Pa Cc c Fal Gt Anny soy — a — ( — * Bowens: VOTES LEY, shes COMMERCIAL BEY FISHERIES MLE TS Vol. 23, No. 2 : FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE United States Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. ee ae lo ‘Weraeacmes i — FEBRUARY 1 1961 et ee eee OEE AIRE A NN A a a EOS IO INN 9 SU AS UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES \EPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF ARNIE J. SUOMELA, COMMISSIONER A review of developments and news of the fishery industries prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. Joseph Pileggi, Editor H. M. Bearse, Assistant Editor Address correspondence andrequeststo the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C. Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources. Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely, reference to the source is appreciated. Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, May 10, 1960. 5/31/63 CONTENTS COVER: A net full of snapper and trash fish being hoisted aboard the M/V Silver Bay, chartered exploratory fishing vessel of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The vessel studied the use of otter trawls in catching red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico. 1 ..Gulf of Mexico Trawl Fishery for Industrial Species, by Winthrop A. Haskell 7 ..Composition of Commercially-Important Fish from New England Waters - Part I - Proximate Analyses of Cod, Haddock, Atlantic Ocean Perch, Butterfish, and Mackerel, by Bernard I. Sohn, Joseph H. Carver, and George F. Mangan, Jr. Page Page . TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: Alaska: Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: 11 .. Commercial Fishery Regulations for 1961 19 .. Lake Michigan Fish Population Survey Ends __ Season for Season (M/V Cisco Cruise 11) 12... Mesh-Size Regulations Revised for Nets Now 20 .. Western Lake Superior Whitefish Spawning in Use Survey (M/V Siscowet Cruise 9) Byproducts: Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program: 12... A Study of Transportation of Fish Meal, 21... Exploratory Fishing for Industrial Fish Scrap, and Solubles Continued (M/V Oregon Cruise 72) California: Haddock: 13... Artificial Salmon Spawning Channel 22 .. Biologists Predict Higher Landings from Experiment Georges Bank in 1961 13... Crab Studies Conducted in Coastal Waters Houston: (M/V Nautilus Cruise 60-N-9) 23 .. Consumption of Frozen Fish and Shellfish in 14 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued Restaurants and Institutions (M/V Alaska Cruises 60A8, 60A9, 60A10, New England: and Airplane Spotting Flight 60-23) 23... #Food-Fish Landings Up but Industrial-Fish 16 .. Shrimp Study off California CoastCentinued i Landings Down in 1960, by John J. O'Brien (M/V N. B. Scofield Cruise 60-S-5) Preservation: 17 .. Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products, 25 .. Extending Storage Life of Fresh Fishery * _January-October 1960 Products by Use of Radioisotopes to be Central Pacific Fishery Investigations: Studied 17... Skipjack Tuna Blood Samples Aid in Distribu- Shellfish: tion Studies (M/V Charles H. Gilbert 25 .. Duke University Receives Grant to Study Cruise 50) Larval Development of Shrimp and Crabs Dams: South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program: 18 .. Inadequate Fish Passage Facilities at Oxbow 26 .. Fish and Shellfish Resources off Coasts of and Brownlee Dams Cause Concern North and South Carolina and Georgia Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Surveyed (M/V Silver Bay Cruise 27) 18 .. Department of Defense Purchases, 26 .. United States Fishing Fleet Additions, October January-November 1960 and November 1960 Florida: 27 .. U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles Production and 19 .. Miami University Marine Laboratory Imports, January-November 1960 Receives Grant for Studies of Marine Life Contents continued pages I and II. Vol. 23, No. 2 II COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page Page TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.): FOREIGN (Contd.): U. S. Foreign Trade: Japan: 27... Edible Fishery Products, October 1960 51 .. Fisheries Agency Research Vessel to 28 Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota Explore Atlantic Tuna Areas 28 .. Wholesale Prices, December 1960 52 .. Pack of New Canned Tuna Product to be FOREIGN: Increased International: 52... Exports of Canned Sardines in Tomato Seances Food and Agriculture Organization: 1959 : 80) 66 ‘Biologist to Survey Shrimp Resources off 52 Pack of Pet Food made from Fish Declines Latin America Korea: 30... Modern Fish Processing Yields New 52 .. Shrimp Industry Products Morocco; 30 . New British Trawler Named After Fisheries| 53 .. Shrimp Industry Director Nicaragua: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: 54 Shrimp Industry Bl 5g First Phase of Seventeenth Session of Pakistan: Contracting Parties Ends 55 .. Fishery Trends, November 1960 Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council: OGiecie First Shrimp Exports to United States from 33 Sponsors Training Center on Fish- East Pakistan Processing Technology Peru: Organization for Economic Cooperation and 56 .. Exports of Marine Products, January- Development: September 1960 33 New Organization to Replace "Organization 56 Fish Meal Industry, 1955-60 ~ for European Economic Cooperation" 56 Fish Meal ECKSEY Trends, Third Quarter Angola: 1960 34 ... Fishing Industry Being Reorganized” 57... Exports of Fishery Products, January-June Argentina; 1960 35... Fish Meal and Oil Industry Bt 6 Shrimp Industry Australia: Ryukyu Islands: 36... New Scallop Bed Found off Queensland 58 .. Fishing Industry Expansion Plan Drafted by 36 .. New Size Limit for South Australia Spiny Japanese Lobsters Spain: 36 .. Tuna Fishery Trends, Fall 1960 58 .. Salt Cod Exported to Puerto Rico for the Belgium: First Time 37 Shrimp Industry Sweden: Brazil: 58 Shrimp Industry, 1958-60 38. Shrimp Industry Taiwan: British Guiana; 60 .. Shrimp Industry 39 Shrimp Industry Thailand: Burma: 61. Shrimp Industry SR) 4 Shrimp Industry Trinidad: Canada: 62 .. Shrimp Industry 41 .. British Columbia Herring Fleet Ends Long Tunisia: : Tie-Up 62 .. Purchase of Two Tuna Fishing Vessels 41 .. British Columbia's Shrimp Industry Under Consideration * Colombia: 62 Shrimp Industry 42 .. Shrimp Fishing Industry Union of South Africa: Cuba: 63 .. Participates in International Indian Ocean A3iae Fishing Industry Trends, December 1960 Expedition East Africa: U.S. S. R.: 43 .. Fishing Potential Discussed at International 64 . Expansion of Fishing and Whaling Fleets Symposium Continues Egypt: 64 .. Landings of Bene Products, 1956-59 | 44 .. Foreign Trade in Fishery Products, 1958-60 Uruguay: France: 64 .. Shrimp Industry 46 .. Fishery Products Imports Subject to FEDERAL ACTIONS: Quantitative Restrictions Department of the Interior: 46 .. Shrimp Industry Fish and Wildlife Service: German Federal Republic: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries: 47.. Fish Meal Prices, November 1960 HS 5 5 Frozen Ocean Perch and Pacific Ocean 48 .. Marine Oil Production and Foreign Trade, Perch Fillets Voluntary Grade 1958/59 and 1959/60 Standards Issued Greece: 68 .. Eighty-Seventh Congress (First Session) 48 .. Shrimp Industry FISHERY INDICATORS: Guatemala: 73 .. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States 50 .. Shrimp Industry, 1959-60 74 .. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries - India: 75 .. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings 50 Shrimp Industry of Fishery Products Contents continued page III. February 1961 ~- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Tl CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page 2 Page - FISHERY INDICATORS (Contd.): FISHERY INDICATORS (Contd.): 76 .. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings 77 .. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery of Fishery Products at Principal Distribu- Products tion Centers 78 .. Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports 76 .. Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS: U. S. and Alaska 79 .. Fish and Wildlife Service Publications. ; 82 .. Miscellaneous Publications MACHINE HARVESTS IRISH MOSS Seaweeds are difficult to harvest and Irish moss par- ticularly so. The alga grows to about 3 to 5 inches in length and normally attaches itself to rocky, uneven sea bottoms. Up to now, these plants had to be harvested by hand. Earl C. Jertson of Fairhaven, Mass., has now invented a machine capable of detaching large quantities of Irish moss from the seafloor and bringingit tothe surface. It was awarded U.S. Patent No. 2,941,344. In essence, the device consists of an endless chain, similar to a rope ladder in shape. Rakes are attached to each of the "rungs'' sothey point along the chain. The ladder arrangement is fed out from one end of a boatandinat the other. The flexible rake-ladder follows the contours of the sea floor and catches the plants to be harvested. The Irish moss istorn off the rocks and carried up to the boat where it is removed while the rakes are protected from all but the smallest rocks by the sides of the chain. Jertson assigned his patent to Marine Colloid, Inc., of Delaware. (Science News Letter, July 9, 1960.) Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Janice Broquet, and Helen Paretti * kok OK * Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the sourceor photographer for each photograph in this issue. Photographs onpages not mentioned were obtained from the Service's file and the photographers are unknown. Cover--Jack Rivers; p. 24, fig. 1--J. J. Murray and fig. 2--J. Peters; p. 51--F. I. Cyprien, FAO; p. 55--W. Williams, FAO. oR Bie Rs ta ie lem ii E o-3 f © sae _ u : sc ee Ue sh ones eae cH a ! a i Re Aad Soe why Se 4 ‘j J iy oe [ ie t z 2 (Rew aes fas 4 ? ; a SS S : ; Oa Been: ae 92 GE Ne TS tliat A een 2p ra : eee hs : Y ; AD isi a che aa Src ev emerayh st le is ‘ ) a uRferg i eee Fay aa J Aye , Ne 4 te oe es COMMERCIAL ‘February 1961 | | Washington 25, D. C i rid’aD ali ai | wn a oF NS) — r 4 eo i) GULF OF MEXICO TRAWL FISHERY FOR INDUSTRIAL SPECIES By Winthrop A. Haskell* ABSTRACT During 1958 and 1959, sampling of the trawl-caught industrial fish, used chiefly in the petfood industry of the northern Gulf, showed the large variety of species taken, but about three-fourths of the catch consisted of croaker (Micropogon undulatus), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), and silver trout (Cynoscion nothus). Fish are taken in the area from Mobile Bay to Ship Shoals in western Louisiana. The area fished comprises about 4,000 square miles between 0 and 20 fathoms. The bulk is taken east of the delta-“the fishing west of the delta occurring chiefly during the winter months. INTRODUCTION Shrimp vessels in the Gulf of Mexico incidentally catch large quantities offish of species and sizes unmarketable as human food. These fish were formerly discarded at sea and wasted, being invariably dead when thrown overboard. Although some of the incidental catches by Ba0. - Anchovies. ——- Vessel's track. Fig. 2 - M/V Alaska Cruise 60A9-Pelagic Fish (Oct. 8-27, 1960). a spawning condition) while the northern group's gonads were in a resting stage. Sea surface temperatures ranged from 58.8° F. at [Santa Rosa Island to 66.39 F. at Santa Catalina Island. ‘Temperatures between San Pedro and Point Conception were generally between 61° F, and 63° F. and those be-l tween San Pedro and Los Coronados Islands between , 62° F. and. 65° F, M/V'"'Alaska'' Cruise 60A10-Pelagic Fish: The survey was continued (November 5-23, 1960) in the coastal waters of central California from Point Reyes to Point Conception. Of the 94 night light stations occupied, anchovies were collected on 6, jack mackerel on 4, Pacific her- ring on 3, and Pacific mackerel on one. No sardines were taken or observed. The vessel scouted 420 miles during which 39 an- chovy and 3 squid schoolswere observed. Visual scouting conditions were excellent over the entire area surveyed. Sea surface temperatures ranged from 53.2° F. near Half Moon Bay to 59.2° F. off Cape San Martin. Fair weather prevailed during the entire cruise. Airplane Spotting Flight 60-23-Pelagic Fish: The inshore area from the United States-Mexican border to the Russian River was surveyed from the air (Novem- ber 14-17, 1960) by the Department's Cessna ''182" 9042T, to determine the distribution and abundance of pelagic fish schools. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15 Legend: 4 - Pacific mackerel. (- Jack mackerel. %- Northern anchovy. © - Pacific herring. Fig. 3 - M/V Alaska Cruise 60A10-Pelagic Fish (Nov. 5-23, 1960). Weather conditions ranged from fair to good andthe entire survey area was covered. The inshore waters were generally turbid, with floating pieces of kelp in evidence throughout most of the northern portion of the area. Relatively few fish schools have been sighted in- shore since July 1960 when a moderate concentration | of anchovies was observed near Santa Barbara. The November survey was no exception, and only 26 schools were sighted. ; Only four fish schools were seen north of Point Con- ‘ception, and these were about 1,000 feet off Ragged Point. None of these four were identified. The 22 re- maining fish schools were between Oceanside and La Jolla. Of these, 13 were anchovies and 9 were uni- dentified. About one mile off Torrey Pines 5 fish schools were spotted. After several passes over them with the plane shadow, they went deep and disappeared. Individual fish were visible from a very low altitude and appeared to be about a foot in length. Although they appeared to de mackerel, positive identification was not possible. Red tide was observed off Seal Beach, Los Angeles Long Beach Harbor, and along the beach from Malibu to Santa Monica. Note: Also see Commercial Figheries Review, Jamuary 1961 p. 19. Ok OK KOK OK 16 SHRIMP STUDY OFF CALIFORNIA COAST CONTINUED: M/V'"'N. B. Scofield'' Cruise 60-S-5-Shrimp: The coastal'waters off southern, central, and northern California were surveyed (Sept. 16-Oct. 30, 1960) by ‘the California Department of Fish and Game research vessel N. B. Scofield. Objectives were (1) to conduct exploratory fishing operations for pink shrimp (Panda- lus jordani); (2) to determine size, sexes, and weight of shrimp from different areas; (3) to obtain bottom temperatures in shrimp fishing areas; and (4) to iden- tify, measure, and weigh incidental fish catches. EXPLORATORY OPERATIONS: A total of 168 tows was made with a 20x8-ft. beam trawl having a nylon net of 13-inch mesh. These tows included 47 from the Oregon-California border to False Cape; 36 from Big Flat to Pt. Arena; 28 from just south of Pt. Arena to the Russian River; and 57 from San Simeon to Santa Cruz Island. CALIFORNIA Pt. St. George #Creéscent City Area "A" Patrick Pv Legend: yp - Beam trawling areas. Fig. 1 - M/VN, B. Scofield Cruise 60-S-5-Shrimp. The best shrimp catches in the northern area were made off Patrick Pt. in 50-55 fathoms, and west of Redding Rock in 54 fathoms. Tows in these areas \produced catches at the rate of 1,650 and 1,080 pounds \of heads-on shrimp per hour, respectively. Opera- tions from the Oregon border to Pt. St. George pro- duced shrimp at the rate of 275 pounds per hour in 58 \to 68 fathoms. Although shrimp were taken in 44 of 45 tows between the Oregon border and Trinidad Head, only in 18 tows were they taken at a rate greater than |200 pounds per hour. No shrimp were caught in two COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ‘tows south of the Eel River near Falge Cape, but one ~ Vol. 23, No. 2 tow produced 232 (approximately 464 pounds) Dunge- ness.crabs (Cancer magister). These were taken at a depth of 75 fathoms and all were soft. Operations revealed a large and heavily concen- trated school of shrimp in the Usal-Cape Vizcaino area. This school was approximately 13 miles long and 2.5 miles wide, and was in 55 to 75 fathoms of water. Fif- teen tows made along the entire length and width of the school, yielded an average catch of 1,598 pounds per hour. The most productive tow took shrimp at the |rate of 3,000 pounds per hour. Seven tows in the Big Flat area were not as productive. The best tow caught shrimp at the rate of 330 pounds per hour in 55 fathoms. Shrimp appeared to be thinned out in the Westport ‘area. This area, which had good commercial shrimp fishing in August 1960, had a catch rate of less than {210 pounds per hour. Five tows off the Navarro River, in 51-64 fathoms, produced only a few shrimp of the year--12 individuals about 6 months old were cap- (tured in one tow. i |Area "B-1" Legend: & --Beam trawling areas. Area "B-2"' Fig. 2 - M/VN. B. Soofield Cruise 60-S-S-Shrimp. A small shrimp school was located off Ft. Ross in 49 to 52 fathoms. The school was approximately 5 miles long and 1.5 miles wide. Five tows yielded an average catch of 622 pounds per hour. The most pro- ductive catch was at the rate of 1,000 pounds per hour. |\Shrimp were not found in commercial quantity off the Russian River in 40-47 fathoms. This is where shrimp were found in April 1960. Tows off Saunder's reef in 51 to 54 fathoms did not yield shrimp. February 1960 Tows were made off San Simeon, Estero Pt., Avila, and Pt. Sal. The most successful were off San Simeon and Estero Pt., and produced catches per hour of 172 and 174 pounds, respectively. Depths in these areas were 122 and 115 fathoms. The heaviest concentration was found 9 miles southwest of Avila in 110 to 120 fath- oms. Three tows yielded an average of 910 pounds per hour. The best catch was at the rate of 1,650 pounds per hour. Heavy seas prevented further exploration. The fishery existed at this locality in 1952 and 1953, but since then landings have declined and few shrimp ‘were found there by the commercial fleet. _ One tow, 15 miles southwest of Pt. Sal, in 126 fath- ‘oms, produced a catch of 570 pounds per hour. This was the general locality where three commercial ves-’ sels landed 75,000 pounds last season. In addition, “Legend: 9 - Beam trawling areas. i 4 3 iy Fig. 3- M/VN. B Scofield 60-S-5-Shrimp. six tows were made off Gaviota and 23\were made off the channel side of Santa Cruz Island. Although not in ‘commercial concentration in those localities, shrimp were taken in every tow off Gaviota and in 14 of the 23 tows off Santa Cruz Island. The best tow off Gaviota (in 120 fathonie)ioroduecd 69 pounds per hour. The most productive tow off Santa Cruz Island was in 127 fathoms and yielded 75 pounds per hour. SIZE, SEX, WEIGHT AND COUNT OF SHRIMP: — Samples of shrimp were obtained in all areas and in 130 of the 168 tows. Approximately 50 individuals from each of the samples were sexed, measured, and weighed, Many of the female shrimp contained head roe and a few were carrying spawn. Most of the 13-year old fe- males had head roe and would become first-year spawn-' ers during the winter. These shrimp had made the transition from male to female last summer. BOTTOM TEMPERATURES: A total of 131 bathy- — thermograph casts was made and bottom temperatures were obtained in all areas where shrimp were found. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17 INCIDENTAL FISH CATCHES: Incidental fish catch-| es were light in all areas. Counts and average weight of all species from 163 tows were recorded. Unmarket- , jable species such as slender sole,. Lyopsetta exilis, |hake, Merluccius productus, and coat rockfish, Se-' Bastodes saxicola, were the principal species. |Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1960 p. 17. Cans--Shipmenis for Fishery Products, January-October 1960 Total shipments of metal cans during Jan- uary-October 1960 amounted to 107,844 short tons of steel (based on the a- mount of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans) as compared with 101,537 tons in the same period of 1959. oy As of the end of October, the —""™ pack of California sardines continued to fall behind the poor pack of 1959. However, total packs for salmon and Maine sardines were up from 1959 and the tuna pack will be equal to or exceed the very good 1959 pack. Note: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to be producing metal cans. Reported in base boxes of steel consumed in the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery prod- ucts are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base boxes of steel equal one short ton of steel. ‘Central Pacific Fishery Investigations SKIPJACK TUNA BLOOD SAMPLES AID IN DISTRIBUTION STUDIES: M/V “Charles H. Gilbert’ Cruise 50: The Honolulu-based fisheries research vessel Charles H. Gilbert, of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, returned December 10, 1960, to Kewalo Basin from a two-months cruise in South Pacific waters. This voyage (Cruise 50) took scientists headed by a ge- neticist to Fanning and Christmas Islands in ‘the Line group, to |Tahiti,| and then to the - latoll of Rangiroa in the Tuemotu Archipelago, and to most of the major islands of the Mar- quesas. The crew caught bait fish at many of the islands for fishing skipjack tuna (aku), to jprovide material for the scientists' studies. One of the major research objectives; as ex- plained by the geneticist, was to compare the blood ‘types of the skipjack tuna taken in eachof ithe areas visited in order to determine whether ithe fish around each of the major island groups 18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW of the Central Pacific are interrelated or form separate local populations. The|skipjack, which supports Hawaii's largest commercial ‘fishery, is strongly seasonal in nature, indi- cating that the fish are migratory. Tuna ¢ ex-= seris nelhere that the species may exist in such great numbers in the ocean as a whole as to provide the basis for a much greater commercial catch than is produced at pres- ent. In order to determine what these po- tentialities may be, and how best to go about developing them, the necessary first step is to learn whether the skipjack of the Central Pacific belong to only a few large, wide- ranging populations or whether they form a large number of separate stocks. According to the geneticist, the results of his work on this cruise indicate little relationship be- tween the skipjack of Hawaiian waters and those found around the South Pacific archi- pelagoes. The blood studies further showed . that the skipjack of Marquesan and Tuamo- tuan waters are of strongly differing types. Other scientific work done during the cruise by fishery biologists included the col- lection of the very small larval and juvenile stages of tuna by means of special trawl nets towed below the surface. Observations and moving picture records of the behavior of skipjack were made through the windows in the unique underwater observation chambers in the stern and bow of the vessel. The re- actions of the tuna to sounds produced by porpoise and squid were recorded and will be studied in comparison with similar be- havior records taken in Hawaiian waters. Skipjack were found in good numbers in the Marquesas and Tuamotu areas, where they were fished with good success. Schools also appeared numerous in Tahitian waters, but the skipjack there were moving fast and erratically and did not respond well to bait. Vol. 23, No. 2 Dams INADEQUATE FISH PASSAGE FACILITIES AT OXBOW AND BROWNLEE DAMS CAUSE CONCERN: The problem of maintaining the salmon and steelhead runs at Oxbow and Brownlee . Dams has reached a very critical point, par- ticularly because of the apparent ineffective- ness of the downstream migrant facilities at Brownlee Dam consisting of a large net bar- rier in the reservoir and associated ''skim- The U. S. Department of the Interior in its letter of September 3, 1960, to the Fed- eral Power Commission pointed to the criti- cal nature of the problem and requested is- suance of an,order for appraisal studies and supplementary facilities for artificial prop- agation. The whole complex of problems in connection with these projects is receiving a great deal of attention from both the Fed- eral and State fisheries agencies. On September 16, 1960, the Idaho Power Company in a motion to the Federal Power Commission, requested that the hearing on the matter of fish facilities requirements at Oxbow and Brownlee Dams on the Snake River be reopened and that |an order be is- sued by the Federal Power Commission to the Company providing for: (a) A stay in the Commission's order of February 12, 1958, which requires construc- tion and operation of permanent-type fish |facilities at Oxbow Dam; (b) A.temporary arrangement for handling the upstream migrants at Oxbow Dam; (c) The development of a study program, to be financed by the Company, to appraise the effectiveness of the Brownlee and Oxbow Dam facilities; (d) The provision of supplementary facili- ties for the artificial propagation of the Spawn from about 2,000 adult salmon below Oxbow Dam. TINY Federal Purchases of Fishery Products 'DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES, JANUARY -NOVEMBER 1960: Frozen Fishery Products: For the use of the Armed Forces under the Department February 1961 of Defense, 1.7 million pounds ‘Gatwe: $898,000) of\fresh and frozen fishery prod- ucts were purchased in November 1960 by the Military Subsistence Supply Agency. This was less than the quantity purchased in October by 2.4 percent, but was 19.4 percent more than the amount purchased in Novem- ber 1959. The value of the purchases in No- vember 1960 was lower by 2.5 percent as compared with October, but was up 25.9 per- cent from November 1959. able 1 = Fresh and Frozen Fihey Products Purchased by, * Military Subsistence Supply Agency, November 1960 with Gomp During the first 11 months of 1960 pur-= chases totaled 21.2 million pounds (valued at $11.0 million)--an increase of 1.6 percent in|: quantity and 2.4 percent in value as com- pared with the same period in 1959. Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery products by the Department of Defense in November 1960 averaged 52.1 cents a pound, about 0.1 cent less than the 52.2 cents paid in October, but 2.7 cents more than the 49.4 cents paid during November 1959 when sup- plies were more plentiful.’ : Canned Fishery Products: Tuna was the principal canned fishery product purchased for the use of the Armed Forces during No- vember 1960. In the first 11 months of 1960, purchases of canned tuna were up about 20.5 ‘percent and canned salmon were up 231. Songs ishery P Military Subsistence Supply aaa, November 1960 with — percent as compared with the same period -in 1959. However, purchases of canned sar- dines in January-November 1960 were down about 87.7 percent, as compared to the same period in 1959. Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local pur- chases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are higher than indicated because local purchases are not ob- tainable. . COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW . 19 Florida “MIAMI UNIVERSITY MARINE LABORATORY RECEIVES GRANT FOR STUDIES OF MARINE LIFE: ‘A grant totaling $263,984 has been sasdle to the Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami by the National Heart Institutes of the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Public Health Service. The grant is to finance a five-year program of post-doc- toral fellowships for biologists trained in in- land institutions, but who wish to enlarge their experience through experimental studies of marine life. According to the Director of the Labora- tory, the investigation of marine animals is not only important from the point of view of marine biology but has also, in the past, con- tributed considerably to sciences basic to medical knowledge, such as embryology, physiology, and biochemistry. For this rea- son the new Marine Laboratory program has | been designed to provide research facilities for scientists whose training and experience has been in medical and other branches of biology rather than in marine biology. Each year during the five-year program as many as six biologists will be selected and will work at the Marine Laboratory for a pe- riod of one year. This activity will be under the general supervision of a merhber of the Marine Laboratory staff of scientists, aided by an advisory committee comprising a pro- fessor of biochemistry and a professor of physiology, both of the University of Miami School of Medicine. The program will involve formal courses to familiarize the participants with the flora ~ and fauna of the local marine areas. Follow- ing this, they will be encouraged to carry on their own researches under the supervision of one of the senior staff of scientists at the Marine Laboratory, or they may take a part in research programs already under way. on GA Great Lakes Fishery Investigations LAKE MICHIGAN FISH POPULATION SURVEY ENDS FOR SEASON: M/V "Cisco" Cruise 11: The fish popula-" tion survey in Lake Michigan was continued during the November 22-25, 1960, cruise-- 20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW the last of the season--by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries research vessel Cisco. All work was conducted off Grand . Haven, Mich. Immediately after the cruise, the Cisco was sent to winter dockage at Bay City, Mich. ? A 52-foot balloon trawl of the type used by Lake Michigan commercial fishermen was towed at 5-fathom-depth intervals from 10 to 40 fathoms. The best chub catches were only moderately large, but alewife catches were the largest of the season. Had the cod end of the trawl been made of smaller mesh, some of the alewife catches might have been much greater. On some occasions, many small alewives were seen escaping through the cod end when the net was brought in. Concerning the vertical distribution of major species, the greatest catch of chubse was taken at 25 fathoms, although some were taken at all depths; alewives were present also at all depths but were most abundant at 10-15 fathoms; yellow perch were! most numerous at 15 fathoms with virtually none taken at other depths. Small numbers of slimy sculpins, deep-water sculpins, smelt, and spot-tail shiners were also taken in the trawl. A single 19-inch whitefish was caught at 10 fathoms. : Gangs of nylon gill nets (50 feet each of 13- and 14-, 100 feet of 2-, and 300 feet each of 23+, 23-, 23-, 3-, 34-, and 4-inch mesh) were set at 25 and 50 fathoms. The catch at 25 fathoms was 578 Leucichthys hoyi, 3 L. reighardi, 1 L. kiyi, 5 lake her- ring, 96 alewives, 22 smelt, and 7 yellow perch; at 50 fathoms the nets took 420 L. hoyi, 14 L. kiyi, 3 L. zenithicus, 3 lake herring, and 7 fourhorn sculpins. Most of the L. kiyi were ripe, but none had spawned. Hydrographic observations and collec- tions were made at the regular 25-fathom station off Grand Haven. Surface-water temperatures in the open lake averaged about 46.59 F. Vertically homothermous conditions prevailed to a depth of 35 fathoms. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1961 p. 25. % OK OK OK WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR WHITEFISH SPAWNING SURVEY: MI/V Siscowet Cruise 9: The annual assessment of whitefish spawning activities in the Apostle Island region of Lake Superior observed. The average length of the white- Vol. 23, No. 2 was conducted (November 14-25, 1960) by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re- search vessel Siscowet. Large-mesh gill nets (4- to 6-inch mesh stretched measure) were set on four spawning reefs: Outer Is- land Shoal, Rocky Island Shoal, South Twin Island Shoal, and Cat Island Shoal. At each location except Cat Island, short gangs of nets were. set just offshore, with the skiff in water 3 to 10 feet deep. Trawl tows were made with the Siscowet in waters adjacent to South Twin Island and Cat Island. In ad- dition to the whitefish assessment studies, standard gangs of experimental gill nets (1- to 5-inch mesh by 3-inch intervals) were set south of Stockton Island. Eighty-seven out of 105 spawning whitefish caught by gill nets in the Apostle Island area were tagged and released at the place of cap- ture. Nearly all of the whitefish were males (only 10 females). All males were ripe but it was not until the end of the cruise that all of the females were ripe. No spent fish were fish was only 18.3 inches (about 2.0 pounds). The smallest mature whitefish was a 15.3- inch male and the largest was a 23.1-inch male. The females averaged larger (20.2 inches) than the males (18.1 inches). The occurrence of small whitefish on the spawn- ing grounds is further evidence that these fish mature at a smaller size in the Apostle Island region than whitefish in most other areas of the-lake. However, the Apostle Is- land whitefish are older at first maturity than fish from other areas. _ The catch of whitefish from the nets set in very shallow water was not appreciably different from the catch in deeper water. One small-mesh net (23-inch mesh, 150 feet long) was attached to the large-mesh gangs to sample associated species found on the spawning grounds. Lake herring and menominee whitefish predominated in the catch. The lake herring were large (aver- age weight: 0.9 pounds) and were \nearly ready to spawn. Stomachs from the menomi- February 1961 nee whitefish were examined. Two contained fish eggs; the rest were empty. The eggs resembled menominee eggs. Trawling in waters adjacent to the spawn- ing reefs failed to capture spawning white- fish. Tows made east of South Twin Island (25 fathoms) and east of Cat Island (14-27 fathoms) yielded mainly slimy muddlers, ninespine sticklebacks, trout-perch, smelt, and pygmy whitefish. All of the pygmy white- fish were ripe but not yet spawning. Nine immature whitefish were taken by trawls at 27 fathoms at the Cat Island station. The stomachs of these fish contained large num- bers of fish eggs. The eggs appeared to be either whitefish or menominee whitefish eggs. Standard gangs of gill nets were set south -of Stockton Island at 33 and 54 fathoms. i ept---- 77 ie oe 2%, % Zuup Lume s A/V’ Oregon Cruise 72 (November 18-December 4, 1968), COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21 Most of the L. hoyi were nearly ripe but not . as far advanced as the lake herring. Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program EXPLORATORY FISHING FOR INDUSTRIAL FISH CONTINUED; M/V “Oregon™ Cruise 72: A 12-day ex- \ploratory fishing survey of industrial fish concentrations off the Mississippi and Ala- bama coasts was completed by the U. S. Bu- reau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory et thi Sey Ly) >, ae : See: EN ae -<-<----- ° —— DAY TOW STATIONS. © —NIGHT TOW STATIONS. -—= --" 22 fishing vessel Oregon on December 4, 1960. The primary objective of this third cruise of a series was to assess the grounds south and east of the area (See chart) usually worked by the north Gulf industrial fish fleet in Decem- ber. A secondary objective was to delineate and chart foul-bottom areas that are not in- dicated on navigation charts. \Trawling operations were conducted round -' the-clock with 71 drags completed in the 4- to 225-fathom depth range. Geographical positions are indicated as day and night drags on the chart. Commercial quantities of industrial fish were taken between 4 and 26 fathoms in the area utilized by the industrial fishery. Best fishing was found in 16 fathoms south of Dauphin Island where a 1-hour drag pro- duced 6,000 pounds of croakers (Micropogon undulatus) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus). Other drags in the area produced catches ranging up to 3,000 pounds per hour. Commercial-size catches in areas not utilized by the fishery were confined to the 35- to 42-fathom depth range to the south and in 20 fathoms to the east. Catches in those areas ranged as high as 3,000 pounds © per one-hour tow and consisted mainly of croakers (maximum depth limit 20 fathoms), spot (averaging 3 to the pound), and white sea trout (Cynoscion nothus). Drags beyond | ‘the 40-fathom curve and east of 87°35! west were generally unproductive. There appeared to be no substantial difference in production in day or night drags. Bottom conditions in the area of. commer- cial fishing were generally suitable for con- ventional trawl gear with the exception of the . broken-bottom areas shown on the chart. Foul bottom was encountered to the southeast and-consisted of heavy rock formations (also noted on the chart). Depth-recorder indications of midwater ~ schools. were'notably absent’ during this pe- - COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 riod. The absence of schools is possibly at- tributable to the unseasonally warm climatic conditions that have prevailed in the north Gulf. Surface water temperature along the 40-fathom curve averaged 73° F. as com- pared to an average temperature of 68° F. for the December period of 1959. Standard ''Gulf of Mexico''- and ''New Eng- land''-type industrial fish trawls were used during the survey. The trawls were fished with 10-foot chain doors and single warp and bridle. Limited gear trials were conducted in the lee of Dauphin Island during a three- day period of strong northerly winds. The results suggest little difference in the fish- catching ability of the two types of trawls. It was found that the use of mud rollers on fairly firm bottom, although not affecting the fish catch, reduced the shrimp catch by ap- proximately 50 percent. Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review for Nov. 1960 p. 34, and Jan. 1961 p. 27 Haddock BIOLOGISTS PREDICT HIGHER LANDINGS FROM GEORGES BANK IN 1961: Better haddock landings from Georges Bank are expected during 1961, but prospects | for 1962 are dim, according to the biologists of the Woods Hole (Mass.) Biological Labora- | tory of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries. The past year has been a good scrod year as a new year-class (1958) grew to mar- ketable size. This year-class was found on E> (Melanogrammus aeqlifinus) the banks during surveys of the Bureau's re- search vessel Albatross III two years ago at which time the Laboratory predicted better scrod fishing in 1960. This year-class will support the fishery in 1961 and, since the fish will be larger, landings should hold up well. Beyond 1961, however, prospects are not so bright. There are no new strong year- classes in the offing. ‘Bureau research ves- February 1961 sels surveyed Georges Bank inthe fall, of 1959 and again in 1960 to assess the strength of the current year-classes. Nei- ther the 1959 nor the 1960 group was as strong as that of 1958. Thus, we can expect poor scrod landings in 1962. Since the 1958 year-class, by that time, will be losing its importance in the catches, we can expect lower total landings of haddock in 1962. Diversion of efforts to other banks will probably not alleviate the situation as no great abundance of young haddock are show- ing on other banks either. Bay _—=— Houston CONSUMPTION OF FROZEN FISH AND SHELLFISH IN RESTAURANTS AND INSTITUTIONS: In Houston, Tex., 83 percent of the 288 establishments surveyed reported buying frozen processed fishery products: fish, shellfish, and portions. Of the 239 reporting purchases of fishery products, 38.6 percent purchased fish; 33.0 percent purchased shell- fish; 18.8 percent purchased portions. Institutions, such as schools and hospitals used more frozen processed fishery prod- ucts than did public eating places. In terms of the percentage of places buying fish and shellfish, Houston ranked fifth among the ten cities used in the survey. Cod fillets were the most popular interms of total pounds purchased during November 1958. Ocean perch fillets, the second most popular, were purchased by 14 percent of the restaurants and institutions surveyed. Half of the Houston purchasers of frozen shellfish bought breaded shrimp during the survey month and almost 40 percent pur- chased raw peeled and deveined shrimp. Of the 59 Houston establishments using frozenportions, 65.1 percent purchased the product uncooked-breaded compared to 24.4 percent that purchased the portions un- cooked-plain. Frying was the most widely-used cooking method. Almost 80 percent of the establish- ments served fried processed fish as com- pared to about 68 percent and 91 percent serving shellfish and portions, respectively. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW : 23 Five-sixths of the Houston users of portions cooked them while frozen. Only a tenth jof the Houston estab- lishments using portions said they were more expen- sive than other forms of frozen processedfish. Half of the users of por- tions considered them less expen- sive and a third rated them about the ~ same. Restaurants and institutions in Houston tended to buy frozen processed fishery prod- ucts from wholesalers, usually located less than 10 miles away. Fishery wholesalers supplied 58 percent of the establishments; frozen food distributors supplied 34 per- cent. Deliveries were made once a week and services ofthe suppliers were sat- isfactory. Of the total users of frozen processed fishery products ‘in Houston, 168 establish- ments were aware that they could buy Gov- ernment-inspected or graded frozen proc- essed fish and shellfish. Practically all had bought some. When these purchasers were asked if the inspection had affected the a- mount of frozen processed fish and shellfish which they had bought, 8 percent said the in- spection had caused them to buy more. Note: -Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1960 p- 38; November 1960 p. 26; May 1960 p. 27; January 1960 p. 32. ens. New England FOOD-FISH LANDINGS UP BUT INDUSTRIAL-FISH LANDINGS DOWN IN 1960: The principal New England fishing ports reported for 1960 more food-fish landings but substantially lower industrial fish land- ings than in 1959, according to a preliminary report from the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Market News Service at Boston, Mass. Total food-fish landings in 1960 were 474 million pounds, about 2 percent above 1959; while industrial-fish landings in 1960 totaled only 101 million pounds as compared 24 with 229 million pounds the previous year. Lower ex-vessel prices prevailed at all New England ports in 1960. “The 1960 ex- vessel value of $38 million for all landings was $4 million less than the 1959 total. The largest drop was at New Bedford where scal- lop prices were down substantially. At Bos- Fig. 1 - Scallop dragger entering New Bedford harbor. ton and Gloucester the ex-vessel value was also down, due to lower dockside prices for haddock and ocean perch. Landings at Boston, Gloucester, New Bed- ford, Provincetown, Woods Hole, Mass.; Portland, Rockland, Maine; Point Judith, R. I.; and Stonington, Conn.--represent a- bout 75 percent of all New England fishery landings. New England's fishing vessels and shore plants operated at capacity in 1960. How- ever, vessel and plant replacements were few and the aging facilities were taxed heav- ily to maintain production. Continued use of the Bureau's Fisheries Loan Fund allowed many vessels to continue operation. The enactment of a Federal Vessel Construction Subsidy Program in 1960 offered some prom- ise for the future. Gloucester continued as the leading food- fish producing port in 1960 with 160 million pounds, followed by Boston with 108 million pounds, New Bedford with 75 million pounds, Portland with 52 million pounds, Rockland with 44 million pounds, Provincetown with 15 million pounds, Point Judith with 13 mil- lion pounds, Woods Hole with 4 million pounds, and Stonington with 3 million pounds. Ocean perch was again the leading food species landed in 1960 at the principal New England ports--141 million pounds--7 mil- lion pounds more than in 1959. Haddock COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 landings totaled 102 million pounds, 5 million pounds more than in 1959. Landings of large haddock were lighter in 1960, but scrod had- dock landings were up 6 million pounds, Whit- ing was next in volume with a total of 79 mil- lion pounds as compared|with 83 million pounds in 1959. The total landings of other important food species at the New England ports in 1960 were: flounders 56 million, cod 27 million, scallops 22 million, and pollock 19 million pounds. Of these, only flounder and scallop landings were higher in 1960 than in 1959. Sea scallops continued to be landed in record volume. The 1960 total of 22 million pounds was 10 percent above the previous year. About 90 percent of the sea scallops were landed at New Bedford, the Nation's leading scallop port. The industrial-fish fleets at New England's ports suffered from the depressed state of the’ fish meal market in 1960. Only 101 million pounds of industrial fish were landed as com- Fig. 2 - The fishing trawler Bonnie docked at Boston Fish Pier. Dangerous icing is usual for vessels fishing the North Atlantic in winter) pared with 229 million pounds the previous | year. Point Judith, R.1., Gloucester and New Bedford, Mass., were the hardest hit. Fish meal plants operated well below capacity and one plant at Gloucester was dismantled. Point Judith in 1960 continued as the leading producer of industrial fish, followed by Gloucester, Provincetown, and New Bedford, in that order. The greater part of the indus- trial fish is used in the manufacture of fish meal and oil, but good large quantities are also used for animal food. February 1961 As 1960 ended, stocks of frozen New Eng- land-produced fishery products were at good levels in warehouses throughout the Nation, but were about 10 percent under a year ear- lier. Domestic production was supplemented by imported fishery products that continued to arrive in record volume. Wholesale prices of most frozen fishery products were a shade higher than a year earlier as the year 1960 came to a close. --By John J. O'Brien, Supervisory Fishery Marketing Specialist, Branch of Market News, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Boston, Mass. vis? EXTENDING STORAGE LIFE OF FRESH FISHERY PRODUCTS BY USE OF RADIOISOTOPES TO BE STUDIED: A long-sought objective of the fishing in- dustry, the extension of the storage life of fresh fish and shellfish, was recently brought closer to realization when the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the U.S. A- tomic Energy Commission joined forces in a series of studies designed to preserve the characteristics of fresh fishery products by ionizing radiation. Preservation Most fish have a shelf life on ice of about 10 days from the time they are caught. Shucked clams and some other shellfish can be kept on ice for less than half this time. Extension of the shelf life of seafoods, par- ticularly those not amenable to freezing, would open new and diversified markets for the sale of fresh fish. It is the aim of scientists at the Bureau's Technological Laboratory at Gloucester, Mass., to double or triple the storage life of fresh fishery products by exposing them to small amounts of gamma rays from radio- isotopes, and then storing the products at temperatures of 35° to 409° F. Low-level radiation of this type kills or injures bacte- ria, This treatment, combined with refrig- erated storage, retards bacterial multiplica- tion. Ultimately, those bacteria that were injured but not killed are able to grow again and to produce spoilage in the food products. But, by selecting the proper amount of radi- ation, it is possible to reduce the bacterial population to any predetermined level and COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 295 thus prevent the appearance of spoilage for any desired period of time. One may then ask, why not apply radiation to kill all the bacteria and permit the storage of fresh fish for as long as we can now store canned fish? Chemists of the Bureau have found that they can easily apply levels of radi- ation sufficiently high to kill all the bacteria present in fish. When they do so, however, such high dosage may result in a loss of the delicate flavor and texture so characteristic of fish and shellfish at their best. Thus, a delicate relationship exists between the amount of radiation applied, the length of refrigerated storage life, and the degree of retention of these fresh flavor and texture properties. Since fish and shellfish are so desirable for their vitamin and high protein content, as well as for their high degree of palatability, Bureau chemists will also study the effect of radiation on the protein and vitamins of the irradiated foods to insure that when they are ready for marketing, some time in the future, they will contain the same amounts of these essential nutrients as exist in the fresh prod- uct. They will also establish minimum radia- tion levels that will enable extension of the storage life of fishery products 2 or 3 times that of unirradiated products without affect- ing odor and flavor. ‘Shellfish DUKE UNIVERSITY RECEIVES GRANT TO STUDY LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF SHRIMP AND CRABS: A $40,000 grant for basic research on shrimp, crabs, barnacles, and other crustatea during the next three years has been awarded to Duke University by the National Science Foundation. The studies will be conducted at the Duke Marine Laboratory located near Beaufort, N. C. The Laboratory will study under control- led laboratory conditions the larval develop- ment of shrimp, blue crabs, and barnacles. The purpose is to determine the best condi- tions for each species and the effect of con- stant salinity-temperature combinations on the frequency of molting and the time re- quired for complete development. Secondary objectives are to find the effects of light and diet on the number of larval stages, the time 26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW required for complete development, and the relationship of physical factors to survival. Duke researchers have already reared in the Laboratory certain species of blue crabs. South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program FISH AND SHELLFISH RESOURCES OFF COASTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA SURVEYED: M/V “Silver Bay Cruise 27: The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries chartered fishing vessel Silver Bay completed a 15-day exploratory fishing trip on December 16, 1960, off Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Scallop dredges, clam dredges, shrimp trawls, and fish trawls were used at 56 stations. M/V Silver Bay Cmise 27 (Dacewiber 1-December 16, 1960). Trawling transects were completed be- tween Port Royal Sound and Frying Pan Shoal light ship in depths of 5 to 115 fathoms. Numerous depth-recorder tracings of near- bottom fish schools were observed in the vi- ' cinity of 33°10' north latitude and 77°45! west longitude in depths of 20 to 50 fathoms. Attempts to sample these indications with fish trawls were uniformly unsuccessful with the exception of one 1-hour tow in 30 to 40 _of 4 to 8 fathoms. ‘was third with 5 vessels. ‘New England followed ithe Middle Atlantic and ‘South Atlantic'areas with a = wo. ae 1 each. 40to 49.. 80 to 89. During the first ten 190 to 199 . months of 1960, a total Vol. 23, No. 2 fathoms which caught 900 pounds of grunts, 750 pounds of goatfish, 440 pounds of vermil- lion snapper, and 130 pounds of mixed scrap species. One complete rig (trawl, bridle, and doors) was lost on a hang-up in this area. Clam dredging was conducted between Cape Romain and St. Catherine Sound using a 14-tooth ''Fall River'' clam dredge in depths A few live clams (Venus — mercenaria) in the 3- to 5-inch size range were caught but no beds were noted. Large concentrations of dead Venus shells were dredged at some stations, possibly indicative of clam beds in shallower depths than could be reached by the Silver Bay. Surface trolling between stations produced five little tuna (Euthynnus alletteratus) and one big-eyed tuna (Thunnus obesus). Note: elie see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1960 p. 42. (te United States Fishing Fleer! /inddinons OCTOBER 1960: A total of 31 vessels of 5 net tons and over were issued first documents as fishing craft ablepiy=\UaiSeaV essclalesnediRimt Documents as Fishing Craft |’ by Areas, October 1960 October 11960 [ 1959 | 1960] 1959 | New England Middle Atlantic Chesapeake = South Atlantic | Note: Vessels assigned to the various areas on the basis of their home ports. ‘during October 1 960--a decrease of 3 vessels as compared with the same month of 1959. . The Chesapeake area led with 10 vessels. The Gulf area was second ‘with 8, and the Pacific able 2 u. 3. eaels* Issued First Documents | as Fishing Craft by | Tonnag ge Tonnage, October 1960, [Net Tous [Number | St 9. with 4, Alaska with 2, and 1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft. February 1961 lof 366 vessels were issued first documents las fishing craft--67 less the same period of (1959. Most of the decline occurred in the \Gulf area--a drop of 50 vessels as compared ‘with the 1959 ten-months period. KK OK OK OK NOVEMBER 1960: During November 1960 26 vessels of 5 net tons and over were issued first docu- ments as fishing craft--6 less than in Novem- ber 1959. The Chesapeake led all other areas Table 1 - U. S. Vessels Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft by Areas, November 1960 i 1959 19601 1959|_ 1959 | : Vessels assigned to the various areas on the basis of their '||home ports. with 8 vessels, followed by the Gulf and Pa- cific each with 5, the Great Lakes with 4, while the New England and South Atlantic areas accounted for the | Tapiea—U. S. Vessels remaining 4. Issued First Documents as Fishing Craft by A totalof 392 vessels |Lonmage: November 1960 were issued first docu- ments as fishing craft during the first eleven months of 1960--73 less than during the same period of 1959. \U. S. Fish Meal and Solubles Production and Imports, January-November 1960 During the first eleven months of 1960, the United Statés production of fish meal amounted to 251,200 tons, compared with 266,900 tons for the same period in 1959. There was a drop of nearly 4,000 tons of Alaska herring meal, 3,400 tons of tuna and mackerel meal, and 7,200 tons of meal from other countries. The production of menhaden meal during the 1960 eleven-months period declined only 1,000 tons. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27 Imports of fish meal totaled 116,000 tons for the period January-November 1960-- ~ 11,400 tons less than in the same period of 1959. Imports from Peru (58,200 tons) made up 50 percent of the total, \while Canada fol- lowed with the next largest amount (29,600 tons). The remaining 28,200 tons were re- ceived from Chile, Union of South Africa, Angola, and other countries. \[__U. S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, 1960 and 1959 Total 1959 || Fish Meal: "Domestic production: Menhaden ... einer Tuna and mackerel. ocod 2 2 2 “ce eo + 2 eo 8 se \Union of South Africa . . ‘Other cout 159, 930|165, 359 1,377| 1,660], 18,723| 18,723 6,110| 6,247 [ __ Available fish solublessupply| 99,215] 186, 1401191, 989] TBased< on reports from firms which accounted for 92 perctnt of the 1959 production. 2/Includes production of homogenized- scondemed fish. 809 1, 858 447 During the first eleven months of 1960, the domestic production of fish-solubles amounted to 96,100 tons--a drop of 63,800 tons compared with the same period of 1959. Imports of fish solubles totaled 3,100 tons during the 1960 eleven-months period compared with 26,200 tons for the 1959 eleven-months period. HES [U. S. Foreign Trade EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, OCTOBER 1960: Imports of edible fresh, frozen, and proc- essed fish and shellfish into the United States during October 1960 increased by 9.6 percent in quantity and 13.9 percent in value as com- pared with September 1960. The increase was due primarily to higher imports of fro- zen albacore tuna (up 3.6 million pounds) and | frozen shrimp (up 6.0 million pounds), and to 28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 a lesser degree, an increase in the imports ports in excess of the quota will be dutiable of fresh, frozen, and canned salmon. The in- | at 25 percent ad valorem. crease was partly offset by a 2.0-million- pound decrease in the imports of tuna other Imports from than albacore. January 1-De- cember 3, 1960, Compared with October 1959, the imports | amounted to in October 1960 were lower by 13.6 percent 46,563,451 pounds, in quantity and 1.3 percent in value due to a according to data drop in the imports of frozen groundfish and | compiled bythe U.S. other fillets (down 12.4 million pounds), can- | Bureau of Customs. ned tuna in brine (down 3.0 million'pounds), A total of 49,966,082 pounds had been im- and frozen tuna other than albacore (down ported from January 1-November 28, 1959. 4.6 million pounds). Compensating, in part, SS for the decreases was an increase of about SSeS 4.2 million pounds in the imports of frozen XY Ae albacore tuna and fresh and frozen salmon SSS pe (up 1.6 million pounds), | Wholesale Prices, December 1960 U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products, The Deeember 1960 wholesale price index for edible fish- October 1960 with Comparisons ery products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at 133.2 percent of the 1947-49 average was up 1.3 percent from the preceding month and 8.6 percent above the same month of 1959. The December 1960 wholesale price index was at the highest point for the year and was the second highest (reached : 134.8 in December 1958) for the 1951-60 period. The in- Fish € shellfish: crease from November 1960 to December 1960 was due Fresh. fro i & mainly to higher ex-vessel haddock prices at Boston fol- pesuieaern) lowing some severe weather. From December 1959 to De- processed Se s : e cember 1960, all prices in the fishery products wholesale index rose except those for frozen dressed halibut, fresh yellow pike, and Maine and California canned sardines. Processed ae 1/ : (excluding fresh The drawn, dressed, and whole finfish subgroup index & frozen) _. . | |,in December 1960 was up 5.0 percent’from the preceding 1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other specialties. ao = i United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in October 1960 were lower by ‘2.3 percent in quantity and 17.6 percent in value as compared with September 1960. Compared with the same month in 1959, the exports in October 1960 were lower by 1.7 percent in quantity, but were up about 47.4 percent in value. The lower volume of ex- ports in October 1960 as compared with the same month in 1959 was due primarily toa drop of about 1.1 million pounds in the ex- ports of California sardines. The increase in value from October 1959 to October 1960 was due to higher exports of relatively, high- priced items such as canned salmon and fro- zen shrimp. month, Mid-December 1960 price increases of 34.2 per- cent for large drawn haddock at Boston and 7.1 percent for fresh round whitefish at New York City were mainly re- sponsible. From December 1959 to December 1960, the * OK OK KOK subgroup index rose 12.1 percent due to sharply higher prices for dressed whitefish at Chicago (up 61.2 percent), plus frozen dressed king salmon (up 18.0 percent), and IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA IN fresh drawn large haddock at Boston (up 8.6 percent). The ™ increases were partially offset by lower prices for frozen BRINE UNDER QUOTA: dressed halibut and fresh yellow pike at New York City. The quantity of tuna canned in brine which may be imported into the United States during The fresh processed fish and shellfish subgroup in- ion dex increased 3.6 percent from November to December the calendar year 1960 at the 123 percent 1960--the short supplies of haddock on the Boston market rate of duty is 53,448,330 pounds. Any im- in mid-December 1960 caused a spurt of 25.6 percent in February 1961 the prices for fresh haddock fillets, and fresh shrimp prices at New York City increased 4.3 percent. Prices for fresh shucked oysters at Norfolk continued unchanged from the preceding two months. From December 1959 to December 1960, prices in the subgroup increased 9.1 percent. All subgroup items were higher priced in December 1960 as compared with December 1959. The frozen processed fish and shellfish subgroup in- dex dropped 3.8 percent from November to December 1960 due to lower frozen shrimp prices at Chicago and slightly lower frozen flounder fillet prices at Boston, but prices for haddock and ocean perch fillets were unchanged. As compared with December 1959, December 1960 wholesale frozen fillet prices were higher due to lower inventories, also the frozen shrimp prices at Chicago were up about 8.2 percent. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29 Canned fish prices in December 1960 were about un- changed (down 0.3 percent) from the preceding month ex= cept for canned lightmeat tuna which was down 10 cents a case, However, December 1960 canned fish prices were up 5.8 percent from the same month of 1959 due to higher prices for canned pink salmon (up 12.3 percent) and canned lightmeat tuna (up 1.2 percent). Both canned salmon and canned California sardines are in very light supply until the 1961 packing season for each gets under way. At the end of December 1960, the annual pack of tuna set a new record. In spite of the excellent pack, good demand and canners’ promotion efforts have maintained a reasonably steady mar- ket for canned tuna. In the early months of 1961 supplies of canned tuna will be liberal and supplies of Maine sardines will be moderate. : Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, December 1960 With Comparisons Point of Pricing Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification eee ce emcee coe — ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned). . 1. «ese c esc eccs cc ee Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products:. . . » « » o. « Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: . . . . oe « |. Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh. ... .» Halibut, West., 20/80 ibs., drsd., fresh or froz, Salmon, king, Ige. & med,, drsd., fresh or froz, Whitefish, L, Superior, drawn, fresh Yellow pike, L.Michigan & Huron, rnd., fresh . Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):. .-. . . ». o» +... Boston tb. New York | Ib. Norfolk Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-1b. tins . . Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh. . . Oysters, shucked, standards . . . . » » © © Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish); ...... Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-Ib, pkg.. . . . Haddock, smi, skins on, 1-Ib. pkg. . . Ocean perch, skins on, 1-Ib, pkg. . . © Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), 5-Ib. pkg. . . 2» « Canned Fishery Products: . . ....ec-+ceece ' Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 oz.), 48 cans/cs... . Tuna, It. meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 0z.), Sardines, Calif,, tom. pack, No. 1 oval (15 oz.), ASICANS/ CS apsierwicuiclulsuienishishls ysis earallte/ Meu cie aie Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn (8-3/4 oz.), 100 cans/cs, Boston New York | lb. New York | bb. Chicago bb. Whitefish, L, Erie pound or gill net, rnd., fresh | New York | lb. New York | 1b. Indexes (1947-49=100) Avg. Prices 1/ Unit ($) Dec, Nov. Dec, Nov. | Oct. | Dec, 1960 | 1960 1960 1960 | 1960 | 1959 133.2 | 131.5] 129.4} 122.7 165,4 ib. 1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fish- ery Products Reports” should be referred to for actual prices, 30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION BIOLOGIST TO SURVEY SHRIMP RESOURCES OFF LATIN AMERICA: A marine biologist engaged in fisheries research at the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., arrived in Latin America in December 1960 to begin a Food and Agricul- ture Organization (FAO) assignment as a shrimp biologist. The United States biologist = was sent:to Latin America to survey the shrimp re- sources of the south coast of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. During his year- long assignment to FAO, he will undertake the training of fisheries staffs in these three countries in principles and methods of fisheries biology. OK kk OK MODERN FISH PROCESSING YIELDS NEW PRODUCTS: With modern processing, fish are begin- ning to be found in many new products, ac- cording to the Food and Agriculture Organi- zation, Rome, Italy. For instance, there are new fish wieners, noodles and flour, fish sauces, tuna"ham,"| and shrimp "krupuks"" which are eaten like potato chips. Process- ing has not only developed new fish products, but by applying modern methods of preser- vation, has enabled countries to boost their fish consumption and exports. In the Indo-Pacific region, where the hot, humid tropical climate and lack of developed transportation have acted as deterrents [in the marketing of fish, processing has been one of the keys in fishery development. India, within the past six years, has coupled the discovery of new shrimp grounds with im- proved methods of handling and processing Vol. 23, No. 2 SSS to raise her shrimp landings to where sheis now an important exporter of shrimp. The landings of marine fish in the Indo- Pacific area (excluding Japan and Mainland China) have steadily climbed from 2.7 million metric tons in 1954 to about 3.4 million metric tons in 1959. Processing has kept pace with the output, devising new products such as the fish sausage or wieners. The wieners, a tasty combination of chief- ly tuna, marlin, and whale meat, are manu- factured in Japan and exported to the United States and to such citadels of wiener con- sumption as Germany and Austria. This Japanése industry, developed in the past five years, began in 1954 with a 2,000-ton output. This rose to 59,000 tons in 1958 and the in- dustry predicts a 100,000-ton production in the.near future. One factory, alone, manu- factures 500,000 'pieces of fish sausage daily. KK KK NEW BRITISH TRAWLER NAMED AFTER FISHERIES DIRECTOR: The M/V D. B. Finn, a British distant- water trawler, has been named after the Di- rector of the Food and Agriculture Organi- zation (FAO). Launched at Goole, England, the vessel was christened by the wife of the Director. Dr. Finn sent a cable from Penang, Malaya, where he is on an official FAO visit, expressing his best wishes for successful voyages for the new vessel. The trawler was named in tribute to the FAO's Fisheries Division that Dr. Finn heads, and for the fine work that his Division has contributed to the fishery industry. The vessel is equipped with all the mod- ern aids to fishing in their most advanced stage, so that the skipper will be able to ex- ercise push-buttoncontrol over his vessel. She has automatic steering, gyro compass, direct-engine control, fish-finding instru- February 1961 International (Contd.): ments, two radar sets and a radar track in- dicator, ian electric log, plus switches for stopping the winch, etc. The new trawler has a bulbous bow, de- veloped after extensive tank tests done in collaboration with the National Physics Lab- oratory at Teddington, England. It is expec-: ted that, with this type of bow, the ship will have a speed in excess of 15 knots. The M/V D, B. Finn has an over-all length of 2025 feet and will accommodate a crewof 31. She is designed for starboard fishing only and has a fish storage capacity of 18,250 cubic feet. Dr. Finn, a former Canadian Deputy Min- ister of Fisheries, joined FAO in his current post in 1946. Along with directing the work of his Division, he has represented FAO on many international bodies and at conferences dealing with fisheries. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE FIRST PHASE OF SEVENTEENTH SESSION OF CONTRACTING PARTIES ENDS: Trade matters of fundamental importance to the nations that participate in the work of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) were dealt with at the Seventeenth Session of the Contracting Parties which end- ed November 19, 1960. In line with its over-. all trade expansion program, the United States continued to make full use of the opportuni- ties afforded by the GATT to press for the re- moval of restrictions on United States ex- ports. Among the items considered at the Geneva meeting were the removal of import restrictions, the GATT program for the ex- pansion of trade, the formation of regional markets, the problem of the avoidance of market disruption, and accession by a num- ber of newly-independent and other countries. The second phase of the Seventeenth Session was scheduled to begin in January 1961. During the session the United States urged the early removal of restrictions on imports of United States products, both in the multi- lateral forum of the GATT and in informal, bilateral consultations. The GATT Committee on Balance-of-Pay- ments Restrictions shortly before and dur- ing the session conducted consultations with Ceylon, Denmark, Finland, Israel, Japan, New COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31 Zealand, Norway, and Pakistan on the quan- titative import restrictions each maintains to protect its balance of payments. In the’ consultations, the United States urged the consulting countries to relax their import restrictions as quickly as their balance-of- payments positions permit and, in particular, to eliminate any remaining discrimination against American goods, including that aris- ing from commitments under bilateral ar- rangements. The Committee's annual report on the discriminatory application of import restrictions noted that, despite conspicuous progress in recent months in eliminating so- called discrimination, many countries con- tinue to discriminate against imports from dollar countries as well as against imports from other sources. In approving the report, the Contracting Parties urged the rapid elim- ination of discrimination. The Contracting Parties also examined import restrictions maintained by Germany and Belgium. During the session, Italy announced that a large number of industrial items, and some agricultural products, would be liberalized. The United States also re- quested multilateral examination of restric- tions maintained by France. Bilateral consultations held between the United States and representatives of France, Greece, Japan, Norway, and Sweden covered specific trade problems in a wide range of industrial and agricultural products. The United States was assured that consideration would be given to easing of the restrictions. Before the end of the session, Uruguay announced that it had eliminated the quanti- tative import restrictions which had pre- viously been maintained for balance-of- payments reasons. During the discussion of the general prob- lem of import restrictions, the Contracting Parties reaffirmed their view that special efforts should be directed toward the re- moval of all restrictions not justified under the General Agreement. They also agreed to new procedures for the quick and effective consideration of, and consultation on, any future restrictions which countries might consider necessary to safeguard their for- eign exchange reserves. The work of GATT Committees II and III, established at an earlier session to study agricultural protectionism and obstacles to the trade of the less-developed countries, was 32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW International (Contd.): reviewed by the Contracting Parties. Com- mittee II, after consultations with most of — the major agricultural exporters, is now as- sessing the effects of national agricultural policies on world trade in agricultural pro- ducts. The disadvantages of high levels of protection have already been clearly brought out by the Committee's work. Fishery pro- ducts were also included in the study. Committee III recognizes the importance of trade to the economic development of less- developed countries. The objectives of this GATT program, unique among the efforts of international] bodies to deal with the trade problems of the less-developed countries, are to enlarge the present markets of these countries and accelerate diversification of their exports. To date, the Committee has identified obstacles to expansion of trade of the less-developed countries and has called on governments to examine urgently the pos- sibilities of eliminating or reducing such ob- stacles. Many nations noted with concern the little progress made by some industrial coun- tries in this respect. The Committee has also considered steps that the less-developed countries themselves can take to expand their trade. As at previous sessions, a spokesman for the European Economic Community (HEC) reported on developments in the Community during the last six months. The United States after reiterating its support for the success- ful integration of the member states within a liberal trade pattern, stressed the impor- tance of a liberal commom agricultural pol- icy in harmony with the GATT objective of expanding international trade. The United States also expressed the hope that commod- ity problems, particularly those faced by certain less-developed countries, would be taken into account by the Community. While no decision was taken as to the con- formity with the GATT of the provisions of the Stockholm convention, which established the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the belief that the Convention as a whole is in harmony with the spirit of the General agreement was restated by the United States and a number of other countries. The Con- tracting Parties agreed that there remained certain legal and practical issues which could not be fruitfully discussed further at this stage. The seven-member group (Aus- Vol. 23, No. 2 tria; Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) indicated its readiness to furnish further information as requested by the Contracting Parties. Careful examination was given to the Treaty of Montevideo which will establish the Latin American Free Trade Area, a group- ing of Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, Argen- tina, Mexico, and Paraguay. The review of the Treaty in the light of the objectives and provisions of the General Agreement result- ed in the adoption by the Contracting Parties of conclusions which should permit the Latin American countries to proceed with the rati- fication and application of the Montevideo Treaty. The representatives of the South American countries declared the intention of their governments to observe their inter- national commitments, including those under the GATT, and to provide the GATT Con- tracting Parties with all useful information as the Latin American Free Trade Area de- velops. The United States expressed the belief that the Latin American Free Trade Area, acting in conformity with GATT pro- visions and principles, could lead to the ex- pansion of trade and advance the welfare of countries both within and without the proposed free-trade area. Primacy of the GATT in the trade field was reemphasized by the United States in the discussion of the negotiations in progress in Paris to reconstitute the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) into the Organization for Economic Coopera- tion and Development (OECD). The new body, in which the United States and Canada also plan to participate, is seen as a means of strengthening international economic cooper- ation in the broad field of national economic policy and of increasing and improving the flow of development assistance to the less- developed countries. Importance was at- tached to the maintenance of close liaison between the two bodies. Discussion of the continued failure of some countries to apply the General Agree- ment to Japan highlighted consideration of the problem of the avoidance of market dis- ruption. The adverse economic, political, and social repercussions that sharp increases in imports in a narrow range of commodities could have in some importing countries has caused general concern. The program laid out by the GATT calls for finding practical ways to facilitate the expansion of trade February 1961 International (Contd.): while avoiding these possible adverse effects. At the Spring Session of the GATT, a working party was established to consider the general problem. This group presented the outline of a program which will enable the Secretar- iats of the GATT and the International Labor Office to study the underlying social and com- mercial factors. To supervise the study pro- gram and assist in the solution of immediate problems, the Contracting Parties at the Seventeenth Session established a standing Committee on Market Disruption. New voluntary consultative procedures for bilateral and multilateral examination of these problems were agreed upon as a prac- tical first step towards solution of specific © problems. The standing Committee will con- tinue to search for a generally acceptable multilateral solution of such problems. A noteworthy accomplishment of the ses- sion was the opening for acceptance of a dec- laration whereby it is hoped that the major trading nations will renounce the use of ex- port subsidies on manufactured products that tend to disturb normal competition. Harry Shooshan represented the Depart- ment of the Interior on the U. S. Delegation to the Seventeenth Session. INDO-PACIFIC FISHERIES COUNCIL SPONSORS TRAINING CENTER ON FISH-PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY: To continue the upward trend in fisheries development in the Indo-Pacific area, which yields the world's third largest catch of fish, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) sponsored Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council (IPFC) has recommended that a training cen- ter on fish-processing technology, with par- ticular reference to the curing of fish in hu- mid, tropical climates, be held in that area. At the invitation of the Republic of the Phil- ippines, a sixtweeks training center is sched- uled at Quezon City, P. I., beginning March 6, 1961. The 17 IPFC member countries, which cover an area roughly bordered in the north by Japan, the south by Australia, in the east by Pakistan, and the west by Hawaii, have been invited to send participants to attend the center. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33 The Training Center is designed to give participants an opportunity to get practical experience in the various means of utilizing fish in humid tropical climates, and to com- pare the different processing methods. This will include demonstrations of salting, dry- ing, and smoke-curing fish, and preparing fermented and processed fish products. Freezing and cold storage of fish and shrimp will also be demonstrated along with discus- sions of the methods and equipment needed to manufacture fish meal, flour, oil, and liver oil. This will enable the participants to define as/precisely as possible the defects in the fish-curing industry, and to learn meth- ods of investigation of fish processing and quality control. Discussion of suitable food legislation and regulations concerning fish handling and processing in the countries of the region is planned, and will be based on papers sub- mitted by center participants. Results from the center's training pro- gram plus information collected from the region will be used by FAO for a handbook and manual on fish processing. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT NEW ORGANIZATION TO REPLACE "ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COOPERATION": The Ministers of 20 Governments, met in Paris on December 14, 1960, and signed the Convention creating the Organisation for E- conomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) which is to take the place of the Or- ganisation for European'|Economic Cooper- ation (OEEC) as soon as the Convention has been ratified or approved by at least 15 Sig- natory Countries. The Governments of the following countries were represented: Aus- tria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Por- tugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. At the same Conference the Ministers also approved a report recommending the struc- ture and the activities which the new Organ- ization will have at its inception. Canada and the United States joined with the 18 European countries members of the OEEC in agreeing to sign on December 14, 1960, a convention setting up the OECD. 34 International (Contd.): With the recovery and progress of the European economy, sustained by the generous aid of the United States as well as of Canada, and furthered by the cooperation established within the OKEC, the European countries are now in a position to face, in full and close cooperation with Canada and the United States, the important new tasks and the broader ob- jectives of today. These objectives are set forth in the con- vention in these terms: To achieve the highest sustainable econ- omic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in the member countries while maintaining financial stability and, thus, to contribute to the development of the world economy; to contribute to sound economic expansion in member, as well as non-mem- ber countries in the process of economic de- velopment; and to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral non-discrim- inatory basis in accordance with international obligation. The convention provides for the establish- ment of a council, the supreme body of the organization, which will have the power to take decisions and make recommendations by mutual agreement of all the Members. In addition, the ministers agreed on a committee structure to assist in implementing the aims and carrying out the activities of the organ- ization. The OECD will extend and strengthen the OEEC practice of consultation on the econ- omic situation and policies of member coun- tries. It will pay special attention to the in- ternational effects of national policies, with a view to establishing a climate of mutual understanding conducive| to the harmonious adjustment of policies. These consultations will be a major activity in pursuing the ob- jective of economic growth, essential to enable the member countries to fulfill their responsibilities in the world economy. The OECD will have important functions in the matter of assistance to developing countries. The 20 governments have agreed in the convention to contribute to the econom- ic development of both member and nonmem- ber countries in the process of economic de- velopment by appropriate means and, in par- ticular, by the flow of capital to those coun- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 tries, having regard to the importance to their economies of receiving technical assis- tance and of securing expanding export mar- kets. Most of the organs of OHCD will have a part to play in the realization of this under- taking. The 11-member Development Assis - tance Group, set up earlier this year, will, upon the inception of the OECD, be constituted as the Development Assistance Committee. This Committee will continue to consult on the methods for making national resources available for assisting countries and areas in the process of economic development, and for expanding and improving the flow of long- term funds and other development assistance to them. In the field of trade the OECD will carry out the following functions: Confrontation on general trade policies and practices at regular intervals or when re- quested by a member; examination of specif- ic trade problems primarily of interest to members; and consideration of any outstand- ing short and long-term problems falling within the terms of reference of the Committee on Trade Problems established in January 1960. _In addition to these activities, the OECD will expand and strengthen those activities of the OHREC which have proved their prac- tical.value for more than a decade and which are to be taken over by the OECD in pursu- ance of its objectives. The OECD will thus be able to fulfill the desire of the countries which have created it by becoming the forum in which 20 countries will consult, cooperate closely, and where appropriate take coordin- ated action to meet the economic tasks which face them today. Angola FISHING INDUSTRY BEING REORGANIZED: Preparations are being made to reorgan- ize the Angolan fishing industry. Scientific studies are being made of the fish found in Angolan waters, technical and economic studies are being undertaken on the indus- trial plants, and marketing studies are being prepared. A central concept of the reorgan- ization plan is the proposed concentration of the industry into a limited number of large cooperatives made up of modern, economic processing plants. Fish fillets and canned and dried fish are to become the principal February 1961 Angola (Contd.): products of the industry, with fish meal and oil as important byproducts. Up to now the fishing industry has been concentrating on fish meal and oil. This extensive reorganization presupposes modernizing many existing plants, and the construction of new facilities, especially for producing canned and frozen fish. & FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY: As of November 1960, there were 10 fish-meal plants in Argentina reducing fresh-water fish and 6 reducing marine fish (only 4 of the 6 are in operation in Mar del Plata), The source of raw material for the 4 plants is waste from can- ning and filleting. When operating, the other 2 plants use whole fish=-principally trawl-caught hake (Merluccius) when they are able to obtain boats and crews. Argentina Plans have been projected for two other marine fish- meal plants=-one for Mar del Plata to operate on filleting wastes, and one for Rawson, It probably will bea year be~ fore these plants are ready to operate. The plants that reduce salt-water fish use homemade, secondhand United States equipment, and highly modern equipment capable of concentrating stickwater and adding it to the meal in the dryer. The more modern plants are of Danish origin. In general, the plants are about equally divided between direct-flame and steam-drying. The marine plants use only scrap from canning and fil- leting operations and whole fish that is not used for human consumption, The Mar del Plata plants principally utilize hake (Merluccius), anchovy or sardines (Engraulis), and mackerel (Pneumatophorus). The mackerel and hake scrap is usually unsalted, but the anchovy scrap is very heavily salted. The hake scrap is reported to give 50 to 60 percent pro- tein, 22 to 30 percent ash, and moisture and fat from 6 to 7.5 percent. The anchovy scrap yields 40 to 50 percent pro- tein with as mich as 10 percent salt. Oil recovery on scrap is extremely low. Of the ten plants reducing fresh-water fish, most are quite primitive; o n ly one has a rotary direct-flame dryer, and only 2 use centrifuges for separating the oil. The sabalo (Prochilodus platensis) is not related to the sabalo or tarpon of Mexico, but is a fresh-water fish caught in large beach seines which are set from oared skiffs and hauled ashore by teams of horses. In one plant the whole fish are elevated into metal bins by an endless bucket device and cooked in live steam. The more usual system is to dump the fish into metal vats where they are cooked 3 to 4 hours by direct heat. Some of these vats may hold as many as 10 to 12 tons of fish. The oil and water mixture is drained off from the bottom of the vats into settling tanks. ‘The cooked fish are hand=pressed in screw presses and then spread out on a cement platform to dry. Drying takes from 1 to 4 days. The dried fish are then ground into meal. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35 The fresh-water plants are regulated by a season (Qcto- ber through March), and each plant is given a quota. The largest plant has a seasonal quota of 2,500 tons of raw fish a season. The sabalo is extremely fat fish; it yields 12 to 12.5 per- cent oil on a fresh-fish weight basis for those plants having centrifuges. Analysis of sabalo oil shows a moisture content of 0.2 to 0.6 percent, acidity from 0.82 to 1.0 percent, and a non- saponifiable rating of 1.5 to 2.0 percent. Another source gave acidity between 1.6 and 12.0 percent and a nonsaponifi- able rating of 1.0 to 3.5 percent and an iodine number of 95 to 130. Sabalo meal from artificial drying was reported as 57 to 65 percent protein, 8.5 to 10.0 percent fat, 6.2 to 6.8 percent moisture, and 3.5 to 4.5 percent sand, Sun-dried meal shows between 7 to 9 percent moisture, 50 to 60 percent protein, 8 to 10 percent fat, + percent salt, and 6 to 8 percent sand, In 1959 a total of about 4,000 metric tons of fish meal and 700 metric tons of fish oil were produced. The marine plants produced 2,755 tons of meal and 7 tons of oil; the fresh-water fish plants produced 1,217 tons of fish meal and 694 tons of oil. The salt-water meal and oil industry is of recent origin whereas fresh-water fish reduction has been in progress 60 years. Peak fresh-water reduction was reached in 1948 wnen 10,600 metric tons of sabalo were used to produce 1,100 tons of meal and 1,900 tons oil. Oil is the mainstay of the fresh- water reduction plants. Salt-water reduction plants came in- to being because of high prices for meal, until recently, and as a means of disposing of cannery, and more recently, fillet- ing scrap. At present, the Mar del Plata reduction plants are paying nothing for the scrap they receive from processing plants (there are reported to be some 80 or more canneries ‘in Mar del Plata), as the cost of disposal of scrap is more than the cost of delivery to the reduction plants. This situation is quite recent though and has resulted from the depressed world market for meal. Previously, reduction plants were paying 15 centavos a kilo (US$1.85 a metric ton) for scrap. In fresh-water reduction plants, the company furnishes the nets, skiffs, horses, and carts and may have their own fishermen whom they pay monthly salaries and lodgings or a contractor provides the crew and their sustenance at a fixed price per ton. A top fisherman earns 3,000 pesos (US$35) a month plus 10 pesos (12 U.S. cents) per ton of fish in addition to room and board. Less experienced fishermen get the 10 pesos per ton but less salary. As of March 1960, sabalo meal sold at 7 pesos a kilo (US$84.70 a metric ton) f.o.b. Rio de la Plata plants. Sabalo ol varied from 10.50 to 17 pesos a kilo (5.7-9:1 U. S. cents a pound) f.o.b. plant. In Buenos Aires, mixed~feed plants payed 140 pesos per unit of protein (US$110 per tons of meal of 65 percent pro- tein). The fresh-water plants are limited to the amount of raw material they can receive each season, due to complaints from sport fishermen. As a consequence, the sabalo catch dropped from a peak of over 10,000 metric tons in 1948 toa low of 1,200 tons in 1951, but rose again to 6,300 tons in 1959. The 1960 catch will probably be lower than that of 1959. The Government has given no particular aid to the fish- meal industry, but for fisheries in general they have permit- 36 Argentina (Contd.): ted new boats to be brought in without the 150 percent sur- charge. Fish meal and fish oil carry an export duty of 1.5 percent without retention of funds. Meat meal, which carries a high- er duty, was being exported as fish meal, and export figures bear this out. Production for 1959 was less than 4,000 tons of fish meal whereas exports were reported to be more than 5,600 tons. Local consumption was between 1,500 and 4,000 tons for 1959. Most of the fish oil is sold locally to tanneries with Bome going into local paint and other industrial uses. No plant is presently using stickwater, although two will be equipped to add concentrated stickwater to the meal to make “‘whole meal,’’ A pilot plant, associated with a cannery and filleting plant in Mar del Plata, will produce enzymatically, a predigested fish and heat concentrate for human consumption. The plant, when in operation, will produce a final product which would be in the form of a concentrated paste, containing 60 percent products from fish scrap and the remaining a mixture of prod- ucts from either beef, pork, soy bean, etc., depending upon the desires of the consumer. The future of the Argentine fish meal industry appears to lie within the boundarles of Argentina. Her fisnery resources of surface feeding and schooling fishes lie to the south where weather is difficult. There are large quantities of hake, but this means trawl-caught as against purse seine~caught fish; the former method is more costly. Anchovies now taken for canning (and the scrap used for reduction) are presently caught by lampara nets and the catch is limited by available fishermen. Plants at Bahia Bustamante and Puerto Deseado cannot get fishermen to fish for them, as the Argentine fish- erman fears greater catches and lower prices, Catches are generally regulated to demand. Poultry raising has begun as a science and ‘undoubtedly chicken will be more prevalent and less costly within the next few years=-as a consequence local consumption of fish meal will increase. Practically no fish meal, other than for fertilizer, was used in Argentina about 4 or 5 years ago. Now, most of the local production of meal is going into mix- tures for chicken feed. (United States Embassy, Mexico City, November 14, 1960.) Australia NEW SCALLOP BED FOUND OFF QUEENSLAND: A new scallop bed was discovered at the beginning of September 1960 by Queensland shrimp trawlers over the Wide Bay bar off Tin Can Bay. In the rush that followed, 15 vessels, using heavy shrimp trawls, gotbig catches. The top vessel got about 12,000 pounds in 40 hours. There was not enough labor at Tin Can Bay to handle the scallops, and they were not allowed to be sent in shell elsewhere for opening because this was not considered advisable in warm weather. A- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Mol 23 Now 2 bout three weeks later, only about 7 or 8 ves- sels were still working the scallop bed. In 1956, a scallop ground was discovered off Bundaberg, and production increased from 50,000 pounds in 1955/56 to 1,200,000 pounds in 1956/57. But the next year it dropped to 44,200 pounds and in 1958/59 rose only to 51,244 pounds. Scallop fishing in Queensland is basically a sideline to shrimp, and the fishermen, after the first flurry in 1956/57, probably went back to shrimp fishing. Handling and mar- keting difficulties also probably help to ex- plain the drop in the landings of scallops. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter, November 1960.) KOK OK OK OK NEW SIZE LIMIT FOR SOUTH AUSTRALIA SPINY LOBSTERS: The South Australian minimum length for spiny lobster, Jasus lalandii, has beenraised from 9 inches to 10 inches. This increase applies in all areas of the State except the Victor Harbour area, where the minimum length of 8 inches for male spiny lobsters is retained. In addition, the closed season for females throughout the State has been extended to in- clude June. The closed season will now be from June 1 to October 31. In the Kangaroo Island fishery, the closed season for males, from July to October, has been extended to include June. In other words, in that area no fishing for either males or females can be done from June 1 to October 31. Spiny lobster production in South Aus- tralia during the past two years has decreased by approximately 20 percent each year, and the 1959/60 production of approximately 3.5 million pounds was the lowest since 1952/53. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter, November 1960.) ey! sks! sk Kk OK OOK kK OOK TUNA FISHERY TRENDS, FALL 1960: Bad weather hindered tuna fishing off the Australian New South Wales coast since the beginning of September. The Australian can- nery at Eden, which had received 220 short tons by September 1, 1960, had received only another 134 tons almost six weeks later. The fish were taken north of Eden, but to- February 1961 Australia (Contd.): wards mid-October they were concentrating in the Montague Island area. To discuss the development of the tuna fishery on the New South Wales south coast, a conference was held on September 27, 1960. It was generally agreed that the immedi- ate need of the industry was larger refriger- ated vessels to enable the fishing season to be extended and to stabilize the supply offish to the canneries. Recent extensions to the Eden cannery have increased its intake ca- pacity by 40 percent. It can now handle 6,500 tons of fish ("'salmon" and tuna) a year. Holding depots, possibly with brine tanks, at some of the tuna outports were also sug- gested. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter, November 1960.) Belgium SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Belgian shrimp landings consist of the small Crangon vulgaris, and are not suffi- cient to meet local demand, therefore, Bel- gian imports of shrimp, both peeled andun- peeled, exceed exports. Consumption habits favor fresh shrimp, so there areno plants devoted exclusively to the processing of shrimp. A few fish can- neries can shrimp as a side line, at Ostend and Denderleeuw. Peeled shrimp are import- ed from the Netherlands for this purpose as the price is lower due to a lower wagescale. Exports of shrimp are neither aided by subsidies nor hindered by taxes but fluctu- ate depending on landings. France is the major buyer for the decreasing exports of shrimp. Exports to the United States are insignificant. Fishermen's wages vary between US$1,500 to $4,000 annually, depending on function. Wage rates in canneries run from an average of 44 U. S. cents per hour for women to 56 U. S. cents per hour for men, social secur- ity costs included. No increases in production or exports are anticipated in the near future. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37 During 1959, 115 small vessels were en- gaged in shrimp fishing and another 74 main- ly in catching groundfish, but also taking appreciable quantities of shrimp. This in- volved 482 fishermen, including 78 vessel owners. The shrimp vessels have an aver- age displacement of from 5 to 28 tons with motor power averaging from 15 to 79 hp. The groundfish trawlers displaced 19-57 tons with 80-119 hp. engines. The shrimp catch accounted for 2.3 percent of total landings of fishery products in Belgium, and 6.1 percent of the value. Ostend and Nieuport are the principal Belgian shrimp fishing ports. Belgian shrimp fishing grounds are along the coast within 12 miles. They extend from an imaginary line from Gris Nez-South Fore- land, in the south, to the parallel of Ijmuiden, in the north. Shrimp are caught throughout the year, with maximum landings recorded from April to July. These months account for half the total annual landings. December, January, and February each yield below 4 percent of the annual catch. Belgian shrimp are cooked aboard the © vessel. a anngs, 1956-1900 no plans for additions to the present shrimp fleet. Itis expected by tid that the num- ber of ves- sels, many of which have been operating with ‘losses, will decrease steadily. Replacement will be by larger deep-sea’ vessels. The shrimp boats and trawl- ers belong to Belgian owners, many to their operators. able 2 - Belgium's Average Export Price for Shrimp, as Specified, 1957-1960 Pea hese No export eset ieieeaa on shrimp; however, an export license is re- quired. Subsidies are not granted for the exportation of shrimp. Since there are no plants specializing in the processing of shrimp, general cannery rates apply to personnel handling shrimp. 38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Belgium (Contd.): The average salary per hour for peeling shrimp, including social security charges, is US$0.44 for female workers. An expert can peel approximately 2.2 pounds per hour. The wage rate for men working in the fish can- neries averages 28 B. fr. (US$0.56) perhour, including social security charges. These wage rates are below the national average. In general, payment consists of cash, a pay in kind, and certain social security cov- erage. The crews of deep-sea trawlers get a fixed monthly salary in addition to a per- centage of the production; the fishermen on shrimp boats and coastal trawlers receive a fixed share of the catch. After each voyage the crew receives, in pay, a fixed percentage of the gross receipts. Table 3 - Belgian Shrimp Exports, 1956-1960 Peeled 1/January -August only. 1 lote: About 91 percent of unpeeled exports go to France, the re- mainder to the Netherlands; about 70 percent of peeled shrimp went to the Congo; 27 percent to France; and the balance to the} Netherlands. (Exports to the Congo are expected to decrease.) The decline in total exports from 1956 through 1960 was due to decreased landings. In addition to pay in cash, fishermen re- ceive a portion of the catch for their own consumption. Other advantages include paid annual leave and compensation for holidays. The Belgian shrimp grounds are fished thoroughly. Nevertheless, during recent years the total landings of shrimp have shown a marked downward trend, except for a re- vival during 1959 when weather conditions were extremely favorable. In 1960 there was surplus capacity in the shrimp fishing fleet. Only favorable weather can increase the shrimp catch--500 tons were anticipated in 1960, a sharp decline from the 3,193 tons of 1956. Normally Belgian con- sumption averages 2,000 tons a year. Belgian exports of shrimp to the United States are practically nil and will remain so. (United States Consulate, Antwerp, No- vember 16, 1960.) Vol. 23, No. 2 Brazil SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Landings of shrimp in Brazil during 1960 were estimated to be about 24,427 metric tons valued at about US$3.4 million. This amount represents an increase of 24.9 per- cent over the 19,558 tons landed in 1959, and 31.6 percent above the 18,558 tons landed in 1958. Shrimp exports by Brazil are negligible and processing facilities as of late 1960 were still rudimentary. Exports of freshor frozen shrimp in 1959 amounted to about Tons Cruzeiros| 1,000 1,384 160,000 170,000 Quantity Value Metric | 1,000 fi 3,980 180,000 9,063 150,000 7 | 24,427 A 740 273,842 |1,344 694,108 | 3,406 T {Preliminary 2 te: Currency converted at following rates: 1960, Cr. 194.0 equal US$1; 1959, Cr.203.8 equal US$1; and 1958, Cr. 138.5 equal US$1, 16,700 pounds, dried or cured shrimp about 25,000 pounds, and canned shrimp about 31,000 pounds. From January to June 1960, Brazil exported only canned shrimp--1,620 pounds valued at about 63.5 U. S. cents a pound. Only two species (sea bob or Xiphop- eneus kroyeri and small white shrimp or Penaeus schmetti) were exported in 1959. Table 2 - Brazil's Shrimp Ee = Destination i s hrimp, fresh, chilled, or frozen: United S States 1, 349 15, 373 103, 236 1, 333, 404 16,722 | 1,436,640 | 10,023 Shrimp, dried, salted, or in brine: Other countries. . Shrimp in air- tight containers: nited States . . | 25, 152 2,110,163 | 13, 137 18, 157 2,475,178 | 17,070 12,749 1, 150,738 8,714] 30, 906 3,625,916 | 25,784) Most of the shrimp frozen in Brazil are sold peeled, some of which are peeled prior to cooking. Ten shrimp-fishing vessels op- erated out of Brazilian ports in 1960--7 out of Rio de Janiero and 3 of United States reg- istry out of Maranhao. Vessels or.small boats engaged in other fisheries also catch and land shrimp. Wages are paid for peeling shrimp ona piecework basis of 1.8 to 2.2 U. S. cents a February 1961 Brazil (Contd.): pound. Wages for those engaged in the freez- ing of shrimp range between US$37 to $41 per month. © The daily catch of fish and shellfish in Brazil is sold to fish-receiving centers. One-tenth of the proceeds, after expenses are deducted, goes to the Institute of Retire- ment and Pensions for Maritime workers, and the rémainder is divided among the vessel owners and crew. : In view of Brazil's known shrimp-fishing potential, there is little doubt that landings will increase with improved fishing vessels and gear and storage and processing facili- ties. Hcwever, it is believed that the major part of the increase in landings will be con- sumed in the domestic market. (U. S. Em- bassy, Rio de Janeiro, November 29, 1960.) A British Guiana SHRIMP INDUSTRY: The shrimp fishermen who operate out of British Gui- ana’s Georgetown harbor had a very prosperous 1960. Their total shrimp catch will exceed 2.5 million pounds (heads-on), more than double 1959 landings. -More shrimp trawlers are now based in British Guiana than ever before in the Colony’s history, and the prospects are for more trawlers, higher shrimp production, and even bigger profits in 1961. The growth and prosperity of the British Guiana shrimp industry during 1960 was about as expected. What has failed to materialize, or more accurately, what is taking place more slowly than anticipated, is the entrance of Guianese firms into the shrimp industry. As of now, the shrimp industry remains an almost ex- clusive preserve of a United States-owned and operated firm. This monopoly, however, is about to be broken by a subsidiary of the largest private business concern in British Guiana. This firm, after months of study, is about to begin shrimp fishing on a trial basis in conjunction with several United States shrimp vessel owners. The per- formance of these vessels and a possibility of United States shrimp import quotas will influence the firm’s final decision to enter the shrimp fishery early in 1961. Specifi- cally, it will decide whether or not to build a freezing plant and to build waterfront accommodations for a large number of new trawlers. Actually, such facilities are badly needed if the industry is to expand in 1961. The United States-owned firm, which increased its fleet from 20 to 32 vessels during 1960, has about run out of wharf space. Its freezing plant is now working at near capacity, 25,000 pounds per day. While the company did purchase some waterfront land about six miles up the Demerara River during 1960, it apparently has no immediate plans for enlarging its freezing plant-- the only one now in British Guiana--or expanding its trawler operations. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39 The Georgetown fishing company reports that the best fishing grounds are now located about 70 miles off the coast of Surinam. These grounds are worked the year _ round, and there seems to be no seasonal variation in pro- duction. Current catches are running about 80 percent pink shrimp (Peneaus duoarum) and 20 percent brown shrimp (Peneaus aztecus). These varieties are caught to- gether and are not separated in processing. Trawlers leaving Georgetown spend about four weeks fishing off the Surinam coast and, in recent months, have been returning home with an average shrimp catch of 7,000 pounds. Each of these trawlers carries a crew of four. In addition to a United States captain, there is usu- ally an American winch-operator and two Guianese crew men. The Americans are paid a percentage of the catch, while the Guianese fishermen earn about US$20.65 a week. When the trawlers return, the shrimp are immediately unloaded at the freezing plant. The plant is equipped with a sirimp~grading machine, and after being graded, the shrimp are cleaned and packed into 5-~pound paper cartons and in turn packed into master cartons of 50 pounds. All this processing is now done by hand, and the company has no immediate plans for mechanization. Wage rates paid in the processing plant, according to the Georgetown fish- ing company, average about 27 U. S. cents an hour. About 98 percent of the packaged frozen shrimp is even- tually exported. Most of the shrimp goes to the United States, either by air cargo or steamship reefer service. On each shipment the British Guiana Government usually collects an export tax amounting to 14 percent of the total value of the shrimp. Shrimp (heads on) landings in British Guiana (data from the shrimp processing and freezing firm and other sources) during 1960 were estimated to be 2.6 million pounds valued at US$1 million, as compared with about 1.2 million pounds valued at US$475,000 in 1959. Prior to 1959 shrimp land- ings amounted to less than 10,000 pounds annually. Exports were as follows: 1960: United States, 1,210,148 pounds valued at US$462,081; Trinidad, 39,400 pounds valued at US$22,162; and the United Kingdom, 2,000 pounds valued at US$1,294, 1959: United States, 1,131,720 pounds valued at US$433,018; and Trinidad, 8,846 pounds valued at US$5,008. (United States Consul in Georgetown, December 5, 1960.) Burma SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Shrimp fishing in Burma is carried on along the coastal regions, and in the lower Irrawaddy Delta, Kyaukpyu Is- land, Ye Township, and Mergui and Pyapon Districts are the large-scale fishing and processing centers. Coastal shrimp fishing is carried on mainly during the dry season (November-May) due to the rough seas during the rains. The heavy run-off of rain water from the coastal areas over the shallow sea shelf drives the shrimp out to sea during the rainy season. Delta fishing is carried on in the rainy season only. Shrimp are caught with various kinds of gear made of twine, split-bamboo, wooden logs, and poles, The principal types of gear are the hand net, bag net, fish trap, and float- ing raft with a net fixed on each side. Fishing gear is li- censed and taxed by the Government. Fishing grounds are leased by the Government, and are auctioned annually. Leases entitle one man or his assignee to operate. The lessee of a large area with an annual rent- al of Kyats 1,500 to 2,000 (US$314-$419) will frequently sub- 40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Burma (Contd.): divide it and sublease to individuals or groups of fishermen. Not infrequently, the sublessees are compelled to borrow money from fish dealers and brokers to whom they are re- quired to supply the entire catch at rates far below the nor- mal market prices. A fisherman is paid an average of Kyats 50 (US$10.50) per month during the fishing season with free food. A pro- cessing laborer’s wages are similar to an ordinary labor- er--32 to 75 U.S. cents per day. Processed shrimp are mainly of three kinds: sun-dried, after boiling; smoked; or ground into paste and preserved with salt (called ngapi). A byproduct of ngapi is Nganpya- Ye (shrimp sauce) which is the juice from ngapi collected separately. Shrimp ‘‘brains’’ are preserved in sessamum or groundnut oil, and sold as shrimp oil. Retail prices of sun-dried shrimp range from Kyats 12-18 per viss, 3.6 pounds (US$0.70 to $1.05 per lb.), ac- cording to quality; smoked shrimp Kyats 8 to 9 per viss (US$0.47 to $0.53 a lb.) for inferior quality and Kyats 14 to 18 per viss (US$0.81 to $1.05 per lb.) for superior qual- ity; and shrimp paste Kyats 3 to 5 per viss (US$0.18 to $0.29 per lb.). Price of shrimp sauce is about Kyats 3.50 per viss (US$0.26 per lb.), and shrimp oil Kyats 10 per viss (US$0.58 per Ib). In Burma, shrimp and shrimp products are very popular and a staple part of the diet. Fishing is done in the districts of Akyab, Kyaukpyu, and Sandoway in the coastal region of the Arakan division; Mergui, Tavoy, and Ye Township of the coastal region of the Tennasserim division; and the coastal as well as delta tracts of Bassein, Myaungmya, and Pyapon districts in the Irrawaddy division. In the delta areas, traps are set in the lower reaches and above the mouths of the tidal creeks, where the water is brackish in the dry season, but relative- ly fresh during the rains. Sea fishing is carried on close to the estuary islands. In the upper tidal zone, fishing goes on from June to September, and in the lower zone from July to November. The peak season is during July and August. Fishing is generally done for 12 to 14 days a month when the tidal cur- rent is strong. Along the coastal region the operation is intensively carried on in dry season, thougn there may be irregular fishing during the rains. Primitive methods are still used for processing shrimp ona large scale, They are boiled and dried in the sun. When sun is lacking, the shrimp are smoked over a fire. Fresh shrimp is pounded into paste (ngapi) and then pre- served with salt. Labor being cheap, the need for mech- anization has not yet been felt. Shrimp paste processing has been mechanized recently to a small extent. Motor mincers for grinding raw shrimp are used. The motors are run by gasoline or electrical power. Other operations are performed manually. The Burmese Government's Union of Burma Applied Re- search Institute is carrying out studies of improving food preservation, canning, and processing, with the assistance of a Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) food pro- cessing and hygiene expert. The establishment of stand- ards and specifications for the manufacture of shrimp paste is to be the first step taken in food standardization in Burma. A commercial type of standard fish-drying chamber has been designed, and is being tested, which may be usable for shrimp. According to the FAO expert, small-scale shrimp canning plants with a daily output of 300 to 500 cans would prove to be profitable, No statistics are available for shrimp landings; however, the following estimates for heads-on snrimp have been Vol. 23, No. 2 made after consultation with the agencies concerned: 1960, 6,700 metric tons; and 1959 5,200 tons; 1958, 6,600 tons; 1957, 6,500 tons; and 1956, 6,400 tons. The shrimp catch consists mainly of Pa-zun-zait (3-inch), Pa-zun-kyawt (1 inch to 2 inches), Pa-zun- gya (3 inches to 4 inches), and Pa-zun-dok (5 inches to 9 inches) shrimp. Shrimp paste and dried shrimp are usually made with the first two sizes. No trawlers are used for shrimp fishing. Local craft (dugouts, and plank-boats made of timber) are operated for both sea fishing and river fishing. Country craft are owned by the fishermen themselves. Motors of the transport craft are imported generally from the United Kingdom, India, Japan, or Germany. As of November 1960 no vessel con= struction program existed, and shrimp was not exported. Export of fish and fish products including shrimp is per- missible under the Control of Imports and Exports (Tempo- rary) Act 1947 as amended and still in force. Permission is needed from the Directorate of Imports and Exports. To qualify for export, an exporter must register with the Im- porters and Exporters Registration Board. Only Burmese nationals are registered as exporters, Exporters are re- quired to submit application with Kyats 3 (about 63 U. S. cents) court-fee stamp affixed to the Directorate. There is no export duty on shrimp or shrimp products. Basis of payment to fishermen varies with the type of organization. A cooperative fishery obtains a lease for a fishery area from the Government at a reduced rental (about half that usually charged to a private individual or organization) and pays fishermen better wages: K80 to K100 (US$16.80 to $21.00) a month for unskilled labor, and K120 (US$25.20) a month for skilled labor. In addition, coopera- tive fishermen receive a share of annual profits, A private lessee can afford to pay only much lower wages: K45 to 60 (US$9.50 to $12.60) a month. When a person obtains a lease in his own village circle, he generally induces his relatives and friends to work for him for payment of food and clothing and a nominal sum of money. Shrimp are not raised artificially at present in Burma ex- cept in a 55~-acre artificial lake on Kyaukpyu Island, where attempts are being made to cultivate shrimp. Mechanizing fishing operations could increase production. Lack of knowl= edge, capital, and enterprise seem to be major deterrents to such actions, Some years ago, the Government advanced loans to the fishermen to improve their fishing gear and fishery grounds, So that production might be increased. The loan amounted to K300,000 (US$63,000) advanced at 6-1/4 percent interest per annum on a three-year term. The fishermen lost most of the capital on personal expenditures, and in settling old debts. The outstanding loans now stand at K350,000 with in- terest. The Government has stopped lending, and the fisher- men are carrying on in primitive ways. Fishermen traditionally borrow from private money lenders, who may be fish brokers or processing men, at rates of interest of 10 to 20 percent per month. The reason for preferring private money lenders to the Government, in spite of the high interest rate, is that the former will defer repayment indefinitely, while deducting the interest from the seasonal catch, whereas the Government’s loan must be re- paid within a fixed period. Substantial possibilities exist for improving the shrimp fishing industry, but organization, finance, and knowledge of modern techniques are lacking. It will be some years be- fore Burma can adequately supply its domestic needs for shrimp, much less have an exportable surplus. (U.S. Embassy, Rangoon, November 17, 1960.) te: Currency converted at rate of one Kyat equals US$0. 2096. February 1961 Canada BRITISH COLUMBIA HERRING FLEET ENDS LONG TIE-UP: The British Columbia herring fleet re- sumed fishing on November 20, 1960, after being idle for almost a year as a result of differences between the fishing companies and the fishermen's union over the ex-vessel price. British Columbia's herring fishery shut down in December 1959 as a result of depression prices in world markets for fish meal and oil. The companies! offer, which was accepted by a union vote of two to one, agreed to pay the crew of each herring vessel C$8.80 a ton, or $1.10 eachfor an 8-mancrew. In 1959 the boat share was $13.00 or $1.04 each for 8 fishermen and 5 tendermen. Under the new plan the jobs of the tendermen have been eliminated and individual fishermen are re- quired to carry their catch to the shore plants. The settlement restored the jobs of 800 her- ring fishermen. However, the elimination of the 300 tendermen who previously worked the company-owned transport vessels used to transport raw herring to the processing plants has resulted in a cut in the cost of the fish to the companies from $13.00 to $8.60 a ton. The new agreement requires the fish- ing vessels to transport catches to the pro- cessing plants, which will either result in less time on the fishing grounds for the in- dividual vessels or require that they travel to the processing plants at night when they would otherwise be tied up. The union has insisted that the fishing fleet be restricted to 78 vessels to ensure a reason- able return to the fishermen during the 5- months season. The fishing vessel owners' association has opposed the 78- boat limit but has been unable to put additional boats inthe fishery since they could not get charters from the six processing companies. The processing companies contend, inturn, that if they were to give additional charters in ex- cess of the 78-boat limit, the union would then reopen negotiations. (U.S. Consul, Vancouver, December 2, 1960. ) % OK OK KO BRITISH COLUMBIA'S SHRIMP INDUSTRY: The Canadian shrimp fishery, which is concentrated in British Columbia, is one of Canada's minor fisheries. Average landings for the 4-year period 1956-59 were slightly under 1.5 million pounds of heads-onshrimp. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41 The ex-vessel value was slightlyover C$230,000 annually, averaged over the four years. Most of the catch (80-85 percent) is marketed in the form of peeled shrimp, either fresh or frozen, and the 4-year average mar- keted value was about $380,000 annually. Approximately 90 percent of the annual catch is taken from specific grounds located in the Gulf of Georgia. About 15 small-type boats of the 35- to 40-foot class fish all year round and about another 50 salmon gill- net boats turn to shrimp trawling during the off-season for salmon fishing. There are about four major cooperative groups which land most of the catch. The shrimp are usually landed heads-on and a- bout 75 women do the cooking and peeling ashore. Nearly all of these workers are Japanese Canadians, related to the fisher- men. Ex-vessel prices range between $0.90- 1.10 per pound for the meat, or 12 to 15 Ca- nadian cents a pound for the heads-on shrimp. Recovery is estimated at one pound of peeled shrimp for 43 pounds of whole shrimp. Some of the fishermen working individually do the cooking on board their boat and peel- ing is done again by the family, after landing the catch. Shrimp are canned in British Co- r lumbia. As far as mechanization is concerned, all picking is done by hand as no one group's op- eration is large enough to warrant a mechan- ical picker. Also, the hand operation is be- lieved to yield a superior peeled shrimp pro- duct. There are no known export controls, sub- sidies, or taxes on export of shrimp ta the United States, according to shellfish handlers in Vancouver. It is understood, however, that affidavits are necessary stating the product is of Canadian origin. Owing to the cooperative working nature of the fishermen producing shrimp, there are no established wage rates. Fishermen fish- ing for shrimp year-round might gross about $5,000, and earnings of seasonal fishermen vary from a few dollars to $2,000. While exploratory work was done in 1955 to find new shrimp fishing grounds, landings have increased only about one-third since then, still remaining a relatively small operation. No sizable expansion in production can be 42 Canada (Contd.): predicted, if at all. (U. S. Embassy, Ottawa, November 7, 1960.) Colombia SHRIMP FISHING INDUSTRY: The shrimp fishery of Colombia has in the past played a minor part in the economy of Colombia, and prospects are slim for it to piay a mich greater role in the future. Ac- cording to an official of the Fishing and Hunting Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Colombians have never dis- played any serious interest in a large-scale shrimp fishery, and even today, they are content to permit foreign-flag op- erators to engage in these activities along their shores. Almost all of the shrimp vessels fishing Colombia’s offshore waters are owned, operated, and officered by United States eltizens or other foreigners. Shrimp fishing for export from Colombia is confined to the Pacific coastal areas from Tumaco on the Ecuadorian border northward to Bahia Solano, although very little ac- tivity is reported to the north of Buenaventure. Shrimp are available in commercial quantities year-round, but the months of December and January yield smaller catches than the other months of the year. The Atlantic coastal areas produce no shrimp for ex- port; however the species Penaeus schmitti and P. brasiliensis are taken in limited quantities for the domes- tic market. Current production statistics are not available, but according to a 1956 survey, the estimated annual catch for the Atlantic region ranges between 600,000 and 1,000,000 pounds (heads~on weight) with little prospects for increasing. able 1 = Colombia’s Shrimp Landings and Exports, 1957-60 Landings®/ Exports2/ Million Pesos 14,2 11.8 4.4 1.1 1957, 5.97 pesos; 1958, 7.22 pesos; 1959, 6.40 pesos; and 1960, 6.70 pesos equal USSI. Compared with these figures, the Pacific fishing grounds \ are estimated to have a potential of between 3-6 million pounds of the large shrimp varieties, and the same potential | for the smaller sizes. In view of the foregoing, the Pacific a- reas may be considered as the sole sources of supply for shrimp that enter into the export market. Colombia’s sole customer for its export shrimp today is the United States. On the Atlantic Coast, shrimp processing is normally combined with other fisheries. There are four fish-canning. plants and one fish-freezing plant at Barranquilla, one fish- canning plant at Santa Marta, and one fish-canning plant at La Cienega. A small quantity of shrimp is frozen at the plant in Barranquilla for local consumption, but the majority of the shrimp catch from the area of the Atlantic Coast is canned for sale throughout Colombia. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 A trial shipment of breaded shrimp was exported to the United States from Colombia during 1959, but further ship- ments are being delayed until a study of the market has been made. There are from 70 to 80 large shrimp vessels opera~ ting year-around along the Colombian Pacific Coast and about 40 small boats and dugouts operating in the Atlantic coastal region. Colombia does not have an official vessel construction program to assist the shrimp industry, and it is doubtful that any such program will be initiated in the near future. By decree during 1959, the Colombian Government limited the licensing and operation of shrimp vessels to a maximum of 100 in the Pacific area, and the same number in the At- lantic. These licenses are valid for only one year, with the licensee prohibited from engaging in shrimp fishing out- side of Colombian waters during that period. In the Pacific fishing grounds, it is believed that about 75 percent of all vessels licensed are of Panamanian regis- try, with about one-half of those owned by United States citizens. The balance of 25 percent are Colombian=regis- tered, but only one-half of those are Colombian-owned. Other nationalities, including an Italian, a Yugoslav, and a Portuguese, account for the ownership of the other half. According to private and Government sources, export prices range from 75 to 83 U.S. cents a pound, heads= off, delivered c.i.f. New York for packaged frozen shrimp. The higher prices are for shrimp of under 15 count per pound. These prices are held stable throughout the year by controlling the supplies that enter the export market. The Government controls exports of shrimp to the ex- tent that a license must be obtained by the exporter from the Instituto de Fomento Industrial. This license must then be presented to the Banco de la Republica, which registers the foreign exchange transaction. When the shipment is ready at the port of embarkation, the Adminis~ tracion de Aduana (Customs) checks all documents for completeness and accuracy, then a custom’s agent over- sees the loading aboard 2 vessel. Small companies without processing plants of their own are charged 15 U.S. cents a pound for the freezing and packaging of shrirnp by the larger companies. There= fore, it is believed that a figure of about 10 to 12 cents a pound would approximate the deveining, peeling, and freezing cost. The vessels are paid at the rate of 40-45 U.S. cents a pound, heads-~off weight. It is believed by observers that shrimp plants in Colombia are interested in expanding the catch and exports of a small shrimp called ‘‘titi’’ for the United States mar- ket. These small~sized shrimp are taken from the waters near Tumaco, and apparently the catch is increasing due to the substantial market that has been developing on the U- nited States east coast, The normal white varieties of shrimp are still being captured in commercial quantities, but it is believed their importance will diminish in proportion to the increase in popularity of the small shrimp or ‘“‘titi.’’ Germany has expressed an interest in importing Co~ lombian shrimp, according to several sources, and it is quite possible that exports of large white shrimp will shift to that country, while the United States importers ex- pand the market for the small variety. (United States Em~ bassy in Bogota, December 2, 1960.) February 1961 Cuba FISHING INDUSTRY TRENDS, DECEMBER 1960: An article in the Cuban newspaper El Mun- do, December 2, 1960, states that workers ‘in the shipyards of Puerto Esperanza, Pinar del Rio Province, and Surgidero de Batabano, Habana Province, had "'agreed'' to work 48 hours a week instead of the usual 44, without additional compensation for the purpose of speeding up the completion of the ''Sigma" fishing vessels. ''This gesture of a revolu- tionary nature will be followed by workers in all the remaining shipyards," the article noted. A people's fish market opened at Ciudad Bandera, Cardenas, Matanzas Province, and shortly its Fish Cooperative will complete the preparations in different sections of the city for opening fish and seafood markets. According to the article this made a total of 60 fish cooperatives functioning throughout the Island. The installation of a refrigerating unit with a 35,000-pound capacity in the Guatemala Sugar Mill (formerly Preston), the manufacture of fish and seafood packing boxes on the banks of the Almendares River, and the near com- pletion of two refrigerator-trucks for the transport of fish from coastal towns to the city of Habana are also referred to in the article. East Africa FISHING POTENTIAL DISCUSSED AT INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM: The largely unexploited fishery resources of East African waters were the subject of an International symposium held in Cape Town from September 12 to September 17, 1960. Convened under the auspices of the Com- mission for Technical Cooperation in Africa, South of the Sahara (C.C.T.A.), the Sympos- ium was attended by delegates representing most of the African continental and nearby island territories fishing in the Indian Ocean. There were delegates from Madagascar, Por- tugal, Union of South Africa, and observers from Italy and FAO. It was pointed out that it was particularly important for the countries of Africa to gain COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43 extensive knowledge of the exploited and ex- ploitable marine food resources occurring in the seas bordering their coasts. According to the latest published statistics of FAO, the world catch of marine fauna in 1957 totaled 263 million metric tons, of which 1.6 million tons, or 6 percent, were landed in Africa, south of the Sahara. The catch in the Indian Ocean region was only about one-twelfth of the landings along the African west coast. But although west coast waters had been very much more productive, there could be very little doubt that the In- dian Ocean--described by oceanographers as one of the least known oceans of the world-- could yield a substantially larger fish catch. Research,. however, was necessary to point the way. The symposium emphasized the need for international coordination of Indian Ocean research work already done at a national level. The symposium was indicated as one means of achieving this. Another would be. the great scientific onslaught that is sched- uled in the Indian Ocean during the next few years, when the ambitious project, initiated by the Special Committee for Oceanic Re- search (S.C.O.R.) of the International Coun- cil of Scientific Unions gets under way. At an estimated cost of US$133 million, this project will be jointly executed by ten coun- tries, namely, Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, Japan, South Africa, the United States, and Russia. Port- ugal and other countries, now forming nation- al committees, may also announce plans to participate. The program is not expected to be in full swing until 1962-63." The symposium was divided into 6 or 7 |sessions in which various aspects of the East African region of the Indian Ocean were discussed. The subject of the first session was the physical and biological environment of the area, which, for the purpose of the symposium extended from Cape Point to Somalia. The following session on research work done by the countries represented re- vealed that some research stations had done interesting work in experimental fishing, particularly for shrimp. Other efforts had been made to develop tuna fishing, and rep- resentatives from South Africa mentioned recent attempts to use a mid-water trawl in Union east coast waters. The third and fourth sessions dealt with fish, lobster, shrimp, and plankton; and the 44 East Africa (Contd.): fifth session discussed the productivity of the Indian Ocean, the methods of determining this, and the extent of commercial fisheries in Hast African waters. The sixth session was devoted to an inven- tory of regional resources for marine biolog ical and sea fishery research. The question of international cooperation was also discussed and delegates considered the role that should be played by C.C.T.A. It was generally agreed at the Symposium that the recent appointment by C.C.T.A. of an Inter-African Coordinator would stimulate and assist interterritorial cooperation. At the final session resolutions and recommendations were discussed. Among the recommendations was one emphasizing the need to increase the size and the number of research establishments in the East African area of the Indian Ocean. It was also felt that special steps should be taken to train more scientists for work in the area. Other recom- mendations of the Symposium included: A greater exchange of scientists among countries interested in the fishing waters off Bast Africa. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 The shrimp resource could be better ex- ploited if more was known about movements and general biology. Special attention should be paid to a study of this resource. A coordinated, systematic study of tuna in the area. A bibliography of all research reports and other scientific information on the African zone of the Indian Ocean should be drawn up in collaboration with the C.C.T.A. A permanent secretariat should be estab- lished to help coordinate research work in the area. (The South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, October 1960.) Egypt FOREIGN TRADE IN FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1958-60: Imports: Egyptian imports of fishery products increased from 5,423 metric tons valued at US$1.8 million in 1958 to6,595 tons valued at US$2.2 million in 1959. Imports Table 1 - Egyptian Imports of Fishery Products 8-1960 ta by Type, Quantity, and Value, 19 |__ Item Metric Tons EL 1959 19 Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Mi ‘an.-June 1960 _Jan.-June 1959 Vale Quantity] Value] Metric = = = 43 7 BTA. 2,035 Metric Tons 26,950 | _ EL Fresh Fish 46 3,907 15 or smoked eee ee ee ae OP Cel = = 275,102 ted herrings, dried or smoked 598 56,718] 160,966 1,088 86,785 246,296 1,075 85,162 241,690 520 aE 141,914 Sardines, salted, 4 dried, or smoked..... 401 25,531 72,457 336 21,712 61,619 170 11,804 33,500 63,443 (Crustaceans, fresh, si ee 1) 60 170 - - - - : salted or cooked ..... Fish, salted, dried, 30,610 wo (Ka a = on or smoked, n.s....... 839 48,442| 137,478 559 36,425 103,374 169 8,637 24,512 86,871 ‘Black caviar in containers up to bo eid ois bin cucbo 319 905 1/ 158 448 - = . 319 ack caviar in containers over 1 ' ' 1 i () | to]! {po ro) Ed o| ja a oo 1,74 = = = Hos Cin poe on 1/ 153 Red caviars = = = dible fisheggs ...... 1/ 8 23 1/ Botargo in containers = Beale] up tol lb. 20z....... 1/ 130 - - Otargo incontainers overs lbei2ioze eee 1/ 10 = i: 75 Vadim nals ala 9 3,019 8,568 1 200 568 1,149 6,857 378 72,247| 205,037 381 | 90,605 | 257,137 331 | 61,257 | 173,847 38,244| 108,536 pore oo hoon 121,291 344,224 183 53,915 153,011 181 39,587 112,348 214 44,863 127,321 429,579|1,219,145 241,493 685,356] 2,227 | 270,329 767,194 | 2,318 250,378 710,573 1 184 522 8 1,708 4,847 1/ | vas] 406 - a a aE 1a| sai 5 AES [BIS O80 [TBORIST| FTSZ | ETG,9GE [1 358,G00] LITT HAO.2EY |T Pw ARE | I/Less than 1,102 Lbs. .S. - Not Specified. INote: Values converted at rate of EL1 equals US$2. 838. February 1961 Egypt (Contd.): able 2 - Egyptian Imports of Fishery Products from the United States, 1959 Shellfish, fresh, salted, or cooked . eve ree a CK oe.) ire for jariian enone oy Gueebis Salmons Canned’ 5.2%). 225226 « Sardines canned. < hiss .cieisis « UN GANIC! sss, oie pelienieme ee lei eile Anchovies, herrings & unspecified. fish, canned....... rustaceans, canned.. Mollusks, canned .... COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45 for the first six months of 1960 were slightly higher than in the first half of 1959. Imports of salted, dried, or smoked herring, and can- ned sardines increased considerably, while imports of salted, dried, or smoked sardines and other fish declined (table 1). Since 1957 there has been a steady drop in Egyptian im- ports of fishery products, but exports have increased. Egypt's imports of fishery pro- ducts fromthe United States are of minor importance (table 2). Exports: Total exports of fishery pro- ducts from Egypt increased from 957 tons valued at US$702,053 in 1958 to 1,317 tons valued at US$1,308,043 in 1959. The increase was for virtually all products. However, this did not continue into 1960. Exports for the EL US$ egular Exports: e Mireshtfishiencwerst- eset ieee 205 36,802 104,444 185 Sardines, salted, : - dried, or smoked ...... 2 176 499 7 Fish, salted, dried, or smoked...... 72 6,707 19,034 70 Crustaceans, fresh, a salted, or cooked...... 233 42,690 121,155 176 Mollusks, fresh, salted, or cooked...... 1/ 4 11 1/ Turtles, fresh, ry salted, or cogked...... 1/ 235 667 Preserved crustaceans not in airtight containers. 805 374,286 | 1,062,233 Botargo in containers over 1lb.20z........ Preserved shrimp not in airtight containers<’. rts: Herrings, salted, dried, or smoked...... ati Preserved salmon in airtight containers .... 1 Black caviar in vessels up tollb.20z. ...... = Preserved sardines in airtight containers .... Edible fish eggs ....... Preserved fish, n.s., and anchovies and herrings in airtight containers... 1/Less than 1, 102 lbs. Prior to January 1960 preserved shrimp were included in the "preserved crustaceans" catagory. 3, net pecan re-exports. Values converted at rate of one Egyptian pound equals USS2. 838. Table 4 - Egyptian Exports of Fishery Products to the United States, 1958-60, as Specified Jan.-June 1960 Quantity Value Value Metric EL US$ | Tons 30,044 85,265 79 439 1,246 1/ 5,968 16,937 39 5,065 24,509 69,556 - 15,070 1 3 1/ 186,161 |528,325 [Se LUE Le ee Ee Tune 155 (Crustaceans, fresh, salted, or cooked... crustaceans, no’ in airtight containers2/. . Preserved Preserved shrimp, no in airtight containers. . /Less than 1, 102 Lbs. 2/Until 1959 preserved shrimps were included under the "preserved crustaceans" category. ote: Values converted at rate of one Egyptian pound equals US$2. 838. ane 3 ad [Guantity, Value | Quantity] Value 46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Egypt (Contd.): first six months of 1960 were substantially less than in the first half of 1959 (table 3). Exports of crustaceans (mostly frozen shrimp) to the United States increased from 158 tons valued at US$180,690 in 1958 to 575 tons valued at US$789,937 in 1959 (table 4)--U. S. Foreign Service Dispatch, Cairo, October 22, 1960. web France FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS SUBJECT TO QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS: The value of France's imports of fishery products subject to quantitative restrictions amounted to US$9.2 million in 1958 as com- pared with US$9.3 million in 1959. Fishoils and fats. are the only products imported from the United States subject to quantitative re- strictions. (United States Embassy, Paris, November 9, 1960.) Products Subject to Quantitative Restrictions, 1958-59 Vol. 23, No. 2 Shrimp are fished along the English chan- nel, andthe Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. The principal fishing ports are Dunkerque, Boulogne, Honfleur, Caen in the Seine region; and the Atlantic ports of St. Nazaire, Le Crisic,, La Truballe, Marenne, andIled'Oleron. Shrimp fishing takes place throughout the year but the catch is larger from May to October. Be- cause of overfishing, the size of shrimp is small. In view of small landings and large num- ber of ports at which shrimp are landed, pro- cessing plants are not profitable. There are no shrimp-processing plants in France pres- ently. Table 1 - France's Shrimp Landings (Heads On), 1956-19591/ 1959 | 1958 [1957 | 1956] . . - (Metric Tons)... | Shrimp (''crevettes grises'') 1,042] 1,035 |1,200) 1,324 Prawns ("!crevettes roses''or 'bouquet") | 282] 249| 200] 200) 1 and does not include Mediterranean port (2/The grand total of France's shrimp landings (including an estimate of data not shown) would be approximately double the amount shown. able 1 - France's Imports of Fishe: OK Kk SHRIMP INDUSTRY: France's shrimp resources are limited and shrimp fishing is carried out on a small scale. Most fishermen do not fish for shrimp exclusively, but catch shrimp with their reg- ular catch. Not more than half the catch of those boats specializing in shrimp fishing consists of shrimp. and oils of fish and marine animals, whether or not refined: Fats and oils of other varieties of fish. ... +... cognooboOD Hp OOOO GOD . Animal or vegetable oils andtats, hydrogenated, whether ornotreiined, not further prepared Fats and oils of sea animals. ....... pao oDO OOD ODD DOOD O OD OD OOD ODDO 43 Prepared or preserved fish including caviar and caviar substitutes .. 2... 2c cee ee eee | _768 | 1,566[ 733 [1,745] Note: No significant amounts of any of the above products are imported from the United States, except for "fats and oils of other varieties of fish"--16 million francs (US$328, 000) worth was imported from the United States in 1959. eee ee ee we eee [4559] 9, 00 | 3,850 5, 167| French consumption and imports of shrimp and prawns is approximately 5,000- 6,000 metric tons per year. It is estimated that 400 small trawlers engaged in shrimp fishing though mostfish for other species at the same time. These vessels are usually operated by their own- ers with the help of 2 or 3 assistants who are often members of the owner's family. The French fishing fleet was modernized February 1961 France (Contd.): after World War II and its capacity is above the present level of production. Vessels are replaced as they become obsolete. There are no construction programs or plans for addi- tions to the present fleet. The ownership of the fleet is wholly French. Table 2 - Average French Export Prices for Shrimp, 1/ 1957-1960 92 10.74 10.97 ee a a 2 mae 9.52) 6.14] el) 88 | 87 Note: Values converted at rate of 4.93 new French francs equal US$1. French customs statistics divide shrimp into three categories: grey shrimp (“cre- vettes grises"), prawns ("'crevettes roses" or bouquet") and the other types of shrimp (‘autres crevettes"). All three categories include fresh and frozen shrimp and boiled shrimp. The average annual export prices for 1957, 1958, and 1959 and the average monthly prices from January through July 1960 are shown in table 2. Most shrimp exports go to Great Britain or Switzerland. There are no export con- Table 3 - French Exports of Shrimp1/, 1956-1960 Year - Destination | Quantity | 4960 2/: | Franc Zone. ..... Other Countries. .. ixvanceZones-weucnantenen elton cite Other Countries. ee oe ew 1/Fresh, frozen, and Bouleds 2/Jan. July only. Note: Values converted at rate of 4.93 new francs equal US$1. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47 trols, subsidies, or taxes in France affect- ing shrimp exports. For the fish-processing industry in gen- eral, wages vary. Wages generally range from 2 to 3 new francs (40 to 60 U. S. cents) per hour, not including social security taxes, which are paid by the employer. Thesetaxes total about 40 percent of the direct wages. The owners of small vessels that catch shrimp dispose of their landings through auction sales at the ports. Since shrimp are relatively scarce, they usually bring high prices. In 1959, the average price paid ex-vessel in the major ports for greyshrimp was 3.71 new francs per kilo (34 U. S. cents per pound) and for prawns was 9.68 new francs per kilo (89 U. S. cents per pound). The crews are paid a percentage of the sale of the catch. It is not expected that France's annual shrimp landings will increase; France will probably remain a net importer. (A small fleet of French refrigerated trawlers catch lobsters along the coast of West africa and could possibly catch prawns, reportedly abundant in that area.) (U.S. Em- bassy, Paris, November 25, 1960.) German Federal Republic FISH MEAL PRICES, NOVEMBER 1960: Prices reported at Hamburg Commodity Exchange as of November 25, 1960, for fish meal delivered ex-Hamburg warehouse, or c. & f. West German sea port: ‘ype of Protein Fish Meal Content (%) erman fish meal.........---- 50-55 that men ay Delivery Prompt/Dec. 1960 Nov. 1960 Dec. 1960 | immediate Dec, 1960 Jan. 1961 Feb.-July 1961 65-70 rompt/Dec. 1960 72-75 lov. Dec. 19! W 2 "standardized brands [Angola fish meal... eee [Icelandic cod meal [Norwegian herring meal......... 53.25 115.00 6.00-56.50/121.00-123.00 Prices reported as of November 18, 1960, were as follows: Type of Prote oh Me Content (%) Delivery Prompt/Dec. 1960 | i "standardizedbrands Angola fish meal ............- '5=70 Peruvian fish meal ...-..-----« Nov. 1960 Dec. 1960 Nov. 1960 Dec. 1960 Jan. 1961 .~July 1961 Icelandic cod meal ...... = INorwegian herring meal........- Note! Values converted at rate off one deutsche mark equals US$0.238, ec. 196) Nov.-Dec. 1960 Ok sk Kk OK 48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW German Federal Republic (Contd.): MARINE OIL PRODUCTION AND FOREIGN TRADE, 1958/59 and 1959/60: Production: Marine oil production in Western Germany a~ mounted to 21,700 metric tons in 1958/59 (July 1958-June 1959); this compares with 24,000 tons for 1959/60 (see table Amount Produced 1959/60 : 1958/59 arine Oils: Inedible ..sscceoee Edible occ cccccce Foreign Trade: Imports of whale oil and fat into Western Germany decreased from 92,400 tons in 1958/59 to 80,600 tons in 1959/60. Fish-oil imports also decreased from 67,200 tons to 62,500 tons for the same period, including a small drop in menhaden oil imports from the United States from 21,000 tons in 1958/59 to 19,700 tons in 1959/60. The decline in imports of marine oils was due to smaller pur- chases by the margarine industry, which sought other oils. Table 2 ~ Western Germany’s 1/Foreign Trade in Marine Oils, 1958/60=1959/60 Exports ecceees (Metric Tons),...... 17,500 | 32,900 Norway ...eee. Japan ..6 secce erutsrealelalclele Norway « scccce Others ....00 © [623500 | 67,200 | "29,000 [16,500 ncluding West Berlin; Saarland included since July 1959, Imports of menhaden oil from the United States dropped to 7,600 tons in January-June 1960 as compared with 9,900 tons in the same period of 1959 and 11,900 tons during the second six months of 1959. But Peru was able to step-up its exports to West Germany (3,000 tons during the first half of 1959, 5,000 tong during the second half of 1959, and 8,000 tons during the first half of 1960). Exports (mainly to Norway) of fish oils increased from 16,500 tons in 1958/59 to 29,000 tons in 1959/60 (see table 2). (U. S. Foreign Agricultural Service Report, Bonn, Oc- tober 4, 1960.) z Vol. 23, No. 2 Greece SHRIMP INDUSTRY: The freezing and processing of shrimp in Greece is practically nonexistent. This is due to the fact that there is a definite pre- ference for fresh shrimp in the Greek market and the annual landings (about 400 metric tons) are too small to support a processing industry. Of the four fish-canning' plants in operation (output about 1,200 metric tons in 1959), only one has been partly engaged in the processing of shrimp. Processing is confined to peel- ing and canning only. The production of can- ned shrimp amounts to about two metric tons annually. Shrimp is canned in 53-oz. cans, natural style, and is wholesaled at 15drachmas (about 50 U. S. cents) a can and retailed at 17.30 drachmas (about 58 U. S. cents) a can. The entire production of canned shrimp is consumed locally. Local consumer require- ments for canned shrimp are met chiefly through imports (13 tons in 1959) which orig- inate principally from the United States (11 tons in 1959). To supplement the light land- ings of fresh shrimp, small quantities of frozen shrimp are imported. There are no controls, subsidies, or taxes in Greece on processed or fresh shrimp exports. Principal shrimp fishing grounds are located in the waters of the Gulfs of Thermai- kos and Amvrakikos, around Volos, and at the Delta of the Evros River. The seasons for shrimp fishing are from September-De- cember and from March-May. The major species caught are: Penaeus kerathurus caramote (16-27 heads-on shrimp per pound), which account for about 50 percent of the total annual landings; Parapenaeus longirostri (36-54 heads-on shrimp per pound), about 35 percent of annual landings; and Palaemon elegance (363-544 heads-on shrimp per pound), about 15 percent of the annual catch. Of the species mentioned, Parapenaeus longirostri is principally caught in deep-sea waters, together with other fish, by trawl- ers which operate not only in the shrimp fishing grounds mentioned but in other areas as well. Parapenaeus kerathurus caramote and Palaemon elegance are fished in shallow waters, the latter being used more as abait than as a food item. Greek fishery statistics are unreliable and, according to the Director of Fisheries of the Greek Ministry of Industry, underes- February 1961 Greece (Contd.): timate actual landings considerably as they are based on statements filed by fishermen who either understate their actual catch or do not file a report at all. Furthermore, fish- ery statistics are broken down by the most important species of fish, each one of which comprises fish of various type. Only rough estimates on the annual landings of shrimp are available from the Directorate of Fish- eries. According to this source, the annual catch of shrimp, as compiled on the basis of the statements filed by fishermen, averaged 220-240 tons (heads-on) for the period 1956 through 1959. Fishermen's statements cover- ing the first half of 1960 show increased land- ings amounting to about 180 tons of heads-on shrimp. The same source estimated actual landings in the vicinity of 400 metric tons of heads-on shrimp annually for the period 1956- 1959 and 280-300 metric tons for the first half of 1960. Greek fish landings usually consist of a great variety of species with relatively small catches of individual species. For this rea- son, there is no shrimp fishing fleet as such. The entire Greek fishing fleet brings in shrimp together with various other fish. How- ever, more systematic shrimp fishing oper- ations are carried out by those vessels which are stationed in the ports of Thessaloniki, ' Volos, Alexandroupolis, and Preveza, which are located near the principal shrimp fish- ing grounds. Small motor boats, rowboats, and sailboats engage more systematically in the fishing of shrimp than motor trawlers, which con- duct general fishing. The tonnage of the motor trawlers ranges from 30-70 tons (50- 300 hp.) and the small motorboats are from + to 3 tons (average 8 hp.). Wage rates paid to unskilled female work- ers engaged in the manual peeling of shrimp have been fixed at 42 drachmas (US$1.40) daily. Skilled workers who engage in the canning of shrimp get an average monthly salary of 2,000 drachmas ($66.66). Fish canning experts are remunerated at the rate of 4,000 drachmas monthly ($133.33). Wage earners get bonuses for Christmas and Easter amounting to 25 and 15 daily wages, respectively. Salaried employees also re- ceive a full month's pay as a bonus for Christ- mas and half a month's pay for Easter. Basic wages and salaries mentioned above, as well COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 49 as Christmas and Easter bonuses, are subject to a 25-percent charge for the employees' and workers' Social Insurance benefits. This charge is contributed both by the employer (17 percent) and the employee or worker (8 percent). Fishermen's wages are based on fixed pay as well as on a share basis. In the case of rowboats and sailboats, the owner gets 75 percent of the catch whereas the balance is given to his assistant, the latter usually be- ing a member of the owner's family. In the case of small motorboats, remuneration is also effected on a share basis with the own- er usually retaining 50-65 percent of the catch, the balance being distributed among the members of the crew. Wages on motor trawlers are determinedon the basis of collective bargaining agreements which pro- vide for fixed pay ensuring an average level of earnings of about 1,300 drachmas ($43.33) monthly for deckhands. The captain of the trawler receives about 4,000 drachmas ($133.33) monthly. In cases where motor trawlers operate in areas where fishing grounds are poor, remuneration is fixed on a share basis with the owner of the vessel retaining 50 percent of the catch and the balance being distributed among the captain, engineer, and crew, with the first two getting higher shares. Where the fishermen's wages are on a fixed basis, the shipowner usually contributes the entire amount of the social insurance fee (16 percent) which goes to the Seamen's Pension Fund. Where wages are on a share basis and where fishing is carried by small craft or in areas where fishing is not an organized profession, social insurance bene- fits do not exist. Prospects for expanding the Greek shrimp- processing industry are not very encouraging. Almost the total shrimp catch is consumed fresh and surpluses available for processing are too small to support even moderate scale operations. Increased landings of shrimp are improbable due to the low yield of known shrimp fishing grounds. The Directorate of Fisheries of the Greek Ministry of Industry plans to engage in fish- ery research with a view to locating new fishing grounds for shrimp in deep waters. The Greek Government has also started im- plementation of a program providing for the establishment of fish-receiving stations at 50 Greece (Contd.): the ports of Piraeus; Thessaloniki, Patras, Cavalla, Volos, and Chalkis. (U.S. Embassy, Athens, November 25, 1960.) Guatemala SHRIMP INDUSTRY, 1959-60: As of November 1960, fishing grounds on both coasts of Guatemala were little known and poorly developed. On the Pacific coast a shrimp fishery has been developed in Mexican and Salvadoran waters. It is presumed the shrimp stocks are continuous along both coasts of Guatemala, From the success experienced by the few boats fishing in Guatemalan waters, this supposition is apparently correct. In shallow water, white shrimp are the most common, where- as in deep water, brown shrimp are more common, The catch is increasing, however, as the fishermen become better acquainted with the shrimp grounds. There are five commer- cially-important species of shrimp in Guatemalan waters; since seasons of abundance vary, there can be a continuous supply. In the Caribbean, the shrimp are mostly white and the catch is mostly seasonal. Few shrimp are caught from March-June, and in July small shrimp are present. From August to April large shrimp abound in that area. Only one processing plant operates in Guatemala with a capacity of five tons daily. This plant, located in Champeri- co on the west coast near the Mexican border, freezes the shrimp taken on both coasts, All processing is done by hand labor except for the use of a fork lift that lifts shrimp from the wharf to the plant. The Guatemalan shrimp caught off San Jose go to Salina Cruz, Mexico, for processing and are then exported to the United States, Guatemala’s estimated landings of shrimp (heads-off weight) for 1952-60 were reported as follows: July-December 1959, 87,120 pounds (Pacific 28,125 pounds and Atlantic 58,995 pounds); January-August 1960, 335,961 pounds (Pacific 264,602 pounds and Atlantic 71,359 pounds); and September 1960, 84,061 pounds (Pacific). Another source estimated shrimp landings in 1959 as 281,000 pounds, January-August 1960 landings by species were as follows: Pacific Coast; white shrimp, 59,321 pounds; red shrimp, 28,377 pounds; and unclassified shrimp, 176,904 pounds, At- lantic Coast: white shrimp, 33,546 pounds; and unclassified 37,813 pounds. As of November 1959, 10 shrimp vessels were fishing out of Guatemalan ports--7 of Mexican registry and 3 of Guatemalan registry. Six additional vessels were reported as being out of commission (sunk, returned to the United States, or tied-up). Reports from Japan indicate plans to have two fishing vessels on the Pacific coast of Guatemala by December 1960. As of November 1959, all previous exports of Guatemalan shrimp had been to the United States. January-October 1960 shrimp exports were estimated at 306,836 pounds (heads-off), but largely went to Mexico for processing and then to the “Inited States. The U.S. Bureau of the Census reports that in 1959 shrimp exports from Guatemala to the United States a- mounted to 182,232 pounds valued at US$133,372. The major deterrent to the expansion of the Guatemalan shrimp fishery in the Pacific is lack of a suitable port. Other- wise, Guatemala could probably produce 4 million pounds an- nually. (U. S. Embassy, Guatemala, November 23, 1960.) oo00000u0 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Woll, 2S; Wo, 2 India SHRIMP INDUSTRY: The shrimp fisheries currently being exploited by Indian fishermen are primarily close to the coast and in the estu- aries, backwaters, and salt-water lakes along the western coast of India, especially around Karala and Bombay, and to a much lesser extent off-the east coast. The shrimp fishing grounds on the west coast extend to 50 miles from the coast in the north (off the Gulf of Kutch), to about 25 miles from the coast at Bombay, and to about 15 miles off the coast in the south at Cochin. East coast shrimp fisheries are being surveyed and potential catches appear to be great, es- pecially off Tuticorin, Cuddalore, Pulicat, the mouths of the Godawari and Mahanadi Rivers, and at the head of the Bay of Bengal, according to the Assistant Fisheries De- velopment Adviser of the Government of India. There are 11 fish processing plants in India. All but the plant at Calicut process shrimp, and all are freezing plants. One plant at Cochin and the one at Mangalore also can shrimp. No information is available on the extent of mechanization in the processing plants; The estimated landings of heads-on shrimp in India are as follows: 1959, 65,437 metric tons; 1958, 85,191 tons; 1957, 137,000 tons; and 1956, 160,000 tons. No breakdown of the landings by major types or species is available, except that the 1959 catch consisted of 27,632 metric tons of penaeid shrimp and 37,805 metric tons of non-penaeid shrimp or prawns (heads-on). Fisheries products landings sta— tistics are rough estimates in India, and no estimate of landings for 1960 is available. It is not clear why landings of shrimp have fallen so sharply in the last three years, It is believed that reclama- tion of backwater areas for paddy cultivation may cut into the output of the small shrimp caught in such areas. Sucha trend was not likely to continue because of the conservation measures being taken, but on the other hand, the future increase in the shrimp catch would be primarily the re- sult of extending exploited fisheries outward from the shore rather than of more intensive exploitation of backwaters and close-in fisheries. It is impossible to separate figures for shrimp vessels from those for fishing vessels as a whole, partly because the same boats are used for shrimp fishing as are used for other types of fishing, It has been estimated that in 1959 there were about 86,700 fishing vessels in India, including about 1,700 mechanized craft. The State Governments of Gujarat, Maha- rashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala have small programs to assist in the construction of non-mechanized vessels. Vessel programs of the Central Government are concentrated on con= struction of powered vessels; about 650 boats were mecha- nized by 1956, and about 850 more vessels have been mecha- nized since that time. It is planned to mechanize another 4,000 boats during the Third Five-Year Plan (by 1966), but that figure has not yet been finally agreed to by the Govern= ment planning organizations. All vessels are primarily In- dian-owned, but there are two fishing companies exploiting shrimp fisheries for export which involve foreign minority participation. One of these is 49 percent owned by Japanese interests, and the other recently-formed company has 49 percent United States participation. The establishment of the company with United States capi- tal is dependent on approval by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry which is expected momentarily. The joint Japa- nese-Indian company has four bull trawlers, while the com- pany with United States capital is to have six vessels in Vi- sakhapatnam and six in’Tuticorin. Exports to the United States are primarily frozen shrimp, while shrimp sold to Burma (the other most important customer for In- dian shrimp) are mostly dried. The Indian Governmentimposes a tax of Rs. 0.75 ($0.16) a hundredweight(112 pounds)ion exported shrimp, theoretically February 1961 India (Contd.): Jan. -Aug. 1960 uss 902, 276 782,741 237, 820 59, 195 121, 705 981, 805 83, 418 INote: Values converted at rate of one rupee equals US$0.21. to finance research projects connected with the shrimp fish- eries. At present the Government is considering a proposal to eliminate the tax. Shrimp exports are not subsidized, but the Government assists in the establishment of facilities for catching and preparing shrimp for export in several ways, such as through facilitating issuance of licenses for imports of packaging materials and extending loans to new compa- nies, Further measures, including a subsidy on tinplate and remission of the duty on imported packaging materials, are under consideration. Little useful information is available on wage rates for processing plants, However, it has been reported that wage rates in Madras State for peeling, deveining, and brining av- erage between Rs, 1.5 and Rs. 3 ($0.31-$0.63) a day, paid daily in cash. No comparable data are available for wage rates in freezing plants. Fishermen typically either sell their catch to middlemen daily or, apparently in fewer cases, make arrangements be- .fore the season begins for delivering their entire season’s catch to a middleman at a predetermined price. In Madras State, the average daily income of a fisherman varies widely (depending on the catch), or about Rs. 1.5 and Rs. 10 ($0.31- $2.10). The Indian Government expects to conduct a compre- hensive survey of the income of fishermen which, however, will not be completed before 1963. It appears that India is at present catching only a small fraction of the potential output of its shrimp fisheries. Deep- - er waters than are now generally exploited and the fisheries off the east coast, which are practically untouched, offer the primary opportunities for expansion. It is likely that signif- icant expansion of shrimp output, particularly for export pur- poses, will require extensive participation by foreign com- panies, both because of the apparent reluctance of Indians to conduct larger scale offshore operations and because of the requirement of imported machinery for vessels and proces- sing plants. Despite uncertainty of the reasons for the de- cline in production of shrimp during the past few years, it seems probable that the trend will be reversed because of the Government’s increasing interest in exploitation of fisheries Young women in a plant in India packing raw headless shrimp for freezing. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51 to improve the Indian diet and ease India’s serious foreign exchange situation through exports, and because of the gen- erally developing interest of foreign, particularly Japanese and American, investors in exploiting Indian shrimp fisheries for export. It is not expected that there will be any great change in the types and species of shrimp curnently exported to the United States or elsewhere. (U. S. Embassy, New Delhi, December 2, 1960.) Japan FISHERIES AGENCY RESEARCH VESSEL TO EXPLORE ATLANTIC TUNA AREAS: The Japanese Fisheries Agency in Novem- ber 1960 decided to send its research vessel Shoyo Maru (604 tons) to explore the tuna areas in the Atlantic. The objectives of the trip are: Explore tuna fishing areas in the West Atlantic and those off the southwestern coast of Africa; conduct studies on''green meat'' tuna; survey fisheries and fishing bases in the area. The vessel left Tokyo in the fall of 1960 and was expected to return early in 1961, after visiting Colombo (Ceylon), Cape Town, Freetown, Dakar, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Venice, Port Said, Suez, and Singapore. Plans of operation include long-line fish- ing with 800 hooks once a day, set before dawn and hauling to begin at 10 a.m. Off the southeast coast of Africa, 14 operations and in the western Atlantic, 12 operations are planned. Observations are to include analysis of conditions at the time of setting and haul- ing the line. At noon every day, meteorological obser- vations are scheduled, including sea and air temperatures; collecting sea water, plankton; measuring depth, transparency, weather, wind, and air pressure. Measurement of important species is planned: yellowfin, big-eyed, bluefin, and albacore tuna, including observations on feed, blood, and internal organs. Studies on ''green meat" tuna are planned to determine the cause of the condition. Disposition of catch, operational conditions of foreign fishing vessels, and market con- ditions at ports of call are to be observed and surveyed. (Fisheries Economic News, November 10, 1960.) se se oe se 1 OK OK OK Ok 52 Japan (Contd.): PACK OF NEW CANNED TUNA PRODUCT TO BE INCREASED: Sales in 1960 of the new Japanese canned tuna product ("Tender Tuna") which was put on the market late in June 1960, will be close to 200,000 cases, according to the Japanese canning firm. The company intends to in- crease the pack to 400,000 cases in 1961. The packing in 1961 will be done at several plants besides the original cannery of Yaizu. Do- mestic sales have been 70 percent in No. 3 cans and 30 percent in No. 2 cans (can num- ber designations in Japan are different than in the United States). Each of the four dif- ferently-flavored sauce packs have sold in about equal amounts. (Japanese newspaper, November 21, 1960.) Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1960p. 65. ap ep ee aR a EXPORTS OF CANNED SARDINES IN TOMATO SAUCE, 1959: In 1959, the Japanese exported 618,330 eases of canned sardines in tomato sauce. Of this amount, 405,882 cases were exported to the Philippines; 104,030 cases to Africa; 61,428 cases to Belgium; 10,952 cases to Singapore; 7,374'cases to the Netherlands; and 28,664 cases to other countries. kK OK Kk ok Ok PACK OF PET FOOD MADE FROM FISH DECLINES: The Japanese 1959 pack of canned pet foods made from fish for export to the United States amounted to about 770,000 cases, of which 650,000 cases were exported. In1960, only about one-half of that quantity was packed due to unusually poor skipjack tuna andmack- erel-pike fishing. Since pet-food packing is a byproduct operation, the scarcity of fish has adversely affected this industry. Also, quality claim problems arose in 1960 which have caused the Japanese packers to lose interest. (The Suisan Tsushin, October 29, 1960.) SSS Korea SHRIMP INDUSTRY: There are no specialized shrimp fishing vessels in Korea; the locally-owned vessels engaged in other fisheries also catch shrimp. Some of the vessels are in operation COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 Table 1 - Korea’s Shrimp Landings, 1958-59 and January-~August 1960 Large} Medium an.-Aug. 1960 throughout the year. Current discussions in the Korean Office of Marine Affairs call for additions to the fishing fleet in 1961, largely as replacements for obsolete vessels. If such vessels are built, there will be some net gain in the shrimp catch potential because the Government would likely modify its regulation to allow the use of more effective gear for shrimp fishing. However, a limiting factor in the volume of the catch is the shrimp area itself which is unlikey to pro~ duce a volume at all comparable with the recognized large Shrimp fishing grounds in the Western Hemisphere. Through August 1960, the total shrimp catch was only 6,649 metric tons, at an annual rate of slightly over half of the 19,000 tons planned for the year. The drop in land- ings was mainly in small shrimp, which accounts for about 90 percent of the total landings. These very small shrimp are usually dried, pickled, or made into a paste for the do~ mestic market, or for export, in the case of the dried shrimp. Table 2 - Korea’s Exports of Shrimp by Type and Destination, Quantity, and Value, 1956-59 and Jan.~Aug. 1960 Frozen Shrimp / Dried Shrimp The relatively small catch in 1960 can be attributed to the d2pressed price for shrimp in the international market in 1959 as well as to damage to the fishing fleet in September 1959 by Typhoon Sarah, The catch in 1959 was larger than that of the preceding year, but the production did not come up to expectations for the year. The gain in the catch of medium-size shrimp in 1959 compared with 1958 is note- worthy. Processors of frozen shrimp (as well as other fishery products) are under the supervision of the Office of Marine Affairs of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, which is responsible for minimum sanitary standards, All process~ ors and packers for export are required to be members of one of the Korean food export associations which has to sPEr OTe the quality of the products before they can be ex~ ported. February 1961 Korea (Contd.): As is the case in most businesses in Korea, the snrimp industry has had financial difficulties. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry considered introducing an export subsidy to aid the industry, but such a subsidy has not been provided. The 1960 price firmed up somewhat com- pared with that of 1959, especially for the frozen products. However, by June 1960 the export of frozen shrimp ceased, for a time at any rate, due to difficulties in the local oper- ation, including poor trade representations and insufficient revolving capital to cover the time lag involved for ship- ment, payment, and other financial details. The Korean Frozen Foods Association is exploring the possibility of sales to Japan which has a market advantage, due to the distance, for transportation costs and, the Association hopes, for cutting the time lag on movement of funds. The United States is Korea’s best market for frozen shrimp which accounted for $73,000 in foreign exchange in 1958, the record year. In addition to the exports, a= bout 10 tons of frozen shrimp are sold annually to United Nations Forces in Korea. The principal markets for the ‘dried shrimp are the United States and Hong Kong. oe Morocco SHRIMP INDUSTRY: The two principal outlets for the Moroccan shrimp fishing industry are the local market for fresh shrimp, and the market in France for frozen shrimp. The main fishing grounds are located in the waters off Casablanca and Tangier. Shrimp are generally available all year, although more abundant during January and February. The processing industry is centered in Casablanca where 14 out of Mo- rocco's 19 plants are located. In Casablanca, some 2,000 women are employed in shrimp- freezing plants. Peeling, deheading, and de-~ veining are hand operations. Machines are too expensive. Processing consists of peel- ing,deheading, deveining, cooking, and freez- ing. The shrimp are packed in one- or two- kilo (2.2- or 4.4-pound) cartons. The shrimp used for canning are very small and canned in } 'Dingley'' cans. Estimated landings dur- ing the first six months of 1960 were about 660 tons. In 1959, shrimp landings (970 tons) at Casablanca accounted for about 77.6 per- cent of the total for the year. Pink shrimp (crevettes roses) or Para- penaeus languostris, predominate in Moroc- can waters. All sizes are caught and graded large, medium, and small. Other species are not classified according to size and are called prawns (crevettes bouquets) and are smaller than the pink shrimp. The pink shrimp run 130 shrimp to the kilo (about 60 shrimp per pound). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53 The present Moroccan shrimp fleet is composed of 80 trawlers. In Tangier, the boats generally have a 70-metric-ton dis- placement, are 20 meters long (about: 66 feet), have 170-hp. engines, and carry a crew of ten. The Casablanca trawlers have also a displacement of 70 tons but are 19 meters (about 62 feet) long with a 180-hp. engine and a 12-man crew. No substantial increase in this fleet is anticipated. The majority of the vessels are owned by Spanish, Portuguese, or French. Only five or six boats are owned by Moroccan nationals. Exported frozen shrimp are peeled and deveined. Almost all shrimp are exported to France, a duty-free status is accorded them during the first 3 or 4 months of each year and only a nominal landing tax of 10 percent is charged. Table 1 - Moroccan Exports of Canned Shrimp, 1956-1960 Destination Quanti aN fo.) . . | 309, 878 30, 435 my = N se eee Rrancee enemies All Others. .... dkeyeil 6.6.5 6.0 6.0 1/January -September only. lote: (1) Currency values converted as follows: 1956 - 350 Moroccan francs equal US$1; 1956 - 305; 1958 - 405; 1959 - 444, 1960 - 506; (2) None exported to the United States. Export controls consist mainly of quality control exercised by a government agency. That office also acts as a trade promotion agency and has offices in principal European cities as well as New York City. An export tax of 0.5 percent is charged to help support the agency. In addition, an export tax of 1 percent is charged by the customs authorities on all items exported. A landing tax of 5 per- cent is levied on all shrimp unloaded in Moroccan ports. No subsidies were being given to the fish industry as of December 1960. 54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Morocco (Contd.): 362.3 715.9) Oo fo) NI oe t= 00) 298.4 a 1.6 3.9 a ite} w tN) N Nw ole eo PO} = WO} U1) NO] Og ary wo ol N 1» | 09] U1 Co} NIN nN w oO 00 ft /January -September only. : None exported to the United States. The minimum wage in the fish-processing industry is established at 81 Moroccan francs an hour, the equivalent of 16 U.S. cents. A 48-hour maximum work week is in force. Fishermen are paid on the following basis: One half of the value of the catch is given to Table 3 - Average Annual Earnings in the Moroccan Fishing Industry 1/ . For vessels out more than 24 hours:2/ Master fisherman ..... . od00000 1, 809 Skipper and first mate. ......2..-+- 905 WINES Goddoo dbo oD ooo OOD 1, 206 Second engineer....-+-+.2++-+-+--> . 753 SEMAN SC GOS Oooo ooo oO dG ood 653 Cabin boy or beginner. ..... edlolebietis - For vessels out less than 24 hours: aster fisherman ..... 0.6.6.0016'5 0 Skipper and first mate. ..... oo00 522 Engineer. 5.2 6.5: « « eetelis 692 Second engineer. .... Go olin ooo OO 435 Seaman’< 6 6 0 0s 6 © es © 0000 375 Cabin boy or beginner. . eee 1/November, 1960. 2/The boats in Casablanca and Tangier generally are in the sec- ond category. Those with Agadir for home port generally stay out two or three days. The other half is di- vided between the master and the crew, after operating expenses have been deducted. the owner of the boat. The catch of shrimp has about keptup with demand. The catch has increased steadily but not greatly over the previous four years. However, if world demand increases, pro- duction is capable of being expanded. Mo- rocco is searching for products to export to balance its trade. Vol. 23, No. 2 As of December 1, 1960, the United States had not figured in the trade in shrimp. The most likely type that could be exported to the United States would be small canned shrimp: (American Consulate General, Casablanca, December 1, 1960.) Nicaragua SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Virtually all Nicaraguan shrimp fishing is now done by a French firm located in Puerto de El Bluff on Bluefields Is- land. The Nicaraguan shrimp fishing grounds are located off the entire length of the country’s east coast, although the. industry is too new as yet to determine the exact location of the best shrimp beds. Shrimp are available throughout the year, but the best fishing season is between mid-June and mid-March. White shrimp are caught in the daytime and ‘‘red’’ shrimp at night. The port of El Bluff is the center of the industry. The only processing plant has the following facilities: A 550 kw. powerhouse for supplying all of the firm’s installations. A daily capacity for 66,000 pounds of ice in blocks and 14,000 pounds in flakes. Two ice-storage rooms with a capacity for 400,000 pounds. “Two freezing tunnels, each with a capacity of 20,000 pounds every 20 hours, and there is cooler space for 300,000 pounds of processed shrimp. Two low-temperature storage rooms, with a capacity of 300,000 pounds. Two prerefrigeration rooms for storing the products when unloaded until they are graded and packed. One work room (198 x 49.5 feet) equipped with a double shrimp grader. There is another work room (49.5 x 72.5 feet) equipped with a boiler and a rustproof cooking vat used for processing products exported to Europe. A work room (198 x 49.5 feet) is used for the cannery. A high-pressure boiler has already been installed and the other equipment is being set up. A warehouse, connected to the wharf by the railroad, supplies all fishing items (nets, cables, anchors, chains, | ropes, etc.) and parts for motors and radios as well as sheet iron, etc. Value of stock ranges from US$100,000- 150,000. Table 1 - Nicaraguan Export Prices for Heads-Off White Shrimp, Jan.-Sept. 1960 Heads-off Shrimp to the Pound February 1961 Nicaragua (Contd.): Table 2 - Nicaragua's Shrimp’ Exports (headless) by Country of Destination. 1956-59 and January-June 1960 Country of Destination Quantity Value Lbs. US$ Jan.-June 1960 . .| Costa Rica 528 200 El Salvador. 7,123 3,800 United States 236,126 91,464 Mota yen. 243,777 95,464 eel IID) ssc en 5o008 Costa Rica. . 7,746 3,300 El Salvador . 1,223 720 Panama.... 15,003 5,330 United States | 420,983 183,220 i Total. 75: 444,955 192,570 Pp SG yy Geo ooo Ranamaeren ee 6,008 3,600 United States 602,811 315,721 Total... 608,819 319,321 Costa Rica. . Panama.... Hotealwseses 2/ = paclndes white, brown, and pink shrimp. exports. For the years 1956 to 1959, the El Bluff plant gives no Statistics on landings of shrimp as their plant was being constructed, but estimates landings for 1960 at 490,000 pounds, heads-off. No breakdown of landings by sizes is available, but the plant’s estimated percentages based on studies made in 1958 and on actual fishing since August 1959 are as follows: under 15 count, 2 percent; 16-20 count, 18 percent; 21-25 count, 42 percent; 26-30 count, 31 percent; 31-35 count, 4 percent; and 36-40 count, 3 percent. There are 22 vessels with Diesel motors of 140-200 hp. The length of the vessels ranges from 62-72 feet. The El Bluff firm plans to obtain about 25 vessels from the United States in a short time. Of the 22 vessels mentioned, 11 are Nicaraguan-owned, one is Costa Rican- owned, and 10 are owned by United States citizens. Exports to the United States by the firm operating at the port of El Bluff during July-September 1960 averaged 52,625 pounds, There are no current export controls, subsidies, or taxes on shrimp in Nicaragua. The El Bluff firm has a 20-year license allowing them to fish on the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua, The wage rate for packing is 4 U. S. cents a pound, 19 cents a pound for peeling and deveining the large shrimp, and 29 cents a pound for peeling and deveining the small shrimp. With arrival of 25 vessels from the United States, it is expected that the annual catch will increase substantially. Also, with the use of depth sounders on each boat, it will be possible to catch larger quantities of the brown and pink varieties of shrimp. (United States Embassy in Nica- ragua, December 1, 1960.) COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55 Pakistan FISHERY TRENDS, NOVEMBER 1960: Like those of India, waters off the coast of Pakistan are rich in fish and shellfish. Through aid from the U. S. International Co- operation Administration, modern facilities for handling fish have been installed at Kar- achi harbor. These include docks, market place, refrigeration facilities, and an assem- bly room. Mackerel, pomfret, sole, shark, and shrimp occur in abundance. During the peak season 30,000 pounds of shrimp are processed daily, and 10,000 pounds are pro- cessed daily during the off-season. Someof _the shrimp are exported to the United States. Large quantities of salted shark are exported to Ceylon and Singapore. Aside from Karachi, the fishing industry is not well developed along the coast of West Pakistan. People in the northern portion of West Pakistan eat little fish due to the dis- tance from the coast and lack of refrigera- tion facilities during transportation. Stall in Karachi's central fish market where fresh fish from the Arabian Sea is offered for sale. The Biochemical Research Department ot Pakistan's Central Laboratory at Karachiis working extensively on the extraction, analy- sis, and processing of shark-liver oil for vitamin A. The oil averages about 15,000 units per gram of vitamin A--nearly 25 times as much as standard cod-liver oil. Of the six species of shark obtained at Karachi, the hammerhead (Sphyrna blochii) is the richest source. Research is also in progress on the processing of fish flour from shark meat for human food. (American Embassy, New Delhi, November 23, 1960.) se sk see KOK OK ook ook 56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Pakistan (Contd.): FIRST SHRIMP EXPORTS TO UNITED STATES FROM EAST PAKISTAN: On July 28, 1960, frozen shrimp exports from East Pakistan to the United States were initiated with a sample consignment of five tons. The Director of Fisheries for East Pakistan predicted that 120 tons would be exported by the end of 1960, the United States Consul at-Dacca reported on November 18, 1960. Peru EXPORTS OF MARINE PRODUCTS, JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1960: Exports of principal marine products by Peru during the first nine months of 1960 a- mounted to 453,133 metric tons (valued at about US$41 million). Fish meal exports Peruvian Exports of Principal Marine Products, — -September 1960 Marine an. -Sept. 1960 Metric [Million] US$ | Metric | Million fuse 1,000] Tons | _Soles | 1,000 ish meal 0 6, 850 | 383,600] 850.2 | 30 30, 749 etc eddie: 24,862} 155.6 | 5,627 14.9 | 539 | 9,489| 32.4 | 1, 172] 8, 827| 22.0 9 oe Products == Valuel/ | Oty. [Value id EAE = 553[ 29.7 _| 1,074 | 23,728] 67.9 | 2,456) 4,208 1,205 ims |esON (383,600 tons valued at US$30.7 million) were up 108.8 percent in quantity and 47.4 percent in value as compared with the 183,685 tons valued at US$20.9 million ex- ported during a similar period of 1959. Av- erage prices for fish meal (January-Septem~- ber 1960) at about US$80.16 a metric ton were down sharply from the average of about US$113.54 a ton received during the same period of 1959. ip Se te ae Aa so a AS ot FISH MEAL INDUSTRY, 1955-60: This report is based on information supplied by the Presi- dent of the Belgian Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers and the Belgian Embassy at Lima, Peru, The report was sub- mitted to the Belgian Government by the Belgian Association along with a request that measures be taken to protect the Belgian fish~meal industry. Vol. 23, No. 2 Over the past few years the Peruvian fish-~meal industry experienced a spectacular growth. Production amounted to 14,637 metric tons in 1954, and increased as follows: 19,217 tons in 1955; 28,922 tons in 1956; 62,945 tons in 1957; 107,471 tons in 1958; and 274,800 tons in 1959. It was anticipated that 1960 production would be 500,000 to 600,000 tons. Landings decreased from Mny to September, therefore it was possible that production fluctuated around 500,000 tons; 400,000 tons had been sold by May 1960. In 1960, Peru reduced prices substantially as compared with 1958. Since Peru has no storage facilities and the credit rate of banks fluctuates between 15 and 20 percent per year, the Peruvian producers sold fish meal at whatever price they could obtain, even if lower than cost. During a meeting, reported by the newspaper La Prensa, (June 24, 1960), Peruvians admitted that the price e had de- creased ‘below cost. It was suggested that Peru stop granting licenses for the construction of new plants and limit-exports. No agreement, however, was reached, La Prensa added that the f.o,b. price had decreased from U3$140 a metric ton to be- low US$60. Another report indicated that Peruvian production costs hac been estimated at US$87 to US$90 a ton; and that efficient- ly-operatea plants could still enjoy a profit at prices between US$82 and US$84 a ton. Due to the low prices that prevailed in July 1960, the Pe- ruvian tax on exportation of fish meal was cancelled. This tax, based on a cost price of $64.33 a ton, amounted to 10 percent on the difference between the officially-recognized production cost ($64.33 per ton) and the price obtained in the United States (Pacific coast) after deduction of transportation and insurance expenses. There was also a tax of 10 percent ad valorem if the export sale price exceeded the officially~ recognized cost price by 25 percent. It was estimated that a plant capable of producing 2,000 tons of fish meal per month had a cost price of US$64.33 per ton prior to July 1960. But the cost price of most plants was probably higher due to smaller capacity. In January of 1960, 63 plants were in operation; by July there were 74, with licenses requested for 12 additional plants. ~ There were 400 new vessels under construction as of No- vember 1960. Cost prices were estimated for plants of a capacity of 2,000 tons per month, operating under circumstances such as: (1) plants having their own boats, located along a quay, and working with an anchovy pump; (2) plants having their own boats, located in the interior, using an anchovy pump to load trucks for transporting the raw material; (3) plants not having boats, located along a quay, and using an anchovy pump; and (4) plants not having boats, located in the interior, and using an anchovy pump to load trucks for transporting the raw material. In (1), a cost price delivered in Europe (c. & f.) of US$82.19 a ton was arrived at. For (2), cost price delivered in Europe would be US$86.26 a ton. For (3), US$84.49. For (4), $88.56. As of November 1960, Peru was offering fish meal for im= mediate delivery at US$1.25 per protein unit, or US$81.25 a ton. Contracts for delivery until the end of 1961 have been made on the basis of US$1.14 to U5$1.15 per protein unit, or US5$74.10 and US$74.75 per ton. As of November 1960, one could buy for delivery in 1961 at U5$1.19 per protein unit, or US5$77.35 per ton. (United States Consulate, Antwerp, Novem- ber 22, 1960.) sk ook ose ook ok 2K OOK 3 OK Kk FISH MEAL INDUSTRY TRENDS, THIRD QUARTER 1960: During the July-September 1960 quarter, when anchovy fishing was at a seasonal low point for the year, many February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57 Peru (Contd.): Peruvian fish meal producers improved their installations. One objective was the elimination of offensive odors which earlier in the year caused strong complaints from munici- palities adjacent to fish meal plants. More important for the economic viewpoint, however, were improvements in the manufacturing process to reduce production costs, in- cluding renovation of existing operations and new installa~ tions. For example, in the short distance of about one- quarter of a mile along the shore to the north of Callao, at least three new plants were under construction during the third quarter, each initially with two or more production units capable of handling 40 to 50 tons of raw fish per hour, with additional units to be installed later. A feature of these plants is that anchovies can be unloaded by suction hoses, directly from the vessels. At least one of the plants has a laboratory for testing the quality of its prod- uct, radio equipment for communicating with vessels at sea, and an airplane for observation purposes. Hereto- fore, stickwater waste from the reduction process has been thrown away. Numerous plants are now installing equipment to treat stickwater for the recovery of valua- ble protein solids for addition to the fish meal during the manufacturing process. Such efforts to reduce pro- duction costs and to improve quality emphasize the de- termination of Peruvidn producers to meet the challenge of reduced world prices in every way possible. Fish meal prices continued at low levels during the third quarter, although they recovered to some extent as exporters sought to cover current contracts from availa- ble supplies. That activity drew to a close, however, and at the end of October, prices were running about $66-$68 a metric ton f.o.b. Peruvian ports for November delivery, $64 for December delivery, and $62 for January-June 1961 delivery. While the continuous efforts of the Peruvian industry to initiate workable controls through self-imposed limitations of production or export have not yet been successful, there were indications at the end of October that a workable solu- tion of the problem might be imminent. Certainly there ap~ pears to have developed a realization among Peruvian pro- ducers that controls must be instituted to avoid restrictions abroad and the possibility of chaotic conditions in the in- dustry at home. Representatives of the Peruvian industry attended as observers the annual meeting of the Internation- al Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers held in Paris at the end of September. It is reported that Peru’s leading supplier position in the world fish meal industry was recog- nized there, and agreement was reached that annual exports by Peru of 600,000 metric tons would be reasonable, would eliminate the uncertainties in the world markets caused. by runaway Peruvian production, and would permit normal operation of world supply and demand factors, taking into account production of other supplying countries. Peruvian producers appear to have accepted the suggested 600,000- ton export figure, and to be prepared to adjust realistically to the necessity of regulating production to conform to it. It is understood that producers are working together to find ways and means of doing so. One plan mentioned would take into account production during November and December (seasonally good anchovy fishing months), and would give weight to historical sales patterns and to forward contracts. The Sociedad Nacional de Pesqueria, the industry’s own organization, would control exports through a system of export permits. An initial step in the procedure was re- portedly scheduled to be taken November 1, 1960, when all companies, in accordance with agreement, were to reg- ister their forward contracts with the Society. (U.S. Em- bassy, Lima, October 31, 1960.) Sle se ee 1 SK CK ck OK | EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, JANUARY-JUNE 1960: Official Peruvian export data for fishery products for the first six months of 1960 as compared with the same period of 1959 show an increase of 109 percent in quantity and an increase of 52 percent in value. Fish meal exports in- creased 131 percent in quantity and 69 percent in value. There was a sharp decrease of frozen tuna (other than skipjack) exports (43 percent in quantity and value), re- flecting the poor tuna fishing experienced in Peruvian waters, This has been attributed to abnormal water temper- atures. Exports of canned tuna were also off. Principal Peruvian Fishery Products Exports, January-June 1958-60 = rae Quantity Value- Product January-June January-June 1959 1958 | 1960 1959 | 1958 ... (Metric Tons)....]|... (US$1,000)... Frozen Fish: Tuna....| 4,094 | 7,210] 3,674 463| 847| 430 Skipjack..| 4,440 | 1,643] 983/ 452| 193] 113 Swordfish . 85 57 35} 36, 26 18 Shrimp ECO 67 25) 155|) 58] 9 22|eatiae stinos) - 8,686 8,935 | 4,847| 1,009] 1,088] 697 (Canned Fish: Bonito ... 7,534 Tea 5,849] 2,705] 3,073) 2,234 Tuna .... 261 420 501 87 130] 158 Total canned 7,795 8,147 | 6,350] 2,792] 3,203) 2,392 Fish By- TOPE ] products: Fish meal. | 285,503 | 123,580 | 49,803/23,899| 14,519) 5,219 Fish oil ..| 13,180 6,926 1,050} 1,382 628 127 Sperm oil. 5,281 4,031 4,275 633 505 651 Whale meal 308 1,825 550 18 201 41 Total by- products .|304,272 | 136,362 | 55,678/25,932) 15,853 es Grand total | 320,753 | 153,444 | 66,875|29,733) 20,144] 9,127 he average rate for U.S. dollars was 27.65 soles in the first h lf of 15960; 26.91 soles in the same period of 1959; and 22.11 soles in the first half of 1958. SHRIMP INDUSTRY: Tnere are only two companies in Peru which freeze and export salt-water shrim>-~one at Mancora and the other at Caleta Cruz (Tumbes), A third company, located in Lima, acts as selling agent for both of them. All are Peruvian companies established with American capital. An official of the Lima company states that there has been no note- worthy changes in the shrimp industry during the past year. Two vessels have been added to the shrimp fleet, bringing the total number to 15. The landings for 1960 are being made at about the same rate per vessel as those for 1959, so the total landings in 1960 should be slightly higher than for 1959. He commented that the consumption of salt-water snurimp is increasing within Peru, but no data are available, : The Peruvian shrimp industry is limited to a narrow strip 30 miles long off the northern coast of Peru, near Tumbes and the shrimp are available all year. Normally the heaviest fishing takes place in May and June. In 1960, Oztober and November have proved to be the months of heaviest fishing. The two companies are engaged in 58 Peru (Contd.): sarimp fishing and processing. The shrimp are beheaded on board the vessels and are frozen at their plants at Man- cora and Caleta Cruz. No other type of processing of snrimp is done. Shrimp landings for the 1956-59 period have varied be- tween a high of 757,000 pounds heads-off in 1957 and a low of 268,000 pounds in 1959. Exports (all to the United States) during this period reached a peak of 736,000 pounds in 1957 and by 1959 had dropped to 268,000 pounds. and January-September 1960 Table 1 - Peru’s Landings and Exports of Shrimp, 1956-59 Landings¥/ Qty. TH 2/U; 3/Average val and Jan.-Sept. 1960, $0.037. 4/Revised. The possibility of expanding the Peruvian shrimp fish- ery appears to be limited. It was estimated in 1955 that the present shrimp fishing area of Peru probably would not produce more than 600,000 to 900,000 pounds (heads-off) an- naally. Only in 1957 and 1958 were shrimp landings within this approximate range. At the end of 1959, an official of the Lima exporting firm characterized the Peruvian shrimp in- dustry as ‘‘unflourishing.’’ Since the 1960 catch is reported to be only slightly ahead of 1959, it may be assumed that his reaction remains the same. (United States Embassy, Lima, November 14, 1960.) Ryukyu Islands FISHING INDUSTRY EXPANSION PLAN DRAFTED BY JAPANESE: The Japanese Fishery Agency towards the latter part of 1960 surveyed the Ryukyu Is- lands' fishing industry in order todevelop a plan for Okinawa's fishing port. Made at the request of the Okinawan Government, the draft plan was completed in November 1960 and the Japanese agency expected to submit it to the Ryukyu Government shortly thereafter. The 5-year plan, which will cost some US$1,666,667 ayear and a total of $7,900,000 for the five years, places emphasis on skipjack, tuna, sea bream, and mackerel fishing and calls for the estab- lishment of a fisheries center around Naha. The major points of the plan are: (1) A total catch of 37,000 metric tons is Okinawa's target for 1965 (it was 22,000 tons in 1958). COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 (2) Of the fishing vessels, 30 percent will be of the type for fishing skipjack and 13 per- cent for tuna. An increase of 50 percent is expected over the present 3,300 vessels. A 50-percent increase over 282 powered vessels is expected. Fish consumption is expected to reach 66 pounds per capita. (3) A total of 16 fishing ports are planned. (Fisheries Economic News, November 8, 1960.) a ‘Spain qT SALT COD EXPORTED TO PUERTO RICO FOR THE FIRST TIME: Cod caught and processed by the Spanish fishing industry is now being exported for the first time, so far as is known. On November 24, 1960, a shipment of 4,200 cases of salt cod with a net weight of 200 metric tons were loaded at Pasajes, Guipuzcoa, and shipped to Puerto Rico. Until recently, Spain has been importing from 60,000 to 80,000 metric tons of salt cod per year, from Canada, Iceland, and Scandinavian countries. The ability to export cod has resultedfrom the expansion and modernization (which has been in progress since 1950) of the impor- tant fishing fleet at Pasajes, Guipuzcoa. A press report has stated that Puerto Rico's annual requirement is about 500 tons, and that this significant shipment is the re- sult of a recent visit of a group of Puerto Ricans to the Alvis Codfisheries Association at Pasajes. (American Consulate, Bilbao, Spain, November 30, 1960.) Sweden SHRIMP INDUSTRY, 1958-60: The Swedish shrimp industry consists of 235 shrimp vessels, 756 fishermen, and 9 processing plants engaged in peeling and canning. Despite the fact that Sweden's ex- ports of shrimp are sizable, nine-tenths of the catch is consumed domestically. Sweden is a net importer of shrimp, receiving most of it from Norway. Swedish shrimp-fishing is carried out in the North Sea. Because of the proximity of Norway, and the fact that the grounds, which are located essentially February 1961 Sweden (Contd.): in the vicinity of Oslofjord, are also a prin- cipal source of shrimp for the Norwegians, there has been conflict between Swedish and Norwegian fishermen as to the utilization of the shrimp grounds. To preserve existing resources, the Swedish-Norwegian Fishing Agreement pre- scribes the amount of shrimp per week per vessel based on the size of the crew, and de- pending on whether for fresh consumption or processing purposes. The quantity allowed for processing is greater. In 1958, Sweden's shrimp landings amount- ed to 2,147 metric tons valued at US$2,095,061 The heaviest landings were during September and October. Shrimp are taken throughout the year and there is no pattern in the monthly variations of landings. Initial processing of shrimp takes place aboard the vessel and consists of boiling in brine. All shrimp more than 34 inches in length and those smaller ones not destined for canning are handled in this manner. There is no freezing of shrimp in Sweden. But the major Swedish food processing firm does freeze shrimp for the Swedish and other markets in their Danish plants. Shrimp processing in Sweden is confined to deveining and canning at 9 plants along the Swedish west coast. Of these, 7 purchased 1,150 metric tons of boiled shrimp in 1959-- peeled or packed it in glass or tin cans with a processors! sales value of US$1,222,899. Only one plant was using peeling machinery. Retail prices for 100 grams (3.5 ounces) of shrimp packed in glass ranged from Kr. 1.75-2.50 (34-48 U. S. cents). Shrimp packed in cans retailed at 125 grams (4.4 ozs.) for Kr. 1.55 (30 cents), and 100 grams (3.5 ozs.) for Kr. 1.33 (26 cents) a can. 1/ The overwhelming proportion of the shrimp caught by Swedish fishermen are the species "Pandalus borealis,’ called ''Nordhavsrakor." A small quantity (2 tons in 1958) of Leander adspersus also is caught for domestic con- sumption. In 1957, Sweden's shrimp landings (heads- on weight) amounted to 2,124 metric tons valued at 10.9 million kr. (US$2,106,207); in 1958, 2,154 tons valued at 10.9 millionkr. 1/Prices effective November 1960. Export prices 30-35 percent lower. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59 (US$2,106,207): and in 1959, 3,214 tons valued at 13.8 million kr. (US$2,667,126). Of these totals 1,000 metric tons in 1957 and 1958 were used for canning, while in 1959 1,200 tons were used. The estimated quantity canned in 1960 may total 1,400 metric tons. The remainder is sold for ''fresh consump- tion," The count of heads-on shrimp per kilo sold for fresh consumption averages between 140-180 (64-82 per pound) while the count per kilo used by canneries averages 240 to 260 (109-118 per pound). The number of vessels engaged in shrimp fishing in 1958 totalled 235, employing 756 fishermen. The value of the boats amounted to 8.3 million kronor (US$1,603,809). The number of trawlers has increased in the past few years to 280. The size of the trawlers ranges from 40 to 60 feet, the smallest em- ployes two fishermen, the largest four. Modern vessels are equipped with Diesel engines between 150-200 hp. Older vessels are equipped with raw oil motors averaging 100 hp. each. According to the Agricultural Marketing Board (Jordbruksnamnden), the ownership pattern of the vessels and tackle employed in shrimp fishing is the same as the pattern generally found in the Swedish fishing in- dustry. The vessel and equipment are the property of the fishermen themselves, owned locally. Those who are neither owners nor part-owners are usually not wage-earners either, but members of a ''fishing team" formed by all those on board. Net income of the vessel is divided into shares, some going to members of the crew and some to part-owners and owners. The annual total income for each team is estimated at 50,000 kr. (US$9,664). In Sweden shrimp are soldin lots through a sub-organization of the West Coast Fisher- men's Central Association and at a minimum price of 1.75 kr. per kilo (15 U.S. cents per pound). Unsold shrimp are retained by the Table 1 - Swedish Exports of Shrimp, 1959 1/Frozen shrimp imported from Denmark and subsequently reex ported. INote: Include landings abroad by Swedish shrimp fishermen. 60 Sweden (Contd.): association at 1.65 kr. per kilo (15 U.S. cents per pound). From the public sales price, 5 ore per kilo (US$8.77 per short ton) is de- ducted by the association for the maintain- ance of the guaranteed sales price, and one ore per kilo for the administration of the .organization. There are no export controls or special taxes affecting the Swedish shrimp industry other than quality and sanitary controls. Table 2 - Swedish Exports of Shrimp, 19591/, by Type and Principal Country of Destination Destination | Quanti Norway Denmark Others Great Britain Italy Switzerland Austria U.S.A. 1/Preliminary. Prgducts prepared by the plants are sub- ject to¥control by a Government organization under the Agricultural Marketing Board. The plants are required to provide the control organization upon demand with samples of prepared products. The organization checks the quality as against the label, and certifies its reliability. The charge for the service is negligible. The control organization also handles the inspection of plants, raw material, process- ing method and equipment, and sanitary con- ditions at all stages of the canning operation. The shrimp industry does not receive a Government subsidy, nor is any under con- sideration. The male and female workers in the processing plants are generally part-time workers, called upon when sufficient shrimp is landed. Most women employed are near- by housewives. Some employers pay for each phase of processing separately, others for the entire process, mostly at piece rates. The workers are unionized and earn approx- imately 4 kr. (77 U.S. cents) per hour. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 Shrimp fishing is carried out three days each week; the remaining workweek is de- voted to other types of fishing. Swedish fishermen are members of the Swedish Fishermen's Unemployment Fund. As of November 1960 there were no plans for the expansion of either the catch of shrimp or the volume of exports. Expansion by types or species exported is unlikely as only two principal species exist on the Swedish shrimp grounds. Expansion of exports to the United States are unlikely; only 3 metric tons were exported in 1959. (American Embassy, Stockholm, November 23, 1960.) ote: Values converted at rate of : 1957-58--5.175 Sw. Kr. equal US$1; 1959-60--5.174 Sw. Kr. equal US$1. Zz Taiwan SHRIMP INDUSTRY: The major shrimp fishing grounds of Taiwan are off the coast of southwestern Taiwan from Yunlin to Kaohsiung, waters west of Penghu (Pescadores Islands), and the north= ern part of the Taiwan Strait. Shrimp are caught year-a~ round, but the best season is March=May. During those months 59 percent of the annual catch is landed. All the shrimp landed in Taiwan are consumed locally. Large and medium shrimp are shipped with ice from pro= ducing centers to consuming centers such as Taipei, Tai- chung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung. They are used mostly by restaurants and hotels, as the price is too high for the av~ erage family. Small shrimp are consumed by both rural and urban families either fresh or dried. Dried shrimp are processed by boiling and then sun-drying. About 4-7 percent of the annual landings are dried. No frozen shrimp has been processed, although there are a few refrigeration plants with enough freezing capacity at Keelung and Kaoh= siung. There has been no canning of shrimp. The extent of mechanization in shrimp processing will depend largely on the prospect of export; there has been no discernible trend toward such mechanization. The production of shrimp (heads~on) in Taiwan in re~ cent years is as follows: estimated 6,000 metric tons for 1960; 5,111 tons for 1959; 4,059 tons for 1958; 3,892 tons for 1957; and 3,858 tons for 1956. Shrimp landings have in- creased rather sharply since 1958. Of the total production in 1959, 70 percent was caught by small trawlers in the in- shore waters of the southwestern part of Taiwan, 10 per~ cent was caught by various kinds of fishing methods such as swing-bell net or stick~held net along the coast, 15 per~ cent was produced by culture in brackish-water fish ponds located in the southwestern part of Taiwan, and the re- maining 5 percent was landed by deep=sea trawlers. There are more than a dozen species of shrimp pro- duced in Taiwan. The major species are: red shrimp (Penaeopsis acclivis), thick~shell shrimp (Penaeopsis akayehi), sand shrimp (Penaeopsis monocerose), striped shrimp (Penaeus japonicus), bright shrimp (Pasiphaea sivado), and grass shrimp (Penaeus carinatus). Shrimp are graded as large, medium, and small. For large shrimp (mostly striped shrimp and grass shrimp), there are fewer than 20 heads~on shrimp per pound, Medium shrimp (mostly thick-shell shrimp, red shrimp, and February 1961 Taiwan (Contd.): sand shrimp) run between 30 and 40 to the pound. Small shrimp (various species) run mors than 40 per pound, Of the total shrimp production (heads-on), large shrimp account for about 10 percent, medium shrimp 40 percent, and small shrimp 50 percent. There are about 900 shrimp trawlers of 5-10 tons, with 22-30 hp. engines, operating in the waters of Taiwan. Most of these vessels make one-day trips, but a few make seven= day trips to the inshore waters of Penghu. There is no over= all planning for vessel construction nor for expansion o£ the present fleet. Exporters in Taiwan have studied the possibilities of ex- porting frozen shrimp to the United States, but the high prices on the local market is the major deterent to such at= tempts. The current wholesale price of large shrimp is a- bout NT$60-80 per kilogram (68-90 U.S. cents a pound), which is higher than the market price in the United States. The current wage rate for processing dried shrimp is in the range NT$400-600 (US$10-15) a month. Fishermen who work as employees are paid a monthly wage plus a bonus which is caiculated by comparing the ac- tual monthly catch with the average. There are also a num- ber of fishermen-owners. According to fishery specialists of the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction (JCRR), the pro- duction of medium and small shrimp could be increased sub=- stantially from waters around Taiwan, were the demand to rise. However, to increase the production of an exportable type of shrimp would not be easy. There may be fine quality shrimp of a size suitable for the United States market or oth- er foreign markets in the Strait of Taiwan, but much explora- tory fishing would be needed before this could -be established, and it would probably take 2 or 3 years before Taiwan could become a significant exporter of shrimp, even if the decision were taken to promote such a project. (United States Embassy, in Taipei, November 23, 1960.) ’ Thailand SHRIMP INDUSTRY: The inland, or fresh-water shrimp indus- try of Thailand consists mostly of fresh-wa- ter prawn; 90 percent is distributed either fresh or frozen, and the remaining 10 per- cent either salted or cooked. The principal inland shrimp fishing grounds are located in central Thailand. The most favorable sea- son for catching fresh-water prawn is De- cember-February, when the high tides of the river ebb. During this period, 8 to 15-tons of prawn are caught daily. The sea, or brackish-water, shrimp in- dustry consists mainly of white shrimp. The. small sizes are sold salted or cooked. Only a small amount of shrimp paste is produced because of the high manufacturing cost. The brackish-water shrimp industry is located at almost every major river delta COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW | Shrimp fishing in shallow water in Thailand. 61 along the Gulf of Thailand. Fishing is in- active during the monsoon season, July-Sep- tember. The brackish-water shrimp grounds are also found along the coast, but the most important area is on a line extendingfrom Chumporn to the southernmost tip of Thai territorial waters. The Government-owned ''Cold Storage Or- ganization'' in Bangkok is the only plant pro- cessing frozen shrimp. Washing, peeling and beheading is done by modern machines. . New freezing plants for processing fish at Chumporn and Songkhla are planned. Fa- cilities for processing shrimp will be incor- porated. When completed, they should be able 'to take care of south Thailand's fish- and shrimp-processing requirements. The total catch of shrimp for 1960 was es- timated at not less than 2,000 metric tons, heads- on weight. Unofficially, landings were 5,000 metric tons in 1956; 4,000 in1957; 4,000 in 1958; and 3,000 in 1959. Fresh shrimp lose 42 percent their weight when be- headed, and 60 percent when peeled. Thetwo most commonly found species of shrimp are white shrimp and spotted shrimp. There are approximately 200 fishing ves- _ sels of 20 gross tons each. Most are equipped with 60 hp. engines. Expanding the number of shrimp fishing vessels is not under con- -~ sideration. The greater part of the Shrimp fishing fleet is ownedby Thainationals; some of the vessels are built locally, but a consid- erable number are foreign made. The export price of headless shrimp aver- aged about US$1 a pound in 1958 and US$0.85 in 1959. Most exports were to Malaya. Exports of frozen shrimp by the "Cold Storage Organization’ averaged 100 metric tons in 1958 and 250 tons in 1959. The total value for the two years was about 1 million Baht (approximately US$48,000). There were no exports in 1956 or in 1957. Some exports of frozen shrimp were made to Malaya, but none to the United States nor Europe during the first ten months of 1960. 62 -Thailand (Contd.): There is no subsidy, export duty, or ex- port controls on shrimp. The cost of processing and packaging fro- zen shrimp amounts to about 1.50 Baht per kilogram (approximately 3 U.S. cents per lb.). Payment to shrimp fishermen is by cash only. The average net income of the shrimp fishermen is about 40,000 Baht (US$1,905) per annum, the lowest gross income is about 10,000 Baht (US$476) and the highest about 100,000 Baht (US$4,762). In an exceptionally good season, some are able to gross as much as 80,000-90,000 Baht (US$3,810-4,286) per month. Expenses incurred in shrimp fishing are comparatively lower than other types of fishing. Total labor required is about 6 to 20 persons, and most equipment is locally produced other than the fishing vessels. The Government of Thailand would like . to expand the existing shrimp industry, but no plans exist. The types of shrimp which are exported to all countries as well as the United States are known as white shrimp and spotted shrimp. However, according to marketing circles, white shrimp is preferred over spotted shrimp in the United States. There appears to be little present possibility of physically expanding existing shrimp catches or of meeting many foreign requirements save that of Malaya: (American Embassy, Bangkok, December 2, 1960.) Note: Values converted at rate of 21 Baht equal US$1. : Trinidad SHRIMP INDUSTRY: The shrimp industry in Trinidad as of November 1960 is rela- tively small Shrimp are generally caught during the first half of the year by small boats and by beach seining. Virtually allof the local shrimp catch is consumed fresh. There is only one 68- foot Diesel-engine shrimp vessel operating in Trinidad, which was recently purchased in Florida. This vessel also has been fish- ing for finfish. The landing of shrimp in the Leeward and Windward Islands is negligible and there is no statistical data available to supply any details. A Florida-owned era registered in Trinidad has ceased operations in Trinidad. company started operating in Trini- dad in May 1960, packing and freezing shrimp for export. A fleet of 12 to 15 United States-owned shrimp trawlers fished in waters off Surinam to provide the Trinidad plant with shrimp. The total catch from May through October amounted to about 300,000 pounds, which were cleaned, sorted, and exported to the United States. The only machinery used was a grader and a stapling machine; all other labor was done by hand. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 Precise data on the local catch of shrimp is not available because of the small size of the fishery. In 1957 about 300,000 pounds of shrimp were caught and marketed in Trinidad. The Florida-owned company while fishing off Surinam caught pink or brown shrimp. About one-quarter of the pack consisted of less than 15 shrimp to a pound, about half the pack of 15-20 count, and one quarter, 21 to 25 count. There has been some discussion that a Trinidad subsidiary of a New York City firm may enter into an operation similar to that of the Florida-owned company. The Trinidad subsidiary of the New York City firm is constructing a cold~storage and freezing plant. There are no current export controls, subsidies, or taxes on shrimp fishing, processing, and exporting in Trinidad. The Florida~owned company which has ceased operating in Trinidad,employed 40-50 people in its plant ahd paid an aver- age of about 60 BWI cents per hour (about 35.5 U.S. cents). “This firm paid United States vessels on the basis of shrimp prices in the United States less the costs of processing, freight ‘| to the United States, and insurance. A large part of the catch by local fishermen is sold at retail in Trinidad. There does not seem to be any possibility of expanding the grounds for shrimp located close to Trinidad, which are not extensive. The possibility always exists that another operation simi- lar to that of the Florida-~owned company will be established in Trinidad to pack and export shrimp*catches from waters off the Guianas, The main reason for that company’s failure was the desire of the United States vessel owners to return to the United States. (U.S. Consulate General, Port of Spain, November 25, 1960.) as Tunisia PURCHASE OF TWO TUNA FISHING VESSELS UNDER CONSIDERATION: 3 The Tunisian National Fisheries Office announced during the third quarter of 1960 that it is investigating the possiblility of purchasing two ocean-going tuna clippers,_ the total cost of which would be about 400,000 dinars (about US$952,000). These clippers — would be used to fish the Atlantic off the west coast of Africa and the catch would be used to supply Tunisia's canneries. These canneries have, partly because of a disappointing tuna season, become regular importers of Japa- nese Atlantic-caught tuna for canning. OK OK KOK SHRIMP INDUSTRY Shrimp catches by Tunisian fishermen are made incident=- alto trawling operations for miseellaneous groundfish. How~. ‘ever, the shrimp catch does contribute to the economy of the i'trawling fleet, since they command a relatively high price, octane from 375 milljmes (US$0.90) to 1,000 millimes (US 2.38) a kilogram (about US$0.41-1.08 a pound) heads on. February 1961 Tunisia (Contd.): Landings of heads-on shrimp for the years 1956-59 varied between a high of 200 metric tons in 1956 and a low of 103 tons in 1959, For the first six months of 1960 land- ings amounted to 132 tons. There are two principal types or species taken by Tunisian fishermen--royal or red (Aristo~ morpha) and rose (Parapenaeus). ,About 98 percent of the royal or red shrimp are larger than 40 count (heads-on) to the pound and about 92 percent of the rose shrimp are 40 count or larger. About 60 percent of the two shrimp types are 30 count or larger. Although taken throughout the year, shrimp are landed in commercial quantities in Tunisia only during the summer months, May through August. \ There is only one processing plant at this time in Tunisia, | located 7 miles north of the City of Tunis. This French-owned) freezing plant is one of a chain of six which extends from Spain through North Africa to Tunisia, and which has its own retail sales outlets in France. The plant packs unpeeled whole cooked shrimp in one-kilogram (2.2 lbs.) cartons; very small and broken shrimp are peeled and packed in small polyethylene bags prior to freezing. < The packing operation of this single Tuhisian plant is per- formed entirely by hand. However, the product is considered to be of excellent quality and well packaged. With the small output and declining supplies, it is unlikely that any effort toward mechanization will be made in the foreseeable future. There are 60 vessels in the Tunisian trawler fleet, of which approximately 15 deliver the bulk of the shrimp catch. These vessels range in size from about 50 to 85 feet witha horsepower range of from 75 to 275. The Government-financed fishery enterprise (Office Na- tional des Peches) has acquired a shipyard site in the Tunis port area, and employed a Yugoslav shipbuilding expert, with the intention of constructing wood and steel fishing vessels, 60 to 70 feet in length. It is understood that British-Maltese interests have also been enlisted in the project. However, there is some question as to whether the undertaking will actu- ally materialize in the near future. At the moment, four International Cooperation Administra- tion-financed 20-meter (65 foot) trawlers, built in Italy, were scheduled for delivery late in 1960, and were the only known | future additions to the fleet. The entire fishing fleet is Tunisian owned. During 1956, 1957, and 1958, four Italian vessels were licensed to de- liver only shrimp for processing at the local freezing plant (the fish catch was delivered in Sicily). However, this pro- cedure has been discontinued as a result of Tunisian-Italian friction over fishing rights in Tunisian coastal waters. Export prices for shrimp are available only for the years 1958 and 1959, when they were Dinars 690 and Dinars 614 j (about US$1,642.20 to $1,461.32) per metric ton, respectively.| Exports all frozen and heads on, except for small and broken shrimp: 1956, 188 tons (includes 18.5 tons delivered by Italians); 1957, 136 tons (includes 63 tons delivered by Italians); 1958, 254 tons.(includes 82 tons delivered by Ital- ians); 1959, 97 tons; and 1960, 142 tons (for entire year). About all of the above were exported to France, witha very small quantity going to Switzerland. (Discrepancies will be noted between these figures and the statistics on ; landings. These are probably attributable to landings which were not calculated in the Tunisian statistics. The Service d2a Statistiques of the Government of Tunisia lists exports of 194.7 and 85.2 metric tons for the years 1958 and 1959.) Currently, there are no Tunisian exoort controls, sub~ sidies, or taxes on the local shrimp industry. Wage rates for processing are 72 millimes or about 17 U.S. cents an COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63 hour while actually employed, May through August. Fish- ermen are paid on a share basis, except for those on Government-operated vessels. Earnings average approxi- mately $50 a month, only a part of which is represented by the catch of shrimp. There are extra fringe benefits, such as health insurance, family bonuses, etc. Provided that the Tunisian fishermen are willing to go further offshore in their operations, the possibility of in- creasing the total shrimp catch is good. However, even if the present small catch were doubled, the yield would still not be of commercially~significant proportions. It seems unlikely that the catch of the Tunisian fleet, under the best possible conditions, would exceed this doubled amount in the foreseeable future. (United States Embassy, Tunis, No- vember 21, 1960.) Note: Values converted at rate of 1 dinar equals US$2.38. Union of South Africa PARTICIPATES IN INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION: South African scientific organizations will pursue various projects as their con- bribution to the SCOR (Special Committee for Oceanic Research) International Indian Ocean Expedition. Scientists from the United States are also participating. The main international effort will take place in 1962 and 1963, and data analysis will continue beyond the-end of the expedition in 1964. The Indian Ocean survey was se- lected by SCOR because it is the least known of the oceans. It also has unique oceano- graphic problems. There is evidence that it is a highly productive ocean, which makes this project of great commercial significance. The South African projects will take place from Cape Agulhas east to Delagoa Bay, up to 950-1,000 milesfrom the African coast. Two South African research ships are a- vailable. One group will sail during June-July 1961, from Delagoa Bay to a point south of Mada- gascar, then southeast to long. 58° E. lat. 37° S.; andthen straight back on the African coast to a lat. 329 S. The same cruise may be repeated in 1962. Another group will sail from Delagoa Bay, along lat. 27°S.,,asfar as long. 43° E., then due southand back along lat. 32° S. This will be done once in winter and onee in summer, probably in 1962. While Japanese have fished the waters north of Madagascar and may have done exploratory fishing south 64 Union of South Africa (Contd.): of the Island, the fishing potentialities in those waters are really unknown. They hope to lo- cate an "upwelling" (a current carrying rich nutrients off the sea bottom towards the sur- face) at the southern tip of Madagascar and over a bank somewhere along the track de- scribed above. This could mean the discovery of rich feeding grounds for tuna. The University of Cape Town's Oceano- graphy Department is working on studies con- cerning the relationship between water tem- peratures and currents, and plankton distri- bution and the whereabouts of tuna, in the . hope of discovering ocean conditions where tuna can predictably be found. Theories de- veloped will be tested during the expedition. en Consul, Cape Town, October 28, 1960. U.S. S.R. EXPANSION OF FISHING. AND WHALING FLEETS CONTINUES: The first of a series of vessels for fish- ing in the tropics is now under construction at the East German Baltic Port of Stralsund. - Over 60 have been ordered by the Soviets. Called Tropyk class, they are East Ger- man-designed, 80 meters (282.4 feet) over- all with a beam of 13 meters (42.6 feet). They will be equipped with refrigerating plant and used mainly for sardine, herring, and tuna fishing. The first vessel will be handed over in December 1961. What is claimed to be the world's biggest factory whaler, the Sovetskaya Rossiya, is being completed at the Nikolayev shipyards in Russia. The Sovetskaya Rossiya is an ocean-going three-decker, 217.8 meters (714 feet) over-all. Her displacement is 45,000 tons, design speed 17.5 knots, and she has a cruising range of over 9,000 miles. The ship will be powered by two 75,000 hp. engines. There will be facilities to process several thousand whales during a season and to make 100 per- cent use of whale meat, bone, and blubber. The whaler will have 950 electric motors with a combined power output of 15,000 kw., and stabilizing tanks to reduce the ship's rolling by half. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 She will sail on her maiden voyage in 1961 and will work in Antarctic waters in company with the Slava, Sovetskaya Ukraina, and_Yuriy Dolgoruki whaling fleets. (Fishing News, News, No- vember 11, 1960.) HK OK HK LANDINGS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1956-59: A Soviet Union statistical yearbook for 1959 reports the total landings of "fish, marine animals, and whales" as about 6.8 billion pounds in 1959, according to the November 10 issue of Fiskets Gang, a Norwegian fishery trade periodical. This represents an increase of about 4.7 percent as compared with 1958. An increase of 10 percent was planned for 1960. Soviet Union's Landings of Fishery Products, 1956-59 ieee a eo ess cee -(Million Pounds). ... The Russian Republic accounts for almost three quarters of the landings and the Baltic Republics for 9 percent. Se | = Uruguay SHRIMP INDUSTRY: The Uruguayan shrimp fishery is con- ducted exclusively in brackish lakes and marshes located along Uruguay's Atlantic coast. Since no open-sea fishing is attempted, at present the shrimpindustry does not come under the control of Government of Uruguay fishing monopoly (SOYP), which controls all ocean fisheries. The fishing fleet consists of small boats owned and operated by private interests. The Government monopoly hopes eventually to fish for shrimp and to that end has recently requested (in conjunction with Brazil and Argentina) through the Food and Agriculture Organization the services of a shrimp biology expert. At present the mo- nopoly has neither the equipment nor the technical know-how for a shrimp fishery. Shrimp fishing is normally limited to the months of March and April. Annual landings vary from about 77,000 pounds during good seasons to as little as 9,000 pounds during February 1961 ; COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65 Uruguay (Contd.): poor seasons. The major determining factor in the size of the landings is the extent to which channels are opened from the ocean to the lakes to allow the free passage of salt water. Production does not normally supply FR on : domestic needs and no shrimp are exported. LIBERIA Hana} Most of the shrimp are marketed fresh in seaside resort towns (principally Punta del Este) and in Montevideo. The remaining small amount is peeled and canned at Government facilities for the local market. The Government fish monopoly's future plans for expanding the shrimp fishery and perhaps entering the export market depend on the results of the survey to be made by the FAO shrimp biologist. (American Em- bassy, Montevideo, November 9, 1960.) MINIMUM STOCK FOR ATLANTIC SALMON STREAM An interesting article in the September 1960 issue of The Atlantic Salmon Journal(Fredericton, New Brunswick) discussed the basic ques- tion, How many Atlantic Salmondoes a river need to keep up the stock?" Itisdrawn from a report by Dr. P. F. Elson, St. Andrews (N. B.) biolog- ical Station of the Canadian Department of Fisheries. Based on research data presently available from several salmon streams under study in New Brunswick, the conclusion was reached by Dr. Elson that the number of adult Atlantic salmon required to maintain stocks is between 40 and 50 pounds of adult females per mile of stream 10 yards wide. He also concludes that the presence of more broodstock or the stocking of hatchery products in excess of natural production re- sulting from this minimum of brood stock will yield little or no advantage to the resulting fishery. On the other hand, recent forest spraying with DDT in the watersheds of some of these waters have seriously reduced the naturally-produced stocks of young. Under these circumstances, carefully planned use of hatchery stocks seems to Dr. Elson to be one way of getting better salmon production. 66 PF Z Aisi . 2 ELE FE Department of the Interior ‘FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES FROZEN OCEAN PERCH AND PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH FILLETS VOLUNTARY GRADE STANDARDS ISSUED: Voluntary standards for the production of good quality frozen ocean perch and Pacific ocean perch fillets became effective January 22, 1961. Notice of the promulgation of these standards was carried in the Federal Reg- ister of December 23, 1960. Notice of intention to establish the proposed standards was carried in the Federal Regis- ter of October 21,1960. Interested persons were given until November 20, 1960, to submit written comments, suggestions or objections, to the proposed standards. Nocomments, suggestions or objections were received. Products which conform to these standards are readily identifiable tothe consumer. Firms which have continuous inspection are entitled to mark their packages withthe Federal shield. Those which subscribe only to sample inspec - tion may certify that the product meets the re- quirements of the grade specified but cannot use the prefix''U.S.'' nor the shield. The standards for ocean perch (Sebastes marinus) and Pacific ocean perch (Sebastodes alutus) fillets apply to clean, whole, whole- some fillets, cut away from ‘either side of the fish, which are packaged and frozen in ac- cordance with good commercial practice and ~ are maintained at temperatures necessary for the preservation of the product. The stand- ards include product description, grades, re- commended weights and dimensions, factors of quality, definitions and methods of analysis, lot certification tolerances, and score sheet. The grades include ''U.S. Grade A" and "U.S. Grade B."" Quality below these grades would be classified as substandard. The standards do not define proper label- ling for this product. Frozen ocean perchand COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW x DE Vol. 23, No. 2 RAL Pacific ocean perch fillets, when sold ininter- state commerce, must conform to the label- ling regulations of the Food and Drug Admin- istration, U. S. Department of Health, Educa- tion, and Welfare. Funds made available by Public Law 466 _ (83rd Congress), commonly referred to asthe Saltonstall-Kennedy Act, have.been used to expedite progress on the Bureau's program for the development of voluntary Federal standards. The National Fisheries Institute, acting as contract research agency for the Bureau, has supplied the industry liaison essential to the standards program and has furnished consulting services at meetings and conferences on the standards. A committee of industry technologists, representatives of both producers and distributors, actively co- operated with the Bureau's scientific staff in the development of realistic and practical standards. The standards as they appeared in the Federal Register of December 23, 1960, follow: Title 50—WILDLIFE Chapter If - Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, ish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior SUBCHAPTER G—PROCESSED FISHERY PRODUCTS, Propuct DESCRIPTION AND GRADES PROCESSED PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND CER-| Sec. TAIN OTHER PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS Bec. 269.1 Product description. PART 269—UNITED STATES STAND-| 269.2 Grades of frozen ocean-perch fillets. ARDS FOR GRADES OF FROZEN WricHTs anp Draensions OCEAN-PERCH FILLETS AND 269.6 Recommended weights and dimen- FROZEN PACIFIC OCEAN-PERCH t sions. = FILLETS + PAcTors oF QUALITY On October 21, 1960, a notice and text | 269.11 Ascertaining the grade. of a proposed new Part 269 of Title 50, | 269.12 Evaluation of the unscored factor of Code of Federal Regulations was pub- flavor and odor. lished, in the Feperat REcIsTER (25 FR. | 269-18 Evaluation and rating of the scored 10064). The purpose of the new part is ae Abpearance, aise, COREG es to issue United States Standards for | o99 14 Appearance. Grades of Frozen Ocean-perch Fillets | 96915 3: and Frozen Pacific Ocean-perch Fillets | 269.16 Abaenes of defects. under the authority transferred to the | 269.17 Character. U.S. Department of the Interior by sec- tion 6(a) of the Fish and Wildlife Act of | D=TNIT10NS ap MrrHops or AwaLysrs August 8, 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742e). Interested persons were given until November 20, 1960, to submit written comments, suggestions or objections with respect to the proposed new part. No comments, suggestions or objections have been received. The proposed new part is hereby adopted without change and is set forth below. ‘This part shall become effective 30 days after publication in the FEDERAL REGISTER. 2Compliance with the provisions of these ‘ standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. 269.21 Cooking in a suitable manner, Lot CERTIFICATION TOLERANCES 269.25 Tolerances for certification of offle - Clally drawn samples. Score SHEET 269.31 Score sheet for frozen ocean-perch Allets. AvTHoRITY: §§ 269.1 to 269.31 issued under sec. 6(a), Fish and Wildlife Act of August 8, 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742e), and sec. 205(b), Agri- cultural Marketing Act of August 14, 1946, as amended (7 U.S.0. 1624(b)). February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67 Propuct DEscrirTIOoN AND GRADES $269.1 Prodwet description. .|§ 269.13 Evaluation and rating of the | (1) Improper packing. ‘Improper scored factors: Appearance, . size, | packing” means poor arrangement of absence of defects, and character. fillets, presence of voids, depressions, ‘The essential variations in quality | ‘fest, and the imbedding of packaging wi each factor which is scored are so Berrie reer Hapirhees described that the value may be ascer- fea tained for each factor and expressed | ns. “Cutting and trimming imper- numerically. Point deductions are al- fections” means that the thawed fillets have ragged edges, tears, holes, or are lotted for each dezree or amount of vari- ation within each factor. The net score ptnerw’ rise iin ca ee 4 ied fee for each factor is the maximum points | stan, 1 bruise, black-bell for that factor less the sum of the de- ining: oun peer a scales, = duction-points within the factor. The traneo! terial. Blemish also total score for the product is the sum of feat ci instance of skin on skinned the net scores for the four scored factors. | anets. One “instance of blood spot” is § 269.14 Appearance. one of such aize and prominence as to be | ble. 4 (a) The factor of appearance refers to! sonsideres ghietone 5 ean instance Tasrm I1L.—Soonz Depuctiows rom ABSENCE OF Dagvecrs Method of determining subfactor |Deduc- score tion Slight defects, not noticeably asecliny the product's sppear- Moderate defects, noticeably ens the product’ 3 appear- Excasive defects, _ seriously ing product's appearance. Numbers of blemishes Der 1b. of luct when there are 6 or Bubfactors Bletnishes a> R= for the preservation of the product. the color of the frozen fish flesh, and to} 2» $269.2 Grades of frosen ocean-perch | the degree and amount of surface dehy-|| "80. ¥% suare inch and not more than a ” fillets. dration of the frozen product. tig samara ntnches inflates each brulee eee — Py (a) “U.S. Grade A” is the quality of (b) For, the purpose of rating the fac-’ sidered as two valeanere of bruise. An Sees to “ ‘ fillets that tor of appearance the schedule of deduc- “instance of black-belly. lining or mem- 12 (inclusive) fillets per Is frosen ocean-perch possess) tion-points in Table I apply. Frozen | ooo Saat : 0 good flavor and odor; and for those fac- ocean-perch fillets which recelve 15 | 07@ne” is any piece of black-belly lining 2 tors of quality which arp rated in ac- | Gediction points for the factor of ap- | 2” membrane not less than ‘2 inch and 4 cordance with the scoring system out- arance shall not be graded above not more than 1 inch in length; each 10 lined in this part the total score is not Bee tendered regardless of the total score additional 12 inch length. of individual Bs Tess than 85 Dolnts. se quailty of | {OF the Product, This isa limiting rule. | fonger than 1 inch is considered as an Suet : : i ver over Or sooo pene wei inet possess at TaBLe F—ScorrD DrOUCTIONS FOR APPEABANCY. instance. Each ageregate area ofidenti-| | Overle....-...- = cy least reasonably good flavor and odor; flable fin or parts of any fin up to t product when there are 18 or and for those factors of quality which Deilue | square inch is considered as one “in- ae lletslper IB: 5 are rated in accordance with the scoring colerict Raven esas points | Stance of fin”. One ‘instance of scales” Over 8 not aver 2 system outtined in this part the total is an aggregate area of scales greater Over 8 not over 4 score ts not less than 70 points. Born a GEREN Ween jude BU ue Over 10not over li 10 (c) “Substandard” is the quality of “instance of skin” consists of one piece Over 11 not over 12 15 frozen ocean-perch fillets that fail to of skin at least 12 square inch in area; Over IZ not over 13 a t the requirenients of U.S, Grade B. except that any skin patches larger than’ rr wetsaa |e) cul 112 square inches are considered as two ver 15_--.-:--- 50 WEIcETs awe DiMEnsions instances of skin: pion berdot instaticealbecdb} = Degree of dehydration of (4) Bones. One “instance of bonea” fess fillets par 1b.: § 269.6 Recommended weights and di- frozen product means an objectionable bone or group Over 0 not uver 9 mensions, = of bones occupying or contacting a circu- Oncnisnup ener 2 dimensions lar area up to 1 square inch. An object- Over 6 not over 5 eee dent tceen ctean-peren fillets tionable bone is any bone of ‘such size Over Bnet over B and Pacific ocean-perch fillets are not | SUeht Shillow and not » |@nd rigidity as to remain objectionable Over 9 not over BS incorporated in the grades of the finished aR ian, seen 2 {after cooking. Bories which will soften Number of instances per Ib, of é product since net weights and dimen-| ypgergte— wp, but just Stor disintegrate after cooking are not ee ee OCOU CS sions, as such, are not factors of quality | deep cnongh ‘to caslly , |Considered objectionable Se ea pee 0 for the purpose of these grades. Be aaa | (b) For the purpose of rating the! Oueriaiaor ae 4 (b) It 1s recommended that the met ee ee asnrare: 18 | factor of absence of defects the achedule' ’ peren filets and Pacific ocean-perch fle | wmnseventy mraved of, 10 4 Pacman Table II applic. cele omer 3 Tets be not less than 12 ounces and not ar Over. -c-ce-- ‘ over 10 pounds and that the product be) 5 269.15 Size. ie se: Gooner nt Dae Tecions ct character Cutting | Blight a ar vely noticeable. : caesined iy Siuann' ccennmeetatlaras se | (a) The factor of size refers to the | of the cooked fish flesh. ae ls peeeziot classification practices. '|degree of freedom from undesirably | (4) For ‘the purpose of ratirig the Bizet sability @ pt i of 8 PActors oF QUALITY small filets. factor of character, the achedule of de- he total pumber of fAllets. (b) For the purpose of rating the | sction-points in Table IV apply. Ocean- than we § 269.11 Ascertaining the grade. factor of size, the schedule of deduction- h fillets which receive 18 deduction. ot fillets, The grade of frozen ocean-perch fillets] points in Table If apply. Ocean-perch:| (ont, ror the factor of character shall Oe uD eber oneal oe is ascertained by examining the product] fillets which receive 20 deduction-points for this factor shall not be graded above | NOt be graded above Substandard regard- Substandard regardless of the total score | 188 of the total score for the product. for the product. This is a Umiting rule. This is a limiting rule. ‘Tape II—Score DEDUCTIONS FOR SIZE OP FILLETS in the frozen, thawed, and cooked states. The following factors of quality are evaluated in ascertaining the grade of the Product: Flavor and odor, appearance, size, absence of defects, and character. These factors are rated in the follow- ing Manner: (1) Flavor and odor. This factor is rated directly by organoleptic evaluation. Score points are not asscessed - (see § 269.12> (2) Appearance, size, absence of de- Jects, and character. The relative im- portance of these factors is expressed numerically on the scale of 100. The maximum number of points that may be given each of these factors are: is maintained. Immerse the pouch and its contents in boiling water and cook until the internal temperature of th< fillets reaches 160° F. (about 20 minutes). Number of small fillets or pieces of fillets De | De | De | De | De ihe duo- | duc- | duc- tion | tion | tion | tion Points} points TABLE IV—Score DEDUCTIONS FORK CHARACTER ‘Number of fillets per pound ~ Texture of the cooked fish points} points 1, Texture (a) Firm, but tender and moist .. 4 (b) eee) tough, dry, and/or Abrous, or brous. 224 w Excessively tough, rubbery, and/or DrOUS=Soe ease deacnceacseseeteasa--eeecees| Lo? CERTIFICATION TOLERANCES —| § 269.25 ' Tolerances for certification of sae " * officially drawn samples. iar -The sample rate and grades of specific lots shall be certified in accordance with 2n| Part 170 of this chapter (Regulations || Governing Processed Fishery Products, 23 FR. 6064, July 3, 1958). Scors Sxzer § 269.81 Score sheet for frosen ocean- § 269.12 Evaluation of the unscored|) — . factor of flavor and odor. (a) Good flavor and odor. .“‘Good flavor and odor’’ (essential requirement for a Grade A product) means that fish flesh has good flavor and odor char- acteristic of the species (either Sebastes Marinus or Sebastodes alutus) and is free from staleness, and off-flavors and off-odors of any kind. (b) Reasonably good flavor and odor. “Reasonably good flavor and odot” (min- imum requirement for a Grade. B prod- uct) means that the fish fi may be somewhat lacking in good flavor and|Fvaluation of the defects of cutting and } Product into a bollable film-type pouen:| odor; and is free from objectionable off-'|trimming, blemishes, and bones are made Fold.the pouch over a suspension bar flavors and off-odors of any kind. _jjon the thawed product. and clamp it in place so that a loose seal 2255 e5cs 05070 eooS § 269.16 Absence of defects. (a) The factor of “absence of defects” A atl refers to the degree of freedom from § 269.21 Cooking in a suitable manner. improper packing, cutting and trimming “Cooking in a suitable manner” shall imperfections, blemishes, and bones.|mean that the product is cooked as’ Evaluation for the defect of improper : packing is made on the frozen product. follows: Place the thawed unseasoned DEFINITIONS AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS 68 . ope See baw Tes ae Ba Charaoter... bos Dated: December 17, 1960. ELMER F. BENNETT, Acting Secretary of the Interior Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1960 p. 12 and December 1960 p. 94. Correction: In the December 1960 issue of Commercial Fisheries Review, p. 95, under the title "Frozen Ocean Perch and Pacif- ic Ocean Perch Fillets Voluntary Grade Standards" the scien- tific name of Pacific ocean perch should have read; '"'Sebasto- des alutus." Eighty-Seventh Congress (First Session) CONGRESS CONVENES: The first session of the 8’th Congress convened Jeretyes 1961. Public bills and resolu- [- = tions which may directly | or indirectly affect the fisheries and allied in- dustries are reported upon. Introduction, re- ferral to committees, pertinent legislative ac- tions by the House and Senate, as well as signature into lawor aes final disposition are covered. BUY AMERICAN ACT: H.R. 2073 (Stratton), intro- duced in House, January 4, a bill to amend title III of the act of March 3, 1933, commonly referred to as the Buy American ‘Act, with respect to determining when the cost of certain articles, materials, or supplies is unreasonable, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Public Works. Would amend Buy American Act to make two important changes. First, would spell out in the statute the cost differential which Government agen- cies must be guided by in conforming with the require- ment that they make their purchases from American manufacturers so long as the price differential is not unreasonable. At the present time the definition of rea- sonable and unreasonable price differentials is set by executive action. Until recently that figure has been set at 6 percent generally and 12 percent in the case of American-made goods manufactured in areas of sub- stantial unemployment. The second feature of this bill is that it would establish the percentage at 25 percent. CATCH tees AT SEA: H, R, 682 (Kilgore), January 3, |. introduced in House, > a bill relating to Seen stie and inspection of vessels of the United States. The purpose of this bill is to legalize transfer- ring of the catch of one fishing vessel to another onthe COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 high seas, and transporting it without charge, to a port of the United States. COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN TREATY: On January 17, the President submitted to the Senate a treaty (Ex- ecutive C, 87th Congress, 1st Session), between the United States and Canada concerning the cooperative development of the water resources of the Columbia River Basin, signed at Washington, January 17, 1961, together with a report from the Secretary of State. The treaty envisages construction of reservoirs in Canada and the United States, which will in no way in- terfere with the cycle for salmon and other anadromous fish which constitute such an important economic and recreational asset for the people of the Pacific North- west; referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. CONSERVATION OF GAME AND FOOD FISH IN DAM RESERVOIRS: S. 460 (Fulbright), introduced in Senate, January 17, a bill to direct the Secretary of the Interior to establish a research program in order to determine means of improving the conservation of game and food fish in dam reservoirs; to the Committee on Interstate and ForeignCommerce. Identical toH.R. 2722 (Clem Miller), introduced in House, January 16. Also H.R. 3072. (Reifel), introduced in House, Janu- ary 23, ‘similar to S. 460 except it is restricted to game fish only. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: S. 239 (Engle and 30 other Senators), introduced in Senate, Jan- uary 9, a bill to declare a national policy on conserva- tion, development, and utilization of natural resources, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Offers a declaration of national policy on resources conservation and utilization, and proposes to establish effective coordinating mechanism in the Ex- ecutive Office of the President in the form of a perma- nent Council of Resources and Conservation Advisers. DEPRESSED AREAS: H,R. 5 (Flood), introduced in House, January 3, a bill to establish an effective program to alleviate conditions of substantial and persistent un- ,employment and underemployment in certain economi- cally depressed areas; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. Identical or similar to: Introduced in House: January 3: H.R. 34 (Walter), H.R. 76 (Conte), H.R. 273 (VanZandt), H.R. 361 (Gray), H.R. 420 (Mrs. Kee), H.R. 446 (Lesinski), H.R. 493 (Machrowicz), H.R. 499 (Mor- gan), H.R. 782 (Saylor), H.R. 807 (Multer), H.R. 108 (Saylor), H.R. 1087 (Stratton), H.R. 1270 (Zelenko), H.R. 1724 (Blatnik), H.R. 1744 (Celler); January 4: H.R. 1759 (Curtin), H.R. 1931 (Ichord of Missouri), H.R. 1987 (Bai- ley), H.R. 1994 (Buckley), H.R. 2014 (Green of Pa.); Jan- uary 9: H.R. 2247 (Holland, H.R. 2265 (Moeller), H.R. 2272 (Olson), H.R. 2288 (Schneebeli), H.R. 2330 (Whal- ley); January 12: H.R. 2472 (Dingell), H.R. 2486 (Kow- alski), H.R. 2495 (McDowell), H.R. 2510 and ALR R. 2511 (Rabaut), H.R. 2528 (Slack), H.R. 2547 47 (Monagan), H.R. 2550 (Morris); January 16: H. R. 2738 (Shipley), H. Sha 2947 (Scranton, H.R. 2702 (Friedel), H H.R. 2717 (Lane), H.R. 2725 (Geo. P. Miller); January 18: H.R. 2860 (Addonizio), H.R. 2861 (Garmatz), H.R. 2862 (Granahan), \H. R. 2863 (Natcher), H.R. 2864 (O'Konski), E H.R. 2865 (Sheppard), H.R. 2866 (Rhodes of Pa.); January 23: H H.R. 3016 (Barrett), . H.R. -R. 3053 (Clem Miller), H.R. 3070 (Nix), H.R. 3072 (Reifel); January 25: H.R. 3262 (Dent), H.R. 3268 (Farbstein), H.R. 3325 (Multer), H.R. R. 3337 (Price); January 26: H.R. 3430 (Brademas). Introduced in Sen- ate January 5: S. 1 (Douglas, et al), S. 6 (Scott), and S.9 \(Dirksen, et al). February 1961 ’ DEVELOPMENT LOAN FUND: H.R. 2072 (Stratton), introduce House, January 4, a bill to amend section 202(b) of the Mutual Security Act of 1954 s0as to require that dollar funds made available to foreign countries by the Development Loan Fund for the purchase of mate- rials or supplies shall be utilized for the purchase of materials or supplies produced in areas of substantial and persistent unemployment in the United States; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Would direct the Development Loan Fund, in making purchases from American manufacturers, to give priority consideration to manufacturers located in areas of substantial un- employment. EXEMPT RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION FOR FISH _AND AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES: LIVESTOCK, H.R. 1823 (Rostenkowski), introduced in House, January %, a bill to amend the Interstate Commerce Act, as a- mended, so as to extend to the railroads a conditional exemption from economic regulation comparable to that provided for motor carriers engaged in the transporta- tion of ordinary livestock, fish, or agricultural com- modities; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Would extend to the railroads an exemp- tion from economic regulation in the transporting of various commodities, among which is included cooked or uncooked (including breaded) fish or shellfish when frozen or fresh, but not including fish and shellfish which have been treated for preserving, suchas canned, smoked, pickled, spiced, corned or kippered products. EISHERMEN'S COOPERATIVES ASSOCIATION (Lane), introduced in House, January r a Bill to to “provide credit facilities for the use of fish- ermen's cooperative associations through establish- ment of a Bank for Fishermen's Cooperative Associa- tions, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. FISHERY CONSERVATION MEASURES: S. 18 (Bennett), introduced in Senate, January 5, a bill to provide fishery conservation measures on the Provo River, Utah, and for other purposes; referred to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. FISHERY LOAN FUND AMENDMENTS: H.R, 206 (Bonner), introduced in House, January 3, a Dill to facilitate administration of fishery loan fund established by section 4 of the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Ma- rine and Fisheries. Would give Secretary of the In- terior authority to dispose of property acquired through foreclosure of vessel mortgages under the Fisheries Loan Fund. FOOD ADDITIVES: Submitted to the House, January 16, Ex. Communication 298, a letter from the Secretary, Department of Health, ‘Education, and Welfare, trans- mitting a draft of proposed legislation entitled "A bill to amend the transitional provisions of the act approved September 6, 1958, erititled 'An act to protect the public health by amending the Federal Food, Drug, and Cos- metic Act to prohibit the use in food of additives which have not been adequately tested to establish their safety, and for other purposes;''' to the Committee on Inter- state and Foreign Commerce. Also the same letter submitted to the Senate, January 26; to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. FOOD ALLOTMENT PROGRAM: S. 23 (Aiken, for himself, Young of North Dakota, Humphrey and Ander- COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69 son), introduced in Senate, January 5, a bill tosafeguard the health, efficiency, and morale of the American peo- ple to provide for improved nutrition through a more effective distribution of food supplies through a food- allotment program; to assist in maintaining fair prices and incomes to farmers by providing adequate outlets for agricultural products; to prevent burdening and ob- structing channels of interstate commerce; to promote the full use of agricultural resources, and for other pur- poses; to Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. The term "'basic food allotment"' shall mean the following amounts of food per person per week or the equivalent thereof in nutritional value as determined by the Secre- tary of Agriculture, meat, poultry, and fish, one pound twelve ounces. FOOD STAMP PLAN: H.R, 892 (Anfuso), introduced ‘in House, January J, a bilf{to provide for the establish- ment of a food stamp plan for the distribution of $1,000,000,000 worth of surplus food commodities a year to needy persons and families in the United States; to the Committee on Agriculture. Would authorize and direct the Secretary of Agriculture to operate a program to distribute to needy persons in the United States through a food stamp system such surplus food commodities. SURES. FLAG VESSELS LANDING FISH IN VIRGIN Ommunication , a letter from ae Secret tary of the Interior, transmitting adiaft of proposed legislation entitled ''A bill to permit certain foreign-flag vessels to land their catches of fish in the Virgin Islands in certain circumstances, and for other purposes"; referred to the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries on January 12. The same letter received in Senate on January 17, and referred to Com- mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. H.R. 3159 (Bonner), introduced in House, January 24, a bill to permit certain foreign-flag vessels to land their catches of fish in the Virgin Islands in certain circumstances, and for other purposes; to the Commit- tee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Would permit foreign-flag vessels of not more than 50 feet over-all length to land catches, which range from about 900 to 4,000:pounds, in ports of Virgin Islands. Bureau of Cus- toms has been overlooking this small importation of fresh fish in small boats from nearby places since the supply was for immediate local consumption in the Is- lands. The Collector of Customs, U.S. Treasury Depart- ment, was approached by certain large fishing and pack- ing interests, inquiring as to the possibility of their landing fresh tuna in the Virgin Islands taken by Japa- nese fishing vessels, canning the catch in canneries to be established in the Virgin Islands, and thereafter shipping the product to ports or places in the continental United States without payment of duty. This legislation will permit catches of the small boats to be landed in the Virgin Islands as long as the landings are for immediate consumption. Sale of the imported fresh fish to any a- gent, representative, or employeés of a freezer or can- nery is prohibited in the absence of satisfactory evidence that such sale or transfer is for immediate consumption. Identical to S. 679 (Magnuson), introduced in Senate, January 30. olution to aces for a commission to study and report on the influence of foreign trade upon business and in- dustrial expansion in the United States; to the Commit- tee on Interstate Commerce. 70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW HARBOR FACILITIES REHABILITATION: H.R, 348 (Fallon), introduced in House, January 3, a bill to es- | tablish within the Housing and Home Finance Agency a new program of mortgage insurance to assist in financ- ing the construction, improvement, expansion, and re- habilitation of harbor facilities for boating and commer- cial craft; to the Committee on Banking and Currency. IMPORT COMPETITION ADJUSTMENT: H.R, 757 (Mrs, St. George), introduced in House, January | 3, a bill to provide for adjusting conditions of competition between certain domestic industries and foreign in- dustries with respect to the level of wages and the work- ing conditions in the production of articles imported into the United States; to the Committee on Ways and Means. IMPORTED COMMODITY LABELING: H.R, 2484 (Herlong), introduced in House, January 12, a bill to amend the Tariff Act of 1930 with respect to the mark- ing of imported articles and containers; to the Commit- tee on Ways and Means. IMPORTS OF POLLUTED SHELLFISH PROHIBITED: H.R. 659 (Colmer), introduced in the House, January See to prohibit ihe importation into the United- States. “of polluted she 3; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Would decertain that sanitary standards gov- erning the harvesting and preparation of shellfish for importation into United States are not lower than the minimum standards prescribed by Public Health Serv- ice, under its program of supervisionof like products in interstate commerce. MARINE MAMMAL HIGH SEAS PROTECTION: H.R. 777 (Saylor), introduced in House, January 3, a bill for the protection of marine mammals on the high seas, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Ma- rine and Fisheries. Would give Secretary: of Interior authority to take proper action to protect, conserve, and manage species of polar bear, sea otter, and walrus. MAXIMUM WORKWEEK REDUCTION: H.R, 248 (Libonati), introduced in House, January 3, a bill to reduce the maximum workweek under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended to 35 hours, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Education and Labor. Under this legislation the maximum workweek for which an employee may be employed under section 7 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,as amended, without compensation for his employment at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed shall not (1) after the expiration ’ of two-years from the effective date of this Act exceed thirty-seven and one-half hours; nor (2) after the ex- piration of four years from the effective date of this Act exceed thirty-five hours. Every employer who employs any of his employees in excess of the hours specified shall pay such employee compensation for his employment in excess of such hours at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed. Also H.R. 1940 (Holland), in- troduced January 6. MEDICAL CARE FOR FISHING VESSEL OWNERS: H.R, 2252 (Clem Miller), introduced in House, January 9, a bill to amend section 322 of the Public Health Serv- y ice Act to permit certain owners of fishing boats to re- ceive medical care and hospitalization without charge at hospitals of the Public Health Service; to the Commit- tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Affairs. Vol. 23, No. 2 MEDICAL CARE FOR VESSEL PERSONNEL: S. 367 (Magnuson and Bartlett), introduced in Senate, January 11, a bill to provide medical care for certain persons engaged on board a vessel in the care, preservation, or’ navigation of such vessel; to the Committee on Inter- state and Foreign Commerce. METRIC SYSTEM STUDY: H.R. 269 (Roosevelt), introduced in House, January 3, -a bill to provide that the Secretary of Commerce shall conduct a study to de- termine the practicability and desirability of the adop- tion by the United States of the metric system of weights and measures; to the Committee on Science and Astro- nautics. Also H. Con. Res. 44 (Fulton), and H.R. 2049 (Geo. P. Miller), introduced in House, January 6 6. MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION: H.R, 13 (Rooney), introduced in House, January 3, a bill to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 so as to increase from $1 to $1.25 the minimum hourly wage prescribed by section 6 (a) (1) of that act; to the Committee on Education and Labor. Similar or identical to following bills also in- troduced January 3: H.R. 208 (Buckley), H.R. 240(Lib- onati), H.R. 440 (Lesinski), H.R. 671 (Gilbert), H.R. 716 (Lane), H. B. 832 (Multer), H.R. 1263 (Zelenko); January — 4: H.R. 1726 (Ashley), H.R. 1749 (Celler), H.R. 2067 Introduced in Senate’ (Shelley), H.R. 2412 (Dingell). In January 9: S. 256 (Dirksen). Submitted to House, January 21, Executive Communi- ‘ cation 431, a letter from the Secretary of Labor, trans- mitting a report of information pertaining to extension of the act's protection to additional employees, and summarizes data concerning the minimum wage, pursu- ant to section 4(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act; to the Committee on Education and Labor. NATIONAL AQUARIUM IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: H.R. 111 (Kirwin), introduced in House, January 3, abill to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to construct a National aquarium in the District of Columbia; to the Committee on the District of Columbia. NATIONAL FISHERIES CENTER IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: H.R. 2720 (McMillan), introduced in House, January 16, a bill to create a Federal planning commis- sion to conduct a study of the possible establishment in the District of Columbia of a National fisheries center; to the Committee on the District of Columbia. NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY: H.R, 1 (Anfuso), introduced in House, January 3, a bill to provide for the establishment, under the National Science Foundation, of a National Science Academy; to the Committee on Science and Astronautics, similar to H.R. 266 (Pucinski), introduced in House January 3, OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL RESOURCES: H.R, 904 (Bennett of Fla.), introduced in House, January 3, a bill to provide for the establishment on an effective Federal aid program to assist States in the development of cer- tain outdoor recreational resources; to Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. : H.R. 2204 (Aspinall), introduced in House, January 9, a bill to extend the time in which the Outdoor Recrea- tion Resources Review Commission shall submit its final report; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Also S. 449 (Anderson), introduced in Senate; January 17. February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW y : 71 OYSTER PLANTERS DISASTER LOANS: H.R, 946 (Downing), introduced in House, January 3, a bill to ex- tend to oyster planters the benefits of the provisions of the present law which provide for production disaster loans for farmers and stockmen; to the Committee on Agriculture. ogy and ecology of commercial shellfish, the develop- ment of hatchery methods for cultivation of mollusks, including the development of principles that can be ap- plied to water ponds for shellfish culture, and to train persons in the most advanced methods of shellfish cul- ture. The State.of Connecticut has donated to the Fed- eral Government land for the new building, and this bill would authorize an appropriation of $1,250,000 for the Research Center, and $75,000 for hatchery ponds. Iden- tical to H.R. 2894 (Giaimo). POWER PROJECTS FISHERY RESOURCES PRO- TECTION: H.R, 1764 (Dingell), introduced in House, January 3, a bill to promote the conservation of mi- gratory fish and game by requiring certain approval by the Secretary of the Interior of licenses issued un- der the Federal Power Act; to the Committee on Inter- state and Foreign Commerce. SHRIMP IMPORT DUTIES: H.R, 573 (Thompson), introduced in House, January 3, a bill to amend the Tariff Act of 1930 to provide for the establishment of country-by-country quotas for the importation of shrimp and shrimp products, to impose a duty on all unproc- essed shrimp imported in excess of the applicable quota, and to impose a duty on processed shrimp and prohibit its importation in excess of the applicable quota; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Similar to H.R. 653 (Colmer), and H.R. 1810 (Lennon), introduced also. ~ January 3. ae S. 323 (Church, Neuberger, and Engle), introduced in Senate, January 10, a bill to provide for the conser- vation of anadromous fish spawning areas in the Salmon River, Idaho; to the Committee on Interstate and For- eign Commerce. Purpose is to prohibit, until develop- ments justify a change in this policy, the authorization -of structures on the Salmon River that would restrict the passage of such fish to reach spawning areas or which would flood established spawning grounds. Also H.R. 659 (Colmer), a bill introduced in the House. on H.R. 3589 (Westland), introduces in House January 30. January 3, 1961, to provide for an ad valorem duty on the importation of shrimp; to the Committee on Ways SALTONSTALL-KENNEDY ACT FUND REAPPOR-' | and Means. TIONMENTS: H.R. 615 (Anfuso), introduced in House, January 3, a bill fo amend the act of August 11, 1939, with respect to the ‘allocations of funds available under that act, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Also H.R. 2255 (Len- non), introduced in House on January 9. SUBMERGED LANDS ACT AMENDMENT: H.R. 4 (Boykin), introduced in House on January 3, 1961, a bill to amend the Submerged Lands Act to establish the sea- ward boundaries of the States of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana as extending 3 marine leagues into the Gulf of Mexico and providing for the ownership and use of the submerged lands, improvements, minerals, and natural resources within said boundaries; to the Com- mittee on the Judiciary. Similar to H.R. 22 (Roberts), introduced in House January 3; H.R. 2574 (Selden), in- troduced in House January 12; S. 406 (Hill, et al), in- troduced in Senate January 13. SCIENCE DEPARTMENT: S. 623 (Kefauver), on January 26, introduced in Senate a bill to establish a U.S. Department of Science and to prescribe the func- tions thereof; to the Senate Committee on Government Operations. Would achieve over-all coordination in matters pertaining to science, through establishment of a new Federal department, so that the nation can . forge ahead in scientific technology and research. TARIFF NEGOTIATIONS: H. Con. Res. 4 (Bailey), introduced in House, January 3, a concurrent resolution declaring the sense of the Congress that no further re- duction in tariffs be made during the life of the present Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act; to the Committee on Ways and Means. This resolution expresses the sense of Congress that the President should not exercise the authority granted him in the Trade Extension Act of 1958 to reduce existing tariffs by as much as 20 percent. Similar or identical to resolutions also introduced on resolution authorizing the Committee to investigate certain matters within its jurisdiction; to the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. Empowers Committee to examine, investigate, and make complete study of any and all matters pertaining to, amongothers, fisheries and wildlife, and marine sciences. The Senate . Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce shall report its findings together with recommendations for legislation as it deems advisable at earliest practicable date, but not later than January 31, 1962. Expenses of said committee shall not exceed $315,000. Continues its four standing subcommittees, including the one on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. SHELLFISHERIES RESEARCH CENTER: S. 606 (Bush, for himself and Dodd), introduced in Senate, January 26, a bill to provide for the construction of a shellfisheries research center at Milford Conn.; tothe Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Would provide funds for construction of a research center consisting of pilot hatchery including rearing tanks and ponds, and a training school, which shall be used for the conduct of basic research on the physiol- TARIFF REVISIONS: H.R, 3095 (Staggers), intro- duced in House, January 23, a bill to amend the Tariif 72 Act of 1930, and for other purposes; to Committee on Ways and Means. Would amend the Tariff. Act of 1930 with respect to import classifications and rates, admin- istration of trade agreements, periodic adjustment of import duties, statistical enumeration, and exclusion of articles from entry. Identical to H.R. 17 (Bailey). TARIFF STUDY COMMISSION: H.J. Res. 65 (Robi- son), introduced in House, January 3, a joint resolution to provide for a commission to study and report on the influence of foreign trade upon business and industrial expansion in the United States; to Committee on Ways and Means. Would create a commission consisting of twelve members, chosen from general public--industry, labor, agriculture, trade, and Government--which would study, among others, impact of foreign trade in goods and services upon American economy; differentials in labor, etc., between foreign and domestic producers; prices of major goods and services in United States and abroad; aid rendered by United States and foreign gov- ernments to export trade, etc. Similar to S. J. Res. 25 (Dirksen, et al), introduced in Senate, January 9; iden- tical to H. J. Res. 152 (Riehlman), introduced in House, January 3. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: Executive Com- munication submitted to Senate on January 26, a letter from the Assistant Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, transmitting a draft of proposed legislation to strengthen the enforcement provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and extend the duration of the authorization of grants for State water pollution control programs, and for other purposes (with accom- panying papers); to the Senate Committee on Public Works. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH LAB- ORATORY: S. 325 (Morse, Neuberger, and Magnuson), COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 introduced in Senate on January 10, a bill to establish a Federal Regional Water Pollution Control Research Laboratory in the Pacific Northwest and for other pur- poses; to the Committee on Public Works. The Surgeon General of the United States is directed to establish a laboratory for research into the pollution control prob- ~ lems of the Northwestern United States. Problems shall include, but not be limited to, municipal and industrial water supply, municipal and industrial pollution, fish, aquatic life and wildlife, forestry and wood products, reservoirs and effects of storage on water quality and recreational facilities. Also H.R. 2054 (Norblad) in- troduced in House, January 6. WATER RESOURCES: S, 498 (Bartlett & Gruening), on January 17, 1961, introduced a bill to establish a water resources commission for Alaska; to the Com- mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs. The commission, to be created by this bill, would be the principal agency for coordinating Federal, States, and local plans for de- veloping water and related land resources in Alaska. Executive Communication submitted to Senate on January 26, a letter from the Direétor, Bureau of the Budget, Executive Office of the President, transmitting a draft of proposed legislation to redefine the authority of the Secretary of the Interior and others for the pur- pose of providing for coordinated planning for the de- velopment of the Nation's water and related land re- sources through the establishment of water resources commissions (with an accompanying paper); to the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. WEATHER STATION JN GULF: H.R. 651 (Colmer), introduced in House, January 3, a bill to provide that . one floating ocean station shall be maintained at all times in the Gulf of Mexico to provide storm warnings for States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico; to the Com- mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. NEW METHOD OF CURING SALT COD Anew method of curing salt cod, knownas the ''mechanical flake," eration at a Newfoundland, Canada, plant. racks made of "longers and boughs," the new process requires well-built and sturdy wooden racks. is in op- Instead of the conventional drying These are made to fit wire trays on which the fish are spread. Thetrays are pulled into position and removed by means ofa cable and winch. This method of spreading the fish enables a crew of 14 men to handle 500,000 pounds in less than 1 hour. The same number of men spreading fishby hand would take many more hours to handle the same quantity. --Canadian Fisherman, November 1953 February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73 _INDICATORS CHART Tr FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES In Millions of Pounds MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND LEGEND: NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK CUMULATIVE DATA : iene Hees CUMULATIVE DATA 11 vgs. 1960 N 11 Hgs. 1960 - 493.5 UF, 1959 un 5 1959 - 445.5 & 1959 - 453.4 11 mgs. 1960 a 1959 12 1959 - 38 CUMULATIVE DATA 1959 - 190: ee fie 1959 - 18.6 11 mgs. 1960 1, «(1959 PS UAN FEB MAR APR MAY. JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC T/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH UAN FEB) MAR APR MAY JUNE-JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS. 74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No.2: CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES In Millions ef Pounds HADDOCK LEGEND: OCEAN PERCH (Maine and Massachusetts) (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 12 . 1960 - 104.2 1 » 1960 - 141.9 12 “gs 1959 - 99.1 is be 1959 - 136.7 g SHRIMP WHITING (Gulf States/ includ g Florida West Coast) (Maine and Massachusetts) CUMULATIVE DATA 12 - 1960 - 94,7 12 "e 1959 - 104.1 “S| 4 een MAY TAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY. AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Y/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM- a rere In Thousands of Tons | MENHADEN PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL (East and Gulf Coasts (California) MULATIVE DATA 12 MS. 1960 - 996.7 13 “WS 1350 - 1,101.4 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT. NOV DEC PILCHARD (California) CUMULATIVE DATA SUMULATIVE DATA 1960/61 SEASON 11 MgS. 1960 - 139.9 TOTAL ” = 26.7 WW ‘- 1959 - 132.1 1959/60 SEASON, 1959 - 139.6 TOTAL - 35.0 February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75 CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS * In Millions of Pounds U. S. & ALASKA HOLDINGS U. S. & ALASKA FREEZINGS CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1960 - 328.7 12 1959 - 336.6 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS?! TF rr hae = CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC * Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products. 76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS In Millions of Pounds 1/ RECEIPTS — AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET 22 Fresh and Frozen) NEW YORK CITY COLD-STORAGE HOLpINcs2! CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQS. 1960 - 168.8 20 12 e 1959 - 163.5 18 16 14 12 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS! AT NEW YORK CITY. RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET (Fresh and Frozen) COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS CHICAGO CUMULATIVE DATA 12 MQs. 1960 - 87.1 12 as 1959 - 92,5 JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC SEATTLE WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS, & IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS 97.6 1959 - 106.9 FISH OIL In Millions of Gallons) CUMULATIVE /DATA 11 Mgs. 1960 - 25.6 11 1959 - 23.1 1959 - 24.9 CUMULATIVE DATA « 1960 - 251.2 W ae 1959 - 266.9 1959 - 282.2 ae ee aa) UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW \ \ ta LEGEND: seeeesens 1960 ee 1959 | /260 CUMULATIVE DATA 12 . 1960 220 F | 11 MgS. 1960 - 886.9 12 “®* \G59 = 8 1959 - 553.1 1959 - 586:8 180 140 100 60 208 o JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 11 mgs. 1960 - 21.4 1960 SEASON, W 1959 - 3.4 TOTAL 1959 - 1959 SEASON, TOTAL JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV_DEC 1/ A - SARDINES— (Estimated) - MAINE STANDARD CASES CUMULATIVE DATA 1960 SEASON, Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wet. TOTAL - 1,975.0 1959 SEASON TOTAL -- ‘1,753.1 SARDINES..... 100 4 drawn 3} oz. SHRIMP....... 48 oS 5 oz. TUNA eeiciereioie 48 #4 tuna 6&7 oz. PILCHARDS... 48 #1 oval 15 oz. SALMON...... 48 1-lb. tall 16 oz. ANCHOVEES... 48 8 oz. SARDINES - CALIFORNIA SHRIMP - GULF STATES CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA 1960/61 SEASON, 1960/61 SEASON, TOTAL - 614.1 AUG. -DEC, - 376.8 1959/60 SEASON, 1959/60 SEASON, TOTAL - 754.6 AUG.-DEC, 1959/60 SEASON, TOTAL 0 : 5 OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB_ MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY 78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 CHART .7 - U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS In Millions of Pounds GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS Y LEGEND: FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH Fresh and Frozen) ecoODoee TEED CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA VW IS. 1960 - 60.4 W “b 1959 - 61.8 1959 - 67.9 11 Mgs. 1960 - 145.8 11, (1959 - 168:5 1959 - 184.8 JAN _FEB_ MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC I/SINCE SEPTEMBER 15, 1959, FISH FILLET BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED UNDER A OIFFERENT CATEGORY THAN FILLETS; THEREFORE, 1959 DATA ARE NO LONGER COM- PARABLE WITH 1958. SHRIMP FROM MEXICO (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA + 1960 - 48.8 mas 1959 - 43.2 1959 - 48.7 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY-JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT N JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Tuna 7 SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS (Fresh and Frozen) CUMULATIVE DATA 11 mgs. 1960 W Le 1959 CUMULATIVE DATA JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH (in Oil and in Brine) CANNED SARDINES in Oil and not in Qil CUMULATIVE DATA Mgs. 1960 - 25.3 9 CUMULATIVE DATA 11 mgs. 1960 - 56.3 W 2 1959 - 63.6 12 1959 - 69.7 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC February 1961 ->- _-- FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PUBLICATIONS THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE DI - VISION OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS: CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. FL - FISHERY LEAFLETS. SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LIST OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS. SSR.- FISH, - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS- FISHERIES (LIMITED DISTRIBUT!ON). SEP.= SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW. Number Title CFS-2339 - Alaska Fisheries, 1959 Annual Summary (Revised), 8 pp. CFS-2369 - South Atlantic Fisheries, 1959 Annual Sum- mary (Revised), 10 CFS-2411 - (Supplement) - Foreign Trade in Fish and ' Marine-Animal Oils, 1925-1959 (H.S.No. 3), 10 pp. CFS-2418 - Massachusetts Landings, August 1960, 5 pp. CFS-2419 - Fish Sticks and Portions, July-September 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2421 - New Jersey Landings, September 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2422 - North Carolina Landings, September 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2424 - Alabama Landings, July 1960, 2 pp. CFS-2425 - Florida Landings, September 1960, 7 pp. CFS-2426 - Maine Landings, August 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2427 - Frozen Fish Report, October’ 1960, 8 pp. CFS-2428 - Shrimp Landings, August 1960, 6 pp. CFS-2431 - South Carolina Landings, September 1960, 2 pp. CFS-2432 - Alabama Landings, August 1960, 2 pp. CFS-2434 - Maryland Landings, September 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2436 - Ohio Landings, September 1960.2 pp. CFS-2437 - Virginia Landings, September 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2438 - New York Landings, September 1960, 4 pp. CFS-2440 - Rhode Island Landings, September 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2442 - California Landings, July 1960, 4 pp. CFS-2443 - North Carolina Landings, October 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2446 - South Carolina Landings, October 1960, 2 pp. CFS-2447 - Mississippi Landings, August 1960, 2 pp. CFS-2450 - New Jersey Landings, October 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2452 - Maine Landings, September 1960, 3 pp. CFS-2453 - Georgia Landings, October 1960, 2 pp. CFS-2455 - Florida Landings, October 1960, 7 pp. FL-254 - (Revised October 1960) - List of Fishery As- sociations in the United States, 13 pp. FL-336tt - Commercial Fisheries Outlook, October- December 1960, 44 pp. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW oP aM aS ne Ae eae Oe BOs Yan" 6 ¢ te 0 p comma $ Se abas 4 Da: 79 SL-26 - Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, Illinois (Great Lakes Area), 1960 (Revised). SSR-Fish. No. 341 - Microhematocrit as a Tool in Fish- ery Research and Management, by S. F. Snieszko, 17 pp., illus., June 1960. SSR-Fish. No. 344 - Observations on Fishes and Other Biota of East Lagoon, Galveston Island, by Edgar L. Arnold, Jr., Ray S. Wheeler, and Kenneth N. Baxter, 33 pp., illus., July 1960. SSR-Fish. No. 347 - Survey of the Ocean Fisheries off Delaware Bay--Supplemental Report, 1954-57, by John W. Reintjes and Charles M. Roithmayr, 22 pp., illus.,-July 1960. This report coneludes a survey of ocean fisheries off Delaware Bay for the period 1954- 57 (includes some data on the 1958 winter fisheries) and constitutes a supplement to a report for the peri- od 1946-53. Measurements of catch, catch per unit effort, and total fishing effort for the major fisheries of the area (excluding the menhaden purse-seine fish- ery) indicate that the otter-trawl and pot fisheries have remained relatively stable during the period. The surf-clam fishery has shown an increased pro- duction, but a decline in apparent abundance. Minor fisheries, including pound net, gill net, trawl line, hand line, and purse seine for food fish, have dwin- dled in importance, and some are near extinction. Recommendations are included concerning utilization of the fishery resources of the area and proposed studies, and waste disposal in the coastal waters. SSR-Fish. No. 354 - The Abundance and Distribution of Hard Clams in Nantucket Sound, Massachusetts, 1958, by John W. Ropes and Charles E. Martin, 14 pp., illus., July 1960. A survey was made during the sum- mer of 1958 to assess the abundance of hard clams, Venus (Mercenaria) mercenaria, in Nantucket Sound, Mass. jet (hydraulic) dredge was used as the prin- cipal sampling gear. Data from 214 sample stations compared with other Atlantic Coast areas indicated that the abundance of hard clams in Nantucket Sound was extremely low. The survey revealed no new general areas of commercial abundance. No clams less than 60 millimeters (2-3/8 inches) were caught. Because of hydrographic conditions unfavorable for spawning and setting and because there are fewclams to augment the present stocks, the future of this fish- ery is uncertain. SSR-Fish. No. 356 - Size Distribution of Pink Shrimp, PENAEUS DUORARUM, and Fleet Concentrations on the Tortugas Fishing Grounds, by Edwin S. Iversen, 80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Andrew E. Jones, and C. P. Idyll, 65 pp., illus., Au- gust 1960. A study of the pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum, on the Tortugas fishing grounds was under- taken during 1957 and 1958 to provide information on the nature of the relation between the size of shrimp and the depth of water where they occur, together , with fleet concentrations and degree of discarding of small pink shrimp. The average carapace length of both male and female shrimp increased both with depth of water and with northerly distance from the Florida Keys. Small pink shrimp were most abun- dant from September 1957 through May 1958, appear- ing on the eastern and southeastern portion of the grounds, where the highest try.net catches were made. The fleet concentrated there during December to June but was more widely distributed during the sum- mer. Apparently, few small pink shrimp were dis- carded. SSR-Fish. No. 360 - Passamaquoddy Fisheries Investi- gations, 1957-1958 (Report to the International Joint Commission), by International Passamaquoddy Fish- , eries Board, 47 pp., illus., August 1960. In 1956, the Governments of Canada and the United States asked the International Joint Commission to determine whether the tidal forces of Passamaquoddy and Cobs- cook Bays could be used to produce hydroelectric power, and to appraise the effect of power dam con- struction on the important fish and shellfish indus- tries of the area. The present report gives findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the Board set up to implement this request. SSR-Fish. No. 362 - Main-Stem and Tributary Sampling of Red Salmon Scales for Population Studies, by Ted S. Y. Koo and Howard D. Smith, 12 pp., illus., August 1960. Sep. No. 609 - Shrimp Exploration in Central Alaskan Waters by the M/V John N. Cobb, October-November 1959. Sep. No. 610 - Physical and Chemical Properties of Shrimp Drip as Indices of Quality. Sep. No. 611 - Equipment Note No. 8 - New Hydrauli- cally-Driven Block. THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. Number Title MNL-13 - India's Fisheries, 1959, and Export Poten- tialities. MNL-40 - Fisheries in Morocco, 1959. THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED. (Baltimore) Monthly Summary - Fishery Products, August, September, October, and November 1960, 8 pp. each. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 400 E. Lombard St., Baltimore 2, Md.) Receipts at Baltimore by species and by states and provinces forfresh- and salt-water fish and shell- fish; total receipts by species and comparisons with previous years; and wholesale prices on the Baltimore market; for the months indicated. California Fishery Products Monthly Summary, Part I--Fishery Products Production and Market Data, Vol. 23, No. 2 October and November 1960; 16 pp. each. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna and tunalike fish and sardines; pack of canned tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines; market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; California and Arizona imports; canned fish and frozen shrimp prices; and ex-vessel prices for cannery fish; for the months indicated. California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary, Part [[--Fishing Information, October 1960; November 1960; 8 pp. each, illus. (Bureau of Commercial Fish- eries, Biological Laboratory, P. O. Box 6121, Pt. Loma Station, San Diego 6, Calif.) Includes monthly > sea-surface temperature charts for the eastern Pa- cific, and fishing and research information of interest to the West Coast tuna fishing industry and marine scientists. The temperature charts cover that area of the Pacific from the Aleutians in the north to Peru and Chile in the south and offshore to 180° W. longi- tude. They show for each month the average sea- surface temperature and the deviations from the 30- year average and from the previous year. Research and fishing information indicates that the distribution of tunas and many other commercial species is di- rectly affected by sea-surface temperatures. | Chemical Control of Shellfish Enemies, by V. L. Loosan- off, C. L. MacKenzie, Jr., and H. CG . Davis, Bulletin No. 8, 20 pp. processed. Biological Laboratory, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Milford, Conn., November 16, 1960. A report on chemical control of shellfish predators and competitors, which covers progress made in the use of heavy oils mixed with inert carriers as a control of clam and oyster enemies such as starfish and boring snails. Detailed data are presented on the results of the use of various types of oils as shown by semiweekly collections of oyster spat in Milford Harbor. (Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts and Wholesale Market Prices, November 1960, 13 pp. (Market News— Service, U. S.-Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W. Wash- ington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chicago by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the month in- dicated. Gulf of Mexico Monthly Landings, Production, and Ship- ber ments of Fishery Products, August 1960; Septem! 1960; 8 pp. each. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 609-611 Federal Bldg., New Orleans 12, La.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, and blue crab landings; crab meat production; LCL express shipments from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish and shellfish on the New Orleans French Market; sponge sales; and fishery imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Texas, from Mexico; for the months indicated. a List of Primary Receivers of Imported Fishery Products and Se New York City, 1960, and pp. (Market News Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Contains the names and addresses of primary re- ceivers of various types of imported fishery products and byproducts in the New York Metropolitan area and a numbered key to the different types of prod- ucts handled. February 1961 Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in Selected Areas of Virgins, North Carolina, and Mary- land, November 1960, 4 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 So. King St., Hampton, Va.) Fishery landings and production for the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Lower North- ern Neck, and Eastern Shore; the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with cumulative and comparative data; for the month indicated. New England Fisheries--Monthly,Summary, October 1960; November 1960; 22 pp. each. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Common- wealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Reviews the principal New England fishery ports, and presents food fish landings by ports and species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery products in New England warehouses; fish- ery landings and ex-vessel prices for ports in Mas- sachusetts (Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Prov- incetown, and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rockland), Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connect- icut (Stonington); frozen fishery products prices to primary wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and landings and ex-vessel prices for fares landed at the Boston Fish Pier and sold through the New England Fish Exchange; for the months indicated. New England Haddock Fishery, and Marketing of Had- ~ dock prodacts, 1948-59, by John J. rien, 36 pp., illus., processed. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) The purpose of this report is to summa- rize in one publication all the data scattered through many Market News Service reports and other pybli- cations relative to the New England haddock fishery and the marketing of haddock products, both domes- tic and foreign. Included are a brief analysis of the trends in the 1948-59 period and all the important developments that affected the fishery and the mar- keting of this species. Also included are statistical tables giving data on landings and ex-vessel prices, domestic fillet production, imports, cold-storage holdings, and wholesale and retail prices. Most data are for 1955-59, with some for previous years. New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly ~ Summary ee October 1960, 18 pp. (Market News Service, 155 John St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries and analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, imports entered at New York City, primary wholesaler prices for frozen products, and marketing trends; for the month in- dicated. (Seattle) Washington, Oregon, and Alaska Receipts and Landings of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fisheries, Monthly Summary, October 1960; Novem- ber 1960; 6 pp. each. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish. and Wildlife Service, Pier 42 South, Seattle 4, Wash.) | Includes landings and local receipts, with ex-vessel and wholesale prices in some instances, as reported by Seattle and Astoria (Oreg.) wholesale dealers; also Northwest Pacific halibut landings; and Wash- ington shrimp landings; for the months indicated. THE FOLLOWING TECHNOLOGICAL LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE BRANCH OF TECHNOLOGY, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW BERTI by James H. Johnson, Fishery Bulletin 176 81 Authors, 1955-1959 Inclusive, by F. Bruce Sanford and Helen E. Plastino, Commercial Fisheries TL 30, 37 pp., August 1960. Includes listings of about 350 publications written by Branch of Technology person- nel. Included are works published by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Department of the In- terior, as well as those published by trade and pro- fessional journals. THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE AND ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASH- Abundance and Life History of Shad, St. Johns River, Florida, by Charles H. Walburg, Fishery Bulletin 177 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice, vol. 60), 19 pp., illus., printed, 20 cents, 1960. Alaska Commercial Salmon Catch Statistics, 1951-1959, y Robert R. pson, Statistical Digest 50, 117 pp., processed, 60 cents, 1960. Contains Alaska com- mercial salmon catch statistics, in numbers of fish, by species, for the years 1951 through 1959. The data are presented in summary and in detailed form, showing total catch and catch by type of gear for all Alaska, for Alaska's three principal regions, for the management districts in each region, for the fishing districts in each management district, and for the statistical areas in each fishing district. Collection and tabulation of data on the fisheries of Alaska were the responsibility of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries until the State assumed management of the fisheries on January 1, 1960. The statistical unit © handling this type of data was formally transferred to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game in June 1960. Alaska Fishery and Fur-Seal Industries, 1956, by Seton H. Thompson, Statistical Digest No. 45, 952 pp., illus., printed, 40 cents, 1960. Detailed reports and statis- tical tables on the operation and yield of the fishery industries are presented, with additional data on re- lated subjects. Fecundity of Red Salmon at Brooks and Karluk Lakes, aska, by Wilbur L. Hartman and Charles Y. Conkle Fishery Bulletin 180 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 61), 12 pp., illus., printed, 15 cents, 1960. Natural History of the Sandbar Shark, EULAMIA MIL- by Spare Springer, Fishery etin 178 rom Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Serv- -ice, vol. 61), 42 pp., illus., printed, 35 cents, 1960. Sonic Tracking of Adult Salmon at Bonneville Dam, 1957, rom Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60), 19 pp., illus., printed, 20 cents, 1960. Synopel of Strigeoidea (Trematoda) of Fishes and Their Life Cycles, by Glenn L. Hoffman, Fishery Bulletin _ 175 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 60), 35 pp., illus., printed, 30 cents, 1960, 82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE OR- GANI ZATION ISSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICA- ILY AVAILABLE, ARE SHOWN. ALGAE: Marine Red Algae of Pacific Mexico; Part 3-Crypto- nemiales, Coeallinnceas subf. Melobesioideae, = E. Yale Dawson, article, Pacific Naturalist (Contri- butions from the Beaudette Foundation for Biological Research), vol. 2, no. 1, October 24, 1960, 125 pp., illus., printed. Beaudette Foundation for Biological Research, Box 482, R.F.D. 1, Solvang, Calif. ALMANAC: The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac for “the Year 1962, Bi Pp., printed, $4. U.S. Naval Ob-. servatory, Nautical Almanac Office, Washington, D. C. (For sale by Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. ANADROMOUS FISHES: Vernal and Hiemal Races among Anadromous Fishes, by L. S. Berg, FRBC Trans. Ser. #206, 23 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 16, no. 4, > Pp. -537.) Queen's Printer and Controller of Station- ery, Ottawa, Canada, 1959. ANCHOVY: "Experimental Study on Utilization of Food by Young Anchovy Engraulis japonicus temminch et schlegel," by M. T: ashi an . A. Hatanaka, article, The Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. Ti, no. 2, July 1960, pp. Te1=170- Tllus., printed. Library, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. AQUATIC PLANTS: Aquatic Plants of the Pacific Northwest with Vegeta- tive Keys, by Albert N. Steward, La Rea J. Dennis, and Helen M. Gilkey, 184 pp., printed, $2.50. Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oreg. Area studied include Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. AUSTRALIA: Fourth Annual Report of the Operation of the Fishin Industry Act i988 Dt During the Year Ended 30th Tune » 4 pp., processed. Department of Primary In- dustry, Canberra, Australia. This report outlines the operations during the year ending June 30, 1960, of the Fisheries Development Trust Account, estab- lished for the purpose of financing activities designed to foster the development of the Australian fishing industry. Covers a shrimp trawling survey; explor- atory trawling in the Great Australian Bight; and in- vestigations of the barracuda and spiny lobster in- dustries. BERING SEA: "The Japanese and Russian Trawl Fishery in the Be- ring Sea," by Dayton L. Alverson, article, Western Fisheries, vol. 60. April 1960, pp. 12-14, 30-31, printed. Western Fisheries, Roy Wrigley Publica- tions, Ltd., 1104 Hornby St., Vancouver 1, B. C., Canada. Vol. 23, No. 2 BIBLIOGRAPHIES: National Museum, Division of Mollusks, Washington 25, D. C. Suggested Publications on Fishes (Africa--Fresh- water and Marine), SIL-171, 6 pp., processed. Smith- sonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Division of Fishes, Washington 25, D. C. Suggested Publications on Fishes (Asia--Fresh-water =e Marine), SIl-176, 5 pp., processed. Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Division of Fishes, Washington 25, D. C. Suggested Publications on Fishes (Europe--Fresh- water and Marine), SIL-172, 5 pp., processed. Smith- sonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, Division of Fishes, Washington 25, D. C. BYPRODUCTS: Preservation of Fish and Fish Offal for Oil and Meal Manufacture, by G. A. Carpenter and June Olley, Torry Technical Paper No. 2 (a revised version of Food Investigation Technical Paper No. 6), 34 pp., illus., printed, 35 cents. British Information Serv- ices, 45 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y., 1960. Methods of preserving herring and white fish for meal and oil manufacture have been studied, with emphasis on sodium nitrite and formaldehyde as pre- servatives. Preservation should not be substituted’ for adequate processing, but rather should be used where material would otherwise be wasted, according to the authors. Formaldehyde and nitrite both react to a limited extent with fish protein to lower the bio- - logical value. Damage would be minimal with dipped whole fish but storage of minced material would not be satisfactory. CALIFORNIA: California Fish and Game, vol. 46, no. 4, October 1960, pp. 379-520, illus., printed. Department of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento 14, Calif. In- cludes, among others, the following articles: 'Re- view of the Abalone of California," by Keith W. Cox; "The Use of Anesthetics for the Handling and the Transport of Fishes," by William N. McFarland; and ‘Keys to the Freshwater and Anadromous Fishes of California," by J. B. Kimsey and Leonard O. Fish. CANADA: Annual Report of the Department of Natural Resources of the Province of Saskatchewan for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 1960, 243 pp., illus., printed. De- partment of Natural Resources, Government Admin- istration Bldg., Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, 1960. A compilation of reports of the branches of the Sas- katchewan Department of Natural Resources, in- cluding a 23-page report of the Fisheries Branch. The fisheries report covers activities in manage- ment, research, fish culture, and administration of commercial and sport fisheries. Statistical data are also given on fish production and value. Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1958 (Canada Sum- mary), 33 pp. (tables), printed in English and French, 75 Canadian cents. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa, Canada, November 1960. (For sale by February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83 “ THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, | A Useful Method for Collecting Crustacea, by Raymond Canada.) This report provides a summary of the B. Manning, Contribution No. 272, 1 p., printed: (Re- Canadian fisheries and the information is arranged printed from Crustaceana, vol. 1, part 4,1960.) The to show separately the three main fisheries areas-- Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, Virginia Atlantic, Pacific, and Inland. It includes data on the Key, Miami 49, Fla. quantity and value of the catch of selected fishery products for Canada; production of frozen, smoked, DECOMPOSITION: and pickled fish, canned fish and shellfish, and fish- "Chemical Indices of Decomposition in Ocean Perch," ery byproducts; landings by trawlers and draggers; by Fred Hillig and others, article, Journal of the As- capital equipment in the primary fisheries operations; sociation of Official Agricultural Chemists, vol. 43, and employment in fish processing establishments; May 1960; pp. 433-438, printed. Association of Offi- all for 1957-58. Also contains data on the quantity cial Agricultural Chemists, P. O. Box 540, Benjamin and value of exports and imports of fishery prod- Franklin Station, Washington, D. C. ucts; quantity and value of Canada's fishery products and byproducts, by provinces; Canada's canned lob- DELAWARE RIVER: ster pack, by provinces; and salmon pack of British A Biological Evaluation of the Delaware River Estuary, Columbia, by species; all for 1949-58. Fishing boun- by Carl N. Shuster, Jr., Information Series, Publica- ties paid to vessels and boats in 1958-59 are also tion No. 3, 82 pp., illus., processed, $1.25, limited tabulated. edition. University of Delaware, Marine Laboratories, Lewes, Del., September 1959. CANNED TUNA: "Identification of the Pink Pigment of Canned Tuna," ELECTRICAL FISHING: by W. Duane Brown and A. L. Tappel, article, Food "Comparative Fishing with Electrical Gear" and "On Research, vol. 22, March-April 1957, pp. 214-221, - the Value of Electrical Test Fishing,"’ by H.W. Hattop, printed. Food Research, The Garrard Press, 510 _ articles, Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung, vol. 6, no. 1, North Hickory St., Champaign, Ill. 1959, pp. 18-28 and vol. 6, no. 2 1388, pp. 47-49, respectively, printed in German. Deutsche Fischerei- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION: Zeitung, Neumann Verlag, Radebeul/Dresden, Fast "Technical and Chemical Characteristics of the At- Germany. lantic Herring as Industrial Raw Material," by N. N. Rulev and A. P. Makarova, article, Rybnoe FACTORYSHIPS: Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 3, 1959, pp. 51-54, printed "Factoryships--Development Trends of Sea Fisheries,’ in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavnipro- by T. Kirstein, article, Gospodarka Rybna, vol. 2, no. ekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. 113, 1959, pp. 10-14, illus., printed in Polish. Gos- podarka Rybna, Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i "Technical and Chemical Characteristics of Sardine Lesne, Al. Jerozolimskie 28, Warsaw, Poland. Caught off the West African Coast,'' by N. N. Rulev, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 6, 1959, "Multiple Mechanization in Processing Herring on pp. 62-68, illus., printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khozi- Board Mother-Factoryships,"' by N. G. Terent'eva, aistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 34, no. 11, 1958, Moscow, U.S.S.R. ‘pp. 50-57, illus., printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khozi- aistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, CONTAINERS: ca Moscow, U.S.S.R. "Aluminum in Packaging," article, Norwegian Fishing | and Maritime News (Norwegian Fishing News), vol. "9,300 TDW Herring Mothership," by J. Staszewski 7, no. 3, 1960, pp. 35-37, illus., printed. Norwegian and S. Paszkowski, article, Budownictwo Okretowe, Fishing and Maritime News, P. O. Box 740, Slottsgt. vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 62-68, illus., printed in Polish. 3, Bergen, Norway. Gives some interesting points Budownictwo Okretowe, Wydawnictwa Czasopism- from a paper on aluminum cans for processed foods Technicznych NOT, Czackiego 3/5, Warsaw, Poland. presented at a British symposium on aluminum in packaging. Outlines the history of the use of this FATTY ACIDS: metal for cans, the various methods of manufacture, "Essential Fatty Acids Properties of Tuna, Herring, and details of the design of this type of container. and Menhaden Oils," by O. S. Privett and others, ; | article, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 71, May 1960, pp. CRUSTACEA: 66-69, printed. Journal of Nutrition, The Wistar In- La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 990, September 1960, stitute of Anatomy & Biology, 36th St. at Spruce, ~illus., printed in French. Contains the following ar- Philadelphia 4, Pa. ticles on crustaceans: 'ILa Pe@je aux Crustaces a Camaret" (The Camaret Fishery for Crustaceans), FISH FARMING: by Pennec; "La Peche Langoustieye a Douarnanez’ "Brackish Water Fish Farming," by J. M. Thomson, (The Spiny-Lobster Fishery at Douarnanez), by article, Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 19, no. 11, No- Bolopion; ''Audierne, Port de Peche aux Crustaces" vember 1960, pp. I-20, illus., printed. Common- (Audierne, Port for the Crustaceans Fishery), by wealth Director of Fisheries, Department of Primary J. Couespel du Mesnil; and "Quelques Donnees sur Industry, Canberra, Australia. les Possibilites de Peche de la Crevette a Madagas- car'' (Some Data on Possibilities of.a Shrimp Fish-, Trout Farming, by David B. Greenberg, 206 pp., illus., ery in Madagascar), by A. Crosnier and D. Char- “printed, $13- . Chilton Company, Bcok Division, Phila- , bonnier. delphia 39, Pa. Presents, in highly readable form, 84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. the results of years of study and personal observation of commercial and Government hatcheries in Europe, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. This textbook on trout farming is lavishly illustrated with unusual photographs and action shots from all over the world. It is a "must" for present and prospective trout farm- ers, and it is a valuable text for students of fishery biology and for hatchery personnel. Relevant sections have been approved by commercial trout ranchers and Government hatchery specialists. The author's first- hand descriptions range from the world's largest trout farms in the Pacific Northwest to ''fish-out" operations for anglers in the East. Other chapters include: history of artificial propagation; future of the trout industry; trout in nature; something of the anat- omy, physiology, and embryology of a trout; brood trout and stripping; the incubation of trout eggs; in and about the hatchery building; ponds and raceways; feeding; sorting, grading, and transporting; your own trout pond; predators; trout diseases; going trout farms and their marketing methods. FISH MEAL: "New Technological Device for Producing Semi-Proc- essed Fish Meal from Fat Fish Offals,"" by J. A. Kon- dakov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 1, 1959, pp. 63-68, illus., printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. "Possibilities of the Utilization of Residues from the Manufacture of Fish Meal,"' by M. Ceamis, article, Ind. Usoara, vol. 5, 1958, pp. 125-126, printed in Rumanian. Ind. Usoara, Bucharest, Rumania. FISH MUSCLE: "Nitrogen Extractive Substances of Fish Muscle," by S.E. Severin and P.L. Vul'fson, article, Biochemistry (U.S.S.R.), vol. 24, November-December 1959, pp. 923-929, printed. Biochemistry (Publication of.the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.), Consultants Bureau, Inc., 227W.17thSt., New York 11, N, Y. FISH OILS: "Effects of Diet on Fish Oil Toxicity in the Rat," by Benjamin H. Ershoff, article, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 71, May 1960, pp. 45-53, printed. Journal of Nutrition, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy & Biology, 36th St. at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa. En Nyvurdering av Medisintranens Betydning i Folke- ~ ernaeringen--Fett-og Hjertekarsykdommer (A New Outlook on Medicine--Fish-Liver Oil for Human Consumption), by Ragnar Nicolaysen, 16 pp., printed in Norwegian. A/S John Griegs Boktrykkeri, Fisk- eridirektoratets Smaskrifter Nr. 2, Bergen, Norway, 1960. "Toxicity of Fish Oil. I0,'"' by Noboru Matsuo, article, Seikagaku, vol. 29, 1957-58, pp. 769-772, printed. Tokyo Medical College, Tokyo, Japan. "Use of Fish Oil Fractions in Reducing Elevated Blood-Cholesterol Levels,'' by Steele Culbertson, article, Feedstuffs, vol. 32, May 14, 1960, p. 66, printed. Feedstuffs, Miller Publishing Co., 118 South 6th St., Minneapolis 2, Minn. FISH SPECIMENS: - Directions for Collecting, Preserving, and Shipping Fishes to the U. S. National Museum, 7 pp., proc- essed. Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Muse+ um, Washington 25, D. C. Complete instructions are given for collecting specimens of fish--what to col- lect‘and methods of collecting. Instructions are also given for preserving fish specimens and preparing them for shipment to the U. S. National Museum. FISHING GROUNDS: . "Fish Resources of the Davis Straits,’ by L. N. Pech- enik, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 5, 1959, - pp. 9-17, illus., printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khozia- istvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR Moscow, U.S.S.R. FISHING NETS: "The Manufacture of Fishing Nets of Cotton, Nylon, and Other Synthetic Fibers and Technical Aspects of Their Use," by A. Stagnaro, article, Bollettino di Pesca, vol..10, no. 3/4, 1958, pp. 1-5, printed in Ital- lan. Bollettino di Pesca, Laboratorio Centrale di Idrobiologia, Piazza Borghese, 91 Rome, Italy. FLOUNDER: "Salinity as a Factor in the Control of Growth and Sur- vival of Postlarvae of the Southern Flounder, Para- lichthys lethostigma," by Earl E. Deubler, Jr., arti- cle, Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Carib- bean, vol. 10, no. 3, September 1960, pp. 338-345, illus., printed. The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION: Catalogue of the Names of Fishes of Commercial Im- portance in the Mediterranean, 312 pp., illus., proc- essed in French and English. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Rome, Italy, 1960. The catalogue contains the common names of the\fish of commercial importance in the Mediterranean and some imported species which are often available on Mediterranean markets. The catalogue contains for each language used in the Mediterranean one name (and only one) for each fish of commercial impor- tance. It also includes drawing-sketches showing the main characteristics of each species of fish. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- tions, Rome, Italy, 1960. (Sold in United States by Columbia University Press, International Documents Service, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.) In- cludes Part I, ''Economic Survey of Fishing Industry in Thana District, Bombay State, India,"' by M. B. Desai and P. R. Baichwal; and Part II, ''Economic Survey of Fishing Industry in Hong Kong," by E. F. Szezepanik. The ‘two studies contained in this volume, one on some fishing villages‘in the Thana District of Bombay State in India, and the other on the experi- ence of fishermen in Hong Kong, are the first two contributions to a program of research on the eco- nomic role of middlemen and cooperatives in Indo- Pacific fisheries, initiated by FAO in 1956 in collab- oration with various Asian universities. Although © the Bombay and the Hong Kong studies form two sep-) arate parts of this volume, they have been coordi- nated in such a way as to make possible direct com- parison of the respective roles performed by the middlemen, ithe cooperative societies, and the Govern- ments. Both studies make clear the advantages of February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILASLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. of mechanization which tends to bring about a four- fold increase in output. By encouraging and facili- tating mechanization, the cooperative movement can have an important, though indirect, effect on produc- tive returns. Both studies, Indian and Hong Kong, provide illuminating analysis of investment, costs, revenue and profits, as well as a great deal of first- hand sociological information on the structure of the two fishing communities. ‘Expert Meeting on Fishery Statistics in the North At- “Tantic Area, == T 22-30, 1959; 67 pp., proc-_ essed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, February 4, 1960. In- cludes proceedings, three agenda items discussed, and papers presented at an expert meeting on fishery statistics held in Edinburgh, Scotland. The agenda items consisted of: the requirements for statistical data by economists, scientists, technologists, and others; difficulties in meeting high priority require- ments; and the solution of problems and further im- provement in fishery statistics. Also included in the report are discussions by working parties on economic statistics; fish discarded at sea; statistics of fishing effort; FAOfishery statistical classification of aquatic animals and plants; FAO's standard international fish- ery commodity classification; and related topics. A Report on the World Scientific Meeting on the Biol- ~ gg of Sartines and Related Spesies (Rome, Septem- T4-Z1, 15958), 52 pp., processed. Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations, Vialedelle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. The objectives of the meeting were to appraise the status of knowledge on certain major aspects of the biology of sardines and related species, to examine and appraise the methods in research being used in the study of these aspects, and to indicate the lines along which national and international action might be developed, with a view to obtaining improvement in the methods and development of the research programs. The report states that "Since various species of sardines are found in most of the oceans of the world, the com- plexities of fisheries research methods require more cooperation and coordination between the nations of the world fishing sardines. Even though the differ- ences in behavior and environment make it difficult to examine geographically widely separate groups of sardines, there are many problems of the research program which make cooperation on an international scale essential or highly desirable. Where closely related stocks are being studied by different coun- tries, cooperation may be extended beyond method- ology and might even be applied to such projects as understanding the environment in a spawning area or adjacent spawning areas, etc. It is quite apparent that widespread changes in hydrographic conditions occur at times. These have a profound effect on fishes. In order to develop hypotheses as to the ef- fect of these environmental factors on abundance and accessibility, a method must be found for the free and rapid exchange of information and data." A list of the papers-prepared-and distributed during the meeting is presented. The State of Food and "printed, $2. Food a ganization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1960. (For sale by the International Documents Service, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.) Includes a section on fishery production and one on fishery policies. iculture 1960, 188 pp., illus., griculture Or; Trilingual Diction of Fisheries Technological = SS ee ee and Spanish, $1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1960. (For sale by Columbia University Press, International Docu- ments Service, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N. Y.) This handbook is presented in the three official lan- guages of FAO. The terms are arranged in alpha- betical order according to the English language. Each term in English has been given an identification num- ber: this consists of the letter of the alphabet with which the term begins, followed by a number which corresponds to the numerical position of the term under that particular letter. Terms and concepts are explained as concisely.as possible, primarily to assist in the selection of the appropriate equiva- lents in any language. Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, 1958-59 (International Trade), vol. &, pp., processed in English, French, and Spanish, $3.50. Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 1960. (Sold in United States by Columbia University Press, In- ternational Documents Service, 2960 Broadway, New York 27, N.Y.) This publication brings up to date the statistics relating to international trade in fishery products. It contains the same series of tables as the 1958 edition of the Yearbook; but cov- erage has been extended to include four new countries. The tables in this volume are divided into 7 groups of fishery commodities as defined in the FAO Fish- ery Statistical Classification. These groups are: fish, fresh, chilled, or frozen; fish, dried salted, or smoked; crustaceans and molluscs, fresh, dried, salted, etc.; fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, canned; fish, crustacean and mollusc preparations, not in airtight containers; aquatic animal oils and fats, crude or refined; and aquatic animal meals-and sim- ilar products. The sections of the Yearbook con- _taining these groups are preceded by 4 general sum- mary tables and followed by notes and a table of con- version factors. Data are given in most tables for 1948 and for 1953 through 1959. FOOD PREFERENCES: Food Preferences of Men in the U. S. Armed Forces, by David_R. Peryam and others, a pp., Ulus., proc- line Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces, $819 W. Pershing Rd., Chicago 9, Iil., January 1960. Part of a series of fod pre- ference surveys, whose history and findings are-the substance of the present report. When the surveys were initiated the ehjective was the practical one of obtaining information on food acceptance that would be useful in Service Menu prenning, particularly in the identification of suspectéd pro lems foods. This was accomplished by brief interim reports on each survey. But as the data accumulated it became ev- ident that they had greater possibilities. It was then that the more extensive analyses, reported in this issue, were undertaken in order to exploit further this information, to determine its value and its limits in the statistical sense, and to seek out certain prob- lems and approaches that might hold promise for future research. FRANCE: "La Congelation du Poisson et le Marche Francais" (The Fish-Freezing Industry and the French Market), by Orion, article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No.2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM, 5 991, October 1960, pp. 615-617, illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190, Boulevard Hauss- mann, Paris, France. GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC: Jahresbericht uber die Deutsche Fischwirtschaft, 1959 - (Annual Report on German Fisheries, 1959), 294 pp., illus., printed in German with English summaries, DM 25 (about US$6). Verlag Gebr. Mann, Haupstrasse 26, Berlin-Schoeneberg, Germany, October 1960. A review covering all phases of the German fisheries in 1959. Each chapter is followed by a summary in English and all statistical tabulations have English subcaptions. Issued by the Ministry of Food, Agri- culture, and Forestry, which includes the Fisheries Directorate. Part I contains information on fishery policy in 1959, the second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, landings, the fishing fleet, for- eign trade in fish and shellfish, and consumption of fishery products. Part If includes information on cruises of the fishery protection vessels and fishery Enquete Generale sur les Positions Statistiques des Usines Francaises de Conserves de Poissons des Cotes de la Manche et de I'Ocean au Cours del™Annee 1959 (General Investigation of the Statistical Data from French Fish-Canning Plants on the English Channel and Atlantic Coasts during 1959), 7 pp., printed in French. Federation Nationale des Syndi- cats Francais de Conserveurs des Produits de la Mer, Paris, France. "Observations sur le Hareng du Sud de la Mer du Nord et de la Manche Orientale, Campagne d'Hiver 1959/60" (Herring Observations in the Southern North Sea and Eastern English Channel, Winter Season 1959/60), by J. Ancellin, article, France Peche, vol. 5, no. 44, October 1960, pp. 57-59, 64, printed in French. research vessel, the vocational seamen's association, the work of the German Scientific Commission for the Exploration of the Sea, and fishery research. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene, Lo- Part III presents data on the German deep-sea fish; rient, France. ery in 1959, the lugger herring fishery, cutter deep- sea and coastal fisheries, fresh-water fisheries, the fish processing industry, publicity campaign for sea- fish in 1959/60, and promotion of fish marketing. Part IV gives data on foreign fisheries and whaling. "Te XVII® Congres des Peches et Industries Maritimes s'Est Tenu a Lorient, du 4 au 9 Octobre'' (The 17th Congress of Fisheries and Marine Industries was Held at Lorient, October 4-9), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no.991, October 1960, pp. 585-604, illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190, Boulevard Hatissmann, Paris, France. GERMANY: , "Die Binnenfischerei in Schleswig-Holstein" (The-In- land Fisheries of Schleswig-Holstein), by A. Pape, article, Statistische Monatshefte Schleswig-Holstein, vol. 9, no. 10, October > PP- 309-318 printed in German. Statistischen Landesamt Schleswig-Hol- stein, Kiel, Germany. FUR SEALS: "The Northern Fur Seals,"' by Ford Wilke, article, Alaska Sportsman, vol. 26, no. 12, December 1960, pp. 16-18, illus., printed. Alaska Sportsman, Alaska- Northwest Publishing Co., Juneau, Alaska. Discusses briefly the northern fur seals, their breeding grounds and migratory habits. : "Mittlere Reiseertrage Deutscher Fischdampfer 1887- 1955 und Berechnung Vergleichbarer Einheitsertrage" (Average Trip Production of German Large Trawlers, 1887-1955, and Calculation of Comparable Unit Out- 5 put), by J. Lundbeck, Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fur Seefischerei, no. 10, Pp., printed in German. Institut fur Seefischerei, Hamburg, Germany, 1960. GEAR: : "The Mechanization of Fresh-Water Fishery by the End of 1958,"' by G. Schmidt, article, Deutsche Fisch- erei-Zeitung, vol. 6, no. 5, 1959, pp. 140-143, printed in German. Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung, Neumann Verlag, Radebeul/Dresden, East Germany. GLASS FLOATS: P "Hydrodynamic Studies on the Resistance of Spherical Glass Floats for Fishing Net. I--Comparison of the Drag Coefficients of the Floats having Various Cov- erings and Diameters with that of the Sphere," by GENERAL: ; Journal du Conseil, vol. 25, no. 3, August 1960, pp. ~ 235-337, illus., printed. Conseil Permanent Inter- Takeo Taniguchi, article, Bulletin of the Japanese national pour 1'Exploration de la Mer, Charlottenlund Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 23, no. II, 8, Slot, Denmark. Contains, among others, articles on: Ppp. =699, printed in Japanese with English abstract. "The Effect of Three Different Types of Growth Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo Curves on Estimates of Larval Fish Survival," by University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, David A. Farris; ''Fish Schooling: A Possible Factor Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. in Reducing Predation," by Vernon E. Brock and ° Robert H. Riffenburgh; and ''Mesh Selection Factors GUTTING MACHINE, “ in the Trawl Fishery. off Tropical West Africa," by "Machine for Gutting Small Fish," by V. P. Chivilenko Alan R. Longhurst. and I,J, Vedernikov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 34, 1958, pp. 62-64, printed in RNecione ranslation published for the National Science Foundation and the Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C., by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations PST Cat. No. 68, OTS 60-21096). Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. { Bef GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE: Negotiations Under the Trade Agreements Act of 1934 as Amended and Extended (Supplementary Notice of U. S. Intention to Negotiate; Supplementary List of Products to be Considered for Possible U.S. Conces- sions; Notice of Supplementary Public Hearings), Department of State Publication 7105, 24 pp., proc- essed, 15 cents. Interdepartmental Trade Agree- ments Organization, Washington, D. C., November 1960. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) HALIBUT: "The Halibut," article, Sportsmen's Life, vol. 11, no. 12, December 1960, pp. 18-20; illus., printed. Sports- men's Life, Essy Publishing Company, Inc., Post Office Building, 20 Whitehouse Ave., Roosevelt, N, Y. February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. Easy-to-read description of the "king" of the flatfish. The classification, geographic and vertical ranges, identification details, color pattern, size, habits, en- emies, spawning, growth and commercial and sport- fishing importance of the halibut are discussed. Utilization of Pacific Halibut Stocks: Yield per Re- cruitment, Report No. 28, 52 pp., illus., processed. International Pacific Halibut Commission, Fisheries, Hall No. 2, University of Washington, Seattle5, Wash. 1960. F P) HONDURAS: b Import Tariff System of Honduras, WTIS, Part 2, Op- erations Report no. 60-52, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents. Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Su- perintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Pririt- ing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT: Keeping Overhead Costs in Line, by George J. Tasso, Management Aids for Small Manufacturers No. 118, 4 pp., processed. Small Business Administration, Washington 25, D. C., November 1960. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS: International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Proceedings of the Joint Scientific Meet- ing on Fishing E ort, the Effect of Fishing on Re- Ts and the Selectivity of Fishing Gear, May 27- June 3, 1957, vol. I, 45 pp., printed. International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Halifax, N. S., Canada, 1960. International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Statistical Bulletin for the Year 1958, vol. 8, 69 pp., illus., printed. International Commission for the Northwest: Atlantic Fisheries, Halifax, N.S., Canada, 1960. This bulletin is divided into two parts: Part 1 summarizes statistics on fishery landings in the Convention Area 1952-1958; and Part 2 includes statistics dealing with the fisheries in 1958. The presentation of the basic statistical data again has been designed to place emphasis on area and month of fishing. Contains a summary of all the landings by species group, country, and statistical subdivisiony landings of cod, haddock, ocean perch, halibut, and © flounder for each type of gear; and. landings of each species by subarea. re IRELAND: Relating to Fisheries), 86 pp., illus., printed, 4s.6d. (about 63 U. S. cents). Government Publications Sale Office, G. P. O. Arcade, Dublin, Ireland. This report covers the activities of the Fisheries Division of the Department of Lands, and includes information and statistics on the quantity and value of Ireland's sea and inland fish and shellfish for 1958, and re- lated data. Also includes, among others, sections on salmon of the River Corrib in 1956-58; the Irish herring fishery, 1958/59; and lobster storage in Ireland. The Seventh Annual Report and Accounts of the Sea Fisheries Board for the Year Ended March 31, 1959, Japanese Fisheries: tatus, no. ov, 255 24 pp., illus., printed in Irish and English. An Bord Iascaigh Mhara, 67 Lower Mount St., Dublin, Ireland. IRRADIATION PRESERVATION: "The Preservation of Fish with Ionizing Radiation: Bacterial Studies,"’ by Donald P. MacLean and Cam- ille Welander, article, Food Technology, vol. 14, May 1960, pp. 251-254, printed. Food Techno The Garrard Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, Ill. Radiation Technology in Food, Agriculture and Biology, by Norman W. Desrosier and Pony, M. Rrocenetocls 425 pp., printed, $12.50. AVI Publishing Co., Inc., Box 388, Westport, Conn., 1960. Covers the effects of radiation on single cells, plants, animals, andfood, and in promoting useful chemical reactions. The latest commercial equipment, measurement and con- trol of dosage, safety measures, and detailed cost studies are also discussed. ISRAEL: Fishermen's Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 5, September 1960, 36 pp., illus., printed in Hebrew with English ab- stracts. Fishermen's Bulletin, P.O. B. 699, Haifa, Israel. Includes, among others, these articles: "Drawings of Boats in Geometric Style (1),"' by M. Sas; "Fish Conservation and Related Economic Problems (I),"" by E. Gottlieb; "Mugil Species in the Rivers of Israel,'' by L. Bograd Zismann; and ''The Boats Tell Stories,'' by D. Shmida. JAPAN: Collected Reprints, 1959 (from the Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory), 159 pp., illus., printed in Japanese with English summaries. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tsukishima, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Includes, among others, the following articles: ''Experimental Fishing Test on the Efficiency of Double Gill Net," by M. Nomura; "Studies on the Viscosity of Fish Actomyosins. I-- Some Fundamental Problems on the Viscosity of Actomyosin. Il--Viscosity Change of Carp Actom- yosin Solution on Storage, by M. Migita and T. Suzuki; “Influence of Death Conditions Upon Muscle Proteins. I--Composition of Myosins from Carps Killed In- stantly and in Anguish," by M. Migita and S. Otake; "Studies on the Economical Manufacture of Vitamin A Concentrate from Fish Liver Oil. VIII-Chromatog- raphical Separation of Vitamin Concentrates," by Y. Shimma and M. Tanaka; ''Studies on the Economical Manufacture of Vitamin A Concentrate from Fish Liver Oil. [X--Purification of Vitamin A Concentrate with Methanol. X--Absorption by Weakened Acid Clay,'' by H. Higashi and others; ''Riboflavin Contents in the Liver of Fish,"' by H. Higashi, S. Murayama, and K. Tabei; "Nutritive Elements in Salted Marine Appetizers,"' by H. Higashi, R. Kikuchi, and K. Tabei; and "Nutritive Value of Fin Whale Meat," by T. Kaneda, H. Sakai, and S. Ishii. Their Development and Present pp., illus., printed. Asis Kyokai, asaka-Shinsaka-machi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 1960 (Revised). A comprehensive report on current development of the fishing industry in Japan. Contains sections contributed by various offices of the Japa- nese Fisheries Agency. Included is information on general aspects of fisheries in Japan, fishing gear and methods, vessels, inland fisheries, shallow-sea fish- 88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. eries, pearl culture, refrigeration in the fishing in- MARINE MICROBIOLOGY: dustry, canning of fishery products, and fish-jelly Cellulelytic Activity of Li 1icolous Marine Ascomy- products. Also included are sections on marketing oe ie Be eee asco and transportation, foreign trade, educational and research institutions, Japanese fishery resources, economics of the fishing industry, cooperatives, pub- lic administration in the industry, and fisheries sta- cetes and Deuteromycetes, by Samuel P. Meyers and Ernest S. Reynolds, Onno No. 267, 12 pp., illus., printed. The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. tistics. An appendix containing statistical tables of data on fishery production, vessels, distribution, consumption, prices and other topics is presented. Acids," by E. F. Carlston, article, Journal of the Most of the data is for 1958, with some for 1959 and American Oil Chemists" Society, vol. 37, July T9560, for previous years. pp. =37T, | Sree Meee Oil Chemists! Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Ill. MARINE OILS: "Acidolysis of Vegetable and Marine Oils with Phthalic LAW OF THE SEA CONFERENCE: 2nd United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. United Nations, New York, N. Y. A/CONF. 19/8., Summary Records of Plenary Meet- "Glycerolysis of Marine Oils and the Preparation of Acetylated Monoglycerides," by Edward H. Gruger, Jr., Donald C. Malins, and Erich J. Gauglitz, Jr., article, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Soci- ings and Meetings of the Committee of the Whole, Annexes and Final Act, 176 pp., $2.50, September 1960. International Documents Service, Columbia ety, vol. 37, May 1960, pp. 214-217, printed. The erican Oil Chemists' Society, 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago 1, Ill. University Press, 2960 Broadway, New York 27,N.Y. MEETINGS AND PROCEEDINGS: LIVER OIL: "Tos Armadores del Occidente Europeo Examinan la "Shark-Liver Oil. I--Physicochemical Constant and Vitamin A Content of Liver Oil from Sharks of the Karachi Coast," by S. Masqsood Ali, S. Abdul Haq, and S. Mahdihassan, article, Pakistan Journal of Science and Industrial Research, vol. I, 1058, pp. =%2, printed. istan Council of Science and In- dustrial Research, Karachi, Pakistan. MARINE BENTHOS: Marine Infaunal Benthos in Arctic North America, by Derek V. Ellis, Technical Paper No. 5, printed. Arctic Institute of North America, 3485 University St., Montreal 2, Que., Canada, September 56 pp., illus., Situacion de la Pesca--Importante Reunion en Ham- burgo"*(The Boatbuilders of Western Europe Examine the Position of the Fisheries--Important Meeting in Hamburg), by G. Lefebvre, article, Puntal--Revista Maritima y Pesquera, vol. 7, no. 79, October 1960, pp. 4-5, illus., printed in Spanish. Puntal--Revista . Maritima y Pesquera, Apartado 316, Alicante, Spain. NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT: "Electronics for Fishing," by P. Ilardi, article, Bollet- tino di Pesca, vol. 10, no. 3/4, 1958, pp. 5-9, printed in Italian. Bollettino di Pesca, Laboratorio Centrale di Idrobiologia, Piazza Borghese, 91, Rome, Italy. 1960. Quantitative surveys of marine infaunal benthos were made in north Baffin Island during 1954 and 1955, in Greenland during 1956, and in Foxe Basin NETHERLANDS NEW GUINEA: "Modern Craft for Papuan Fishermen," by Claude during 1957. The marine benthos can be arbitrarily separated into infauna, animals living on or in level (soft) sea bottom, and epifauna, animals living*on or attached to hard surfaces. The distribution and standing crops of infaunal species are described, using the concept of marine level-bottom communi- ties which is a particularly useful way of summa- rizing the infauna of arctic regions. The distribution of epifaunel species collected is shown in the ap- pendix. MARINE BIOLOGY: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol. 39, no. 3, October 1960, pp. 417-767, qlhes printed, $11. Cambridge University Press, 32 E. 57th St., New York 22, N. Y, Includes, among many others, these articles: ''The Effects of Salinity on the Developing Eggs and Larvae of the Herring," by F: G. T. Holliday and J. H. S. Blaxter; "The Effect of Extremes of Temperature on Herring Larvae,'' by J. H. S. Blaxter; and ''Red Blood Values in the Plaice (Pleuroncetes platessa L.), by A. Preston. 5; MARINE FAUNA: Creatures of the Sea, by William B. Gray, 209 pp., illus., printed, $3.95. Wilfred Funk, Inc., 33 W. 46th St., New-York 36, N. Y. Belloni, article, South Pacific Bulletin, vol. 10,no. 4, October 1960, pp. 42-43, illus., printed. South Pacific Commission, Box 5254, G. P. O., Sydney, Australia. NIGERIA: Import Tariff System of Nigeria, WTIS, Part 2, Oper- ations Report no. 60-48, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents. Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Super- intendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) NORWAY: "Norwegian Change-Over to New Fishing Methods-- The BMV Sterntrawler,'' article, Norwegian Fishin and Maritime News (Norwegian Fishing News), vol. 7, no. 3, 1960, pp. 17, 19, 21, illus., printed. Norwegian Fishing and Maritime News, P. O. Box 740, Slottsgt. 3, Bergen, Norway. "Rapport fra Sildeundersokelser ved Island 2/6-8/7 1960 med F/F G. O. Sars" (Report on Herring In- vestigation off Iceland June 2-July 8, 1960, with the G. O. Sars), by O. J. Ostvedt, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 44, November 3, 1960, pp. 611-616) illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERV —, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTATNED FROM THE ORGANIZATION |SSUING THEM, "Sammenliknende Undersokelser Vintersildsesongen 1960 over Fangstresultatene ved Bruk av Snurpenoter av Kunstfibre (Nylon/ Terylene) Kontra Snurpenoter av Bomull''(Comparison Research on 1960 Season Winter Herring Catch with Use of Synthetic Fiber Purse Seine Against Cotton Purse Seine), article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 39, September 29, 1960, pp. 951-554, printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. Sett Kursen for Fiskarfagskolen (Establish Course for "the Fishery School), Nr. 4, 22 pp., illus., printed in Norwegian. A/S John Griegs Boktrykkeri, Bergen, Norway, 1959. "Stortralernes Fiske i 1959" (Large Trawler Fishery in 1959), by Sverre Mollestad, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 45, November 10, 1960, pp. 628-634, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. OCEANOGRAPHY: Turbulent Diffusion in the Sea, by Richard Bourret and Saul Broida, Contribution No. 282, 13 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 10, no: 3, September 1960, pp. 354-366.) The Marine Laboratory, Uni- versity of Miami, #1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. OYSTERS: "Louisiana Oyster Crop," article, Louisiana Conser- vationist, vol. 13, no. 10, October > Pp. 2-4, illus., printed. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries « Commission, 400 Royal St., New Orleans 16, La. Describes how a million barrels of oyster shells were planted by the Wild Life and Fisheries Com- mission in an effort to help the Louisiana oyster industry. PARASITES: A List of Parasites from Marine and Coastal Animals ~ of Florida, by Robert F. Hutton and Franklin Sog- andares-Bernal, Contribution No. 38, 6 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Transactions of the American Mi- croscopical Society, vol. 79, no. 3, July 1960, pp. 587-598- printed. Florida State Board of Conserva- tion, Marine Laboratory, Maritime Base, Bayboro Harbor, St. Petersburg, Fla. se PLANKTON: Plankton of the Florida Current. Part VI--The Chae- tognatha, by Harding B. Owre, Contribution No. 275, 68 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 10, no, 3, September 1960, pp. 255-322.) The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, Virginia Key, Miami 49, Fla. : POULTRY FEED: Effect of Origin, Processing and Storage on the Un- identified Growth Factor A ctivit of a Variety of ish Meals, by T. W. Sullivan =e Pp... illus., printed. (Reprinted from Poultry Science, vol. 39, no. 4, July 1960, pp. 1037-1041.) Poultry Science Association, Kansas State College, Manhat- tan, Kans. : iskeridirektoratets Smaskrifter PRESERVATION: "Availability of Hinokitiol for the Preservation of Fish," by Eizaburo Noguchi and Joji Yamamoto, ar- ticle, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 24, nos. 6 and T1958, pp: 534-5350, printed in Japanese with English abstract. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. . REFRIGERATION: "Changes in the Adenosinetriphosphatase Activity and Sulphydryl Groups of Cod Flesh During Frozen Stor- age," by J. J. Connell, article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 11, May 1960, pp. 245- 249, printed. Journal of the Science of Food and Ag- riculture, Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London, S. W. 1, England. SEA LIONS: "California's Controversial Sea Lions," by Richard S. Croker, article, Outdoor California, vol. 21, nos. 9- 10, September-October 1960, pp. 14-16, illus., printed. Department of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento 14, Calif. The history of agitation to do away with sea lions in California dates back to 1899. In all cases, proposals for population reduc- tions have beenmetbycounterreaction. Recorded high point of the sea lion population in California was in the 1850's. From about 1860 to 1870 many thou- sands were killed and rendered for oil. An era of protection followed. By 1899 another move to reduce the herds had started. There was a protection move in 1909, followed in 1927 by a reverse trend. This article discusses developments in recent years-- pressures of human population, sea lion predation, gear loss, the economics of sea lion population con- trol, present law concerning sea lions, and the Cal- ifornia herds. SEAGRASS: Observations on the Ecology and Distribution of the Florida Seagrasses, by Ronald C. Phillips, Profes- sional Papers series No. 2, 76 pp., illus., printed. Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Labora- tory, St. Petersburg, Fla., October 1960. SHRIMP: "Notes on the Artificial Cultivation of Fresh Water Shrimp,'' by Robert M. Ingle and Bonnie Eldred, ar- ticle, West Indies Fisheries Bulletin, no. 4, July- August 1960, pp. 1-5, processed. Min istry of Natural Resources and Agriculture, Federal House, Port-of- Spain, Trinidad, W. I. (Also Contribution No. 39, Marine Laboratory, Florida State Board of Conser- vation, St. Petersburg, Fla.) Results of.a study of the basic biology and ecology of fresh-water shrimp (Macrobrachium acanthurus and M. carcinus). In conclusion, the qithors state that (1) biologically, fresh-water shrimp offer several advantages for artificial cultivation; and (2) economically, the spe- cies is an attractive one for artificial cultivation. The Poole Prawn Pot, Laboratory Leaflet No. 10, 5 pp. illus., processed. Fisheries Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft, Eng- land, 1956. Presents drawings and construction data 90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 ‘THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. on the Poole prawn (shrimp) pot. A number of dif- ferent types of pot are used for catching prawns on England's south coast. Most of these and a few oth- ers were tested for their catching capabilities in large tanks at the Experiment Station, Conway, and the Poole pot gave the best results. ee Grounds Along the North Coast of Wales, aboratory Leaflet No. ; 7 pp., illus., processed. Fisheries Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft, England, 1955. The results of the monthly sampling at Rhyl, Colwyn Bay, Conway, and Penmaenmawr are shown diagrammat- ically. They indicate that shrimps are plentiful a- long the coast from Rhyl to Penmaenmawr, and that commercially-profitable catches are to be obtained in this area. The survey shows, however, that shrimp are far less abundant on the southwest coast of Anglesey, Criccieth, and Portmadoc, and that they could not support a fishery in these areas. "Tagged Shrimp Swims 100 Miles," article, Louisiana Conservationist, vol. 13, no. 10, October 1960, pp. 19-20, illus., printed. Louisiana Wild Life and Fish- eries Commission, 400 Royal St., New Orleans 16, La. SMALL CRAFT: Eueee eee of the International Economic Conference on Small Craft for Fisheries and, Transportation, 24 pp., illus., printed. Outboard Marine Corp., Wauke- gan, Ill. Contains, among others, the following pa- pers presented at the Conference held on May 24, 1960, in New York City: ‘Outboard Mechanization in Fisheries,'' by Jan-Olaf Traung; ''The Outboard Boat--History and Development," by Philip L. Rhodes; "Financing Boat Mechanization," by Edwin D. Kirby; "Puerto Rican Program of Credit and Training for Fishermen," by Felix Inigo; and ''Mech- anization of Small Craft for Fisheries and Trans- portation in Uganda and Its Effects,"' by Alloys P. Achieng. SPAIN: Estadistica de Pesca, Ano 1959 (Fishery Statistics, b ‘pp., printed in Spanish. Ministerio de Comercio, Direccion General de Pesca Maritima, Madrid, Spain, 1960. STERN TRAWLERS: : "Further Improvement of Big Stern Trawlers with Freezing Installations," by S. L. Fridman, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 6, 1959, pp. 38-41, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. SUBMARINES FOR FISHERY RESEARCH: : "Experimental Cruises Aboard the Submarine Sievi- erianke," by V. P. Zaitsev and V. G. Azhazha,-ar- ticle, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 7, 1959, pp. 7-16, illus., printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. The Soviet Federal Institute of Oceanog- raphy and Fisheries has been undertaking systematic cruises aboard the submarine Sievierianke since December 1958 to investigate the habitat of commer- cial fishes and their behavior during fishing. Two cruises to the Barents Sea and one to the North Atlantic have already been made, covering a total distance of over 4,000 nautical miles under water. Systematic studies were carried out on fish schools, photographs shot, bottom and water samples taken, and water temperature measured at various depths, In general, the studies indicate that: (a) asubmarine is suitable for such studies, and the Sievierianke is well adapted; (b) research can be carried out under any weather conditions and is not hindered bysurface waves; (c) very strong waves were perceptible up to 50 m. depth; (d) the vessel could easily enter, fish. schools though it scattered them; and (e) observations made through the bulleyes were comparable to those made with echo sounders. “First Experiment with Submarine for Observing the Behavior of Herring," by D. V. Radakov and B. S. Soloviev, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no. 7, 1959, pp. 16-21, illus., printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R. Describes the results ob- tained by the submarine Sievierianke in the Norwegian” Sea. The research cruise lasted from December 29, 1958, to January 21, 1959. The purpose was to deter- mine the kind of observations that could be made from the submarine on winter herring. The behavior was different on different days and at different times of the day. The herring were rather restful and even motionless. The majority was in a normal position, but part of them were resting with their heads down- wards or upwards, and even with their bellies up- wards. The herring rose upwards toward the evening. Fish in schools were usually more active and quickly swam across the field of visibility of the bulleyes. The herring started to grow more and more agile in the evening and continued throughout the night, reach- ing a peak at dawn when their agility began to fall. When the light was switched on and off they did not move away from the field of illumination during the first half of the night, but they showed a negative re- action to the electric light during the second half and at daytime. This reaction grew stronger at dawn. The assumption of passive behavior of winter herring was confirmed. Quantitative data describing the degree of agility of the herring and the growing agility through- out the night were obtained. It may be inferred that drift nets catch fish merely during their agility peri- od, particularly during their vertical migration in the evening and at dawn. Although the facts obtained dur- ing the experiments should be more closely scruti- nized, the short period during which they were ob- tained promises great possibilities for research with submarines on the behavior of fish. TARIFFS AND TRADE: Public Notice of Investigation and Hearings (Investiga- tion No. 9--Supplement A Under Section 3 of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1951, as Amended, and Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930, with Respect to Supplemental List of Articles for Consideration in Proposed Trade Agreements Negotiations with Con- tracting Parties of GATT), 3-9--Suppl., 5 pp., proc- essed. United States Tariff Commission, Washington 25, D. C., November 22, 1960. Tariff Classification Study, Sube Report, TC Mis- cellaneous Series, 89 pp., printed, cents. United States Tariff Commission, Washington, D. C., Novem- ber 15, 1960. (For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) This is the final report on the Tariff Clas- sification Study which includes the text of proposed February 1961 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE ELSH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OSTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. tariff schedules. The Study, which comprises 10 volumes, is being submitted to the President and to the Chairmen of the Committee on Finance of the Senate and of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives. Legislation will be re- quired to make the proposed tariff schedules effec- tive. The classification provisions are organized. into 8 schedules, in contrast with the present 16. Some proposed changes in rates for fishery products are included in this report. TAX GUIDE: Tax Guide for Small Business, 1961 Edition, 144 pp., "printed, 40 cents. Internal Revenue Service, Wash- ington, D.C., November 1960. (For sale by the Su- perintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Print- ing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) TERRAPIN: "A Turtle of Taste," by George K. Reid, article, Nat- ural History, vol. 69, no. 10, December 1960, pp. _ 23-27, illus., printed. The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park W. at 79th St., New York 24, N. Y. Discusses the life cycle, occurrence, and "family history" of the diamondback terrapin. Birds, beasts, and gastronomes relish this tasty rep- tile, says the author. TROCHUS SHELL: "1957 Trochus Transfer to Cooks Apparently Success- ful,"' by Louis Devambez, article, South Pacific Bul- letin, vol. 10, no. 4, October 1960, pp. 31, 36, illus., printed. South Pacific Commission, Box5254, G,P.O., Sydney, Australia. Early in 1957, acting on the ad- vice of the South Pacific Commission's fisheries officer, the Cook Islands Administration arranged for two transfers of live trochus by air from Fiji to Aitutaki Island. Now, with the arrival at Commission headquarters from the Cook Islands of a youngtro- chus shell comes probable proof that the original stock there is actually breeding, states the author. TROLLING: "Mechanical Characteristics of Plate Depressors for Trolling," by Noboru Isouti and Tasae Kawakami, ar- ticle, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 23, nos. 7 and §, Tost, pp. 354-00", printed in Japanese and English. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigandori 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. ° TUNA: "La Explotacion de Tunidos en Espana, su Momento Actual" (Current Spanish Development of Tuna Re- sources), by Angel Gonzalez Rodal, article, Industria Conservera, vol. 26, no. 255, September 1960, pp. 245-246, printed in Spanish. Industria Conservera, Calle Marques de Valladares, 41 Vigo, Spain. Premieres Donnees sur le Thon a Nageoires Jaunes en Nouvelle-Caledonie (First Studies onthe Yellowfin Tu- na in New Caledonia), by M. Legand and R. Desrosieres, Institut Francais d' Oceanie, Rapport Scientifique no. 11, 80pp., illus., processed in French. Office de la Re- cherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, 20, Rue Monsieur, Paris we. France, 1960. "Rapport over Storje, Habrann-, Pigghaundersokelser med F/F G. QO. Sars i Omradet: Irland, Shetland, Faeroyene, Norskekysten i Tiden 21 Juli-18 August August 1960" (Report on Exploratory Fishing Cruise for Tuna on the G. O. Sars off Ireland, the Shetlands, Faroes, and the Norwegian Coast, July 21-August 18, 1960), article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 46, no. 43, October 27, 1960, pp. 600- , illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Postgiro nr. 691 81, Bergen, Norway. "Tuna Fishing on Board Shinio Maru (December 1958- January 1959),'' by Y. Carmel; article, Fishermen's Bulletin, no. 19, pp. 15-17, illus., printed in Hebrew. Fishermen's Bulletin, Sea Fisheries Research Sta- tion, P. O. Box 699, Haifa, Israel. TUNA CLIPPERS: Transverse Stability of Tuna Clippers, by J. Paulling, Jr., 14 pp., illus., processed. Pood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 1959. Paper read at the Second World Fishing Boat Congress, Rome, April 5- 10,°1959. ¢ TUNA LONG-LINER: "T.es Ateliers et Chantiers de la Manche Lancent le Thonier-Palangrier Congelateur Daguite pour Israel" (The Firm of Les Ateliers et Chantiers de la Manche Launches the Tuna Long-Liner Freezer Daguite for Israel), article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 39, no. 990, September 1960, pp. 521-5 illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France. TURKEY: 4 Balik ve Balikcilik (Fish and Fishery), vol. 8, no. 10, October , oe pp., illus., printed in Turkish with English table of contents. Balik ve Balikcilik, Istanbul Balikcilik, Mudurlugu, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey. Includes, among others, the following articles: "On the Production and Preservation of Caviar, Fish Eggs, and Fish Milk," by Hikmet Akgunes; ''On Lobsters (Part Il),"" by Sitki Uner; and "A Delicious Sea Weed." UNITED KINGDOM: Hygiene in the Retail Fish Trade; The Hygienic Trans- oa and Handling of Fish, Food Hygiene Codes or practice Nos. 3 and 4; 20 pp. and 16 pp., respectively, 20 cents each. British Information Services, 45 Rock- efeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y., 1960. U.S.S.R.: The following translations are obtainable from the Office of Technical Services, Department of Com- merce, Washington 25, D. C., at a minimum cost of 50 cents for short articles or an approximate cost of 1 cent per page for articles and books of more than 50 pages. Order by OTS number. "Dynamics in the Numerical Counts and the Contempo- rary State of the Chum and Pink Salmon Stocks in the Amur River Basin," by I. B. Birman, article, Trudy Soveshchaniya po Voprosam Lososevogo Khoziaistva Dal'nego Vostoka, no. 4, 1953, pp. 22-37. OTS 60- 51041. "Our Curiosity on the Operation of the Trawl in Water," by N. A. Lyapin, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 2, no, 35, pp. 43-46. OTS 60-51080. sR chabe "The State of Stocks and Means for Increasing the Number of Amur Pink Salmon," by V. V. Abramov, article, Trudy Soveshchaniya po Voprosam Losose- vogo Khoziaistva Dal'nego Vostoka, no. 4, $53; Pp. 48-69. OTS 60-21144. 92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 23, No. 2 THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM. "Studies of Crustacea of the Red Sea. Part I--Podo- phthalmata and Edriophthalmata. XIV," by O. Paul'son (Otto Mikhailovich), 180 pp. Tipografica S. V. Kul'zhenko, Kiev, U.S.S.R. OTS 60-21821. "Ways of Increasing the Reproduction of Amur Chum Salmon," by V. Ia. Levanidov, article, Trudy Sove- shchaniya po Voprosam Peeeeeeoee Khoziaistva Dal'nego Vostoka, no. 4, » Pp. = : 60- Kholodil'naia Tekhnika (Refrigeration Journal) no. 5, 5 pp., illus., printed in Russian with English summaries. Kholodil'naia Tekhnika, c/o Four Con- tinent Book Corp., 822 Broadway, New York 3, N.Y. Includes, among many others, articles on: ''Precooked Frozen Foods," by V. Shelaputin and others; and "Ex- perimental Storage of Fatty Fish at Low Tempega- tures," by A. Piskarev, L. Lukyanitsa, and K. F‘om- icheva. VENEZUELA: Conservas de Pescado (Canned Fishery Products), Serie Hstudios Preliminares sobre Industrias No. 1, 24 pp., printed in Spanish. Corporacion Venezolana de Fomento, Sub-Gerencia de Servicios Tecnicos, Unidad de Estudios, Caracas, Venezuela, 1960. WHALE MEAT MEAL: "Composition and Amino-Acid Content of High-Grade Whale Meat Meal," by H. Pritchard and Patricia A. Smith, article, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 11, May 1960, pp. 249-252, printed. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, So- ciety of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London, S.W. 1, England. WHALING: ; "Aspects Actuels de la Peche a la Baleine: les Whales’ Catchers Japonais" (Contemporary Observations of Whaling: the Japanese Catcher Boats), by R. Lenier, article, France Peche, vol. 5, no. 44, October 1960,: pp. 22-28, illus., printed in French. France Peche, Tour Sud-Est, Rue de Guemene, Lorient, France. YUGOSLAVIA: : Stocarstyo i Ribarstvo, 1959 (Stockbreeding and Fish- eries, 1959), Statisticki Bilten 182, 36 pp., illus., printed in Serbo-Croatian. Federativna Narodna Republika Jugoslavija, Savezni Zavod za Statistiku, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, November 1960. CORRECTION This correction should be made for the article ''Down with Rejects-- Up With Profits," which appeared in the December 1960 issue of Com- mercial Fisheries Review. The scale at the bottom of Fig. 1 on page 16 should have had the following legend: ''Pounds rejected per thousand pounds of plant output." OUAUTAAN 3 9088 01018 2061 wh