4YYES X (LE SHES FISHERIESMGY FLEE ‘ ol.20. Ne Be APRIL 1958 FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, SECRETARY FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISSIONER BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISERERIES DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND SERVICES HAROLD E, CROWTHER, CHIEF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. Joseph Pileggi, Editor H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor Mailed free to members of the fishery and allied industries: to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial Fish Washington 25, D. C. Address correspondence and requests eries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. Although the contents of the publication have not been co reference to the source is appreciated. The printing of this publication has been ap May 21, 1957. pyrighted and may be reprinted freely, proved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, 5/31/60 CONTENTS COVER: Deckload of salmon aboard a Japanese high-seas salmon mother- ship in the North Pacific Ocean (see p. 1 of this issue). Japanese High-Seas Salmon Fishery in the North Pacific Since 1952, by Francis M. Fukuhara and George K. Tanonaka ....... Page RESEARCH IN SERVICE LABORATORIES: ......... I 17 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): Fish-Oil Research at the Seattle Fishery Technological United States Fishing Fleet Additions............. Laboratory, by Phillip A. Hart ................ 17 United States and Alaska Fisheries Landings, 1957: Effect of Season, Fishing Area, and Processing Tech- Wanding sors wea din pel OGtSeistats lati ici lsl- clei eisai niques on Physical Constants of Fish Body Oils ..... 20 WS: Bishistick) Production eye cere) eerie) alse) New Methods of Packaging Fish Fillet Blocks, by John A. U. S. Foreign Trade: IGS) coda ou. COD O0'0.0o'O 0 On OOOO ODD OO.b 0/0 21 Edible Fishery Products, December 1957 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: ...............- A 22 Fish Oil Exports Declined in 1957 ......... a6 California: Groundfish Fillet Imports, January 1958.......... Spawning Salmon at Record Lowin1957 .......... 22 Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota Proviso, Three Types of Shrimp Fishing Nets Tested (M/V January 1-February 1,1958 ...............-+> REMMI Gaines BANE) sooonccouoonoDponooNO 23 Imports and Exports of Selected Fishery Products, 1957 Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, 1957. . 24 Rovetiooys) ieejroreis, WEE Go ano obo nooo oe oOo OS Chesapeake Bay: United States 1957 Fishery Landings Below 1956 ..... Few Young Striped Bass Migrate Outside of Chesapeake Virginia: MEW op oDoOMOnRO MOCO IO OOOO ODO O00 O00 650 25 Fisheries May Be Affected By This Winter's Cold Columbia River: WEEINE® gooosee sa ysiel si1s)veim =| win) asim le iielvafitshn inet) Silver Salmon Spawning Counts Highest Since 1951... . 26 Washington: Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Landings of Fishery Products Increased in 1957 O06 Department of Defense Purchases, January 1958 26 OysteriProduction elo 5) (armea-lamel-iei-ici- ii iti-ielelt=itaiel= Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program: Wholesale Prices, February 1958 ........ Experimental Red Snapper Trawling Trip off Texas IMO)MACEINE So oaobo bo poobdnoedocoos nemo O46 5 Completed (M/V Silver Bay Cruise 6)........... 27 International: Maine Sardines: Food and Agriculture Organization: Industry Council Plans to Expand Institutional Sales 28 World Fishing Vessel Congress to be Held in 1959 . . North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations: International Pacific Halibut Commission: Contract for New Fishery Biological Laboratory at Halibut Regulations for 1958.................- WCC ICIS AMERCEE ob oop ae oodooct oo boosdS 28 International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission: Multiplane Kite Otter and High-Speed Plankton Sampler Sockeye Salmon Regulations for 1958 ........... Tested (M/V T-79 Cruise 21) .............2-:5 29 International Whaling Commission: Survey of Herring Spawning and Larval Drift Interrupt- International Whaling Convention Amendment Ratified ed (M/V Albatross III Cruise 107) ............ iS 29 lay WaMGAICE Gods socgeacags a ogeeagDoS North Pacific Fisheries Investigations: Japan-Russia Fisheries Negotiations for 1958 ...... Vessel Chartered for Bering Sea King Crab Studies 30 Marine Oils: a Oregon: Estimated World Production, 1957 ............ Nehalem River Salmon Migration Project Completed. . 30 Trade Agreements: Landings of Fishery Products, 1957 ............- 31 British-Japanese Trade Talks Include Canned Salmon Oysters: Argentina: Raft Culture of Oysters Shows Promise..........- 31 New Shrimp Processing Plant Established......... Plans to Aid Long Island Sound Oyster Industry ..... 32 Brazil: Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations: New Fish Terminal Opened at Santos ............- Eastern North Pacific Sea-Surface Temperature Charts Chile: IGIGESEG! ooo oe cosa oe ose oe o sees doe odeSoS 33 Decrees Regulating German Vessels Fishing in Chilean Skipjack Tuna and Live-Bait Sardines Found Abundant in WEG Socobpacodeooonooacd sooo scincco0 6 Marquesas (M/V Hugh M. Smith Cruise 42)........ 34 Cuba: Tagged Albacore Tuna Recovered in Western Pacific . . 35 Japanese Fishing Vessel Lands Good Tuna Trip..... Pacific Salmon Investigations: Denmark: Two Vessels Chartered to Study Origin of Mid-Ocean Launce (Sand Eel) Fishery ..............++.+-- Salt Org ements ase aise t neMee slit licneieliyi] [2 aw olla x]; Tol lolol? x |x| x] x Tie} PS Io} Ke} ° O}]O}O]O}e}a| ja} sxc LE } [Olol to [it 45° | | oO}, | ofolo EE) EEEL EGE] [Le ofele[ee lel if ala/a] | | a s|o ESSERE 1 J == —{59° | ae FIG. 2 - 1952 JAPANESE HIGH-SEAS SALMON FISHING AREA. dispatched to the Olyutorskii district. The reason for the concentration of the larg- er part of the expedition in the Bering Sea north of Kiska and Attu during June 1957 is explained in a newspaper report by the following comment: ''For the twenty days prior to July 1, most of the fleets were concentrated north of the Aleutian Islands. This is unprecedented since salmon fishing began in 1952 and probably is due to large schools of red salmon seen in that area. 2/ Most of the North Pacific salmon fleet in 1957 achieved its quota about the mid- dle of July and the last mothership left the fishing ground on July 25, the earliest termination date in the history of this fishery. 2/SUMMARY FROM HOKKAI SUISAN SHIMBUN, SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 6, JULY 5, 1957. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 170° KAMCHATKA PENINSULA —— —ss° BERING SEA arty 5 1530 acer | J KisKa L 85 Bll abe 50° ag° LEGEND: may 48° JUNE ULY AUGUST FIG. 3 - 1953 JAPANESE HIGH-SEAS SALMON FISHING AREA. 2 ° 170° 175° 180° == SS a SS Se 1954 -s8° KAMCHATKA 57° PENINSULA 56° ostnove Es Cee cs 55° ENN BERING SEA mera a 54° yw ca elt arty | lege x x| x = ° aoartu T O|x S “al x/|o ie ° @ O}o}o WISKA |, a DS > Sem alx |x xl|olo x) xX) x fo} ° 4} A) °}x x x 4) x} x] x}o Slo x[e[e]ole _Is,e alalsialai< o}o}xlo]xjolSlo ° alalalalala Olo|olxlolo BI} x | ocx |e] x OV ot xo} x Jo} x| x 50° alalalalalalala x x Olxix|x|x}x| x} x] x}O}/o fo} fo} alala|ajalalalala x O]x x {xt xl xl x |x |x| ex] Xe] x] XX x10] x]o/° hep «(A lalr io x] «| x} x] «| x =I LJ LEGEND: ae° | | FIG. 4 - 1954 JAPANESE HIGH-SEAS SALMON FISHING AREA. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW April 1958 ® k to % % % wy Q. % & ® & © Fd 5 3 3 3 3 3 © 3 g ¢ & = T T T T 7 Sala T T T ‘| = | 5 a o 3 jee) L VA 4 ee a oe EG) ay 2 iS : x L o| = rf) = z 4 b 0 ° iS a Ww Ir a s s fo} s L © z ——- SILO} sijos & ——_ OO | Lolo) r o O] x0! xolomx/omjom|os 4) xo om 0 fosloulos 5 x xO' «x CEel/OBO8'OS q ol|o| ‘xolom| o lom ir E] x Olom~| = olomxjoalow ic lom=| o [x o[xo] o foe r ow i| & 4 [4 [xo] = *0O|xol o oa| w sisi |e, al» x0]xo|xo] 0 | 0 fos Bell Bo 2 I SOUECIE & (op) £3| 4 x |xo| x [xolxo] o] = jos = ser ala x0] xo] xo]x 0] o| o jos a[o EOLOES ° | a axix)x |x| [xol ofo | A a | 4 [axlax|xo[xol = [0 feo [oO] axlax| a|* | |xolxolxol ofo ax[al[ aaj = [xl oo ax laxlaxlax ax x } 4 axlax[ax a |xoq Sn ae ax axlaxlaxlax] q | x ax|ax=lax dxlax) = Jaxl a] x axlax|dxlaxlax| a laxlax axlaxla~ ax[axlax| = & a axiax [a ~™ a *laxi/dx\a* iS 5 ¢ ie x [axlax]ax[axla| 4 L az SS ax axlax/a~] 4 Se 2 axlaxfax] a 2 a — — ax r * ax f d . © ‘ al 4 NY = EZ Eee IL x [=] = [ax [x a[xoq] 0 | x x =x | = [x0dxod 0 | Oo |dao| 0 \- ° oy 3 “4 -SEAS SALMON FISHING AREA. FIG. 5 - 1955 JAPANESE HIGH 46° 1 | | i i | i i i I i 170° x KOMAMDORSHITE ostaova 1956 PENINSULA KAMCHATKA 155° LEGEND: 1512 FIG. 6 - 1956 JAPANESE HIGH-SEAS SALMON FISHING AREA. 6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 20, No. 3 The two fleets which fished in the Okhotsk Sea in 1957 were relatively limited in their movements. Fishing operations for these fleets were terminated on July 31. The fishing areas indicated in figure 7 (1957) were the average positions for five-day periods. Had the daily position for motherships been available, this figure also would undoubtedly show a more comprehensive area coverage. 151° 155° 160° ii 1702 1752 1g0° T T mali aS apes eae 5 “fof |) E KAMCHATKA PENINSULA | | | =| | ostve. eninge. Mednyy FIG. Z - 1957 JAPANESE HIGH-SEAS SALMON FISHING AREA. CATCH DATA The total salmon catch for the years 1952 through 1957 is shown in figure 8. In- cluded are the numbers of motherships, catcher boats, and tans3/ set, as well asthe total salmon catch in metric tons. Table 1 shows the total salmon catch by species, by months, and by years for the Aleutian area. The red, chum, and eu) salmon catches by five-day periods from 1952 to 1956 are shown in figures 9-13.4/ Generally, the greatest red salmon catch occurs from mid-June to late July, chum salmon from mid-June to mid-July, and pink salmon from early July to late July. The catch of silver and king salmon, although not shown, peaks with the catch of pink salmon when the fleets are in the western fishing areas. Plotted with the catches in figures 11 and 12 are the total tans set for corre- sponding five-day periods. The catch of the three species is usually directly related to amount of fishing effort. However, in 1954 (fig. 11), with a relatively stable effort during July 11-15, there occurred a sharp decline in both red and chum salmon catch- 3/UNIT OF GILL NET. ONE TAN IS APPROXIMATELY 175 FEET LONG ALONG THE CORK LINE. 4/1957 CATCH DATA BY FIVE-DAY PERIODS OMITTED BECAUSE OF INCOMPLETE DATA. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Table 1 - Total Salmon Catch by Species, by Months, and by Years for the Aleutian Areal Species and Month Red: WIE? 66006 5,874,765 | 1,520,801 | 2,483,118 482,493 267,125 165,105 June 5 10,322,415 4,134,946 3,941,576 961,736 444,011 329,073 ilvaaeeencn 3,604,711 2,478,728 4,014,727 2,008,038 838,798 244,164 August 2 1,499,071 | 1,724,527 296,039 14,496 163 12,006,578 | 16,507,827 5,684,822 3,155,353 698,009 Chum: MAY ics 6) 3,839,355 3,800,081 3,761,149 957,191 261,701 123,985 MUI 66406 4,177,023 7,807,072 7,807,596 3,640,782 1,385,826 309,088 AWA? Go o'6.0-6 1,213,653 4,017,126 4,715,644 3,795,146 1,020,056 183,629 August a = 1,542,637 2,289,068 629,699 54,097 370 [18,573,407 | 27 9,022,818 | 2,721,080 | 617,072 330,833 8,320,625 12,402,557 10,174,279 2,905,978 ae 21 9 Wee: 3,404 1,706 2,768,957 498,309 985,074 | 2,683,789 10,047,257 | 5,328,641 | 6,287,727 1,445,263 530,007 | 289,620 22,846,918 |12,448,814 | 15,543,481 4,818,877 | 1,998,147 | 688,028 17,562,404 |18,255,457 | 19,416,006 10,529,742 | 4,780,607 | 1,092,130 Ste 5 6,668,104 | 9,255,915 3,119,089 480,531 9,353 1,564,430 738,505 rand Total . [50 456,576 | 42,701,016 | 50,503,129 19,912,971 ,189,292 | 2,079, 1/\NCLUDES SALMON CATCHES FROM OLYUTORSKI! AREA. 3/583,640 FISH UNACCOUNTED FOR. 2/400,000 FISH UNACCOUNTED FOR. | es while the pinks reached a peak. Conversely, during July 21-25, the red and chum salmon catches rose sharply while the pink catch declined considerably. During the following period of July 26-30, a significantly high catch of pinks again occurred while the reds and chums declined sharply. Figure 14 shows the total catch by species by 5-degree longitudinal intervals for the five years 1952-1956. The catches in 1955 and 1956 between longitudes 150° E. and 155° E. are those of the Okhotsk Sea fleet, which consisted of two moth- erships for both years. Significant is the increased catch in 1956 of nearly three million silvers and kings between longitudes 165° E. and 175 W. where negligible catches were made in the four earlier years. Table 2 shows the individual and cumu- lative catch totals by 5-degree longitudinal intervals for years 1952 through 1956. Figures 15, 16, and 17 compare the red, chum and pink salmon catches for 1955 by the North Pacific and Okhotsk Sea fleets. The increases and decreases in catch- es of chum and pink salmon in the North Pacific Ocean and Okhotsk Sea coincide in time (figures 16 and 17). Included in figure 15 is the total number of tans set for the respective areas by five-day periods. Even with an increase in effort, the red salm- Longitude (°) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Table 2 - Individual and ecumulene Vol. 20, No. Catch Totals by 5° Longitude Intervals Pink | Silver ercentage & King Ee es Catch -150 E 160 . 155 . 1/CUMULATIVE TOTALS IN PARENTHESES. CoO OOOO UOOo DO Ooo on 6 (i) | 1957 | | tae Data incomplete. ‘es sal 1956 764,711 1,199,528 ~ 14,002 53,483 2,031,724 5 1,860,905 2,230,147 137,026 180,497 4,408,575 10 (2,625,616) | (3,429,675) (151,028) (233,980) (6,440,299) 2,428,083 5,573,027 410,856 1,281,818 9,693,784 23 (5,053,699) | (9,002,702) (561,884) | (1,515,798) (16,134,083) -165 E. 784,651 1,332,109 1,038,492 726,973 3,882,225 9 (5,838,350) | (10,334,811) | (1,600,376) | (2,242,771) (20,016,308) 165 -160E. 1,385,192 1,307,369 3,500,325 1,162,664 7,355,550 18 (7,223,542) | (11,642,180) | (5,100,701) | (3,405,435) (27,371,858) -155 E. 637,885 1,355,719 4,873,866 399,882 7,267,352 17 (7,861,427) | (12,997,899) | (9,974,567) | (3,805,317) (34,639,210) 431,278 2,459,152 4,500,908 92,794 7,484,132 18 (8,292,705) | (15,457,051) | (14,475,475) | (3,898,111) 2/ (42,123,342) “+ 10,000,000 52,125,342 | ____ 1955 175 W.-180 - - ae - - - -175 E. 113,729 190,917 2,413 134 307,193 1 -170 E, 2,362,292 3,789,543 653,615 2,599 6,808,049 11 (2,476,021) | (3,980,460) (656,028) (2,733) (7,115,242) -165 E. 5,609,822 8,383,003 4,648,413 62,368 18,703,606 30 (8,085,843) | (12,363,463) | (5,304,441) (65,101) (25,818,848) -160 E. 2,635,095 3,879,134 4,061,118 1,653,936 12,230,393 20 (10,720,938) | (16,242,597) | (9,365,559) | (1,719,037) (38,049,241) -155 E. 1,142,785 1,929,017 5,761,271 1,528,845 10,362,918 17 (11,863,723) | (18,171,614) | (15,126,830) | (3,247,882) (48,412,159) -150 E. 915,719 3,224,645 8,340,078 383,416 12,863,858 21 (12,779,442) | (21,396,259) | (23,466,908) | (3,631,298) (61,276,017) 1954 175 W.-180 - - Paenien - - - 180 -175 5. 131,916 233,294 622 169 366,001 2 175 -1708. 711,547 2,519,285 68,676 3,925 3,303,433 17 (843,463) | (2,752,579) (69,298) (4,094) (3,669,434) 170 -165 8. 1,128,601 1,913,488 169,218 11,998 3,145,905 16 (1,972,064) | (4,666,067) (238,516) (16,092) (6,815,339) 165 -160E., 1,333,810 3,339,999 2,395,810 710,037 7,842,616 39 (3,305,874) | (8,006,066) | (2,634,326) (726,129) (14,657,955) 160 -155E. 420,117 918,622 3,058,703 710,757 5,177,201 26 (3,725,991) | (8,924,688) | (5,693,029) | (1,436,886) (19,835,156) 155 -150 RB. - - - - - 1953 175 W.-180 - - Teen = - - 180 -175 E. 196,209 208,782 545 399 405,935 5 nT =O) TDL, 359,072 1,201,872 116,577 1,001 1,678,522 22 (555,281) | (1,410,654) (117,122) (1,400) (2,084,457) 170 -165 8, 470,236 742,833 475,996 6,306 1,695,371 22 (1,025,517) | (2,153,487) (593,118) (7,706) (3,779,828) 165 -160E. 537,702 567,437 2,562,235 340,123 4,007,497 51 (1,563,219) | (2,720,924) | (3,155,353) (347,829) (7,787,325) 160 -155 E. 157 119 - - 276 0 (1,563,376) | (2,721,043) - - (7,787,601) 155 -i50E. 556 358 - - 914 0 (1,563,932) (2,721,401) - - (7,788,515) 1952 175 W.-180 = = rier = * = 180 -175E 366,177 230,373 9,597 79 606,226 29 175 -170E 162,209 225,296 54,355 475 442,335 21 (528,386) (455,669) (63,952) (554) (1,048,561) 170 -165E. 106,796 43,698 68,043 762 219,299 11 (635,182) (499,367) (131,995) (1,316) (1,267,860) 165 -160E 103,323 117,705 566,014 24,229 811,271 39 (738,505) (617,072) (698,009) (25,545) (2,079,131) -155 E - = E = = zi 2/PLUS TEN MILLION MORE FISH UNACCOUNTED FOR. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9 on catch in the North Pacific declined in mid-July. However, the Okhotsk red salm- on catch, with a relatively constant effort, began to increase significantly in mid- July when the North Pacific catch declined. ‘ NO. GILL al NO. OF CATCH IN MOTHERSHIP CATCHERS NETS SET FISH METRIC TONS T 1952 wii — % = ie 3 i 57 467,598 2,079,131 3,629 1 oe 1953 wildy wae 0 a rea 3 105 1,274,726 7,789,292 14,515 20,496,61I 1954 widely ‘esiiianay wararasiien OR OK OY CSOT 52,066,050 94,000 Not received Ce to date 56,430,576* 99,984 | =| * ESTIMATED. FIG. 8 - JAPANESE MOTHERSHIP SALMON FISHERY. RED SALMON: Significant is the unprecedented catch of 10,322,000 reds in June of 1957, of which approximately 5,000,000 fish were caught in the ten-day pe- riod from June 11 to 20 in the northern Aleutians in an @rea bounded roughly by longitudes 175° E. and 180° and latitudes 53° N. and 57 N. The total red salmon catch of 19,802,000 fish in 1957 was almost twice that of the next high catch of 12,164,000 reds in 1955. CHUM SALMON: The greatest chum salmon catches occurred in 1955 and 1956 when 18,573,000 and 17,167,000 fish were caught, respectively. The largest chum catch in any year generally occurred during the month of June and represents al- most one-half of the total chum catch of that year. PINK SALMON: In 1957 the pink salmon catch reached a high of 21,054,000 fish, 4,500,000 more than the next high of 16,508,000 in 1955. The catchof 8,321,000 pinks in June of 1957 is significant in that the catches of the corresponding month for the five previous years were considerably less in proportion to their total catch- es, 10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 SILVER AND KING SALMON: The catch of both silver and king salmon from 1952 through ‘1957 exhibits a marked increase from the month of July when the fleets were in the more westerly fishing areas. The unusually large catch of 2,769,000 silvers and 65,274 kings in July 1956 is discussed in a section dealing with salmon catches by 5-degree longitudinal intervals. LEGEND: ——-— Red Salmon Chum Salmon -- Pink Salmon NUMBER OF FISH 8-Il 12-16 17-21 22-26 27-30 1-5 6-10 II-I5 16-20 2I-2526-30 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-4 5-9 MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST 680,000 LEGEND: — —— Red Salmon 640,000 Chum Salmon pecocno0cs Pink Salmon NUMBER OF FISH aw oa oO 8 [e} sosp st ———— T T T T T T T 1-6 7-Il 12-16 17-2) 22-2627-3! 1-5 6-10 II-I5 16-20 2I-2526-30 1-5 6-10 II-I5 16-20 2F25 26-30 314 5-9 10-14 | MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST Fig. 10 - 1953 RED, CHUM, AND PINK SALMON CATCHES BY 5-DAY PERIODS. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW aah LEGEND: ———Red Salmon 1,00Q000 Chum Salmon E85009 Pink Salmon —--— Number of Tons Set 800,000 =X 700,000 2 re ~ © 800,000 (v4 w @ 500000 = 5) z 16-21 22-26.27-31 1-5 6-10 II-I5 16-20 21-25 26-30 1-5 6-I0 II-I5 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-4 5-9 10-14 16-19 20-23 X MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST FIG. 11 - 1954 RED, CHUM, AND PINK SALMON CATCHES BY 5-DAY PERIODS. 4900000 LEGEND: —-—-— Red Salmon Chum Salmon so cceree Pink Salmon 3500,000 —--— Number of Tans Set NUMBER OF FISH 8 1500900 1,000,000 a —— T == T SS T ——S $F 9-Il 12-16 17-21 22-26 27-31 1-5 6-lO JI-I5 16-20 2F2526-30 1-5 6-10 I-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-25 MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST FIG. 12 - 1955 RED, CHUM, AND PINK SALMON CATCHES BY 5-DAY PERIODS. 12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 CONCLUSIONS In 1952, the Japanese commenced post-World War IL salmon mothership opera- tions on the high seas in new fishing grounds which extended along the western A- leutians to the southeastern coast of Kamchatka. Operations in 1952 consisted of 3 motherships and 105 catcher boats and increased in 1956 to a high of 16 motherships and 506 catcher boats. Their total salmon catch in 1952 was 2,079,131 fish, in- creasing to 7,789,292 in 1953, 20,496,611 in 1954, 64,041,000 in 1955, decreasing to 52,066,050 in 1956 es the establishment of the Russian Edict Line, and increasing to 56,430,576 fish®/ in 1957. The increase from 1956 to 1957 is attributable to an apparent increase in the abundance of pink, and the encountering of large concentra- tions of red salmon in the northern Aleutians. a 1] LEGEND: ——— Red Salmon Chum Salmon | pondo000 Pink Salmon 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 x @ re uw 2,500,000 {o) a WW ao s 2,000,000) =) z |,500000 1,000,000 5,000,000 Fish cought within this period 500,000 = ee SUE T Wisma I7-2| 2226 27-31 1-5 6-10 II-I5 16-20 21-25 26-30 1-5 6-10 II-I5 16-20 21-25 26-31 1-5 6-10 L MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST FIG. 13 - 1956 RED, CHUM, AND PINK SALMON CATCHES BY 5-DAY PERIODS. Ps The major fishing ground in the gleutian area has been bounded by latitudes Galles N. and 596 N. and longitudes 157) E,. and 180), and the Okhotsk Sea by latitudes 49° N. and 55 N. and longitudes 151° E. and 155° E. The fishing area from 1952 through 1954 was confined to the North Pacific Ocean south of the Aleutian Islands. In 1955 the North Pacific expedition was supplemented by two motherships in the Okhotsk Sea. Then in 1956 two additional motherships were dispatched to the new- ly-created Olyutorskii region and, for the first time since 1952, the Japanese fished east of 180° and north of the Aleutians in the Bering Sea. This concentrated effort in the eastern and northern fishing areas was due to the declaration of the Russian S/OFFICIAL ALEUTIAN AREA CATCH OF 50,456,576 FISH PLUS ESTIMATED CATCH OF 5,974,000 FISH FOR THE OKHOTSK SEA. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13 MILLIONS OF FISH 8 RED ,292,705 JAPANESE HIGH-SEAS SALMON FISHERY 1952 — 1956 CHUM PINK SILVER & KIN 15,457,051 14,475,475 3,989, III 42,123,342 16 = 506 = 41,400 9,329,871 1956 TOTAL (+10,000,000 unaccounted for) MOTHER -SHIP CATCHER & SCOUTS BOAT DAYS TANS SET (plus approx. 500,000 for Okhotsk fleet RUSSIAN EDICT LINE ENFORCED 12,779,442 21,396,259 3,631,298 1955 61,273,907 = TOTAL (+ 2,767,093 un- = 14 = MOTHER-SHIP accounted for ) = 406 = CATCHER & SCOUTS = 32,815 = BOAT DAYS : 8,990,000 = TANS SET 3,725,991 8,924,688 5,693,029 1,436,886 1954 19,835,156 = TOTAL(+661,455 un- [ ] 7 = MOTHER-SHIP accounted for) 20 = CATCHER & SCOUTS 15,549 = BOAT DAYS 3,207,444 = TANS SET r iL — Sa $e 5 Le — 1953 7,789,292 = TOTAL 1,564,430 2,721,680 3,155,353) 347,829 3 = MOTHER-SHIP 105 = CATCHER & SCOUTS 8,725 = BOAT DAYS 1,274,226 = TANS SET pe oe 1952 698,0 25,545 2,079,131 = TOTAL 3 = MOTHER-SHIP 57 = CATCHER & SCOUTS rar SSS SSS SS MONON ONVOND HOHWONHOHOW 3,829 = BOAT DAYS peererrer yeoeerree 467,598 - TANS SET Onownonono ow oOnonownonao SSWWOOESa we wWwWOCsere LONGITUDE IN 5 DEGREE INTERVALS (140°E to 175°W long.) FIG. 14 - JAPANESE HIGH-SEAS SALMON CATCHES BY 5-DEGREE LONGITUDINAL INTERVALS FOR YEARS 1952 TO 1956. 14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 20, No. 4 Edict Line which prevented the Japanese from fishing in the restricted area until the middle of July (fig. 6). The 1957 fishing areas were similar to those of 1956 with the exception that greater effort was expended in the northern Aleutians (north of Kiska and Attu Islands). This was a most productive area, accounting for ap- proximately 33.8 percent of their total 1957 catch. In 1957 a record catch of 19,801,891 red salmon and 21,054,015 pink salmon was made in the Aleutian area during only two months. Of the total red salmon catch, approximately 5 to 8 million fish are estimated to have been caught during June 11-30 in the Bering Sea, north of Kiska and Attu Islands. The large catch in relation to fishing effort indicates that from the standpoint of fleet operations, 1957 was a very successful year. LEGEND: N. PACIFIC =" N. PACIFIC —— OKHOTSK sss OKHOTSK NORTH PACIFIC =x Bia Sm uw ° =x cw w 2S =x 2 o Zz NUMBER OF FISH fe) 1-5 6-10 I-15 16-20 21-2526-30 1-5 6-10 II-I15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-26 JUNE JULY AUGUST FIG. 15 - RED SALMON CATCH IN TIME--NORTH PACIFIC AND OKHOTSK SEA. In May of 1958 the Japanese are scheduled to dispatch their seventh salmon fish- ing expedition into the high seas. The catch quota of this expedition will be depend- ent upon the outcome of Japanese negotiations with the Soviet Union. The areas of operation and the performance of these fleets will be followed with intense interest by all North American salmon fishing interests, particularly in the light of recent evidence that Bristol Bay salmon are vulnerable to capture by this fishery. Should the catches this season be comparable to those of recent years, especially of red salmon along the Western Aleutians, the result may be a very serious reduction in the number of salmon available to our estuarine fisheries. SOURCES OF DATA The catch statistics for 1952 and 1953 were compiled from the official statistics of the Japanese Fishery Agency.6/ Official catch statistics for subsequent years are 6/REPORTS ON THE JAPANESE MOTHERSHI P-TYPE SALMON FISHERIES (1952 & 1953) AND MOTHERSH|P-TYPE CRAB FISHERIES (1953). JAPANESE FISHERY AGENCY, DECEMBER 1953, cee A AC ITE LL April 1958 oS PACIFIC NORTH NUMBER OF FISH in 3 (eo) [o} fe) {e) ? ? 1,500900 1,000,000 500,000 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 LEGEND: NORTH PACIFIC —— OKHOTSK NUMBER OF FISH OKHOTSK SEA fo) 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 1-5 6-10 II-I5 16-20 21-2526-30 31-4 5-9 10°14 15-19 20-26 JUNE JULY AUGUST FIG. 16 = CHUM SALMON CATCH IN TIME--NORTH PACIFIC AND OKHOTSK SEA. 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 NUMBER OF FISH 1,000,000 500,000 LEGEND: NORTH PACIFIC —— OKHOTSK 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 1-5 6-10 II-I5 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-26 JUNE JULY AUGUST FIG. 17 = PINK SALMON CATCH IN TIME--NORTH PACIFIC AND OKHOTSK SEA. 16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 20, No. 3 also available but only as monthly landings.7/ These data are shown in table 1. As more detailed catch statistics were desired for purposes of this report, unofficial statistics for 1954 through 1957 were obtained from a Japanese fisheries newspaper (Hokkai Suisan Shimbun). Catch data from 1952 to 1955 were reported daily in num- bers of fish. For 1956 the data presented were five-day catch totals. In 1957, up to June 10, landings were reported in metric tons for ten-day periods. Subsequent to that date, reports were given in total metric tons without breakdown according to species. This progressive decline of the availability of detailed catch statistics during the recent years has made the analysis of data and evaluation of Japanese opera- tions more difficult at a time when fishing operations have been greatly expanded and extended. WAN STATISTICAL COMPILATION FOR THE INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION FOR THE YEARS 1954, 1955, AND 1956. 1JNPFC DOCUMENT NO. 124, 1957. RAINBOW TROUT BRED IN SALT WATER In June 1957, Alfred Petersen, a fish breeder in Denmark, had produced several thousand salt-water-bred rainbow trout in a pond on theisland of Hjarno in Horsens Fjord. Three orfour years ago Petersen bought 35 full-grown rainbow trout from a fresh-water fish breeder and putthem in 200-liter barrels of salt water from the island of Hjarno. Next year, Petersen put his trout ina small (20 Square meters) salt-water pondonHjarno. The result- ant crop of rainbow trout were bright-colored like salmon, with the meat ofa commercially desirable light red. RA|NBOW TROUT This year Petersen built alarge (1,600 square meters) fishfarm just inside a damthat cuts off the head- waters ofa salt-water bay. The pond's walls have openings for inflow and out- flow of the tide, though the water is changed regularly by motor pumps when the tidewater is toolow. The pond's bottom has deeptrenches to permit fish move- ment atlow tide. The trout grow rapidly, receiving minnows to supplement the diet of crustaceans (Shrimp and beach fleas) in the water. (The Progressive Fish-Culturist, October 1957.) eee April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 Lip "RESEARCH. IN SERVICE LABORATORIES N ZN: ee emer oi FISH-OIL RESEARCH AT THE SEATTLE FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY ABSTRACT FISH-OIL RESEARCH AT THE SEATTLE TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY HAS BEEN DIRECTED PRIMARILY TOWARD UTILIZATION OF THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF UNSATU- RAT!ON FOUND IN FISH OILS. INTRODUCTION A study of the chemistry of fish oils can be approachedfrom two distinct points of view. The first approach investigates chemical reactions that employ the termi- nal reactive groups of the trigly- cerides, fatty acids, alcohols, and esters found in or made from fish oils. The second approach inves- tigates the unsaturated portion of the oil, which portion forms a substantial part of fish oils. This laboratory has employed both ap- proaches, but current work is pri- marily concerned with the latter one. REACTIONS AT THE SITES OF UNSATURATION In an attempt to utilize the un- saturated portion of fish-oil mole- cules, we have studied commer- cially-attractive reactions at the carbon-to-carbon double bonds. These reactions have employed epoxidation and certain additions. FIG. 1 - ORGANIC CHEMIST PREPARING LONG-CHAIN ALKYL XANTHATE SALTS FROM FISH OIL FATTY ACIDS. EPOXIDATION REACTIONS: An epoxidation is simply an oxidation of a carbon-to-carbon double bond with an 1 ; ) organic peracid to give an oxirane (— Sy —) or epoxy derivate. The reaction may be expressed thusly: R'CO3H — cH = CH—R'! R— CH —CH—R' N= —> Se (WHERE "R" REPRESENTS THE NONRE-ACTING PORTION OF THE MOLECULE.) 18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Our specific concern with the epoxidation reaction is the preparation of the epoxy derivatives of highly unsaturated butyl or hexyl esters derived from fish oil. The resultant epoxides would be potential plasticizers and stabilizers of polyvinyl chloride. The stabilization of polyvinyl chloride by epoxides exhibits an interesting prop- erty of the oxirane ring. When polyvinyl chloride ages, it evolves hydrogen chlo- ride, and the oxirane group captures the evolved hydrogen chloride in the following manner: R——CH—CH——-R” Ss ++ HC 1—5 R — CH— CH —R™ 0 OH cl The oxirane ring also is broken easily by a variety of other compounds, in- cluding other halogen acids, primary, and secondary amines, alcohols, water, and any other compounds with a labile hydrogen atom. The epoxides therefore would act as intermediates in the preparation of further products, in addition to acting in their primary function as plasticizers. Epoxidations have been carried out in this laboratory using two organic per- acids: peracetic acid formed in situ and preformed perbenzoic acid. To date, per- benzoic acid has been the more effective reagent inthe epoxidation of highly unsatu- rated materials. ADDITION REACTIONS: The addition reactions have been of two kinds: (1) bromine and hydrogen bromide and (2) benzene and xylene. Bromine and hydrogen bromide additions: The purpose of our addition work with bromine and hydrogen bromide stemmed from the idea that perhaps displace- ment of the secondary bromine atoms might be made with triethylamine to form polyquaternary ammonium bromides. The displacement reaction works well inthe case of a primary alkyl bromide and may be written thusly: CoH5 aj R—CH>—Br CH3CHp (PRIMARY ALKYL + BROMIDE) oa CH2—CH3 ——> | R — CHp — N—CoH5 Br- CH3CH> CoHS5 The addition reactions therefore were investigated. It was found--as would be ex- pected--that bromine was easily added but, surprisingly, that hydrogen bromide was difficult to add. Especially in the case of highly unsaturated materials was the hydrogen bromide addition difficult. Different solvent systems, catalysts, and re- action temperatures were tried, yet the highly unsaturated materials were not com- pletely hydrobrominated. The brominated products therefore were used in the attempted displacement reactions. The attempts met with failure, for dehydrobromination occurred far more easily than did displacement, and the resultant products were triethylamine hydrobromide and an unsaturated material. Benzene and xylene addition: Preliminary studies have been carried out on the Friedel-Crafts addition of benzene to the carbon-to-carbon double bonds in tri- glycerides and fatty acids. The reaction equation may be written in the following manner: April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19 smoneor—o tC] CATALYST R — CH —- CH5 — R™ (BENZENE) Li l ~ The reaction conditions so far used have led to polymerization and incomplete re- action. An investigation of the addition of meta-xylene to unsaturated fatty acids was carried out. It was demonstrated that a product could be isolated that had approx- imately 50 percent of the unsaturation consumed in the reaction with a minimum of polymerization. REACTIONS AT THE TERMINAL FUNCTIONAL GROUPS In addition to the foregoing reactions, which utilize the unsaturated portion of the long-chain compounds derived from fish oils, substances have been prepared that are derived from reactions at the terminal functional groups. These substances represent three separate types of compounds: (1) the unsaturated quaternary am- monium salts, (2) the unsaturated potassium alkyl xanthates, and (3) the unsaturated sodium alkyl sulfates. THE UNSATURATED QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS: Quaternary am- monium salts are known to be effective sanitizers, surface-active agents, insecti- cides, and fungicides. We have prepared a mixture of unsaturated quaternary am- monium salts to be tested for the latter use and for use as a possible ore-flotation agent. The preparation proceeds through the following series of reactions: ROH PBr RBr + (et) on 5|R—Net | Br” (ALCOHOL (ALKYL BROMIDE) (TRIETHYLAMINE) The fatty alcohols are prepared from triglycerides or methyl esters by reduction with sodium or lithium aiuminum hydride. UNSATURATED POTASSIUM ALKYL XANTHATES: The xanthates were pre- pared by the following reaction: S CSS " [x3 ——Clp R—O = © SK The reaction was carried out easily, and the product--even from unsaturated alcohols--was a soapy solid that was easily separated from the reaction mixture. The unsaturated xanthates have been sent to the University of Minnesota, School of Mines and Metallurgy, to be tested as possible ore-flotation agents. UNSATURATED SODIUM ALKYL SULFATES: The sodium alkyl sulfates can be prepared from alcohols by means of a sulfation reaction using chlorosulfonic acid or pyridine-sulfur trioxide as well as by means of many similar sulfating reagents. The reaction is as follows: 20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 H lo = Chl 3, R— 0SO3H NaOH R—0SO3 Na 2. R—OH > R — 0SO3H NaOH R — 0S03 Na a ZA N ul} S05 When chlorosulfonic acid is used, a byproduct of the reaction is hydrogen chlo- ride. Chlorosulfonic acid therefore is unsuitable for use with unsaturated fatty al- cohols. In the case of the unsaturated alcohols, use of the pyridine-sulfur trioxide reagent, however, is satisfactory. As in the preparation of the alkyl xanthates, the sodium alkyl sulfates were prepared with ease. When a method of assay is developed, the sulfates also willbe tested as potential ore-flotation agents. SUMMARY To summarize briefly then, the Seattle laboratory has approached and carried out the study of the chemistry of fish oils from the points of view of reactions at the sites of unsaturation and reactions at the terminal functional groups. The form- er approach has led to a study of oxidation and certain addition reactions, and the latter approach has led to the synthesis of unsaturated quaternary ammonium Salts, potassium alkyl xanthates, and sodium alkyl sulfates. Since one of the unique features of fish oils is their high degree of unsaturation, it is logical that we employ that unique property to the fullest extent. Future re- search therefore will be concerned more and more with chemical reactions involv- ing the sites of unsaturation. --BY PHILLIP A. HART, CHEMIST, FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY, DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND SERVICES, U. S. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, SEATTLE, WASH. EFFECT OF SEASON, FISHING AREA, AND PROCESSING TECHNIQUES ON PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF FISH BODY OILS Results obtained from a statistical ag)” ae Dane K study of variations in the physical con- Bi stants of 161 samples of commercial- ly produced fish-body oils collected from each of the menhaden reduction plants on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts during 1955 and 1956 has pointed out the changes due to area of fishcapture, seasons of the year, and the different processing techniques. The research week was conducted by North Carolina State College under the terms of its contract with the U. S. Fish and Wild- life Service financed by funds made a- p e FIG, 1 - FISH Ol L NOZZLE-SEPARATORS IN MODERN vailable by the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act MENHADEN! REDUGT [OND PLANT April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 of 1954. Each fish-body oil sample was analyzed to determine its refractive index, io- dine number, percentage content of free fatty acids, saponification number, nonsaponi- fication number, and Gardner colorindex. The variations in Gardner color index, per- centage content of free fatty acids, saponification, andnonsaponification numbers were found to correlate with individual plant processing methods to a highly significant degree. This type of basic research will be valuable to the byproducts manufacturer as a means of knowing the significance of those constants as related to processing variables and as a aid in manufacturing his product at the highest possible qualitylevel. Each of the constants studies has abearing on the utilization of theoil. Thefish-oilbuyer can be assured within those known ranges in the several physical constants that he can spec- ify and expect to get oils most nearly suited to his particular needs. ABOZABSh NEW METHODS OF PACKAGING FISH FILLET BLOCKS The application of modern packaging materials and techniques to fish fillet blocks will result in decreased package costs and increased product shelf life during frozen storage tests conducted by the Boston Fishery Technological Laboratory of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries reveal. Fish fillet blocks are customarily packaged in a waxed chipboard carton, plate-fro- zen, and then 3 or 4blocks are placed ina corrugated master carton and put in frozen storage. This type of package does not provide an effective moisture- vaporbarrier. Therefore, exces- sive dehydration occurs during ex- tended periods of frozen storage. At the Laboratory 13.5-pound haddock fillet blocks were prepared by packing fillets into the bottom half of a conventional waxed chip- board carton and covering the ex- posed surface of the fish witha sheet of moisure-vapor proof cellophane instead of the usual carton cover. The blocks were plate-frozen and packaged in lots of 4in1.5-milli- meter (.0015-in.) thick polyethylene bags. Thebags were heat sealed, putin master cartons, and stored at =O) Wo) lO 19, FIG. 1 - FISH BLOCKS IN MASTER CARTONS BEING REMOVED Preliminary results of this FROM HOLD OF REFRIGERATED VESSEL. test, after 12 months' storage of the samples, indicate that the use of this package results in (1) a decrease of 22 percent in package costs, (2) adecrease of 90 percent in weight loss, and (3) maintenance of a higher level of quality during fro- zen storage, as compared with the waxed chipboard carton-package usually employed. Other tests under way at this laboratory indicate that reduction in weight loss and increased product shelf life of 13.5-pound haddock fillet blocks can also be obtained by overwrapping the usual waxed chipboard carton with cellophane or waxed sulfite pa- per laminated to kraft paper. However, the use of anoverwrapping material results in increased package costs. --BY JOHN A. PETERS, CHEMIST, FISHERY TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, ODooooaag EAST BOSTON, MASS. 22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 ——————— —S——— ——S== — ——— = == | RENDS Se The Gulf shrimp trawl (semi- balloon design) had a 60-foot head rope, anda meshof 14 inches be- tween the knots, stretched meas- ure. Bs NNN KS The western box-type otter trawl had a 58-foot head rope, a SHRINE: calculated fishing swath of 12 feet, and a mesh of 14 inches between the knots, stretched measure. SHRIMP - 92% BEAM TRAWL OTTER TRAWL SHRIMP - 1,685 LBS. | SHRIMP ‘ The beam trawls (one 8 feet INVERTEBRATES - 136 INVERTEBRATES - (2 | id Of IS) Trev FISH FISH ea 0l wide, one 10 feet wide) had a nhiset he TONE cocoons UAOOS) mesh of 13 inches between the knots, stretched measure. FIG. 1 - CATCH COMPOSITION OF TWO TYPES OF SHRIMP NETS. The wings of the otter trawl were attached to the otter boards. Mud lines were not used. The lead line was attached 93 inches above the bottom of each board. The lead line of the 10-foot beam was first attached at the base, just above the shoe, and later at a point 4 inches higher. For comparative gear tows only those data collected with the lead line 4 inches above the beam shoe were used. The duration of each tow was timed, the distance each net traveled being meas- ured in Loran microseconds. Three types of tows were made. Gear shake-down and modification tows were called trial tows. Search tows were shrimp-scouting and exploratory tows. Test- gear tows made on the same grounds during the same periods of time, and at the same depths were designated comparison tows. Comparison tows were made in couplet sequence, i. e., beam trawl, then otter trawl, next otter trawl, and then beam. The catch of each tow was segregated by species. Weights were then taken of three general. groups--shrimp, fish, and miscellaneous invertebrates. Surface- 24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 living jelly fish were not included in invertebrate weights. Fish specimens were enumerated and measured. Samples of shrimp were taken for further study. Inclement weather, rough seas and scarcity of shrimp curtailed gear studies the first half of the cruise. Twenty-one tows were made during this period. None Number of Fish were appropriate for comparative gear studies. Data gathered from two tows made with the Gulf shrimp trawl were SLENDER SOLE inconclusive. 100 Commercial quantities of shrimp were not found on the grounds (60-64 fathoms, off Usal) that were so productive one month earlier. Better shrimp catches made during this cruise were subsequent- ly taken south of this area and in deeper water (68-76 fathoms). Both types of gear, the 10-foot beam-trawl net and the MeGs GaSe otter-trawl net, produced remarkably HAKE, EULACHON LEGEND: similar catches when fished in a com- 2 SABLEFISH [OT] - cam rrawe. parative manner. DOVER, PETRALE, ut i 4 i AND pee Sixty-nine tows were made during the ENGLISH SOLE : . . cruise. Thirteencouplet trials were con- Z sidered in comparing the incidental fish |OBRANCH: AND CHIMAERIOSE’ catches of the component 10-foot beam and ottertrawls. Thesetrials were made on FIG. 2 - COMPOSITION OF INCIDENTAL FISH catcH or the green mud bank in 68-76 fathoms west TWO TYPES OF SHRIMP NETS. of Westport, California. , November 21-25, Thirteen 30-minute tows with the beam trawl resulted in a total take of 1,917 pounds -- 1,685 pounds (88 percent) were shrimp, 136 pounds (7 percent) were invertebrates, and 96 pounds (5 percent) were fish. The otter trawl for the same number of tows took 1,908 pounds--shrimp comprised 1,747 pounds (92 percent),miscellaneous invertebrates, 82 pounds (4 percent), and fish, 79 pounds (4 percent.) (See Figure 1.) Slender sole (Lyopsetta exilis), a commercially-unimportant species, was the dominant species in the incidental fish catch. Of the 760 individual fish captured in the beam trawl, 430 were slender sole. Twenty-nine of the 166 fish taken by the otter trawl were slender sole. Other fish species taken by each type of gear aver- aged less than 10 individuals per tow. (See Figure 2.) On shrimp grounds neither type of gear took excessive amounts of fish. The beam trawl captured more fish than did the otter trawl. The quantity of valuable commercial species of fish captured by either piece of gear was negligible. Further studies using commercial-size gear during the shrimp season of 1958 are planned. Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, 1957 Total shipments of metal cans during 1957 amounted to 144,560 short tons of steel (based on the amount of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans) as compared with 112,532 tons in 1956. Al- though the use of steel for the canning of fishery products increased about 1.8 percent in 1957 as compared with the preceding year, the April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 295 total pack of all canned fishery products in 1957 was about 4 percent less. Rather sharp declines occurred in the 1957 packs of salmon, shrimp, and California sar- dines, plus a moderate decline in the pack of Maine sardines. Packs of tuna and Gulf of Mexico oysters in 1957 were about the same as for 1956 and the only pro- nounced increase occurred in the pack of Pacific mackerel. It seems that the in- creased shipments of metal cans in 1957 was based more on expectations than actual need, NOTE: STATISTICS COVER ALL COMMERCIAL AND CAPTIVE PLANTS KNOWN TO BE PRODUCING METAL CANS. REPORT - ED IN BASE BOXES OF STEEL CONSUMED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANS, THE DATA FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS ARE CONVERTED TO TONS OF STEEL BY USING THE FACTOR: 23.0 BASE BOXES OF STEEL EQUAL ONE SHORT TON OF STEEL. ~ ES Chesapeake Bay FEW YOUNG STRIPED BASS MIGRATE OUTSIDE OF CHESAPEAKE BAY: Only four of 1,400 striped bass tagged in the spring of 1957 in the James, York, and Rappahannock Rivers were caught outside Chesapeake Bay. All four of the tagged fish were released in the York River, scientists of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory at Gloucester Point report. The biologist in charge of this tagging program reports, ''There was much less movement of these fish than we anticipated. Earlier investigation had suggested that most striped bass found along the North and Middle Atlantic coasts originated in Chesapeake Bay. Our results for 1957 do not substantiate this belief.'' Most of the tagged fish were young and there is reason to believe that young fish do not migrate as freely as adults. Later recoveries may show greater dispersion. The biologist plans to repeat tagging experiments this spring to check last year's figures. Striped Bass (Roccus saxatilis) The four tagged striped bass recaptured outside of Chesapeake Bay are as follows: Distance Teele New Jersey Rhode Island 1/NAUTICAL MILES. Maryland scientists tagged striped bass in upper Chesapeake Bay at the same time Virginia biologist tagged in the lower Bay. On comparing figures, it was found that few Maryland fish moved into Virginia waters or vice-versa. Actually, each group of fish tended to remain for the most part in the area of tagging. Very few wandered to other rivers. 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Columbia River into the lower Columbia River tributaries in Oregon since 1951 were observed by staff members of the Oregon Fish Commission this winter (1957/58). The Commission Director of Research said the increased numbers of silver spawners are, in part, a reflection of more stringent regulations imposed upon : commercial fishing in the Columbia River. A ten- day fishing closure on the Columbia River in mid- October was invoked in 1957 with the primary intent of increasing silver salmon spawning escapements. Ad- ditionally, commercial fishing was limited to only three days a week during open periods after September 18. Silver Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Numerous salmon rehabilitation projects conducted in lower Columbia tribu- taries by all fish and game agencies concerned under the Columbia River Develop- ment Program have been a substantial factor in building up the silver salmon runs. The Columbia River Development Program is financed by funds administered by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Spawning ground surveys are made by biologists on selected sections of streams throughout the lower Columbia system. Counts are made of both live and dead fish sighted. These counts are converted to a "fish per mile of stream surveyed" fig- ure that provides a year-to-year index to the condition of the runs. The Oregon Fish Commission has made silver salmon surveys in the lower Columbia system since 1949, The 25-fish-per-mile figure obtained this winter on a total of 42 miles of check unit surveys is second only to the record count of 29- fish-per-mile observed in 1951. In view of the encouraging silver salmon escapements that resulted from tight- er Columbia River fall season fishing regulations in 1957, the Oregon Fish Com- mission and the Washington Department of Fisheries have adopted similar regu- lations for 1958. Additional salmon rehabilitation projects have been planned to further aid silver salmon and other fish production in lower Columbia tributaries. CBr Federal Purchases of Fishery Products DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, JANUARY 1958: Fresh and Fro- zen Fishery Products: For the use of the Armed Forces under the Department of Defense, 1.7 million pounds (value $943,000) of fresh and frozen fishery products were purchased in January 1958 by the Military Sub- sistence Market Centers. This to- tal was lower than the quantity pur- 5 dee RS Aa CRs 0 0.0) hae chased in Decem- ber 1957 by 3.6 Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Market Centers, January 1958 with Comparisons QUANTITY April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 percent and below the amount purchased in the same month a year ago by 23.5 per- cent. The value of the purchases this January was higher by 4.4 percent as com- pared with the previous month, but lower by 19.3 percent from January a year ago. Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery products by the Department of Defense in January averaged 55.7 cents a pound, about 4.3 cents more than the 51.5 cents paid in December 1957 and : 2.9 cents above the 52.8 cents paid during January a year ago. Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by Military Subsistence Market Centers, Jan. 1958 with Comparisons 1958 Jan. : 1957 1957 Canned Fishery Products: Salmon and tuna were the prin- cipal canned fishery products purchased for the use of the Armed Forces during Janu- ary 1958. NOTE: SOME LOCAL PURCHASES NOT INCLUDED; ACTUAL TOTAL PURCHASES ARE HIGHER THAN INDICATED BECAUSE IT 1S NOT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN LOCAL PURCHASES. Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program EXPERIMENTAL RED SNAPPER TRAWLING TRIP OFF TEXAS COMPLETED: (M/V Silver Bay Cruise 6): A total of 1,204 red snapper (weight 1,984 pounds) were caught during a 20-day experimental trawling trip (completed February 20, 1958) by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries chartered exploratory fishing vessel Silver Bay. Inci- dental but small catches of porgies, vermillion snapper, grouper, and nonutilized or industrial fish were also taken in most drags. Trawling stations (39) were made on broken and hard bottom in depths of 10 to 100 fathoms with a 52-foot 43-inch mesh nylon trawl and 76-foot 5-inch mesh manila trawl. Both trawls were rigged in the standard New England style with rollers along the footrope and V-D rig between the net and trawl doors. M/V SILVER BAY (CRUISE 6 - JAN. 21-FEB. 10, 1958). ‘Red snapper catches ranged from zero up to 475 pounds per tow. All catches from less than 40 fathoms (with one exception made at 23 fathoms) yielded less than 100 pounds of red snapper per tow. On February 3 during a short period of calm weather, 4 tows with the nylon trawl in 40-50 fathoms at 27 43' to 23-47' north latitude and 95 37' to 95 43' west longitude yielded 580 pounds of red snapper. Three tows in this area during February 4-5, in heavy seas, yielded a catch of 540 pounds of red snapper. The red snapper ranged in size from = to 25 pounds each and averaged 2 pounds. 28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Maine Sardines INDUSTRY COUNCIL PLANS TO EXPAND INSTITUTIONAL SALES: An ex- tensive program to develop and expand the sales of canned Maine sardines in the institutional market has been initiated by the Maine Sardine Council. Every phase of the volume feeding field from restaurants and hotels to hospitals, schools, and lumber camps would be covered by the project, a February 6 news release from the Council points out. A New York City consulting firm of institutional specialists has been engaged to work with the Council's Executive Secretary on the required research, market- ing, and promotional operations. Latest data show the institutional market to be of vast proportions with over one-half million outlets which purchase $6.5 billion worth of food a year and serve meals valued at over $14 billion. It was stated in the news release that the industry now enjoys a sizable business in the institutional field and it is the Council's belief that there is a tremendous un- tapped potential for Maine-packed sardines because of the many attractive features offered by the product. The Maine sardine industry has been developing a quality-control program, new containers and products, and other items that may be required as the expansion program progresses. el North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations CONTRACT FOR NEW FISHERY BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT WOODS HOLE AWARDED: A contract for the construction of a new U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries biological laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., and for the razing of present structures, was awarded for $371,000 to a Brighton, Mass., firm. A total of 16 firms bid on the project, according to the January 15 announcement. The new building will be a three-story, brick and masonary, fire-resistant structure, 44 feet by 190 feet, providing 25,000 feet of floor space. It will replace the present laboratory which was constructed more than 70 years ago and which is not only old and obsolete, but has suffered extensive damage from hurricanes in recent years. Congress has appropriated $930,000 for the complete reconstruction of the Woods Hole installation. Future plans include a flexible arrangement of plumbing to provide sea water under controlled conditions of temperature and ionization so that natural water conditions in the North Atlantic can be duplicated in the labora- tory. Estimates of the cost of the building and complete equipment approximate $570,000. Plans for a second unit to be constructed later will include a new aquarium which would be used for public educational and scientific purposes. In addition, provision will be made for the necessary shops, garages, and storage space. The Woods Hole laboratory is the focal point for the biological study of the commercial fishes of the Northwest Atlantic. The work of this laboratory has assumed increased importance in the implementation of the work of the Interna- tional Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. Se a a IO LA April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 The projects over the years have covered a wide range of fishery problems. Among future research projects are studies on the difficulties of survival faced by young fish, chemical and biological aspects of sea water, continuation of net studies, microbiological work, migration and spawning studies, and sundry other projects on the various species of commercially-important fishes in the New England fish- eries. During the period of constructing and equipping the new laboratory the research program is being conducted from temporary quarters near Falmouth, Mass. Seok Se ke Ot * OK Kk OK ook MULTIPLANE KITE OTTER AND HIGH-SPEED PLANKTON SAMPLER TEST- ED (M/V T-79 Cruise 21): From January 28-31, 1958, the U. S. Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries small research vessel T-79 was engaged in the calibration of a multiplane kite otter and a high-speed plankton sampler. The tests were made over a measured mile course buoy area off Provincetown, Mass. During the cruise, the ship's speed and the opening and closing time of the high speed plankton sampler were calibrated. In addition, a calibration curve for the multiplane kite otter was obtained at a towing speed of five knots. It was found that the high-speed plankton sampler towed and operated well. The wire vibration which had been troublesome with a 3-inch towing warp was re- duced considerably with }-inch warp. Tests were not completed due to a break- down of the auxiliary generator. ok kk ok SURVEY OF HERRING SPAWNING AND LARVAL DRIFT INTERRUPTED (M/V Albatross III Cruise 107): The second (February 1958) ina series of three cruises by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Albatross III to survey herring spawning and herring larvae drift in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank was cut short by engine trou- ble. The success of herring spawn- ing and, the subsequent movements of the newly-born larval herring as they reach maturity affects the economy of the coastal areas in Maine which depend on small her- ring for canning. THE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES RESEARCH VESSEL ; ALBATROSS |I1. Cruise 106 (December 3-20, 1957) and this cruise covered the entire area of the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank. Large fine-meshed plankton nets were towed every four hours to collect samples of herring larvae, at two-hour in- tervals water samples were taken and analyzed for salinity, and hourly bathythermo- graph lowerings were made to record the water temperature from surface to bottom. In addition, a total of 1,738 drift bottles were released. Two new instruments, developed by scientists of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, were put into use during the two herring survey cruises. Three sta- tionary thermographs were set out to make a continuous record of the water tem- perature. Five transponding buoys, which send out a radio signal when triggered from the vessel, were set out to supplement the information about currents col- lected from drift bottles. 30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Following repairs to the engine, the Albatross III is expected to be ready for sea again about March 15. Ch North Pacific Fisheries Investigations VESSEL CHARTERED FOR BERING SEA KING CRAB STUDIES: The Seattle of the Bering Sea at the request of the International North Pacific Fisheries Com- mission. The 67-foot vessel, with a crew of four, will be under charter from April to August 1958. The king crab studies attempt to determine what conservation measures are required in regard to the Bering Sea crab stocks. The vessel will be trawling at 77 established locations to examine the size and conditions of crabs. Crabs will be tagged to learn migration patterns. Oceanographic observations will be made to determine how water temperatures and currents affect the abun- dance and distribution of king crabs. An attempt will be made by otter trawling to estimate the total number of commercial size crabs in the Bering Sea. During the 1957 season, 15,570 king crabs were tagged in the Bering Sea. Small juvenile crabs--two inches and under--were found and their growth studied for the first time by biologists of the Service's fishery biological laboratory at Seattle. A high population of commercial-size king crabs was observed. (The to- tal 1957 catch taken by United States and Japanese fishing operations was about 1.3 million large crabs.) The crab research program conducted on a limited scale since 1954 was great- ly expanded in 1957. These studies will add new knowledge on the biology and life history of this valuable shellfish found in the North Pacific Ocean. aa Oregon NEHALEM RIVER SALMON MIGRATION PROJECT COMPLETED: Some 25 miles of stream system of the north fork of Qregon's Nehalem River have been made more accessible for salmon and trout migration by a series of improvement projects conducted by the Oregon Fish Commission over the past nine months. The latest north fork Nehalem improvement project (a concrete fishway over Waterhouse Falls) was finished by the Commission's engineering division late in January 1958. Although only nine feet in height, the Waterhouse Falls had been a serious barrier to salmon and trout at most water stages, according to the Fish Commission engineering director. During construction of the Waterhouse Falls fishway, considerable numbers of silver salmon were able to surmount the barrier through temporary fish pas- sage facilities that were installed. It is estimated that 4,000 silvers passed over the falls during November and December 1957. Another fishway was completed by the Fish Commission at Hamlet Falls, four | miles upstream from Waterhouse Falls in September 1957. Earlier in 1957, Fish April 1958 Commission equipment was used to remove 11 major log jams and a large quantity of timber debris from Sweet Home Creek, which enters the north fork about three miles above Waterhouse Falls. The total cost of the three Nehalem River projects was approximately $43,000. OK OOK OK OA Ok LANDINGS OF FISH- ERY PRODUCTS, 1957: Landings of fish and shell- fish in Oregon during 1957 amounted to almost 56.6 mil- lion pounds, adecline of about 4.5 percent as compared with the preceding year. In 1957 declines in landings of chi- nook or king salmon (down 32.3 percent) and tuna (down 31.6 percent) more than off- set an increase in the land- ings of silver salmon (up 5.7 percent) and dungeness crabs (up 31.6 percent). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 Oregon Landings of Fish and Shellfish, 1956-57 1957 1956 . (1,000 Lbs.) . Salmon: Blueback (sockeye)... Chinook (king) ... Chum shove teen ster sy sveer siete eeecesee ecerees eo eo eo 8 Striped bass... Sturgeon: eee ee eee ee oo Crabs une | Shrimp . ec eee ee oo 1/INCLUDES FISH-LIVER LANDINGS. 2/WEIGHT IN-THE-SHELL. 3/WEIGHT BASED ON 25 POUNDS PER DOZEN CRABS. ~~ x\ Oysters RAFT CULTURE OF OYSTERS SHOWS PROMISE: Two studies on the raft culture of oysters made under conditions prevailing in Cape Cod Bay, Mass., by biologists of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, indicate the superiority of this type of culture over the present type of bottom culture. young oysters were suspended on a raft in Oyster River, Chatham, Mass. In September 1956, Monthly measurements on the set, showed that by November 29, 1957, the mean height of these oysters was 49 millimeters (about 2 inches) while those planted on the bot- tom a short distance from the raft reached the average height of only 35 milli- meters (about 1.4 inches). ment) took place in July. The greatest growth (31 percent of the annual incre- In the summer of 1957 a good oyster set occurred in Taylor Pond, which is a short distance from Oyster River. Between August 12-31 this set was collected and part of it was strung on two additional logs lashed to the existing raft in Oyster River. Other oysters were planted on the bottom of Oyster River near the raft. On November 29, 1957, the mean height of the oysters growing on the raft was 28 millimeters (about 1.1 inches) while those on the bottom averaged only 22 milli- meters (about 0.9 inches). 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW PLANS TO AID LONG ISLAND SOUND OYSTER INDUSTRY: The New York and Connecticut Long Island Sound oyster industry is facing a crisis and in order to develop methods for assisting this industry, a symposium was held in Washington, D. C., on February 6 and 7, 1958. The lack of seed oysters caused by (1) failure of setting since 1945, (2) storms, (3) the ever-present oyster drills, and now (4) a severe invasion of starfish have caused production to drop and, as a result, have forced many companies into bankruptcy. The scientists participating in the symposium included nine biologists from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries, a hydrographer from Yale University, a chemist from Johns Hopkins University, and a biologist from the University of North Carolina. The Director of the Oyster Institute of North A- merica represented the industry. These scientists recommended short-range projects to give immediate assistance to the in- dustry and long-range projects for rehabilitating the oyster industry of New York and New England. The short-range projects include: (1) Transplanting market oysters from the Chesapeake Bay in September, when they are in poor condition, to Long Island waters for fatten- ing, and sale Thanksgiving to April. (2) Establishing refuges in the estuaries of Long Island Sound where oysters can be placed during starfish invasions. Starfish and drills can- not tolerate the low salinity that exists in these estuaries. It is hoped that this measure will re- stock the depleted spawning beds and increase setting oysters in the estuaries. Action by the Connecticut legislature would be required to per- mit leasing of these grounds which are now open to the public. The Bureau of Commercial Fisher- ies would serve in an advisory capacity to the state of New York and the oyster industry and would expand the field studies on spawning and setting in these estuaries. The long-range projects recommended were: (1) Continuing and expanding the studies of the physiological requirements and behavior of oyster larvae, diseases and predators to deter- mine the causes of the fluctuations in the intensity of setting. This step would require field studies in several areas and additional laboratory facili- ties and personnel at Milford, Connecticut. (2) Continuing and expanding research on the use of natural salt-water ponds and estuaries in which oysters set consistently as sources of seed for the Long Island Sound industry. Since the oysters now present in ponds on Martha's Vine- yard Island and Cape Cod, Mass., estuaries grow slowly after transplanting, they may be replaced with spawners from Long Island Sound. (3) Transplanting seed oysters from southern areas, such as seaside Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina (when the setting is heavy) to Long Island Sound. The Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries would do this at an experimental level before recommending this action to the industry because Vol. 20, No. 4 preliminary experiments have not been success- ful. (4) Continuing and expanding Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries research to perfect methods for the artificial propagation of oysters to produce seed in commercial quantities. Basic information is available and success has been demonstrated at Milford, Conn. (5) Continuing the testing of chemicals to find specific poisons for use in controlling starfish, oyster drills, and other enemies and competitors of oysters. The symposium held in February 1958 was fol- lowed up by meetings with members of the industry to develop cooperative programs. Part of the pro- posed program will be financed by redirecting present investigations. A meeting of representative Long Island Sound oystermen, New York and Connecticut conserva- tion agencies, a representative from the Long Is- land Fishermen's Association, and personnel of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries was held at Milford, Conn., on March §, to develop methods for assisting the oyster industry of Long Island Sound. The following recommendations developed at the Washington meeting were discussed in detail and were approved by representatives of the oyster industry. 1. An experiment to transplant market oysters from Chesapeake Bay in September when they are in poor condition to Long Island Sound for fattening and sale Thanksgiving to April. This experiment will be set up as a cooperative project between interested members of the industry and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. 2. The establishment of refuges and estuaries in Long Island Sound where oysters could be placed during starfish invasions since starfish and oysters cannot tolerate these brackish waters. This pro- cedure would also restock depleted spawning beds, and might increase the setting of oysters in the estuaries. This measure was recommended to the Connecticut Shellfish Commission and the industry. The Bureau would serve in an advisory capacity and would expand field studies for spawning and setting in these estuaries. 3. Continue and expand studies of the physio- logical requirements of and behavior of oyster larvae, their food, diseases, and predators to de- termine the causes of fluctuations in the intensity and setting. 4. Continue and expand research on the use of natural ponds and estuaries where oysters set consistently and sources of seed for the Long Is- land Sound industry. Since oysters now present in ponds on Martha's Vineyard Island and Cape Cod estuaries grow slowly after transplanting they may be replaced with spawners from Long Island Sound. 5. Transplant seed oysters from southern areas such as Seaside, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina, where setting is heavy, to Long Island Sound. This will be done at an experimental level April 1958 by the Bureau before recommending to the industry because preliminary experiments have not been sucessful. 6. Continue and expand Bureau research to per- fect methods for artificial propagation of oysters to produce seed in commercial quantities. Basic in- formation is available and success has been dem- onstrated at Milford, Conn. Expanded facilities in- cluding pilot-scale hatcheries, pools, and ponds will be required to make methods commercially applicable. This project will lead to selective breeding of oysters to develop desirable qualities. 7. Continue testing of chemicals to find spe- cific poisons for starfish, oyster drills, andother enemies and competitors of the oyster, and investi- gate other methods for control of these predators. 8. Initiate studies to find enemies of starfish and drills which might be used to control the abun- dance of these oyster predators. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 The immediate problem of control of depreda- tions by starfish was discussed at considerable length. It was pointed out that the industry is spending over $10,000 per week in control meas- ures and that this is about the maximum that can be expected since their financial resources are at the lowest ebb in history from the lack of produc- tion over the past five years. The State of New York Marine Division of the Conservation Depart- ment has requested an appropriation from their legislature so that they can aid in the control pro- gram. The Connecticut Shellfish Commission is trying to develop a similar proposal for their legis- lature. It is urgent that control measures be taken as soor as possible to keep starfish out of the seed beds. Oyster shells will be spread on these beds within the next three months to obtain a new set of oysters, but these oysters would be destroyed by starfish unless immediate action is taken. Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHARTS RE- LEASED: The first of a series of sea-surface temperature charts covering the eastern side of the North Pacific Ocean was announced by Pacific Oceanic Fishery JANUARY 11-20, 1957 SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F) DERIVED FROM SHIPS WEATHER OBSERVATIONS, TOTAL OBS. 1793. , SQUARES SHOW AVERAGE TEMP. AT WEATHER-SHIP Sa STATIONS. NUMERALS INSIDE THE HEAVY DASHED LINES ah ARE AVERAGE TEMP. FOR I-DEGREE SQUARES IN AREAS at ae WHERE DATA WERE TOO FEW TO CONTOUR. DOTTED RRS ok LINES ARE ISOTHERMS GIVEN IN IO-DAY CHARTS SS he PREPARED BY THE CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL a\ Se OBSERVATORY, JAPAN, FOR THE SAME PERIOD. \ PREPARED BY RJ. CALLAWAY AND E.W.MENDIOLA, PACIFIC OCEANIC FISHERY ‘INVESTIGATIONS, HONOLULU. SQ 1-14-58 SSK 170° 160° Investigations of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in January 1958. 140° e 120° g 301 OFC. SIO LAMBERT EQUAL AREA The first series of charts cover sea-surface temperatures for January 1958 together with comparisons with the 30-year mean, and a similar chart for January 1957. 34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Comparisons can be drawn between January 1958, the historical average, and Janu- ary 1957. It is hoped that sea-surface temperatures will be useful in unraveling the distribution of albacore tuna as sea temperatures are believed to be one of the most important factors governing the movements of this species. Data for the sea-surface temperature charts were gathered from all available sources, including the U. S. Weather Bureau, the Meteorology Division of the Uni- versity of Hawaii, POFI research vessels, ocean liners, and Japanese sources. HOOK OK OK OK SKIPJACK TUNA AND LIVE-BAIT SARDINES FOUND ABUNDANT IN MAR- QUESAS (M/V Hugh M. Smith Cruise 42): The abundance of skipjack tuna (aku) found in 19 days of inshore fishing around 10 of the 11 Marquesas Islands and over an extensive area offshore from the islands was the highest since the series of seven cruises was initiated to study the resources of those islands. The Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations research vessel Hugh M. Smith returned to Honolulu from the fifth of the seven cruises on February 25, 1958, after spending 53 days at sea fishing for tuna and searching for live-bait supplies. This South Pacific island group, lying southeast of Hawaii, and approximately equal distances from Honolulu and Southern California ports, is surrounded by promising but undeveloped tuna fishing grounds that are of immediate interest to the United States west coast long- range tuna clipper fleet and of potential importance to the Hawaiian tuna-fishing in- dustry. Fishing close to the islands, the expedition sighted 76 tuna schools, most of them made up of small 3- to 6-pound skipjack. The high-seas portion of the survey, an 1,800-mile cross-shaped pattern radiating out from the islands, yielded a total of 74 sightings, most of the skipjack schools near land being 4- to 6-pound fish, while those on the offshore ends of the scouting runs were larger 16- to 29-pound tuna, similar to those which support the summer peak of the Hawaiian skipjack fish- ery. Over 300 of the skipjack captured in sampling these schools were marked with a new type of plastic dart tag developed by POFI's laboratory and used with great success in the Hawaiian area during the summer of 1957. Recaptures of these fish by the native fishermen of the Marquesas or, conceivably, by commercial fisher- men elsewhere, will provide valuable information on the seasonal movements of the Marquesan skipjack and possibly on their relation to the stocks of this important commercial species being exploited in Hawaii and other parts of the Pacific. The Hugh M. Smith spent 12 days of its stay in the Marquesas surveying the availability of Marquesan sardines, the live-bait fish which is essential to large- scale commercial tuna fishing. Although difficulty was encountered at first in find- ing adequate supplies of bait, the abundance increased toward the end of the survey period, enabling the vessel to bring back to Hawaii a load of 10,500 live sardines for planting in local waters. This is the largest of four introductions of this species made by POFI scientists since 1955, and the fish were released near Ewa in an area where sardines from an earlier planting have been recaptured in good condition. A chronic shortage of Hawaiian anchovy, the most important local skipjack bait fish, is one factor limiting the expansion of the Hawaiian tuna fishery, and it is hoped that if a population of Marquesan sardines large enough to reproduce successfully can be built up in Hawaiian waters, it may help to overcome this difficulty. In addition to studying the distribution of tuna schools in the Marquesan area, the expedition gathered data on the temperature, salinity, and other characteristics of the waters in which the tuna were found, and sampled the abundance of plankton and of tuna eggs and larvae on the fishing grounds. Collections of miscellaneous fishes, using underwater lights, handlines, and various types of nets were also made. Of particular scientific interest were a 6-inch specimen of a rare Shark taken ina April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 fine-meshed plankton net, and a colorful ''sea moth," afish with fins resembling the wings of a butterfly, netted under a light at night. x KKK TAGGED ALBACORE TUNA RECOVERED IN WESTERN PACIFIC: Two alba- U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, were recovered by Japanese fishermen in the western Pacific during December 1957 and January 1958. Both of the albacore were tagged in mid-Pacific Ocean north of Hawaii. One of the recoveries had been out for two years and the other for one year. The growth, from the time of tagging until the time of recapture, was at the rate of about 10 pounds a year. ~<2, Pacific Salmon Investigations TWO VESSELS CHARTERED TO STUDY ORIGIN OF MID-OCEAN SALMON: ~ dividing them into those that spawn in Alaskan waters and those that are of Asian origin, the halibut vessels Pioneer and Attu have been chartered by the Pacific Salmon Investigations of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The two ves- sels will leave Seattle, Wash., May 1 and return about September 1, 1958. The chartered vessels will cover the central North Pacific ocean and much of the Bering Seafrom 46 to 58 north latitude and from the West Coast to 172 east longitude. The farthest point is some 75 miles west of Attu Island and some 450 miles east of Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula. Area included in the salmon studies covers some 1,500,000 square miles of the North Pacific Ocean. "The purpose of the high seas investigations is to study the distribution and abundance of salmon in the high seas, to collect salmon samples for racial identi- fication, and to continue the oceanographic survey of the area," says the chief biol- Ogist of the ocean salmion research unit of the Pacific Salmon Investigations Labora- tory in Seattle. "This is the fourth year of our high seas studies of salmon,'' he stated. "We are pulling together the pattern of distribution and movements of salmon. We are primarily interested in determining what North American stocks enter waters west of the 175 provisional treaty line of the North Pacific Fisheries Convention between Japan, Canada, and the United States, and therefore become available to the Japan- ese high seas fisheries." Serving as research agency for the United States Section of the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, the scientists are trying to determine the "home base'' of salmon taken on the high seas. Were these salmon spawned in Alaskan or Asiatic streams? In what areas do they mingle in the high seas? By what characteristics may the Asiatic and American fish be distinguished ? Scientists aboard the vessels hope to take some 8,000 salmon samples for the racial studies. As provided in the Treaty, data on three species of salmon are be- ing collected with greatest emphasis on red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). The whole salmon specimens are frozen and placed in individual plastic bags. 36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Also participating in the high seas studies of salmon will be vessels of the Fish- eries Research Board of Canada and the Fisheries Agency of the Japanese'Govern- ment. During the 1957 season, United States scientists took 12,004 fish in the high seas of which 3,507 were red salmon, 3,179 were pink, 5,057 chum, 59 were chi- nook, 202 silver, and 104 steelhead trout. Back in the Seattle salmon laboratory of the Bureau, biologists are seeking to discover ways of telling an Asiatic salmon from an American salmon. To do this, scientists are studying the salmon's blood, parasites, bone structure, scales, and measurements of seven different physical characteristics. All of the fish are x- rayed to compare skeletal structures. Telltale scales reveal the age of the fish and are clues to the "home stream.'' Gillrakers (part of the breathing apparatus) are compared in fishes for distinguishing traits. Preliminary results show samples from the western end of the Pacific ocean, Okhotsk sea, and along the eastern coast of Kamchatka Peninsula formed a group with characteristics somewhat different from those of the North American conti- nent. Results of the 1958 studies will be presented at the next meeting of the Inter- national North Pacific Fisheries Commission to be held in Tokyo, Japan, in No- vember 1958. Shrimp UNITED STATES SUPPLY AND DISPOSITION OF DOMESTIC Imported shrimp has been taking an increasing share of AND IMPORTED SHRIMP, 1952-57: The total United States the United States market - - from 22.1 percent of the total supply of domestic and imported shrimp available for consump- available supply in 1952 as compared with 33.9 percent in 1957. tion during the six years 1952-57 varied from a high of 202.0 million pounds heads-off in 1956 to a low of 173.7 million pounds There have been certain changes in the disposition of the heads off in 1952. available supply (domestic landings and imports) of shrimp. The_amount utilized frozen has steadily increased from a The landings of shrimp by United States vessels varied from a low of 105.1 million pounds head-off (60.5 percent) in 1952 to high of 159.7 million pounds heads-off (268.3 million pounds 141.3 million pounds heads-off (71.3 percent) in 1957. heads-on weight) in 1954 to an estimated low of 130.9 million pounds heads-off (220 million pounds heads-on weight) in 1957. Table 1 - Supply and Disposition of Domestic and Imported Shrimp Heads-Off, 1952-57 . (1,000 Lbs,, Heads-Off Weight 2/).... Louisiana upply: Domestic catch , . | 130,900/133,383 Imports 3/| 67,235] 68,590 145,379 53,751 199,130 198,135/201,973 Disposition: Canned, . 17,850] 27,855) 27,610 Dried. 893 Frozen, . | 141,312 134, 637 123, 961 Fresh ..| 38,080] 37,326] 45,282 SHRIMP CATCH IN GULF OF MEXICO PRELIMINARY « BY AREA 1956 : Ho CONVERT TO HEADS-ON WEIGHT, MULTIPLY BY 1.68. 5 ware stem 3/MOSTLY FROZEN HEADLESS, BUT INCLUDES SMALL QUANTITIES OF FROZEN PEELED AND DEVEINED, FRESH, AND DRIED. (GD pink shrimp HB sown suri April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 United States Fishing Fleet! Additions NOVEMBER 1957: During November 1957, 36 vessels of 5 net tons and over were issued first documents as fishing craft--6 more than in November 1956. The South Atlantic led all other areas with 15 vessels. The Gulf area was in second [Table 2 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft, by Tonnage, Nov. 1957 Table 1 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft, by Areas, November 1957 Area ee ee eo ew ew ew) 6 6MANULTIVDE LY 7 2 2 ew ew ew New England.... Middle Atlantic. . = Chesapeake .... 1 South Atlantic .. fe) fe) eh lejpelte: ieile. 0) 10 oOo a) a 40to49..... D0) 1) DO on bo 6 ee 2 © e © ee © © © © « eo place with 11 vessels, followed by the Chesa- peake with 6, the Great Lakes 2, and the New England and Middle At- lantic areas with 1 each. Table 3 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as| [Table 4 - Vessels Issued First Fishing Craft, by Areas, December 1956 and 1957| | Documents as Fishing Craft, and Annual Totals 1954-57 ee © © © © ew by Tonnage, December 1957 Total pee HORAN -G toe pbacssboaass Ava ks ase (Nitimiber:) Jee is ot srik cag 1 19 15 18 23 eeeeoveee8 ee 8 09 @ Middle Atlantic .. 3 BEI BE 13 13) | 130) 4 BO. -noeacnuocsc Chesapeake US| OA MBE) BA OB WAG) Ao ZG) A ooooocosous 8 130 119 65 119 e@eeere8 e 8 & © 8&8 & & A 138) 100) 103) dish} | aS ea cao 2 LOA By Wiley Waly = 8 6 9 6 DECEMBER 1957: A to- - 48) 40 35|} 27) tal of 47 vessels of 5 net tons = : 1 3 1 and over were issued first = 1 eas = 2{| documents as fishing craft = = a Le es during December 1957--11 1 more than in December of 36 921 | 418] 717} the previous year. YEAR 1957: A total of 601 vessels of 5 net tons and over were documented for the first time as fishing craft during 1957 as compared with 521 vessels during 1956 and 418 vessels in 1955. All areas reported an increase in 1957 except the DATA ARE PARTLY ESTIMATED. 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Chesapeake and Middle Atlantic areas. The largest increase occurred in the South Atlantic and Gulf areas. 1/1 NCLUDES BOTH COMMERCIAL AND SPORT FISHING CRAFT. NOTE: VESSELS ASSIGNED TO THE VARIOUS AREAS ON THE BASIS OF HOME PORT. United States and Alaska Fisheries Landings, 1957 LANDINGS FOR LEADING PORTS: Landings of tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines at San Pedro, Calif., during 1957 enabled this port to retain its historic spot as the United States! leading food-fish landing port. Not only were San Pedro landings of food fish the highest in the Nation, but these landings were consider - ably greater than the landings of . industrial fish at the leading indus - trial fish ports on the Atlantic coast. According to the preliminary report issued by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. food-fish landings at San Pedro totaled 354.4 million pounds with an ex-vessel value of $25.4 mil- lion. Its nearest competitor on poundage landed was Gloucester, Mass., primarily a food-fish port, which recorded the arrival of 251.3 million pounds of ground- fish (mostly ocean perch and whiting) valued at $7.3 million. Landings at the tuna port of San Diego, Calif., were 124.2 million pounds with a value of $15.9 million. New Bedford, Mass., led the Atlantic Coast States in the value of food-fish land- ings, with 102.9 million pounds, mostly sea scallop meats and flatfish, worth $13.3 million at the dockside. Boston landings of haddock, pollock, and cod were 135.4 million pounds, valued at $11.1 million. Landings at Portland and Rockland, Maine (largely ocean perch andherring), were 59.1 million pounds and 41.9 million pounds valued at $2.1 million and $1.4 million respectively. The two leading industrial fish ports were Lewes, Del., and Reedville, Va. The landings at Lewes were 286.2 million pounds and at Reedville 256.8 million pounds. Receipts at these ports consisted entirely of menhaden. NOTE: 1. STATISTICS ON UNITED STATES AND ALASKA FISH AND SHELLFISH LANDINGS GIVEN IN ROUND WEIGHT OR WEIGHT AS CAUGHT, EXCEPT FOR MOLLUSKS WHICH ARE GIVEN IN WEIGHTS OF MEAT OR EDIBLE PORTION. 2. SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1958, P. 31, AND MARCH 1957, P. 32 U. S. Fish Stick Production 1957 PRODUCTION: The United States production of fish sticks in 1957 a- mounted to 52.4 million pounds, a drop of 128,000 pounds as compared with 1956. The Atlantic Coast States led all other areas with 43.3 million pounds or 83 percent of the total. The Interior and Gulf States were in second place with nearly a Nt Te April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 U. S. PRODUCTION OF FISH STICKS, 1955-1957 MILLION POUNDS JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. Table 1 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks, by Months and Type, 19571/ total, followed by the Pacific Coast [ Month [Cooked | Uncooked [ Total] States with 4.3 million pounds or 8 Yasar tae (1,000sbs.)) ..5)| Percent. A total of 43 firms manu- factured fish sticks during 1957--five less than in 1956. 4.9 million pounds or 9 percent of the January.... Cooked fish sticks (46.6 million pounds) accounted for 89 percent of the 1957 total, while the remaining 5.8 million pounds or 11 percent con- sisted of uncooked fish sticks. ee ee ee eo ee ew oe 2 ew oe © © ew The 1957 fish stick production reached a peak during February when 5.2 million pounds were manufactured. March and October followed in im- portance with 5.1 million pounds each. November. . December . Eset tet ee Repent (2000niebS Hie 2a re ae ee 4,862 34 5,323 6,082 3,771 3,873 22 3,580 31 3,153 417 4,166 454 4,085 809 5,063 4,585 4, 019 1/PRELIMINARY DATA. 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Table 3 - U. S. Production of Fish Sticks, by Areas, 1957 and 1956 1956 No. of 1,000 Firms Lbs. Atlantic Coast States z3,2 | 30 42,520 Interior and Gulf States... i 6,162 Pacific Coast States 11 3,880 48 Ham G2 1/PRELIMINARY DATA NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MAY 1957, [5 440), ie le U. S. Foreign Trade EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, DECEMBER 1957: Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and processed fish and shellfish into the United States during December 1957 were higher by 3.9 percent in quantity and 11.0 percent in value as compared with November 1957. Compared with December 1956, the imports for December 1957 were up 14.7 percent in quantity and 15.4 percentinvalue. Imports in December 1957 were up rather sharply from the preceding month for lobsters and spiny lobster tails and can- able 1 - United States Foreign Trade in Edible Fishery Products, December 1957 with Comparisons Quantit Item Dec. ___fr957] 1956 [1956 [1957 [1956 | 1956 (Millions of Lbs.) (Millions of $) Imports: Fish & Shellfish: 1/ Fresh, frozen & processed-..........-- 64.9 Exports: Fish and Shellfish: Processed only (excluding fresh and GROZ CH) lorena: asec eee Ol UOl S261) tO i kG) 19.2 AND OTHER SPECIALTIES. DG 6 IO 9 || AO. | U7 HI asi. CLAM CHOWDER AND JUICE 1/\NCLUDES PASTES, SAUCES ned tuna in brine. For most of the other major fishery products, imports were close to the November levels. Imports of edible fishery products in December 1957 as compared with December 1956 were higher for shrimp, groundfish and other fillets, and canned tuna in brine. Imports for December 1957 averaged 31.1 cents a pound as compared with 30.9 cents a pound for the same month of 1958. United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in December 1957 were higher by 11.9 percent in quantity and unchanged in value as compared with the previous month. Compared with December 1956, the exports for December 1957 were down by 36.7 percent in quantity and 37.5 percent in value. The sharp de- crease in both quantity and value in December this year as compared with a year earlier was due primarily to lack of canned California sardines for export. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 FISH OIL EXPORTS DECLINED IN 1957: United States exports of fish and fish- liver oil in 1957, at 57,470 short tons, were one-fifth below those of the previous year and were the smallest since 1953--probably due mainly to the fact that United States fish-oil production dropped one-fourth from the previous year. United States production (excluding fish-liver oils) was 74,455 tons in 1957 against 99,678 tons in 1956. U. S. Fish Oil (Including Liver Oil) Exports by Country of Destination, Average 1935-39, Annual 1952-57 peas A 8S : ME COuntiy aon Destination North America: RUS ee Say wh SEO Uneulal 2,108 488| 458 MMA nel se lehate sk SPSS Reis 122 117 83 100 PS eae let AR Fara 56 66 96 chard Wars sae eaderdlonte 9 37 ee © © © © © © 6 8 8 Belgium-Luxembourg , . Denmark ance eae United Kingdom Other G9 On 0 08-002 0+ O20) G00 Philippine Republic. . 546 66 (COUINET: 5695 ‘ohoke a so8oso0 O60 2 60 006000506 284 897 566 0 24 90 LL eal 7G 53 3 19 Sn 71,336 |70,817| 54,233|23,079| 1,234 | 1/ PRELIMINARY. 2/ REVISED. 3/ INCLUDES 12 TONS WITH DESTtNATION NOT INDICATED Western Europe was again the major market, taking over 95 percent of total shipments. Exports to the Netherlands were down about one-half from 1956, while shipments to West Germany were down about one-fifth. However, reports indicate that most of the fish oil imported by the Netherlands eventually also is re-shipped to West Germany. In the last 5 years the United States has been the world's leading supplier of fish oil. About one-third of world exports were of United States origin from 1954 through 1956. Of the 1957 exports, 1,410 tons were shipped to Canada, Cuba, and Mexico (the bulk to Canada), 42 tons to South American countries, 55,683 tons to European countries (West Germany 26,296 tons, Netherlands 13,907 tons, Sweden 7,716 tons, Norway 5,272 tons, and the balance to Belgium-Luxemborg, Italy, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom), 18 tons to Asiatic countries, and 305 tons to African countries. United States fish-oil (including liver-oils) exports in 1956 totaled 71,348 tons in 1955, 70,817 tons in 1954, 54,233 tons in 1953, 23,079 tons in 1952, and an annual 42 average of only 1,234 tons for the years 1935-39. (Forei March 3, 1958, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.) ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, APRIL 1957, P. 29. NOTE: OK COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Crops and Markets, *K ok KOK GROUNDFISH FILLET IMPORTS, JANUARY 1958: Imports of groundfish (includ- ing ocean perch) fillets and blocks during January 1958 amounted to 10.7 million pounds -- a drop of 8.3 million pounds (44 percent) as compared with January 1957. Declines in imports from Iceland (down 4.4 million pounds) and Canada (down 3.1 million pounds) were largely responsible for the lower January 1958 imports. Imports from Canada (9.3 million pounds) accounted for 88 percent of the month's total. Iceland was in second place with 738,000 pounds or 7 percent. The remain- ing 592,000 pounds or 5 percent, was shipped by Norway, Denmark, and the islands of Miquelon and St. Pierre. During January 1958 there were no imports from the United Kingdom, the Neth- erlands, France, and West Germany as compared with a combined total of 352,000 pounds reported for January 1957 from those countries. NOTE: SEE CHART 7 IN THIS ISSUE. Kk kK IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA PROVISO, JANUARY 1- FEBRUARY 1, 1958: The quantity of tuna canned in brine wh which may be imported into the United States during the calendar year 1958 at the 123 percent rate of duty has not been established as yet. be dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem. Any imports in excess of the established quota will Imports from January 1-February 1, 1958, amounted to 1,305,989 pounds, ac- cording to data compiled by the Bureau of Customs. KOK IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1957: Imports of most major fishery prod- ucts during 1957 were significantly larger than during 1956. The principal imported fishery product by weight was tuna (frozen and canned); other leading products im- ported were groundfish and ocean perch fillets, shrimp, lobster, and fish meal. Imports of most of the major items increased in 1957 compared with 1956. Tuna imports, both frozen and canned, increased 16 percent; groundfish fillets and blocks, 4 per- cent; shrimp, 2 percent; lobster, 10 percent. Lower imports were recorded in 1957 for can- ned salmon, 15 percent less than in 1956; fish meal, 10 per- cent less; swordfish, 4 percent; and groundfish fillets, 6 percent. Exports of the principal fishery commodities during 1957 totaled less than in 1956, despite a sevenfold increase in canned mackerel exports and a 28-percent increase in can- ned salmon, Canned sardines were down 61 percent and in- edible fish oil was down 18 percent, Imports; FROZEN TUNA: During 1957, imports amount- ed to 139.3 million pounds, 16 percent more than in 1956, Of the total, frozen albacore imports were 65.2 million pounds, a 62-percent increase; tuna other than albacore fell 7 percent to 74.1 million pounds, Japan supplied 67 percent in 1957, compared with 73 percent in 1956; Peru supplied almost all the rest. CANNED TUNA: In 1957, 44,2 million pounds were im- ported, 16 percent more than in 1956. According to the data, 29.3 million pounds of tuna other than albacore, can- 6 percent; canned sardines, 28 percent; canned bonito, 14 percent; and canned crab meat, sk ok ok [Table 1 - Imports and Exports of Selected Fishery Products, 1957 Compared with 1956 Percentage Increase (+) or Decrease (-) from 19 Quantity Commodity aaae 1,000 Lbs [ Imports: Groundfish fillets......] 90,500 - Groundfish blocks, .....]| 50,200 + Other fish fillets.......] 63,300 a Tuna, frozen ........./139,300 ne Tuna, canned.........| 44,200 is Bonito, canned......../| 15,500 aF Salmon, canned ,......] 24,400 = 15 Sardines, canned ......} 24,600 + 28 Swordfish, fresh OS WHO Shao coco ol LEHOOo - 4 Hose) Coos aunodcdaall CEO + 2 Lobster & spiny lobster, fresh or frozen ......| 50,400 + 6 Crabmeat, canned.,.... 6,200 + 10 Spgs | - 10 a) Exports: Sardines, canned ......{| 15,500 Sri Salmon, canned. .......{ 6,700 + 28 Mackerel, canned. .....} 17,000 +618 Fish oil, inedible .,....{114,800 - 18 ned in brine, were imported, 30 percent more than in 1956; canned albacore in brine decreased 8 percent. Imports of tuna canned in oil were 1.1 million pounds in 1957, 82 per- cent more than in 1956. (Although controls by the Japanese restricted the export of canned tuna in oil to the United States, it was shipped to other countries and reshipped to April 1958 the United States.) In 1957, 93 percent of all canned tuna imports were from Japan, GROUNDFISH: Imports of groundfish and ocean perch fillets and blocks amounted to 140.7 million pounds, 4 percent more than 1956. The increase was largely of fro- zen blocks; in 1957, block imports were 50.2 million pounds, 29 percent over 1956. Most of the increase in blocks came from Canada and Iceland. Although imports of fillets of cod increased, ocean perch and haddock (in- cluding hake, pollock, and cusk) decreased. Canada con- tinued to be the major foreign supplier of fillets and blocks and supplied 75 percent of the imports, an in- crease over 1956; Iceland was next with 16 percent, a slight decrease from 1956. SHRIMP: Imports reached a new record of 69.7 mil- lion pounds in 1957, 2 percent more than 1956. Imports from Mexico totaled 47.9 million pounds--down 11 percent; imports from Panama and Ecuador increased by 43 and 31 percent, respectively. CANNED SALMON: Imports were 24,4 million pounds, 15 percent less than the record imports of 1956. Almost all came from Japan. Most of the decrease was in im- ports from Canada, FRESH AND FROZEN LOBSTER: Imports were 50.4 million pounds in 1957, 6 percent above 1956, The in- crease was in imports of spiny lobster tails. CANNED SARDINES: Imports totaled 24.6 million pounds, a 28-percent increase over 1956. A large part of the increase was in imports of sardines not in oil from the Union of South Africa. Imports of sardines in oil were 20,0 million pounds, and of sardines not in oil, 4.6 million pounds, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 CANNED BONITO: Imports were 15.5 million pounds in 1957, 14 percent more than in 1956. Most of the im- ports came from Peru, SWORDFISH: Imports of fresh and frozen totaled 19.0 million pounds in 1957, 4 percent less than in 1956, There was a slight decrease in the amount imported from Japan, the principal supplier. CANNED CRAB MEAT: In 1957, imports were 6,2 mil- lion pounds, an increase of 10 percent over those in 1956, Canned crab meat comes almost entirely from Japan. FISH MEAL: Imports in 1957 totaled 81,199 short tons, 10 percent less than in 1956. Imports from Canada (the principal supplier) and Norway were down, but imports from Peru and Angola increased. Exports: CANNED SARDINES: The 1957 exports were 15.5 million pounds, 61 percent less than in 1956. Ex- ports to the major purchaser, the Philippines, dropped over 20.0 million pounds compared with 1956. CANNED MACKEREL: Exports were 17,0 million pounds in 1957, a sevenfold increase over that in 1956, Almost the entire increase went to the Philippines. CANNED SALMON: Exports were 6.7 million pounds in 1957, 28 percent more than in 1956. Most of the in- crease went to the United Kingdom, the principal destina- tion, FISH OILS: Exports in 1957 were 114.8 million pounds, 18 percent less than in 1956. Most of the decrease was due to a decline in shipments to the Netherlands and West Germany. ok she ok 7K OK OK oK SHRIMP IMPORTS, 1957: United States shrimp (fresh, frozen, canned and dried) imports from all countries in 1957 amounted to 69.7 million pounds as com- pared to 68.6 million pounds. Most of the imported [__ United States Shrimp Imports (Fresh, Frozen, Canned and Dried), 1956-57 [Country of Origin : 1957 1956 fees of Origin In 1,000 Lbs. Mexico by Customs District: Surinam....... MOSCA sho couo od 17 10 Ecuador-------+ New Orleans:...... 3,688 3,632 Peru--------+ WaredoOmsss-asheas n-ne 17,280 | 14,894 Chile....--+... IMEEEL) Seo ne sade 1 - Argentina.....- San Diego........ 760 989 Teeland tna INBVANEY 555000005 25,792 | 33,687 Sweden.-.-....-.- Los Angeles ...... 310 488 Norway -----.-- San Francisco ..... = 16 Denmark -.--..-- Ore ponieicr-i-r ane = 25 United Kingdom - - Hawaii e-acmot-i enn 15 a Netherlands .«. - - PUeTtONR IC Oma wmseeis 3 12 Western Germany -.-.- - ANAL So oo Aa 47,906 | 53,693 Spain......... Greenland......... 11 1 Greece.......- Canadateneweice-pel-m ascent: 243 145 Italy --.--.--. El Salvador........ 65 - Turkey...--.--- Nicaragua......... 1 = Tsraelepercnnei-ie Costa Rico .... 228 421 India 0 Panama . 8,378 5,847 Pakistan. . - Canal Zone 42 116 Philippines . . Bahamas.......... 8 a EOE vio oo c.0 OF (ME soooancocc gd 610 222 Hong Kong ..... Netherlands (Antilles) . 19 6 Taiwan jNslsene- Colombia ......... 486 100 Japan......... Venezuela....-...- 137 = Australia...... British Guiana _----- =| 2 New Zealand.... E tfeifettadenelsiacleile (Continued in Opposite Column) I/SOME QUESTION AS TO THE ACCURACY OF IMPORTS CREDITED TO NEW ZEALAND. Grand Total. . 1957 | shrimp is frozen except ith [Bites for some canned shrimp Pia eallh ese | eee from northern Europe and anal teen some dried shrimp from soos] G3 Go Hong Kong and Japan. D127) ase | 166 code) | Oil go United States shrimp pl mes Panes 1 imports from Mexico in 1957 Saas ee ete totaled 47.9 million pounds, alone . a decline of about 10.8 ahs 6 percent from the 53.7 mil- ei 1,012 lion pounds imported in shal #3 1956. The increase in im- vee ne ports from countries other kati 2 - than Mexico more than off- oh ibeine |ettes set the decline in imports sees 32 z from Mexico, Panama, the ~. « [69,732 168,619] second most important shipper, increased its im- ports in 1957 by 43 percent. In 1957, shipments were reported from 38 foreign sources, an increase of 8 as compared with 1956, and 12 higher than 26 sources reported in 1955. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 United States 1957 Fishery Landings Below 1956 About 4.8 billion pounds of fishery products were taken by United States and Alaskan commercial fishermen in 1957, according to preliminary information as- sembled by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This was a decline of 450 million pounds as compared with the record 5.25-billion-pound catch taken in 1956. United States Catch of Fishery Products, Various Periods, 1957 and 1956 1/ Total Item Period | 1957 | 1956 | 12Mos oe (1,000 Lbs)... Maine 11 Mos, Massachusetts: Boston 135,4: Gloucester site New Bedford 102,917 Provincetown 24,964 os ee Rhode Island 2/ li” 118,542} 123,117] 129,406 New York 2/ ig, 00 36,935] 34,577] 38,268 New Jersey 2/ im, % 44,179| 45,459] 46,097 North Carolina2/ |11 " 62,872| 46,830] 49,009 Georgia aa iigl, © 17,667} 15,947) 16,711 Florida 2/ ig, 2° 122,609 125,577| 142,493 Alabama __ ig, © 11,028] 11,538] 12,320 Mississippi 2/ 10” 17,797| 19,414] 22,573 Texas 2/ | ~ 9408 55,490] 41,334| 61,993 Rhode Island, Middle Atlantic, Chesapeake, South Atlantic and Gulf States, 1,658,123]2,030,000| 2,030,000 menhaden Year Louisiana, shrimp (heads-on) 9mos,| 23,373) 31,672) 50,541 Ohio (Mar,-Dec,) Year 22,844| 24,928] 24,928 Washington: Halibut 3/ Year 15,430} 16,604 16,604 Otter trawl fishery |11 mos.| 39,679] 44,965) 49,530 Salmon Year 43,000] 28,700 28,700 Oregon 10 mos.| 53,277) 54,696 59,256 California Year 627,939| 66,497 669,497 24,864| 24,864 114,664| 107,458] 107,458 205,000] 269,898] 269,898 Total of all above items 4,107,812|4,550,210] 4,638,433 Grand Total 4/ 5,250,000 1/Preliminary, 2/Excludes menhaden landings. '3/Dressed weight, 4/Data not available, (Note: Round or ‘‘as caught’’ weight unless otherwise indi- dicated, United States Catch of Certain Species, Various Periods, 1957 and 1956 1/ raes| ssn | ae | , 12 Mos, Item Period 1957 1956 1956 50 00 GION 15S) 6655006 Anchovies, California Year Cod; Maine Year Massachusetts | °’ 29,127 Other (Atlanticy "’ 8,252 | _—*Total cod 35,125 Haddock: Maine Year 4,904 Massachusetts |} °’ 147,051 Other oe 291) Total haddock 152,246 Halibut 2/: Washington 16,604 Alaska 94,864 Total halibut 41,468 Herring: Maine Year d 140,472 Alaska 2 107,458 Industrial fish: escent New England Year 259,827| 186,032 186,032 Mackerel, California: Jack Year 86,300] 75,762 715,762 Pacific me 50,200 50,013 50,013 Menhaden Year Ocean perch: Maine Year 63,494| 64,967 64,967 Massachusetts | °° 68,124] 86,146 86,146 Total ocean perch 131,618 Otter trawl fishery, Washington 11 mos 39,679 44,965 49,530 Salmon: Washington 28,700 28,700 Alaska 0} 269,898 269,898 Sardine, Pacific 40,576 Massachusetts 15,387 16,387 Shrimp, (heads-on), Gulf States 9 mos, 124,241} 123,053 193,621 Squid, California [Year 19,500] 19,484 le alas California Year 292,068| 319,243 319,243 Whiting: Maine Year 14,835 Massachusetts | °"* 72,445 Other = A/ 4 6,643 6,643 Total whiting 18,452[ 93,923] 93,923] Total of all above items 3,627,976|4,078,014| 4,153,147 Other (not listed) 479,836} 472,196] 1,096,853 Grand total 4,107,812[4,550,210| 5,250,000 1/Preliminary. 2/Dressed weight. '8/Excludes menhaden, '4/Data for eleven months only, Note: Round or ‘‘as caught’’ weight unless otherwise indi- cated, F April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 495 The 1957 menhaden catch of 1.7 billion pounds was 417 million pounds less than in 1956. Other species with large declines were Alaskan salmon (down 65 million pounds), Pacific sardines (down 29 million pounds), and the California catch of tuna and tunalike fishes (down 27 million pounds). Haddock and ocean perch were also down considerably. Sharp increases occurred in whiting (118 million pounds--about 25 million pounds more than the previous year) and industrial fish (other than menhaden) in New England which totaled 260 million pounds--a gain of over 70 million pounds as compared with the previous year. NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1958, P. 31. as ve. Virginia FISHERIES MAY BE AFFECTED BY THIS WINTER'S COLD WEATHER: Vir- ary 18, 1958. ''This is the lowest temperature recorded since our thermograph was installed in 1952,'' reports the Director of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory. This instrument, located at the end of the Laboratory pier, makes a continuous record of water temperatures near the river bottom. ''This winter will probably be the coldest experienced by underwater animals in many years,'' he added. Water temperatures were below 40° F. for 50 days during the winter of 1957/58 (through February 20, 1958); 20 days for 1956/57; 58 days 1955/56; 58 days 1954/55; 37 days 1953/54; and for the winter of 1952/53 there were no days with a water tem- perature of below 40 F. Already water temperatures this winter have almost equalled the relatively cold winters of 1954/55 and 1955/56. Undoubtedly many more days will elapse be- fore water temperatures riseabove 40 F. Water temperatures by mid-February 1957 were ten degrees higher than they were in mid-February this year. Low temperatures may affect a number of marine animals, but few finfish remain in Chesapeake Bay to experience winter's chill. Croakers, spot, sea trout, and flounder, as well as most of the other food fishes, migrate to warmer climes in early fall. Except for a few hardy individuals, shad will delay their upriver mi- grations until water temperatures rise above 40 F. Striped bass, though they re- main in the Bay and its rivers all winter, usually avoid extremely cold water found in shallow bays, but those which are slow to leave such areas sometimes are found floating belly up in a numbed condition. Spotted sea trout, which failed to leave Lynnhaven Bay last fall, may be killed, as they were during the cold winter of 1954/55. Perch and catfish are able to withstand severe cold and will probably go unharmed. It is not certain how extreme cold affects the small croakers born last fall and now spending their first winter in the rivers and the upper Bay. They and young crabs may be killed in long cold spells. Oysters, when left undisturbed, can withstand freezing temperatures for many days. It is known that most animals living in the region between the tides--oysters, barnacles, mussels, and snails--may freeze and return to active life as tempera- tures rise. Experiments have been conducted showing that shelled animals frozen to several degrees below 0° F. may return to normal activity upon thawing. Oyster biologists at the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory are watching the effect of low temperatures on seed oysters imported from South Carolina. It has been found that oysters from that State when introduced into Virginia tend to die off dur- ing severe winters more rapidly than native oysters. It is pos sible, too, that 46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Dermocystidium, a fungus that kills many oysters in hot weather, will be held in check next summer because of the long cold spell this winter. a ie 4 Washington LANDINGS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS INCREASED IN 1957: Commercial fish- eries landings of fish and shellfish in the state of Washington during 1957 amounted to 147.3 million pounds, higher than the 1956 total of 122.5 million pounds. Salmon landings were among the lowest ever recorded in the State in odd, or pink salmon years, the Director of the Washington State Department of Fisheries reports. The State's landings were increased by above-average landings of shellfish, including 2.3 million pounds produced by the new ocean shrimp fishery (71,327 pounds in 1956). Crab landings were the largest since 1949, or about 2 million pounds more than in 1956. Bottomfish landings (76.9 million pounds), bolstered by high turbut, scrapfish, or nonfood fish, and mink food demands also served to keep total poundage at a high level. Catches of petrale sole and true cod were greater than in 1956, but halibut landings were down about 1.0 million pounds. Total landings of salmon were 44.6 million pounds. The chinook (king) catch of 8.3 million pounds was slightly higher than that of 1956 (8.3 million pounds) as was the chum catch of 2.3 million pounds as compared to the 1956 total of 2.1 million pounds. Catches of pink salmon dropped sharply, with a total of 17.5 million pounds landed in 1957 as compared to the previous cycle year 1955 total of 31.7 million pounds. The sockeye or red salmon total catch was up 2.5 million pounds from the 1956 catch of 6.5 million pounds, but the silver catch dropped to 7.6 million pounds in 1957 from 11.7 million pounds in 1956. Salmon catches were curtailed somewhat by an emergency closure effective September 25, 1958, followed by curtailed seasons in October and November. Spawn- ing escapements to the rivers were thus aided, but the continuing decline in chum salmon escapements for the past three years is disappointing. OK ok ok ok OYSTER PRODUCTION, 1957: Production of oyster meats in the State of Washington of about 10.0 million pounds was down about 0.6 million pounds from the 10.6 million pounds produced in 1956, the Wash- ington Department of Fisheries re- ported on February 14, 1958. 1957 1956 Pacific Oyster: Puget Sound Grays Harbor Willapa Harbor Production of Olympia oyster Kumamoto Oyster: meats in 1957 of only 16,000 pounds Puget Sound was the lowest ever recorded by the Grays Harbor State (see table). At the beginning Willapa Harbor of the 1957/58 oyster season in No- vember 1957, production of this variety showed some improvement which may forecast a better return in 1958. Although there was a large pack of oyster stew in the fall of 1956, this was not the case in 1957. pi SS April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 Wholesale Prices, February 1958 Much higher prices for fresh drawn haddock and fresh and frozen haddock fillets, and higher prices for fresh and frozen shrimp were largely responsible for the increase in the wholesale fishery products index this February as com- pared with the same month a year ago. In February 1958 the edible fish and shellfish (fresh, frozen, and canned) wholesale price index (124.8 percent of the 1947-49 average) increased 2.2 percent as compared with the preceding month and was 8.2 percent higher than in February 1957. Wholesale prices for drawn, dressed, and whole finfish from January to February 1958 increased about 3.0 percent, due mainly to slight increases in prices for frozen dressed western salmon and halibut and some sharper increases in fresh-water lake trout and yellow pike (supplies of fresh- water items were very light). Fresh drawn haddock in Feb- ruary this year at Boston declined (1.7 percent) slightly from the high levels of the preceding month. In February 1958 the wholesale price index for this subgroup was 17.8 percent higher than in the same month in 1957, due prin- cipally to the high prices for fresh haddock. As a rule groundfish prices at Boston decline sharply as catches be- gin to increase from the spawning schools of fish, but this February the spawning schools of fish were slow in ap- pearing. All other items in this subgroup were priced lower this February than in the same month a year ago, except yellow pike which was priced higher, Fresh processed fish and shellfish prices in February this year were fractionaly lower (0.5 percent) than in Jan- uary. A slight increase in small haddock fillet prices and a §.8 peccent (or about 6 cents a pound) increase in fresh shrimp were more than offset by a drop of 8.5 percent in shucked oyster prices at Norfolk, Compared with February 1957, the index for this subgroup this February was higher by 7.9 percent because of an 86.4-percent increase in fresh haddock fillet prices at Boston and a 15.1-percent increase in fresh shrimp prices at New York. Lower shucked oyster prices (down 8.5 percent) failed to offset these increases. Frozen processed fish and shellfish prices increased 8.2 percent from January to February 1958 and reflected the Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, February 1958 With Comparisons Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Le Prices1/ Indexes ($) (1947-49=100) Feb, 1958 ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned), . . 2» +e cece cee PNESH GPE TOZENVRISMELYZELOGUCIS sweMeiletol siiol oie ourcelsiiellcin siicirsietremr oie OSS Seee awa 0002 Oo Bee eee ood Haddock, Ige,, offshore, drawn, fresh , . . .. Halibut, West,, 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz, Salmon, king, lge, & med., drsd., fresh or froz, Whitefish,L, Superior, drawn, fresh . . . oo Whitefish,L, Erie pound or gill net, rnd,, fresh Lake trout, domestic, No, 1, drawn, fresh, . . Yellow pike, L, Michigan&Huron, rnd,,fresh . Fillets, haddock, sm, skins on, 20- mlb, tins, . Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh . . Oysters, shucked, standards , ..... » Fillets; Flounder, skinless, 1-lb, pke. Haddock, sml,,skins on, 1-1b, pkg... « Ocean perch, skins on, 1-lb. pkg. . . . Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), 5-lb, pkg. . . 2 © » Canned Fishery Products; ~ Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 02.), 48cans/cs, .. Tuna, lt. meat, chink, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02.), aBicans/Cs, 03 c/o 6 4s So DOD Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack,No, 1 oval (15 02,), ASICANS/Cosmieae site eC ecH seo: Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, No. 1/4 drawn (3- 1/4 02,), 100 cans G56 0 6'd10 6 Sool Glas Tiare | aera ea [aaa ise | aaen [ad [8.0 11,35} 11,35 1/ Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs. These prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Serv- ice ‘‘Fishery Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices. 2/Revised, 48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW firm market for frozen fillets and shrimp (up about 10 cents a pound), From February 1957 to February 1958 the fro- zen processed subgroup index was up 14.1 percent due to price increases of 29.1 percent for frozen haddock fillet prices, 3.5 percent for ocean perch fillets, and 11.1 per- cent for frozen shrimp. The canned fishery products subgroup index in February this year was up slightly (0.9 percent) due to a 9.4-percent rise in wholesale prices for Maine sardines, The other canned fish products prices remained at the January level. This February as compared with February a year ago wholesale canned fish prices remained stable on the aver- age. However, Maine sardine prices in February 1958 were down 12.2 percent from the month in 1957. This de- crease was offset by higher prices for California sardines (up 8.4 percent) and canned tuna (up 1.2 percent). The mar- ket for canned fish was firm in February this year. About 4.8 billion pounds of fishery products were taken by United States and Alaskan commercial fishermen in i Vol. 20, No. 4 1957, according to preliminary information assembled by the U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This was a decline of 450 million pounds as compared with the rec- ord 5.25-billion-pound catch taken in 1956. The 1957 menhaden catch of 1.7 billion pounds was 417 million pounds less than in 1956. Other species with large declines were Alaskan salmon (down 65 million pounds), Pacific sardines (down 29 million pounds), and the California catch of tuna and tunalike fishes (down 27 million pounds). Haddock and ocean perch were also down considerably. Sharp increases occurred in whiting (118 million pounds-- about 25 million pounds more than the previous year) and industrial fish (other than menhaden) in New England which totaled 260 million pounds--a gain of over 70 million pounds as compared with the previous year. NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1958, P. 31. 4 QUICK-SERVE MEALS FOR THE ARMY The foods laboratories of the United States Quartermaster Corps are working on the develop- ment ofmore convenient, quickly-prepared, top-quality meals to boost the morale and fighting ef- ficiency of the Armed Forces. These meals are designed to feed soldiers in any one of the four field areas, namely, Base, Reserve, Support, or Contact. The types of quick meals that are prepared are the uncooked meals, precooked meals, and the ready-to-eat individual rations. Yas FISHSTICKS + se The first attempts to produce these quick-serve meals resulted in areorientation of available dehydrated foods. ‘New freeze-dried and dehydrated foods were developed and are being used in the "new 25- man uncooked meal." At thepresent time, they have developed suitable recipes for about 10 days menus. Some of the meats used in these meals are freeze-dried and dehydrated fish sticks or squares, Steaks, pork chops, and ground beef. For example, fish sticks or squares are made from blocks of frozen fish just as the fresh frozen fish sticks. They are then freeze- dehydrated toamoisture content of less than 2 percent. While savingsin space are not large, Savings in weight are great, and the stability of the productis excellent; -very acgeptable after one-year storage at 40 -70 -100 F. The fish 8 quares and fish sticks are reconstituted by soaking in water 2 to 3 minutes, breaded, and deep-fat fried. The cooked fishery products have an excellent flavor and acceptability. These new freeze-dried and dehydrated products, raw or precooked, add variety ard interest to the soldier'sdiet. Thenewrations save space and weight in shipping as well as time and energy in preparation. These foods are packaged entirely in paper and plastic containers of rectangular shape and exhibit excellent logistic and storage qualities. Daily more progress is being made in providing quick-serve items for the new proposed feed- ing system forthe Army. For further information, write the Director, Food Laboratories, Quarter- master Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces, 1819 W. Pershing Road, Chicago 9, Ill. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 International FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION WORLD FISHING VESSEL CONGRESS TO BE HELD IN 1959: The second World Fishing Vessel Congress, organized by the Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion (FAO), Rome, Italy, will be held April 5-10, 1959, in Rome at FAO headquar- ters. The Chief of the Fishing Boat Section, Fisheries Division, FAO, has been ap- pointed Secretary, and the Agenda and Program are now being drawn up. It is ex- pected that upwards of 300 participants will attend the Congress. These will be representatives of governments, naval architects, boat builders, and other people concerned with the design and construction of fishing boats. The first International Fishing Boat Congress was organized by FAO in 1953 and joint meetings were held in Paris, France, and Miami, Fla. That Congress was outstandingly successful in pooling knowledge, experience, and ideas concerning fishing boat design and construction in all parts of the world, and the papers and discussions were published in a book, Fishing Boats of the World. The forthcoming Congress will review the technical developments and progress made in fishing boat design and construction since 1953, and will carry further the international exchange of knowledge, experience, and ideas in this field. The dis- cussions and papers of this Congress will also be published in book form. INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC HALIBUT COMMISSION HALIBUT REGULATIONS FOR 1958: The International Pacific Halibut Com- mission has recommended to the United States and Canadian Governments that all halibut fishing areas except Area 3B shall be opened to halibut . ; S : | fishing May 4, 1958, and that WN > = Area 3B shall be opened to hali- but fishing April 1, 1958. It was also recommended that catch limits in Areas 2 and 3A remain unchanged from 1957, 26.5 million pounds and 30.0 aoe million pounds, respectively. That there be two fishing seasons in Area 2, except that Cape Scott and Goose Island grounds be closed to fishing dur- ing the second season in Area 2. As in 1957, thereisto be only one fishing season in Area 3A. The International Pacific Halibut Commission held its thirty-fourth annual meeting in Seattle the latter part of January, Chairman Richard Nelson of Van- couver, British Columbia, presided. 50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Other members of the Commission are Seton H. Thompson, Vice-Chairman, Mattias Madsen and J. W. Mendenhall, representing the United States; and Harold Helland and Dr. William M. Sprules, representing Canada. In the course of its sessions the Commission conferred not only with its sci- entific staff, but also with representatives of the halibut fishermen's, vessel own- ers', and dealers' organizations, and with the Industry Advisory Group consisting of representatives of each of the foregoing segments of the industry, and with the Pacific Trollers Association of British Columbia. The scientific findings and all suggestions for regulations in 1958 were discussed at these meetings. In light of the scientific findings and discussions with the industry, the Com- mission recommended to the two Governments the following regulations for the 1958 season: (1) That the fishing areas shall be the same as in 1957. These are as follows: Area 1A - south of Heceta Head, Oregon. Area 1B - between Heceta Head and Willapa Bay, Wash. Area 2 - between Willapa Bay and Cape Spencer, Alaska. Area 3A - between Cape Spencer and Shumagin Islands. Area 3B - waters west of Area 3A, including Bering Sea. (2) That the opening date for halibut fishing in all areas except Area 3B shall be at 6:00 a.m., May 4. (3) That the opening date for halibut fishing in Area 3B shall be at 6:00 a.m. Aprill. (4) That in Area 1A there shall be one fishing season, without catch limit, extend- ing from May 4 to 6:00 a.m. October 16 or to the closure of Area 3A, whichever is later. (5) That in Area 3A there shall be one fishing season, with a catch limit of 30 mil- lion pounds, commencing on May 4 and terminating at the time of attainment of the catch limit. (6) That in Area 3B there shall be one fishing season, without catch limit, extend- ing from April 1 to October 16 or to the closure of Area 3A whichever is later. (7) That in Area 2 there shall be two fishing seasons as in 1957, except that the Cape Scott and Goose Islands grounds in Queen Charlotte Sound at the north end of Vancouver Island shall be closed to halibut fishing during the second season only. (8) That in Area 2 the catch in the first season shall be limited to 26.5 million pounds. The second fishing season in Area 2 shall begin at 6:00 a.m. August 31, for a period of 7 days without catch limit. (9) That in Area 1B there shall be two fishing seasons, identical in duration to those in Area 2 and without catch limits. (10) That the grounds in Area 2 off Masset at the north end of Queen Charlotte Is- lands and off Timbered Islet off the west coast of Prince of Wales Island in south- eastern Alaska, which have been closed for a number of years as smallfish grounds, shall be opened in 1958 only, to utilize an accumulation of large and old halibut which have been revealed in these areas by the Commission's experimental fishing. Seton H. Thompson of Washington, D. C., was elected Chairman, and Dr. Wil- liam A. Sprules of Ottawa, Canada, Vice Chairman for 1958. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Bil The Halibut Commission is responsible to Canada and the United States for the investigation and regulation of the halibut fishery of the northern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Its specific function is the development of the stocks of halibut to levels that will permit the maximum sustained yield, and its decisions regarding regula- tion are based upon the findings of its scientific staff. During the past 26 years of Commission management, there has been progres- sive improvement of the stocks and an increase in annual yield. The annual catch which had declined to 44 million pounds in 1931, the year before regulation, has averaged more than 65 million pounds during each of the past four years, The 1957 catch was worth over $11 million ex-vessel. Since in the past the United States and Canadian Governments have accepted the recommendations of the Commission without changes, it is fairly certain that the 1958 regulations will be approved by the two Governments as recommended by the Commission, NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1957, P. 36. INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION SOCKEYE SALMON REGULATIONS FOR 1958: The International Pacific Salm- in Bellingham, Wash., for the purpose of considering and acting upon the tentative suggestions for regulatory control of the 1958 sockeye season originally submitted for consideration by the fishing in- dustry on December 16, 1957. OCKEYE (RED) SALMON ONCORHYNCUS NERKA) | Several objections were raised by individual members of the Ad- visory Committee to the proposed regulatory suggestions, some of which were objected to by other members of the Advisory Committee. The Commission carefully consider - ed each and every suggestion for modifying the original regulatory proposals. Recommendations for regulatory control of the 1958 sockeye fishery in Convention waters, representing several modifications based on suggestions of the Advisory Committee, were unanimously approved for submission to the Governments of Canada and the United States. In respect to the suggested opening date of September 23, 1958, after the fall closure in Canadian Convention waters lying easterly of a line from William Head across Race Rocks to Angeles Point, the Commission stated that date will remain tentative subject to change depending upon the actual time that adequate escapement has been obtained. No further regulatory restrictions on sockeye fishing will be considered necessary after escapement requirements are met. The recommenda- tions for regulatory control of sockeye salmon fishing in Convention waters as ap- proved by the Commission on February 18, 1958, follow: DIGEST OF RECOMMENDATIONS APPROVED FOR REGULATORY CONTROL OF SOCKEYE FISHING IN CONVENTION WATERS FOR 1958 United States Convention Waters: Monday through Wednesday; gill nets open 1. West of Angeles Point - William Head line: daily 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. Monday after- June 23 to 6:00 p.m. 1/ August 10 - closed. noon to Thursday morning. 2. East of Angeles Point - William Head line: 3. All United States Convention Waters: Au- June 23 to 4:00 a.m. July 21 - closed. gust 10 to August 17 - purse seines andreef July 21 to August 10 - purse seines and nets open daily 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Mon- reef nets open daily 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. day through Wednesday; gill nets open daily 1/PACIFIC STANDARD TIME IN ALL CASES. 52 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. Sunday afternoon to Wednesday morning. August 17 to September 14 - purse seines and reef nets open daily 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Monday through Friday; gill nets open daily 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. Sunday after- noon to Friday morning. 4. Waters westerly of a line projected from the Iwerson Dock on Point Roberts in a straight line towards the Active Pass light to a point where said line intersects the International Boundary: August 31 to September 20 - closed. Canadian Convention Waters: 1. West of William Head - Angeles Point line: June 23 to 5:00 p.m. August 9 - closed. Au- gust 9 to September 6 - purse seines open daily 5:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Sunday through Friday; gill nets open daily 5:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. Saturday afternoon to Friday COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 morning; traps open 5:00 a.m. Sunday to 5:00 a.m. Saturday. 2. East of William Head - Angeles Point line: June 23 to August 17 - open 7:00 a.m. Mon- day to 7:00 a.m. Thursday. 3. Easterly of line from Point Grey to North Arm Jetty to Sand Heads light to Canoe Pass buoy true South to International Boundary: August 17-to September 14 - open 7:00 a.m. Monday to 7:00 a.m. Wednesday; Septem- ber 14 to 7:00 a.m. September 23 - closed. 4. Westerly of line from Point Grey to North Arm Jetty to Sand Heads light to Canoe Pass buoy true South to International Boundary including Areas 17, 18, and portion of Area 19: August 17 to August 24 - open 7:00 a.m. Monday to 7:00 a.m. Wednesday; August 24 to September 14 - open 7:00 a.m. Monday to 7:00 a.m. Saturday; September 14 to 7:00 a.m, September 23 - closed. INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION INTERNATIONAL WHALING CONVENTION AMENDMENT RATIFIED BY NETH- ERLANDS: The protocol amending the International Whaling Convention of 1946, done in Washington on November 19, 1956, was ratified by Netherlands. Ratification was deposited on December 23, 1957, the U. S. Department of State announced on January 13, 1958. JAPAN-RUSSIA FISHERIES NEGOTIATIONS FOR 1958 A large Japanese delegationheaded by the chairman of the Japanese-Russian Fisheries Commission during the past year left Japan for Moscow on January 10, 1958, to attend the sec- ond annual meeting of that Commission in Moscow. The meet- ing that Opened on January 12 was held in accordance with the 10-year Japanese-Russian Fisheries Convention signed in May 1956. Japan’s official representatives to the meeting included the chairman and the Japanese Ambassador to Moscow. Other members of the Japanese delegation included 3 commissioners, 6 advisers, and 13 aids. Based on press reports, Japan’s major objectives at this meeting were to reach an agreement with the Soviets regard- ing the 1958 salmon catch quota, and related matters such as those on (1) length of the salmon season, (2) Soviet efforts to close Okhotsk Sea to Japanese fishing, (3) determination of fishing boundaries, and (4) the problem of safe fishing op- erations in Soviet coastal waters. Salmon Catch 1958: Of immediate concern to the Japanese was the need to reach an agreement with Soviet representa- atives on Japan’s salmon catch quota for 1958. Although the Japanese would like to establish a quota covering several years, the 10-year fisheries agreement with the Soviets pro- vides for annual negotiation of the quota. According to the press, Japan seeks to obtain a quota of at least 140,000 to 150,000 metric tons of salmon to be caught in the Convention Area, as described in the 10-year agreement. This quota goal compares with Japan's 1957 quota of 120,000 metric tons and Japanese fishery industry demands for a 165,000- metric-ton quota. It was expected that Japan would encounter considerable Soviet opposition to the above goal for 1958 because of the known Soviet position that the quota should be not more than 100,000 metric tons in good years and 80,000 metric tons in poor years. Japan’s salmon quota for 1957 was met 20 days before the official closing date for the 1957 season, and it was antic- ipated that the Soviets would insist that since 1957 was a good year, 1958 will be a poor year, and that the quota should be reduced accordingly. Soviet representatives also were ex- pected to maintain that previous talks with the Japanese prior to last year’s negotiations had established Japanese delegation agreement to the principle of 80,000 metric tons in poor years 100,000 metric tons in good years. The Japanese Government, however, has not recognized this principle. Immediately prior to the departure of the Japanese fisheries delegation to Moscow, the press reported that Japanese rep- resentatives would delay their decision on the quota request pending a study of Soviet catch figures during 1957. In this year’s negotiations, Japanese representatives were unable to obtain prior information regarding the Soviet salmon catch. Last year, Japanese negotiators did have data on the 1956 Soviet salmon catch prior to their attending the meeting and were therefore better prepared to put forth Japanese quota demands based on conservation considerations. Related closely to the quota problem is the alleged Soviet demands that Japan should limit its catch of the commercial- ly-valuable red or sockeye salmon. Japanese fishery indus- try representatives are concerned over the possibility that the Soviets may request that a quota be placed specifically on Ja- pan’s catch of red salmon. Since Japan’s catch of red salmon during 1957 accounted for about 40 percent of Japan’s total catch of all species of salmon, any restrictions on the red salmon catch would have a direct impact on Japan’s total salm- on quota. Industry representatives appear to be firm in their insistence that no restrictions of any kind should be placed on Japan’s catch of red salmon. Length of Salmon Season: Japan’s salmon fishing season during 1957 extended from about May to August 10. For the 1958 season, the press reports that Japan would request that the season be extended another ten days to August 20, 1958. Soviet Efforts to Close Okhotsk Sea to Japanese Fishing: The press reports that the Soviets have been putting forth the claim that the Okhotsk Sea is Soviet waters, and that they wish to close these waters to Japanese fishing. In negoti- ating the 1957 quota, Japan was forced to reduce its fleet op- eration from the projected 5 to 2 fleets, and their salmon catch quota in these waters was limited to 13,000 metric tons. Japanese industry, as well as Japanese Government repre- sentatives, were expected to oppose strongly any effort by the Soviets to restrict further Japanese fishing in these waters. ee April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 Fishing Operation Boundaries: According to the press, 2. High seas fishing vessels never to operate less than 40 Japan would continue to insist that high seas waters beyond 3 miles from shore, as compared with 20 miles permitted in miles from land should be freely open to international naviga- some areas in 1957. tion. Moreover, they insist that the water area from 3 miles to 12 miles from land should be open to small fishing vessel 3. All gillnets to be of larger mesh than heretofore. operations; and for salmon fishing, no restrictions should be placed on operations beyond 20 nautical miles from land. 4, Long-line salmon fishing to be prohibited voluntarily by During the 1957 season, the Soviets enforced restrictions Japan. which required Japan to conduct its salmon fishing in waters beyond 40 nautical miles from the Soviet coast. 5. Fishing for both red and pink salmon must be controlled to permit increased escapement to streams in Soviet territory. The general problem of fishing operation boundaries is of concern to Japan because for crab and cod fishing and for 6. Serious decline of the pink runs to southwestern Kam- other types of fishing, other than salmon, Japanese fishing chatka requires cessation of fishing for pinks in the Okhotsk fleets must operate close to land. Japanese negotiators were Sea. expected to be fully conscious of the fact that any agreement on fishing operation boundaries with the Soviets would have a Two weeks after the opening of the Commission meeting direct impact on the position to be taken by Japanese repre- Radio Moscow broadcast: sentatives to the Law of the Sea Conference, which was sched- uled to open in Geneva on February 24, 1958. ‘Japanese representatives proposed a catch quota of 145,000 metric tons of salmon. We cannot help but think the Safe Fishing Operations: The problem of safe fishing op- Japanese are eluding the obligation they bear under the fish- erations involves chiefly the need to reach agreement as to ery treaty. areas where Japanese small fishing vessels can operate with- out fear of seizure by Soviet authorities. That is, the safe ‘‘Last year the Soviet side agreed to setting the quota at fishing operations question is concerned with coastal fishing 120,000 metric tons--a great concession as a specific ex- in the area near Hokkaido and near Soviet-claimed territor- ception for 1957 alone, because the 1957 Commission meet- ies. Japan was hopeful initially that this problem could be ing recognized that 1957 would be a big year for salmon. handled separately from the negotiations to arrive at a salm- on quota, but press reports from Moscow which were quoted “The proposition of the Japanese fishing companies to obtain in the Japanese press indicated that Japan would be asked to tonnage such as they suggest is an unrealistic one, to speak discuss this question concurrently with the quota negotiations. frankly. The tonnage proposed is 65,000 tons more than the The Japanese press has been expressing the opinion that the quantity fixed by the fishery convention for an off-year; and discussion of the two problems concurrently will strengthen 25,000 tons more than the quantity agreed to for 1957, which the Soviet position in the negotiation for determining the salm- was a big year. on quota, ‘‘Newspapers of Japan assert there is no depletion of salmon Russia’s Program for Japanese Salmon Operations: Rus resources because of the Japanese operations, but we cannot Sia’s program for Japanese high seas fishing operations dur- agree with this. Today’s fishing techniques are capable of pre- ing the 1958 season, as enunciated to the Japanese delegates venting a single fish from reaching a spawning stream. Salm~- at the Japanese-~Russian Fisheries Commission meeting in on running back to their spawning systems are more and more Moscow in January, called for: curtailed in number because the Japanese have set long stretch- es of gear in the ocean in recent years. 1, The fishing season to close earlier than in 1957, probably July 20 instead of August 10. “‘Unless the high-seas operation be strictly limited, the NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, JUNE 1957, P. 37; MARCH 1957, gomeee of the salmon SOOT of the Far East caused yy the P. 36; FEBRUARY 1957, P. 37. apanese can never be repaired, no matter how earnestly the Soviet Union restricts its river fishing.’’ MARINE OILS ESTIMATED WORLD PRODUCTION, 1957: World production of marine oils in 1957 was down almost 8 percent from 1956, a result of a 10-percent decline in fish-oil output and a decline of almost 30 percent in sperm oil. Whale-oil produc- tion in 1957 was slightly above the previous year. Table 1 - Estimated World Productionof Marine Oils, Annual 1950-57 and Averages 1935-39 and 1945-49 See ee 1956 | 1955 | 1954 195311952 1951) 1950 eas iO OO;Shortaons IWihtailes yn) een 420 455] 420) 460 435| 425 SHOOTIN so500 100 75 55 85 120 55 Fish (includ- ing liver) . 525] 455| 450 1,090 |1,035]1,055] 930] 995 475} 375 1/ PRELIMINARY. The increase in 1957 whale-oil output was the result of a higher oil yield per blue-whale unit taken in the Antarctic in the 1956/57 season. The number of units caught was fewer by 138 than in 1955/56, but the oil outturn per unit was over 1 ton larger in 1956/57. The catch exceeded the internationally-agreed limit of 14,500 blue-whale units by 237. The 1957/58 catch limit has again been setat 14,500 units. 54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Sperm oil production in 1957 was down sharply due to a poor sperm-whale catch by expeditions in the Antarctic. Production by shore-based sperm whaling opera- tions increased slightly from 1956. Fish-oil production in 1957 was down sharply as a result of sizable declines in the output of the United States and Norway. Production in the United States was down about one-fifth in the January-October period of 1957 as compared with the first 10 months of 1956. Norwegian output was down about one-third from 1956 be- cause the winter herring catch declined. NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1957, P. 38. TRADE AGREEMENTS BRITISH-JAPANESE TRADE TALKS INCLUDE CANNED SALMON: Negotia- tions between Japanese and British trade delegations opened in London in February 1958, to discuss renewal of the trade agreement which expires on March 31, 1958. Informed observers predict that little change will be made in the existing agree- ment. The Japanese are hopeful of increasing their imports to Britain to about US$89.6 million in order to bring the foreign trade between the two countries more into bal- ance. It is believed that the Japanese will press for substantial increases in the quota for canned salmon and trout. The Japanese canned fish industry is exerting pressure on their trade delegation to increase the canned fish quota to US$21 mil- lion, up about US$7 million from the current figure. Argentina plant located at Rawson, Patagonia, and established with United States capital, was reported about ready to begin operations, according to a January 27, 1958, dispatch from the United States Embassy in Mexico City. The plant, according to the report, is the first one in Argentina that is modern in all respects. It will have a capacity of 25,000 pounds of headless shrimp a day. The power for the plant will be sup- plied by steam generated from natural gas fuel. The frozen shrimp (Hymenopenaeus mulleri) will be transported to Buenos Aires in refrigerated trucks for the local market or for export to the United States. Wy “) Brazil NEW FISH TERMINAL OPENED AT SANTOS: The new fish terminal at Santos, Brazil, was officially opened by the President of Brazil on January 23, 1958. The construction of the fish terminal was started in 1949 and the cost of the pier, cold- storage warehouse, and ice-making equipment was close to US$1 million. The ter- minal has four electric compressors capable of producing 100 tons of ice daily and a storage capacity for 70 tons of ice. The building also has seven cold-storage com- partments with a capacity of 500 tons of fish. The terminal building is connected with the landing pier which has dock space for 4-5 large vessels or 15 small vessels. The pier, cold-storage warehouse, and installation of equipment was completed several months ago, but adequate water, power, and sewage facilities were incom- plete. These facilities are now available. Waste products will be flushed into the April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 harbor. The new terminal is spacious with good facilities for cleaning and process- ing the catches. Future plans call for machinery to process fishery byproducts. At the official opening of the terminal, the temperature in the cold-storage rooms was brought to zero, but actual operation of the plant was expected to take place early in February. At the official opening two Japanese fishing vessels were docked at the pier, but it is believed that the Japanese do not intend to use the new facilities. In his address to the fishermen's association, the President commented that the new terminal was a big step forward in the five-year plan to improve the Bra- zilian economy, the United States Consulate at Sao Paulo reports in dispatches dated January 27 and 29, 1958. Chile DECREES REGULATING GERMAN VESSELS FISHING IN CHILEAN WATERS: In two decrees issued on January 3, 1958, the Chilean Ministry of Agriculture extend- ed for one year the authorization for certain German fishing vessels to fish in Chil- ean waters. The decrees identify the vessels involved, define the authorization in each case, and state the conditions under which permission is granted. The princi- pal features of the two decrees are: (1) The interested firm must pay a 100,000 peso (about US$147) fee for each foreign vessel granted this authorization; (2) Purchase from other fishermen of fish on the high seas in Chilean territori- al waters is expressly forbidden; (3) The entire catch must be brought toa Chilean port and made available for the use of the domestic industry; (4) Any information requested by the Ministry of Agriculture from the person receiving the authorization must be provided; (5) Authorized inspectors must be permitted to board the vessels; and (6) The authorization is not renewable. The vessels must be naturalized at the termination of the period specified or return abroad (United States Embassy in San- tiago, February 5, 1958). NOTE: CHILEAN PESO CONVERTED AT RATE OF 678 PESOS EQUAL US$1. ~&, Cuba JAPANESE FISHING VESSEL LANDS GOOD TUNA TRIP: The Japanese fishing vessel Sumiyoshi Maru, engaged in a joint Cuban-Japanese fishing venture, landed 307 tons of fish (mostly tuna) at Habana on December 3, 1957. The trip lasted 61 days and was the first training cruise for Cuban fishermen, under the agreement made between the Cuban Government and the Japanese firm now operating in Cuba. After unloading the catch, the Sumiyoshi Maru left Habana with an additional five Cuban trainees aboard to learn Japanese fishing methods under actual fishing conditions. (United States Embassy in Habana, dispatch dated January 30, 1958.) 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 3 Denmark LAUNCE (SAND EEL) FISHERY: The Danish launce (sand eel) fishery has mushroomed in a few years to startling proportions. In 1956 the fishery yielded almost 88,000 metric tons of launce. While only two years ago the launce fishery, which is mainly carried on from Esbjerg, was re- stricted to coastal waters, it is now carried on as far out to sea as 50 nautical miles from the British coast and Esbjerg fishermen are continually dis- covering new fishing grounds while chasing the lively shoals of this fish. Unofficial statistics of the landings of launce (Ammodytes tobianus) at Esbjerg since the fishery began give an impression of an almost explosive development. The first launce catches were made in 1953, al- though only in the following year did the fishery really get under way, and in 1954 Esbjerg's five fish-meal factories received about 9,000 tons of launce. In 1955 deliveries rose to 35,000 tons and this progress was continued in 1956, when the total catch reached 65,000 tons. The total Danish catch rose from 10,557 tons in 1954 to 41,831 tons in 1955 and in 1956 the figure was 87,576 tons in all. Since the fishery began, altogether 148,604 tons of launce have been landed. The fishery was founded when Esbjerg cutters, which hitherto had only caught herring for the fish meal factories, went out on a trial fishery on the coastal banks in an attempt to fill in the gap in sup- plies between the winter and summer herring fish- eries. Until last year the fishery was carried on in shallow waters just offshore, especially in the Hornreef (Hornrevet) area a few hours steaming from Esbjerg. The fleet caught appreciable amounts of launce here and the boats used to manage to sail out early in the morning and be back home in the evening with a full hold, i.e. 40-50 tons. The off- shore fishing grounds, however, were unable to support this intensive fishing and the Esbjerg boats next explored the more distant grounds to net their fill of the rich stocks of launce in the North Sea when the winter herring disappeared. The major strike resulting from the labor troubles of the spring of 1956 was an indirect cause of anew herring and launce fishery in the Silver Pits area south of the Dogger Bank, for the first fishing boats which were maintaining the export of iced boxed fish to England during the merchant seamen's strike, registered heavy herring traces on their way home and, on making trial hauls, they made such heavy catches that they were able fill up their holds in a couple of days. Later large quantities of launce were found to occur in the same area. Launce or Sand Eel (Ammodytes tobianus) rete an ox The launce fishery is now carried on from Esb- jerg in the period March-April until the endof July. The Silver Pits area is fished from March-April up to about June 1 and the offshore areas during the rest of the season, because launce do not keep fresh long enough for the long voyage to and from the Silver Pits grounds once the heat of the summer has set in. During the trial fishery in the Silver Pits area enormous quantities of launce were found to be present; since then Esbjerg fishermen have discov- ered many other, equally rich, fishing grounds to the southward of this area. In the middle of May, for instance, a boat found launce on the Indefatig- able Banks only 50 or so miles off the English coast, and 10 or more boats filled up on this ground after only a day and a half's fishing. The fishery for launce out at sea has begun earlier | andearliereachyear. In1957 the season's first launce catches were made as early as March. The most frequented fishing grounds are Southernmost Rough, S. W. Spit, Outer Well Bank, Markhams Hole, and the Indefatigable Banks. A trip to these grounds normally takes a week. About 2-3 days only are spent fishing, the rest of the week is taken up inthe journey to and from the grounds, The Esbjerg fishermen believe that it is current and temperature conditions which determine the great concentrations of launce in the Silver Pits area. The fishermen have noticed that the launce can completely disappear during the middle of the day, only to reappear in the evening in such quan- tity that a boat can fill up in the course of half an hour's fishing. Launce are caught in a trawl in the same way as herring, though the bag has a 6-mm. (0.2-inch) mesh, and the fishery takes place on a coarse, al- most stony, bottom in 13-18 fathoms, exceptionally in shallower water. The launce is usually found along the edge of the banks at the junction of deep and shallow water and the trawl towing time varies, with the concentration of fish, from 15-20 minutes up to 2 hours. It can happen that boats simply split the trawl when the fish occur in large densely- packed shoals and the trawl is towed too long. About 400 Danish vessels take part in the fish- ery in the North Sea of which about 250 are from Esbjerg, the rest from Skagen, Hirtshals, Thylborn, and Hundested. By far the greater part of the catch- es are landed for the Esbjerg fish meal factories, amongst which the fishermen's own factory, the Co- operative Herring-Oil Factory is the most modern and largest in Scandinavia. It can handle about 1,500 tons of launce in a 24-hour period and its machinery represents a capital value of about 7 million Danish kroner (US$1.0 million). The herring and launce meal produced in Esbjerb is of an unusually fine quality and is exported ata stable and good price to the United States, Holland, England, the Philippines, Venezuela, etc. In 1956, when the Cooperative Herring-Oil Factory export- ed herring and launce meal to the value of 21 mil- lion Danish kroner (US$3.0 million), England was the chief recipient. The meal is used for poultry and hog feeding. April 1958 About 90 percent of the factory's yearly produc- tion of meal has hitherto been exported, but in re- centyears salesonthehome market have increased considerably, by 50 percent from 1955 to 1956, and 40 percent of the factory's production in May 1957 went on the home market. The oil is sold to Eng- land, Sweden, and Germany, as well as on the home market. Esbjerg fishermen, who up to 1956 had been the sole catchers of launce in the North Sea, were in 1957 joined by both German and Norwegian boats. From the German side about 100 boats take part in the fishery, while the Norwegians have 10 or so trawlers and the factoryship Havkvern fishing for launce in the North Sea. Havkvern, a short time COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW o7 ago, landed in Bergen about 90 tons of meal and 40 tons of oil after the season's first trip in 1957. Launce sell from 18-20 ¢re per kilo, (1.2-1.3 U. S. cents a pound), depending on the quality of the fish. The net profit on a cargo of launce of about 40-50 tons is about 7,000-9,000 Danish kroner (US$1,014-1,303), of which a half goes in covering the fishing costs (Diesel oil, fuel, and gear), while the other half is divided between the four-man crew. The great increase in price of fuel after the Suez crisis and the long steaming time to and from the fishing grounds made the launce fishery less prof- itable for the fleet in 1957 than in previous years, (World Fishing, September 1957.) * FIG. 1 - CLOSE UP OF THE NEW PUMP USED FOR CONVEYING FISH WASTE OVER LONG DISTANCES THROUGH PIPELINES. original state. If the feeding through the pipeline is discontinued, e.g., be- cause of lack of material, water is flushed through in order to clear the pipeline. Altitudinal differences up to 90 feet can be overcome. Thetryouts using fat fish waste have been com- pletely successful, but experimentsin handling waste from large lean fish, which must first be cut up, are still in progress. specializing in whaling stations and other machin- ery connected with the fishing industry. According to the engineer, tests recently car- ried out at Cuxhaven on fat fish waste have proved successfully that it is possible to convey fish waste over long distances through pipelines by use of the new pump. offal accumulating at filleting tables or herring be- heading machines via belts, worms, etc., to so- called offal wagons which are then hauled to the fish meal factories by tractors. new pump is said to effect not only savings in trans- portation costs but also a much cleaner and more odorless removal. It is at present customary to convey Utilization of the The capacity of the pump is between 10 and 50 metric tons an hour, depending on the size. The waste is pumped through the pipes without water, being flushed through by the material itself in its FIG. 2 - SHOWS WASTE BEING DISCHARGED BY PIPELINE INTO TRUCK, 58 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 The price of the pump ranges from about US$1,900 to $4,050, according to size, and the pipeline costs approximately $6.00 to $7.00 per meter (3.28 feet). Used or already existing pipelines can be utilized without difficulty. The pump is already being produced commercially under the engineer's speci- fications by a firm located at Iserlohn, Westphalia. Greece SPONGE PRODUCTION, 1954-57: Production of sponges by Greek sponge fishermen during the 1957 season amounted to 254,191 pounds (about 115.3 met- ric tons), an increase of about 7.0 percent over the 237,655 pounds in 1956. The value of the 1957 sponge production was about US$1.6 million (48 million drach- mas). The Greek take of sponges in the older sponge fishing areas (Greek waters, Cyrenaica, and Tripoli) was lower by about 17.8 percent as compared with the pre- vious year. The production from the newer area off the Egyptian coast of 45,194 pounds helped to raise the total in 1957 above that for 1956. The production of sponges in both 1957 and 1956 was below the 297,621 pounds reported for 1955 and the 286,598 pounds in 1954, Guatemala during January 1958 for the purpose of exploring the possibility of the creation of a joint Japanese-Guatemalan fishing company. It was reported that this company will be similar to the Japanese-Venezuelan company established in Venezuela. The delegation had an interview with the Minister of Economy to exchange ideas on the form in which the fishing company will function in Guatemala, The Japanese delegation also has had discussions with officials of the Guate- malan Development Institution (INFOP), with the National Concil of Private Initiative (Consejo Nacional de la Iniciative Privada), and with Members of Chamber of Indus- try of Guatemala (Camara de Industriales). It is the intention of Japanese industrialists to exploit fishing resources on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The amount of capital to be invested, the type of craft, and other equipment to be used is not known, states a January 31, 1958, dispatch from the United States Embassy in Guatemala. Nt eries resources of that country. The FAO fisheries officer had been detailed to the Haitian Government since 1955. a a TE a I a Ng April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 After investigation and experimental fishing in the coastal waters, the FAO ex- pert states: ''Cuba has developed a very profitable tuna industry and as it is, so to speak, next door to Haiti, I thought it likely there would be tuna around Haiti. This proved to be the case and we found tuna in commercial quantities off both the south and north coasts. "The Government agreed with our proposal to charter a Cuban tuna vessel, manned by a few Cuban fishermen so that we could carry out experimental fishing and, at the same time, train some Haitian fishermen in tuna fishing techniques. We caught good quantities of excellent tuna, which showed that it should be possible to establish a small tuna fishery in the north, where the climate is suitable for sun- drying the fish, and a bigger fishery in the south where, because of climatic condi- tions, it would be necessary to build a cannery for processing the fish at the height of the season." His report states that suitable bait fish were found in the inshore waters and demonstrated how they should be captured and held aboard a tuna vessel and used to ''chum" the tuna. At mole St. Nicolas, from where the chartered Cuban vessel operated, the FAO expert carried out experiments in salting and drying tuna. The fish were gutted, split, salted, and prepared for sun-drying. At night they were placed in a palm- thatched drying shelter so that they did not absorb moisture. The dried and cured fish were then packed and dispatched to Port-au-Prince and other markets, Ex- periments were also made in gutting and icing the fish and selling it fresh. These experiments showed there was a ready consumer acceptance of what was virtually a new product in Haiti. It is hoped that the work of this FAO expert will eventually lead to the develop- ment of a commercial tuna fishing industry with a profitable export trade, possibly with the help of foreign capital investments. As another FAO contribution towards such development, the naval architects of the FAO Fisheries Division have prepared a design, with preliminary specifications, of a 45-foot tuna fishing vessel. The FAO fisheries officer has returned to Haiti with this design to continue his assignment. In addition to helping the Haitian Government develop a tuna fishing industry, he will work among the small boat fishermen. His plans for small boat fishermen include help to mechanize their boats, teach- ing them to use improved gear and equipment and, by these means, demonstrating how they can catch more fish. (The Caribbean, December 1957.) KOK OK OK AK FISHERIES POTENTIAL PROMISING: Following a survey of the Haitian fish- eries by a Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) fisheries expert, the Director of the Haitian Office of Fisheries commented on the opportunities in Haiti to invest in commercial fishing enterprises. During the survey by the FAO fisheries officer, a Cuban bonito fishing vessel was chartered by the Haitian Government for four months. Three months were spent in surveying the offshore coastal area for fish schools, observing bait supplies in inshore waters, and their relationship to good harbors. The final month of the charter was spent in fishing on a commercial basis and this part of the survey lead to the conclusion that a reasonably profitable fish- ery could be established. This conclusion was based on the following estimates: 1. Use of 3 Cuban-type bonito fishing vessels with crews consisting of a cap- tain, engineer, and 8 fishermen. 60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 2. An initial investment of US$95,000 for working capital for the first year. 3. An estimated annual catch of 570,000 pounds of fish to be dried and sold at 19 U. S. cents a pound. Based on the above estimates, a yearly profit of 16 percent could be expected on the investment. If a fourth vessel was employed, the profit could be increased to 22 percent. Due to the fact that Haiti imports close to 18 million pounds of dried or salted fish yearly, the Government is anxious to develop domestic sources of fishery prod- ucts, states a December 17, 1957, dispatch from the United States Embassy in Port- au-Prince. = Iceland MULTIPURPOSE TRAWLERS ORDERED FROM EAST GERMANY: The Icelandic Government has signed a contract with a shipbuilding firm in East Germany for 12 multipur- pose fishing vessels of 250 British registered tons, the No- vember 22, 1957, Fishing News reports. This contract is a continuation of the trend in having ves- sels built in East Germany where there is a ready market for quick-frozen fish. The size and equipment of the vessels are in many ways novelties in Icelandic fisheries, Until now trawlers of 250 tons have been unknown in the fleet. Seiners and line-boats, also used in the deep-sea herring fisheries, have not usually been of more than 100 tons. Trawlers built since the war have not been under 500 tons. The decision to build a 250-ton vessel is the result of different desires on the part of fishing vessel owners--to have larger vessels for deep-sea herring and yet have small- er trawlers. Two Icelandic shipowners with the greatest interest in ac- quiring the smaller boats did so for entirely different rea- A SCALE DRAWING OF THE NEW 250-TON FISHING SHIPS. sons. One living on the east coast had an interest in deep- sea herring fisheries between Iceland and the Faroes. The other, living on the northwest coast, wanted a light trawler to trawl just outside the fishing limits in that area where it has been noticed that the smaller British trawlers have op- erated with more success than their larger counterparts. Another reason for the interest is that the 250-ton vessels will be able to go line-fishing on the west coast of Greenland unlike the 100-ton vessels. Yet another factor is the increasing amount of trawling and fishing done to serve the quick-freezing plants scattered along the coast. Large trawlers have proved rather uneco- nomical when employed in this field and there is a likelihood that smaller vessels could load more quickly and land fresher fish. Smaller fishing villages around the Icelandic coast have neither the facilities nor manpower to handle a large trawler. The harbors are often too small and their freezing plants are not capable of handling a large trawler’s catch. The 110-foot 6-inch trawlers now under construction at Stralsund, East Germany, were designed by an Icelander, who has tried to combine speed with seaworthiness. They have soft bows, cruiser sterns, a beam of just under 24 feet, and a depth of about 11 feet 6 inches. They will be made of steel, electrically welded. The top and sides of the wheelhouse will be aluminum. The main deck will be steel completely but laid with timber, while the forward one of the two steel masts will be of tripod design, equipped with a three-tonderrick for generalpurposes, as well as derricks for trawling. The main engine will be of 800-horsepower at 375 r.p.m. Two auxiliary engines are one of an East German make de- veloping 120-horsepower and the other a West German make developing 220-horse power at 1,500 r.p.m. The trawl winch which will be supplied by a West German firm is electrically- powered. ok Kok ok RUMOR OF PROPOSED USE OF POLISH CREWS FOR FISHING TRAWLERS UNSUBSTANTIATED: The report in the article “Polish Crews for Fishing Trawl- ers Proposed published in the December 1957 issue of Commercial Fisheries Re- view (p. 62) has not been substantiated, according to information received in a dis- patch from the United States Embassy in Reykjavik, dated February 14, 1958. In- formation supplied by the Managing Director of the Icelandic Trawler Owners As- sociation indicates that his association had never sanctioned such a proposal. He also stated that although there is a shortage of crewmen for trawlers in Iceland, that the figure given (3,000) in the above article was about double the actual figure. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61 The shortage will be met in 1958, as in the past, by the importation of crews from the Faroe Islands. The Icelandic Director of Fisheries stated that the rumor concerning the em- ployment of Polish crews probably came from talks with crew members of a Polish trawler that had visited Iceland and later stopped at Grimsby, England. Japan CERTAIN JAPANESE-RUSSIAN UNSOLVED IS- SUES AFFECT JAPANESE FISHERIES: Japan re- sumed diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in December 1956 when the Japanese-Soviet Joint Declaration went into effect. Some questions be- tween the two countries have been satisfactorily or partially settled during the past year, but problems still remain in connection with fisheries and re- patriation. Other unsolved issues are frequent So- viet seizures of Japanese fishing vessels, the Jap- anese proposal made in June for talks on safe nav- igation in nearby waters, and the Soviet declaration in July claiming Peter the Great Bay as internal territorial waters. Fisheries Question: This problem is of deep concern fo the Japanese people in view of their re- liance on marine resources as their principal source of protein. It is one of the basic issues in the diplomatic relations between Japan and the Soviet Union. On May 14, 1956, a Japanese-Soviet Fisheries Pact was signed in Moscow for the purpose of re- stricting fishing in the open seas and in the North- west Pacific. The first session of the Japanese- Soviet Fisheries Commission was held in Tokyo from February 15 to April 6 on the basis of Article Ill of the above Agreement. The most important task of the Commission was to decide on the volume of salmon catch. The ques- tion was, however, eventually settled politically outside the Commission, The Japanese side initially proposed that for the time being the salmon catch should be set at 165,000 tons in good years for the next four years beginning in 1957 and 135,000 tons in poor years. The Soviet side, however, made a statement to the effect that indiscriminate offshore fishing by Japan and catching of not fully-grown fish had caused a rapid diminishing of salmon resources. There- fore, it was said the Soviet Union could not agree to the Japanese proposal for an increase in the volume of fish catch. The Japanese side, basing its argument on vari- ous statistical data concerning salmon catches in the past, countered that salmon resources were not diminishing. Since Japan and the Soviet Union continued their arguments without either side possessing complete scientific and statistical data of a conclusive nature, the prospects for settling the problem within the Commission became extremely difficult. Finally the Japanese Prime Minister conducted talks with the Soviet Ambassador. The Prime Min- ister pointed out that the problem of settling the volume of salmon catch was the first issue to be taken up following the normalization of relations between Japan and the Soviet Union. He stressed that in view of its vital significance to the develop- ment of future relations between the two nations, he desired that the Soviet side consider the matter from a broad viewpoint. As a result, the Soviet Ambassador agreed on a salmon catch of 13,000 tons by two fishing fleets in the Okhotsk Sea and a total catch of 120,000 tons only for 1957, which was considered a good year. The Commission, aside from the aforemention- ed volume of salmon catch, also agreed on meas- ures for conservation of red salmon resources; a prohibited fishing area for salmon within 40 miles offshore; a limit to mixed catches of young her- ring, female crabs, and young crabs. Agreement was also reached on the laying of crab nets, com- pilation of scientific surveys, and statistics and exchange of data. These matters were adopted in the form of min- utes of the first session of the Commission, end- ing the two-month long fisheries talks. However, many problems--the foremost of which is the de- cision on the fish catch for 1958--were carried over to the second session of the Commission which meets in Moscow in January 1958. Seizure of Fishing Vessels: The Japanese side on a number of occasions after February 1957 re- quested the Soviet Union to return seized Japanese fishing vessels and release detained Japanese fish- ermen. In response, the Soviet side carried out an am- nesty for 28 fishermen in October, but as of De- cember 21, 1957, they still had 113 Japanese fish- ing vessels and 3 fishermen under detention. Negotiations for Safe Operations in Waters Ad- jacent to Northern Hokkaido: The aforementioned seizures can be attributed principally to the con- siderable narrowing of the operational area for Japanese fishermen in the North Pacific and also to the continuing disagreement between Japan and the Soviet Union on the question of territorial waters. In order to prevent such seizures and assure safe operations in this area, the Japanese Govern- ment asked the Soviet Union on June 3 to recognize the freedom of Japanese small fishermen, based 62 on the coast of Hokkaido, to engage in small-scale fishing operations and kelp-gathering in the areas within 12 miles off the shores of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir, Etorofu, and the Kurile Archipelago. This was requested, apart from the question of ter- ritorial waters, for the purpose of settling the problem of seizure of Japanese fishing vessels and also from the humanistic standpoint of assuring the livelihood of small fisherfolk in the area. The Soviet Government replied on August 16 that it was willing to enter into negotiations onthis question. The Japanese Government, therefore, drafted a provisional agreement on the problem and presented it to the Soviet Government on Au- gust 29, but there has not yet been a satisfactory reply. Peter the Great Bay: Following the publication of a report in Izvestia, organ of the Soviet Govern- ment, that the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers had decided to place Peter the Great Bay within itster- ritorial waters, the Japanese Government on July 26 made the following protest to the Soviet Union: "It is clear from the standpoint of international law that the aforementioned area does not possess the requirements of internal territorial waters. The Soviet action contravenes the general princi- ples of international law and is illegal. The said sk sk 7 TF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 area, in particular, is a traditional fishing ground of the Japanese people, and the latest Soviet deci- sion illegally infringes upon the Japanese people's freedom of fishing and navigation.' The Soviet side replied that it considered the said waters a bay belonging historically to the U.S.S.R. Thereupon, the Japanese Government sent a protest to the Soviet Union on August 6, in which it pointed out that the Soviet Union had never claimed the said waters as being historically a bay of the U.S.S.R. in the past. It said the only reason the Soviet Union gave in May 1957 in seeking the with- drawal of Japanese drag net trawling vessels from the said bay area was the danger from explosion of mines stillremaining at the bottom of the sea. Since the Soviet Union had never said anything in the past about Peter the Great Bay being historically a bay of the U.S.S.R., the said area did not possess the requirement under internationally approved long- term practice for recognition as such, the Japanese protest pointed out. The Soviet Union, however, merely repeated its previous contentions. (Japan Report, February 1, 1958, issued by the Embassy of Japan, Washington, 1D); (G2) EXPORT REGULATIONS FOR CANNED TUNA IN OIL TIGHTENED: Diversion of Japan's canned tuna in oil to the United States through third countries prior to September 1957 may have occurred in part because of a loophole in Japanese Min- istry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) regulations, which limited the meaning of the term ''United States'' to include only the 48 States, Hawaii, and Alaska. This definition was expanded after September 1 to include other areas falling under United States jurisdiction, which could be made a point of transshipment for Japan's exported canned tuna in oil. To reduce diversion of Japanese canned tuna in oil to the United States through selected third countries, MITI since November 1, 1957, has required exporters to submit to that Ministry certificates of landings for canned tuna in oil destined for countries of Central and South America, Canada, Belgium, and Holland. This re- quirement will not stop re-exports to the United States by countries of destination but, if the above requirement is observed, it will stop transshipments, and make diversion of exports to the United States more difficult and expensive. A comparison of Japan's canned tuna in oil export figures for January-July 1957 with the same period for 1956 shows that Japan's exports to nearly all destina- tions in Europe and the Near Hast increased during 1957. Significant increases were registered in exports to West Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, Lebanon, and the United Kingdom. Japan's exports rose sharply during January-July 1957. to Canada and to areas not specified also ; According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan will be shipping to the Philippines 20,000 cases of canned tuna in oil at a price per standard case (48 7-oz. cans) of US$6.67. 1957. The agreement called for this shipment to be made in November * ok kk OK April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 no appreciable progress has been made since the opening of the second annual meet- ing of the Japanese-Soviet Fisheries Commission in Moscow on January 13 toward an agreement regarding Japan's North Pacific salmon catch quota for the 1958 sea- son, Japan's 1958 requests for (1) a 145,000-meiric ton salmon quota, (2) the exten- sion of the salmon catch season by 10 days to August 20, (3) the expansion of fish- ing areas, and (4) the acceptance of the principle that no limitations be placed on specific species of salmon have been rejected either directly or indirectly by Soviet counter-requesis, the latest of which repeated previous Soviet demands for quotas on individual species within the over-all quota. The suggested subquota for sockeye or red salmon (10 percent of the total quota) drew headlines in the Japanese press, which described it as "shocking." The press, quoting the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, states that the Japa- nese Government believes that the current talks will reach a deadlock about mid- March and that it will be necessary for Japan to send a delegate of ministerial rank at that time to bring the talks io an end. a a a I SS TUNA FISHERIES TRENDS, JANUARY 1958: Indian Ocean Fishing: On the morning of January 8 the Japanese mothership-type tuna boat No. 21 Kuroshio Maru, the largest in Japan (1,914 tons), with a crew of 124 men, returned to the port of Kurihama from a 5-month cruise to the Indian Ocean, bringing back a full load of 1,365 tons of fish worth about 100 million yen (US$277,000). The ship sailed from Kurihama on August 20 and worked mosily around the Seychelles and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, fishing 60 seis of long lines and setting a record average catch per set of nearly 23 tons to exceed her original tar- get catch by 248 tons. The catch was all landed frozen; the albacore and yellowfin - will be exported to the United States to earn foreign exchange, while the spearfishes will be canned or made into sausage. Tuna in Coastal Waters: With the advent of cold weather, large schools of tuna appeared off Choshi in Chiba Prefecture, and landings at the Choshi market from January 5-8 were 248 tons of big-eyed tuna. These tuna were warm-water fish, and as the cold current spread out to about 30 miles off Choshi, the schools migrated along the boundary of the warm and cold currents seeking food. They were tuna of 22 to 165 pounds each. Winter Albacore: The first boat of the winter tuna season, the 72-ton Tsuneyo- shi Maru of Kushikino in Kagoshima Prefecture, landed 125 tons of tuna at Shimizu on January 15. The catch comprised principally 444 large albacore weighing about 37 pounds each, with some big-eyed and small yellowfin. As the albacore were bid on by both fresh fish buyers and freezers, the price was unexpectedly high, over 11.8 cents a pound for the albacore, and with the big-eyed added in, the average was over 15 cents a pound. The vessel had fished long lines on 14 sets about 150-200 miles off Katsuura in Wakayama Prefecture. There are said to be about 50 boats of similar type fishing the same grounds. In the past boats from Shizuoka Prefec- ture also fished this ground, but this year not a single boat from this prefecture worked there. Albacore and big-eyed fishing on 34° N. was done exclusively by the boats from Kagoshima and Kochi prefectures. In this connection the fisheries laboratory of Tokai University at Shimizu re- pgrts that the Kuroshio is stronger than it was last year, with water temperatures 2 to5 C. warmer. It is stated that the small albacore fished in January by Ibaraki 64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Prefecture boats in coastal waters southeast of the Boso Peninsula and the large albacore along the line of 30 N. were very likely to mingle and be fished in waters along both the east and west sides of the Izu Islands. People at the market expected the price of small albacore to fall as demand from western Honshu fell off after the New Year of the lunar calendar. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, January 10, 13, and 24, 1958.) sk ok ok sk Ca ae Sa) “TUNA LANDINGS BY MONTHS, 1956 AND JANUARY-JUNE Same period in 1956. Better catches of albacore accounted 1957: Japanese tuna landings (including mothership operations) | for most of the increase in 1957 since 1956 was a poor year of bluefin, big-eyed, albacore, yellowfin, and skipjack tuna for the Japanese albacore fishery, a November 27, 1957, during January-June 1957 amounted to 199,471 short tons, despatch from the United States Embassy in Tokyo points substantially higher than the 177,084 tons landed duringthe | out. Japanese Tuna Landings by Months, 1956 and January-June 1957 Bluefin Big-eyed Albacore FE Yellowfin f Skipjack | Months 1957 1956 1957 1956 1957 1956 1957 1956 1957 1956_| Rude Bvelo aicieionaiaes Sacco pip eae Boo Sed (SHOrteT Ons) meter aeienetl iene een eens acne HEINEIAT Sc oddc 6 1,954 1,050 5,611 6,184 5,057 3,898 8,107 5,370 628 269 Rebrlaryaenel-laier 1,330 624 5,355 5,312 5,012 3,018 9,396 7,420 1,433 546 WERE Saco p aoe 2,338 847 6,276 5,936 5,074 3,464 8,115 10,131 3,247 2,145 IM oo Gono boa 1,574 2,298 5,776 3,274 3,892 3,646 8,351 10,057 5,958 9,123 WES? po bap oao8 1,194 3,509 4,285 3,749 11,090 oeea anne Oreee jetaee ite HO 6 oo eos 4,074 4,878 4,657 3,898 34,268 25 1 11 | January-June total [12,464 13,206 31,960 28,353 64,393 48,636 50,604 50,219 40,050 | 36,670 Afi saoouceooo = | as i. > | 2,790 = 10,384 = 5,481 = 26,773 FABRE SG goo ooad = 5,791 = 2,038 > 934 = 5,977 = |} 14,612 September ..... = 4,952 = 2,798 = 380 = 4,456 = | 14,331 Octobers-ies seri = 5,948 = 4,803 = 591 = 5,663 = | 11,496 November ..... = 3,621 = 4,530 = 876 = 5,221 = 3,282 December... . . S 2,286 = m6 E556) = 2,827 = 7,701 = 818 [By mothership .. | n. a. 4 n. a, 1,645 na. 4,063 n. a. 2,228 n. a. - 12 Total for year .|n.a. 40,673 n. a. 537503 Pinas 68,691 n. a. 86,946 n. a. 107,994 LNA, — NOT AVAILABLE, JAPANESE GOVERNMENT Korea TUNA VESSEL FISHES OFF PHILIPPINES: The Korean fishing vessel Shinan, en route to tuna long-lining grounds in Philippine waters, sailed on January 29 from Shimonoseki, Japan, where it called to purchase 1,500 cases of bait saury (for about $2,500). According to the company which sold the bait, the Koreans are showing a strong interest in getting into high-seas tuna fishing. Last August a vessel of the same fishing company bought bait saury from the same source and engaged in a 2-month fishing operation, but because the vessel had no refrigeration equipment and the fish were not handled properly, the whole catch of 21 tons was in poor condition and the operation was not a success. Since the Shinan is a re-outfitted United States purse seiner and the hull is un- suited to high-seas tuna long-lining, not much hope is held for the present venture either, but if tuna fishing by the Koreans becomes active, there will be an increase in sales of bait and it is thought that this may boost Japanese bait exports. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, January 29, 1958.) uN Mexico SHRIMP EX-VESSEL PRICE DISPUTE AT CARMEN ENDS: The tie-up of the shrimp fishing vessels, due to a dispute over ex-vessel prices at Ciudad del Car- men, Mexico, ended about January 30, 1958, without a final settlement. Reports in- dicate that about half the shrimp fleet left port for the shrimp grounds on January 31 em April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 and the remainder were scheduled to depart that same weekend. Production loss from the two-week strike was estimated about 1 million pounds of headless shrimp. Negotiations between the boat owners and the cooperative fishermen for the contract price of shrimp for the two-year period January 1, 1958, to December 31, 1959, are continuing. The fishermen are demanding 3,800 pesos a metric ton for heads-off shrimp (US$304 a metric ton or 13.8 U. S. cents a pound) and the expired contract price was 1,800 pesos a metric ton ($144 a metric ton or 6.5 cents apound). Upon settlement, the fishermen will be paid retroactively for the catches made dur- ing the negotiation period, the United States Embassy in Mexico City reported on February 3, 1958. New Hebrides TUNA FISHING VENTURE REPORTED SUCCESSFUL: The tuna plant and cannery established at Palekula, New Hebrides (island of Espiritu Santo), received its first catches of tuna late in October 1957, according to a report made by an Australian businessman following a trip to the island. His report also states that the freezing plant was established by a local firm with United States and Japanese backing and Japanese fishing know-how. Eight to twelve Japanese fishing boats are working under contract to the New Hebrides firm under a plan similar to that in- augurated several years ago in American Samoa, The report states that there is-no immediate prospect of canning tuna at the Palekula plant due to a shortage of labor. If fish canning is undertaken in the fu- ture, it is believed that a French firm will operate the cannery. At the present time the. joint fish-freezing venture has the blessing of the British and French Gov- ernments in the New Hebrides as it is hoped that a new industry will help to re- lieve the Islands of dependence on the copra industry. Present plans for disposition of the frozen tuna call for shipment to the United States and not to Australia (Pacific Islands Monthly, December 1957). NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1958, P. 51. rs) Norway GROUNDFISH PRICE NEGOTIATIONS CONCLUDED: According to Norwegian newspaper reports, the price negotiations for cod and codlike fish were concluded late in January. The proposal for an agreement was approved by the Ministry of Prices and Wages, by the Norges Raafisklag (the main cod fish marketing coopera- tive), and it was forwarded for ratification to the two other fish cooperatives that participated in the negotiations. The agreement established the government's fish- ing policy for the year ending January 31, 1959. However, it leaves the determina- tion of fish prices to the individual marketing cooperatives as is authorized by exist- ing law. Thus, the Norges Raafisklag is reported by the press to have stipulated the minimum 1958 Lofoten cod prices at 80 gre a kilogram (5.8 U. S. cents a pound), or 10 dre a kilogram (0.63 U. S. cents a pound) above the 1957 minimum prices. The press also states that the Ministry of Prices and Wages will propose to the Storting that public funds be used to subsidize (1) the cost of fishing gear and bait, which in the past was paid out of the Price Equalization Fund for Fish andnot from tax money, and (2) the prices paid to the fishermen to the amount of 11 million kroner (US$1,540,000), in addition to the proposed 12 million kroner (US$1,680,000) 66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 to be paid from the Price Equalization Fund. The balance of the Fund, about 9 mil- lion kroner (US$1,260,000) has been earmarked as subsidies to fish processors and exporters at the rate of 10 gre per kilogram (0.63 U. S. cents a pound). oo us eo ay oe SEALING INDUSTRY TRENDS, 1957: The total Norwegian seal catch in 1957 was 203,500 seals, compared to 229,000 seals in 1956, and 295,000 seals in 1955. The decrease in 1957 was due to poor weather and difficult ice conditions, states a February 3, 1958, dispatch from the United States Embassy in Oslo. Representatives of the sealing industry have requested the Ministry of Com- merce to have products from Arctic waters included in arrangements connected with a European Free Trade Area. In support of its request, the statement was made that approximately 80 percent of Norway's sealskin production and about 95 percent of its seal-oil production are exported in a normal year at a value of approximately 24 million kroner (US$3.4 million). The sealing industry states that Norway's com- petitive ability in European markets will depend heavily on whether the named prod- ucts are among the preferred commodities. In addition, the representatives of the sealing industry sent the Director of Fisheries a sharp protest against the recommendation to the Government by certain fishing interests that the fishing limit be expanded to 12 nautical miles, stating that if it were so extended in North America, sealing possibilities would be destroyed for Norwegians off Newfoundland and in the Denmark Strait (two of Norway's cus- tomary catching areas). sb le she se sk ok ok ok ok WINTER HERRING FISHERY THREATENED WITH FAILURE: The 1958 winter herring fisheries off the Norwegian west coast threatened to be a dismal failure this year. As of February 1 less than 800 metric tons had been landed along the entire coast, representing a cash value of only about Kr. 180,000 (US$25,200) to the ves- sels. At the end of January 1956, they had caught some 250,000 tons, with a first- hand value of over Kr. 55 million (US$7.7 million), and that was considered poor. Huge shoals of herring were reported to be approaching the coast at the end of January. But this news was cold comfort for the 26,000 fishermen who have been waiting for the herring since mid-January, for stormy weather was still keeping their vessels in port. The Norwegian winter herring season usually runs from about January 18 to February 15, and then, the price generally drops because the fat con- tent of the herring is considerably lower. (News of Norway, February 6, 1958.) Norwegian industrial officials have discussed the possibility of prolonging the season for a week after the date it would normally end. The government-subsidized herring fund would then help the fishermen to re- coup some of their losses, by paying the difference between the price for winter herring and the lower price obtainable for spring herring with its lower fat content. The Norwegian herring fishery is one of the most important in the world. Nor- mally vast masses of ''filling'' herring begin to assemble on the southwest coast of Iceland in December and move to the Norwegian coast north of Bergen as January develops. There they spawn in the fjords progressively as spring develops, and in winter and spring provide heavy fishing. By North Sea standards, the Norwegian herring normally measures about 13.5- inches. As the spawning proceeds from February onwards, the shoals spread south- wards until some 300 miles of coastline is affected. The spring spawning usually extends until April. A big fish-meal industry exists along this coast. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIW 67 There are 16 or 17 effective age groups in the Norwegian stock, compared with nine in the East Anglian stock. The late arrival of the herring in Norwegian waters is a problem for the scien- tists to investigate. It may have some relation to water temperatures or changes in the direction of currents which are suspected as having some bearing on the re- cent paucity of cod in Arctic waters. ok ok kk WINTER HERRING FISHING SEASON EXTENDED: Upon request from repre- sentatives of herring sellers and buyers, the Norwegian Ministry of Prices and Wages has agreed to extend the large or winter 1958 herring season from Febru- ary 14 to February 21. The end of the large or winter herring season marks the beginning of the spawn- ing period for the winter herring. After spawning the herring become thin and are called spring herring and the price to fishermen drops by about 10 percent. As the winter herring arrived off the Norwegian coast considerably later this year than normally, the spawning period probably has been delayed also. FISHERIES TRENDS, JANUARY 1958: A tie-up of Peruvian bonito fishermen protesting the low ex-vessel prices for bonito came to an end on January 1, 1958. The fishermen stopped fishing for bonito in an unsuccessful attempt to raise the price of 84-95 U. S. cents (16-18 soles) per dozen fish paid by the canneries, The canneries have had difficulty operating at a profit even at the relatively low price of about 2 U. S. cents a pound, due to low prices on the world market for canned tuna and bonito. The reappearance in December 1957 of "El Nino," the warm current that ap- pears periodically off the north coast of Peru, has caused some distress to the fishermen. The warm current forces the anchovies to seek the cooler lower depths beyond the range of the Peruvian fishing gear. This results in a decline in the pro- duction of fish meal and fertilizer, and reduces the tuna and bonito catch. Preliminary estimates of the 1957 sperm whale catch indicate that 2,363 sperm whales were caught and yielded 7,802 metric tons of sperm whale oil. It is expect- ed that the 1958 sperm whale catch will be double that for 1957 due to the addition of a new sperm oil plant in Peru during the past year, a January 7, 1958, dispatch from the United States Embassy in Lima reports. MSLY' “exe”, Philippines CANNED FISH RE- TAIL AND WHOLESALE PRICES, JANUARY 1958: Product anned Sardines: Wholesale US$ case (48 15-0z. cans) Retail US SS eee Wo 8S, reine oo 5 11.40 ES eee Laat Japan brand... 9.35 gen 8 ora Sa ais ae anned Salmon: case (48 16-o0z. cans) 58, for canned sardines We Ss lorwainel 5 o 31.00 and canned salmon in Ma- 23.90 nila are shown in table. Najoain loreal 5 4 %5 ook ck ok xk 68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 ery products landings from the three principal sources in the Philippines during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1957, amounted to 830 million pounds, valued at 332 mil- lion pesos (US$166 million), according to a report made in December 1957 by the Director of the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries. Fiscal year 1956/57 landings ex- ceeded those for the preceding fiscal year by about 16 million pounds in quantity and 19 million pesos (US$9.5 million) in value. The value of the landings from the three principal sources was as follows: fish ponds, P50.2 million (US$25.1 million); commercial fishing vessels, P75.2 million (US$37.6 million); and municipal fisher- ies, P206.3 million (US$103.2 million). Consumption: The consumption of fishery products in the Philippines for fiscal year 1956/57 amounted to 962 million pounds, or about 130 million pounds more than the domestic landings. Nutrition experts have estimated the normal per capita re- quirement for fishery products to be about 56 pounds a year. Based on a population of about 22.5 million people, about 1,322 million pounds of fishery products are re- quired. These figures indicate that the catch from domestic sources in the Philip- pines is about 40 percent under these requirements. Imports: The imports of fishery products during the year ending June 30, 1957, were valued at P28.1 million (US$14 million) for 127 million pounds. This was an increase of about 17 percent over the 1955/56 value of P23 million ($11.5 million) for imports. Principal items imported included (1) canned fishery products, valued at P26.7 million (US$13.4 million); (2) processed, dried, and smoked fish, valued at PO.2 million ($0.1 million); (3) fresh fish, valued at P1,347 ($674); (4) fish meal, valued at P1.1 million ($563,000). Fishery products imports originated principally from the United States and Japan, The only fishery products exported during 1956/57 were shells and buttoms manufactured from shells, valued at P2 million ($1 million). Principal Species: The Philippines has about 2,145 species of fish and shell- fish, Additional unidentified species are estimated to total 200. The fish popula- tions include some of the largest and smallest species and range from the whale shark to tiny gobies. The 12 leading commercial species in order of importance are: round scad (galunggong); slipmouth (sapsap); anchovy (dilis); mackerel (hasa- hasa, alumahan); hemalpterid (besugo); shrimp (hipon, pasayan); caesio (dalagang bukid); herring (tulis); big-eyed scad (galunggong species); sardine (tawilis, tunsoy, lawlaw); croaker (alakaak); and surgeonfish (labahita). Investment: Fish ponds, as of 1956, represented an investment of P220 million ($110 million) in an average of 110,000 hectares (44,517) acres. In 1,274 commer- cial fishing boats about P15 million ($7.5 million) was invested and the investment in fishing gear amounted to P20.5 million ($10.3 million). It was estimated in the re- port of the Director that there are about 500,000 hectares (202,000 acres) of marsh- lands and swamplands available for future development into fish ponds. The cost of developing one acre of fish pond amounts to about P1,250 ($625). Employment: An estimated 500,000 people are directly engaged in the Philip- pine fisheries and fishery industries. Included are 110,000 engaged in the operation of fish ponds, 16,000 engaged on commercial fishing vessels (3 gross tons and over), and the balance engaged in municipal fisheries and so-called subsistence fishing. About 2 million people are directly and indirectly supported by the fishery indus- tries. Fishing Grounds: There are a total of 42 distinct fishing areas in the Philip- pine Islands. The major grounds are the Sulu Sea, Visayan Sea, Manila Bay, Gui- maras Strait (Bello Negros), Samar Sea, Hoite Strait, San Miguel Bay, Malumpaya Sound (Palawan Island), Sibuyan Sea, and Panay Gulf. ae Ve eat < ino arr April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 Portugal CANNED FISH EXPORTS, JANUARY-NOVEMBER 1957: mounted to 46,797 tons, valued at US$28.3 million, Sardines For the first 11 months of 1957, canned fish exports a- in olive oil exported during the first 11 months of 1957 totaled 30,834 tons, valued at US$18.5 million (Conservas de Peixe, January 1958). Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-November 1957 Product Jan.-Nov. 1957 During January-November 1957 the leading buyers of can- Ae US$ ned fish were: Italy, 8,585 tons (valued at US$5,006,000); Tons 1.000 Germany, 6,700 tons (US$4,023,000); Great Britain 5,792 a cmmemeel foaealoeeriaavaenen the United States 4,773 tons . " : és U ,956,000); and France 2,520 tons (US$1,563,000). Ser nee te Pare es a 9.90 gucae r aoe These countries purchased 60.6 percent of the quantity away Waal Gabdinelike fen in soa ea bce cen of the value of all Portuguese exports of brine... 12sec cee ee eee 1,271 314 4 Rane . Wear ae aoe Oil... oes mings Exports of sardines in olive oil for the first 11 months Maakerel see oil Ft: 0.0200 5.695 2.897 of 1957 to the United States amounted to 2,298 tons (valued har faa S whiny als 2 seks : 773 "361 at US%1,823,000), and 1,914 tons of anchovies (valued at at US$1,820,000), tons in the similar period of 1956. Canned sardines in oil (14,016 tons) accounted for [2==wstess Samed Bish Pack, Jansery September 7 2 Net anners 41.2 percent of the January-September 1957 | Predsct Weight Value total pack, higher by 2 percent than the eS A pack of 13,748 tons for the same period in In Olive Oil: Lee ees 5 PRCA 6 oo ano ao obo 000 . 5 1956. For the first 9 months of 1955 the Sardinelike fish ......... 10,227 5,016 total pack of all canned fish amounted to aepey fillets .......+-- 2/138 ee 26,198 tons (18,214 tons sardines in oil). Other species (incl, shellfish) 645 | 422 In Brine: é [ Sardinelike fish ......... 4,868 1,229 The Portuguese pack of canned sar- Other species! sea sei aie dines in oil amounted to 3,209 metric tons INOTE: VALUES CONVERTED AT RATE OF 26.75 ESCUDOS EQUAL USS1. during September 1957. The pack of all canned fish in September 1957 amounted to 4,972 tons, the January 1958 Conservas de Peixe reports. FISHERIES TRENDS, NOVEMBER 1957: Sardine Fishing: During November 1957, the Portuguese fishing fleet landed 18,518 metric tons of sardines (valued at US$1,956,000 ex-vessel or $105.64 a metric ton). In November 1956, a total of 16,906 tons of sardines were landed. Canneries purchased 57.3 percent or 10,617 tons of the sardines (valued at US$1,227,000 ex-vessel or $115.56 a ton) during November. Only 183 tons were salt- ed, and the balance of 7,718 tons or 41.7 percent of the total was purchased for the fresh fish market. Matosinhos lead all other ports in November landings of sardines with 14,468 tons or 78.1 percent, followed by Peniche 2,391 tons (12.9 percent), and Setubal 801 tons (4.3 percent). Other Fishing: The December 1957 landings of fish other than sardines con- sisted of 147 tons (value US$6,900) of anchovy and 3,397 tons (value US$200,700) of chinchard. (Conservas de Peixe, January 1958.) 70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 Sweden FISHERY LOAN AND INSURANCE FUNDS: The Swedish Fishery Board early crowns (US$966,557). The Minister of Agriculture is reported as realizing theneed for an increased allotment, but not in a position to recommend an increase of more than 800,000 crowns (US$154,649). Notwithstanding the Minister's recommendation there was no increase and the current budget proposal provides 3,000,000 crowns (US$579,934) for the fishery loan fund. Applications for loans out of the fishery loan fund during the current fiscal year totaled 8,795,930 crowns (US$1,700,354), and thus only about one-third of the applications could be granted. The fishermen's associations have pointed out that difficulties are being en- countered by those fishermen who have to buy new boats or equipment. The as- sociations assert that fishermen find it almost impossible to finance the purchase of new boats and in some cases they abandon their profession and leave their home villages with their families to seek work elsewhere, generally at the large ship- building yards. It is also maintained that, as a result, some fishing places are al- most deserted, and small shipyards specializing in the construction of fishing boats, motors and other equipment, find themselves without work and are gradually forced to close down. In the Kalmar district on the Swedish east coast an effort is being made to en- courage fishermen to acquire larger fishing boats by increasing insurance benefits. The Kalmar Fishing Boat Insurance Company has had its guaranty fund increased from 60,000 crowns (US$11,599) to 95,000 crowns (US$18,365) by means of allow- ances from the fishermen's gasoline tax fund and the rural economy association. This has made possible an increase of the maximum insurance from 20,000 crowns (US$3,866) to 30,000 crowns (US$5,799), effective January 1, 1958. As the premium is as low as 1.25 percent of the amount of the policy, the increase in the maximum amount results in a considerable saving to the fishermen. In addition, tools and equipment may be insured for 3,000 crowns (US$580). Fishing experts in the Kalmar district state that a greater use of larger fishing craft such as trawlers would improve fishing results because trawlers can be used in practically any kind of weather and can follow the fish to the places where the shoals are found. The present efforts to build suitable fish harbors are alsopart of this develop- ment. A number of fishing ports have already been improved on the Swedish east coast with the result that during the last few years trawlers have been added to the fishing fleet in the district (United States Consulate at Goteborg, January 17, 1958). se oe sk ge ok a a AS HK 7K NORWAY'S REQUEST FOR REMOVAL OF FISH FILLET IMPORT TAX DE- NIED: Sweden has replied negatively to the Norwegian note of January 2, 1958, which had requested the removal of the Swedish import tax on froxen fish fillets. According to press reports, the Swedish note states that, for the present, Sweden cannot take any decision on the question raised. It points out that the Swedish re- strictions on fish fillets are part of the broader problem of the fishing industry as a whole in the Nordic countries and should thus be considered in the context of the problem of Scandinavian cooperation. The matter was to be considered at the meet- ing of the Nordic Fishing Committee, held in Stockholm, Sweden, on February 24, 1958. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 71 Norwegian authorities have publicly expressed disappointment at the Swedish reply, and the Oslo press has been highly critical of it. (United States Embassy dispatch dated February 14 from Oslo.) th te ge oth ote Ky yg OK Kk ok REVIEW OF THE FISHERIES FOR1957: West Coast: WINTER HERRING SEA- SON: In reviewing fishing activities on the Swedish west coast during the winter of 1956/57, the Swedish West Coast Fishermen's Central Association reports that at the beginning of 1957 while fishing was not hampered by ice, as was the case during several preceding winters, operations nevertheless were handicapped because of stormy weather. A further difficulty which reduced earnings of west coast fisher- men during the winter months was the absence of herring on those days when weath- er conditions permitted fishing. This shortage during the first two months of the year gave rise to considerable speculation as to whether the noticeable lack of winter herring was only temporary or whether it indicated a more or less permanent exhaustion of this species in the customary west coast fishing localities. The fears of the more pessimistic fishermen were allayed temporarily in March when herring reappeared, specially off Egersund and Marlepiken where the shoals were at times so dense that it was inadvisable to trawl for too long a time with eith- er bottom trawls or floating trawls. This period soon passed, however, and on the whole west coast winter herring fishing gave rather poor yields and must be char- acterized as very unsatisfactory, except for the catches of a number of the larger boats that at the end of the 1956/57 winter season were engaged in floating-trawl fishing as far afield as north of Alesund. These boats followed herring that came in from the Atlantic Ocean and proceeded toward the Norwegian coast. Some of these large boats obtained quite good catches. AUTUMN HERRING SEASON: Herring fishing in the Kattegat was unusually good during the fall of 1957 and the West Coast Association reports that for several weeks there were catches of big herring which recalled the days when large herring seines were used. The Association states that herring fishing in the North Sea will soon be car- ried on during the greater part of the year. At present, however, herring fishing in that area is confined principally to fishing off the Fladen ground during the months running from June through September. (The term Fladen herring, while it refers principally to herring caught off the Fladen ground, also is used to cover all herring caught in other fishing areas during the Fladen season). The financial result of this fishing is of great importance to Swedish west coast fishermen, Fladen fishing in 1957 was relatively favorable with 255 boats participating, 58 of which salted fish at sea. Formerly bottom trawls dominated herring fishing in the North Sea during the fall months. In 1957, however, herring caught in floating trawls was landed as early as September. These catches were made on the Eger- sund bank where floating trawls had previously not been used at that time of the year. In 1957, the Fladen herring season closed with 23,100 metric tons (50.9 million pounds) of herring landed on the Swedish west coast, a considerable increase over 1956. A contributing factor to the larger quantity landed in Sweden was the fact that in addition to the stipulated quantity each fisherman was permitted on eachtrip to land 10 cases or about 1,000 pounds of herring to be used for reduction. Foreign landings per trip by west coast fishermen were up slightly in 1957 as compared with 1956. Landings abroad by Swedishvessels in 1957, however, were 72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 fewer than in 1955. In West Germany there were 221 landings up to November 21, 1957. They commenced as early as July 1 at Cuxhaven which was the most fre- quented German port. In Hamburg, 63 Swedish vessels landed their catches and at Kiel 31. At the end of November 1957 a total of 6,600 metric tons (14.6 million pounds had been landed, as compared with 5,200 tons (11.5 million pounds) during the same period of 1956. In England during the months July-October 1957 there were 138 landings by Swedish vessels as against 140 in 1956. The quantity landed was 4,200 tons (9.3 million pounds) as compared with 3,500 tons (7.7 million pounds) the preceding year. In Scotland, there were also fewer landings (62 as compared with 75), but larg- er quantities in 1957 were landed--1,400 tons (3.1 million pounds) in 1957 as compared with 1,000 tons (2.2 million pounds) in 1956. Export salting was conducted on a large scale in 1957 with 3,700 tons (8.2 mil- lion pounds) salted for this purpose. Salted fish sales to the domestic market were lower than in preceding years because of the expanding market for fresh fish. A transfer to sea-salted herring was also more noticeable in 1957 because the fish preserving industry reduced its purchases. COD FISHERY: West coast fishermen trawling for cod in the Baltic made com- paratively good catches in the spring of 1957, and the result for the year was very good with up to 75 boats from the west coast participating during certain weeks. MACKEREL FISHERY: Mackerel net fishing in 1957 was better than in 1956 but was characterized by the Association as being on the whole "hardly average." Trawlers landed mackerel sporadically throughout the year. The minimum guar- anteed price for mackerel was somewhat higher in 1957 and contributed to making profits a little better than during the preceding years. OTHER FISH: Ling catches were quite good in 1957. The year was also agood eel year with the West Coast Fishermen's Fish Processing Plant receiving 206 tons (454,000 pounds) of eel as compared with 104 tons (230,000 pounds) in 1956; the re- cord year, however, was 1955 when 264 tons (582,000 pounds) were sold. East Coast: The problems facing Swedish east coast fishermen are primarily those relating to catches, sales, and price fixing, according to the Swedish Coast and Sea Fishermen's Association in reviewing the year 1997. The big question facing east coast fishermen as the year 1957 opened was: Has the Baltic herring abandoned the east coast and are the days of seine fishing over? In 1956 Baltic herring fishing along the Gulf of Bothnia was "a total failure," according to the Association, and along other parts of the east coast there was no gill-net fishing but only trawl fishing, Furthermore, the fish caught in the trawls were big and thin, appeared full grown, and gave no hope for future fishing. The picture changed, however, in 1957 and, according to the Association, reports of sur- veys in the Baltic indicate there is a good supply of Baltic herring, chiefly young fish, which gives good prospects for the future, The Association also advances as proof that there is Baltic herring the fact that trawl fishing for herring off Gotland resulted in good catches all through 1957. Fall fishing was good all along the east coast and judging from November catches normal spring fishing is expected in 1958. In discussing sales and prices, the East Coast Association reports that both re- main unfavorable for east coast fishermen. Good Swedish transportation facilities, the Association stated, enable Baltic herring and other herring to be shipped to the April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 same domestic markets from the east, south, and west coasts. Different fishing methods, different sales systems, and different distribution methods result in a price competition which, the East Coast Association asserts, in most cases affects sales conditions for Baltic herring, the result adversely affects profitsfor east coast fishermen, which in turn reduces the number of east coast fishermen, thus creating ''another problem of a serious nature to the east coast." SK ok oK ok ok SCARCITY OF SPRAT CAUSES WORRY: The Director of the Sea Fishery Lab- oratory at Lysekil, Sweden, commented on the increasing shortage of sprat ina press interview published on February 8, 1958, in the Goteborg press. "During the last three years sprat has been getting increasingly sparse, ac- cording to a statement made by the head of the Sea Fishery Laboratory at Lysekil. "As early as 1954 Norwegians and Swedes began to be concerned over the fu- ture of sprat fishing because of growing Danish 'industrial fishing' in the Skager- rak and the Kattegat that had increased enormously since 1950. Repeated efforts have been made to introduce regulations on an inter-Scandinavian basis, for Den- mark, Norway and Sweden in order to protect the supply of sprat in these waters. "At various Scandinavian fishing conferences and meetings the Swedes and Norwegians have stressed the importance of limiting sprat fishing as long asit is not clear how much fishing the supply can stand and what the consequences of ex- cess fishing may be. The Danes, on the other hand, maintain that the reduction of the yield of Swedish summer fishing of sardine sprat may depend on natural varia- tions in the size of the supply. The Danes, therefore, do not wish to support the Swedish and Norwegian demands for protective measures until it has been scientif- ically proved that the increasing fishing causes damage. "The three countries have agreed on the necessity of continued mutual extend- ed biological surveys of sprat and sprat fishing. "The Director suggested another inter-Scandinavian conference on sprat and sprat fishing. The invitation should list questions relating to measures for the pro- tection of sprat that the Swedes wish to discuss, for instance the introduction of a prohibition against trawl sprat fishing during the period April 1-September 1. "Statistics covering sprat landings on the Swedish west coast show that the quantity of summer sprat in 1957 was about 6,113,000 pounds, compared with about 13,989,000 pounds in 1956 and about 15,921,000 pounds in 1955.'' (United States con- sular dispatch, dated February 10, 1958, from Goteborg.) Taiwan (Formosa) FISHERIES LANDINGS IN 1957 PASSED 200,000 TONS: The 1957 fisheries landings in Taiwan reached 208,121 metric tons. This shattered the record of 193,410 metric tons in 1956 and exceeded the target set in the Second Four-Year Production Plan by 3,121 metric tons. The catch by categories as compared with the 1956 catch is shown in table. The greatest increase in 1957 was from deep-sea fisheries, 18.7 percent over the 1956 landings. This was due to the use of larger and newer boats in tuna long- lining and deep-sea trawling, and the comparative calm weather in the typhoon sea- son. The decrease in the coastal catch was due to two reasons: (1) the poor catch 74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 of sardines and anchovies by torch fishing, and bonito by set nets; (2) the use of larger powered boats in place of sampans, thus resulting in a portion of the catch being recorded against the "inshore" : category. ing The target for fish production in 1958 has been set at 220,000 metric tons. GOOD PERFORMANCE: Of the four 208,121] 193,410 350-ton tuna long-liners scheduled to go into operation in 1957, two boats, M/V Yu Ya and M/V Yu Ou, made two trips in 1957. The catch of the first trip was poor for both boats. But both vessels came back from their second trip with almost full loads; Yu Ya, 3,600 fish and Yu Ou, 3,300 fish. WHALING IN 1957 UNSUCCESSFUL: The 185-ton Japanese catcher that oper- ated from Hengchun (southern tip of Taiwan) from March to April 1957 caught only 4 whales. A 375-ton catcher arrived.at Hengchun in late December 1957 under the same Sino-Japanese cooperation arrangement. With this earlier start, the boat is expected to have a more successful season in 1958. PRODUCTION OF CLAM SEEDS: Culture of hard clam, Meretrix meretrix, is gaining popularity in Taiwan, and the supply of seed clams is becoming insufficient to meet the increasing demand. The Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction has financed a project to multiply seed clams at Tansui this spring. About 500 tons of seed clams are expected to be produced in 1958 under this plan. --BY T. P. CHEN, FISHERIES SPECIALIST, JOINT COMMISSION ON RURAL RECONSTRUCTION, TAIPEI, TAWIAN. See as United Kingdom FISHING INDUSTRY PROPOSED TEMPORARY INCREASE IN ICELANDIC COD LANDINGS QUOTA: A temporary suspension of the agreement which limits the landings of Iceland-caught fish at British ports was proposed by the British fishing industry at Grimsby because of a serious shortage of cod. Under the agreement, the permitted annual landings by Icelandic trawlers in British ports must not ex- ceed £1,800,000 (US$5,040,000) for fresh fish and £200,000 (US$560,000) for frozen fish. The quota calls for 60 percent cod and 40 percent haddock and flounders. Landings of cod early this year by the Icelanders exceeded the quota by about £6,900 (US$19,320) and landings of haddock and flounders were about £40,000 (US$112,000) below the agreed quota. In view of the excess landings of cod, no Icelandic trawler could land in British ports until February. As there was little demand for haddock and flounder at this season early in the year, Grimsby merchants suggested that the £40,000 deficiency in the agreed quota for haddock and flounder landings should be made up by over quota landings of cod. The British fish dealers claimed that this substitution would relieve the scarcity of cod. (United States Embassy in London, dispatch of January 23, 1958.) Te rm April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 frozen cod fillets to the Soviet Union was announced by the British Trawlers' Fed- eration on January 23, 1958. The fillets will be processed at Hull, Grimsby, and Fleetwood, with the first shipment to be made in April 1958. The agreement was made with the help of the British Board of Trade, the Min- istry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the White Fish Authority, and with the full cooperation of the trawler owners and the unions representing the crews of the dis- tant-water trawlers. Officials expressed the hope that the shipments to Russia will help to reduce the surpluses which occur in the spring and summer, states a January 23, 1958, dispatch from the United States Embassy in London. (fe FISHPOND CULTURE PRACTICED IN EGYPT 5,000 YEAR AGO The Ancient Egyptians practiced fishpond culture nearly 5,000 years ago, de- clares Pierre Chimits, Fishery Officer of the Ministry of Agriculture, Paris, in an article on''Tilapia in Ancient Egypt'' which appears in Fisheries Bulletin (vol. X, no. 4) published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy. The Egyptians were alsofirst inpond culture of tilapia, it seems, althoughit was believed until recently that the first experiments in such culture were car- ried out in Kenya in 1924. Ni AE EGS GI D);DSVVML“CCULE_NB "Tilapia was well-known WAY ey ~ 2a7 = Sy] in Egypt in 3,000 B. C., ZIAD alAS|A) 4 Be , writes the author. "Itis often representedin bas reliefs, so beautifully and exactly de- signed that one can clearly determine the species--with- out doubt Tilapia nilotica-- easily recognizable by the slightly-rounded caudal fin, This speciesis stillvery abundant in the Nile." The fish, named "Inet" in Ancient Egypt, was sacred, and symbolized the hope of birth after death. KEM], VOL. 13, 1954 PARIS). The article is illustrated by reproductions of scenes from bas reliefs and drawings 4,000 to 5,000 years old. These illustrate methods used by the Ancient Egyptians to net and hook fish, and to split and dry them. One interesting scene is from a bas relief from the tomb of Thebaine. The author writes: ''An Egyptian of importance is sitting in his garden, his wife just behind him, and his servants picking fruit fromthetrees. The master fishes with a double line, with two hooks, in an artificial pond, which is perhaps a drainable fish-culture pond. The pond, with well-defined edges, has in the middle a deeper central canal,used for draining. The two fish he has caught are easily recogniz- able by their round caudal fin as T. nilotica, and he is giving these to his wife so she can unhook his catch." het When the Ancient Egyptians went fishing for sport they took their wives with them to unhook the catch. The author concludes his article by stating that the family fishpond recom- mended for culture of tilapia today "is similar to that of Ancient Egypt, with its central drainage canaland with two shallower parts on either side for the growth of aquatic vegetation where the fish seek nourishment." sl | 76 Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE QUALITY STANDARDS FOR FISH- FILLET BLOCKS ESTABLISHED: Voluntary United States standards of quality and condition for frozen fish- fillet blocks became effective April 1, 1958, the U. S. Department ofthe Interior | announced on February 10, 1958. The standards were developed by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in collaboration with industry technolo- gists, the National Fisheries Institute under contract with the Bureau, and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Fish blocks are the base product for such items as fish sticks and fish por- tions. The block must consist of whole, wholesome, skinless fillets, or portions of fillets of one species of fish, neither ground nor crushed. The blocks must be frozen, but not glazed, and must be maintained at temperatures necessary for the preservation of the product. Glazing, a technique which encases the block in a covering of ice, is prohibited because of difficulties encountered in processing. Good flavor and odor is an essential requirement for the top prod- uct and largely determines the grade received regardless of workmanship. The U. S. Department of Agriculture will offer, on a fee basis, inspection and certification service based on the stand- ards. Such inspections will aid in qual- ity control and in facilitating the mar- keting of the products. The standards do not define labeling, since labeling regulations come under the responsibility of the Food and Drug Administration, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW y F EDERAL 9 ACTIONS Vol. 20, No. 4 Formal notice stating that the fish block standards would be put in force on April 1, 1958, was published in the Federal Register on February 6, 1958. The preliminary notice was carried in the Federal Register on December 21, 1957. Copies of the standards are avail- able from the U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. Standards for frozen, raw, breaded shrimp and for frozen precooked fish sticks have already beenissued. Other standards for fish portions; frozen, raw, breaded fish sticks; and for halibut steaks are under development. The purpose of the standards is to assure the con- sumer the opportunity to purchase the best possible product. The standards as published in the Federal Register follows: TITLE 7+—-AGRICULTURE Chapter [I—Agricultural Service (Standards, Marketing Practices), of Agriculture Marketing Inspections, Department Part 52—PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGE- TABLES, PROCESSED PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND CERTAIN OTHER PROCESSED Foop ProDUCTS SUBPART—UNITEBD STATES STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF FROZEN FISH BLOCKS * On December 21, 1957, a notice of proposed rule making was published in the FEDERAL REGISTER (22 F. R. 10461) regarding a proposed issuance of the United States Standards fer Grades of Frozen Fish Blocks. After consideration of all relevant matters presented, including the pro- posal set forth iri the aforesaid notice, the following United States Standards for Grades of Frozen Fish Blocks are hereby promulgated .pursuant to the authority contained in the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 (60 Stat. 1087 et seq., as amended; 7 U.S. C. 1621 et seq.). PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND GRADES Sec. 52.3681 Product description. 52.3682 Grades of frozen fish blocks, 1Compliance with the provisions of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. April 1958 WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS 52.3683 Recommended weights and dimen- sions. FACTORS OF QUALITY 52.3684 52.3685 Ascertaining the grade. Evaluation of the unscored factor of flavor and odor. Ascertaining the rating for the fac- tors which are scored. Appearance, Uniformity of size and shape. Defects. Character. 52.3686 52.3687 52.3688 52.3689 52.3690 DEFINITIONS 52.3691. Definitions. LOT CERTIFICATION TOLERANCES 52.3692 Tolerances for certification of offi- cially drawn samples, SCORE SHEET 52.3693 Score sheet for frozen fish blocks. | AUTHORITY: §§ 52.3681 to 52.3693 issued | under sec. 205, 60 Stat. 1090, as amended; 7 U.S. C. 1624. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND GRADES § 52.3681 Product description. Frozen fish blocks are rectangular-shaped | masses of cohering frozen fish flesh of a Single species consisting of adequately drained whole, wholesome, skinless fillets or pieces of whole, wholesome, skinless fillets cut into small portions but not ground or comminuted. They are fro- zen, but not glazed, and maintained at temperatures necessary for the preserva- tion of the product. § 52.3682 Grades of frozen fish blocks. | (a) “U.S. Grade A” is the quality of fro- | zen fish blocks that possess a good flavor | and odor; and for those factors which | are rated in acordance with the scoring system outlined in these standards have | a total score of 85 to 100 points. j (b) “U. S. Grade B” is the quality of |: frozen fish blocks that possess at least a reasonably good ftavor and odor; and for those factors which are rated in ac- cordance with the scoring system out- lined in these standards have a total Score of 70 te 84 points: Provided, That | no factor receives maximum point score | deduction. (c) “Substandard” is the quality of frozen fish blocks that fail to meet the requirements of U.S. Grade B. WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS § 52.3683 Recommended weights and dimensions. (a) The recommendations as to weights and dimensions oi frozen fish blocks are not incorporated in the grades of the finished product since weights and dimensions, as such, are not | factors of quality for the purpose of the | grades. , The degree of uniformity of size and shape among units of the finished product is rated since it is a definite fac- tor affecting the quality of the end prod- uct prepared from the blocks. (b) It is recommended that the thick- ness or depth (smallest dimension) of the frozen fish block be not greater than 10 centimeters. (4.0 inches) and that the average weight be not less than 2.3 kilo- grams (5.0 pounds) and not greater than 22.7 kilograms (50.0 pounds). FACTORS OF QUALITY § 52.3684 Ascertaining the grade—(a) General. In addition to considering other requirements outlined in the COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW als TABLE I—ScorE DeEpucTIONS FOR COLOR SUBFACTOR Condition of the surface of the block Deduction Points “Light’’ portion of fish flesh 1__ “Dark"' portion of fish flesh 2 “Light” portion of fish flesh- “Dark” portion of fish flesh_ “Light” portion of fish flesh_ “Dark”’ portion of fish flesh_ “Light” portion of fish flesh_ “Dark"’ portion of fish flesh_ “Light’’ portion of fish flesh_ “Dark” portion of fish flesh_ “Light’’ portion of fish flesh_ “Dark” portion of fish flesh--_ No discoloration _- No discoloration Excessive yellowing and rusting_. owing; slight rusting owing; moderate rustin; ‘lowing; moderate rusting ve yellowing and rusting __. 1“Tight” portion refers to fish fillet flesh comprising the main portion of the fillet. é . 2“Dark”’ portion refers to the dark-colored portion of the fillet appearing under the skin, the main part of which occurs along the lateral line. 3 Fish blocks which receive 25 deduction points for this subfactor shall not be graded above Substandard regard- Jess of the total score for the product. This is a limiting rule. Nore: Color of the block should be normal to that of the species of fish used. Deviations from the normal color result from oxidation or other changes that have taken place in the fish prior to freezing and after freezing and storage. Ordinarily, the type of discoloration observed is due to oxidation and results in yellowing and “‘rusting”’ of the fish surfaces. TABLE IJ—Score DeEpucTIONs FoR “DEHYDRATION” SUBFACTOR Condition of surface of block Deduction points Surface area affected Degree of dehydration Percent Up to 50._- 0 Greater than 50 and up to 100- 1 Greater than 0 and up to 25_ Greater than 25 and up to Greater than 0and up to 2 Greater than 50_ Jreater than 25 and up to 50. Greater than 0 and up to 2! Greater than 50_---------- Greater than 26 and up to Greater than 50. Moi Ms Excessive. - derate tked 1 Fish blocks which receive 25 deduction points for this subfactor shall not be graded above Substandard regardless of the total score for the product. Norn: Dehydration is classified in four degrees: (a) Slight. Shallow and not color masking; (bh) Afoderate. (c) Marked. (d) Excessive. standards, the following factors are evaluated in ascertaining the grade of the product: (1) Factors not rated by score points. Flavor and odor. (2) Factors rated by score points. The relative importance of each factor which is rated is expressed numerically on the scale of 100. The four factors and the maximum number of points that may be given each are as follows: Factors: Points AD peaLan CO Me s=————— =a 25 Uniformity of size and shape_--.~ 20 Defects -___ 40 Character _ 15 nL OLAIES COL Cmte ercmn sae eee 100 (b) Condrtion of product for evalua- tion. The grade of frozen fish blocks is ascertained by observing the product in the frozen state and after representa- tive portions have been heated in a suit- able manner. § 52.3685 Evaluation of the unscored factor of flavor and odor—(a) Good flavor and odor. “Good flavor and odor” (essential requirement for a Grade A product) means that the product has the good flavor and odor characteristic of the species of fish; and that the prod- uct is free from staleness, and from off- flavors and off-odors of any kind. (b) Reasonably good flavor and odor. “Reasonably good flavor and odor” (minimum requirement of a Grade B product) means that the fish flesh may be somewhat lacking in the good flavor Phis is a limiting rule, Deep but just deep enough to mask color of fish flesh; Deep and easily scraped off with finger nail, and masks color of flesh; and Deep dehydration not easily scraped off. fish; is reasonably free from rancidity; and is free from objectionable off-flavors and objectionable off-odors of any kind. § 52.3686 Ascertaining the score for those factors which are rated. The es- sential variations within each factor which is rated are so described that the value may be ascertained for each factor and expressed numerically. Point de- ductions are allotted for each degree or amount of variation within each factor. The value for each factor is the maxi- mum points allotted for the factor less the sum of the deviation deduction- points within the factor. § 52.3687 Appearance—(a) General. The factor of appearance refers to the color of the fish flesh, and to the degree of surface dehydration-of the product. (b) For the purpose of rating the fac-' tor of appearance the schedule of devia- tion deduction-points in Tables I and IT apply. § 52.3688 Uniformity of size and shape—(a) General. The factor of uni- formity of size and shape refers to the degree of conformity to declared dimen- sions and to rectangular shape. (1) “Angles” of a block. There are 12 angles considered to form a block. Right angles are formed by the intersection of the four sides with the top and bottom (the two largest surfaces) ; and four an- gles are formed by the intersection of the four sides with one another. In a per- fect block the surfaces form into a right and odor characteristic of the species of !2nele (90 degrees). 78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW TABLE I1I—ScorE DEpucTIONS FOR DIMENSIONS SUBFACTOR Deviations (+ or —) from the declared dimensions Length and width | Millimeters Up to 3. Greater than 3 and up to Greater than 3 and up to Greater than 5 and up to Greater than 5 and up to 8- Greater than 8 and up to 12. Greater than 5 and up to Greater than 8 and up to 12. Greater than 8 and up to 12. Greater than 12 and up to 16-_ Greater than § and up to 12__ Greater than 12and up to 16- 2 Greater than 12 and up to 16_ = Greater than 16. Thickness points ‘Thickness (individual reading) ! Millimeters MARIE a a Up to 2__ c 4 1 Greater than 2and up to 3. S| 4 2 Greater than 2 and up to 3 = 4 3 Greater than 3 and up to 4 c] 5 4 Greater than 3 and up to 4 z 5 5 Greater than 4 and up to 5 3 6 6 Greater than 4 and up to 5 | 6 7 Greater than 5 and up to 8 = 10 8 Greater than 5 and up to 8 = 10 9 Greater than 8 and up to 11_ c| 13 10 Greater than 8 and up to 11_ él 13 12 Greater than 11 and up to 14 a 16 14 Greater than 14_____._--------------------|------------ 220 1 These values refer to deviations of any one of the four readings taken for the thickness of the individual block from the declared thickness of the block. 2 Fish blocks which receive 25 deduction points for this subfactor shall not be graded above Substandard regardless of the total score for the product. This is a limiting rule. Nore: Measurements are made in millimeters. Two readings are taken for the length; three for the width; and four for the thickness. Euch group is averaged. TABLE IV—ScorE DEDUCTIONS FOR “ANGLES” SUBFACTOR —— Number of “unacceptable” angles Deduction points OI OT CON et _ SOMRWNHS eS Note: There are 12 angles considered to form a block. Right angles (edge) are formed by the intersection of the four sides within the top and bottom; four angles (cor- ner) are formed by the intersection of the four sides with one another. An “acceptable” edge angle is one in which the two sur- faces forming the angles are within 1.0 cm. (38 inch) of the apex of a carpenter’s square placed along the sur- faces (use 3 readings for each edge angle measurement, 2 or 3 must meet the requirement). An ‘unacceptable’ edge angle is one showing greater deviation than the 1.0 em. (34 inch). ‘An “acceptable’’ corner angle is one in which at least one edge surface is within 1.3 cm. (32 inch) of the apex of a carpenter’s square placed on the edge surfaces (use 1 reading for each corner angle). An “onacceptable”” corner angle is one showing greater deviation than the 1.3 cm. (}2 inch). (b) For the purpose of rating the fac- tor of uniformity of size and shape, the schedule of deviation deduction-points in Tables III and IV apply. § 52.3689 Defects—(a) General. The factor of defects refers to the degree of freedom from damage, blemishes, im- proper fill, and bones. (1) “Damaged.” Damaged means crushed or mutilated block, and imbed- ding of the packaging material into the block, to the extent that the usability of that portion of the block has been ad- versely affected; and cut or separation of the masses of fish flesh in the block. (2) “Blemish.” Blemish means a piece of skin, scales, blood spot, a bruise, a black belly lining, a fin, or harmless ex- traneous material. One “piece of skin” consists of one piece 3.3 square centi- meters (1% square inch) in area; except that skin patches larger than 9.9 square centimeters shall be considered as two pieces of skin. “Blood spot” is one of such size and degree as to be considered objectionable. “Black belly lining” is any piece longer than 1.3 centimeters (4-inch). “Fin” is one fin or one iden- tifiable part of a fin. “Scales” are ag- gregates of one or more scales of such degree as to be considered objectionable. (3) “Improper fill.’ Improper fill means the frozen block does not form a completely solid mass as evidenced by presence of air spaces, ice, depressions, and ragged edges (pieces of fish protrude or recede at the edges of the block). (4) “Bones.” Bones means any bones that can be separated from the product, can be identified, and are objectionable. One instance of bone means one bone or one group of bones occupying or contact- ing a circular area of 6.45 square centi- meters (one square inch). (b) For the purpose of rating the fac- tor of defects, the schedule of deviation- deduction-points in Tables V, VI, VII, and VIII apply. Taste V—ScorE DEpucTIONS FOR “DAMAGE” ~ SUBFACTOR EE Deduction points Amount of damage to block Oe 0 to 0.30 percent_- For each 0.20 perce: and up to 8.10 percent. 8.11 percent and over_----- NS —————————— ——————————— 1 Fish blocks which receive 40 deduction points for this subfactor shall not be graded above Substandard regardless of the total score for the product. This is a limiting rule. Nore: Damage is measured by volume of the block affected. The area of darhage is measured in cubic cen- timeters using a millimeter rule to determine the exact length, width, and thickness of the block affected. Calculate damage in “percent” using the following formula: Total damage in “percent” (volume/weight) (Total damage) WN ey (Weight of block) uO TapteE WI—ScorE Depuctions FOR “BLEMISH’’ SUBFACTOR ee Number of blemishes per 2.3 kg. (5 lbs.) | Deduction of block points ————— 0 to 1.0 =| ) 1.1 to2 1 2.1 to 3. 2 3.1to4 3 4.1 to 5. 5 5.1 to 6, 8 6.1 to 7 12 7.1to8 17 8.1 to 9.0. 23 9.1 to 10.0- 30 10.1 or more------ 140 ——_—_—___ 1 Fish blocks which receive 40 deduction points for this subfactor shall not be graded above Substandard regardless of the totul score for the product, This is a limiting rule, Vol. 20, No. 4 TABLE VII—ScorE Depuctions YOR “IMPROPER Fitt”’ SUBFACTOR Amount of “improper fill” in block ! Deduction points 0 to 0.30 percent__..-.---.-----------------_ 0 For each 0.20 pe percent and up to 8.10 percent 1 8.11 percent and over 3 240 1 Air spaces, ice spaces, depressions, and ragged edges. 2 Fish blocks which receive 40 deduction points for this subfactor shall not be graded above Substandard re- gardless of the total score for the product. This is a limiting rule, Nore: Improper fill is measured by the volume of the block affected. Air spaces and ice spaces are measured by filling these spaces with water or other material and measuring the volume. Spaces less than 3 ml. in volume or less than 2mm. deep are not considered. Depressions and ragged edges are measured by exact volume of the block affected using a mm. rule to determine the length, width, and thickness of the block affected. Calculate the total ‘‘improper fill” in “‘percent”’ from the following formula: Total “improper fill” in “percent” (volume/weight) = (Total volume of “inrproper fill’’) —— eee (Welght of block) Ae TABLE VIII—ScoreE DEDUCTIONS FOR BONES SUBFACTOR Instances of bone per 2.3 kg. (5.01b.) of | Deduction fish g points 0. 0 0. 1 1. 3 2. 6 3. 10 4. 16 5. 25 6. 140 ee 1 Fish blocks which receive 40 deduction points for this subfactor shall not be graded above Substandard regard- uss of the total score for the product. This is a limiting Tule. § 52.3690 Character—(a) General. The factor of character refers to the tenderness and to the moistness of the properly heated fish flesh, and to, the tendency of the pieces of fish or fillets in the block to remain as a unit when the block or portions of the block are heated. (b) For the purpose of rating the fac- tor of character, the schedule of devia- tion deduction-points in Tables IX and xX apply. TasLE IX—ScorE DEpUcTIONS FOR TEXTURE SUBFACTOR Texture condition of the cooked fish Deduction points Firm; slightly resilient but not tough or rubbery; moist but not mushy_-_------- 0 Moderately firm; only slightly tough or rubbery; does not form a fibrous mass in the mouth; moist, but not mushy__-__--- 2 Moderately tough or rubbery; has notice- able tendeney to form a fibrous mass in the mouth; or is dry; or is mushy-_--_----- 5 Tough or rubbery; has marked tendency to form fibrous mass in the mouth; or is very dry; or is very mushy---__--------------- 7 Objectionably tough, rubbery, dry or mushy--_--------------.----------------- 115 1 Fish blocks which receive 15 deduction points for this subfactor shall not be graded above Substandard regardless of the total score for the product. This isa limiting rule. TABLE X—ScoRE DEDUCTIONS FOR COHESION SUBFACTOR Cohesion condition of the cooked fish Degree ee The pieces comprising the cooked sample co- here yery tightly. They can be separated | Points only by significant tearing of the fesh________ The pieces comprising the cooked sample co- here fairly tightly and they can be separated only by moderate tearing of the flesh_________ 1 The pieces comprising the cooked sample co- here slightly. They can be separated easily with slight or no tearing of the flesh________-- 3 The pieces comprising the cooked sample show no tendency to cobere. They can be sepa- rated very easily_..-----.-------------------- 6 Oe April 1958 DEFINITIONS § 52.3691 Definitions—(a) “Heating in a suitable manner.” Heating in a suit- able manner means heating the product as follows: (1) Cut three or more portions about four by three by one-half inches from a frozen block. Wrap individually or in single layer in aluminum foil. Place packaged portions on a wire rack sus- pended over boiling water in a covered container. Steam the packaged portions until the product is thoroughly heated, or (2) Cut and package the portions as described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph. Place the packaged portions on a flat cookie sheet or shallow flat- bottom pan of sufficient size so that the packages can be spread. evenly on the sheet or pan. Place pan and frozen con- tents in a properly ventilated oven heated to 400 degrees Fahrenheit and remove when the product is thoroughly heated. LOT CERTIFICATION TOLERANCES § 52.3692 Tolerances for certification of officially drawn samples. The sample rate and grades of specific lots shall be certified on the basis of the “Regula- tions Governing Inspection and Certifi- cation of Processed Fruits and Vegetables and Related Products” SRA-AMS 155, revised May 1957, effective July 1,1957. SCORE SHEET § 52.3693 Score sheet for frozen fish blocks. Size and kind of container_ Container mark or identifi Sizefotlot ees Actual net weight__- Standards | Sample Factor score Score points 25 20 40 15 Mavorjandlodorstrsssssenanasseee ene aa tana nen een nanan ae LOTR FG ee oostennosrercoscaccons eccecotancesto Dated February 3, 1958, to become effective on April 1, 1958. [SEAL] Roy W. LENNARTSON, Deputy Administrator, Marketing Services. NOTE: ALSO SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, FEBRUARY 1958, P. 82; OCTOBER 1957, Po Wo Federal Trade Commission CANNED SEAFOOD COMPANY CHARGED WITH ILLEGAL BROKERAGE PAYMENTS: The Federal Trade Commission on February 10, 1958, charged a Seattle, Wash., firm handling canned seafood, and its president, with making illegal brokerage payments to some customers. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW wy A Commission complaint (No. 7035, Canned Seafood) charges that the parties give favored customers reduced prices which reflect brokerage, or rebates in lieu of brokerage, in violation of Sec. 2(c) of the Robinson-Patman Amendment to the Clayton Act. The President of the firm, the complaint says, owns all or substantially all of the company's capital stock. He alsoownsa substantial interest in, and is president of, two seafood pack- ing companies: one owns and operates canneries in Kodiak, Cordova, and Juneau, Alaska; the other owns a clam-packing plant at Aberdeen, Wash. According to the complaint, the re- spondents sell their own canned salmon and other seafood on a cost plus 5 per- cent basis with no commission paid by their subsidiary packers. In addition, they act as primary brokers for various packer principals, receiving 5 percent of the net selling price for their serv- ices in these transactions. Alleging that sales usually are made through field brokers who receive a 23- percent brokerage fee, the complaint notes, however, that the parties make many direct sales to at least one large buyer having branches in North and South Carolina and Florida. In these transac- tions, the complaint charges, this favored customer illegally is granted a rebate of 25 percent under the guise of a promo- tional allowance. The complaint alleges the parties use these additional means in making unlawful allowances to certain favored buyers: (1) selling their principals' seafood products at net prices lower than those accounted for to the packer- principals; and (2) selling their own products at net prices lower than those charged nonfavored customers. These latter reduced prices, the complaint alleges, reflect brokerage or a discount in lieu thereof. The parties were granted 30 days in which to file answer to the complaint. A hearing was scheduled April 14 in Seattle, Wash., before a Federal Trade Commission hearing examiner. Kk KOK 80 SALMON BROKER DENIES CHARGES OF ILLEGAL BROKERAGE PAYMENTS: A Seattle, Wash., primary broker of canned salmon on January 31 denied Trade Commission charges of making illegal brokerage payments to some customers. Answering (No. 6979, Can- ned Seafood) the Commission's com- plaint of December 12, 1957, the firm denies it has granted certain buyers discounts or allowances in lieu of bro- kerage in violation of Sec. 2(c) of the Robinson-Patman Amendment to the Clayton Act. The firm denies that on direct sales not involving field brokers (those employed to handle transactions in areas other than Seattle) it gave large grocery chains illegal grants by (1) allowing rebates which were not charged back to its packer principals but were taken from its commission, and (2) granted discounts which osten- sibly were charged back to the packers, but were actually borne by itself through taking a 2.5-percent brokerage fee in- stead of the customary 5 percent. Its normal commission in these di- rect sales is 2.5 p»rcent and not 5 per- cent as alleged, the firm asserts, and the 5 percent fee is charged only in transactions where a field broker is employed, with each receiving a 2.5- percent split. The firm and its officers ask that the complaint be dismissed. FRO SZ Interstate Commerce Commission RAIL-FREIGHT RATE INCREASES GRANTED: Effective February 15, 1958, the In- terstate Commerce Commission (Ex Parte 212) granted increases in rail- freight rates and certain other charges. A general 2-percent increase was pre- scribed for all commodities not specif- ically provided for in the petition filed in Ex Parte 212. Specific increases were approved for fishery products as follows: (1) Fish and shellfish; fresh or frozen, regardless of length of haul-- 5 cents per 100 pounds. (2) Food prod- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 ucts in cans or packages; not frozen, in- cluding canned fishery products--1 cent per 100 pounds (no increases in Southern District). (3) Feed animal or poultry-- 3 percent (no increase in Southern Dis- trict). (4) Fish and marine animal oil-- 5 cents per 100 pounds. (5) Fertilizer ingredients 1 cent per 100 pounds (no increase in Southern District). A maximum limit was placed on the proposed increase on shells (oyster, clam, or mussel). An increase of 3 per- cent, but not to exceed a maximum of 12 cents per net ton, was authorized for these products. In addition, the Commission allowed: (1) a 10-percent increase in diversion and reconsignment charges; (2) a 5- percent increase in stopping-in-transit and switching charges; (3) a 10-percent increase in present loading and unload- ing charges; (4) suspended for investi- gation the proposed new charge of $1.20 pet ton for handling waterborne traffic, and the proposed reduction in free-time allowance for export traffic; (5) suspend- ed the proposed new charges on loading and unloading of all freight at New York and Philadelphia. Treasury Department BUREAU OF CUSTOMS GROUNDFISH FILLET IMPORT TARIFF-RATE QUOTA FOR 1958: The reduced-tariff-rate import quota on fresh and frozen groundfish (cod, had- dock, hake, pollock, cusk, and ocean perch) fillets and steaks for calendar year 1958 is 35,892,221 pounds, the Bu- reau of Customs announced in the Febru- ary 14 Federal Register. Divided into quarterly quotas this means that 8,972,055 pounds of groundfish fillets and steaks during each quarter of 1958 may be April 1956 imported at the 1 cents-per-pound rate of duty, and any imports over the quar- terly quota will be dutiable at the rate of 25 cents a pound. 1957_| 1956 a The reduced-rate import quota for 1958 is 4.0 percent less than the 1957 quota of 37,375,636 pounds, the first significant decline since 1951. From 1951 to 1958 the quantity of fresh and frozen groundfish fillets permitted to enter the United States at the reduced rate of duty of 1g cents a pound has in- creased 22.5 percent. able 2 - United States Aggregate Apparent Annua Consumption of Fresh and Frozen Groundfish Fillets and Steaks 3-Year Period — 1955-57 1954-56 1953-55 1952-54 1951-53 Average aggregate apparent annual consumption in the United States of fresh and frozen groundfish fillets and steaks (including the fillet blocks and slabs used in the manufacture of fish sticks) for the three years (1955-1957) preceding 1958 was 239,231,473 pounds, calculated in ac- cordance with the proviso to item 717 (b) of Part I, Schedule XX, of the General A- greement on Tariffs and Trade (T. D. 51802). This was substantially less than the consumption of 249,170,904 pounds for 1954-56, but still higher than the 234,643,830 pounds consumed in the three-year period of 1953-55. The notice as published in the Febru- ary 14, 1958, Federal Register follows: DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Bureau of Customs [T. D. 54528] FIsH TARIFF RATE QUOTA FOR CALENDAR YEAR 1958 FrEBrRuaARY 10, 1958. In accordance with the proviso to item 717 (b) of Part I, Schedule XX, of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (T. D. 51802), it has been ascertained that the average aggregate apparent annual consumption in the United States COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81 of fish, fresh or frozen (whether or not packed in ice), filleted, skinned, boned, sliced, or divided into portions, not spe- cially provided for: Cod, haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, and rosefish, in the three years preceding 1958, calculated in the manner provided for in the cited agree- ment, was 239,281,473 pounds. The quantity of such fish that may be im- ported for consumption during the calendar year 1958 at the reduced rate of duty established pursuant to that agreement is, therefore, 35,892,221 pounds. [SEAL] Ra.pH KELLy, Commissioner of Customs. NOTE: SEE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW, MARCH 1957, PP. 57-58. NEW CUSTOMS VALUATION APPLIES TO MOST FISHERY IMPORTS: The Treasury Department on Janu- ary 28, 1958, announced that February 27, 1958 would be the effective date for entry into force of the valuation pro- visions of the Customs Simplification Act of 1956. All provisions of the Act are now in effect. The announcement was accompanied by the publication inthe January 28, 1958, Federal Register of the final list of the articles which, when imported into the United States on or after February 27, 1958, will continue to be valued for Cus- toms purposes under the presently ap- plicable provisions of the Tariff Act of 1930 rather than under the new valua- tion provisions of the Simplification Act. Most fishery products and byproducts are not on the list and will be valued under the new valuation provisions. (Very few fishery items are on the list.) It is expected that use of the new val- uation provisions will result in the simpli- fication of Customs work and the speed- ing up of final determination of the duties due on imported merchandise. The new valuation provisions will apply to most of the merchandise imported into the United States which is dutiable on the basis of value. Section 6(a) of the Simplification Act, an amendment added on the Senate floor, provided that the Act's new valuation provisions were not to be applicable to articles whose average dutiable value the Secretary of the Treasury found would decrease by 5 percent or more under the new valuation procedures. 82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW The section provided for the publication of a preliminary list of such articles, based on Customs experience in the fiscal year 1954. The preliminary list was published August 23, 1957. The final list published January 28 encompasses the items on the prelim- inary list together with additions made as a result of Treasury investigations of the presentations of interested par- ties during the 60-day period. The Act provides that 30 days follow- ing the date of publication of the final list, all articles not on the final list will be valued under the new provisions. Articles on the final list will continue to be appraised under the old law. The new valuation procedures are set forth in section 2 of the Simplifica- tion Act. As already stated, they will apply to most United States imports dutiable on the basis of value (ad valo- rem and compound duty merchandise). Export value (the usual wholesale val- ue in the foreign market for trade with the United States) will be the preferred basis of valuation under the new pro- cedures, instead of the older formula of the higher of export value or foreign value (the usual wholesale value in the foreign market for home consumption). A number of changes in definition which will permit an export value to be determined more readily are also con- tained in section 2. In total 139 commodity numbers are included on the final list in full and 230 commodity numbers have some but not all items included on the final list. The estimated fiscal 1954 dollar value of importations of all items included on the final list amounts to approximately $234,000,000 (dollar value of items not imported in fiscal year 1954 is included as the dollar value for the subsequent fiscal year closest to fiscal year 1954 for which there were importations). This constitutes 16.6 percent of the to- tal fiscal 1954 dollar volume of impor- tations dutiable on the basis of value and approximately 2.3 percent of the total dollar volume of all fiscal 1954 importations. Vol. 20, No. 4 The fishery items included on the list of items that will be valued for cus- toms purposes under the applicable pro- visions of the Tariff Act of 1930 are as follows: sodium alginate; extracts, sea- weed, manufactured; floats, cork, for fish nets; floats, trawl, aluminum; lead- ers, fishing, knotless, tapered, made of synthetic monofilament; line, fishing, nylon; spoons, fishing; swivels, fishing. Eighty -Fifth Congress (Second Session) Public bills and resolutions which may directly or indirectly affect the fisheries and allied industries are report- ed upon. Introduction, referral to committees, pertinent legislative actions, hearings, and other chamber actions ie by the House and Sen- ate, as well as Signature into law or other final disposition are covered. ALASKA SPAWNED SALMON PROTECTION: H. Res. 451 (Tollefson) introduced in the House on January 15, 1958, a resolution requesting the Sec- retary of the Interior and all departments of Gov- ernment to protect Alaska-spawned salmon. Re- ported favorably, with amendment, by the Sub- committee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation to the full Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish- eries on February 17, 1958. S. Res. 263 (Magnuson, Jackson, and Morse) an original (similar in purpose to S. Res. 247, Mag- nuson and Jackson introduced on January 23, 1958) resolution requesting the Secretary of State and other appropriate officials of the United States to initiate negotiations immediately with the Govern- ment of Japan for the purpose of further effectu- ating the 1952 treaty with Japan, and to insure, in time for the 1958 season, such action as may be necessary to prevent the destruction of salmon stocks of North American origin. Reported favor- ably by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on February 19, 1958 (S. Rept. No. 1291). S, Rept. No. 1291, Protection of Alaskan Red Salmon Fisheries (February 19, 1958, 85th Con- gress 2nd Session, to accompany S. Res. 263), 2pp., printed. The report recommends: “It seems be- yond question that unless immediate measures are taken to preserve the Alaskan salmon resources from continued decimation by Japanese fishing fleets, the red-salmon cycle will be disrupted to a point from which full recovery may not be possible. April 1958 Moreover, the impact of Japanese exploitation of these resources has created severe economic dis- location for our own fishermen, closing certain fisheries to them entirely. This, of course, has produced adverse consequences for the salmon- fishing industry, resulting in the disappearance of the Alaskan salmon commodity from many con- sumer markets in the United States. "To be effective for the 1958 season, immediate action by our Government is essential. For this reason, the Committee on Foreign Relations urges the Senate to give its approval to the pending res- olution without delay." FISHERIES ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1958: H. R. 10652 (Westland) introduced in the House on Febru- ary 10, 1958, a bill to provide a 5-year program of assistance to enable depressed segments of the fishing industry in the United States to regain a favorable economic status, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisher - ies. Also H. R. 10976 (Lane) introduced on Febru- ary 25 and H. R. 11004 (O'Neill) introduced on February 26. These bills are similar to S. 3229 (Saltonstall and others) and H. R. 10529 (Bates). See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1958, p. 64 for information on these bills. FISH AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION TO BE EVALUATED IN FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS: H. R. 5497 (Cooley) introduced in the first session of the 85th Congress, a bill to make the evaluation of recreational benefits and fish and wildlife con- servation, resulting from flood control, navigation, or reclamation projects an integral part of project planning, and for other purposes. Passed the House with amendment on February 17, 1958. The bill as passed provides for amendment to section 4(2) (A) of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (Public Law 1018, 84th Congress) by inserting immediately ly after ™ and disposal of water,'' the following: ''or for recreational and fish and wildlife development.'' The amendment limits payments of financial assistance by the Secretary of Agriculture to local organizations for the improvement of fish and wildlife develop- ments prior to July 1, 1958. FISHERY EXTENSION SERVICE: H. R. 10623 (McIntire) introduced in the House on February 10, 1958, a bill to authorize the Secretary of the In- terior to establish a fishery extension service in the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior for the purpose of carrying out cooperative fishery extension wor'. with the States, Territories, and possessions; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Similar to S. 2973 (Payne) introduced on January 13, 1958, and H. R. 10275 (Hale) introduced on January 27, 1958 (see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1958, p. 65, for additional information on these bills). INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS: H. R. 10746 (Kirwan) introduced in the House on February 14, 1958, a bill making appropriations for the Department of the Interior and related agencies (including the Fish and Wildlife Service) for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1959, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Appropria- tions. Reported to the House on February 17, 1958 (H. Rept. No. 1346). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 House Report No. 1346, Department of the In- terior and Related Agencies Appropriation Bill, 1959 (February 14, 1958, 85th Congress, 2nd Ses- sion, to accompany H. R. 10746) 23 pp., printed. The report by the Committee on Appropriations as it concerns the Fish and Wildlife Service reads as follows: Office of the Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife Service: The Committee has allowed the budget estimate of $307,800 for executive direction and coordination of the Fish and Wildlife Service at headquarters in Washington, D. C. The amount represents a reduction of $605,400 from the 1958 appropriation for this item due to the transfer in the budget estimates to the Bureau of Sport Fish- eries and Wildlife and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of $547,910 and $57,490 respectively to correspond with the reorganization effected under the ''Fisheries Act of 1956." In addition to the direct appropriations provided in the bill for general administrative expenses, the Committee has approved the use of a maximum of $995,500, the budget request, from the permanent appropriations to pay the administrative expenses of the Fish and Wildlife Service incident to carry- ing out programs financed from this source. This is the same level approved by the Congress for the current year. BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILD- LIFE: MANAGEMENT AND INVESTIGATION OF RESOURCES: The Committee recommends the budget estimate of $11,508,000. Although a de- crease of $492,000 from the direct appropriation for 1958, the amount provided actually represents an increase of $48,000 on an obligation basis due to a budgetary reserve of $540,000 in effect during the current year. The recommended appropriation includes an increase of $270,000 for operation and maintenance of fish hatcheries and $125,000 for disease and nutrition studies on salmon being fi- nanced in fiscal year 1958 by transfer from the Corps of Engineers. Decreases in the direct ap- propriation available for administration of wild- life resources and wildlife studies have been off- set in the budget estimate by an increase in the funds available from permanent appropriations. It is requested that a study be initiated, within available funds, of the need and desirability of constructing a new aquarium building in Washing- Wein, ID), (, CONSTRUCTION: The budget estimate of $1,458,000 has been allowed for construction of fish hatchery, game management, and wildlife refuge facilities, a decrease of $4,219,000from the 1958 appropriation. However, due tothe $3,024,314 held in budget reserve during the current year which will be available in fiscal year 1959, there will be a decrease of only $964,686 in the level of the construction program. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES: The Committee has allowed the budget estimate of $714,100. This is an increase of $547,910 over the 1958 appropriation due to the transfer in the esti- mates of this amount from the Office of the Com- missioner of Fish and Wildlife as explained above. 84 BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES: MAN- AGEMENT AND INVESTIGATIONS OF RESOURCES: The budget estimate of $5,866,000 has been allowed, an increase of $85,000 over the 1958 appropriation. Due to funds held in reserve during the current fiscal year, a net increase of $125,000 will actual- ly be available in fiscal year 1959. The estimates provide within the total for an increase of $200,250 for research and marketing and technology investi- gations, chiefly to meet increased costs. A de- crease of $75,250 in the direct appropriation for administration of Alaska fisheries is offset by an increase in the funds available from permanent appropriations. CONSTRUCTION: The budget estimate of $500,000 is recommended, a decrease of $200,000 from the 1958 appropriation. Major projects to be financed in 1959 include a Shellfish Research Laboratory in the Chesapeake Bay area, $180,000; equipment for the technological laboratory at Gloucester, Mass., $193,700; and a replacement of a warehouse at King Salmon base, $75,000. LIMITATION ON ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES, FISHERIES LOAN FUND: The Committee has al- lowed an administrative expense limitation of $313,000, the same as the current year, and a de- crease of $50,000 from the budget request. The current limitation of $313,000 should be adequate for fiscal year 1959 as administrative expenses under the Fisheries Loan Fund are now estimated at only $250,000 for the current year. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES: The budget estimate of $175,000 has been allowed. This is an increase of $75,490 over the 1958 appropria- tion due to the transfer in the estimates of this amount from the Office of the Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife as explained above. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW LOAN FUND FOR FISHERIES: S. 3295 (Mag- nuson and Payne) introduced in the Senate on Feb- ruary 17, 1958, a bill to amend the Fish and Wild- life Act of 1956 in order to increase the authoriza- tion for the fisheries loan fund established under such act; to the Committee on Interstate and For- eign Commerce. This bill would amend subsection (c) of section 4 of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (70 Stat. 1121) by striking out $10,000,000 and inserting in lieu thereof $20,000,000. Related bills were introduced in the House and Senate dur- ing the first Session of the 85th Congress. S. 2720 (Magnuson and Payne) passed the Senate on August 20, IOV. Vol. 20, No. 4 SMALL BUSINESS TAX RELIEF: H. R. 10617 (Judd) introduced in House on February 10, 1958, a bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 so as to establish an initial program of tax adjust- ment for small and independent business and for persons engaged in small and independent business; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Similar to 12 or more bills introduced during the first ses- sion of the 85th Congress. SMALL BUSINESS: Senate Report No. 1282, Eighth Annual Report of the Selected Committee on Small Business (February 10, 1958, 85th Con- gress 2nd Session) by Select Committee of Small Business, created pursuant to S. Res. 58, 81st Congress, 77 pp., printed. Describes the factors affecting the welfare of small business during 1957. Concludes that no significant changes in the business climate prevailed during 1957 which might be considered as improving the competitive position of small firms. Several recommendations are made, one of which, recommends that the 2nd session of the 85th congress develop a thoughtfully conceived legislative program to counterbalance the unwholesome inequalities between big- and small-business units which seemly have become a fixed characteristic of the postwar economic climate. TRADE AGREEMENTS ACT EXTENSION: H. R. 10675 (Dawson) introduced in the House on February 13, 1958, a bill to extend the authority of the President to enter into trade agreements under section 350 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, and for other purposes; to the Commit- tee on Ways and Means. Similar to H. R. 10368 (Mills). Hearings began on February 17 on this bill. Also H. R. 10818 (Davis of Georgia) intro- duced on February 19, 1958, H. R. 10886 (Bailey), H. R. 10909 (Henderson), and H. R. 10919 (Saylor) introduced on February 24, 1958, similar to H. R. 10675 (see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1958, p. 65) for other related bills. Hearings were opened on February 17 on bills proposing the ex- tension of the Trade Agreements Act. TRADE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM: Foreign Trade Policy (Hearings efore the Subcommittee on Foreign Policy of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, First Session, 85th Congress, pursuant to H. Res. 104, Dec. 2-13) 1957), 865 pp., printed. Reports the panel discus- sions and statements by individual witnesses, ex- hibits, and statements submitted by mail. ee S$ LS April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 ISHERY INDICATORS = SA tr Soe Sa CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES In Millions of Pounds MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND CUMULATIVE DATA 1 omg. 1958 - 24.3 1 Vee = WGs7 12 MoS. 1957 - 971.3 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA CUMULATIVE DATA 1 MQ. 1958 - 5.9 1957 - 13.2 12 MOS. 1957 - 279.9 —— 4 UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV _DEC FLORIDA UAN FEB MAR APR) MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV_ DEC CALIFORNIA2! ale ral: CUMULATIVE 1 MQ. 1958 1 1957 12 MOS. 1957 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC V/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS. LEGEND: es 1958 me 1957 | NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK 168 CUMULATIVE DATA WHAAN | DR, WEES Gye] } qe Noor a7 US 12 MoS. 1957 - 618.6 120 96 72 140 —— oo CUMULATIVE DATA u Y u l A 120}| 2 mgs. 1958 - 9.2 — = = Zia eOSTeemalizA6 12 1957 - 512.2 .\ JAN FEB JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV DEC MAR _APR_MAY OHIO = a es ea T CUMULATIVE DATA 14g. 1958 —— 18 957 12 MOS. 1957 - 8 UAN FEB) MAR! APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC CUMULATIVE DATA ULM WEDS Af] 1 1957 - 3.0 12 MOS. 1957 - 56.6 ——_ JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG 86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES In Millions of Pounds HADDOCK LEGEND: OCEAN PERCH (Maine and Massachusetts) (Maine and Massachusetts) es 1958 CUMULATIVE DATA om = 1957 CUMULATIVE DATA TMQ. 1956 - 6.2 1 1957 - 5.7 12 Mos. 1957 - 117.1 1 MQ. 1958 1 1957 12 MOS. 1957 - 13. 4.9 2.2 3.5 JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC In Millions of Pounds L/ SHRIMP (Gulf States~ including Florida West Coast) CUMULATIVE DATA WHITING (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA 1 MQ. 1958 1 1957 - - 12 MOS. 1957 - 118.9 2 gS. 1958 - 14.4 a ier = GET 12 1957 - 167.0 20 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC V/A. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM- pare In Thousands of Tons MENHADEN 280 (East and Gulf Coasts) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL (California) CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 240 1 MQ. 1958 - 1.3 | 1 1957 - 5.0 1.6 1 1 12 MOS. 1957 - 84 12 MOS. 200 160 120 80 40 4 PR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV DEC In Thousands of Tons : -_ JAN FEB MAR Al PILCHARD 28 (California) CUMULATIVE DAT A CUMULATIVE DATA 24 4 o 1957/S8 SEASON, 149. 1958 - 13.5 AUG. - JAN. - 20.5 1 1957 - 16.7 NX 1956/57 SEASON, 12 MOS, 1957 - 198.7 / 20 AUG. - JAN. - 31.7 16 LEGEND: = 1957/58 | seeucessneess 1956/57 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY MAR_APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS * In Millions of Pounds U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS ae | U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS es 1959 _—— — 1957 CUMULATIVE DATA 958 - 25.4 oy 957 - 26.2 1957 - 314.2 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY, JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGs2/ JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEG 4/ALA., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY, & TENN. CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC * Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products. | 88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 | CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS In Millions of Pounds RECEIPTS2/ AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS! 22 (Fresh and Frozen) NEW YORK CUMULATIVE DATA 20 || 2 mgs. 1958 CITY a i iar 12 1957 - 167.8 18 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC 1/1NCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS 2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA. AT NEW YORK CITY. COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET (Fresh and Frozen) CHICAGO CUMULATIVE DATA 2 MQS. 1958 - 16.0 2, 1957 = 12.8 12 1957 - 91.2 UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOW. DEC SEATTLE BOSTON WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS, & IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen CUMULATIVE DATA COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS 8 1 Mg. 1958 - 1 1957 12 Mos, 1957 a 1957 UAN FEB MAR) APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEG FISH OIL (In Millions of Gallons) FISH MEAL In Thousands of Tons CUMULATIVE DATA wg. 1958 - cil i 1957 - 1 2 ul 4.3 12 MOS, 1957 - 242.9 eS af JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC WAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC ———— April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89 CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS | In Thousands of Standard Cases LEGEND: MACKEREL2! - CALIFORNIA TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA oe 1958 CUMULATIVE DATA = 1957 1 Mg. 1958 - 686 1 1957 CUMULATIVE DATA 1 MQ. 1958 - 65.9 1 1957 - 218.7 12 MOS, 1957 - 1,336.1 JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV. DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA CUMULATIVE DATA = 1g. 1958 - 87.3 1 1957 - 97.7 12 MoS. 1957 - 549.9 SEASON - 2,448.9 TOTAL 1956 SEASON - 2,989.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP. OCT NOV_DEC STANDARD CASES Ng So Ney S Spe Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wet. SARDINES..... 100 ¢ drawn 3i oz. SHRIMP....... 48 -- 5 oz. PLUINAM erie eiier: 48 #4 tuna 6&7 oz. PILCHARDS... 48 # 1 oval 15 oz SALMON...... 48 1-Ib. tall 16 oz. ANCHOVIES... 48 4-b. 8 oz. FEB == SARDINES - CALIFORNIA : SHRIMP - GULF STATES CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 1957/58 SEASON, 1957/58 SEASON, AUG. - JAN. f AUG, - FEB. 1956/57 SEASON, 1956/57 SEASON, AUG. - JAN. : AUG, - FEB. 1956/57 SEASON, 0 AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY —— Nee Ey, cia Scan A a a Ln a 90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS In Millions of Pounds GROUNDFISH (INCLUDING OCEAN PERCH)FILLETS, FRESH & FROZEN CUMULATIVE DATA 2 mgs. 1956 - 21.9 2 i, 1957 - 26.0 12 1957 - 141.3 CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MS. 1957 - 47.9 12 1956 - 53.7 JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TUNA, FRESH & FROZEN CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQs. 1957 - 139.3 12 1956 - 120.2 UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT_NOV DEC U.S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNA-LIKE FISH 7 (IN OIL AND IN BRINE) CUMULATIVE DATA 1957 5 12 MQs. ———— 2 12 1956 - 51.8 1 0 ee UAN FEB) MAR APRUMAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC LEGEND; Aemasneees 1958 —— —- 1957 956 FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH, FRESH & FROZEN CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1957 - 63.3 12 i 1956 - 60.3 JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC LOBSTER & SPINY LOBSTER, FRESH & FROZEN CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 1957 - 50.4 12 1956 - 47.7 y JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEG SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS CUMULATIVE DATA 1 Mg. 1958 - - 1 1957 - ou 12 MOS, 1957 - 55.7 X = MAR_APR_MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB CANNED SARDINES (IN OIL AND NOT IN OIL) CUMULATIVE DATA 12 mgs. 12 UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV) DEC —— April 1958 GAGE Te da eee A ee Chae 8 Is at a ep eo me eT a DaSeF: FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV- ICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C, TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIG- NATED AS FOLLOWS: CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ALASKA. SSR. - F|SH.-SPECIAL SCIENTIF|[C REPORTS--FISHERIES annie DISHNEWTIGN). SEP. - SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. Number Title CFS-1643 - Fish Meal and Oil, August 1957, 2 pp. CFS-1672 - Massachusetts Landings, May 1957 (revised), 5 pp. CFS-1697 - Ohio Landings, November 1957, 2 pp. CFS-1708 - South Atlantic Fisheries, 1956 Annual Summary, 10 pp. CFS-1710 - California Landings, August 1957, 4 pp. CFS-1712 - Chesapeake Fisheries, 1956 Annual Summary, 6 pp. CFS-1714 - Shrimp Landings, September 1957, 6 pp. CFS-1716 - Alabama Landings, November 1957, 2 pp. CFS-1717 - Ohio Landings, December 1957, 2 pp. CFS-1718 - Massachusetts Landings, July 1957, 5 pp. CFS-1719 - Fish Stick Report, 1957 Annual Sum- mary, 2 pp. CFS-1721 - California Landings, September 1957, 4 pp. CFS-1722 - North Carolina Landings, December 1957, 3 pp. CFS-1723 - Mississippi Landings, November 1957, 2 pp. CFS-1725 - Rhode Island Landings, December 1957, 3 pp. CFS-1726 - Fish Meal and Oil, December 1957, 2 2 pp. CFS-1729 - Georgia Landings, December 1957, 2 pp. CFS-1731 - South Carolina Landings, December 1S bee2ipps SSR-Fish. No. 220 - Migrations of the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus, in Plum Island Sound, Mass., by John P. Baptist, Osgood R. Smith, and John W. Ropes, 19 pp., illus., Sep- tember 1957. SSR-Fish. No. 226 - U. S. Federal Fishery Re- search on the Great Lakes Through 1956, by Ralph Hile, 50 pp., October 1957. A revision and expansion of SSR-Fish. No. 85, entitled "25 Years of Federal Fishery Research on the Great Lakes.'' The major purpose of this pub- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91 lication is to present an annotated bibliography of papers resulting from Federal investigations on the Great Lakes fish and fisheries since the formal initiation of a continuing research pro- gram by the Fish and Wildlife Service. SSR-Fish. No. 231 - Studies on the Marking of Commercial Shrimp with Biological Stains, by C. E. Dawson, 28 pp., illus., September 1957. SSR-Fish. No. 232 - Zooplankton Volumes off the Pacific Coast, 1956, by James R. Thrailkill, 53 pp., illus., October 1957. SSR-Fish. No. 233 - Oceanographic Observations, 1956, East Coast of the United States, by D. F. Bumpus, 137 pp., illus., November 1957. Sep. No. 504 - Potential Byproducts from Alaska Fisheries: Utilization of Salmon Eggs and Salmon Waste. Sep. No. 505 - Breading Contributes to the Micro- bial Populations of Frozen Breaded Fishery Products. Research and Activities under the Saltonstall-Ken- nedy Act, Fiscal Year 1957, 148 pp., illus., processed. The third annual report of the Sec- retary of the Interior on activities and research conducted by or under contract with the Fish and Wildlife Service to encourage the distribution of domestically produced fishery products. Gives a detailed account of activities and progress in fishery biological studies of salmon and related species, Pacific sardines; North Atlantic trawl fishes; Atlantic herring; Gulf of Mexico fishes; striped bass; menhaden; shellfish culture in salt-water ponds; oyster spat collectors; con- trol of oyster predators; oyster drill control; albacore research; and inland fishery research. Also gives detailed reports on commercial fish- ery studies on exploratory fishing and gear re- search (includes North Atlantic, Maine sardine, South Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and North Pa- cific explorations, and gear development and research). Reports on fishery technological studies cover Middle Atlantic and Gulf research; development of voluntary standards; develop- ment of chemical index for nutritive value of fish meal; new uses for and new products from fish meal; improvement in quality of tuna; ir- radiation preservation of fish and shellfish; and improvement in quality of blue crab meat. Brief reports are included on commercial fish- ery economic studies; fishery education and market development; commercial fishery statis- tics; and Fishery Market News Service. Nine ap- pendices list acts and programs and allocations referred to.throughout the report. 92 THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED IN THE REVIEW. California Fisheries Trends and Review for 1956, ‘by V.J.Samson, 25 pp., processed. (Available free from the Market News Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) Thisisareviewof the 1956 trends and conditions in the California fisher- ies. Among the subjects discussed are the tuna fishery (cannery receipts, total pack for 1946-56, ex-vessel prices, domestic catch and fishing con- ditions, imports of frozen tuna, and canned tuna market conditions and price quotations); Califor- nia sardine (pilchard) fishery (landings, ex-vessel prices, canned pack, and canned sardine prices); mackerel fishery (cannery receipts and ex-vessel prices); anchovy fishery; and canned pet-food pro- duction. Included in the statistical tables are data on tuna receipts and canned pack by months and species; landings and products of sardine (pil- chards) by months, products, and areas: landings and pack of mackerel and jack mackerel by species and months; production of miscellaneous fishery products; freezings of fishand shellfish; cold-stor- age holdings; landings of market fishand shellfish at certain California ports; and imports of fishery products into California and Arizona. California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, December 1957, 10 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of raw tuna and tunalike fish, herring, mackerel, anchovies, and squid; pack of canned tuna, herring, mackerel, anchovies, and squid; market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, San Diego, and Eureka areas; California im- ports; canned fish and frozen shrimp prices; for the month indicated. (Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 (Seattle) Monthly Summary - Fishery Products, December 1957; January 1958; 7 pp. each. _ (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.) In- cludes landings and local receipts, with ex-ves- sel and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle and Astoria (Oregon) whole- sale dealers; also Northwest Pacific halibut landings; for the months indicated. THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON 25, D.C. Effects of Unialgal and Bacteria-Free Culture of GYMNODINIUM BREVIS on Fish (and Notes on Related Studies with Bacteria), by Sammy M. Ray and William B. Wilson, Fishery Bulletin 123 (From Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 57), 31 pp., illus., printed, ZONCeCIS MeL OO Fur Seals of the Pribilof Islands, by Ralph C. Bak- er, Conservation in Action No. 12, 23 pp., illus., printed, 20 cents, 1957, The author states that ''The Pribilof Islands in BearingSea are the homeland of the largest fur-seal herd in the world. Here the fur seals come ashore to bear their young on the rocks and sands a- bove tidewater. The story behind the restora- tion and development of the Alaska fur-seal herd is one of adventure and international di- plomacy. It is a heartening account of cooper- ation among nations--an outstanding example of wildlife conservation.'' This report gives an account of the early history of fur-sealing, life of fur seals, management of the Alaskaherd, the sealing industry on the Pribilof Islands, and processing and sale of fur-seal skins. Natural Mortality Rate of Georges Bank Haddock, and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale Market Prices, January 1958, 12 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, I11.) Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and provinces; fresh-water fish, shrimp, and frozen fillet wholesale market prices; for the month indicated, Monthly Summary of Fishery Products inSelected by Clyde C. Taylor, Fishery Bulletin 126 (From Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, vol. 58), 9 pp., illus., printed, 15 cents, 1958, Ova Production of American Shad in Atlantic Coast Rivers, by William S. Davis, Research Report 49, 7 pp., printed, 1957, 5 cents. Treatment of Sulfonamide-Resistant Furunculosis in Trout and Determination of Drug Sensitivity, Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and Mary- land, January 1958, 4 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower Northern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Ocean City, and Cambridge; and the North Carolina areas os Atlantic, Beau- fort, and Morehead City; together with cumula- tive and comparative data; for the month indicated. (New York) Monthly Summary - Receipts of Fish- ery Products at the New York City Wholesale Salt-Water Market, June 1957; July 1957; August 1957; September 1957; October 1957; November 1957; and December 1957; 16 pp. each. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Receipts in the salt-water section of the Fulton Fish Market by species and by states and provinces, for the months indicated. by S. F. Snieszko and G. L. Bullock, Fishery Bulletin 125 (From Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 57), pp. 555-564, illus., printed, 15 cents, 1957. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE OR- GANI ZATION ISSUING THEM, CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICA - TIONS THAT FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE OR- GANI ZATION OR PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READ- ILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. ALASKA: Mid-Century Alaska, 177 pp., illus., printed, $1. - Office of Territories, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93 THESE PUBLICATIONS*ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) This book presents background material on the Territory of Alaska and its potentialities and serves as a source of reference to aid the student, the pros- pective settler, and the potential investor. A- laska is a rich land with hundreds of thousands of potential agricultural acres, enormous tim- ber stands, great quantities of minerals, super- abundant undeveloped water power, unrivaled salmon fisheries, and immense game and fur resources. A section of the report discusses the fish and shellfish industries of Alaska and possibilities for their development. Another section discusses the fur-seal industry, fur-seal management, and sea otters. ANTIBIOTICS: "Comparative Effectiveness of Tetracycline An- tibiotics for Fish Preservation,'' by B. A. South- cott, E. G. Baker, J. W. Boyd, andH.L.A. Tarr, article, Food Technology, vol. 12, no. 2, Febru- ary 1958, pp. 108-110, printed, single copy--do- mestic $1.50, foreign $1.75. The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, Ill. Dis- cusses experimental procedures and results of research on the comparative effectiveness of tetracycline antibiotics in the preservation of fish. The experiments were designed purposely to maintain the antibiotic concentrations used at fairly low levels such as would be consistent with general commercial practice. BAHAMAS: f Establishment of Oceanographic Research Sta- tions in the Bahama Islands, Treaties and Other International Acts Series 3927, 16 pp., printed, 10 cents. Department of State, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu- ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington 25, D. C.) BARBADOS: Establishment of an Oceanographic ResearchSta- tion in Barbados, Treaties and Other Interna- tional Acts Series 3926, 4 pp., printed, 5 cents. Department of State, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) CANADA: Abundance, Distribution and Commercial Exploi- tation of the Fisheries Resources of Canada's West Coast, by M. P. Shepard and J. C. Steven- son, 59 pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. (Reprinted from the 9th B. C. Natural Resources Conference Transactions, February 1956.) Assessment of the present sta- tus of the fish stocks utilized by the fishing in- dustry of British Columbia requires knowledge of the abundance, distribution, rates of utiliza- tion and natural reproductive and growth rates of the stocks. Although much has been done by the various research agencies in the province to provide these data, the biological information on the existing stocks is, as yet, far from ade- quate. An attempt has been made in this report to examine each of the major fisheries of the province, with a view to determining how thoroughly the stocks of fish are now being ex- ploited. A history of the different species of fish and the present status of the industry are given, British Columbia Catch Statistics, 1957 (By Area and Type of Gear), 158 pp., illus., processed. Department of Fisheries of Canada, 1110 West Georgia St., Vancouver 5, B. C., Canada, Feb- ruary 5, 1958. The seventh annual report of fish-catch statistics for British Columbia based on Departmental copies of sales slips that are completed by all commercial fish buyers opera- ting within the Province. The following infor- mation is contained in this report: summary of landings by district and total landed value ofall fish; highlights of catch statistics--a general review of fishing by species, gear, and area; and detailed district and area monthly statistics by type of gear. The report is intended as a factual statement of catch andno attempt is made except in a general way to explain the success or failure of fishing operations. However, cer- tain economic, weather, and conservation fac- tors that have a bearing on the catch are re- viewed. ‘ "The Commercial Fisheries of Canada," by Harold C. Frick, article, Trade News, vol. 10, no. 5, November 1957, pp. 14-19, illus., printed. Department of Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. This is a review of a report by the same title written by staff members of the Eco- nomics Service of the Department of Fisheries and the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, The report deals with basic elements affecting the future demand for and supply of Canadian fisheries products. It is composed of sixchap- ters on the history, the resources, and the products of the Canadian fisheries, marketing organization and prices, the future demand for fishery products and, finally, the capital re- quirements for fisheries development and pros- pective changes in employment and earnings. Useful statistical tables and other information are contained in appendices, 1955 Landings of Atlantic Groundfish in Canada (Excluding Newfoundland), by W. R. Martin and G. J. W. €ullivan, Statistical Series Circular No. 9, 10 pp., illus., processed. Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada, Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, December 1957. This circular provides a digest of 1955 groundfish statistics for Canada, excluding Newfoundland. Simple graphs and tables sum- marize landings by area fished, months, typeof fishing, and fishing effort. Progress Reports of the Atlantic Coast Stations, No. 67, 34 pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada, Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, November 1957. Contains, among others, the following articles: ''Redfish Exploration North of Flem- ish Cap," by W. Templeman; ''Trimethylamine Test for Evaluating the Quality of Rosefish Fillets,'' by H. P. Dussault; ''Redfish Grow Slowly,'' by E. J. Sandeman; and "The Pro- duction of Edible Fish Protein ('Fish-Flour') 94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE from Cod and Haddock," by A. Guttmann and F. A. Vandenheuvel. Progress Reports of the Pacific Coast Stations, no. 109, 19 pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Re- search Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, No- vember 1957. Among the articles included are: "Control of Post-mortem Bacterial Spoilage of Whales with Tetracycline Antibiotics," by D. W. Duncan, J. Leung, N. A. W. LePage, J. W. Boyd, and H. L. A. Tarr; and "The Tagging of the Com- mercial Crab in the Queen Charlotte Islands re- gion," by T. H. Butler. Tenth Annual Report of the Fisheries Prices Sup- port Board of Canada, 1956-57, printed. The Department of Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. In cooperation with the Economics Service of the Department of Fisheries, the staff of the Fisheries Prices Support Board of Canada continued to carry on surveys and other special- ized studies of fishermen's costs and returns in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces. In addition, the staff, working in cooperation with the Depart- ment of Trade and Commerce, maintained a con- tinuous review of the markets for variaqus fish- ery products. This report also provides details of payments of assistance in the cost of salt to producers of salted fishery products and of the operations of the Fishermen's Indemnity Plan. CLAMS: Abundance of the Hard Clam MERCENARIA MER- CENARIA in Relation to Environmental Factors, by Harry W. Wells, Contribution No. 108, 6 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Ecology, vol. 38, no. 1, January 1957, pp. 123-128.) Chesa- peake Biological Laboratory, Maryland Depart- ment of Research and Education, Solomons Is- land, Md. Describes a study of the distribution of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, in relation to environmental factors. The distri- bution was examined for correlations and links to different types of substrate or bottom, tem- perature, current, vegetation, salinity, depth of water, and fishing pressure. The Maryland Soft Shell Clam Fishery: A Pre- liminary Investigational Report, by J. H. Manning and E. A. Dunnington, Resource Study Report No. 9, 11 pp., illus., processed. (Reprinted from 1955 Proceedings National Shellfisheries Asso- ciation, pp. 100-110) Maryland Department of Research and Education, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md., August 1955. Dis- cusses the development of Maryland's soft-shell clam fishery and the use and effects of the hy- draulic clam dredge. According to the authors, "Observations thus far seem to indicate that the soft-shell clam fishery is based on a highly re- newable resource of major proportions. This is not to say that the clam resource cannot be over- exploited. Several factors, however, among which the rather high operational and maintenance costs involved in hydraulic dredging are believed to be of great significance, operate against de- pletion. It is felt that, with intelligent manage- ment of the fishery, supplies may be expected to stabilize at a level which will support a continu- ing and valuable industry." COD: A Pesca do Bacalhau--Campana de 1955-56 (The - Cod Fishery--1955-56 Season), by Antonia Duarte Silva, illus., printed in Portuguese. Gabinete de Estudos das Pescas, Lisbon, Port- ugal, 1957. In this carefully prepared publica- tion, containing many graphs and statistical ta- bles, the author presents a complete panorama of the Portuguese cod industry during the 1955- 56 season, The first chapter covers introductory material and contains data on world production of cod. The second chapter describes the oper- ations of a large new vessel, Gil Haunes; the characteristics of the Portuguese cod fleet and the human factor involved; production; market- ing; the problems of improving the fleet; and by- products and drying installations. The succes- sive chapters report on the cod fishery in the Barents Sea, the distances to the principal cod banks of the Northwest Atlantic and Arctic o- ceans, and modern fishing operations. DISEASES OF FISHES: Diseases of Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. V. Parasites as Indicators of Herring Move- ments, by Carl J. Sindermann, Research Bulle- tin No. 27, 30 pp., illus., printed. Maine De- partment of Sea and Shore Fisheries, State House, Augusta, Me., November 1957. Todeter- mine whether the distribution and abundance of parasites might furnish information about pop- ulations and movements of sea herring, a study has been made of the incidence of fungus (Ichthy- osporidium hoferi), myxosporidian (Kudoa clupe- idae), larval cestodes (Trypanorhyncha), larval nematodes (Anisakinae), and trematodes (Brach- yphallus crenatus) in mature herring of the western North Atlantic, as well as in herring of age groups 0 and 1 from the Gulf of Maine. Re- sults of this study indicate definite geographic variation in distribution of certain parasites, and suggest a lack of intermixing of adult herringof the Gulf of Maine with those of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; and a possible separation of popula- tions of immature herring from eastern and western parts of the Gulf of Maine, with no ma- jor lateral movement along the Maine coast be- tween the first and second years of life. EAST AFRICA: An Analysis of Records of Gillnet Fishing in Pilkington Bay, Lake Victoria, byD. J. Garrod, Supplementary Publication No. 2, 19 pp., illus., printed. East African Fisheries Research Or- ganization, P. O. Box 343, Jinja, Uganda, 1957. Over the past ten years the East African Fish- eries Research Organization has fished exper- imentally a number of stations within a radius of 50 miles from Jinja. These stations were se- lected so as to cover a variety of habitats which range from sheltered bays to exposed coastlines. The records discussed in this paper are the re- sult of fishing operations carried out in Pilkington Bay during the period December 1954 to Novem- ber 1956.. This series of fishing operations was carried out in an attempt to assess the compo- sition of the fish populations contained in this area. To this end a variety of nets of differ- ing mesh sizes were used. —————— April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION [SSYING THEM. EUROPE: Le Marche du Poisson en Europe Occidentale De- puis 1950 (Fish Trade in Western Europe Since 1950), 316 pp., illus., printed in French, 1,200 francs (US$4.00). European Agency of Produc- tivity of the O.E.C.E., 2 rue Andre-Pascal, Paris 16, France, 1957. This book is divided into two parts. The first part covers fishing in Europe; general trends in marketing fresh and frozen fish; general organization; prices; con- sumption; quality--fresh fish, refrigerated plants, and frozen fish; and transportation. The second part studies the fish trade in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Germany, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Nor- way, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. FISH PONDS: Your Own Fishpond, by Earl Franklin Kennamer, Circular no. 528, 31 pp., illus., printed. Ala- bama Polytechnic Institute, Extension Service, Auburn, Ala., November 1957. This publication is intended as an aid to those who plan to build or improve a fish pond. The author gives ad- vice on location, construction, management, and fishing of fish ponds. FLORIDA: Florida Crab Plant Design and Sanitation, by Robert Young, Educational Series No. 10, 20 pp., illus., printed. State Board of Conservation, Tallahassee, Fla., July 1957. Increased markets for crab meat and tightening of public health and Sanitation rules connected with the production of this commodity have made it desirable to collect information which can be of help to Florida proc- cessors in producing a good quality product. A crab plant design is presented, which is thought to embody desirable features leading to efficient and sanitary production of crab meat. The im-_ portance of the personal sanitation of workers is explained and advice is given on the means of reducing contamination of the product by those handling it. Similarly, methods are suggested for keeping the plant and equipment sanitary. The quality standards established by two of the principal markets, New York City and Baltimore, are summarized and explained. Report on the Sport and Commercial Fisheries of the Braden and Manatee Rivers, by James F. Murdock, Report 57-23, 22 pp., illus., processed. The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla., Decem- ber 1957. At the request of the Florida State Board of Conservation a survey was made early in 1957 of the sport and commercial fisheries of the Braden and Manatee Rivers. Biological and economic considerations were presented to aid in the appraisal of a conflict of interests con- cerning commercial net fishing in these rivers. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: Canada; Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Convention Regulations (SOR/57-67. Order in Council P.C. 1957-271), Food and Agricultural Legislation, vol. VI, no. 2, XVI.5/57.1, 5 pp., printed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- tions, Rome, Italy. (For sale by Columbia Uni- versity Press, International Documents Service, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N.Y.) General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Proceedings and Technical Papers, No. 4, 437 pp., illus., printed in French and English. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- tions, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 1957. This book is divided into two parts. The first part covers the proceedings of the fourth meeting of the Council held in Istanbul, Turkey, September 17-22, 1956--including a list of participants, a summary record of plena- ry sessions, a statement by the delegate from Morocco, and a general report on the Council's activities in exploration, production, fish utili- zation, inland waters, economics, andstatistics. The second part contains, among others, the following technical papers: ''Research on the Industrial Utilization of Fishes in Turkey and Characteristics of Their Products," "The Oil Content Variation of Anchovy, Horse Mackerel, and Mackerel in the Black Sea," ''Research on Mackerel (Scomber scomber L.) Oil," and ''Re- lation Between the Migration of Sarda sarda Bloch and Prevailing Temperature,” by A. Acara; "Some Observations on the Biology of Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Caught in Turkish Waters," by E. F. Akyuz and I. Artiiz; "Pelagic Fisher- ies in Israel,'' by A. Ben-Tuvia; "Preliminary Report on Experimental Fishing with an Im- proved Type of Trawl Net,"' by M. Ben-Yami; "About the Swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.),"' by M. Demir, A. Acara, and N. Arim; “Underwa- ter Study of the Italian Type Trawl Gear," by Z. Fried; ''Savings Gear Experiments with Trawl Nets in Israel Waters," by E. Gottlieb and O. H. Oren; ''La Peche aux Crevettes en Turquie,'' by D. Iyigtingor; ''The Preservation of Sardines by Freezing and Previous Treat- ment,'' by R. Lopez Costa and L. Rodriguez Molins; ''Conservation et Distribution des Prod- uits de la Peche,” by G. Ricci; and ''Transport of Fish for Short Trips by Sea at Medium Tem- perature," by S. R. Suntur. Sweden: Royal Order No. 625 Specifying Certain Protective Regulations Relating to Plaice, Floun- der and Cod Fisheries in the Baltic Sea, Food and Agricultural Legislation, vol. VI, no. 2, XV1.5/56.2, 3 pp., printed. Food and Agricul- ture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. (For sale by Columbia University Press, International Documents Service, 2960 Broad- way, New York 27, N. Y.) FOREIGN TRADE: Guides for the Newcomer to World Trade, 20pp., printed, 15 cents. U.S. Department of Com- merce, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, Wash- ington, D. C., January 1957. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) This booklet is a revision of the publication Guides for New World Traders issued by the U. S. De- partment of Commerce in October 1949. The purpose of this booklet is to help businessmen who are newcomers to foreign trade by provid- ing information on the major problems involved in importing and exporting and suggesting solutions 96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT, AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, to those problems. Covers the following aspects of world trade: channels for trading abroad; analysis of import and export products; credit terms; and services to traders--service firms, U. S. Government aids, foreign governments, and trade associations. GENERAL; Annual Report of the Federal Trade Commission (For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1957), 133 pp., printed, 40 cents. Federal Trade Commis- sion, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Super- intendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The for- ty-third annual report of the Federal Trade Commission, covering its accomplishments dur- ing the fiscal year ended June 30, 1957. The section on litigation covers, among other items, a case of alleged price fixing in the tuna industry. Annual Report of the United States Tariff Com- mission, 1957, House Document No. 277, 85th Congress, 2nd Session, 68 pp., printed, 25 cents. United States Tariff Commission, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu- ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington 25, D. C.) This, the forty-first annual re- port of the United States Tariff Commission, covers the period October 1, 1956, throughSep- tember 30, 1957. It discusses the activities of the Commission and contains summaries of all reports that the Commission made during 1957, including, among others, the escape-clause in- vestigation of groundfish fillets, the tunafish in- vestigation, and the trade agreements program. Improving Foreman Relations in Small Plants, by Edward 1. Anthony, Management Aids for Small Manufacturers No. 88, 4 pp., printed. Small Business Administration, Washington 25, D. C., November 1957. Keys to the Fishes of Washington, Oregon, and Closely ajoining Regions, by Leonard P. Schultz, | Publications in Biology, vol. 2, no. 4, 126 pp., ‘illus., printed, $1.25. University of Washington Press, Seattle 5, Wash., 1950. HALIBUT: The Effect of Fishing on Stocks of Halibut in the ’ Pacific, by William Francis Thompson, 72 pp., illus., printed, $1. University of Washington Press, Seattle 5, Wash., 1950. HERRING: The Status of the Major Herring Stocks in British “Columbia in 1954-55, by F.H.C. Taylor, FRB No. 423, 23 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from the Report of the British Columbia Department of Fisheries, 1954.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1955. This report presents are- view of the status and level of abundance of the major herring stocks in British Columbia and of the results of the tagging program obtained in 1954-55. In the first part of the report, the 1953-54 data on catch statistics, age composition, and spawn deposition in the major herring popu- lations are reviewed, and an analysis of the movement of herring between populations is presented. In the last part of the report, infor- mation on the level of abundance of the major stocks derived from data in the first part of the report is discussed. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS: International Commission for the Northwest At- Tantic Fisheries, Annual Proceedings for the Year 1956-57, vol. 7, pp., illus., printed. In- ternational Commission for the Northwest At- lantic Fisheries, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1957. This bulletin presents the administrative report of the Commission for the year ending June 30, 1957, including financial statements; a report of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Commission, May 20-25, 1957; summaries of research during 1956 broken down by country; and a compilation of research reports by sub- areas for 1956. Also lists scientists and lab- oratories engaged in various branches of the Commission's work. JAPAN: Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory (Fisheries Agency) No. 16 (April 1957), illus., printed in Japanese with summa- ries inEnglish, Tokai Regional Fisheries Re- search Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, To- kyo, Japan. A collection of reprints including the following subjects: scales of the pink salm- on; anatomy of the silver-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima; ecological studies on apred- ator for commercial clams, Philine japonica; and the optimum temperature for the develop- ment of the starfish, Asterias amurensis Lutken. Journal of the Tokyo University of Fisheries, vol. 43,no. 1, 126pp., illus., printed. The Tokyo U- niversity of Fisheries, Shiba Kaigandori6, Min- ato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan, March1957. Contains, among others, the following articles: "Effect of Differences of Initial and Final Temperature of Whalemeat When It Is Taken Into and Out of Freez - eron Drips," and "Drip from Frozen Whalemeat Affected by Freezing Rate and Air Temperature in Air Defrosting,"’ by K. Tanaka and T. Tanaka; "Enzymatic Studies on the Glycolysis of Fish Muscle, I, Activity of Phosphorylase," by T. Ono, F. Nagayama, H. Osawa, and B. Takahashi; and "Biochemical Studies on the Vitamin A in Fish Viscera, IV. Lipoxidase in Liver and Dark Mus- cle," by T. Ono, F. Nagayama, and T. Sasaki. Journal of the Tokyo Universit of Fisheries, vol, 43, no. 2, 162 pp., illus., printed. The Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba Kaigandori 6, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan, March 1957. Con- tains, among others, the following articles: "Studies on the Chemical Essentials to the Dis- coloration of Fish Oil,'' by J. Nonaka; ''Polaro- graphic Studies on Fish Muscle Meats," by K. Fukushima, I. Osakabe, T. Kikuchi, and I. Okada; and ''Atmospheric Exposure of Netting Threads Fouled with Fatty Acids, Linseed Oil and Sar- dine Oil," by K. Honda, T. Kikuchi, andI. Okada. LOBSTERS: Chromatographic Identification of Lobster Egg Estrogen, by J. Kenneth Donahue, Research Bulletin No. 28, 3 pp., printed. Department of April 1958 Sea and Shore Fisheries, State House, Augusta, Me., November 1957. MARKETING: Fish Marketing in Western Europe Since 1950, Project No. 325/2, 304 pp., illus., processed, US$4. The European Productivity Agency of the Organisation for European Economic Go-Oper- ation, 2 Rue Andre-Pascal, Paris XVI, France. (Available at O.E.E.C. Publications Office, 1346 Connecticut Ave. NW., Washington 6, D.C.) The primary purpose of the present study was to bring up to date the information contained inthe report on ''Fish Marketing in O.E.E.C. Coun- tries'' compiled in 1950-51. The present report consists of two parts. Part I covers the most important and recent issues in European fish- eries policy-making and draws some conclu- sions on the basis of material presented in Part II which deals with conditions in each country. The European Productivity Agency is of the opinion that this report should contribute con- siderably towards the continued development of productivity in fish marketing throughout Europe. It also should provide a useful documentation for the furtherance of trade in fish on national and international levels. More specifically Part I discusses fishing in Europe, general trends in fish marketing, distribution, prices, consump- tion, quality, and transportation. Part II deals with the fisheries and fishery trade of these countries individually: Austria, Belgium, Den- mark, France, Western Germany, Greece, Ice- land, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Por- tugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. MARYLAND: Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Educational Series No. 41, 34 pp., illus., printed. Chesa- peake Biological Laboratory, Solomons Island, Md. Describes the Laboratory and its develop- ment and the present program of research in the management of Maryland's resources. Future plans are presented for research studies of the oyster, clam, crab, and fishery resources of Maryland. (Maryland Board of Natural Resources) Thir- teenth Annual Report, 1956, 150 pp., illus., printed. Maryland Board of Natural Resources, Annapolis, Md. The present report follows in general the plan of organization used in the twelve preceding reports. Part I consists of an introduction, Part Il summarizes the activities and the deliberations of the Board itself. Part III describes the work of four of the five Depart- ments (including the Department of Tidewater Fisheries and the Department of Game and In- land Fish) represented on the Board; and Part IV reviews new conservation laws and the 1956 conservation budget. The annual reports of the two Departments concerned with fish and shell- fish contain summaries of work dealing withhy- drographic engineering, law enforcement, fish and shellfish studies, rockfish investigation, in- land fish management, and related subjects. OYSTERS: "The Atlantic Oyster Industry," by H. R. Found, article, Trade News, vol. 10, no. 6, December COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97 1957, pp. 3-7, illus., printed. Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Describes the re- habilitation of the oyster population of Prince Edward Island after it was devastated by anep- idemic disease from 1914 to 1920. In 1928 the redevelopment of the oyster industry in that province was turned over to the federal Depart- ment of Fisheries. This article describes the Department's oyster culture work in Prince Edward Island and the expansion of the program to other Maritime provinces. PRESERVATION: The Processing of Dried Salted Fish, by S. A. Beatty and H. Fougere, Bulletin No. 112, 60 pp., illus., printed, 50 Canadiancents. Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Canada, 1957. The English edition of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada's Bulletin No. IX (Methods of Han- dling Fish. 1. The Processing of Dried Fish, by A. G. Huntsman) has been out of print for a considerable time. From its first issue in 1927 that bulletin was popular and a reprinting had been under consideration for some time. However, during the period since it was issued the knowledge of the chemistry andbacteriology of the preservation of fish by salt has been ex- tended and the drying of fish is now largely car- ried out indoors in well-designed tunnels un- der the control of the operator. For these rea- sons, while that portion of the original bulletin concerned with the dressing of fish has been left intact, the present bulletin has been extend- ed to include sections concerned primarily with the bacteriology and the chemistry of fish salt- ing, and artificial drying. It contains tenchap- ters on the care of fish at sea, dressing, types of salt, how salt cures fish, the relation be- tween amount of salt used on fish and type of cure, methods of salting, a quantitative study of yields, bacteria and other microorganisms concerned with fish curing, machine washing, and drying salt fish. RAINBOW TROUT: Size as a Determinant of Growth Rate in Rain- ~ bow Trout SALMO GAIRDNERI, by P. A. Lar- kin, J. G. Terpenning, and R. R. Parker, 13 pp., illus., printed. (Reprint from Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 86 (1956), pp. 84-96.) Transactions of the American Fish- eries Society, Librarian, Colorado A & M Col- lege, Fort Collins, Colo. SALMON: Contributions to the Life-History of the Sockeye “Salmon, by D.R.Foskett, Paper 40, FRB No. B pp., printed. (Reprinted from the Re- port of the British Columbia Department of Fisheries, 1954). Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, Bb (Oo, LEGS. King Salmon and the Ocean Troll Fishery of ~ Southeastern Alaska, by Robert R. Parker and Walter Kirkness, Research Report No. 1, 64 pp., illus., printed. Alaska Department of Fish- eries, Juneau, Alaska, September 1956. The production of king salmon by trolling has de- clined steadily since its beginning in the 1900's despite improved fishing methods and discoveries 98 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW of new fishing grounds. This report covers re- search into the causes of the decline and presents statistical data on extensive tagging programs. "Note on the Manufacture of Salmon Preserves from Frozen Fish," by G. Roskis, article, Bul- letin Fed. Nat. des Syndicats Francais des Con- serveurs des Produits de la Mer, No. 300, April 1957, pp. 1381-1386, printed in French. Photo- stat copies, microfilms, or translations of this article may be purchased from the International Institute of Refrigeration, 177 Boulevard Male- sherbes, Paris 17 , France. Describes a gen- eral survey on the technical aspects of the pack- ing of canned salmon from prefrozen fish, with reference to damage of frozen salmon at freez- ing and during refrigerated storage and pre- cautionary methods to avoid such damage. In- cludes a brief description of the processes in- volved in the preservation of salmon in United States canneries, with details on the machines and special devices for the canning of fish. Role of the Salmon Hatchery in Alaska, by C. L. An- derson, Leaflet No.1,5pp., printed. Alaska De- partment of Fisheries, Juneau, Alaska, July 1955. SARDINES: "Observations on the Freezing of Sardines and on the Canning of Frozen Sardines,'' by M. Boury, article, Bulletin Fed. Nat. des Syndicats des Conserveurs des Produits de la Mer, France, No. 300, April 1957, p. 1387, printed in French. Photostat copies, microfilms, or translations of this article may be purchased from the Interna- tional Institute of Refrigeration, 177 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris 17 , France. Discusses the influence of several factors (composition of meat, salting and heading before freezing, pro- tection by coating with alginates, speed offreez- ing, storage life, thawing and cooking processes) on the quality of frozen sardines. According to the article, it is rather doubtful that a product of good quality can be expected from frozen sardines. SPINY LOBSTER: Sound Production in the Spiny Lobster PANULIRUS ~ ARGUS (Latreille), by James M. Moulton, 10pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Biological Bul- letin, vol. 113, no. 2, October 1957, pp. 286-295) Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. SHIPWORMS: The Shipworm TEREDO NAVALIS in Maryland ~ Coastal Waters, by Rudolf S. Scheltema andR. V. Truitt, Contribution No. 103, 3 pp., illus., print- ed. (Reprinted from Ecology, vol. 37, no. 4, Octaber 1956.) Chesapeake Biological Labora- tory, Maryland Department of Research and Education, Solomons, Md. SHIPBUILDING: Handbuch der Werften, 1956 (Handbook of Ship- yards, 1956), by K. Wendel, 463 pp., illus., printed in German, 1956. C. Schroedter andCo., Hamburg 11, W. Germany. This handbook is di- vided into three parts. Part I deals with ship- building and marine engineering problems, sub- chapters giving comprehensive accounts of the Vol. 20, No.4 USUALLY MAY BE design of ships for inland waterways, deep-sea fishing vessels, model testing technique, pro- tection against fire risks, shipyard accounting, marine engines and gears, deck machinery, bearings for marine use, boilers and new devel- opments with electric propulsion machinery, Part II gives a complete list of German ship- yards, and Part III deals with organizations and institutions connected with shipbuilding and ship- ping in Germany. SHRIMP: Balanus Fouling of Shrimp, by C. E. Dawson, 1p., “illus., printed. (Reprinted from Science, No- vember 22, 1957, vol. 126, no. 3282, p. 1068.) Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wadmalaw Island, S. C. Fouling of commercial crabs, Callinectes sapidus, and lobsters, Homarus americanus, by various species of barnacles, Balanus, is a common occurrence, but the presence of ma- turing sessile barnacles on shrimp is notewor- thy. This report is based on observation of four Balanus-fouled white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus, taken from the inshore waters of Mississippi and South Carolina during the winter of 1957. SOUTH CAROLINA: Preliminary Report on the Effects of Closing Calibogue Source South Carolina, to Shrimp Trawling, by C. E. Dawson, 13 pp., illus., proc- essed. Bears Bluff Laboratories, Wadmalaw Island, S. C., January 1958. Reports on atrawl- ing survey of the Calibogue Sound region of South Carolina to test the effects of having closed this region to all shrimp trawling as of June 15, 1957. Comparative data are presented for the last half of 1957 and of other years in the Cali- bogue Sound region and other similar areas of South Carolina. TAGGING: Uses of Marking Animals in Ecological Studies: The Marking of Fish, by Wm. E. Ricker, FRB No. 443, 6 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Ecology, vol. 37, no. 4, October 1956, pp. 665- 670) Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada. TERRITORIAL WATERS: (United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea) A Brief Geographical and Hydrographical Study of Bays and Estuaries, the Coasts of Which Be- long to Different States, A/CONF. 13/15, No-_ vember 13, 1957, 37 pp., processed. United Na- tions, International Documents Service, Colum- bia University Press, 2960 Broadway, New York AY, Wis Wn United Nations Conference on the Law of theSea (Verbatim Record of the Debate in the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly, at Its Elev- enth Session, Relating to Agenda Item 53), vol. I, A/CONF.13/19, December 3, 1957, 299 pp., processed. United States International Docu- ments Service, Columbia University Press, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y. TEXAS: An Ecological Survey of Baffin and Alazan Bays,. Texas, by Joseph P. Breuer, 20 pp., illus., printed. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 99 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. (Reprinted from Institute of Marine Science, vol. IV, no. 2, July 1957, pp. 134-155.) Texas Game and Fish Commission, Marine Laboratory, Rockport, Tex. An Ecological Survey of the Upper Laguna Madre of Texas, by RrneetG. Simmons, 43 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Institute of Marine Science, vol. IV, no. 2, July 1957, pp. 156-200.) Texas Game and Fish Commission, Marine Lab- oratory, Rockport, Tex. THAILAND: The Act oe the Activities of the Fish Market, B.E. 2496, Il pp., printed in Thai and English. Fish Marketing Organization, Minis- try of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand. Pres- ents the text of a new law organizing the activ- ities of the fish market in Thailand, enumera- ting the articles pertaining to fish marketing organization, fish agent activities, penalties, transitory provisions, and license fees. UGANDA: The Fishes of Uganda--III, by P. H. Greenwood, illus., printed. (Reprinted from The Uganda Journal, vol. 21, no. 1, March 1957, pp. 47-80) Secretary of the Uganda Society, Kampala, U- ganda, This is part three of a book on the fish- es of Uganda which will consist of four parts. It gives keys for identification, description, hab- itat, distribution, and related information on some of the species of the fish of Uganda. UNDERWATER OBSERVATIONS: "“Unterwasserbeobachtungen aus Einem Hydrostat"' (Underwater Observations from a Bathysphere Called Hydrostat), article, Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 185-188, June 1956, printed in German. Neumann Verlag, Radebeul/ Dresden, E. Germany. (Translated from Rybnoe Khozjaistvo, no. 12, 1955, printed in Russian. Fundamentalnaia Biblioteca, Nauk S.S.S.R., UI. Frunze 11, Moscow.) A Russian research ship made several experiments in 1953 with abathy- sphere called ''Hydrostat'' in the Barents Sea. The behavior of fish, especially haddock, was studied. VIRGINIA: Fifty-Eighth and Fifty-Ninth Annual Reports of the Commission of Fisheries of Virginia for the Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 1956 and June 30, , 61 pp., illus., printed. Commission of _ Fisheries, Newport News, Va., 1957. A report for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1956, and June 30, 1957, showing the amount of revenue SAN derived from the fish and shellfish industries under the supervision of the Commission, all expenditures by the Commission, and the condi- tion of the fish and shellfish industries of the State of Virginia under the supervision of the Commission. Self-explanatory schedules and reports for these fiscal years are included as follows: receipts from the fish and oyster in- dustries; expenditures for administration, en- forcement, and repletion work; list of recorded oyster planting ground; areas in which repletion work was done; and comparative statements of expenses for the past ten years. Includes re- ports of the Superintendent of Hatcheries cov- ering the shad-hatching work on the Chickahom- iny, Mattaponi, and Pamunkey Rivers for 1956 and 1957. A report of the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory describes its activities for the bi- ennium July 1, 1955 to June 30, 1957, with spe- cial reference to investigations of oysters, clams, and their enemies and diseases, the blue crab and other crustaceans, and the migratory fishes. WASHINGTON: Washington State Department of Fisheries, 66th Annual Report, 1956, 45 pp., illus., printed. Washington State Department of Fisheries, Seattle, Wash. Discusses the activities and ob- jectives of the Department of Fisheries for the year 1956 and presents a review of fisheries progress. The Department's hatcheries are discussed in considerable detail in regard to research, management, and operations. Also discussed are: planning and research in con- nection with power dam projects; marine and fresh-water research; Lower Columbia devel- opment program; stream improvement; shell- fish research and management; salmon sports fishery; Columbia basin fisheries work; fisher- ies patrol; fisheries news log; and 1956 legis- lative orders of the director. A large number of illustrations are included. WHALES: The Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute, No. 12, 247 pp., illus., printed, June 1957. The Whales Research Institute, 4, 12 Chome, Nishigashi-Dori, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Contains a number of articles on whales, principally biological. WHALING: The Whaling Equipment of the Makah Indians, by wy 8 T. T. Waterman, Publications in Anthropology, vol. 1, no. 1, 1920, 67 pp., illus., printed, $1.25. University of Washington Press, Seattle 5, Wash. 100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 20, No. 4 CALIFORNIA SEALS AND SEA LIONS Millions of people have enjoyed the trained ''seal'' acts of circuses, vaudeville and television. The animals! intelligence and amusing antics never cease to amaze--but what the onlooker rarely knows is that these ''seals'' are not true seals at all, The sleek, liquid-eyed performer which learns to balance a ball on its nose or to toot atune on a series of horns instead is almost always a female California sea lion (the male is more belligerent and uncooperative, harder to train). Sea lions, unlike the true seal, have an external ear, a long, supple neck and rear flippers which turn forward for walking when the animalisashore. Seals cannot turn their rear flippers forward because they are joined behind the body by a membrane. California waters contain sixkinds of seals, with a combined population estimated at 10,000 plus, but three species rarely are seen because they spend most of their lives at sea, Representing the sealion, or eared seal, family are the Steller and the Califor- nia sea lions, the northern fur seal and the Guadalupe fur seal. The true, or earless, seal familyis represented by the harbor and the northern elephant seals. Sea lions, so called because of the light-colored mane cover- ering the Steller bull's shoulders, were called sea wolves by the early Spanish explorers because of the howling and barking sounds they made while on their breeding grounds. An Anglicized remind- er ofthis earlyname remains today inthe point of land, just south of Carmel, called Point Lobos. Originally, because it was home to alarge number of sea lions, itwas called Puntade los Lobos Mari- nos, or the point of the sea wolves, The most common of California's seal-like animals are the California and the Steller sea lions. The former are found mostly from the islands off Santa Barbara to southern Baja California; the latter are common from the Bering Sea to the Santa Barbara area, A YOUNG CALIFORNIA SEA LION TRAINED BY HOMER SNOW OF SAN FRANCISCO. THE ANIMALS ARE CLEVER AND WILLING PERFORMERS AND DEMAND APPLAUSE The California sea lions, once numerous from Point Reyes EES CRN OH Peb sts south, were exploited heavily during the last century for their hides andblubber. They are beginning to return to their former range afterhaving beenalmost exterminated. The Stellers, never seriously threatened, have maintained fairly stable numbers. The two other eared seals found in California waters are the famous northern fur seal, featured in Walt Disney's ''Seal Island,'' and the now rare Guadalupe fur seal. On the California coast femalesand pups of thenorthernfur seal seldom venture closer than 20 miles to shore. The Guad- alupe, never so numerous as its northern relative, also was nearly exterminated for its pelt and by 1890 was thought to be ex- tinct. A few, however have been observed in their former haunts since then, the last one in California waters being seen at San Nicolas Island in 1949. The other two members of the family inhabiting our waters are true seals or hair seals, the better known of which isthe harbor seal. It stays closer to human activity than do its cousins and for that reason is commonly seen swimming in bays or basking on channel buoys. Ending the list of six is the northern elephant seal, second only in size to the elephant seal of the southern hemisphere. Like the fur seals, it can spend many months at sea before coming ashore to shed its skin or to bear its young and to breed on the islands of Southern California and Mexico. The elephant seal, so called because of its trunk-like appendage, was ruthlessly exploited by the whalersfor its blubber and bythe 1870's had virtually disappeared. Now fully protected, the animals are slow- ly increasing. What does a sealioneat? Those on our coast like adiet of fishandsquid. At least half of the fish they eat are ''trash fish" varieties not used by man. Squid were the largest single item in the diet found during a study of the California and the Steller sea lions. They also eat some marine life of commercial and sport fishing importance such as salmon, sablefish, flounder,, cod, and halibut. The true seals eat a variety of fish, usually the slower moving kinds, mollusks and crustaceans. The stomach of an elephant seal taken 40 miles at sea contained ratfish, skates, and small sharks. It's whenthe sealion or seal turnsto a free meal from nets or fishing lines that it gets into trouble, for commercial fish- ermen and sportsmen alike don't like to have expensive equipment damaged. It's legal for them to kill seals or sea lions that are causing damage or stealing their fish, Once in a while, though, the animalindirectly turns the tables onthe avenging fisherman. There are cases on record where an overanxious commercial fisherman slipped and was killed by his own gun while the offending seal escaped. Under present law the California Department of Fish andGamehas regulatory powers over the herbs, and if overpopulation occurs the surplus animals can be harvested in a sensible manner so they need never again be faced with extermination. But whether you call them seals or sea lions, or whether they have visible ears and independent flippers, these creatures are some of the most interesting animals in California waters. --By Emil J. Smith, Jr., Marine Biologist, Outdoor California, California Department of Fish and Game. April 1958 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101 CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Page FOREIGN (Contd.): FOREIGN (Contd.): Guatemala; Sweden (Contd.): Japanese-Guatemalan Fishing Company Proposed... 58 Review of the Fisheries for 1957 ...........0+0- 71 Haiti: Scarcity of Sprat Causes Worry .........22-40 73 Tuna Fishery Suggested by FAO Expert.......... 58 Taiwan (Formosa): Fisheries Potential Promising...............-. 59 Fisheries Landings in 1957 Passed 200,000 Tons 73 Iceland: New 350-Ton Tuna Boats Gave Good Performance... 74 Multipurpose Trawlers Ordered from East Germany . 60 Whaling in 1957 Unsuccessful ........ eh shovle)olefiale 74 Rumor of Proposed Use of Polish Crews for Fishing Production of Clam Seeds ................ Si00 74 Trawlers Unsubstantiated.......... ooo o0GaD 60 United Kingdom: Japan: Fishing Industry Proposed Temporary Increase in Ice- Certain Japanese-Russian Unsolved Issues Affect Jap- landic Cod Landings Quota ..... 0 74 anese Fisheries,..... oonDMOOodDONODDOND OOD 61 Frozen Cod Fillets Sold to Russia. 75 Export Regulations for Canned Tuna in Oil Tightened 62 FEDERAL ACTIONS:..... coGoo0eDRO OC ODDdGDD 76 Negotiations with U. S. S. R. on 1958 Salmon Fishing Department of Agriculture: Quotaistalematectup-mru-melcicicmenemclicMchcmcin nap itera 5 63 Agricultural Marketing Service: Tuna Fisheries Trends, January 1958........... 63 Quality Standards for Fish-Fillet Blocks Established 76 Tuna Landings by Months, 1956 and January-June 1957 64 Federal Trade Commission: Korea: Canned Seafood Company Charged with Illegal Broker- Tuna Vessel Fishes off Philippines............. 64 AGE PPAyINENtS|e.wewselelel-Neleieicl-eiewellslahellciell 1-1 -l-le 79 Mexico: Salmon Broker Denies Charges of Illegal Brokerage Shrimp Ex-Vessel Price Dispute at Carmen Ends... 64 SEM PINE) GooonooouDUDOUODOUO 0 a6) = el @ O 80 New Hebrides: Interstate Commerce Commission: Tuna Fishing Venture Reported Successful. ..... eae 65 Rail-Freight Rate Increases Granted............ 80 Norway: Treasury Department: Groundfish Price Negotiations Concluded ........ 65 Bureau of Customs: Sealing Industry Trends, 1957 ...............- 66 Groundfish Fillet Import Tariff-Rate Quota for 1958 80 Winter Herring Fishery Threatened with Failure ... 66 New Customs Valuation Applies to Most Fishery Imports 81 Winter Herring Fishing Season Extended......... 67 Eighty-Fifth Congress (Second Session) ..... o4 6 82 Peru: FISHERY INDICATORS: 2.0... 0 ccs c ewer cena 85 Fisheries Trends, January 1958 ............- O 67 Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States 85 Philippines: Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries ......... 86 Canned Fish Retail and Wholesale Prices, January 1958 67 Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings of Fish- Review of Fishing Industry for Fiscal Year 1956/57. . 68 GA IPCC soooacomouobooooecogobOo OD - 87 Portugal: Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings of Fishery Canned Fish Exports, January-November 1957..... 69 Products at Principal Distribution Centers ....... 88 Canned Fish Pack, January-September 1957 ...... 69 Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U. S. and Fisheries Trends, November 1957 ............-. 69 PNECEY Cgido.cle a bon 0.0 Oo d'di6 Sara 06000.0'0.0.00 O00 88 Sweden: Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery Products 89 Fishery Loan and Insurance Funds..... wiieushskenellelle 70 Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports 90 Norway's Request for Removal of Fish Fillet Import 91 Dax CNVE Ciena euela hol iciell-Mol-WchlflcMel-M-l-ietcl=-ielt- i= 91 92 — Illustrator--Gustaf T, Sundstrom Editorial Assistant--Ruth V.Keefe- Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Helen Joswick, and Vera Eggleston Photograph Credits: Page b tographer for each photograph i OK KOK were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. P, 16--G. T. Sundstrom; p. 21--F. T. Piskur; p. 29--Bob Munns; outside yy page, the following list gives the source or pho- n this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned back cover photos--Massachusetts Department of Commerce; p. 100-- Homer Snow, Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game. 7D Aa INT.-DUP. SEC., WASH., D.c. 33566 mu An indoor Massachusetts clambake, one that can be prepared any season of the year and in any section of the country, is a new and novel way of entertaining guests for dinner developed by the Massachusetts Department of Commerce. It all came about from a method of canning lobsters and clams alive--the brain-child of a Cape Ann lobsterman, Joseph Mellow of Gloucester. INDOOR CLAMBAKE The formula for the clambake is a simple one, destined to delight weary housewives who normally spend many hours over a hot stove preparing for an evening dinner party. Once the ingredients are pre- pared (3 hour at most), only 45 minutes cooking time is required after the water starts to boil. Heretofore, clam- ‘bakes have been a seasonal seashore activity, one that demanded much physical labor and several hours of preparation. Tobesure, the end result was a de- lightfultaste treat. The same results, however, FIG, 1 = CLAMS MUST BE THOROUGHLY WASHED To se C&n be achieved right in FIG. 2 - ONLY SAD PART ABOUT PREPARING INDOOR FREE OF GRIT. SIX RINSES DO THE TRICK. your own home, whether it CLAMBAKE |S PEELING ONIONS. e : 7 be atinyapartmentora king-sized mansion. The flavor of the foods is identical to that of an out-of-doors clambake. The recipe originated on Cape Cod many years ago. This one came from the family of John Terry, Hyannis Pharmacist, and according to him has been handed down from generation to generation. Originally, they called it a ''clam boil'' because the clams are first to be placed inthe boiler and are the only ingredients covered by boiling water. The remaining ingredients are steamed. FIG. 3 - MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF COM- FIG. 4 - IT TAKES ONLY 45 MINUTES TO PRE- FIG. 5 - TWO HAPPY EATERS TRADE SNACKS WHILE MERCE COMMISSIONER, JOHN T. BURKE, DEMON- PARE A FEAST LIKE THIS. FEASTING ON MASSACHUSETTS-STYLE INDOOR STRATES TO UNITED AIRLINES STEWARDESSES CLAMBAKE. HOW TO PREPARE INDOOR CLAMBAKE. RECIPE FOR INDOOR CLAMBAKE | (KNOWN ALSO AS CAPE COD CLAM OR LOBSTER BOIL) USE A COPPER BOILER, THE TYPE GRANDMA USED TO BOIL CLOTHES ON TOP OF STOVE. SPREAD 1 PECK (OR MORE) SOFT CLAMS THOROUGHLY WASHED ON BOTTOM OF BOILER, THEN IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER ADD: 2 LBS. SMALL OR MEDIUM ONIONS (PEELED) 1 DOZ. EARS OF CORN (OR MORE, IF DESIRED) NOT WRAPPED 2 LBS, COD OR HADDOCK CUT IN 4 IN. PIECES AND WRAPPED 1 DOZ. PEELED MEDIUM POTATOES, NOT WRAPPED INDIVIDUALLY IN WAX PAPER 1 pOZ. LIVE LOBSTERS 2 LBS, PICKLED TRIPE, CUT IN SMALL PIECES AND WRAPPED THEN ADD ABOUT 4 QUARTS OF WATER 2 LBS. PORK SAUSAGE AND/OR FRANKFURTERS, WRAPPED, 2 IN A PACKAGE COVER WITH THREE CLEAN DISH TOWELS, LET TOWEL EDGES HANG OVER SIDES TO INSURE TIGHT FIT FOR BOILER COVER SO STEAM WILL NOT ESCAPE. WHEN WATER STARTS TO BOIL, LOWER BURNER TO MEDIUM HOT AND COOK FOR 45 MINUTES. WHEN DONE REMOVE LOBSTERS AND OTHER FGODS TO PLATTERS AND SERVE CLAMS FIRST. SERVE WITH MELTED BUTTER AND CUPS OF JUICE FROM BOILER. —— ———~ In years past the clam boil was a high point in the social activities of Cape Cod natives but with the coming of the automotive age it waned to the point where it was nearly forgotten. In reviving this succulent repast, made possible by the canning of live lobsters and clams, people throughout the nation can now share with Massachusetts residents a treat that was once exclusively theirs. Lobsters and clams can be shipped in any desired quantity. Lobsters willstay alive fora period of 43 days and clams two days longer. The normal sized copper wash boiler, which can be purchased at mail-order houses, is suitable for preparing a meal for 12.