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-~ 200 To 300 FATHOMS
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Vol. 19, No. 10 OCTOBER 1957

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
FRED A. SEATON, SECRETARY

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BRANCH OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

A.W. Anderson, Editor
J.Pileggi, Associate Editor H.M.Bearse, Assistant Editor

Mailedfree to members of the fishery andalliedindustries. Address correspondence and requests
to the: Director, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D.C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Service is not an endorsement. The Service is
not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of this publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source will be appreciated.

The printing of this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget,
May 21, 1957. (5/31/60)

CONTENTS

COVER: The Pacific Coast sardine and tuna purse seiner is one of the
most efficient types of fishing vessels found on the west coast of the
United States. In recent years some of these vessels have improved
the efficiency of the gear by the addition of a power block and a drum-

like reel.
Page
An Investigation of the Chemistry of Texture Changes of Frozen Blue Crab Meat, by George S. Morrison and
INAS WELL Soop aon oc DOOGO DO USO OUOO DOOD DODO NGoDO COD ODOUDOUOD OOO gd UB eOON Ondo OBI OO 1
Page Page
RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: ......... 6 | FOREIGN (Contd.):
Fishery Products Preservation by Radiation........ 6 Republic of Argentine:
Fluoroscopic X-Rays for Fish-Bone Detection ...... 6 New Frozen Shrimp Processing Plant .......... 23
Provisional Draft of Standards for Frozen Fish Blocks Australia:
ECLeparedaredeieieiciciacetetenaltst oh ciel iiciene Gaagoadcana 7 New Shrimp Fishing Ground Found ............ 23
Salt-Water Ice Tested on Haddock ..........+.-- 7 Training Center for Fisheries Cooperatives and
Studies on the Sodium Content of Fishery Products ... 7 AGWRIME EMO Goong ooudegDropooaDAooaOS 24
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: .............+..- 9 Brazil:
Alaska: Survey by Japanese Contributes to Study of Fishery
New Shrimp Cannery Opened ...........-.-6. 9 WEEE Go goood np aodoooo so ODo Oe UHOS 24
Steps Planned to Halt Salmon Snagging .........- 9 Canada:
American Fisheries Advisory Committee: Salmon Sport Fishing Catch in British Columbia, 1956 25
Committee; Meets in Alaska 72 2). .f. 9 1s siels © © =) 10 Cuba:
California: Closed Seasons for Fish and Shellfish Revised .... 25
Adult Sardine Concentrations Surveyed off California Ecuador:
CoastibyzAinplaneiauapeneictenct-p-uenemeneselienemsiewel pal 10 isheries#Urend Syelo o Ome eiene stele islet lellsBatsmallsiclie 25
First Mature Silver Salmon ReturntotheSacramentoRiver 11 France:
California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations: Imports of Canned Fish, 1956 .....0......0.... 26
Oceanographic and Biological Observations ....... 12 German Federal Republic:
Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January-June1957 12 Factoryship Has Unusual New Design........... 26
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Practical Tests of Electrical Fishing Proposed in
Department of Defense Purchases, January-July 1957 12 | CoastaliWatersee-ekuelis-u-uchekcdal ofall Malielcl-ytelelen= 27
Fishery Management and Wildlife Management Biologist Guatemala:
IB EMANEC oO Sooo gobo oo DD OOOO NDNDdOS Og aD 13 Fishing Rights Granted in May 1956 Show Promise of
Marketing Prospects for Edible Fishery Products, July- Developing into Large Industry ............. 27
Septemberkl9 of Mreuareeuatedoveleiehctey lolol ied Meustolnell-ie 14 Italy:
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations: Frozen Tuna Delivered by Japanese Vessel ...... 27
Scallop Dredge Rings of Different Sizes Tested For Japan:
Selectivity (M/V Whaling City) .............. 14 North Pacific Salmon Catch for 1957 by Mothership . 28
North Atlantic Herring Research: Libya:
Power Block Demonstrated to Maine Sardine Seiners. 14 Fishing and Sponge Industry ............+.... 28
Shellfish: New Caledonia:
Revised Guide for Sanitary Control of Shellfish In- Marine) ProductsiIndustryj fey) s) oe) «)e) «ll ssielis (eye elie 29
UStHyALSSUCC tere u eal Melel sine sit-Mele)i-i-iteh eke ait sien i= 16 New Hebrides:
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program: Tuna Fishery and Cannery Planned............ 30
Exploratory Deep-Water Shrimp Trawling off Florida Norway:
Coast (M/V Combat Cruise 11).............. 17 RishiCanningylndustry, L900) ee ehe) oiel eis) sieheeneecis 30
Transportation: Whale Oil and Meat Successfully Preserved with
Railway Express Agency Seeks Another Rate Increase 18 INMATES Goognosns0oo00daD ovo CO4O4D 30
United States Fishing Fleet Additions Whaling Industry Trends 31
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Panama:
Commercial Fisheries Activities; Fiscal Year 1956. 18 Shrimp Industry Expanding Rapidly............ 31
U.S. Foreign Trade: Peru:
Edible Fishery Products, June 1957 .......... 2 20 Review of the Fisheries, 1956 ............... 31
Record Value for Fishery Products Imports in 1956 . 20 Portugal:
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota Proviso 21 Canned Fish Exports, January-March 1957 ...... 32
Virginia: Canned Fish Pack, January-March 1957 ........ 32
Biologists Report Progress in Study of Artificially- Wisheries Trends; May 1957 22. oe ee 33
BredgHardiGlamsing-e-weictenstcisnciemen Umi cneaauealsn mets 21 Spain:
Wholesale) Prices} August; 19517) =) sie el sje) eleierokeieneien eee 22 Vigo Fisheries Trends, June 1957 ........... ° 33
DOVACNES ooongdconoooOOUNooOoD OD UOUOdEODO 23 Sweden:
International: Development of Frozen Fish Industry and Market . . 33
Permanent Commission for the Defense of Maritime Tunisia:
Resources of South Pacific: Review of the Fisheries, 1956 ..............-. 34
Agenda for Fifth Meeting ......... jian,6 00D O 23

Contents Continued Page 61.

hc

it

October 1957 Washington 25, D.C. Vol. 19 , No.10

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CHEMISTRY OF 7
TEXTURE CHANGES OF FROZEN BLUE CRAB MEAT™

By George S. Morrison* and Fletcher P. Veitch**
ABSTRACT

A STUDY OF THE CHANGES IN TEXTURE IN FROZEN STORED BLUE CRAB MEAT
INDICATED THAT A LOW-GRADE NONENZYMATIC RESPIRATION OF THE TISSUE CON-
TINUES EVEN AT 1.4~ F. THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT STUDIES INDICATED THAT
THE WARBURG RESPIRATION 1S DUE TO OXIDATION OF TISSUE CARBOHYDRATES.
MORE WORK IS SUGGESTED.

INTRODUCTION

The texture of seafood alters when itisfrozenandheldincoldstorage. With crab
meat, there is a progressive increase in toughness. This increase hitherto has been
ascribed to protein denaturation or to de-
siccation. We decided to study, however,
the possibility that the alteration in tex-
ture might be caused by certain enzymic
changes. In this paper, the questionas to
whether enzymic changes occur atallin
frozen stored crab meat is investigated.

The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus,
was used as the source of the crab meat.
For pur poses of orientation it was decided
to measure (1) changes in pH, and (2) res-
pirationof the tissues. These measure-
ments were chosen for the information
they might yield regarding the type of
chemical change occurring. Changes in
pH, for example, might be the result of
oxidative or nonoxidative decarboxylation
or deamination, or simple hydrolytic
cleavage of fats and/or proteins, provid-
ing that the natural buffering capacity did
not hide these chemical changes. Meas-
urement of changes in the respiration of

FIG. 1 - BLUE CRAB the tissues in connection with any changes

in pH would aid in the establishment of the

oxidative or nonoxidative nature of reactions responsible for pH changes and also aid in
determining the presence of decarboxylation or deamination reactions.

It was found that changes in the pH of frozen stored meat were so Slight as tobe of
doubtful significance. Respiration studies revealed the presence of a constant low-

grade tissue respiration. We attempted to stimulate the respiration by the addition of
1/THiS STUDY WAS MADE UNDER THE TERMS OF A GRANT FROM THE REFRIGERATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION,
ye COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO.
FELLOW OF THE REFRIGERATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, AND THE U. S. FISH AND
jox WILDLIFE SERVICE, COLLEGE PARK, MD,
PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK, MD.

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

possible substrates suchas glucose, 1-leucine, oxalacetic acid, sodium pyruvate, dl-
malicacid, 1-malicacid, anddl-lacticacid. Adenosine triphosphate (A.T.P.) was add-
ed inall respiration studies to obviate the possibility that the concentration of it might
become the limiting factor in any enzymic reaction.

Although claw meat, regular grade of white meat, and backfin lump meat (chunks of
meat along the backfin) were picked and stored separately, most of the experimental
work was done with only the backfin lump meat, since it was more uniform than were the
other types of meat and formed better homogenates.

EXPERIMENTAL

THE PREPARATION ANDSTORAGE OF CRAB MEATSAMPLES: Three different
lots of a dozen each of hard-shell blue crabs were cooked, and the meat was removed and
placed infrozen storage. Several other lots also were prepared in about the same man-
ner. Ineachcase, the cooking procedure approximated the method used by commercial
packers of crabmeat. The live crabs were placed in wire-mesh cages and put inan
autoclave. The steam was allowed to pass into the chamber for about 10 minutes during
which time air was exhaustedfrom the chamber. The crabs were autoclaved at 15 pounds
for about 10 minutes, after which the steam was exhausted for 5 minutes before the door
was opened. Thecrabs were removed, allowed to stand at room temperature until cool,
and picked. The meat then was mixed thoroughly to give homogeneous samples. Lots I
and II were comprised of 50-gram portions of meat packed in tight packages of moisture-
vaporproof cellophane; and lot III was comprised of meat packed in 1- pound friction-top
perforated-bottom cans used commercially. These samples were storedat -22° C.
(-7.6° F.) for 2 days, after which time they were storedat -17° C. (1.4° F.). Justbefore
being used for testing, each portion with the exception of those from lot III samples was
removedtoa2 C.(35.6 EF.) storage room for 18 hours andallowed to thaw. Since the
portions of lot III were packedin much larger containers, the amount needed for test-
ing was takendirectly from one of the containers whileinthe frozenstate. The other
lots used were stored in small quantities.

DETERMINATION OF THE pH OF CRAB MEAT: Twenty grams of the meat tobe
tested were placed inanice-cold glass cup of a Waring Blendorand 80 milliliters of
ice-cold water was added gradually. The blendor was turned on between additions so

f Backfin Crab Meat after Frozen Storage

Table 1 - Data on pH and Texture o

eae RS eS DH i a Texture
Cooked Meat Raw as Determined
Lot II Lot Il Meat Organoleptically

1/AVERAGE OF 5 DETERMINATIONS USING INDIVIDUAL FRESHLY-KILLED CRABS.
2/S1NCE SAMPLE WAS NOT THAWED BEFORE USING, IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO ESTIMATE TEXTURE.

that a smooth creamlike mixture was maintained during the process. This mixture, af-
ter being thoroughly blended, was transferred toa 250-milliliter beaker and tested, us-
ing the large electrodes of a Beckmann Model G pH meter. The sample was stirred oc-
casionally, and readings were taken every 5 minutes until two successive readings

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

agreed within 0.01 pHunit. The texture of each sample was determined organoleptically
at the time of each pH determination. The results of this procedure are summarized in
table 1.

DETERMINATION OF ENDOGENOUS RESPIRATION INCRAB MEAT: A homo-
genate of 20-percent backfin crab meat by weight was prepared in the same manner as in
the determination of pH, except that an isotonic solution approximating the composition
of sea water (Lange 1946) was used in place of the distilled water. The buffer solution
thus obtained is much more concentrated than is the usual Krebs-Ringer solution, but
was used because crab blood approximates the composition of sea water in salt content

(Tessier 1938). The composition of this isotonic solution was as follows:

100 parts 0.6 M NaCl
2 parts 0.6 M KCl
4 parts 0.4 M CaCl,

10 parts 0.6 M MgS04
30 parts 0.6 M CH,C00Na

After the homogenate had been prepared by the use of this solution, the pH was
adjusted to 7.00 by the dropwise addition of 1 molar acetic acid. Three-milliliter
aloquots of this homogenate were placed in the main compartments of Warburg
flasks, and the oxygen uptake was determined by the usual Warburg technique using
KOH in the center wells. The temperature of the water bath was 37 C. (98.6 F.).
Respiration values were calculated as microliters of oxygen consumed per hour for
3 milliliters of homogenate. Table 2 contains the results of these determinations.

Table 2 -

Values for Endogenous Respiration of Backfin Crab Meat
after Frozen Storage

Respiration as Microliters of Oxygen
Consumed Per Hour Per 3 ml. of Homogenate Containing
20 Percent (by weight) Backfin Crab Meat

Cooked Meat

Period of Storage
ENF ili (G-

BACKFIN CRAB MEAT IN THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS SUBSTRATES: The
isotonic buffer solution used in the experiments on endogenous respiration was a-
bandoned in favor of using a phosphate buffer, which was still approximately iso-
tonic with sea water but which did not contain the same proportion of ions. This
solution, having a pH of 7.0, was made as follows:

Solution A: 100 parts of 0.770 M NaCl
4 parts of 0.770 M KC1
3 parts of 0,154 M CaCl,
1 part of 0.770 M KH P04
1 part of 0.770 M MgsoO
Solution B: 0.1 M Phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.

Dilute 20 milliliters of solution A to 100 milliliters
with solution B and filer if a slight precipitate appears.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

This was done in order that the homogenate could be accurately buffered with-
out having to adjust the pH before using, and also to provide phosphates.

To determine the activity in the presence of various substrates, we used two
Warburg flasks for each substrate; one contained KOH in the center well and the
other did not. In the main compartment were placed 2 milliliters of the substrate
in a concentration of 1.5 times the desired working concentration, and 0.25 milli-
liters of 0.4-percent A.T.P. Three-quarters milliliter of the homogenate was
placed in the side arm. Control flasks were prepared by using water in place of
the substrate. The flasks and manometers were placed in the bath and allowed to
equilibrate for 15 minutes after which time the stopcocks were closed and the ini-
tial readings were taken. The homogenate then was tipped in from the side arm,
and readings were taken every 30 minutes for 2 hours. The results of this initial
trial are summarized in table 3.

Table 3 - The Effect of Added Substrates on the Activity of
Homogenates Containing 20-Percent Backfin Crab Meat
Total Oxygen Total Carbon Dioxide
Uptake Due Production Due To
To Substrate Substrate

Substrate Present

O2USS3eMysluiCOSCH eres -ieaweMeme Ne) tsi nt
OFOUSSEVigl leu cinerea wm -iieiemsn ws one
O.OB3S Wi Chlorneibie ESICl> 6 po ono 6 a6 6
0.0833 M sodium pyruvate.........-
Q20833" Meoxalacetichacid =. 2 -
1/ THIS RESULT WAS NOT VERIFIED IN SUBSEQUENT WORK.

2/ REACTION WAS TOO FAST TO MEASURE. THIS RESULT CAN BE OBTAINED WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF HOMO-
GENATE.

Since only di-malic and oxalacetic acids produced carbon dioxide, the behav-
ior of these acids were investigated further. Oxalacetic acid is known to be un-
stable, under these conditions, so the experiment with this substrate was repeated
without the addition of the homogenate. The reaction proceeded at approximately
the same rate as in the presence of the homogenate. In a similar experiment, how-
ever, dl-malic acid failed to produce carbon dioxide in the absence of homogenate.
It was not possible to obtain the action of dl-malic acid in subsequent trials with
the homogenate.

It should be noted here that the production of carbon dioxide shown in table 3
was virtually complete in 10 minutes after tipping in the homogenate. Under these
same conditions 0.02 molar di-lactic acid was also found to produce carbon dioxide.
This concentration of dl-lactic acid produced 1.09 micromoles (average of two de-
terminations) of carbon dioxide.

The data in table 3 and from unpublished work with added dl-malic acid and
1-malic acid as substrates indicated that 1-malic acid stimulated the respiration
of cooked and frozen crab meat homogenates more than did the dl-malic acid, in-
dicating a stereospecific enzymatic reaction. Subsequent attempts to duplicate
these results were unsuccessful. In fact, further experiments on the respiration
of cooked and frozen crab meat at three different temperatures, both in the pres-
ence and absence of di-malic acid, revealed that the addition of the dl-malic acid
had no effect on respiration and that the 37° C. (98.6° F.) temperature gradient
had only a small enhancing action. The data from these experiments are present-
ed in table 4.

DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The data in table 1 show that the pH of the freshly-cooked meat varies widely
and that no significance can be attached to the results obtained. This variation is

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

probably due to the comparatively great buffering capacity of crab meat. Data in
tables 2 and 4 indicate that a low level of respiration occurs in the thawed meat
even after being kept in frozen storage.

Table 4 - The ect of Temperature on the Respiration of a 20-Percent Homogenate
of Backfin Crab Meat in the Presence and Absence of Added di-malic Acid

Treatment of Sample Amount of di-malic]Amount of 20-Percent Carbon Dioxide Produced atl/:
Acid Added as ingore. |
of Crab Meat aBpenate Homogenate Added 0 moc | 20° c.

Micromoles Milliliters Micromoles Per Hour

0.6 +0.1 [0.55 +0.1 | 0.75 + 0.04
0.77 + 0.03 | 0.64 + 0.04/ 0.80 + 0.04

Cooked and then frozen
for 1 week
ooked and then frozen
for 1 week

3 3

0 3

1/AVERAGE OF 3 TO 6 DETERMINATIONS

STANDARD ERROR:
4d
Te

It was noted in the course of the experiments reported in table 4 that the oxy-
gen consumption by these homogenates was equivalent to the carbon dioxide pro-
duced, giving a respiratory quotient of approximately 1.0. This quotient of 1.0
would indicate that the low-grade nonenzymatic respiration exhibited by this tissue
is due to the oxidation of carbohydrate.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Changes in the pH of stored frozen crab meat are variable and show no
definite trend with length of storage. This variation probably is due to thenatural
buffering capacity of the crab meat.

2. Cooked and stored frozen crab meat exhibits after thawing a oR ae pes
nonenzymatic respiration even after having been stored at SGT anit 1 oA
Further study along this line is suggested as a logical attack on the epee

LITERATURE CITED

LANGE, N. A.
1946, HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, P. 1237, HANDBOOK PUBLISHERS, INC., SANDUSKY, OHIO.

TESSIER, G.
1938. COMPTE RENDU SOCIETE BIOLOGIE, 129, P. 937.

' HOW MANY DIFFERENT SPECIES OF FISHES IN THE WORLD?

According to the Curator of Fishes, Smithsonian Institution,
there are 40,000 species and subspecies offishinthe entire world.
The tropical Indo-Pacific region, which extends from the head of
the Red Seato Easter Island, is considered to be the richest in num-
ber of species of fish, containing over 9,000 species.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

FISHERY PRODUCTS PRESERVATION BY RADIATION

A study of the irradiation-pasteurization of fishery products is being conduct-
ed by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory in Boston.
Pasteurization by irradiation achieves partial sterilization of the product treated,
with almost all the decay-causing bacteria being destroyed. This new method of
preservation may offer_a potential means of storing fresh fish for indefinite peri-
ods at refrigerator (45 F.) or room temperature storage conditions.

Work to date has included a determination of acceptability of irradiated fish
products. Both fresh and blanched fillets of cod, pollock, whiting, and butterfish
have been irradiated at the Materials Testing Reactor, Idaho Falls, Idaho. Por-
tions of the fillets were blanched (heated in steam) in order to deactivate enzymes
that would deteriorate fish meat during long periods of storage. All samples were
irradiated at six different levels (0.125, 0.250, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0 and 2.0 megareps.)
with gamma rays.

Taste tests conducted at the East Boston Technological Laboratory have indi-
cated that fish fillets irradiated at certain levels may be acceptable products.
Bacteriological studies on these irradiated products, made after two weeks of stor-
age at 35 F., have shown almost no bacteria present. Normally, these fish would
be very heavily contaminated with bacteria after this storage period.

Experimental packs of fresh and blanched fish are now being prepared. These
packs will be irradiated and stored at ice temperatures over an extended period of
time inorder to determine the storage characteristics of irradiated fishery products.

—_ =p <=>

FLUOROSCOPIC X-RAYS FOR FISH-BONE DETECTION

Small fish bones, long a problem in the fishing industry, can be detected in
fishery products by the use of fluoroscopic X-ray equipment. Research conducted
at the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries East Boston Technological Labora-
tory, using this method, has shown very good results in the detection of bones.

Several hundred packages of fish sticks (a total of 3,300frozen fried fish sticks)
were obtained for this test from several commercial producers, and were viewed
under a fluoroscopic screen. Bones were seen in 128 of the fish sticks. Later, all
of the fish sticks were crushed and shredded by hand to feel for bones. By this
method, bones were found in 130 of the fish sticks. Use of the fluoroscopic method,
thus resulted in an error of only 1.5 percent.

When the crushing method is used, the fish sticks must be thawed and then de-
stroyed. On the other hand, the fluoroscopic method not only is quicker, but italso
allows the fish sticks to be returned to the packaging line for further processing
after examination.

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

Further tests using this method will be carried out to determine its applicabil-
ity for the detection of bones in frozen and fresh fishery products on a continuous-
belt production line.

PROVISIONAL DRAFT OF STANDARDS FOR FROZEN FISH BLOCKS PREPARED

A provisional draft of the proposed United States standards for grades of fro-
zen fish blocks is currently being distributed to the fishing industry for comment.
The new draft reflects certain industry comments from the first public meetings
held to review the preliminary draft for the standards and the results of additional
data collected during the interim period. A new format was adopted consistent with
the recommendations of the industry. With this new style, the general, and some-
times ambiguous requirements, of the preliminary draft of the standards are elim-
inated and factor ratings are clearly and specifically defined. The lot certification
tolerances have been changed to correspond to the Regulations Governing Inspection
and Certification of Processed Fruits and Vegetables and Related Products (USDA,
SRA-AMS 155), effective July 1, 1957.

<= <—t at

SALT-WATER ICE TESTED ON HADDOCK

One method that has been proposed for protecting the quality of fish stored in
ice is to use a salt-water ice. The basis for this assumption is that since salt-wa-
ter ice melts at a lower temperature than fresh-water ice, the former may offer
advantages in increased storage life of fish. An experiment was conducted to com-
pare, under parallel conditions, salt-water ice with fresh-water ice.

Equal quantities of salt-water and fresh-water ice were used to ice represent-
ative lots of eviscerated haddock aboard the Service's exploratory fishing vessel
Delaware. The cooling rates, storage temperatures, and keeping quality of thefish
were determined.

The fish stored in salt-water ice and in fresh-water ice were of excellent to
good quality until the 9th day of iced storage, and of acceptable quality from the 9th
until the 13th day of iced storage. The fish stored in salt-water ice were cooled
faster and to a lower temperature than were the fish stored in fresh-water ice.
However, the salt-water ice melted faster than the fresh-water ice and left thefish
with less protecting ice. Therefore, the fish in salt-water ice eventually rose toa
higher temperature than those stored in fresh-water ice. These results show that
in order to maintain fish in salt-water ice at a temperature close to the melting
point of this ice, sufficient quantities of ice must be used to compensate for the
faster melting.

STUDIES ON THE SODIUM CONTENT OF FISHERY PRODUCTS

The production of dietetic packs of fishery products have led to an increasing
interest in the sodium content of fish. The low levels of sodium found in fish have
made them a desirable component of diets designed to reduce body moisture levels
and to aid in the relief of high blood pressures. The U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries has been engaged in a long-term study to determine the sodium content of
the many important species of food fishes and shellfish. Information on the work
completed to date will be made available in the near future.

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

During the analyses of the various species of fish, it became apparent that there
is a significant difference in the amount of sodium found in different sections of the
edible portion of pink salmon. Samples from the light body meat, from the dark
meat along the dorsal surface, from the dark meat along the lateral line, and from
the belly flaps were analyzed separately for their sodium content, and the values
obtained were compared. The light meat and the dark meat along the lateral lines
were found to contain considerably less sodium than did the belly flaps or the dark
meat from the dorsal section. In the 15 salmon analyzed, the samples from the pink
meat and from the lateral line had a sodium content ranging from 47-79 milligrams
per 100 grams of fish, whereas the samples from the belly flaps and the dorsal
region ranged in sodium content from 67-198 milligrams per 100 grams.

It is possible that this information will prove to be of value to the canners of
dietetic salmon. Canned meats are considered satisfactory for sodium-restricted
diets if the sodium content is below 100 milligrams per 100 grams of meat. Die-
tetic canned salmon generally contains less than 60 milligrams of sodium per 100
grams. By using only the parts of the salmon known to contain a minimum of sodi-
um, the canners may be able to produce a product containing an even lower content

of sodium.
ay< Sang ot
EVERYBODY ENJOYS FLOUNDER,

In discussing the merits of their favorite fish food, a westerner may praise
his rockfish, an easterner his shad, and a southerner his pompano, but all will
agree that flounder is a nationwide favorite. Flounder is nationally known be-
cauSe it is caught in nearly all of
our coastal waters. It is not only
sold fresh, but is also filleted, fro-
zen, and shipped to all parts of the
country.

It ranges in size from 1to15
pounds, is white-meated, and has a
sweet-richflavor. Fishermen rec-
ognize the qualities of flounder and
know that it does not need to mas-
querade under a fancy trade name.
Although ''fillet of sole’ appears of-
ten on menus, itis not related tothe
renowned English sole butis usual-
ly one of the species of flounder tak-
en in United States waters.

Flounder fillets may be prepared by any of the basic cooking methods of
frying, baking, broiling, boiling, or in an endless variety of combination dishes.
The home economists of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service recommend ''Baked
Fillets of Flounder" as part of an easy oven dinner.

BAKED FILLETS OF FLOUNDER

2 POUNDS FLOUNDER FILLETS 2 TABLESPOONS LEMON JUICE
1 TEASPOON SALT 1 TEASPOON GRATED ONION

1 DASH PEPPER DASH PAPRIKA

@ CUP BUTTER OR OTHER FAT, MELTED

Thawfrozenfillets. Sprinklefillets with saltand pepper. Placein a single
layer in a well-greased baking pan. Combine butter, lemon juice, onion, and
paprika. Pour sauce overfish. Bake in a moderate oven, 350° F., for 20 to 25
minutes or until fish flakes easily when tested with a fork.

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

Sees | RENDS Soe

< Sr = AND = 7a ——_

ssa? DEVELOPMENTS &

Alaska

NEW SHRIMP CANNERY OPENED: A new shrimp canning operation in Wran-
gell, Alaska, which was started in July 1957 introduces two new devlopments into
the Alaska industry. For the first time, Alaska shrimp are being peeled by machine
rather than by hand. The machine used is similar to those used by the shrimp in-
dustry on the Gulf of Mexico and in the State of Washington. The cannery is also
the first plant in Alaska to produce a canned heat-processed product.

* OK KOK OX

STEPS PLANNED TO HALT SALMON SNAGGING: Revision of Alaska fisheries

rior for Fish and Wildlife on August 19. 'Present public concern in Alaska about
the increased practice of this unsportsmanlike method near major population cen-
ters there is certainly justified,'' said the Assistant Secretary.

Action to remove a prohibition against snagging which previously had been in
effect was initiated in 1956. The reason given was that the regulation then in effect
had proved difficult to enforce because of the problem of distinguishing between
bona fide sport fishing and intentional snagging. In place of it, a regulation limit-
ing the take with hook and line to two fish was provided in some parts of Alaska.

The Acting Administrator for Alaska Commercial Fisheries, whose office is
responsible for development of regulations for the taking of salmon, has announced
that studies of this problem have been launched with particular attention to a re-
view of the laws of the three Pacific Coast Statesin this regard. From the studies will
come the new measures in the 1958 regulations aimed at a solution of the problem.

=
-
>

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

American Fisheries Advisory Committee

COMMITTEE MEETS IN ALASKA: Favorable comments on the program of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, in sup-
port of the American commercial fishing industry generally and on the pattern of
Saltonstall-Kennedy fisheries projects in particular, were expressed by members
of the American Fisheries Advisory Committee following their sixth meeting held
in Ketchikan and Juneau on July 22-25.

The Committee also had the opportunity to view first hand the activities of the
Bureau in Alaska. The Committee visited the Bureau's Fishery Products Labora-
tory in Ketchikan to see some of the technological research and fishery manage-
ment activities there. Members also inspected a cold-storage plant and a salmon
cannery. In the Juneau area the Committee observed the spawning runs of salmon
in the creeks and rivers.

Some of the more important projects being conducted with funds provided by
the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act of 1954 for the betterment of domestic fisheries were
explained to the Committee by the use of visual aids. The Committee expressed
satisfaction at the progress being made and at the direction being taken by the pro-
gram.

Members expressed the view that whenever possible the work be conducted by
government employees and that only where special conditions exist should contract
work be performed. Members also expressed concern over the circumstances which,
to an increasing degree, require financing of continuing operations with Saltonstall-
Kennedy money. These funds, they believed, should be used for more specialized
and critical problems of less permanent duration.

Of the 19 active members of the Committee, 16 attended the meeting. They
were: James S. Carlson, Boston, Mass.; Ralph E. Carr, Kansas City, Mo.; Mason
Case, San Pedro, Calif.; Chris Dahl, Petersburg, Alaska; David H. Hart, Cape May,
N.J.; R. L. Haynie, Jr., Reedville, Va.; Leon S. Kenney, St. Petersburg, Fla.; Don-
ald P. Loker, Terminal Island, Calif.; James McPhillips, Mobile, Ala.; Arthur H.
Mendonca, San Francisco, Calif.; J. Richards Nelson, Madison, Conn.; Moses B.
Pike, Eastport, Me.; H. F. Sahlman, Fernandina Beach, Fla.; Thomas F. Sandoz,
Astoria, Ore.; Arthur Sivertson, Duluth, Minn.; and Lawrence W. Strasburger,
Metairie, La.

The next meeting of the Committee will be in the spring of 1958.

California

ADULT SARDINE CONCENTRATIONS SURVEYED OFF CALIFORNIA COAST
BY AIRPLANE: Two flights were made off central and southern California to de-
termine the pelagic fish distribution and abundance. Particular attention was fo-
cussed to the location of offshore adult sardine schools. On June 25 the inshore
area between Point Reyes and Monterey was surveyed by the California Department
of Fish and Game Cessna 3632C (flight 57-3). On July 17 the offshore area between
San Miguel Island and Coronados Island, including Tanner and Cortez banks, was
surveyed by biologists of the Department aboard the U. S. Coast Guard Albatross
(flight 57-4).

Flight 57-3: Scouting weather was ideal during this flight. There appeared to
be far fewer anchovies in Central California during this flight than over the past

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

two years. Three anchovy schools were observed near Santa Cruz and two near Half
Moon Bay, but no anchovy schools were seen in the area north of Half Moon Bay.

Five schools of unknown
identification were seen in the
area four miles offshore of Moss
Landing in Monterey Bay. Com-
mercial fishermen scouted in
this area on the night after the
flight and found a large concen-
tration of adult Pacific herring
(Clupea). Also, no commercial
quantities of anchovies were
found in Monterey Bay by the
commercial fishermen during
the entire month of June and the
first three weeks of July.

Flight 57-4: Scouting weath-

er was poor over the entire South- LEGEND:

ern California area during this T

flight. Heavy low overcast re- TD ala
stricted visibility and the entire “a es
flight was conducted at around

FLIGHT 57-3 FLIGHT 57-4
ba Ais ees Howey ee (uUNE 25, 1957). (yuLy 17, 1957).
schools seen were close to the surface permitting good species identification. Six
sardine schools were seen in the area between San Clemente Island and the main-
land. One jack mackerel school was sighted at Santa Rosa Island. No fish schools
were seen over the Cortez and Tanner banks.

Ok OK ok Ok

FIRST MATURE SILVER SALMON RETURN TO THE SACRAMENTO RIVER:
The forerunners of what California Fish and Game biologists hope will grow into
large runs of silver salmon in the Sacramento River were trapped at the Fremont
Weir tagging station near Knight's Landing in mid-August. These silver salmon
are believed to be the first three-year-old adults of this species to ascend the Sac-
ramento to spawn. Biologists say there is no doubt they are the first mature fish
to return from an experimental
plant of 42,000 yearling silvers in
Mill Creek in March 1956. Work-
ers at the Fremont Weir hopefully
dubbed them ''Adam" and ''Eve"'
before tagging them and permit-
ting them to resume their upstream

. journey, states an August 16, 1957,

press release from California's Department of Fish and Game.

Silver Salmon (Oncorhynchus kigutch)

The Sacramento River, an excellent king salmon stream, has never had a sil-
ver salmon run. The experimental plant was made in the hope of establishing such
arun. Silvers now enter coastal streams both north and south of the Golden Gate,
but (except for one recorded stray in 1942) never entered the Sacramento until last
fall. At that time, on the basis of counts at Fremont Weir and upstream recover-
ies, fishery technicians estimated a run of 3,200 precocious salmon, all males, in
the Sacramento River. Two small two-year-old females, returning from the March
1956 plant were artifically spawned, one at the Nimbus and the other at the Cole-
man hatchery.

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

The arrival of two silver salmon at Fremont Weir is about three months early,
according to California Department of Fish and Game calculations. Biologists con-
sider their arrival an indication, however, of a substantial runtocome. Thefemale
silver salmon weighed 11 pounds when she was checked in, andthe male about 9 pounds.

California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations

OCEANOGRAPHIC AND BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS: In order to make hy-
drographic and biological observations off the central and southern California coast,
a series of cruises were made by the research vessel Black eo of the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service's South Pacific Fishery Investigations and the research vessels
Stranger, Orca, and Horizon of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. These two a-
gencies are two of three agencies which are operating under the California Cooperative
Oceanic Fisheries Investigations. In addition, the vessels made observations of the
presence and abundance of marine animals, sauries, and squid at each station.

M/V Black Douglas: This vesselmade three cruises: cruise 57-4-B on April 2-
26, 1957; cruise 57-5-B on May 8-19, 1957; and cruise 57-6-B on June 4-18, 1957.
On the first cruise of the series jig-line catches yielded yellowtail, bonito, dolphin,
sierra, and black skipjack. Very few sauries and no squid were observed on the
second cruise of the series. On the lastcruise of the series, sauries were seen on-
ly on two stations and no jig-line catches were made.

M/V Horizon: This vesselmadeaseriesof three cruises: cruise 57-4-H on A-
pril 10-30, 1957; cruise 57-5-Hon May 8-18, 1957; and cruise 57-5-Hon June 4-21, 1957.

M/V Orca: This vessel made two cruises: cruise 57-5-0 on May 19-23, 1957,
and cruise 57-6-0 on June 4-19, 1957.

M/V Stranger: A series of three cruises were made by this vessel: cruise
57-4-S on April 10-30, 1957; cruise 57-5-S on May 10-23, 1957; andcruise 57-6-S
on June 4-26, 1957.

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, January-June 1957

Total shipments of metal cans during January-June 1957 amounted
‘ to 62,158 short tons of steel (based on the amount of steel consumed in the
- ) > manufacture of cans) as compared with 52,538 tonsin January-June 1956,
NOTE: STATISTICS COVER ALL COMMERCIAL AND CAPTIVE PLANTS KNOWN TO BE PRODUCING METAL CANS. RE-
PORTED IN BASE BOXES OF STEEL CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANS, THE DATA FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS
ARE CONVERTED TO TONS OF STEEL BY USING THE FACTOR: 23.0 BASE BOXES OF STEEL EQUAL ONE SHORT TON
OF STEEL.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, JANUARY-JULY 1957: Fresh and
Frozen Fishery Products: For the use of the Armed Forces of the Department
of Defense, 3.0 million pounds (value $1.5 million) of fresh and frozen fishery prod-
ucts were purchased in July by the Military Subsistence Market Centers. The July
purchases were 46.5 percent greater than in June but 6.9 percent less than in the
same month a year ago. The value of the purchases this July was higher by 43.4
percent as compared with the previous month, but lower by 7.7 percent from July
a year ago.

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

- Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence
Market Centers, July 1957 with Comparisons

For the first seven months of 1957 purchases totaled 15.0 million pounds, valued
at $7.6 million--a decrease of 2.8 percent in quantity and 0.9 percent in value as
compared with the same period of 1956.

able 2 - Canned Fishery Products Pur-
hased by Military Subsistence Market
enters, July 1957 with Comparisons

QUANTITY

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fish-
ery products by the Department of Defense
in July averaged 50.3 cents a pound, about

1.1 cents less than the 51.4 cents paid in
June, and 0.4 cents below the 50.7 cents
paid during July a year ago.

Canned Fishery Products: Salmonand
sardines were the only canned fishery prod-

ucts purchased for the use of the Armed

Species

MUN AG eat ee
Dalmmon. i).
Sardine...

Forces during July. The Armed Forces installations generally make some local
purchases not included in the data given. Actual total purchases are higher than
indicated, but it is not possible to obtain local purchases.

Fishery Management

and Wildlife Management

Biologist Examination

The U. S, Civil Service Commission issued Announcement
No, 113(B) on July 30 covering positions for Wildlife Manage-
ment Biologists and Fishery Management Biologists, GS-7
through GS-12. This is a continuously open, unassembled
examination. Entrance salaries range from $4,525 to $7,570
a year.

All persons who attained eligibility under Announcement
No. U-220 for the above-mentioned positions who have not
received appointments should apply for the new examination
if still interested. Registers to be established under An-
nouncement No. 113(B) will supersede those currently in use
under Announcement No, U-220.

The register for Biologist (Federal Aid Supervisor), GS-9
through GS-12, included as an option of the old announcement,
will be expired.

Basic requirements for both Fishery Management Biologist
and Wildlife Management Biologist are for a successful com-
pletion of a full four-year course in an accredited college or
university leading to a bachelor’s degree. Major studies for
Fishery Management Biologist must be in fishery science,
biology, or zoology and for Wildlife Management Biologist in
wildlife management, biology, zoology, or forestry, The
above may be substituted by four years of successful and
progressive technical experience in either responsible fish-
eries or wildlife work of such a nature as to enable suc-
cessful performance at the professional level, or a combi-
nation of technical experience and college courses may be
used to meet the basic requirements,

In addition to the basic requirements applicants must show
that they have had additional professional experience of from
one to three years (depending on the grade) in responsible
scientific and technical fisheries or wildlife work of such a

nature as to show that they are capable of performing the
duties required.

For full information on how to apply for this examination,
write to the U. S. Civil Service Commission, Washington 25,
D. C., or any of its field offices.

The United States and Alaska catch of fish and shellfish at
mid-year was running considerably below a year ago. Fish-
eries which yielded slightly over 2 billion pounds of fish and
shellfish in the early months of 1957 yielded 2.4 billion pounds
during the same period in 1956.

Menhaden catches used almost entirely in the manuf,

1 € acture
of fish meal and oil, showed the greatest decline. Catches
during the first seven months of 1957 totaled 814 million
eases million pounds less than in the same period dur-
ing 5

Tuna and bonito catches on the Pacific Coast declined 31
million pounds; the Alaska salmon catch was off about 27

million pounds; receipts of ocean perch declined 17 million
pounds,

Only three items showed marked increases in landings in
the first six months of 1957 as compared with the same peri-
od last year--the herring catch in Maine (used largely for
canning) was up 22 million pounds; herring catches in Alaska
(used almost exclusively in the manufacture of meal and oil)
were up 16 million pounds; and whiting landings in New Eng-
land increased nearly 24 million pounds.

In 1956 United States and Alaskan fishermen landed a rec-
ord catch of 5,2 billion pounds. It is evident that the 1957
catch will fall considerably short of this total.

ye

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 19, No. 10

Marketing Prospects for Edible Fishery Products,
July-September 1957

Per capita civilian consumption of fishery products in the
United States during the next several months is expected to
be close to the year-earlier rate. Judging from the whole-
sale level in primary markets, retail prices have averaged
somewhat higher thus far this year than last and are ex-
pected to continue higher this summer.

Commercial landings of edible fish and shellfish through
mid-1957 were a little lower than a year earlier. Decreases
were indicated for tuna and several other important species
of fish and shellfish.

Freezings of edible fishery products in the continental Unit-
ed States through midyear were 2 percent less than a year
earlier. May was the only month in which freezings were
higher this year than last. July 1 cold-storage holdings of
edible fishery products were about as large as on the same
date last year. Stocks of these frozen commodities will trend
upward during the remainder of 1957 as supplies are built up
for distribution during the seasonally low production period
next winter.

Through early spring, imports of major fishery products
were a little lower than in the same part of 1956. The per-
centage declines for major canned products and for frozen
fillets and blocks were about the same. For fresh and fro-
zen products other than fillets and blocks the total was about
as large as a year earlier.

Canned fish exports, the major group of domestic edible
fishery products sold abroad, were much lower through early
spring this year than last. The reduction in quantity was
mainly in canned California sardines, the pack of which was
very poor last year.

This analysis appeared in a report prepared by the Agri-
cultural Marketing Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
in cooperation with the U. S, Fish and Wildlife Service, and
published in the former agency’s July 29, 1957, release of
The National Food Situation (NFS-81).

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

SCALLOP DREDGE RINGS OF DIFFERENT SIZES TESTED FOR SELECTIV-
ITY (M/V Whaling City): The U. $8. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries-chartered

vessel Wha a ity, during a cruise from August 8-17 on Georges Bank, made 40
tows to test the selective action of 3- , 327 , and 4-inch scallop-dredge rings.

The

cruise was one of a series to develop a ring size in the bag-end of scallop dredges
that would retain sea scallops of commercial value and release the smaller scallops

of little or no value to the fishermen.

The data gathered on the cruise included measurements of 75,000 sea scallops.
Conclusions will be forthcoming after the data are analyzed.

North Atlantic Herring Research

POWER BLOCK DEMONSTRATED TO MAINE SARDINE SEINERS: Demonstra-
tions to Maine sardine fishermen of a powered-block seine hauler were completed
during the third week of July 1957 by the Maine Herring Exploration and Gear Re-

search Project of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

These demonstrations were

made from a Government-owned 35-foot motorboat, the Clupea, to introduce to Maine
sardine seiners the labor-saving advantages of this power method of seine hauling.

The "power block" is a large V-shaped sheave, lined with rubber and driven by

a hydraulic motor.
deck of the boat.

When in operation, the seine is led through the sheave and to the
Rotation of the sheave then pulls the net up out of the water and

drops it on deck. The seine crew needs only to stack the net as it is fed down to
them by the block. All the work of hauling the net up out of the water is done by ma-
chine power from a main engine or an auxiliary engine.

How the Block Works: Power is transmitted from the engine by means of a
hydraulic drive system. A hydraulic pump (which is driven by the engine) pumps
hydraulic fluid into lines and the fluid in turn drives a hydraulic motor which is
mounted on the "power block."' Speed, the amount of pull of the net, and direction

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

of rotation are all very easily controlled by two valves. The machine can be start-
ed, stopped, or reversed by merely adjusting a valve to the proper position. If it
should become necessary to

remove the net from the block

before the end is reached, the

block can be opened like a

snatch block by pulling a pin,

and the net can be pulled out.

Method and Area of Dem-
monstrations: For purposes
of demonstration, a 100-fath-
om by 9-fathom purse Seine,
minus rings and purse line,
was taken aboard the Clupea.
This net was run out and haul-
ed back aboard as a demon-
stration for seine crews and

other interested parties. sey oh ae = g
Demonstrations have been ra
made in the more important FIG. 1 = VIEW OF SARDINE STOP SEINE BEING HAULED WITH A

fishi g ports from Portland, POWER BLOCK IN THE MAINE SARDINE FISHERY.

Me., as far east as Southwest Harbor on Mt. Dessert Island. The 100-fathom
seine was hauled and stacked by two men in a demonstration at Tenants Harbor in
83 minutes. This was done without hurrying, in spite of the fact that the net was
stopped several times to clear it of rockweed. A "'speed run" was made for aseine
crew at Stonington in which two men hauled the 100-fathom net in 53 minutes.

The block was tried out in an actual stop-seine hauling operation in Burnt Cove,
Deer Island, on May 28. For this operation the seine boat was tied alongside the
Clupea and the "power block"' swung
Outboard on the boom so that the
seine was dropped into the seine
boat. (The seine could be dropped
into a dory or any other boat inthis
manner.) The net came aboard
smoothly and easily in this opera-
tion except when the net snagged
on the bottom. It was then neces-
sary to slack off the net and work
the snagged net loose by hand. The
catching of this snag demonstrated
a need for someone to stand close
by the control valve and to keep
just enough power applied to haul
in the net slowly so that the block
will stop if the net should become
“hung down."

Conclusions: It was evident
that each sardine seiner would
FIG. 2 - VIEW OF SARDINE STOP SEINE BEING HAULED WITH have to work out his own rigging
K 4 °
A POWER BLOCK IN THE MAINE SARDINE FISHERY in order to adapt a "power block"
to his equipment and his particular operation.

In some operations where only shorter lengths of seine are used and when fish-
ing activities are confined to a local area, changing over to power hauling might not
be practical. Where great lengths of seine are set repeatedly and where a large
crew is employed for the primary purpose of hauling the net, the savings in man-

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

power that could be effected would be great. The application of ''power block" haul-
ing could result in a reduced crew or in the handling of considerably more netting.
The natural reluctance to set large amounts of netting where the chance of a good
catch is only fair would be diminished since the strenuous physical labor of retrieving
hundreds of fathoms of netting by hand would be avoided.

The "power block" also simplifies the process of overhauling nets. A seine
can be effortlessly lifted from one boat at a controlled speed and dropped into a-
nother boat. It can be just as easily dropped onto a dock at high tide, or into atruck
or a storage shed located on or adjacent to a dock.

The "power block" used on the Clupea has a 28''diameter. Others are available with
diameters of 12", 18", 25", and 36". An 18" block, costing about $832 completely equip-
ped with a hydraulic-drive system, is probably large enough for hauling most stop seines.

Cec

Shellfish

REVISED GUIDE FOR SANITARY CONTROL OF SHELLFISH INDUSTRY IS-
SUED: The Public Health Service issued in August 1957 a revised guide to the San-
itary Control of the Shellfish Industry (1957 edition). The initial publication of
standards of recommended practice in this area was developed in 1925 by the Public
Health Service at the request of State health departments and the shellfish industry.
The current guide is the third revision.

This guide outlines the basic sanitary standards for the cooperative state-in-
dustry-Public Health Service program for the certification of interstate shellfish
shippers. It includes recommended sanitation practices for harvesting boats and
establishments which process oysters, clams, or mussels.

Agencies cooperating in the revision of the guide--Manual of Recommended
Practice For Sanitary Control of the Shellfish Industry (Part II: Sanitation of the
Harvesting and Processing of Shellfish), PHS Publication No. 33--included shellfish
control authorities in all coastal states, food control authorities in inland states,
various Federal agencies, the Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare,
the Pacific Coast Oyster Growers Association, and the Oyster Growers and Dealers
Association of North America.

Some important changes from the previous edition follow:

1. Rowboats, skiffs, etc., used to transport shell stock must have removable
false bottoms.

2. Shell stock must be washed reasonably free of mud as soon after harvest-
ing as is feasible. The primary responsibility for washing rests with the harvester.

3. Lighting on working surfaces in packing room shall be 25-foot candles, and
on shucking benches 15-foot candles.

4. The number of toilets is specified on the basis of employees both male and
female.

5. Returnable containers must be replaced by corrosion-resistant, etc., ma-
terial by December 1960.

6. Drain valves on blower tanks are easily cleanable.

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

7. The return of overage (bluff) is eliminated through a provision that no oys-
ters withtemperatures above 50 F. should remain on the shucking benches.

8. "Dip" buckets are prohibited.

9. Oysters must be cooled to 50° F. (internal temperature) within 2 hours
after packing. If 5-gallonreturnables are used, it will be necessary to precool the
oysters before they are packed. Crushed ice in the blower tank will accomplish
this temperature without difficulty.

South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program
EXPLORATORY DEEP-WATER SHRIMP TRAWLING OFF FLORIDA COAST

Florida was carried on July 17-30 by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries-charter-
ed vessel Combat. Thirty-six drags were made in depths of 160 to 565 fathoms, be-

LEGEND:
@ - SHRIMP TRAWL
TION,

‘ O - 01 P-NeT STATION

THE SERVICE'S EXPLORATORY VESSEL COMBAT.

tween Key West and St. Augustine, in-
cluding 8 drags along the western edge
of Great Bahama Bank and north of Cay
Sal Bank.

Kee 6 (es

FLORIDA

Royal-red shrimp were caught in
all successful drags in the 160- to 250-
fathom zone along the western edge of
the Florida Current (Gulf Stream). In
the Miami-Key West area, catches were
small except for a one-hour 40-foot flat-
trawl drag off Carysfort Reef in 185
fathoms which yielded 35 pounds of
shrimp.

1
'
'
1
!
1

100 FMS.

Catches along the Bahamas did not
yield a single royal-red shrimp. Bot-
tom temperatures in this area ranged
from 6 to 14 F. warmer than in com-
parable depths along the western edge
of the Florida Current, where royal-
red shrimp were caught.

M/V COMBAT CRUISE 11 (uULy 17-30, 1957).

Four drags were made in the vicinity
of Carysfort Reef in depths of 40 to 85 fathoms. The only shrimp represented in the

catches were a few rock shrimp (Sicyonia).

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

Twelve 40-foot flat-trawl drags were made in depths of 190 to 240 fathoms be-
tween Cape Canaveral and St. Augustine. The best catch (a 2-hour drag off Cape
Canaveral) yielded 100 pounds of 21-35 count heads on royal-red shrimp.

a
>—~

Transportation

RAILWAY EXPRESS AGENCY SEEKS ANOTHER RATE INCREASE: The Rail-
way Express Agency has asked the Interstate Commerce Commission for another
nationwide increase of 15 percent in carload and less-than-carload rates and charges,
including re-icing charges, but not carload refrigeration charges. The Agency ex-
plained that this increase would be in addition to the 11-percent increase authorized
on May 31, 1957, on Eastern territory movements. (Fish and seafood traffic was
excluded from this 11-percent increase.) The I. C. C. is expected to hold hearings
on this petition to receive testimony from interested shippers.

>

~
~

AS
United States Fishing imileceel Aadtivas

MAY 1957: Atotal of 74 vessels of 5net tons and over were issued first documents
as fishing craft during May 1957--21 more than in May 1956. The Pacific Coast area

Table 2 - U. S. Vessels Issued
First Documents As Fishing
Craft, by Tonnage, May 1957

————

F Net Tons __—_—~(| Number
5

Table 1 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents
as Fishing Craft, by Areas, May 1957

ry 7 Jan-May [Tota
ne 1957 11956 | 1957 1] 1956 11956

New England. .

Middle Atlantic.
Chesapeake

South Atlantic .
Gulf
Pacific

Milaiskalege si ‘

cijeiemteluelme!

led with 27, followed by the
Gulf and Alaska areas with 12

PD 4_| 53_| 217 | 160 |

VESSELS ASSIGNED TO THE VARIOUS SECTIONS ON THE
OF R POR

each, and the Chesapeake and
South Atlantic areas with 8
each.

NOTE:

pt als a = at 2
INCLUDES BOTH COMMERCIAL FISHING AND SPORT FISHING CRAFT.

7

=
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES ACTIVITIES, FISCAL YEAR 1956: The Annual Re-
port of the Fish and Wildlife Service for the year ending June 30, 1956, lists activ-
ities in fiscal year 1956. The Service's activities of interest to commercial fish-
eries included: The establishment of the first voluntary standard of grade and con-
dition for fishery products.

Continuation ofa vigorous salmon restoration program in Alaska.

Large-scale testing of several electronic devices used in fish guiding, count-
ing, and other fishery research.

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

Numerous studies relative to shellfish.

Two promising selective poisons for use in sea lamprey control out of 4,600
compounds tested over a period of time.

Numerous oceanic research problems for the benefit of the fishing industry.

Exploratory fishing cruises discovered a yellowfin tuna resource in the south-
ern part of the Gulf of Mexico, located a red shrimp resource in the deep waters of
the South Atlantic, found a fishing ground for large lobsters off New England in deep
water, found a new ocean perch fishing area, and studied the Maine sardine fishery.

Through a technological research program, the Service isolated certain chemi-
cal components of fish oil which may pave the way for the creation of many new
products.

Two fishery motion pictures in sound and color were completed during the year
and a third started. These films are financed by interested segments of the fishing
industry.

Daily Fishery Market News reports were released in key areas from seven
strategically-located reporting offices. Fish transportation and importation prob-
lems were studied. Monthly bulletins were issued on landings in 12 coastal States
and Ohio on Lake Erie.

Vigorous restoration measures were continued in the Alaska salmon fisheries.
The pink salmon fishery in Prince William Sound was closed completely and trap
fishing in southeastern Alaska reduced by 50 percent; more protection was given
salmon in the various bays, and the stream guard program was intensified.

Restrictions were invoked and lake fertilization experiments conducted in red
salmon areas.

The Pribilof seal harvest was 65,638 skins; 52,957 skins were sold at auction
for $4,849,610.

Research on the Atlantic salmon, shad, and striped bass continued in eastern
waters. In the Northwest considerable laboratory research was done on electrical
fish-guiding devices to divert salmon into bypass channels, and on other devices to
protect young salmon from squawfish.

Instruments which record the passage of fish through underwater orifices,
giving the direction of the movement, were perfected and put into comrnercial pro-
duction. Intensive studies of fish behavior during migration were made at the Fish-
eries-Engineering Research Facility established at Bonneville Dam with the coop-
eration of the Corps of Engineers. A ''sonic tracker,'' which when attached to afish
sends signals by which the path of the fish can be followed, was developed.

Extensive studies of salmon races were made in accordance with the program
outlined by the North Pacific Fisheries Commission.

Studies of the king crab in Bristol Bay, the oyster in Long Island Sound, raft
culture for oysters in Massachusetts, soft clams in New England, and the role of
chemical elements in the metabolism of marine organism were among the other
research projects.

Major attack on the sea lamprey which has ruined fisheries in three of the
Great Lakes was centered in Lake Superior where lake trout are still commercial-
ly important. All lamprey work was done in accordance with the general program
of the International Great Lakes Fisheries Commission.

20

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 19, No. 10

A new research unit, Ocean Research, located at Stanford University, was open-
ed in September 1955, to study the relationships of climate and ocean conditions to
the sudden fluctuations in numbers of commercial fish.

Research continued on sockeye salmon ''virus" and on the blue-sac disease.

The Lower Columbia River Fisheries Development Program, in its eighth year,
brought more evidence of the soundness of that program. Eleven hatcheries have _
been completed since the program started and two more--at Eagle Creek, Ore., and
Carson, Wash.--were nearing completion when the fiscal year closed.

Seal studies indicated that the fur seal is not a salmon predator.

Out of 205

stomachs studied during the project only one of them showed any evidence of salm-
on. Seal hookworm studies were continued.

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, JUNE 1957: United States |value of these exports was up by 40.0 percent as compared
imports of.edible fresh, frozen, and processed fish and shell- | with the previous month, and higher by 7.7 percent than for

fish in June 1957 were lower by 2.0 percent in quantity and
6.9 percent in value as compared with the previous month.

oP e
=e jr, Li é

Compared with June 1956, the imports for this June were
down 0.3 percent in quantity and 3.6 percent in value. Im-
ports were lower for some of the higher-priced commodities
such as shrimp, spiny lobster, and canned salmon since the
value of imports for June 1957 averaged 32.7 cents a pound
as compared with 33.8 cents a pound for the same month in
1956.

June 1957 imports declined as compared with the same
month last year due mainly to lower imports of frozen ocean
perch fillets and canned tuna in brine. These decreases were
not offset by the higher imports of fish blocks, haddock fillets,
and frozen tuna.

Exports of processed edible fish and shellfish in June 1957
increased 20.3 percent in quantity from the previous month
and were also 9.3 percent above June 1956. The June 1957

June a year ago.

Table 1-United States Foreign Trade in Edible Fishery
Products, June 1957 with Comparisons

Quantity

June Year June

1957)/1956}] 1956 | 1957)1956) 1956

(Millions of Lbs.) | . (Millions of $) .

Fish & shellfish:
Fresh, frozen &

processed 1/ 58.2] 58.4] 786.6 NE) 6j

6 | 19.0
7.1| 6.5] 82.8 ee 19.2

Fish & shellfish:
Processed 1/ only
(excluding fresh
and frozen)

1/1NCLUDES PASTES, SAUCES, CLAM CHOWDER AND JUICE, AND OTHER SPECIAL-
TIES.

ok KK OK

1956: A new record for the value of imported fishery prod-
ucts was reached in 1956 when products valued at $281 mil-
lion at the foreign port of shipment were received in the
United States. This was ten percent over the 1955 value, ac-
cording to a review of the import trade made by the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries. Since 1950 (the first post-World
War II year of volume fishery products imports) there has
been an increase of 42 percent in the annual value of fishery
products imports.

While a new high in the value of imports was attained in
1956, the quantity was only the fifth largest on record--about
one billion pounds--this was about the same quantity as re-
ceived during 1955 and 1953, but considerably less than the
record year of 1952 and the runner-up, 1954. Imports of
fish meal during 1956, which were about half those of 1952,
were principally responsible for the decline in the quantity
of import trade. Fish meal imports totaled 408 million pounds
during 1952 and 180 million pounds during 1956. Edible fish-
ery products imports remained at a high level in 1956--788
million pounds--second only to 1954.

The United States is the world’s leading importer of fishery
products. It has been estimated that for every ten pounds of

domestic catch taken and processed, the equivalent of five
pounds of foreign-caught fish is used in the domestic market.
Imports during 1956 provided about 56 percent of all the
groundfish fillets used in the United States, 20 percent of the
canned tuna, over one-third of the frozen tuna used in canning,
34 percent of the shrimp consumed, 15 percent of the canned
salmon, 46 percent of the Northern lobsters, 70 percent of the
canned crabmeat, and 24 percent of the fish meal.

Fishery products represented 2.24 percent of the total value
of all United States imports during 1956. Edible fishery pro-
ducts were valued at $233 million, and inedible products at $48
million.

The primary source of imported fishery products was
Canada which supplied products valued at $95 million, in
large part consisting of groundfish fillets, lobsters, salmon,
fresh-water fish, and fish meal. Japan was the second in
value with products valued at $71 million, consisting of fro-
zen and canned tuna, canned crabmeat, canned oysters, fro-
zen and canned salmon, and pearls.

Mexico supplied products valued at $28 million, consisting
largely of fresh and frozen shrimp. Imports from other
Latin American countries were valued at $26 million.

October 1957

Products imported from Norway were valued at $13.6 mil-
lion, and consisted mainly of canned sardines. The Union of

South Africa supplied products valued at $8 million; Peru $7.3

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

million; Iceland, $6.2 million; Portugal, $4.9 million; and
Denmark, $2.8 million.

KK ok OK Ok

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNAIN BRINE UNDER QUOTA PROVISO: The quantity
of tuna canned in brine which may be imported into the United States during the cal-
endar year 1957 at the 12}-percent rate of duty is limited to 44,528,533 pounds. Any
imports in excess of that quantity will be dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem.

Imports under the quotafrom January 1-August 3, 1957, amounted to 22,518,460

pounds, according to data compiled by the Bureau of the Customs.

This leaves a

balance of 22,010,073 pounds of the quota which may be imported during the balance

of 1957 at the 124-percent rate of duty.

Virginia

BIOLOGISTS REPORT PROGRESS IN STUDY OF ARTIFICALLY-BRED HARD
CLAMS: As part of Atlantic Coast State and Federal cooperative studies of the pos-
sibilities inherent in the artificial breeding and rearing of clams, the biologists of
the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory conclude that hybrid clams can be raised to
market size at least a year earlier than wild stock. The hybridizing of clams was
developed successfully by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Laboratory at Milford, Conn.,
as a step towards developing methods designed to demonstrate to clam producers
that clams can be raised in holding tanks until large enough to survive heavy losses

from predators.

The experiments are described in an August 9, 1957, news release

from the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory as follows:

Biologists at the Laboratory rigged in skin-
diving gear descended to the sandy bottom of the
York River and carefully dug out a group ofclams
they have been watching carefully for the last three
years.

This is probably the most unusual group of
clams in Virginia. Each one bears a red number
on its shell which enables the scientists to tell
where its parents originated, when it was planted,
and how much growth it has made. These clams
are the offspring of special parents. At the begin-
ning there were four groups of young clams: those
of northern males and southern females; those of
northern females and southern males; those of
southern males and females; and those of northern
males and females.

In November 1954, the biologists placed over
400 marked clams in sand-filled boxes and hung
them from the end of the Laboratory pier. They
were curious to see how fast each would grow and
how well they would survive. Checking their plant-
ing six months later they found that many offspring
of the two southern parentshad died, possibly due to
the severe winter weather. The remainder of the
brood died in the winter of 1955/56.

In October 1955, the young clams which were
still living in trays were divided up. Most of each
group was placed on the bottom of the river and
the remainder in the trays.

In June 1956 diving operations were begun to
recover theplanted clams. The clams were meas-

ured and weighed carefully and it was found that
the hybrids produced by crossing northern and
southern parents were growing faster than those
having both parents from northern waters.

The scientists soon discovered that there were
other animals than man interested in their young
clams. Towards the end of the 1956 summer many
of the planted clams had been eaten and only the
fragments of their shells remained. It was impos-
sible to determine exactly what had destroyed them
but the scientists believe that crabs were the pre-
dators.

During their first two winters at Gloucester
Point more of the hybrid clams died than those of
all northern parentage, but in the spring of 1957 it
was discovered that not any of the clams had died
during the previous winter. Perhaps this was due
to the mildness of the winter. After a check made
in July the biologists learned that the clams of
mixed parentage were continuing to grow at a fast-
er rate than the offspring of the all northern breed.

At present the clams are in their third year,
and the hybrids are approximately 2 inches long
as compared with slightly more than 13 inches
for clams of northern parentage. By the fall of
1957 the hybrids should be medium size (cherry-
stone) and ready for market.

Farmers have long recognized the value of
hybridization for improving quality and yield in
their crops. Perhaps the shellfish industry will
one day profit from similar techniques.

=x ss

22

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 19, No. 10

Wholesale Prices, August 1957

Over-all wholesale prices for fishery products have fluc-
tuated in a narrow range (2-4 percent) since February this
year. The August 1957 over-all edible fish and shellfish
(fresh, frozen, and canned) wholesaie price index (116.4 of
the 1947-49 average) decreased 2.8 percent as compared
with the previous month, but was up 1.6 percent from Au-
gust 1956.

From July to August, prices dropped 15.4 percent for fresh
large drawn haddock, 14.5 percent for Pacific Coast halibut,
4.8 percent for large and medium king salmon, and 7.1 per-
cent for Great Lakes yellow pike; but whitefish prices went
up. The August 1957 index for the drawn, dressed, and whole
finfish subgroup declined 7.8 percent from the previous
month and was lower by 13.9 percent as compared with the
same month a year ago. Lower prices in August 1957 for
large haddock, halibut, and salmon did not completely offset
the higher prices for the fresh-water varieties.

Fresh processed fish and shellfish prices in August were
5.4 percent lower than in July, due primarily to a seasonal
drop in fresh shrimp prices at New York. Supplies of the
larger-size shrimp begin to increase in August as a rule.
Compared with August 1956, prices in this subgroup this
August were up 9.7 percent, due to higher small haddock
fillet prices (up 7.0 percent) and fresh shrimp prices (up 21.0
percent), Fresh shucked oyster prices were unchanged from
the previous month and the same month a year ago.

Prices for frozen processed fish and shellfish increased
1.8 percent from July to August because of higher frozenhad-
dock fillet prices. From July to August frozen shrimp prices
at Chicago declined slightly, and both ocean perch and flounder
fillet prices were unchanged. The decline in frozen shrimp
prices is not fully indicated in the index since the prices
for both white shrimp (which is scarce on the Chicago market)
and brown shrimp (slightly lower-priced and more plentiful)
are consolidated in computing the index. The August 1957 in-
dex for this subgroup was 14.7 percent higher than in the same
month a year ago, due principally to a 23.7-percent increase in
shrimp prices and a 5.4-percent increase in frozen haddock fil-
let prices.

Canned fishery products prices in August this year, a
month ago, and for the same month in 1956 were at about
the same level. Maine canned sardine prices declined 5.5
percent between July and August, but other canned fish
prices in this subgroup were unchanged. At the end of Au-
gust the market was definitely weaker for Maine sardines
with some of the canners curtailing operations, The pros-
pects for any substantial increase in the 1957 salmon pack
over the light 1956 pack were dim. Tuna producers and
canners were Still beset by an unsettled market for raw fish.
Prospects for a good sardine season (opened September 1 in
Southern California) were poor.

| Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, August 1957 With Comparisons

Processed,Fresh (Fish & Shellfish): .......
Fillets, haddock, smb, skins on, 20-lb. tins. .

Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), headless, fresh . .
Oysters, shucked, standards

fe) (elenie? ee ske) (eo)

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish):. .....
Fillets; Flounder, skinless, 1-lb. pkg, .. .
Haddock, sml,,skins on, 1-Jb, pkg... .
Ocean perch, skins on, 1-Ib, pkg. . .
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), 5-Ib. pkg. . ..
GannedthisherysProducts si vaienenemcieiicitenteiiol ene
Salmon, pink, No. 1 tall (16 0z.), 48cans/cs.. ..
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No. 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02.),

03} CMY ESS 5) BOLO alone 1660 0.6.0 6 DC
Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack,No. 1 oval (15 0z.),
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. 1/4 drawn

(B=1/4507.)seL00cansicss een rear eien eich

New York
Norfolk

Los Angeles |cs.
Los Angeles/|cs.
New York
1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs,

These prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Serv-
ice ‘‘Fishery Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices,

Point of Avg, Prices1/ Indexes

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification (8) Fi (1947-49=100)
Aug. July Aug. July | June | Aug.
1957 | 1957 | 1957 | 1957 | 1957 | 1956
ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned). . . 1... 2 cecceeccec cece oe 116.4; 119.9 | 117.2 | 114.6
jeyyecin G3 lh oyden TS Mey PEER 5 Gg oO 0 6 OO Goo 6 Oo oon a oo 127.0 | 133.3 | 128.5 | 126.5
DFT DLs Or Wine 56 5 5 600 memo ooo oo 112.9 | 122.5 [111.2 | 131.2
Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh . . . .. | Boston tb, 08] .09 80.6| 95.3 | 76.5 | 101.3
Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz, | New York | Ib. BP) ABU 99.0 | 114.5 | 100.6 | 136.9
Salmon, king, Ige, & med., drsd., fresh or froz, | New York | 1b, 60] .63 133.7] 140.5 | 139.3 | 148.3
Whitefish,L, Superior, drawn, fresh . . . . . | Chicago b. Ahh) 58} 151.2 | 180.2 | 154.9 | 121.5
Whitefish,L. Erie pound or gill net, rnd,, fresh ,| New York |b, -80]} .55 161.8 | 111.2 | 176.9 | 131.4
Lake trout, domestic, No. 1, drawn, fresh. . . | Chicago bb. 61} .61 425.0 | 125.0 | 121.9 | 122.9
Yellow pike, L, Michigan&Huron, rnd.,fresh . | New York |b, 65} .70 152.4 | 164.1 | 102.0 | 129.0

131.3

129.0 | 130.1

11.20 | 11.20

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

International

PERMANENT COMMISSION FOR THE DEFENSE OF MARITIME
RESOURCES OF SOUTH PACIFIC

AGENDA FOR FIFTH MEETING: The Chilean Section of the Permanent Com=
mission for the Defense of Maritime Resources of the South Pacific (Chile, Ecuador,
and Peru) announced the proposed agenda for the fifth meeting of the Commission
which was scheduled to take place in Santiago in September. The agenda was to
consist of the following items:

(1) election of board members;
(2) report of the Secretary General;
(3) consideration of applications for permission to hunt sperm whales;
(4) establishment of quotas for hunting of whales for whale bone from land-
based stations;
(5) establishment of quotas for hunting sperm whales by use of "factory"
whaling ships;
(6) consideration of a ''Committee on Biome" concerning scientific bases for
sustaining the principle of a 200-mile territorial limit;
(7) relations of the Commission with the International Whaling Conference;
(8) statistics concerning fishing and whaling;
(9) approval of the budget;
(10) election of the Secretary General; and
(11) additional business.

In discussing the meaning of the Chilean proposal regarding the "Committee
on Biome," the press report referred to the belief that there is need for further
study of the inter-relationships existing between climatic elements and atmospher-
ic characteristics of coastal countries with the adjacent maritime zone.

Sg

Republic of Argentine
NEW FROZEN SHRIMP PROCESSING PLANT: An Argentine firm recently

—_ OSS ee

port.

The equipment, of Danish origin, and which is said to have cost in the neighbor-
hood of 1,500,000 pesos, is expected to arrive in Argentina in about a month. The
plant, of latest design, will have its own power generator and otherwise will be the
most modern of its kind in South America. Its location will be at the southern port
of Rawson, Provincia of Chabut, where shrimp are found in quantity.

The shrimp season in southern Argentine waters is from October to March and
the company expects to get under production during the coming season. It esti-
mates export possibilities are between 660,000-1,000,000 pounds of frozen shrimp

during the 6 months season.
[ap <P =B

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

Australia

NEW SHRIMP FISHING GROUND FOUND: The shrimp (prawn) survey recently
started by the Australian Commonwealth Government has already resulted in the
discovery of a large and apparently very rich shrimp fishing ground. An announce-
ment of this discovery was made by the Minister for Primary Industry on July 13,
1957. The new ground is already being fished and shrimp taken there should per-
mit an increase in Australia's shrimp exports, particularly to the United States.

According to an officer of the Fisheries Division of the Department of Primary
Industry, 3,000 pounds of king and tiger shrimp were netted on the new ground in
one night. Newspaper reports say these shrimp measured 6-11 inches in length.
No banana shrimp were found. Banana shrimp are presently the most popular vari-
ety exported from Australia.

The ground extends from 6-20 miles off the Southern Queensland coast near
Fraser or Great Sandy Island in water up to 35 fathoms deep, states a July 24 dis-
patch from the United States Embassy in Canberra.

ok Kk Ok

TRAINING CENTER FOR FISHERIES COOPERATIVES AND ADMINISTRATION:
The relatively advanced organization of fishermen's cooperatives in Australia and
that country's long experience in fisheries administration has led the United Nations!
Food and Agricultural Organization to ask Australia to be host to an International
Training Center. Participants (about 35) will be nominated by the member Govern-
ments (includes the United States) of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council. The train-
ing center will be held in Sydney and Adelaide from December 16, 1957, to January
25, 1958, it was announced on June 30.

The Center is designed for fisheries cooperative leaders and for Government
officials concerned with cooperative organization in fisheries. It will be conducted
by the Australian Fisheries Division, Department of Primary Industry, with the As-
sistant Director of Fisheries as Director. The Food and Agricultural Organization
will supply an Associate Director and some lecturers. All other personnel will be
supplied by Australia, according to a July 25, 1957, dispatch from the United States
Embassy in Canberra.

*

fe

Brazil

SURVEY BY JAPANESE CONTRIBUTES TO STUDY OF FISHERY RESOURCES:
ter part of December 1956 by the Japanese research ship Toko Maru, has resulted
in the conclusion that a daily catch of 10-15 metric tons of tuna is possible without
depleting the resource. The Japanese research ship was invited to conduct a survey
of Brazilian fisheries resources by the Government of Brazil. The Toko Maru isa
well-equipped vessel of 1,100 tons with a capacity of 200 tons of frozen fish, a crew
of 54, and 8 Japanese scientists.

The explorations of the Toko Maru were first carried out off the southern part
of Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) where 67 oceanographic stations were made. No tuna
were found in this area. Later the vessel fished in the waters off the State of Rio
de Janeiro for species of tuna. One species of tuna was found off Cabo Frio. From
this area, the vessel sailed further north to Maceio and up to the mouth of the Ama-
zon River, where another species of tuna was found.

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

The survey by the Japanese scientists confirms the results of previous surveys
made by two Brazilian specialists in 1938, points out an August 2, 1957, dispatch
from the United States Embassy in Rio de Janeiro.

lumbia sport fishermen last year caught 11 percent more salmon gin in 1955, al-
though in the same period the commercial catch of salmon showed a decline.

The sport catch in 1956 of spring and jack salmon totaled 64,000 fish, an in-
crease of nearly 20 percent, while grilse increased from 142,000 fish in 1955 to
168,000 last year. The sport catch of coho declined about 10 percent from the pre-
vious year with a total catch of nearly 71,000 fish.

Greater fishing activity from rental establishments and a sharp increase in
private boat ownership were the probable reasons for the heavier sport fishing
catch.

Cuba

CLOSED SEASONS FOR FISH AND SHELLFISH REVISED: The closed season
for lane snapper (biajaiba) and croaker (corvina) originally imposed on April 18;
on Cuban snook (bohalo) imposed May 1; and on clams (almejas) imposed on May 10
was Officially ended effective July 31.

A closed season was imposed on gray snapper (caballerete) and Cuban snapper
(cubera) beginning July 25. The closed season on these species will remain in ef-
fect until revoked.

The above changes in regulations were published by the Cuban National Fisher-
ies Institute in the Official Gazette, No. 141, dated July 22, 1957.

Ecuador

FISHERIES TRENDS, 1956: The fishing industry is potentially a strong feature
of the Ecuadoran economy. Although Government revenue from licenses granted to
United States tuna vessels declined drastically in 1956 (due to the high cost of the
license, continued restrictions on privileges of foreign vessels, change in fishing
habits of the U. S. tuna fleet, and competition from Japanese tuna), locally-establish-
ed fishing companies (mostly U. S.-owned) were active, particularly in shrimp fish-
ing.

Ecuador's shrimp exports are valued at about US$2.5 million annually. This
is not apparent from Ecuadoran official figures, which reflect only those dollar
earnings which exporters are required to deliver to the Central Bank. The delivery
requirement was increased from $100 to $300 a ton in 1956 on the ground that the
Government was being deprived of too great a share of the fisheries revenue. The
Government also insisted that companies pay full export taxes on frozen fish ship-
ments, since little actual canning was being done.

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 19 No. 10

A pilot fish flour plant was opened at Manta under Food and Agriculture Organ-
ization auspices, points out a July 16, 1957 United States Embassy dispatch from

Quito.

France

IMPORTS OF CANNED FISH, 1956: In 1956 France imported approximately
62.3 million pounds of canned fish. Of this 2 million pounds, valued at about 339
million francs (US$968,571), consisted of salmon; 40.8 million pounds, valued at
about 6.2 billion francs ($17.7 million), consisted of sardines; 19.4 million pounds,
valued at 2.2 billion francs ($6.3 million), consisted of other fish.

French Morocco was the principal supplier of canned sardines with 30.1 mil-

lion pounds.

The next largest supplier was Portugal with 5.5 million pounds.

Some of the countries that provided France with various kinds of canned fish

other than sardines were as follows:

Tunisia, 4.4 million pounds; Western Ger-

many 4.4 million pounds; French Morocco, 2.6 million pounds; Norway 1.9 million

pounds; and Portugal, 1.7 million pounds.

EACTORYSHIP HAS UNUSUAL NEW DESIGN: An unusual
new design is the principal characteristic of the German
Diesel-driven factoryship Heinrich Meins, built in Bremer-
haven, The vessel, which was on its maiden voyage to the
cod fishing grounds off Greenland in June, has a stern like
that of the British factoryship Fairtry and no rudder, points
out the June 14 issue of The Fishing News, a British fishery
periodical.

Her endurance is 60 days. Her two most unusual features
are a slip-way stern (as in the Fairtry) and two propellers
set forward of the engines. Steering is controlled by these
propellers so that the craft has no rudder,

The owners were pioneers in this type of vessel and have
already ordered a sistership which, however, will be driven
by ordinary screws.

The vessel Heinrich Meins cost 3.5 million Deutschmarks
(US$833,000).

The most impressive part of the ship is undoubtedly the
working space below decks. The catch is handled on a ‘‘pro-
duction line’’ system, with moving belts and no more than 5
or 6 men are necessary to work the catch (fish can be han-
dled faster than they are caught).

The fillets proceed in a bulk wagon (on rails) to an Ameri-
can-type freezing room, where they are frozen for two hours
at -48° F. The freezer can handle 8 metric tons a day. Fil-
lets, particularly of cod, can be salted instead of frozen.

The maximum (for about 30 fishing days) is a catch of
about 50,000 pounds a day, and the catch for the last 3 or 4
days of the trip will be iced for sale as fresh fish.

The fish are handled on the lower deck, from which three
large openings lead to the fresh-fish hold. Moving bands go

German Federal Republic

(Industria Conservera, March 1957.)

down into the fish-meal factory, which has a daily capacity
of 20 tons, and also to the cooking boilers. The vessel holds
80 tons of meal and 47 tons of fish oil.

The captain’s cabin is on the starboard side below the
main deck, and the chief engineer's cabin is over the engine-
room, The crew’s cabins hold from 2 to 6 men each, and
the wireless room is under the bridge.

The vessel’s main specifications are as follows: gross
tonnage, 825.74; net, 347.08; over-all length 228 ft.; length
at waterline 213 ft.; beam 33 ft.; fresh fish capacity, 5,500
baskets; deep-freeze capacity, 148 cubic meters net; fish
meal capacity, 135 cubic meters. She will be capable of 13
knots with 1,200 hp.

From the stern, going forward, there is the slipway and
netroom, the fish-meal plant, fish-meal storage, oil plant,
oil tanks, and fish room.

On the second deck--fish factory, engineroom with two
Diesel engines driving two propellers, and sundry tanks in
the bows. Accommodation is forward, as is the bridge and
winch gear.

The ship is built of steel. She has two decks, the lower
being the freeboard deck, The usual fishing gear is built in.
Provision is made for a crew of 38 men. With a view to
long-range operation, reserve cabins are provided in addi-
tion. The main bridge has an unhindered view aft, and the
chartroom, though small, is sufficient for its purpose. The
winch gear only differs from the usual equipment in having
two extra small drums, and has electric drive.

The two propellers are set forward of the engine so that
the nets, which go over the stern, should not foul the screws.
One of the particular features of the propellers used is that
no rudder is necessary.

October 1957

The main engines are two Diesels giving a maximum of
750 hp., each with reduction gear to the shaft. There is also
a Diesel dynamo compresser, and a Diesel dynamo of 80 kw.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

An oil-fired auxiliary boiler and two gas boilers are pro-
vided, and also a fresh-water plant.

NOTE: THE FALRTRY HAS SCREWS AT THE REAR, BUT HER OVERHANGING SLIP-
WAY PROJECTS SUFFICIENTLY FAR BEYOND THEM TO AVOID ANY RISK OF FOULING.

* OK OK KK

PRACTICAL TESTS OF ELECTRICAL FISHING PROPOSED IN COASTAL WA-
TERS: From Kiel, Germany, comes the report that the first practical tests will be

made in coastal fishing with electrical fishing devices.

These trials will not be new

isolated tests but will be done on a large scale.

In the method that will be used, the fish will be lured into nets by creating an
electrical field. This invention is chiefly credited to Dr. Kreuzer and Peglov, an
engineer. Many trials have been made with electrical fishing lines in fishing for
tuna. (Spanish fishery periodical Industria Conservera, March 1957.)

FISHING RIGHTS GRANTED IN MAY 1956 SHOW PROMISE
OF DEVELOPING INTO LARGE INDUSTRY: As a result of
the agreement signed on May 2, 1956, by the Guatemalan
Government, it now appears that fishing operations will start
soon on the Pacific coast of Guatemala, provided some con-
troversial points can be settled. Territorial fishing rights
(not exclusive) are granted for 10 years and are for fishing
off both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, states a June 10
dispatch from the United States EmbassyinGuatemala. The
territorial fishing rights were granted to a local business-
man.

The dispatch states that investments in boats, equipment,
and materials for the planned Pacific operation may reach
US$4 million, Under the terms of the contract, the contractor
is authorized to subcontract any part of the operation which
he elects. Reports from other sources indicate that the boats
to be used will be provided by two United States fishery con-
cerns, These firms will probably make unspecified additional
investments in one form or another. Emphasis will first be
placed on shrimp fishing with plans to extend to fish later.
Also, plans are already under way to extend operations to the
Atlantic side,

Guatemala

The mothership Irma Catalina is already at San Jose ready
to begin operations, It is a large modern boat, valued at US$2
million. Three smaller boats also have arrived at San Jose
and others are believed to be en route. Under the terms of
the Guatemalan Industrial Development Law, machinery,
equipment, and supplies would be permitted entry duty free.

In addition to developments under this contract, the govern-
ment has recently announced the signing of a similar contract
with another local business firm. Several additional United
States firms are expected to make investments, in one form
or another, in any operations which may develop under this
contract. It has been reported that the initial capital invest-
ment is US$100,000; the extent to which this will increase
depends upon future developments.

This second contractor plans to first conduct additional
exploratory work. If the results look promising, present plans
would be to first concentrate on shrimp fishing on the Pacific
coast and later extend operations to fish and to the Atlantic
side. Considerations are being given to operating at Ocos,
near the Mexican border, provided the cost of making this
port suitable for fishery operations would not be prohibitive.

a

Italy
FROZEN TUNA DELIVERED BY JAPANESE VESSEL: A Japanese tuna vessel

delivered frozen tuna to the Italian port of Venice in mid-1957.
by the Japanese vessel in the Indian Ocean.

The fish was caught

A number of contracts have been signed and others are in the negotiation stage
for deliveries of full loads of frozen tuna in October and November 1957 at Genoa,

Leghorn, Naples, and Bari.

Two Japanese fishing vessels will make the deliveries. One is operated by a
Tokyo fishing firm and the other by an Osaka fishing firm.(Il Giornale Della Pesca,

July 20, 1957.)

jr

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

Japan

Pacific salmon catch from mothership-type operations for the 1957 season totaled
99,984 metric tons, roughly equal to the 100,000-metric-ton quota established for
this year under the U.S.S.R.-Japan Fisheries Agreement. Final figures of the
salmon catch from shore-based drift-net fishing operations in the restricted area
are not available, but the above source estimates that the 20, 000-metric-ton quota
was met without difficulty.

According to the Japanese Fisheries Agency, Japan's salmon catch for the 1957
season (May-August 10) from mothership-type operations in the North Pacific was
larger than for the previous year when 93,000 metric tons were caught. A break-
down of the quota and the actual salmon catch for 1957 by areas is reported as shown
in table.

No final figures of the above catch by species are available at this time, how-
ever, industry sources report that the catch of commercially-valuable red salmon

tionally good. It has been
PNCEIEIKCE MO) We ee
ta | Actual Catch estimated by them that the redsalm-

on catch for the 1957 season will
OY pate te: Fees Sots make up about 45 percent of the to-

T00 000 99.984 tal salmon catch. During the 1956

season, the red salmon catch ac~-
counted for 20 percent of the total salmon catch.

The Japanese fishing industry attributes the highly successful catch to favor-
able weather conditions, abundant salmon runs, and the absence of Russian inter-
ference in the fishing area. The Japanese Fisheries Agency reports that the salm-
on catch per haul was so heavy in some cases that fishermen experienced difficulty
in hauling in their nets. Furthermore, they report that the whole salmon fleet was
able to meet its quota for the season between July 15 and 31, far ahead of the dead-
line date of August 10.

In addition to the mothership-type operations, there are Japanese shore-drift-
net boat operations in the Aleutians. Although no information regarding their salm-
on catch is available at this time, a Japanese Fisheries Agency official reported
that it is expected that the 20,000-metric-ton quota for the 1957 season was met
without difficulty. Final salmon catch data are expected to become available about
the end of September (U.S. Embassy in Tokyo, dispatch dated August 16, 1957).

JAPANESL GOVERMENT

in

Libya

FISHING AND SPONGE INDUSTRY: The Mediterranean Sea off the coast of
Libya is amply endowed with sponge beds and fishing grounds containing tuna, sar-
dines, red mullet, marjan, trillyh, garagone, and other varieties. Many of the fish
caught are unusually large and well developed. One scientific hypothesis attributes
this to the beneficial effects of the frequent ghibli winds from the interior which
carry out to sea large quantities of sand with a fairly high salt content. Local fish-
ing boat captains, however, explain the rich and varied fish life as due to plentiful
marine vegetation in fairly shallow waters, pointing out that there is an exception
ally wide continental shelf, from 17 to 45 miles wide, all along the coast of Libya.

Fishing: Despite this long coastline and rich potentialities, however, fishing is
of minor importance. The Libyan Arabs are not a seafaring people and most of the
fishing is done by Italian, Greek, and Maltese ships orcrews. The maincommercial
catches are sponges, tuna, and sardines.

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

The canning of tuna and sardine is concentrated in Tripoli where seven firms
are engaged in the industry. There are about 240 small boats engaged in this fish-
ing, most of which is limited to Tripolitanian waters.

Sponge Industry: The sponge fishing industry can be traced back over 2,000
years and by tradition it is monopolized by Greek fishermen. Only a very small
fraction of the sponges, some 3 to 5 percent, is obtained by the Arabs using small
boats and harpoons, or skin diving, in the shallow inshore waters up to depths of
10-15 fathoms. Deep-sea trawlers account for about 20-30 percent of the harvest.
The best results in both quantity and quality are obtained by the third method, the
use of diving ships. These vessels, almost exclusively Greek-owned or operated,
exploit the sponge beds at depths of 10 to 35 fathoms or more. Casualties among
the divers are high; many deaths result from Caisson's disease, but this is apparent-
ly accepted as a necessary evil.

The number of ships and small boats used in sponge fishing varies from sea-

son to season but the average year wil! find about 120 diving ships operating in
deep water, while the number of small boats is roughly estimated at around 120.

Exports:

Libya's Exports of Marine Products, 1954-56

| 1956 [1955[1954[ 1956 | 1995 | 1954

(Metric Tons) (US$1,000)
Aue pinctot soe Bishil
Preserved Fish 464
Fresh Fish ... 44
Aono, fom 1,060

New Caledonia

MARINE PRODUCTS INDUSTRY: Although the waters surrounding New Cale-
donia contain an abundant supply of fish of all types, the inadequacy of the supply
for local consumption necessitated the importation during 1956 of 277 metric tons
of canned fish valued at 10,000,000 francs (US$157,000). Local production rarely
exceeds 20 tons a month. Japanese fishing boats have recently been sighted in the
nearby waters in search of tuna, but nothing is known here of their success.

About 2,000 people are engaged in the trochus shell industry. The industry
suffered considerably in 1956 as a result of the depletion of shell stocks. Despite
increases in the export price from 50,000 to 60,000 francs (US$785 to $942) per
ton, production in 1956 fell to 402 tons from 723 tons in 1955. The total value of
the trochus shells exported during 1956 was estimated at 25,000,000 francs (US$392,000).
The industry has made efforts to replenish the island's stocks of shells, but it is
doubtful whether the results will be significant for several years. (United States
consular dispatch from Noumea, July 8.)

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol 19, No. 10

New Hebrides

TUNA FISHERY AND CANNERY PLANNED: Santo, New
Hebrides, is to have a tuna fishery enterprise and cannery.
Little has beenheard of this project for almost a year andat
that time it was believed that nothing would come of the scheme,
due to anti-Japanese feeling in the New Hebrides and in
Australia.

Originally the scheme was to catch and can tuna in Santo
with the aid of Japanese fishermen and technicians. The
original scheme may have been modified since then, as it is
now stated that the cannery side of the project involves a
French canning company and a Japanese fishing company.

Work is now in progress on a wharf at Palikula (SE. Santo)

20 tons of ice a day. There will be a freezing chamber and
cold-storage as well as an ice-making plant. A mechani-
cal conveyor will transport the fish from the fishing ves-
sels to the plant.

The bulk of the fish taken and treated for export will be
tuna, with some bonito, states the Pacific Islands Monthly
of May 1957. The fish will be caught by Japanese-owned
and manned ships which will operate on 12-month contracts
before returning to Japan for overhaul, etc. There are at
present 15 Japanese technicians at Palikula supervising the
erection of the freezing plant; 34 more are expected to be
given 3-year entry permits pending the time when local
people, native or Tonkinese, are trained to operate the plant.

and also a refrigeration plant that will be able to turn out
iy |

Norway

FISH CANNING INDUSTRY, 1956: The principal products of the Norwegianfish
canning industry are brisling, sild, and kippered herring. The pack of kippered
herring in 1956 amounted to 75 percent of a normal year's production, due toa large
quantity of stocks held over from the previous year.

The brisling sardine pack has been down for some time. Only 197,768 cases
were produced in 1956--approximately two-fifths of a normal year's pack (about
500,000 cases).

The catch of small sild herring, adequate for canning, declined in 1956. The
repercussion of this was felt in the raw material available to canneries. The usual
total yearly pack of small sild has been approximately 900,000 cases, but in 1956
the pack amounted to only 634,893 cases of smoked sildand 51,459 cases of unsmoked
sild.

Exports were affected by the low brisling production. From January 1 to De-
cember 1, 1956, total exports of canned fish amounted to 28,000 metric tons, valued
at 127.3 million crowns (US$17.8 million). For the same period in 1955, exports
of canned fish amounted to 28,611 tons valued at 130 million crowns (US$18.2 mil-
lion). (Industrial Conservera, March 1957.)

KOK KK

— ee

have been most successful.
and the yield of best-grade oil has been boosted from 70-90 percent of the total
production. Last season, at South Georgia, some 500 fin whales were injected with
terramycin, made by a United States firm. The tests are conducted in close coop-
eration with the United States firm.

The whaling company's chief chemist says the whale oil shows no trace of anti-
biotics. Also, the meal and other byproducts of terramycin-treated whales are of
higher quality than those made from non-injected animals. New experiments, now
under way in North Norway, will aim at better meat preservation. (News of Norway,
August 15, 1957.)

OK OK

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

WHALING INDUSTRY TRENDS: Whale Oil Prices: Sales of Norway's 1956/57
Antarctic whale oil productionat the beginning of the April-June 1957 quarter were
made at about US$252 a long ton (2,240 pounds) as compared with anaverage of about
$240 a ton for the 1955/56 season. By May prices had dropped to $238 a ton and
47,000 tons were reported to have been sold at this price. According to late June
press reports, 31,000 tons remained to be sold out of a total of 140,000 tons, a July
25 dispatch from the United States Embassy in Oslo states.

Limitation on Number of Catcher Boats: During an early June conference in
London, preceding the meeting of the International Whaling Commission, Norwegian
whaling companies were unsuccessful in persuading the Dutch and Japanese to limit
the number of catcher boats. Norwegian whaling companies are interested in having
the number of catcher boats reduced because they consider it uneconomical to sup-
port more than a limited number.

Panama

SHRIMP INDUSTRY EXPANDING RAPIDLY: The shrimp
industry of Panama is expanding rapidly with 1956 operations
valued at well over $5,000,000. There were 6 companies and
some 100 boats engaged in shrimp operations at the end of
the year. Five companies shipped frozen shrimp to world
markets; the other dealer supplies the local and the Canal
Zone markets with fresh shrimp, Exports for 1956 totaled
6.2 million pounds, an increase of 46 percent over 1955

The average take of a boat per trip is 1,500 pounds and an
average trip is 5 days. The maximum fishing depth of the
present shrimp fleet does not exceed 50 fathoms. The large
white shrimp forms about 80 percent of total exports. Ship-
ments of small species, peeled and deveined, are increasing.
The landings of pink shrimp, which is found in abundance in
the Gulf for the short season of cold water (between 20°-
30° C.), totaled 600,000 pounds in 1956 as compared to
100,080 pounds in 1955, The catch would have been larger
had not the boats tied up for Holy Week.

A cooperative, with predominantly Panamanian capital and
enjoying concessions extended under Law 12 of May 1950,
dominates the industry. Its own fleet numbers 52 boats and
a number of privately-owned boats are under contract. Its
production, about three-quarters of the total, is all exported,
Since its income is derived exclusively from foreign sales,
its operations are tax free, The cooperative is presently
constructing new and expanded facilities on Taboga Island
where a deep-water cove will permit around-the-clock un-
loading and servicing of its boats, A fish-meal plant is com-
pleted and will initiate operations shortly with its own fleet
of boats equipped for purse-seining. Unutilized fish of the
shrimp boats and wastes of shrimp and fish fillet operations
will also be used for reduction. The marine shops and store-
house now under construction will permit building, repair,
and servicing of its own boats. Its 206-foot dry dock will

accommodate ships of 1,000 tons and permit repair of tuna
boats fishing in this area, Its shrimp and packing operations
will eventually be transferred to Taboga, but present facil-
ities are being enlarged to permit brine-freezing of the large
white shrimp for select trade.

Anew shrimp company, owned jointly by Panamanian and
United States capital, was organized in November and was ex-
pected to begin operations in 1957. The company will operate
its own fleet and export frozen shrimp and lobster tails. It
proposes to build a freezing plant with a daily capacity of
100,000 pounds of shrimp

The Government has expressed concern over the uncon-
trolled fishing of shrimp and the possibility of exhausting
this valuable resource.

Fish fillets are produced by several of the shrimp com-
panies as a byproduct of the shrimp industry. Corbina, red
snapper, and flounder are the principal fish used. The local
market and the Canal Zone consume most of the production of
about 1,000 pounds daily. Small quantities have been exported
when available. There are no boats engaged solely in com-
mercial fishing of these species.

The boat building industry has developed rapidly under
protection of the law of 1954 which requires all boats engag-
ing in fishing in Panamanian waters to be constructed in the
Republic, Some 8 companies have been established in the
last few years. The average boat is 60 to 65 feet and costs
between $17,000 and $20,000 without motor. Construction
in 1956. averaged a boat every two weeks. As of the end of
the year there were 45 keels laid down and another 30 on
order, Three companies are constructing steel boats, points
out the United States Embassy in Panama in a dispatch dated
May 10.

REVIEW OF THE FISHERIES, 1956: The total fish catch for Peru in 1956 ap-

pears to have been good.

The canned fish pack (including tuna and bonito) was approximately 1.8 million

cases in 1956, as compared with 1.4 million cases in 1955.

Rapidly increasing

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

labor costs and Japanese competition are, however, narrowing the margin of profit
for canned fish. Peruvian canners shifted their main attention to the British and
European market beginning in 1955, but Japanese canners began to move heavily
into that market at the end of the year.

Frozen fish exports compared favorably with the previous year. Fish meal
exports nearly doubled in 1956, reaching $3.5 million f.o.b. in value.

Whaling (almost entirely sperm) showed no important change in respect to the
kill, but work on the erection of a $1-million sperm oil and meal plant began, and
a fleet of three Norwegian catcher boats arrived in November.

Exports of fisheries products in 1956 were about $15.4 million as compared
with $12.7 million in 1955. (United States Embassy dispatch from Lima.)

Portugal

CANNED FISH EXPORTS, JANUARY-MARCH 1957: For the first three months
of 1957, canned fish exports amounted to 10,841 tons (570, 500 cases), valued at
US$6. 9 million. Sardines in olive oil ex-
ported during the first three months of
1957 amounted to 7,299 tons (384,200
cases), valued at US$4.6 million.

[Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-Marc!

January-March 1957 |

Sardines in olive oil....... = i
Sumlinedike fishin olive rciliaw In January-March 1957 the leading

Sardines! @ sardinelike fish buyers of canned sardines in olive oil

ME cgoo5o5o0GDOOe were: Germany, 1,227 tons (US$580,000),
Tuna & tunalike in olive oil . . France 924 tons (US$588,000), Italy 650
ae rested Sk - tons (US$397,000), British West Africa
PAE TRE RAE Foie 730 tons (US$455,000), and Belgium-Lux-

SS embourg 586 tons (US$362,000). These
countries purchased 69 percent of the quan-
tity and 68 percent of the value of all Portuguese exports of canned sardines in ol-
ive oil. Exports of sardines in olive oil for the first three months of 1957 to the
United States amounted to 251 tons (valued at US$208,000), while exports to the
Philippines totaled 223 tons (US$141,000).

KOK OK OK OK

CANNED FISH PACK, JANUARY-MARCH 1957: The Portuguese light pack of
canned sardines in oil of only 14 metric tons coring March 1957 was due to the closed

season on Sardine fish-
ing. The pack of all Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, January-March 1955 ___

canned fish in March Dee “Net.

1957 amounted to 692 Weight Value

tons, the July 1957 Con- i :
In Olive Oil:

servas de Peixe reports.

‘phertotaljpack olan mioancinelikesihisht ee rreisie inion
cannedshishitorm Januaryonl Anchovy tulletSsiry criecieoriiecioncn
March 1957 amounted to ADVIL aeewae waren sols suckle cetacean coke teMe rake tbeners

3,823 tons as compared
with 1,429 tons in the In
similar period of 1956. Samccine likeli tas hussein ie iene
Canned sardines in oil OthernsSPeCies, wears says Gob lorepcpee eects
(LOU Gorns)) evocoiniercl | POA Co coo oo bd sobs nucounooe oe

In Brine:

October 1957

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

for 47 percent of the January-March total pack, much higher than the pack of 532

tons for the same period in 1956,

CORRECTION:

the news item ‘Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, January-June 1956,

In the January 1957 Commercial Fisheries Review, p. 82, in

all references

to "cases" in the text should be corrected to read ''tons."

Ok KK Ok

FISHERIES TRENDS, MAY 1957: Sardine Fishing:

During May the Portuguese

fishing fleet landed 7,923 metric tons of sardines (valued at US$933,391 ex-vessel,
or $118 a ton). In May 1956, a total of 825 tons of sardines were landed with an

ex-vessel value of US$191,373.

Sardines purchased by the canneries during May amounted to 3,487 tons (val-
ued at US$449,391 ex-vessel or $129 a ton), or 44 percent of the total landings.
Only 3 tons were salted, and the balance of 4,433 tons, or 56 percent of the total,

was purchased for the fresh fish market.

Other Fishing: The May 1957 landings of fish other than sardines consisted of
1,322 tons of anchovy and 1,987 tons of chinchard. (Conservas de Peixe, July 1957.)

Spain

VIGO FISHERIES TRENDS, JUNE 1957: Fish landings in
the Vigo area in June were greater than in May. A good al-
bacore tuna season is predicted, Most of the fish canneries
resumed operations by the end of June, packing albacore
and sardines,

Fishing: Fish catches landed at Vigo and sold through
the local fish exchange in June amounted to 10.9 million
pounds valued at 45,602,237 pesetas (US$1,085,333)--an in-
crease in volume of about 33 percent over the previous
month and about 38 percent over June 1956.

The principal varieties landed at Vigo during June were
horse mackerel, hake and small hake, albacore tuna, and a
fish known locally as ‘‘gallo’’ (Lepidorhombus bosci), Sar-
dine catches showed an improvement over May and amount-
ed to 304,000 pounds. The sardines were found to be ina
good condition for packing, but the June catches were below
expectations,

Vigo’s albacore fleet put out to sea during the second half
of June and had fairly successful catches, For the present,
a good albacore season is anticipated with catches higher
than for 1956. A number of fishing vessels from the Canta-
brian region (mainly from San Sebastian) unloaded their al-
bacore catches at Vigo.

The canneries in the Vigo area were able to purchase the
first catches of albacore at around 15,00 pesetas a kilogram
(US$320 a short ton) but higher prices are anticipated as the
season develops.

Canning: The canneries in the Vigo area purchased 1.4
million pounds of fresh fish through the local fish exchange
in June as compared with 0,4 million pounds for the previous
month and 0.1 million pounds in June 1956,

The supply of olive oil continued adequate. However, tin
plate was still scarce for canning operations, Although im-
port permits for tin plate are being granted to the extent of
the 20 percent of foreign exchange allowed on exports, this
alone is insufficient.

Domestic and foreign markets for canned fishery products
were dull during June, Stocks were low for the varieties in
demand abroad and the prices for domestic consumption are
probably from 10 to 15 percent higher than for the same peri-
od of 1956. The Cataluna district of Spain is the principal
domestic market for canned fishery products. Albacore has
a good foreign demand and it is anticipated that exports will
be at a high level as soon as stocks are built up, states a
July 6, 1957, dispatch from the United States Consul in Vigo.

Sweden

DEVELOPMENT OF FROZEN FISH INDUSTRY AND MAR-
KETS: The marketing of quick-frozen fish in Sweden goes
back to 1948 when one company in collaboration with a refrig-
erating company made a survey of the possibilities of produc-
ing and selling a first-class quick-frozen product. The gen-
eral policy decided upon at that time was to give consumers

a guaranteed quick-frozen boneless fish in hygienic packing
bearing a brand name, Today that company is by far the dom-
inant Swedish producer of quick-frozen products. Develop-
ments following 1948 are described by the managing director
of the company in an article appearing in the June 20 issue

of Inblick, the company’s house organ.

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The director writes that over 10,000 retail shops in Sweden
are now Selling frozen fish. Consumption has increased year
after year so that in 1956 it represented about 50 percent of
the consumption of all frozen foodstuffs in Sweden. As a com-
parison he mentions that the consumption of frozen fish in
England is calculated to correspond to 15 percent and in the
United States to 8 percent of the consumption of all frozen
foodstuffs.

Developments in this line were so rapid that as early as
the beginning of the 1950’s it was evident that it would soon
become impossible to meet more than a fraction of the re-
quirements for frozen fish by means of Swedish production.
Further, consumers demanded new species of frozen fish,
and therefore the company examined the possibilities of freez-
ing a wider range of fish and taking more fish from neighbor-
ing countries,

The director also states that because of the continuously
growing demand for frozen fish in Sweden, the company was
encouraged to investigate the possibilities of getting fish, par-
ticularly cod and haddock, from Norway. In cooperation with
a sister company, a fish filleting industry was erected at
Hammerfest, at the northernmost point of Norway, and quick-
freezing commenced in 1951, Fish that is frozen there is
now being sold in Norway and Sweden as well as in other
countries under the company’s brand.,

In 1956 the Hammerfest plant was considerably enlarged.
Production capacity is now large enough to meet the greatly
increased demand in various markets for frozen cod and
haddock.

The Swedish, company is now seeking to gain more export
markets, A joint export sales organization was started last
year in Sweden and also at Hammerfest, Norway. Efforts

Vol. 19, No. 10

have heretofore been concentrated mainly on Great Britain,
but frozen products are also being exported to Austria, Ger-
many, and other markets. The majority of the company’s
exports so far consist of vegetables, poultry, and berries
from Sweden, but the sale of frozen fish from plants at
Hammerfest and Frederikshavn are constantly increasing.
The company meets serious competition on the export mar-
kets but, according to the director, production costs for
frozen fish for instance in Norway for natural reasons are
considerably lower than in Sweden and there is ‘‘every
reason to view the possibilities of a continued succes op-
timistically.’’

The managing director’s article also reveals that during
the period January through April this year the Swedish com-
pany has produced at its Swedish plants about 750 metric
tons of frozen cod fillets, corresponding to almost 60 percent
of the total frozen quantity of Swedish cod fillets during that
period.

At Varberg, Sweden, the Swedish company started produc-
tion at the beginning of 1956. The assortment comprises
frozen haddock, whiting, and mackerel. The Varberg plant
employs about 20 persons.

At Trelleborg, Sweden, the company has collaborated with
another company Since the fall of 1951. Cod is landed and
filleted in a building belonging to this other company. It is
thereafter sent for cutting and freezing at Halsingborg, Swe-
den, This other also fillets fish at Simrishamn, Sweden; and
cutting and freezing take place at Halsingborg.

At Vastervik, Sweden, the Swedish started operations in
January 1955, At this plant only Baltic herring is filleted
and frozen by about 30 persons during the greater part of the
year.

Tunisia

REVIEW OF THE FISHERIES,

1956: The Tunisian fish catch, never high in

comparison with the catch of other Mediterranean countries, decreased in 1956.

At the end of the year the Tunisian Government was planning a thorough survey of
possible expansion of fisheries by a modernization of the fishing fleet, the installa-
tion of a refrigeration system, the purchase of larger fishing boats from abroad,
and the training of Tunisian crews. The Government also plans to improve the fish-
ing port of Mahdia.

Current problems facing the Tunisian fishing industry (which is operating now
at about 45- to 50-percent capacity) are: departures of French fishing boat opera-
tors, lack of boats able to remain at sea for several days, untrained Tunisian crews,
and limited refrigerating capacity. These problems make the industry a high prior-
ity objective for economic development. In the meantime the Tunisian Ministry of
National Economy may be forced to permit local canneries with a total capacity of
11,000 to 12,000 tons to make contracts with Italian fishermen to assure adequate
fish supplies.

Tunisian canneries, of which there are 20, are located at Tunis, Sidi, Daoud,
Soliman, Sousse, and Mahdia. Sardines, sardinelles, and mackerel are shipped to
France. Tuna is consumed locally, and production is not great enough to keep up
with demand, necessitating imports from Norway, Sweden, and Italy.

October 1957

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

One factory in Mahdia produced more than 50 percent of the total of 2,500 tons

of sardines and sardinelles canned in 1956.
estic consumption, were processed during the year.

Tunis.)

About 800 tons of tuna largely for dom-

(U. S. Embassy dispatch from

a

=. 4

Wig Sars )a) 545

FISHING VESSELS TO EXPLORE SOUTH ATLANTIC FOR NEW FISHING GROUNDS:
A Russian Scientific expedition which left Kaliningrad in former East Prussia for
the South Atlantic on June 29 consists of two fishing vessels, one with a cold-storage
hold and the other equipped with freezing plant to serve as a base.

The purpose of the expedition, according to a statement by the leader of the ex-

pedition, is to explore new fishing grounds.

On board are a group of research work-

ers from institutions in Kaliningrad and Moscow, and the crew are all experienced

fishermen.

Work will start in the North Sea and proceed down into the Atlantic as far as
the equator in an attempt to establish grounds with the biggest fish concentrations

and the oceanographic conditions for such concentrations.

In addition, various types

of fishing gear are to be tried and modern radio-sounding equipment will be used.

The head of the scientific group said the expedition would carry out all-purpose

research as far south as the Gulf of Guinea.

(The Fishing News, July 26, 1957.)

minimum price is proposed for all indies of white fish in
Scotland and Northern Ireland. Fishing vessels of 30 feet
and over are to be registered and owners will pay a levy ac-
cording to the amount of fish landed. And first-hand sales-
men and buyers are to be registered,

These are the main provisions inadraft scheme, announced
by the White Fish Authority (W. F. A.) in Edinburgh late in
June. The scheme is designed to improve the marketing of
surplus white fish in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

About 200 trawlers and 500 seine-net fishing boats in the
area concerned will have to be registered with the W. F, A,
under the scheme, if it is approved by Parliament.

The deputy chairman of W. F. A., and chairman of the
Committee for Scotland-Northern Ireland suggested at a
press conference that to finance the scheme a levy of 1d.
(1.1 U. S. cents) a stone (14 lbs.) was likely on all fish land-
ed. Registration of vessels would be nominal.

The scheme will attempt to introduce a more uniform re-
turn for catches and insure better use of surplus edible fish.
No longer would surplus fish be dumped back into the sea,

The scheme evolved from proposals made by the Scottish
producers, by trawler owners at Aberdeen and Granton, and
by inshore fishermen around the coasts. For years their
earnings have been seriously reduced by the failure to secure
an adequate return on good, edible fish on days when the mar-
ket is oversupplied. The scheme tries to introduce a greater

stability in first-hand prices and to give producers a more
uniform return for their catches.

The scheme envisages greater development of processing.

The scheme provides for the fixing of minimum prices at
first-hand sale and for more uniform returns to producers
by payments for surplus fish which fail to find a market at
or above the minimum price fixed for it.

These payments to producers will be guaranteed prices for
fish gutted before being landed from a licensed vessel and
‘‘disposal prices’’ at lower rates for other surplus fish.

Compensation may also be paid at discretion for fish which
is landed from a licensed vessel outside Scotland and North-
ern Ireland or which is offered for sale at any port or mar-
ket in those countries for which minimum prices have not
been fixed.

Payments to producers will be financed from a levy on fish
landed and from the proceeds of the disposal of surplus fish.
Different minimum guaranteed and disposal prices may be
fixed for different varieties of fish: they may also differ as
between ports or regions and they may be varied according
to the uses to which the fish is put.

The scheme also provides for the licensing of salesmen
selling fish at first hand, and of buyers who buy fish at first
hand at special prices fixed for certain forms of processing.
Particular vessels or persons may be exempted at discretion.
A procedure is laid down for an appeal to the Minister in the
case of a refusal or revocation of a license.

36

Surplus fish must be sold to a committee, who have as-
sured the industry that it shall be disposed of through trade
channels, The committee is given certain reserve powers
to trade in and process surplus fish, but these powers may
be exercised only after consultation with trade interests
and with the approval of Ministers.

The text of the draft scheme defines surplus fish as white
fish which being of legal size and fit for human consumption
remains unsold after being offered for sale at first hand be-
cause the appropriate minimum price or more has not been
offered,

The suggested levy is not to exceed 3d. (3.3 U. S. cents) a
stone (14 lbs.) payable within seven days after the end of the
week during which the white fish was landed.

The W. F. A. powers under the scheme are:

(a) To sell surplus fish for the manufacture of fish meal
and other animal food and, with the approval of the Ministers,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Wo, I)5 IN@> TO

for salting, smoke-curing, quick-freezing, vacuum-drying,
canning, or other processing of fish;

(b) To manufacture fish meal from surplus fish and, with
the approval of Ministers, to manufacture other animal food
from surplus fish and to salt, smoke, cure, quick-freeze,
vacuum-dry, can, and otherwise process surplus fish;

(c) To grade, pack, ice, store, transport, market, and ad-
vertise surplus fish or any product thereof where necessary;
and

(d) To do such other incidental things, including the incur-
ring of capital expenditure where necessary or desirable.

Licenses under the scheme will be renewable annually on
January 1 at a fee of L1 (US$2.80), points out The Fishing
News of July 5, 1957.

Before fixing prices and the rate of levy, W. F. A. is re-
quired to publish its proposals and consider any written ob-
jections within 21 days.

HOOK OK OK OK

IMPORTS OF JAPANESE CANNED TUNA LIGHT: Although the British import
quota for Japanese canned tuna and bonito for the period October 1, 1956-Septem-
ber 30, 1957, is about US$1.4 million (ex-dock United Kingdom value), only very
small quantities have been imported. Actual United Kingdom imports of Japanese
canned tuna were only 200 pounds in all of 1956 and about 1,000 pounds from Janu-

ary-June 1957.

It is the opinion of officials in the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food
that there is very little demand of the sort to encourage increased imports of Jap-

anese tuna.

It is believed that United Kingdom importers are satisfied with Peru-

vian packs of tuna or bonito, and show no disposition to seek other sources of sup-

ply.

(United States Embassy dispatch from London dated August 16.)

da.

large group of sharks.

Foundation, Coral Gables, Fla.)

FORTY-SEVEN SPECIES OF SHARKS IN WATERS OFF FLORIDA

Forty-seven species of sharks are known or suspected in the waters off Flori-
Most are uncommon, and occur only indeeper water. Thecommercial species
in inshore waters are the nurse shark, the lemon shark, blacknose shark, bull shark,
sharpnose shark, and bonnet shark. The term

All sharks are potentially dangerous.
so dangerous as the longer and larger ones, but one should beware of any shark just
to be sure. ("Sea Secrets,'' September 1957, The International Oceanographic

"sand shark'' is used to refer toa

Some sharks, shorter than 4 feet are not

October 1957

Department of the Interior

U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

REVISED REGULATIONS FOR NORTH
ATLANTIC HADDOCK AND
COD FISHERIES:

Revised regulations governing the
taking of haddock within Subarea 5 of
the Northwest Atlantic Ocean by trawl
fishermen under the jurisdiction of the

United States have been adopted and were
scheduled to become effective on Octo-
ber 1, 1957, the Department of the In-
terior announced on September 4,

The changes were recommended by
the International Commission for the
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, and in-
volve mesh regulations for conservation
purposes which permit the escape of

FEDERAL |
ACTIONS

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

small haddock and cod for possible cap-
ture later when they are of a more prof-
itable size,

Under existing regulations, haddock
fishermen operating off the New England
coast are required to use nets with mesh
no smaller than 4,5 inches, but fisher-
men seeking other species who inciden-
tally catch some haddock are exempt
from the net restriction if their haddock

| take is less than 5,000 pounds or 10 per-

cent of the total catch per trip. Under
the revised regulations they also can be
exempted from the net size limit if the

| take of haddock in their operations does

not exceed 10 percent of all trawl-caught
fish during any one year.

Cod fishermen for the first time are
brought under the regulations and they

will also be required to use nets with

mesh no smaller than 4,5 inches, Ex-
emption rules similar to those for had-
dock will apply to the taking of cod in-
cidentally with other species,

This annual exemption long has been
desired by a large number of the New
England trawl fleet operators who pri-
marily fish for species other than had-
dock, Occasionally, because of weather,
or other factors which reduced the bal-
ance of their normal catch, they had dif-
ficulty keeping within the trip exemption
of 5,000 pounds of haddock or 10 percent
of all the fish taken on the particular fish-
ing trip. However, their annual average
catch of haddock was under 10 percent of

38

the total take, and an alternative based
upon the annual catch was requested.

Subarea 5 which is involved is an
area of the high seas lying off the coast
of New England and is one of five sepa-
rately described areas of the high seas
covered by the International Convention
for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
signed at Washington on February 8,
1949,

DLC ti ik BASIee me MBO meee eb sy ae Chueene des
NOTE: SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JULY
1957, P. 40.

OK OK OK Ok

NORTH PACIFIC HIGH SEAS AREA
WHERE SALMON NET FISHING
IS PROHIBITED EXTENDED:

Salmon net fishing by United States
nationals is presently prohibited on the
high seas off California, Oregon, Wash-
ington, and Alaska, Amendments, au-
thorized by legislation approved July 24,
1957, will extend such protection to
salmon on the high seas off British Co-

Sockeye (Red) Salmon
(Oncorhyncus nerka)

lumbia. The salmon runs are in prog-
ress at this time, and for their conser-
vation it is imperative that protectionon
the high seas be extended throughout their
range on the Pacific Coast immediately.

The North Pacific Fisheries Act, ap-
proved August 12, 1954 (68 Stat. 698; 16
U. S. C. 1021 et seq.) authorized the
Secretary of the Interior to prohibit fish-
ing by United States nationals on the high
seas of the North Pacific Ocean in wa-
ters contiguous to the waters of Alaska.
The area has been extended southward to
latitude 48 degrees 30 minutes north by
amendment of the act. Therefore, Part
130 of Subchapter F is amended to read
as follows:

§130.1 Definition. The North Pacific area is defined to
include all waters of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea
north of latitude 48 degrees 30 minutes west and east of lon-

gitude 175 degrees west exclusive of the waters of Alaska
as defined in Part 101 of this subchapter.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 19, No. 10

$130.2 Salmon fishing prohibited, exception. No person
or fishing vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United
States shall fish for or take salmon, except by trolling in the
North Pacific area, as defined in this part: Provided, That
this shall not apply to fishing for sockeye salmon or pink salm-
on south of latitude 49 degrees north.

These regulations became effective
immediately upon publication in the Fed-
eral Register of July 27, 1957.

* KK K

NOTICE OF INTENTION TO ADOPT
AMENDMENTS TO ALASKA COMMER-
CIAL FISHERIES REGULATIONS:

Notice of intention to adopt amended
regulations permitting and governing the
time, means, methods, and extent of
fishing for commercial fish and shellfish
in waters of Alaska, was published inthe
Federal Register of July 25, 1957. The
regulations are to become effective be-
ginning about March 1, 1958, and to con-
tinue in effect thereafter until further
notice.

Interested persons may participate
in considering changes inthe regulations
by submitting their views, data, orargu-
ments in writing to the Director of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, De-
partment of the Interior, Washington 25,
D. C., on or before November 22, 1957,
or by presenting their views at a series
of opendiscussions scheduled as follows:

Dillingham, Alaska--October 7,1957
Anchorage, Alaska--October 9, 1957
Homer, Alaska--October 10, 1957
Kodiak, Alaska--October 12, 1957
Cordova, Alaska--October 14, 1957
Juneau, Alaska-October 21, 1957
Sitka, Alaska--October 22, 1957
Yakutat, Alaska--October 23, 1957
Ketchikan, Alaska--October 24, 1957
Petersburg, Alaska--October 25, 1957
Seattle, Wash.--November 13, 14,
and 15, 1957.

The hour and place of each meeting
will be announced by the local represent-
ative of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice at the places indicated.

October 1957

Federal Trade Commission

CONSENT ORDERS ISSUED ON PRICE-
FIXING CHARGE AGAINST WEST
COAST TUNA INDUSTRY:

Substantially all of the West Coast
tuna industry on August 12 agreed toa
Federal Trade Commission order to
stop fixing prices for the tuna it pro-
duces--well over half of the nation's
canned pack. The order also prohibits
attempts to suppress competition in the
industry, a Federal Trade Commission
news release points out.

Named in the Commission's order
are: (1) a fish canners' association and
its members; (2) six associations oftuna
boat owners; and (3) three area unions
of fishermen and cannery workers.

In general, the order prohibits all of
these groups from making agreements
to fix and maintain prices. In addition,
the association canners must not pursue
any common course of action designed
to curtail the volume or raise the price
of imported tuna. The order also forbids
the boat-owner associations and the un-
ions from participating in illegally po-
licing harbor areas with patrol boats for
the purpose of fixing prices for the pur-
chase or sale of fish.

In an accompanying opinion, the Com-
mission accepted six agreements con-
taining orders agreed to by the parties
and the Commission's Bureau of Litiga-
tion. Five of these had been submitted
to Hearing Examiner Earl J. Kolb, who
rejected them as inappropriate. (He did
not rule on the sixth agreement, involving
a salmon trollers marketing Association
because it was delayed in reaching him.
Its terms, however, were identical with
the boat owners' agreement that he had
rejected.)

In rejecting the five agreements, the
examiner said their provisos--or ex-
emptions--detracted from the clarity
and effectiveness of the orders.

The Commission disagreed with this
opinion and said provisos similar to cer-
tain of them have been incorporated in
judgments rendered by district courts
or adopted in certain of its own previous
orders.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

39

The Commission continued: "Implicit
in various of the provisos was recogni-
tion of the fact that the Fishermen's Co-
operative Marketing Act and the Labor-
Management Relations Act, 1947, sanc-
tion joint and collective activity in cer-
tain categories. We think that the pro-
visos served to place the orders' injunc-
tive provisions in proper perspective..."

However, the Commission emphasized
that this should not be construed as gen-
eral approval of exemptions being in-
cluded in consent orders.

The Commission's complaint, issued
August 29, 1956, had alleged that associ-
ations of tuna boat owners unlawfully ne-
gotiated with the canners to fix the prices
paid for raw tuna. The three unions in-
volved were charged with entering into
working agreements with the boat own-
ers on the basis of the illegally-fixed
prices, while the canners were charged
with conspiring among themselves to
maintain fixed prices and suppress com-
petition. The ultimate result of the con-
spiracies, the complaint had alleged, is
that the public must pay more for tuna.

The complaint further charged, among
other things, some of the parties con-
spired to prevent competition from the
Japanese tuna industry.

The Commission dismissed its charges
against six of the canning companies eith-
er because they are no longer in exist-
ence, are not engaged in canning tuna, or
took no active part in the alleged illegal
acts. The complaint also was dismissed
against individuals, officers, directors,
and representatives of the boat owners'
cooperative associations, inasmuch as
the Commission found they were acting
only in their official capacities.

Under the order the canners are forbidden to
enter into or continue any understanding, agree-
ment, or planned common course of action to:

gOS EOreweD eos

Fix or maintain prices or establish terms for
raw, frozen, canned, or imported tuna.

Refuse to sell canned tuna on consignment or
compel others not to sell on this basis.

Negotiate with each other in buying or selling
tuna for canning

Curtail the volume or raise the prices of imports.

Collect, for price-fixing purposes, reports
showing their individual inventories, purchases,
sales, etc. They may, however, collect informa-
tion in any exporting country to present to any
Federal or state agency or to Congress.

40

Other exemptions listed in the order for can-
ners are these: They may individually negotiate
price and terms with any fishing boat or any co-
operative acting pursuant to the Fishermen's Co-
operative Marketing Act.

Although they may contract with cooperatives
to buy tuna caught by boats in which the canners
have an interest, they must not exercise any con-
trol over the cooperatives in the marketing or sale
of the fish inconsistent with their contract with the
cooperatives.

Those owning fishing boats are not prevented
from bona fide collective bargaining with boat em-
ployees or their union.

They may enter into or continue bona fide joint
operations in buying from exporting countries.
(This does not mean they can join together in a
manner to make the Commission's order unen-
forceable.)

A canner may direct operations of its market-
ers by the same interests if these operations do
not result in any restraint of trade.

Under the order the boat owner associations

are forbidden to enter into or continue any under -

standing, agreement, or planned common course
of action to: Negotiate among themselves to fix

or maintain prices or establish conditions for the
sale or purchase of raw tuna.

Threaten, coerce, or compel, as a condition for
the purchase of raw tuna, the purchase of any oth-
er raw fish, and vice versa. However, when a
contract provides for the purchase of other fish
in addition to future tuna catches, this shall not,
in itself, be interpreted as violating the order.

Participate, financially or otherwise, in main-
taining fixed prices by using patrol boats.

Curtail imports by any unlawful means.

Operate as a fishing boat association without
having control over the marketing, sale, delivery,
and disposition of the tuna caught by all members.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 19, No. 10

The order provides for the following other ex-
emptions for boat owner associations: They are
not prevented from using practices permitted by
the Fishermen's Cooperative Marketing Act.

They properly may enforce contracts with
members or purchasers of raw tuna caught by
members.

Under the order the Unions are forbidden to en-
BS Sts ee AD BOA ae
ter into or continue any understanding, agreement,
or planned common course of action to: Fix or
SS
Maintain raw tuna prices.

Threaten, coerce, or compel, as a condition for
the purchase of raw tuna, the purchase of any other
raw fish, and vice versa. However, when a work-
ing agreement provides for the catching of other
fish in addition to tuna, this shall not, in itself, be
interpreted as violating the order.

Negotiate among themselves for the sale or
purchase of raw tuna.

Participate, financially or otherwise, in main-
taining fixed prices by using patrol boats. How-
ever, patrols may be used to enforce contracts be-
tween the parties thereto pertaining to pay, hours,
etc., of members.

Coerce buyers to pay fixed prices for raw tuna.
Other exemptions to the Unions are: They can

individually buy or sell or individually bargain with
any single buyer or seller.

Genuine collective bargaining is not prevented
or any practices permitted by the Labor-Manage-
ment Relations Act, 1947.

They may sell members' catches which cannot
otherwise be disposed of under existing contracts.

They may enforce contracts with buyers who
fail to comply with terms.

The agreements, which formed the bases of the
order, are for settlement purposes only and do not
constitute admissions by the respondent parties
therein that they have violated the law.

NOTE: SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1956, P. 104,

Interstate Commerce
Commission

INCREASED FREIGHT RATES AND
CHARGES AUTHORIZED:

On August 6, 1957, the Interstate Com-
merce Commission announced that all
basic freight rates and charges, includ-
ing charges for transportation of milk
and cream in passenger-train service,
but excluding refrigeration charges and
charges for protective service against
cold, may be increased, except as other-
wise specifically provided, as follows:
(1) within Eastern and Western territo-
ries 7 percent; (2) within Southern ter-
ritory 4 percent; (3) interterritorially
between Eastern and Western territories
7 percent; and (4) interterritorially be-

tween Southern and other territories 4
percent.

The Eastern territory lies mostly
east of the Mississippi and north of the
Ohio and Potomac Rivers; the Western
territory, the entire region west of the

Mississippi; and the Southern territory,
east of the Mississippi and south of the
Potomac and Ohio Rivers.

October 1957

These increases are in addition to
interim increases previously authorized
in the Commission's docket Ex Parte
206, and may become effective upon 15
days' notice.

The increases granted on August 6,
1957, plus the interim increases grant-
ed on December 17, 1956, in the East-
ern and Western territories and on Feb-
ruary 4, 1957, in the Southern territory
are as follows: (1) Eastern territory
14 percent; (2) Western territory and
between Eastern and Western territo-
ries 12 percent; and (3) within, from,
and to Southern territory 9 percent.

One specific exception to the in-
creases referred to above was made

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

41

for canned fishery products. The full
percentage increases were not author-
ized for such products since the Com-
mission specified a "hold-down"' which
limits the increase on any canned fish-
ery product rate to $0.11 a hundred
pounds. This in effect authorizes alow-
er average percentage increase onthese
products which are shipped primarily
over a long and relatively more costly
haul from west coast to eastern markets.

Indications are that eastern and west-
ern railroads will place the major part
of the increases into effect, butat least
one southern railroad has indicated that
relatively few of the increases author-
ized in its area will be placed into ef-
fect on its traffic.

oe

Federal Trade Commission

INVESTIGATION INITIATED ON
EFFECTS OF TUNA IMPORTS
ON DOMESTIC TUNA INDUSTRY:

An investigation of the effects of tuna
imports on the domestic tuna industry

has been initiated by the U. S. Tariff
Commission at the request of the Senate
Committee on Finance. The announce-
ment of the investigation as it appeared
in the August 30 Federal Register fol-
lows:

TARIFF COMMISSION
Tuna PIsH
NOTICE OF SUPPLEMENTAL INVESTIGATION

Pursuant to a resolution adopted by
the Committee on Finance, United Statez
Senate, on August 20, 1957, the United
States Tariff Commission, on the 26th
day of August, 1957, instituted an investi-
gation under the provisions of section
332 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended,
with respect to tuna fish, supplemental
to the investigation under section 332
made by the Commission pursuant to a
res Committee Resolution of June
26, 1952.

White House

U. S. COMMISSIONER APPOINTED

TO GREAT LAKES FISH-
ERIES COMMISSION:

On March 20, 1953, the Commission
submitted to the Finance Committee a
report of the results of its investigation
with respect to tuna fish in response to
that Committee’s resolution of June 26,
1952. Inits resolution of August 20, 1957,
the Committee instructed the Commis-
sion “to make a supplementary investi-
gation similar in scope to the investiga-
tion made in accordance with the Com-
mitte resolution of June 26, 1952, and to
report the results of its supplementary
investigation to the Committee on or be-
fore February 1, 1958.”

The resolution of August 20, 1957 di-
rects the Commission to hold a public
hearing in the course of the supplemen-
tary investigation at which all interested
parties shall be given opportunity to ap-
pear and be heard with regard to the
subject matter of the investigation. The
time and place of such hearing will be
announced at a later date.

Issued: August 27, 1957.
By order of the United States Tariff
Commission.

[sEaL] Donn N. BENT,

Secretary.

resignation of John L. Farley. Other
United States members of the Com-

mission are Lester P. Voight and

Claude Ver Duin.

Director Donald lL. McKernan of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Unit-
ed States Fish and Wildlife Service,
was appointed by the President as a
member of the Great Lakes Fisheries
Commission in August 1957. The ap-
pointment fills the vacancy left by the

42

Highty-Fifth Congress
(First Session)

Public bills and resolutions which
directly or indirectly affect the fisher-
ies and allied industries are reported
upon. Introduction, referral to commit-

tees, pertinent legislative actions, hear-
ings, and other chamber actions by the
House and the Senate, as well as signa-
ture into law or other final disposition,
are covered.

CONGRESS ADJOURNS: The first
session of the 85th Congress adjourned
sine die on August 30, 1957. The second
session will be convened January 7, 1958.
All legislation before either the Senate
or House will remain in its status as of
adjournment and will be subject to fur-
ther consideration upon the convening of
the second session.

ALASKA FISHERIES RESOURCES CONSERVA-
TION: S. 2349 (Magnuson), a bill to facilitate the
conduct of fishing operations in the Territory of
Alaska, to promote the conservation of fishery re-
sources thereof, and for other purposes. Report-
ed by the Senate Committee on Interstate and For
eign Commerce (S. Rept. No. 963) on August 14.
As reported all features of the bill are eliminated
except for Section (a) of the bill which would re-
peal the requirement for a 50-percent salmon es-
capement now in existing law.

5S. 2349 passed by the Senate on August 20 with
amendment that repeals section 2 of the White Act
approved June 6, 1924 (43 Stat. 464, 465; 48 U.S.C.,
1953, 225) that provides for a minimum salmon
escapement of 50 percent. Other provisions of the
original bill were deleted as reported by the Com-
mittee.

Senate Report No. 963, Repeal.of Escapement
Provisions of Alaska Salmon Fishery Act of 1924,
to accompany S. 2349, 5 pp., printed, August 14,
1957, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce, 85th Congress, 1st Session. Contains a
summary of Committee actions and discusses the
purpose of the bill, changes in existing law, and a
statement by the Assistant Secretary of the Interi-
or for Fish and Wildlife.

H. R. 9280 (Tollefson) introduced in the House
on August 14 and referred to the Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries includes only that
part of S. 2349 that refers to Section (a) repealing

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vo. 19, No. 10

the provision in existing law that requires a mini-
mum salmon escapement of 50 percent. Reported
favorably by the House Committee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries on August 15. Passed by the
House on August 22.

H. R. 9280 was passed by the Senate in lieu of
S. 2349 on August 30 and cleared for the President.
Signed by the President on September 4, 1957 (Pub-
lic Law 85-296). Repeals section 2 of the Act of
June 6, 1924 (43 Stat. 464, 465, 48 U.S. C., 1952
edition 225), which provides that in all waters of
Alaska, in which salmon runs and can be counted
or estimated with substantial accuracy, there shall
be allowed to escape not less than 50 percent of the
total run.

S. 2805 (Magnuson) introduced in the Senate on
August 16, a bill to facilitate the conduct of fishing
operations in the Territory of Alaska, to promote
the conservation of fishery resources thereof, and
for other purposes; to the Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce. This bill is similar to
S. 2349 (Magnuson) except that it does not include
section (a) of S. 2349, which section was passed by
Congress as H. R. 9280 and signed by the Presi-
dent on September 4 (P. L. 85-296). S. 2805 in-
cludes the portions of S. 2349 that authorizes the
Secretary of the Interior to determine a particular
period or periods of time each week, totaling not
less than 36 hours, as closed periods for the taking
of salmon except by prescribed methods; would
prohibit the taking of salmon for commercial pur-
poses by certain methods presently in use; would
prohibit the possession or disposal of illegally
taken fish, and would establish certain penalties
for violations. Also included, is the provision to
bar fishing for commercial purposes in any of the
streams, creeks, or rivers of Alaska within 500
yards of the mouth except for the Karluk, Yukon,
Ugashik, and Kuskokwim Rivers.

ALASKA STATEHOOD: S. 49, providing for ad-
mission of Alaska into the Union, passed by the
Senate on August 30, 1957.

Senate Report No. 1163 Part 2, Providing for
the Admission of the State of Alaska into the Union,
to accompany S. 49, 3 pp., printed August 30, 1957,
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 85th
Congress, lst Session. This report summarizes
the minority views which essentially are that Alas-
ka statehood is undesirable because of the distance
from the mainland, and that statehood for Alaska would
set a precedent that would eventually be used to grant
statehood to allother territories, however remote
from the mainland in distance, culture, andeconomics.

Statehood for Alaska (Hearings before a Sub-
committe of the Committee on Interior and Insular
Affairs, House of Representatives, Eighty-Fifth
Congress, First Session, on H. R. 50 and others),
499 pp., printed. Contains statements submitted
during the hearings by Government agencies and
the public.

Alaska Statehood (Hearings before the Commit-
tee on Interior and Insular Affairs, United States
Senate, Eighty-Fifth Congress, First Session, on
S. 49, a bill to provide for the admission of the
State of Alaska into the Union; S. 35, a bill to pro-
vide that the Governor and the Secretary of the Ter-

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

ritory of Alaska shall be elected by the people of
that Territory, March 25 and 26, 1957), 158 pp.,
printed. Contains statements submitted during the
hearings by Government agencies and the public.

ALASKA TIDAL WATERS: H. R. 6760, a bill
granting the Territory of Alaska title to certain
lands beneath tidal waters. Passed by the Senate
on August 26, with amendments, and sent back to
the House.

The House passed the bill on August 28 with the
Senate amendments and cleared it for the Presi-
dent. Signed by the President on September 7,
1957 (Public Law 85-303). Grants to Alaska all
the right, title, and interest of the United States in
and to all lands, including improvements thereon
and natural resources (but excludes fishery re-
sources) thereof, lying offshore of surveyed town-
sites in the Territory, between the line of mean
high tide and the pierhead line. Upon the accept-
ance by the Secretary of the Interior at any future
time of the survey of any other townsite in the Ter-
ritory, all the right, title, and interest of the Unit-
ed States in and to the lands, including improve-
ments thereon and natural resources thereof, ly-
ing offshore of that surveyed townsite, between the
line of mean high tide and the pierhead line, shall
pass to the Territory. ''Natural resources" in-
cludes, without limiting the generality thereof, oil,
gas, and all other minerals, but does not include
fish, shrimp, oysters, clams, crabs, lobsters,
Sponges, kelp, and other marine animal and plant
life, or waterpower, or the use of water for the
production of power.

ANTIDUMPING ACT OF 1921: H. R. 6006

er certainty and speed, and efficiency in the en-
forcement thereof, andfor other purposes; report-
ed to the Whole House by the Committee on Ways
and Means (H. Rept. No. 1261) on August 27.

House Report No. 1261, Antidumping Act, 1921,
to accompany H. R. 6006, 20 pp., printed, Au-
gust 27, 1957, Committee on W/ays and Means,
85th Congress , 1st Session. J5xplains the purposes
and scope of the bill, its principal features, and
analyzes the changes proposed in the bill from the
original Act. The principal change in the Anti-
dumping Act of 1921 which would be made by H. R.
6006 involves amendment of the definition of 'for-
eign market value" in section 205 of the act so as
to permit the use of prices of ''restricted'’ sales
in the determination of foreign market value. This
amendment would bring the definition of ''foreign
market value" into conformity with the definition
of face value" in the Treasury Department regu-
lations. Also shows the existing law together with
the proposed changes and amendments.

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF FISH ON
RICE LANDS: S. 1552 (Fulbright), abillto author-
ize the Secretary of Interior to establish a pro-
gram for the purpose of carrying on certain re-
search and experimentation to develop methods
for the commercial production of fish on flooded
rice acreage in rotation with rice field crops, and
for other purposes; with amendment. Approved
by the House Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries (H. Rept. No. 1212) on August 21 and
referred to the Committee of the whole House on

the State of the Union. (The bill had previously
been passed by the Senate on August 5 with an a-
mendment that changed the authorization from the
Secretary of Agriculture to the Secretary of the
Interior.) S. 1552 was passed over by the House
on August 28, 1957.

House Report No. 1212, Fish Farming, to ac-
company S. 1552, 4 pp., printed, August 21, 1957,
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries,
85th Congress, lst Session. Contains favorable
statements by the departments of the Interior and
Agriculture plus the amendments made in S. 1552
by the House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Com-
mittee.

CONTRACT CARRIER REVISED DEFINITION:
S. 1384, introduced in the Senate in February and
H. R. 8825, introduced in the House in July; bills
to revise the definition of contract carrier by mo-
tor vehicle as set forth in section 203 (a) (15) of
the Interstate Commerce Act, and for other pur-
poses. The bills would limit contract truck use by
redefining the term ''contract carrier’ as present-
ly defined under the Interstate Commerce Act. Both
bills were passed by their respective houses, but
S. 1384 was substituted for H. R. 8825 in its final
passage in the House on August 16, 1957.

S. 1384 was signed by the President on August 22,
1957 (P. L. 85-163), This law limits the use of ex-
empt trucks and revises the definition of the term
“contract carrier by motor vehicle" in paragraph
(15) of section 203 (a) of the Interstate Commerce
Act, so as to state that the services performed by
such a carrier are to be under continuing contracts
with one person or a limited number of persons
either (a) through the assignment of motor vehicles
for a continuing period of time to the exclusive use
of each person serviced, or (b) by the furnishing of
transportation services designed to meet the dis-
tinct need of each individual customer. Other pro-
visions give the Interstate Commerce Commission
authority in granting future contract carrier author-
izations to include such terms, conditions, and limi-
tations respecting the person or persons or the
number or class for which a contract carrier may
perform transportation services as may be neces-
sary to assure that the contract carrier will re-
main within the scope of his permit, and gives the
Commission authority to limit the number of con-
tracts which a contract carrier may have.

House Report No. 970, Revising Definition of Con-
tract Motor Carrier under Section 203 (a) (15) of In-
terstate Commerce Act, to accompany H. R. 8825,
13 pp., printed, August 2, 1957, Committee on In-
terstate and Foreign Commerce, 85th Congress,
1st Session. Discusses the need for and purpose
of the legislation, explains the reported bill(H.R.
8825) and changes in the existing law, presents —
definitions, and prints a favorable report from the
Interstate Commerce Commission,

FISH HATCHERY: The House Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries' Subcommittee on
Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation ordered fa-
vorably reported on August 8 to the full committee
H. R. 662, to establish a fish hatchery in the State
of Pennsylvania. Reported favorably by the full
committee on August 14, 1957; passed the House
on August 28 and sent to the Senate without amend-
ment.

44

S. 2781 (Martin) introduced in the House on Au-
gust 14, a bill to provide for the establishment of
a fish hatchery in the northwestern part of the State
of Pennsylvania; to the Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce.

FISHING VESSEL RIGHTS ON THE HIGH SEAS:
H. R. 5526 (Bonner), a bill to amend the Act of Au-
gust 27, 1954 (68 Stat. 883), relating to the rights
of vessels of the United States on the high seas and
in the territorial waters offoreign countries, (Pro-
videsfor compensationtoinjured seamenof United
States vessels when illegally seized on the high seas.)
The Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Con-
servation of the House Committee on Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries ordered the bill as amended
favorably reported to the House on August 14
by the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisher-
ies. Other House bills--H. R. 5886, H. R. 5943--
are replaced by H. R. 5526. i

S. 1483, a companion Senate bill to H. R. 5526,
was favorably reported to the Senate by the Com-
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce on
July 25. The bill was debated on the Senate floor
on August 23 and passed over on August 30.

To Protect Rights of United States Vessels on
High Seas (Hearing before the Subcommittee on —
Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation of the Com-
mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House
of Representatives, Eighty-Fifth Congress, First
Session, on H. R. 5526, a bill to amend the act of
August 27, 1954 (68 Stat. 883), relating to the rights
of vessels of the United States on the high seas and
in the territorial waters of foreign countries, A-
pril 17, 1957), 80 pp., printed. Presents the text
of the bill and the testimony of Government offi -
cials, members of Congress, fishery associations,
and members of the fishing industry.

FUR-SEAL CONVENTION: Interim convention
on conservation of North Pacific fur seals, signed
at Washington February 9, 1957, in behalf of Can-
ada, Japan, U. S.S. R., and U. S. (Ex. S. 85th Cong.,
lst sess.) was ratified by the Senate on August 8.

HAWAL STATEHOOD: Statehood for Hawaii
(Hearings before the Subcommittee on Territorial
and Insular Affairs of the Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives,
Eighty-Fifth Congress, lst Session, on H. R. 49
and other related bills--H. R. 339, H. R. 628,

H. R. 848, H. R. 1243, and H. R. 1246, providing
for the admission of Hawaii into the Union, April8,
9, and 16, 1957) 160 pp., printed. Contains state-
ments submitted during the hearings.

Statehood for Hawaii (Hearings before the Com-
mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs, United States
Senate, Eighty-Fifth Congress, First Session, on
S. 50, a bill to provide for the admission of the
State of Hawaii into the Union; and S. 36, a bill to
provide for the election of the Governor and Secre-
tary of the Territory of Hawaii by the people of the
Territory; for the appointment by the Governor of
the justices and judges of the courts of the Terri-
tory; and for the formation of a constitutional gov-
ernment by the people of the Territory, April 1 and
2, 1957), 115 pp., printed. Contains statements sub-
mitted during the hearings.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 19, No. 10

Senate Report No. 1164 Part 2; Providing for
the admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union.
Minority views to accompany S. 50, 3 pp., printed,
August 30, 1957, Committee on Interior and Insular
Affairs, 85th Congress, Ist Session. The reasons
given for opposing passage of S. 50 were similar
to those stated in opposition to S. 49, Alaska state-
hood.

LOAN FUND FOR FISHERIES: S. 2720 (Magnu-
son and Payne), to amend the Fish and Wildlife Act
of 1956 in order to increase the authorization for
the fisheries loan fund established under such act;
to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce; introduced in the Senate August 6.

Reported with an amendment by the Senate Com-
mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce on Au-
gust 16 (Rept. No. 982). The amendment decreases
the additional amount of money requested from $10
million to $3 million. Passed by the Senate on Au-
gust 20 as amended by the Committee. Makes the
total amount authorized for this fund $13 million.

Senate Report No. 982, Increasing Fisheries
Loan Fund authorization under Fish and Wildlife
Acts of 1956,to accompany S. 2720, 3 pp., printed,
August 16, 1957, Committee on Interstate and For-
eign Commerce, 85th Congress, 1st Session. Con-
tains a statement of the purpose of the bill and the
status of the Fisheries Loan Fund as of August 12,
1957.

RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS DATA:
S. Res. 148, expresses the sense of the Senate with
respect to the kind of information that ought to be
provided by the executive agencies to Congress on
proposed land and water development projects. Re-
ported jointly on August 28 by the Senate Committee
on Interior and Insular Affairs and Senate Commit-
tee on Public Works, together with minority views
(S. Rept. 1154).

SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA: Amendment to in-
ternational convention for the safety of life at sea,
signed at Londonon June 10, 1948 (Ex. M, 85th Cong.
1st, Sess.) was ratified by the Senate on August 8,
1957. Ratified by the President August 30, 1957.

Senate Executive Report No. 9, Amendment
Recommended to the International Convention for
the Safety of Life at Sea, to accompany Executive
M, 2pp., printed, July 26, 1957, Committee on For-
eign Relations, Eighty-Fifth Congress, 1st Session.
Gives the purpose of the amendment which is to
remove a prohibition against the use of inflatable
liferafts on vessels. The removal of this restric-
tion was recommended by the Committee.

SALMON AND HALIBUT PREDATOR BOUNTY:
S. 2719 (Magnuson), to provide for the payment of
bounties for the control of certain predators on
salmon and halibut of the Pacific coast and Alaska;
to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce; introduced in the Senate August 6. This
bill authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to pay
bounties on certain so-called predators reported
to prey on salmon and halibut along the Pacific
coast and in Alaskan waters. The bounties pro-
posed are: (1) $10 a ton for unlivered dogfish
sharks, or 10 cents a pound for dogfish livers; (2)

October 1957

$20 a ton for lamprey eels taken from the Colum-
bia River and other rivers of the Pacific Coast;
and (3) $40 a ton for hair seals and sea lions. Al-
so authorizes the Secretary to initiate programs of
control with respect to beluga whales and other
predators of the salmon resources of Alaska, in-
cluding such fish-eating birds as he determines to
be destructive to such resources,

SALMON FISHERIES CONVENTION: Protocol
between United States and Canada to the convention
for protection, preservation, and extension of sock-
eye salmon fisheries in the Fraser River System,
signed at Washington on May 26, 1930, which pro-
tocol was signed at Ottawa on December 28, 1956
(Ex. C, 85th Cong., 1st Sess.) was ratified by the
Senate on August 8. The protocol amends the sock-
eye Salmon Fishery Act of 1947 so as to extend
regulatory authority of the International Pacific
Salmon Fisheries Commission to include pink
salmon. The enabling legislation was enacted in-
to law (P. L. 85-102) on July 12, 1957.

SHRIMP AND FISH STUDIES IN TEXAS WA-
TERS: H. R. 9353 (Young), introduced in the House
on August 19, a bill to authorize continuing studies
of the biology, propagation, catch, and abundance
of species of fish and shrimp that are of interest
to sport and commercial fishermen in waters ad-
jacent to certain areas in the State of Texas so that
appropriate measures for protecting the environ-
ment and increasing the abundance of such species
of fish and shrimp may be taken; to protect the
whooping cranes and the lands upon which it is de-
pendent by the establishment of a wildlife sanctu-
ary in the State of Texas, and for other purposes;
to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries.

S. 2886 (Yarborough) introduced in the Senate
on August 29 and referred to the Senate Committee
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Similar to
H. R, 9353.

SMALL BUSINESS TAX RELIEF: H. R. 9427
(Holt), introduced in the House on August 23, a bill
to provide a minimum initial program of tax relief
for small business and for persons engaged in small
business; to the Committee on Ways and Means.
Six or more similar bills have previously been in-
troduced.

TRADE ADJUSTMENT ACT: S. 2907 (Kennedy),
introduced in the Senate on August 30, a bill to pro-
vide assistance to communities, industries, busi-
ness enterprises, and individuals to facilitate ad-
justments made necessary by the trade policy of
the United States; to the Committee on Finance.
The proposed legislation would be triggered by the
escape clause of the Trade Agreement Act of 1951.
When the Tariff Commission recommended to the
President that a particular industry was being se-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

45

riously affected, the President could either restore
tariffs, impose quotas, or do nothing. In the latter
event, he would turn the case over to a five-mem-
ber Trade Adjustment Board, provided for by the
bill, which would invoke the provisions of this act
to aid the injured parties.

TRADE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM: Administra-
tion and Operation of Customs and Tariff Laws and
the Trade Agreements Program (Hearings before
the Subcommittee on Customs, Tariffs, and Recip-
rocal Trade Agreements of the Committee on Ways
and Means, House of Representatives, 84th Con-
gress, Second Session, Part 4, November 26-De-
cember 13, 1956 and December 4-6, 1956), 376 pp.,
printed. Digests of conferences held in Europe and
Japan and statements and documents received, In-
cludes briefing material on tuna submitted to Sub-
committee members in Japan; a summary of the
statement of the Vice Director of the Japanese Fish-
eries Agency; statements by the Japanese Minis-
ters of Foreign Trade and Industry and Internation-
al Trade and Industry; memoranda submitted by
the Japanese tuna packing industry.

TUNA IMPORT ACT: S. 2734 (Magnuson and
Kuchel), introduced in the Senate on August 8, a
bill to amend the Tariff Act of 1930, to regulate
the importation of all tuna commodities with equi-
valence to the Committee on Finance. H. R. 9237
(King), H. R. 9244 (Wilson) and H. R. 9243 (Utt), —
are similar bills introduced in the House on Au-
gust 13 and referred to the House Committee on
Interstate and Foreign Commerce. The bill to be
known as ''The Tuna Import Act of 1958,"' would
establish quotas on both frozen and canned tuna and
proportion the domestic market between the United
States and Japan catches. Tariffs are provided for
different volumes of frozen tuna and establishes
the tariff on canned tuna in brine at the same level
as the tariff on canned tuna in oil, and brings the
tariff on cooked tuna loins and discs to an equiva-
lent tariff level.

WHALING CONVENTION: Protocol to interna-
tional convention for regulation of whaling, signed
at Washington on December 2, 1946, which proto-
col was signed at Washington on November 19,1956,
for U. S. and 16 other governments (Ex. E, 85th
Cones 1st Sess.) was ratified by the Senate on Au-
gust 8.

Senate Executive Rept. No. 8, Protocol to the
International Convention for the regulation of
whaling, to accompany Excutive E, 11 pp., printed,
July 26, 1957, 85th Congress, Ist Session. De-
scribes the purpose and background of the protocol
and committee action and recommendations. The
protocol would amend article II to include helicop-
ters within the framework of the regulations and
article V pertaining to "methods of inspection" to
add a neutral observer to each factoryship.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 19, No. 10

FISHE

RY

_ INDICATORS

CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MgS. 1957 - 165.2
Thy-ee}956) = 189)9

12 1956 - 277.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FLORIDA

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 mgs. 1957 - 88.9
2 5) NCES © Way
12 1956 - 204.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

NEW JERSEY

CUMULATIVE DATA
7 MQS. 1957 - 240.2
n 1956 - 307
1956 - 513.8

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 mgs. 1957 - 371.1
WG 1956 - 372.2
12 1956 - 693.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
T/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH

LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

LEGEND:

MASSACHUSETTS

——— 19057

056

CUMULATIVE DATA

1957 - 392.6
1956 - 382.7
1956 - 535.2

MQS .

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Loursiana2!

CUMULATIVE DATA
6 Wr o 7-5) —

1956 - 33.6
1956 - 57.1

JAN FEB) MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDES LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MgS. 1957 - 87.0

8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW AT

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts) (Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MQS. 1957 - mgs. 1957 68.6
ee 1956 = 1956 90.4
12 1956 . 1956 - 151.2

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
aac
In Millions

/ SHRIMP WHITING
including Florida West Coast) (Maine and Massachusetts)

(Gulf States?

CUMULATIVE DATA

« 1957 - 64.7

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-

as In Thousands of Tons

MENHADEN PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL

(East and Gulf Coasts) (California)

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
setong =) 575.21] —

1956 - 776.5
1956 - 1,027.3

FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

PILCHARD
(California)

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
1956/57 SEASON, 118
AUG. - JAN. - 31.7

1955/56 SEASON,
AUG. - JAN. - 72.8

Legend:
1956/57
aeeeeeeeee1 955/56

Sn 0
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/ RECEIPTS BY CALIFORNIA CANNERIES, INCLUDING IMPORTS ,

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

[ CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS HESEND: } U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS
-_———1957

om 1956 CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MQS. 1957 - 219.8
8 | 1956 - 216.8

12 1956 - 325.0

0
OUTAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEG JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS2/

NEW ENGLAND HOLDINGS!/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC
2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N.Y. SOUTH,

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
I/MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT,

GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS?/

MIDDLE WEST HOLDINGS3/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
Ky, & TENN.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
3/OHIO, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., N. DAK., NEBR. & KANS. 4/ALA., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK.,

,

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

56

48

40

32

24

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
*Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

October 1957

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49

CUMULATIVE DATA

8 mgs. 1957 - 113.7 CITY
8 , 1956 - 106.8

12 1956 - 159.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

J/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY.
RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(FRESH AND FROZEN) CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

IS. 1957
1956
1956 -

59.2

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (FRESH & FROZEN)

CUMULATIVE DATA

LEGEND:

—— — 1957

| 955

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

RECEIPTS~ AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
(FRESH AND FROZEN)

NEW YORK) ;,

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS 2

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.

COLD- STORAGE HOLDINGS

=

JAN FEB MAR _APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

38
34
30)
26
22
18
14

0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FISH MEAL
(In Thousands of Tons)

CUMULATIVE DATA
7 gs. 1957 - 127.5

1 1956 - 152.4
12 1956 - 273.2

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE GULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FISH OIL
(In Millions of Gallons)

CUMULATIVE DATA
7 MS. 1957 - 9.1 |_

Totes! 13.6
12 1956 - 26.6

JAN FEB MAR "APR_ MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

LEGENO: 2
TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA MACKEREL2!- CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

200} 7 mgs. 1957 - 5,567.0 (a\ Se a = ee
7 | 1956 - 53908:2 7 1 1956 - 456.8
1956 - 9,493.7 h2 1956 - 1,126.2

\
\
\
\
\
\
\

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 QS. 1957 - 575.1
7, 1956 - 530.6
h2 1956 - 620.2

0 0
UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES

7 MQS. J
7 i Variety No. Cans Can Designation Net Wet.

SARDINES ....... 100 4 drawn 31 oz.
SHRIMP.......... 48 == oz.

TUNA siclelslelelelstelets 48 No. 3 tuna oz.

PILCHARDS ..... 48 No. 1 oval oz.

SALMON ........ 48 1-pound tall

ANCHOVIES ..... 48 + 1b,

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC
T/\NCLUDING SEA HERRING.

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

1956/57 SEASON, 1957/58 SEASON
AUG. - JAN. - 732.7 AUGUST -
1955/56 SEASON, 1956/57 SEASON
AUG. - JAN, - 1,531.1 AUGUST

Legend:

*——-1957/58
1956/57 | 72

aeeeeeees 955/56

= 0 —
g AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY.

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

GROUNDFISH (INCLUDING OCEAN PERCH)FILLETS,
FRESH & FROZEN

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH,
FRESH & FROZEN

LEGEND:

— — $1957

956

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

8 MgS. 1957 -
8 , 1956 - 9:
12 1956 - 13

- 1957 - 29.8
1956 - 29.3
1956 - 60.3

EX

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FROZE ROM MEXICO ‘
SHEIME 92S RESHE ERS LOBSTER & SPINY LOBSTER, FRESH & FROZEN

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
6 MQS. 1957 - 28.6 |_

G4 1956 - 27.8
12 1956 - 47.7

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

TUNA, FRESH & FROZEN SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

5 +1957 - .7
6M 1o3e - er hose: 3:6
12 " 1956 - 120.2 1956 - 8.3

0 = —
JAN-FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEG UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC

U.S. IMPORTSOF CANNEDTUNA ANDTUNA-LIKE FISH
(IN OIL AND IN BRINE)

CANNED SARDINES
(IN OIL AND NOT IN OIL)

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 mgs. 1957 - 9.6 | ___
6 , 1956 - 9.3
12 1956 - 19.2

CUMULATIVE DATA

-| 6 mgs. 1957 - 27.8
om 1956 - 26.4
12 1956 - 51.8

Y AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JUL

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Wo, 18),

No. 10

<, en

4 re

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM
THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH ANDO WILDLIFE SERV-
ICE, WASHINGTON 25, D, C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG-
NATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES
AND ALASKA.

SL - STATISTICAL SECTION LISTS OF DEALERS IN AND PRO-
DUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.

SSR - FISH, - SPECIAL SCIENT|FIC REPORTS~-FISHERIES
(LIMITED BVSTRTatHTOUl

SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

REVIEW.

Number Title

CFS-1567 - South Carolina Landings, April 1957,
2 pp.

CFS-1568 - Georgia Landings, April 1957, 2 pp.
CFS-1577 - Fish Meal and Oil, May 1957, 2 pp.
CFS-1581 - Rhode Island Landings, April 1957,
3 pp.
CFS-1585 - North Carolina Landings, May 1957,
4 pp.
CFS-1587 - California Landings, March 1957,
4 pp.
CFS-1593 - New Jersey Landings, May 1957,
4 pp.
CFS-1594 - Texas Landings, May 1957, 3 pp.
CFS-1596 - California Landings, April 1957, 4 pp.
CFS-1597 - Maine Landings, May 1957, 5 pp.
CFS-1598 - Rhode Island Landings, May 1957,
3 pp.
CFS-1600 - New York Landings, May 1957, 4 pp.
CFS-1601 - Alabama Landings, May 1957, 2 pp.
CFS-1602 - Fish Stick Report, April-June, 1957,
2 pp.
CFS-1605 - North Carolina Landings, June 1957,
3 pp.
CFS-1606 - Alabama Landings, June 1957, 2 pp.
CFS-1607 - Georgia Landings, June 1957, 2 pp.

SL-161 - Producers of Packaged Fish, 1956
(revised), 6 pp.

SSR-Fish. No. 203 - Longline and Troll Fishing
for Tuna in the Central Equatorial Pacific,
January 1955 to February 1956, 43 pp., illus.,
February 1957.

SSR-Fish. No. 212 - Central North Pacific Alba-
core Surveys, May to November 1955, by
Joseph J. Graham, 44 pp., illus., April 1957.
Describes an investigation of the albacore tuna,

ISHERY PUBLICATIONS

Ale eee aw BONS Fs 2? ln ep commerce bas wt BEL

Ser oes

Germo alalunga (Bonnaterre), resources to the
north and northeast of the Hawaiian Islands,
during May-November 1955. It was found that
albacore were scarce in these areas during the
late spring and were abundant during the late
summer. The summer distribution was prob-
ably discontinuous from east to west with con-
centrations in the central and eastern North
Pacific sectors and a lack of fish in between.
During the fall albacore were relatively abun-
dant in this intervening area suggesting that
the discontinuity was either a transient condi-
tion or had diminished somewhat with the change
in season. Catches of surface-swimming alba-
core were associated with the Polar Front, a
transition zone between central and subarctic
waters. Surface catches were also associated
with a seasonal latitudinal change in surface
temperature, particularly about the isotherms
55. to 65° F. Length frequencies of surface-
caught albacore taken in the central and eastern
sectors of the North Pacific showed that the
same size ranges were sampled on either side
of the east-west discontinuity noted above. A
latitudinal shift in occurrence similar to that
of the albacore was also displayed by other
fishes.

SSR-Fish. No. 217 - Summary, Oceanographic and
Fishery Data, Marquesas Islands Area, August-
September, 1956 (EQUAPAC), by Thomas S.
Austin, 191 pp., illus., May 1957. In the late
summer (August-October of 1956), two Fishand
Wildlife Service research vessels cooperated
with those of three other organizations in a qua-
si-synoptic oceanwide survey of the Pacific
Ocean. Operating in the area of the Marquesas
Islands, the Hugh M. Smith made detailed phys-
ical, chemical, and biological observations in
order to define features of oceanic circulation
and to obtain information on the abundance and
distribution of plant and animal life. Also op-
erating in that area, the Charles H. Gilbert
sought to evaluate the tuna resources by long-
line and live-bait fishing, by trolling, and by ob-
servation of fish schools and bird flocks. Data
thus obtained are presented with a description
of the field and laboratory procedures involved.

Sep. No. 485 - Maine Herring Explorations and
Fishing Gear Experiments.

Sep. No. 486 - Body Fluid Losses of Northern and
Southern Oysters.

October 1957

Sep. No. 487 - Research in Service Laboratories

(September 1957): Contains two articles--
Comparative Study of Fresh-Water and Salt-
Water Ice as Preservatives for Haddock; and
Standards.

Sep. No. 488 - Lobster and Oyster Culture at

Prince Rupert, B. C.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY

FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

Production of Fishery Products in Selected Areas

of Alabama, Riots: Louisiana, Mississippi,

and Texas, 1956, by L. A. Relea 4 pe
processed, July 1957. (Available free from the
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 609-611 Feder-
al Building, 600 South Street, New Orleans, La.)
In the first part the author discusses trends
and conditions in Gulf Coast fisheries during
1956 and gives a resume of the individual fish-
eries. For the shrimp fishery a detailed ac-
count is given of general conditions, total land-
ings, composition of the landings by species,
increase in consumption, canned shrimp, sun-
dried shrimp, "wagerized"' shrimp, prices, im-
ports, and data on cold-storage freezings and
holdings. Production and market conditions for
the oyster, blue crab, and finfish fisheries are
discussed, as well as the Gulf tuna fishery and
imports of fresh and frozen fish and shellfish.
The second part includes shrimp closed sea-
sons in effect in the Gulf States during 1956,
minimum shrimp size regulations, conversion
factors and container capacities, and shrimp
sizes. The second part also contains statistic-
al tables showing total fishery products land-
ings by areas and species, by species and
months, by areas and species by months; crab
meat production by areas and months; fishery
imports through the New Orleans Customs
District and Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex.;
and LCL express shipments from New Orleans
for 1956 by months and by destination. Also
included are tables showing monthly range of
wholesale prices of fishery products on the New
Orleans French market; Gulf States weekly oys-
ter and shrimp packs, 1955-56 season; Gulf
States canned shrimp pack by seasons for a 5-
year period; summary of Gulf shrimp landings
for selected areas, 1951-56 and 5-year aver-
ages; and fishery products market classifica-
tions in the Gulf area. The areas covered by
the report are: Mobile and Bayou LaBatre,
Ala.; Pascagoula and Biloxi, Miss.; New Orleans
and Lower Mississippi River, Golden Meadow,
Houma, Chauvin, Dulac, Morgan City, Berwick,
Patterson, and Delcambre, La.; and Port Arthur,
Sabine Pass, Galveston, Freeport, Port Lavaca,
Palacios, Aransas Pass, Rockport, Corpus
Christi, Port Isabel, and Brownsville, Tex.

Boston Fishery Products Monthly Summary, Jul
os Fish

1957, 15 pp. (Market News Service, U.

and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier,
Boston 10, Mass.) Landings and ex-vessel
prices by species for fares landed at the Boston
Fish Pier and sold through the New England
Fish Exchange; and Boston frozen fishery prod-
ucts prices to primary wholesalers; for the
month indicated,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

53

California Fishery Products Monthly Summary,
June 1957, 9 pp. (Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg.,
San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts
of raw tuna and tunalike fish, herring, mackerel,
anchovies, and squid; pack of canned tuna, her-
ring, mackerel, anchovies, and squid; market
fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, San
Diego, and Eureka areas; California imports;
canned fish and frozen fish prices; for the
month indicated,

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh

and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and
Wholesale Market Prices, July 1957, 12 pp.
(Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.)
Receipts at Chicago by species and by states
and provinces; fresh-water fish, shrimp, and
frozen fillet wholesale market prices; for the
month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production
in Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina,
and Maryland, July 1957, 4 pp. (Market News
Service, U. 5. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 S.
King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery production for
the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower
Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Mary-
land areas of Crisfield, Ocean City, and Cam-
bridge; and the North Carolina areas of Atlan-
tic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with
cumulative and comparative data; for the month
indicated.

(Alaska) ne Report and Recommendations
for 1957, pp., ince processed, November
1956. (Available free from the Administration
of Alaska Commercial Fisheries, Fish and
Wildlife Service, Juneau, Alaska). This sum-
mary provides a brief description of the impor-
tant Alaskan fisheries, the trends in production,
escapement, and fishing effort. Not only is the
1956 season discussed and compared with pre-
vious years, but the general recommendations
for changes in the 1957 regulations of Alaska
fisheries are included.

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE

INGTON 25, D. C.

Climatic Trends and the Distribution of Marine
Animals in New England, by Clyde C. Taylor,
Henry B. Bigelow, and Herbert W. Graham,
Fishery Bulletin 115 (From Fishery Bulletin of
the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 57), 55 pp.,
illus., printed, 40 cents, 1957. It is the purpose
of this paper to examine temperature fluctua-
tions in recent years, and to explore the rela-
tions which may exist between these fluctuations
and the abundance and distribution of marine
animals along the eastern coast of the United
States and in the New England area in particu-
lar. In summary, the authors state that ''(1) A
long-term upward trend in air temperatures in
New England is evident from the record. The
increase has been greatest for the winter
months. (2) Upward trends in winter sea tem-
peratures are shown for St. Andrews, N. B.,
Boothbay Harbor, Me., and Woods Hole, Mass.
The correlation of January water temperatures

54

at Boothbay Harbor with January water temper-
atures at New Haven, Conn., and Eastport, Me.,
indicates a long-term upward trend in surface
temperatures corresponding to that for winter
air temperatures. (3) Hydrographic data for
the Gulf of Maine in 1953 and 1954 indicate an
increase of from 1° to 5° F. throughout the wa-
ter column since the period 1912-26 for most
parts of the Gulf. (4) Northward shifts in the
abundance and distribution of some important
commercial species are indicated by a studyof
landing statistics and other data. These species
include the mackerel, lobster, menhaden, whit-
ing, and yellowtail flounder. (5) Numerous
southern species of fishes and other marine
forms have extended their recorded ranges
northward since 1930. At least two of these, the
striped mummichog and the green crab, have
established resident populations north of their
earlier recorded ranges. But the recent upswing
in temperature has not been accompanied by any
obvious general alteration in the composition

of the fish or invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of
Maine region."

Wildlife Service, vol. 57), 11 pp., illus., printed,
15 cents, 1957.

Service, vol. 57), 10 pp., illus., printed, 15 cents,
1957.

Role of Coleman Hatchery in Maintaining a King
Salmon Run, by Oliver B. Cope and Daniel W.
Slater, Research Report 47, 25 pp., illus.,
printed, 1957, 25 cents. The experiments dis-
cussed in this paper concern releases of im-
mature salmon both in the spring and in the fall,
so that seasonal comparisons could be made of
the numbers of fish which ultimately enter the
fishery as adults or return to Coleman Hatch-
ery as adults. According to the authors, ''Cole-
man Hatchery was built on Battle Creek, a tri-
butary of the Sacramento River in northern
California, to compensate for losses of spawning
areas of the king salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha) that resulted from the construc-—
fion of Shasta Dam. The river was blocked in
1943, and in 1944 studies were inaugurated at
Coleman Hatchery to determine (1) how many of
the fish entering the valuable sport and commer -
cial salmon fisheries of California had original-
ly been released from the hatchery, and (2)
which was the better practice: to release im-
mature salmon from the hatchery in the spring
or to release them in the fall. Paired groups
of immature salmon from the 1944, 1945, 1947,
and 1948 broods were marked by amputating
fins in certain combinations, and the fish were
released in the Sacramento River--one group in
the spring and the other in the fall. Fishery

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

workers inspected the landings in the commer-

Vol. 19, No. 10

cial fishery, principally at Pittsburg, Calif., in
the years 1947 through 1952, and others exam-
ined salmon taken in the sport fishery on the
Sacramento River during some of these years.
Records also were kept at the Coleman Hatch-
ery on the marked and unmarked king salmon
that returned as adults to the hatchery holding
areas during the period 1946 to 1952. The
study revealed that king salmon released in the
spring from the hatchery were heavier than
those released in the fall, but fall-releasedfish
had entered the commercial fishery in greater
numbers than had spring-released fish. Most
spring-run stock recovered in the spring had
been released from the hatchery in the spring,
and the greatest proportion of fall-run stock
caught in the fall had been released in the fall.
Offspring of spring-run salmon tended to re-
turn as adults in the spring runs, and offspring
of fall run salmon predominated in the fallruns.
The average annual percentage of king salmon
taken in the commercial gill-net fisheries of
California from 1944 to 1948 that was attribut-
able to the Coleman Hatchery was conservatively
estimated to be 18.91."

Zooplankton Abundance in the Central Pacific--
Part Il, by Joseph E. King and Thomas S. Hida,
Fishery Bulletin 118 (From Fishery Bulletin of
the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 57), 34 pp.,
illus., printed, 30 cents, 1957.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE OR-
GANIZATION ISSUING THEM, CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBL] CA-
TIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE OR-
GANIZATION OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READ-
ILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN.

BYPRODUCTS:

"L'Ossidazione della Vitamina A nell'Olio di
Fegato di Tonno e la sua Stabilizzazione per
mezzo di Antiossidanti"' (The Oxidation of the
Vitamin A in Tuna Liver Oil and its Stabiliza-
tion by means of Anti-Oxidants), by A. Buffa,
article, Conserve e Derivati Agrumari, vol. 1,
no. 4, pp. 10-12, printed in Italian. Centro
Sperimentale per 1'Industria delle Conserve
Alimentari e dei Derivati Agrumari della
Regione Siciliana, Palermo, Italy, 1952.

"Studies on Fish Oil--I. Extraction of Liver Oil
from the Migrating Fishes,'' by W. Shimuzu and
T. Yamada, article, Bulletin of the Research
Institute for Food Science, no. 5, pp. 29-33,
printed in Japanese with summary in English.
Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto,
Japan, 1951. Discusses optimum conditions for
the extraction of oil from the livers of migra-
tory fishes which contain less oil than livers of
other species.

"Studies on Fish Oil--I]. Experiments on Deo-
dorization of Fish Oil, especially on Polymeri-
zation by Heat,’ by W. Shimuzuand Y. Toyohara,

October 1957

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

anese with summary in English. Research In-
stitute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 1951.

"Sul Contenuto in Vitamina A dei Fegati di Tonno
dei Mari di Sicilia'' (The Vitamin A Content of
the Livers of Tuna from Sicilian Waters), by
A. Buffa, article, Conserve e Derivati Agrumari,
vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 16-17, printed in Italian. Cen-
tro Sperimentale per 1'Industria delle Conserve
Alimentari e dei Derivati Agrumari della Re-
gione Siciliana, Palermo, Italy, 1952.

"Sulla Utilizzazione delle Farine di Tonno dopo
l'Estrazione del Complesso lipsolubile" (The
Utilization of Tuna Liver Meal after Extraction
of the Liposoluble Complex), by A. Buffa, arti-
cle, Conserve e Derivati Agrumari, vol. 1, no.
2, pp. 13-14, printed in Iialian. Centro Speri-
mentale per l'Industria delle Conserve Alimen-
tari e dei Derivati Agrumari della Regione
Siciliana, Palermo, Italy, 1952. A note on the
preparation of a dried meal from the material
remaining after extraction of the oil from tuna
liver. Also given are the composition and pos-
sible uses of the meal.

quantity and value of the catch of fishery prod-
ucts for Canada as a whole (excluding New-
foundland); production of frozen, smoked, salt-
ed, pickled, and canned fish; shellfish produc-
tion; production of fish oils and fish meal; em-
ployment in fish-processing establishments;
and value of exports and imports of fishery
products. Also contains data on the value of the
fisheries by provinces for 1952-1954; Canada's
canned lobster pack by provinces for 1945-54;
and fishing bounties paid to vessels and boats
in 1954.

CANNING:

"Sulla Technologia delle Conserve Ittiche. La-
vorazione industriale del Tonno™ (The Technol-
ogy of Fish Canning--Industrial Processing of
Tuna), by A. Buffa, article, Conserve e Derivati
Agrumari, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 172-177, illus.,
printed in Italian with summary in English.
Centro Sperimentale per l'Industria delle Con-
serve Alimentari e dei Derivati Agrumaridelle
Regione Siciliana, Palermo, Italy, 1953. De-
scribes the following procedures used in the
canning of fresh and frozen tuna: cutting up the
fish; washing the cut pieces in weak brine;
cooking in brine; drying by centrifuging, and
filling into the cans; addition of hot oil; and steri-

CALIFORNIA:

Forty-Fourth Biennial Report of the Department
of Fish and Game for the Years 1954-1956,

96 pp., illus., printed. California Department

lization. Diagrams showing some of the equip-
ment used are included.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:

of Fish and Game, Sacramento 14, Calif., 1957.
This report covers a period of intense activity
by state agencies and others interested in the
development of California's water resources
for varied purposes. It describes fully the

role of the Department of Fish and Game in
these activities. The report of the Director
discusses, among other subjects, migratory
fish loss, record salmon haul, change in crab
laws, new shrimp fishery, pismo clam, Tracy
fish screen, warm-water fisheries, increase in
hatchery production, and rough fish control
work. The section on marine fisheries discuss-
es the work of the Pacific Marine Fisheries
Commission; marine sport fisheries--party
boat fishing, surf fishing, yellowtail, SaltonSea
project; shellfisheries--red abalone, market
crab, oysters, ocean shrimp and pismo clams;
pelagic fisheries--tuna production, tagging
program, albacore, sardines, mackerel fishery,
anchovy, and Pacific herring; bottom fisheries --
dover sole, rockfish, and sablefish; research
vessels; and special activities. Detailed re-
ports are also included on projects concerned
with salmon and steelhead, and inland fisheries
activities. Fisheries statistics are included in
an appendix.

CANADA:

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1954, vol. 1, part
3-A, 34 pp. (tables), printed in English and
French, 25 Canadian cents. Dominion Bureauof
Statistics, Ottawa, Canada, 1957. (For sale by
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery,

"Relationship between Jelly Strength and Chem-
ical Composition of Fish Meat Jelly," by
M. Okada and A. Yamazaki, article, Bulletinof
Tokai Regional Fisheries Laboratory, nomlios=
pp. 85-90, printed in Japanese with summary in
English. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo,
Japan, 1956.

EELS:

Eels--A Biological Study, by Leon Bertin, 200 pp.,
illus., printed. leaver-Hume Press Ltd.,
London, England, 1956.

FLORIDA:
Early Diagenesis and Lithification of Shallow-

Water Carbonate Sediments in South Florida, by
Robert N. Ginsburg, Contribution No. 156, 21 pp.,
illus., printed. Reprinted from Regional Aspects
of Carbonate Deposition, a publication of the
Society of Economic Paleontologists and Miner -
alogists.) The Marine Laboratory, University
of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.

The Fishes of oy Harbor, Florida, with Notes

“on Their Natural History, by Edwin B. Joseph and
Ralph W. Yerger, Contribution No. 71, 46 pp.,
illus., printed. Oceanographic Institute, Flor-
ida State University, Tallahassee, Fla.

Quarterly Report on Fisheries Research, June

1957, No. 57-19, 13 pp., processed. The Marine
Laboratory, University of Miami, Coral Gables,

Fla. A report to the Florida State Board of Con-
servation on fisheries research covering shrimp,
spotted weakfish, tarpon, snook, gamefish, sailfish,
black spot and spoilage control, and rancidity in
fish.

Ottawa, Canada.) A review of the fishery sta-
tistics of Canada for 1953 and 1954 prepared in
collaboration with Dominion and Provincial

Fisheries Departments. It includes data onthe

56

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Wollg US Woe, LO

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT_AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

FOOD ADDITIVES:

General Principles Governing the Use of Food
Additives (Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives, First Session,
Rome, Italy, 3-10 December 1956), (FAO Nutri-
tion Meetings Report Series No. 15,) 29 pp.,
printed, 1s.6d.(30U.S. cents). Food and Agri-
culture Organization of the United Nations,
Rome, Italy, 1957. (For sale by Columbia Uni-
versity Press, International Documents Service,
2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.) The in-
crease in the number of chemicals used or pro-
posed for use in or on foods has imposed upon
public health authorities and other government-
al agencies the responsibility for deciding
whether or not such substances should be em-
ployed. This paper discusses the circum-
stances governing the use of food additives and
other factors to be taken into account in food
additives control.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:

Canada: Small Fishing Inspection Regulations,
Pursuant to the Canada Shippins Act, Foodand

Agricultural Legislation, vol. V, no. 4, XVI.4/56.1,

36 pp., printed. Food and Agriculture Organi-
zation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1956.
(For sale by Columbia University Press, Inter-
national Documents Service, 2960 Broadway,
New York 27, N. Y.)

tions 1950 to 1955 Under the Fisheries Act,
1908, Food and Agricultural Legislation, vol. V,
no. 4, XVI.5/56.1, 23 pp., printed. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Rome, Italy, 1956. (For sale by Columbia Uni-
versity Press, International Documents Serv-
ice, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.)

GEAR:

Memorandum No. 19. Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Technological Station, Vancouver,
B. C., Canada. This informative and useful
manual goes into great detail on the subject of
nylon. The first section discusses the many
different forms of this synthetic fiber and points
out how their different properties adapt nylon
to different jobs. Other sections deal with the
strength and weight of nylon nets, the way in
which nets should be ordered in view of the fact
that all brands are not marked the same, the
kinds of dyes to use and their application, the
manner in which nets may become weaker, the
various kinds of lines, floats and leads, and
other materials for gill-net web, such as tery-
lene, silk, glass fiber, orlon, rayon, andsaran.

GENERAL:

Atlas de Peche de la Mer du Nord (Fishery Atlas
of the North Sea), by Jean Furnestin, 12 maps,
printed. Institute Scientifique et Technique des
Peches Maritimes, 59 Avenue Raymond Poin-
care, Paris XVIE, France, 1956.

Defense Guides for Commercial Food Facilities,
Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 169,15
pp., printed, 10 cents. Food and Materials Re-

quirements Division, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) This
bulletin, issued as a guidebook, discusses fac-
tors for reducing the vulnerability of food facil-
ities to attack or other enemy action. It was
developed to provide ''guidance and leadership
in the development of plans and programs to
insure continuity of operation of vital food facil-
ities in event of attack.'' While the factors con-
tained in this guidebook have applicability to
many industrial concerns, it.was developed pri-
marily for use in the field of food processing
and wholesale distribution.

A Naturalist in Palestine, by Victor Howells,

~ 180 pp., illus., printed, $6. Philosophical Li-
brary Inc., 15 East 40th St., New York 16, N.Y.,
1957. A well-illustrated book describing the
flora and fauna of Palestine--the area that is
now Israel and Jordan. Of special interest isa
chapter on Lake Tiberias (Israel) in which the
author includes descriptions of the fish and
shellfish that he found there.

The Physical Bases for an Index of Biological
Productivity, by F. C. W. Olson, Contribution
No. 66, 4 pp., printed. Oceanographic Institute,
Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla.

Small Business and the Federal Trade Commis-
sion, by David R. Reel, Small Marketers Aids
No. 24, 4 pp., printed. Small Business Ad-
ministration, Washington 25, D. C., June 1957.

HYDROGRAPHY:

Hydrography of a Positive, Shallow, Tidal Bar-
Built Estuary (Report on the Hydrography of the
Polluted Area of Biscayne Bay), by limo Hela,
Clarence A. Carpenter, Jr.,andJ. Kneeland
McNulty, Contribution No. 175, 53 pp., illus.,
printed. (Reprinted from Bulletin.of Marine
Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 7,no.1,
pp-, 47-99, March 1957.) The Marine Labora-
tory, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.

JAPAN:

Technical Report of Fishing Boat, No. 10,111 pp.,
illus., printed in Japanese with brief English
abstracts. Fishing Boat Laboratory, Production
Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,
Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan, April
1957. Contains, among others, the following
reports, with very brief abstracts in English:
"Analysis of Two-Boat Trawling Net by Auto-
matic Net Height Meter by Measuring Simulta-
neously Two Points of the Net,''by Chikamasa
Hamuro; "Study on Pressure-Spring Thermo-
meter,'' by Kenji Ishii; ''Noise of Yellowtail when
it comes into the Set Net--Relation between the
Noise and Amount of Catch--Relation between the
Intensity of Noise and Weather, '' by Tomiju Hash-
imoto, Minoru Nishimura, and Yoshinobu Maniwa;
""}xperiment on Difference between the 24kc.
Fish-Finder and the 200 kc. Fish-Finder,"' by
Tomiju Hashimoto, Yoshinobu Maniwa, and Mi-
noru Nishimura; and ''Study on Simplified Record
Type SONAR and Its Field Test," by Tomiju Hash-
imoto, Yoshinobu Maniwa, and Minoru Nishimura.

|

October 1957

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

MAINE:

Commercial Fisheries of Maine, byGeorgeH.
Taylor, 43 pp., illus., printed. Department of
Sea and Shore Fisheries, Augusta, Me., Janu-
ary 1957. A brief but comprehensive survey of
Maine's oldest industry--its commercial fish-
eries. Some indication of the importance of this
industry over the years and of its potential val-
ue for the future is included. This exceptional-
ly well-written and beautifully-illustrated book-
let gives in some detail the history of Maine's
commercial fisheries and describes individual-
ly and briefly the developments in its various
fish and shellfish industries.

MEXICO:

Los Peces del Valle de Mexico (The Fishes of the
“Valley of Mexico), by J. Alvarez del Villar and
Leopoldo Navarro G., 62 pp., illus., printed in
Mexican, 1957. Secretaria de Marina, Direc-
cion General de Pesca e Industrias Conexas,

Mexico City, Mexico.

MUSSELS:

Environmental Factors Governing the Infection of
Mussels, MYTILUS EDULIS, by MYTILICOLA
INTESTINALIS, by B. T. Hepper, Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Fishery Inves-
tigations, Series II, vol. XX, no. 3, 24 pp., illus.,
printed. Her Majesty's Stationery Office,
London, England, 1955.

NETHERLANDS:

Diagnose-Rapport Visserij, 1956 (Voorlopige

Berekening van de Bedrijfsresultaten van de
Visserij over 1956) (Survey of Costs and Prof-
itability of the Dutch Fishing Industry), Rapport
No. 270, 53 pp., illus., processed, in Dutch.
Landbouw-Economisch Instituut, The Hague,
Holland. A brief survey of costs and profitabil-
ity of the Dutch fishing industry in the years
1951-56. The report begins with a general view
of the landings and value. Beljore 1954 the land-
ings increased slowly, and since 1954 the land-
ings have decreased, due mainly to a decrease
in the catch of herring. Total value, however,
shows a gradual increase. The value (US$30.8
million in 1956) of the Dutch exports of fish
during the last few years exceeded the value of
the landings. Herring (fresh, cured, smokedor
canned in tins) is the main export product. Sole,
oysters, mussels, and shrimp also « 2pend on
foreign demand. The earnings of the individual
branches of the Dutch fisheries were variable.
The value of middle-water fisheries, herring
fisheries, and the fisheries on the Lake IJsel
was unfavorable, due to lower catches and in-
creased costs. The near-water and inshore
fisheries (shrimp) were satisfactory.

Economic Research into Fisheries, by A. G. U.
Hildebrandt, 14 pp., processed. Agricultural
Economics Research Institute, Fisheries De-
partment, Van Stolkweg 29, The Hague, Holland,
June 1956. Discusses the reasons for economic
research in the fisheries, the organization of
economic research in the fisheries of the
Netherlands, the method adopted, and the re-
sults achieved.

NIGERIA:

White Paper on Federal Fisheries Service, Ses-
sional Paper No. 6 of 1957, 4 pp., printed. Fed-
eral Government Printer, Lagos, Federation of
Nigeria. The Federal Government of Nigeria
has considered the problem of fisheries re-
search in the light of the many recommendatians
made, and this paper contains the details of the
Government's proposals, which are based large-
ly on a program drawn up by the Fisheries
Technical Committee of the Council of Natural
Resources. The aim of fisheries research, sea
fisheries research, study and development of in-
land fisheries, and’the marketing and process-
ing of fish are discussed. This paper also con-
tains a glossary of scientific and vernacular
names of the various fishes mentioned.

OYSTERS:

Crabs as Predators of O sters in Louisiana, by
R. Winston Menzel and Sewell H. Hopkins, 8
pp., illus., processed. (Reprinted from Pro-
ceedings of the National Shellfisheries Associa-
tion, vol. 46, pp. 177-184.) Oceanographic In-
stitute, Florida State University, Tallahassee,
Fla.

"Effect of Ionizing Radiations on Southern Oys-
ters,"' by Elizabeth Ann Gardner and Betty M.
Watts, article, Food Technology, vol. 11,no. 6,
June 1957, pp. 329-331, printed, single copy--
domestic, $1.50; foreign, $1.75. The Garrard
Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, Ill. De-
scribes a study involved in the determination of
whether or not oysters can be irradiated at dos-
ages high enough for partial or complete steri-
lization without producing undesirable side re-
actions. Also determined was the extent to
which irradiation of the oysters inhibited sour-
ing and pH changes in uncooked oysters. These
are believed to be due to enzymatic action. It
was concluded that ''Radiation of raw oysters
with gamma rays up to doses of 3.5 x 10 rep
produced an off-odor described as 'grassy.'
Neither free sulfhydryl group nor catalase ac-
tivity was noticeably reduced. Subsequent sour-
ing and fall in pH occurred both in irradiated
oysters and in unirradiated controls, indicating
that this type of spoilage is probably caused by
enzymes within the oyster rather than bybacte-
ria. The radiation of cooked oysters produced
a somewhat different type of off-odor described
as 'oxidized.' The development of off-odors was
not prevented by the addition before radiation of
various antioxidants and free radical acceptors.
The most acceptable irradiated products after
brief storage periods were those radiated raw
but subsequently heated sufficiently to destroy
enzymes. The heating eliminated the grassy
odor as well as prevented subsequent enzymatic
souring. Radiation of live oysters in the shell
was not found to be an effective means of open-
ing the shells for removal of oysters. Fairly
high doses were required to kill the oysters and
the shells did not open immediately after killing
doses."

The Effect of Temperatur > on the Ciliary Action and
Other Activities of Oysters, by R. Winston Menzel,

58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 19, No. 10

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Contribution No. 67, 12 pp., illus., printed. O-
ceanographic Institute, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, Fla.

The 1951 Oyster Stock in the Rivers Crouch and
Roach, Essex, Fishery Investigations Series II,
vol. XXI, no. 2, 34 pp., illus., printed, $1.53.
(For sale by British Information Services, 45
Rockefelley Plaza, New York 20, N. Y.) Minis-
try of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London,
England. The results of a preliminary stock

survey of oyster population in the Rivers Crouch

and Roach (England) in 1951, following the work
which had been started in 1947 to help the in-
dustry regain its former prosperity, forms the
first part of this paper. A description of ex-
perimental work designed to clarify the picture
of oyster distribution arising from the survey
and an account of efficiency tests on various
types of dredges are also included.

Some Additional Differences between CRASSOS-

TREA VIRGINICA and OSTREA EQUESTRIS in
the Gulf of Mexico Area, by R. Winston Menzel,

Contribution No. 30, 6 pp., processed. (Reprint-

ed from Proceedings of the National Shellfish-
eries Association, vol. 46, pp. 76-81.) Ocea-
nographic Institute, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, Fla.

PRESERVATION:

"Industries de Traitement des Produits de la Peche.
Salage, Fumage, Sechage, et Semi-Conserves''
(Industries Treating Fishery Products. Salting,
Smoking, Drying, and Semi-Preserves), by D.
Remy, article, Industries Agricoles et Alimen-
taires,no. 73, pp. 799-806, printedin French. As-
sociation des Chemistes et Ingenieurs de Sucrerie
Distillerie et Industries Agricoles de France et de
l'union Francaise, Paris (10~), France, 1956. An
account of materials and processes used in France
for salting, drying, and smoking fish, and for pre-
paring semi-preserves of herring, anchovies,
sprats, and fishroes, and marinades.

"On the Preparation of Reversibly Dried Fish
Meat,'' by M. Takei and T. Takahashi, article,
Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, no. 14, pp. 91-97, printed in Japa-
nese with summary in English. Tokai Region-
al Fisheries Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku,
Tokyo, Japan, 1956

"Studies on Processing Squid Meat,''by T. Taka-
hashi and M. Takei, article, Bulletin of Tokai

Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, no.
14, pp. 31-90, printed in Japanese withsummary |

in English. Tokai Regional Fisheries Labora-
tory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 1956.

REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES:

Materials Handling in Public Refrigerated Ware-
houses, by Theodore H. Allegri and Joseph F.
Herrick, Jr., Marketing Research Report No.
145, 125 pp., illus., processed, 60 cents. (For
sale by Superintendent of Documents, Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)
Marketing Research Division, Agricultural Mar-
keting Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C. This report, one of aseries

on handling food, was developed primarily to
guide operators of public refrigerated ware-
houses in reducing the labor and costs required
for various physical handling and warehouse op-
erations. It outlines some of the methods for
obtaining increased productivity while minimiz-
ing worker fatigue. Although it deals with re-
frigerated warehouses, the results of the study
are applicable to other types of warehousing.
The report is intended as a manual or guide for
plant managers and other supervisory workers.
Therefore, the methods, types of equipment
used, and conditions influencing their use are
described in considerable detail.

ROCKFISH:

A Review of the Rockfishes of California (Family

~ SCORPAENIDAE), by Julius B. Phillips, Fish
Bulletin No. 104, 158 pp., illus., printed. De-
partment of Fish and Game, Marine Fisheries
Branch, 926 Jay St., Sacramento 14, Calif.,
1957. This publication is designed to assist
fishermen and processors in the proper identi-
fication of the rockfishes and scorpionfishes
found in the ocean waters of California. Photo-
graphs of each of 52 species and 3 hybrids are
presented with the common and scientific name;
range; greatest depth in which taken and maxi-
mum size; distinguishing characteristics; de-
tailed measurements; and other commonnames.

SAILFISH:

Studies on the Age and Growth of the Atlantic
Sailfish, ISTIOPHORUS AMERICANUS (Cuvier),
Using Len th-Frequency Curves, by Donald Pe
DeSylva, Contr ution No. 165, 20 pp., illus.,
printed. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine
pp. 1-20, March 1957.) The Marine Laboratory,
University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.

SALMON:

Statistics on Salmon Sport Fishing in the Tidal
Waters of British Columbia, 1956, 12 pp.,
processed. Department of Fisheries, Pacific
Area, 1110 Georgia St., West., Vancouver, BC.,
1957. Presents British Columbia's commercial
and sports catch of salmon by species for
1953-56, summary of sport fishing catches by
area, commercial catch of troll caught salmon,
and the estimated monthly sports catch of salm-
on for each area.

SHELLFISH:

Manual of Recommended Practice for Sanitar
Control of the Shellfish Industry (Part I: San-
itation of the Harvesting and Processing of
Shellfish), 1957 Edition, PHS Publication No. 33,
29 pp., printed, 35 cents. Public HealthService,
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Sup-
erintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D. C.) This guide out-
lines the basic sanitary standards for the coop-
erative state-industry-Public Health Service
program for the certification of interstate shell-
fish shippers. The guide includes recommended
sanitation practices for harvesting boats and
establishments which process oysters, clams,
or mussels. The manual is intended as a guide

October 1957

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM
OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

for (1) the preparation of state laws and regu-
lations controlling the harvesting and process-
ing of shellfish for shipment in interstate com-
merce, (2) the shellfish industry in the main-
tenance of sanitary conditions during the har-
vesting and processing of shellfish, and (3) per-
sons who are responsible for evaluation and
supervising sanitary conditions in the harvest-
ing, shucking, processing, packing, and ship-
ping of shellfish. The manual is also used by
the Public Health Service in evaluating state
shellfish-sanitation programs to determine
whether or not the programs are acceptable for

endorsement. ’
SHRIMP:

"Effect of Storage on Decomposed Canned Shrimp,"
by H.C. Barry, J. F. Weeks, Jr.,andR. E. Duggan,
article, Journal of the Association of Official Agri-
cultural Chemists, no. 39, pp. 801-805, printed.
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Box
540, Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington 25,

Dy Cr 1956.

Notes on Rock Shrimp, SICYONIA BREVIROSTRIS
(Stimpson), from Explorator Trawling off the
South Carolina Coast, by G. Robert Lunz, Contri-
butions from Bears Bluff Laboratories No. 25,

10 pp., illus., printed. Bears Bluff Laboratories,
Wadmalaw Island, S.C., August 1957.

SPAIN:

Introduccion a una Estadistica de Pesca Fluvial
1954, (Introduction to Statistics on River Fish-
eries), by R. de Rada, 153 pp., illus., printed
in Spanish. Ministerio de Agricultura, Direc-
cion General de Coordinacion, Credito, y Ca-
pacitacion Agraria, Madrid, Spain. A report,
mainly composed of charts and tables, which
describes the organization of Spain's National
Fluvial Fishery Service and presents its funda-
mental problems. Discusses, among others,
the following: restocking the rivers; fishing
licenses and regulatory measures; the salmon
resources; comparison between 1953 and 1954
of salmon caught in rivers; the decline of the
sturgeon fishery; total weight of fluvial catch in
1954; principal species of fish in Spanish rivers
and where each may be found; the seasons for
catching fish and crabs in various regions; and
the minimum size regulations concerning the
principal species.

SPOILAGE:

"Effect of Freezing on Coliform Bacteria and
Method of Detection in Frozen Fish Fillets and
Blocks," by H. P. Dussault, article, Progress
Reports of the Atlantic Coast Stations, no. 65,
pp. 12-14, printed. Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 1956.

"The Freshness of Fish and the Amount of Hista-
mine Presented in the Meat, I.--1. The Pro-
duction of Histamine in Fish Meats during the
Autolysis; 2. The Production of Histamine in
Fish Meats during the Progress of Spoilage
which was caused by the Action of Bacteria.

(1) On the Effect of Temperature; and 3. The
Production of Histamine in Fish Meats during
the Progress of Spoilage which was caused by

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

59

the Action of Bacteria. (2) Onthe Effect of H-Ion
Concentration,'' by M. Kimata and A. Kawai,
article, Memoirs of the Research Institute for
Food Science, no. 5, pp. 25-54, printed. Re-
search Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Ja-
pan, 1953.

"The Freshness of Fish and the Amount of His-
tamine Presented in the Meat, II.--1. On the
Production of Histamine during the Autolysis in
the Meats of Shark and Octopus; and 2. The In-
fluence of Temperature on the Production of
Histamine during Autolysis in Red Meat Fish,"
by M. Kimata and A. Kawai, article, Memoirs
of the Research Institute for Food Science, no.
6, pp. 12-22, printed. Research Institute, Kyoto
University, Kyoto, Japan, 1953.

"The Freshness of Fish and the Amount of Hista-
mine Presented in the Meat, III.,''by M. Kimata,
A. Kawai, and M. Tanaka, article, Memoirs of
the Research Institute for Food Science, no. 7
pp. 6-11, printed. Research Institute, Kyoto
University, Kyoto, Japan, 1954.

"The Freshness of Fish and the Amount of Hista-
mine Presented in the Meat, IV.,''by M. Kimata,
A. Kawai, and M. Tanaka, article, Memoirs of
the Research Institute for Food Science, no. 15h
pp. 1-6, printed. Research Institute, Kyoto
University, Kyoto, Japan, 1954.

"A New Species of Bacterium which Produces Large
Amounts of Histamine on Fish Meats, Found in
Spoiled Fresh Fish,'' by M. Kimata and M. Kawai,
article, Memoirs of the Research Institute for
Food Science, no. 6, pp. 1-2, printed. Research In-
stitute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 1953. A
description of a new species of bacterium, Achro-
mobacter histamineum, isolated from spoiled fish.

"On the Bacteria Causing Spoilage of Fresh Fish,
especially on their Activity which can Produce
Histamine," by M. Kimata and M. Tanaka, arti-
cle, Memoirs of the Research Institute for Food
Science, no. 7, pp. 12-17, printed. Research
Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 1954.

"On the Urea-Splitting Bacteria Causing the
Spoilage of Fresh Fish,'' by M. Kimata and
Y. Hata, article, Memoirs of the Research In-
stitute for Food Science, no. 5, pp. 54-64, print-
ed in English. Research Institute, Kyoto Uni-
versity, Kyoto, Japan, 1953.

"The Production of Histamine by the Action of
Bacteria Causing the Spoilage of Fresh Fish,
I.,"" by M. Kimata and A. Kawai, article, Bul-
letin of the Research Institute for Food Science,
no. 12, pp. 29-33, printed in Japanese withsum-
mary in English. Research Institute, Kyoto U-
niversity, Kyoto, Japan, 1953.

"Quantitative Variations in the Bacterial Flora
of Flatfish,"' by J. Liston, article, Journal of

General Microbiology, vol. 15, pp. 305-314,
printed. Society for General Microbiology,

Cambridge University Press, 200 Euston Road,
London, N. W. 1, England, 1956.

60

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

""A Study whether the Bacteria Having an Activity
which can Produce a Large Amount of Hista-
mine Former, are Present or not, on the Surface
of Fresh Fish," by M. Kimata and M. Tanaka,
Food Science, no. 8, pp. 7-16, printed. Research
Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 1954.

SPORT FISH:

The Charles F. Johnson Oceanic Gamefish In-

“vestigations, Summary of Investigation for the
Period Sore September 1386 through
April 1957, by Gilbert L. Voss and C. Richard

Robins, Progress Report No. 3, 12pp., process-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 19, No. 10

TUNA:

"Volatile Acids, Succinic Acid, and Histamine, as
Indices of Decomposition in Tuna," byF. Hillig,
article, Journal of the Association of Official
Agricultural Chemists, no. 39, pp. 773-800
printed. Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists, Box 540, Benjamin Franklin Station,
Washington 4, D. C.

WHALING:

Gremio dos Armadores da Pesca da Baleia, Rela-
torio e Contas do Exercicio de 1956 e Orcamento
para 1957 (Whaling Vessel Owners' Guild, State-
ment of Operations for 1956 and Budget for 1957),

ed. The Marine Laboratory, University of

37 pp., illus., printed in Portuguese. A Comissao
Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.

Revisora de Contas, Lisbon, Portugal.

CRAB CASSEROLE

Crab meat is the cooked meat from hard-shell crabs that is packedincans
and marketed either fresh, frozen, or canned. Crab meat is marketed from
four principal kinds of crabs. They are the
blue crabs from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts,
the Dungeness crabs on the Pacific Coast
from Alaska to Mexico, the king crabs from
the North Pacific off Alaska, and the rock
crabs taken on the New England and California
coasts.

ra ¢

Crab meat is tender and possesses adis-
tinctively sweet flavor. Itis anexcellent
source ofhigh-quality proteins, vitamins, and
minerals needed for goodnutrition. The meat

from any type of crab can be used interchangeably in all recipes.

The home economists of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service suggest

that you serve "Quick Crab Casserole, '' a maindish which canbe prepared by

using fresh, frozen, or canned crab meat,

QUICK CRAB CASSEROLE

POUND CRAB MEAT
CUP COOKED PEAS
CAN (103 OUNCES) CONDENSED
MUSHROOM SOUP

DASH PEPPER
4 CUP GRATED CHEESE
PAPRIKA

Remove any shell or cartilage from crab meat, Combine peas, soup,
pepper, and crab meat. Place in 6 well-greased individual 5-ounce custard
cups. Sprinkle gheese and paprika over top of crabmixture, Bakeinamod-
erate oven, 350 F., for 20 to 25 minutes or until brown. Serves 6.

October 1957 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61
CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Page Page
FOREIGN (Contd,): FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
UAS.)S. R:.: Tariff Commission:
Fishing Vessels to Explore South Atlantic for New Investigation Initiated on Effects of Tuna Imports on
Fishing Grounds ........0+-.-200+8+ deeecee 35 Domesicrlunaincustcy meen teneree eens iene eicrere che 41
United Kingdom: White House:
Guaranteed Minimum Price Proposed for Scottish U. S. Commissioner Appointed to Great Lakes Fish-
and Irish White Fish Landings ............+.. 35 elem Commiseiony.jaeie ckeres te) cisions ited teneianataice 41
Imports of Japanese Canned Tuna Light......... 36 Eighty-Fifth Congress (First Session)............ 42
BEDERAL ACTIONS! neice iets ie cents wlan sm we 37 MISHE RY GEN DIG ALORS iit rela aieite tes) elissensiatelel oan eitane 46
Department of the Interior: Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States...... 46
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries ......... 47
Revised Regulations for North Atlantic Haddock and Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of Fish-
SOGURIBHeLLe HEE ehalulleliciiaelalelaleletelerthekeschane eke 37 eryaProducts iene sateen ie iauey oreire averesftver* Oak © cunt one 48
North Pacific High Seas Area Where Salmon Net Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fish-
Fishing is Prohibited Extended ...........-- 38 ery Products at Principal Distribution Centers..... 49
Notice of Intention to Adopt Amendments to Alaska Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U. S. and
Commercial Fisheries Regulations.......... 38 (NPE 6. PO ce eEO D0 D1OL0 D0 DI CEO ee eo ec. 0 49
Federal Trade Commission: Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products . 50
Consent Orders Issued on Price-Fixing Charge Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports ......... 51
Against West Coast Tuna Industry ........... 39 RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: .............. 52
Interstate Commerce Commission: Fish and Wildlife Service Publications ........... 52
Increased Freight Rates and Charges Authorized... . 40 Mincetlaneous iil) CAtLOMS olsiolots) eifeli! =leleleletel allel leltsit= 54
a

JAPANESE USE WATER SPRAY TO ATTRACT TUNA
FOR POLE-AND-LINE FISHING

The Japanese use a water-spray system to attract tuna to the vessel when
they are fishing a school of tuna with pole and line.

This spray system asdeveloped by the Japanese consists of a power-driven
pump which supplies a constant flow of sea water to a number of spray outlets,
situated at 3 to 4-foot intervals along the walk from which the fishing is done. In
Japan, a125-gross-tonvessel will have one or two centrifugal pumps with 4- to
5-inchintakes. These deliver water into one or two header pipes, depending on
whether fishingis done from one or both sides of the vessel. A distributing pipe
is laid along the fishing walk. The water pressure is low, and a gentle spray falls
between 6 and 18 feet from the hull of the vessel, forming a ruffled band which
will be from 4 to 8 feet wide. It is assumed that the ruffling of the surface wa-
ter hides the vesseland the fishermen from the fish. Also, the tuna demonstrate
a ''feeding frenzy'' which may be heightened by the spray system.

Although the actual value of the method is difficult to determine, its com-
mercial use where pole-and-line fishing for tuna takes place (Japan, Hawaii,
Eastern Pacific Ocean, and Cuba) shows clearly that fishermen are thoroughly
convinced that itis useful. This method is used only for fishing tuna with pole
and line.

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe Illustrator--Gustaf T. Sundstrom

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Helen Joswick, and Vera Eggleston

KKK OKK

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or pho-
tographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned
were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown,

Page 8--R. Paul Elliot; p.15--Tom's Photo, Boothbay Harbor, Me.;
Ded =-H. R Bulli:

INT.-DUP. SEC., WASH., D.C.25113

TT

NATIONAL TUNA WEEK

In order to encourage the greater use of canned tuna in oil, the supply of
which is plentiful, the U. S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, the Department
of Agriculture, and the en-
tire tuna industry worked
FISHERIES together to bring ''National

MARKETING Tuna Week'' tothe attention

— = of the public.
==—_ SPECIAL BULLETIN P

U.S. DEPARTHENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES In this promotion, as in

See aac anray the past, the Bureau of Com-

feeding plants, food editors,

and others who expressed an

program on afull-time

basis two weeks prior to the

demonstrations ontelevi-

sion during that week.

mercial Fisheries prepared

promotionalfliersfor

school-lunch managers and

supervisors, institutional

interest in cooperating in

SUPPLIES ARE this promotional program.
ECONOMICAL Some of the Bureau's field

Hes Cs (3s staff was available for this
beginning of ''National Tuna

Week.'' The Bureau's home

economists were scheduled

to present fish-cookery

ait
OCTOBER

Canned tuna in oilwas
also included by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture in its plentiful foods coverage for October.