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SEPTEMBER 1950

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE

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United States Department of the Interior

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Washington, D.C.

UNITED. STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

OSCAR L. CHAPMAN, Secretary ALBERT M. DAY, Director

COMMERCIAL
FISHERIES

A REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS AND NEWS OF THE FISHERY INDUSTRIES
PREPARED IN THE BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
A. W. Anderson, Editor

R.T. Whiteleather, Associate Editor
Wm.H. Dumont and J. Pileggi, Assistant Editors

Applications for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, which is mailed tree to members of the
fishery industries and allied interests,should be addressed to the

Director, Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, 25, D.C.

The contents of this publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely; however, reference to
the source will be appreciated. The Service assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of material from outside sources.

The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, December 15,1949

CONTENTS

COYER: INTERIOR, OF PiLOTHOUSE LOOKING FORWARD ABOARD THE
JOHN N. COBB, A RECENT ADDITION TO THE U. S. FISH AND
WILDLIFE SERVICE FLEET OF EXPLORATORY AND RESEARCH FISH-
ING VESSELS. SHOWN ARE THE STEERING CONTROL PANEL, WHEEL,

ENGINE-ROOM INDICATORS, AND CONTROL STAND. (SEE P. 1 OF
THIS: 1SSUE.)

PAGE

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPLORATORY FISHING VESSEL "JOHN N. COBB” BoehG Wass GNESCIinG pobodoe Mtefete sbigdtonubsduda |

SALMON CANNERY TRIMMINGS--PART | - RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF SEPARATED PARTS, BY H. W. MAGNUSSON & W. H. HAGEVIG Bodbon . ©)

-_* © @ #
PAGE PAGE

RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES .. 13 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (CONT. ):

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: ..... dap) 1S U. S. PACK OF CANNED CRAB MEAT, 1949 ..... srehoteyeteiel Mane)
ADDITIONS TO THE FLEET OF U. S. FISHING VESSELS ... 15 U. S. PACK OF CANNED CLAMS & CLAM PRODUCTS, 1949 . 30
ALASKA FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: U. S. PACK OF CANNED FISH ROE & CAVIAR, 1949 ..... 3)

ALASKA FISHERIES UNDER RESEARCH FOLLOWING PREDICT- U. S. PACK OF CANNED ANIMAL FOOD FROM FISHERY
ED LEVELS OF PRODUCTION .......... Be So ess PRODUCTS MAGA ucnaretclelalefatateyeterieleieele eeaere emnse

FEDERAL PURCHASES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS........... ALG U. S. PRODUCTION OF MARINE-ANIMAL SCRAP &- MEAL,

FISHERY BIOLOGY NOTES: NO4Oiiereretsvel sherersiste terete gooUdsoGD000 6 baboon bo), ee
ARTINFAIGIAL CULTURE OF “OYSTERS! Is «'s11 cle aichetsdsie le serene eeimale ll: U. S. PRODUCTION OF OYSTER & MARINE-CLAM SHELL
TRANSFERRING OYSTERS TO AREAS OF HIGHER SALINITY . 16 PRODUGTSMMAIO4 ON Heareverelclevepnaleretoreisiotcceteteters anboogogoe Ss)
EXPERIMENTAL SETS OF HARD CLAMS tousraues) OBTAIN- U. S. PRODUCTION OF MARINE PEARL-SHELL BUTTONS ,

EDgircletenetatoferetoncistaieinbveisicleisieieleternsteietrcater doowude eat Y7, ICE Gionddoa édapacoougnuban sanoarad pobooads ete
NORTH ATLANTIC SALMON STOCKING PROGRAM O0 17 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES:
SHAD TAGGING EXPERIMENTS -..,.-.ecessenee doidoooda.: 1G WHOLESALER PRINCESS SUULYAi|O50)Welefotaje) stalls elcloletalotetarsicvel in SO,

GULF EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM: RETAIL PRICES, JULY 1950 ........ Gadanocenamosooo0 Sl
SHRIMP AREA LOCATED OFF ALABAMA AND MISS1SS1PPI EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM NOTES

CONST Moondecaod 3 ntalefatevereveherehoteveratsteneyeletarer sete 18 GUARANTIES OF INVESTMENT BY AMERICAN BUSINESS

NATIONAL FISHERIES TRENDS AND OUTLOOK--JULY-SEPT.~ FIRS boanbaced sdbdon bbognouogouMucooDDSUG, SW

MOS OMe rteratelstakercictehaveleloterctkeisimteunte siotemicietetaicio reinstates Sdod wall} MARSHALL PLAN COUNTRIES ADVANCED TOWARD RECOVERY
NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: GOALS) S INARIIRST) QUARTER ccteite cicvelevelerciaiseisterstenetstelsle emir
ALBATROSS |11 RETURNS FROM A. FISH CENSUS OF A\1D TO KOREA ....... phalotetevaveteteter ste eecetecets OM,
CERTAIN NEW ENGLAND BANKS (CRUISE NO. 37-A) .... 19 ECA PROCUREMENT AUTHOR! ZATIONS FOR FISHERY
PACIFIC OCEANIC, FISHERY |NVEST|GAT!ONS: PRODUCTS--AUGUST 1950 ........ pobb oodG. els!
HUGH M. SMITH OBSERVES OCEAN CURRENTS AND FISH NORTH PACIFIC EXPLORATORY FISHERY "PROGRAM:
Ria OOOK((CRUIS ENO'/\V)) sueienctensie sfetcistatersvay fe aversforepacraatees 20 SECOND PHASE OF THIS YEAR'S ALBACORE TUNA EX-
HUGH M. SMITH TO CAPTURE TUNA EGGS AND FRY PLORATIONS BEGUN BY JOHN N. COBB .........4.., 39
(CRUISE INORSAViIS) Dy. Sencettante core ena roe aereletalsepee, RORENIGNsiireyetelersheraletsteneitenats sovoebauon Oboodoosanonobodcs. <0)

SERVICE FILM SELECTED FOR SHOWING AT VENICE FILM AUSTRALIA:

FESITEIVA Ly te tcle\erafelieleletetevepnsiatene felon sites usiefele clcretetstatte Bieta 22, AUSTRALIAN SCAD RENAMED JACK MACKEREL ........+2. 40

PERSONNEL CHANGES IN THE BRANCH OF COMMERGIAL USE OF REFRIGERATED VESSELS FOR PROCESSING SPINY
PISKEME poSonoobogsAdsoodddaoncoseo Bedeietelenavolersiele 23 LOBSTERS tiv isterrebslocietchereteielsictslclieisjaloteiatarclante\icieiaielecetsh an .O)

SERVICE INCREASES USE OF FISH IN NORTH CAROLINA BERMUDA
SCHOOLSLUNCHAPROGRAM: ticuidic ove: sisiorefotitslecoteretnctsieieroleleisiens 23 RESTRICTS |Full SHA MPORTS tah cietarse}sleisisle loop uaetetelels saya ion O)

SERVICE TO ADMINISTER DINGELL BILL PROVISIONS ..... 26 BRITISH EAST AFRICA (KENYA):

SERVICE CLOSES FISHERY MARKET NEWS OFFICE AT DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL FISHERIES ..scecesecessees 41
HAMPTION(tacelescveittentiotasnateley stare cia lebelenetnretocanche Te pioeoaggn Bice x07 CANADA: it i

SOUTH PACIFIC FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS: REGULATIONS FOR PACKING SPRING BLOATERS FOR
SOME FINDINGS BY THE PACIFIC SARDINE RESEARCH EXPORMiiteteietefoseloielistetcete buddbubsbonduadoonon ddoo acon Cl

PROGRAMCy/sivjo lo ctacuvalevetc etetere’ er elel elelerererallejateicivialate\erele\sterer ail:

CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 75

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COMMERCIAL FI

September 1950 Washington 25, D.C. Vol.12, No.9
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DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPLORATORY FISHING VESSEL
JOHN N. COBB

By J. G. Ellson*

INTRODUCTION

In order to explore the untapped fishery resources in the waters off the Paci-
fic Northwest and Alaska, the U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service added the John N, Cobb
to its fleet. This lategt and newest exploratory fishing vessel was commissioned

: at the Department
of Oceanography Dock
of the University
of Washington at
Seattle, Washington,
on February 18, 1950.
Immediately follow-~
ing the commission-
ing ceremonies, an
Open house was held
aboard the vessel and
many interested scien-
tific and industry
people had an oppor-
tunity to examine the
vessel,

The John N, Cobb,
an entirely new ves-
sel, was designed ac-
cording to the Service's
specifications by
W, C, Nickum and Sons,
Naval Architects,
Seattle, Washington,
Built at Tacoma, Wash~
ington, by the Western
Boat Building Company,
it was launched on
January 14, 1950,

Operated by the
Exploratory Fishing
FIGURE | - THE JOHN N. COBB ON A TRIAL RUN ON PUGET SOUND. and Gear Development

Section under the Ser-
vice's Branch of Commercial Fisheries, the vessel is, at first, placing emphasis on
locating commercial concentrations of albacore tuna; determining their pattern of abun-

* FISHERY ENGINEER, NORTH PACIFIC EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM, EXPLORATORY FISHING AND GEAR DEVELOP-
MENT SECTION, BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON.

Wollei2, No, 9

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

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September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

dance; tracing their general migration in the waters off Oregon, Washington, and
Southeastern Alaska; and determining the most effective means of capturing the
tuna commercially, This phase of the work of the Exploratory Fishing and Gear
Development Section will be known as the North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program,

The vessel bears the name of a distinguished leader in the field of fisheries
research and knowledge--John N, Cobb, He was the founder and first dean of the
School of Fisheries at the University of Washington, as well as having had an out-
standing record in the fisheries industry and with the Bureau of Fisheries,

The planning of the John N, Cobb was based largely on practical experience
gained from previous exploratory cruises made with other vessels to various areas
from the Washington coast to the remote northern areas of the Bering Sea, The
vessel is planned as a multi-purpose fishing vessel, to fish experimentally in
the various types of fishing found on the West Coast, These include seining, trawl-
ing, long-line fishing, live-bait fishing, and trolling. Range of operations for
the vessel will extend from the Pacific coastal and offshore waters of the United
States to the northern Bering Sea, For this reason, the John N, Cobb is strongly
built; is designed to carry large amounts of fuel and water; is equipped with the
most modern navigational devices; carries the latest type of life-saving equipment;
and is amply powered,

DESCRIPTION OF VESSEL

The vessel's construction is of wood, with the exception of certain steel bulk-=
heads, engine foundations, and tanks, The general design of the vessel is that of
a West Coast purse-seiner with certain modifications to improve sea characteristics,
For example, the house structure and machinery spaces are located somewhat further
aft than in conventional seine boats; also the stern has been made eliptical with
the stern lines below the deck shaped so as to avoid the flat, broad type of seine-
boat stern, The hold is divided into compartments by steel watertight bulkheads
forward and aft of the engine room, forward of the forecastle crew's quarters, and
at the afterend of the hold,

The vessel is built to the following dimensions:

Length over-all ...eeeeeee 93! 5g" Draft over keel (mean load).... 9! 6"
Length, waterline ........ 85! 0"! Bunkers, Diesel fuel...-eeeeeeee 12,000 gals,
Beam over guards ececeesseee 25! 63" Capacity, fresh water sereseeres 6,000 gals,
Beam, Molded .cccsccecccee 2h! 6 " Cruising speed eseseseseeseoeees 10 knots
Depth, molded «eessseeeee 12! 7 " Maximum Speed\.......cccescocss fF LO.G knots

Draft, molded (mean load). 8'!6"

The main propulsive power is supplied by an 8-cylinder, 2-cycle, Diesel engine
furnishing 345 h.p. at 375 r.p.m. Since the engine is normally rated at 500 h,p, and
540 r.p.m,, long life and a minimum of maintenance is expected, There are 2 auxiliary,
3-cylinder, 45 h.p., Diesel generators, each of which supplies 30 kw, for the electri-
cal systems, One auxiliary has the dual function of running a generator or of driving
the main trawl winch through a hydraulic torque converter, The other unit is the pri-
mary source of electrical power and also has the function of driving 4 hydraulic pump
for operation of the anchor windlass and the trolling gurdies,

A unique SeeeEne f the vessel is an auxiliary drive to supply main propulsive

power at slow speeds, + Such is made possible by a sailing clutch which allows the
1/ SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JUNE 1950, PP. 1-3; ALSO ISSUED AS SEPARATE NO. 253.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No. 9

2 TOMBOTEDE Money

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110" WORK BOAT

FIGURE 4 - HOUSE TOP AND UPPER DECK ARRANGEMENTS OF THE JOHN N. COBB.

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

FIGURE 5 - VIEW OF THE JOHN N. COBB'S ENGINE ROOM. IN THE FOREGROUND CAN BE SEEN PART OF THE

MAIN DIESEL ENGINE. TWO DIESEL AUXILIARIES ARE SEEN IN THE BACKGROUND.

main engine to be disengaged from the main drive shaft, Power is taken off the
winch drive by means of a chain drive to a reduction gear which in turn is con-
nected by a chain drive to a sprocket on the propulsion shafting, This produces
variable low-vessel speeds ranging from 0 to about 3 knots, which is valuable for
certain fishing operations requiring low speeds, Also, in case of main-engine
breakdown, auxiliary means are available to make port for repairs, Equipped with
~20° F, sharp-freezing facilities, O° F, storage, and 1 refrigerated brine well,
the vessel can stow in the hold under refrigeration approximately 50,000 pounds
of frozen fish, A larger capacity was not deemed necessary for experimental work,
Deck machinery, in addition to the main trawl winch which spools 500 fathoms of
5/8" wire, includes a hydraulic-powered anchor windlass, an electric-powered
oceanographic winch on the topside (reeling 50 fathoms of 3/32" wire per minute),
an electric boom winch, and hydraulic-powered trolling gurdies, The trawl winch
is equipped also for seining and long-line fishing,

The John N, Cobb is rigged with various types of specialized fishing equip-~
ment which are readily portable, Among these are trolling poles, a bait tank,

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No. 9

FIGURE 6 - VIEW OF AFTERDECK DURING SHRIMP FiGURE 7 - MAIN FISHING WINCH. NOTE THE
FISHING OPERAT 1 ONS (SEE COMMERCIAL FISH- LARGE SHEAVE AT RIGHT FOR HAULING
ERIES REVIEW, MAY 1950, PP. 33-4). THE LONG-LINE GEAR.

GALLOWS FRAMES AND TRAWL WARPS ARE SHOWN,
AS |S THE CANOPY STRUCTURE: OVER THE BAIT
TANK. SHRIMP TRAPS HIDE THE BAIT TANK.

and the gallows frames, as well as a 17-foot motor launch, complete with a stern
roller, for work in shallow water, and an 18-foot conventional lifeboat.

FIGURE 8 - PILOTHOUSE LOOKING AFT. NOTE THE TWO SONIC DEPTH INDICATORS, THE |NTER~COM~
MUNI CATING EQUIPMENT, SURFACE SEA TEMPERATURE RECORDER, AND THE RADAR INSTALLATION,

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIZW ~ 1

The vessel is also outfitted with instruments and equipment for oceanographic
purposes, which include bathythermographs, bottom-sampling devices, reversing-type

Rare more meer Tn
Phe ce es u es
Ks ;

3

FIGURE 9 - VIEW OF CHART ROOM, SHOWING LORAN RECEIVER, 150 W. RADIO TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER,
RADAR TRANSCEIVER, AND PORTION OF LARGE CHART TABLE. THE SPACE OPENING AT THE REAR SHOWS
PART OF THE ADJOINING STATEROOM,

deep-sea thermometers, and plankton nets, A small laboratory space, with a
sink, is provided in the hold for work in connection with freezing and proces-
sing,

Electronic equipment found aboard includes the following:

Sonic depth recorder, audible signal Sonic depth recorder, recording type
Radio telephone, 150 watt Radio telephone, standby, 65 watt
Radio direction finder Loran receiver

Radar

Steering is by means of an electric-mechanical system complete with auto-
matic steering, Trials have clearly shown the remarkable maneuverability of
the vessel, An unusually large combination chart and instrument room has been
provided because of the special need for these facilities aboard,

8 ' COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No, 9

Facilities for scientific personnel have been furnished, Two staterooms
for scientific personnel«-each has two bunks, and is equipped with desk, shelf,
and locker space for scientific instruments, The captain and mate share a
stateroom on the topside, while the chief and assistant engineers share one
below, The forebastle space is roomy and comfortable, accommodating six men,

The John N, Cobb completed its first fishing trip to southeastern Alaska
on April 14 this year; and left on June 12 on a search for albacore tuna in
Pacific Coast and Alaskan waters, a continuation of a project started last year,
(See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1950, Pp. 33-34; June 1950, p. 21; July,

1950, pp. 25-26; August 1950, p. 18.)

"SS. PACIFIC EXPLORER"

PART V - 1948 OPERATIONS IN THE NORTH PACIFIC AND BERING SEA

Early in 1940, the President requested the Secretary of the Interior to in-
vestigate the possibility of establishing an American king crab industry in Alaskan
waters, In June 1940, a special appropriation was approved by Congress authorizing
the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct a technical, economic and biological in-
vestigation of the king crab fishery off the coast of Alaske, A year later funds
were provided to continue crab fishing experiments during the summer and fall
months of 1941.

The investigation established that there was a large king crab population in
the Bering Sea and that lesser but commercially exploitable quantities of crab
were to be found on tne south side of the Alaska peninsula in Pavlof and Canoe
Bays, around Kodiak Island and in certain locations in Cook Inlet. This investi-
gation disclosed that commercial catches could be made and an outstanding oppor-
tunity existed for the development of a king crab industry in the Bering Sea,
Large quantities of bottom fish were found which indicated that a floating factory
ship or shore-based operation should be so designed as to provide for the utili-
zationof these, as well as crabs, and of scrap resulting fram processing operations,

The Pacific Explorer, an American factory ship, was a development resulting
from the need for additional sources of protein foods during wartime. The 1940
and 1941 Bering Sea and North Pacific explorations of the Fish andWildlife Service
showed that possibilities of commercial exploitation of these fisheries could pro-
vide large supplies of fishery products to help meet these needs, In 1945, there-
fore, the War Food Administration recommended that the Defense Plants Corporation,
a subsidiary of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, obtain and convert a sea-
going vessel to a factory ship in order to increase available food supplies for
the war effort, When hostilities ceased, the conversion of the vessel had not
yet been completed, due primarily to material and equipment shortages, It was
decided, however, that it would be to the advantage of the country and its fishing
industry to complete the vessel and proceed with its use as a factory ship to
extend the scope of American fishing activities.

Facilities of the Pacific Explorer were primarily designed to prepare products
from king crabs and bottom fish in the Bering Sea, It was also conceived that a
secondary activity would be the freezing and transporting 6f tuna from southern
waters during the winter months when the Bering Sea can not be fished,

--Fishery Leaflet 361

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISH&RIES REVIEW 9

SALMON CANNERY TRIMMINGS

PART | - RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF SEPARATED PARTS

By H. W. Magnusson* and W. H. Hagevig ** 3%

ABSTRACT

DATA ARE PRESENTED ON THE RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF SEPARATED
PARTS (HEADS AND COLLARS, HEARTS, MISCELLANEOUS FINS, TAILS,
LIVERS, EGGS, MILT, AND DIGESTIVE TRACTS) WHICH CAN BE RECOV-
ERED FROM THE STANDARD CANNERY BUTCHERING AND TRIMMING EQUIP-
MENT FOR EACH OF THE FIVE SPECIES OF SALMON, NAMELY, PINK,
RED, CHUM, SILVER, AND KING.

INTRODUCTION

Every year nearly 100 million pounds of salmon trimmings, a potential source
of animal food, vitamins, amino acids, sterols, and other valuable biochemicals,
are discarded by the Alaskan salmon canneries. This wastage can be expected to
continue until procedures for profitably utilizing the trimmings are developed.
Already the waste (about 20 percent of the total) from a few canneries is being
used by shore and floating reduction plants to produce fish meal and oil. Pos-
sibly the waste from a few additional canneries could be handled profitably by
similar plants. The bulk of the waste, however, will not be used until new proc-
esses and products are developed. In fact, several processes are required, for
each cannery has its own individual problems.

Methods for preparing two nutritious food products from the edible parts of
salmon cannery waste have been reported (Anderson and Piskur 1944). For esthetic
reasons, these products were never commercialized. Methods have been investigated
for the alkali extraction of oil from various parts of the waste, as well asfrom
the whole waste (Anderson 1945; Butler and Miyauchi 1947; Carlson and Magnusson
1948). An excellent literature survey of the salmon waste utilization possibil-
ities has been prepared by Jones and Carrigan (1947). They suggested that the
most promising are processes which use only certain parts of the trimmings, for
instance, livers for the production of vitamin concentrates, eggs as a source of
cholesterol (Jones, Carrigan, and Dassow 1948), milt for production of aminoacids,
and the digestive tract as a source of enzymes. As yet, no One process appears
sufficiently profitable to warrant the high cost of hand, or even mechanical,
separation. However, the simultaneous separation and processing of several perts
might be economically feasible.

Published information on the amounts of each part which could be recovered
from the standard cannery butchering and trimming equipment was quite incomplete.
Therefore, on several occasions during the 1946 and 1947 canning seasons, special
efforts were made to secure and separate representative samples of the trimmings

from each of the five species of salmon:
CHEMIST IN CHARGE FISHERY PRODUCTS LABORATORY, BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES,
2% LABORATORY ASSISTANT U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, KETCHIKAN, ALASKA.

NOTE: RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHED AT KETCHIKAN FISHERY PRODUCTS LABORATORY WHICH !S JOINTLY
OPERATED BY THE ALASKA FISHERIES EXPERIMENTAL COMMISSION AND THE U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE.

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIAW VOM pe eNoeag

Pink, or humpback (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
Red, sockeye, or blueback (0. nerka)
Chum, fall, or dog (0. keta)
Silver, or coho (0. kisutch)

King, chinook, or spring (0. tshawytscha)

- COLLECTION AND SORTING OF SALMON CANNERY WASTE

In 1946, the trimmings were collected in a 12-inch diameter wire-mesh basket
by placing it directly in the chutes coming from the header and the "iron chink"
(trimming and cleaning machine). Collections that year were made from four of
the canneries accsssible to Ketchikan by road: Ketchikan Packing Co., P. E.
Harris & Co., New England Fish Co., and Wards Cove Packing Co. In 1947, all sam-
ples were secured from the Ketchikan Packing Company cannery. In the latter year,
larger baskets, 16 by 16 by 10 inches, were held under the end of the chute. In
both years, each sample studied weighed at least 100 pounds. Because a larger
basket was used, the 1947 samplings were probably the better. Actual counts of
heads, tails, egg sacs, and milts indicated that fairly uniform and representa-
tive samples were secured.

~
‘Se ils : ate :
on “

DISCARDED
PORTIONS

eS keine

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIUS REVIEW 11

At the laboratory, each sample was carefully and quantitatively sorted into
eight parts:.. heads plus collars, hearts, fins, tails, livers, eggs, milt, and
digestive tracts. During the sorting operations, small amounts of liquid always
separated, and there were small quantities of solid material too broken to iden-
tify. These two portions, which were comparatively small were discarded.

In the tables each datum on the amount of a part is presented as a percent-
age of the total weight of the eight identified parts. The composition of the

Table 1 - Composition of Samples of Salmon Cannery Waste

No. of Heads & =e Digestive
Species Year samples collars Hearts Tails Livers Eggs v tracts
0.7-0.9
0.8-0.9
0.5

cannery waste, of course, varies throughout a single season, depending consid-
erably on the maturity of the fish; for instance, late in the season the eggs
and milt become more important fractions of the total waste. Some variations
from year to year and area to area are to be expected. The proportions of re-
coverable waste parts also depends on the freshness of the fish going through
the butchering machinery and the care with which the machinery is adjusted.
The data presented must be considered as simply the best estimates obtainable
by the procedures employed at Ketchikan during 1946 and 1947. Possibly, the
ranges reported in Table 1 are of more significance than the averages shown in
Table 2.

Table 2 - Average Composition of 1946 and 1947 Salmon-Canner

i Average Composition of Total Waste
Species of Fish
Part of Fish

Percent | Percent | Percent} Percent} Percent

eads and collars eeeseecereeoeeeses

! earts @eeoerseeceeseeseseesseeee eres

ins COC ee ses eeeeeeteeeseeseseoeee

ails @eeeeeeeseeesreeseseereseeoseere

Livers Peer ereeteseseecseeeeeerseeseen

wees @ecersesceeereosereseereesseseessee

1t Ceoereesr esos eeeseseerereeeeseoe

DUSSStIVE IELACTS! We iccicieicisiecicicisleclvielele

OBSERVATIONS ON USE OF SALMON CANNERY WASTE

In 1949, the total quantity of salmon cannery trimmings utilized was greater
than in any previous year. Yet it amounted to barely 20 percent of the total
trimmings available in Alaska, and essentially all this was used to produce meal
and oil. The trimmings from canneries producing 80 percent of the. salmon pack
of Alaska were discarded. At the frequently used and fairly accurate figure of
25 pounds of trimmings per standard case of canned product (48 pounds per case),
_ the 3,500,000 cases produced by these canneries (about 100) indicates that
87,500,000 pounds of salmon material were wasted. This was roughly distributed
as follows:

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No. 9

ype of Salmon Waste

rpe of Salmon Waste [Pounds |

Heads and Collars eeeccecee | 49,000,000 Livers ecccocccccercccccece | 4,000,000
Hearts exceoecoeeeeoeaoeeoeoe e200 700,000 Eggs eeceeereeeoeoes Oeoeeeede 8,500,000
scellaneous fins ccocccce 7,000,000 Milt ccccecccccesccceccscece 4,300,000

ails 6,000 ,000 Digestive tracts ecccccecee | 8,000,000

©2020 08000200 0% 0202 0 0 o

To secure an estimate of the amount of each waste part available at an "av-
erage" cannery, producing 35,000 cases of canned salmon, the above figures need
only be divided by 100.

LITERATURE CITED

ANDERSON, LYLE
1945. A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON AN ALKALI PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF COMMERCIAL OIL
FROM SALMON CANNERY TRIMMINGS. FISHERY MARKET NEWS, VOL. 7, NO. 4, PP. 4-7.

ANDERSON, LYLE, AND PISKUR, FRANK
1944, NEW FOODS FROM SALMON CANNERY WASTE. PACIFIC FISHERMAN, VOL. 42, NO. 5, (APRIL),
PP. 43-5.

BUTLER, CHARLES, AND MIYAUCHI, DAV!D
1947. THE PREPARATION OF VITAMIN OILS FROM SALMON CANNERY OF FAL BY THE ALKALI DIGES-
TION PROCESS. DEPT. OF COMMERCE OFFICE.OF TECHNICAL SERVICES REPORT, CAC-
47-17, UTILIZATION OF SALMON CANNERY WASTE - PART 1, PP. 52-70.
CARLSON, CLARENCE J., AND MAGNUSSON, HARRIS W. :
1948, PROCESSING SALMON CANNERY WASTE FOR RECOVERY OF VITAMIN A OILS, IBID., PART 11
PP. 63-75.

u
I

JONES, G. |VOR, AND CARRIGAN, EDWARD J. qf
1947, POSSIBILITY OF DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRODUCTS FROM CANNERY WASTE. IBID., "PART |
PP... 5=-5!.

"
3;

JONES, G. |VOR, CARRIGAN, EOWARD J., AND DASSOW, JOHN A.
1947, UTILIZATION OF SALMON,,EGGS FOR PRODUCTION OF CHOLESTEROL, PROTEIN AND !NDUS-
TRIAL FAT. IBIO., PART 1, PP. 9-32.

FISHERY BYPRODUCTS INDUSTRY

DO YOU KNOW.....

That the press liquor from fish reduction processes is run through
evaporators and concentrated until a product with a content of 50 percent
solids is obtained. This concentrate is a very good source of the animal
protein factor and vitamin important for producing more economical
weight gains in poultry and swine and increasing the hatchability of
CL RSW Saisie

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

RESEARCH
IN SERVICE LABORATORIES

Y a GAME tes ane a row
July and August 1950

REFRIGERATION: Palatability tests were made on commercially packed Pacific
Coast rockfish fillets which had been frozen and stored under controlled condi-
tions, The scores given the fillets indicate that Sebastodes alutus (long-jawed
rockfish) and Pinniger (orange rockfish) were about equal as to quality with the
possibility of a slight advantage being given the latter, Fillets of S, diplo-
proa (lobe-jawed rockfish) were the least desirable of the three species, The
storage of fillet samples will be continued and further tests made since no con=
clusive results have been obtained,

Various treatments are being investigated as a possible preventive against
the growth of pink yeast in frozen packaged oysters, The growth of this yeast in
oysters nas been a source of serious loss to the industry in the past, particu-
larly during some periods,

BYPRODUCTS: Analytical data on a large number of hatchery food materials
were checked and compiled for use in the preparation of a report on evaluation
of hatchery diets,

Riboflavin, niacin, biotin, and vitamin B|, assays have been completed on
11 frozen samples of the raw components of the hatchery diets, Beef and hog
liver are comparable with regards to the amounts of these vitamins, while hog
Spleen has lower amounts of each, Although tuna livers and salmon livers are
lower in these vitamin contents than beef liver, they appear to be fairly good
sources of these vitamins, Tuna livers appear to be slightly better than salmon
livers,

Several of the fish meal factories have been visited for information as to
the method of preparation of meal and oil in different plants, The information
obtained will be used to make selections of samples for tests of the Animal Pro-
tein Factor (APF) contained in meals prepared by different procedures,

Ok Ok

CANNING: In the tuna-canning project, weights andmeasurements have been taken
on all tuna before canning. A brief summary of the data indicates that thelength
of the fish varies between 23 and 26 inches with an average of about 24 inches.
The weight varies between 83 and 15 pounds with an average of about 10 pounds.

14

COMMERCIAL FISHERIWS REVIswW Vol. 12, No.

OYSTERS ARE GOOD THE YEAR- AROUND

The wide-spread notion that oysters are harmful to consumers when
eaten during the "non-R" months is debunked by the Assistant Surgeon
General of the U, S, Public Health Service in a statement issued on
September 1, the opening date of the traditional oyster season, "Oysters
are edible the year-around," the Assistant Surgeon General declares,

| "but they are fatter, more palatable and more plentiful on the market

during those months that containthe letter 'R', It is only coincidental
that those months in which the oyster is most palatable happen to be
the 'R! months,"

Mark D, Hollis, AssistantSurgeon General, said the tradition that
oysters must be eaten only in the "R"' months mayhave originated somewhat
as follows: In that species of oyster eaten in the Old World for cen-

turies, fertilization of

the seed from which the

baby oysters grow takes

place withinthe shell of

the parent oyster, Short

ly before the baby oysters

are ejectedby the parent

to fend for themselves,

they begin to develop a

shell, If the Old World

oyster is eaten at this

stage of incubation, the

large number of almost

microscopic baby oysters,

each developing a shell,

impart a gritty quality

) tothe meat, Because the

— “< reproductive period of

all oysters is in the summer, Ga settlers of this country, cognizant

of this but mindful of their Old World variety, avoided placing New
World oysters on the menu until later in the year,

Even after our forefathers discovered that the North American east
coast oyster fertilizes its eggs in the sea water outside the parent
shell, oyster consumption in this country continued, for the most part,
to be a winter activity, Partly responsible for this was the fact that
only until recent years have refrigeration facilities been developed
whereby oysters can be preserved in warm weather while being transported
from the coastal growing areas,

Today, when perishable food products are transported thousands of
miles by railroad and airplane, yet preserved by refrigeration, the
greater portion of the country's shellfish consumers still cling to. the
old tradition,

The advent of quality frozen oysters available throughout the year,
however, may change this custom,

9

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

AND

oe a DEVELO PM ENTS:

Additions to the Fleet of U.S. Fishing Vessels

A total of 91 vessels of 5 net tons and over received their first documents
as fishing craft during June 1950--3 less than in June 1949, according to the
Treasury Department's Bureau of Customs, California led with 19 vessels, followed
by Washington with 14, and Texas with 9,

During the first six.months of 1950, a total of 442 vessels were documented,
compared with 495 during the same period in 1949,

Vessels Obtaining Their First Documents as Fishing Craft, June 1950

Six mos. ending with ion
Section 1950 1949 1950 1949 1949

Number
ANEW Hirao eri Gll Foye i0\ ci cleiwie/eeicievere 35
MdGTSOPAbTANb IC ie ciclessicece 44
Chesapeake Bay ..c.ececece 87
South Atlantic and Gulf ..
327

38
96

5

- - - - ib

feel ol [ook Zia in eel EC ES ysl RCS

Vessels have been assigned to the various sections on the basis of their
home port.

Alaska Fishery Investigations
ALASKA FISHERIES UNDER RESEARCH FOLLOWING PREDICTED LEVELS OF PRODUCTION:

Fishery proc production in areas, or of species, now subject to research in Alaska is
closely following predicted levels, the staff of the Service's Alaska Fishery In-

vestigations reports,

The red salmon spring run at Karluk was close to the projected curve of catch
and escapement with 288,/,03 fish for the former and 386,488 for the latter as of
July 29. Control projection was planned to secure a minimum escapement of 375,000
red salmon, Runs to four major areas of Bristol Bay were extremely close to pre-
dicted levels, except Nushagak, where the run was somewhat lighter than average
expectancy, Total production of Bristol Bay was almost identical with prediction,

Herring production was close to predicted levels with 152,216 barrels in the
Kodiak quota area, 164,913 barrels in Prince William Sound, and 70,906 barrels in
Southeastern,

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No. 9

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, June 1950: For the U, S, Army, Navy, Marine Corps,

and Air Force for military feeding, fresh and frozen fishery products totaling
1,533,551 pounds (valued at $629,046) were purchased during June this year (see
Table), June purchases were up 21 percent in quantity and 43 percent in value
as compared with May; and were up 17 percent in quantity and 46 percent invalue

as compared with June 1949.

Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products by Department of the Army
(June and the First Six Months, 1950 and 1949)
ee eee ce eee eee ee ————ee

| jam June oo. [oof January-June 5 [/ 2 iiiune) i ipl enuery une ail
[1950 1949 1950 1949 1950_]_1949 1950 1949

sso | ,soe,a01 | 58, i [7,005 Sans [st ate [sa
1,533,551 | 1,305,391 | 6,366,424 | 7,880,324 | 629,046 | 450,175 | 2,691,444 | 2,644,674

Total purchases for the first six months this year were 19 percent lower in
quantity, but 2 percent higher in value than for the corresponding period in 1949,

Cs
oa
e oe
Gen

Fishery Biology Notes

ARTIFICIAL CULTURE OF OYSTERS: A moderate amount of success in the artifi-
cial culture of oysters is reported by the Service's Gulf Oyster Investigations,
Pensacola, Florida, A half-dozen cultures are in progress,

Of the three cultures started earlier this summer, 250 oysters have been
raised from one crossing and 50 oysters from another, Believed to be among the
first that anyone has had to use for experimental work, these oysters have been
derived from crossing known pairs of stock, Some of the oysters are approaching
two inches in diameter, They will be valuable for investigations on relative
effects of heredity versus environment in producing commercially acceptable
oysters,

x OR OK OK OK

TRANSFERRING OYST“RS TO AREAS OF HIGHER SALINITY: Evidence that transplant-
ing of oysters to areas of higher salinity does not necessarily have an adverse
effect is being accumulated by the Service's Gulf Oyster Investigations at Pensa-
cola, Florida, Transfer of oysters from areas having a salinity of 20 to 29 has
consistently resulted in a stimulation of shell growth and an increase in percent
solids, Mortalities in all cases were less than 2 percent for the 4-month period
following transplantation,

Recently, large and small oysters exposed to salinities of 0 to 4 for a 4-
month period in Mississippi Sound: were suspended in the Gulf at a salinity level
of 29 to 33,3. In the succeeding 3-week period, the oysters showed an average
length increase of 3 mm, and a mortality of 0,9 percent, Perhaps the importance
of high salinity shock in the Gulf area has been overemphasized,

Observations at the Pensacola Laboratory for the past 14 months on a sample
of oysters of identical age (within 12 hours) of presumably different parentage

September 1950 COMVERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW a7

show total length of individuals may vary up to 300 percent at any given time, Con-
tinuous care given these oysters has resulted in their assuming extraordinary uni-
formity in shape and shell character of a highly desirable nature, Groups of spat
obtained from larvae fertilized and raised in the laboratory from individual pairs
of parents show similar ranges in total length, Possibly because of the small amount
of handling they have received, they exhibit great diversity in shape and shell

' character,

It is hoped that continuation of this work will add to the information on re-
lative importance of heredity and environment in producing commercially desirable
oysters,

* OK OK OK Ok

EXPERINENTAL SETS OF HARD CLAMS (QUAHAUGS) OBTAINED: Experimental setsof hard
clams (Venus mercenaria) have been obtained in outdoor experimental tanks at the
Service's Biological Laboratory at Milford, Conn, This is the first successful at-
tempt of this sort. Since much has been learned in the last two or three years about
methods of propagation of this clam and since reliable methods have been developed
for its cultivation, the Laboratory staff hopes within a short time to be able to
pass this information on tO practical clam growers who can begin to grow clam sets,

* * * OK *

NORTH ATLANTIC SALMON STOCKING PROGRAM: Stocking of sea-run salmon in New Eng-

land from July 1, 1949, to June 30, 1950, was somewhat greater than for the previous
year, according to the Service's Atlantic Salmon Investigations at Orono, Maine,

Eight rivers have been stocked with 100,000 feeding fry, 198,000 fingerlings,
and 88,000 yearlings--a total of 386,000 Atlantic salmon, Also, 4 rivers were stocked
with 107,000 feeding fry and 8,000 yearlings--115,000 silver salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch), To check on survival, the biologists marked by fin clipping 184,000 of
the 501,000 stocked sea-run salmon,

The work to date points to the inescapable conclusion that restoration of At-=
lantic salmon hinges primarily on providing adequate passage past obstructions, There
is not now a single large river up which salmon can migrate freely to the best spawn-
ing and nursery areas,

In June this year, two crews started surveys to determine environmental condi-
tions on present and potential salmon streams, During the first summer, the surveys
will be confined chiefly to physical conditions, such as stream flow, temperature,
gradient, bottom types, location and description of all obstructions or other haz-
ards to migration, and location and type of pollution, On subsequent surveys, the
crews will collect data on fish populations and food organisms,

The University of Maine is collecting bottom fauna on Little Falls Stream to
determine the relation of food organisms to salmon survival, Simultaneously, the
Service's Atlantic Salmon Investigations is' holding different numbers of salmon in
identical enclosures to determine both their survival and the effect of numbers of
fish on food organisms,

The Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries is holding silver salmon in salt
water at Boothbay Harbor to determine the feasibility of rearing silver salmon to the
adult stage to provide spawning stock,

* OK OK OK OK

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No, 9

SHAD TAGGING EXPERIMENTS: Shad-tagging experiments this year, especially on
the Hudson River, are yielding some rather interesting information on shad migra-
tion, the Service's Middle and South Atlantic Fishery Investigations reports, Of
some 1,300 tags released, a number have been returned from the Hudson Riverproper; a
significant number have been recovered off the New Jersey coast and Long Island,
and most recently from the Maine coast, Some idea is being obtained of the rate
of travel of shad between their spawning streams and summer feeding grounds,

<p

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

SHRIMP AREA LOCATED OFF ALABAMA AND MISSISSIPPI COAST: Promising catches of
brown grooved shrimp (Peneus aztecus) were reported on August 5 by the Service's
Gulf exploratory fishing vessel Oregon, Moderate quantities of large shrimp were
caught by several 30-minute drags with a 40-foot shrimp trawl, in 41 to 48 fathoms
approximately 60 miles off the islands of Alabama and Mississippi (between 88°
West and 8895! West longitude), Size of the shrimp was 7 to 8 count (number of

heads-on shrimp per pound),

No shrimp were caught outside the 50-fathom curve, Inside the 40-fathom
depth, the grooved shrimp catches were of mixed sizes with Peneus aztecus making
up about 70 percent and P, duorarum (brown-spotted or pink grooved shrimp) about
30 percent of the catch,

The Oregon plans to explore this area further using a full-size commercial
shrimp trawl,

National Fisheries Trends and Outlook-- July-September |950

General business conditions during July, August, and September this year were
expected to be good, and edible fishery products were expected to be in a favorable
market position as compared with a year ago,

PRODUCTION: Fisheries production during the summer months, when maximum pro-
duction is achieved in the fisheries, may be no better than in 1949, The commer-
cial catch of fish and shellfish thus far this year has not been significantly dif-
ferent than in the same months of 1949, nor is much change anticipated for the rest
of the year, according to a report issued in July by the Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, Department of Agriculture, and prepared in cooperation with the Fish and
Wildlife Service, :

FROZEN FISH: Commercial freezings of fishery products in the United States and
Alaska during the first half of 1950 were 2 percent smaller than a year earlier,
This decline occurred mainly in New England and is due to many factors, among the
most important of which are the fewer number of larger fishing vessels in operation,
the decline in the quantity of popular species of fish available in the fishing areas
adjacent to the coasts, and the decline in the landingsof whiting in New England,

Total stocks of frozen fishery products in the United States and Alaska on
July 1 were 2,5 percent larger than a year earlier, With production at a seasonal

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

high level in the summer and first part of autumn, stocks of these products will
be increased so that sufficient supplies will be available for distribution dur-
ing the months of low production in late 1950 and early 1951,

CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS: For current domestic needs, canned fishery products
appear adequate, Producers! stocks of these commodities on June 30 were lower
than a year earlier, according to information from trade sources, Production in
1950 is currently expected to be very large, exceeded only by the record 1941 pack
of 885 million pounds of canned fish and the near record output in 1949. For most
of the popular species of canned fish, the 1950 pack may not be larger than last
year, but the canned tuna pack may set a new record,

IMPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS: In the first four months of 1950, imports of
edible fishery products totaled 158.5 million pounds--more than 15 percent greater
than a year earlier, Increases were reported for eacn of the three major groups
of fishery products--fresh and frozen, canned, and cured, Imports of fishery
products the latter part of this year are expected to continue larger than in
1949.

EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS: During January-April 1950, exports of edible
fishery products, on the other nand, totaled 22 million pounds and were about one-
fourth smaller than in the same months last year, with the decline principally in
canned fishery products, Fishery products exports during the latter part of this
year will be lower than during the same period in 1949,

CONSUMPTION AND DISTRIBUTION: U, S, civilian per capita consumption of fish-
ery products during the last half of 1950 is expected to be about the same as in
the comparable period last year, During the first six months of 1950, U. S.,
civilian consumption of fresh and processed fishery products per person was ap=
proximately the same as a year earlier,

The movement of fresh and frozen fisn into domestic channels during this
period was lower while that of canned fish was somewhat larger than for the same
months of 1949.

PRICES: Retail prices of fresh and frozen fishery products during the last
half of 1950 probably will average about the same and may even exceed slightly
those of the first half of this year; canned fish are also likely to average some
what higher,

No, 37-A): After completing a census of the fish populations on Georges Bank, Browns
Bank, and the Inner Grounds of the Gulf of Maine, the Albatross III, research vessel
of the Service's North Atlantic Fishery Investigations, returned to Woods Hole on
August 10, The vessel had left on July 31 to complete the census started on its pre-
vious cruise, which had been cut short because of engine troubled

During this cruise, 59 stations (79 one-half hour tows) were completed. Large
numbers of baby haddock, were taken on the southeast part of Georges Bank and
1/ SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, AUGUST 1950, P. 17.

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Viol? SaNoking

Fippennies Ledge, Scrod haddock
(yearlings, and two-year old fish)
were most abundant southeast of

the Leg, on the northern edge of
Georges Bank, and on the western
edge of Browns Bank, Small catches
(1-3 bushels) of large haddock
were caught outside 100 fathoms
on the Northern Edge, Rosefish
were caught in commercial quantities
10 miles west and 50 miles easte
north-east of Cashes Ledge in 70-
75 and 115-120 fathoms, respective-
ly. Data on the size, numbers, and
weight of all species of fish,
bottom temperatures, and bottom
samples were obtained at each
station,

Sea scallops (198 in number)
were tagged and released in 46
fathoms of water 125 miles

PUTTING OVERBOARD THE FORWARD ROLLERS OF THE h

OTTER TRAWL NET ABOARD THE ALBATROSS LI1, RE- ogo° True from Nantucket Light~
ALBATROSS

SEARCH VESSEL OF THE SERVICE'S NORTH ATLANTIC h ThibseeeeceeMre 3

FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS. ship, tal number

of tagged sea scallops to almost 400,
Rewards of $1,00 are being paid for every tagged sea scallop returned to the
Fish and Wildlife Service,

A line trawl was fished unsuccessfully during the cruise in an attempt
to determine the nocturnal distribution of rosefish,

Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations

"HUGH M, SMITH" OBSERVES OCEAN CURRENTS AND FISH FOOD (Cruise No, V):
Making observations upon the mid-summer ocean currents and fish-food content
of the waters between the Hawaiian Islands and Be S, latitude were the primary
objectives of a seven-week cruise which the Hugh M, Smith completed on August 6,
This vessel of the Service's Pacific Oceanie Fishery Investigations operated
westward as far as Midway Island and south of the Equator to the Phoenix Is=
lands,

Oceanographical Observations: The primary mission of the cruise, to complete
two hydrographic sections across the equatorial, counter-equatorial current system,
was successfulty accomplished, At each of 51 stations temperatures were taken and
water samples collected for determination of salinity, dissolved oxygen, and inor-=
ganic phosphates, At the majority of these stations the maximum sample depth was
1,500 meters; in a few chosen localities deeper casts were made to 3,000, and in
some cases 4,000 meters, ‘

Two bathythermograph casts were taken at each station; in addition, casts were
made at 10-mile intervals between stations and at either 20- or 30-mile intervals
while running other than along the hydrographic sections, A total of 502 bathyther-
mograms were made in all,

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

From the oceanographical data gathered on this cruise will be computed the
positions and speeds of the major ocean currents of the equatorial system and
the areas of upwelling, These data will be compared with a similar series of
observations made last January and February to determine what may be the char-
acteristic winter and summer conditions of this complex current system,

Plankton Hauls and Night-Light Fishing: At each of the 51 hydrographic
stations an oblique (surface to 200 meters to surface) plankton haul was made
for the purpose of obtaining (1) samples of any tuna eggs and larvae present
and (2) estimates of the abundance of zooplankton (fish food) to correlate with
the results of the physical and chemical oceanography,

Night-light fishing was conducted while hove-to on stations when weather and
other conditions permitted, By this means were captured specimens of fish
and invertebrates valuable for the reference collection for use in identifying
tuna stomach contents, as well as juveniles of a number of pelagic fish in-
cluding, it is believed, some of the tunas,

Results of Long-Line Fishing at Canton Island: Seven days of long-line
fishing in waters adjacent to Canton Island yielded 77 tuna (73 yellowfin, 50
to 190 pounds each; 4 albacore, 30 to 40 pounds each) and 6 marlin (4 white and
2 black, estimated at 250 to 400 pounds each), Thirty baskets of gear of
generally similar design to that used commercially in the Hawaiian Islands were
set each day, The catch represents an average yield of 7.5 fish per hundred
hooks per day, which may be consideredgood fishing, Thisis not truly indicative
of what a commercial vessel might have achieved as our fishing was performed in
such manner as to learn something of the vertical and horizontal distribution of
the fish rather tnan to catch the greatest possible number of fish, Im general,
significantly more fish were found on the leeward side of the Island than on the
windward side and more within 5 to 10 miles of the Island than from 15 to 20
miles distant,

Frozen\herring and fresh mullet taken from the Canton Island Lagoon were
used as bait, The majority of the catch was taken on mullet, one or more
species of which are readily available in most of the shore and lagoon waters
of the Central Pacific Islands,

Bait Fish Surveys: Small quantities of the bait fish "iao" (Pranesus
insularum) and "piha" (Spratelloides delicatulus) were seen at almost all the
localities visited throughout the Leeward Islands, but nowhere in sufficient
quantities to warrant making a set with the seine,

Mullet of two species were found in abundance in the Canton Island Lagoon
and about 500 pounds were easily obtained for use in long-lining,

Observations of Tuna Schools at Sea: A continuous watch was kept for
schools of tuna and associated flocks of birds when running during daylight
hours, The location of fish schools, behavior, their identification when
possible, and the time seen were entered inthe log, A volumeof such observa-
tions may provide supplementary data in determining areas of greater and lesser
fish abundance, On this curise considerably more fish activity was observed in

water adjacent to islands than in the open ocean,

Two or three surface lures were trolled almost continuously during daylight
hours and the catches lagged, Although few fish were taken by this method, the
fish were, for the greater part, taken close to land areas,

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No. 9

Biological Data From Tuna Specimens: All tuna taken on the long line, ex-
cept those damaged by sharks, were weighed, their total length obtained, and

stomachs removed for later study on food habits, The gonads of females were
preserved for study of degree of sexual maturity and, from a considerable number,
vertebral sections were removed for studies of age and growth, Detailed morpho-
metric measurements were made on a few representative fish, The same material,
except for weights, was obtained from the fish caught by trolling,

xk OR OK OK

"HUGH M, SMITH" TO CAPTURE TUNA EGGS AND FRY (Cruise No. VI): The capture of
tuna eggs ges and fry fry (needed in the study of the life history and habits of the tunas
is the purpose of a 3-week survey in the general area of the Hawaiian Islands by

the Hugh M, Smith, The vessel sailed from Honolulu on August 18, Nets of fine

mesh capable of catching the eggs, which are only 1/25 of an inch in diameter, will
be used, The nets will be fished from the surface of the sea to depths of 1,000
feet, Although a number of small tunas ranging from 1/6-inch to 1/3-inch were caught
in the Hawaiian area during May 1950, additional material is required for the iden-
tification of the younger stages of these fish, as the fry are quite different in
appearance from the adults and a connected series of all sizes is needed, Infor-
mation concerning the depth at which the young occur is also needed to facilitate
search for tuna spawning grounds in other portions of the ocean,

As a secondary project, a kite-like device is to be tested as a means of lowe
ering scientific gear and trolling lures to.the subsurface levels while the ship
is underway at speeds in excess of 5 miles per hour, Ordinary weights cannot be
used for this purpose because the drag of the water at speeds greater than 4 miles
per hour causes them to rise,

Service Film Selected for Showing at Venice Film Festival-/

Among the 20 United States Government films selected for showing at the Inter-
national Exhibition of Cinematographic Art at Venice, Italy, August 8 to Septem-
ber 10, 1950, is the Fish and Wildlife Service film Food for Thought,2/ the Depart-
ment of State reported on August 9,

The purpose of the Festival is to give public recognition to those films wnich
demonstrate outstanding progress in this medium of artistic expression and cultural
advancement, The United States Government has participatedin previous festivals in
1948 and 1949 by the showing of films and a duly designated representative,

Twenty-eight countries are expected to participate in the Festival at Venice
this year,

The United States Government selections were made by the Interdepartmental Re-
view Committee on Visual and Audio Materials, composed of representatives of all of

the motion-picture producing agencies of this Government,

I/ SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, AUGUST 1950, P. 22.

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

Personnel Changes in the Branch of Commercial Fisheries

With the establishment of a new position (Refrigeration Specialist) in the

Branch of Commercial Fisheries, a shifting of present personnel has taken place,
, the U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service announced on August 25,

The new position has been established in order to develop
freezing processes that will meet the specialized needs of
commercial fishermen,

J. M, Lemon, who has been Chief
of the Branch's Technological Section
Since 1943, has been appointed to
fill the Refrigeration Specialist
position, His transfer to the Ser-
vice's College Park Fishery Techno-
logical Laboratory on the University
of Maryland campus became effective
i September 18, His initial assign-
ments include studies of methods of

, 1 freezing fish at sea and the prepa=
J..M, LEMON ration of a new manual on freezing
processes, He has had wide experience in refrigeration and
freezing of fish since joining the former Bureau of Fisher-
ies in 1928, H. E. CROWTHER

H, E, Crowther, who for the past year has been Chief of the Branch!s Explora~
tory Fish and Gear Development Section, has been appointed Chief of the Technological
Section, He has had a broad education in fishery technology and research, He ob=
tained his Master of Science degree at the University of Maryland, and began fishery
research work at the College Park Fishery Technological Laboratory under an indus-
trial fellowship, and later did fishery research for private industry,

Service Increases Use of Fish in North Carolina School-Lunch Program —/

One method used by the U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service to increase the use of
fishery products in the school-lunch program is a series of demonstrations for
school lunchroom managers and officials in various states, Part of the school-lunch
fisheries program in North Carolina was the presentation during 1949 of 10 workshop
demonstrations for certain schools, These workshop demonstrations were presented
in cooperation with the State School-Lunch Program operated by the State Department
of Public Instruction and the U, S, Department of Agriculture's Production and Mar-
keting Administration,

Tnese workshops, which generally last for three days, are part of the State's

lunchroom personnel training program, The Service took part in those held in Ply=

V/ THE EDUCATIONAL AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT SECTION OF THE SERVICE'S BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DURING THE PAST YEAR AND A HALF HAS BEEN ENGAGED IN DEVELOPING MARKETS FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS
THROUGH THE SCHOOL-LUNCH PROGRAM BY ENCOURAGING THE USE OF THESE PRODUCTS IN SCHOOL=LUNCH MENUS.
SCHOOLS, AS VOLUME USERS OF FOOD IN THEIR LUNCH PROGRAMS, REPRESENT A LARGE POTENT! AL MARKET
FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS. IN ADDITION, EDUCATING CHILDREN TO EAT FISH AND SHELLFISH WILL MAKE THEM
BETTER POTENTIAL ADULT CONSUMERS IN THE FUTURE. MOST SCHOOL=LUNCHROOMS ARE NOT ACCUSTOMED TO
USING FISH AND SHELLFISH BECAUSE SCHOOL LUNCHROOM MANAGERS AND OFFICIALS CLAIM THAT FISHERY
PRODUCTS ARE TOO DIFFICULT TO PREPARE, CREATE STRONG COOKING ODORS, ARE TOO EXPENSIVE, ARE NOT
EATEN BY MOST CHILDREN, OR THAT THESE PRODUCTS ARE NOT READILY AVAILABLE IN THEIR PARTICULAR
AREA.

NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JULY 1950, P.17; APRIL 1950, PP. 49-51.

2h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No. 9

mouth, Elizabeth City, Clinton, Sanford, Hickory, Yadkinville, Asheville, Durhan,
and Greensboro, A total of 545 persons attended, representing 205 schools having
an enrollment of 113,400 children of which approximately 55,300 are served daily,

HOME ECONOMIST TESTING A SCHOOL-LUNCH RECIPE IN THE SERVICE'S TEST KITCHEN AT THE COLLEGE
PARK MD. ) FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

All of the demonstrations presented were of the institutional type--recipes
suitable for quantity cooking were shown, After giving some of the reasons for
using fish (emphasizing their nutritive value), and hints on purchasing and mar-
ket forms, six fish dishes were prepared by the Service's home economist, Canned
fish was used for three and fish fillets for the other three, The canned fish
recipes were a fish loaf, a fish salad, and creamed fish; the filleted fish rec-
ipes were oven-fried fish, baked fish in an oil sauce, and baked fish in a Span-
ish sauce, The demonstrations were presented in the school lunchrooms, using
only the equipment on hand, At the end of each demonstration, which took only
lg hours, the people present were invited to taste the prepared dishes,

To determine what increase, if any, had resulted from these demonstrations,
& surveywas made to ascertain the use of fishery products in North Carolina schools
both before and after the demonstrations, The menus of 162 of the schools which
had representatives at the workshop demonstrations were studied, The fishery prod-
ucts used by these schools were determined for February 1949 (before the demonstra-
tion) and February 1950 (after the demonstration}, Information regarding the schools!

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

use of fish and shellfish was obtained from their menus, which are kept on file
in the superintendents' offices for a period of three years, For a control,

30 schools not represented at the fish-cookery demonstration were selected at
random in various sections of the State, These schools were checked for their
use of fishery products in February 1949 and February 1950, in the same manner
as these represented,

First, the number of times which the schools used fish in the check months,
and the average frequency of fish used per month per school was determined,
Second, the number of pounds of fish which each school had used in the check
months was calculated, The average number of lunches served in each school in
February was multiplied by the standard 2-ounce lunch portion and then multiplied
by the number of times that fish was served, Since fish shrinks in cooking, it
takes 3 ounces of fresh fish prepared for cooking to give the 2-ounce portion
required in the schools, This fact was taken into consideration in calculating
the number of pounds of fish purchased by the schools,

The survey showed thdt schools represented at the demonstrations had in-
creased their use of fish while schools not represented showed a decrease in
their use of fish, as follows:

Times Fish Was Used Per | Percentage Change|Average Amount of Fish | Percentage Change
Month Per School Increase (¢) or |Used Per MonthPer School| Increase (4) or
Feb. 1949 Feb. 1950 Decrease (-) Feb. 1949 Feb. 1950 Decrease (-)

Avg. No. Percent lbs. Percent

1.49 +19.2 417.9
1.03 -24.5 21.5

The value of the workshop demonstrations can be better shown in dollars and
cents, Projected over the 1949-50 school year, the increase which these schools
showed over their past fish consumption represented approximately 20,000 pounds
of fish and at 35 cents per pound=~$7,000,

Had the schools represented at the demonstrations in 1949 decreased the
quantity of fish used on the same ratio as the non=represented schools, the former
would have used approximately 47,000 pounds of fish less during the 1949-50 school
year, The schools pay an average of about 35 cents per pound for the fish, ‘Thus,
all the schools represented at the 10 demonstrations in 1949 bought approximately
$16,450 more fish in the 1949-50 school year than they would have purchased if they
had followed the trend of the non~represented schools, The value of the fish-cook~
ery demonstrations in increasing the use of fish in the North Carolina school=
lunch program is thus evident,

It was noted that of the various kinds of fish used, canned salmon and frozen
rosefish (ocean perch) fillets are outstanding favorites in the schools,

To see how much the schools were using the recipes demonstrated, a check was
made on the type of fish preparation being used in the schools before and after
the demonstrations, It was found that the use of the oven methods of preparing
fish had quadrupled in the schools represented at the demonstrations, No school
mentioned pan-fried fish after seeing a demonstration, Im fact, the increase in
the serving of oven=-prepared fish appeared to be one of the largest single factors
in the increased use of fish, Since oven-preparation of fish is stressed in the
demonstrations, the change in the method of preparation can be attributed to the
demonstrations,

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No. 9

A report on the results of a more intensive program of 19 demonstrations held
throughout North Carolina in 1950 is planned, However, sufficient time has not
elapsed to make a comparison of the use of fish before and after these demonstra=

tions,

--Robert P, Seifert, Fishery Marketing Specialist,
Educational and Market Development Section,
Branch of Commercial Fisheries,

U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service.

eS
Ss ES i

<<

Service to Administer Dingell Bill Provisions

Federal aid for State fishery restoration projects, authorized by H, R, 6533
(signed by President Truman on August 9--P.L, 681) will be administered by the
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service on a nation-wide basis beginning on July 1, 1951,
when the first excige tax funds become available, the Secretary of the Interior
announced in August, Plans for the establishment of an adequate administrative
set-up in the Service are now under consideration,

The "Dingell Bill," vetoed by the President last year, was reintroduced into
the present session of Congress after it had been rewritten to remove the items
to which the Chief Executive objected,

In language, this bill is patterned after the highly successful Federal Aid
to Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937, known as the Pittman-Robertson Act, Funds
to finance the Federal share of this cooperative fishery work will come from the
10-percent excise tax on fishing rods, reels, creels, and artificial lures, baits,
and flies, This income will be appropriated annually by the Congress and then
allotted to the States,

To insure equality of distribution, each State's share will be based upon
the number of its angling license holders as compared to the total in all the
States, and upon the percentage relation of the area of each State (including
coastal and Great Lakes waters) to the area of all the States,

In order to give a few of the small States sufficient working capital to
finance substantial undertakings, the law further provides that "no State can
receive less than one percent nor more than five percent of the total apportioned
to all of them," Provision is also made for the annual apportionment of as much
as $75,000 to Alaska, $25,000 to Hawaii, and $10,000 each to Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands,

The new law provides, as in the case of the Pittman-Robertson Act, that the
States through their fish and game departments shall select suitable fishery re-
storation projects, Work on such projects will be done by State-employed person-
nel, The State will be entitled to reimbursement for 75 percent of the cost of
the work performed, and all lands acquired, structures erected, and equipment
purchased will become the property of the States, After July i 1953, as much as
25 percent of the annual apportionments may be expended for the maintenance of the
completed projects,

"Federal responsibilitiesin handling the program," declared the Director of the
Service, "are confined to determining whether projects selected by the States are

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ei

approvable under the law; whether the costs to be incurred are reasonable; and
whether the work has been satisfactorily performed before reimbursement claims
from the States can be endorsed for payment,"

s)

Service Closes Fishery Market News Office at Hampton

Because of higher operating costs and curtailment of funds, the Fish and Wild-
life Service has found it necessary to close the Fishery Market News Service office
at Hampton, Va,, the Director of the Service announced on September 1, No daily,
monthly, or annual Fishery Products Reports will be issued from Hampton after Sep-
tember 29,

The Hampton Market News Service Office, under the administration of the Serv-
ice's Branch of Commercial Fisheries, was collecting and publishing daily fisher-
ies production data for the Chesapeake Bay area and a portion of North Carolina,
Collection of these data will be discontinued for the following areas: Virginia--
lower Northern Neck, York River, and Eastern Shore; Maryland--Crisfield, Cambridge,
and Ocean City; and North Carolina--Atlantic, Beaufort, Morehead City, Southport,
Englehard, and Pamlico County, However, the collection of daily fisheries pro-
duction information from the Hampton Roads area will be continued on a limited
basis and published in the daily Fishery Products Report issued by the New York
Market News Service office,

Originally opened in December 1945, the curtailment of operating funds for
the Market News Service Section made it necessary to close the Hampton office on
June 30, 1947. It was reopened in August 1948 and Charles D, Stewart, Fishery
Marketing Specialist, was put in charge,

Except for information from the areas where the collection of daily production
data has been discontinued, all other information on fisheries production, prices,
and news items of interest to the fishing industry which appeared in the Hampton
reports will also be found in the daily Fishery Products Reports issued by the New
York Market News Service office located at 155 John Street, New York City,

—_——-_

South Pacific Fishery Investigations
SOME FINDINGS BY THE PACIFIC SARDINE RESEARCH PROGRAM: Sardine spawning in

the Pacific during the 1949 season was morerestrictive and later in the year than
during some previous seasons, according to the data gathered on the monthly surveys
of the three vessels working on the cooperative Pacific sardine research program
being conducted by the Service's South Pacific Fishery Investigations in coopera
tion with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the California Division of Fish
and Game, and the California Academy of Sciences, The surveys were made in the
area between Pt, San Eugenio, Lower California, and the Columbia River, and extend-
ing 400 miles offshore, Two areas of major importance were around and south of
Cedros Island and offsouthern California,

Spawning is related to temperature or some associated factor and was found
_ only in waters between IMBe. C, and 16,2° C, (temperature at 15 meters), Spawning

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No. 9

began early in the South, and

extended north with progression

s of favorable temperatures, A
small amount of spawning occur-
red off Oregon in August and Sep-

i tember last year.

During 1950, the survey pat-
tern was modified to provide more
intensive coverage of spawning
areas and to shift this coverage
north as the season progresses,
Observations were also extended
south of Pt, San Eugenio, Re=-
sults indicate a similarity in
‘location of spawning to the pre-
vious season,

ai

Identification, enumeration,
BCs ( a at and life-history studies of other
eee . species taken in plankton hauls

have been continued, Samples of
catch indicate about 80 percent

of the catch was made up of the
1946-47-classes (which contributed
about 87 percent of the catch in
the 1948-49 season), The 19,8-class
is either very small or was under-
available, The 1943-, 1944-, and
1945-classes were markedly over-
THE BLACK DOUGLAS, THE RESEARCH VESSEL OF THE SERVICE'S avert ages Daun, SEEMS ONE
SOUTH PACIFIC FISHERY INVESTIGAT|ONS WORKING ON THE co- into the fishery of fish of these
OPERATIVE PACIFIC SARDINE RESEARCH PROGRAM. year-classes that were spawned off
lower California,

ee
iter

The Investigations has completed calculations of fish lengths at successive
ages for all fish sampled for age since the 1938-39 season, and is now calculating
characteristics of scale-length vs, fish-length regressions for each year-class,

A part of these data will be used in examining relationship between year-class
strength and amount of growth during the first year of life,

The location of a major spawning area off central lower California suggests
the possibility of a subpopulation in that region and raises the question of its
contribution to the fishery, Additional work on this is planned,

Using year-class catch curves, the Investigations is continuing work to de-
termine the mechanism of availability and to develop a measure thereof, One pres~
ent defect is that measures developed include not only changes in availability,
but also changes in rates of natural mortality,

One such index is positively correlated, over eight seasons, with the average
surface temperature, August through February, for 500 miles off San Francisco,
This relationship may be the result of temperature-connected differences in ten=
dency to school, or it may be differences in density (frequency per unit area) of
schools along the coast as influenced by the varying distance offshore of warmer
waters,

September 1950 COMVERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

U.S. Pack of Canned Crab Meat, 1949

The 1949 pack of canned crab meat totaled 161,829 standard cases, valued at
$3,490,885--a decline of 27 percent in quantity and 28 percent in value as compared
with the previous year (table 1). Although the total pack was considerably less

Table 1 ~ Pack of Canned Crab Meat by Area and By Style of Pack and Size of Can and Case, 1949
Quantity in Stan J/and Actual Cases, and Value to the Canners

eee Soe nS J ___________.
Ares Crab Processed |Quantit: Value_|Per Std.— Case} and Case Quantity Value [Per Actual Casq
Stde ~ ‘ Actual Ca z Zz

Ci ECE

ist Coast:

Maine, Maryland and Georgia ... 21.41 64 ounces net (48 cans 109,322
North and South Carolina, ~

Alabama and Mississippi 19.95 ] 6% ounces net (24 cans) 90,336

Louisiana seecccecece-eeee eee 20.01
Riehl nasewanwas nab eienesivce ‘ } 15 ounces net (24 cans) 3,186

jest Coast:
Washington Dungeness 65,004 |1,434,938 WO CEO aay (2 CE
Oregon and California see.sseee MS 36,652 834,677 Other sizes converted
AlaSKA cesseceescessescces see n 13,198 278,150 to 64 ounces net
Total sess cescenes [114,854 [2,547,765 | 22.16 || (48 cans) 44,085 19.00
reper eee SE

Grand Totel [ 161,829 [5,490,885 | 21.57] Mobal: so .as2se0s 206,654 _|3,490,8e5) —-

Represent cases of various sizes converted-to the equivalent of 48 cans to the case, each can containing 6% ounces of crab meat.

than in 1948, it was the third largest in history, A reduction in the amount of
crab meat canned in each of the Pacific Coast States and Alaska was responsible for
the lower pack in 1949. ‘The production in Washington fell off the most, declining
from 104,362 cases in 1948 to 65,004 cases in 1949.

Crabs were canned in 2 plants in Mississippi; 5 in Louisiana; 18 in Washington;
10 each in Oregon and Alaska; and 1 plant each in Maine, Maryland, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and California,

The 1949 Pacific Coast pack (consisting of meat from Dungeness crabs) was valued
at an average of $22.18 per standard case, compared with $22.75 the previous year, the
record high of $27.67 in 1946, and $7.05 in 1940. The 1949 East Coast and Gulf pack
(consisting largely of meat from blue crabs) was valued at an average of $20.08 per
standard case, compared with $17.43 the previous year, the record high of $21.11 in
1946, and $9.70 in 1940 (see table 2),

Table 2 - Pack of Canned Crab Meat, 1940-49 (Quantity in Standard Cases//and Value to the Canners

Avg. Price Avg. Price
Per sta.Case/ Per Sta. CaseL/

114,854 3,490,885
187,420 4,264,622 4,846 ,494
106,120 139,816 2,705,391
78,928 199,078 4,720,119
25,726 398,898 883,767
50,556 800 ,723 1,361,458
48,592 782,173 1,194,483
84,892 »007 ,293 1,755,065
37,704 311,872 547,617
25,254 178,021 308, 890
h/Cases of various sizes converted to the equivalent of 48 63-oz. cans to the case.

Of the 26,076 standard cases of crab meat packed in Alaska in 1948, 17,622
cases consisted of meat from king crabs, However, no meat from king crabs was
canned in Alaska during 1949.

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No. 9

U.S. Pack of Canned Clams and Clam Products, I949

d clam products amounted to
The 1949 United States pack of canned clams an
1,186,060 standard cases, valued at #3,779,018 to the canners (table 1), This
was an increase of 6,286 cases and $419,379 in value as compared with the produc=

tion a year earlier,

Total
Value Quantity Quan y |
F: Std. Cases
ees
19.66 3,847

17.70 37,810
Total Razor Clana «+. [ ae ee ee ee ee ee ee
Hard Clams:2
Rhode Island
New Jersey eee eee 699,719 . 699,719
Pennsylvania
Maryland ... .
New York ... . 14,775 88,802
Washington . x O 4,088 . 31,031
California oo.

333 3,285)
| 1,186,060 [8,779,018
i7/Cases of various sizes converted to the equivalent of 48 No. 1 cans, each can of whole and minesd clams containing 5 ounces of meat,
drained weight; and each can of chowder, juice, broth, and nectar, 10 ounces of gross contents,
i2/Includes the pack of surf clams in New York, pismo clams in California, and cockles in Alaska.
|3/Exclusive of duplication.

Production of canned whole clams totaled 66,754 standard cases (valued at
#827 ,496); minced clams, 231,223 standard cases (valued at $2,375,829); clam
chowder, 863,166 standard cases (valued at $5,498,974); and canned clam juice,
broth, and nectar, 24,917 standard cases (valued at $76,719). Compared with 19,8,
the 19,9 manufacture of whole and minced clams was 72 percent greater; chowder
production declined 12 percent; and the pack of juice, broth, and nectar was 8
percent higher,

Table 2 - Pack of Canned Clams and Clam Products, 1940-49
(Quantity in Standard Case L and Value to Canners)

Chowder, Juices Total

Soft Clams roth,and Nectar] Quantity. ]

° 2 Std. Cases Std. Cases
155,129 888 , 083 1,186,060
107,177 1,006 ,580 1,179,774

35,968 1,151,424 1,257,662
167,987 1,171,770 1,527,789

64,425 533,429 900 , 032

72,434 363,041 547,696

47,746 348 , 364 464,794

72,499 639 ,484 782,602

97,460 757 ,388 927 ,343

124,697 689,515 927,628
1 cans, each can of
whole and minced clams containing 5 ounces of meat, drained weight; and each can
of chowder, juice, broth, and nectar, 10 ounces of gross contents.

2/Production of canned surf clams in Maine has been included with pack of soft clams.

The over-all average price of whole and minced clams dropped from $11.72 per
standard case in 1948 to $10.75 per case in 1949, This decline in price during
194.9 was mainly due to lower prices paid for minced and whole soft clams, which
dropped from #10,25 per standard case in 1948 to $9.47 per case in 1949, Average

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

prices per case for whole and minced hard and-razor clams were slightly higher in
1949 than in 1948.

Although over-all average prices of clam chowder, juice, broth, and nectar
during 1949 were only 2 cents higher per standard case than in 1948, there were

declines in the prices of these products manufactured from hard clams, but an
increase in those manufactured from soft clams.

U.S. Pack of Canned Fish Roe and Caviar, 1949

The domestic pack of canned fish roe and caviar in 1949 was the largest and
most valuable in history--86,459 standard cases (48 one=-pound cans), valued at
$1,969,998 to the packers (table 1), The quantity packed was 71 percent greater
than in the previous year, while the value was 34 percent higher,

‘able 1 - Pack of —- Fish Roe and Caviar by Product, 1949 (Quantity in Standard Cases-/, Value to Canners, & Number of Plants

Pre” [apg [easel |_|
Product Dee Quantit sat Casel/ ot i Number of Plants in Each State

Sarita eo eecceeccces

Maryland 7, Virginia 14, North Carolina 9
Massachusetta 3

Maryland 1, N. Carolina 1, Wash. 2, Oregon 5, Calif. 2|

Mackerel .
Menhaden .eseseeecee
aviar:
Salmon ecesceccceces
Sturgeon ,,
Whitefish ..sscceeee
Total edible roe
and caviar
almon eggs (for bait)
Grand total wesccoee

Conn. 1, Mass. 1, Md. 1, N. C. 1

New York 3, Wisconsin 1

oe 10,719 | 25.72 | 275, 744|
86,459 | 22.79 1,969,998)

Washington 5

Alewife roe accounted for over half of the total pack and 38 percent of the
total value, The average price per standard case for alewife roe dropped from

$17.72 in 1948 to $17.00 in 1949.

Table 2 - Pack of Canned Fish oe Caviar by States, 1949
Quantity in Standard Casesl/and Value to Canners

irlants fasta va |
State Plants Quant it. Total Value

223,577

371,967
172,707
506,040
176,400

ot 3 - Pack of Canned aA Roe and Caviar, 1940-49
antity in Std. Cases and Value to Canners

ene oe
Quantit: Per Std. Casel/ Value

North Carolina wescseee

Ashington secccesececs 283,544
OPOZON coccrescceverese 235,763
Qlifornia sees.sseeese

Total eactccsssnen [0052 | 86,459. 1,969,998

i/Cases of various sizes aonvented to the equivalent
i /Cases of various sizes converted to the equivalent of 48
cans, each containing 16 ounces, of 40 'cans,“eachiconta ne, LG vounces.

The over-all average per standard case for sll canned fish roe and caviar in

1949 was only $22.79, compared with $29.10 in 1948, $31.30 in 1947, and $32.75 in
1946 (the highest on record), See table 3,

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No, 9

#
Virginia accounted for one-third of the quantity packed, and over one-fourth i
of the value of the 1949 pack (table 2). ;

a

U.S. Pack of Canned Animal Food from Fishery Products, 1949

Canned animal food from fishery products packed in 1949 amounted to 1,931,757
standard cases, valued at $8,663,442 to the canners--an increase of 46 percent in
quantity and 2h, percent in value as compared with the previous year, The 1949 pack
was the largest and most valuable in history.

Table 1 - Packof Canned Animal Food From Fishery Products by States inStd. Casest/ & by Size of Can& Case in Actual Cases, 1949
(Quantity and Value to the Canners
Avg.Price Size of Can Total Avg. Price|
State pu Value Per Stds Cased | and Case Quantity Value Per Case

"1,824,580"

Pesan 537, 188 8 ounces net (48 cans)

464,931

Maine and New York cecee

Massachusetts cecescesee

Virginia, Maryland,

and Washington wecoecsce 33,074
ee ceesee toeeee | 896,489

16 ounces net (48 cans) 1,000,662

Other sizes converted
to 16 ounces net (48 cans)

[i/Cases of various sizes converted to the equivalent of 48 cans, each can containing 16 ounces.

Over 4.6 percent of the production was canned in California, while the major
portion of the remainder was packed in Maine and Massachusetts, Animal food from
fishery products was canned
able 2 - Pack of Canned Animal Food From Fishery | in 6 plants in Massachusetts;
OED 1940-49 4 in California; 2 in Maine;
(Quantity in Std. Casest/ana Value to the gannens) and 1 plant each in New York,

Quantit Total Value | Per Std. ceaal/ and Alaska,

Std. Cases: $ $
cus “1,931,757 757 Kiet hes ot 442 4.48 There was a decline in the
1,323,808 6,971,003 5 average price per standard
909,964 3,949,419 i case from $5.27 in 1948 to $4.48
7a 5,319 5 in 19,9. Prices of canned ani-
104,954 574,718 5 mal food from fishery products
10095515 2,624,487 5 had increased steadily from
721,752 1,861,638 < $2.58 in 19,0 to a high of
$5.27 per case in 1948, Due
to the shortage of cans during
the war years, the pack in 1942
dropped 90 percent; in 1943 it
was only negligible (1,771 cases); and in 1944, 1945, and 1946 there was no pack
of canned animal food from fishery products,

a

_. %

U.S. Production of Marine-Animal Scrap and Meal, 1949

Marine-animal scrap and meal production in the United States and Alaska during
1949 amounted to 237,180 short tons, valued at $35,652,142 to the producers (table 1).
This was an increase of 37,661 tons in quantity and $12,565,408 in value as compared
with the previous year, The quantity of the 1949 production of marine-animal scrap

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

and meal was exceeded only by the record 1936 yield of 243,778 tons while the
value was the highest on record,

Table 1 - Production of Marine Animal Scrap and Meal, 1949 (Quantity and Value to Producers) =.

Atlantic and Gulf Coasts Pacific Coast (Including Alaska . Total
Product mant it Total Value | Per Ton ntity | Total Value| Per Ton y
2 Short Tons ;

Qua
¥ )

Meal and Dried Scrap:
Crab: f
Blue scccceseves
Dungeness «esses
Fur seal cecccesecs
Groundfish ("white
fish" inc,rosefish)
Herring cccccccccce
Menhaden .eseeesees

463,737 | 152.09
2/17 813,339 | 157.09

115 ,292

Tuna and mckerel .
Whale eesesccccccce =
Miscellaneous ..... 3/795,964 | 63.57

Total sesecceeee 168,578 68,602 157.59 [237,180 35,652,142] 150.32
[1/Includes a small production of miscellaneous meal in Minnesota.

2/A small production of acidulated scrap has been included with dry scrap and meal.
3/Includes the production of cod-liver press cake, fish pomace, horseshoe crab, and miscellaneous scrap and meal.
4/Includes the production of anchovy, shark, squid, and miscellaneous scrap and meal.

10,811,052

Manufacture of menhaden scrap and meal, which exceeded 100,000 tons for the
second consecutive year, accounted for 48 percent of the quantity and 50 percent
of the value of the 1949 production, Although the 1949 production of pilchard
meal in California was 20,202 tons greater than in the previous year, it still
amounted to only 32 percent of the record 1936 production of 121,739 tons,

Quantity and Value to Producers) _—s_—-_~—i|

Table 2 = Production of Marine-Animal Scrap and Meal, 1940-49

Dry Meal _and Scrap
J ee eee ee le
Year | Quantity | Total Value | Per Ton Quantity | Total Value} Per Ton Quantity Per Ton
11/35,652,142 }

1/23,086,734 | 115.71

22,353,488 | 120.30

20,360,945 | 103.04

14,343,138 72,03

15,131,918 | 71.98

13,570,331 | 71.86

11,545,239 | 68.52

12,852,781 | 56.92

7,562 ,288 A255)
1/A small production of acidulated menhaden scrap has been included with dry scrap and meal.

The over-all average price per ton of all types of marine-animal scrap and
meal in 1949 reached a high of $150.32, compared with $115.71 in 1948, $120.04 in
1947, and $40.54 in 19,0 (table 2),

U.S. Production of Oyster and Marine-Clam Shell Products, 1949

Production of chicken grit and agricultural lime from oyster and marine clam
shells in 1949 totaled 362,028 short tons, valued at $2,662,252--an increase of
5 percent in quantity and 8 percent in value, compared with 1948,

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No, 9

Crushed shell products were prepared in 4 plants in New Jersey; 3 plants each
in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington; 2 plants each in Texas and
California; and 1 plant each in Florida, Louisiana, and Oregon,

Table 1 - Production of Oyster and Marine Clam-Shellt/Products by States and Commodity, 1949
Quantity and Value to the Manufacturer

Crushed Shells for Poultry Feed Unburned Shell Lime THOhtwan:
Total |Avg.Price rots | eecineae cee
State Quant it: Value | Per Ton Quantit Value _| Per Ton Quantit
5 E ry

Short Tons.

ew JOLBOY cocoscsccecvcercvccces
Pennsylvania and Maryland cecccee
Virginia, Florida, Louisiana,
and Texas cesccececce pease ee
SE ee a eA PCE PRET
[./Marine clam-shell grit was prepared in only 1 plent in Washington.
2/Includes a quantity of burned lime prepared in Virginia.

Average prices per ton for chicken grit from marine shells in 1949 were the
highest in history, There was a steady increase in the price of chicken grit from
$3.71 per ton in 1940 to $7.40 per ton in 1949.

Table 2 = Production of Oyster and Marine Clam-Shell Products by Commodity, 1940-49
(Quantity and Value to the Manufacturers)

ee gut aeert Ce.) aig ote aa
Crushed Shells for Poultry Feed| — Shell Lime Total
Quantity Value Per Ton Quant it Value Per Ton Quantit Value
i ras x ch
f p 2

Short Tons ip £ Short Tons

7.40 38, 366 362,028
48,505 345,075

62,764 501,393

60,716 590 ,433

138,032 507,096

124,135 582,215

110, 433 509,285

121,005 466,037

127,973 438 , 407

120,367 395 088

Prices paid for agricultural lime from marine shells in 1949 ($7.00 per ton)
were also the highest paid during the past ten years, Agricultural lime prices
increased from $3.83 in 1940 to $4.73 in 1943, but dropped to $3.63 in 1944, and
then increased steadily to the record-high price paid in 1949, However, produc-
tion of agricultural lime has shown a steady decline since 1945 and the 1949 pro-
duction was the lowest for the past ten years, i

U.S. Production of Marine Pearl-Shell Buttons, 1949

Production of marine pearl-shell buttons in 1949 amounted to 4,089,712 gross,
valued at $6,782,281 to the manufacturers--a decrease of 18 percent in volume and
21 percent in value, compared with 1948,

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

Quantity and Value to Manufacturers)
ci

Gross

1,118,060 j 1, vast 712
New York @eeeeervereree eevee eeveeveeeeneveees ee oe 559, 339 1,272, 226
INGWEMODSEY cfc\cre 6 eis cicislsvo'ss see a ib wee ceierocelee sis 1,290,305 1,898,461

972,076
149,932

4,089,712

1,723,263
101,619

ennsylvania and Maryland ...c.scccccescseces
Iowa @esoeeoeooneeoeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeseeeeseeeeee eee

Total SSOSSHSHSSHESSSSHEHSSHEHFOFEFESETeFOFE

i./Produced principally from imported shells.

Manufacturers received an average of
$1.66 per gross for their 1949 production,
compared with an average of $1,73 in 1948
and 61 cents in 1940,

Tabhe 2 - U. S. Production of Marine
Pearl=-Shell Buttons, 1940-49

(Quantity and Value to Mamfacturers

Total |Avg.Price
Value {Per Gross

Marine pearl-shell buttons were manu-
factured in 12 plants in New Jersey, 4 in
New York, 3 each in Connecticut and Iowa,
2 in Pennsylvania, and 1 in Maryland,

piers

Wholesale and Retail Prices

WHOLESALE PRICES, JULY 1950: Sharp advances in all wholesale food prices
were noted during July as compared with the previous month, and edible fishery
products followed the same trend, The edible fish and shellfieh (fresh, frozen,
and canned) wholesale index for July was 97.5 percent of the 19),7 average--2,6
percent higher than the previous month and 0,7 percent above July 1949 (see
table 1), according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of
Labor,

5,364,718
7,424,769
6,830,628

From June to July the frozen processed fish and shellfish subgroup index
was the only one that dropped, July prices of frozen haddock fillets and shrimp
were slightly lower than in June, except for rosefish (ocean perch) fillets,
which were only a little higher and flounder fillets, which held steady at June
prices, When compared with the previous month, the July price’ index of frozen
processed fishery products dropped 0.6 percent, but it was still 11,1 percent
higher than the same month a year earlier,

In general, prices of drawn, dressed, or whole finfish continued to increase
(July prices were 2,9 percent higher tnan for June), From June to July prices of
fresh drawn haddock, fresh halibut, yellow pike, end lake trout were higher,
while fresh salmon, and whitefish at Chicago and New York City dropped substan-
tially, Prices for this subgroup this July were 15,2 percent higher than in July

1949.

356 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No. 9

Fresh processed fish and shellfish prices during July were 1.0 percent higher
as compared with June and 1.7 percent higher than. in July 1949.

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes of Fish and Shellfish, July 1950, with Comparative Data

Pn SS SS a SG) =
GROUP, SUBGROUP, AND ITEM SPECIFICATION POINT! OF FRICING Puntr]_——SAVERAGS PRICES ($) INDEXES (1947 = 100)

July 1950 T June 1950f July 1949] July 1950 pune 1980
ied 5

Haddock, large, offshore, drawn, fresh .... Boston
Halibut, Western, 20/80 lbs., dressed,

fresh or frozen New York City
Salmon, king, lge. & med.,

fresh or frozen
Lake trout, domestic, -mostly No. 1, drawn

(areased), fresh . an
Whitefish, mostly Lake See drawn

(dressed), fresh ...
Whitefish, mostly La Erie. pound nec,

round, fresh

SE and :
Fillets, haddock, |) small, skins on,
20-lb. tins o aoe Boston
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 Souris
fresh or frozen - coe New York City
Oysters, shucked ase Norfolk area
Processed, Frozen (Fish and Shellfish):
Fillets: Flounder wr (yellowtail), skinless,
10-1b. boxes Boston
Haddock, small, 10-1b.cello-pack u
Rosefish, 10-1b. cello-pack Gloucester
e b.d: Chicago

Tuna, light meat, solid pack, No.
(7 0oz.), 48 cans per case
Sardines (pilchards), California, tomato
pack, No. 1 oval (15 0z.), 48 cans per case ..
Sardines, Maine, keyless O41, No. en drawn

orrected price.

Canned fish markets were generally stronger during July, probably influ-
enced to a certain extent by the Korean conflict. The July index for canned
fish was 91.6 percent of the 1947 average--4.2 percent higher than June, but
still 11.6 percent below July 1949. Prices for canned Maine sardines continued
to drop, while prices of all other canned fishery products included in this sub-
group were higher in July than in June.

RETAIL PRICES, JULY 1950: Retail food prices rose substantially for the
third consecutive month and on July 15 the index was 210.0 percent of the 1935-
39 average--higher than in any month since October 1948 (see table 2), This
was 4,1 percent above a year ago, only 3,1 percent below the record high of
July 1948, and over 44 percent higher than in June 1946,

Table 2 - Retail Price Indexes for Foods and Fishery Products,
July 15, 1950, with Comparative Data

July 15,1950
210.0

1 foods @eeoeeeoveene0000800
1 fish and shellfish

(fresh, frozen, and canned)
Fresh and frozen fish weeco
(Canned salmon: pink 2.0.2.

296.6
aE S0 100 275.8 374, 1 361. ih
325.9 529.9 439.0

The July 15 retail index for all fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and
canned), was 296.6 percent of the 1935-39 average--0.4 percent higher than in
mid-June, but still 3.6 percent lower than on July 15, 1949. Most of the in-
crease was in the prices paid for fresh and frozen fish,

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

Fresh and frozen fishery products in mid-July retailed at prices that were
0.6 percent higher than in mid-June and 9.8 percent higher than onJuly15, 1949,

Only very slight increases were noted in the retail prices of canned pink
salmon for July, but these prices were still 25.9 percent lower than in mid-July

a year ago.

———

European Recovery Program Notes
GUARANTIES OF INVESTMENT BY AMERICAN BUSINESS FIRMS: As a result of ex-

panded provisions of the new Marshall Plan law, the Economic Cooperation Adminis-
tration predicted increased interest in guaranties of investment by American busi-
ness firms, The new Economic Cooperation Act of 1950 provided greater scope and
broadened government protection to private American investment, Businessmen who
invest in or license such intangibles as patents,
processes, and techniques to foreign producers in
farshall Plan countries will be able to obtain
guaranties of convertibility into dollars of the
foreign currency proceeds received from such in-
vestment or licenses, Of significance also to
investors is the provision which authorizes guar-
anty against risk of loss through expropriation or
confiscation by the participating country, As here-
tofore, the guaranty provisions do not give coverage
against business risks or against exchange fluctua-
tions,

MARSHALL PLAN COUNTRIES ADVANCED TOWARD RECOVERY

GOALS IN FIRST QUARTER: In its eighth quarterly re-
port to Congress, ECA reported that participating countries advanced toward re-
covery goals on a broad economic front during the first quarter of this year, These
*Marshall Plan countries continued their progress toward achieving a balance in their
international accounts; restoring confidence in their currencies; reducing their im-
port surplus from the United States; rebuilding their critically depleted foreign
exchange reserves; and easing trade and payments barriers through cooperative efforts,
The devaluation of currencies’ and the rise of United States business activity has
enabled these countries to increase their gold and dollar reserves which had been

at critically low levels,

AID TO KOREA: Purchase approvals for the purchase of commodities under the Far
Eastern Aid Programs earmarked for the Republie of Korea prior to the Communist
invasion have been canceled to permit financing of additional goods vitally needed
in maintaining the civilian economy of free Korea, ECA announced on August 21, Proba-
bly included in tnis cancellation was .$1,42/),,000, which was to be used for the pur-
chase of commodities for the construction of fishing vessels for the rehabilitation of
Korean f sheries; and another authorization for technical assistance (including fish-
eries),

Ny, SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JUNE 1950, P. I5.

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Voll.) ici seo. 29

ECA Procurement Authorizations for Fishery Products -- August 1950

Among the procurement and reimbursement authorizations announced by the Hco-
nomic Cooperation Administration during August 1950 was $446,000 for the purchase

August 1950

Amount Authorized
anned fish@/ceccccces | Ue So & Possessions} Belgium-Luxembourg $200 , 000
anned fishy/, eeoevecree tt " Greece 230,000

tt " France 16,000

hale and fish oils ..

Total 0000000080022 00H 8F GH GLHSOSHFOGLC09OTHOFHOSHOOOE
/The recipient country is the procuring agency, and the Government of the par-
ticipating country or its authorized agents or importers do the purchasing,
2/Except canned shrimp, crab meat, or lobster meat.
3/Except canned shrimp, crab meat, lobster meat, or salmon.

Table 2 - Total ECA Procurement Authorizations for Fishery Products,
April 1, 1948 - August 1950L/

Commodity Country of Origin Recipient Country |Amount Authorized($)

FISH (EDIBLE):

Canned fish cccccecccee| Ue OS. & POSSeSSions| Belgium-Luxembourg 1,233,000
Greece 502 ,000
Greece-MDAP 120, 000
Ireland 711,000
Italy 277,000
Trieste 9,000

United Kingdom

W W

4,127,000

Canada (inc. Newf.)

Salted fish ...cccccece] Ue Se & Possessions | Belgium
Canada (inc. Newf.) | Fr. West Indies
Greece

2, 852,000

774,000

" (GARIOA) 648,000

France 359,000

Netherlands 678 ,000

Austria 1,216,000

Fed.Rep.of Ger. 2,960,000

Dan NERA “ 2,201,000

Mt 1,693,000

Canada (inc. Newf.) | Denmark 394,000

Iceland | Austria 183,000

Norway and Port. Fed.Rep.of Ger. 963,000
OOS Jt 540,000

28,016,000

i /Includes latest available revisions. Does not include ECA authorizations under
the Far Eastern Aid Program and under which $219,000 was authorized for the pur-
chase of fish and whale oils by Korea from the United States and Possessions,

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIZS REVIEW 39

of canned fish, and fish and whale oils from the United States and Possessions by
France, Belgium-Luxembourg, and Greece (see table 1). No cancellations or de-
creases affecting previous authorizations for fishery products under the program
were reported for the month.

HCA procurement authorizations for fishery products from April 1, 1948 through
August 31, 1950, totaled $28,016,000 (see table 2). Of this total, $16,267,000
was for edible fishery products, $10,209,000 for fish and whale oils, and $1,540,000
for fish meal. Purchases of fishery products mee or to be made in the UnitedStates
and Possessions with these ECA funds amounted to $8,927,000 or 31 percent of the
total ($6,779,000 was for canned fish, $9,000 for Baieed fish, and $2,139,000 for
fish and whale oils).

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program
SECOND PHASE OF THIS YEAR'S ALBACORE TUNA EXPLORATIONS BEGUN BY "JOHN N, COBB:"'

In August ) the Service's exploratory fishing vessel, John N, Cobb, Started the second
phase of this year's albacore tuna explorations in the North Pacific area, and will
operate north of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, principally in Alaskan mates During
the first month of the second phase of the explorations, the John N, Cobb fished in
the area from Cape Flattery northward to Cape St, Elias and ranged as far as 500
miles offshore, Although fair catches of albacore tuna were made by the vessel off
the Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, only a few tuna were taken in Alaskan waters,

apparently because of the very cold water in that area,

The John N, Cobb has continued to have success with gill nets in known tuna
areas, Over 164 albacore tuna, weighing up to 34 pounds each, were captured in one
gill-net set,

In order to obtain information on the direction and speed of movement of the
albacore encountered by the exploratory fishing vessel, the Service's fishery en-
gineers aboard the vessel tagged approximately 400 tuna using the procedure devel-
oped by them, The tagged tuna seemed to be in excellent condition when released,

In the first phase of the explorations, the vessel operated mainly in the waters
south of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and was successful in locating large concentra-
tions of tuna 485 miles off the Oregon Coast, The vessel followed the migrating tuna
as they moved toward the Washington and Oregon Coasts within range of the commercial
fleet, Both the John N, Cobb and the commercial fishing fleet made large catches of

tuna during June and July,

SSS

-

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No, 9

= FOREIGN.

Australia

AUSTRALIAN SCAD RENAMED JACK MACKEREL: Australian fisheries authorities have
unanimously agreed that scad (Trachurus novaezelandiae), formerly known as horse
mackerel and cowanyoung, will be renamed jack mackerel, according to the May 1950
Fisheries Newsletter published by the Commonwealth Director of Fisheries.

Since it had been found that the name scad was not entirely satisfactory from
a marketing point of view, and since it was very closely related to the California
jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) , it was believed possible by Australian fish-=
eries authorities that the Australian canned scad would be competing on the same
markets with the California fish, It was pointed out that the name jack mackerel
would not only have greater appeal on the local market but would also be known on
the overseas market,

* eK OK

USE OF REFRIGERATED VESSELS FOR PROCESSING SPINY LOBSTERS: There has been
an expansion in Western Australia in the operation and use of refrigerated ves-
sels for processing and storing spiny lobsters, according to a letter received from
a correspondent in South Perth, More than 50 percent of the spiny lobster tails
exported to the United States from Western Australia are now handled by these
factory-type vessels,

During 1949, the Western Australian spiny lobster catch was 5 million pounds,
according to official: Australian statistics, A large proportion of the catch was
processed as frozen spiny lobster tails for the United States market, and a small
percentage was canned,

For the fiscal year 1948-49 (ending June 30), the total Australian production -
of: spiny lobsters was 9,433,792 pounds, Of this total, during that fiscal year,
Western Australia produced 2,838,012 pounds; Tasmania, 3,233,709; Southern
Australia, 2,000,000; New South Wales, 794,855; and Victoria, 567,216. Since
the 1949 Western Australian production is given as 5 million pounds, comparison
with the 1948-49 fiscal year production of 2,838,012 pounds shows that Western
Australia's production of spiny lobsters during the latter part of 1949 increased

considerably,
ap 3

Bermuda

RESTRICTS FISH IMPORTS: Like other countries beset with dollar difficulties,
Bermuda is trying to close the gap between its dollar income and its dollar expen-
ditures by restricting its imports from dollar countries, the June 1950 Trade News

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ral

of the Canadian Fisheries Department reports, A year ago it put a number of items
on a "temporarily prohibited" list and since the devaluation of the pound, these
restrictions have been extended, They cover a considerable list of food products,
including the following fish items:

All fresh fish, except for hotels
All smoked fish, except salmon
All canned fish

British East Africa (Kenya)

DEVELOPMENT OF COASTALFISHERIES: For the past two years there has been con~
siderable discussion about the possibility of instituting a full investigation of
the marine fishing possibilities of the 1,000-mile coastline between Lamu and
Lindi, where there is alréady a considerable amount of localized native fishing,
Previous attempts at deep-sea fishing off the coast have failed, principally, it
is thought, through lack of information, a July 18 American consular dispatch
from Nairobi reports, East Africats fish needs are placed at a conservative mini-
mum of 50,000 metric tons a year, and the need to develop the coastal fisheries is
as great as that for development of the inland fisheries, Work on the former, how-
ever, has lagged behind,

There have been several coastal fishing projects proposed and begun in the
past eight months, A South African company announced its intention of basing six
30+ to40-foot Diesel-powered fishing boats at Lamu where the fish would also be
dried and cured,

The former East African Supply Board Fishery Station at Shimoni has been
sold to a limited company. The company owns 20 native-type boats, three powered
fishing boats, and employs 30 fishermen. During the season, over 200 privately-
Owned boats supply fish to the depot and the supply of fish is approximately a
metric ton per day. This fish is frozen, shipped to and sold daily at Mombasa.

New methods of catching crayfish also are being developed here, and next
year this company hopes to build fish barricades in shallow water to trap fish
during the rainy season.

Another attempt to meet East Africa's fish requirements is being carried out
at a marine fish farm near Tanga. This farm of 300 acres, from which may be ex-
pected an annual output of between 500 pounds and one metric ton per acre, demon-
strates the possibility of this type of development in the vast areas of mangrove

Swamp up and down the coast.

Canada

REGULATIONS FOR PACKING "SPRING BLOATERS" FOR EXPORT: Canadian fish exporters
may coutinue to ship larger size spring herring outside Canada through regulations
announced by the federal Department of Fisheries in its June 1950 issue of Trade
News,

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No, 9

The amendment to the "Regulations Governing the Construction of Containers,
the Curing and Packing of Baayen the Inspection Thereof" puts on a permanent
basis last year's legislation“ which allowed the export, from the 1949 herring
pack, of 18-pound boxes of "spring bloaters" with not less than 60 and not more

than 80 fish,

This legislation is a safeguard to the exporter, It was found that some
waste was occurring when packers could not keep within the previously allowed

count of 80 to 120 without culling out the larger fish,

1/ SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949, P. 26.

Chile

COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO DRAFT A NEW FISHERIES LAW: By Decree No, 712 of the
Ministry of Economy and Commerce, dated June 15, 1950, a committee of six per-
sons was designated to prepare a draft of a new fisheries law for Chile, aJuly 27
American consular dispatch from Santiago states, This new law is to replace the
present administrative regulations which are derived from Decree-law No, 34 of
March 12, 1931, and from the regulations established by Decree No, 1584of April 30,
193k.

The preamble of the new Decree states that the existing regulations are in-
adequate to meet the needs of the industry now that the Government is promoting
greater fish consumption as a means of increasing the quantity of protein in the

national diet,
“

Denmark

— eS

been made by the Danish Government over Soviet seizures of Danish fishing vessels
and over the Russian claim for the extension of maritime jurisdiction to 12 nau-
tical miles, according to an August 4 American consular dispatch from Copenhagen,
Should the Danes be denied access to the rich salmon fishing grounds in the Baltic,
it will be a serious blow to the Danish fishing industry,

Ecuador

FISH CANNERY PLANS ABANDONED: Ecuadoran hopes that one or more of the three
fish cannery projects for which it signed contracts in 1949 would become a reality
all but disappeared during the first half of 1950, according to an August 7 Amer=
ican consular dispatch from Quito,

The Walter Von Trescow-Westinghouse Electric International Company plan to
establish a cannery with the aid of a $1,500,000 Export-Import Bank loan was
evidently abandoned following the Bank's decision not to advance the desired funds,

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Although President Galo Plaza announced on February 25 this year that Ameri-
can and Foreign Enterprises, Inc, had bought complete fish canning installations
from a Warrenton (Oregon) canning company for speedy installation in Ecuador to
begin operations in conformity with the contract signed with the Ecuadoran Govern-
ment in 1949, it subsequently became evident that an essential loan of $850,000
from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development had a drawback--

a condition (which could not be fulfilled) that Ecuador must first settle its
debt to bondholders of the Southern Railway, President Plaza evidently felt that
to come to an arrangement with the bondholders (mostly British) would under the
circumstances be a bad move, especially from a political point of view,

The third project sponsored by Inepaca (Industria Ecuatoriana de Productos
Alimenticios Compania Anonima), Ecuadoran subsidiary of a San Diego (California)
company, was abandoned early in May, presumably because necessary capital was
not available from the parent company,

PROPOSED REVISION OF FISHING LAWS: Proposed revision of Ecuador's fishing
laws received considerable attention from American fishing interests and Ecua-
doran authorities during the first half of 1950 and it is deemed likely that Con~
gress, when it convenes in August, may make some changes in existent statutes,

~~

=
v

German Federal Republic

OLD TRAWLERS TO BE SCRAPPED: Seven trawlers, most of which are over thirty
years old, are being scrapped by their Bremerhaven owners because of high oper-
ating costs, ‘These are the first trawlers scrapped since World War II, and it is
expected that others will follow, an August 1 American consular dispatch from

Bremerhaven states,

Until April 1950, trawlers over 29 years old and those possessing certain
uneconomic features, were allowed subsidies from an Equalization Fund collected
on the fish auctioned, The removal of these subsidies and the low market price
for fish has necessitated the scrapping of some of these old vessels.

MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION FOR TRAWLERS: An increasing number of new trawlers
in the German Federal Republic are being equipped with mechanical refrigeration,
The popularity of this feature stems, to a large extent, from the success which
its operation has shown on the fishing trawlers on charter from the United States,
Mechanical refrigeration was installed on a few German trawlers before World War II
but did not give satisfactory service and was not generally adopted, However, de-
velopments embodied in the American equipment have overcome previous objections
and demonstrated the practicability of the system,

este
Tet
EB
Iceland
EXPANSION OF THE ROSEFISH FISHERY: During June and July this year, several

Icelandic trawlers have been engaged in fishing for rosefish (redfish), states a
July 21 American consular report from Reykjavik, Several of the trawlers made
unusually large catches~-approximately 500 metric tons of rosefish per trip (of
- 7 to 10 days). However, up to the present time, the fishing for rosefish has

played an insignificant part in the Icelandic economy,

Ab COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIRYW Vol, 12, No, 9

Prior to the war, small quantities of rosefish were sold to the United Kingdom,
In Central Europe and in the United States, the fish are sold filleted, Several
quick-freezing plants in Iceland have filleted small quantities of rosefish which
will be exported to the United States, However, the major part of the rosefish
catch goes to fish meal factories where it is ground into meal, The fish likewise
yields a small amount of rosefish oil, and the rosefish liver is also considered to
be much richer in vitamins A and D than some other livers,

Off the coast of Iceland there are two species of rosefish--a small variety
and a large variety. The latter, wnich is considered to be of more importance to
Iceland, is located off the coastal shelf in depths ranging from 200 to 500 meters
(109-273 fathoms), On the other hand, the small rosefish is located in shallow
waters or on the continental shelf, These two species look very much alike and
are distinguishable only by their difference in size, A third type of rosefish is
found in the western North Atlantic off the American coast and is caught mainly by

American vessels,

According to a Scandinavian fish specialist, A. Vedel Taning of Copenhagen,
"the redfish (rosefish) fry per square kilometer amounts to approximately half a
million, considering only fry found down to a depth of 50 meters (27 fathoms),
When it is known that spawning areas extend over 23 million square kilometers, one
must be able to imagine the abundant quantities of redfish in the sea, Everyone
who has investigated cod and herring spawn in the limited spawning areas off the
coast of Iceland and in the North Sea will be convinced, when finding those great
quantities of redfish fry, that the number of redfish in the sea must by far ex-
ceed the two other species, These species amounted to 65 percent of the total
catch landed in North Europe during the years 193) to 1938, There is no doubt —
that the redfish will prove to be a reserve for the fishing nations when deple-
tion of sea life begins to affect other commercial fish, Definitely, within a
short time, appropriate methods will be found to utilize this resource,"

a

India

DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES: During the last few years, the Government of India
and a number of State Governments have taken up the development of fisheries mainly
with a view to supplementing the diet of the people which, in the majority of cases,
falls below minimum nutritional standards, according to an August 15 release from
the India Press Information Bureau supplied by the American Embassy at New Delhi,

Fish production in India is estimated at 513,760 metric tons per year-=two-
thirds of this amount consists of sea fish, Per capita consumption is estimated at
3.4 pounds per year, which is much less in comparison to the standard prevailing in
other countries, Experts have calculated that the present production of fishery
products must be increased at least ten times if the people of India are to derive
substantial nutrition from this important animal protein food,

Plans for Development of Fishery Resources: Development of fishery resources
is being undertaken both in inland and marine waters, There are a large number of
tanks, ponds, rivers, backwaters, etc,,in inland areas of India which can yield sub-
stantial quantities of fishery products, In addition, India's extensive coast line
should provide a substantial amount of marine fishery products if exploited with
proper equipment and skilled personnel,

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

Fishery schemes have been included within the scope of the "Grow More Food
Campaign" of the Government of India and special financial assistance has been
given to the individual states. Till now, about 50 plans have been launched.
There has been an increase in the production of fishery products as a result of
the implementation of these schemes, and it has been estimated that there will
be a greater increase by the end of 1951-52.

Inland Fisheries: Most of these plans to date have stressed the develop-
ment of inland fisheries and aim at:

1. Collection and distribution of fry of carp and 3. Better utilization of the present production of
other fast-growing species of fish for stock- fishery products by more efficient methods of
ing in inland waters, Arrangements have been preservation, transportation, and marketing.
made whereby States having a surplus of fry
and fingerlings will supply these to deficit 4, Utilization of fish waste for the manufacture of

States.

2. Improvement in the quality of cured fish and

prawns (shrimp) by providing better facili-
ties at fish-curing yards. (Salt is being
supplied at subsidized rates under the "Grow
More Food Campaign." The fish-curing yards
at Bombay have recently been improved and the
Government of Travancore—Cochin Union have set
up a model fish-curing yard with financial

fish meal for feeding and fertilizer.

Establishment of cooperatives for fishermen.

At present, the fishermen's economic condition
is poor and the equipment used is not effi-
cient enough. The cooperatives which are being
encouraged seek to- improve the fishermen's eco-
nomic condition by providing the necessary cred-
it to buy efficient fishing gear and equipment
to increase their catch.

assistance from the Central Government).

Deep-Sea Fisheries: While the development of inland fishery resources is
expected to yield considerable return, the large gap between production and re-—
quirements can only be made up by the exploitation of India's extensive marine
resources. India has a coast line of about 2,900 miles, while the area of the
continental shelf (from the coast to the 100-fathom line) is over 115,00 square
miles. Fishing in Indian seas is, however, confined to a narrow coastal belt
of five to seven miles only. This is largely because the equipment used for sea
fishing consists mostly of small boats, canoes, catamarans, andof small nets and
tackles which are not of a type which can stand the rigours and requirements of
offshore or deep-sea fishing.

Since the collection of exploratory fishery data can only be undertaken at
the Government level, for the last few years the Government of India has started
exploratory deep-sea fishing at Bombay. Pilot-scale operations were first started
on an experimental basis with the steam trawler Meena obtained from the Disposals
Directorate. However, since the running and maintenance expenses of this vessel
were unduly high, last year the Government obtained two Danish cutter-trawlers
from Holland and two specially made boats from the United Kingdom. These boats
have been going out to sea since the winter of last year and have collected val—
uable data on fishing grounds, the nature of fish likely to be available at par-
ticular depths of water, details of fishing seasons, underwater conditions, etc.
In addition, substantial quantities of fish have been caught.

The two Danish cutters (Ashok and Pratap) are steel vessels, with an over-
all length of 85 feet, and fitted with 240 b.shep. Diesel engines, These vessels
have completed 44 trips (average trip lasted a week) from November 1949 to June
this year.

The other two vessels from the United Kingdom (Bumili and Champa) completed
62 trips from the winter of last year up to June this year. Trips usually lasted
3 to 4 days, but some were only 1 day long.

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Moly 2 Nowy 69

Training and Research: Arrangements have also been made by the Government
of India for training sufficient skilled fishery personnel. Two training classes
were started--one for inland
fisheries and the other for ma-
rine fisheries. More than 100
candidates have been trained so
far as a result of these training
courses and the personnel trained
are now mostly employed in fish—
ery development work indifferent
parts of the country.

For training in deep-sea
fishing, the Ministry of Agricul-
ture sent a number of young men
for six months to Grimsby, Eng-
land. On return to India, these
trainees were given further prac-—
tical training for two years on the Government of India's fishing vessels at
Bombay. Some of the trainees have successfully completed their course and have
now been employed as petty officers on the fishing vessels operating in Bombay.

TYPICAL FISHING VESSEL OF INDIA.

To undertake research on problems connected with India's fisheries, two
Fisheries Research Stations have been started by the Government of India for
biological, technological, and hydrological investigations. The station which
deals with marine fisheries is located at Mandapam, Madras, and the other on
inland fisheries at Pulta near Calcutta.

In addition to pilot deep-sea fishing, which the Central Government has
undertaken, some of the maritime states of India have also entered this field.
In Madras, offshore fishing has been tried for’several years now, but the vessels
and equipment used need considerable improvement. The West Bengal Government is
presently pursuing a plan to undertake deep-sea fishing in the Bay of Bengal.
Recently, an officer of this State Government accompanied by the Fisheries De—
velopment Adviser of the Central Government proceeded to Denmark to purchase
suitable fishing boats and recruit some skilled personnel for the West Bengal
project. It is understood that the Danish experts are expected to arrive at
Calcutta in November this year and will train local personnel in deep-sea fishing
operations. A West Bengal official source maintained that experiments conducted
in 1949 had shown good prospects for deep-sea fishing.

ae)

Japan
POLICY GOVERNING EXPANSION OF JAPANESE FISHING AREA: The Government of the

tralian Government feels the newly-authorized Japanese tuna fishing operationsL/
will interfere with fisheries in New Guinea which the Australian Government is
encouraging, am that the new Japanese fishing operations are not for the purpose
of feeding the Japanese people but for obtaining fish for export. Accordingly,
the Australian Government requested reconsideration of the order in question with
the view of placing the southern boundary of Japanese tuna fishing operations at

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

16° N. latitude instead of the equator, states a July 27 American consular report
from Tokyo.

SCAP's reply of July 22, 1950, advised the Australian Government that the
Supreme Commander, while supporting the broad principles of legitimate conserva-—
tion measures, could not concur in the exclusion of Japanese fishermen from large
areas of the high seas for conservation reasons, or in order to protect any na-
tion from reasonable competition, in cases where Japanese have previously engaged
in fishing and where the resources arenot being fully utilized. The reply also
pointed out that the operations authorized by SCAPIN 20974: do not constitute an
extension of the. present fishing area, but provide for a specific type of fishing
under the supervision of a representative of the Supreme Commander, and it is
accordingly believed that such specific fishing operations will no moreinterfere
with fisheries encouraged by the Australian Government than would similar oper-—
tions by any other nation's fishermen. The reply further noted that the "State—
ment of United States Policy with Respect to Fishing and Aquatic Industries in
Japan", also known as FEC-035, in enunciating general principles for the guidance
of the Supreme Commander during the Occupation, states that Japan should be per—
mitted to engage in deep-sea fishing to provide food for domestic needs and to
secure foreign exchange for essential imports. Accordingly, the Supreme Com—
mander cannot consider the question of domestic or export uses of marine prod—
ucts as a criterion in determining any limitations to be placed on Japanese
alg and therefore doesnot feel there is any necessity to amend SCAPIN
2097

1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JUNE 1950,PP. 52-4,

*% UK KH

CANNED CRAB MEAT PROSPECTS FOR 1950: Exports: The Japanese Ministry of
International Trade and Industry anticipates that Japan will be able to export
80,000 to 100,00 cases (48 No. 2 cans, 64 oz. each) of crab meat during 1950,
depending on the year's catch. Stocks existing at the beginning of 1950 were
negligible, according to a June 26 dispatch from the Office of the Political

Adviser in Tokyo.

Production: Total pack in 1950 will be between 100,000 and 120,000 cases.
Most of this production will be shipped to the United States. Only meat re-
jected for export because of its quality will be consumed in the domesticmarket,
and this is expected to be about 20 percent of the total pack.

Canning Seasons: The first crab canning season starts in Avril each year
and continues through May, with some operations during June and July. The second
season starts in August and lasts through October, with no activity for the re-
mainder of the year. The pack estimate for the April-May 1950 season is 50,000-
60,000 cases; August—October 1950 season, 30,000-40,000 cases. Shipments to the
United States are usually made in the two months subsequent to each production
period, so that the bulk of Japanese canned crab meat is exported during the
latter half of each year.

Prewar Canning Capacity: Production of crab meat in 1939 was 598,598 cases
(48 No. 2 cans of 64 oz. each). See first table on p. 48.

Canning Capacity Transferred to U.S.S.R.: Reportedly, a crab meat canning
capacity of about 143,000 cases per year (on the basis of the 1939 production for
the Kuriles and Kamchatka) was transferred to the U. S. S. Re Since some of the

4g COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No, 9

floating canneries
had operation bases
in Kamchatka, however,
it is estimated that
the capacity taken
over by the U.S.SR.
actually amounts to
nearly 200,000 cases
per year. There are
no floating crabmeat
canneries at present
in Japan.

Japanese Prewar Canning Capacity, 1939

SS a
| Variety | Amount Packed | Location of Canneries

| Floating canneries
Kuril Islands
Kamchatka
Hokkaido

Total ceccoce
HHanasaki crab oo
IKegani crab oeoe
Grand total we.
n/48 No. 2 cans of 65,02. each.

| Hokkaido
Korea

Present Japanese Canning Capacity: The remaining canneries located in
Hokkaido were fully renovated in 1948, and their installed canning capacity is
reportedly about one million cases per year. There are now 39 canneries located
in Hokkaido, with the Nemuro, Wakkanai, and Kushiro districts being the princi-
pal centers of production, and no cannery has been reported as having closed
since 1948. Because of the present limitations to the fishing area, however, the
expected packing program represents only 10 percent of the installed capacity.

In view of the highly seasonal nature of this industry, operators of these
canneries are endeavoring to produce canned salmon, mackerel, shellfish, and
other canned fishery products in order to fill the gap during dull or off-seasons.

No additions have been made to Japan's crab canning capacity since the end
of World War II.

Costs of Production: Estimates on the average production costs per case, as
based on information obtained from the Japanese Ministry of International Trade
and Industry, the Japanese Canned and Glass Jar Foods Association, and Nichiro
Fisheries Company, Ltd., are as follows:

Average Costs of Production of Canned King Crab Meat, Fancy Grade

Unit: Per Case of 48 63-0z. cans, in U. S. dollars)

Raw materials @LFCCOHCSHHOHOFTGHSOLHLCHLOHLSHOCEOLLOOLOEHO $ 9073

Cans PC ODT COOOL ECOL COLE OED OL O> DODO OOD EOE ODO OL OL OO OD 2.98

TGIDOT | evelsioloiainieieieleletele’eleicvole'e e(eie;ciovclele/elcielc) eveveieieleretaietelsve 2.22
Fuel, :packing, overhead, .and ‘profit cise csisitiecescice 1.74

Production costs \ex—Cannery; jrcicicie-e.ssierete sluicinieieis/eins 16.67
Island freight and ‘insurance’... ccccccccccccececee peer)

Warehouse and loading charges; etc., incurred at

port of shipment COCCHCHOKCOHSLECOLOCOSLELOCOEBOLOLOO0E -.08
Exporter's COMMUSSLON ere claicisie.sie.cje/ele oveleiaecielslersicieraciere
F.0.B.

price SSCHSCHLCHLSCHHOHLHFTHFHOOHOLHFOLOLPOLCZLO02D

Manufacturers are reluctant to divulge the breakdown of the cost constituent
"fuel, packing, overhead, and profit." Production costs vary according to dif-—
ferent operators, the location of canneries, and other factors, but it is believed
that producers! profits average only about 3 percent of the f.o.b. prices

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

Prices: Until recently, the f.o.b. price of Japanese canned crab meat, fan-
ey grade (representing the best quality), was $19.00 per case (48 64-oz. cans),
the second quality being $1.00 cheaper. Because of the competition from Russian
canned crab meat in the United States, exporters are now quoting $18.00 to $18.50
per case f.0.b. Japan. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry
has received a report to the effect that Russian canned crab meat is being sold
at $34.50 per case (96 7-oz. cans) f.0.b. Vladivostok and that British firms are
offering what is presumably Russian crab meat at $47.00 per case in Los Angeles.
Therefore, the Russian product reportedly is underselling the Japanese by $3.00
per case.

The price in the United States of the Japanese crab meat is calculated
roughly on the following basis:

He Os Ba DLACE teres /s/e10/e <ivleicle cleltleielisiesio up onOOMperncase

Kreveht ands Insurances. «sls sissies WeOOm ry
Customs duty at 22.5 percent
ad valorem Beer oceceseceseeosesees 4.27 MU WW

Cost laid down in U. S. cecccccccce 24.27 (sold at $25.00)

KERHD PK) ok

of the Law for the Prevention of the Exhaustion of Marine Resources, which was
enacted by the Japanese Diet on May 1, 1950, the Minister of Agriculture and For-
estry has taken action affecting the operation of 173 vessels of the East China
Sea trawl fleet. The Minister cancelled the licenses of 62 bull trawlers andone
otter trawler and restricted the operations of 110 bull trawlers effective July 10,
1950, the July 22 Weekly Summary of SCAP's Natural Resources Section reports.

A public hearing was held in Tokyo on June 8, 1950, at which results of pre-
liminary research on the trawl fisheries in the Hast China Sea were made public.
It was determined on the basis of this research that bull trawlers permitted un-
restricted operations in the East China Sea within the area prescribed by SCAP
should be limited to 600 vessels, and otter trawlers to 50 vessels. At this hear-
ing, the Fisheries Agency presented a plan establishing standards for selection
of vessels, the operation of which would be either curtailed or restricted.

This plan was accepted at. the hearing, and thereafter the Fisheries Agency
selected the vessels and operators to be affected.

Thirteen of the bull trawler licenses were cancelled for inefficient oper-
ation; 7 were licenses of vessels sunk in Japanese waters; 34 were licenses can-
celled on the percentage bases; and 8 were bull trawler licenses cancelled in
lieu of 4 otter trawlers. Sixteen operating companies were affected. Effective
July 10, the operation of 110 bull trawlers of less than 50 gross tons were re-
stricted to the area bounded by Longitude 130° E., Longitude 127930' E., and Lat-
itude 25° N., excluding the Sea of Japan north of Latitude 36° N.

As of July 1, the Fisheries Agency has suspended operation of 26 bull trawl-
ers suspected of violation of the provisions of SCAPIN 2046. The licenses of 17
of these vessels reported beyond the limits of the authorized fishing area by
Allied authorities or by the Japanese Fisheries Inspection System were cancelled
by administrative action prior to trial. The licenses of seven vessels reported

outside the area were voluntarily surrendered by their owners.

1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JUNE 1950, P. 57.

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW “Voy Ai2manicwiag

TYPICAL BULL TRAWLERS OPERATED IN PAIRS BY JAPANESE FISHERMEN IN THE EAST CHINA
SEA DOCKED AT FUKUOKA, KYUSHU, JAPAN. BUILDING IN BACKGROUND IS A COLD STORAGE
PLANT.

The Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, is presently
negotiating with the Ministry of Finance to determine the amount of compensation
to be paid to operators who have lost licenses under this reduction program. No
compensation will be made to operators whose vessels have been merely restricted
in operation, nor to owners whose vessels have been reported in violation of SCAP
directives. ;

JAPANESE GOVERNMENT

ia

Mauritius and Seychelles Islands
SURVEY OF FISHING BANKS COMPLETED: A survey of the fishing banks between

the Seychelles and Mauritius, which was begun in 1947, was concluded in December
1949 when the vessel that made the survey (the Research) tied up at Zanzibar, a

July 10 American consular dispatch from Mombasa reports.

In the preliminary report, J. F. G. Wheeler, Marine Biologist, who conducted
the survey, points out that the fishing banks of the Western Indian Ocean have
been known by repute for many years but practical men were not prepared to make
large-scale capital investments. Pelagic fishing was the practice round Mauri-
tius by professional and amateur fishermen and was quite successful at certain
times of the year, but the Island's markets depended principally on the steady
supply of bottom fish.

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

In 1946, grants from the British Colonial Development and Welfare Fund pro-
vided for a research ship, with the necessary equipment and gear, and running
expenses of a scientific staff and crew for two years.

The most important area covered by the Mauritius-Seychelles survey was "the
Seychelles Plateau, less than 40 fathoms deep and roughly 10,000 square miles in
area, from which emerge the islands of the Seychelles group; and the chain of
submarine banks—the Constant, the Fortune, the Saya de Malha, the Nazareth, and
the Soudan, with a total area of about 23,000 square miles--which stretch in an
arc to Mauritius, rising steeply from the ocean floor, a.thousand miles away to
the south." The banks are noted for their bottom or ground fish.

The Research fished on all these banks and off most of the islands. Data
was obtained on more than 6,000 fish and 1,100 sharks; average rates were estab—
lished for fishing in terms of metric tons per man per year on a basis of 240
days of 6 hours actual fishing time.

According to the Marine Biologist, the best catches were made in depths be-
tween 8 and 32 fathoms. "Over-all rates of fishing were 17 metric tons per man
per year for fish and 213 tons per man per year for sharks, all taken by hand
lines from the drifting research ship. These figures combined give a rate of
5,936 pounds per 100-hours fishing for a single line." He compares these figures
with trawlers working the North Sea area with an average of 10,080 pounds per
100-hours fishing per ship.

From statistics of catches available, the average annual catch in normally-
fished Mauritius waters was calculated at about 12 metric tons per square mile.
Because the legal methods of capture did not damage the grounds, the same quan—
tity should be available every year in years of normal spawning survival. But
the actual commercial annual catch per man per year was 1.30 tons at Mauritius;
at Rodrigues, 1.48 tons; and for the Seychelles, 1.57 tons.

The commercial rate found at the Seychelles plateau during Wheeler's visit
there at the end of 1945 was 164 tons per man per year, inclusive of sharks.
Exclusive of sharks, this rate should be 7.5 tons per man per year.

Although he realizes that the fishable area of the banks is far less than
their charted area, he states that the "density of the fish population is about
four times greater than that calculated for the Mauritius inshore fishery, so
that the reduced area of about 11,000 square miles, plus the plateau of the
Amirante Islands (Seychelles! dependencies) and the rich banks of the Chagos
Archipelago (Mauritius' dependency)—together about 3,200 square miles—should
be capable of a total annual production of 520,000 metric tons."

=e

Me

Mexico

FISHING TREATIES CONTEMPLATED BY MEXICO: Studies relative to treaties be-
tween Mexico and the United States and between Mexico and Cuba have been completed
by the Mexican Directorate General of Fisheries, accordingto an article appearing
in the newspaper El Universal of July 5, 1950, and as reported by a July 7 Ameri-
can Embassy dispatch from Mexico, D. F.

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 12, No, 9

The article states that "the majority of the fishing boats which come to
our coasts are from the two mentioned nations. Therefore it is considered nec-
essary to establish treaties principally with. these countries so as to have
clearly specified the obligations which the foreign fishermen undertake and the
responsibilities which they incur by not subjecting themselves to Mexican fish-
ery laws and their regulations. In this way the existing confusion which gives
place to disagreeable incidents will be eliminated."

The projected international treaties have been sent by the Mexican Ministry
of Marine to the Ministry of Foreign Relations.

Norway

NYLON TRAWL NET TESTED: Experiments with a nylon Swedish-type trawl were
carried out in the herring fisheries on the Fladen Grounds by the Norwegian Fish-
eries Department, according to the June 24 issue of The Fishing News. The con—
clusions were that the catch was about four to five times as large as the catches
made with ordinary cotton trawls, in spite of the fact that the type of net was
exactly the same.

The explanation may be that since nylon is lighter than the ordinary trawl
material and does not absorb water, the upper part of a nylon trawl floats more
easily. In addition, nylon is smoother than ordinary material and is believed
to offer less resistance when dragged through the water. For these reasons, it
is likely that the nylon trawl keeps a larger opening than the ordinary trawl.
The nylon trawl was found easier to drag and seemed much stronger than trawls of
ordinary material.

Pacific South Sea Islands
DIFFICULTY IN CATCHING FISH IN QUANTITIES HINDERS DEVELOPMENT OF TUNA IN-

DUSTRY: Tuna fishing and canning operations at Fiji Islands and ‘American ‘can Samoal/
have not met with any success to date because in that area of the South Pacific,
of which Fiji is the center, it has not been possible to catch tuna in quantities
by methods used in other Pacific waters. Two companies were established last
year, one in the Fiji Islands to fish for tuna in Fijian waters and one to can
the tuna in American Samoa. The Senirosi, one of the Fiji company's vessels, is
now reported trying out a purse-seine net (1,800 ft. long and 180 ft. deep) some-
where in the Yasawa group, according to the July 1950 Fisheries Newsletter of the
Australian Director of Tisheries, which quoted the Sydney journal, Pacific Monthly.

The tuna canning factory at Pago Pago, Samoa, was to be opened the beginning
of this year and all preparations were completed, reports the Apia (Samoa). How-
ever, since large concentrations of tuna could not be found, the factory has not
receivea any fish and up to the present, the cannery has still not started work.

The Fiji tuna fishing company is now looking for new waters in whichto search

for tuna. Permission has been granted to the company to conduct an exploratory

I/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1949, PP. 58-9.

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 395)

survey in Samoan waters with a view to ascertaining the seasonal movement of fish,
particularly tuna. But in May, it was reported that the situation had not improved.
This company now proposes to test live-bait pole fishing in Australian waters.

Peru
FISH MARKETING situation: 1/ Deficits in meat production have added to the

historical importance of fish in the Peruvian diet, reports Robert 0. Smith, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service representative, who made a survey of South American
markets for United States fishery products. However, it does not follow, that

any sizable market exists for imported fishery products. On the contrary, it seems
certain that Peru will continue to be an exporter of frozen and canned fishery
products, and its imports will reflect consumer taste preference (salmon and sar-
dines, for example) rather than supplementary protein for the diet.

The Republic of Peru has a population of 7,726,000 (1948 estimate) and an
area of 482,258 square miles. Its coastline extends for about 1,400 miles along
the Pacific. Due in part to the Humboldt current, the coastal waters are rich
in fish life. Even prior to the establishment of the Inca Empire, fishing was
ae prosecuted with more or less the same kind of small craft and nets used

odaye

able 1 - Peru's Production of Fish
Products, 1939-49

26,725

Since most Peruvian fishery products
are sold by pieces rather than by weight,
the catch statistics are necessarily esti-
mates, and usually on the conservative
side. The catch has increased nearly ten
times within the ll-year period, 1939
through 1949, to a total of 45,260 metric

21,063 tons (table 1). There is no evidence that
11,889 any species is being overfished, and actu-
6,404 ally the catch may be expected to increase

4,849 within the limitations of preservation and

distribution facilities.

For the most part, canning of tuna and bonito for export has been a postwar
deyelopment which has not yet reached its potential output. The two species do
not show mich overlapping in distribution. Yellowfin tuna are taken in both
northern and southern Peru throughout the year, but are not common inshore along
the central coastal area. On the other hand, bonito (Sarda chilensis) are abun-
dant along the central coast from November through March, but seldom taken in
the extreme north or south. In 1949, about 500,000 cases were exported (80 per-

cent bonito and 20 percent tuna).

V/THIS 1S THE TENTH REPORT IN A SERIES TO GIVE INFORMATION ON CURRENT AND POTENTIAL MARKETS
FOR UNITED STATES FISHERY PRODUCTS IN SOUTH AMERICA. MILTON J. LINDNER AND ROBERT O, SMITH,
UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE REPRESENTATIVES, WERE IN SOUTH AMERICA IN JUNE INVES-
TIGATING MARKETS IN CONNECTION WITH A SURVEY SPONSORED COOPERATIVELY WITH THE U. S. DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE'S OFFICE QF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS. MORE DETAILED REPORTS WILL
BE |SSUED AT A LATER DATE AS FOREIGN MARKET CIRCULARS AND WILL BE AVAILABLE FROM THE

BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. THE
ANNOUNCEMENT OF THIS STUDY APPEARED !tN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JUNE 1950, Pie 18, THE
FIRST REPORT IN THIS SERIES ON THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC ON PP. 33-4 OF THE SAME ISSUE; THE SEC-
OND ON THE NETHERLANDS WEST INDIES APPEARED IN JULY 1950, PP. 46-7; AND OTHERS APPEARED IN
THE AUGUST 1950 ISSUE AS FOLLOWS: THE THIRD ON URUGUAY , PP, 61-2; THE FOURTH ON PARAGUAY ,
PP, 52-3; THE FIFTH ON BRAZIL, P. 41; THE SIXTH ON BOLIVIA, PP. 39-40; THE SEVENTH ON SURINAM,
PP, 57-8; THE EIGHT ON VENEZUELA, PP. 62-3; AND THE NINTH ON CHILE, PP, 43-4,

5h, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No. 9

Peru's exports of fishery products have been steadily mounting during the
past four years. There has been an increase in the shipments of canned fish,
frozen fish, and fish meal (table 2).

ozen Fish:

Swordfish see
Tuna .ccocce

In the 5-year
period, 1935 through
1939, the annual
importation of can-
ned and driedfish
averaged 2,240,000
and 663,000 pounds,
respectively. The
United States sup-
plied an average
of 843,000 pounds
of canned fish
(sardines and
salmon) and117,000
pounds of dried
shrimp annually.
Total imports
from the United
States in 1948
amounted to only
185,000 pounds;
and in 1949,
73,000 pounds.
This decline was
accelerated by
shortages of
dollars.

CALLAO -- ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL FISHING PORTS IN PERU.

Almost every small food shop carries canned fish, usually consisting of the
following four styles of pack: sardines in tomato paste (1-lb. flat oval); bo-
nito, "salmon" style (1-1lb. tall); bonito in oil (7-oz. round); and bonito in
tomato sauce (1-1b. tall). Turn-over is slow, and in the absence of accurate fig-
ures, it is estimated that canned fish consumption within the country does not
exceed 50,000 cases annually. Retail prices for bonito in oil (7-oz. round) aver-
age about 15 cents (U. S. currency equivalent).

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

Peru's consumption of frozen fish in 1950 (mostly swordfish) will only be
about 220,000 pounds.. This is due to a variety of causes, which will require
some years to obviate. First, is lack of adequatetransportation; second, is the
relatively few outlets for distribution of frozen fishery products. Peruhas de-
veloped so rapidly during the past two yearsthat railroad and highway transpor-
tation, production of electric power, industrial and domestic water supplies,
and telegraph and telephone communication have not been able to expand with suf-
ficient rapidity. These factors, rather than productive capacity, have limited
expansion of the frozen fish business.

Although the Peruvian economy has strengthened considerably with respect to
dollar balances during the past fiscal year, it seems unlikely that any sizable
import permits will be issued for purchasing fishery products when construction
materials, machinery, and farm implements are so urgently needed. Also, sterling
balances can be used more conveniently for the purchase of sardines, dried cod,
and other desired products from Spain, Italy, France, and Norway.

™

Surinam
IMPORT TARIFF ON CERTAIN FISHERY PRODUCTS RAISED: The Surinam (Dutch Guiana)

raised by 10 percent of the value, according to a July 24 American consular re-
port from Paramaribo. Fishery products on the published list include caviar,
fresh fish (including shellfish), canned smoked salmon, smoked eels, eels in jelly,
and canned shellfish.

Thailand

FISH AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF FOOD: Fresh-water fish esas t tues an extremely
important source of food supply throughout the central regionl/ of Thailand, an
August 3 Bangkok consular dispatch reports. Fish for food are taken from every
stream, canal, lake, and swamp. As flood waters begin to recede after the rainy
season, fishing activities assume almost frenzied proportions as the farmers at-
tempt to salvage every fish, crab, and shrimp that is left behind in the dried-
up streams, canals, and swamps. Somelocal fish varieties are ableto bury them-
selves in the mdaswaters recede. These burying species are often captured when
they return to the surface after a heavy rain, or small tracts are artificially
flooded to secure the same result. Artificial fish ponds are common throughout
the region, fish being taken under village rules which fix the day upon which
certain groups of villagers are permitted to make a mass attack upon specified
ponds.

All kinds of nets, seines, and traps are used for the taking of fish, and
practically every rural home is equipped with fishing apparatus of various types.
Where a perpetual water supply is available, fresh fish are taken daily to meet
family requirements. Where water supplies are variable, fishing activities are
1/EXCLUDES FOUR SOUTHEASTERN PROVINCES. THE CENTRAL REGION OF THAILAND COMPRISES ONE-FIFTH
OF THE TOTAL AREA OF THE KINGDOM, BUT SUPPORTS NEARLY ONE-THIRD OF THE ENTIRE POPULATION.

THE CENTRAL REGION HAD A 1947 POPULATION OF 5,387,604, WHILE THE ENTIRE KINGDOM'S POPULATION
WAS 17,317,742.

56

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No. 9

organized by seasons, and when the catches are large, all surpluses beyond im-
mediate needs are dried, salted, fermented into fish sauce, boiled for extraction
of fish oil, or the living fish are kept in small ponds until needed.

Fresh and preserved fish of all kinds are a prominent feature in every village
market. In addition to supplying local needs, considerable quantities of fresh-
water fish are shipped from rural areas to the Bangkok market. Itinerant buyers
circulate throughout the Central Region picking up surplus supplies wherever found.

NEW TYPE OF RADIO BUOY
DEVELOPED BY A SCOTTISH
FIRM,

United Kingdom

IMPROVED TYPE OF RADIO BUOY FOR FISHERIWS: A newtype
of radio buoy has been developed by a Scottish firm for use
by fishing vessels to prevent the loss of costly gear, re-

ports the July 22 issue of The Fishing News, a British fish-
ery periodical. This buoy could be used also as a guide to
shipping at harbor entrances during foggy weather. A sub-
sidiary company has been formed for the manufacture and ex-
port of these radio buoys to the United States and Canada.

The British Ministry of Fisheries experimental trawler
Ernest Holt has tried the radio buoy in every conceivable
way and in almost every type of weather. The fishery cruis-
er Minna is carrying out experiments with a radio buoy on
the west coast of Scotland with the object of finding out
its possibilities with radar. A special feature of the
radio buoy is that each one is made so that it can only
use the call signal of the vessel to which it belongs.

Two Aberdeen fishing vessels are operating radio buoys.

The lower section of the buoy is made up of a cylin-
drical container housing a low-power radio transmitter and
control equipment, and a cone. These two parts form a
watertight joint, and all normal functions of switching,
tuning, etc., are carried out through a four-inch porthole
in the wall of the cone. The upper section consists of a
hollow mast which is surmounted by a composite light and
aerial insulator. The lower section contains the battery,
which is the primary source of power. A 6-foot balance
keel with a swivel lock of special design is fitted to
the base of the lower section, prior to launching the buoy.

The radio transmitter, which has a nominal range of
25 miles for a period of 60 hours when fully charged, op-
erates on a frequency within the Marine Communications
Band. The control equipment centers around a 15-day time
switch which places the transmitter in operation, keys
the transmitter with the call sign of the parent vessel,
and switches the transmitter off at the end of each trans-
mission cycle--at present it is three minutes. The appa-
ratus is being modified to allow for varying transmission
periods of from 2 to 4 minutes with optional silent periods
of 12, 28, or 58 minutes, the latter being selected, before
the radio buoy is released, through the 4-inch porthole.

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW BM)

The mast light, consisting of two lamps within a dioptric lens, is normally
"steady," thereby indicating that the equipment is switched on. During the trans-
mission period, however, the lamps are also keyed with the transmitter. The pri-
mary battery is a 12-volt lead/acid type of special design and contains no free
electrolyte. With the present three-minute cycle, a working life of sixty jours
can be expected from a fully charged battery.

For servicing, the radio buoy can be opened at the watertight joint in order
to gain access to the transmitter unit. This unit is easily removed to enable
the battery to be examined or replaced. If suitable D. C, current is available,
the battery may be charged in position, the necessary switching arrangements being
incorporated in the control equipment. Operation of the transmitter unit can be
checked without removing it from the container.

The dimensions of the radio buoy are: over-all height is 16 ft. (container
height, 4 ft.; mast height, 6 ft.; whip aerial, 6 ft.); container diameter is 18
in.; and total weight is approximately 250 pounds.

A similar radio buoy has been designed, incorporating remote radio control
thereby enabling the parent vessel to use two or more buoys and start up or shut
down either transmitter as required. Range of the control equipment is limited
by propagation characteristics to approximately 10 to 12 miles. A smaller model
is in the course of production suitable for seiners and whaling vessels.

Among the advantages and uses claimed for this new radio buoy are the fol-
lowing:

1. Will mark nets byemitting radio signal call to fishing boat or other ship not equipped with
mothership. radar.
2. Reduce search time during foul weather. 5. Research or diving vessels can mark important
locations and return in foul or foggy weather.
3. Whalers can attach one to harpooned whale and
collector vessel can easily locate the catch. 6. Marking far end of lines for long-line fishing.
4. Harbor entrances can be marked to "home" a 7. Fishing dorries could each be marked with radio

buoy and thus located easily in foul weather
by main vessel.

Lloyds of London are insuring the radio buoys now in use in North Sea, Faroe,
and Iceland waters at a rate of 3 percent per annum on the cost price of approxi-

HHH

HUMBER PORTS RAISE MINIMUM LANDED PRICES: The Humber ports (Grimsby and
be paid to producers. These ports, which handle a big percentage of the fish
landed in Great Britain, raised the minimum landed prices as an extra incentive
to fishermen to bring in a standard quality of fish that will demand the minimum
price (if a sale is effected). It is hoped that this will eliminate the necessi-
ty of selling fish for reduction purposes or for salting at a very low price, ac-
cording to the July 29 issue of Fish Trades Gazette, a British fisheries period-—
ical.

Under the new schedule, the minimum landed price for cod is 34 cents per
pound; haddock, 4 cents; all prime fish (including plaice and lemon sole), 5 cents;
whiting, 2.8 cents; and cheaper varieties, 2 cents. Prior to July 24, the mini-
mum landed prices for cod and haddock were 3 cents per pound.

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vols U2. Noung

This action followed the establishment of regulated sailings and landings
at the ports of Grimsby and Hull for distant—-water vessels in mid-July. The pur-
pose of regulated landings and the raising of minimum prices is to keep the dis-
tant-water vessels fishing and prevent wholesale tie-ups due to the landing of an
oversupply of fish or the landing of certain species of fish which are not asmar-
ketable as some of the more preferred species.

International
FAO ANNOUNCES HERRING INDUSTRY MEETING: A meeting of fisheries technolo—

gists to discuss technical problems regarding herring processing and utilization
was called by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. The meeting

will take place in Bergen, Norway, from September 24 to 29 this year.

This meeting is an puEcen of the FAO herring meeting held in The Hague,
the Netherlands, August 1949.4/ One of the conclusions of the meeting last year
was that in view of the existing trend towards a surplus in the herring industry,
efforts should be made to find new outlets for herring products. The forthcoming
meeting in Bergen will discuss all modern improvements in herring technology and
utilization, which may contribute towards making processing more efficient and
the products more easily available.

One of the principal subjects to be discussed at this meeting will be the
possibility of preparing herring (which are considered a cheap source of protein)
as an inexpensive food product suitable for the tastes of protein—deficient popu-
lations in areas such as Asia and Africa, and at a price sufficiently low to be
acceptable to these populations. The purpose of the meeting is to assemble what-
ever information is available on experiments already carried out on this phase
of the problem, and to present additional information from the areas concerned on
food habits and the prices consumers can pay.

Other aspects of herring fisheries technology also will be dealt with, such
as, canning, freezing, and the manufacture of herring byproducts in which many

new developments have taken place.

I/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, DECEMBER 1949, PP. 21-4.

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

a

Department of Defense, Department of Commerce,

Department of Labor
GOVERNMENT'S POLICY ON DEFERMENT FROM MILITARY DUTY ANNOUNCED: The poli-

the Reserves amd National Guard, in the mobilization of the Nation's armed
forces were announced August 3 by the Secretary of Defense. No blanket defer-
ments are contemplated. Each deferment will be determined on individual cir-
cumstances.

Fundamentally, deferments will be considered only for those engaged in a
critical occupation necessary to a highly essential activity, and only until a
satisfactory replacement is obtained.

The following are some excerpts from the Department of Defense policy on
deferments of reservists possessing critical occupational skills, and portions
of the Labor Department's "List of Critical Occupations" and the Commerce De-
partment's "List of Essential Activities" which may be of interest to the fish-
eries and allied industries.

Department of Defense: Policies for Occupational Deferment of Reservists:
The Department of Defense deferment policy for reservists is contained in a
"Criteria for Delay in Call to Active Duty" which covers:

1. Members of the civilian components employed or engaged
in critical civilian occupations or essential activities
and who are needed for immediate utilization by the mili-
tary services.

2. Members of the civilian components occupying critical key
managerial jobs.

Department of Commerce: The following are the criteria and certain manu-
facturing and non-manufacturing industries named by the Department of Commerce
in its "List of Essential Activities:"

Criteria:

1. Activities directly engaged in the production of war
materials.

2. Activities necessary for the maintenance of the produc-—
tion of war materials included in 1 above.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No. 9

3. Activities essential for the maintenance of national safe-
ty, health, and interest.

Manufacturing industries:

Major Group 20, Food and Kindred Products. Includes estab-
lishments manufacturing foods and beverages for human consump-—
tion, and certain related products such as manufactured ice,
chewing gum, and prepared feeds for animals and fowls.

Major Group 22, Textile Mill Products, excluding lace goods
(2292). Includes establishments engaged in preforming any of
the following operations, regardless of the type of fiber
used: (1) manufacturing yarn, thread, cordage, and twine;....

Major Group 26, Paper and Allied Products. Includes the
manufacture of pulp.....and the manufacture of: paper and
paperboard into converted paper products such as coated paper,
paper bags, paper boxes, cards, and envelopes.

Non-Manufacturing:

Major Group 09, Fisheries. Includes establishments prima-
rily engaged in commercial fishing; the operation of oyster
farms and the tonging and dredging of oysters; the gathering
of sponges, seaweed, etc.; and the operation of fish hatch-
eries or fishing preserves.

Major Group 42, Trucking and Warehousing. Includes estab—
lishments furnishing local or long distance trucking, trans-
fer, and draying services, or engaged in the storage of farm
products, furniture and other household goods, or commercial
goods of any nature. The operation of terminal facilities
for handling freight is also included.

Major Group 50, Wholesale Trade--Merchant Wholesalers, ex-
cluding beer, wine, and distilled alcoholic beverages. In-
cludes establishments usually known as wholesalers, merchant
wholesalers, or jobbers, primarily engaged in buying, taking
title to, and where customary, physically storing and handling
goods, and selling the goods at wholesale, principally to re-—
tailers and industrial and commercial users. This group also
includes industrial distributors, exporters, and importers,
cash-and-carry wholesalers, drop shippers, wagon distributors,
etc. The establishments included in this group may preform
operations on the godds incidental to the wholesale trading
and delivery, such as installing machinery, equipment, and
fixtures; and collecting and bailing waste materials.

Separately incorporated sales subsidiaries of manufacturing
and mining companies are included in this major group.

Major Group 51, Wholesale Trade, Other Than Merchant Whole-
salers. Includes four general types of wholesale establish-
ments: (1) sales branches and sales offices of manufacturing

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

and mining companies, (2) petroleum bulk stations, (3) agents
and brokers, and (4) assemblers of farm products.

Manufactures' sales branches frequently install machinery,
equipment, or apparatus sold by them, and are sometimes engaged
in leasing or renting machinery or equipment. Such activities
are considered a part of the normal wholesale functions, and
are included in this major group.

Major Group 54, Retail Trade--Food, including Candy, Nut and
Confectionery Stores (54/1). Includes retail stores primarily
engaged in selling food for home preparation and consumption.

Major Group 62, Security and Commodity Brokers, Dealers, Ex-
changes, and Services, excluding Security Brokers and dealers
(621), security and commodity exchanges (623), and services
allied with the exchanges of securities or commodities (628).

Includes commodity contract brokers and dealers and security
flotation companies.

In general, essential activities are identified by broad categories. The
group and industry numbers shown refer to the code numbers in the Standard In-
dustrial Classification Manual of the Executive Office of the President, Bureau
of the Budget. The manual may be referred to for a detailed list of the indus-
tries included under each group.

Department of Labor: The following are certain occupations named by the
Department of Labor in its "List of Critical Occupations:"

Selection of specific occupations was made on the basis of
these major considerations:

(a) The demand, in essential industries andactivities
for persons qualified to work in the occupations,
would exceed the total supply under conditions of
full mobilization.

(bo) A minimum training time of 2 years (or the equiv-
alent in work experience) is necessary to the sat-
isfactory preformance of all the major tasks found
in the occupation.

(c) The occupation is essential to the functioning of
the industries or activities in which it occurs.

Professional and Related Occupations:

Architect, marine

Bacteriologist

Biologist

Chemist - Includes: Chemist, analytical; Chemist, bio-
logical; Chemist, organic; Chemist, physical; Chemist,
inorganic; Pharmacologist.

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No. 9

Engineer — Includes, among others, engineer, sanitary;
engineer, chief, marine.
Master, shipe

Skilled. Occupations:

Foreman (critical occupations only)

Lay-out man, marine

Loftsman - Includes only: Loftsman, marine; Mock-up
assembler; etc.

Machinist - Includes, among others, Marine machinist.
Millwright

Ship rigger

Maintenance, mechanic

Definitions of these occupations have been issued by the Department of
Labor.

More Detailed Information Available: The Department of Defense's policy
statement on deferments, the Department of Labor's "List of Critical Occupa-
tions," and the Department of Commerce's "List of Essential Activities," may
be obtained from the Office of Public Information, Department of Defense,
Washington 25, D. Ce '

x “ah,

oe =

———

Interdepartmental Committee on Trade Agreements
SECOND SUPPLEMENTARY NOTICE ON TRADE-AGRSEMENT- NEGOTIATIONS :1/ The United

States intends to undertake trade agreement negotiations at Torquay, England,
beginning September 28, 1950, with the Republic of Cuba, the Interdepartmental
Committee on Trade Agreements announced on August 17. This is the second notice
supplementary to that published April 14, 1950. The first supplementary notice
was published on May 15, 1950. The original and first supplementary notices
enumerated 23 countries, other than Cuba, with which it is proposed to negoti-
ate at Torquay.

Annexed to the second supplementary notice published August 17 is a list
(the second list supplementary to that published on April 14) of products im-
ported into the United States, on which United States concessions may be con-
sidered during the negotiations. The following additional fishery products
are included (reference is made in the list to the paragraph numbers of the
Tariff Act of 1930):

SCHEDULE 7. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND PROVISIONS

PARA.
720 (A) (2) FISH, SMOKED OR KIPPERED (EXCEPT FISH PACKED IN OIL OR IN OIL
AND OTHER SUBSTANCES AND EXCEPT FISH PACKED IN AIR=TIGHT CON-
Taner WEIGHING WITH THEIR CONTENTS NOT MORE THAN 15 POUNDS
EACH):
HERRING (EXCEPT HARD DRY-SMOKED), WHOLE OR BEHEADED, BUT
NOT FURTHER ADVANCED.

721 (po) CAVIAR AND. OTHER FISH ROE FOR FOOD PURPOSES (EXCEPT STURGEON),
NOT BOILED OR NOT PACKED IN AIR=TIGHT CONTAINERS.

1/SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JUNE 1950, PP. 68-9; APRIL 1950, PP. 83-6.

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

Articles in all three lists issued may be considered for negotiation with
the Repuolic of Cuba and with the other countries named. The Interdepartmental
Committee has also announced that, in the case of each article in the list with
respect to which the corresponding product of Cuba is subject to preferential
treatment, the negotiations referred to with any country other than Cuba will
involve the elimination, reduction, or continuation of the preference, perhaps
with an adjustment or specification of the rate applicable to the product of

Cuba.
eas ey |
SSVy
Department of State
POSTPONEMENT OF TARIFF NEGOTIATIONSL/ NOT TO BEST INTERESTS OF THE UNITED

STATES: After carefully reviewing proposals for postponement of the tariff nego-
tiations scheduled to begin September 28 at Torquay, England, the Department of
State on September 1 announced that it would be to the best interests of the United
States and of other countries not to postpone the negotiations, in which some 40

nations are expected to participate.

Accelerated defense programs in the United States and Western Europe will mean
a larger total demand for goods, greater employment and strong inflationary tenden-
cies. To the extent that tariff reductions increase the volume of imports into the
United States, or decrease the costs of such imports in our domestic markets, they
will contribute to restraining the inflationary pressures with which we have todeal.
Moreover, tariff reductions resulting from the Torquay negotiations can be expected
to contribute to counter-irflationary measures taken not only in the United States
but in most of the friendly countries of the world, since the effect of such reduc-—
tions will be to help hold down prices throughout the world. Tariff reductions, as
made through the careful and selective procedures of the trade-agreements program,
present no threat to the American economy.

Another important consideration is that successful conclusion of the Torquay
negotiations can help to correct the present imbalance of our trade by increasing
the dollar-earning capacity of other friendly countries. The increased defense
efforts of our allies promise to increase their need for dollar goods. These needs
can be met in either of two ways: by increased sales of the goods of friendly coun-
tries in dollar areas, or by increased financial assistance from the United States.
Of these two means, the former is clearly the more desirable. Reduction in the need
for financial aid not only reduces the burden on our own taxpayers but increases
the self-reliance of the nations associated with us in the defense effort.

The Torquay negotiations promise to make an important contribution by reducing
tariffs affecting trade among European countries themselves and thus facilitating
intra—European trade.

The invasion of Korea has greatly increased, not lessened, the need for eco-
nomic strength and unity in the nations of the free world. The Torquay conference,
by widening the area of international cooperation, and deepening it in degree, will
contribute to both of these objectives.

Some of those who have proposed postponement of the Torquay Conference because

of the Korean situation have expressed the fear of possible injury to domestic in-
I/ALSO SEE PAGE 62 OF THIS ISSUE.

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, Now 9

dustries in which they are interested.

There is no real cause for suchconcern, First, the Administration has given
assurances that no recommendation will be made for a reduction or binding of any
United States tariff which, in the considered judgement of the interdepartmental
Trade Agreements Committee, would be likely to cause or threaten serious injury to
a domestic industry. The possibility of such injury is even less likely after Korea
in view of the prospective high rate of United States production and employment.
Second, if serious injury should nevertheless be threatened by a concession, it will
be possible to withdraw or modify the concession under the "escape clause" to which.
all Torquay concessions will be subject.

ay
Eighty-first Congress (Second Session)
AUGUST 1950

Listed below are public bills and resolutions introduced and referred to com—
mittees, or passed by the Eighty-First Congress (Second Session) and signed by the
President, that affect in any way the fisheries and allied industries. Publicbills
and resolutions are mentioned under this section only when introduced and, if passed,
when they are signed by the President; and reports or hearings on any of these bills
also are listed.

mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
(July 24, 1950). (Adds to law a restriction
of landings of fishery products in United
Senate: States ports by foreign fishing vessels or
by cargo vessels that load directly from
fishing vessels at sea.)

PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS INTRODUCED AND REFERRED
TO COMMITTEES:

Se 3998 (Magnuson for himself, Holland, O'Conor,
Pepper, and Morse) — A bill to amend chapter
61 (relating to lotteries of title 18, United
States Code, to make clear that such chapter
does not apply to nonprofit contests wherein

House of Representatives:
H. Re 9308 (Kunkel) -— A bill to protect the

prizes are awarded for the species, size,
weight, or quality of fish caught by the con-
testant; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

S. 4021 (McCarran) - A bill to revise, consol-
idate, and codify the navigation laws relat-
ing to admeasurement, documentation, entry,
clearance, coastwise trade, foreign trade,
and United States fisheries, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

S. 4066 (Murray) - A bill to provide for the
installation of improvements and facilities
needed for the protection, development, and
utilization of Federal resources affected by
dam and water reservoir projects constructed
by the Federal Government, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs.

national safety and security from the con-
sequences of price and credit inflation, to
facilitate the production of goods and serv—
ices necessary for the national defense, and
for other purposes; to the Committee on Bank-
ing and Currency.

H. Re 9314 (Spence) - A bill to establish a

system of priorities and allocations for
materials and facilities, autnorize the req—
uisitioning thereof, provide financial as—
sistance for expansion of productive capacity
and supply, provide for price and wage sta-
bilization, provide for the settlement of
labor disputes, strengthen control over credit,
regulate speculation on commodity exchanges,
and by these measures facilitate the produc—
tion of goods and services necessary for the
national security, and for other purposes;
to the Committee on Banking and Currency.

The following was introduced prior to August 1,
1950, and was not previously reported under this H. R. 9319 (Rogers) - A bill to prohibit the
section: hoarding of foods, feeds, wearing apparel,
certain containers, fertilizer and ferti-
lizer ingredients, and other necessaries;
to the Committee on Banking and Currency.

S. 3957 (McMahon) - A bill to amend title 46,
United States Code, section 251; to the Com-

September 1950

H. R. 9321 (Hart) - Same as S. 4021; to the
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries

H. Re 9322 (Hart) - A bill to clarify and
consolidate the autnority to require the
establishment and maintenance of aids to
navigation on private structures in or over
navigable waters of the United States; to
the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries.

He Re 9325 (Hoffman of Michigan) - A bill to
stabilize prices, prevent inflation, and
control production; to the Committee on
Banking and Currency.

H. R. 9343 (Hoffman of Michigan) - Same as
Hens 9325; to the Committee on Banking and
Currency.

- 9427 (Mansfield) - Same as S. 4066; to
a Committee on Public Lands.

H. Re 9445 (Reed of N.Y.) - A bill to amend
the Tariff Act of 1930 to facilitate the
enforcement of certain provisions thereof
prohibiting importation of products of
forced labor, and for other purposes; to
the Committee on Ways and Means.

H. Re 9451 (Mack of Washe) — Same as He Re
9445; to the Committee on Ways and Means.

He Re 9480 (Ellsworth) - A bill to amend
part I of the Interstate Commerce Act so
as to make provision for an adequate re—-
serve supply of railroad freight cars to
supplement the normal supply in time of
temporary shortage or national emergency;
to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce,

H. Re. 9521 (Lyle) - A bill to provide for an
ad valorem duty on the importation of shrimp;
to the Committee on Ways and Means.

H. Res. 824 (Kee) — Resolution providing for
the consideration of the bill (H. R. 8945)
to give effect to the convention for the
establishment of an International Commis-
sion for the Scientific Investigation of
Tuna, signed at Mexico City, January 25,
1949, by the United States of America and
the United Mexican States, and the conven-
tion for the establishment of an Inter-Amer-
ican Tropical Tuna Commission, signed at
washington, May 31, 1949, by the United
States of America and the Republic of Costa
Rica, and for other purposes; to the Commit—
tee on Rules.

H. Con. Res. 249, to correct an error in
HeRe 6533, marovidine for U. S. aid to
States in fish restoration and management
projects, was adopted on August 1.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIZW

provide for the regulation of the sizes
and weights of motor vehicles engaged in
transportation in interstate or foreign
commerce; to the Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce (March 9, 1950).

SIGNED BY THE PRESIDENT:

Public Law 676 (S. 2080) — An act to author-
ize the regulation of whaling and to give
effect to the International Convention for
the Regulation of Whaling signed at’ Wash-
ington under date of December 2, 1946, by
the United States of America and certain
other governments, and for other purposes.
Signed August 9, 1950.

Public Law 681 (H. R. 6533) — An act to pro-
vide that the U. S. Shall aid the States
in fish restoration and management projects.
Signed August 9, 1950.

Public Law 687 (H. J. Res. 453) — An act
authorizing the President fo invite the
States of the Union and foreign nations
to participate in the First U. S. Inter-
national Trade Fair at Chicago. Signed
August 12, 1950.

Public Law 700 (H. R. 9074) — An act ex—
empting from the lottery provisions of the
Criminal Code contests wherein prizes and
awards are given for the species, size,
weight,or quality of fish caught by the
contestant. Signed August 16, 1950.

Public Law 721 (H. R. 7887) - An act granting
the consent and approval of Congress to an
amendment to the Atlantic States Marine
Fisheries Compact, and repealing the limi-
tation on the life of such compact. Signed
August 19, 1950. (Provides that, the States
consenting to this amendment, any two or
more States may designate the Atlantic
States Marine Fisheries Commission as a
joint regulatory agency with such powers as
they may jointly confer from time to time
for the regulation of the fishing operations
of the citizens and vessels of such desig-
nating States with respect to specific fish-
eries in which such States have a common
interest; and repeals the limitation on the
life of the compact, which was 15 years.)

Public Law 730 (H. Re 7209) —- An act author-
izing and directing the Secretary of the
Interior to undertake continuing studies
of the Atlantic Coast fish species for the
purpose of developing and protecting fish
resources. Signed August 25, 1950.

Public Law 734 (H. R. 6000) - An act to extend

and improve the Federal old-age and survi-

vors insurance system, and to amend the pub-
lic-assistance and child-welfare provisions
of theSocial SecurityAct. Signed August 28,

65

The following was introduced prior to August 1, 1950.
1950, and was not previously reported under this
section: CONGRESSIONAL REPORTS:

H. Re 7637 (Herlong) — A bill to amend the

Copies of these reports available only from the
Interstate Commerce Act, as amended, to

committee submitting the report.

COMMERCIAL FISHERISS REVIGW

Commerce

Report No. 2029 (July 12, 1950), 3 p., printed,
to accompany H. R. 6533 to provide that the
United States shall aid the States in fish
restoration and management projects, and for
other purposes. Bill reported favorably
without amendment by the Committee and pas-
sage recommended. (Discusses provisions of
the bill.)

Senate Committees on Foreign Relations

Report No. 2094 (July 18, 1950), 6 p., printed,
to accompany S. 2633 to give effect to the
convention for the establishment of an Inter-
national Commission for the Scientific In-
vestigation of Tuna, signed at Mexico City,
January 25, 1949, by the United States of
America and the United Mexican States, and
the convention for the establishment of an
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission,
signed at Washington, May 31, 1949, by the
United States of America and the Republic
of Costa Rica, and for other purposes. Com-
mittee reported the bill favorably, with
one amendment, and recommended passage.
(Discusses the purpose and provisions ‘of
the bill; committee action; costs of the
legislation; and an apendix contains excerpts
from the First Session of the Eighty-first
Congress Committee Report on the Two Tuna
Conventions. In its conclusions, the Com-
mittee stated that "S. 2633 will permit the
United States to meet its obligations under
the conventions economically and effectively.
The conventions provide for two international
Commissions, whose function it is to study
the tuna fishes and related bait fishes in
the eastern Pacific about which there is a
lack of basic knowledge. Both conventions
are concerned, in part, with the same waters
and the same species of fish. So there will
be some interdependence in the findings and
studies of the two Commissions. Thus it is
appropriate that the Commissions having sim-
iar functions and procedures should be dealt
with in a single law and, as now contemplated,
the same United States Commissioners, can and
should serve on both Commissions. United
States Commissioners for the Costa Rican Com-
mission were appointed by the President on
June 19, 1950. Presumably they will also
serve on the Mexican Commission. Upon the
passage of thig bill these Commissioners will
be able to proceed at once with the important
program for the conservation of the chief
food resources of the Pacific Ocean.")

Senate Committee on the Judiciary

Report No. 2242 (August 3, 1950), 3 p. print-
ed, to accompany H, Re 9074 to amend chap-
ter 61 (relating to lotteries of title 18,
United States Code, to make clear that
such chapter does net apply to nonprofit
contests wherein priges are awarded for the
species, size, weight, or quality of fish
caught by the contestant, Bill reported
favorably without amendment by Committee
and passage recommended, (Quotes facts
presented in House Report No. 2536).

Vol. 12, No.

Commerce

Report Noe 2364 (August 15, 1950), 3 Pe,

printed, to accompany S. 3957 to amend
title 46, United States Code, section 251.
Committee reported bill favorably with
amendment and recommended passage. (The
report explains the legislation and gives
the change in the existing law. The part
added to the law is as follows: "Except
as otherwise provided by treaty or conven-
tion to which the United States is aparty,
no foreign-flag vessel shall, whether doc-
umented as a cargo vessel or otherwise,
land in a port of the United States its
catch of fish taken on board such vessels
on the high seas or fish products processed
therefrom or any fish or fish products
taken on board such vessel on the high seas
from a vessel engaged in fishing operations
or in the processing of fish or fish prod-
ucts")

House Committee on Foreign Affairs

Report No. 2514 (July 12, 1950), 20 pe,
printed, to accompany S. 2080, authorizing
the regulation of whaling and to give ef-
fect to the International Convention for
the Regulation of Whaling signed at Wash-
ington under date of December 2, 1946, by
the United States of America and certain
other governments. Bill reported favor-
ably without amendment by the Committee
and passage recommended. (The report dis-
cusses the whaling industry, the need for
conservation, the 1946 Whaling Convention,
and legislation incident to United States
participation and its cost. Appendixes
gives statistics on whaling for 1947-48 and
1948-49, and the text of the Whaling Conven-
tions In its conclusions, the Committee
stated "The cost is nominal, and for this
small expenditure, the United States will
have a voice in the making of whaling regu-
lations and an opportunity to participate
in whaling operations when interested parties
in this country wish to undertake them.")

House Committee on Merchant Marine and

Fisheries

Report No. 2934 (August 16, 1950), 2 Pes
printed, to accompany H. R. 9134, to amend
title 46, United States Code, section 25l.
Bill reported favorably with amendments by
the Committee and passage recommended. (Adds
to the present law the following: "Except as
otherwise provided by treaty or convention to
which the United States is a party, no for-
eign-flag vessel shall, whether documented as
a cargo vessel or otherwise, land in a port of
the United: States its catch of fish or fish
products, or any fish or fish products taken
on board such vessel on the high seas from a
vessel engaged in fishing operations or in
the processing of fish or fish products.')

House Committee on Foreign Affairs:

Report No. 2996 (August 25, 1950), 14 p., with
map, printed, to accompany Se 2801, a bill to

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

give effect to the International Convention “the Convention is intended to change in any
for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries signed way the powers the States now have over their
at Washington under date of February 8, 1949, territorial waters. In its conclusions, ths
and for other purposes. Bill reported favor- p Committee stated that the Northwest Atlantic
ably with amendments and passage recommended fishery is an important one, not only to the
by Committee. (The report gives the purpose New England fishery and the United States as a
‘of the legislation; a discussion of the North- whole, but also to other nations of the world.
west Atlantic fishery, the need for interna- The economic base of the industry is severely
tional action, and the Convention; and the threatened. Unilateral actton by the United
provisions and costs of the bill. The amend- States is not possible, for the fishery is an
ment states clearly that neither the bill nor international one and requires international

action.)

AQUATIC RESOURCES OF THE RYUKYU AREA

Ryukyuan Skipjack Fisheries: The skipjack(Katsuwonus pelamis) is
by far the most important species taken in the Ryukyu area, Although the
bulk of tne skipjack catch obtained in the western Pacific Ocean is
harvested by the Japanese during the summerand fall months in the waters
directly east of Japan Proper (estimates are that these Japanese waters
produce 80 percent of the total western Pacific catch), the Ryukyu area
is an important fishing ground because it is a passageway for the migra-
tion of the species northward from southern waters, A large group of
skipjacks proceeds from the area around the Molucca and Celebes seas
along the Philippine Islands and enters Ryukyu waters, Fishermen and
observers in the Ryukyu area have reported noting two typesof skipjack
schools: migratory schools, which are found in any part of the region
although they usually are taken in the open sea over deep waters; and
resident schools, which are fished principally in the areas around the
small islands and over shallow banks, Aikawa (1937, pp. 17-21) states
that the migratory shoals comprise about 60 percent of the total catch
in tne Ryukyuan area and that theyare distinguished from the nonmigratory
forms by their relatively heavier bodies,

The presence of resident shoals permits fishing operations for the
skipjack to be carried on throughout the year, except during the winter
months (especially January) wnen weather conditionsare unfavorable, The
peak season for skipjack operations in the Ryukyu area occurs when the
migratory schools pass through on their annual movement into Japanese
waters, Generally, peak operations are from April through July, and at
this time many visiting Japanese vessels come into the area from the
Kyushu ports of Aburatsu, Yamakawa, Makurazaki, and other lesser places,

--Fishery Leaflet 333

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 125° No.) 9

LANDINGS AND RECEIPTS

In Millions of Pounds

MAINE - LANDINGS MASSACHUSETTS - LANDINGS
NOT INCLUDING IMPORTS BOSTON , GLOUCESTER , NEW BEDFORD , & CAPE COD
170
160
|50
140
—|30
\20
10
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG, SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JA N. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG, SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC,
NEW YORK CITY-RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH CHICAGO - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH
SALT-WATER MARKET WHOLESALE MARKET 6
26

24

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC, JAN, FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

GULF - SHRIMP LANDINGS SEATTLE - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH
12.0 HEADS OFF - FOR ALL USES WHOLESALE MARKET , LANDINGS , & IMPORTS

JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR.MAY JUNE JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

In Thousands of Tons
CALIFORNIA - PILCHARD LANDINGS CALIFORNIA- TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH

JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR.MAY JUNE JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
eccescee ESTIMATED

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS

In’ Millions of Pounds
U.S. & ALASKA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH U.S. & ALASKA - FREEZINGS

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

NEW ENGLAND - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH NEW YORK CITY - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

CHICAGO - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH GULF - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR, MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA 5 1SH
HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH CALIFORNIA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FIS

3

oruw & aA oN @O ©

te)
JAN, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC, : JAN, FEB. MAR, APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.
eveesee ESTIMATED

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 12, No. 9

CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases
MAINE - SARDINES , ESTIMATED PACK UNITED STATES - SHRIMP

2 al = te}
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR, MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE,

CALIFORNIA - TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH CALIFORNIA - PILCHARDS.
1200)
1050

} 200
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
CALIFORNIA - MACKEREL ALASKA - SALMON

eNO, |
Der

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

WASHINGTON - PUGET SOUND SALMON

STANDARD CASES
Variety No.Cans Can Designation Net. Wat.
SARDINES 100 1/4 drawn 3 1/4 oz.
SHRIMP 48 ea 5 oz.
TUNA 48 No, 1/2 tuna 7 oz.
PILCHARDS 48 No. 1 oval 15 oz.
MACKEREL 48 No. 300 15 oz.

SALMON 48 J-pound tall 16 oz.

JAN, FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC.

oeee esESTIMATED

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71

PRICES , IMPORTS and BY-PRODUCTS

BOSTON - WEIGHTED AVERAGE PRICE MAINE - IMPORTS OF FRESH SEA HERRING
ON NEW ENGLAND FISH EXCHANGE IN ¢ PER POUND IN MILLIONS OF POUNDS

b ied eae =< 5 Cy pa Sey

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

In’ Millions of Pounds
U.S. - IMPORTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FILLETS U.S.- IMPORTS OF FRESH AND FROZEN
OF GROUND FISH, INCLUDING ROSEFISH SHRIMP FROM MEXICO

2
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

In Millions of Pounds
U.S.- IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA U.S.- IMPORTS OF CANNED SARDINES

AND TUNA-LIKE FISH ( Include in oil and not in oil )

: JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH MEAL U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH OIL
IN, THOUSANDS OF TONS IN MILLIONS OF GALLONS

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.

72

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 12, No. 9

Recent publications of interest to the commercial fishing industry are listed
below.

U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

IGNATED AS FOLLOWS:
CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA.
FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS.
SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.
SL - STATISTICAL SECTION LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF F | SHERY
PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.
Number Title Number Title
CFS-558 - Massachusetts Landings, March 1950, Firms Manufacturing:
14 pe SL-151 (Revised)- Fish Meal, Scrap, Oils, etc.,
CFS-560 - Fish Meal and 011, June 1950, 6 p. 1949, 9 p. i
CFS-562 - Massachusetts Landings, 1949 Annual SL-152 (Revised)- Oyster and Marine ClamShell Prod-
Summary, 16 p. ucts, 1949, 1 p.
CFS=564 - Chesapeake Fisheries, 1948 Annual SL-155 (Revised)- Marine Pearl-Shell Buttons, 1949,
Summary, 4 pe 1p.
CFS-566 . - Frozen Fish Report, August SL-159 (Revised)- Fresh-water Mussel-Shell Products,
1950, 10 p. 1949, 1 p.
CFS-567 - Maine Landings, June 1950, 4 pe SL-160 (Revised)- Menhaden Oil and Meal, 1949, 1 p.
CFS-569 - Texas Landings, July 1950, 4 pe
CFS-571 - Lake Fisheries, 1948 Annual Sum- Sep. 257 - Mesh Size and Construction as a Factor
mary, 7 De in Releasing Small Fish and Shrimp
FL-379 - New England Sink Gill Net, 10 p. from Trawl Nets.
FL-381 - Fisheries of France, 18 p. THE FOLLOW!NG SERVICE PUBLICATION 1S FOR SALE AND
1S AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS,
Firms Canning: WASHINGTON 25, D. C
SL-101 (Revised)- Salmon, 1949, 3 pe
SL-102 (Revised)- Maine Sardines (including sea Observations on the Spawning of Philippine Tuna, by
herring), 1949, 1 pe Charles B. Wade; Fishery Bulletin 55 (From Fishery
SL-102a(Revised)- California Sardines (pilchards), Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, Volume 51),
1949, 1 pe 423 pe, printed, 15 cents, 1950. Includes general
SL-103 (Revised)- Tuna and Tuna-like Fishes, 1949, observations and data concerning the spawning of
2 pe three species of tuna, Euthynnus yaito, Katsuwonus
SL-105 (Revised)- Alewives and Alewife Roe, 1949, pelamis, and Neothunnus macropterus, in Philippine
pis waters as obtained by biologists of the Philippine
SL-106 (Revised)- Shad or Shad Roe, 1949, 1 Pe Fishery Program of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
SL-112 (Revised)- Shrimp, 1949, 2 po ice. The need for a comprehensive knowledge of the
SL-113 (Revised)- Crabmeat, 1949, 2 p. life histories of the Pacific tunas has resulted
SL-116 (Revised)- Animal Food from Fishery Products, from the increased postwar exploitation of these
1949, 1 pe fish.
SL-118 (Revised)- Groundfish Flakes, 1949, 1 pe

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION,

TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DES-

September 1950

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGENCIES ISSUING THEM.
CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED
TO THE RESPECTIVE AGENCIES OR PUBLISHERS MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES,

IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

Advance Report on the Fisheries of Quebec, 1948, 12-
1024, 10 p. (mostly statistical tables), processed,
25 cents. Fisheries Section, Industry and Merchan-
dising Division, Dominion Bureau of Statistics,
Ottawa, Canada, 1950. Reports on the sea andinland
fisheries of Quebec and gives the 1948 production
of fish and shellfish, the landed and marketed val-
ues, capital equipment of the fisheries, and the
employees in the fisheries.

Advance Report on the Fisheries of Nova Scotia 1948
12-1022, 13 p. (mostly statistical tables), proc- _
essed, 25 cents. Fisheries Section, Industry and
Merchandising Division, Dominion Bureau of Statis-
tics, Ottawa, Canada, 1950. Reports on the fish-
eries of Nova Scotia for the year 1948. Data in-
cluded are quantity and value of fish landed and
marketed and capital equipment and employees of
the fisheries, -together with comparative figures.

Australian Fisheries (A Handbook Prepared for the
Second Meeting of the Indo-Pacific Council, Sydney,
April 1950), edited by I. G. MacInnes, 103 p., 6
plates, illus., printed. Commonwealth Fisheries
Office, Dept. of Commerce and Agriculture, Sydney,
Australia, 1950. This book is divided into three
parts—Part 1—Background; Part 2—The Fisheries;
Part 3—Administration, Research, Development.

Part 1 deals with the geographic setting of Aus-
tralian fisheries, oceanography, and fauna (fish,
crustacea, mollusca, mammals, reptiles). Part 2
discusses the fishing boats; gear; methods; chief
fisheries; organization and economics; marketing
and distribution; and processing (freezing, smoking,
canning, byproducts, and research). Part 3reports”
on the administration of the fisheries, the re-
search conducted by the Commonwealth Scientific
and Industrial Research Organization of the Divi-
sion of Fisheries, and the principal developments
in Australian fisheries since World War II.

Eighth Report to Congress of the Economic Coopera—
tion Administration (For the quarter Ended March 31,

1950), 137 pe, printed, 40 cents. Economic Co-
operation Administration, Washington, D. C., Au-
gust 1950. (For sale only by Superintendent of
Documents, Washington 25, D. C.) Reports on the
activities under the Economic Cooperation Act of
1948 as well as the programs of economic aid to
China and to the Repuodlic of Korea for the quar-
ter ended March 31, 1950. Edible fishery products
are specifically listed as a group in some of the
tables.

Estatistica das Fescas Maritimas, 1947 (Maritime
Fisheries Statistics), 124 p., printed. Commissao
Central de Pescarias, Ministerio Da Marinha, Lis-
bon, Portugal, 1949. Tsis publication consists
of tables which cover all phases of Portuguese
fishing activities in continental Portugal and
the adjacent islands of the Azores and Madeira.

Included are data on the coastal sardine fishery;
trawling operations off the Portuguese coast and

on the high seas adjacent to the coast of Northwest
Africa; cod fishing on the Grand Banks off New-
foundland and off the west coast of Greenland; and
whale fishing conducted both from the continent and
the Azores. Divided into four sections, the first
section gives the total catch by species; the second,
a breakdown of the catch according to types of fish-
ing gear employed; the third, the whale catch; and
the fourth, personnel and equipment employed in fish-
ing operations. Also included are monthly data on
the catches of the sardine and trawl fisheries and
on fisheries landings in the adjacent islands.

illus., printed. Department of Natural Resources,
Sacramento, Calif. This gives a brief resume of
the activities of the California Fish and Game Com-
mission and detailed reports of the functions of the
various bureaus. Among others are included reports
on the Bureau of Fish Conservation and the Bureau
of Marine Fisheries. The latter report discusses
the various fisheries of California for 1946 and
1947 in general and specifically covers the sardine,
tuna, mackerel, salmon, trawl, crab, squid, abalone,
oyster, pismo clam, amd bait fisheries. An appendix
to the report gives marine fisheries statistics: -
California fisheries production, nationality of com-
mercial fishermen, residence of licensed commercial
fishermen, tuna catch, and catches of bottom fish.

The General Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade (Second
Supplementary Announcement) ; (Negotiations, Begin-
ning September 1950 Under the Trade Agreement Act
of 1934 as Amended and Extended), Department of
State Publication 3944, Commercial Policy Series
131, 16 p., processed, 15 cents. Department of
State, Washington, D. C., August 1950. (For sale
by Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. Ce)
This is second supplementery notice of the United
States' intention to negotiate with Cuba, inaddition
to the 23 countries previously named. Also included
is a supplementary list of products (including fish-
ery products) to be considered at the trade-agree—
ment negotiations to be held at Torquay, England, be—
ginning September 28, 1950.

Nova Scotia Fisheries Yearbook 1949-50 and Directory

of Fish Packers and Processors, 98 p., illus., proc-

"Nova Scotia's Salt Fish Industry," and "The Drying of
of Salt Fish"), and a review of the Nova Scotia
fisheries with comparative data. The review of the
fisheries includes 1949 landings (quantity and val-
ues); a general discussion of the industry; infor-
mation on fishing eauipment, trends in boats and

74

vessels, inshore and offshore production, the in-
shore fishery, the lobster fishery, the of fshore
fishery, the processing industry, the salt fish
industry, costs of production; and a discussion
of transportation, distribution, and consumption.
Future prospects of the fisheries are discussed.
A complete 1949 directory of fish packers and
processors is also included.

eries Prices Support Board, Ottawa, Canada, 1950.
With the exception of the purchase of Manitoba
lakes frozen fish, no other species of fish were
supported by the Board during the fiscal year
ended March 31, 1950, according to this report.
Included in this report is a summarization of the
Canadian Fisheries Prices Support Act, 1944; or-
ganization of the Board; a discussion of the 1949
economic conditions in the fisheries; requests for
Board action; a review of the support of vrices of
Manitoba lakes frozen fish; disposal of inventory;
and a description of the research activities con-
ducted by the Board.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1948
(Seventy-Eighth Annual Meeting, Atlantic City, New
Jersey, September 13-15, 1948), vol. 78, 287 pe,
illus., printed, $4.00. American Fisheries Soci-
ety, Ann Arbor, Miche, 1950. (Order from William
C. Beckman, Librarian, American Fisheries Society,
Colorado Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit, Col-
orado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colo.) Part
I consists of the papers presented at the Seventy-
Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society. The follow-
ing are some of the papers presented: "The Fish-
eries of India--Present Status and Proposed Devel-
opment;" "The Reintroduction of Atlantic Salmon
into Tributary Streams of Lake Ontario;" "A No-
mograph for the Computation of the Growth of Fish
from Scale Measurements;" "Fish-population and
catch data from Minnesota Lakes;" "The American
Smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), of South Bay,
Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron;" "Management of
Florida's Fresh-water Fisheries." . Part Ilreports
on the business sessions of the Society.

INDUSTRY

Vol. 12, No. 9

THE: MEXICAN’ FISHERIES

The Pacific Coast of Mexico provides about 76 percent of the total
fish taken in Mexican waters, compared with only 21 percent for the Gulf
Coast, The principal west coast fishery is that for tunas, which are
particularly prevalent in the high seas area surrounding the peninsula
of Lower California, This fishery, however, cannot be considered Mexican,
since no appreciable amounts are taken by Mexican fishermen, Vessels of
California registryfrom the ports of San Diegoand San Pedro, California,
account for almost the entire take, Barracuda, yellowtail, the jackfish
inhabit much the same waters as the tuna and are likewise taken almost
entirely by United States fishermen,

Mexico is at present attempting to expand its tuna industry from

ports on the Gulf of California, The extent of the success of this
enterprise will depend on the equipment used, the continued abundance
of tuna, and the degree to which Mexico can develop its local and foreign
markets,

--ishery Leaflet 339

September 1950 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CONTENTS, CONTINUED

PAGE

FOREIGN (CONT. ):
CHILE:
COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO DRAFT A NEW FISHERIES LAW... 42
DENMARK:
PROTESTS RUSSIAN SEIZURE OF DANISH FISHING VESSELS. 42
ECUADOR:
FISH CANNERY PLANS ABANDONED .....++0--
PROPOSED REVISION OF FISHING LAWS ....-
GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC:
OLD TRAWLERS TO BE SCRAPPED ....esccccecssccesssese 43
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION FOR TRAWLERS ....s+e+eee+e 43
| CELAND: 4
EXPANSION OF -THE ROSEFISH FISHERY ..eseeesees ereee 43
INDIA:
DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES ...cceues:cccee senveeeee 44
JAPAN:
POLICY GOVERNING EXPANSION OF JAPANESE FISHING AREA 46
CANNED CRAB MEAT PROSPECTS FOR |950 ..» alee taasionen Tai)
REDUCTION OF EAST CHINA SEA FLEET .eeceeesecererere 49
MAURITIUS AND SEYCHELLES {|SLANDS:
SURVEY OF FISHING BANKS COMPLETED ....e+-see-eeeee+. 50
MEXICO:
FISHING TREATIES CONTEMPLATED BY MEXICO ....4.. «2. SI
NORWAY:
NYEON) TRAWL NET GESTED sles ielele!ssle/alelwoisleiniviclaleleisiereiels ot LIE
PACIFIC SOUTH SEA ISLANDS
DIFFICULTY IN CATCHING FISH IN QUANTITIES HINDERS
DEVELOPMENT OF TUNA INDUSTRY ....0.--scccs+erececs 2
PERU: .
FISH MARKETING SITUATION ...ccecesccececcrevererers OS

FOREIGN (CONT. ):
SURINAM:
|MPORT TARIFF ON CERTAIN FISHERY PRODUCTS RAISED ..
THA! LAND:
FISH AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF FOOD .ssecessseeeeeeoes
UNITED KINGDOM:
IMPROVED TYPE OF RADIO BUOY FOR FISHERIES ..+..-
HUMBER PORTS RAISE MINIMUM LANDED PRICES .sseeaeeee
INTERNATIONAL:
FAQ ANNOUNCES HERRING INDUSTRY MEETING ...ee
REDERALU ACTIONS crctalersicisicinrattie eincerasieieierertereieiehelersistatete terete
DEPARTMENTS OF DEFENSE, COMMERCE, AND LABOR:
GOVERNMENT'S POLICY ON DEFERMENT FROM MILITARY DUTY
ANNOUNCED ppnetsictatatsters le tiieiota tin ele orsielolevele einisloieletetetataleleisiore
|NTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON TRADE AGREEMENTS:
SECOND SUPPLEMENTARY NOTICE ON TRADE-AGREEMENT
NEGOMNAIMONS © cite tele vinci coterie isterelelstetiel ele tetas’ saieiaterars
DEPARTMENT OF STATE:
POSTPONEMENT OF TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS NOT TO BEST
INTERESTS OF THE UNITED STATES .sseveee scovecsencs
EIGHTY-FIRST CONGRESS (SECOND SESSION), AUGUST 1950,
GRARHSiboe cicielerersintelon ete celaio niet tobe eretetayatsloveielslevela\oteteteisietelotetete
LANDENGS AND RECEIPTS 2. ccccressscccsccuscverssuserve
COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS AND FREEZINGS OF FISHERY
PRODUCTS imeeetelmteretarslatetelateren stots
CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS ......
PRICES, |MPORTS AND BYPRODUCTS .
RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: .....-0-ce008
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ......
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS’. cic.e.cls/cise, cs ate elm aiicreta eters

sae

75

PAGE

Illustrator-- Gustaf T. Sundstrom ‘
Compositors-- Jean Zalevsky, Carolyn Wood, Betty Coakley

Photograph credits: P. 20 - Wm. F. Royce; p. 28 - 0. L. Wallis; p. 50 -
Sydney Shapiro. Other photographs in this issue annonymous.

RS SS SS SSS SS

Interior==Duplicating Section, Washington, D. C.

JOB # 81829

INN

3 9088 01018 1170
INFORMATION SOURCES FOR STUDENTS OF COMMERIAL FISHERIES

Fisheries, was recently issued, This 20-page publication is designed to
show the student various means of obtaining information on the commercial
fisheriesof North America, Itis not meant tobe a complete bibliography,
but only the principal contributions or bibliographies are listed,

References in this publication are listed under the following major
categories: Agar; byproducts; canning; cookery; directories; employment;
fishand fisheries; freezing; gear; libraries; marketing; oils, rancidity,
antioxidants; salting; sanitation; smoking; spoilage; statistics; tech-
nical journals; trade journals; visual aids; and vitamin oils, Items
which are recommended as basic sources are indicated,

For free copies of this leaflet write directly to the Division of
Information, U, S, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D. C.

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