaches to cover; Aug.

GEAR
Air-curtain fishing for Maine sardines; Mar. (1961)
Del.
Alaska revises mesh-size regulations for nets now
in use; Feb. (1961) p. 12.
Block, hydraulically-driven, new, speeds hauling
crab-pot warps; Jan. (1961) p. 15.
Dredge, high-pressure jet, used in the clam fishery
off New Jersey; Aug. (1961) p. 11.
Float, convoluted, new, developed to replace
damaged purse-seine floats; July (1961) p. 18.
Gill nets:
Canadian Lake Erie mesh-size restrictions
removed; June (1961) p. 53.
Mexico's experimental fishing for Spanish
mackerel; June (1961) p. 75.
monofilament synthetic type banned in British
Columbia salmon fishery in 1962; Dec. (1961)
p. 68.
monofilament net, experimental fishing for skip-
jack tuna with; July (1961) p. 14, Oct. p11.

, British develop electronic unit for;

,

1961 Index

GEAR (cont.)
Gill nets: (cont.)
monofilament nets, Japanese mothership salmon
fleets try new; Oct. (1961) p. 65.
nylon type catch more shad, Maryland studies
prove that; Mar. (1961) p. 33.
Head ropes, polypropylene and conventional, tested
by M/V ''Delaware''; Nov. (1961) p. 25.
Lampara-seine operations by industry in the Gulf
of Mexico; Sept. (1961) p. 14.
Lobster, spiny, and fishing methods; Apr.
(1961) outside back cover.
Long-line tested in tuna fishery in South-West
Africa; Aug. (1961) p. 87.

Midwater trawls, performance data on experimental;

Apr. (1961) p. 23, Nov. (1961) p. 23.
Otter trawls:
design improvement studies aided by underwater
TV; May (1961) p. 19.
standard manila compared with experimental type
containing polypropylene parts; Apr. (1961) p. 26,
July (1961) p. 23.
Purse seines:
Atlantic tuna fishery, three Japanese fishing
companies ask to use in; Aug. (1961) p. 69.
depth as function of time, instrument designed to
record; July (1961) p. 18.
modern pilchard introduced in Australia;
Dec. (1961) p. 64.
Sea sled to towing vessel communication method;
Sept. (1961) p. 18.
Sonar tested as aid to studies on tuna behavior;
May (1961) p. 26.
Steel raft developed by Texas inventor for oyster
growing; July (1961) p. 27.
Thermometer, electronic, developed to record
water temperature at fish hook; Oct. (1961) p. 13.
Trawl assemblies, standard and experimental,
comparative studies made by M/V "George M.
Bowers" of; Apr. (1961) p. 22.
‘Trawl cables, electrical, experiments utilizing;
Apr. (1961) p. 1.
Trawl, floating, Denmark experiments with single
boat for; July (1961) p. 57.
Trawl-gear, pelagic, development study (M/V''John
N. Cobb" cruise 49); June (1961) p. 34.
Trawl, pelagic, single- vessel, is objective of
M/V "John N. Cobb" research; Apr. (1961) p. 27.
Vessel and___usage in the shrimp fishery of the
Southeastern United States, study of; Aug. (1961)
pal:

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON PA aS AND TRADE
Contracting Parties to the
Eighteenth Session; July (19 ST) p. 38, Aug. (1961)

51.

See uateenth Session; Feb, (1961) p. 31.

European Economic Community report to
Feb. (1961) p. 32.

Import restrictions; Feb. (1961) p. 31, May (1961)
p.67, Aug. (1961) p. 52.

Latin American Free Trade Area report to ;
Feb. (1961) p. 32.

Tariff negotiations, 1961, more United States public
participation proposed in; Jan. (1961) p. 87.

Tariff negotiations, second phase of conference on;
Aug. (1961) p.53.

U.S, supplementary list of items for trade agree-
ment negotiations; Jan. (1961) p. 49.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION
Oregon and Washington, exploration authorized in
Pacific Ocean area off; Oct. (1961) p. 85.

GEORGES BANK
Haddock, biologists predicted higher landings in
1961 of; Feb. (1961) p. 22.

Scallops, sea, , data collected on; July (1961)
p..25, Oct. (196 Dyapw22%

GEORGIA
Fish and shellfish resources survey off coast;
Feb. (1961) p. 26, Apr. (1961) p. 31, July (1961)
p. 30, Dec. (1961) p. 47.

GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Icelandic exports of fishery products in 1960to
June (1961) p. 63.
Trawlers, steel, purchased by Sweden from
July (1961) p. 91, Nov. (1961) p. 66.

GERMAN FEDERAL REFUBLIC
Fish meal:
prices; Feb. (1961) p.47, Mar. (1961) pp. 59, 60,
Apr. (1961) p.53, May (1961) p. 47, June (1961)
p. 60, July (1961) p. 60, Sept. (1961) p. 72, Oct.
(1961) p. 51, Nov. (1961) p. 48, Dec. (1961) pet:
production and demand, report on world-wide; May
(1961) p. 46.
supply, distribution, and prices,
(1961) p. 60.
Freezing unit for factoryship trawlers, company
develops; July (1961) p. 57.
Frozen foods marketing, developments in; July
(1961) p. 59.
Iceland, fish catch off; Oct. (1961) p. 52.
Icelandic fish landings in West Germany upset mar-
ket; Mar. (1961) p. 61.
Marine oils, foreign trade, production, and supply,
1959-1960 of; July (1961) p. 61.
Shrimp industry; Apr. (1961) p. 53.
Swedish fishermen's direct landings in the
regulated; Avg. (1961) p. 63.
Swedish herring landings in West Germany, fisheries
associations discuss; Nov. (1961) p. 65.
Trawlers:
factoryship, new stern-type, returns with record
trip; Aug. (1961) p. 62.
stern-type, fishing industry prefers; Mar. (1961)
p. 60.
stern-type, twelve, now fishing; July (1961) p. 63.
trade seeks large-scale Government support; June
(1961) p. 59.
Tuna, canned, Japanese set price for exports to
Mar. (1961) p. 65.

1959-1960; July

GHANA

Canned fish, Portuguese, bans imports of; Sept.
(1961) p. 73.

Fisheries development; Sept. (1961) p. 73.

Fisheries expansion aided by Government planning;
June (1961) p. 61.

Fishing industry, progress reported in modernizing;
Sept. (1961) p. 73.

Fish production, Government strives for self-
sufficiency in; Oct. (1961) p. 52.

Freezing center at Accra; Sept. (1961) p. 65.

Seiners and trawlers ordered from Great Britain;
Aug. (1961) p. 63.

22

GHANA (cont.)
Soviet technical assistance for fisheries; Oct. (1961)
p.92.
Tuna:
fishery shows promise; Mar. (1961) p. 60.
packer, U,S,, signs fishery agreement with f
Jan. (1961) p. 65.
Vessels, fishing, to , Soviets agree to supply;
Nov. (1961) p. 48.

GILL NETS (see NETS)

GRANTS
International Cooperation Administration fisheries
to foreign countries; Apr. (1961) p. 92.
Marine life, Miami University Marine Laboratory
receives for studies of; Feb. (1961) p. 19.

GREAT LAKES
Alewife population in Lake Michigan, efforts to
utilize; Sept. (1961) p. 29.
Canadian fishing vessels may not land in U.S, ports,

U.S, Treasury Department rules; Aug. (1961) p. 100.

Failures in fisheries; July (1961) p. 49.

Chub fillets, breaded, tested for consumer accept-
ance; Mar. (1961) p. 28.

Lake trout restocking program; May (1961) p. 17,
July (1961) p. 19.

Mesh-size restrictions for gill nets in Canadian
waters Lake Erie removed; June (1961) p. 53.

Regulations, commercial fishing, changes proposed
in; Aug. (1961) p. 31.

Regulations, uniform, for fisheries being drafted;
Apr. (1961) p.43, correction--July (1961) p. 125.

Regulations, uniform, for fishing considered; Oct.
(1961) p. 40.

GREAT LAKES COMMISSION
Fishery regulations, uniform, being drafted; Apr.
(1961) p. 43, correction--July (1961) p. 125.

GREAT LAKES FISHERIES EXPLORATION AND

GEAR RESEARCH

Lake Erie commercial fish stocks, seasonal dis-
tribution studies continued of (M/¥''Active"
cruises 13 and 14); Mar. (1961) p. 26.

Lake Michigan fish stocks, underutilized, commer-
cial potential surveyed of (M/V''Capitol I"
exploratory cruise 3); Jan. (1961) p. 24.

GREAT LAKES FISHERY COMMISSION
Lamprey-producing streams, initial chemical treat-
ments completed of; Jan. (1961) p.51.
Sea lamprey control and uniform fishing regulations
considered at annual meeting; Oct. (1961) p.40, ~

GREAT LAKES FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS
Green Bay-Saginaw Bay, yellow pike tagging in;
Oct; (1961)/p. 1:7.
Lake Erie:
fish population survey; Jan. (1961) p. 24, Mar.
(1961) p. 26, June (1961) p.23, July (1961) p. 19,
Aug. (1961) p.29, Sept. (1961) p. 31, Nov. (1961)
p.19, Dec. (1961) p. 29.
hatch and survival in 1961 fair for many species;

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

1961 Index

GREAT LAKES FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS (cont.)
Lake Michigan fish population survey; Jan. (1961)
p. 25, Feb. (1961) p. 19, Aug. (1961) p. 28, Sept.
(1961) p. 30, Oct. (1961) p. 18, Nov. (1961) p. 20,
Dec. (1961) p. 30.
Lake Superior:
lake trout:
commercial fishery census; Oct. (1961) p. 17.

restocking program gains momentum; May (1961)

Delite

western area, fishery survey in; Jan. (1961) p. 26,

Feb. (1961) p.20, Mar. (1961) p.28, Aug. (1961)
p.27, Oct. (1961) p. 19, Nov. (1961) p. 21.
Research vessel ''Cisco" program for 1961; July
(1961) p. 20.

Research vessel ''Siscowet'' program for 1961; June

(1961) p. 24.

Sea lamprey research; Oct. (1961) p.15.

Studies conducted April-June 1961, highlights of;
Oct. (1961) p. 15.

GREECE
Canned fishery products, controls on imports of;
Nov. (1961) p. 49.

Factoryship, stern trawler, to fish in North Atlantic;

Jan. (1961) p. 66.

Fishery landings, imports, and consumption, 1960;
July (1961) p. 63.

Fishery products, selected, import duties on; Mar.
(1961) p. 61.

Frozen fish, import duty on; Apr. (1961) p. 56.

Shrimp industry; Feb. (1961) p. 48.

Sponge landings, 1960/61 season; July (1961) p. 63.

Trawler, freezer, finds fishing poor off Newfound-
land; Mar. (1961) p. 61. )

Buyers of fishery products visit ; Oct. (1961)
Ds Didees t

GREENLAND

Danish experimental trawling for cod off West

Nov. (1961) p. 44.

European Free Trade Association Convention to
apply to ; Aug. (1961) p.51. ‘

Exploratory fishing for new grounds and fisheries;
Oct. (1961) p. 53.

Faroe Islands' fishery off west
Oct. (1961) p. 50.

Fishing industry, 1960; Jan. (1961) p. 66. f

Processing plant for fish, large, construction
planned of; Mar. (1961) p. 61.

Salmon:
fishery development planned; Oct. (1961) p. 53.
industry trends; Apr. (1961) p. 50.

Shrimp:
fishing ground, new, found; July (1961) p. 63.
industry trends; Mar. (1961) p. 55.
landings set record in 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 61.

produces well;

GREENLAND SEA
Atlas, fishery, issued by Soviets; Mar. (1961) p. 87.

GROUNDFISH ;
Escapement of , trawl nets of different design
tested by M/V "Delaware" for; Oct. (1961) p.21.
Distribution and abundance on inshore fishing

,

,

Oct. (1961) p. 17.
yellow pike tagging experiment; Oct. (1961) p. 18.

grounds off New England studied; Aug. (1961) p.33.
Fillet import tariff-rate quota for 1961; Mar. (1961)
p. 93.

1961 Index

GROUNDFISH (cont.)

Japanese mothership firms plan uniform char-
ter rates for catcher vessels; Apr. (1961) p. 71.

New England survey; Dec. (1961) p. 41.

Production costs studied in New England and
Canadian industries; Jan. (1961) p,27, Mar.
(1961) p. 28,

Trawling, bottom, explorations off the Washington
and British Columbia coasts, May-August 1960;
June (1961) p. 1.

GROUPER
Mexico's exports of to U.S, run into labeling
difficulties; June (1961) p. 74.

GUATEMALA
Deep-sea fishing law, new; Oct (1961) p. 53.
Fishing in territorial waters, Government grants
contract for; Apr. (1961) p. 56.
Shrimp:
industry trends; Feb, (1961) p.50.
Japanese-Guatemalan joint fishery operations;
May (1961) p. 47, Aug. (1961) p. 64, Oct. (1961)
p. 54, Dec. (1961) p. 71.
Territorial waters, illegal fishing in, decree estab-
lishes penalties for; Apr. (1961) p.56.

GUINEA
Poland aids in development of
Jan. (1961) p. 76.

fishing industry;

GULF OF ALASKA (see ALASKA, GULF OF)

GULF EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM

Industrial fish, exploratory fishing for; Jan. (1961)
p.27, Feb. (1961) p. 21.

Midwater trawling, escapement behavior of pelagic
fish, and shrimp exploratory fishing; Nov. (1961)
Puss

Midwater trawls, experimental, tested and com-
pared with British Columbia type; Apr. (1961)

p. 23, Dec. (1961) p. 31.

Shrimp:

fishing, exploratory, in selected areas of north-
central (Gulf of Mexico (M/V'"'Oregon" cruise
76A); Dec. (1961) p. 31.

tagging near Dry Tortugas (M/V ''George M.
Bowers" cruise 34); Dec. (1961) p. 32.

trawl operational studies continued (M/V''George
M. Bowers" cruise 33); Dec. (1961) p. 32.

Trawl assemblies, standard and experimental,
comparative studies made by M/V ''George M.
Bowers'"' of; Apr. (1961) p. 22.

GULF FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS
Galveston Biological Laboratory studies; Mar.
(1961) p. 29, June (1961) p. 24, Dec. (1961) p. 32.
Gulf of Mexico:
biological research, contracts let for; Oct. (1961)
p. 20.
estuarine program; Dec. (1961) p. 34.
Industrial fishery studies; Mar. (1961) p. 30, June
(1961) p. 26, Dec. (1961) p. 35.
Pesticides effect on marine organisms; Mar. (1961)
p. 30, June (1961) p. 26.
Sea water laboratory, new circulating, dedicated;
May (1961) p. 17.
Shrimp:
bait fishery in Galveston Bay; Dec. (1961) p. 34.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

GULF FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS
Shrimp:

fishery investigations, 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 31,
June (1961) p, 24.

pink:
migration studies in Gulf of Mexico; Dec. (1961)

p. 33.

mortality and growth studies; Dec. (1961) p. 33.

spawning population studies; Dec. (1961) p. 33.

GULF OF MAINE
Bottom sediments and organisms collected from
by M/V''Delaware''; Sept. (1961) p. 35.

GULF OF MEXICO

Biological research in
(1961) p. 20,

Bottomfish distribution and abundance studies; Dec.
(1961) p. 35.

Herring, thread, fishery, development of a; Sept.
(1961) p. 12.

Hurricane ''Carla'' inflicts heavy damage; Dec.
(1961) p. 36.

Industrial fishery studies; Mar. (1961) p. 30, June
(1961) p. 26, Dec. (1961) p. 35.

Industrial species, trawl fishery for; Feb.
(1961) p. 1.

Mineral leases in new areas of
tal shelf; Dec. (1961) p. 93.
Sardine lampara-seine operations by industry in

; Sept. (1961) p. 14.
Shrimp:
abundance at low level over wide area, survey
indicates; Nov. (1961) p. 28.
fishing, exploratory, in selected areas of north-
central ; Dec. (1961) p. 31.
Weather robot station in ; Sept. (1961) p. 56.

, contracts let for; Oct.

outer continen-

GULF OF ST, LAWRENCE
Scallop, giant, effects of high temperature on sur-
vival of; Jan. (1961) p. 103.

HADDOCK

Composition analysis of : Feb. (1961) p. 7.

Fillets, new standards adopted by state purchasing
officials for; Oct. (1961) p. 31.

Georges Bank, biologists predict higher landings in
1961 from; Feb. (1961) p. 22.

Gulf of Maine surveyed for young
species; Jan. (1961) p. 30.

and other

HALIBUT
Alaska, survey of and bottomfish by Inter-
national Pacific Halibut Commission off; Aug.
(1961) p. 46.
Canadian fishery trends, 1960; Jan. (1961) p. 58.
Japan:
catch forecast for vessels operating in Bering Sea
bottomfish fishery; Sept. (1961) p. 85.
catch target of 28 North Pacific bottomfish fleets;
Aug. (1961) p. 76.

frozen to U.S. , plans for export of; Sept.
(1961) p. 86.

North Pacific:
fishing ended Oct. 1, 1961, all regular; Dec. (1961)
Does
fishing in areas 2 and 1B ended; Nov. (1961) p. 41.
fishing in area 3A ended; Oct. (1961) p. 41.

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

HALIBUT (cont.)
North Pacific (cont.):

regulations for 1961; Apr. (1961) p. 42, May (1961)

p.73.
U.S.S.R. interest in Pacific
June (1961) p. 85.

fishing growing;

HATCHERIES
National fish program, chinook salmon eggs
for; Aug. (1961) p. 129.
Salmon, silver, hatchery-reared, Oregon studies
methods of releasing; May (1961) p.20.
Trinity River salmon in California, contract
awarded for; Sept. (I961) p. 110.

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
oceanographic and area Director posts
filled; Sept. (1961) p. 112.
Commercial fisheries landings; June (1961) p. 27,
Dec. (1961) p. 37.
Oceanography:
conditions and tuna schools near
May (1961) p. 12.
currents study around the
used for; Mar. (1961) p. 23,
data collected from waters by M/V
"Charles H. Gilbert™ Oct. (1961) p. 12.
Trout, rainbow, of Pacific Northwest transplanted
in Venezuela and ; Dec. (1961) p. 113.
Tuna:
skipjack:
bait, gear, and oceanographic studies made near
; Aug. (1961) p. 22.
gill net, new type, shows promise for fishing;
July (1961) p. 14.
gill nets, monofilament, used for experimental
fishing; Oct. (1961) p. 11.
landings; Mar. (1961) p. 24, July (1961) p. 21,
Sept. (1961) p.32, Oct. (1961) p.20, Nov. (1961)
p.24,
live bait, threadfin shad continues to show
promiseas; June (1961) p. 18.
south and west area of scouted for season-
al; July (1961) p. 14.

surveyed;

, drift bottles

HEAD ROPES
Polypropylene and conventional tested by
M/V "Delaware"; Nov. (1961) p. 25.

HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, DEPT, OF

(see FOOD, AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PUBLIC
HEALTH SERVICE)

HEATING

Spontaneous , fishery byproducts subject to;
Aug. (1961) p. 95.
HERRING
Alaskan ,automatic tag detection device for;
Nov. (1961) p. 32.
Canada:

British Columbia:
fleet ends long tie-up; Feb.(1961) p. 41.
landings and products, 1955/56-1960/61; May
(1961) p. 43.
Canning-size , exploratory fishing off Maine
Coast unsuccessful for (M/V "Delaware" cruise
61-15); Nov. (1961) p. 25.

1961 Index

HERRING

Iceland:
fishery trends; Oct. (1961) p. 57.
summer fishery good; Oct. (1961) p. 58.
Japan:
Aleutian Islands, plan to fish
south of; May (1961) p. 53.
imports from U.S.S.R.; Apr. (1961) p. 71.
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission, Japan-
Soviet, fishery restrictions in 1961; Oct. (1961)
p. 43.
Norway:
landings behind schedule; Apr. (1961) p. 76,
Lofoten area catches in August reported good;
Nov. (1961) p. 60.
meal and oil supplies low; May (1961) p. 58.

and bottomfish

winter catch worst since 1934; May (1961)
Deconts
winter fishery prospects; Apr. (1961) p. 76,

May (1961) p. 57.
winter-spring fishery worst in many years;
June (1961) p. 77.
Rest in deep water; Dec. (1961) p. 91.
Serological studies on ,dogfish used for; Mar.

(1961) p. 33.
Sweden:
Iceland fishery, future uncertain of; Aug. (1961)
p. 87.

landings in West Germany, fisheries associations
discuss; Nov. (1961) p. 65.
Thread , development of a fishery in Gulf of
Mexico; Sept. (1961) p. 12.
Trawling, midwater, for Atlantic
Aug. (1961) p. 32.
U.S.S:R::
Atlantic, fishing of in; Oct. (1961) p. 82.
factoryship, new, for Far East; May (1961) p. 64.
lights, flashing, to lure ; June (1961) p. 83.
mothership fleet production of North Atlantic
, winter 1961; July (1961) p. 94.
mothership with almost 4 million pounds of :
Dec. (1961) p. 90.
transplanted from Baltic to Aral Sea; Jan.
(1961) p. 83.

promising;

HIGH -EXPLOSIVES
Marine life off California, effect studied of
charge on; Nov. (1961) p. 14.

HOMOGENIZED FISH
World production as reported by principal produc-
ing countries; Sept. (1961) p. 32.

HONDURAS
Foreign trade in fishery products, 1959; Jan. (1961)
p. 67.
Shrimp industry; Jan. (1961) p. 67.

HONG KONG
Shrimp imports from
Sept. (1961) p. 114.
Shrimp industry; Apr. (1961) p. 57.

,U.S. ban lifted on;

HOUSTON
Fish and shellfish, frozen, consumption in restau-
rants and institutions; Feb. (1961) p. 23.

HUNTING
Economic survey for 1960; Apr. (1961) p. 33.

1961 Index

HYDROFOIL CRAFT
(see VESSELS)

ICELAND
Attitude regarding the Common Market and Euro-
pean Free Trade Association; July (1961) p. 63.
Cod and haddock ex-vessel prices for 1961 based
on quality; Apr. (1961) p. 61.
Devaluation measures, additional, affect fishing
industry; Oct. (1961) p. 54.
Exports of fishery products:
European Common Market and Free Trade Asso-
ciation effects on; July (1961) p. 64.
European economic integration and; Oct. (1961)
p.oo.
Soviet Bloc, exports to; June (1961) p. 62,
Nov. (1961) p. 49.
Faroese fishermen to hand line inside fishing
limits area;(Oct. 1961) p. 50.
Faroese fishing rights in waters, negotiations
on; Sept. (1961) p. 58, Oct. (1961) p. 55.
Fishery trends; Aug. (1961) p. 65, Oct. (1961) p.55,
Oct. (1961) p. 57, Nov. (1961) p. 50.
Fishing industry paralyzed by labor dispute; Apr.
(1961) p. 60.
Fishing limits:
British-Icelandic dispute settled; May (1961) p.48,
June (1961) p. 49.
twelve-mile, new regulations issued for; Aug.

(1961) p. 64.
German Federal Republic:
catch off ; Oct. (1961) p. 52.

permitted to fish inside twelve miles of
coasts; Oct. (1961) p. 51.
Herring:
contract signed with U.S.S.R. for delivery of;
Oct. (1961) p. 57.
fishery trends; Apr. (1961) p. 61, Oct. (1961) p.57.
summer fishery good; Oct. (1961) p. 58.
Labor dispute in fishing industry settled except for
Westman Islands; May (1961) p. 48.
Landings:
decline in 1960; Apr. (1961) p. 59, July (1961) p.66.
different periods; July (1961) p. 67, Oct. (1961)
(1961) p. 56, Dec. (1961) p. 72.
principal species, Jan.-Mar. 1961; Oct. (1961)
p. 56,

West German market upset by ; Mar. (1961) p.61.

Ocean perch:
fishing and marketing problems; Sept. (1961) p.74.
Prices for fish at ex-vessel being negotiated; Mar.
(1961) p. 61.
Processed fishery products production, Jan. (1961)
p.68, Aug. (1961) p. 65, Oct. (1961) p. 57, Dec.
(1961) p. 72.
Production of fishery products:
different periods; Aug. (1961) p. 65. Jan-Apr.
1961, Oct. (1961) p. 57.
Shrimp industry:
Mar. (1961) p. 62, Dec. (1961) p. 71.
Survey of fishing industry; Apr. (1961) p. 62.
Vessels:
Government aid to owners; Apr. (1961) p. 62.
trawler operations, committee to study; Oct.
(1961) p. 54.
trawler owners continue agreement not to land
fresh fish in Britain; May (1961) p. 48.
trawlers land catches in Great Britain despite
labor trouble; July (1961) p. 67.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

ICELAND
trawling regulations within 12-mile fishing zone
issued; May (1961) p. 48.
Wages, minimum monthly, for fishing vessel crews;
Apr: (1961) p. 60.
Westman Islands fishing tie-up ended; June (1961)
p. 63.

ICE STORAGE
Shrimp:
processing and quality studies of product held
in refrigerated sea water and ice--interchange
of components in a shrimp-ice system; July
(1961) p. L.

IMMERSION FREEZING
(see FREEZING)

IMPORTS
British Honduras exports of fishery products to
United States, 1959 and 1960; Sept. (1961) p.66.
Canned fishery products, Japanese exports to U.S.,
1959-1960 of; Oct. (1961) p. 66.
Commodity classifications, limited revision in 1962
planned of; Sept. (1961) p. 108.
Crab meat, canned:
Japanese exports to U.S., 1956-60; Nov. (1961)
Pp. 96.
Soviet,

Edible fishery products, fresh, frozen, and pro-
cessed: Jan. (1961) p. 39, Feb. (1961) p. 27, Mar.
(1961) p. 36, Apr. (1961) p. 36, May (1961) p. 27,
June (1961) p. 44, July (1961) p. 33, Aug. (1961)
p. 39, Sept. (1961) p. 49, Oct. (1961) p. 35, Nov.
(1961) p. 34, Dec. (1961) p. 52.
Fillets:
cod, Danish exports to United States large in first
half 1961; Oct. (1961) p. 46.
frozen shipped from Faroe Islands to U. S., Oct.
(1961) p. 50.
groundfish:
tariff-rate quota for 1961; Mar. (1961) p. 93.
Fish meal:
U.S: ; Feb. (1961) p. 27, June (1961) p. 43,
July (1961) p. 32, Aug. (1961) p. 38, Oct. (1961)
p. 33, Nov. (1961) p. 33, Dec. (1961) p. 39.
Fish solubles:
Danish exports, 1957-60; June (1961) p. 56.
LOPS ; Feb, (1961) p. 27, June (1961) p. 43,
July (1961) p.32, Aug. (1961) p. 38, Oct. (1961)
p. 33, Nov. (1961) p. 33, Dec. (1961) p. 39.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:
restrictions on , action on; Aug. (1961) p. 52.
Halibut, frozen:
Japanese plans for export to U. S.; Sept. (1961) p. 86.
Japanese exports to the United States of fishery and
marine products decline in 1960; Aug. (1961) p. 67.
Mexico:
export duties on some fishery products revised;
June (1961) p. 75.
Oysters:
frozen and canned, export plans for 1961 of large
Japanese firm for; Sept. (1961) p. 90.
Selected fishery products:
Jan.-Sept. 1960; Jan (1961) p. 39.
Aug. (1961) p. 39.
Shrimp:
Hong Kong , U.S. ban lifted on; Sept. (1961)
p. 114.

restrictions lifted on; May (1961) p.71.

Jan.-Mar. 1961,

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

IMPORTS (cont.)
Shrimp (cont.):
US: , 1959-60; Apr. (1961) p. 36.
Swordfish, frozen:
Japanese exports to the U.S.; Sept. (1961) p.90.
Tackle, fishing, U.S. , 1960; Aug. (1961) p. 40.
Tuna, canned:
Japanese exports of other than in brine or oil,
1956-59; Mar. (1961) p. 66.

Japanese exports to U.S.; June (1961) p. 64.

Tuna canned in brine:

50,000 cases shipped by Japan to U.S.; Mar. (1961)
p. 65.

Japanese exporters' 1961 agreement on exports
to U.S.; Mar. (1961) p. 65.

Japanese exports to U.S., 1960; Sept. (1961) p. 80.

quota for established for 1961; May (1961)
p. 42.
quota ; Jan.(1961) p. 39, Feb. (1961) p. 28,

Mar. (1961) p. 36, May (1961) pp. 28, 72, June
(1961) p. 44, July (1961) p. 33, Aug. (1961) p.40,
Sept. (1961) p. 50, Oct. (1961) p. 35, Nov. (196)
p.35, Dec. (1961) p.52.
Tuna frozen:
albacore, Atlantic:
Japanese increased exports to U.S. under study;
Mar. (1961) p. 64.
Japan:
exporters associations establish 1961/62 export
quotas to U.S.; June (1961) p. 65.
exporters draft plan for exports to United States;
Apr. (1961) p. 65.
exports to the U.S., Apr.-Sept. 1961; Dec. (1961)
p. 73.
prices for exports to U.S.; Sept. (1961) p. 80.
Tunisia's exports of selected fishery products to
the United States, 1956-60; May (1961) p. 63.
U.S. supplementary list of items for trade-agree-
ment negotiations; Jan. (1961) p. 49.
U.S. tariff schedules, U.S. Tariff Commission sub-
mits proposed; Jan. (1961) p. 88
Whale oil:
Us: , Jan.-Mar. 1961; July (1961) p. 32.

INDIA

Fish meal biscuits, experiments with; July (1961)
p. 67.

Fisheries Management Institute; Dec. (1961) p. 72.

Fish production, increased, needed to supply protein
food; Sept. (1961) p. 74.

Ice and cold-storage plant, new, completed near
Bombay; Jan. (1961) p. 69.

Japanese-Indian fishing company, joint, Japanese to
increase capital of; Oct. (1961) p. 58.

1961 Index

INDIAN OCEAN (cont.)
South Africa joins
(1961) p. 88.
Tuna, bluefin, Japanese fishing in
(1961) p. 66.
Tuna explorations by Japanese; Jan. (1961) p. 71.

research project; Dec.

of; June

INDIANS
Traps, fish, used by Indian communities, Alaska
Supreme Court rules on case which affects; Aug.
(1961) p. 14.

INDO-PACIFIC FISHERIES COUNCIL
Fish-processing technology,
ing center on; Feb. (1961) p. 33.
Ninth session held in Karachi; Jan. (1961) p. 51.

sponsors train-

INDUSTRIAL FISH
Gulf of Mexico:
exploratory fishing for
p. 27, Feb. (1961) p. 21.
herring, thread, development of a fishery in; Sept.
(1961) p. 12,
nonutilized species incidental to shrimp fishing,
studies on; Dec. (1961) p. 28.
trawl fishery for industrial fish; Feb. (1961) p. 1.

continued; Jan. (1961)

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Denmark's exports of
(1961) pp. 45-46.
Fish meal and oil, new technical advisory unit to
stimulate research on; Jan. (1961) p 18.
Fish meal and solubles:
transportation study; Feb. (1961) p. 12.
U.S. supply; Jan. (1961) p. 38, Feb. (1961) p. 27,
Apr. (1961) p. 14, June (1961) p. 43, July (1961)
p. 33, Aug. (1961) p. 38, Oct. (1961) p. 33, Nov.
(1961) p. 33, Dec. (1961) p. 39.
Fish meal, oil, and solubles:
U.S. production; Mar. (1961) p. 20, Dec. (1961)
p. 38.
Fish oils:
U.S. exports in 1960 down slightly; Apr. (1961)
p. 37.
U.S. production; Apr. (1961) p. 14, July (1961) p.
32.
Heating, spontaneous, fishery
(1961) p. 95.
Ink, printers', from fish; Mar. (1961) p. 40.
U.S. production of fishery for 1960; May out-
side back cover (1961).
World production as reported by principal producing
countries; Sept. (1961) p. 32.

; Aug. (1961) p. 60, Nov.

subject to; Aug.

Norwegian-Indo fisheries project to be extended; INDUSTRIAL WASTE

July (1961) p. 68. Fish kills, account for most; Sept. (1961) p.40.
Oceanic research, national committee set up for;

June (1961) p. 63. | INK
Pearl oyster beds, FAO biologist surveys; Jan. Printers' from fish; Mar. (1961) p. 40.

(1961) p. 69.
Shrimp industry; Feb. (1961) p. 50.
Shrimp-producing and exporting firm seeks capital

INSPECTION OF FISHERY PRODUCTS
Meeting held in Washington on ; July (1961) p. 21

for expansion; Jan. (1961) p. 70. Shrimp, breaded, —correction; Feb. (1961) p.92.
INDIAN OCEAN INSTITUTIONS
Japanese catches/of Indian tuna drop drastically; Houston:

Mar. (1961) p. 68.
Japanese tuna fishing trends in
p. 68.

fish and shellfish, frozen, consumption in restau-

; Mar. (1961) rants and institutions; Feb. (1961) p. 23.

1961 Index COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

INSURANCE (see MORTGAGE INSURANCE)
Vessel mortgage , vessel subsidy excluded
from; Jan. (1961) p. 87

INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION
Tuna, yellowfin, fishery in Eastern Pacific:
Japanese opinion on proposal to regulate; Sept.
(1961) p. 79.
regulation recommended of; Nov. (1961) p. 38.

INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA CONVENTION
Ecuador adheres to ; June (1961) p. 57.

INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON TRADE
AGREEMENTS
U.S. supplementary list of items for trade-agree-
ment negotiations; Jan. (1961) p. 49.

INTERIOR, DEPARTMENT OF THE
Dams:
Middle Snake power license, recommends against
immediate; Jan. (1961) p. 20.
Federal aid to commercial fishery states en-
dorsed by ; Aug. (1961) p. 24.
Fish and Wildlife Service:
begins its ninetieth year; Mar. (1961)p. 91.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
Assistant Director selected; Aug. (1961) p. 97.
oceanographic and Hawaii area director posts
filled; Sept. (1961) p. 112.
ocean perch and Pacific ocean perch fillets,
frozen, voluntary grade standards issued for;
(Feb. (1961) p. 66.
salmon and oceanography research, Interior
revised budget for 1962 includes funds for;
June (1961) p. 88.
technology laboratory, Gloucester, Director
named; Oct. (1961) p. 86.
top fishery posts filled; June (1961) p. 89.
vessels, fishing:
construction differential subsidy, first appli-
cation for; June (1961) p. 22.
Fish flour, letter to Senator Smith from Secretary
of on; July (1961) p. 16.
Geophysical exploration authorized in area off
Oregon and Washington; Oct. (1961) p. 85.
Hatchery for salmon in Trinity River, California,
contract awarded for; Sept. (1961) p. 110.
Land Management, Bureau of:
mineral leases in new areas of Gulf of Mexico
outer continental shelf; Dec. (1961) p. 93.
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission:
Frank P. Briggs sworn in as U.S. Commissioner
on; Sept. (1961) p. 113.
Science Advisor to Secretary appointed; Sept.
(1961) p. 111.
Shellfish research stressed by , need for
more; Aug. (1961) p. 36.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION
(see STATE, DEPARTMENT OF)

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION
OF THE SEA
Forthy-ninth statutory meeting; Dec. (1961) p. 59.

INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXPOSITION
Sweden:
planned for November 1961; Apr. (1961) p. 84.

INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION
Union of South Africa participates in ; Feb.
(1961) p. 63.

INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
(United States and Canada)
Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project:
not economically feasible; Aug. (1961) p. 49.
report submitted on; July (1961) p. 39.
St. Croix River Basin project includes restoration
of anadromous fish runs; Dec. (1961) p. 61.

INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES
COMMISSION
Seventh annual meeting held in Vancouver; Jan.
(1961) pa 5a

INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES
CONVENTION
Japanese research association to study revision
of ; Sept. (1961) p. 91.

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION
Halibut, Pacific:
fishing in area 3A ended; Oct. (1961) p. 41.
regulations for 1961; Apr. (1961) p. 42.

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES
COMMISSION
Frazer River salmon runs research planned to
meet changing conditions; Aug. (1961) p. 46.
Salmon fisheries, sockeye and pink, regulations in
Convention waters for 1961; Mar. (1961) p. 41.

INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION
Express rates:
fishery products commodity rate increases
suspended; Aug. (1961) p. 23.
Frozen fishery products, prepared, ruling claims
many not exempt from regulation for trucks; July
(1961) p. 99.

IRISH MOSS (see SEAWEED)

IRRADIATION PRESERVATION

Foods, irradiation research promises longer term
shelf-life for; July (1961) p, 21.

Fresh fishery products, extending storage life by
use of radioisotopes to be studied; Feb. (1961)

p. 25,

Information center, European, established in

France; Aug. (1961) p. 49.

ISRAEL
Tuna fishing vessel, new, lands first trip; Oct.
(1961) p. 58.

ITALY
Africa:
fisheries stressed at meeting of Fourth Conven-
tion on Economic Relations with African Con-
tinent; June (1961) p. 50.

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ITALY (cont.)
Atlantic fisheries, participation considered in;
Mar. (1961) p. 63.
Fisheries expansion plan; Mar. (1961) p. 63.
Fishery trends, Jan. 1961; Mar. (1961) p. 63.
Fish oil imports from dollar area liberalized;
Oct. (1961) p. 58.
International fishing fair; Apr. (1961) p. 62.
Marine fish and shellfish production, 1953-60;
Aug. (1961) p. 66.
Marine oil imports and exports, 1959-60; Sept.
(1961) p. 76.
Shrimp industry; Mar. (1961) p. 63.
Tuna,frozen:
Italy important user of Japanese product; Mar.
(1961) p. 67.
Tuna, frozen, Japanese:
canners seek inspection and claims system for;
June (1961) p. 63.
imports on duty-free basis set at 14,000 tons;
June (1961) p, 64.
imports will not be taxed until 1971; Aug. (1961)
p.66.
Japanese-
p. 62.
market trends in and Yugoslavia for
Japanese product; Oct. (1961) p. 62.
reject claims, joint Italian- Japanese committee
to investigate; Nov. (1961) p. 50.
Tuna trap fishery poor in 1960; Apr. (1961) p. 62.
Vessels:
fishing fleet; Mar. (1961) p. 63.
Yugoslavia-Italy agreement on fishing in Yugo-
slavian waters; Mar. (1961) p. 63.

industry meeting; Oct. (1961)

IVORY COAST
Fishing industry expands; Dec. (1961) p. 72.

JACK MACKEREL
(see MACKEREL and MAASBANKER)

JAMAICA
Shrimp fishery small and unorganized; Apr.
(1961) p. 62.

JAPAN
Alaska Peninsula:
experimental fishing in 1960 south of: Nov.
(1961) p. 55,
opened to fishing, industry hopes to see waters
south of; Dec. (1961) p. 82.
Aleutian Islands:
firm hopes to fish south of; July (1961) p. 70.
herring and bottomfish, plans to send fleets
to fish; May (1961) p. 53.
Atlantic fishing bases, large firm surveys sites
for; Nov. (1961) p. 57,
Bering Sea:
bottomfish fishery:

catches lower than expected; Sept. (1961) p. 86.

controls imposed on; July (1961) p. 68.

developments and trends; Sept. (1961) p. 77,
Oct. (1961) p. 67, Nov. (1961) p. 55.

fleet's catch target for 1961; July (1961) p. 71.

plans for 1961; June (1961) p. 68.

twenty-six fleets to engage in; July (1961) p. 69.

Soviet and Japanese fishing fleets active in; Oct.
(1061) p, 81.

1961 Index

JAPAN

Bottomfish fishery in North Pacific:
mothership fleets operating in, 1961; Sept. (1961)
joe, CLUE
trends as of May 22, 1961; Aug. (1961) p. 77.
Bristol Bay mothership fishery trends, May 1961;
July (1961) p. 71.
Burmese-Japanese fishing company proposed, new
joint; Jan. (1961) p. 56.
Canary Islands cold-storage plant, fishing company
builds; Apr. (1961) p. 68.
Canned fishery products:
Exports, fiscal year 1960; July (1961) p. 72.
Exports to U.S., 1959-1960; Oct. (1961) p. 66.
packs lower in 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 68.
Standards planned for many; Aug. (1961) p. 74.
Canning fish, companies, small, to be acquired by
large firms; Aug. (1961) p. 74.
Cans, steel company makes chrome plated steel
sheets for; Aug. (1961) p. 75.
Carrier vessels, refrigerated, under construction;
Nov. (1961) p. 57.
Ceylon fisheries training center, to aid in
establishing; June (1961) p. 55, Sept. (1961) p. 68.
Ceylonese-Japanese joint fishing venture; Sept.
(1961) p. 68.
Cold-storage plants, two, Government to subsidize
construction of; Aug. (1961) p. 77.
Commercial deep-sea fishing areas constantly
changing; Sept. (1961) p. 76.
Cooperative, fishery, to ship fishery products
within Japanby vessel rather than rail; July
(1961) p. 74.
Crab:
factoryship, Bristol Bay, attains pack goal; Sept.
(1961) p. 89.
Fishery Committee proposals for 1961; Mar.
(1961) p. 69.

king:
Bering Sea, experimental factoryship in; Dec.
(1961) p. 81.

Bristol Bay catch; July (1961) p. 72.
Bristol Bay fall fishing authorized; Oct. (1961)
p. 67.
Bristol Bay fishery; Sept. (1961) p. 89.
Bristol Bay fishing; June (1961) p. 69.
Bristol Bay, three fishery firms to fish in fall
1961 in; Oct. (1961) p. 67.
North Pacific fleets report good fishing; Aug.
(1961) p. 76.
North Pacific quota for 1961; Aug. (1961) p. 48.
tagged by off Kodiak (Alaska) taken in
Alitak Bay; June (1961) p. 15.
tuna vessel being sent to Bering Sea to fish for;
Oct. (1961) p. 67.
Crab meat, canned:
exports, 1956-60; Nov. (1961) p. 56.
studies on browning of; Mar. (1961) p. 69.
Crab:
North Pacific fishery, mothership fleets operat-
ing in, 1961; Sept. (1961) p. 90.
North Pacific quota discussions at Northwest
Pacific Fisheries Commission meeting; July
(1961) p. 40.
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission, >
Soviet, quota and regulations for 1961; Oct.
(1961) p. 44.

1961 Index

JAPAN (cont.)
Curacao:
cannery for fish planned for Free Zone; Dec.
(1961) p. 68.
Japanese fishing base, Netherlands approves
establishment of; Aug. (1961) p. 59.
Drag-net fishing in the Yellow and East China
Seas; Sept. (1961) p. 78.
Exports:
fishery and marine products to United States
decline in 1960; Aug. (1961) p. 67.
fishery products decline in first half 1961; Oct.
(1961) p. 66.
fishery products, 1960; May (1961) p. 50.
market forecast for fishery products, 1961; Apr.
(1961) p. 68.
targets for fishery products for 1961; Aug. (1961)
p. 67. ;
Fisheries, Goverfment policy on; Oct. (1961) p. 59.
Fisheries value increases 13 percent from 1958
to 1959; Apr. (1961) p. 71.
Fishing company, large, plans to invest over $13
million; Mar. (1961) p. 71.
Fishery firm, large, plans to invest over $5
million in 1961; June (1961) p. 72.
Fish ham and sausages, production of; Aug. (1961)
p. 75.
Fishing companies diversify; Sept. (1961) p. 78.
Fish meal:
Bering Sea factoryship production as of June 30;
Sept. (1961) p. 87.
Bristol Bay factoryship fishery trends; June
(1961) p. 68.
factoryship company agrees to deliver 14,000 tons
of meal; July (1961) p. 73.
factoryship off Angola, company plans to operate;
Oct. (1961) p. 67.
factoryship production off Angola, duty-free entry
permitted for; Nov. (1961) p. 56.
factoryships, two, exceed quotas; Dec. (1961)p. 81.
import, Government plans to; Apr. (1961) p. 69.
import, industry protests plan to; Apr. (1961)
p. 70.
import of 32,000 tons, Feed Supply Committee
recommends; June (1961) p. 71.
Market, Fishery Agency proposal to stabilize;
June (1961) p. 70.
parley ends without agreement; Mar. (1961) p. 69.
Peruvian, import of additional 10,000 tons of;
June (1961) p. 71.
Peruvian, import price for; Apr. (1961) p. 71.
prices; Mar. (1961) p. 70, May (1961) p. 52,
July (1961) p. 73, Aug. (1961) p. 78.
prices for factoryship production; Mar. (1961)
p. 70, Sept. (1961) p. 87.
producers being organized; Mar. (1961) p. 69.
Fish sausage and freezing plants completed; June
(1961) p. 71.
Fish sausage and ham production increases; Nov.
(1961) p. 57.
Fish sausage plant, new, completed; July (1961)
p. 74, Oct. (1961) p. 69.
Fish solubles:
imports classified under animal feeds; July
(1961) p. 74.
permission to import from U.S. requested; May
(1961) p. 52.
Foreign fishing enterprises, Japanese, study of;
Oct. (1961) p. 69.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

JAPAN

Frozen fishery products, rancidity prevented by
colored cellophane; Apr. (1961) p. 68.

Groundfish:
mothership firms plan uniform charter rates for

catcher vessels; Apr. (1961) p. 71.

Halibut:

catch forecast for vessels operating in Bering Sea
bottomfish fishery; Sept. (1961) p. 85.

catch target of 28 North Pacific bottomfish fleets;
Aug. (1961) p. 76.

frozen export to U.S., plans for; Sept. (1961) p. 86.

Herring:
imported from U.S.S.R.; Apr. (1961) p. 71,
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission, =

Soviet, restrictions for 1961 fishery; Oct.
(1961) p. 44.
U.S.5S.R. order placed with
ps £05:

Imports of certain marine products liberalized;
Dec. (1961) p. 77.

Indian-Japanese fishing company, joint, Japanese
to increase capital of; Oct. (1961) p. 58.

International fisheries advisory group, Fishery
Agency hopes to establish; Aug. (1961) p. 75.

Italian canners seek inspection and claims system
for Japanese frozen tuna imports; June (1961)

p. 63.

Landings of fishery products in 1960; Aug. (1961)
Dy iG:

Liberia fish storage and processing facilities,
Japanese firm to build; May (1961) p. 54.

Liberian tuna fishing company established by
Japanese; Aug. (1961) p. 80.

Mackerel:
canned:

packers announce prices and targets for 1961;
June (1961) p. 70.
jack:
canned:
exports; Sept. (1961) p. 87.
packing continues; Oct. (1961) p. 68.

Marine oil:

supply, foreign trade, and consumption, 1959-1961;
June (1961) p. 72.

Mother-of-pearl shell fishing in Arafura Sea; Sept.
(1961) p. 77.

Nigerian-Japanese joint fishery enterprise planned;
Aug. (1961) p. 81.

North Borneo tuna fishing enterprise to be ex-
panded; May (1961) p. 49.

North Pacific Fisheries Convention, International:
committee studies revision of; Oct. (1961) p. 58.
research association to study revision of; Sept.

(1961) p. 91.
North Pacific:
high-seas fishing operations, Soviet fisheries
mission comments on Japanese; Nov. (1961)
Deda
mothership fleets operating in 1961; Sept. (1961)
p: 89.

Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission:
fifth annual meeting with Soviets; July (1961) p.40.
salmon pact signed between and U.S.S.R.;

Aug. (1961) p. 47.
Soviet-Japan, proceedings of fifth annual meet-
ing; Oct. (1961) p. 41.
Outlook for fisheries in 1970; Mar. (1961) p. 70.

; Sept. (1961)

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

JAPAN (cont.)
Overseas deep-sea fishing areas constantly chang-
ing; Sept. (1961) p. 76.
Overseas fishery operations for 1960; May (1961)
eee
Oyster:
canning and freezing plant, modern; Aug. (1961)
Dito
frozen and canned:
export plans for 1961, large firm's; Sept. (1961)
Pp: 90:
packing season begins; May (1961) p. 53.
Pet food pack made from fish declines; Feb. (1961)
Pp. 022
Pet food with fish, canned, exports drop in 1960;
July (1961) p. 71.
Processed fishery products production target for
1961, large company sets; June (1961) p. 71.

Research vessels, forum held on; Dec. (1961) p. 62.

Ryukyu Islands:
fishing industry expansion plan drafted by ‘
Feb. (1961) p. 58.
Japanese fishing company establishes joint
fishery company in Okinawa; June (1961) p. 80.
Sablefish, frozen, exported to the United States;
Oct. (1961) p. 66.
Salmon:
canned:
1960 pack carry-over as of Mar, 31, 1961; Nov.
(1961) p. 54,

second sale to Great Britain of; June (1961) p70.

catch by Soviets and Japan in North Pacific, 1960;
Apr. (1961) p. 46.
gill nets, nylon monofilament, new, mothership
fleets try; Oct. (1961) p. 65.
Hokkaido, eastern, land-based fishery; Sept.
(1961) p. 88.
king:
eggs sent to by Washington State; Jan.
(1961) p. 43, June (1961) p. 39.
mothership operations:
Fishery Agency studying reduction of fleets in
North Pacific; Oct. (1961) p. 65.
North Pacific fishing as of June 20; Sept. (1961)
p. 89.
North Pacific fleets, catch by, 1959-60; Oct.
(1961) p. 64.
North Pacific fleets make excellent catches;
Aug. (1961) p. 76.
North Pacific:
catches in 1960; Aug. (1961) P. 47.
catches should be reduced, Soviets say; July
(1961) p. 75.
fishing; Sept. (1961) p. 77.
mothership fleets operating in 1961; Sept. (1961)
p. 90.
operations; Aug. (1961) p, 76.
quota for 1961; Aug. (1961) p. 47.
quotas for and U.S.S,R. discussed at
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission
meeting; July (1961) p. 40.
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission,
Soviet, quota and regulations for 1961; Oct.

(1961) p. 43.
pink, canned, export plans in 1961; Sept. (1961)
p. 88.

predation by sharks studied; Dec. (1961) p. 81.
prices, season's, motherships and catcher boats
negotiate; Oct. (1961) p. 65.

1961 Index

JAPAN

Salmon:
vessel owners request permits for tuna fishing;
Oct. (1961) p. 65.
Sardines:
canned:
exports, Apr.-Sept. 1961; Dec. (1961) p. 80.
natural pack to be canned; Sept. (1961) p. 88.
not being offered to Philippines; Aug. (1961)p.73
pack and sales; Sept. (1961) p. 87.
packers announce prices and targets for 1961;
June (1961) p. 69.
pack quota for 1961 set; May (1961) p. 53.
sales in 1960; July (1961) p. 72.
tomato sauce pack, 1959; Feb. (1961) p. 52.
fishing good in several areas; June (1961) pp. 6970,
Shrimp:
British North Borneo resources surveyed; May
(1961) p. 42.
canned:
exported to U.S. for first time; Nov. (1961) p. 54.
factoryship in North Pacific, good fishing reported
by; Aug. (1961) p. 77.
frozen:
imports; Oct. (1961) p. 66.
imports from Mexico via U.S, up sharply; Nov.
(1961) p. 55.
U.S. exports and re-exports to ; Oct. (1961)
p. 34, Nov. (1961) p. 35, Dec. (1961) p. 52.
Guatemala- fishing base to be established in
Guatemala; May (1961) p. 47, Aug. (1961) p. 64,
Oct. (1961) p. 54, Dec. (1961) p. 71.
industry and market trends; Dec. (1961) p. 79.
North Pacific factoryship production report as of
Aug. 2; Nov. (1961) p. 55.
processing factoryship to operate in North Pacific;
Aug. (1961) p. 77.
Soviet-Japan North Pacific Fisheries Commision:
Scientific- Technical Committee talks open 1961
session; Apr. (1961) p. 44.
Storage and cold-storage plants for fish planned by
fishing company; Apr. (1961) p. 69.
Swordfish, frozen, exports to the United States; Sept.
(1961) p. 90.
Tariff negotiations with EEC nations included
fishery products; Sept. (1961) p. 92.
Tokyo's fish market largest in Asia; Aug. (1961)p.72.
Tonga Islands as possible overseas fishing base,
delegation to study; July (1961) p. 72.
Trade and Economic Affairs Committee formed,
joint United States- ; Aug. (1961) p. 53.
Trade show, second, in New York City, trade agency
plans; June (1961) p. 74.
Trawl fisheries, overseas; Oct. (1961) p. 68.
Trawling:
Alaska Peninsula, applications rejected for fishing
south of; May (1961) p. 53.
Atlantic catches off West Africa, transshipments
of; Sept. (1961) p. 91.
experimental fishing, off Kodiak Island, Alaska,
fishing company plans; Aug. (1961) p. 77.
Northwest Africa fishing reported good; Mar.
(1961) p. 71.
Northwest Africa operation, another Japanese
company plans; Aug. (1961) p. 77.
Tuna:
albacore:
canned export price to be raised; Nov. (1961)
p: o2.

1961 Index COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31
JAPAN (cont.) JAPAN
Tuna (cont.): Tuna:

albacore (cont.):
fishery trends, July 1961; Sept. (1961) p. 83.
fishing picks up; Sept. (1961) p. 82.
fishing reported poor; Aug. (1961) p. 68.
frozen:
export market conditions; Sept. (1961) p. 81.
exports to U.S. may increase; Apr. (1961) p. 65.
landings and prices; Sept. (1961) pp. 82-83.
raw price, packers ask for subsidy to stabilize;
‘Mar. (1961) p. 66. ;
shortage may force canners to pack more light-
meat for export; Aug. (1961) p. 72.
summer:
fishery trends; July (1961) p. 78, Aug. (1961)
p. 68, Sept. (1961) p. 82.
article in fishing industry journal discusses in-
fluence of U.S. and Japanese activities on
Spanish industry; July (1961) p. 88.

Atlantic:
catches of big-eyed and spearfish to be shipped
to ; Oct. (1961) p.60.

equatorial fishing trends; June (1961) p. 67.
Fisheries Agency research vessel to explore
areas for; Feb, (1961) p. 51.
Fishery trends; Jan. (1961) p. 72, Apr. (1961)
p. 63, May (1961) p. 50.
fleet, control by exporters association proposed
of; Sept. (1961) p. 81.
frozen to be transshipped by packers; Apr.
(1961) p. 66. _
long-liner catch principally big-eyed tuna and
spearfish; Oct. (1961) p. 60.
long-liners to move southward, poor fishing
forces; Sept. (1961) p. 84.
oversupply this summer not likely; Aug. (1961)
De ile
prices; Jan. (1961) p. 72.
purse-seines, three fishing companies ask to
use; Aug. (1961) p. 69.
shipments to lag behind quota; Oct. (1961)
ps 09.
transshipments to Japan, agreement drafted on;
Mar. (1961) p. 64.
vessels, number of, fishing in; Sept. (1961) p. 84.
vessels switching to albacore fishing; Oct.
(1961) p. 60.
big-eyed:
fishing reported good; Sept. (1961) p. 83.
West Africa, catch reported good off; Oct.
(1961) p. 60.
bluefin:
Indian Ocean fishing; May (1961) p. 49, June
(1961) p. 66.
Brazil, fishermen hope to establish fishing
company and fish off; July (1961) p. 46.
Brazilian fishing activities to expand; Apr. (1961)
p. 47.
canned:
exporters draft proposals on exports to U.S.;
Apr. (1961) p. 64.
exports, 1955-59; June (1961) p. 64.
exports of other than in brine or oil,
Mar. (1961) p. 66.
exports to Germany, price set for; Mar. (1961)
p. 65.
exports to U.S.; June (1961) p. 64.

1956-59;

canned in brine:
exporters' agreement for 1961 on exports to
U.S.; Mar. (1961) p. 65.
exporters hold meeting on fixing; Aug. (1961)
Dp. 03.
export offerings; Oct. (1961) p. 64.
export prices raised; Sept. (1961) p. 79, Oct.
(1961) p. 63; Nov. (1961) p. 51.
exports to U.S., 1960; Mar, (1961) p. 65, Sept.
(1961) p. 80.
sale, third, for export to U.S.; Apr. (1961) p. 66.
sale, seventh, to United States of; Sept. (1961)
p. 80.
sales to U.S. in 1961; Oct. (1961) p. 64.
stocks of; Aug. (1961) p. 73.
yellowfin, proposes to raise export price
of; Aug. (1961) p. 73.
canned in oil:
exports, Apr.-Aug. 1960; Jan. (1961) p. 71. Apr.-
July 1961; Nov. (1961) p. 51, 1956-60; Nov.
(1961) p. 50. fiscal years 1958-60; July (1961)
joey Asia
exports to Europe; Sept. (1961) p. 80.
prices, floor, fixed for exports to Canada; June
(1961) p, 65.
skipjack exports, 1959; Mar. (1961) p. 65.
canned:
market prospects in U.S. for; Apr. (1961) p. 63.
new product pack to be increased; Feb. (1961)
p. 52.
new products developed; Apr, (1961) p. 66.
new. products sales smaller than anticipated for;
Dec. (1961) p. 73.
new products, three, to be marketed; July (1961)
p. 79.
pack of in brine type by can sizes, 1960; Dec.
(S61) oe a:
supply reported low; Aug. (1961) p. 73.
trading agreement, exporters consider 1961;
Jan. (1961) p. 70.
white meat, packers face problems in 1961 for;
July (1961) p. 76.
canners in Shizuoka area indicate outlook is un-
favorable; Aug, (1961) p. 72.
canning facilities in Penang, Malaya; July (1961)
p. 80.
Caribbean area base, fishing company plans; Aug.
(1961) p. 70.
Colombia, Japanese fishing operations off; Mar,
(1961) p, 51,
Eastern Pacific fishing forecast for Dec, 1960;
Jan. (1961) p. 71.
Fiji Islands fishing base planned; Dec. (1961) p. 69.
fishery may eventually be regulated internation-
ally, feels; Aug. (1961) p. 68.
fishing, deep-sea; Sept. (1961) p. 78.
fishing industry faces problems; Apr. (1961) p. 67.
fish-sausage makers ask for more fish; May (1961)
p. 50.
frozen and canned, exports 1947-1959, 1935-1939
avg.; June (1961) p. 65.
frozen:
albacore and yellowfin supplies for export low;
Oct, (1961) p. 63.
albacore, Atlantic, exports increase to U.S.
under study; Mar. (1961) p. 64.

export to; June (1961) p. 66.

exporters draft plan for exports to U.S.;
Apr. (1961) p. 65.

export prices increased; Oct. (1961) p. 64, Nov.
(1961) p. 53.

export prospects to Russia appear dim for; Aug.
(1961) p. 71.

export quotas and sales procedure changes con-
sidered; Dec. (1961) p. 74.

export quotas for 1961/62 to U.S., exporters
associations establish; June (1961) p. 65.

export to Europe, exporters discuss; Aug. (1961)
p.. 00%

exports to U.S. Apr, 1-Aug. 19, 1961; Nov. (1961)
p. 52. Apr.-Sept. 1961, Dec. (1961) p. 73.

exports to U.S. for first quarter 1961, value of;
Oct. (1961) p. 63.

exports to U.S., prices for; Sept. (1961) p. 80.

exports to U.S.S.R. explored; Apr. (1961) p. 65.

exports to U.S.S.R., firm negotiating; Jan.
(1961) p. 71.

exports to Yugoslavia; Aug. (1961) p. 71, Mar.
(1961) p. 65.

France may import from ; June (1961) p.64

Italy an important user of; Mar. (1961) p. 67.

Italy reject claims, joint Italian-Japanese com-
mittee to investigate; Nov. (1961) p. 50.

Italy's imports on duty-free basis set at 14,000
tons; June (1961) p. 64.

Italy will not tax imports until 1971; Aug. (1961)
p. 66.

landings and transshipments, new regulations
on; Dec. (1961) p. 75.

market trends in Italy- Yugoslavia; Oct. (1961)
p 62.

mothership firms plan to transship to U.S.;
Sept. (1961) p. 84.

prices, increase reported in; Nov. (1961) p. 52.

price trends; July (1961) p. 76.

‘shipments, Apr.-Sept. 1961; Dec. (1961) p. 74.

United States, claims against product de-
creasing in; June (1961) p. 67.

United States from Fiji Islands, transhipped to;
Nov. (1961) p. 53.

Yugoslavia deliveries expected to drop; Dec.
(1961) p. 75,

imports liberalized; Dec. (1961) p. 78.
Indian:

catches drop drastically; Mar. (1961) p. 68.

Indian Ocean and South Pacific fishing trends;

Mar. (1961) p. 68.

Indian Ocean explorations; Jan. (1961) p. 71.
industry meeting, Italian- Japanese; Oct. (1961)

p. 62.

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1961 Index
JAPAN (cont.) JAPAN
Tuna (cont.): Tuna:
frozen (cont.): long-line fleet, size of distant-water; Oct. (1961)
Atlantic exports, regulations for; Aug. (1961) p.70. Pp. ol:
Atlantic Ocean type, higher export prices con- Malaya fishing base, negotiates for another;
sidered for; Nov. (1961) p. 52. Sept. (1961) p. 93.
Atlantic Ocean type, producers apply for per- Malayan- company in full operation; Aug.
mission to ship to ; June (1961) p. 66. (1961) p. 80.
Czechoslovakia export agreement concluded for; Malayan- fishery company plans plant con-
July (1961) p. 75. solidation; Mar. (1961) p. 72.
Czechoslovakia, firm plans to use Canary motherships:
Islands to store for; Oct. (1961) p. 61. fishery, Fishery Agency announces new regula-
Czechoslovakia, firms to deliver to; Aug. tions for; July (1961) p. 77.
(1961) p. 60. Fishery Agency studying relaxations of regula-
Czechoslovakia, signs agreement for tions on portable vessels for; Nov.(1961) p. 54.

number of portable vessels under study for;
June (1961) p. 68.
portable-vessel-carrying, restrictions relaxed
on; Dec. (1961) p. 76.
regulation, changes requested in 1961; Apr.
(1961) p. 64. :
returns from fishing grounds; Nov. (1961) p. 53.
returns with full trip; Nov. (1961) p. 53.
South Pacific, fleet sails for; July (1961) p. 79.
with portable catcher boats, Fishery Agency
licenses 15; Sept. (1961) p. 80.
overseas bases, delegation studies sites for; June
(1961) p. 67.
purse-seining in Atlantic Ocean, applications still
not approved for; Oct. (1961) p. 59.
research council, national, planned; Apr. (1961)
p. 65.
research council organized; Oct. (1961) p. 63.
research, Fishery Agency to consolidate; Sept.
(1961) p. 80.
sashimi, method developed for extending ''shelf-
life’ of; July (1961) p. 79.
shortage creating problem for canners and ex-
porters; Aug. (1961) p. 71.
skipjack and albacore, coastal fishing trends,
Apr. 1961; July (1961) p. 78.

skipjack:
canned in brine export price raised; Aug. (1961)
Dials
fishery landings improved in April 1961; July
(1961) p. 78.

fishery trends, July 1961; Sept.€1961) p. 83,
fishing in full swing near Tokyo; Aug. (1961)
p. 68.
landings and prices, June 18-24; Sept. (1961)
p. 82, June 25-July 1, 1961, Sept. (1961) p. 83.
pole-and-line fishery, study under way of; Dec.
(1961) p. 77.
South Pacific:
catches of motherships in; Aug. (1961) p. 69,
Sept. (1961) p. 85.
mothership in Aug. 1961 sent to; Oct. (1961) p.62.
Uruguay, company files application to fish off;
Mar. (1961) p. 67.
Uruguay- fishing enterprise; May (1961)
p. 50,
Venezuela, another long-liner to fish out of; Oct.
(1961) p. 63.
vessel, research:
explores north and central Pacific Ocean for;
Sept. (1961) p. 85.
reports good fishing off Angola; Apr. (1961)
p. 66.

1961 Index

JAPAN (cont.)
Tuna (cont.):
vessels:
canners propose lifting of licensing restrictions
on medium-class type; Aug. (1961) p. 69.
construction continues to increase; Apr. (1961)
p. 69, May (1961) p. 49.
cost estimates submitted by owners; Apr. (1961)
p. 67.
distant-water refrigerated type increasing in
number; Oct. (1961) p. 61.
large, two, to be built by large fishery firm;
June (1961) p. 67.
licensing of, new policy announced on; Mar.
(1961) p. 66.
licensing policy; Dec. (1961) p. 79.
unlicensed may be registered under foreign
flag; Dec. (1961) p. 79.
West Indiescannery, construction in Curacao by
Japanese of; Sept. (1961) p. 107.
Yaizu landings; July (1961) p. 77, Sept. (1961)
pp. 81-82.
yellowfin:
Eastern Pacific, Japanese opinion on Tuna
Commission's proposal to regulate fishing in;
Sept. (1961) p. 79.
frozen, exports to Spain approved by R
July (1961) p. 76.
young, scientist succeeds in hatching; Aug. (1961)
p. 78.
Yugoslavia may send technicians to to study
processing techniques; July (1961) p. 96.
Vessels:
fishing:
Fishery Agency approves construction of; Mar.
(1961) p. 70, July (1961) p. 74.
salmon mothership and other vessels, third
largest fishing firm builds; July (1961) p. 75.
tuna type approved for’construction in fiscal
years 1958-60; Sept. (1961) p. 92.
Whaling:
Antarctic Ocean operations; Sept. (1961) p. 77.
Antarctic production for 1960/61 season sets new
record; July (1961) p. 79.
Australian- humpback agreement; Apr.
(1961) p. 46.
British fleet, recently-purchased, to operate in
Antarctic; Jan. (1961) p. 72.
factoryship sold to by Norwegians; Oct.
(1961) p. 72.
mothership fleets operating in North Pacific,
1961; Sept. (1961) p. 90.
Netherland's factoryship sale to
Mar. (1961) p. 75.
North Pacific operations begun in May; July
(1961) p. 79.
Norway to sell to Japan whale factoryship;
Oct. (1961) p. 45.
Yaizu fishery landings; Sept. (1961) p. 81, Nov.
(1961) p. 56, Dec. (1961) p. 80.

confirm;

JAPAN-SOVIET NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COM.-
MISSION
Scientific- Technical Committee talks open 1961
session; Apr. (1961) p. 44.

“JELLIED" FISH
Flounder, '"jellied"', from Gulf of Mexico, report
of; Aug. (1961) p. 9.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

"JOHN N. COBB," M/V
Trawling, bottom, explorations off the Washington
and British Columbia coasts, May-Aug. 1960;
June (1961) p. 1.

KELP
Giant

KENYA
Rock cod species, study of; Aug. (1961) p. 61.

KING WHITING
South Carolina studies, Sept. 1960-Mar. 1961;
June (1961) p. 42.

KOREA
Fisheries, offshore, expansion planned of; Mar.
(1961) p. 71.
Shrimp industry; Feb. (1961) p. 52.

KUWAIT
Persian Gulf fishing industry; Dec. (1961) p. 82.
Shrimp industry; Mar. (1961) p. 71.

(see SEAWEED)

LABELING

Canadian food law, new; Sept. (1961) p. 68.

LABOR, DEPARTMENT OF
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions:
American Samoa:
canning industry,fish, minimum wage order
affects; Nov. (1961) p. 71.
hearing to investigate and recommend minimum
wages for; Aug. (1961) p. 98.
Puerto Rico:
tuna canning industry does not file application
for minimum wage rate review; Oct. (1961)
p. 86.
wage review committees, regulations issued for;
Aug. (1961) p. 98.

LABORATORIES
Biological
Boothbay Harbor, new director appointed for;
Mar. (1961) p. 34.

LAKE ERIE
Canadian mesh-size restrictions for gill nets
removed; June (1961) p. 53.
Fish population survey; June (1961) p. 23, July
(1961) p. 19, Aug. (1961) p. 29, Sept. (1961) p. 30,
Sept. (1961) p. 31, Nov. (1961) p. 19, Dec. (1961)
p.29.
Fish population survey for 1960 season completed;
Jan. (1961) p. 24.
Fish population survey summarized; Mar. (1961)
p. 26.
Hatch and survival in 1961 fair for many species;
Oct. (1961) p. 17.
Seasonal distribution studies of commercial fish
stocks continued; Mar. (1961) p. 26.
Yellow pike tagging experiment; Oct. (1961) p. 18.

LAKE HURON
Yellow pike tagging in 7 Oct. (1961) ps 17:

LAKE MICHIGAN -
Fish population survey; Jan. (1961) p. 25, Oct.
(1961) p. 18, Nov. (1961) p. 20, Dec. (1961) p. 30.
Fish population survey ends for season; Feb. (1961)
jo} aes

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

LAKE MICHIGAN (cont.)
Fish population survey for 1961; Aug. (1961) p. 28.
Fish stocks, underutilized, commercial potential

surveyed of; Jan. (1961) p. 24.
Otter-trawl fishing, commercial,in Wisconsin's
waters; Jan. (1961) p. 46.
Research vessel ''Cisco'' program for 1961; July
(1961) p. 20.
Yellow pike tagging in

; Oct. (1961) p. 17.

LAKE SUPERIOR

Fishery survey in western area; Aug. (1961) p. 27,
Oct. (1961) p. 19, Nov. (1961) p. 21.

Fishery survey in western area for 1960 com-
pleted; Mar. (1961) p, 28.

Lake trout commercial fishery census; Oct. (1961)
De 7:

Lamprey, sea, producing streams in jnitial
chemical treatments completed for; Jan. (1961)

Pesods

Research vessel ''Siscowet"'
June (1961) p. 24.

Whitefish spawningsurvey in western area of ;
Feb. (1961) p. 20.

program for 1961;

LAKE TROUT

Crossed with speckled trout in Canada; July (1961)
Deeto

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations restocking pro-
gram gains momentum; May (1961) p. 17.

Great Lakes planting program for 1961; July (1961)
p. 19.

Lake Superior commercial fishery census; Oct.
(1961) p. 17,

LAMPREY, SEA
Lake Superior lamprey-producing streams, initial
chemical treatments completed of; Jan. (1961) p.5L

LANDINGS
New England food-fish up but industrial fish
down in 1960; Feb. (1961) p. 23.
U.S, commercial fishery
different periods; Sept. (1581) p. 47, Oct. (1961)
p.32, Dec. (1961) p. 50.
1960 expected to equal 5-year average; Jan.
(1961) p. 36.
records established for several categories in
average production year in 1960; Apr. (1961)
ps 34.
World's leading fishing ports, 1958
of the; Sept. (1961) p. 64.

at some

LANGOSTINO
Chile's industry for , 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 49.
LATIN AMERICA
Shrimp resources of
Feb. (1961) p. 30.

, biologist to survey;

LATIN AMERICAN FREE TRADE AREA
GATT, report to; Feb, (1961) p. 32.

LATIN AMERICAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION
Treaty ratified for ; Aug. (1961) p. 50.

LAW ENFORCEMENT
Coast Guard, fisheries
pe 90.

aided by; June (1961)

1961 Index

LAW OF THE SEA
Conventions signed by President; June (1961) p. 90.

LEBANON
Mediterranean General Fisheries Council,
becomes 13th member of; Apr. (1961) p. 43.

LIBERIA
Fish storage and processing facilities, Japanese
firm to build; May (1961) p. 54.
Tuna:
fishery trends; July (1961) p. 80.
fishing company established by Japanese; Aug.
(1961) p. 80.
joint fishery off West Africa, agreement reached
with Taiwan for; Oct. (1961) p, 70.

LIBYA
Bureau for fisheries affairs set up; Dec. (1961) p.83.
Fisheries trends; Jan (1961) p. 72, Nov. (1961) p. 57.
Tuna:
industry trends; Jan. (1961) p. 72, Nov. (1961) p57.

LIFE RAFTS
Inflatable
(1961) p. 35.

LIGHT
Lethal effects of visible
embryos; Dec. (1961) p. 55.

tested for fishing vessels; Nov.

on fish eggs and

LIGHT FISHING
Attraction of fish to underwater light, tests to
determine; Aug. (1961) p. 20.
flashing lights to lure herring, U.S.S.R. tries;
June (1961) p. 83.

LIQUID NITROGEN
Freezer using , first, adapted to production

line; Apr. (1961) p. 21.

LIVE BAIT
Shad, threadfin, continues to show promise as
for skipjack tuna in Hawaii; June (1961) p. 18.

LIVE FISH
Striped bass air-transported to Kentucky lake; Mar.
(1961) p. 115.

LOANS
Financial assistance to fishing industries in various
countries; Nov. (1961) p. 8.
Sierra Leone fisheries
(1961) p. 87,
United Kingdom:
Fishery interest rates revised; Jan. (1961)
p. 84, Sept..(1961) p. 106, Nov. (1961) p. 67.
grants ae for Scottish fishing vessels re-
stricted; July (1961) p. 95.

and credit fund; Dec.

LOBSTER
Canada:
canned regulations, new, require certain data
on can; June (1961) p. 53.
Claws, rubber bands found best for securing; Nov.
(1961) p. 44,

1961 Index COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35
LOBSTER (cont.) MAINE
Maine: Sardines:

economic and biological factors as measured by
sequential relationship of sea water temperature
to landings to price to fishing intensity; Sept.
(1961) p. 5.
landings of
(1961) p. T.
length of fishing time and catch-per-unit-of gear
in the fishery; Sept. (1961) p. 1.
productive recovery of the fishery, observations
on the; Sept. (1961) p. 6.
traps in the fishery, the role of; Sept. (1961) p. 9.
Spiny:
Australia:
exports and industry, fiscal year 1959/60; Jan.
(1961) p. 53, July (1961) p. 44.
size limit, new, for South Australia; Feb. (1961)
p. 36.
Egypt plans exports of ; Jan, (1961) p. 64.
gear and fishing methods; Apr. (1961) p. outside
back cover.
Mexico:
Ensenada fishery trends, Dec. 1960; Mar. (1961)
1 Ue
South-West Africa:
landings best in seven years; June (1961) p. 80.
products produced in 1960; July (1961) p. 87.

LONG ISLAND SOUND
Oysters:
growers in plagued by starfish abundance;
Apr. (1961) p. 29.
spawning and setting, observations on ; Sept.
(1961) p. 38, Sept. (1961) p. 39, Oct. (1961) p. 26,
Nov. (1961) p. 27.

‘MAASBANKER (see PILCHARD)

, some factors influencing; Sept.

MACKEREL
Canned spring , Canadians permit use of citric
acid in; June (1961) p. 55.
Composition analysis of
Jack:
California population survey continued; July (1961)
p. 10, Aug. (1961) p. 20.
canned:
Japan:
exports; Sept. (1961) p. 87.
packing continues; Oct. (1961) p. 68.
prices and targets for 1961, packers announce;
June (1961) p. 70.
Pacific , California population survey contin -
ued; July (1961) p. 10, Aug. (1961) p. 20.
Spanish , Mexico's experimental fishing with
gill nets for; June (1961) p. 75.

; Feb. (1961) p. 7.

MAINE
Lobster landings in , some factors influencing;
Sept. (1961) p. 1.
Sardines, canned:
canning season ends; Jan. (1961) p. 29.
cholesterol depressant, feeding tests indicate
value as; June (1961) p. 29.
costs, increased, and lack of fish worry canners;
Aug. (1961) p. 31.
industry ready for 1961 season; June (1961) p. 27.
stocks; Jan. (1961) p. 28, Mar. (1961) p. 32, June
(1961) p. 28, Aug. (1961) p. 30, Sept. (1961) p. 32.

Canning-size fish, exploratory fishing off
coast unsuccessful for (M/V ''Delaware”™ cruise
61-15); Nov. (1961) p. 25.
Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project would have
little effect on industry; July (1961) p. 39.
St. Croix River Basin project includes restoration
of anadromous fish runs; Dec. (1961) p. 61.

MALAYA
Shrimp fishing industry; Jan. (1961) p. 73.
Tuna:
canned,pack information on; Oct. (1961) p. 70.
canning facilities in Penang; July (1961) p. 80.
fishing base, Japanese negotiate for another; Sept.
(1961) p. 93.
Japanese- plant consolidation; Mar. (1961)
p. 72, Aug. (1961) p. 80.

MARINE ANIMALS
Survey of at depths of 50 to 450 fathoms; Oct.
(1961) p. 24.

MARINE BIOLOGY
World's largest scientific sailing vessel; June
(1961) p. 35.

MARINE GAME FISH
Research aided by loan of vessel; Dec. (1961) p. 40.

MARINE LIFE
Studies of , Miami University Marine Labora-
tory receives grant for; Feb. (1961) p. 19.

MARINE OIL (see OILS)

MARINE RESEARCH
Antarctic, included in studies to be conducted
by vessel on permanent station in; Aug. (1961)
DeelGs

MARITIME ADMINISTRATION
(see COMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF)

MARKETING

Edible fishery products prospects; Jan. (1961)

p. 29, Apr. (1961) p. 23, July (1961) p. 22, Sept.
(1961) p. 33, Dec. (1961) p. 40.

Fish Meal, governments and industry seek greater
market for; Mar. (1961) p. 41.

Frozen fish, Norway's in European markets
tested; Mar. (1961) p. 77.

Salmon, canned, Canada's
(1961) p. 55.

prospects for; June

MARKET NEWS SERVICE
Offices of Fishery ; May (1961) p. 98.

MARKETS
Fishery products future
Desos.

reviewed; Mar. (1961)

MARYLAND
Conowingo Dam study concludes that fishway would
have little value; Apr. (1961) p. 24.
Fisheries research, new ''Natural Resources Insti-
tute'' responsible for; July (1961) p. 23.

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

MARYLAND (cont.)
Oyster'‘observations; Oct. (1961) pp. 26,27.
Shad, gear studies prove that nylon gill nets catch
more; Mar. (1961) p. 33.

MASSACHUSETTS
Food, frozen, code effective in Feb.; Apr. (1961)
De 20%
Marine fisheries study recommends accelerated
research and management programs; | May (1961)
ps Lit,

MAURITANIA
Fishing industry, Government encourages invest-
ment in; Sept. (1961) p. 93.

MEDITERRANEAN GENERAL FISHERIES COUNCIL
Lebanon becomes 13th member; Apr. (1961) p. 43.

MENHADEN
Description of ; June (1961) p. 120.
Migratory patterns, parasites may reveal; Sept.
(1961)"p. 33)

MEXICO
Cooperatives, fishery, aided by grants; Apr. (1961)
p. (2%
Crab meat industry; Oct. (1961) p. 70.
Ensenada fishery trends; June (1961) p. 74.
Export duties, some, revised for fishery products;
June (1961) p. 75.
Fish flour as an additive to foods found promising
by scientists; May (1961) p. 54.
Grouper exports to U.S. from Yucatan run into
labeling difficulties; June (1961) p. 74.
Import permit required on many fishery products;
Nov. (1961) p. 58.
Merida fishery trends, first quarter 1961; June
(1961) p. 74.
Shrimp:
fishery trends; Mar. (1961) p. 73, May (1961)
p. 54, June (1961) p. 74.
Guaymas fishery trends, 1960/61 season; Dec.
(1961) p. 84.
Merida fishery trends, first quarter 1961; June
(1961) p. 74.
prices, ex-vessel, as of Aug. 1961; Oct. (1961)
p. 71, Nov. (1961) p. 58.
trawler, new, purchased by Pakistan from
Mexican shipyard; Oct. (1961) p. 73.
west coast fishery trends, second quarter 1961;
Sept. (1961) p. 93.
Spanish mackerel, experimental fishing with gill-
nets for; June (1961) p. 75.
Spiny lobster fishery trends, Dec. 1960; Mar.
(1961) p. 72.
Veracruz fish landings reported light; Dec. (1961)
p. 84,

MICHIGAN

Fishing regulations, commercial, for Great Lakes,
changes proposed in; Aug. (1961) p. 31.

Landings, commercial, increase slightly in 1960;
Apr. (1961) p. 25.

Sea lamprey chemical control in northern streams
initiated; Sept. (1961) p. 34.

Smelt dip-net fishing season prospects poor; June
(1961) p. 29.

1961 Index

MIDWATER TRAWLING (See TRAWLING)
MIGRATIONS (See FISH MIGRATIONS)

MILITARY SUBSISTENCE SUPPLY AGENCY
Small business firms, a $700 million food buyer
offers special opportunities to; July (1961) p. 4.

MINERAL LEASES
Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf,
areas of; Dec. (1961) p. 93.

in new

MINK FOOD
Danish mink farmers buy food fish for
(1961) p. 46.

; Nov.

MISSISSIPPI
Oyster bottom survey; Aug. (1961) p. 32.

MISSOURI
Landings, fishery, commercial, 1960; Oct. (1961)
p. 21.

MOLD
Mullet, smoked, ‘inhibition of
Pais

on; Apr. (1961)

MOROCCO

Canned fish exports; Oct. (1961) p. 71.

Fishery trends; Jan. (1961) p. 73, Apr. (1961) p. 72,
July (1961) p. 81.

Fish meal and oil export prices; Mar. (1961) p. 74,
May (1961) p. 55.

Sardine, canned, industry trends, July 1960; Jan.
(1961) p. 73.

Shrimp industry; Feb. (1961) p. 53.

MORTGAGE INSURANCE
Vessel program:
clarifying amendment on; June (1961) p. 88.
first application approved; Apr. (1961) p. 38.

MOTHERSHIP
Japan:

Bristol Bay
(1961) p. 71.

North Pacific
(1961) p. 89.

salmon:
North Pacific fleets make excellent

catches; Aug. (1961) p. 76.

North Pacific quota for 1961; Aug. (1961)

fishery trends, May 1961; July

fleets operating in 1961; Sept.

p. 47.
tuna:
portable catcher boats, Fishery Agency licenses
15 with; Sept. (1961) p. 80.

portable vessles for , regulations on: July
(1961) p. 77, Nov. (I96T) p. 54.
South Pacific, catch in; Aug. (1961) p. 69.
U.S.S.R.'s fleet production of North Atlantic
herring, winter 1961; July (1961) p. 94.

MOTHER-OF-PEARL SHELL
Japanese fishing in Arafura Sea; Sept. (1961) p. 77

MOTOR CARRIER
Fishery products, indexes of motor carrier trans-
portation cost for; June (1961) p. 12.

1961 Index

MULLET
Smoked
p. 8.

, inhibition of mold on; Apr. (1961)

MUSSELS
Chemical method for killing
competitors; Mar. (1961) p. I5.
Netherlands cultivation of , Government aid
planned for; May (1961) p. 56.

and other oyster

NATIONAL FISHERIES INSTITUTE
Resolutions adopted at 16th Annual Convention;
June (1961) p. 30.

NATIONAL FISH WEEK
National Fish 'n Seafood Parade--October 16-22,
1961; Sept. (1961) outside back cover.

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Antarctic:
marine research included in studies to be con-
ducted by vessel on permanent station in; Aug.
(1961) p. 16.
research, Navy ship to be refitted for; June (1961)
p. 15
research program for 1962 includes fisheries and
oceanography projects; Oct. (1961) p. 9.
Duke University to build biological oceanographic
vessel; July (1961) p. 25.
Grant to convert schooner to scientific vessel;
June (1961) p. 35.
Marine research vessel, California institution
receives grant for; June (1961) p. 35.

NETHERLANDS

Eel, young, migration routes into inland water
system, conservation of; Jan. (1961) p. 8.

Fish meal:
industry and market, 1959-60; May (1961) p. 55.
prices, Jan. 1960-Apr. 1961; Sept. (1961) p. 95.
production, 1959-1960; Sept. (1961) p. 95.

Fish oil:
foreign trade, production, and supply 1960; Sept.

(1961) p. 94.

industry and market, 1959-60; May (1961) p. 55.

Freezer trawler starts fishing; Mar. (1961) p. 76.

Japanese fishing base in Curacao, approves estab-
lishment of; Aug. (1961) p. 59.

Mussel cultivation, Government aid planned for;
May (1961) p. 56.

Oyster:
cultivation, Government aid planned for; May
(1961) p. 56.

culture experiments; Nov. (1961) p. 58.
industry plans for survival when producing area
is cut off from sea; Nov. (1961) p. 58.
Sardine, canned, imports; Mar. (1961) p. 75.
Shrimp industry; Mar. (1961) p. 76.
Whale meal production, 1959-1960; Sept. (1961)
Di9o.
Whale oil:
prices, Jan. 1960-Apr. 1961; Sept. (1961) p. 95.
utilization, 1959-1960; Sept. (1961) p. 95.
Whaling:
Antarctic:
1960/61 season profits decline; Aug. (1961) p81.
production trends; Mar. (1961) p. 75, Apr. (1961)
p. 74, Aug. (1961) p. 80.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

NETHERLANDS
Whaling:
company reports best season in 14 years; Apr.
(1961) p. 73.
factoryship sale to Japan confirmed; Mar. (1961)
Davos

NETHERLANDS WEST INDIES
Japanese fishing base in Curacao, Netherlands
approves establishment of; Aug. (1961) p. 59.

NETS
Alaska mesh-size regulations revised for
in use; Feb. (1961) p. 12.
Ecuador's import duty on
Dec. (1961) p. 69.
Gill nets:
monofilament , experimental fishing for skip-
jack tuna with; July (1961) p. 14, Oct. (1961)p.11.
monofilament type banned in British Columbia
salmon fishery in 1962; Dec. (1961) p. 68.
monofilament type, Japanese mothership salmon
fleets try new; Oct. (1961) p. 65.
nylon catch more shad, studies prove that;
Mar. (1961) p. 33.
Trawl » mesh-size regulations as recommend-
ed by Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission;
Sept. (1961) p. 61.
Shrimp fishery of the Southeastern United States,
study of vessel and gear usage in; Aug. (1961) p.1.

now

and twine lowered;

NEW ENGLAND
Commercially-important fish from waters--
analyses of cod, haddock, Atlantic ocean perch,
butterfish, and mackerel; Feb. (1961) p. 7.
Dogfish, spiny, tagged off ; Aug. (1961) p. 33.
Food-fish landings up but industrial-fish landings
down in 1960; Feb. (1961) p. 23.
Groundfish:
distribution and abundance on inshore fishing
grounds studied; Aug. (1961) p. 33.
production costs in and Canadian industries
studied; Jan. (1961) p. 27, Mar. (1961) p. 28.
Midwater fishery resources, survey continued by
M/V "Delaware" of; Sept. (1961) p. 34.
Tuna, bluefin:
commercial purse-seining, 1960 season; Mar.
(1961) p. 35.
landings, 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 35.

NEWFOUNDLAND
Greek stern freezer trawler finds fishing poor off
; Mar. (1961) p. 61.
NEW GUINEA
Shrimp fishery, expert claims good potential for;
June (1961) p. 75.

NEW JERSEY
Clams, surf, fishery off ; Aug. (1961) p. 11.
NEW YORK
Clams, surf, fishery off ; Aug. (1961) p. 11.
Japanese trade agency plans second trade show in
; June (1961) p. 74.

NEW ZEALAND
Tuna fishery proposed; Jan. (1961) p. 73.

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1961 Index
NICARAGUA NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS

Fisheries law, new, established; June (1961) p. 76. Haddock:

Shrimp: biologists predict higher landings from Georges

industry trends; Feb. (1961) p. 54.
landings on Caribbean Coast may be increased by
new plants; Apr. (1961) p. 74.

NIGERIA
Fisheries potential of western region, survey
planned of; Aug. (1961) p. 81.
Fishery landings, 1960; Dec. (1961) p. 85.
Fishery research vessel for ; Sept. (1961) p.65.
Japanese-Nigerian joint fishery enterprise planned
Aug. (1961) p. 81.

NONUTILIZED FISH (also see INDUSTRIAL FISH)
Use of incidental to shrimp fishing; Jan. (1961)
p. 23, May (1961) p. 16, Aug. (1961) p. 25.

NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERIES EXPLORATION AND

GEAR RESEARCH

Boothbay Harbor exploratory fishing activities
shifted to Gloucester; Jan. (1961) p. 30.

Crab, red, explorations off the northeastern coast
of the United States; May (1961) p. 5.

Exploratory fishing and gear research chief
appointed, new, Jan. (1961) p. 30.

Midwater trawling:

Atlantic herring operations promising (M/V
"Delaware" cruise 61-8); Aug. (1961) p. 32.
fishery resources off New England, survey con-
tinued of-(M/V ''Delaware"' cruise 11); Sept.

(1961) p. 34,
fish stocks, survey initiated of (M/V ''Delaware'
cruise 61-1); Apr. (1961) p. 26.
herring, canning-size, exploratory fishing off
Maine coast unsuccessful for (M/V ''Delaware'
cruise 61-15); Nov. (1961) p. 25.
operations completed for 1961 (M/V ''Delaware"'
cruise 61-18); Dec. (1961) p. 41.
Otter trawls:
standard manila trawl with one containing poly-
propylene parts, comparison studies of; Apr.

1

(1961) p. 26, July (1961) p. 23, Nov. (1961) p. 25.

underwater TV aids studies to improve design of
(M/V "Delaware" cruise 61-3); May (1961)p. 19.
Tuna, bluefin, New England commercial purse-
seining season, 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 35.

NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS
Dogfish, spiny, tagged off New England (M/V
"Delaware" cruise 61-7); Aug. (1961) p. 33.
Fishery research vessel, new, bids requested for;
Apr. (1961) p. 27.
Fluke tagged off Middle Atlantic Coast; June (1961)
p: 34, July (1961) p. 25.
Groundfish:
distribution and abundance on inshore fishing
grounds studied; (M/V ''Delaware" cruise 61-7);
Aug. (1961) p. 33.
escapement, trawl nets of different design tested
for (M/V ''Delaware'' cruise 61-12): Oct. (1961)
Diee ll
survey off New England (M/V ''Delaware" Oct.
25-Nov. 6, 1961); Dec. (1961) p. 41.
Gulf of Maine, bottom sediments and organisms
collected from (M/V ''Delaware" cruises 61-9
and 61-10); Sept. (1961) p. 35.

Bank in 1961; Feb. (1961) p. 22.
young, and other species, Gulf of Maine surveyed
for (M/V ''Delaware'' cruise 60-12); Jan. (1961)
p. 30.
Scallops, sea, Georges Bank, data collected on;
July (1961) p. 25, Oct. (1961) p. 22.
Whiting, vertical movements studied (M/V
"Delaware" cruise 61-4); June (1961) p. 34.

NORTH ATLANTIC HERRING RESEARCH
Boothbay Harbor biological laboratory, new direc-
tor appointed for; Mar. (1961) p. 34.
Herring serological studies, dogfish used for; Mar.
(1961) p. 33.

NORTH BORNEO
Tuna fishing enterprise, Japanese-
expanded; May (1961) p. 49.

, to be

NORTH CAROLINA

Bottomfish, coastal waters surveyed by M/V
"Silver Bay™ for; Oct. (1961) p. 29.

Clams, hard, explorations off for; May (1961)
p. 25.

Fish and shellfish resources off coast surveyed
by M/V "Silver Bay"; Feb. (1961) p. 26, May

(1961) p. 24.

Scallops, calico, found off ; May (1961) p. 24.

Shrimp and crabs, Duke University receives grant
to study larval development of; Feb. (1961) p. 25.

NORTH PACIFIC
Halibut:
catch target of 28 Japanese bottomfish fleets; Aug.
(1961) p. 76.
fishing in Areas 2 and 1B ended; Nov. (1961) p. 41.
regulations for 1961; Apr. (1961) p. 42.

International Fisheries Convention, Japanese
research association to study revision of; Sept.
(19612): p. ‘911.
Japan:

bottomfish fishery trends in as of May 22,
1961; Aug. (1961) p. 77.

high-seas fishing operations in , Soviet fish-
eries mission comments on; Nov. (1961) p. 57.

king crab quota in for 1961; Aug. (1961)

p. 47.

mothership fleets operating in , 1961; Sept.
(1961) p. 89.

shrimp factoryship production in ; Aug.
(1961) p. 77, Nov. (1961) p.55. —

Salmon:

catches by Japan and U.S.S.R. in 1960; Aug. (1961)

p.47.

catches in by Japanese should be reduced,
Soviets say; July (1961) p. 75.
Japan:
mothership fleets in ; Aug. (1961) p. 76,
Sept. (1961) p. 89, Oct. (1961) pp. 64, 65.
quota in for 1961; Aug. (1961) p. 47.
U.S.S.R. salmon and king crab quotas for 1961; Aug.
(1961) p. 47.
Whaling operations by Japanese begun in May; July
(1961) p. 79.

1961 Index

NORTH PACIFIC EXPLORATORY FISHERY
PROGRAM
Bottomfish:
Gulf of Alaska exploratory fishing (M/V "John N.
Cobb" cruise 52); Oct. (1961) p. 24, Dec. (1961)
p. 42.
Oregon Coast trawling exploration (M/V ''John N.
Cobb" cruise 50); June (1961) p. 35.
Marine fauna in deep water, survey of; Sept. (1961)
p. 35, Oct. (1961) p. 24, Nov. (1961) p. 26.
Shrimp:
Alaskan waters, exploration by the M/V ''John N,
Cobb" in central; Jan. (1961) p. 1.
Oregon coast, good fishing grounds found off cen-
tral (M/V "John N. Cobb" cruise 48); Jan.
(1961) p. 30.
Trawl-gear, pelagic, development, study of; Apr.
(1961) p. 27, June (1961) p. 34.
Trawling, bottom, explorations off the Washington
and British Columbia coasts, May-Aug. 1960;
June (1961) p. 1.
Tuna, albacore, and other species of pelagic fish,
coastal waters off Oregon and Washington explor-
ed for (M/V "John N. Cobb" cruise 51); Sept.
(1961) p. 36, Oct. (1961) p. 22.

NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION,IN TER-
NATIONAL
Japanese press comments on meeting of i
Dec. (1961) p. 58.
Oceanography working party of Committee on
Biology and Research meets; July (1961) p. 40,
Oct. (1961) p. 44.

NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES CONVENTION, INTER -
NATIONAL
Japanese Committee studies revision of
Oct. (1961) p. 58.

NORTHWEST AFRICA
Trawler fishing reported good by Japanese off
Mar. (1961) p. 71.

’

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION
Eleventh annual meeting held in Washington,D.C.;
July (1961) p. 40, Aug. (1961) p. 48, Sept. (1961)
p. 61.
U.S. Commissioner Frank P. Briggs sworn in;
Sept. (1961) p. 113.

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES CONVENTION
Declaration of understanding signed by Denmark,
United Kingdom, and Spain; Sept. (1961) p. 63.

NORTHWEST PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION
Japanese and Soviet fifth annual meeting; July
(1961) p. 40, Oct. (1961) p. 41.
Salmon:
catches in North Pacific by Japanese should be
reduced, Soviets say; July (1961) p. 75.
pact signed between Japan and U.S.S.R.; Aug.
(1961) p. 47.

NORWAY
Canners of fish form export pool; Apr. (1961) p. 75.
Cod fishery trends; July (1961) p. 82, Aug. (1961)
p. 82, Sept. (1961) p. 96.
Common Market and fishermen; Nov. (1961) p. 59.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

NORWAY
Dried-salt fish producers seek to barter for Cuban
sugar; Apr. (1961) p. 76.
European Economic Community's effect on fisher-
ies discussed by Fisheries Minister; Oct. (1961)
Demir
Fisheries trends; Apr. (1961) p. 75, Oct. (1961) p. 72.
Fishermen aid approved; Apr. (1961) p. 75.
Fishing limits:
agreement with United Kingdom; May (1961) p. 56,
July (1961) p. 36.
extension of; Apr. (1961) p. 75, June (1961) p. 77,
Nov. (1961) p. 61.
Polish trawlers, no special rights in Norwegian
territorial waters for; Oct. (1961) p. 38.
Scandinavian countries discuss; Oct. (1961) p. 38.
Sweden- talks on; May (1961) p. 34.
Fish meal industry faces crisis; Nov. (1961) p. 60.
Fish sticks and portions from , Australian
demand good for; July (1961) p. 43.
Fish stocks, fishermen fear depletion of; Jan. (1961)
p. 74.
Frozen fish marketing in European markets tested;
Mar. (1961) p. 77.
Herring:
fishery trends, first half 1961; Oct. (1961) p. 72.
Lofoten area, catches reported good in; Nov.
(1961) p. 60.
meal and oil supplies low; May (1961) p. 58.
winter fishery; Apr. (1961) p. 76, May (1961) p.57,
June (1961) p. 77.
Indo-Norwegian fisheries project to be extended;
July (1961) p. 68.
Landings, fishery, 1957-60; June (1961) p. 77.
Loans to the fishing industry; June (1961) p. 78.
Nordic fishery coordination committee proposed;
Oct. (1961) p. 44.
Oils, marine:
foreign trade; Sept. (1961) p. 96.
production; Sept. (1961) pp. 96, 100, Nov. (1961)
D6?
Research laboratory, fishing firm plans to build;
June (1961) p. 77.
Salt-fish export prospects to Brazilian market im-
prove; Jan. (1961) p. 75.
Sealing in Northwest Atlantic; June (1961) p. 51.
Shrimp industry; Jan (1961) p. 75.
Trawler:
ban contested, Government's proposed; May (1961)
PeDGi
factoryship, first, delivered; July (1961) p. 82.
stern:
design, new, provides palletized box stowage of
catch; Aug. (1961) p. 82.
expected to extend fishing time at sea; Aug.

(1961) p. 82.
first one launched; Apr. (1961) p. 75.
Tuna:
fishery, good prospects for developing; July (1961)
Dp. 83;
West Africa expedition; Jan. (1961) p. 74, July
(1961) p. 82.
Vessels, fishing, multipurpose type planned; July
(1961) p. 84.
Whale oil foreign trade and production; Sept. (1961)
Pp. 96:
Whaling:
Antarctic:

quota set for 1960/61 season; Jan. (1961)p. 74.

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

NORWAY (cont.)
Whaling (cont.):

Antarctic (cont.):
trends; Apr. (1961) p. 74, June (1961) p. 77.

Convention, decides not to withdraw from;
Mar. (1961) p. 77.

factoryship sold to Japan; Oct. (1961) p. 45, Oct.
(1961) p. 72.

trends, first half 1961; Oct. (1961) p. 72.

NORWEGIAN SEA
Atlas, fishery, issued by Soviets; Mar. (1961) p. 87.

NUTRITION
Fish in , international meeting on; July (1961)
Darou, Aug. (1961) p. 49, Oct. (1961) p. 38.
Fish in the diet four times a week recommended;
June (1961) p. 32.

Sardines, canned, Maine, as cholesterol depressant,

animal feeding tests indicate value of; June (1961)
p. 29, Nov. (1961) p. 24.

NYLON
Gill nets of catch more shad, gear studies
prove that; Mar. (1961) p. 33.

OCEAN PERCH

Atlantic:
composition analysis of ; Feb. (1961) p. 7.

Frozen fillets, voluntary grade standards
issued for; Feb. (1961) p. 66.

Iceland's fishing and marketing problems; Sept.
(1961) p. 74.

U.S.S.R. plans to fish for off Newfoundland
and in the Sea of Japan; June (1961) p. 83.

OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION, INTERGOVERN-
MENTAL (See UNESCO)

OCEANOGRAPHY
Africa and marine fisheries convention; Mar.
(1961) p. 43.
American Fisheries Advisory Committee stresses
research on ; Aug. (1961) p. 14.
Antarctic:
research program for 1962 includes
jects; Oct. (1961) p. 9.
vessel on permanent station, marine research
included in studies to be conducted by; Aug.
(1961) p. 16.
Atlantic Ocean, North, atlas planned of; May
(1961) p. 19.
California institution receives grant for marine
research vessel; June (1961) p. 35.
Commerce Department announces first ocean-wide
survey; June (1961) p. 37.
Duke University to build biological-oceanographic
vessel; July (1961) p. 25.
Food and Agriculture Organization:
Council's 34th session recommended joint com-
mittee on ; Jan. (1961) p. 47.
Government-Industry Symposium on instru-
mentation held in Washington; Sept. (1961) p. 37.
Hawaii, data on collected from waters off;
Oct, (1961)) ps 127
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
meets; Dec. (1961) p. 59.

pro-

1961 Index

OCEANOGRAPHY
Interior Department revised budget for 1962 in-
cludes funds for salmon and research; June
(1961) p. 88.
International North Pacific Fisheries Commission
working party on meets; Oct. (1961) p. 44.
Louisiana firm to construct fishery- research
vessel; July (1961) p. 28.

North Pacific Fisheries Commission, International,
Committee on Biology and Research working

party on meets; July (1961) p. 40.

Ocean circulation, vertical, helps to feed fish;
July (1961) p. 26.

Pacific ocean, tirst ocean-wide
nounced; June (1961) p. 37.

President asks increase in fiscal year 1962 bud-
get for research; June (1961) p. 90.

Radioacfivity in marine waters, long-range study
announced on; July (1961) p. 28.

Schooner converted to world's largest scientific
sailing vessel; June (1961) p. 35.

Scripps Institution of Oceanography investigations
in southeast Pacific; Apr. (1961) p. 28.

Sea bottom features, unusual, object of new ocean
study; Oct. (1961) p. 25.

Trawled down to 30,000 feet, how scientists; Mar.
(1961) p. 116.

UNESCO'S intergovernmental conference on 3
May (1961) p. 39. ae

Virginia Fisheries Laboratory requests research
vessel for ; June (1961) p. 46.

survey an-

OCEANOGRAPHY, OFFICE OF (see UNESCO)
OIL POLLUTION (see POLLUTION)

OIL, FISH
Angola:
industry and trade in
p. 43.
prices, Dec. 16-31, 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 45.
Argentina fish meal and industry; Feb. (1961)
Ps .o0%.
Brazil:
industry trends; Jan. (1961) p. 54.
supply and distribution of inedible whale and ;
1959-1961; Sept. (1961) p. 66.
Canada:
prices for British Columbia herring at
Toronto, Jan. 1960-Mar. 1961; July (1961) p. 53,
Aug. (1961) p. 58.
use of marine

Apr. (1961) p. 48.

, 1959-1961; July (1961)

in edible products declines;

Chile:
exports and prices, Jan.-May 1961; Sept. (1961)
p. 69.
exports increased sharply in 1960; July (1961)
p. 54.

exports of fish meal and , 1960 and Jan.-
Feb. 1961; May (1961) p. 45.
production and exports, 1958-1960; July (1961)
p. 94.
Exports, United States, down slightly in 1960; Apr.
(1961) p. 37.
Fish-liver
(1961) p. 142.
France:
prices; June (1961) p. 59, July (1961) p. 57.

vitamin A concentrate; Sept.

1961 Index

OIL, FISH (cont.)
Italy's imports from dollar area liberalized; Oct.
(1961) p. 58.
Market for
p. 38.
Moroccan
(1961) p. 55.
Netherlands:
fish meal and
May (1961) p. 55.
foreign trade, production, and supply of ,
1960; Sept. (1961) p. 94.
Norway's herring supplies low; May (1961)
p. 58.

in Western Europe; Nov. (1961)

export prices, Dec. 1960; May

Peru's production and exports, 1955-60; July (1961)

p. 84.

Research on fish meal and , new technical
advisory unit to stimulate; Jan. (1961) p. 18.

Spain's imports liberalized; Oct. (1961) p. 79.

South Africa's production for 1961 mostly sold in
advance; Apr. (1961) p. 80.

South-West Africa production in 1960; July (1960)
p. 87,

U.S. production and foreign trade, Jan.-Mar. 1961;
July (1961) p. 32.

U.S. production, Jan.-Sept. 1961; Dec. (1961) p. 38.

U.S. production, 1959-60; Mar. (1961) p. 20, Apr.
(1961) p. 14.

U.S. production, Sept. 1961; Dec. (1961) p. 38.

World exports continued upward in 1960; Sept.
(1961) p. 58.

World production as reported by principal produc-
ing countries; Sept. (1961) p. 32.

Yugoslavia's imports of , 1959-1960; Oct.
(1961) p. 84.

OIL, MARINE- ANIMAL

Australia's foreign trade in , fiscal years
1958/59-1959/60; July (1961) p. 43.

Canada's foreign trade, utilization and production
of , 1958-1960; July (1961) p. 50.

Denmark's supply, distribution, and foreign trade,
1959-1960; Oct. (1961) p. 47.

German Federal Republic's foreign trade, produc-
tion and supply of , 1959-1960; July (1961)

Dp: 6:

Italy's imports and exports
(1961) p. 76.

Japan's supply, foreign trade, and consumption of

, 1959-1961; June (1961) p. 72.

Netherland's foreign trade, production, and supply
of , 1960; Sept. (1960) p. 94.

Norway:
foreign trade and production of

p. 96.

output continues downward; Sept. (1961) p. 100.
production expected to remain low; Nov. (1961)

, 1959-60; Sept.

; Sept. (1961)

p. 6:
Sweden's supply and foreign trade in ; Aug.
(1961) p. 88.
Switzerland's imports of , 1960; Oct. (1961)
p. 80.
Whale:
Antarctic , 1960/61 season price higher for;
May (1961) p. 39.
Australia:

supply, distribution, and foreign trade, fiscal
years 1957/58-1960/61; July (1961) p. 45.

industry and market, 1959-60;

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

OIL, MARINE- ANIMAL
Whale:
U.S.S.R.:
sold to Western Europe; Dec. (1961) p. 90.
World production and foreign trade, 1957-61; Nov.
(1961) p. 41,
World production of , 1957-61; Apr. (1961)
p. 44.
OKRA
Preservation of frozen and fresh fishery products,
use of powder in; May (1961) p. 16.

OREGON
Bottomfish trawling exploration off
June (1961) p. 35.
Fish ladders at Willamette Falls recommended;
Jan. (1961) p. 31.
Fishway, new, completed at Lookingglass Falla;
Nov. (1961) p. 26.
eeey new type, bids invited on; Apr. (1961)
p. 28.
Frozen fish and shellfish dealer license rule chang-
ed; July (1961) p. 26.
Geophysical exploration authorized in Pacific
Ocean area off ; Oct. (1961) p. 85.
Salmon: \
Columbia River fishing regulations for 1961; Apr.
(1961) p. 31.
eleven million released in
(1961) p. 38.
McKenzie River passage problem on; Aug. (1961)
Papoose
McKenzie River spawning channel agreement
reached; Sept. (1961) p. 38,
silver:
hatchery-reared, studies methods of re-
leasing; May (1961) p. 20.
mortality studies of fish hooked and released
by trollers; Sept. (1861) p. 43.
pond, new, for rearing under natural conditions;
Aug. (1961) p. 34.
pond-rearing aids restoration plans; May (1961)
p. 22.
pond-rearing, successful, may help rebuild runs
of; May (1961) p. 22.
reared in lakes to help restore depleted stocks;
May (1961) p. 21.
returns, early, indicate establishment of run;
Mar. (1961) p. 34.
Seismic operations, offshore, Fish Commission
observer reports no fish kills in; Sept. (1961)
Pp. 3%.
Shrimp fishing grounds, good, found off central
coast; Jan. (1961) p. 30.
Trawlable bottom and deep-water fauna, area off

coast;

waters; June

coast o surveyed by "John N. Cobb"' for;
Sept. ({96T) p. 35.
Tuna:
albacore:

coastal waters off and Washington explor-
ed for; Sept. (1961) p. 36, Oct. (1961) p. 22.

scouting cruise ends successfully; Sept. (1961)
Past:

study launched; Aug. (1961) p. 34.

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
CO-OPERATION
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-
opment replaces ; Dec. (1961) p. 60.
Organization, new, to replace ; Feb. (1961)
Paido.

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION

AND DEVELOPMENT

Fisheries Committee meets; Dec. (1961) p. 60.

GATT, report to; Feb. (1961) p. 33.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation
replaced by ; Dec. (1961) p. 60.

Organization, new, to replace ''Organization for
European Economic Cooperation"; Feb. (1961)

Passo.

OTTER TRAWL
Design improvement studies aided by underwater
TV; May (1961) p. 19.
Manila, standard, compared with experimental
trawl containing polypropylene parts (M/V
"Delaware" cruise 61-2); Apr. (1961) p. 26.

OUTBOARD MOTORS
Use of affects neither fish nor water; Oct.
(1961) outside back cover.

OVERFISHING
Yield drop not due to ; July (1961) p. 49.
OXBOW DAM
Fish passage facilities at
inadequate; Feb. (1961) p. 18.

cause concern,

OYSTER
Alabama opens new areas for
(1961) p. 29.
Canada's British Columbia shucked production,
1960; Mar. (1961) p. 47.
Competitors and mussels, practical chemical
method for killing; Mar. (1961) p. 15.
Cultch, use of chemicals to prevent fouling of
shells used as; Oct. (1961) p. 27.
Culture of , experiments in the Netherlands
on; Nov. (1961) p. 58.
Delaware Bay survival improved; Dec.
(1961) p. 42.
Disease, new, discovered in Virginia; Aug. (1961)
p. 35.
Frozen and canned:
Japan:
export plans for 1961, large firm's; Sept. (1961)
p. 90.
~ packing season begins; May (1961) p. 53.
plant, modern; Aug. (1961) p. 79.
Long Island Sound:
spawning and setting observations; Sept. (1961)
p. 38, Sept. (1961) p. 39, Oct. (1961) p. 26,
Nov. (1961) p. 27.
starfish abundance plagues growers; Apr. (1961)
p: 29.
Low-salinity water grounds, use urged of; Dec.
(1961) p. 42.
Maryland observations as of August 24; Oct. (1961)
peat.
Maryland observations, 1961 season; Oct. (1961)
p. 26.

farming; Apr.

1961 Index
OYSTER
Mississippi survey of bottoms; Aug. (1961)
pelo
Netherlands:

cultivation of and mussels, Government aid
planned for; May (1961) p. 56.

industry plans for survival when producing area
is cut off from sea; Nov. (1961) p. 58.

Pacific:
cell structure of to be studied; June (1961)
p. 38.
Pearl:
India's beds, FAO biologist surveys; Jan.
(1961) p. 69.

Pesticides, effects on
some; Dec. (1961) p. 8.
Raft, steel, for growing
inventor; July (1961) p. 27.
Roofing tile to trap predators; May (1961)
p. 28.
Shellfish predators, chemical methods for control
of; Oct. (1961) p. 26.
South Carolina studies, Apr.-June 1961; Sept. (1961)
p. 45.
Texas production expected to drop due to floods;
Apr. (1961) p. 29.
Virginia:
MSX disease reappears in Chesapeake Bay; Sept.
(1961) p. 53.
quality of
(1961) p. 29.
scientist expresses hope for industry; Aug. (1961)
pms:

eggs and larvae of

developed by Texas

harvest for 1960/61 good; May

OYSTER DRILLS (see DRILLS)
Control of , Virginia scientist participates in
field tests for; Sept. (1961) p. 54.

PACIFIC COAST
Fishery problems, field hearings held on; Dec.
(1961) p. 43.

PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION, INTERNATIONAL
Halibut and bottomfish off Alaska, survey of; Aug.
(1961) p. 46.
Halibut, North Pacific, fishing ended in Areas 2 and
1B; Nov. (1961) p. 41.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST DAMS
Middle Snake power license, Interior Department
recommends against immediate; Jan. (1961) p. 20.

PACIFIC OCEAN
Eastern:
Tuna:
yellowfin:
catch at record high; Nov. (1961) p. 33.
Japanese opinion on Tuna Commission's pro-
posal to regulate fishing in; Sept. (1961) p. 79.
Geophysical exploration authorized in area off Ore-
gon and Washington; Oct. (1961) p. 85.
Ocean currents study around Hawaiian Islands,
drift bottles used for; Mar. (1961) p. 23.
Oceanography survey announced, first ocean-wide;
June (1961) p. 37.
Seamounts, discovery of 34 under
Dec. (1961) p. 43.

reported;

1961 Index COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43
PACIFIC OCEAN (cont.) PERU
Tuna Exports of marine products; Feb. (1961) p. 56, June
albacore: (1961) p. 79.

Central North , investigation of the poten-
tial resource of the; Nov. (1961) p. 1.
tagging returns indicate single population in
North ; July (1961) p. 13.
biology of tunas, conference held on;
May (1961) p. 26, Nov. (1961) p. 41.
Japanese research vessel explores north and
central for; Sept. (1961) p. 85.
larvae identification; Jan. (1961) p. 20.

PACIFIC CCEAN PERCH
Frozen fillets, voluntary grade standards
issued for; Feb. (1961) p. 66.

PACIFIC OYSTERS (see OYSTERS)

PACKAGED FISH
U.S. production of , 1960; June (1961) outside
back cover.
PACKAGING
Food additives, regulations amended to include
additional substances used in paper products for
food ; Aug. (1961) p. 97.
Frozen fishery products rancidity prevented by
colored cellophane; Apr. (1961) p. 68.

PAKISTAN
Fishery trends, Nov.
Shrimp:
exports, first, to the United States from East
; Feb. (1961) p. 56.
fisheries of East ; Nov. (1961) p. 62.
industry; Mar. (1961) p. 77.
trawler, new,purchased from Mexican shipyard;
Oct. (1961) p. 73.

1960; Feb. (1961) p. 55.

PARASITES
Menhaden migratory patterns,
Sept. (1961) p. 33.

may reveal;

PASSAMAQUODDY TIDAL POWER PROJECT
Tidal Power project,report submitted on; July
(1961) p. 39, Aug. (1961) p. 49.

PATENT, U.S.
Fish solubles,
p. 28.

on recovery of; Dec. (1961)

PELAGIC FISH
California:
population survey continued; Jan. (1961) p. 19,
Feb, (1961) p. 14, Mar. (1961) p. 23, Apr. (1961)
p. 14, May (1961) p. 11, July (1961) p. 10, Aug.
(1961) p. 20, Oct. (1961) p. 11, Nov. (1961)
p. 15, Dec. (1961) p. 25.
Escapement behavior of various
Mexico; Nov. (1961) p. 23.

in Gulf of

Eyes of being studied in Florida; Aug. (1961)
p. 26.
Oregon and Washington coastal waters surveyed
for sOcts (1OGL) ip 22).
PERU
Anchovy landings in Jan.-June 1961 set new record

Dec. (1961) p. 87.

Fisheries trends; May (1961) p. 58, July (1961)
p. 85, Oct. (1961) p. 73.
Fish flour, industry to manufacture; Dec. (1961)
Di 8o.
Fishing industry growth,
py 85:
Fishing port, new, French expert studies site for;
June (1961) p. 79.
Fish meal:
exports in 1961 limited to 600,000 tons; Mar.
(1961) p. 81.
industry expansion creates world problem; Mar.
(1961) p. 80.
industry trends; Feb. (1961) p. 56, July (1961)
D. 895 Oct. (1961) p73:
Japanese import price; Apr. (1961) p. 71.
Japan to import additional 10,000 tons of;
June (1961) p. 71.
marketing agreement signed by
Germany; May (1961) p. 34.
prices and sales; Aug. (1961) p. 82, Sept. (1961)
p. 101, Oct. (1961) p. 74.
prices,average export; Mar. (1961) p. 80, Apr.
(1961) p. 77, May (1961) p. 58.
Fish oil production and exports, 1955-60; July
(1961) p. 84.
Ocean currents off Peru investigated by Scripps
Institution of Oceanography; Apr. (1961) p. 28.
Shrimp industry; Feb. (1961) p. 57.
Vessels, fishing, from South Africa,
ed in purchasing; Mar. (1961) p. 87.

1955-1960; Dec. (1961)

and West

interest-

PESTICIDES
Effects of some on eggs and larvae of oysters
and clams; Dec. (1961) p. 8.
Gulf studies on effect of on marine organisms,
Oct.-Dec. 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 30.
Marine organisms, effect of on; June (1961)
p..26.

PETFOOD
Gulf of Mexico trawl fishery for industrial fishery;
Feb. (1961) p. 1.
Japan:
exports of canned
July (1961) p. 71.
pack of made from fish declines; Feb. (1961)
p52.
Sodium nitrite use in canned

and meat; Dec. (1961) p. 92.

with fish drop in 1960;

containing fish

PHILIPPINES
Inland fishing research project; Dec. (1961) p. 87.
Limnological laboratory, a U.S, fresh-water fishery
expert to assist in organizing; July (1961) p. 86.
Sardines, canned:
imports from U.S., decontrol has limited impact
on; May (1961) p. 59.
Japanese product not being offered to ; Aug.
(T9IED)sp. 73:
trading company opens bids for; June (1961) p.80.
U.S. product preferred; May (1961) p. 59.
Shrimp industry; Mar. (1961) p. 83.

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1961 Index

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER
South Africa Republic:

fishery for ; Aug. (1961) p. 91, Sept. (1961)
p. 104, Oct. (1961) p. 77, Nov. (1961) p. 65, Dec.
(1961) p. 88.

pelagic fishing season ended in July with record
landings; Jan. (1961) p. 82.
season, 1961, off to good start; June (1961)p. 82.
South and South-West Africa fishery nearing end of
greatest season; Oct. (1961) p. 78.
South-West Africa fishing season starts; Sept.
(1961) p. 103,

PLANKTON
Submarine collects in Arctic Ocean; Mar.
(1961) p. 35.
What is 2; Sept. (1961) p. 107.
POLAND

Fishing fleet and landings up sharply between 1949
and 1960; Nov. (1961) p. 63.
Fishing fleet and sea fisheries increase sharply
1949-59; May (1961) p. 60.
Fishing industry, new five-year plan for; Aug.
(1961) p. 84.
Guinea fishing industry, aids in development
of; Jan. (1961) p. 76.
Icelandic exports of fishery products in 1960 to
; June (1961) p. 63.
Norwegian territorial waters, no special rights for
trawlers in; Oct. (1961) p. 38.
Trade agreement between Tunisia and in-
cludes fishing vessels; Sept. (1961) p. 65.
Trawler factoryship, modern stermtype, enters
U.S. port for repairs; July (1961) p. 27.

POLLUTION
Fish kills, industrial wastes account for most;
Sept. (1961) p. 40.
Oil of the seas, Maritime Administration
attacks; Dec. (1961) p. 45.
Outboard motors use affects neither fish nor water;
Oct. (1961) outside back cover.
Sacramento River Valley, Upper, contract awarded
for dam to stop in; Sept. (1961) p. 39.
U.S. Public Health Service action to clean up New
York-New Jersey Raritan Bay Area; Sept. (1961)
ps LO;

POND CULTIVATION
South Carolina shrimp cultivation in , Sept.
1960-Mar. 1961; June (1961) p. 40.
South Carolina studies, Apr.-June 1961; June (1961)
p. 40, Sept. (1961) p. 46.

POND- REARING

Oregon's of silver salmon aids restoration
plans; May (1961) p. 22.
PONDS
Taiwan:
milkfish , chemical fertilizers used in; Apr.
(1961) p. 85.

POPULATIONS (see FISH POPULATIONS)

PORTIONS (see FISH PORTIONS)

PORTUGAL

Agar-agar industry trends; Apr. (1961) p. 78.

Canned fish exports; Mar. (1961) p. 84, May (1961)
p. 60, Aug. (1961) p. 85.

Canned fish pack; Mar. (1961) p. 84, May (1961)
p. 60.

Canned fish trends, first quarter 1961; July (1961)
p. 86.

Cans for fish, aluminum, plant planned for fabricat-
ing; Apr. (1961) p. 79.

Cod fishery trends; Apr. (1961) p. 78.

Cod-fishing fleet ends season with better catch; Jan.
(1961) p. 77.

Fishery trends; Jan. (1961) p. 77, Apr. (1961)p. 77,
July (1961) p. 86, Oct. (1961) p. 75.

Lisbon, new facilities for fishing industry at; Mar.
(1961) p. 84.

Price controls on fresh fish sales extended; Jan.
(1961) p. 77.

Sardine fishery trends; Apr. (1961) p. 77, July
(1961) p. 86, Dec. (1961) p. 87.

Sardines, indirect heat cooking of; Apr. (1961)p. 119.

Seaweeds export prohibited; Jan. (1961) p. 76.

Shrimp fishery undeveloped; Jan. (1961) p. 77.

Tuna:
production and foreign trade, 1958-59; Jan. (1961)

Dee:

shipowners guild formed; Apr. (1961) p. 78.

POTS

Crab-pot warps, new hydraulically-driven block
speeds hauling; Jan. (1961) p. 15.

POWER PROJECTS

Fish passage problem on Middle Snake, study an-
nounced of; May (1961) p. 13.

PRESERVATION

Freeze-drying:
Canadian experiments on fish continued; Sept.
(1961) p. 68.
food by; May (1961) p. 100.
Fresh fishery products storage life, extension by
use of radioisotopes to be studied; Feb. (1961)
De.20%
Frozen and fresh fishery products, use of okra
powder in; May (1961) p. 16.
Immersion freezing of fish, new solution sought
for; Sept. (1961) p. 25.
Radiation of foods safe; May (1961) p. 23.
Temperatures of fish and their significance; Mar.
(1961) p. 80.

PRIBILOF ISLANDS

Fur seals:
international treaty negotiated 50 years ago on;
Sept. (1961) p. 26.
1961 harvest of; Nov. (1961) p. 18.

PRICE CONTROLS

Portugal's on fresh fish sales extended; Jan.

(1961) p. 77.

PRICES

Cuba wholesale and retail fish regulated for
certain species; Jan. (1961) p. 61.

Fish meal in United Kingdom, Mar. 1961;
May (1961) p. 65.

1961 Index

PRICES (cont.)
Iceland's ex-vessel fish
Mar. (1961) p. 61.
Producing fish at competitive with foreign
products is principal fish industry problem; June
(1961) p. 32.
Tuna:
California ex-vessel advance for fourth
time this year; Dec. (1961) p. 49.
canned:
California wholesale
p. 49.
Wholesale prices; Jan. (1961) p. 44, Feb. (1961)
p. 28, Mar. (1961) p. 39, Apr. (1961) p. 39, May
(1961) p. 29, June (1961) p. 47, July (1961) p. 34,
Aug. (1961) p. 44, Sept. (1961) p. 56, Oct. (1961)
p. 36, Nov. (1961) p. 36, Dec. (1961) p. 54.

being negotiated;

increase; Dec. (1961)

PRIMITIVE FISHERIES
Brazil's Amazonian fishermen catch fish with feet,
fingers; June (1961) p. 97.

PROCESSING
Freeze-drying of fishery products, experiments
planned on; Mar. (1961) p. 26.
Modern fish yields new products; Feb. (1961)
p. 30.
Radiation sources for food inspection and control-
ling , amendment to regulation on; July
(1961) p. 97.
Scallops, calico:
shucking machines developed for; July (1961)
p. 29.
steaming and vacuum principle to shucking and
cleaning, application of; May (1961) p. 1.
Correction; July (1961) p. 125.
Shrimp quality and studies for product held
in refrigerated sea water and ice--interchange of
components in shrimp-ice system; July (1961)
Dayle
Training center on fish technology sponsored
by Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council; Feb. (1961)
Dijoo.

PRODUCTION COSTS
Groundfish industry of New England and Canada,
studied in; Mar. (1961) p. 28.

PRODUCTS OF AMERICAN FISHERIES

Entry of , regulations amended on; Aug.
(1961) p. 99.
Transferred , Clarification of manifesting

and entry of; Oct. (1961) p. 87.

PROMOTION
Value of fishery products, make America more
conscious of the; June (1961) p. 31.

PROTEIN DEFICIENCY
Fish flour, Interior Secretary luncheon points way
to end with; June (1961) p. 20.

PUBLIC EATING PLACES
Houston:
Fish and shellfish, frozen, consumption in res-
taurants and institutions of; Feb. (1961) p. 23.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

PUBLICATIONS
Fishery , miscellaneous; Jan. (1961) p. 97,
Feb. (1961) p. 82, Mar. (1961) p. 107, Apr. (1961)
p. 107, May (1961) p. 90, June (1961) p. 106, July
(1961) p. 113, Aug. (1961) p. 112, Sept. (1961)
p. 128, Oct. (1961) p. 102, Nov. (1961) p. 83,
Dec. (1961) p. 103.
Recent Fish and Wildlife Service ; Jan. (1961)
p. 96, Feb, (1961) p. 79, Mar. (1961) p. 105, Apr.
(1961) p. 105, May (1961) p. 88, June (1961)
p. 104, July (1961) p. 111, Aug. (1961) p. 110,
Sept. (1961) p. 126, Oct. (1961) p, 99, Nov.
(1961) p. 81, Dec. (1961) p. 101.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Raritan Bay area of New York-New Jersey, Federal
action to clean up; Sept. (1961) p. 110.

PUERTO RICO
Fishing craft, small, motorization continues of;
Apr. (1961) p. 30.
Tuna canning industry does not file application for
minimum wage rate review; Oct. (1961) p. 86.
Wage review committees in , regulations
issued for; Aug. (1961) p. 98.

PURSE SEINE

Depth of as a function of time, instrument
designed to record; July (1961) p. 18.
QUALITY
Shrimp:

breaded, frozen, Florida studies; Jan.(1961)
p. 23, May (1961) p. 16.
physical and chemical properties of drip as
indices of; Jan. (1961) p. 9, Also see correction
Apr. (1961) p. 90.
processing and studies of product held in
refrigerated sea water and ice--interchange of
components in a shrimp-ice system; July
(1961) p. 1.
United Kingdom fish measured with photo-
electric cell; Apr. (1961) p. 87.
Whiting, frozen, shelf life affected by method and
time of chilled storage; Nov. (1961) p. 36.

RADIATION
Radiation of foods safe; May (1961) p. 23.
Regulation on sources of used in food inspec-
tion and controlling processing; Apr. (1961) p. 92,
July (1961) p. 97.

RADIOACTIVITY
Marine waters , long range study announced
on; July (1961) p. 28.
Radioactive particles concentration by marine
animals, Virginia Fisheries Laboratory receives
grant to study; Jan. (1961) p. 41.

RAIL FREIGHT
Fishery products, indexes of
cost for; June (1961) p. 12.

transportation

RANCIDITY
Frozen fishery products prevented by color-
ed cellophane; Apr. (1961) p. 68.

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

RARITAN BAY
New York-New Jersey area, Federal action
to clean up; Sept. (1961) p. 110.

RECIPES
Flounder turbans; Apr. (1961) p. 120.
Salmon, smoked, rolls, Oct. (1961) p. 84.
Scallops, sea, souffle snacks; July (1961) p. 126.
Seafood dip; Aug. (1961) outside back cover.

RED CRABS (see CRAB)

RED SNAPPER
Florida trawling trials conducted in Atlantic be-
tween St. Augustine and St. Johns River; Oct.
(1961) p. 28.
Mexico's exports to U.S. of grouper labeled as
run into labeling difficulties; June (1961) p. 74.

REEFS
Artificial prove successful; May (1961) p. 81.
REFRIGERATED SEA WATER
Shrimp processing and quality studies for product
held in and ice--interchange of components
in shrimp-ice system; July (1961) p. L

REGIONAL OFFICE
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries' Alaska
positions filled; Sept. (1961) p. 111.

REGULATIONS
Fishery , meeting on economic effects of;
May (1961) p. 38, Sept. (1961) p. 60.

RESEARCH
Salmon and oceanography , Interior revised
budget for 1962 includes funds for; June (1961)
p. 88.

RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES
Composition of commercially-important fish from
New England waters--analyses of cod, haddock,
Atlantic ocean perch, butterfish, and mackerel;
Feb. (1961) p. 7.
Fish bone detection in fillets and portions, X-ray
unit developed for; Oct. (1961) p. 14.

REVELLE, ROGER
Science advisor to Interior Secretary, ap-
pointed as; Sept. (1961) p. 111.

RHODESIA AND NYASALAND, FEDERATION OF
Kariba Lake fishery potential survey by three-man
team; July (1961) p. 36.

RICE, THOMAS D.
Special Assistant to Commissioner,
ed as; July (1961) p. 98.

appoint-

ROCK COD
East Africa, study of
ps 61.

species; Aug. (1961)

ROCKFISH
California southern coast
potas
Pacific Ocean, North, catches of
50 to 450 fathoms; Oct. (1961) p. 25.

studied; July (1961)

at depths of

1961 Index

ROE
Light, visible, lethal effects on fish and
embryos of; Dec. (1961) p. 55.

RUMANIA
Icelandic exports of fishery products in 1960 to
; June (1961) p. 63.

RYUKYU ISLANDS
Fishing industry expansion plan drafted by Japanese;
Feb. (1961) p. 58.
Japanese fishing company establishes joint fishery
company in Okinawa; June (1961) p. 80.

SABLEFISH
Frozen , Japan exports to the United States;
Oct. ({961) p. 66.

Pacific Ocean, North, catches at depths of 50 to 450
fathoms; Oct. (1961) p. 25.

SACRAMENTO RIVER
Pollution in upper valley, contract awarded
for dam to stop; Sept. (1961) p. 39.

SAFETY
Vessels with automatic pilots warned to maintain
proper lookout; July (1961) p. 99.

SALMON
Alaska:
harvesting annualrunscreates great interest; Jan.
(1961) p. 16.
sixth species of caught; Jan. (1961) p. 17.
Atlantic stream, minimum stock for; Feb.
(1961) p. 65.
California:
Central Valley area spawning run; Apr. (1961)
p. 14.
Sacramento River, big 1960 run to; Jan. (1961)
p., 18.
Spawning channel, experiment with artificial; Feb.
(1961) p. 13.
trawl, midwater, tested in catching fingerlings;
Aug. (1961) p. 19, Oct. (1961) p. 11, Nov. (1961)
pa Lo:
Canada:
British Columbia
Deportes
gill nets, synthetic monofilament, banned in
fishery in British Columbia in 1962; Dec. (1961)

trends, 1960; Jan. (1961)

p. 68.
marketing prospects for canned ; June (1961)
p. 55.
Canned:
Alaska pack, 1960; Jan. (1961) p. 17.
Canada:

British Columbia pack drops sharply in
1960; Jan. (1961) p. 57.
marketing prospects for
Japan: ;
carryover of 1960 pack as of Mar. 31, 1961; Nov.
(1961) p. 54.
export plans for pink
p. 88.
second sale of
(1961) p. 70.
pack, first, of
United Kingdom:
imported , study on; Apr. (1961) p. 88.

; June (1961)p.55.

in 1961; Sept. (1961)

to Great Britain; June

in 1864; Sept. (1961) p. 57.

1961 Index COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47
SALMON (cont.) SALMON
Canned (cont.): King:
United Kingdom (cont.): Washington:
imports from Russia increased; Jan. (1961) p.84. eggs donated for planting in Japanese rivers; Jan.
Veterans Administration awards announced; Dec. (1961) p. 43.
(1961) p. 27. Landings of , U.S. utilization of, 1956-60; July

Canning industry on Pacific Coast, origin of; Oct.
(1961) p. 115.
Chinook eggs for national fish hatchery pro-
gram; Aug. (1961) p. 129.
Columbia River:
fishery facilities, Federal funds to Northwest
States for; Nov. (1961) p. 17.
fishing regulations for 1961; Apr. (1961) p. 31.
fish passage, accelerated, program gets under
way; Oct. (1961) p. 12.
test fishing aids management of
June (1961) p. 39.
Denmark:
Baltic Sea fishing began a month early; Oct.
(1961) p. 47.
industry for ; Apr. (1961) p. 50.
Fingerlings:
midwater trawling continued in California; Sept.
(1961) p. 21.
Fish ladder or staircase at dams; Aug. (1961) p. 103
Fraser River sockeye run in 1960; Jan (1961) p. 57.
Greenland:
fishery development planned; Oct. (1961) p. 53.
industry for salmon; Apr. (1961) p. 50.
Hatchery disease of , attack planned on; Aug.
(1961) p. 35.
Hatchery, Trinity River, in California, contract
awarded for; Sept. (1961) p. 110.
Interior revised budget for 1962 includes funds for
and oceanography research; June (1961)
pi 38.
Japan:
gill nets, nylon monofilament, new, mothership
fleets try; Oct. (1961) p. 65.
Hokkaido, eastern, land-based fishery; Sept.
(1961) p. 88.
mothership fleets in North Pacific:
catches excellent; Aug. (1961) p. 76.
catch of , 1959-60; Oct. (1961) p. 64.
fleets operating in 1961; Sept. (1961) p. 90.
reduction studied by Fishery Agency; Oct. (1961)
p. 65.
mothership operations in North Pacific as of
June 20; Sept. (1961) p. 89.
motherships and catcher boats negotiate season's
prices; Oct. (1961) p. 65.
North Pacific fishing; Sept. (1961) p. 77.
North Pacific operations; Aug. (1961) p. 76.
North Pacific quota for 1961; Aug. (1961)
p. 40.
predation by sharks studied; Dec. (1961) p. 81.
vessel owners request permits for tuna fishing;
Oct. (1961) p. 65.
King:
eggs sent to Japan by Washington State hatchery
successfully; June (1961) p. 39.
homing instinct developes early in life, California
marking experiments reveal that; Mar. (1961)
p. 22.
reared to maturity in captivity by State of Wash-
ington; Sept. (1961) p. 54.
seaward migrations of young studied by California
May (1961) p. 12.

resource;

(1.96)1) p22 Oem
North Pacific:
catches by Japan and U.S.S.R. in 1960; Aug. (1961)

p. 47
Japanese should reduce catches, Soviets say; July
(1961) p. 75.

Japanese-Soviet catch, 1960; Apr. (1961) p. 46.
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission (Japan-
Soviet):
fifth annual meeting; July (1961) p. 40.
quota and regulations for in 1961; July (1961)
p. 40, Oct. (1961) p. 43.
salmon pact signed; Aug. (1961) p. 47.
Oregon:
Eleven million
June (1961) p. 38.
McKenzie River:
passage problem; Aug. (1961) p. 35.
spawning channel agreement reached; Sept. (1961)
p. 38.
silver reared in lakes to help restore de-
pleted stocks; May (1961) p. 21.
Pacific Northwest Middle Snake power license,
Interior Department recommends against imme-
diate; Jan. (1961) p. 20.
Pink:
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commis-
sion regulations in Convention waters for 1961;
Mar. (1961) p. 41.
migration patterns and size of runs, tagged
to determine; Nov. (1961) p. 28.
Pollution in upper Sacramento River Valley, con-
tract awarded for dam to stop; Sept. (1961) p. 39.
Red or sockeye:
Alaska's Bristol Bay run for 1961 forecast; Jan.
(1961) p. 16, May (1961) p. 24.
Frazer River research planned on runs to meet
changing conditions; Aug. (1961) p. 46.
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commis-
sion regulations in Convention waters for 1961;
Mar. (1961) p. 41.
skies used by to navigate; Apr. (1961) p. 13.
Washington State experiment will try to create a
new run to the north fork of the Lewis River;
Mar. (1961) p. 38.
Regulation and management, Pacific Northwest
States propose coordination of ; May (1961)
p. 24.
Silver:
Oregon:
hatchery-reared fish, studies methods of releas-
ing; May (1961) p. 20.
mortality studies of hooked and released
by trollers; Sept. (1961) p. 43.
pond-rearing, successful, of
tion plans; May (1961) p. 22.
reared in lakes to help restore depleted stocks;
May (1961) p. 21.
rearing under natural conditions, new pond
for; Aug. (1961) p. 34.
reared to maturity in captivity by State of Wash-
ington; Sept. (1961) p. 54.

released in State's waters;

aids restora-

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

SALMON (cont.)
Silver (cont.):
Oregon (cont.):
run, early returns indicate establishment of;
Mar. (1961) p. 34.
Sodium nitrite, use in smoked cured tuna and
products of; Dec. (1961) p. 92.
Soviet seen off Scotland; Oct. (1961) p. 82.
WiSssahee
catches of ; June (1961) p. 85.
experiments on transplanting Pacific in
Atlantic Ocean successful; Jan. (1961) p. 83.
North Pacific quota for 1961; Aug. (1961)

p. 47.

Pacific problems subject of conference;
May (1961) p. 65.

Pacific transplanted to Barents Sea; June
(1961) p. 84.

Washington:

"fish farming'' experiments begin to pay off; Mar.
(1961) p. 38.

king , plant of two million marks beginning

of large-scale fish-farm experiment; Apr. (1961)
p. 38:
plantings of young
Jan. (1961) p. 43.
spawning escapement good despite poor catches;
Jan. (1961) p. 44.

in 1960 at record high;

SARDINE(S)
California:
concentrations of
Mar. (1961) p. 23,
landings down 41 percent through Sept. 1961; Nov.
(1961) p. 28.
population survey; July (1961) p. 10, Aug. (1961)
p. 20.
Canned:
Ecuador prohibits imports of
Ds ol.
Japan:
exports, Apr.-Sept. 1961; Dec. (1961) p. 80.
exports of in tomato sauce, 1959; Feb.
(1961) p. 52.
natural pack to be produced; Sept. (1961) p. 88.
pack and sales; Sept. (1961) p. 87.
packers announce prices and targets for 1961;
June (1961) p. 69.
pack quota for 1961 set; May (1961) p. 53.
Philippines not offered ; Aug. (1961) p. 73.
sales in 1960; July (1961) p. 72.
Maine:
canning industry ready for 1961 season; June
(1961) p. 27.
canning season ends; Jan. (1961) p. 29.
feeding tests indicate value as a cholesterol
depressant; June (1961) p. 29, Nov. (1961) p. 24.
increased costs and lack of fish worry canners;
Aug. (1961) p. 31.
stocks; Jan. (1961) p. 28, Mar. (1961) p. 32,
June (1961) p. 28, Aug. (1961) p. 30, Sept.

investigated, reports of;

; Apr. (1961)

(1961) p. 32.
Morocco industry trends, July 1960; Jan.
(1961) p. 73.
Netherlands imports; Mar. (1961) p. 75.
Philippines:

imports of from U.S., decontrol has
limited impact on; May (1961) p. 59.

1961 Index
SARDINE(S)
Canned:
Philippines:
trading company opens bids for ; June
(1961) p. 80.

U.S. preferred; May (1961) p. 59.
Cooking with indirect heat; Apr. (1961) p. 119.
Japan:

fishing good in several areas; June (1961)

PP. 169,000)

Lampara-seine operations by industry in the Gulf
of Mexico; Sept. (1961) p. 14.
Maine:
Air curtain used for fishing ; Mar. (1961) p.1.
canning industry ready for 1961 season; June
(1961) p. 27.
canning-size fish, exploratory fishing off Maine
coast unsuccessful for; Nov. (1961) p. 25.
Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project would have
little effect on industry; July (1961) p. 39.
Portuguese fishery trends; Apr. (1961) p. 77,
July (1961) p. 86, Dec. (1961) p. 87. :
South-West Africa products produced from in
1960; July (1961) p. 87.

SASHIMI (see TUNA)
SAUSAGE, FISH (see FISH SAUSAGE)

SCALLOP(S)
Australia:
bed, new, found off Queensland; Feb. (1961) p. 36.
Calico:
Cape Canaveral (Fla.):
commercial stocks availability surveyed by M/V
"Silver Bay"; Oct. (1961) p. 28.
exploration off; Jan. (1961) p. 32, July (1961)
p. 30, Oct. (1961) p. 1, Dec. (1961) p. 47.
North Carolina, found off; May (1961) p. 24.
shucking and cleaning of , application of
steaming and vacuum principle to; May (1961)
p. 1. Correction--July (1961) p. 125.
shucking machines developed for ; July
(1961) p. 29.
Canadian fishing vessel reports record
Sept. (1961) p. 67.
Giant , effects of high temperature on surviv-
al of; Jan. (1961) p. 103.
Sea
Atlantic coast fishing industry, economic study
started of; Sept. (1961) p. 44.
conservation of discussed by Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries Commission; Sept. (1961)
p. 62.
frozen fried breaded, Federal standard proposed
for grades of; Sept. (1961) p. 112.
frozen fried, voluntary quality standards proposed
for; June (1961) p. 42.
Georges Bank , biological data collected on;
July (1961) p. 25, Oct. (1961) p. 22.

trip;

SCHOOLING FISH

Aerial fish spotting on the United States com-
mercial fisheries; Dec. (1961) p. 1.

SCOTLAND

Salmon, Soviet, seen off ; Oct. (1961) p. 82.

1961 Index

SCRAP FISH (see NONUTILIZED FIS H)

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY
Pacific, southeast, oceanographic investigations;
Apr. (1961) p. 28.

SEAL
Atlantic:
conservation of discussed by Northwest
Atlantic Fisheries Commission; Sept. (1961)
p. 62.
Northwest Atlantic, hunting by Canadians,
Norwegians, and Russians in; June (1961) p. 51.

SEA LAMPREY (see LAMPREY, SEA)
Canada:
Ontario fishery; Jan. (1961) p. 60.
research on ; July (1961) p. 48.
Great Lakes Fishery Commission annual meeting
considers control; Oct. (1961) p. 40.
Great Lakes:
control program for 1961 under way; July (1961)
Dive.
control studies; Oct. (1961) p. 16.
research on ; Oct. (1961) p. 15.
Michigan:
control, chemical, of in northern streams
initiated; Sept. (196f) p. 34.

SEA LION
California aerial census; Sept. (1961) p. 19.
Possibility of development of an industry; Aug.
(1961) p. 36.

SEA SLED
Communication method for to towing vessel;
Sept. (1961) p. 18.
SEA TROUT
Spotted:
Florida studies on ; Dec. (1961) p. 28.
Florida tagging program; Jan. (1961) p. 22, May
(1961) p. 16, Aug. (1961) p. 25.

SEAMOUNTS
Pacific Ocean , discovery of 34 reported;
Dec. (1961) p. 43.
SEAWEED
Food additives orders on use of red
in foods; Dec. (1961) p. 92.
Irish moss, machine harvests; Feb. (1961) p. II.
Kelp, giant, California transplanting and habitat
development studies of; July (1961) p. 10.
Portugal prohibits exports of ; Jan. (1961)
p. 76.
U.S.S.R. processing plant planned for White Sea
area; Jan (1961) p. 83.

extracts

SEISMIC OPERATIONS
Marine life, effect studied of high-explosive charge
on; Nov. (1961) p. 14.
Oregon fish kills, Fish Commission observer re-
ports no; Sept. (1961) p. 37.

SENEGAL
Territorial waters and fishing rights defined; Oct.
(1961) p. 75.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

SENEGAL
Tuna:

Dakar landings far below quota for 1961 season
at; Oct. (1961) p. 75.

fishing season, 1960/1961; Aug. (1961) p. 85.

fishing trends, late 1960; May (1961) p. 61.

industry prospects and plans for 1960/61 season;
Jan. (1961) p. 79.

industry trends; Oct. (1961) p. 75.

landings poor at mid-season; Apr. (1961) p. 79.

SEROLOGY
Bass, kelp, California starts studies in pre-
paration for tuna study of; May (1961) p. 11.
Herring studies, dogfish used for; Mar. (1961) p. 33.

SHAD
Nylon gill nets catch more
prove that; Mar. (1961) p. 33,
Threadfin as live bait for skipjack tuna con-
tinues to be promising; June (1961) p. 18.

» gear studies

SHARK
Behavior studies of
p. 26.
Dogfish livers:
British Columbia landings as of Mar. 15; May
(1961) p. 43.
Canada plans to continue subsidy in 1961/62 on;
June (1961) p. 55.
Research panel established; Apr. (1961) p. 31.
Salmon predation by , Japanese study; Dec.
(1961) p. 81.
Whale , fishermen's 7-hour fight to land 5 ton

Jan. (1961) p. 46.

SHELLFISH

Canned:
additive approved for

Crustacea:
Larval development of shrimp, crabs, and bar-

nacles, Duke University receives grant to study;
Feb. (1961) p. 25.

Predators, , chemical methods tested for con-
trol of; Oct. (1961) p. 26.

Research, need for more, stressed by Interior
Department; Aug. (1961) p. 36.

in Florida; Aug. (1961)

; June (1961) p. 88.

SHRIMP
Alaska exploration by the M/V ''John N. Cobb,"
Oct.-Nov. 1959; Jan. (1961) p. 1.

Algerian industry; Mar. (1961) p. 44.
Argentina:
commercial , principal species of; Dec.
(1961) p. 56.

industry trends, Oct. 1960; Jan. (1961) p. 52.
landings from Rawson area poor; May (1961) p.40.
Australia:
industry trends; May (1961) p. 40.
landings, fiscal year 1959/60; July (1961) p. 44.
Bait production in Galveston Bay area; Mar.
(1961) p. 32, June (1961) p. 24.
Belgium's industry; Feb. (1961) p. 37.
Brazil's industry; Feb. (1961) p. 38, Mar.
(1961) p. 45, July (1961) p. 46.
Breaded, frozen:
Florida quality studies; Jan. (1961) p. 23, May
(1961) p. 16.

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

SHRIMP (cont.)

Breaded, frozen (ccnt.):
raw, standards of identity proposed for; May
(1961) p. 69.
British Guiana's industry; Feb. (1961) p. 39.
British Honduras fishing industry undeveloped; Jan.
(1961) p. 56.
British North Borneo

Japanese survey resources of; May (1961)

p.42.
State of Brunei fishery undeveloped; May
(1961) p. 42.
Burma's industry; Feb. (1961) p. 39.

California study off coast continued; June (1961),
p. 17, Aug. (1961) p. 18, Dec. (1961) p. 24.
Canada:
amends regulations to include
(1961) p. 44,
British Columbia's industry; Feb. (1961) p4L
Canned exported to the U.S. by Japan for the
first time; Nov. (1961) p. 54.
Chile's industry; 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 49.
Colombia's fishing industry; Feb. (1961) p. 42.
Costa Rican industry; Mar. (1961) p. 51.
Denmark:
grading proposed; Oct. (1961) p. 47.
industry for ; Mar. (1961) p. 55.
processing methods for ; June (1961) p. 56.
Ecuador:
exports, first quarter 1960 and 1961; July (1961)
Da vilis
industry for

cocktail; Nov.

; Mar. (1961) p. 58, June (1961)

p08.
profits from fishery decline; Apr. (1961)
py ol;
Egyptian industry trends, Oct. 1960; Jan.
(1961) p. 63.

El Salvador:
exports, new tax imposed on; Sept. (1961) p. 71.
industry for shrimp; Apr. (1961) p. 51.
industry trends, third quarter 1960; Jan. (1961)
p. 62.
two firms seek U.S. funds to build
Jan. (1961) p. 62.
Favorite shellfish in U.S.,
June (1961) p. 33.
Florida:
East coast survey for stocks of
P.id2:
larval research; Jan. (1961) p. 22, May (1961)
p. 15, Dec. (1961) p. 28.
reaction of to light studied; Jan. (1961) p.23.
Tortugas pink fishery; May (1961) p. 15.
France's industry; Feb. (1961) p. 46.
Freeze-dried product on the market for in-
stitutional use; Sept. (1961) p. 45.
Frozen:
Japan:
imports from Mexico via U.S, up sharply; Nov.
(1961) p. 55.
imports of ; Oct. (1961) p. 66.
U.S. exports and re-exports of to3--Oct.
(1961) p. 34, Nov. (1961) p. 35, Dec. (1961) p52.
German Federal Republic's industry; Apr.
(1961) p. 53.
Greek industry; Feb. (1961) p. 48.
Greenland:
fishing ground, found new; July (1961) p. 63.
industry for ss Mar i(1961:)pwi5 5b

vessels;

continues to be;

; Jan. (1961)

1961 Index

SHRIMP

Greenland:
landings set record in 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 61.

Guatemala:
fishery for planned jointly with Japanese;

May (1961) p. 47.
fishing base to be established by Japanese; Oct.
(1961) p. 54.
industry for
Japanese joint

Gulf of Mexico:

abundance at low level over wide area, survey in-
dicates; Nov. (1961) p. 28.

exploratory fishing in selected areas of
north-central zone; Dec. (1961) p. 31.

fishery investigations; Mar. (1961) p. 31, June
(1961) p. 24.

hurricane ''Carla'"' inflicts heavy damage; Dec.
(1961) p. 36.

Larvae studies; June (1961) p. 25.

migration studies; June (1961) p. 25.

Mississippi delta, exploratory fishing by M/V
"Oregon" west of; Nov. (1961) p. 23.

Population dynamics studies; June (1961) p. 24.

Holding time on weight of peeled meats and precook-
ed meats from held in ice, effect of; July

(1961) p. 1.

Honduras

Hong Kong:
imports, U.S. ban lifted on; Sept. (1961) p. 114.
industry for ssApr: (961) speone

Icelandic industry; Mar. (1961) p. 62, Dec.
(1961) p. 71.

India:
industry for ; Feb. (1961) p. 50.
producing and exporting firm seeks capital for ex-

pansion; Jan. (1961) p. 70.

Italian industry; Mar. (1961) p. 63.

Jamaica fishery small and unorganized; Apr.
(1961) p. 62.

Japan:
factoryship in North Pacific, good fishing reported

by; Aug. (1961) p. 77.
Guatemalan joint

Aug. (1961) p. 64.
industry and market trends; Dec. (1961) p. 79.
North Pacific factoryship production report as of

Aug. 2; Nov. (1961) p. 55.

Korea's industry; Feb. (1961) p. 52.

Kuwait:
industry for
Persian Gulf

(1961) p. 82.
Larvae studies in Gulf of Mexico; Mar. (1961) p. 31.
Larval development of , Duke University re-
ceives grant to study; Feb. (1961) p. 25.
Larval studies in Florida; Aug. (1961) p. 25.
Latin America resources, biologist to survey;
Feb. (1961) p. 30.
Malaya's fishing industry; Jan. (1961) p. 73.
Marking techniques in Gulf of Mexico; Mar. (1961)
p. 31, June (1961) p. 25.
Mexico:
fishery trends; Mar. (1961) p. 73, May (1961) p. 54
June (1961) p. 74.

Guaymas fishery trends, 1960/61 season; Dec.
(1961) p. 84.

Merida fishery trends, first quarter 1961;
June (1961) p. 74.

: Feb. (1961) p. 50.
base in; Dec. (1961) p. 71.

industry; Jan. (1961) p. 67.

fishing company planned;

; Mar. (1961) p. 71.
industry developments; Dec.

1961 Index

SHRIMP (cont.)
Mexico (cont.):
Prices, ex-vessel; Oct. (1961) p. 71, Nov. (1961)
p. 08.
west coast fishery trends, second quarter 1961;
Sept. (1961) p. 93.
Morocco's industry; Feb. (1961) p. 53.
Netherland's industry; Mar. (1961) p. 76.
New Guinea's fishery, good potential expert claims
for; June (1961) p. 75.
Nicaragua:
industry for ; Feb. (1961) p. 54.
landings on Caribbean Coast may be increased by
new plants; Apr. (1961) p. 74.
Nonutilized fish species incidental to fishing;
May (1961) p. 16, Aug. (1961) p. 25, Dec. (1961)
p. 28.

industry; Jan. (1961) p. 75.
Oregon:
fishing grounds, good, found off central coast; Jan.
(1961) p. 30.
Pakistan:
East Pakistan fisheries for
p. 62.
exports first
p. 56.
industry for ; Mar. (1961) p. 77.
trawler, new, purchased from Mexican shipyard;
Oct. (1961) p. 73.

; Nov. (1961)

to the United States; Feb. (1961)

Peru's industry trends; Feb. (1961) p. 57.
Philippine Republic industry; Mar. (1961)p83.
Pink:
California study off coast continued; Feb. (1961)
p», 16.
egg and larval states of , Study of the; Oct.
(1961) p. 20.

marking experiment, large-scale, in Dry Tortugas
area; Oct. (1961) p. 27.
migration, growth, and mortality studies in Gulf
of Mexico, Oct.-Dec. 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 31.
migration studies in Gulf of Mexico; Dec. (1961)
Pasa:
mortality and growth studies; Dec. (1961) p. 33.
tagging near Dry Tortugas; Dec. (1961) p. 32.
Portugal's fishery undeveloped; Jan. (1961) p. 77.
Processing and quality studies of shrimp held in
refrigerated sea water and ice--interchange of
components in a shrimp-ice system; July (1961)
yale
Quality, physical and chemical properties of
drip as indices of; Jan. (1961) p. 9, Also see
correction; Apr. (1961) p. 90.
Royal-red exploratory trawling off Florida;
July (1961) p. 30.
South Carolina research; June (1961) p. 39, Sept.
(1961) p. 46.
Spain's industry; May (1961) p. 61.
Spawning population studies; Dec. (1961) p. 33.
Surinam's industry; Apr. (1961) p. 83.
Sweden:
industry for
prices drop due fo increased

, 1958-60; Feb. (1961) p. 58.
landings; July

(1961) p. 90.
Taiwan industry; Feb. (1961) p. 60.
Tariff Commission report on ; May (1961)
p. 69
Texas bait fishery in Galveston Bay; Dec.
(1961) p. 34,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

SHRIMP

Thailand's commercial production; Feb. (1961)
p. 61; July (1961) p. 92.

Transfer of cargo at sea, ruling on; Mar. (1961)
p. 94.

Trawl operation studies continued; Dec. (1961) p. 32.

Trinidad's industry; Feb. (1961) p. 62.

Tunisia's industry; Feb. (1961) p. 62.

Turkey's industry; Mar. (1961) p. 86.

United Arab Republic regulations governing freez-
ing and export of ; Aug. (1961) p. 92.

United Kingdom's industry and foreign trade;
Jan, (1961) p. 85.

United States:
fishery trends for 1960 show

creased; June (1961) p. 42.

imports, 1959-60; Apr. (1961) p. 36.
landings and stocks down; Dec. (1961) p. 46.

popularity in-

production of products, 1952-60; July (1961)
peezige

supply indicators; Oct. (1961) p. 36, Dec. (1961)
p. 46.

Uruguay's industry; Feb. (1961) p. 64.

Viet-Nam's industry; Mar. (1961) p. 89.

Venezuela's fishery trends, Dec. 1960; Mar.
(1961) p. 89.

Vessel and gear usage in the fishery of the
Southeastern United States, study of; Aug. (1961)

pel.
World's 1959

production; July (1961) p. 42.

SHUCKING
Scallops, application of steaming and vacuum prin-
ciple to and cleaning of; May (1961) p. 1.
Correction--July (1961) p. 125.

SIERRA LEONE
Fisheries loan and credit fund; Dec. (1961) p. 87.
Fishing industry continues to grow; Nov. (1961)p. 64,
Tuna fishing off ; Sept. (1961) p. 65, Oct. (1961)
p. 76, Nov. (1961) p. 64.

SILVER COD TROPHY
British trawler ''Prince Charles'' won
1960; Aug. (1961) p. 93.

for

SINGAPORE
Fishing industry, 1960; Sept. (1961) p. 103.

SLICING MACHINE
Cod fillets, large, new
(1961) p. 52.

developed for; July

SMALL BUSINESS
Food buyer offers special opportunities to
firms, a $700 million; July (1961) p. 4.

SMELT
Great Lakes, introduction in; July (1961)p49.
Michigan's dip-net fishing season prospects

poor; June (1961) p. 29.

SMOKED FISH
Mullet, smoked, inhibition of mold on; Apr. (1961)
p: 8.

SNAKE RIVER
Fish passage problem on Middle
nounced of; May (1961) p. 13.

, Study an-

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

SNAPPER
North and South Carolina coasts surveyed for
by M/V "Silver Bay"; Oct. (1961) p. 29.
Trawling, exploratory, off Georgia and Florida to
determine availability of , grouper, etc.;
July (1961) p. 30,

SODIUM NITRITE
Pet food containing fish and meat, use of in;
Dec. (1961) p. 92.
Tuna and salmon products, smoked cured,
use in; Dec. (1961) p. 92.

SOLE
Fillets:
Frozen:
standards of quality, proposed, meetings held on
Oct. (1961) p. 31.
Pacific Ocean, North:
Catches of at depths of 50 to 450 fathoms;
Oct. (196{[) p. 25.
Petrale sole tagging studies by California;
Mar. (1961) p. 21.

SOLUBLES (see FISH SOLUBLES)

SOMALI REPUBLIC
Fishery trends, Aug. 1961; Nov. (1961) p. 64.

SONAR
Tuna behavior,
May (1961) p. 26.

tested as aid to studies on;

SOUMELA, ARNIE J.
Fishery attache to Japan,
May (1961) p. 14.

accepts position as;

SOUTH AFRICA
Fish meal and oil production, 1961, mostly sold in
advance; Apr. (1961) p. 80.

SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC
Abalone, canned, production, Jan.-June 1961; Nov.
(1961) p. 65.
Exports of fishery products not affected by boycotts;
Jan. (1961) p. 81.
Fish meal and solubles prices, Dec. 1960; Apr.
(1961) p. 86.
Fish-meal:
industry lowers raw fish price; Mar. (1961) p. 87.
paper bags, warehousing and shipping in; Sept.
(1961) p. 104.
production for 1961 mostly sold in advance; Apr.
(1961) p. 80.
Fish oil:
production for 1961 mostly sold in advance; Apr.
(1961) p. 80.
Fish solubles:
prices, Dec. 1960; Apr. (1961) p. 86.
Indian Ocean research; Dec. (1961) p. 88.
International Indian Ocean expedition,
cipates in; Feb. (1961) p. 63.
Landings set new record in 1960; July (1961) p. 93.
Pelagic fishing season ended in July with record
landings; Jan. (1961) p. 82.
Pilchard-maasbanker:
fishery landings; July (1961) p. 93, Aug. (1961)
p. 91, Sept. (1961) p. 104, Oct. (1961) p. 77,
Nov. (1961) p. 65, Dec. (1961) p. 88.

parti-

1961 Index

SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIC

Pilchard-maasbanker:

fishery nearing end of greatest season; Oct. (1961)
py tee

fishery trends in early 1961; July (1961) p. 93.

Pilchard season, 1961, off to good start; June (1961)
p. 82.

Prices, ex-vessel, for fish lower in 1961; Apr.
(1961) p. 85.

Tuna:
fishery initiated; Mar. (1961) p. 87.
frozen exported for first time; Aug. (1961) p. 91.
industry developments; Oct. (1961) p. 77.
long-lining, fishing firm tries; Jan. (1961) p. 81.
research and commercial possibilities; Jan. (1961)

p. 82.

Vessels, fishing, and gear, June 1960; May (1961)
Dei6o-

Vessels, fishing, Peru interested in purchasing;
Mar. (1961) p. 87.

SOUTH ATLANTIC EXPLORATORY FISHERY PRO-
GRAM
Bottomfish, coasts off North and South Carolina
surveyed for (M/V ''Silver Bay" cruise 32} Oct.
(1961) p. 29.
Georgia and Florida, fish and shellfish exploration
by M/V "Silver Bay"; Feb. (1961) p. 26, Apr.
(1961) p. 31, July (1961) p. 30, Dec. (1961) p. 47.
North Carolina, fish and shellfish resources sur-
veyed by M/V "Silver Bay" off; May (1961) p. 24.
Red snapper trawling trials conducted in Atlantic
between St. Augustine and St. Johns River; Oct.
(1961) p. 28,
Seallops, callico, availability of commercial stocks
off Cape Canaveral surveyed (M/V ''Silver Bay");
Oct. (1961) p. 28.
Shrimp and scallop stocks, extensive survey made
off Florida east coast for (M/V "Silver Bay"
cruise 26); Jan. (1961) p. 32.

SOUTH CAROLINA

Bottomfish, coastal waters surveyed by M/V
"Silver Bay” for; Oct. (1961) p. 29.

Crab, blue, studies in , Sept. 1960-Mar. 1961;
June (1961) p. 40.

Fish abundance survey; Sept. (1961) p. 46.

Fish and shellfish resources survey off
Feb. (1961) p. 26.

Fisheries biological research progress; June (1961)
p. 39, Sept. (1961) p. 45.

King whiting studies, Sept. 1960-Mar. 1961; June

coast;

(1961) p. 42.

Oyster studies in , Apr.-June 1961; Sept.
(1961) p. 45. er

Pond cultivation studies; June (1961) p. 40, Sept.
(1961) p. 46.

Ponds, shrimp cultivation in, Sept. 1960-Mar. 1961;
June (1961) p. 40.

Shrimp research; June (1961) p. 39, Sept. (1961)
p. 46.

SOUTH PACIFIC
Tuna:
Japan:
fishing trends in ; Mar. (1961) p. 68.
motherships, catch of; Aug. (1961) p. 69.
mothership sent to in Aug. 1961; Oct.
(1961) p. 62.

1961 Index

SOUTH PACIFIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS
Tuna, albacore, abundance correlated with water
temperatures; Apr. (1961) p. 34.

SOUTH PACIFIC ISLAND TERRITORIES
Fishery improvement for Melanesians, training
center studies; Sept. (1961) p. 103.

SOUTH-WEST AFRICA

Canned fish industry optimistic about 1961 sales;
Sept. (1961) p. 103.

Fishery trends for 1960; Apr. (1961) p. 80, July
(1961) p. 87.

Fisheries third most valuable industry; Apr. (1961)
p. 80.

Fishing rights extended for total period of 25 years
Oct. (1961) p. 78.

Fishing vessels and gear, June 1960; May (1961)
p. 61.

Fish meal and oil production in 1960; July (1961)
p. 87.

Fish meal production for 1961 mostly sold in ad-
vance; Apr. (1961) p. 80.

Fish oil production for 1961 mostly sold in advance
Apr. (1961) p. 80.

Landings set new record in 1960; July (1961) p. 93.

Lobster, spiny:
landings and production, 1957-59; Apr. (1961) p. 80.
landings best in seven years; June (1961) p. 80.
products produced in 1960; July (1961) p. 87.
Pilchard-maasbanker:
fishery nearing end of greatest season; Oct. (1961)

p. 78

fishing season starts; Sept. (1961) p. 103.

Sardine (pilchard) landings and production, 1955-60
Apr. (1961) p. 80.

Sardine products produced in 1960; July (1961) p87.

Tuna fishing with long-line tested; Aug. (1961) p.87.

U.S.S.R. factoryship trawlers fishing off ; July
(1961) p. 93, Aug. (1961) p. 87.
SPAIN
Bilbao fisheries trends, first quarter 1961; July
(1961) p. 87.
Canned fish:

exports; Apr. (1961) p. 82.
exports from Northwest Zone 1960; Oct. (1961)
Delioe
exports, various measures recommended to
develop; July (1961) p. 90.
Canning and processing of fish; Apr. (1961) p. 82,
July (1961) p. 90.
Canning and processing of fish in Vigo area; Oct.
(1961) p. 79.
Cod, salt, exported to Puerto Rico for the first
time; Feb. (1961) p. 58.
Fish Meal:
import duties, producers hope for higher; Aug.
(1961) p. 87.
Fish oils:
imports liberalized; Oct. (1961) p. 79.
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Convention:
declaration of understanding signed by
Sept. (1961) p. 63.
Sardine, cooking with indirect heat; Apr. (1961)
p. 1119.
Shrimp industry; May (1961) p. 61.

2

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

SPAIN
Tuna:
albacore, canned, export market in United States
slow; Jan. (1961) p. 80.
article in fishing industry journals discusses in-
fluence of United States and Japanese activities
on Spanish industry; July (1961) p. 88.
fishing off Dakar not satisfactory; July (1961) p. 8&
yellowfin, frozen, Japan approves exports to
of; July (1961) p. 76.
Tuna and bonito fishery trends; Apr. (1961) p. 81.
Tuna canners, United States and Japanese tropical
Atlantic activities affect; July (1961) p. 88.
Vigo fisheries trends; Jan. (1961) p. 80, Apr. (1961)
p. 82, July (1961) p. 89, Oct. (1961) p. 79, Dec.
(1961) p. 88.

SPECIFICATIONS
Fishery products, several, framed for State
Purchasing Officials; Oct., (1961) p. 31.

SPINY LOBSTER (see LOBSTER)

SPONGE
Bahamas reopen beds; Sept. (1961) p. 65.
Film in color on natural industry; Jan. (1961)
p. 34.
Film on of U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries wins recognition; June (1961) p. 20.

Film on selected for international showings;
Sept. (1961) p. 23.
Greece:

landings 1960/61 season; July (1961) p. 63.

SPORT FISH
Federal aid funds for
Aug. (1961) p. 24.
Pacific marine

and wildlife restoration
research; Dec. (1961) p. 47.

SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE, BUREAU OF

Federal refuge and fish hatchery men get uniforms;
Nov. (1961) outside back cover,

Long-range report issued; Apr. (1961) p, 21.

Pacific marine game fish research laboratory
planned; Sept. (1961) p. 29.

Sport fishery research, Pacific marine; Dec. (1961)
p. 47.

Sport fishin
Apr. (1961

and hunting economic survey for 1960;
p. 33.

SPORT FISHING
Artificial reefs prove successful; May (1961) p. 81.
Atlantic marine :
ranges of game fish, two approaches to cover;
Aug. (1961) p. 16.
survey near completion; Aug. (1961) p. 16.
Economic survey for 1960; Apr. (1961) p. 33.
Marine game fish research aided by loan of vessel;
Dec. (1961) p. 40.
Marine research center on Atlantic Coast dedicated
Nov. (1961) p. 31.
Tackle, fishing, U.S. imports of, 1960; Aug. (1961)
p. 40.

STANDARDS
Fillets:
Cod and haddock, new adopted by state pur-
chasing officials for; Nov. (1961) p. 31.

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1961 Index

STANDARDS (cont.)
Fillets (cont.):
frozen:
flounder and sole of quality, proposed
meetings held on; Oct. (1961) p. 31.
ocean perch, voluntary grade standards issued
for; Feb. (1961) p. 66.
Pacific ocean perch, voluntary grade
issued for; Feb. (1961) p. 66.
Fish flour identity proposed; Nov. (1961) p.70.
Fresh fish quality and inspection considered
at meeting in Washington; July (1961) p. 21.
Japanese canned fishery products, planned
for many; Aug. (1961) p. 74.
Scallops, sea, frozen fried breaded, Federal
proposed for grades of; June (1961) p. 42, Sept.
(1961) p. 112.
Shrimp, frozen raw breaded, standards of identity
proposed for; May (1961) p. 69.
Tuna, canned, labeling requirements protested in
of identity, proposal to retain two of the;
May (1961) p. 68, July (1961) p. 98.

STARFISH
Long Island Sound oyster growers plagued by
abundance; Apr. (1961) p. 29.

STATE, DEPARTMENT OF
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:
eighteenth session of the contracting parties; July
(1961) p. 38, Aug. (1961) p. 51.
participation by non-governmental representa-
tives in United States delegation increased; Aug.
(1961) pp. 53:
tariff negotiations, second phase of conference on;
Aug. (1961) p. 53.
International Cooperation Administration:
fisheries grants to foreign countries; Apr. (1961)
p. 92.
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission:
Frank P. Briggs sworn in as U.S. Commissioner
on; Sept. (1961) p. 113.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Devel
opment to replace OEEC; Feb. (1961) p. 33.
St. Croix River Basin project of United States and
Canada includes restoration of anadromous fish
runs; Dec. (1961) p. 61.
Tariff negotiations, United States, for 1961, more
public participation proposed in; Jan. (1961) p. 87.
Trade and Economic Affairs Committee formed,
joint United States-Japan; Aug. (1961) p. 53,

STATE PURCHASING SPECIFICATIONS
Fishery products, several, specifications framed
for State Purchasing Officials; Oct. (1961) p. 31.

STERN TRAWLER (see TRAWLER and VESSEL)
STICKS (see FISH STICKS)

STRIPED BASS
Chesapeake Bay five-year migration study; Dec.
(1961) p. 48.
Live air-transported to Kentucky lake; Mar.
(1961) p. 115.
Tagging returns reveal migrations along Atlantic
Coast; May (1961) p. 26.

STORAGE
Whiting, frozen, shelf life affected by method and
time of chilled ; Nov. (1961) p. 36.

SUBMARINE
Plankton collected by in Arctic Ocean; Mar.
(1961) p. 35.

SUBSIDIES
Canadian Government proposes to increase assist-
ance for construction of fishing vessels; Aug.
(1961) p. 58.
Financial assistance to fishing industries in vari-
ous countries; Nov. (1961) p. 8.
Vessels, fishing:

construction differential , first application
for; June (1961) p. 22.
construction , proposal to permit use of

either value or volume in determining eligibility
for; Aug. (1961) p. 97.
excludes from mortgage insurance; Jan.

(1961) p. 87,
SURF CLAMS (see CLAMS)

SURINAM
Shrimp industry; Apr. (1961) p. 83.

SWEDEN
Advertising of fishery products, funds allotted for;
July (1961) p. 90.
Canners, fish, two largest plan merger; Dec. (1961)

p. 89.
Cod, minimum ex-vessel prices increased; Aug.
(1961) p. 88.
Fishing limits:
Norwegian- talks on; May (1961) p. 34.
Scandinavian countries discuss; Oct. (1961) p. 38.
German Federal Republic, fishermen's
direct landings regulated when destined for; Aug.
(1961) p. 63.

Herring fishery off Iceland, future uncertain of;
Aug. (1961) p. 87.
Herring landings in West Germany, fisheries asso-
ciations discuss; Nov. (1961) p. 65.
International fisheries exposition planned for Nov.
1961; Apr. (1961) p. 84, June (1961) p. 81.
Marine oil supply and foreign trade; Aug. (1961)
p. 88.
Maritime exposition includes fisheries; Apr. (1961)
p. 84.
Nordic fishery coordination committee proposed;
Oct. (1961) p. 44.
Research, fishery, fishermen's federation seeks
support for; Oct. (1961) p. 80.
Shrimp:
industry trends, 1958-60; Feb. (1961) p. 58.
prices drop due to increase in landings; July
(1961) p. 90.
Soviet fishing fleet off Norwegian coast, trawl
ers report large; Apr. (1961) p. 85.
Trawlers:
steel type, new, built in East Germany delivered;
July (1961) p. 91, Nov. (1961) p. 66.
west coast fishing fleet receives deliveries in
1960; Apr. (1961) p. 84.
Vessel for fishery research completed; Oct. (1961)
p. 80.

1961 Index

SWITZERLAND
Fish meal imports increase, 1960; Oct. (1961) p. 80.
Marine oil imports, 1960; Oct. (1961) p. 80.

SWORDFISH
Frozen , Japanese exports to the United States
of; Sept. (1961) p. 90.

SYNTHETIC FIBERS
Otter trawl, standard manila, compared with ex-
perimental trawl containing polypropylene parts
(M/V ''Delaware" cruise 61-2); Apr. (1961) p. 26.

SYRIA
Fishin
(1961

industry and plans for expansion; Mar.
p. 84.

TACKLE
U.S. imports of fishing
p. 40.

, 1960; Aug. (1961)

TAGGING
Crabs:
blue, large number tagged in Chesapeake Bay;
Jan. (1961) p. 41.
king:
Alaska tag-retention studies started; July (1961)
p. 22:
tagged by Japanese off Kodiak taken in Alitak
Bay; June (1961) p. 15.
Dogfish, spiny, off New England; Aug. (1961)
p. 33.
Fluke:
Long Island, eastern,
Middle Atlantic Coast,
off; June (1961) p. 34.
Herring, Alaska, automatic tag detection device fon
Nov. (1961) p. 32.
Salmon:
king's homing instinct develops early in life, Cal-
ifornia marking experiments reveal that; Mar.
(1961) p. 22.
pinks tagged to determine migration patterns and
2 size of runs; Nov. (1961) p. 28.
Sea trout, spotted, studies in Florida; Jan.
(1961) p. 22, May (1961) p. 16, Aug. (1961) p. 25.
Shrimp marking techniques; Mar. (1961) p. 31,
June (1961) p. 25, Oct. (1961) p. 27, Dec. (1961)
p. 32.
Sole, petrale,
(1961) p. 21.
Striped bass returns from reveal migrations
along Atlantic Coast; May (1961) p. 26.
Symposium on fish marking held under auspices of
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission; Sept.
(1961) p. 63.
Yellow pike
pp. 17, 18.

off; July (1961) p. 25.
by M/V ''Delaware"'

studies by California; Mar.

in Great Lakes; Oct. (1961)

TAIWAN

Expansion of fisheries, Government promoting;
Aug. (1961) p. 90, Oct. (1961) p. 81.

Landings, fishery; Apr. (1961) p. 85, Oct. (1961)
p. 81.

Ponds, milkfish, chemical fertilizers used in; Apr.
(1961) p. 85.

Shrimp industry; Feb. (1961) p. 60.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

TAIWAN
Tuna:
fleet expansion, emphasis on; Oct. (1961) p. 81.
Liberia and research agreement for joint
fishery off West Africa; Oct. (1961) p. 70.
vessels, two large, under construction; Apr. (1961)
p. 85.

TANGANYIKA
Fishery production increasing; Sept. (1961) p. 104.
Rock cod species, study of; Aug. (1961) p. 61.

TARIFF(S)
Classification study, hearing on proposed first
supplemental report relating to; Dec. (1961) p. 93.
United States negotiations for 1961, more
public participation proposed in; Jan. (1961) p. 87.
United States schedules, U.S. Tariff Commis-
sion submits proposed; Jan. (1961) p. 88.

TARIFF COMMISSION, U.S.

Shrimp, report on; May (1961) p. 69.

Tariff classification study, hearing on proposed
first supplemental report relating to; Dec. (1961)

Dp: .9'3;

Trade-agreement negotiations, U.S. supplementary
list of items for; Jan. (1961) p. 49.

United States tariff schedules,
posed; Jan. (1961) p. 88.

submits pro-

TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade:
second phase of conference on ; Aug. (1961)
p. 53.
United States delegation, participation by non-
governmental representatives increased; Aug.
(1961) p. 53.

TAX(ES)
Social security and unemployment , fishing
crews exemption upheld by Federal Court on;
Sept. (1961) p. 114.

TELEVISION (see UNDERWATER TELEVISION)

TEMPERATURKE(S)
Fish and their significance; Mar. (1961)p. 80.
Time- integrator, new, effective testing de-
vice for frozen foods; July (1961) p. 17.

TENNESSEE
Commercial fish catch for Cumberland River re-
servoirs in 1960; Nov. (1961) p. 32.

TERRITORIAL WATERS (Also see FISHING LIMITS)
Guatemala decree extablishes penalties for illegal
fishing in ; Apr. (1961) p. 56.

TESTING DEVICE
Time-temperature integrator, new, effective
for frozen foods; July (1961) p. 17.

TEXAS
Oysters:

production in
Apr. (1961) p. 29.
steel raft developed by
p. 27.
Shrimp, bait, Galveston Bay fishery; Dec. (1961) p.34.

expected to drop due to floods;

inventor; July (1961)

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1961 Index

THAILAND
Commercial fish production increases; July (1961)
Dp 925
Fisheries and related industries, industrial invest-
ment promotion act includes; Nov. (1961) p. 66.
Fish meal duty lowered; Jan (1961) p. 81.
Shrimp industry; Feb. (1961) p. 61.

THAWING (see FISH- THAWING)

THERMOMETER
Water temperature at fish hook, developed to
record; Oct. (1961) p. 13.

THREAD HERRING (see HERRING)

TILAPIA
Ponds, easily grown in; July (1961) p. IV.

TOGO
Fishing industry; June (1961) p. 81.

TONGA ISLANDS
Japanese delegation to study as possible over~
seas fishing base; July (1961) p. 72.
Tuna fishery, attempt resumed to establish; June
(1961) p. 81.

TORTUGAS
Shrimp, pink, marking experiment, large-scale, in
area; Oct. (1961) p. 27.

TRADE
United States-Japan Committee on Trade and Eco-
nomic Affairs formed, joint; Aug. (1961) p. 53.

TRADE AGREEMENTS
Japanese agreement concluded for export of frozen
tuna to Czechoslovakia; July (1961) p. 75.
Tunisia and Poland includes fishing vessels;
Sept. (1961) p. 65.
United States:
negotiations for 1961, more public participation
proposed in; Jan. (1961) p. 87.
supplementary list of items for negotiations;
Jan. (1961) p. 49.

TRADE FAIR
International Fisheries , fourth, 1962; July
(1961) p. 57.
Japanese agency plans second in New York

City; June (1961) p. 74.

TRANSFER OF FISH AT SEA
Products of American fisheries transferred at sea,
regulations amended on entry of; Aug. (1961)
p. 99, Oct. (1961) p. 87.
United Kingdom experiments on ; Apr. (1961)
p. 87, Nov. (1961) p. 67.

TRANSLATIONS
American Institute of Biological Sciences
program; May (1961) p. 99.

TRANSPLANTATION
Herring from Baltic to Aral Sea, U.S.S.R.;
Jan. (1961) p. 83.
Salmon, Pacific, in Atlantic Ocean success-

ful, U.S.S.R. experiments on; Jan. (1961) p. 83.

TRANSPLANTATION
Trout, rainbow, from Pacific Northwest transplant-
ed in Venezuela and Hawaii; Dec. (1961) p. 113.

TRANSPORTATION
Express rates, commodity, on fishery products;
Aug. (1961) p. 23, Nov. (1961) p. 32.

Fishery products cost, indexes of; June (1961)
p. 12.

Fish meal, scrap, and solubles study; Feb.
(1961) p. 12.

Sea of frozen fishery products; July (1961)
pis

TRAPS

Alaska Supreme Court rules on case which affects

use of fish by Indian communities; Aug.
(1961) p. 14.

Lobster fishery, Maine, role of in; Sept.

(1961) p. 9.

TRASH FISH (see NONUTILIZED SPECIES)

TRAWLER(S)

Australian freezer- conversion scheduled;
Apr. (1961) p. 46.

Canada's large on Atlantic Coast still re-
stricted to fishing beyond twelve miles; Aug. (1961)

p. 58.

Fiberglass under construction in Great Bri-
tain; Sept. (1961) p. 106.

freezing unit for factoryship , West German
company develops; July (1961) p. 57.

German Federal Republic trade seeks large-
scale Government support; June (1961) p. 59.

Iceland operations by , committee to study;
Oct. (1961) p. 54.

Netherlands freezer- starts fishing; Mar.
(1961) p. 76.

Norway:
ban contested, Government's porposed; May (1961)

p. 56.

first factoryship delivered; July (1961)p. 82.

Stern:

German Federal Republic:
factoryship, new type, returns with record trip;
Aug. (1961) p. 62.
fishing industry prefers ; Mar. (1961) p. 60.
large , twelve, now fishing; July (1961) p.63
Great Britain, new type launched in; Oct.
(1961) p. 83. re
Greece freezer finds fishing poor off New-
foundland; Mar. (1961) p. 61.
Norway:
first expected to extend fishing time at
sea; Aug. (1961) p. 82.
launches first ; Apr. (1961) p. 75.
new design of provides palletized stowage
of catch; Aug. (1961) p. 82.
plate freezer, vertical, for new ; June (1961)

p. 86.
Polish modern factoryship enters U.S. port
for repairs; July (1961) p. 27.
U.S.S.R. factoryship for fishing in tropics;
June (1961) p. 82.
U.S.S:.R::
factoryship:

Northwest Atlantic, to fish in; Mar. (1961)
p. 87

1961 Index

TRAWLER(S) (cont.)

U.S.S.R. (cont.):
factoryship (cont.):
South-West Africa,
pags:
freezer , types of; Oct. (1961) p. 82.
woman serves as captain on large fishing ;
Jan. (1961) p. 84.

fishing off; July (1961)

TRAWLING

Assemblies, standard and experimental, compara-
tive studies made by M/V ''George M. Bowers"
of; Apr. (1961) p. 22.
Bottom explorations off the Washington and
British Columbia Coasts, May-Aug. 1960; June
(1961) p. 1.
Chafing gear use in cod ends discussed by North-
west Atlantic Fisheries Commission; Sept. (1961)
p. 63.
Electrical trawl cables, experiments utilizing; Apr.
(1961) p. 1.
Head ropes, polypropylene and conventional tested
by M/V "Delaware"; Nov. (1961) p. 25.
Icelandic regulations within 12 mile fishing
zone issued; May (1961) p. 48.
Japan:
Alaska Peninsula, Government rejects applica-
tions for south of; May (1961) p. 53.
fisheries overseas; Oct, (1961) p.68, Aug. (1961)p.77,
Northwest Africa, reported good off;
Mar. (1961) p. 71, Sept. (1961) p. 91.
Mesh-size regulations for trawls as recommended
by Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission;
Sept. (1961) p. 61.
Midwater :
"Delaware,

M/V, operations completed for 1961;
Dec. (1961) p. 41.
Denmark:
floating type, single-boat, experiments with;
July (1961) p. 57.
development study; June (1961) p. 34,
experimental type, performance data on; Nov.
(1961) p. 23.
experimental type tested and compared with
British Columbia type; Apr. (1961) p. 23, Dec.
(1961) p. 31.
herring, Atlantic, fishing promising for; Aug.
(1961) p. 32.
New England fishery resources survey continued
by M/V ''Delaware''; Sept. (1961) p. 34.
salmon fingerlings, California operations for;
Aug. (1961) p. 19, Sept. (1961) p. 21, Nov. (1961)
Dewloz
single-vessel type is objective of M/V "John N.
Cobb" research; Apr. (1961) p. 27.
Otter , Standard manila gear with one con-
taining polypropylene parts, comparison studies
continued of; July (1961) p. 23.
Shrimp trawl operational studies continued; Dec.
(1961) p. 32.
Wisconsin's Lake Michigan waters, commercial
otter in; Jan. (1961) p. 46.

TREASURY, DEPARTMENT OF

Coast Guard:
boat, undocumented, numbering requirements
issued; Sept. (1961) p, 113.
fisheries law enforcement aided; June (1961) p. 90

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW BY

TREASURY, DEPARTMENT OF

Coast Guard:
shrimp cargo transfer at sea, ruling on; Mar.
(1961) p. 94.
vessels with automatic pilots warned to maintain
proper lookout; July (1961) p. 99.
vessel inspection regulations, amended, issued;
Dec. (1961) p. 93,
Crab meat, canned, Soviet, import restrictions lift-
ed on; May (1961) p. 71.
Customs, Bureau of:
fillets, groundfish, import tariff-rate quota for
1961; Mar. (1961) p. 93.
products of American fisheries:
clarification of manifesting and entry of trans-
ferred; Oct. (1961) p. 87.
transferred at sea, regulations amended on entry
of; Aug. (1961) p. 99.
shrimpcargo transfer at sea, ruling on; Mar.
(1961) p. 94.
vessels, fishing, Canadian Great Lakes, may not
land in U.S. ports, rules; Aug. (1961) p.10Q
Shrimp imports from Hong Kong, U.S. ban lifted on;
Sept. (1961) p. 114.

TRINIDAD

Shrimp industry; Feb. (1961) p. 62.

TROUT

Lake:
Lake Superior western area abundance of spawning
studied; Jan (1961) p. 26.
Rainbow:
Pacific Northwest transplanted in Venezuela
and Hawaii; Dec. (1961) p. 113.

TRUCK (Also see MOTOR CARRIERS)

Frozen fishery products, prepared, ICC ruling
claims that many products not exempt from regula-
tion for trucks; July (1961) p. 99.

TUNA

African Conference held in Dakar; Mar. (1961)p. 42.
Albacore:
abundance in Pacific correlated with water temper
ature; Apr. (1961) p. 34.
California and Baja California, study off; Sept.
(1961) p. 20.
fishery prospects off West Coast for 1961; July
(1961) p. 32,
fishing forecast off west coast of North America,
1961; Aug. (1961) p. 37.
Japan:
fishery trends, July 1961; Sept. (1961) p. 83.
fishing picks up; Sept. (1961) p. 82.
fishing reported poor; Aug. (1961) p. 68.
landings and prices, June 18-24; Sept. (1961)
pp. 82, 83.
packers ask for subsidy to stabilize raw
price; Mar. (1961) p. 66.
summer fishery trends; July (1961) p. 78, Sept.
(1961) p. 82.
North Pacific tagging returns indicate single popu-
lation; July (1961) p. 13.
oceanographic survey off California; Nov. (1961)
p. 33.

Oregon:
scouting cruise ends successfully; Sept. (1961)
Paside
study of launched; Aug. (1961) p. 34.

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

TUNA (cont.)

Albacore (cont.):

Pacific, Central North, investigation of the poten-

tial resource of the; Nov. (1961) p. 1.
Pacific, first catches for 1961 season made by

Bureau research vessel; Aug. (1961) p. 37.
Washington and Oregon coastal waters surveyed

for and other species of pelagic fish; Sept.

(1961) p. 36, Oct. (1961) p. 22.
American Samoa:
biological data on
June.(1961) p. 17.
landings, Oct. 1960; Jan. (1961) p. 17.
Atlantic Ocean:
Japan:

, collection planned of;

Fisheries Agency research vessel to explore for

areas; Feb. (1961) p. 51.
long-liners to move southward, poor fishing
forces; Sept. (1961) p. 84.
oversupply of
(1961) p. 71.
shipments lag behind quota; Oct. (1961) p. 59.
vessels fishing in the Atlantic, number of; Sept.
(1961) p. 84.
Australia:
catch hits 5,000 tons; Sept. (1961) p. 65.
clipper bought in United States arrives; Apr.
(1961) p. 47.
fishery trends; Feb. (1961) p. 36.
New South Wales landings set new record;
May (1961) p. 41.
resources of , fishing vessel chartered by
Government to survey; Dec. (1961) p. 63.
survey planned of resources off south-west
coast; Nov. (1961) p. 43.
Behavior of
on; May (1961) p. 26.
Big-eyed:
Japan:
fishing reported good; Sept. (1961) p. 83.

West Africa, catch reported good off; Oct. (1961)

p. 60.
Biology world meeting in California, U.S. invites
FAO to hold; Sept. (1961) p. 63.
Bluefin:
California:
ex-vessel price advanced; Dec. (1961) p. 49.
Japan:
Indian Ocean fishing; May (1961) p. 49, June
(1961) p. 66.
New England commercial purse-seining, 1960
season; Mar. (1961) p. 35.
New England landings, 1960; Mar. (1961) p. 35.
Brazil:
fishing for by local vessels; Mar. (1961)
p. 46, Aug. (1961) p. 56.
Japanese firm to expand fishing activities; Apr.
(1961) p. 47.
Japanese fishermen hope to establish fishing
company and fish off; July (1961) p. 46.
California:
prices, ex-vessel, advance for the third time in
1961; Dec. (1961) p. 48.
Canada:
British Columbia
Dico9:

trends, 1960; Jan. (1961)

this summer not likely; Aug.

,sonar gear tested as aidto studies

1961 Index

TUNA
Canned:

Australia:
imports, higher tariff rates recommended for;
Aug. (1961) p. 55.

California:
wholesale prices increase; Dec. (1961) p. 49.
electrolytic tinplate as container for , be-

havior of; Sept. (1961) p. 17.
imports of in brine, quota established for
1961 on; May (1961) p. 72.
imports of in brine under quota; Jan. (1961)
p. 39, Feb. (1961) p. 28, Mar. (1961) p. 36, May
(1961) p. 28, June (1961) p. 44, July (1961) p.33,
Aug. (1961)p, 40, Sept. (1961) p. 50, Oct. (1961)
p. 35, Nov. (1961) p. 35, Dec. (1961) p. 52.
Japan:
albacore export price to be raised; Nov. (1961)
Ps .ols
albacore shortage may force canners to pack
more lightmeat for export; Aug. (1961) p. 72.
brine pack, seventh sale to United States of;
Sept. (1961) p. 80.

brine exporters' agreement on exports to
U.S., 1961; Mar. (1961) p. 65.

brine export prices raised; Sept. (1961)
p. 79, Oct. (1961) p. 63, Nov. (1961) p. 51.

brine exports to U.S., 1960; Sept. (1961)
p. 80.

brine offerings for export; Oct. (1961) p.64

brine sales to U.S. in 1961; (Oct. (1961)
p. 64,

brine shipped to U.S., 50,000 cases of;
Mar. (1961) p. 65.

brine , stocks of; Aug. (1961) p. 73.

brine , third sale to U.S. of; Apr. (1961)
p. 66.

exporters consider 1961 trading agreement; Jan.
(1961) p. 70.

exporters draft proposals on exports to U.S.;
Apr. (1961) p, 64.

exports, 1955-59; June (1961) p. 64.

exports of in oil; Jan. (1961) p. 71, Nov.
(1961) pp. 50, 51.

exports of in oil for fiscal years 1958-60;
July (1961) p. 76.

exports of in oil to Canada, floor prices
fixed for; June (1961) p. 65.

exports of in oil to Europe; Sept. (1961)
p. 80.

exports of other than in brine or oil, 1956-
1959; Mar. (1961) p. 66.

exports to U.S.; June (1961) p. 64.

market prospects for in United States; Apr.
(1961) p. 63.

new products developed; Apr. (1961) p. 66.

new products, sales smaller than anticipated for;
Dec. (1961) p. 73.

packers of white meat
1961; July (1961) p. 76.

pack of in-brine type by can sizes, 1960; Dec.
(1961) p. 73.

pack of new canned
Feb. (1961) p. 52.

price set for exports to West Germany; Mar.
(1961) p. 65.

products, new, three to be marketed; July (1961)
Die 007

face problems in

pack to be increased;

1961 Index

TUNA (cont.)
Canned (cont.):
Japan (cont.):
skipjack in brine export price raised; Aug.
(1961) p. 73.
skipjack in oil exports, 1959; Mar. (1961) p. 65.
supply of reported low; Aug. (1961) p. 73.
yellowfin, in brine, proposes to raise export
price of; Aug. (1961) p. 73.
Malaya:
pack information; Oct. (1961) p. 70.
products introduced, two additional; Dec. (1961)

p. 49.
Spain:
market for albacore in United States slow; Jan.
(1961) p. 80.

standard of identity, proposal to retain protested
labeling requirements in; May (1961) p. 68, July
(1961) p. 98.
U.S. and territories 1961 pack at record high;
Nov. (1961) p. 33.
Veterans Administration awards announced; Dec.
(1961) p. 27.
Canning:
Puerto Rico industry does not file application for
minimum wage rate review; Oct. (1961) p. 86.
United States industry dates from 1903; Sept. (1961)
p.. 57.
Ceylonese-Japanese joint fishing venture in Ceylon;
Sept. (1961) p. 68.
Colombia, Japanese fishing operations off; Mar.
(1961) p. 51.
Core-sampling technique for raw
Doo.
Ecuador adheres to Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Convention; June (1961) p. 57.
FAO world congress for 1962 planned; Dec.
(1961) p. 6T.
Florida, tuna long-line explorations off; Dec. (1961)
p. ai
France's industry for
Frozen:
Albacore:
\) Japan:
export market conditions; Sept. (1961) p. 81.
exports to U.S. may increase; Apr. (1961)p. 65.
Czechoslovakia:
Japanese firm plans to use Canary Islands to
store for; Oct. (1961) p. 61.
purchase of more from Japan likely;
Nov. (1961) p. 44.
France may import from Japan; June (1961)
p. 66.
Italy:
important user of Japanese
Pei.
imports of Japanese , joint Italian- Japanese
committee to investigate reject claims for;
Nov. (1961) p. 50.
imports of Japanese on duty-free basis set
at 14,000 tons; June (1961) p. 64.
tax imports of Japanese until 1971, will
not; Aug. (1961) p. 66.
Japan:
albacore and yellowfin supplies for export low;
Oct. (1961) p. 63.
Atlantic Ocean , higher export price consid
ered for; Nov. (1961) p. 52.

; Jan. (1961)

, 1960; Oct. (1961) p. 50.

; Mar. (1961)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

59

TUNA
Frozen:
Japan:
claims against
June (1961) p. 67. _
Czechoslovakia export agreement concluded for;
July (1961) p. 75.
Czechoslovakia, firms to deliver
(1961) p. 60.
exporters associations establish 1961/62
export quotas to U.S.; June (1961) p. 65.
exporters discuss exports to Europe; Aug. (1961)
pe.
exporters draft plan for exports of
Apr. (1961) p. 65.
export prices increased; Oct. (1961) p. 64, Nov.
(1961) p. 53.
export quotas and sales procedure changes con-
sidered; Dec. (1961) p. 74.
exports, increased, of Atlantic albacore to U.S.
under study; Mar. (1961) p. 64.
export to Czechoslovakia, signs agreement for;
June (1961) p. 66.
export to Soviet Union, firm negotiating; Jan.
(1961) p. 71.
exports to Russia appear dim, prospects for;
Aug. (1961) p. 71.
exports to U.S.S.R. explored; Apr. (1961) p. 65.
exports to U.S.; Nov. (1961) p. 52, Dec. (1961)
p. 73.
exports to U.S. for first quarter 1961, value of;
Oct. (1961) p. 63.
exports to Yugoslavia; Mar. (1961) p. 65, Aug.
(1961) p. 71.
Fiji Islands, transshipped to the U.S. from; Nov.
(1961) p. 53.
landings and transshipments, new regulations on;
Dec. (1961) p. 75.
market trends in Italy and Yugoslavia for
Japanese product; Oct. (1961) p. 62.
mothership firms plan to transship to U.S.; Sept.
(1961) p, 84.
packers to shipAtlantic
(1961) p. 66.
prices for Atlantic ; Jan. (1961) p. 72.
prices for exports of to U.S.; Sept. (1961)
p. 80.
prices, increase reported in; Nov. (1961) p. 52.
price trends; July (1961) p. 76.
producers apply for permission to ship Atlantic
Ocean to Japan; June (1961) p. 66.
regulations for exports of Atlantic
Europe and Africa; Aug. (1961) p. 70. _
shipments, Apr.-Sept. 1961; Dec. (1961) p. 74.
Yugoslavia deliveries expected to drop; Dec.
(1961) p. 75.
\ Union of South Africa exports
i Aug. (1961) p. 91.
Frozen and canned:
Japan:
exports, 1947-1959, 1935-1939 avg.; June (1961)
p. 65.
Ghana:
fishery shows promise; Mar. (1961) p. 60.
U.S. packer signs fishery agreement; Jan. (1961)
p. 65.
Hawaii:
lower--landings in 1960 bear out predictions of
biologists; Mar. (1961) p. 24.

decreasing in United States;

to; Aug.

to U.S.

to Japan; Apr.

to

for first time;

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

TUNA (cont.)

Hawaii (cont.):
survey of ocean conditions and
May (1961) p. 12.
Israel:
vessel, new, lands first
p. 58.
Italy:
canners seek inspection and claims system for
Japanese frozen imports; June (1961) p.63.
industry meeting with Japanese; Oct. (1961) p. 62.
landings of in 1959-60; Aug. (1961) p. 66.
trap fishery for poor in 1960; Apr. (1961)
p. 62.
Japan:
albacore, summer, fishing off; Aug. (1961) p. 68.
Atlantic:
draft agreement on transshipments to Japan;
Mar. (1961) p. 64.
equatorial fishing trends; May (1961) p. 50,
June (1961) p. 67.
fishery catches of big-eyed and spearfish to be
shipped to; Oct. (1961) p. 60.
fishery trends; Jan. (1961) p. 72, Apr. (1961)
p:, 63.
fleet, control by exporters association proposed
of; Sept. (1961) p. 81.
long-liner catch principally big-eyed tuna and
spearfish; Oct. (1961) p. 60.
purse seines in fishery, three fishing companies
ask to use; Aug. (1961) p. 69.
vessels switching to albacore fishing; Oct. (1961)
p. 60.
canners propose lifting of licensing restrictions
on medium-class tuna vessels; Aug. (1961) p. 69.
canners in Shizuoka area indicate outlook is un-
favorable; Aug. (1961) p. 72.
Caribbean area, fishing company plans
in; Aug. (1961) p. 70.
cost estimates submitted by vessel owners; Apr.
(1961) p. 67.
deep-sea fishing; Sept. (1961) p. 78.
distant-water refrigerated vessels increas-
ing in number; Oct. (1961)p. 61.
Eastern Pacific fishing forecast for Dec. 1960;
Jan. (1961) p. 71.
exporters hold meeting on fixing canned in
brine prices; Aug. (1961) p. 73.
fishing industry for faces problems; Apr.

schools;

trip; Oct. (1961)

base

(1961) p.67.

fish-sausage makers ask for more ; May
(1961) p. 50.

hatching young , Scientist succeeds in; Aug.
(1961) p. 78.

imports liberalized; Dec. (1961) p. 78.

Indian Ocean and South Pacific fishing trends;
Mar. (1961) p. 68.

Indian Ocean explorations; Jan. (1961) p. 71.

Indian catches drop drastically; Mar. (1961)
p.68,

landings at Yaizu; July (1961) p. 77, Sept. (1961)
p. 82.

long-line fleet, size of distant-water; Oct. (1961)
p. oF:

Malaya-Japanese fishery company plans
plant consolidation; Mar. (1961) p. 72.
mothership fishery, Fishery Agency announces

new regulations for; July (1961) p. 77.

1961 Index
TUNA
Japan:
mothership fleet sails for South Pacifie; July
(1961) p. 79.
mothership catches in South Pacific; Aug.
(1961) p. 69.

mothership regulations, changes requested in
1961; Apr. (1961) p. 64.

mothership returns from fishing grounds; Nov.
(1961) p. 53.

mothership returns with full trip; Nov. (1961)
p. 53.

motherships, Fishery Agency studying relaxation
of regulations on portable vessels for; Nov.

(1961) p. 54, Dec, (1961) p. 76.

motherships, number of portable vessels under
study for; June (1961) p. 68.

motherships with portable catcher boats, Fishery
Agency licenses 15; Sept. (1961) p. 80.

national research council planned; Apr.

(1961) p. 65.

North Borneo tuna fishing enterprise to be expand-

ed; May (1961) p. 49.
overseas bases, Japanese delegation studies sites
for; June (1961) p. 67.
purse-seining in Atlantic Ocean, applications still
not approved for; Oct. (1961) p. 59.
regulated internationally, feel fishery may even-
tually be; Aug. (1961) p. 68.
research council for organized; Oct. (1961)

p. 63.
research, Fishery Agency to consolidate; Sept.
(1961) p. 80.

research vessel explores north and central
Pacific for ; Sept. (1961) p. 85.

research vessel reports good fishing off
Angola; Apr.(1961) p. 66.

salmon vessel owners request permits for
fishing; Oct. (1961) p. 65.

shortage creating problem for canners and ex-
porters; Aug. (1961) p. 71.

skipjack and albacore, coastal fishing trends, Apr.

1961; July (1961) p. 78.
skipjack fishery landings improved in Apr. 1961;
July (1961) p. 78.
South Pacific:
mothership catches; Sept. (1961) p. 85.
mothership in Aug. 1961 sent to; Oct. (1961) p.62.
unlicensed vessels may be registered
under foreign flag; Dec. (1961) p. 79.
Uruguay, Japanese company files application to

fish for off; Mar. (1961) p. 67.

Uruguay joint fishing enterprise; May (1961)
p. 50.

Venezuela, another Japanese long-liner to fish
for out of; Oct. (1961) p. 63.

vessel construction continues to increase; May
(1961) p. 49.

vessels, new policy announced on licensing of;
Mar. (1961) p. 66.

vessels, two large, to be built by large fishery
firm; June (1961) p. 67.

Yaizu landings in May 1961; Sept. (1961)
Depots

Liberia:

fishery trends; July (1961) p. 80.

Japanese establish joint fishing company;
Aug. (1961) p. 80.

1961 index COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61
TUNA (cont.) TUNA
Liberia (cont.): Skipjack:

reaches agreement with Taiwan for joint
fishery off West Africa; Oct. (1961) p. 70.
Libya:
fishery for tuna, trends as of Aug. 1961 in; Nov.
(1961) p. 57.
industry trends, July-Sept. 1960; Jan. (1961) p. 72.
Malaya:
canning facilities in Penang; July (1961) p. 80.
Japanese joint company in full operation;
Aug. (1961) p. 80.
Japanese negotiate for another
Sept. (1961) p. 93.
New Zealand:
fishery proposed; Jan. (1961) p. 73.
Norway:
fishery for , good prospects for developing;
July (1961) p. 83.
West Africa, experimental
(1961) p. 74, July (1961) p. 82.
Pacific Coast, preparation for
(1961) p. 11.
Pacific Ocean:
biology of , conference held on; May (1961)
p. 26, Nov. (1961) p. 41.
larvae identification; Jan. (1961) p. 20.
Portugal:
fishing shipowners guild formed; Apr. (1961) p.78.
production and foreign trade, 1958-59; Jan. (1961)
p. 78.
Prices, ex-vessel, in California advance for fourth
time this year; Dec. (1961) p. 49.
Research discussed at Honolulu meeting; Sept.
(1961) p. 46.
Sashimi, Japanese develop method for extending
"Shelf life'' of; July (1961) p. 79.
Senegal:
Dakar, landings far below quota for 1961 season
at; Oct. (1961) p. 75.
fishing season, 1960/1961; Aug. (1961) p. 85.
fishing trends, late 1960; May (1961) p. 61, Oct.
(1961) p. 75.
landings poor at mid-season; Apr, (1961) p. 79.
prospects and plans for 1960/61 season; Jan.
(1961) p. 79.
Sierra Leone industry expansion; Sept. (1961) p. 65,
Oct. (1961) p. 76, Nov. (1961) p. 64.
Skipjack:
distribution studies in Central Pacific, blood
samples aid in; Feb. (1961) p. 17.
gill nets, mono-filament, experimental fishing for
with: Oct. (1961) p. 11.
gill net, new type, for fishing shows promise
July (1961) p. 14.
Hawaii:
area south and west scouted by M/V '"'Charles
H. Gilbert''; July (1961) p. 14.
bait, gear, and oceanographic studies made
near; Aug. (1961) p. 22.
landings; July (1961) p. 21, Sept. (1961) p. 32,
Oct. (1961) p. 20, Nov. (1961) p. 24.
Japan:
fishery trends, July 1961; Sept. (1961) p. 83.
fishing in full swing near Tokyo; Aug.(1961)p. 68.
landings and prices, June 25-July 1, 1961; Sept.
(1961) p. 83.
pole-and-line fishery, study under way of; Dec.
(1961) p. 77.

fishing base;

fishing off; Jan.

study on; May

live bait, threadfin shad continues to show promise
as; June (1961) p. 18.
Sodium nitrite, use in smoked cured and
salmon products; Aug. (1961) p. 96, Dec. (1961)
p. 92.
South Africa Republic:
fishery initiated; Mar. (1961) p. 87,

fishing firm tries long-lining for ; Jan.
(1961) p. 81.
frozen is exported for first time; Aug.

(1961) p. 91.
industry developments; Oct. (1961) p. 77.
research and commercial possibilities; Jan. (1961)
Dp 82.
South-West Africa long-line fishing tested; Aug.
(1961) p. 87.
Spain:
canners affected by United States and Japanese
tropical Atlantic tuna activities; July (1961) p. 88.
Dakar fishery not satisfactory; July (1961) p. 88.
fishery trends; Apr. (1961) p. 81.
industry, article in fishing industry journals dis-
cusses influence of U.S. and Japanese
activities on; July (1961) p. 88.
Taiwan: :
fleet expansion for
Oct. (1961) p. 81.
overseas fishing for
(1961) p. 90.
vessels, two large, under construction; Apr. (1961)
p. 85;
Tonga Islands:
fishery, attempt resumed to establish; June (1961)
p. 8:
Tunisian-fishing vessels, purchase of two under
consideration; Feb,(1961) p. 62.
Turkey:
exports higher ir 1960; May (1961) p. 63.
Government cooperates in fishery for bluefin
Oct. (1961) p. 81.
United States:
popularity increased; June (1961) p. 42.
West African fishery, interest expands in; Mar.
(1961) p. 90.
Uruguay's fishing conditions and markets; Sept.
(1961) p. 107.
Vessels, Japanese, approved for construction in
fiscal years 1958-60; Sept. (1961) p. 92.
West African fishery trends; Mar. (1961) p. 90.
West Indies cannery for , Japanese, construc-
tion in Curacao of; Sept. (1961) p. 107.
Yellowfin:
Eastern Pacific:
catch at record high in; Nov. (1961) p. 33.
fishery regulation recommended; Nov. (1961)
Dp. 3d.
Japanese opinion on Tuna Commission's pro-
posal to regulate fishing in; Sept. (1961) p. 79.
Japan approves exports of frozen to Spain;
July (1961) p. 76.
Yugoslavia may send technicians to Japan to study
processing techniques; July (1961) p. 96.

fishing, emphasis on;

being expanded; Aug.

2

TUNISIA
Exports of selected fishery products to the United
States, 1956-60; May (1961) p. 63.
Shrimp industry; Feb. (1961) p. 62.

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

TUNISIA (cont.)
Trade agreement between and Poland in-
cludes fishing vessels; Sept. (1961) p. 65.
Tuna fishing vessels, purchase under considera-
tion of two; Feb. (1961) p. 62.

TURKEY

Fisheries, conference on; Nov. (1961) p. 67.

Loan plan for fishermen set up; Oct. (1961) p. 81.

Shrimp industry; Mar. (1961) p. 86.

Tuna and bonito exports higher in 1960; May (1961)
p. 63.

Tuna, bluefin, Government cooperates in fishery
for; Oct. (1961) p. 81.

TURTLES
Sea:
Costa Rican exports are legal except for those
caught in nursery area; Sept. (1961) p. 71.

UDALL, STEWART L.
Value of fishery products, make America more
conscious of the; June (1961) p. 31.

UNDERWATER CHAMBER
California's research vessel ''Alaska,'
glass ports added to; Aug. (1961) p. 17.

with

UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONS
Washington, little damage to fish due to in;
Apr. (1961) p. 39.

UNDERWATER TELEVISION
Otter trawls, aids studies to improve design
of; May (1961) p. 19.

UNDERUTILIZED SPECIES
Alewife in Lake Michigan, efforts to utilize; Sept.
(1961) p. 29.

UNESCO
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
meets; Dec. (1961) p. 59.
Oceanography, intergovernmental conference on;
May (1961) p. 39.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA (see SOUTH AFRICA
REPUBLIC)

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (U.S.S.R.)
Atlantic, northwest, fishing activity by con-
tinues; Oct. (1961) p. 81, Dec. (1961) p. 90.
Atlas of Norwegian and Greenland Seas to be pub-
lished in 1961; Apr. (1961) p. 86.
Bering Sea, fishing in; June (1961) p. 83, Oct. (1961)
p. 81, Dec. (1961) p. 89.
Cape Cod, Soviets fishing off; Sept. (1961) p. 105.
Catth goals; Oct. (1961) p. 81.
Consumption, per capita, of fish; Dec. (1961) p. 90.
Crab:
Bristol Bay,
peelOG.
fishing effort in 1960; June (1961) p. 85.
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission, -
Japan, quota and regulations for 1961; Oct.
(1961) p. 44.
Crab meat, canned:
United Kingdom imports from
Jan. (1961) p. 84.
United States import restrictions lifted on
product; May (1961) p. 71.

fishing fleets in; Sept. (1961)

increased;

1961 Index

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (U.S.S.R.)
Factoryship:
Denmark, four more ordered from; Apr. (1961)
p. 87.
large type launched; Oct. (1961) p. 82.
stern-trawlers for fishing in tropics; June (1961)
p. 82.
Fisheries plans and research, statement on; June
(1961) p. 83.
Fishery news briefs, June 1961; Sept. (1961) p. 105.
Fishery trends, July 1961; Oct. (1961) p. 81.
Fishing industry expanding; May (1961) p. 64.
Fishing limits agreement with Britain to end; Sept.
(1961) p. 106.
Fleets, fishing and whaling, expansion continues of;
Feb. (1961) p. 64, Aug. (1961) p. 92.
Fleets, fishing, large off Norwegian Coast reported
by Swedish trawlers; Apr. (1961) p. 85.
Ghana fisheries, Soviet technical assistance for;
Oct. (1961) p. 52.
Gill-netter docks in Boston, Mass.; Sept. (1961) p.41.
Gulf of Alaska, exploratory fishing vessels
sighted in; Sept. (1961) p. 105.
Halibut in North Pacific of growing interest to 8
June (1961) p. 85.
Herring:
Atlantic fishing; Oct. (1961) p. 82.
factoryship, new, for Far East; May (1961) p. 64.
Icelandic contract signed for delivery of; Oct.
(1961) p. 57.
Japanese place order with ; Sept. (1961) p. 105.
mothership with almost 4 million pounds; Dec.
(1961) p. 90.
North Atlantic mothership fleet production, winter
1961; July (1961) p. 94.
transplanted from Baltic to Aral Sea; Jan. (1961)
Dedoe
High-seas fishery expansion continues; Sept. (1961)
p. 105.
Icelandic exports of fishery products in 1960 to
; June (1961) p. 63.
Japanese North Pacific high-seas fishing operations,
Soviet fisheries mission comments on; Nov. (1961)
Dealt
Landings for 1965; June (1961) p. 83.
Landings of fishery products, 1956-59; Feb. (1961)
p. 64.
Lights, flashing, to lure herring; June (1961) p. 83.
Marine studies centered at Sevastopol; Dec. (1961)
p. OL.
Northeastern Pacific fishery research; Dec. (1961)
peo:
North Pacific:
salmon and king crab quotas for 1961; Aug. (1961)
p. 47,
salmon catches by Japanese should be reduced,
Soviets say; July (1961) p. 75.
Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commission (Japan-

Soviet):

fifth annual meeting with Japanese; July (1961)
p. 40.

proceedings of fifth annual meeting; Oct. (1961)
p. 41.

salmon pact signed between and Japan; Aug.
(1961) p. 47.

scientific-technical committee talks open 1961
session; Apr. (1961) p. 44.
Norwegian and Greenland Seas fishery atlas issued;
Mar. (1961) p. 87.

1961 Index

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (U.S.S.R.)

(cont.)
Ocean perch, fishing off Newfoundland and in the
Sea of Japan planned for; June (1961) p. 83.
Salmon:
canned, United Kingdom imports from in-
creased; Jan. (1961) p. 84.
Japanese- North Pacific catch, 1960; Apr.
(1961) p. 46.
North Pacific catches in 1960; Aug. (1961) p. 47.
Pacific catches; June (1961) p. 85.
Pacific problems subject of conference; May
(1961) p. 65.
Soviet type seen off Scotland; Oct. (1961) p. 82.
transplanted Pacific type to Barents Sea; June
(1961) p. 84.
transplanting experiments of Pacific type to
Atlantic Ocean successful; Jan. (1961) p. 83.
Sealing in Northwest Atlantic; June (1961) p. 51.
Seaweed processing plant planned for White Sea
area; Jan. (1961) p. 83.
South-West Africa coast, more
off; Aug. (1961) p. 87.
Trawler(s):
factoryship, new, to fish in Northwest Atlantic;
Mar. (1961) p. 87.
factoryship type fishing off South-West Africa;
July (1961) p. 93.
fishing type, large, woman serves as captain on;
Jan. (1961) p. 84.
Freezer-types; Oct. (1961) p. 82.
Tuna, frozen, Japanese firm negotiating export to
of; Jan. (1961) p. 71, Apr. (1961) p. 65,
Aug. (1961) p. 71.
Unknown fish species discovered by scien-
tist; June (1961) p. 11.
Vessels, fishing:
“floating drydock en route to Pacific Coast for;
May (1961) p. 64.
Ghana, Soviets agree to supply; Nov. (1961) p. 48.
Whale oil sold to western Europe; Dec. (1961) p. 90.
Whaling in North Pacific; Dec. (1961) p. 90.

fishing vessels

UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC

Shrimp regulations governing freezing and export
of; Aug. (1961) p. 92.

UNITED KINGDOM

Crab meat, canned, imports from Russia increased
Jan, (1961) p. 84.
Dogfish migrations studied; Oct. (1961) p. 82.
European Common Market fishery exports, mem-
‘bership advantageous to; Oct. (1961) p. 82.
Fish behavior experiments conducted on whether
or not fish see trawl net; Aug. (1961) p. 93.
Fishermen, earnings, inshore, survey of; Mar.
(1961) p. 88.
Fishery trends, July 1961; Oct. (1961) p. 82.
Fishing limits:
Icelandic-British dispute settled on; May (1961)
p. 48, June (1961) p. 49, Oct. (1961) p. 83.
Norwegian, agreement ratified by Norway and
; July (1961) p. 36.
Soviet agreement with Britain to end; Sept. (1961)
p. 106.

Fish meal prices, Jan. 1961; Mar. (1961) p. 88, Apr. |

(1961) p. 88, May (1961) p. 65, July (1961) p. 94.
Fresh fish, wholesale firm predicts continued big
demand for; Aug. (1961) p. 93.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

UNITED KINGDOM

Ghana orders seiners and trawlers from is
Aug. (1961) p. 63.
Icelandic trawler owners continue agreement not to
land fresh fish in Britain; May (1961) p. 48.
Icelandic trawlers land catches despite labor trou-
ble; July (1961) p. 67.
Loans, fishery interest rates revised; Jan. (1961)
p. 84, May (1961) p. 65, Sept. (1961) p. 106, Nov.
(1961) p. 67.
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Convention:
declaration of understanding signed by ; Sept
(1961) p. 63.
Quality of fish measured with photoelectric cell;
Apr. (1961) p. 87.
Salmon, canned:
imported, study on; Apr. (1961) p. 88.
imports from Russia increased; Jan. (1961) p. 84.
Japan's second sale to Great Britain; June (1961)
p.., 10;
Shrimp industry and foreign trade; Jan. (1961) p. 85.
Silver Cod Trophy for 1960 won by trawler ''Prince
Charles"; Aug. (1961) p. 93.
Thawing of frozen fish, electronic unit developed
for; June (1961) p. 86.
Transfer of catches at sea to carrier vessel, trawl-
ers experiment with; Apr. (1961) p. 87, Nov.
(1961) p. 67.
Trawler:
Food and Agriculture Organization fisheries di-
rector, new vessel named after; Feb. (1961) p.30.
stern, new type, launched; Oct. (1961) p. 83.
stern type, new, vertical plate freezer for; June
(1961) p. 86.
super type launched in Germany; May (1961) p. 66.
Vessels, fishing:
grants and loans restricted for Scottish; July
(1961) p. 95.
trawler, fiberglass, under construction; Sept.
(1961) p. 106.
Whale Oil:
production and utilization; Oct. (1961) p. 83.
Whaling, Japan's recently purchased British fleet
to operate in Antarctic; Jan. (1961) p. 72.

UNITED NATIONS

Energy sources, new conference on:
solar drying devices could save money in fishing
and farming; Dec. (1961) p. 63.

UNITED STATES

Consumption of fishery products, 1960; Apr. (1961)
p. 34.

Fishery trends for 1960 show tuna and shrimp pop-
ularity increased; June (1961) p. 42.

Fish meal, oil, and solubles production, 1959-60;
Mar. (1961) p. 20.

Fish sticks and portions production, Apr.-June
1961; Sept. (1961) p. 51.

Landings, commercial fishery; Jan. (1961) p. 36,
Apr. (1961) p. 34, Sept. (1961) p. 47, Dec. (1961)

p. 50.

Passamaquoddy Tidal Power Project not economi-

cally feasible; Aug. (1961) p. 49.

UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT

Alaska tax on freezer ships upheld; July (1961)
p. 100.

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 1961 Index

UNUTILIZED FISH
Lake Michigan commercial potential of stocks
surveyed; Jan. (1961) p. 24.

URUGUAY
Shrimp industry; Feb, (1961) p. 64.
Tuna:
fishing conditions and markets; Sept. (1961) p, 107.
Japanese company files application to fish off
; Mar, (1961) p. 67.

Japan- fishing enterprise; May (1961) p. 49.
U.S, CIRCUIT COURT
Fishermen:
tax exemption for unemployment and social secu-
rity for fishing crews upheld by a Sistas

(1961) p, 114,

VENEZUELA
Fisheries trends, fall 1960; Apr, (1961) p. 89.
Shrimp fishery trends, Dec, 1960; Mar, (1961)

p. 89,
Trout, rainbow, U.S. Pacific Northwest type trans-
planted in and Hawaii; Dec. (1961) p, 113.

Tuna, another Japanese long-liner to fish out of
for; Oct. (1961) p. 63.

VESSEL(S), FISHING
Additions to the U.S. fishing fleet; Jan, (1961) p.38,
Feb. (1961) p. 26, Mar. (1961) p. 35, Apr. (1961)
p. 35, May (1961) p. 27, June (1961) p. 43,
July (1961) p. 34, Aug. (1961) p. 37, Sept.
(1961) p, 48, Oct. (1961) p. 33, Nov. (1961)
pe 34, Dec, (1961) p. 51.
Boats, undocumented, numbering requirements
issued by U.S. Coast Guard for; Sept. (1961)
ps, Dlls,
California research vessel ''Alaska, '' underwater
chamber with glass ports added to; Aug. (1961)
jot alite
Canada:
Government proposes to increase assistance for
construction of ; Aug. (1961) p. 58.
Great Lakes fishing may not land in U.S.
ports, U.S. Treasury Department rules; Aug,
(1961) p. 100,

research » new, for North Pacific; Aug.
(1961) p. 59.
revises law defining ''fishing "; June (1961)
p. 53,
Construction differential subsidy, first application
for ; June (1961) p. 22.

Fish and Wildlife Service construction differential
subsidy, first application for; June (1961) p. 22.
Hydrofoil craft, ocean-going, nearing completion;
Aung, (1961) p. 42.
Inspection regulations, amended, issued; Dec.
(1961) p. 93,
Japan:
construction of tuna continues to increase;
May (1961) p. 49.
construction trends; Apr, (1961) p. 69.
Fishery Agency authorizes construction of 5
Mar, (1961) p. 70, July (1961) p. 74.
fishing firm, third largest, builds salmon mother-
ship and other 3 July (1961) p. 75.
tuna approved for construction, fiscal years
1958-60; Sept. (1961) p, 92.

{ VESSEL(S) FISHING

Japan:
tuna » new policy announced on licensing of;
Mar. (1961) p. 66.
unlicensed tuna may be registered under
foreign flag; Déc. (1961) p. 79.
Life rafts, inflatable, for ; Nov. (1961) p. 35.
Lookout, proper, should be maintained on
with automatic pilots; July (1961) p. 99.
Mortgage insurance program,first application ap-
proved for; Apr. (1961) p. 38,

Multipurpose sixty -foot » French; Aug. (1961)
Pewols
North Atlantic fisheries investigations, bids re-
quested for new fishery research for; Apr.
(1961) p. 27.
Peru interested in purchasing from South
Africa; Mar, (1961) p. 87.
Research ag
future ones face complex problems; Oct. (1961)
p. 39.

Honolulu Biological Laboratory, new one for;
Dec, (1961) p. 25.
Louisiana firm to construct; July (1961) p, 28.
topic of forum in Tokyo; July (1961) p. 36.
Shrimp:
cargo transfer at sea, ruling on; Mar, (1961) p. 94.
Coast Guard policy on inspection for trans -
ferring cargo at sea; Mar. (1961) p. 94.
Southeastern United States fishery, study of
and gear usage in the; Aug. (1961) p. 1,
Subsidy excluded from mortgage insurance; Jan,
(1961) ip Site
Subsidy for construction of » proposal to per-
mit use of either value or volume in determining
eligibility for; Aug, (1961) p. 97.
Trawler:
fiberglass under construction in Great
Britain; Sept. (1961) p. 106,
stern type, new, launched in Great Britain; Oct.
(1961) p. 83.
U.S.S.R. floating drydock for en route to
Pacific Coast; May (1961) p. 64.
United Kingdom:
grants and loans for Scottish restricted;
July (1961) p. 95.
supertrawler launched in Germany; May (1961)
p. 66.

VETERANS ADMINISTRATION
Canned fish requirements from 1960-61 pack; July
(1961) p. 15.
Canned tuna and salmon, awards on, Dec. (1961)
Pp. 27.

VIET-NAM
Fisheries development, achievement in; Aug, (1961)
p. 94,
Shrimp industry; Mar. (1961) p. 89.

VIRGINIA

Crabs, blue, large number tagged in Chesapeake
Bay; Jan, (1961) p. 41.

Institute of Marine Sciences awarded grant towards
construction of a new laboratory; July (1961) p. 34,

Landings, fisheries, in 1960 top 30-year average;
June (1961) p. 46,

Marine laboratory expands research program; Jan,
(1961) p. 42.

1961 Index

VIRGINIA (cont, )
Migrations of young fish, new plastic floats to
trace; Sept. (1961) p. 52.
Oyster drills:
roofing tile to trap; May (1961) p. 28.
scientist participates in field tests for control of;
Sept. (1961) p. 54.
Oyster industry:
disease, new, discovered; Aug. (1961) p. 35.
MSX disease reappears in Chesapeake Bay; Sept.
(1961) p. 53,
quality of 1960/61 harvest good; May (1961) p. 29.
scientist expresses hope for; Aug. (1961) p. 43.
Radioactive particles concentration by marine
animals, Virginia Fisheries Laboratory receives
grant to study; Jan. (1961) p. 41.

VITAMIN
Fish-liver oil,
(1961) p. 142.

WAGE(S)

American Samoa, hearing to investigate and re-
commend minimum for; Aug. (1961) p. 98,

Puerto Rico review committees, regulations
issued for; Aug. (1961) p. 98.

Tuna canning in Puerto Rico, industry in Puerto
Rico does not file application for minimum

rate review; Oct. (1961) p. 86.

WALRUS
Alaska, utilization of

WASHINGTON
Geophysical exploration authorized in Pacific
Ocean area off 3 Oct, (1961) p85.
Salmon:
Columbia River fishing regulations for 1961; Apr.
(1961) p. 31.
"fish farming" experiments begin to pay off; Mar.
(1961) p. 38.
king:
eggs donated for planting in Japanese rivers;
Jan, (1961) p. 43, June (1961) p. 39.
plant of two million marks beginning of large-
scale fish-farm experiment;Apr. (1961) p. 38.
king and silver reared to maturity in captivity;
Sept. (1961) p. 54,
plantings of young in 1960 at record high; Jan,
(1961) p. 43.
sockeye run to the north fork of the Lewis River,
experiment will try to create a new; Mar.
~(1961) p. 38.
Spawning escapement good despite poor catches;
Jan, (1961) p. 44.
Trawling, bottom, explorations off the and
British Columbia coasts, May-Aug, 1960; June
(96H) spews
Tuna, albacore, coastal waters off Oregon and
explored for; Sept. (1961) p. 36, Oct. (1961)
p. 22.
underwater explosions cause little damage to fish;
Apr. (1961) p. 39.

WEATHER STATION
Gulf of Mexico, robot station in; Sept. (1961) p. 56.

WEST AFRICA
FAO regional fisheries body for
sideration; June (1961) p. 50.
Fisheries commission for planned; Sept.
(1961) p. 59.

A concentrate from; Sept.

; May (1961) p. 10.

under con-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

WEST AFRICA
Japanese transshipments of Atlantic trawl fishery
catches off ; Sept. (1961) p. 91.
Regional fisheries commission for
by FAO Council; Sept. (1961) p. 60.
Regional fisheries organization for » United
States represented at conference on Setting up;
July (1961) p. 41.
Tuna:
big eyed Japanese catch reported good off Hi
Oct. (1961) p. 60.
conference held in Dakar; Mar. (1961) p. 42.
fishery trends; Mar, (1961) p. 90.
Norwegian expedition fishes off ; Jan, (1961)
Psa.

approved

WEST AFRICAN REGIONAL FISHERIES COMMISSION
Food and Agriculture Organization, proposal for
3; Sept. (1961) p. 59.

WEST COAST, U.S,
Fishery problems, field hearings held on; Dec,
(1961) p. 43,

WEST INDIES
Tuna cannery, Japanese, construction in Curacao
of; Sept. (1961) p. 107.

WHALE

White
hunting Arctic
(US6U) hp les

with hypodermic needle; Nov,

WHALE MEAL
Brazil:
supply and distribution of fish and A
1961; Sept. (1961) p. 66,

1959-

| WHALE OIL

Brazil's supply and distribution of inedible fish and
, 1959-1961; Sept. (1961) p.. 66.
Chile's production and exports, 1958-1960; July
(1961) p. 54,

Netherlands:
price of , Jan, 1960-Apr. 1961; Sept. (1961)
john eas
utilization of » 1959-1960; Sept. (1961) p. 95.
Norway:
foreign trade and production of ; Sept. (1961)
Deeg 6e
prices of ; Sept. (1961) p. 100,

Prices for 1960/61 Antarctic production trend high-
er; May (1961) p. 39, Aug. (1961) p, 54,

United Kingdom production and utilization; Oct.
(961) ips 832

U.S. imports and exports, Jan, -Mar, 1961; July
(1961) p. 32.

WHALING
Antarctic:
catch, division into national quotas, certain
nations meet to discuss; Aug. (1961) p. 53,
Norway:
quota set for 1960/61.
Pavia
output higher for 1960/61 pelagic season; July
(1961) p. 41,
Australia's whale oil supply, distribution, and for-
eign trade, fiscal years 1957/58-1960/61; July
1961) p, 45.

season; Jan, (1961)

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

WHALING (cont. )
California's land stations licensed for 1961; Aug.
(1961) p. 44,
Canada:
British Columbia operations closed in 1960; Jan,
(U9 61) ep. 58%
British Columbia industry reactivation in
1961 doubtful; Apr. (1961) p. 49.
Humpback agreement, Japanese-Australian; Apr.
(1961) p. 46.
Japan:
Antarctic Ocean ; Sept. (1961) p. 77.
Antarctic production for 1960/61 season sets new
record; July (1961) p. 79.
fleet purchased from British to operate in Ant-
arctic; Jan. (1961) p. 72.
North Pacific operations begun in May; July (1961)
p. 79, Sept. (1961) p. 90.
Netherlands:
Antarctic operations as of Jan. 8, 1961; Mar.
(1961) p. 75, Apr. (1961) p. 74.

Antarctic , 1960/61 season profits decline;
Aug, (1961) p. 81.
Antarctic production for 1959/1960 and

1960/61 seasons; Aug. (1961) p. 80.

company reports best season in 14 years; Apr.
(1961) p. 73.

factoryship sale to Japan confirmed; Mar. (1961)

p. 75.
Norway:
Antarctic production up for 1960/61 season;
June (1961) p. 77.
Antarctic trends; Apr. (1961) p. 74, Oct.

(1961) p. 72.
Council for urges withdrawal from
Convention; Mar. (1961) p. 77.
factoryship sold to Japan; Oct. (1961) pp. 45, 72.
Whaling Convention, decides not to withdraw from;
Mar. (1961) p. 77.
Quota for 1962/63 season, agreement reached on
division of; Oct, (1961) p. 44.
U.5.S.R. North Pacific ; Dec. (1961) p. 90.

WHITEFISH
Lake Superior, western:
spawning survey; Feb, (1961) p. 20.

WHITE HOUSE
Halibut fishing regulations, North Pacific, 1961,
approved by President; May (1961) p. 73.
Law of the sea conventions signed by President;
June (1961) p. 90.

1961 Index

WHITE HOUSE
Oceanographic research, President asks increase
in fiscal year 1962 budget for; June (1961) p. 90.

WHITING
Frozen shelf life affected by method and time
of chilled storage; Nov. (1961) p. 36.
Vertical movements of studied; June (1961)
p. 34,

WHOLESALE MARKET(S)
Japan's Tokyo fish
(1961) p. 79.

largest in Asia; Aug.

WILDLIFE
Federal aid funds for sport fish and
tion; Aug. (1961) p. 24.

restora-

WISCONSIN
Lake Michigan waters, commercial otter trawling
in; Jan. (1961) p. 46.

WORLD
Industrial products production as reported by
principal producing countries; Sept. (1961) p. 32.
Landings, 1958, at some of the world's leading
fishing ports; Sept. (1961) p. 64.
Tuna congress for 1962 planned; Dec. (1961) p. 61.

WORLD BANK
British Guiana loan from includes lending
program for fishing industry; Aug, (1961) p. 57.

YELLOW PIKE
Lake Erie tagging experiment; Oct. (1961) p. 18.
Tagging in Green Bay-Saginaw Bay; Oct. (1961)
Deals

YEMEN
Fishing industry of ; Dec. (1961) p. 91.
YUGOSLAVIA
Imports of fish oil and meal, 1959-1960; Oct. (1961)
p. 84,
Italy -Yugoslavia agreement on fishing in
waters; Mar. (1961) p. 63.
Tuna, frozen:
Japanese deliveries to- ; Mar. (1961) p. 65,
Aug. (1961) p. 71, Dec. (1961) p. 75.
market trends in Italy and for Japanese
product; Oct. (1961) p. 62.
Tuna processing techniques, technicians may go to
Japan to study; July (1961) p. 96.

Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior--a department of conservation--is concerned with
the management, conservation, and development of the Nation's water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest,
and park and recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and Territorial

affairs.

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonre-
newable resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational resources are con-
served for the future, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress,
prosperity, and security of the United States--now and in the future.

Issued Dec. 1964

a ol A

om

th)

SES
Za - THE PROGRAM OF

THOSE OF KING CRAB ~ SCHLOP
=. haBUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

TUNA ~ AND SHRIMP -

_ _ FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
U..S.DEPARTMENT:OF THE INTERIOR

JUST AS SCIENCE IS HELPING RESTORE LOST

FISH AND WILDLIFE VALUES OF THE LAND E PROVING METHODS OF
i SO 1S SCIENCE HELPING MAN AVOID SIMILAR Dx 2hOCE SING PRESERVING

MISTAKES AT SEA -- ANDO DISTRIBUTING F/SH-

ERY PROOUCTS: RESEARCH

a BUT BECAUSE THE SEAS ARE FREE PAE Leo AIMED AT ATOMIC
BOOM AND MANY SPECIES MIGRANT PRODUCTS TP EXTEND THE
MANY NATIONS MUST COOPERATE S ae ‘UUST CAUGHT * CONDITION:
2 aN THE BUREAU /NGPECTS FISH PRODUCTS ~ AND
(NTORNATIONAL | SALMON. #1 DS iano SE GP ounce ys OTS TAT PASS
Panes Bs Sa*, Aw
COMMIS CION be / FIELD INSTALLATIONS AND RESEARCH
SmanarOVAL LAB PROJECTS ~ AND THE /NTERNAT/ONAL IATERNATJONAL
aes COMMISSIONS WITH WHICH THE BUREAU Ea
3 nama ae COOPERATES « ORTH) ATLANTIC
PACIFIC SALPION ~
COMMISGION Y teas

NI WHALES CLAMS-HERRING
mt {fue Ses = Z| SHELLFISH PREDATORS te
re = BUREAU HAS
RECOVERIES OF TAGGED ( KING CRABS ca =
FISH AND DYED SHELLFI ‘248 7 FeO aE EN DLN TSE
REVEAL MIGRATION PAT- LABS z

TRAWL FISH
TERNS, AS WELL AS_ FACTS — OYSTERS Z FOOD ~ RESULTING /N MORE
» ON. ABUNDANCE, LIFE HIST LAMPREY ae 3 a zaas |ScALLoPS 7 NUTRITIONAL FOOD FOR
UUecTING AN ORIES, AND DEATH Ri a £48 take FISHED oS t eer FURBEARERS - PETS - HOGS-
A CL4B JN CLAMS- OYSTERS. AND CHICKENS: N
OVE INTO - __— FISHERY OCEANOGRAPHY J SHELLFISH
ee | cELRNER ane aa) (youams Ul
; YY (yet. r
SARDINES ) Systens
| BLUE CRAB i‘ “nie WN,

SHAD “LABS
STRIPED BASS /
| MENHADEN 4° couru
ATLANTIC
\ | FISHES

OYSTERS *
{ PESTICIDES he \
SHRIMP \
inDUSTRIAL Fish “48 Va »)
RED TIDE RESEARCH

— LAB
RESEARCH SHOWS THAT a

COMATISS./ON FoR.
VATION
IRIMP IN THE &ASTERN
GULF OF MEXICO.
CONTROLS AND METAL FENCES
OFFER ee. TO CHECK

ELECTRIC warm
OR LAMPREY
CONTROL

¥Z
ae = : CHEMICAL, COMBINATIONS
SCIENT/STS_ PROBE > g ' o
oe Syhiprome. 2 =a.

OF DISEASE AND

SECRETS OF LIFE:

ANDO ELECTRIC CONTROLS
WERE TESTED BEFORE THE
SEA _LAMPREYS /N THE GREAT
LAKES WERE CHECKED -

CHEMICAL CONTROLS NOW

SS

LAMPREYS
ATTACKING

UCLIDES BY MARINE BS, DRILLS, Tame TROUT
PLANKTON ~ F/SH ~AND aac AND ‘STARF/SH — é
SHELLFISH THE PRINCIPAL
ENEMIES OF
OYSTERS

INTERNATIONAL
WHALING
COMM/ISEION

WORLD-WIDE
ACTIVITIES

2 FISH FLOUR 1S PROTEIN IN ORY POWDER
. me FORM THAT CAN BE ADDED TO BREAD ~
WREAT PROBLEM /N THE SOUPS~AND MANY OTHER FOODS~ AND

ONE Gi
WORLD FIGHT AGAINST HUNGER AND CAN BE STORED FOR A LONG TIME
= DISEASE 1S THE LACK OF AN/MAL WITHOUT LOSS. RESEARCH IS CONTINU-
PROTEIN IN DIETS+ SCIENTISTS ING TO DEVELOP BETTER PROCESSING
UABERWATER DRIFT BOTTLES AND ANCHOR- HAVE DEVELOPED F/SH PROTEIN: METHODS ~ AND NEW PRODUCTS*
3 DE: —=

CONCENTRATE, OR "FISH FLOURY 7O

() , TV_CAMERAS PRY. HELP FILL THAT NEED

INTO THE PRIVATE
LIVES OF FISH ~REVEAL —_-

5 a ED BUOYS REVEAL MOVEMENT
Sy en oe AND SPEED OF OCEAN CURRENTS~
v5 TEMPERATURE ~ GALINITY ~
LIGHT PENETRATION ~ AND

~ GOOD AND BAD FISHING Vee OTHER FACTS ~ /NFORMATION
OPERATIONS ~ OBSERVATIONS NECESSARY TO TRACE OR
THAT HELP TO DESIGN PREDICT THE MOVEMENTS ~
\ BETTER GEAR AND SPALWWING
\ METHOOS f
SCUBA DIVERS AND UNDER- ANDO WEATHER

WATER OBSERVATION FORECASTERS
= BUBBLES ON BOATS: MAKE USE
~ ARE ALSO USED- OF THE SAME

THE INDUSTRIAL USE OF F/SH O/L
/S EXPECTED TO RIVAL THAT OF COAL
AND PETROLEUM™~ IT /S ALREADY

USED /N THE MANUFACTURE OF

MANY ITEMS

NEW ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

HAVE SEPERATED THE MANY FATTY
SUBSTANCES OF THE OL ~ SO -
THAT SPECIFIC GROUPS OF =
COMPOUNDS CAN BE /SOLATED ~
ANALYZED ~AND USED+ cs

of
MEDICINES PLASTICS PHARMACUETICALS LINOLEUM

WATCHING A TRAWL
NET In OPERATION

ANCHORED
Buoy

| :
& Phireneeue GF

830 SAX hz

63/87/96 198115 x

COMSESUATION. IHC.

tee Par

o) ae i Bt
Ha) vee ;

ra at ae

we vay

Gt eee

7 U 7
‘wy

a agi
Shh: }

TR Waka
ihe %

i mn) ; ; nie - Me pbb ie th no Ay
ms ri e.

ee bi 74 ie a

a '
n Pa
i.
ie i ees

a r Pie

ww

q m i a ir

’
on

bh Li , fF t—4 wn SS aA ond . BQ - 5 —
Uy fe * ay) 27 EONS 2a ERS 8 WE ES
2? = bingea SY > \ SS > S WASH \S 5 S Ze = ee <
uw

NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS saiuvygi LIBRARIES SMITHSOR

-IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

tES SMITHS

LIBRARIES SMITHS

-IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSOI

wo = > > 2)
w 5 o a Ww
< “ JS. <
oe = 5S & LS aa S &
o. = 5 = o 5 oO.
3 = Zz ee a 2 oF
NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSON IAD INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSH!
+ d Zz — = is
aa Ne Oo pe fe) ax? fo) =
Oo \~ _ ie”) oat Oo —
2 5 2 5 II? 7 2
2 NG = % a a E a
>) — ae =
ay , Ke ae - Wit, eee &- es)
27) eo wn = wn = w
wo
=
=
<—
7)
[e)
2
>
ms

~ Z z eX g z g z Ke
Ws = < Gs = << = SE NCS
\\ SS =a = ANS We = Zz 4 z NS
VE BEV EVR | gE 8 ZH 2S
NX 2 = . 2 = 2 = .
. 2 5 . 2B a = \
satuvysia LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSH.

s,

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

NOILALILSNI
LIB RAR 1ES
Ws

WY
\
SYK
LIBRARIES

NOILNLILSNI
Y Yy
Oi;

SIIMVUSIT LIBRARIES

INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3Iu¥vuYdIT LIBRARIES SMITHSO

INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI
INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI

re Zz i r
© = —
= = = o
=) > = 2
= E
= = a a Vf
wn’ w = °’ a
z z o o
NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS SAluVY tT ey INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI
yy, 2 = y, = = <° = fh, =<
Gly. & ey 6 = 5 z 28
a ia n Ww w nw
bi he = oO Se ° 2 ae) “2
ho We zZ = 2 = 2 f=
— = > S = =
a 2 77) 2 a 5 a

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYSI7- LIBRARIES SMITHSO

%

NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

LIBRARIES
wr
NOILALILSNI

NOILNLILSNI

LIBRARIES
NOILNLILSNI

INSTITUTION NOJLALILSNI NVINOSH

S2INVUGIT LIBRARIES

r = =z =a
wo NG S o 2 = S
) \\) NS = 2 = LEX
Ps BK =) 2 >
care NG Ee cad = =
2 NS = a = =
= no m n 2)
O aS no = z

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT_LIBRARIES, SMITHSO

NVINOSHLINS S31Y¥VYdIT LIBRARIES
ere Uy 6
= Go a:

ee g zZ g Zee
Bor = = _— = Ss aw
Se = 5 = 5 NS
KOO g 2 B » 2 WW :
MQ 2 Z F ze oN
7 _ > > = > : Ss
: Bee 2 77) Fa 7) ty.
NOLLNLILSNI LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSH

IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

| 2 & z Z 2
? ZX = =. ot Jp a 2 oN
: = WS = aiYPif < = (SS
= SN e ~ ps ec « S \
7 S = . “iG = e =
= ro) ee 3 oO = ro)

l ffi SF SSNS o LE } 2 SWE SG Y fy F ra) 5° TY SSS
POE SS EWE NOLO” Be Ee EOS
= TON, > Sie eS >" = > = BEN
” Zz a °..
TUTION. NOILMLILSNI_NVINOSHIINS S3INVUGIT LIBRARIES. INSTITUTION NOILMLILSN!
w = a
© = oc = x a
< <c & -< = < vet <
fata 4 N a = ce =; a
2 fo) = = fo) baa fo) =
J i: a! 78 a! 2 =!
VYUdIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NWINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES
= S = S is S S
2 5 gt Les = z = 2
= Ex. Gy x FE a E 5
es “By, ae Ee = & =
— = w ‘. oa (2)
TUTION NOILNLILSNI NYINOSHLINS S3iuvuall SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSN
: 77) Zz w z Q z N¢E- n
Xs = < = = = Sa is
> = > + z | 2 s =
EE 3 zy - g a g
$ - F4 = = e 2
Bini) ie Seer er ones a ais Se
LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYvysIt

— Ww = (7p) — w =
Fe uw = Ww 2 RS uw =
g =. ugh jp 3 : 4 NE z
car < ivf = ss =a anes 5
= feed Yous : = [ang Cc @ S
= ao ¥ = a = > 0 =
fe) = je o = oO = o
2 am 2 = 2 =) 2
TUTION | NOILALILSNI _NVINOSHLIWS 24 buyvuad 7 tt BRARI ES, [~ INSTITUTION ~ NOILNLILSN
S =e S) a cS s °
5 2 5 2 5 2 5
i 5 = z Ee es re
E 2 r = e, z F
Z Bo 2 i Z B Z
vud tl BRAR|! ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3 tuvugl et! BRARIES
My, 5 Zz = \ st = = Yor, 3
vie ‘iE 5 WNW: 3 wees \S
A x % ) ae aR LAY OO it = fo) GA UL fe
2 aR z E NS 2 E z pos
zo E BL ne z 5
TUTION | NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS | S3 I¥YVUYGIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION op NOLLALILSN
Ww eS us ay S uw
= y = = G =
< 2 < < 6 z
oe = & ; a“ = fee
a 2 = a ay S a

VUEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN (INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYUREIT LIBRARIES

INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI

a z c c z ©
po] =), a a 5 Fac
> EF: 2 >- = >
= Be = 2 e 2
m 2 m m cm) z
n = no n . a)
TUTION NOIIALILSNI, NVINOSHLINS (Sa lyvua Toul BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSN
as nw a x w
Ree < = ‘s s Se Ne
S ZFC SIGS RE EDIE 124
Y 2 = = = Pins = z2 Y
EN Neal es z ae Be = oe
vWugia LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IiY¥WVYEIT LIBRARIES

NOILNLILSNI

LIBRARIES

LIBRARIES
NS
eu
Wy:
NOILALILSNI
NOILALILSNI
LIBRARIES

NOILNLILSNI

—rt—t——CO AM TTT
i i ita ree : te aot ; es || | | | | | | | |
peat Uns nae 3 9088 01018 2095

¢ ca
sini Sahit vce i
Wripigisurs a Dart , t ‘ wee
aden cea AS Ali : Ha
Tere a ee ee 4 ine
Wa Re tietes Pot " * i :
rent inaiiitn fai ; Heit
5 be RR Rea
a f cite
iy 4 ag “i
PREM ENR HeaTEACG
ta ataata atl Mile Toa

Bee
Pee

We
a Shaye

a f : }
i "1
, - a Hf i
i F ‘ Ly

Pete leme

STH HA
By

Peace
* 1
at

EOS yas
Tlie ete

¢ targets Wha
ents a i
suhatyhsiecup hts

Ueisive

fitheesutetite

Aves

sedans
Sno alecela!
fetes

Seiad

eben

det
7

4
rw ys ara

abana 8 3

viceracmrar es