COMMERCIAL BEUFIEL FISHERIES @ou cue JANUARY 1952 FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior “Vol. 14, No.1 Washington, D.C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE OSCAR L. CHAPMAN, Secretary ALBERT M. DAY, Director COMMERCIAL FISHERIES A REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS AND NEWS OF THE FISHERY INDUSTRIES PREPARED IN THE BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES A. W. Anderson , Editor R.T. Whiteleather, Associate Editor J. Pileqgi , Assistant Editor Applications for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, which is mailed tree to members ot the fishery industries and allied interests,should be addressed to the Director, Fish ond Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, 25, D.C. the contents of this publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely; however, reference to the source will be appreciated. The Service assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of material from outside sources. The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, December 15,1949 CONTENTS COVER: "SHRIMP BOATS - OF POPULAR-SONG FAME IN PORT AT BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS--ONE OF THE IMPORTANT SHRIMP PORTS IN THE GULF AREA. OVER 7,000 BOATS AND VESSELS (most OF WHICH RANGE FROM 35 TO 75 FEET IN LENGTH) ARE ENGAGED IN CATCHING SHRI MP IN GULF AND SOUTH ATLANTI©® WATERS. THE SHRIMP INDUSTRY HAS BEEN AIDED IN LOCATING ADDITIONAL SHRIMP RESOURCES IN THE GULF OF MEXICO BY THE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE EXPLORATORY VESSEL OREGON. 1T HAS DISCOVERED NEW SHRIMP GROUNDS WHICH INDICATE THAT THE ACTUAL POTENTIAL OF THE SHRIMP FISHERIES HAS NOT YET BEEN REALIZED. INTEREST IN THE EX- PLOITATION CF SHRIMP RESOURCES OFF ALASKA, CALIFORNIA, AND NEW ENGLAND ALSO HAS BEEN REPORTED. !T SEEMS THAT THE OUTLOOK FOR NEW SHRIMP RESOURCES 1S GOOD, = Se PAGE THE NCRTHERN SHRIMP FISHERY OF MAINE, BY LESLIE W. SCATTERGOOD 2... 0. ese c ec ccens cence cence near cesterncccece 1 ee © 8 & PAGE PAGE RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: .....e+eeeeeee+ 17 | FOREIGN: .....0. Soocadsd cocsassesbosnesoscossesos= | ME TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 16 - A SIMPLE PENETROMETER BELGIAN CONGO: FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TEXTURE CHANGES !N GOOD MARKET FOR CANNED FISH .....ss.eeeeaserens 30 CANNED SALMON, BY H. J. CRAVEN AND J. A. CANADA DYASSION 4 aso acdongsodoceoonsedcoorodedosccsddods ~ 1s) MARINE OIL PRODUCTION IN 1951 TOPS 1950 ....... 30 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: ......s-esccccsseresecss 22 | CELAND: ADDITIONS TO THE FLEET OF U.S. FISHING VESSELS. 22 NEW TRAWLERS WILL NOT BE EQUIPPED WITH FISH- CALIFORNIA TURNS DOWN REQUEST FOR REDUCTION OF MEN IAUANTS: AcASa Gna todooscnadrtcosdocoosseoe- Sil ANCHOVIES AND HERRING 2. ..ecesevesnccscecucses 22 INDONES | A: CALIFORNIA SARDINE INDUSTRY REGULATION URGED .. 23 BUSHING FACTEITNES: EXPANDED! 6.52200. esesieiciicnien Se CALIFORNIA ESTABLISHES REGULATIONS FOR NEW JAPAN: 5 SHRIMP INDUSTRY .......- sdctesovebbbonoccesccs a! PRODUCTION OF EIGHTH MOTHERSHIP-TYPE TUNA EX- FEDERAL PURCHASES OF FISHERY PRODUCTS ......... 24 PEDITION ........ stels.eielaisgetote’=foleten Se GULF EXPLORATORY FISHERY PROGRAM: PRODUCTION OF NINTH MOTHERSHI P- TYPE TUNA EX- SHRIMP EXPLORATIONS IN NEW AREAS CONTINUED BY MaDNUNON cocodddmosc coc “coco cso sdoogasoe Sang) | SZ OREGON (CRUISE NO. 12). eee sdcedoscdac, 2S JAPANESE DISPLAY INTEREST IN NORTH PACIFIC FISH- MAINE SARDINE PACK FOR 1951 “BELOW AVERAGE sooo: 26 ERIES NEGOTIATIONS ...... cececececece 32 METAL CANS--SH!PMENTS FOR FISH AND SEA FOOD, FIRST SPERM WHALING EXPEDITION LEAVES FOR JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1951 ....... SEsecndosoire =e) INNTONROMIG odace secon setecscdcesgtocsasssscsss5 6 SE NYLON NETTING EFFECTIVENESS TESTED Aptoopocccen Zi NORWAY WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES: CANNERIES EXPLORE TUNA PACKING ...ceeeecesececs 33 WHOLESALE PRICES, NOVEMBER~1951 ............ so | a REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES: RETAIL PRICES, NOVEMBER 195] .......cseee-ee0- 29 AMER|CAN-OWNED TUNA-F ISHING COMPANY TRANSFERRING OPERATIONS TO SIAM % wf 20. ewww eccncsecmene ane 34 CONTENTS CONTINUED ON PAGE 59 ee 2 —_ SS COME January 1952 Washington 25, D.C. Vol.14, No. 1 = | == == == THE NORTHERN SHRIMP FISHERY OF MAINE By Leslie W. Scattergood* ABSTRACT OBSERVATIONS ON THE RISE AND FALL OF THE NORTHERN SHRIMP (PAN- DALUS BOREALIS) FISHERY OF MAINE ARE PRESENTED. IN ADDITION TO GIVING PRODUCTION STATISTICS FOR 1928-50, VARIOUS PHASES OF THE NORTHE2N SHRIMP FISHERY ARE DISCUSSED. AMONG THE SUBJECTS COVERED ARE BACKGROUND, EXPLORATIONS, DEVELOPMENT, AND FISHING GEAR AND METHODS USED IN THE FISHERY. ANALYSES OF THE FISH AND SHELLFISH CAUGHT IN SHRIMP HAULS AND THE COMPOSITION OF THE SHRIMP CATCH ARE INCLUDED. THE ARTICLE CONCLUDES WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE PROBABLE REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF THE NORTHERN SHRIMP FISHERY OFF THE NEW ENGLAND COAST. . INTRODUCTION Among the commercially valuable crustaceans in the United States, the shrimps are now the most important. In both poundage and value, they exceed the lobster, spiny lobster or sea craw= fish, and various edible crabs. During the past decade, the shrimp fish- eries have gained in- creasing importance in the United States. In the South Atlantic and Gulf States the produc tion of the Southern shrimps (predominantly Penaeus setiferus, Penaeus aztecus, and Penaeus duorarum) climbed from 118 million pounds in 1936 to 189million pounds in 1945. The 1950 catch was estimatedat 182 mil- lion pounds. At the present time, Southern penaeid shrimps probably represent 98 percent of the total catch of Sree shrimps in this country TWO SPECIMENS OF ATLANTIC COAST NORTHERN SHRIMP (PANDALUS BORE- and Alaska, ALIS). CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS SPECIES ARE: (1) A TUBERCLE OR SMALL SPINE ON THE DORSAL SURFACE OF THE REAR HALF OF THE THIRD ABDOMINAL SEGMENT; (2) A BIFID ROSTRUM, WITH THE LOWER TIP PRO- Not all the other JECTING BEYOND THE UPPER TIP. NOTE THE EGGS ON THE LARGER SPECI - species of shrimps have EN--OVIGEROUS FEMALES MAKE UP THE BULK OF THE COMMERCIAL CATCH. (LARGE SPECIMEN DOES NOT HAVE LEGS IN NORMAL POSITION. ) shown the same steady upward trend in production as have the Southern shrimps recently. This is particu- larly true of the Pacific Coast. The catches of the California shrimps, primarily us FISHERY RESEARCH BIOLOGIST, BRANCH OF FISHERY BIOLOGY, U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BOOTH- BAY HARBOR, MAINE. 2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14. No. 1 Crago franciscorum and C. nigricauda, have declined from slightly over 2,240,000 pounds in 1936 to about 437,000 pounds in 1946. However, the California catches climbed to 843,000 pounds in 1947, and still higher to 931,000 pounds in 1918, but dropped to 804,000 pounds in 1949. The fishery for the Northern shrimps (species of Pandalus and Pandalopsis) along the Pacific Coast declined from 2,817,000 pounds in 1936 to 1,322,000 pounds in 1945 (table 1 and figure 1). These declines during the period were caused largely by various World War II restrictions on fishing and by disruptions in the economic pattern of the fisheries along the Pacific Coast. An upward spurt in production took place in 1948 due mainly to a slight increase in interest in the Alaska shrimp fishery. In 1949, however, the catch almost dropped back to the 1944 and 1945 level. There are no recent statistics on the minor catches of the fresh-water shrimp, Macrobrachium ohionis, in the Mississippi River drainage. The fishery along the New England coast for the Northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, had a remarkable development in Maine from 1933 to 1945 (table 2 and figure 2), but after that year the fishery steadily declined. No catch of shrimp is recorded for Massachusetts in 1928, although we know from Birdseye's account that there Table 1 - Catch of Pandalidae in the North Pacific, 1956-49 British Columbia®/ |Washingtons/ | Total | 1bse 2,645,423 were some landed during January 2,575,795 of that year. It is possible 2,428,609 that the statistics may also Pec err in some of the subsequent 2,473,491 years, After 1938, such errors 1,692,810 would be of smaller magnitude, las particularly in Maine where 1,198,617 State and Federal Government 346,811 fisheries agencies initiated a 350,375 2,834,803 system in which statistical agents collected monthly figures on the catch of fish and shell- fish. After the fishery assumed S/EISHERLES INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES OR FISHERY STATISTICS larger proportions in 1938 and the following years, the statis— tics improved in accuracy. It is my purpose to record observations on this fishery, for one is seldom given the opportunity to witness the beginning and the practical end of a local fishery. ; There is less information available about the New England Northern shrimp than for most other commercially-valuable species in the United States, British Columbia, and Alaska. As most edible shrimps have been utilized in North America for many years, some biological and historical notes on these fisheries have been published. Among others, Weymouth, Lindner, and Anderson (1933) and Anderson, Lindner, and King (1949) have reported on the Southern shrimp fishery, which is perhaps our oldest shrimping activity. Scofield (1919) and Bonnot (1932) have provided information on the California shrimps, which have been caught in San Fran- cisco Bay since about 1869. Hynes (1930) has described the Alaska shrimp fishery, which began in 1915, and Smith (1937) has made observations on the Puget Sound shrimps, fished since 1888. Berkeley (1929 and 1930) made important biological findings in her studies on the Pandalidae of British Columbia. Various shrimp re= ports have also been made by others. Although there is no information about the January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3 New England Northern shrimp fishery comparable to that given in the above reports, some observations are available. BACKGROUND OF ATLANTIC COAST NORTHERN SHRIMP FISHERY While the present Pandalus borealis fishery in New England is of recent origin, the potential commercial possibilities of harvesting Northern shrimp have been known for many years. In discussing the possible future importance of New Eng- land Pandalidae, Rathbun (1883) stated: "When their haunts, great abundance, and fine flavor, as well as the proper meth- ods of capturing them, beconie known to the fishermen, it is fair to suppose that they will give rise to an important industry. Such a fishery must necessar— ily be more difficult than the shrimp and prawn fisheries of the Southern States, and would require more capital, in the start, for the purchase of larger PANDALUS BOREALIS boats and more extensive nets; but there LENGTH 70 TO 135 MM. (ABOUT 2.76-5.31 INCHES). is every reason to believe that it would repay the outlay to, at least, a limited number of fishermen, for many important markets are close to hand." Rathbun (1883, 1884) also mentioned that the distribution of shrimp along the New England coast had been traced by the United States Fish Commission which had constantly come upon immense schools of them, Until the introduction of the otter trawl into the Gulf of Maine in 1905, there was little chance of a fishery developing for the Northern shrimp. These erustaceans commonly live at depths greater than 25 fathoms, but they may dwell as deep as 1,000 meters (547 fathoms), according to Poulsen (1946). Prior to 1905, there was no fishing gear in common use which would efficiently sweep the bottom and capture moving fish or shellfish at moderate depths, It is questionable whether shrimp were caught in any quan= tity by the New England otter-= trawl fishery during the early years of operation. Boats using this gear would be seeking groundfish, mainly cod and had— dock. These species of fish are not commonly found on the mud bottom frequented by shrimp. Also, the mesh of these ground= fish nets would be so large that most shrimp entering the nets FIG. 1 - Reel canals OF PACIFIC COAST PANDALIDAE, 1936- would escape between the meshes. » =8 3 By $8 =3 Lay Birdseye (1928) mentioned that Gloucester draggers had brought in small quan= tities of these New England pink shrimp for several years prior to 1927. Many of them were eaten by fishermen, but some were sold on the Boston market. Officials of the General Seafoods Corporation became interested in the commercial possibili- ties of the shrimp and conducted experiments to determine the proper methods of cooking, freezing, and storing. They then decided to ascertain whether these crustaceans could be obtained in quantity at a reasonable cost. Thus began the first organized attempt to establish a shrimp fishery in New England--44 years after Rathbun's note of its potentialities. 4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 NORTHERN SHRIMP EXPLORATIONS BY COMMERCIAL FIRM During June and July 1927, the General Seafoods Corporation chartered succes— sively two 60=foot boats which dragged small mesh otter trawls in the Gulf of Maine off the New Hampshire and southern Maine coasts. The fishery was confined to the region east of Jeffrey's Ledge and between Boon Island and Thatcher Island. Four trips were made. The first one-day trip yielded about 100 pounds of shrimp from depths of 20 to 60 fathoms on various types of bottom. The second voyage result— ed in a one-day catch of 890 pounds from six drags on mud bottom 50 to 65 fathoms deep. A 900=pound catch was made in four drags at depths of 85 to 100 fathoms on mud bottom on the third trip. The fourth voyage resulted in a 1,700—pound catch in eight drags in the same locality as the third trip. In January 1928, another dragger, using General Seafoods Corporation's nets, caught as high as 2,000 and 3,000 pounds per day on mud bottom at 35 to 90 fathoms in the area between Boon Island and Thatcher Island. Birdseye believed that the fishing trials indicated that large bodies of shrimps were to be found over a wide area of the Gulf of Maine, but that a great many months of effort and investiga— tion were needed before a dependable supply of shrimps would be guaranteed. The results of Birdseye's investigation are mentioned by Johnson and Lindner (1934). No great exploitation of the shrimp fishery followed the General Seafoods! experiments. See ~ oe ee WEIGHING FRESH SHRIMP AT NEW HARBOR, MAINE. THE NEW ENGLAND NORTHERN SHRIMP FISHERY HAD A REMARKABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM 1933 TO 1945, BUT AFTER THAT YEAR THE FISHERY STEADILY DECLINED. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5 OTHER NORTHERN SHRIMP SURVEYS The next development in the history of this fishery has been given in some detail by Hjort and Ruud (1938) and Bigelow and Schroeder (1939). Johan Hjort, widely known for his founding ‘ tlan and promotion of the Norwegian ____Pandalus boreal borealis Fishery, 1928-5 ‘i shrimp fishery, was & visitor [Renney] to this country in 1936. Dur- Bailea Price ing his stay, he was able to per make a brief survey of some of Pound |_ Catch | Value Pound the shrimping areas in the Gulf of Maine. With the cooperation of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the research ship Atlantis was used for this ex— ploratory investigation in Au- gust 1936. According to Hjort and Ruud, "The aim of this cruise was, in particular, to investigate if prawns were to be found in abundance off the Atlantic coasts of North Ameri- ca, and if there corresponded to these occurrences similar conditions to those which we have been able to examine in the Skager Rack and the junction of e eee PONOORWDMOUNHOM 1 6 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 5 5 1 these waters with the North Sea,!'!| —NoT AVAILABLE OR NONE REPORTED. naewlenitneromdbrandaliseeon al) x dianjucss cicy wow ilouicccentiees © boc eae be most abundant in the same | 2/oxir ciTcvteot sui fy orice Teal ne cove leenee As Suni general area where the General FISH BAIT. y Seimtie(bcate Inealusde,tneir) || 2 *\ Mr Tsitihee seeks, woo ven ot» cueueecren, wacsncit: best hauls. Bigelow and Schroe= der have made detailed analyses of the 22 trawl-hauls of the Atlantis. These au- thors have estimated the shrimp catches (adjusted to a 60-minute tow with an 82- foot trawl) to be as high as 168 liters (about 210 pounds) per hour. In the opin~ ion of Hjort and Ruud, such a catch would be a particularly good one in Norway or Sweden. The results of the Atlantis trip were encouraging, and the time seemed pro- pitious for a campaign to stimulate the dormant shrimp fishery. Through the co- operative efforts of Hjort, the United States Bureau of Fisheries, the Fishermen's Relief Corporation of Portland, Maine, and the Federated Fishing Boats of New Eng- land and New York, Inc., the boat New Dawn was outfitted and began to catch shrimp as a practical demonstration that shrimp f. fishing cold be profitably conducted in New England. Considerable publicity was given to this project (Anon. 1936). Wal- ford (1936) presented information on the fishing efforts and gave detailed descrip- tions of the fishing gear and its operation. He also described the methods for preparing the shrimp for market. Walford prepared a chart of the localities in which the shrimp were caught by the General Seafoods Corporation's boats, the Atlantis, the New Dawn, and other fishing vessels. This revealed that the four exploratory boats had dragged pri- marily in depths of over 50 fathoms during the summer months. These boats did not operate their fishing gear along the coast in the shallower water. However, ac- cording to the chart, winter catches of over 30 pounds per hour were made by other boats in fairly shallow water between Pemaquid Point (Maine) and Gloucester (Mas-— 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 sachusetts). The fishery later developed along these inshore areas rather than in the deeper water regions, which had received the great part of the investiga- tional efforts. Although it had been demonstrated that commercial quantities of shrimp could be caught and much favorable publicity had been given the new potential fishery, a flourishing business did not evolve immediately. The fishing industry was not yet ready to expand into the new field, and the consuming public was not yet pre- pared to absorb more than a small production of the Northern shrimp. FIRST LARGE-SCALE FISHERY FOR NORTHERN SHRIMP The first large-scale fishery for Northern shrimp began the first quarter of 1938. Shrimp nets were supplied by the Fishermen's Relief Corporation of Portland, Maine (Anon. 1938c), and thirteen boats began dragging for shrimp and landingtheir catches at Portland. These boats ranged in length from 46 to 73 feet. Incomplete records collected by the local office of the United States Bureau of Fisheries in 1938 show a total poundage of 12,115 in February, 59,181 in March, and 2,150 in April. Apparently the greatest pro= ducer was the Annie Louise, a 46-foot boat, which caught 24,890 pounds in 15 shrimp— yielding trips. A few daily catches exceeding 5,000 pounds were taken by this vessel and by the Alice M. Doughty II, a 73-foot ship. Unfortunately, complete rec-— ords do not exist for the latter vessel. A fairly high production was the 14,875 pounds caught in 12 trips by a 62=foot boat, Elinor and Jean. All trips were of one-day duration and were made primarily off Wood Island, about seven miles southwest of Cape Elizabeth, Maine (figure 3). Several small boats, around 30 feet in length, also operated in Casco Bay, near Mark Island, but we have no records of their catches, which were probably small. & # Gi by < 8) KR U = S = x g 3 Q S 4 : 5 S S 8 & iS) S zt FIG. 2 - PRODUCTION OF NORTHERN SHRIMP IN MAINE, 1937-50. This winter shrimp fishery in the Portland (Maine) region was definitely seasonal, One boat began dragging as early as January 7, but the first shrimp were not brought in until February 11. The last shrimp catch was on April 13, although some dragging was continued until the end of April. The seasonal peak occurred in the middle of March. Fifty-eight percent of the total catch was made in the two-week period March 8-21, This fishery has been dependent upon egg— bearing female shrimp, which accumulated on certain inshore grounds prior to and during the egg—hatching period. As the egg hatching neared completion, the num— ber of shrimp available to the fishermen declined markedly. Some shrimp were also caught at this time by small boats near Pemaquid Point and New Harbor, Maine (figure 3). From the United States Bureau of Fisheries statistical records, it appears that approximately 1,500 pounds were produced in that region. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7 In view of the difficulties encountered in initiating an otter-trawl fishery on relatively unfamiliar bottoms, this first organized attempt could be consider- ed fairly successful. An average value of 7.5 cents per pound was obtained by the fishermen. Some of the shrimp were sold fresh locally. However, as the avail— able markets were unable to sell large quantities of the new shrimp (which were much smaller than the popular Southern shrimp), most of the Portland landings were frozen for future use. . Furthermore, the New England public was familiar with the Se 3 MILES (NAUTICAL) WOOD ISLAND FIG. 3 - PRESENT SHRIMP FISHING GROUNDS OFF THE MAINE COAST. green—colored Southern shrimp rather than the red—hued Northern species. It seemed evident that during the winter a supply of shrimp could be produced in excess of the local market demand. Consequently, the Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fish= eries increased its efforts to publicize the Maine shrimp. In anticipation of increased utilization in the future, an attempt was made to learn if the fishery could be established on a year around basis. The Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries, in cooperation with the United States Bu- reau of Fisheries, began further exploratory fishing with two boats during July and August of 1938 to determine whether commercial quantities of shrimp could be located along the Maine coast during the summer (Anon. 1938a, b, ¢). One small boat, the Flora C., made 55 tows at depths of 43 to 102 fathoms, but was unable to locate any large anounts. The greatest catch was equivalent to 57 pounds of shrimp per hour of dragging and was made at 67 fathoms. The average catch was about eight pounds per hour. The Mina J., another small fishing boat, dragged in depths of less than 55 fathoms along the coast of Maine, but was similarly unsuc- cessful, From these experiments it was concluded that shrimp fishing did not seem profitable in Maine during the summer months. 8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISHEFY In the following shrimp season, the winter and early spring of 1938-39, the fishery was rather dormant. Portland boats: which had dragged for shrimp in 1938 had become engaged in the rosefish (Sebastes marinus) fishery. This formerly neglected fish was then beginning its meteoric rise to its present great impor- tance in the New England fisheries. A further deterrent to a Portland shrimp fishery was that no ready market for large catches of shrimps ex= isted in that city, which still had an avail able supply of frozen shrimp from catches made between February and April 1938. In 1939, several hundred pounds were caught near Mount Desert Island, Maine, and about @ thousand pounds were taken near Portland. u D : ‘ D D The bulk of the fishery SEPT Ocr. Nov. Dec. JAN. FB. aR APR May June Jay Aue.) was carriedon by smaller boats in the New Harbor, FIG. 4 - SEASONAL TREND OF THE NORTHERN SHRIMP FISHERY IN Maine, area, This region MAINE, AS SHOWN BY THE AVERAGE MONTHLY PRODUCTION FOR THE has been the producer of YEARS 1937-48. t : UO 5 : : & : Northern shrimp caught in Maine since 1939. Many of the shrimp fishermen in the vicinity of New Harbor have been those ordinarily engaged in the lobster or herring fisheries, As the herring season in western Maine usually extends from May to December and the lob— ster fishery is most productive during the same period, shrimp fishing provided the fishermen with a supplementary activity between January and April. Figure 4 and table 3 show the seasonal nature of the shrimping activities. A typical boat used to drag for shrimp was about 25 or 30 feet long, with a few small otter trawlers of 40-foot length or more occasionally engaging in this fishery. From 1939 to 1942, the catches of shrimp were largely limited by the demand. For example, a boat might catch 500 pounds of shrimp, but three or four days might elapse before all could be sold and another trip made. Some fishermen would fish for several hours and then peddle their catches for the next few days in the neighboring towns until all of the shrimp were sold. Occasionally, the shrimp would remain unsold until they had to be dumped. By 1941, an increased local de- mand for Maine shrimp had developed and larger quantities were being home—canned by consumers, While the catch rose to about 58,000 pounds that year, there was still no ready market for all the shrimp which could be caught by the boats inter— mittently engaged in this fishery between January and April. But in 1942 there was a greater demand for shrimp for fresh consumption and home canning. The fish= ermen also had another outlet for their catches when a cannery at Friendship, Maine, began to process shrimps. After 1942, the fishery expanded rapidly for the next few years, as demon= strated by table 2 and figure 2. Several more canneries began processing shrimp, and quantities of whole shrimp and shrimp tails were also quick-frozen. By 1944, the fishery was no longer limited by the demand, but instead was governed by the supply available to the fishermen. This condition has prevailed to the present. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 When the market began to absorb all the catches after 1943, fishing activi- ties increased. The fishermen operated longer hours and made larger catches. Daily landings of 2,000 pounds per boat were not rare, and as high as 3,000 pounds were taken on some one-day trips. It was natural that these successful operations would attract more fishermen, and consequently the fleet expanded until 1944, when 25 boats were dragging on the five principal Maine shrimping grounds. In 1945, a further increase occurred and the fleet numbered 31 boats, Table 3 - Yield of the Maine Pandalus boreclis Fishery in Pounds by Months, 1939-49= eer ee 1940 | 1941 1943 1945 1948 | 1949 September October November December a te) fon] 19,568 291,515 {— NONE REPORTED. 1/YEARLY TOTALS (AS COMPILED BY MAINE DEPARTMENT OF SEA AND SHORE FISHERIES) DO NOT IN ALL CASES AGREE WITH THOSE OF TABLE 2. When it became difficult to catch large quantities of the shrimp in 1946, there was a marked decline in fishing activity. As is the usual practice of those engaged in seasonal fisheries, most of the fishermen do not begin to use their gear until there is some assurance that profitable catches can be made, At the beginning of the season, a few boats will spend considerable time and effort in attempts to locate shrimp concentrations. The remainder of the fleet will begin to fish only when worthwhile catches are landed and it has become evident that the shrimping season is again at hand. In 1946 and subsequent years, the large masses of shrimp so prevalent in earlier years have not been located on the customary grounds, and the fleet has declined in both numbers and activity. During 1949, another poor year, only about 12 boats fished intermittently during the season. There were, however, at least 25 other boats which would have operated if profit- able catches could have been made. FISHING GEAR AND METHODS The fishing gear and methods used in the Northern shrimp fishery are not greatly different than those used in otter—trawling operaticns. The size and power of the boats have governed the size of the net. A net in common usage has been one with a 40-foot footrope. The stretched=mesh size in the cod end and in part of the back and belly of the net is 14 inches. The remainder of the net, including the wings, has a 2-1/8 inch mesh. There are in operation other sizes and shapes of nets. Some are made by the fishermen according to their own preferences. Meany of the nets have been equipped with wooden rollers on the footrope. Others have loops of chain suspended on the footrope. To my knowledge, the sweeprope mentioned by Walford has not been used. Fishing has been carried on during the daylight hours at depths of about 20 to 40 fathoms, Night trawling has not been tried, because the boats are not equipped with flood lights for working at night and the grounds are located with reference to landmarks not visible at night. The towing speed 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 has been about 14 to 2 miles per hour. While speeds up to 4 miles per hour cap- ture more fish, they are evidently less efficient in catching shrimps. Ropes, with or without bridles, have been commonly used to tow the nets, although wire towing lines are used by several of the larger boats. OTHER FISH AND SHELLFISH CAUGHT IN SHRIMP HAULS The quantities of fish and invertebrates taken incidental to the shrimping operations have never been large or of much importance to the fishermen. Some- times a few legal-sized lobsters are caught and sold, but this is not a common occurrence. The quantities of fish caught have been relatively small. Table 4 reveals the numbers, sizes, and weights of commercially—important species taken during a total of six hours of dragging during March 1947. Of the 13 edible species, only the smelt, dab, and blackback were large enough to be marketed. The total shrimp catch for the two days was 1,160 pounds, while the commercially— Table 4 = Commercially-Important Species of Fish Caught March 13 and 20, 1947 Minimum Range in | Marketable |Marketeble Percent Species Length | Lengthl/ Catch Marketable Los. | No. [Wet (Ibs. Herring (Clupea harengus) .o.e.ssseceseroeres eslejeiete 2.6 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alewife (Pomolobus pseudoharengus) oc. a 2.8- 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Smelt (OsmeruS MOTdaX) coceccccecccccce 5.6 - 6.2 0.3} 100.0} 100.0 Ocean Perch or rosefish | (Sebastes marinus) . 1.9- 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Whiting (Merluccius bilinearis) cecccce eecccccecccce 3.4- 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pollock (Pollachius virens) ecccccccccccccccsceecces 5.7 - 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cod (Gadus MERE) np5oGaDOOOCOOOeCOONCN eccccccercce 8.8 - 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Haddock (Melenogrammis aeglefinus) cecescscssccocccce Sed — 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 White hake (Urophycis tenuis) .escccee. evce 6.7 - 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Squirrel hake (ue chuss 3.4 - 6.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dab (Hi Lossoides platessoides) 3.0 - 13.9 2.8 6.2] 29.35 Blackback pats \ Fseude leuronectes americanus) » 2.9 - 14.6 23.8] 16.9 51.5 Grey sole (Glyp S CYNOZIOSSUS) secccceccccce e 2.6 - 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total ...cccccccccccccccccccccccccccscccccccccccoece ane [26.9] 4.5] 57.7 | SUATHESE LENGTHS VARY WITH THE PREVAILING MARKET. IN TIMES OF SCARCITY, SOME SMALL FISH MAY BE MARKETED- 4T THE TIME OF THE OBSERVA- INS, FISH LESS THAN THE MINIMUM S1ZE GIVEN WOULD NOT BE MARKETABLE IN NEW ENGLAND aime HERRING WERE IN SUCH A THIN CONDITION AT THE TIME OF CAPTURE THAT THEY WERE OF NO VALUE COMMERCIALLY. important fish amcunted to less than 27 pounds. Figure 5 shows the length Ire=- quencies of nine of the species. These data portray the size composition of the average catch fairly well, although I have occasionally seen large specimens of rosefish and whiting landed with the shrimp, It is evident that no great numbers of small commercially—valuable fish have been destroyed in the shrimp fishery. The shrimp and fish are sorted soon after being brought on deck, and the smaller flatfish are generally thrown back into the sea, No fish scales were collected and no attempt was made to deduce the ages from the length frequencies. The rela= tively small samples and the probable selectivity of the net introduce too great an error for length frequency-age analyses. The trash fish caught during the two days have been listed in table 5. Information on the unusual specimens taken at this time have been recorded by Scattergood (1948). Prior to the summer of 1949, none of the trash species had any value, except occasionally as lobster bait, but now all could be sold to fish=meal producers. The quantities taken in shrimp trawling would be low, however, for the two days' activities caught only 79 pounds. With an increase in the towing speed more fish could be caught, but probably not enough to warrant the’probable decrease in the shrimp catch. With the present market of one cent or less per pound there is little incentive for small boats to capture trash fish during the shrimp season. METHODS OF HANDLING ABOARD THE VESSEL Since there is generally not a great amount of other invertebrates or fish mixed with the shrimp, the operation of sorting and preparing the shrimp for the January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW alan buyer is not a great task. Usually the catch of a one-hour tow can be culled com- pletely before the next tow is finished. Shrimp are fairly free of mud, for when the net is brought to the surface it is towed through the water until most of the mud has been washed out. After removing the shrimp from the catch, the fishermen usually wash them in sea water and remove most of the small or broken shrimp. The size of the catch and the attitude of the buyer influence the thoroughness of the culling activities. In Maine, the Northern shrimp are not cooked aboard the boats, as is a common custom in many other regions, such as British Columbia (Anon. 1915); Puget Sound, Washington (Smith 1937); and Norway (Walford 1936). The weather is cool, usually below freezing, during the shrimp season, and there is little danger of spoilage a LS See Va i Ee SQUIRREL HAKE 60 20 NUMBER 100 BLACKBACK FLOUNDER ® CRO O MOCO et aad io io) | or oy Soc Bis ie so Sf 3 Dia ene pat i CO Mr Sa ae (7 aa ICSD Eo my TL a > Mm TOR pele cle RE LATS ee eee Hem re Mii alot teed SSI RIDA fe Date ae SEO Ot LO OLs Ou anOT TO!) nO ° yy eh VS) @) Sly (Op Cl S ORME OR MON BOM uycay ist tol wo OMe) Oe toot ah sR: em | 00 fear Ales Mie rl) Wenrien LCU CU MR CUNMCa). eC COS MesCOE 1 Rr pics Ie TOTAL LENGTH (MILLIMETERS) FIG. S ~ SIZE COMPOSITION OF NINE COMMERCIALLY-!MPORTANT SPECIES OF FISH TAKEN BY A SHRIMP BOAT IN 6 HOURS OF DRAGGING IN MARCH 1947. 12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 between the catching and landing of these crustaceans. None of the boats have sufficient space in which to install cooking equipment large encugh to boil the Table 5 - Trash Fish Caught March 13 and 20, 1947 SS eee = Species ___|Total]Catch | Range in Length Little skate (Raja erinacea) sscccesssccccecccccccccccesccces Big skate (R. diaphaneS) ....2.++esesccceccrecccveccccccccece Prickly skate (R. Scabrata) e.seccscsccececsccccccccceccccoss 2.2 9.2 Iehborshealelol (Usher Baneerls)) 5o5Gq05050000000000000 0000000000500 (1/) 7.1 - Silverside Wienidia TOP ELLE SveU cl oysie vate levelotovs ave Oke aie relele sieve eteltevoieis 0.4 3.5 = Mailed sculpin (Triglops ommatistius) cccesssecsccerevcrcrcce (1/) 269) = Shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus Scorpius) ..ccceesseceessece 0.9 8.9 = Onghorn sculpin (M. octadecimspinosus) eee r ec ccc cc ccceccccce 26.8 4.2 - Sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus) .ccccccesercccescccsoece io 5a 7 Alligatorfish or sea poacher (Aspidophoroides monopterygius) 0.1 2.9 = Rock eel (Pholis gunnellis) cesececcescccccccccccesvescsccccs (1/) 4.3 - Snake blenny (Lumpenus lampetracformis) cccccescoeesscccccces (1/) 3.5 - Shanny (Leptoclinus maculatus) .....-scesscseecvccecccseccccs (1/) 4.0 - Radiated shanny (Ulvaria subbifurcata) cecescerrceeecovescoee (1/) Ze = Wrymouth (Cryptacanthodes maculatus) ....cccccesscccece etelsiciete 0.7 14.6 - Four-bearded rockling (Enchelyopus cimbrius) ....sseesscccces 1.2 2.8 - Sand or windowpane flounder (Lophopsetta maculata) esrcceccesce 0.6 4.5 - Smoothback or eelback flounder (Liopsetta putnami) ....+e+e.6 0.1 2.0 - 1/THE COMBINED WEIGHTS OF THE SIX SPECIES WAS 0.4 POUNDS. THIS 1S |NCLUDED IN THE TOTAL POUNDAGE. 300- to 2,000-pound catches so common in the peak of the season in the early years of the fishery. Some conversion factors were obtained during my study of the fishery. The well-culled shrimp which I examined varied in number from 36 to 38 per pound. When the tails were removed from the raw shrimp and quick-frozen, the raw tails formed 61 percent of the total raw weight of the whole shrimp. When the rawmeats were removed from the tails, it weighed about 45 percent of the raw weight of the whole shrimp. Shrimp cooked in boiling, heavily-salted water for five minutes yielded cooked tail meats which comprised about 32 percent of the raw weight. If the shrimp were not thoroughly culled by the fishermen and the meats were not carefully removed from the shells, the percentage recovery of meats dropped ac— cordingly. In commercial practice during the war years, the operator of a Maine shrimp cannery claimed that his recovery of cooked meats was just slightly over 20 percent of the total raw weight. COMPOSITION OF SHRIMP CATCH On March 14, 1949, I accom= panied a New Harbor fisherman to obtain observations on the com= position of the shrimp catch. TERT HBS ONTEET ORUHRRIACER pha eS Table 6 shows the species and sex * ; -6-2).8 INCHES). of the shrimps taken on this trip. In general, I believe that these data are typical of the average catch, for these shrimps were caught during the peak of the 1949 season. Furthermore, the compo- January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 sition of this shrimp catch did not seem to vary markedly from ee ee et a ee ee ee ee my casual observations on numer- Table 6 - Composition of Shrimp Caught cus trips aboard shrimping boats ___-_Mareh 14, 1949 since 1939. Of the five species only the Pandalus borealis fe- males have been considered as large enough to be sold. Most Ovigerous females s.cscccsee 185.00 of the specimens of both Diche- non-ovigerous females seeceoe 1/0.01 lopandalus leptoceros and Panda- MENA oondcdoc0n0p D000 0.71 lus montagui are larger than P. montagui: many shrimp species used for Ovigerous females eesccrosee food in other parts of the world, non-ovigerous femaleS eoeeoe but in the Maine fishery they MAUS Silelolelelatalalalaiatatalalelalotelstaletole have been considered as trash. Dichelopandalus leptoceros: In England, the latter species OvVigerous females eecccccece is taken commercially (Jenkins non-ovigerous females ..ccce 1920). Crago septemspinosus, MVE SPrayerlaiscierscetes visle/ste Sisivis's a species similar in size and Lebbeus groenlandicus: appearance to the commercially- Ovigerous femaleS ceccevccce valuable California shrimps of Crago septemspinosus: the genus, is also discarded in ovigerous females .......... Maine. AES Shon tevelerelerainiolersicversieveveicieteie Broken bodies and fragments Figure 6 shows the size com—| of all species .erccccccccce position of the male and female [Total ......c+-seccccceccccece Pandalus borealis in the March 14 1/THIS INCLUDES ALSO THE WEIGHTS OF P. MONTAGUI MALES sample. The lengthsare measured OT a Ge iste FEMALES, AND CRAGO SEPTEMSPI|NOSUS from the posterior margin ofthe | a/;nciupep with THE WEIGHT FOR PANDALUS BOREALIS NON- eye socket to theend of the tail. OVIGEROUS FEMALES. It is evidentthat the malesare ; distinctly smaller than the females. This size difference is explained by the dominant protandrous hermaphroditism of the species. (These shrimp have both male and female sex organs maturing at different stages.) Berkeley (1929), study ing in British Columbia, Canada, discovered that this species of shrimp and other species of Pandalidae matured first as males and then changed to females as they increased in size. In Europe, Jagersten (1936) examined P. borealis and confirmed Berkeley's findings. Other detailed observations on the growth and sexual changes of this species in Norway have been made by Hjort and Ruud (1938), and Rasmussen (1942, 1945, 1946, 1947). The last investigator demonstrated that the growth rate of the shrimp varies according to the environment in which it lives. The Norwegian P. borealis at Spitzbergen matures first as a male at the age of three years, while in some waters of southern Norway it reaches the same size and maturity at one year of age. The Spitzbergen shrimp functions as a female when five years old and some southern Norway shrimps become females when two years old (Rasmussen 1942). It is PANDALUS MONTAGUI LENGTH 50 TO 110 MM. (ABOUT 2.0-4.3 INCHES). 14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 not possible at this time to present similar information onthe Maine shrimps, for the age and growth of shrimps must be measured bythe analysis of length-frequency data collected during the entire year, and our collections have been confined to nL ae) (che monthyof, March saOferthesNorweran regions in which shrimps have been studi- ed, the ecological conditions of the . waters of southern Norway are more simi- lar to those of Maine and, therefore, the rates of development may be similar in the two areas. The life histories of the other shrimp taken with Pandalus borealis are not as well known. Jagersten (1936) has stated that among P. montagui there are primary females which have never been males, and males which change to females PERILS (protandrous hermaphroditism). Accord- ing to him, P. borealis also has these same classes of individuals, but the primary females are fewer in number than in P. montagui. As shown in table 6, the catch of P. montagui was not large enough to supply adequate information on the relative proportions of these three classes. The length freauencies of male and female Dichelopandalus lepto= ceros are shown in table 6 and figure 7, Ee and it appears that this species, like rie 1 SS Staplineselia ala * : 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 10 120 130| the Pandalus propinquus mentioned by aaastihalk ap teh has eax cactig Diaces | Jagersten (1936), may not be hermaphro~ 2 ditic, since both males and females oc- | r) PENS TE cur at all sizes. However, further study : would be necessary to confirm this possi- FIG. 6 - SIZE COMPOSITION OF A SAMPLE OF THE bility PANDALUS BOREALIS CAUGHT MARCH 14, 1949. * PROBABLE REASONS FOR DECLINE OF NORTHERN SHRIMP FISHERY iz Zz Ww Le} a wi a A most intriguing ques- tion is whyso few shrimp have been found during the past several yearson the formerly productive shrimping grounds. There is not enough informa= tion available to evaluate the probable reasons for this phenomenon. However, brief comments are appropriate con= cerning the factors which may have influenced the availabil- ity of these crustaceans. First, it is likely that shrimp populations are sub- ject to cyclic fluctuations, and the bottom of the cycle may now be at hand. This N fishery is of such recent DICHELOPANDA_US LEPTOCEROS origin that evidence of cyclic LENGTH FROM 50 TO 98 MM. (ABOUT 2.0-3.9 INCHES). January 1952 abundance cannot be substantiated, Second, instead of migrating inshore tothe known fishing areasin February to April, the shrimps may now be ap-— pearing on other areas not yet ex- ploited. Until extensive experimen- tal fishing operations are carried out alongthe Maine coast we will know little of the distribution of the shrimp, and therefore, we will have no idea whether or not annual migra- tions are erratic. Third, there is the possibility that overfishing has occurred. If the decline inthe yield of the Maine fishery in the four shrimping areas has been caused by the catchingof too manymature shrimp, this would indicate that the shrimp populations in those waters were not a partof a homogeneous Gulf-of-Maine population, but instead represent one or more independent stocks. It would indeed be difficult to imagine that the fishery for shrimpalong the Maine coast would seriouslyaffect tne abun- dance of a single, large Gulf-of-Maine population. Fourth, since shrimp are associatedwith rosefishin deep water fora greater part of the year,itis probable thatmany of the shrimp, both large and small, are damaged in the rosefish nets before they can escape through the cod ends. This resultant drain on the shwimp population might be much greater than realized. Of course, there are other theoretical explanations, such as possible oceano- graphic changes adversely affecting the survival of the shrimp, increased natural mortalities through greater competition for food, or increased predation, etc., but unfortunately, we haveno evidence to indicate whether or not such conditions have occurred. The reasons for the decline must, consequently, remain obscure for the present. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 NUMBER NON-OVIGEROUS FEMALES OVIGEROUS FEMALES 15 30 45 60 75 90 LENGTH IN MILLIMETERS LENGTH IN ‘1 FIG. 7 - SIZE COMPOSITION OF THE DICHELOPANDALUS LEPTOCEROS CAUGHT MARCH 14, 1949, INCHES 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 ANDERSON, WILLIAM W.; LINDNER, MILTON J.; AND KING, J. E. JENKINS, JAMES T. 1949. THE SHRIMP FISHERY OF THE SOUTHERN UNI TED 1920, THE SEA FISHERIES. LONDON, CONSTABLE AND CO., STATES. COMM. FISH. REV., VOL. 11, NO. 2, LTDO., XXX] + 299 PP., ILLUS. 17 PP., ILLUS. JOHNSON, FRED F., AND LINDNER, MILTON J. ANONYMOUS . 1934. SHRIMP INDUSTRY OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF 1936. NEW ENGLAND SHRIMP, FISH. GAZ., NEW YORK, VOL. STATES. INVEST. REPT. U.S. BUR. FISH., NO. 21, 53, NO. 12, P. 10, ILLUS. 83 PP., ILLUS. 1938A. INVESTIGATING SHRIMP. 1BID., VOL. 55, NO. 8, POULSEN, ERIK M. P. 32. 1946. INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DANISH FISHERY FOR AND THE BIOLOGY OF THE NORWAY LOBSTER AND THE DEEP-SEA 1938B. MAINE ACTIVITIES. IBID., VOL. 55, NO. 10, PRAWN. REPT. DAN. BIOL. STA., 1943-1945 (1946), PP. 95, 97, ILLUS. PP. 29-49, ILLUS. 1938C. PROFITABLE MAINE SHRIMP FISHERY POSSIBLE DUR- RASMUSSEN, BIRGER. ING WINTER MONTHS. 1BID., VOL. 55, NO. 12, 1942, OM DYPVANNSREKEN VED SPITSBERGEN. FISKERIDIREK- P. 9. TORATETS SKRIFTER, SERIE HAVUNDERS@KELSER. (RE- PORT ON NORWEGIAN FISHERY AND MARINE INVEST1GA~ 1945. PACIFIC COAST SHRIMP FISHERY. WEST. FISH., TIONS), VOL. 7, NO. 4, 43 PP., ILLUS. VOL. 30, NO. 3, PP. 42, 44, 46. 1945, TREKK FRA DYPVANNSREKENS BIOLOG! | NORSKE KYST- BERKELEY, ALFREDA A. FARVANN. |. VIGRAFJORDEN, M@RE. IBID., VOL. 8, 1929. SEX REVERSAL IN PANDALUS DANAE. AMER. NAT., NO. 2, 38 PP., ILLUS. VOL. 63, PP. 571-573. 1946, DYPVANNSREKENS BIOLOGI | NYTT LYS. NATUREN, 1946, 1930. THE POST-EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMON NR. 1, PP. 10-17, ILLUS. PANDALIDS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. "CONTR. CANAD. BIOL., N.S., VOL. 6, PP. 81-163, ILLUS. 1947. NOTES ON THE DEEP SEA PRAWN IN A NORWEGIAN FJORD. ANN. BIOL. INT. EXPLOR. MER., VOL. 2, PP. 10-13, BIGELOW, HENRY B., AND SCHROEDER, WILLIAM C. ILLUS, 1939. NOTES ON THE FAUNA ABOVE MUD BOTTOMS IN DEEP WATER IN THE GULF OF MAINE. BIOL. BULL., RATHBUN, RICHARD. VOL. 76, NO. 3, PP. 305-324, ILLUS. 1883. NOTES ON THE SHRIMP AND PRAWN FISHERIES OF THE UNITED STATES. BULL. U.S. FISH. COMM., VOL. 2, BIRDSEYE, CLARENCE. 1882 (1883), PP. 139-152. 1928. SHRIMP FISHING OUT OF GLOUCESTER. THE STORY OF A NEW INDUSTRY. FISH. GAZ., NEW YORK, VOL. 1884. PART V. CRUSTACEANS, WORMS, RADIATES AND SPONGES. 45, NO. 4, PP. 12-13, 15, ILLUS. AN GOODE, GEORGE BROWN, 1884, THE FISHERIES AND FISHERIES INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, WASH- BONNOT, PAUL. INGTON, GOY'T PRINT. OFF., SEC. |, PP. 759-850. 1932. THE CALIFORNIA SHRIMP INDUSTRY. CALIF. DIV. FISH AND GAME, FISH. BULL., NO. 38, 22 PP., SCATTERGOOD, LESLIE W. ILLUS. 1948. NOTES ON SOME GULF OF MAINE FISHES. COPEIA, 1948. NO. 2, PP. 142-144. CARLSON, CARL B. 1945. COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES OF SHRIMP RESOURCES SCOFIELD, N. B. IN CERTAIN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA AREAS. FISH. 1919. SHRIMP FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA. CALIF. FISH AND MKT. NEWS, WASHINGTON, VOL. 7, NO. 7A, 25 PP., GAME, VOL. 5, NO. 1, PP. 1-12, ILLUS. ILLUS. SMITH, RICHARD T. HJORT, JOHAN AND RUUD, JOHAN T. 1937. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SHRIMP FISHERY IN PUGET SOUND. 1938. DEEP-SEA PRAWN FISHERIES AND THEIR PROBLEMS. WASH. STATE DEPT. FISH. BIOL. REPT., NO. 36D, HYALRODETS SKR., NORSK. V!/DENSK.-AKAD., OSLO, 11 PP., ILLUS. NO. Ws 144 PP., JLLUS. WALFORD, LIONEL A. HAYNES, FRANK W. 1936. NOTES ON SHRIMP FISHING ALONG THE NEW ENGLAND 1930. SHRIMP FISHERY OF SOUTHEAST ALASKA. REPT. U.S. COAST. U.S. BUR. FISH. MEMO. , SER.1, NO. 57, COMM. FISH., 1929 (1930), APP. 1. PP. 1-18, 5 pPP., ILLUS. iLLus. WEYMOUTH, FRANK W.; LINDNER, MILTON J.; AND ANDERSON, WILLIAM W. dAGERSTEN, GOSTA. 1933. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE LIFE HISTORY ‘OF THE 1936. UBER DIE GESCHLECHTSVERHALTNISSE UND DAS WACH- COMMON SHRIMP PENAEUS SETIFERUS (LINN.). BULL. STUM BEI PANDALUS. ARCHIV. ZOOL., BD. 28A, U.S. BUR. FISH., VOL. 48, PP. 1-26, ILLUS. NO. 20, 26 PP., ILLUS. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ily) IN SERVICE LABORATORIES YY VEIN LT Coe) a AWN December 1951 REFRIGERATION: Storage Condtions on Quality of Frozen Fish: During a survey trip it was noted that quantities of whole frozen fish were being stored in cold-storage rooms designed primarily for storage of packaged foods and in which air circulation is provided by blowers. This practice results in avery rapid desiccation of the whole glazed fish. The purpose of this project is to determine what simple protective means can be taken to prevent the rapid loss of ice glaze and desiccation of the product. Preliminary results have been obtained on the effect of different methods of protecting frozen fish against loss of ice glaze. The results are based up— on 53 days storage of fish in the laboratory cold-storage room, refrigerated by means of a blower unit providing relatively rapid air circulation. The results indicate that relative high protection against loss of ice glaze may be pro— duced by several simple means of cutting down direct contact of the flowing air, with the surface of the fish. Samples of glazed frozen fish merely wrapped in ordinary kraft paper showed only 20 percent of the loss of glaze which took place in completely unprotected samples. Placing of the glazed fish in wooden boxes without a paper liner but with the lid nailed tightly in place reduced the loss of glaze to less than 5 percent of that occurring with unprotected fish. Samples wrapped in heavy waxed paper or those placed in polyethylene bags show- ed practically no loss whatever after almost two months storage. These prelimi- nary results indicate that the problem of protection of glazedfish against mois— ture loss on a laboratory basis is a very simple one; however, costs involved in the application of the procedures on a commercial scale may be prohibitive. Methods of rractical application will be considered. (Seattle). 4244 fp 42 fh 7 w ay 7" 7 COMPOSITION: Composition and Cold-storage Life of Fresh-Water Fish: Data on the composition of the first six samples of yellow perch and whitefish are preserted in the following table: Composition of First of First Six Samples Analyzsd | = Hach of Lue Species of Lake Erie Fish Species Sample of Fish Nwaber Yellow perch al 79.3 1.45 (Percha 2 7938 1.14 flavescens) 3 78.7 1.24 4 78.5 1.20 5 79.4 1.36 6 78.7 0.8 = 1.29 Whitefisn T “66.6 | 17.1 | 17.6 1.05 (Coregonus 2 Teeo 8.0 19.7 1.09 cluveaformis) 3 (ALG NW OS 18.8 ULSIMy) 4 73.9 8.70 18.8 1.05 5 Ups te 8,37 18.9 L315) 6 75.9 | 5.68 | 18.3 1.04 ( 18 CQMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 TECHNICAL NOTE NO.16--A SIMPLE PENETROMETER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TEXTURE CHANGES IN GANNED SALMON The need for a simple objective test to determine texture changes incanned fish presented itself in the study by Stansby and Dassow (1951) on the use of frozen salmon for canning. Storage of frozen salmon for as little as one week prior to canning produced a noticeable change of texture in the resulting canned product. In all cases the texture change was one of firming or toughening. In some instances the change was a desirable one, but for the greater part it was undesirable. Increasing the storage time of the frozen salmon prior to thawing and canning appeared to increase the undesirable texture change. It was thought that use of a penetrometer similar to that described by Charnley and Bolton (1938) could be used to correlate taste-panel texture ratings with penetration depth of a "needle" into the canned fish. Inasmuch as the Charnley instrument was found to be available only on special order from an instrument maker, it was decidedto design a simplified-type penetrometer (figure 1) which could be constructed with- out difficulty in the average laboratory shop. The primary use of penetrometers is in the road—building industry for testing materials such as tar and asphalt, which are homogeneous in re- gard to texture. Tests made on difficult por- tions of these samples should give nearly identi- cal results. Fenetrometers are also used in the food industries, for example in the canning or freezing of peas (Anon. 1951) to determine the optimum texture for processing and in the manu- facture of cheese to determine the toughness of the product (Jacobs 1944). Canned fish differs in respect to tar am asphalt in that it is non-homogeneous in texture. To provide an average penetration value many read- ings must be taken over the surface of the sample. — In order to minimize the number of readings re- quired, penetraneters for application to food prod- ji. ucts are often of the multineedle type, such as the Charnley penetrometer. Ten, Roberts No. 2, standard penetrometer needles were used in this instrument. Adaptation eae ay Ene eee CeeNuCES of the instrument for use with products other than LABORATORY, KETCHIKAN, ALASKA. canned salmon could be made by varying the number of needles employed. Approximate dimensions of the needles were 1.5 inches long and 0.04 inches in diameter. The needle point is described geometrically as the frustum of a cone approximately 0.25 inches in length. The needles were arranged symmetrically in a disc of stainless iron and shrink fitted into place (fig- ure 2). The arrangement of the needles in the disc was such that contact of the needles with the backbone could be avoided when making a test. The disc, which shall be referred to as the penetrometer head, is approximately 3.2 inches in diam— eter and 0.3 inches thick. The total weight of the penetrometer head, needies,. and shaft is 500 grams. Although the head of the instrument described was de- signed to fit 1/2-pound flat cans, the measurements of the instrument could be re- duced proportionately to allow its use with 1-pound tall cans. In order to allow the head to move up or dow with a minimum of friction, the monel shaft (which is 19 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW January 1952 Measuring system Carriage Lbs bbb sbbibsbbtbishbddbstbbsdddddbddddddde LLL lll bbb bbb bbdsbtsbddbbbdbedllh DETAIL OF HEAD AND SHAFT DIAGRAM OF PENETROMETER UNIT 4 A 4 DETAIL OF INDEXER AND GUIDE RODS DETAIL OF CARRIAGE AND MEASURING SYSTEM ) (DETAIL SECTIONS ARE APPROXIMATELY HALF SIZE. FIG. 2 - DRAWINGS OF THE PENETROMETER. 20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 attached to the head) was provided with a poured babbitt bearing. The shaft is 10 inches long and 0.39 inches in diameter. Additional lateral stability is gained from two guide rods which also serve the purpose of supporting the sample indexer. The needles are set in the head so as to be flush with the bottom of the sample indexer. When a reading is to be made, the carriage is lowered until the sample in- dexer is flush with the surface of the fish in the opened can. A short turn of a coarse-threaded screw frees the shaft and allows the penetrometer head and shaft to travel downward. A vertical millimeter scale located directly behind the shaft on the carriage and a graduation opposite the scale on the shaft comprise the measuring system. An initial reading is taken when the points of the needlesare flush with the surface of the fish. Timing of the penetration period begins when the head starts its downward fall and ends 60 seconds later. At the end of the penetration period a second reading is taken, allowing the depth of penetration in millimeters to be calculated by difference. Although the use of ten needles tends to reduce the error due to non-uni-— formity of the texture of the salmon within a can, it does not eliminate ite Better results were obtained if replicate —_ readings were made with the needles in various positions with respect to the fish. An aver- Each of 12 Cans of Pink Salmon 3 4 age of the replicates was used in comparing 34.0 the texture of different lots. It was found that about four replicate readings were all that could be made without re-entering holes made during previous readings. Since the texture of the salmon used in canning varies fran fish to fish and even from portion to portion in individual fish, 12 cans of each series were tested to obtain average values of penetration. Thus, final canparison of the penetrometer readings between different series was based on an average of 48 read— ings, each reading being the penetration dis- tance in millimeters for the entire head of 10 needles. Each reading might be considered as the average penetration of 10 needles, each needle activated by one-tenth of the total weight of the head. The table shows a series of yoadings taken on 12 cans of pink salmon, 4 readings being taken on each can.= wo “J eee [o) eo ee @ oouoounun0o0on YUE POMrPAAN WO BO BS fee le te Se ee br [ex] e ol Earlier tests indicated that the rate of penetration is very high at the start of the penetration period, but falls off rapidly after the first five seconds. A 60-second penetration period has been used for all work done to date with this instrument. This allowed ample time for the rate of penetration to decrease to a very small value. It is quite probable that the time of penetration could be reduced to as little as ten seconds and still give reliable results. HE DATA PRESENTED ARE FOR CANNED FRESH PINK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSHA). USING A SIMI - LAR SET OF DATA FROM A SAMPLE THAT WAS PREPARED FROM FROZEN PINK SALMON WHICH HAD BEEN IN STORAGE AT 09 F. FOR 6 WEEKS PRIOR TO THAWING AND CANNING, THE FOLLOWING STATISTICAL VALUES WERE COMPUTED: MEAN PENETRATION VALUE, CONTROL, 21.5 MM.; FROZEN 6 WEEKS, 12.7 MM.: STAND- ARD DEVIATION, CONTROL, 6.15 MM.; FROZEN 6 WEEKS, 3.49 MM.: COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION, CONTROL, 28.6 PERCENT; FROZEN 6 WEEKS, 27.3 PERCENT. FIDUCIAL LIMITS USING 1 PERCENT PROBA- BILITY, CONTROL, 23.9 - 19.1; FROZEN 6 WEEKS, 14.1 - 11.4. COMPARISON OF THE TWO SETS OF DATA GAVE A "T" VALUE OF 8,57 WITH THE DEGREES OF FREEDOM EQUAL TO 47, INDICATING A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO SAMPLES. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Bal Figure 3 illustrates the current application of the in- strument described in this note. It is a curve showing texture change (by penetration depth) versus length of time that fro- zen pink salmon were kept in storage at O° F. prior tothaw- ing and canning. The depth of penetration is inversely propor— tionate to the firmness of the fish. Organoleptic observations of samples similar to those re- ported in the graph, indicated that a dry firm texture of the canned salmon was related to the length of storage period of the frozen salmon prior to can- ning. The graph, prepared from the penetrometer readings made on 4 lots of canned pink salmon, confirms this relationship. Fur- ther work is planned in which 10 15 20 25 the instrument will be used for TIME OF STORAGE AT OO F. OF THE FROZEN SALMON - WEEKS objective comparisons of the FIG. 3 - EFFECT OF STORAGE OF FROZEN PINK SALMON on THE texture of canned salmon frozen TEXTURE (PENETROMETER READING) OF THE SUBSEQUENTLY for much shorter intervals prior A ei to thawing 2nd canning. 2 Fe] 2 a =) PENETROMETFR READING FOR THE CANNEO LITERATURE CITED ANON. 1951. NEW PEA MATURITY TESTER CALLED HANDY FIELD UNIT, FOOD ENG., 23, NO. 9, P. 143 (SEPT. 1951). CHARNLEY, F. AND BOLTON, R. S. 1938. THE MEASURMENT OF FIRMNESS OF CANNED SALMON AND OTHER SEMI-RIGID BODIES BY THE DYNAMIC PENETROMETER METHOD. | — EXPERIMENTS WITH A MULTIPLE NEEDLE PENETRO- METER, J. FISH. RES. BD. CAN., 4, NO. 3, PP. 162-173 (1933). JACOBS, MORRIS B. 1944. THE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FOOD AND FOOD PRODUCTS, VOL. 11 , P. 145 (1944). INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, INC., NEW YORK, N. Y. STANSBY, M. E. AND DASSOW, J. A. 1951. USE OF FROZEN SALMON FOR CANNING, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, Als}, NO. 4, PP. 20- 25 (APRIL 1951). --H. J. Craven, Chemist, and John A. Dassow, Chief, Fishery Products Laboratory Ketchikan, Alaska (The Ketchikan Fishery Products Laboratory is operated jointly by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Alaska Fisheries #xperimental Commission.) 22 CQMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 = TRENDS se > a AND fete DEVELO PMENTS & Additions to the Fleet of U. S. Fishing Vessels A total of 43 vessels of 5 net tons and over received their first documents as fishing craft during October 1951--2 less than in October 1950. The east coast of Florida led with 9 vessels, followed by California with 8 vessels, and the west coast of Florida with 4 vessels, the Treasury Department's Bureau of Customs reported. During the first ten months of 1951, a total of 695 vessels were document— ed for the first time as fishing vessels, compared with 716 vessels for the same period during 1950. Vessels Obtaining Their First Documents as Fishing Craft, October 1951 Ten $k: ending withOct. | Total 1950 1950 New England. cccccesccsccece iddle Atlantic .ccceccccce Outh AtilanvUic/cjeclcciciclsicee Gulllifcretetaletavelotevotercrcrerekevcletelere Paci hcheraleveleisiensteterciereicieterers Great Lakes. .ccccecccvcce MAH Go 60000000000000000 HaAWasdtiercicvelelelcteleloiereionciereielere Oba! Waleteteleleletelelclatelstelete NOTE: California Turns Down Request for Reduction of Anchovies and Herring A request of more than a dozen California sardine processors to reduce an— chovies, herring, or sauries into commercial oils and meals was turned down by California State Fish and Game Commissioners at their December meeting in Fort Bragg, according to a December 12 news release. Processors asked that 20 percent of their present sardine reduction allot— ment be used for other species. Twenty percent of the standard 1951-52 sardine | reduction quota would amount to 309 tons for each of the more than 100 holders of permits. The Commission acted after hearing a strongly-worded statement from the Department of Fish and Game which warned that the population of anchovies in California waters is not large enough to support the proposed reduction indus— try in addition to the present bait and canning industries. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23 "Anchovies are one of the most important foods for such valuable fish as salmon, albacore, mackerel, barracuda, yellowtail, kelp bass, halibut, and oth—- er species," it was asserted. "The effect of a large-scale reduction opera- tion might well spell disaster to the fishery." The Bureau of Marine Fisheries stated that herring serve as food for salm— on, rockfish, and other commercial and game species. Their importance increased with the scarcity of sardines. Small quantities have been canned in recent years, and this type of utilization should be encouraged, according to the Bureau, while the outright reduction of herring should not. No fishery has developed for the saury, it was claimed, and it is doubt— ful if they could be caught in worthwhile quantities with gear now used. sag California Sardine Industry Regulation Urged "Remedial legislation designed to control the entire sardine industry must be adopted in the immediate future," said the Chief of the California Bureau of Marine Fisheries at a recent meeting called by the State's Fish and Game Com— mission. "To manage any fishery," he asserted, "it is desirable for themanage- ment agency to have reasonably broad regulatory powers in order that the annual take may be adjusted to the productivity of the resource. Under the system it is possible to amend regulations to meet changing conditions, which often change so rapidly as to be emergencies," A Department of Fish and Game plan to rehabilitate the California sardine fishery was greeted with mixed reactions by more than 100 industry and sports— men representatives attending the meeting, points out a December 19 news re-— lease from that Department. The proposed management plan recommends that power to set sardine and mack— erel seasons and bag limits be given to the Commission, with aid from a seven— man advisory committee appointed by the Governor. A minimum seasonal take of 100,000 tons of sardines and 5,000 tons of Pacific mackerel was suggested. The scarce sardine, once the mainstay of the State's commercial fishing industry, was the subject of a day-long discussion in Monterey's City Hall. The only points upon which all participants agreed were that the sardine is no long— er plentiful in coastal waters, and that additional research is necessary. Because members of various sardine industry factions could not agreeona general plan, the Director of the Department called for the creation of a 21- man steering committee. It will represent fishermen, boat owners, cannery work— ers, processors, reductionists, sportsmen, the Department, and the public. The initial meeting to recommend suitable action is to be held soon. Under legislative practice, the only regulatory power in the hands of the Fish and Game Commission is that of setting regulations governing reduction of sardines into commercial oils and meals. All other sardine fishing and process— ing laws are made by the State Legislature. 2h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 California Establishes Regulations for New Shrimp Industry Regulations governing California's newest industry--ocean shrimp (prawn) fishing—-have been adopted by the Fish and Game Commission. At their December meeting, the Commissioners took action under a recent Legislative Act which will allow shrimp and prawn fishing for the first time in ocean waters off California. Unless results of the experiment are success— ful, fishing permits will expire in September 1953, according to a Decemberl19 news release from the State Department of Fish and Game. Recent exploratory cruises made by the N. B. Scofield, research vessel operated by the State Department of Fish and Game, showed commercial quanti- ties of shrimp (prawns) in three general areas off the California coast. Area "A" under the new regulations will extend from the Oregon border to a point off False Cape, near Fortuna. Area "B" runs south to Pigeon Point, near the San Mateo-Santa Cruz county line. Area "C" extends from Pigeon Foint to Rincon Point, Santa Barbara. In offering the proposed regulations to the Commission, the Chief of the Bureau of Marine Fisheries stated that there was much unexplored area along the coast where shrimp (prawns) might be found. "It is hoped that commercial exploitation will bring additional knowledge and information concerning the ex— tent and magnitude of this resource," he added. The State research vessel caught as much as 450 pounds of shrimp (prawns) in 15 minutes by the use of a 10-foot beam trawl net. Experiments were made to determine which type of gear would not harm the so-called "bottom fishery" for sole, halibut, flounder, and other fishes. As a result of the findings made aboard the N. B. Scofield, the Commis— sion's new regulations call for use of a beam-trawl net with a mouth less than 45 feet in circumference, and a mesh 1 and 1/8 inches or smaller. Seasons for each area will open April 1 and close September 30, unless a maximum bag limit has been reached, when the season may be closed earlier. Limits are 1,500,000 pounds for Area A, 750,000 pounds for Area B, and 250,000 pounds for Area C. Federal Purchases of Fishery Products Purchases of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products by Department of the Army November and the First Eleven Months, 1950 and 1951 Q ee Ce al ie US. [November _—*| ~_Jan.-November [ss November [| si Jan.-November _| 1950 ef MOST S950 eo Dae ae lbs. lbs. $ % g is Ieee »3511 971,490] 872, 885] 12,610,571] 6,820,8 Force the Army Quartermaster Corps during November 1951 purchased 1,772,725 pounds of fresh and frozen fishery products (see table). Due to the fact that More meat was available, purchases of fishery products dropped 45.4 percent in quantity and 37.1 percent in value as compared with October 1951. Although January 1952 COMMERCIAL +iSHERIES REVIEW 25 these purchases were 16.1 percent below November 1950, the value was 11.1 percent greater indicating that higher priced items were bought during November 1951. For the first 11 months of 1951, purchases were greater by 79.35 percent in quantity and 84.9 percent in value as compared with the corresponding period of 1950. Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program SHRIMP EXPLORATIONS IN NEW AREAS CONTINUED BY "OREGON" (Cruise No. 12): To continue exploratory shrimp fishing in previously unworked areas in the northwest Guif and to try out experimental gear in red-shrimp grounds, the vessel Oregonleft Pascagoula on November 21 on Cruise No. 12. This vessel of the Service's Branch of Commercial Fisheries is conducting fishery exploratory work in the Gulf. The ves- sel returned on November 21. Throughout the trip trawling operations were hampered by-bad weather. One trawl was lost and 4 others damaged in rough seas. The Oregon tied up in Galveston from November 13 to November 18 waiting for suitable trawling weather. Nt Va 4 * , ee) } < a > és = Se DUMPING A MIXED CATCH OF SHRIMP AND FISH CAUGHT BY THE OREGON IN A NIGHT DRAG. SOME SPECIES OF SHRIMP ARE CAUGHT ONLY AT NIGHT. 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 A series of trawling stations were made in 10, 15, 30, and 50 fathoms. Ex- cept for good catches off Southwest Pass in 40 fathoms, brown-grooved shrimp were found to be sparsely scattered from 15 to 50 fathoms. When working in the 10- to 15-fathom range, good catches of white shrimp were made off the central Louisiana coast at night. Three 200- to 220-fathom drags were made SSW. of Galveston. All produced very small quantities of red shrimp. On November 11 a single blackfin tuna was taken trolling southeast of Ship Shoal light in 173 fathoms. No schools of tuna were observed throughout the en= tire trip. Maine Sardine Pack for 1951 Below Average The Maine sardine canning season, which opened on April 15, closed on Decen-= ber 1 as per State law, according to a news release from the Maine Development Com- mission. The total pack of Maine sardines this year totaled 1,500,000 cases as compared with 3,800,000 cases in 1950 and a 20-year average of 2,500,000 cases (100 3:-ounce cans to a case). Maine sardines were packed in soybean, peanut, and olive oils; and in mustard sauce. Quite a few 3/4—pound mustards were produced. The season looked like an economic disaster for canners, fishermen, and fac- tory workers alike until early September. Fish had never been so scarce andMaine's 47 plants were idle most of the time. The shortest pack since the record bust of 527,000 cases in the depression year of 1932 was predicted. However, catches pick- ed up in September and continued through October and November. The industry's pro- ductive machinery swung into action but could not get enough fish to make up for lost time. It was a short pack and bad news for the canners, who need volume to keep in the black, but disaster was averted. Fishermen, canners, and biologists appear to be in agreement that the scar- city of fish is only temporary and was caused by a poor spawning season two years ago. They look for the schools to be back as large and plentiful as ever next sea- son. The canners paid approximately $375,000 to the State Tax Assessor to finance an industry-development program. Payments were based on a tax Of 25¢ a case im- posed by the last Maine legislature at the request of the industry. A 17-weekna- tionwide advertising campaign was launched in July but discontinued in late Sep- tember due to the short pack and uncertain conditions. Metal Cans--Shipments for Fish and Sea Food, January-September 1951 Total shipments of metal cans for fish and sea food for January-September 1951 amounted to 78,955 short tons of steel (based on the amount of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans), which was considerably below 99,3542 short tons of steel during the corresponding period in 1950. A decline in West Coast sardine and tuna canning and Maine sardine canning were largely responsible for this drop in ship- ments of metal cans. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 During September this year, cans totaling 10,051 short tons of steel were shipped for use in canning fish andsea food as compared with 15,390 short tons in September 1950. NOTE: DATA CONVERTED TO SHORT TONS OF STEEL ARE ON THE BASIS OF 23.0 BASE BOXES OF STEEL PER SHORT TON OF STEEL, Nylon Netting Effectiveness Tested Inclined to discount the marked superiority claims made for nylon commer— cial fish netting is the Michigan Conservation Department's Fisheries Research Institute at Ann Arbor, according to a November news release from that agency. Limited tests on inland lakes, however, indicate that the more costly ny- lon material has superior thread strength, rot immunity, and handiing ease in comparison with other net types. Although experiments were carefully handled, the Institute points out that Great Lakes conditions might introduce elements not present in inland lakes. Of the 1,841 fish collected, 995 were lured into nylon nets and 846 into linen ones. Rock bass and sunfish were trapped in the nylon nets the most. Yellow perch and large-mouthed black bass more frequently were found in the linennets. Wholesale and Retail Prices WHOLESALE PRICES, NOVEMBER 1951: Bad weather along the East Coast andin the Great Lakes area and scarcity of fish on the West Coast curtailed fisher- ies production during November 1951. Consequently, during the month edible fish- ery products prices were substantially higher (4.5 percent) than during the pre- vious month and 1.8 percent above November 1950. The edible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) wholesale index for November was 111.2 percent of the 1947 average (see table). In spite of Thanksgiving, demand was reported good. Haddock and other groundfish landings in November 1951 were particularly light and prices for fresh drawn large offshore haddock jumped 25.8 percent above October and were 13.4 percent higher than in November 1950. Frozenwest— ern halibut and frozen salmon also sold at higher prices, but these products were still priced below November 1950 quotations-—-16.7 percent and 0.7 percent, respectively. Due to particularly light production in the Great Lakes area, fresh-water fish prices in November 1951 were considerably higher than in Novem— ber 1950. From October to November 1951, prices dropped for most fresh-water species, except lake trout at Chicago which registered a considerable increase. Drawn, dressed, or whole fin-fish prices in November were 1.8 percent above the corresponding month a year earlier and 9.3 percent above October 1951. Processed fresh fish and shellfish prices in November were 3.4 percent higher than in the previous month and 12.7 percent above November 1950. Be- cause of lighter production and a shortage of frozen haddock fillets, fresh haddock fillet prices climbed 9.7 percent from October to November 1951, and were 54.5 percent higher than in November 1950. Fresh headless shrimp in No- 28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 Ne Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes of Fish and Ss November 1951, with Comparative Data _ GROUP, SUBGROUP, AND ITSM! SPECIFICATION [POINT OF PRICING [UNIT | 5 PRICES ($) | IND2XeS (1947 = 100) Nov. Teeter cate 19 Nov.1950 | Nov.1951 |Oct 61951 Nov 1950 ALL FIS aND SHSLLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, and Canned) 109.2 Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products: 106.9 "Drawn, | Dressed, or Whole Finfish: 12h. meriacdoaies large, < offshore, drawn, fresh ..cceceee seecosce oe 128.1 Halibut, Weptonnt “20/80 1b dressed, fresh or frozen seescce 116.0 Salmon, king, lge. & med., dressed, fresh or frozen ...s..0- 5 133.9 Whitefish, mostly Lake Superior, drawn (dressed), fresh secccssesee 149.6 Whitefish, mostly Lake Erie Eee net, round, fresh wccocccccecsccce New York City 120.7 Lake trout, domestic, Soeuion No. l, drawn (Greasea) fresh .cccsece Yellow pike, mostly Michigan (teres Michigan & Huron), round, fresh .. Processed, Fresh (fish and She and Shellfish): Fillets, haddock, small, skins on, 2O-1b. tinS cececerecccecceceessce Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), head- less, fresh or frozen ..... oe Oysters, shucked, standards .... Procsssed, Frozen (Fishand Shell ish): Fillets: Flounder (yellowtail), skinless, 10-lb. bxs. Haddock, small, 10-1b. cello=pack wcccccccecces Ocean perch (rosefish), 10-15. cello-pack ...... Shrimp, lge. (26-39 count), 5-1b. DAS. coccceresoserevesscosessrsses Canned Fishery Products: .ccsses ssc sce sccessnens eros eseceessseeseenstesesteesess Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 canS Per CASO cocevccrccecrccee oe Seattle Tuna, light meat, solid. Paci No. $ tuna (7 oz.), 48 cans per case ..... |Los Angeles Sardines (pvilchards), California, tomato pack, No. 1 oval (15 oz.), 48 cansS per CASE .ceccccccccccrcccce Sariines, Maine, keyless oil, No. % draim (3% oz.) , 100 cans per case .. 2 vember was quoted 1.3 percent higher, but still sold 2.2 percent below the cor- responding morth ir 1950. Shucked oyster prices also increased 3.7 percent and were 20.2 percent higher than in November 1950. Demand for oysters has been particularly good this season. Chicago 104.3 Gloucester Chicago 6.25 80.5 7505 69.9 5025 104.9 964 | 5165 From October to November, frozen headless shrimp prices continued to fall (6.3 percent), but this decline was offset by higher prices for frozen haddock fillets (10.2 percent) and frozen ocean perch fillets (1.2 percent). Flounder fillets remained unchanged at September prices. Compared with November 1950, frozen headless shrimp sold 3.5 percent lower, but frozen haddock fillets were priced 25 percent higher and frozen flounder fillets 20.0 percent higher. The index. for processed frozen fish and shellfish for November 1951 was at the same level as in October, but 5.8 percent above November 1950. The canned fishery products subgroup index continued to rise and in No- vember 1951 was at 109.0 percent of the 1947 average--2.1 percent above Octo— ber 1951, but 3.1 percent below November 1950. From October to November 1951, prices climbed 8.8 percent for canned Maine sardines, 6.6 percent for Califor-— nia sardines, and 2.1 percent for canned tuna, while canned pink salmon prices remained unchanged at September levels. Compared with November 1950, the month's prices were higher by 103.7 percent for Maine sardines and 15.2 percent for California sardines, but lower by 11.9 percent for tuna and 12.5 percent for pink salmon. The United States and Alaska pack of canned fish for the year 1951 was estimated at 790 million pounds as compared with 965 million pounds in 1950, due mainly to smaller packs of tuna, mackerel, and Maine and California sardines. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 RETAIL PRICES, NOVEMBER 1951: Higher prices for all foods were paid by urban families of moderate incomes between mid-October and mid-Noveriber, according tothe Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Lavor. During the period, the re- tail price index for all foods rose 1.0 percent and it was 6.1 percent above mid- Noveriber 1950 (see table). 2 - Acjusted Retail Price Indexes for Foods and Fishery Produ November 15, 1951, with Comparative Data AS ESCOO OS irereleleleleieielslejelalelaleleloiete All fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned). Fresh and frozen fish ....ee. | 1938-39 Canned salmon: pink .eccccce do Contrary to the increased retail prices paid for all foods, fishery products prices at retail declined between October 15 and November 15, 1951, due mainly to lower prices for canned pink salmon. The adjusted retail price index for all fresh, frozen, and canned fish and shellfish went down to 551.1 percent (a 0.6 percent drop), but was still 4.3 percent higher than on November 15, 1950. Following the pattern of the wholesale fish index, the retail fresh and frozen fish index climbed 0.4 percent between mid-October and mid-November to 295.8 per- cent of the 1938-29 average and this index was still 6.2 percent above the same pe- riod a year earlier. Retail prices for canned pink salmon continued to decline. After reaching a peak for the year on May 15, 1951, these prices between May 15 and June 15 dropped and have continued their dovmward trend since then. The index for canned pinksalm- on on November 15, 1951, was 2.4 percent below the previous month, but 0.9 percent above mid-November 1950. 30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 ~ FOREIGN = Belgian Congo GOOD MARKET FOR CANNED FISH: Canned fish consumption in the Belgian Congo the domestic production of this commodity over a long period. Although the Bene- lux countries are shipping more canned herring to this country, there should be a good market for United States canned "sardines" and herring in the Belgian Con- go, provided the latter products are competitive. Price is an important factor. The popular can size in this market is the l2-ounce oval, and a label with eye appeal will no doubt stimulate the sale of sardines and herring in this mar— ket. There are no tariff, exchange, or treaty barriers to the importation of canned fish in the Belgian Congo or Ruanda—Urundi. Canada obtained 40 percent of the market for canned sardines AS 1950 and 41 percent in the first four months of 1951. Canadian exports to this market dur-= ing the first quarter of 1951 were larger than in the corresponding period a year V earlier, though shipments from the United States climbed even more rapidly, ac= | cording to the November 24 Canadian Foreign Trade. Total Belgian Congo imports | from all countries in 1949 amounted to 652 metric tons; in 1950 to 1,325 metric tons; and during the first four months of 1951 to 772 metric tons. Low=priced canned herrings from the Netherlands have been appearing on this market on a large scale during the last year, and are being offered in cases of four dozen 15-ounce cans at the equivalent of about $7.50 (U.S.) c.i.f. Matadi, or at even slightly less, including a three percent commission. ME a, Canada MARINE OIL PRODUCTION IN 1951 TOPS 1950: Marine oil production (for indus- trial and edible use) in Canada including Newfoundland) in 1951 was expected to be above the high level of 1950, according to a recent report from the American | Embassy at Ottawa. An increase in the output of whale and seal oil would more | than offset the reduced production of other marine oils, particularly cod. Herring Oil: Output in 1951 of herring oil——the principal marine oil in Canada, and produced almost entirely, in British Columbia——probably was about the same as in 1950 when 3,312,865 Imperial gallons were produced. Cod-Liver Oil: Production of cod-liver oil in 1951 was expected to be down | 20 percent from 1950 because of the smaller cod catch. Production in 1950 totaled | 572,000 gallons of refined cod=-liver oil and 563,000 gallons of sun-rotted oil. | Other Fish Oils: Production in 1951 of other fish oils—such as halibut, salmon, hake, and rockfish--was expected to be down from 1950. These oils were largely an incidental byproduct of the major fishing operation. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW shal Whale Body and Sperm Oil: Production of whale body and sperm in Canada in 1951 was estimated to be about 25 percent greater than in 1950. Whale body oil output alone was estimated at 1,288,000 gallons as against 1,084,000 in 1950. Sperm oil production was estimated to be 304,000 gallons, considerably more than the 135,000 gallons produced in 1950. There was no production of pothead oil whereas 55,000 gallons were produced in 1950. Seal Oil: The estimated output of seal oil in 1951, confined exclusively to Newfoundland, was 621,000 gallons, This represents an increase of roughly 60 percent from the production of 386,000 gallons in 1950. Oil Exports: Canadian exports of all fish oils, except herring, in the first 9 months of 1951 were down from the corresponding period in 1950. Whale oil ex- ports in January-September 1951 were less than half. And exports of seal oil were but 2 percent of the volume exported in the first 9 months of 1950. However, ex- ports since September were substantial so that total exports in 1951 quite likely would exceed the volume for the year 1950. The stock position is strong, proba~ bly because processors were holding their seal oil longer than usual to take ad- vantage of the strong market. Marine oils have been exported chiefly to the United States, with sizable quantities of industrial herring oil going both to Germany and the Netherlands. Imports: Canadian imports of marine oils in 1951 have been substantially greater than in 1950, with the exception of cod=-liver oil. Increased imports of fish oil for fortifying purposes and those for industrial purposes, not otherwise specified, were substantial. Nearly all of the marine oils imported came from the United States. Cod-liver oil imports, however were almost entirely from Nor= way and the United Kingdom. Prices: Most Canadian marine oil prices this year have been high as a result of the relatively strong market for fats and oils since the outbreak of war in Korea. Medicinal oil prices, however, have not been so strong as have other ma=- rine oil prices. Outlook: The market outlook for Canadian marine oils is considered very favorable with the exception of vitamin oils, The latter are adversely affected by the fact that Japan has reentered the United States market with its low=potency oils and Canadian producers are unable to compete with the lower Japanese prices. Iceland NEW TRAWLERS WILL NOT BE EQUIPPED WITH FISH=-MEAL PLANTS: The Reykjavik Ves= sel Owners Association in Iceland has decided not to install fish-meal plants in the newest Diesel trawlers which will be brought from England in the near future, according to an Icelandic newspaper item reported in the November 15 Fiskets Gang, a Norwegian fishery publication. The decision stems from the very poor or results obtained with three trawlers delivered earlier which had fish=-meal plants on board. Experience has demonstrated that when a trawler must fish on distant banks it is more profitable to use the space occupied by a fish-meal plant for storing either iced or salted fish. 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 Indonesia FISHING FACILITIES EXPANDED: Because of insufficient fishing boats and equip- ment, the Indonesian fish catch was greatly reduced during World War II, states a November 26, 1951, American Embassy dispatch from Djakarta. Efforts are now under= way to alter this situation by increasing fishing facilities and equipment. The following equipment is being provided the fisheries—yarn and netting, 60 small motorized "majang" fishing boats, and 17 larger motorized bonito boats, two fish carriers, and one fishery-research vessel. vi Japan PRODUCTION OF EIGHTH MOTHERSHIP=TYPE TUNA EXPEDITION: After 83 days of oper= ation in the waters adjacent to the U. S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Tenyo Maru No. 2, mothership of the eighth mothership-type tuna expedition, together with 25 catcher boats, returned to Japan. The expedition operated from August 2 to October 23, 1951, from 2°7° N. latitude and 14,0°-178° E, longitude, states SCAP's Natural Resources Section Weekly Summary of October 31, 1951. The expedition produced about 7,726,200 pounds of tuna and other species of fish as follows: 3,090,500 pounds of yellowfin tuna, 1,700,000 pounds of other tuna, 1,622,500 pounds of spearfish, 1,236,000 pounds of shark, and 77,200 pounds of other fish, The bulk of the catch will be used for domestic consumption, but approximately 10 percent of the load (yellowfin only) may be exported. The average weight per fish was 55 pounds for yellowfin, 56 pounds for other tuna, 93 pounds for spearfish, 59 pounds for shark, and 16 pounds for other spe- cles. Many catcher days were lost delivering fish to the factory ship and load= ing supplies and repairing gear. Average catch per boat per day of operation was 6,107 pounds. PRODUCTION OF NINTH MOTHERSHIP-TYPE TUNA EXPEDITION: On October 31, 1951, the Tenryu Maru, mothership of the ninth mothership-type tuna expedition returned to Japan with five catcher boats after 43 days of operation in the waters adja- cent to the U. S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. The expedition was a small, short-term one and was attached to the eighth tuna expedition, headed by the Tenyo Maru No. 2, for administrative and control purposes. The expedition was required to operate within 250-300 miles of the eighth expedition. The area of operation was from 2°-6° N. latitude and from 150°= 168° E. longitude. Total catch is estimated at 376,550 pounds of tuna and other species of fish as follows: yellowfin 148,900 pounds, other tunas 87,100 pounds, spearfish 115,800 pounds, shark 9,800 pounds, and other fish 14,950 pounds. The average weight of fish of the various species is: yellowfin 68 pounds, other tunas 88 pounds, spear— fish 121 pounds, shark 75 pounds, and other fish 25 pounds. Plans are to use all of the products for domestic consumption. Approximately 100,000 pounds was re— turned in frozen condition, and the remainder was iced, HHHK JAPANESE DISPLAY INTEREST IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES NEGOTIATIONS: The Japa= nese Government and industry showed great interest in the Canada-Japan-United States January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 fisheries negotiations which started on November 5, states a November 23 American consular dispatch from Tokyo. These negotiations are directed toward a tripartite North Pacific Fisheries Convention. Japan put great emphasis upon the precedent this would set for similar agree- ments with Asian nations, such as Indonesia. The press and other circles opposed extensive restrictions on Japan's fisheries activities, such as the establishment of "preserved" fishing grounds or restricted fishing periods, and stress was laid on the principle of freedom of fishing in the open seas, At the same time the need to effect conservation in high-seas fisheries was acknowledged. KEKE E FIRST SPERM WHALING EXPEDITION LEAVES FOR ANTARCTIC: The Baikal Maru, mother- ship of the Japanese sperm whaling expedition, accompanied by five catcher boats departed Osaka on October 15, 1951,for the Antarctic, SCAP's Natural Resources Section Weekly Summary of October 20, 1951, points out. The vessel is of 6,000 gross metric tons. The fleet will operate for approximately 70 days, and the company owning the fleet hopes that the catch will amount to as much as 400 sperm whales. The license is- sued by the Fisheries Agency, Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, permits the ves- sel to take only sperm whales. Two inspectors from the Fisher- ies Agency are on board the ves- sel to assure compliance with Japanese regulations and the terms of the International Whal- ing Convention. A TYPICAL JAPANESE WHALE CATCHER OR KILLER BOAT (385 GROSS METRIC TONS) USED IN ANTARCTIC WHALING. This is the first time in the history of Japanese whaling that Japan has dispatched an expedition to the Antarctic for the sole purpose of taking sperm whales. The Baikal Maru operated in the Bonin Islands in the 1949, 1950, and 1951 seasons. JAPANESE GOVERNMENT Norway CANNERIES EXPLORE TUNA PACKING: Some canneries on the Norwegian west coast have become interested in packing tuna for export, according to a statement of an official of Norsk Frossenfisk quoted in the October 10 issue of Fiskaren, a Norwegian trade paper. At present the greatest proportion of the tuna taken in Norway is exported to Italy either fresh or frozen. Experts have been brought in to discuss export possibilities and to aid in the preparation and canning of tuna. Insofar as the United States market is con- cerned, the official stated that either Norwegian packers must can the small tuna whose meat is lighter in color than the large ones, or Norwegian research must come forward with a method which will permit the canners to make tuna meat light- er by artificial means. 3h COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 Republic of the Philippines AMERTCAN-OWNED TUNA~FISHING COMPANY TRANSFERRING OPERATIONS TO SIAM: An American-owned fishing company was granted a permit in August 1950 by the Govern- ment for a Philippine—based tuna-fishing operation. The company has announced that in order to realize some profit on its investment, it is transferring oper— ations to Siam. According to reports, the company which is capitalized at $100,000, is ef- fecting the transfer due to its inability to fish for tuna in Philippine waters because of Government requirements, high taxes, and difficulties and delays in securing permits, Besides a tax of $25,000 on fishing vessels, taxes of 7 per- cent on sales and $1.00 per ton on the catch were being levied by the Government. In addition, a larger crew was required for the operation of the vessel than in the United States. The company was trying to obtain an exemption from taxation, but this was denied by the Government on the grounds that it was not a new in= dustry, a November 21 American consular dispatch from Manila points out. go Trinidad SMOKED HERRING PLANT PLANNED: The establishment of a small plant for salt— ing and smoking fresh herring as a means of supplementing supplies for local con- sumption is planned by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. Tests will be made to ascertain the best method of preparing the herring, following which a smokery will be set up, according to the December & issue of Canadian Foreign Trade. Approximately $17,500 will be provided from Government funds to meet costs of machinery and production, including the purchase of fish for six months. It is also proposed to apply for a grant of $2,400 from the Development and Welfare Organization to assist the development. The smokery will be operated at first during six months of the herring season and, if the venture is successful, it is hoped that a local firm will take it over and develop it as a commercial enter= prise. Uruguay LARGE-SCALE FISHING ENTERPRISE PLANNED OFF SOUTH AMERICAN EAST COAST: A large— scale mothership-type fishing operation is planned along the East Coast of South America, according to the September 1951 World Fish Trade, a Swedish periodical. A well-known captain and shipowner, who previously has managed important enter- prises in Europe, now directs this enterprise and company from his offices in Mon- tevideo, Uruguay. The concern plans to carry out a large-scale fishing operation along the East Coast of South America outside territorial limits. The catches will be delivered to one or more motherships which then will clean, fillet, and freeze the fish, and process the trash fish and waste into byproducts. With its own transport vessels, the firm plans to ship the products to different markets, especially fish fillets to the United States and fish meal to certain European countries, ae ie January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 The necessary fishing cutters will most probably be bought from Denmark. Also, a mothership and a transport vessel were to be built in Denmark, but it is believed that the orders for building these vessels will finally be placed in Germany. The preparatory work to start this fishing enterprise is expected to last about one year. JUDGMENT IN ANGLO-NORWEGIAN TERRITORIAL WATERS FISHERIES CASE: The method employed for the delimitation of the fisheries zone by the Royal Norwegian De- cree of July 12, 1935, is not contrary to international law, according to a judg= ment (10 votes to 2) rendered by the Hague Court of International Justice in De- cember, points out an American consular dispatch from The Hague dated December 19. By 8 votes to 4, the Court found "that the base-lines fixed by said decree in ap— plication of this method are not contrary to international law." One of the judges concurred "in operative pact of judgment" but emphasized that he did so because "he considers that the Norwegian Government has proved the existence of an historic title to the disputed areas of water." Two other judges appended separate opinions, and two judges dissented, The case regarding the Anglo-Norwegian territorial waters dispute as it af— fects the fisheries was heard before the Court in September and hearings closed in October. Briefly, the dispute hinged on the Norwegian method of determining the limits of its territorial waters. The Norwegians measured territorial limits from base lines running from extreme points of the coastline instead of a curved line ex= tending from the mainland three niles into the sea, measured at low water. From its determined base lines, Norway has claimed a further four=-mile limit as terri- torial waters. The bulk of the British newspaper comment on the decision reflects great dis- appointment, not only because it shuts out many miles of valuable fishing grounds to British fishing fleets, but also since it appears to raise questions regarding the old convention of the three-mile limit for territorial waters, points out a December 21 American Embassy dispatch from London. 36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, Now 1 FEDERAL ‘# ACTIONS Department of Commerce NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY MARINE MRO CRDER AMENDED: Because of the vital role that NPA Order M-70 (Marine, Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Supplies and Minor Capital Additions) plays in the operations of the commercial fishing fleet, the changes in the Order recently made by the National Production Authority, effective January 1, 1952, will be of interest to the fishery and allied industries. Pending a complete re— vision of the Order, NFA announced that: (1) The DO-R-9 rating can now be used for the purchase of minor capital additions up to $1,000 each. Previ- ously the ceiling was $750. (2) All references to "fourth calendar quarter of 1951" throughout the Crder have been changed to "first calendar quarter of 1952." For those boat operators who wish to make capital additions to their boats in excess of the 31,000 permissible ceiling, the prior approval of NPA must be obtained. For details see: Amdt. 1, issued Dec. 28, 1951, to M-70 (Marine,Mairtenance, Repair, and Operating Supplies and Minor Capital Additions), and Press Release NPA-1677. CATON Ts TAT AT Ay Oe OO Cm Manufacturers and repairmen are permitted to use priority ratings for obtaining materials for installation of industrial equipment by CMP Regulation 5 as amended December 20 by NPA. In addition, other provisions of the regulation were brought up to date. The amendment to CMP Regulation 5: (1) Permits manufacturers to obtain materials needed for installation of equipment in existing buildings on a priority basis in the same way they are permitted to obtain minor capital additions. "Installation" is lengthily defined. \ lamit of two tons of carbon steel, 200 pounds of copper products, and no alumi— num, stainless steel or alloy steel is established for each installation. Instal- lation under the regulation is not construction as defined in Order M—LA. (2) Establishes separate minimum quarterly quotas of $1,000 each for MRO supplies, minor capital additions, and installations. Previously, theminimum for combined MRO and minor capital additions were $1,000 a quarter. (3) Raises from $750 to $1,000 the limit which a manufacturer may spend for each minor capital addition when he uses the MRO symbol to obtain materials. a January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 (4). Expands the definition of operating supplies of a business enterprise to include expendable tools, jigs, dies, and fixtures used on production equipment, regardless of the accounting practice of the business. For details see: CMP Reg. 5 (Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Supplies, In- stallation, and Minor Capital Additions Under the Controlled Materials Plan) as a- mended Dec. 20, 1951, and Press Release NPA-1671. 36 Se aya wo Kk He SIGNATURE FOR CERTIFICATION: When a custamer signs a purchase or delivery or- der, the signature may also serve in most cases as the signature for certification of the fact that the order complies with NPA regulations, according to aninterpreta- tion of NPA Regulation 2, issued by NPA on December 19, 1951. For details see: Int. 2 (Signature for Certification on Purchase or Delivery Orders), issued Dec. 19, 1951, to NPA Reg. 2 (Basic Rules of the Priorities System), and Press Release NPA-1661. INVENTORY CONTROL ORDER AMENDED: Tighter inventory limitations were placed on 19 items in short supply by Amendment 1 to NPA Regulation 1 (Inventory Control)is- sued December 14. In the same action, controls were relaxed on five materials none of which are of interest to the fisheries. Cellophane was one of the items added to the list of items restricted to a practical minimum working inventory. Three types of alloy steel—-nickel clad, inconel clad and monel clad—-and two types of carton steel--copper clad and aluminum clad--were placed under 45-day in- ventory limitations by the amendment. Nine other types of carbon steel were removed fram provisions of NPA Steel Or- der M-1 and placed in Table 1B of Regulation 1. However, they still are limited to a 45-day inventory as provided inM-l. Items included of interest to the fishery and allied industries are wire rope and strand; welded wire mesh and woven wire net- ting; and galvanized nails. In the amendment, NPA also listed in Table II three classifications of products covered by individual inventory limitation orders, among which is included theclas— sification "certain controlled materials in the inventory of a retailer." For details see: Amdt. 1, issued Dec. 14, 1951, to NPA Reg. 1 (Inventory Control). He He CAN DISTRIBUTION BY CAN MANUFACTURERS: Direction 2 to M-25 (cans), issued by manufacturer fills orders representing his customers’ can requirements for their car- ry-over quota or quotas. Requirements for carry-over quotas to be deferred or to be ratably filled are contained in this order. However, this direction does not per— mit a packer to use after December 31, 1951, any carry-over quotas attributable to any calendar quarter of 1951, or any part of any such quotas. This Direction 2 insures the most equitable distribution of the limited quanti- ties of metal cans needed to pack various products, and directs can manufacturers to satisfy currert demands for cans first and then to fill carry-over requirements on a pro-rata basis. 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 | Under Direction 2 to Order M-25, issued Dec. 12, a manufacturer is forbidden to fill any order representing an unused quota for a previous quarter that will de- lay or displace orders represerting current quarter requirements. This means that can orders placed under NPA directives, DO-rated orders, and basic quarterly quotas must be scheduled ahead of orders representing carry-over requirements. For details see: Direction 2 (Distribution of Cans by Can Manufacturers to M-25, issued Dec. 12, 1951. vated - RW RW CAN ORDER (M-25) CHANGED: The standard procedure whereby users of tin cans for packaging purposes may adjust their tin-can bases for the first three quarters of 1952 themselves without the necessity of NPA determining such bases for themwas continued by the issuance of Direction 3 to Order M-25. (The attention of sea— food canners is called to this direction.) Direction 3 was issued to supersede Direction 1, as amended May 1, 1951. Direc— tion 1, which was revoked on January 1, 1952, established a method of averaging quarterly tin-can bases. Direction 3 is applicable to any packer who was using tin cans to pack less | than the customary volume of any particular product during any of the first three quarters of his selected base calemar year. Under M-25, a packer may use either 1949 or 1950 as his base year. The new Direction in no way increases the total amount of cans which a packer may use, but simply gives him an opportunity to spread production equally over all quarters of 1952. A packer may not wish to use his actual quarterly bases provided for by N-25. Under Direction 3, he may use as a quarterly packing base for the first quarter that amount of cans determined by dividing the amount of cans used to pack a particular product during his base year by four. NPA explained that M-25 obligates a packer to calculate his quarterly base ori the amount of tin cans which he used for a partic= ular product during the corresponding quarter of his selected base year, either 1949 or 1950. Direction 3 further provides that if a-packer has not used this method during the first quarter and wishes to do so for the last three quarters of 1952 he may calculate his quarterly base, starting with the second quarter, by dividing the amount of cans used in the last three quarters of his base period by three. Similarly, if he has not used this method for the first two quarters and wishes to do so for the last two quarters, he may calculate his quarterly base, starting with the third quarter, by dividing his base period third and fourth quar- ter can consumption by two. DIR. 3—DETERMINATIONS OF ADJUSTMENT] 10161, Sept. 9, 1950, 15 F. R. 6105; 3 CFR, FOR 1952 This direction under NPA Order M-25 is found necessary and appropriate to promote the national defense and is is- sued pursuant to section 101 of the De- fense Production Act of 1950, as amended. In the formulation of this' direction, consultation with industry representatives has been rendered im- practicable due to the need for immedi- ate action. Sec. 1. Effect of this direction. 2. Type of case where applicable. 3. Direction. 4. Conditions. 5. Modification or revocation of individual adjustments. AuTHoRITY: Sections 1 to 5 issued under sec. 704, 64 Stat. 816, Pub. Law 96, 82d Cong.; 50 U.S. C. App. Sup. 2154. Interpret or apply sec. 101, 64 Stat. 799, Pub. Law 96, 82d Cong.;} \7-25.- The provisions of paragraphs 50 U, S. C. App. Sup. 2071. Sec. 101, E. O, | References in this direction to NPA laltord pacKers the same benefits and privileges for 1952 as are afforded by paragraphs (a) and (b), respectively, of section 3 of Direction 1 as amended May 1, 1951, to NPA Order M-25, and by the second proviso in section 7 of NPA Order M-25. This direction accordingly revokes Direction 1 to NPA Order M-25, and therefore, notwithstanding the sec- ond proviso in section 7 of NPA Order M-25, no determination of adjustment pursuant to said Direction 1 may be made by any packer on or after January 1, 1952. Src. 2. Type of case where applicable. This direction applies to those cases where a packer was packing in cans less than the customary volume of a particu- lar product during the first, second, or third calendar quarter of his selected base calendar year. Src. 3. Direction—(a) As to first quar- ter of 1952. Instead of using as a first 1950 Supp.; sec. 2, E. O. 10200, Jan. 3, 1951, 16 F. R. 61; secs. 402, 405, E. O. 10281, Aug. 28, 1951, 16 F. R. 8789. Section 1. Effect of this direction, This Direction 3 to NPA Order M-25 (hereinafter called “this direction’) provides a standard with respect to ca: quotas for the first, second, and thir calendar quarters of 1952 in accordance} with which, if applicable to his opera-| tions, a packer may make a determi-| nation of adjustment without making a application for adjustment to NPA, Order M—25 mean NPA Order M-25 now Or hereafter amended, and any term which is defined or used in NP Order M-—25 and used in this direction, including the term “amount of cans,” shall have the same definition or mean-| ing in this direction as in NPA Order _(b) and (e} of section 3 of this direction| January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 quarter packing base the amount of cans | total of 18,000 base boxes for packing prod- which he used for packing a particular] uct X. The result of dividing by 3 is 6,000 product during the first quarter of his base boxes. ‘f product X is permitted a per- selected base year as provided in section SESE eae Be arae ene eereral 6 (b) of NPA Order M-25, a packer ey j quarter of 1952, the packer using this direc- use as a first quarter packing base aM } tion may use a maximum of 100 percent of amount of cans determined by dividing | 6,000 base boxes during said quarter, and if by 4 the amount of cans which he used | the percentage quota is continued at 100 for packing such product during the} percent during a succeeding quarter, the calendar year which he selects as his; Dees ue a ae of ite, Beret of base year. Every packer relying onsuch » ase boxes during such succeeding . . . uarter. If, however, the percent: uota determination shall continue to use the ; is changed for a Eibocedne Guar 5 70 same during the succeeding quarters Of percent, then the packer may use during the calendar year 1952, unless otherwise § such succeeding quarter a maximum of only ordered by NPA. Such computed quar- 70 percent of 6,000 base boxes, or 4,200 base terly packing bases are subject to the boxes. applicable quota percentage limitations (c) As to third quarter of 1952. In- in each quarter. | stead of using as a third quarter packing (b) As to second quarter of 1952. In-. base the amount of cams which he used stead of using as a second quarter pacK- for packing a particular product during ing base the amount of cans which he the third quarter of his selected base individual adjustments. NPA reserves used for packing a particular product year as provided in section 6 (b) of NPA the right to modify or revoke any indi- during the second quarter of his selected Order M-25, a packer may use as a third } vidual adjustment made pursuant to this base year as provided in section 6 (b) of quarter packing base an amount of cans, direction by mailing notice of such modi- NPA Order M-25, a packer may use as a: determined by dividing by 2 the amount | fication or revocation to any person second quarter packing base an amount’ of cans which he used for packing such whose adjustment is being modified or of ‘cans determined by dividing by 3 the! product during the last 2 quarters of the revoked. NPA may amend or revoke this amount of cans which he used for pack-| calendar year which he selects as hi&| direction and by so doing modify, with ing such product during the last 3 quar-| base year. Every packer relying on such respect to subsequent calendar quarters ters of ihe calendar year which he selects| qetermination shall continue to use the | Of 1952, all adjustments made hereunder. as his base year. Every packer relying| same during the fourth quarter of the ee eae on such determination shall continue to} calendar ene 1952, ieee, otherwise or- anis sduection shall take effect Janu- use the same during the succeeding} dered by NPA. -Such computed quar- Gay Up : quarters of the calendar year 1952, unless} terly packing bases are subject to the| Issued December 29, 1951. otherwise ordered by NPA. Such com-| applicable quota percentage limitations (a) There shall be applied against the amount of cans, as determined under section 3 of this direction, the quota percentage at any time applicable for the particular product as set out in Schedule I of NPA Order M-25. (b) Every person relying on any such determination shall prepare a detailed written record of the facts relating to the application of the determination to his operations and preserve the same. (c) A copy of such record shall be promptly transmitted to NPA upon its request. (d) Such record shall be made avail- able at the person’s usual place of busi- ness for inspection and audit by duly authorized representatives of NPA. Sec. 5. Modification or revocation of ee ee Ee = puted quarterly packing bases are sub-| in each quarter. NATIONAL PRODUCTION ject to the applicable quota percentage a AUTHORITY, limitations in each quarter. Sec. 4. Conditions. Any determina- b ; tion of adjustment made pursuant to this ; Illustration. The packer selects 1950 as} direction is subject to the following By Joun B. OLVERSON, { his base year. During the last three cal-| ongitions: Recording Secretary. endar quarters of the year 1950 he used a Also see: Direction 1 (Determination of Adjustment, Revocation), issued Jan. 1, 1952, to M-25 (Cans) and Press Releases NPA 1691, dated Jan. 3, 1952, and NPA 1676, dated Dec. 29, 1951. NOTE: FULL TEXTS OF MATERIALS ORDERS MAY BE OBTAINED FROM NATIONAL PRODUCTION AUTHORITY, WASH- INGTON 25, D. C., OR FROM ANY DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE REGIONAL OR FIELD OFFICE. Economic Stabilization Agency OFFICE OF PRICE STABILIZATION CERTAIN FISH SPECIALTI2ZS EXEMPTED FROM PRICE CONTROL: Certain specialty food items (including fish and seafood specialties) were exempted from any ceil— ing price restrictions imposed by OPS. : Amendment 8 to General Overriding Regulation 7, effective December 26, 1951, states that no ceiling price regulations shall apply to sales by manufacturers , processors, wholesalers, importers and retailers of a number of domestically—pro- duced or imported specialty food items, among which are included: These fish and sea food items: pates; pastes; purees; clam juices; fish roe; caviar; fish and sea-food hors d'oeuvres. $ The following canned soups:...fish or sea food (except clam chowder). 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 Sales only by importers, wholesalers, and retailers of a number of other domestically-produced or imported products in consumer-size containers are also exempted from price control. sea food. Among those listed are sauces containing fish or Also exempted are all sales of certain imported specialty food items imported in consumer-size containers, among which are included non-sterile processed fish (except herring and salmon). For details see: Amendment 8 (Specialty Food Items), issued Dec. 20, 1951, to GOR 7 (axemption of Certain Food and Restaurant Commodities). SALT FLAT LAKE HERRING CEILING PRICES ESTABLISHED: yay gare as * «OE Dollars—and-cents ceil-—- ing prices for salt flat lake herring processed from Lake Superior herring and packed in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan were established by OPS on December 21 at the manufacturer and processor level. Ceiling Price Regulation 109, effective December 26, establishes a ceiling of $16.40 for a 100-pound keg of this type of salt herring, compared with an estimated average price of $13.80 under the General Ceiling Price Regulation. OPS said that this price increase will be reflected primarily as higher costs to logging camp commissaries. Only a small portion of the annual pack of approxi- mately 4,000,000 pounds is distributed through regular retail outlets. Ceilings on the small part of the pack that enters the retail trade will be established by the percentage mark-up provisions in the wholesale and retail gro- cery ceiling price rezulations (CPR's 14, 15, and 16). OFS said the higher ceiling is being allowed because the cost of processing salt lake herring has risen substantially since the start of the Korean conflict. The main reason for this sharp rise has been the more extensive use of this type of herring as an animal feed which has increased the cost of raw fish to the proc-— essorse For details see: issued December 21, 1951. CPR 109—Satt Fuat LAKE HERRING Pursuant to the Defense Production ! Act of 1950, as amended (Pub. Law 174, 81st Cong., Pub. Law 96, 82d Cong.) Executive Order 10161 (15 F. R. 6105), and Economic Stabilization Agency Gen- eral Order No. 2 (16 F. R. 738), this Ceiling Price Regulation 109 is hereby issued. STATEMENT OF CONSIDERATIONS This regulation establishes dollars- and-cents ceiling prices at the final proc- essor’s level for sales of ‘salt flat lake herring. At the present time the prices for salt flat lake herring are governed by the sota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. ber through Decemver, Press Release No. 0-600, issued December 21, 1951. tion is completed. The total yearly} horse meat, for which it can be substi- catch of Lake Superior herring is about {20 million pounds, approximately one- third of which is salt processed. In this ’!operation fresh herring is first headed and gutted. It is then “slimed” (the first salting operation), salted, packed, brined, stored and repacked. The “‘slim- ing’’ may be done either by the fisher- men or by the packer. In weight, the finished product is about two-thirds the weight of fresh uncleaned herring. The processed end product is sold to distrib- utors in 100 lb. kegs, 50 lb. kegs, 25 lb. kegs, 10 lb. kegs, 8 lb. kegs, 6 lb. kegs, and 3 lb. glass jars packed in cases of four. The cost of processing salt flat lake! General Ceiling Price Regulation. This | herring has risen substantially since the! commodity is processed from Lake Su-}beginning of the Korean conflict, the. perior herring and is packed in Minne- | largest part of this increase occurring in: The run! the price of raw fish. The main reason! of fish usually extends from late Octc-!for this sharp rise in the price of raw and by the! herring is its more extensive use as ani- tuted. Because of the extent of the cost increases, processors could not be com- pelled to absorb the increased costs with- out suffering severe financial hardship. Accordingly, it is necessary to revise the processors’ ceiling prices. The packing season is now well under way and the marketing season is about to begin. Immediate ceiling price ad- justment is necessary if the processors are to be permitted an opportunity to sell the herring at a fair and equitable price. The only data readily available concerning the salt flat lake herring in- dustry relate to costs and prices in 1950 and 1951. Pending further study of the industry, the Director of Price Stabili- zation has determined that it will be equitable, as an interim measure, to es- tablish ceiling prices for salt flat lake herring on the basis of 1950 prices and costs for this commodity, adjusted to beginning of January the packing opera- | nral feed due to the rise in the price of| reflect increased direct material and January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW direct labor costs. On this basis, a price} in the 48 states of the United States and of $16.40 is established for a 100 lb. keg, f. o. b. packer’s plant. In addition, the regulation establishes dollars-and-cents ceiling prices for container sizes and types and styles distinguished for pricing purposes in the industry. Differentials of container sizes and types and styles which follow industry distinctions have been recognized. The prices specified are gross prices and customary allow- ances and discounts must be deducted from them. These increased prices will be reflected at the wholesale and retail level by the percentage markups pro- vided for in Ceiling Price Regulations 14, 15 and 16. It should be emphasized that this reg- ulation is necessarily an interim meas- ure. The ceiling prices established by this regulation may be revised upward or downward, to reflect the results of a study of the industry data and any changes in unit costs fronr present levels. FINDINGS OF THE DIRECTOR In formulating this regulation the Di- rector of Price Stabilization has con- sulted with industry representatives to the extent practicable and has given full consideration to their recommendations. In his judgment, the provisions of this regulation are generally fair and equit- able and are necessary to effectuate the purposes of Title IV of the Defense Pro- duction Act of 1950, as amended. The ceiling prices established by this regula- tion are higher than the prices prevailing just before the date of issuance of this regulation. As far as practicable, the Director of Price Stabilization gave due considera- tion to the national effort to achieve maximum production in furtherance of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended; to prices prevailing during the period from May 24, 1950 to June 24, 1950, inclusive; and to the relevant fac- tors of general applicability. REGULATORY PRCVISIONS Sec. What this regulation does. Where this regulation applies. Ceiling prices for standard packs of salt flat lake herring. Ceiling prices for other packs of salt flat lake herring. 5. How you may sell on a delivered basis. 6. Conditions and terms of sale. 7. Petitions for amendments. 8. Records. ils 2. 3. 4. 9. Prohibitions. 0. Evasions. 1. Definitions. AvuTHorIry: Sections 1 to 11 issued under sec. 704, 64 Stat. 816, as amended, 50 U.S. C. App. Sup. 2154. Interpret or apply Title IV, 64 Stat. 803, as amended; 50 U. S. Cc. App. Sup. 2101-2110. E. O. 10161, Sept. 9, 1950, 15 F. R. 6105; 3 CFR, 1950 Supp. SEcTIon 1. What this regulation does. he This regulation sets dollars-and-cents ceiling prices for sales of salt flat lake herring (see section 11, Definitions) by ceiling prices supersede those established by the Gen- the processor. These eral Ceiling Price Regulation (GCPR). Sec. 2. Where this regulation applies. The provisions of this regulation apply the District of Columbia. Sec. 3. Ceiling prices for standard packs of salt flat lake herring. Your ceiling prices for the specified packs of salt flat lake herring are those listed below. The prices are for the indicated } container sizes and types and styles, _f. 0. b. vehicle at that vehicle’s loading | point nearest your packing plant. ral cal quantity packed in the same size and type container, from your packing plant to the buyer’s designated receiving point. In no case may you add to your ceiling price an amount greater than the exact charge in dollars-and-cents actually paid for the transportation of the salt flat lake herring being shipped at the lowest available freight rate for the same type and size of container from your packing plant to the buyer’s designated receiv- ing point. Container size and type Style Ceiling BAA 7 a price SEc. 6. Conditions and terms of sale. |The ceiling prices set forth in this regu- 100 ane 2 wines xi ar a (lation are gross prices and you must con- RCE. _ ole. __ le . c 35 anna kere Wiis. 4.65 {tinue to apply all customary delivery 20 po unn ee Wg ere |terms, discounts, allowances, guarantees, A Sart oe 573 Whole 165 }and other _usual and customary terms 3 pound glass_- Whole-_- 13.60}and conditions of sale which you had in 3 pound glass | Bites ‘4.60/effect between December 19, 1950 and 1 Per case of 4 containers. Src. 4. Ceiling prices for other packs of salt flat lake herring. For container sizes, or types and styles of salt flat lake herring not listed in section 3, you shall apply to the Director of Price Stabiliza- ‘tion for the approval of a ceiling price ) in line with the prices established by this regulation. Your written request should be sent by registered mail to the Fish Branch, Office of Price Stabilization, Washington 25, D. C., and must show (a) the size and type of container for both the product listed in section 3 to which your unlisted product is most similar and ifor that latter product, and (b) your proposed ceiling price, and (c) your re- i spective selling prices of the two prod- ucts as of June 24, 1950, or the latest date previous to June 24, 1950, on which both products were sold or offered for | sale by you. Your proposed ceiling | price must be in line with the prices es- i tablished by this regulation, after mak- ing appropriate allowance for differences | | between the herring for which you pro- ! pose a ceiling price and the most similar Fifteen days product listed in section 3. 1 after the OPS has received your applica- tion, as shown by your return postal re- ceipt, you may sell the commodity at the ceiling price you proposed unless OPS has notified you not to do so or has re- quested further information. | | ! ward ceiling prices proposed to be us or being used under this section so as bring them into line with the ceiling prices otherwise established un- der this regulation. SEc. 5. ered basis. may not be more than your f. 0. b ‘ing prices established by this regu If, within! the fifteen-day period OPS has asked you for more information, you may not ! sell the commodity at the proposed ceil- ing price until fifteen days after OPS has! received the requested information. You | must mail the information requested by registered mail, return receipt requested. The Director of Price Stabilization may | at any time disapprove or revise peu e to} regulation, and you shall keep, make and level of| Preserve true and accurate records re- How you may sell on a deliv- If you wish to sell on a de-} livered basis, you may do so, but your 1 : ( delivered price for salt flat lake herring! device which results in obtaining indi- ceil-|vectly a higher price than is permitted lation| by this regulation or in concealing or ‘plus the charge at the lowest available rate for the transportation of an identi- January 25, 1951, inclusive, except that in no instance shall the gross selling price of any item covered by this regula- tion exceed the ceiling price for such items. Sec. 7. Petitions for amendments. If you wish to have this regulation amended you may file a petition for amendment in accordance with the pro- visions of Price Procedural Regulation 1, Revised (16 F. R. 4974). Sec. 8. Records. Every processor of salt flat lake herring who sells or ex- changes salt flat lake herring in the regular course of trade or business or otherwise deals therein shall make and keep for inspection by the Director of Price Stabilization for a period of 2 years accurate records of each sale made after the effective date of this regulation. The records must show the date of the sale or exchange, name and address of the purchaser, and the price charged or paid, itemized by quantity, type and size of container, and style. The records must indicate whether each purchase or sale is made on an ff. o. b. or on a de- livered basis, and in the latter case the shipping and transportation charges, unless delivery is by common carrier. Records must show all discounts, allow- ances and other terms and conditions of sale. Sec. 9. Prohibitions. You shall not do any act prohibited or omit to do any act required by this regulation, nor shall you offer, solicit, attempt, or agree to do or omit to do any such acts. Specifically (but not in limitation of the above), you {shall not, regardless of any contract or ‘other obligation, sell, and no person in the regular course of trade or business shall buy from you at a price higher than the ceiling prices established by this ' quired by this regulation. If you violate } any provisions of this regulation, you are j Subject to criminal penalties, enforce- ;ment action, and action for damages. Sec, 10. Evasions. (a) Any means or falsely representing information as to which this regulation requires records to be kept is a violation of this regulation. 42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 This prohibition includes, but is not} will have the indicated meaning: Effective date. This regulation is ef- limited to, means or devices making use| (a) “Processor” means a person who jfective December 26, 1951. of commissions, services, cross sales,/may “slime”, and who salts, packs,! Nore. The record keeping and reporting transportation arrangements, premiums,|brines, stores and repacks fresh Lake jrequirements of this regulation haye been discounts, special privileges, upgrading,|Superior herring. approved by the Bureau of the Budget in tie-in agreements and trade understand-{ (ph) “Salt flat lake herring” is the end |2°°ordance with the Federal Reports Act ings, as well as the omission from|p;oquct of fresh Lake Superior herring |°! 194: records of true data and the inclusior in|which has been split, eviscerated and MIcHAEL V. DISALLE, records of false data. packed after undergoing a processing of Director of Price Stabilization. SeEc. 11. Definitions. For the purpose |two separate salting and brining stages of this regulation the following terms{according to the customary processing | D®CFMBER 21, 1951. . technique in the trade. CPR 22 PROHIBITIONS CHANGED: The 15-day waiting period provided in CPR 22 with respect to commodities reported on an OPS Public Form No. 8 was eliminated by Amendment 35 to this regulation issued by OPS on December 5. However, the waiting requirements of sections 32 and 33 of the order are not altered. For details see: Amdt. 35 (Change in Prohibitions), issued Dec. 5, 1951, to CPR 22 (Manufacturers! General Ceiling Price Regulation). * HHH EK PRICING OF NEW COMMODITIES UNDER CPR 22: The general manufacturers! ceiling price regulation (CPR 22) was amended by OPS on January 4 to simplify pricing of commodities whose ceilings camot be determined in the usual manner provided in the regulation. These, generally, are new commodities not sold in the base period. The change (Amendment 39 to CFR 22) has to do with Section 34 of CPR 22, the sec— tion for manufacturers who cannot price under other sections of CPR 22. Section 34 says that when a manufacturer cannot determine a ceiling price for a commodity by other provisions of CPR 22, then he may apply in writing to OPS for establishment of a ceiling price. He may not use his proposed ceiling price, how- ever, until OPS has notified him, in writing, of the correct price. Section 34 also says that if a manufacturer has established a ceiling price under sections 3 and 7 of the General Ceiling Price Regulation (GCPR), he may con— tinue to use that price after filing under Section 24 until his CPR 22 price is established. (Section 3 of GCPR is the main pricing section which establishes as the ceil- ing price the highest price at which a commodity was delivered during the base period, December 19, 1950, to January 25, 1951. Section 7 of GCPR is the section for sellers who canuot price under other pricing provisions of the regulation.) The amendment makes two changes: 1. A manufacturer who has established a ceiling price under any regulation (mot merely under the GCPR) may continue to use that price after filing for a CPR 22 ceiling price under Section 34, pending establishment of the CPR 22 price. 2. The second change has to do with Section 7 of GCPR--the section used by sellers who cannot price under the other provisions of GPR. Before this change a seller whose ceiling price was established under Section 7 by OPS letter order had to apply, nevertheless, for a new ceiling price under Section 34 of CPR 22. By this change, this is no longer required. Information furnished under Section 7 of GCPR is substantially the same as that required under Section 34 of CPR 22. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 Therefore, there is no point in requiring a seller who has obtained a price under Section 7 to refile under Section 34. For details see: Amdt. 39 (Use of Previous Ceiling Price After Effective Date of CPR 22 in Certain Cases), issued Jan. 4, 1952, to CFR 22 (Manufacturers' General Ceiling Price Regulation), and Press Release OPS-0-623. Se * WwW CEILING PRICES: A large number of manufacturers failed to file proposed ceiling prices by December 19, as required by OPS general manufacturers! andmachinery manu- facturers ceiling price regulations (CPR 22 and CPR 30), states a Jamary 2 news re- lease from OPS. These regulations became mandatorily effective on December 19, and manufacturers of commodities covered by them were required to file OPS Public Form 8 by December 19 to establish proposed ceilings by applying labor and materials cost adjustments to pre-Korean prices. Manufacturers who failed to file Form 8 as required have not established legal ceiling prices for their canmodities. The Director of the OPS Office of Enforcement stated that immediate compliance by these manufacturers will be sought. Plans are being considered fora compliance survey and in the event of non compliance, for the immediate filing of injunctive actions in United States District Courts without preclearance in Washington. Officials pointed out also that manufacturers of a fairly wide range of com— modities have been given the option of continuing to price under the General Ceiling Price Regulation (GCPR) pending early issuance by OPS of specific tailored pricing regulations covering these commodities. Commodities subject to such optional pric- ing are listed under Supplementary Regulation 12 to CPR 22 and Supplementary Regu— lation 3 to CPR 30. For details see: Press Release OPS-GPR-1129, issued Jan. 2, 1952. Hue KX mm ee SS using SR 2 of CPR 22 was announced by OPS on December 5. Amendment 1 to Supplemen- tary Regulation 2 (Revision 1) to CFR 22 provides a method in which the manufacturer calculates the overhead adjustment factor for his entire business without calculat- ing individual dollar-and-cents adjustments for each commodity. For details see: Amdt. 1 (Alternative Method of Calculating the Overhead Ad- justment Factor, issued Dec. 5, 1951) to Supplementary Regulation 2 (Revision 1) to CPR 22. SMALL MANUFACTURERS! CAPEHART ADJUSTMENT: A simplified method which certain small manufacturers and sellers of industrial services may use in making so-called "Capehart adjustments" in their ceilings was announced by OPS on November 29 with the issuance of GOR 20. With only a few exceptions, manufacturers and sellers of services whose net sales did not exceed $250,000 for the last fiscal year ended not later than July 31, Lh COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 1951, are eligible to adjust their ceilings under GOR 20. Also eligible to use the regulation are manufacturers within the volume limitation who buy and resell some products made by other manufacturers. However, if such sales exceed 25 percent of the manufacturer's total business, he may not use GOR 20 to adjust his ceilings. For details see: GOR 20 (Ceiling Price Adjustments for Small Business Concerns under Section 402(d)(4) of the Defense Production Act of 1950, As Amended), issued Nov. 28, 1951. CEILING PRICE ADJUSTMENTS UNDER CAPEHART AMENDMENT: A general overriding regu— lation (GOR 21) was issued by OPS on December 5 establishing the basic procedure which most business concerns will use to apply for an adjustment of their ceiling prices under the so-called Capehart Amendment (section 402(d)(4) of the Defense Pro- duction Act of 1950, as amended). It is the most general of a series of regulations issued for that purpose. This regulation tells how to obtain adjusted ceiling prices for commodities manufactured or services rendered based on the highest prices received between Janu— ary 1, 1950, and June 24, 1950, adjusted to reflect increases or decreases incosts between the dates these prices were received and July 26, 1951. For details see: GOR 21 (Ceiling Price Adjustments Under Section 402(d)(4) of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended), issued Dec. 5, 1951. Fact Sheet on General Overriding Regulation 21. WHOLESALE FOOD PRICE MARKUP SURVEY: A proposed interim survey of price mark- ups in the wholesale food distribution business was discussed December 5 at a meet— ing between officials of the Office of Price Stabilization and members of the Whole-— sale Food Distributors Industry Advisory Committee. The survey has been proposed so as to get an idea of how markups used in the wholesale grocery ceiling price regulation (CPR 14) compare with historical mark- ups used in the trade. Industry members have contended that some of the CPR 14 markups are out of line with those normally taken in the past. OPS said that information obtained in the interim survey may be used as the basis for possible temporary adjustment of markups, pending completion of a more thorough survey which is to be made jointly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and OPS . This exhaustive survey had been scheduled to get under way in 1950, butit was delayed due to reservations on selection of same of the items proposed. For details see: News release OPS-GPR-1080, dated Dec. 5, 1951. —— ee eee grocery stores, a program that was highly successful in World War II, states an OPS news release. we January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 The trial plan is based in part on a recammendation of the OFS Consumer Advisory Committee, and also in recognition of the fact that identifiable ceilings are best from the standpoint of both buyer and seller. Many consumers have complained that they have no way of knowing what the ceilings are in the stores where they shop for groceries. The tests will take place shortly in Fresno, California; Fargo, North Dakota; and Jacksonville, Florida. In each of the three test areas, the program will take in all food stores in the city itself and in the immediately adjacent counties. Community pricing is not designed to change prices. OPS is simply requiring the posting of dollars—and-cents ceilings figured on the basis of existing regu-— lations which provide varying percentage mark-ups for groceries. The grocery posting program is called "community pricing" because it establishes a ceiling price which is community wide for each listed commodity. The ceiling is the same in all stores of the same class throughout the camunity pricing area. Though it may sell for less, no store may sell for more than the flat, community—wide price. In the OPS instructions to its field offices, canmunity pricing is described as "essentially a technique for translating ceiling prices figured under the whole- sale and retail food markup regulations into dollars—and-cents prices which are es— tablished on an area basis. The community prices are made available to the pur- chasers, as well as the sellers, by posting published price lists in retail stores." Posting of dollars-and-cents ceiling prices is the main feature of the program. The other principal change is that grocers in Groups 1 and 2 (that is, the smaller independent stores) no longer figure their own maximum prices for items on thechart. That is done for them by the local OPS District Office. For details see: Press Release OPS-GPR-1128, issued Dec. 31, 1951. wo ae fe te ie a CLARIFICATION OF USE OF PRICE LISTS TO ESTABLISH CEILING PRICES: An amendment clarifying a provision of GCPR under which manufacturers and wholesalers may estab- lish ceiling prices by reference to bona fide price lists was issued by OPS on De- cember 19. This amendment (Amendment 25) permits ceiling prices to be established on the basis of price lists containing both increases and decreases, if the price lists were announced in writing during or before the period December 19, 1950, to January 25, 1951. It also provides that, during this period, commodities delivered at the announced prices, must have constituted at least 30 percent of the 1950 sales of all commodities on the price list. For details see: Amdt. 25 (General Increases and Decreases by Manufacturers and Wholesalers), issued Dec. 19, 1951, to QOPR and Press Release No. 0-599. KHRRKX FUTURES CONTRACTS DEFAULTS: The Office of Price Stabilization has declined to modify an agency opinion that settlement prices for defaults on futures contracts in excess of the spot ceiling price for the camodity involved are not permissible un— der the Defense Production Act, according to a December 18 news release. In denying the request by the Chicago Board of Trade for modification, OPS Chief Counsel quoted from General Interpretation 1, issued last June 20, that Section 46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 707 of the Defense Production Act precludes the establishment of a settlement price for default on futures contracts in excess of the spot ceiling price for the com— modity involved. To require a person defaulting to pay damages based on a market value in excess of the ceiling price would be to assume as a basis for settlement an illegal market price, he declared. He added that there might be some cases where the Board may require those de- faulting on delivery under futures contracts to pay an amount equal to the special or consequential damages actually incurred and directly attributable to the default. In such cases there would have to be an actual showing of such damages. For details see: Press Release OPS—GPR-1108, issued Dec. 18, 1951. Vs VY we OH te FISHING TACKLE TAILORED CEILING PRICE REGULATION PROPOSED: Members of the ing on December 19, 1951, with Office of Price Stabilization officials, explored the possibility that a tailored ceiling price regulation may be issued covering the 25,000 or more items the industry produces. A sub-committee of three was appointed to study the situation. Consensus of the IAC group was that the fishing tackle industry should be de— controlled. The industry has been pricing under the General Ceiling Price Control regulation (GCPR) or CPR 22 (the general manufacturers! regulation). OPS officials said that, while the decontrol plea of the fishing tackle manu— facturers would be given consideration, they could hold out little hope that the industry would be decontrolled. Committee members said they had all filed under Ceiling Price Regulation 22 and that, with the exception of reels, which are pushing ceilings, most of the other items they produce are selling below ceilings. Because of competition and a soft market, most committee members declared, they do not currently take advantage of in- creases permitted under CPR 22. The industry makes flies and lures, leaders and leader material, snaps and swiv— els, hooks, rods, lines, reels, camplete fly casting outfits, landing nets, and acces— sories. Committee members discussed application of Section 43 to CPR 7, the industry's retail regulation, under which some of the manufacturers have filed. Section 43, now undergoing revision by OPS, covers uniform pricing, pre-ticketing of merchandise and covers situations where manufacturers historically have suggested prices that retailers and wholesalers. shall charge for their branded articles. Pre-ticketing, they contended, is impractical for their industry because of the minute size of thousands of their products, such as hooks, flies, and lures. In addition, they said, pre-ticketing imposes a great burden of expense. OPS officials explained that the agency feels strongly about pre-ticketing requirements, because they are the "heart and soul"of Section 43. OPS officials expressed concern at possible loss of lower-priced items and asked whether incentive adjustments would prevent this. Committee members ex— pressed the opinion that competition would result in effective price control. The consumer, they said, is the best price controller. ———— eS a is January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 OPS officials stated that the agency is not receptive to general price de- control, and that only a few items, minor in their impact on the national economy, have been exempted. Early 1952, they said, will have a great inflation potential, with materials short in supply. For this reason, controls other than indirect controls, are necessary. For details see: Press Release OPS-GPR-1117, dated December 19, 1951. NOTE: FULL TEXTS OF PRICE ORDERS MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE OFFICE OF PRICE STABILIZATION, WASHINGTON 25, D. C., OR FROM THE REGIONAL OPS OFFICE IN YOUR AREA. SALARY STABILIZATION BOARD CHRISTMAS OR YEAR-END BONUSES FOR SALARY EMPLOYEES: Distribution in 1951 of "Christmas or year-end bonuses," Mot exceeding $40 in value, by employers who made ho similar distribution in prior years was authorized by the Salary Stabilization Board on December 14 with the issuance of General Salary Order No. 7. This distri- bution is permitted to any employees subject to the jurisdiction of the SSB, andis not to be considered salary or bonus for the purpose of any salary stabilization regulation. However, employers who have been unable to pay bonuses under the existing sal- ary regulations, due to the lack of an established plan or previous practice, were also authorized by the Salary Stabilization Board on December 17 to grant bonuses for 1951 under certain limitations without prior approval. For details see: GSO 7 (Christmas or Year—ind Bomses Not Exceeding Forty Dollars in Value in the Absence of a Prior Practice), issued Dec. 14, 1951, and Press Release SSB-39, also SSB-40, issued Dec. 17, 1951. WAGE STABILIZATION BOARD NO FILED REPORTS REQUIRED FOR COST-OF-LIVING INCREASES: Keeping of appropriate records in lieu of the filing of written reports for cost-of-living wage increases is the purpose of Amendment 1 to GWR 8, issued by the Wage Stabilization Board on December 6, 1951. For details see: Amdt. 1 (Maintenance of Records), issued Dec. 6, 1951, to GWR 8 (Cost-of-Living Increases). OTHER REGULATIONS, ETC. ISSUED IN DECEMBER 1951: GWR 6, Feb. 27, 1951, Incl. Amdt. 1, Dec. 6, 1951 (Presents policies to correct inequities as have arisen be- cause of disparities between increases in wages and salaries and the increase inthe cost of living since January 15, 1950.) Resolutions Regarding Policy Determinations and Other Substantive Matters. Interpretation Bulletin 13, dated Dec. 1, 1951. Wa F, > a Interstate Commerce Commission lantic States and the Middle West were allowed by the Interstate Commerce Commis— 48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 sion, according to a recent announcement from that agency. The increases as pro- posed by the Eastern Central Motor Carriers Association were permitted to become ef— fective December 24. (Probably some fishery products transported by these carriers are affected.) A protest against and a request for suspension of these motor-carrier rate in— creases were filed by the Office of Price Stabilization on December 13 with the In- terstate Commerce Commission. However, after due consideration the ICC failed to grant the request for suspension. In its protest OPS said that the 915 carriers involved had not demonstrated a need for a 9-percent increase and asked public hearings before any increase was granted. The increase would have a significant. impact on the national economy, OPS point— ed out, since the 442 Class I carriers under study received 51.21 percent of the total operating revenues for Class I motor carriers in the United States during the second quarter of 1951. Increased freight rates granted the motor carriers would be reflected in the cost to consumers of the cammodities they carry and hence in the general cost of living, OPS maintained. Tariff Commission INVESTIGATION OF IMPORTS OF CANNED BONITO AND TUNA Nov IN OLL AND BONITO IN OIL: An investigation to determine the effects upon the domestic tuna industry of imports of canned bonito in oil and canned tuna and bonito not in oil was instituted by the U. S. Tariff Commission on December 28, 1951. A public hearing, at which-all parties interested will be given an opportunity to be present, to produce evidence, and to be heard, was ordered by the Commission for January 29, 1952, in Washington, D.C. According to the public notice issued by the Commission, the investigation was instituted under the authority of Section 7 of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1951, approved June 16, 1951, and Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930. The purpose is "to determine whether the products described below are, as a result, in whole or in part, of the duty or other customs treatment reflecting any of the con—- cessions granted on such products in the trade agreement with Iceland signed August 27, 1943, in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and in the exclusive trade a-— greement with Cuba signed October 30, 1947, being imported into the United States in such increased quantities, either actual or relative, as to cause or threaten serious injury to the domestic industry producing like or directly competitive pro- ducts. TARIFF ACT OF 1930 DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCT PAR. 718(A) BONITO, PREPARED OR PRE- SERVED |N ANY MANNER, WHEN PACKED (IN AIR-TIGHT CON- TAINERS) IN OIL OR IN OIL AND OTHER SUBSTANCES. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 TARIFF ACT OF 1930 ~ DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCT PAR. 718(B) TUNA AND BONITO, PREPARED OR PRESERVED IN ANY MANNER, WHEN PACKED IN AIR-TIGHT CON- TAINERS WEIGHING WITH THEIR CONTENTS NOT MORE THAN 15 POUNDS EACH (EXCEPT SUCH FISH PACKED IN OIL OR IN OIL AND OTHER SUBSTANCES). "Applications for this investigation were made on November 28, 1951, by the California Fish Canners Association and on various later dates by certain other parties. The applications originally included a number of products in addition to those specified above, but these ... were subsequently withdrawn ... The ap- plications filed with the Commission are available for public inspection at the Of- fice of the Secretary, U. S. Tariff Commission, Washington, D. C., and in the New York Office of the Tariff Commission, located in Room 437 of the Custams House." AQUATIC RESOURCES OF THE RYUKYU AREA The Ryukyu Islands are part of a larger island chain extending from the Hast Indies through the Philippine Islands into Japanese waters. Along this chain the warm Kuroshio brings many tropical species northward, thus producing a varied and diverse marine fauna in the Ryukyu area. Numerous reef fishes abound in the waters immediately surrounding the islands, and many unusual and primitive types of gear are used locally by the native fishermen to exploit this fauna. In addition, pelagic species such as the skipjack, Spanish mackerel, and dolphin come near enough to the islands for the natives to catch them by small-scale coastal operations. Tunas, spearfishes, and sharks are as a rule found in the deeper waters farther from land, where some species are found all year and some seasonally, as they move through the island area on their annual migration north- ward into Japanese waters. The tunas and the spearfishes are the most important of the species taken in num- bers adequate to support large-scale commercial operations. These forms either follow the northward flow of the Kuroshio or remain in the Ryukyu area throughout the year. Although little is known about their migrations and habitat preferences, several facts | reported by fishermen and fisheries investigators help explain the importance of the Ryukyu offshore and, to a lesser extent, coastal operations for these species. These reports indicate that high water temperature, the presence of the Kuroshio and other minor currents, and the contour of the ocean bed with its many shallow banks and deep runways are among the physical factors of the Ryukyu area which adapt it to the pres- ence of the migratory fishes. Commercial operations for the tunas and the spearfishes are carried on most often where the current changes direction because it impinges on extensive shallow water areas, or where a sharp drop in water temperature occurs within a small area, or where reefs, rocks, and small islands are within the path of the cur- rent, as the migratory fishes are usually found in abundance under these conditions. Moreover, operations in the Ryukyu area are not hampered by rough and stormy weather for long periods, except during a few winter months. In addition to local Ryukyu operations, skipjack pole-and-line and tuna long—line vessels based at ports in southern Japan direct their operations into the area, es- pecially during the seasons when the migratory tunas and spearfisnes are not available in Japanese waters. --Fishery Leaflet 3353 50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, Now. 1 LANDINGS AND RECEIPTS i In Millions of Pounds MAINE - LANDINGS MASSACHUSETTS - LANDINGS BNOTINGEUDINGEIMEORES) BOSTON , GLOUCESTER , NEW BEDFORD , & CAPE COD CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA n ns. 1951 - 212.2 - 1951 - 524.2 " 1950 - 342.6 i” 1950 = 495.8 NOE 12 1950 - 353.3}, 1950 = 522.6 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. NEW YORK CITY-RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH’ CHICAGO - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH SALT-WATER MARKET WHOLESALE MARKET CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1951 - 172.6 - 1951 - 107.2 12 - 1950 - 107.0 1949 - 101.2 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. GULF - SHRIMP LANDINGS SEATTLE - RECEIPTS OF FRESH & FROZEN FISH HEARS OFF - FOR ALL USES _ WHOLESALE MARKET , LANDINGS , & IMPORTS CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA - 1951 - 76.1 . 1951 1950 - 59.1 a 1950 - 1949 - 45.7 1949 - 81.9 " JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. In Thousands of Tons _CALIFORNIA - PILCHARD LANDINGS __CALIFORNIA- TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH: “a CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA . 195) - 172.1 1950 - 191.0 1949 - 159.7 2 SEASON - 125.2 - 317.6 355.0 JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOY. DEC. JAN. FES. MAR. APR.MAY JUNE JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 COLD STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS In Millions of Pounds U.S. & ALASKA - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH U.S. & ALASKA - FREEZINGS CUMULATIVE DATA » 1951 - 0 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. NEW ENGLAND - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH NEW YORK CITY - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. CHICAGO - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH GULF - HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA - s FROZEN FISH. HOLDINGS OF FROZEN FISH CALIFORNIA - HOLDINGS OF ets ‘, JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. ie ———— 52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIaW Vol. 14, No. 1 CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS ih, _Thousands ‘MAINE - SARDINES , ESTIMATED PACK JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. CALIFORNIA - TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH 1,237.4 UMULATIVE DATA 1O5O}}12 gs. 1951 - 7,375.2 12 1950 - 8,029.5 1949 - 6,529.7 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. 2) CALIFORNIA - MACKEREL 35012 ngs. 1951 - 1,024.5 1950 - 1,393.6 1949 - Pel Ne oY Ewe PN JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. WASHINGTON - PUGET SOUND SALMON 480 CUMULATIVE DATA 4208 9 gs. 1951 - 614.0 : 9, 1950 - 201.4 12 1950 - 768.5 N JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, DEC. of Standard Cases UNITED SIATES - SHRIMP CUMULATIVE DATA 1951/52 SEASON, JULY-JAN, 1950/51 SEASON, JULY=-JAN. - 575.9 1950/51 SEASON, TOTAL JULY-JUNE - 817.0 JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE |. CALIFORNIA - PILCHARDS TY CUMULATIVE DATA 1951/52 SEASON, AUG. -DEC. 1950/51 SEASON, AUG.-DEC. - 4,652.8 1950/51 SEASON, TOTAL AUG.-JAN.- 4,284.4 ALASKA - SALMON CUMULATIVE DATA TOTAL 1951 SEASON - 3,470.0*|}2800 TOTAL _1950 SEASON - 3,219.7 *PRELIMINARY JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. STANDARD CASES Variety No.Cans Can Designation Net. Wot. SARDINES 100 1/4 drawn 3 1/4 oz. SHRIMP 48 —_ 5 oz. TUNA 48 No. 1/2 tuna 7 oz. PILCHARDS 48 No. 1 oval 15 oz. MACKEREL 48 No. 300 15 oz. SALMON 48 —_I.pound tall 16 oz. . January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIZS REVIEW ise) PRICES . IMPORTS and BY-PRODUCTS .BOSTON - WEIGHTED AVERAGE PRICE’ ON NEW ENGLAND FISH EXCHANGE IN ¢ PER POUND CUMULATIVE DATA 1951 - 8.37 1950 - 7,86 1949 - 7.06 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. “A. In Millions U.S.- IMPORTS OF FRESH & FROZEN . FILLETS _OF GROUND FISH, INCLUDING ROSEFISH U.S.- IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA fio.4 AND TUNA-LIKE FISH JAN. FEB. MAR. APR, MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH MEAL 4 IN. THOUSANDS OF TONS 0 CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1951 - 190.0 lee 1950 - 216.5 12 1949 - 237.2 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. MAINE - IMPORTS OF FRESH SEA HERRING IN MILLIONS OF POUNDS CUMULATIVE DATA « 1951 - 39.2 1950 - 39.2 1950 - 39.2 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. Pounds U.S.- IMPORTS OF FRESH AND FROZEN SHRIMP FROM MEXICO CUMULATIVE DATA 1950 - 39.7 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. Pounds U.S.-IMPORTS OF CANNED SARDINES ( Include in oil and not in oil ) CUMULATIVE DATA 11 MQS. 1951 - 25.8 hh 1950 - 28.3 12 1950 - 30.4 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. U.S. & ALASKA - PRODUCTION OF FISH OIL IN MILLIONS OF GALLONS | 4.1. CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1951 - 18.2 12 4, 1950 - 21.4 12 1949 - 16.3 JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY. JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT, NOV. DEC. 54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 feat 2 amma Set tas Da A= Recent publications of interest to the commercial fishing industry are listed FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASH- TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOL- CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES SSR.-FISH - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES (LIM- be lowe DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. INGTON 25, D. C. LOWS: AND ALASKA. REVIEW. |TED DISTRIBUTION) Number Title CFS-672 - Packaged Fish, 1950 Annual Summary, 4 p. CFS-682 = Gulf Fisheries, 1949 Annual Summary, 6 p. CFS-692 - New England Fisheries, 1949 Annual Sum—- mary, 6 p. CFS-699 - Alabama Landings, September 1951, 4 p. CFS-702 - Manufactured Fishery Products, 1949 An- nual Summary, 8 p. CFS-704 - Frozen Fish Report, November 1951, 10 p. Number Title Sep. 293 - U.S. Lobster and Spiny Lobster Produc- tion (1921-49) and Imports (1920-49). SSR=Fish No. 54 - Mid-Pacific Oceanography, Janu- ary Through March, 1950, by Townsend Cromwell, 79 p., illus. July 1951. THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED IN THE REVIEW. Gulf States Production of Fishery Products, 1950 As Reported to the New Orleans Fishery Market News Service Office), by S. ‘°C. Denham, 40 p., processed. (Available free from the Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1100 Decatur St., New Orleans 16, La.) A re- view of the 1950 trends and conditions in the Gulf Coast fisheries is to be found -in this publication. Among the subjects discussed are fish landings; the shrimp fishery (landings, factors affecting production, utilization, cold=storage holdings, prices, composition of catch, and canned pack); the oyster fishery (production and canned pack); crab meat; im= ports; and events affecting the fisheries in the Gulf. The statistics presented in this report are a compilation of data collected daily from the principal fishing localities of the Gulf Coast and although they do not represent complete annual commercial fisher- ies production figures for the Gulf area or for any individual Gulf state, they do give an idea of the trends. Included in the statistical tables are data on the landings of fish and shellfish by months for certain specified localities on the west coast of Florida, and in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisi- ana, and Texas; crab meat production by months and areas; fishery imports; wholesale prices on the New Orleans French Market by months; a summary of the shrimp landings in the Gulf; the pack of canned oysters and shrimp; market classifications and approximate weight of Gulf species; and the closed shrimp seasons in the Gulf during 1950. January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE TON 25, D. C. Decline of the Lake Trout Fishery in Lake Michigan, by Ralph Hile, Paul H. Eschmeyer, and George F. Lunger, Fishery Bulletin 60 (from Fishery Bul- letin of the Fish and Wildlife Service vol. 52), 21 p., illus., printed, 20 cents. To help de- termine the cause of the collapse of the lake- trout fishery in Lake Michigan in the 1940's, the authors give a statisticalaccount of changes in the fishery. Production falls into six periods: 1879-89, development; 1890-11, high and relatively stable production averaging 8,230,000 pounds annually; 1912-26, moderately stable but somewhat lower annual production of 7,007,000 pounds; 1927-39, moderately stable but further reduced annual production of 5,293,000 pounds; 1940-44, accelerated produc- tion of more than 6,000,000 pounds annually; 1945-49, rapid decline to 342,000 pounds in 1949. Included in the booklet is a detailed study of production, estimated abundance, and fishing intensity in the eight districts of the State of Michigan waters, with 1929-43 as a base period for statistical analysis. The statistics refute the view sometimes advanced that overfishing caused the lake trout's de- cline. Generally speaking, fishing intensity was greatest in the early 1930's and declined thereafter, Abundance and production reached their peaks in the early 1940's, Figures for individual districts show a north-to—south progression in the time at which the decline set in, suggesting that a north-to-south prog= ress of the sea lamprey was a major cause. Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice vol. 52), 20 p., illus., printed, 20 cents, 1951. Spawning habits of lake trout in New DOCUMENTS, WASHING- York State, its age and size at maturity, and factors related to the spawning season, such as time of occurrence, length of sea- son, and type of bottom selected for spawn- ing, are discuesed in this publication. Characteristics of Spawning Nests of Columbia River Salmon, by Clifford J. Burner, Fishery Bulletin 61 (From Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 52), 16 p., illus., printed, 20 cents, 1951. One of the many problems in the relocation of salmon is that of determining how many spawners should be placed in each new stream. A study was made of the spawning habits of four species of Pacific salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus in the Columbia River watershed; 850 nests of chinook, silver, chum, and blueback salmon were measured. Mechanics of redd building, average size and depth of nests, size of gravel used, and stream conditions that modify these, are described in this report. How to Cook Salmon, by Kathryn L. Osterhaug and Rose G. Kerr, Test Kitchen Series No. 4, 19p., printed, 15 cents (discount of 25 percent al- lowed for orders of more than 100 copies), 1951. This booklet contains recipes for salm- on canapes, chowders, soups, salads, and a wide variety of main dishes, There arerecipes for using whole salmon, salmon steaks and fil- lets, smoked salmon, amd canned salmon. These recipes have been tested in the Service kit- chens in both Seattle, Washington, and College Park, Maryland. This booklet is the fourth in a series of recipe books the Service has published on how to cook various fishery products, THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAJLABLE FREE FROM THE DEFENSE FISHERIES ADMINISTRATION, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. processed, October 1951. This leaflet has been issued as an aid to fishing vessel and plant operators experiencing difficulty in obtaining materials necessary for the opera- tions of their vessels or plants. Listed are the various National Production Authority Or- ders and Regulationswhich most directly affect the commercial fisheries; the procedures in- volved in obtaining materials and equipment for the construction, maintenance, and repair of vessels and shore plants; and the various preference ratings which are permitted the in- dustry. Also included in this bulletin are various NPA Orders and Regulations which bear most directly on the fisheries, a definition of the terms generally used in the regulations, and a list of the seven field offices which handle DFA field activities throughout the country. Engines for Fishing Vessels, DFA Material Bul- letin - Number 2, 2 p., processed, December 1951. This leaflet outlines the procedures for purchasing replacement engines for fish- ing craft under CMP (Controlled Materials Plan). Although the procedures for obtain- ing new @gines for newly-constructed fish- ing vessels are well established, many have experienced difficulty in obtaining replace- ments for worn-out engines. This mlletin outlines the methods by which an appeal can be directed to NPA, whereby the $750 "minor capital addition" restriction can be adjust- ed incases where undue harship, safety, or disaster are involved s0 as to permit the purchase of replacement engines through the use of a preference rating. 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 14, No. 1 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGEN- CIES ISSUING THEM. The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac (For the Year 1952), 671 p., with tables, printed, $3.75. The Nautical Almanac Office, United States Observatory under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy, Washington, D.C., 1951. (Available only by purchase from the Superin- tendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.) This book provides in convenient form the as- tronomical data required by mariners; that is, the Greenwich hour angle and declination of the celestial bodies used in navigation. "Arctic Research, 1951", by M. J. Dunbar, article, Trade News, November 1951, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 6-7, illus.,. processed. Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Arctic field work by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada in the 1951 season included Baffin Island, an intensive study of the Arctic char, and apre- liminary survey of fishes and plankton in the Beaufort Sea. The research ketch Calanus sail- ed out of Fort Chimo, in Ungava Bay, and after a short cruise left Hudson Strait, sailing by way of Akpatock Island, Cape Hopes Advance and Lake Horbour, for Frobisher Bay in September. This article gives a short resume of the find- ings in the area covered by the Calanus. Canning, Salting, Smoking, Cooking Florida Fish, by Isabelle S. Thursby, Bulletin 147, 22 p., illus., printed. Agricultural Extension Serv- ice, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla., February 1951. Describes methods of canning, salting, and smoking fish at home. Discusses containers and preparation for canning; pack- ing and processing soft-fleshed and firm fleshed fish; and the preparation of fish chowder, fish roe, shrimp, oysters, andclams. In addition, it contains recipes using fresh or canned fish, as well as dressings, relishes, and sauces for fish dishes. Deep-Sea Fishing in West Bengal, 15 p., illus., printed. West Bengal Government, Alipore, Calcutta, India, 1950. Describes the West Bengal Government's deep-sea fishing explor- ation enterprise. The booklet sketches the present deficiency in the supply of fish in West Bengal, limitations of inland fisheries, objectives of the deep-sea fishing explorations, earlier surveys, and disposal of the catch made by the exploratory vessels. "Destruction of Fishes and Other Organisms on the South Texas Coast by the Cold Wave of January 28-February 3, 1951," by Gordon Gunter and H. H. Hildebrand, article, Ecology, October 1951, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 731-6, illus., printed. Ecological Society of America and the Duke University Press, Box 6697, College Station, Durham, N. C. The effects of the cold wave of January-February 1951 on marine life in and around Aransas Pass are described by the authors. Due to physiographic features and the extremely rapid onset of the northers, accompanied by sharp drops in water tempera— ture, occasionally mortalities of marine life are caused. The shellowness of Texas bay waters, their practically landlocked condition, and the rapidity with which cold northers strike the coast are factors making the marine life of this area particularly subject to mortality from cold waves every few years. Since 1940, slight mortality was caused by cold waves in 1941 and 1949. Considerable damage was caused in 1947. The 1940 and 1951 episodes were castastrophic. Probably the 1940 instance was the most severe although the 1951 freeze was the hardest. Esti- mates made by biologists of the Texas Game, Fish and Oyster Commission of the amount of fish killed in 1951 range from 60 million to 90 mil- lion pounds, It seems that if the damaging cold waves are preceded by other freezes, their destructive effect is lessened, according to the authors. Some animals escape to deeper water if the onset of the cold wave is slow am the rapidity with which the northers strike is a factor influencing the amount of mortality. (ECA) Thirteenth Report to Congress of the Economic Cooperation Administration (For the Quarter End- ed June 30, 1951), 156 p., illus., printed, 40 cents. Economic Cooperation Administration, Washington, D. C., November 1951. (For sale by Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.) Reports on the activities under the Economic Co- operation Act of 1948 as well as the programs of economic aid to Korea, the general area of China, to Yugoslavia, and to Irdia. Edible fishery products, and whale and fish oils are listed as a group in some of the tables. Included is an appendix summarizing the status of the United States Foreign Relief Program and the U. S. Foreign Aid Program. The Food and Feeding Habits of Nehu, by Robert W. Hiatt, News Circular No. 11, 5 p., illus. proc- essed. Hawaii Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 14, T. H., January 1951. The study of the food and feeding habits of nehu, covered in this leaflet, is a part of an over= all study of the nehu being conducted by the Hawaii Marine Laboratory. Brought out by the author is the application of the facts learned about the food and feeding habits of nehu to the number present in the various baiting areas, changes in the seasonal abundance in an area, relationship of size, difference in vigor and strength between small and large fish, and the declining bait fishery and weak fish in Hilo Bay. Herring Industry Board Sixteenth Annual Report (for the year ended 3lst March 1951), Gmd. 8322, 36 a5 printed, 1s 3d net (about 20 U.S. cents). His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England, August 1951. Reviews Great Britain's herring fisheries to April 1, 1951, the marketing of her- ring, research and development in the herring in- dustries, and the Government's grants and loans to the industry. In addition, the report contains statistical tables giving the landings and values of herring catches and utilization for 1949 and 1950 and the winter seasons of 1950 and 1951. Experiments carried out by the Board to produce special types of cured herring for various markets are described, as well as campaigns to promote sales in the home market. Experimentation with January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Dill WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGEN- CIES ISSUING THEM. herring oiland meal isalso covered with future plans set forth. Hong Kong Annual Report by the Director of Fish- eries on the Fish Marketing Organization (For the Year Ended the 3lst March 1950), 29 pe, illus., printed. Director of Fisheries, Hong Kong, 1951. The Fish Marketing Organization in Hong Kong was planned with the object of ine suring that the profits of the industry would go to the fishermen, amd with a view to reduc- ing prices to consumers, "Fishermen's syndi- cates" (now known as "depots") were established in the main fishing villages, each syndicate being under the management of a chairman who is paid from the funds of the Fish Marketing Organization. The primary function of these syndicates is the collection of fish from the fishermen and its transportation to the market. However, they also discharge other functions, such as the sale of supplies to the fisherfolk, and they act as centers for social welfare and education where advice is given to the fisher- man on the various problems with which he is confronted. At the wholesale market, fish is bought by registered buyers at public auction and the fisherman is paid on the same day. Eight percent commission is deducted from all sales by the depots to cover their operating costs and capital expenditures on future ex- pansion, buldings, education, and loans to fishermen, etc. Among the subjects dealt with in this year's report were the activities of the various depots, including the number of trawlers and fishing junks in each and the amount of fresh and salt fish handled during the year; loans to fishermen; wholesale markets; the activities of the fisheries inspectorate; and the various types of permits issued, Loss of Weight and Shrinkage of Iced Fish on Trawl- ers, by om L. Cutting, iST.z Food Investiga= tion Memoir No. 701, 4 p., printed. Torry Re- search Station, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1951 (Reprinted fram The Fishing News 1951,No. 1975, p- 10). Reports on the investigations of loss of weight of fish in ice on trawlers. This is a small self-contained portion of a survey to examine the various aspects of the technical problems associated with distant-water fisher=— ies. In the past two years parties of two or three scientific observers have made a total of ten trips on various Hull and Grimsby trawl- ers fishing distant grounds to examine fish, make temperature measurements, and study the problems at first hand. Results as a whole as brought out by this report on the loss of weight of iced fish indicate that the loss of weight becomes greater as the fish get staler. Prospects for the 1951-52 Herring Fishing Season, by J. C. Stevenson, Circular No. 24, September 1951, 8 p. with map, processed. Pacific Bio- logical Station, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Nanimo, B. C. Contains a prediction of the prospects of the 1951-52 herring fish- ing season off British Columbia by districts. Schedule B, Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Commodities Exported from the United States, January 1, 1952, Edition; 1,161 p., processed; Annual Subscription $3.50 to Domestic and $4.75 to Foreign Subscribers. FPureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C., or Commerce Field Offices and Collectors of Customs.) This publication in- cludes the numerically-arranged Classification of Exports; alphabetic index; code classification of countries (Schedule C), U. S. Customs Districts and Ports (Schedule D), and flag of vessel (Sched- ule J). The revised statistical classifications used by the Bureau of the Census in compiling ex- port statistics as presented in this publication became effective January 1, 1952. For each numer- ical classification shown, the Bureau of the Cen- sus compiles export statistics showing volume and dollar value of exports. "Seasonal Patterns of Oyster Setting in the James River and Chesapeake Bay," by Jay D. Andrews, article, Ecology, October 1951, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 752-8, illus., printed. Ecological Society of America and the Duke University Press, Box 6697, College Station, Durham, N. C. (This arti- cle is Contribution No. 34 from the SE aa wd eries Laboratory, Gloucester Point, Va. "The dames River seedbeds are one of the few oyster- growing areas of the world still operated suc- cessfully as a free fishery on natural oyster grounds," according to the author. The most im- portant and basic biological feature of the James River seed area is the excellent strike (spatfall) which occurs each year without fail. Several years ago the Virginia Fisheries Labo- ratory began a study of oyster setting in the James River in order to determine whether plant- ing shells in late summer would increase the setting and survival of spat, for it has been observed that sets occurred rather frequently during August and September. This paper pre- sents the results from only one type of data— the weekly setting records. The seasonal pat- tern of setting is compared with other areas and possible explanations are discussed. The author points out that the study reveals that setting is usually continuous for about 90 days in the James River from the first of July to the first of October and that it is consistent from year to year. The small size of brood oysters, the scarcity of net plankton, and sex ratio and protandry are suggested as possible contributing factors to the late set in the James River. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1951 Seventy-Second Edition), 1,053 p-, printed, $3.00. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, Weshington, D. C. (For sale by Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.). Presents important summary statistics on the industrial, social, political, and eco- nomic organization of the United States, and includes a representative selection from most of the important statistical publications. Limited primarily to naticnal data, National 58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE AGEN- CIES ISSUING THEM. statistical data on the fisheries and allied industries are included. This edition is desig- nated by the year of publication, but the sta- tistics shown are the latest available in the early part of 1951. (United Kingdom) Sea Fisheries Statistical Tables, 1950, 36 p. (mostly tables), printed, 1s. 3d. net (about 20 cents U.S.) Ministry of Agri- culture and Fisheries, London, England, 1951. (Available from HisMajesty's Stationery Office, London). Included in this leaflet are statis- tics on the quantity, value, and average value of the production of fish and shellfish in Eng- land and Wales by species, region, and other categories for 1950. Breakdowns by first-class British vessels (steam trawlers), demersal landings, and pelagic landings are to be found inthe tables presented, as well as imports and exports. Also given are the number of fishermen, number and net tonnage of vessels, and number of first-class vessels by stations and type of gear. TRADE LISTS The Commercial Intelligence Branch, Office of International Trade, U. S. Depertment of Com- merce, has published the following mimeographed trade lists. Copies of these lists may be ob- tained by firms in the United States from that Office or from Department of Commerce field of- fices at $1.00 per list. Agar-Agar—-Sxporters--Japan, 5 p. (October1951). Lists the names and addresses of exporters, and in some instances indicates the size of the firm. Oils (Animal, Fish and Vegetable)-- Exporters--Japan,6p. (October 1951). Most of the exporters listed handle fish, fish liver, and whale oils. Names and ad— dresses, products handled, and in some instances size of firm are given. Canneries—-Sweden, 5 p. (September 1951). Lists the names and ad— dresses, products handled, and size of canneries in Sweden. Quite a number of those listed produce fishery products. Canneries—-Brazil, 20 p. (November 1951). Lists the names and ad- dresses, products handled, and size of canneries in Brazil. Quite a number of those listed produce fishery products Canneries—Thailand, 2 p. (December 1951). Lists the names and ad- dresses, products handled, and size of canneries in Thailand. Quite a number of those listed produce fishery products. Vol. 14, No. FISHING INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL Brazilian production of fish has been increasing steadily ever since the first surveys were made in 1938. The speed of this increase cannot be expected to increase as longas fishing methods remain in the primitive state they are in now. Officials of the Division of Hunting and Fishing state that Brazil has not yet touched its fishing resources, whether at ise or inland, and that even the extent of those resources is not yet nOWD. Brazil's import requirements of fish remain at about 18,000 tons a year. The item most needed, as indicated by its inclusion in the list of "essential" commodities, is dried cod. --Fishery Leaflet 329 INT.—-DUP. SEC., WASH., D.C.13y35 ee AT a January 1952 COMMERCIAL FISHERIZS REVIEW 59 CONTENTS, CONTINUED PAGE PAGE FOREIGN (CONT.): FEDERAL ACTIONS (CONT. ): TIRINIUDAD=ieatelatelatelsfeleierslelet= ECONOMIC STABILIZATION AGENCY (CONT. ): SMOKED HERRING PLANT PLANNED .ccececscaccceveesees St OFFICE OF PRICE STABILIZATION (cont. ): URUGUAY: CEILING PRICE ADJUSTMENT UNDER CAPEHART AMENDMENT 44 LARGE-SCALE FISHING ENTERPRISE PLANNED OFF SOUTH WHOLESALE FOOD PRICE MARKUP SURVEY ...-s-e-e---0- 44 AMERICAN EAST COAST .c.cccacccenncnccccsccceveses 34 TEST PROGRAM FOR COMMUNITY FOOD PRICING .....-.4- 44 UNITED KINGDOM: CLARIFICATION OF USE OF PRICE LISTS TO ESTABLISH JUDGMENT IN ANGLO-NORWEGIAN TERRITORIAL WATERS CENLINGEPRICCESHere me clcteinaleiticisalereterstcleie(alelelefotuterstotetel 52 ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF CALCULATING OVERHEAD AD- PRICES, IMPORTS & BYPRODUCTS . 5 53 JUSTMENT FACTOR UNDER CPR 22 wesecesaveccecvecees 43 RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: ..cseeeeceeees 54 SMALL MANUFACTURERS!’ CAPEHART ADJUSTMENT ........ 43 FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS .. 54 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS .....-ccecccaseccceceees 0 ee ee el a a a aa a ‘Illustrator-- Gustaf T. Sundstrom Compositors-- Jean Zalevsky, Carolyn Wood, -Dorothy Stein Photograpa Credits: Cover page--E.A. Macklow; p. 1--G.T. Sundstrom; p. 18--H.J. Craven; p. 25--staff of Service's Exploratory Fishing and Gear Development Section, Pascagoula, Miss. doa eee eee cee cec cca eee eee COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW MAILING LIST BEING CIRCULARIZ cAI Since Federal regulations require that all mailing lists be circularized periodically, a circularizaticn letter dated Jenuery 15 was sent to all those on the Commercial Fisheries = Review mailing list. (Individuals or firms who COMM ERCIAL have been added to the mailing list subsequent FISHERIE S to Octoberl, 1951, will not receive a cirecular- ization letter and will continue to be retained on the mailing list, unless the recipient mean- while requests that his name be removed.) The names of those firms and individuals who do not returnthe lower portion of the Jan- uary 15 circularization letter will be deleted from the Commercial Fisheries Review mailing list. The February 1952 issue will be the last one to be mailed to those who do not reply. A prompt reply to the circularization letter will assure your not missing any issues of the Review. ‘The circulerization notice contains several questions which areto be answered by the recip- ients of the Review. The editors respectfully urge you to answer these questions as the an- swers willaid the editorial staff to determine the type of material that should be published FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE inthe Review in orderto better serve the needs United States Denattnient of the Interior and interests of our readers. °R °N feoeuqT qd eet ARTSASATU TLeusoD Tiley uesutys £20 [007 10 : adie SOdy Taal t o0e‘S - 26/2 - BMNN Wiog GIOT “ON }tWa10eg SSANISNA TVIDISSO ‘90 da ‘SZ NOLONIHSVM SOIAMRS 3SINTGOTMIM GNV HSIS : YOIASALNI SHL AO LNAWLYVd3ad OOSS 39ViSOd 40 LINAWAVd + GIOAV O1 3SN 3LVAINd HOS ALIVNAd saivis GaLINN