Ulltp i. 1. Bill lOibrarg North (Carolina ^tate limtiprattij QK484 G4 K3 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE INDICATED BELOW AND IS SUB- JECT TO AN OVERDUE FINE AS POSTED AT THE CIRCULATION DESK. COMMON Forest Trees OF GEORGIA HOW TO KNOW THEM Georgia State College of Agriculture ANDREW M. SOULE, President DIVISION OF EXTENSION J. PHIL CAMPBELL, Director -operation with the Forest Service, U. S. Dcpt. of Auriculturc Xh, No. 7 December, 1923 Bulletin 20 1 shed and distributed in furtherance of the purposes provided for in the Act of Congress of May 3, 1914 l^f^^il^JS-^ ''''•^iimi'iiti^ aawfSIr W^Pf ^ ^ortl] (Earolma ^tale Contents raRc Ash. White 70 Ash-leaf Maple 70 r.asswood 72 l'.«ech 30 r.inh, Black or S\Aeet 27 Itlver or Red . niaik Walnut Box Ekler Catalpa _ Cedar, Red White . 2ti . 17 - 70 - SO - I-'. - 14 Cherry, Black 02 Cliestuut ol Chinquapin 32 Cottonwood 2"> Cottonwood, Swamp 24 Cucumber Tree oo Mountain .Alagiiolia 54 Maple, Asli-leaf 7(i Red 6S Silver ()!• Whitebark 07 Mulberry. Red T,-2 Oak, 5S028 Basket or Cow 37 Black 41 Black-jack 41 Chestnut 30 Laurel 47 Live 3^ Nortliern Red 40 Overcup 35 Post 34 Red ;'.!i-4() Scarlet 42 Southern Red 3'.> vamp Chestnut 37 This BOOK may be kept out TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE CENTS a day thereafter. It is due on the day indicated below: urkey ater . bite . illow lOeM2l juon 77 lOblolly 5 onffleaf 0 bnd !> crub 10 iortleaf 4 lash 7 pi-uce 10-11 Irginia 10 Carolina 2." Yellow r,n r.<; as ."i7 ■berry (io od 71 Cottonwood 24 Gum .")S re 51+ 'ree r>7 Gum 7C. , Black 17 Black 2.'. Poplar r>7 COMMON FOREST TREES -OF- GEORGIA HOW TO KNOW THEM . A Pocket Manual Prepared by W. R. MATTOON, Forest Examiner Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture -^and — THOS. D. BURLEIGH, Associate Professor Division of Forestry Georgia State College of Agriculture ti ATHENS, GA. 1923 FOREWORD This handbook has been prepared in response to a growing demand for information regarding our com- mon forest trees. These requests are largely the result of a widening appreciation that timber is a marketable commodity of increasing value, and that by rightly handling young timber it quickly grows into a merchantable product that will add yearly to the farm income as well as enhance the value of the farm, both as a salable property and as a comfort- able and attractive home. Georgia has a great variety of trees producing useful and valuable wood. Timber is the best crop to grow on certain soils and locations on the farm. Many farms have, for example, some hillsides, or worn-out gullied sandy or wet lands better adapted for growing timber than any other crop. To rightly utilize all the farm is a sign of good farm manage- ment. It is natural for young people to be interested in trees. Many will become farm owners of the future, and a knowledge of the trees will add an interest in their lives and prove to be a very material asset. The County Agents, dealing as they do with both the present and future owners of timberland, will be aided by this manual in acquiring a better knowledge of the uses and value of our common forest trees. Altogether 78 trees are described, all of which are native to the State. Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made to the State Foresters of Maryland, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina for the use of portions of the text and for the loan of many of the cuts of the hardwoods, all of which are from original drawings by Mrs. A. E. Hoyle of the United States Forest Ser- vice, and to Houghton-Mifflin Company for permis- sion to use cuts of conifers from Sargent's "Manual of the Trees of North America." The rapidly increasing interest in outdoor life, stimulated perhaps by good roads, the automobile, the boys' club and scout movements, and the widened outlook resulting from the spread of education, en- courages the rational treatment of our trees and for- ests. It is highly important that this be done in order that our forests may continue to furnish the material so essential to the maintenance of the in- dustrial and social life of the State and Nation, to protect our farmsteads and mountain streams, and to provide places of pleasure and recreation for our people. WHITE PINE {Pinus strohus L.) "THE white pine occurs naturally throughout the mountains in the northern part of the State. It grows on high, dry, sandy and rocky ridges, but prefers the cooler or moister situations. Its straight stem, regular pyramidal shape and soft gray-green foliage make it universally appreciated as an orna- mental tree. Its rapid growth and hardiness, and WHITE PINE One-third natural size. the high quality of the wood make it one of the most desirable trees for forest planting. The trunk is straight, and, when growing in the forest, clear of branches for many feet. The branches extend horizontally in whorls (i. e., ar- ranged in a circle on the stem), marking the suc- cessive years of upward growth. The bark is thin and greenish, red on young trees, but thick, deeply furrowed and grayish brown on older trees. The tree commonly attains heights of 50 to 60 feet and diam- eters of 1 to 2 feet, though much larger specimens are still to be found. The leaves, or needles, are 3 to 5 inches in length, bluish green on the upper surface and whitish be- neath, and occur in bundles of 5, which distinguishes it from all other eastern pines. The cone, or fruit, is 4 to 6 inches long, cylindrical, with thin, usually very gummy scales, containing small, winged seeds which require two years to mature. The wood is light, soft, not strong, light brown in color, often tinged with red, and easily worked. The lumber is in large demand for construction pur- poses, box boards, matches and many ^f^^Jj^^ts. 5>1?^ SHORTLEAF PINE (Yellow Pine) {Pinus echmata Mill.) TTHE shortleaf pine, also known as yellow pine, rosemary pine, and old-field pine, is widely dis- tributed throiigliout the South. In Georgia, it is the characteristic pine over the Piedmont and the south- facing slopes, where it occurs mixed with hardwoods and in pure second-growth stands. The young tree in the open has a straight and somewhat stout stem SHORTLEAF PINE One-half natural size. with slightly ascending branches. In maturity the tree has a tall, straight stem and an oval crown, reaching a height of about 100 feet and a diameter of about 41/2 feet. The young tree, when cut or burned back, reproduces itself by sprouting from the stump. The leaves are in clusters of two or three, from 3 to 5 inches long, slender, flexible, and dark blue- green. The cones, or burrs, are the smallest of all our pines, II/2 to 2iA inches long, oblong, with small sharp prickles, generally clustered, and often hold- ing to the twigs for 3 or 4 years. The small seeds are mottled and have a wing, which is broadest near the center. The bark is brownish red, broken into rectangular plates ; it is thinner and lighter-colored than that of loblolly pine. This is most readily iden- tified by its leaves and cones. The wood of old trees is rather heavy and hard, of yellow-brown or orange color, fine-grained and less resinous than that of the other important south- ern pines. It is used largely for interior and ex- terior finishing, general construction, veneers, paper pulp, excelsior, cooperage, mine props, and other purposes. LOBLOLLY PINE {Pinus taeda L.) A fast-growing member of the yellow pine group, ■^ loblolly pine is a tree of the Coastal Plain, ranging southward in the United States from Del- aware to Texas. It is variously known locally as shortleaf pine, fox-tail pine and old-field pine. As the last name implies, it seeds up abandoned fields rapidly, particularly in sandy soils where the 4 p^y< # LOBLOLLY PINB Oue-lialf natural size. water is close to the surface. It is also frequent in elumps along the borders of swamps and as scat- tered specimens in the swamp hardwood forests. In Georgia, it is found in largest amounts over the lower Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain. The bark is dark in color and deeply furrowed, and often attains a thickness of as much as 2 inches on large-sized trees. The leaves, or needles, 6 to 9 inches long, are borne three in a cluster, and, in the spring, bright green clumps of them at the ends of branches give a luxuriant appearance to the tree. The fruit is a cone, or burr, about 3 to 5 inches long, which ripens in the autumn of the second year, and, during fall and early winter, sheds many seeds which, by their inch-long wings, are widely dis- tributed by the Avind. The resinous wood is coarse-grained, with marked contrast, as in the other yellow pines, between the bands of early and late wood. The wood of second- growth trees has a wide range of uses where dura- bility is not a requisite, such as for building ma- terial, box shooks, barrel staves, basket veneers, pulpwood, lath, mine props, piling and fuel. ^>-^^-^ ^>-^^< LONGLEAF PINE {Pinus palmiris Mill.) HTHE young longleaf pine forms one of the most striking features of the southern forest. When 5 to 10 years of age, the single upright stem with its long, dark, shiny leaves, forms a handsome plume of sparkling green, while in later youth the stalwart, sparingly branched sapling, with its heavy twigs and gray bark, attracts immediate attention. The ^^x,. '\^^i LONGLEAF PINE One-half natural size. older trees have tall, straight trunks, 1 to 3 feet in diameter and open, irregular crowns, one-third to one-half the length of the tree. Longleaf pine is confined to the Coastal Plain region. It has been extensively logged, bled for tu- pentine, repeatedly burned and ranged over by na- tive "razor-back" hogs until in many sections it has been almost exterminated or replaced by other pines. The leaves are from 10 to 15 inches long, in clus- ters of 3, and gathered toward the ends of the thick, scaly twigs. The flowers, appearing in early spring before the new leaves, are a deep rose-purple, the male in prominent, short, dense clusters and the female in inconspicuous groups of 2 to 4. The cones, or burrs, are 6 to 10 inches long, slightly curved, the thick scales armed with small curved prickles. The cones usually fall soon after the seeds ripen, leaving their bases attached to the twigs. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough and dura- ble. As Georgia pine, pitch pine and southern pine, it has been, and still is, used for all kinds of build- ing and other construction. Naval stores, consist- ing of tar, pitch, rosin and turpentine, are obtained almost exclusively from this tree and its close rela- tive, the slash pine, by bleeding the trees for their raw gum. 6 SLASH PINE (Yellow Slash, Cuban Pine) (Pinus carihaea Morelet.) CLASH pine is a tree of the lower Coastal Plain. Because of its abundant seed production and rapid growth, it has naturally replaced longleaf pine over large areas. Second-growth stands are, how- ever, either very young or scattered for the reason that' slash pine' produces crude gum in such large amounts and at such early ages that it has been for SLASH PINE One-half natural size. the past 30 years heavily worked for turpentine in all sizes down to saplings. Large amounts of timber have thus been killed by being overworked with too many or too large faces. Because of its rapid growth, easy propagation and early yield of timber and crude turpentine, slash pine promises excellent returns when planted and grown as a crop. Experi- ments have shown that slash pine is capable of grow- ing in clay soils at least 100 miles north, or above its natural range. The trunk is straight, clears itself easily of branches, and is crowned with numerous small branches forming a round-topped head. The leaves which occur in clusters of 2 or, more often, 3 in a sheath are from 8 to 12 inches long, dark green, shiny, and thickly-set on the branches, forming a dense head. The cones are mostly 3 to 6 inches long, brown, and glossy or varnished, and the thin scales are armed with fine prickles. Slash may best be dis- tinguished from all other pines by these character- istics of its leaves and cones. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough, durable and very resinous. It is sawed into lumber and sold without discrimination as longleaf pine, being used for general building and heavy construction pur- poses for which it brings good prices. 7 PITCH PINE {Pinus rigida Mill.) THE pitch pine grows on dry ridges and slopes and in cold swamps and bottoms in the moun- tains and outlying hilly regions. It occurs scattered, or in small groups with hardwoods or other pines. It attains a height commonly 50 to 75 feet and a diameter of 1 to 2 feet. The trunk is erect, and One-half natural size. at heights of 20 to 30 feet branches into a close head made up of rather large branches and notice- ably thick foliage. It has longer leaves and larger cones, or burrs, and generally a rougher and les3 straight trunk than the shortleaf pine with which it is often found. The leaves, which are found in clusters of 3 each, are 3 to 5 inches long, stiff, dark yellowish green in color and stand out straight from the twigs. They fall during the second year after forming. The cones are 1 to 3 inches long and light brown in color. They usually cling to the branches for several years, sometimes for 10 to 12 years. The bark on the stems and branches is rough. On mature trees it is dark gray or reddish brown, and irregularly divided into broad, flat, continuous ridges. The wood is light, soft and brittle. It is sawed into lumber for general construction and is used for fuel. This tree is able to grow on very poor soil and has the capacity, when young, of sprouting suc- cessfully from the base of the stump when burned or cut back. 8 T POND PINE (Pinus serotina Michx.) HE pond pine, also known as pocosin pine, bay pine or black-bark pine, is found in small SAvamps and on flat, undrained, poor, sandy, or low, peaty soils of the Coastal Plain. It averages 40 to 70 feet in height and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. The trunk is often slightly crooked and somewhat rough with knots or bulges. The tree somewhat resembles lob- if^ POND PINE •One-half natural size. lolly pine, but can be distinguished most easily by the broader and shorter cones, and its location gen- erally on wet or very sour lands. The leaves occur in clusters of 3, or occasionally 4, and range in length from 5 to 8 inches. They persist on the branches for 3 to 4 years. The cones or burrs, when open are noticeably globular in out- line, somewhat flattened, 2 to 2V2 inches long. Like all pines, they require two seasons for ripening, but remain closed for 1 to 2 years afterward, and per- sist on the branches for several years. The bark is dark red-brown and irregularly di- vided by shallow furrows. The wood is resinous, heavy, often coarse-grained, orange-colored, with pale yellowish, wide sapwood. It is sawed and sold without discrimination along with lumber of other southern pines. In the earlier days of lumbering this pine was not much used for lumber. It is one of the few species of pine which, following cutting or killing-back by fire, sprouts from the stumps of young vigorous saplings. SCRUB PINE (Spruce Pine or Virginia Pine) {Pinus Virginia na Mill.) 'TTIIE' scrub, spruce, black or Virginia pine, is found chiefly in the mountains in the northern part of the State. It occurs in pure stands in old fields and is very persistent in gullying, broken and very dry soils. It is one of our slower-growing pines. The side branches usuall}'- persist for many years, even after dying, thus giving a scrubby ap- SCRUB PINE One-half natural size. pearance to the tree which is responsible for one of its common names. The twisted and spreading leaves are borne two in a cluster. They vary from l^/^ to 3 inches in length, are grayish green in color, and are shorter than those of any other pine native to the State. The fruit is a cone, or burr, averaging about 2 inches in length, narrow, and often slightly curved, with small prickles. Cones are produced almost every year, and, as they persist on the branches from 3 to 5 years, a tree top with many dry, open cones is char- acteristic of the species. The bark is thin, reddish brown, and broken into shallow plates. Even with age, the fissures in the bark are so shallow as to give a somewhat smooth appearance to the trunk of the tree. Except in the occasional large-sized trees, the wood is very knotty because of the persistence of the side branches. It is light and soft, but fairly dur- able in contact with the soil, so that it is being used to some extent for posts, poles and piling. The lum- ber is increasingly used for rough construction, but it warps easily with alternate wetting and drying. It is much used for paper pulp and firewood. 10 SPRUCE PINE (Cedar Pine) {Pinus glabra Walt.) THE bottoms and river swamps in the southern part of the State are characterized by the pres- ence of this pine which may be easily recognized by its dark almost smootli bark unlike that of any other kind of tree found within its range. It is nowhere abundant, but is scattered among the hardwoods that predominate in such places. It is a large tree SPRUCE PINE Two-thirds natural Bize. for it reaches a height of 80 to 120 feet and a diam- eter of 2 to over 3 feet. It has comparatively small horizontal branches which form a narrow open crown. This pine resembles considerably the true white pine of the mountains for which it is not un- commonly mistaken. The leaves occur in clusters of two and arc soft, slender, dark green and mostly from 2 to 3 inches long. They fall at the end of their second year. The cones are single or in clusters of 2 or 3 on short stout stalks. They are Vo to 2 inches long, reddish brown in color and rather lustrous, with thin scales armed with small weak prickles. They soon open and shed their seeds but remain on the tree for several years. The bark on young trees and on the upper part of the trunks is smooth pale gray, becoming noticeably dark on the lower part of the older trees, and slightly and irregularly divided by shallow fissures into tiat connected ridges. The wood is light, soft, brittle, close-grained, and not very strong. When sawed into lumber, the wood warps easily. It is rarely used for any purpose except firewood, but is well adapted for use in making paper pulp. With the growing scarcity of timber and closer utilization of our forest trees, this pine will likely be of more value in the future be- cause of its large size and easy accessibility. 11 HEMLOCK {Tsuga canadensis Carr.) TTHE hemlock, sometimes known as hemlock- spruce or spruce-pine, is a large timber tree, attaining a height of 60 to 100 feet and a diameter of 2 to 4 feet. It is common along streams and on cool slopes throughout the mountains. Its horizontal or ascending branches and drooping twigs, forming One-half natural size. a pyramidal crown, make it one of our handsomest and most desirable trees for shade and ornament. The leaves are from one-third to two-thirds of an inch in length, oblong, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface and whitish beneath, and, although spirally arranged, appear to be 2-ranked on the stem ; they fall during the third season. The cones are oblong, about three-fourths of an inch long, light brown in color. The cone scales are broadly ovate and about as wide as they are long. The seed is small and winged, maturing in the fall and dropping during the winter. The wood is light, soft, not strong, brittle and splintery. It is used for coarse lumber and for paper pulp. The bark on old trunks is cinnamon-red or dark gray and divided into narrow, rounded ridges, and is one of our chief sources of tannin. The Carolina hemlock ( Tsuga caroUniana Eu- gelm.) differs from the above by having its leaves not conspicuously 2-ranked on the twigs but point- ing in all directions, giving the tree a rough appear- ance ; while the cone scales are narrow oval, muck longer than they are wide. It grows on dry, roekj ridges and cliffs along the Blue Ridge. It is a very desirable tree for ornamental planting. 12 CYPRESS {Taxodiiim disHchum Rich.) TTIIE cypress, or bald cypress, is a tree found exclusively in deep swamps which are usually flooded for long periods at a time, and on wet stream banks and bottomlands in the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain and westward. Its straight trunk with numer- ous ascending branches, and narrow conical outline makes the tree one of considerable beauty. In old CYPRESS One-balf natural size. age, the tree generally has a broad fluted or but- tressed base, a smooth slowly tapering trunk and a broad, open, flat top of a few heavy branches and numerous small branchlets. The original-growth timber attained heights of 80 to 130 feet and diam- eters of 5 to 10 feet. The bark is silvery to cinnamon-red and finely divided by numerous longitudinal fissures. The leaves are about one-half to three-fourths of an inch in length, arranged in feather-like fashion along two sides of small branchlets, which fall in the autumn with the leaves still attached ; or they are scale-like and much shorter, light green, and sometimes silvery below. The fruit is a rounded cone, or "ball," about one inch in diameter, consisting of thick irregular scales. The wood is light, soft, easily worked, varies in color from a light sapwood to dark-brown heart- wood, and is particularly durable in contact with the soil. Hence it is in demand for exterior trim of buildings, greenhouse planking, boat and ship building, shingles, posts, poles and crossties. 13 'f^ -#^ -#^ -#^ WHITE CEDAR (Juniper) {Chamaecyparis thyo-ides B. S. P.) EXCLUSIVELY a tree of the Coastal Plain, it is found in year-round SAvamps from New England southward to Florida and Mississippi. It occurs with bald cypress and deep swamp hardwoods, but more often is found in pure stands called "glades," where the smooth, clean trunks are so closely set as to give the impression of "serried ranks." The WHITE CEDAR One-half natural size. branches are very short and horizontal, so that even when grown in the open the tree has a long, narrow, conical shape. The leaves are minute, scale-like, overlapping, 4- ranked, of a bluish green color, and entirely cover the ends of the slender, drooping twigs. The fruit is a rather inconspicuous, smooth cone, nearly round, about one-fourth inch in diameter, maturing in one year and containing from four to eight winged seeds. The bark is quite thin, varies in color from ashy gray to light reddish brown, and readily separates into loose plate-like scales, which easily peel off in long fibrous strips. The wood is light, soft, close- grained, slightly fragrant, especially in contact with water. These qualities make it in demand for boat and canoe building, cooperage, shingles and fence posts. It is being substituted for chestnut for tele- phone poles, as the supply of the latter species be- comes scarcer. Because of the limited supply avail- able, its lumber is not well known in the general markets. 14 -^^^5^.^ ~-e> WHITE WALNUT, OR BUTTERNUT {Juglans cinerea L.) TTHE white walnut, usually called butternut in the North, is a smaller tree than the black wal- nut, though it reaches a height of 70 feet and a diam- eter of 3 feet. It is found naturally only in the mountains, where it is a common tree. The trunk is usually forked or crooked, and this makes it less desirable for saw timber. The bark differs from that WHITE WALNUT, OR BUTTDRNUT Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. of the black walnut in being light gray on branches and on the trunk of small trees, becoming darker on large trees. This tree may also be distinguished from black walnut by the velvet collars just above the scars left by last year's leaves. The compound leaves are 15 to 30 inches long, each with 11 to 17 sharp-pointed, oblong, finely toothed leaflets 2 to 3 inches long. The flowers are of two kinds on the same tree, the male in long yellow-green drooping catkins, the female recognized by the rather conspicuous red-fringed stigmas. The fruit is a nut enclosed in an oblong, somewhat pointed, yellowish green husk, about 2 inches long, which is covered with short rusty, clammy, sticky hairs. The nut has a rough, grooved shell and an oily, edible kernel. The wood is light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, and takes a good polish. It is used for interior finish of houses and for furniture. A yellow or orange dye can be made from the husks of the nuts. 16 ^- BLACK WALNUT [Junglans nigra L.) THIS valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottom- lands and moist fertile hillsides, chieflly in tlie northern and middle parts of the State. In the forest, where it grows singly, it frequently attains a height of 100 feet with a straight stem, clear of branches for half its height. In open-grown trees the stem is short and the crown broad and spreading. BLACK WALiNUT Leaf, one-fifth natural size. Twig, three-quarters natural size. The leaves are alternate, compound, 1 to 2 feet long, consisting of from 15 to 23 leaflets of a yel- lowish green color. The leaflets are about 3 inches long, extremely tapering at the end, and toothed along the margin. The bark is thick, dark brown in color, and divided by rather deep fissures into rounded ridges. The fruit is a nut, borne singly or in pairs, and enclosed in a solid green husk which does not split open, even after the nut is ripe. The nut itself is black with a very hard, thick, finely ridged shell, enclosing a rich, oily kernel edible and highly nu- tritious. The heartwood is of superior quality and value. It is heavy, hard and strong, and its rich chocolate- brown color, freedom from warping and checking, susceptibility to a high polish, and durability make it highly prized for a great variety of uses, including furniture and cabinet work, gun-stocks, and air- plane propellers. Small trees are mostly sapwood, which is light colored and not durable. Walnut is easily propagated from the nuts and grows rapidly on good soil, where it should be planted and grown for timber and nuts. 17 PECAN {Hicoria pecan (Marsh.) Britton) (Carya pecan Ashe and Gr.) TTHE pecan is found native in the State chiefly in the" southern half, but has been widely planted for nuts, and from them has sometimes spread con- siderably. It makes an excellent shade tree, and for this purpose it has also been planted. The pecan is tiie largest of the hickories, attaining heights of over 100 feet and when grown in the open forming a PECAN One-quarter natural size. large rounded top of symmetrical shape. The outer bark is rough, hard, tight, but broken into scales; on the limbs, it is smooth at first but later tends to scale or divide as the bark grows old. The leaves resemble those of the other hickories and the black walnut. They are made up of 9 to 17 leaflets, each oblong, toothed and long-pointed, and 4 to 8 inches long by about 2 inches wide. The flowers appear in early spring and hang in tassels from 2 to 3 inches long. The fniif is a nut, 4-winged or angled, pointed, from 1 to 2 inches long, and one-half to 1 inch in diameter, borne in a husk which divides along its grooved seams when the nut ripens in the fall. The nuts, which vary in size and in the thickness of the shell, have been greatly im- proved by selection and cultivation and are sold on the market in large quantities. The wood is strong, tough, heavy and hard and is used occasionally in making handles and parts of vehicles, and for fuel. 18 ^s>-m=><53i BITTERNUT HICKORY (Hicoj'ia minima Britton) {Carya cordiformis K. Koch) TTIIE bitternut hickory is a tall slender tree with broadly pyramidal crown, attaining a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet. It is found throughout the State on moist rich soils, but Ls nowhere very abundant. The baxk on tlie trunk is granite-gray, faintly tinged with vellow and less rough than in most of BITTERNUT HICKORY Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. hickories, yet broken into thin, plate-like scales. The winter buds are compressed, scurfy, bright yel- low, quite different from those of its relatives. The leaves are alternate, compound, from 6 to 10 inches long, and eompo.sed of from 7 to 11 leaflets. The individual leaflets are smaller and more slender than those of the other hickories. The flowers are of two kinds on the same tree. The fruit is about 1 inch long and tliin-husked, while file nut is usually tliin-shelled and brittle, and tlu^ kernel very bitter. The wood is hard, strong and heavy, reddish brown in color. From this last fact it gets its local name of red hickory. It is said to be somewhat in- ferior to the other hickories, but is used for the same purposes. 19 e>-^ ^o> -i-^^i^t^-^a -e> -s^ SCALY-BARK OR SHELL-BARK HICKORY (Hicori-a ovata Britton) {Carya ovata K. Koch) THE scaly-bark hickory is known by every child of the community because of its sweet and de- licious nuts. It is a large commercial tree, aver- aging 60 to 100 feet high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. It thrives best on rich, damp soil and is found along streams and on moist hillsides throughout the State. Leaf, one-third » Twig, one-half natural size, natural size, f' SCALY-BARK HICKORY The bark of the trunk is rougher than on other hickories, light gray and separating into thick plates which are only slightly attached to the tree. The terminal winter buds are egg-shaped, the outer bud- scales having narrow tips. The leaves are alternate, compound, from 8 to 15 inches long and composed of 5, rarely 7 obvate to ovate leaflets. The twigs are smooth or clothed with short hairs. The fruit is borne singly or in pairs, and is globu- lar. The husk is thick and deeply grooved at the seams. The nut is much compressed and pale, the shell thin, and the kernel sweet. The flowers are of two kinds, opening after the leaves have attained nearly their full size. The wood is heavy, hard, tough and very strong. It is used largely in the manufacture of agricultural implements and tool handles, and in the building of carriages and wagons. For fuel the hickories are the most satisfactory of our native trees. 20 WHITEHEART OR WHITE HICKORY (Mockernut Hickory) {Ilicuria dha Brittou) {Carya alha K. Koch) THE white hickory, Avhiteheart, mockernut, or big-bud hickory is coinmon on well-drained soils throughout the State. It is a tall, short-limbed tree averaging 60 feet high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. The bark is dark gray, hard, close and deeply furrowed, often apparently cross-furrowed or netted. The winter buds are large, round or broadly egg- shaped, and covered with downy, hard W HI TEH BART OR WHITE HICKORY Leaf, one-flfth natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size. scales. The recent shoots are short, stout and more or le.ss covered with a downy growth. The leaves are large, strong-scented and hairy, composed of 7 to 9 obovate to oblong, pointed leaf- lets which turn a beautiful yellow in the fall. The flowers, like those of all other hickories, are of two kinds on the same tree ; the male in three- branched catkins, the female in clusters of 2 to 5. The fruit is oval, nearly round or slightly pear- shaped with a very thick, strong-scented husk which splits nearly to the base when ripe. The nut is of various forms, but is sometimes 4 to 6 ridged, light brown, and has a very thick shell and small, sweet kernel. The wood is heavy, hard, tough and strong; it is white excepting the comparatively small, dark- brown heart, hence the name white hickory. It is used for vehicle parts, handles and picker-sticks. It furnishes the best of fuel. This and the other hickories are very desirable both for forest and shade trees. 21 raiResT z>-m^^-^^-^ ■€>-f^ PIGNUT HICKORY {Hiccoria glabra Britton) {Canja glabra Sweet) THE pignut hickory is a medium to large upland tree, occurring plentifully on poor soil in the middle section and less frequently in the other parts of the State. It has a tapering trunk and a narrow oval head. The bark is close ridged and grayish, but oc- casionally rough and flaky. The twigs are thin, smooth and g 1 o s s y /pignut hickory browm. The polished y^j Leaf, oae-thlrd brown winter buds are egg-shaped, the outer reddish brown scales natural size. Twig, one-half natural size. falling in autumn. The leaves are smooth, 8 to 12 inches long and composed of 5 to 7 leaflets. The individual leaflets are rather small and narrow. Tlie fruit is pear-shaped or rounded, usually with a neck at the base, very thin husks splitting only half way to the base or not at all. The nut is smooth, light brown in color, rather tliick-shelled, and has an edible kernel. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough and flexi- ble. Its uses are the same as those of the other hickories. The small-fruited hickory ( Carya microcarpa Nutt.), by some considered a variety of the pignut hickory, difiPers from it in having a round fruit and a bark which frequently separates into narrow plates. The pale-leaved hickory (Carya pallida Ashe) is found scatteringly in the upland woods. It has pale, delicate foliage. The leaves are wooly or hairy under- neath, and when young are covered with silvery scales. The husks are thicker than those of the pignut. 22 is^5-^-e> BLACK WILLOW (Salix nigra ]\Iar.sli.) THE black willow is common along streams throughout the State. It rarely comes to be over 50 feet in height and is frequently found growing singly or in clumps along the water courses. In winter the easily separable, bright reddish-brown or golden, naked twigs are quite conspicuous. The leaves are from 3 to 6 inches long and less than one-half an inch wide ; the tips are very much tapered and the entire margins finely toothed,. The leaves are bright green on both sides, turn- ing pale yellow in the early au- tumn. The flowers are in catkins, the male and female on separate trees. The fruit is a pod bearing nu- merous minute seeds which are furnished with long silky down, enabling them to be blown long distances. The bark is deeply divided into broad, flat ridges whch separate into thick plate-like scales. On old trees it becomes very shaggy. In color it varies from light brown tinged with orange to dark brown or nearly black. The wood is soft, light and not strong. A liigh grade of charcoal, used in the manufacture of gun-powder, is obtained from willow wood, and it is the chief Avood used in manufacture of artificial limbs. There are many species, or kinds, of willows not easily distinguished. They are of high value in checking soil erosion and waste along stream banks, for which purpose they should be more extensively grown. ■^>-mp<^'^' liLXCK WILLOW Two- thirds natural size. 23 SWAMP COTTONWOOD {Populus hcterophylla L.) TPIIS is a tree of low, wet swamps and the borders of rivers, in the Atlantic coastal and Mississippi Valley regions. The seeds are carried far by winds and germinate on Avet sandy soils. The tree attains a height of 70 to 90 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. The branches are usually short, forming a narrow, round-topped head, and the buds are resinous. SWAMP COTTONWOOD Twig, three-quarters natural size. Leaf, one-half natural size. The leaves are broadly ovate, 3 to 6 inches wide and 4 to 7 inches long, gradually narrowed at the tip and slightly rounded toward the base, usually finely toothed along the edges, dark green above, pale and smooth below ; on rounded leaf -stems from 2 to 3 inches long. The flowers, which bloom in early spring, are in catkins, the female catkins few-flowered. The fruit, containing the tiny seeds supported by "cotton," is borne on female, or pistillate, trees, and the male, or staminate, flowers occur separatel}^ on other trees. The fruit ripens before the leaves are fully grown. The wood is light and soft and, as lumber, re- quires special attention in drying to prevent its warping badly. It makes excellent paper pulp for printing half-tone illustrations. The European white poplar {Populus alha L.) with light-gray bark and leaves, white wooly beneath, is often found near old houses and along roadsides. The Lombardy poplar, a tall narrow form of the European black poplar (Populus nigra var. italica Du Roi) is often planted and is a striking tree for the roadside. 24 Library N. C, State Collen-** CAROLINA POPLAR (Cottonwood) {Populus deltoidcs Marsh.) THE eottouwood, or Carolina poplar, is scattered widely but nowhere occurs in great abundance; it does not grow naturally in the mountains. The tree is easily propagated by cuttings and grows rapidly, hence it has been widely planted to get shade quickly. For this purpose, however, the tree is unsatisfactory, because it begins to shed the leaves ^c>-#a=><5^^ CAKOLINA POPLAR Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, one-third natural size. by midsummer, the "cotton" from the female, or seed-bearing, tree is often a nuisance, the soft wood is easily broken by winds, and the rank grow^th of the roots often results in stopping drain pipes and cracking and lifting sidewalks. The leaves are simple, alternate, broadly ovate or triangular, pointed, square at the base, and coarsely toothed on tlie edges, 3 to 5 inches across each way, covered with soft white hairs on the under side, supported by flattened slender stems, 2 to 3 inches long. The winter buds are covered with chestnut-brown, resinous scales. The flowers are in catkins of two kinds, male and female, and appear before the leaves. The fruit containing the seed has a cluster of white silky hairs, which carries it for long distances. The wood is soft, light-weight, warps easily upon drying, but is used for many purposes, sometimes as a substitute for yellow poplar and linden. It makes the highest grade of gloss magazine paper for the printing of half-tone illustrations. 25 RIVER BIRCH (Red Birch) {Bet id a nigra L.) "THIS is the only native birch found at low eleva- tions in the South. It is at home, as the name im- plies, along water courses, and inhabits the deep, rich soils along- the borders of streams, ponds, lakes, and swamps which are sometimes inundated for weeks at a time. The bark provides a ready means of distinguish- ing this tree. It varies from reddish brown to cinna- Rn^ER BIRCH One-third natural size. mon-red in color, and peels back in tough papery- layers. These layers persist on the trunk, present- ing a very ragged and quite distinctive appearance. Unlike the bark of our other birches, the thin papery layers are usually covered with a gray powder. On older trunks, the bark on the main trunk becomes thick, deeply furrowed, and of a reddish-brown color. The leaves are simple, alternate, 2 to H inches long, more or less oval in shape, with double toothed edges. The upper surface is dark green and the lower a pale yellowish green. The flowers are in catkins, the two kinds grow- ing on the same tree. The fruit is cone-shaped about 1 inch long, and densely crowded with little winged nutlets that ripen from May to June. The wood is strong and fairly close-grained. It has been to some extent used in the manufacture of woodenware, in turnery and for wagon hubs. Since, however, this tree is scattered in its distribu- tion and mostly confined to the banks of streams, it does not figure largely in commercial lumbering, but is cut chiefly for firewood. 26 T BLACK BIRCH {Bctula Icnla L.) HE black birch, also known as sweet birch or clierry birch, occurs only in the highlands and mountain sections. It attains its best development in the mountain coves and on rich slopes where it reaches an average height of 70 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet. The tree is moderately slow growing, but is of value for its products and protection to the soil in the high mountains. BLACK BIRCH Twig, onp-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. The bark of the trunk is dark brown, almost black, dull and broken into large irregular, but not papery, plates. The small branches and twigs, also dark in color but lustrous and very aromatic, are frequently cut and distilled for the production of birch oil. much used as wintergreen flavoring. The leaves are simple, alternate, oval or ap- proaching oblong, 3 to 4 inches long, finely toothed and dark green, dull on the upper surface. The flowers are of two kinds; the male catkins, usually 3 to 4 on a shoot, forming in the summer and blooming the following spring when the female cat- kins or "cones" open from the winter buds. Tiie seeds ripen in late summer or autumn and fall with the loosened scales of the "cone." Tlie wood is heavy, very strong, hard and compact. The dark-brown color of the wood has given rise to the common local name of mahogany, or mountain mahogany. It is used for furniture, often being sold as "mahogany," and for flooring and interior trimming; locally it is prized as firewood. 27 -^^(60''53s^-' -o-^^^5^- IRONWOOD (Hop Hornbeam) {Ostrya virginiana K. Koch.) TTllE tree gets its common names from the quali- ties of its wood and the hop-like fruit. It is a small, slender, generally round-topped tree, from 20 to 30 feet high and 7 to 10 inches in diameter. The top consists of long slender branches, commonly drooping toward the ends. It is found mostly on rather dry soils throughout the upland and moun- tain regions. Twig, one-half natural size. IRONWOOD Leaf, one-third natural size. The bark is mostly light brown or reddish brown, and finely divided into thin scales by which the tree, after a little acquaintance, can be easily rec- ognized. The leaves are simple, alternate, generally oblong with narrowed tips, sharply toothed along the mar- gin, sometimes doubly toothed, from 2 to 3 inches long. The flowers are of two kinds on the same tree ; the male, in drooping catkins which form the pre- vious summer, the female, in erect catkins on the newly formed twigs. The fruit, which resembles that of the common hop vine, consists of a branch of leafy bracts 1 to 2 inches long containing a num- ber of flattened ribbed nutlets. The wood is strong, hard, durable, light brown to white, with thick pale sapwood. It is often used for fence posts, handles of tools, mallets and other small articles. 28 wan^mT t^recs -ccj^-^ -e> -m^-s^'^ ■€> •*^<5c^- ■m^^^^>^ HORNBEAM (Carpinus caruliniana Walt.) THE hornbeam, also known as ironwood, blue beech and occasionally as water beech, is a small, slow- growing, bushy tree with a spreading top of slender, crooked, or drooping branches. It is found along streams and in low ground throughout the State. Its height is usually from 20 to 30 feet and its diameter 4 to 8 inches, although it sometimes grows larger. The trunk is fluted with irregular ridges extend- HORNBEAM Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-thirci natural size, Twig, one-half natural size. ing up and down the tree. The bark is light brown- ish gray to dark bluish gray in color, sometimes marked with dark bands extending horizontally on the trunk. The leaves are simple, alternate, oval, long-point- ed, doubly toothed along the margin, 2 or 3 inches in length. They resemble those of the black or sweet birch, but are smaller. The flowers are borne in catkins separately on the same tree ; the male catkin about IMi inches long, the female about three-fourths of an inch, with small, leaf-like, 3-lobed green scales. The fruit is a nutlet about one-third of an inch long. It falls, attached to the leaf-like scale which acts as a wing in aiding its distribution by the wind. The wood is tough, close-grained, heavy and strong. It is sometimes selected for use for levers, tool handles, wooden cogs, mallets, wedges, etc. The tree is of little commercial importance and often occupies space in the woods that should be utilized by more valuable kinds. 29 i-^-m^^^' ■^• BEECH (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) TTHE beech occurs throughout the State. It makes its best growth, however, in the moist coves in the mountains. It is widely found scattered with oaks and hickories on rich, well-drained bottoms, and in the mountains sometimes occurs in unmixed, denae stands. It is one of the most beautiful of all trees, either in summer or winter. The simple, oval leaves are 3 to 4 inches long, pointed at the tip, and coarsely toothed along BEECH One-half natural size. the margin. When mature, they are almost leathery in texture. The beech produces a dense shade. The winter buds are long, slender and pointed. The bark is, perhaps, the most distinctive charac- teristic, as it maintains an unbroken, light gray sur- face throughout its life. So tempting is this smooth expanse to the owner of a jackknife that the beech has been well designated the "initial tree." The little, brown, three-sided beech nuts are almost as well known as chestnuts. They form usually in pairs in a prickly burr. The kernel is sweet and edible, but so small as to offer insufficient reward for the pains of biting open the thin-shelled husk. The wood of the beech is very hard, strong, and tough, though it will not last long on exposure to weather or in the soil. The tree is of no great eco- nomic importance as a lumber tree, though the wood is used to some extent for furniture, flooring, car- penters' tools, and novelty wares. 30 »-^?^- CHESTNUT (Castanca thniata liorkli.) IN tlic Southern States the cliestnut is native to the hilly and mountain sections. It is one of our most useful trees and as such, has been called the "farm- er's best friend." The long^-pointed leaves with their coarse teeth, each bearing a slender spine, are quite distinctive. They are simple, alternate, average 5 to 10 inches in CHESTNUT Twig, one-half natural size. Lxfat, one-third natural size. length, and are dark green in color. The flowers are of two kinds on the same tree, the long, slender, whitish catkins opening in midsummer. The fruit is a prickly burr, which opens at the first frost, or earlier, and drops 2 or 3 shiny, brown, sweet, edible nuts. The bark becomes broken into light-gray, broad, flat ridges, which often have a tendency toward a spiral course around the trunk. Tlie wood is light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, and very durable in contact with the soil — qualities which make it particularly valuable for posts, poles, crossties, as well as for light building construction. The wood is rich in tannin, and in the southern Ap- palachians it is extensively cut and used for the ex- traction of this valuable commercial product. A bark disease, known as the chestnut blight, is proving fatal to the chestnut, and has already prac- tically exterminated the tree over much of north- eastern United States. It has already reached por- tions of Virginia and North Carolina. 31 CHINQUAPIN (Castanea pumila Mill.) THIS small tree occurs at rare intervals through- out the northern half of the State on both low- lands and dry uplands, but is most frequently found in the higher mountains. It is usually under 10 inches in diameter and less than 30 feet high. Tiie trunk is short and straight and bears a rounded head made up of slender, spreading branches. Sometimes the small trees, less than 10 feet in height, form dense thickets. CHINQUAPIN Twig, one-third natural size. Leaf, one-half natural size. The leaves, bark and fruit resemble those of the common chestnut, and the fruit ripens in the late summer or fall. The nut, however, is borne singly in a burr that measures commonly only a little more than an inch in diameter. The nut is rounded, dark chestnut-brown, shiny, and the thin coat, lined in- side with fine whitish hairs, contains a sweet kernel, which is prized for food. The wood is light, hard, strong, coarse-grained; it is suitable for fence posts, crossties, and fuel; but, because of its small size and comparative scarcity, it is of little economic importance. 32 -e> -e> -^g^-co^-s -e> -?^-c??>- WHITE OAK {QucrcH.-i alba L.) WITHIN its natural range, which includes prac- tically the entire eastern half of the United States, the white oak is one of the most important timber trees. It commonly reaches a height of 60 to 100 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet; sometimes it becomes much larger. It is found in a wide variety of soils. When grown in a dense stand it has a WHITE OAK Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-quarter natural size. straight continuous trunk, free of side branches for over half its height. In the open, however, the tree develops a broad crown with far-reaching limbs. Well-grown specimens are strikingly beautiful. The leaves are alternate, simple, 5 to 9 inches long and about half as broad. They are deeply di- vided into 5 to 9 rounded, finger-like lobes. The young leaves are a soft silvery gray or yellow or red while unfolding, becoming later bright green above and much paler below. The fruit is an acorn maturing the first year. The nut is three-quarters to one inch long, light brown, about one-quarter en- closed in the warty cup. It is relislied by hogs and other live stock. The bark is thin, light ashy gray and covered with loose scales or broad plates. The wood is useful and valuable. It is heavy, .strong, hard, tough, close-grained, durable, and light brown in color. The uses are many, including con- struction, shipbuilding, tight cooperage, furniture, wagons, implements, interior finish, flooring, and fuel. Notwithstanding its rather .slow growth, while oak is valuable for forest, highway and ornamental planting. 33 POST OAK {QiieyciLs stellata Wang., formerly Q. minor Sarg.) TTHE post oak is often a medium-sized tree, with a rounded crown, commonly reaching a height of 50 to 80 feet and a diameter of 1 to 2 feet, but some- times attains large size. It occurs throughout most of the State, ascending in the mountains to 2,500 feet ; it is most abundant on the poorer soils of the middle districts, and least abundant in the southern portions. POfeT QAK One-third natural size. The bark is rougher and darker than the white oak and broken into smaller scales. The stout young twigs and the leaves are coated at first with a thick light-colored fuzz which soon becomes darker and later drops away entirely. The leaves are usually 4 to 5 inches long and nearly as broad, deeply 5-lobed with broad rounded divisions, the lobes broadest at the ends. They are thick and somewhat leathery, dark green and shiny on the upper surface, lighter green and rough hairy beneath. The flowers, like those of the other oaks, are of two kinds on the same tree, the male in drooping, clustered catkins, the female inconspicuous. The fruit is an oval acorn, one-half to 1 inch long, set in a rather small cup which may or may not be stalked. The wood is very heavy, hard, close-grained, light to dark brown, durable in contact with the soil. It is used for crossties and fence posts, and along with other oaks of the white oak class for furniture and other purposes. 34 OVERCUP OAK {Qucrcus I y rata Walt.) 'e>-i^ ^s> -m^^-r-i^-^ ^> -^ CHESTNUT OAK {Querent montana Willd., lormerly Q. piimis L.) ^HESTNUT oak, also known as mountain oak and rock oak, has acquired these names from its leaf, which resembles tliat of the chestnut, and from its fondness for rocky or mountain ridges. It is found widely distributed throughout the mountains on dry gravelly and rocky slopes, ridges and stream banks. CHESTNUT OAK One-thiid natural size. It is noticeably a spreading tree of medium height; at 15 to 20 feet, the trunk frequently di- vides into several large, angular limbs, making an open, irregular-shaped head. The bark is dark red- dish brown, thick, deeply divided into broad, round- ed, ridges, and is of high commercial value for the extraction of tannic acid. The leaves are simple, alternate, oblong, often rounded at the point, irregularly scalloped or wavy on the edge (not sharp-toothed as in chestnut), 5 to 9 inches long, and shiny yellowisli green above, lighter and slightly fuzzy beneath. The fruit is an acorn about an inch long, oval, shiny brown, and enclosed up to half its length in a cup. It ripens in one season, and, like the acorn of the white oak, sprouts in the autumn soon after falling to the ground. The wood is generally similar to that of the other upland white oaks, heavy, hard, strong, and durable in contact with the soil. It is extensively cut into crossties and heavy timbers for bridge, railroad, and other rough construction, and used for fence posts and fuel. 36 SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK (Basket Oak, or Cow Oak) (Quercus prinus L., i'onuerly Q. micliaiuii Xult.) THIS tree occurs in the bottomlands of the State, but is rather sparsely distributed. In the appear- ance of its bark and branches it closely resembles the ordinary white oak, but may be distinguished by means of the leaf and acorn. The tree attains heights of about 100 feet and diameters of about 4 feet. The leaves are oval, broader to- wards the point and notched on the edge somewhat like the chestnut oak. They vary from 4 to 8 inches in length, are downy beneath and turn a rich crimson in the fall. The bark is a very light gray, K and on old trees is l>roken into broad flakes or divided into strips. Tlie acorn, or fruit, attains a diameter of more than an inch and a length of li/o inches. The acorn, which is a bright shiny brown and set in a rather shallow cup, is considerably larger than that of the white oak. It is frequently eaten by cows and this fact gives the tree one of its common names. The wood is heavy, hard, tough, strong, and takes an excellent polish. It is used in manufacturing lumber, veneer, boards (shakes), tight cooperage; for fuel and fence posts ; and extensively for making baskets. SWAMP CHBSTMT OAK Leaf, one-third natural size. Twij?, one-liaif natural size. 37 ^>-m=^<^&' ^>-m>^^^st^^-e>-m LIVE OAK {Quercus virginiana Mill.) TTHE live oak extends from southeastern Virginia through the lower Coastal Plain of North Caro- lina and southward. It is a tree of striking char- acter from its wide-spreading habit ; sometimes reaching more than 100 feet in spread ; with a short, stout trunk, 3 to 4 feet in diameter, dividing in several large limbs with nearly horizontal branches, forming a low, dense, round-topped head. Its height is commonly from 40 to 50 feet. The bark on the trunk and large branches is dark brown tinged with red, and slightly furrowed. It grows to largest size on the rich hammocks and low ridges near the coast and only a few feet above the water level. It is one of the most desirable trees for roadside and ornamental planting in the Coastal Plain. It is of moderately slow growth but long-lived and handsome. The leaves are simple, evergreen, thick, leathery, oblong, smooth above, pale and silvery white be- neath ; from 2 to 4 inches in length and 1 to 2 inches in breadth. The fruit is an acorn about an inch long and one- third inch wide, borne on a long stem or peduncle ; it is oblong, dark brown and lustrous, and set in a top-shaped, downy cup of a light reddish-brown color. The wood is very heavy, hard, strong and tough, light brown or yellow, with nearly white, thin sap- wood. It was formerly largely used, and still is occasionally, for ships' knees in building wooden ships. LIVE OAK Two-thirds natural size. 38 -^-e> RED OAK (Southern Red Oak) (Quercus rubra Linn., formerly Q. digitata Sudw.) THE southern red oak, commonly known as red oak and referred to in books as Spanish oak, usually grows to a height of 70 to 80 feet and a di- ameter of 2 to 3 feet, though larger trees are not infrequently found. It is one of the most common southern upland oaks. Its large .spreading branches form a broad, round, open top. The bark is rough, though not deeply fur- rowed, and varies from light gray on younger trees to dark gray or almost black on older ones. The leaves are of two dif- ferent types: (1) irregular- shaped lobes, mostly narrow, bristle - tipped, the central lobe often the longest; or (2) pear-shaped with 3 rounded lobes at the outer end. They are dark lustrous green above and gray downy beneath, the contrast being strikingly seen in a wind or rain storm. The flowers appear in April while the leaves are unfolding. The fruit ripens the second years. The small rounded acorn, about half an inch long, is set in a thin saucer-shaped cup which tapers to a short stem. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, and is less .subject to defects than most other red oaks. It is used for rough lumber and for furni- ture, chairs, tables, etc. It is a desirable timber tree, especially on the poorer, drier soils. The bark is rich in tannin. The freedom of this tree from disease, it«s thrifty growth, large handsome form and long life make it very desirable for shade or ornamental use. SOUTHBRiN RED OAK Leaf, one-third naturnl si» Twig, one-half natural siz( 39 NORTHERN RED OAK {Quercua borealis marima Ashe, formerly Q. ruhra L.) THE northern red oak occurs throughout the State, but is most common and of best quality in the higher mountains. It is not found in swamps. It usually attains a height of about 70 feet and a diameter ranging from 2 to 3 feet, but is sometimes much larger. The forest-grown tree is tall and straight with a clear trunk and narrow crown. The bark on young items is smooth, gray to brown on older t r ee s thick and b r 0 k e n by shallow fis- sures into regular, flat, smooth - sur- faced plates. The leaves are simple, alternate, 5 to 9 inches long and 4 to 6 inches wide, broader to- ward the tip, divided into 7 to 9 lobes, each lobe being somewhat coarsely toothed and bristle-tipped, and firm, dull green above, paler below, often turning a brilliant red after frost. The flowers, as in all the oaks, are of two kinds on the same tree, the male in long, droop- ing, clustered catkins, opening with the leaves, the female solitary or slightly clustered. The fruit is a large acorn maturing the second year. The nut is from three-foui'ths to 1% inches long, blunt- topped, flat at base, with only its base enclosed in the very shallow dark-brown cup. The wood is hard, strong, coarse-grained, with light reddish-brown heartwood and thin lighter-col- ored sapwood. It is used for cooperage, interior tin- ish, construction, furniture, and crossties. Because of its average rapid growth, high-grade wood, and general freedom from insect and fungus attack, it is widely planted in the higher portions of the State for timber production and as a shade tree. NORTHERN RED OAK Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural size. 40 BLACK OAK (Querent velutinu Lam.) THE , black oak, sometimes farther north called yellow oak or yellow-barked oak, usually grows to be about 80 feet in height and 1 to 3 feet in diam- eter. It is found commonly throughout the State on dry plains and ridges, but seldom on rich ground. The crown is irregularly shaped and wide, with a clear trunk for 20 feet or more on large trees. The bark on Twig, one-hall natural size. BL.\CK OAK Leaf, oue-third natural size. bitter taste of the inner bark; due to tannic acid, are di.stinguishing characteristics. The leaves are alternate, simple, 5 to 10 inches long and 3 to 8 inches wide, shallow or deeply lobed, the shape varying greatly. When mature, the leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper surface, pale on the lower, more or less covered with down, and with conspicuous rusty brown hairs in the forks of the veins. Tlie fruit matures the second season. The light- brown nut is from one-half to 1 inch long, more or less hemispherical in shape, and from one-half to three-quarters enclosed in the thin, dark-brown, scaly cup. Tlie krrnel is yellow and extremely bitter. The wood is hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained and checks easily. It is a bright red-brown with a thin outer edge of paler sapwood. It is used for the same purposes as red oak. under wliicii name it is put on the market. Its growth is rather 41 dow. '-e> -m^ -Q>-i^-o^.^ -e>- SCARLET OAK {Quercus coccinca Mueneh.) CCARLET OAK, also known as pin, Spanish or spotted oak, occurs usually on dry, rocky, or sandy soils, but is nowhere very abundant or of first importance. It usually reaches a height of 60 or 80 feet, with a trunk diameter of 2 or 3 feet, and is sometimes larger. The branches droop at the end and form a narrow, open crown and the trunk tapers rapidly. The bark on young stems is smooth and light brown. On old trunks it is divided into ridges not so rough as those of the black oak and not so flat-top- ped as those of the northern red oak. The bark is often mottled or spotted with gray. The inner bark is reddish. The leaves are simple, alternate, somewhat oblong or oval, 3 to 6 inches long, 2^4 to 4 inches wide, usually 7-lobed, the lobes bristle-pointed and sepa- rated by rounded openings extending at least two- thirds of the distance to the njidrib, giving the leaves a very deeply "cut" appearance. The leaves turn a brilliant scarlet in the autumn before falling. The flowers are of two kinds on the same tree and ap- pear when the leaves are two thirds or one-half grown. The fruit takes 2 years to mature. The acorn is one-half to 1 inch long, reddish brown, often striped, and about half-enclosed in the cup. The wood is heavy, hard, strong and coarse- grained. The lumber is sold as red oak and has the same uses. It is usually somewhat inferior in qual- ity and sometimes known as pin oak. Scarlet oak is used considerably in ornamental planting. SCARLET OAK Leaf one-third natural Twig, one-half natural s 42 - -e> -^j^<^^-^ -e> ■mp<^^'< TURKEY OAK {Quercus catesbaei Michx.) TTHE turkey oak is one of the characteristic trees of the Coastal Plain region, being most abundant ajid reaching its largest size on dry baiTen sandy ridges and sandy bluffs and hammocks close to the coast. It is usually 20 or 30 feet high, but rarely reaches a height of* 60 feet, with a trunk a foot and a half to 2 feet in diameter. Its branches are stout spreading and more or less contorted, forming an open irregular but generally round-topped crown. TURKEY OAK Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size. The leaves are deeply divided into 3 or 5, or rarely 7 lobes, spreading and tapering from the base, and average about 5 inches long as well as wide. They are thick and rigid, bright yellow-green and lustrous above, paler and somewhat downy on the under sur- face. They are very characteristic and should not be confused with those of aiiy other tree. The a-com is short-stalked, dull, light brown in color, an inch long and three-fourths of an inch broad. It is oval in shape, full and rounded at both ends, and is enclosed for about a third of its length in a thin light red-brown cup covered by rounded scales that extend above the rim of the cup and down over part of the inner surface. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, rather close- grained and light brown in color, tinged with red. It Ls used largely for fuel, but is cut to some extent for lumber and used for general conj'truction. 43 ^> ■^^ -^^•-^^- WATER OAK -e^-*^-^ {Que re us nigra L.) TIIE Avater oak is found native along the borders of swamps and streams and on rich bottomlands, over the Coastal Plain rejjion and somewhat further inland. It has been widely planted in the Southern States along streets and in parks as a shade tree. When fully grown this tree reaches a height of about 80 feet and a diameter of from 1 to over 3 feet. The trunk is shapely. The bark is s moot h, light brown winged with red, and ha^ many smooth thin scales over the surface. The water oak can be most readily dis- tinguished from the willow oak — a close associate, but longer-lived — by the differences in the general shape and size of the leaves. The leaves are simple, quite variable in shape, mostly oblong, broader near the point, and narrower at the base, giving a wedge-shaped effect. They are usually slightly 3-lobed at the outer end, thin, and of a dull bluish-green color, paler below than above ; mostly smooth, and usually 2 to 3 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide ; they remain green for some time and gradually fall from the tree during the winter. The flowers appear in April when the leaves are beginning to unfold. The fruit, or acorn, matures at the end of the second season. The acorn is from one-half to two-thirds of an inch in length and nearly as broad, liglit brown or yellowish brown and often striped, enclosed at the base only in a thin saucer-shaped cup. The wood is heavy, hard, and strong, light brown in color, with lighter-colored sapwood. It is not used to a great extent as lumber, but the trees are cut and utilized for piling, crossties and fuel. 45 WATER OAK Leaf, one- third naturnl size. Twig, one-half natural size. -e> WILLOW OAK {Quercus phcllos L.) THE willow oak, often called water oak, occurs generally over the State, except in the mountains in the northern section. It is most often found in lowlands and along the borders of rivers and swamps, but often also on rich sandy uplands. It is a beautiful and long-lived tree, and desirable for roadside, lawns and parks, for which it has been widely planted. The slender willow-like leaves, on a tree whose habit of growth is manifestly that of an oak, make the tree easy to identify in the for- est. The leaves axe 2 to 4 inches long and one-half to 1 inch wide, with smooth or slightly wavy margin, bris- tle-pointed, smooth, light green and shiny above, but dull and usually smooth below ; al- ternate in arrange- ment on the twig and borne on a short stout stem. The bark is gener- ally smooth and of a reddish brown color ; with age, the bark becomes slightly roughened and divided by narrow ridges. The small acorns, closely set along the stem, ma- ture at the end of the second year. The nut is a light-brown hemisphere, about one-half an inch in diameter, its base scarcely enclosed in the shallow, reddish-brown cup. The nuts are eaten as food by bluejays, grackles ("black birds"), and several other species of birds, as well as by rodents. The wood is not separated commercially from other species in the red oak group. It is heavy, strong, rather coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, and not durable when exposed to the weather. It is used locally for crossties, bridge planks, barn sills, and general construction. WILLOW OAK Twig, one-half natur£Ll size. Leaf, one-third natural size. 46 ^- Unlik LAUREL OAK {Quercus laur-i folia Michx.) THE laurel oak is nowhere abundant in the State, but is gfonerally distributed throuj^li the lower coast region on the banks of streams and in or near swamps and rich hammocks. the water oak or the willow oak, it has not been widely planted as a shade tree and so is little known. It is a large tree, reaching a height of 100 feiet and a diam- eter of 3 to 4 feet, with slender branches form- ing a broad dense r 0 u n d-t o p p e d shapely crowTi. The bark of young trees is dark brown, more or less tinged with red, roughened by small close scales, becoming on older trees nearly black and broken into broad flat ridges. The leaves are from 3 to 4 inches long and % to over an inch wide. They bear the same general re- semblance to the laurel that the willow oak does to the willow, and should not be confused with this lat- ter tree because of their greater width in proportion to their length. They are thin and very shiny above, lighter green below and with less gloss. They fall during the early part of the spring and for a few weeks the trees are bare. The tree may be distin- guished from the live oak, which it somewhat re- sembles, by the absence of gray down or fuzz on the under side of the leaves. The flowers which appear early are distinctly red. The acorn, which matures at the end of the sec- ond year, is dark brown in color and about half an inch long. It is enclosed for about a fourth of its length by a thin saucer-shaped cup covered by thin light red-brown scales. The wood is heavy, hard, and coarse-grained. It checks in drying and is used only for fuel. 47 WHITE ELM (American Elm) {Ulmiwi americana L.) TTHE famous shade tree of New England, whose range, however, extends to the Rocky Mountains and southward to Texas. In this State, however, it is rather sparsely distributed and nowhere common. It reaches an average height of 60 to 70 feet and a diameter of 4 to 5 feet. The bark is dark gray, divided into irregular, flat-topped, thick ridges, and is generally firm, though on old trees it tends to come off in flakes. An in- cision into the inner bark will show alter- nate layers of brown and white. Because of its spreading fan-shaped form, graceful pen- dulous branches, and long life, the white elm justly holds its place as one of the most desirable shade trees. WHITE EDM Twig, one half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. The leaves are alternate, simple, 4 to 6 inches long, rather thick, somewhat one-sided, doubly toothed on the margin, and generally smooth above and downy below. The leaf veins are very pronounced and run in parallel lines from the midrib to leaf- edge. The flowers are small, perfect, greenish, on slen- der stalks sometimes an inch long, appearing before the leaves in very early spring. The fruit is a light green, oval shaped samara (winged fruit) with the seed portion in the center and surrounded entirely by a wing. A deep notch in the end of the wing is distinctive of the species. The seed ripens in the spring and by its wing is widely disseminated by the wind. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough, and diffi- cult to split. It is used for hubs of wheels, saddle trees, boats and ships, barrel hoops, and veneer for baskets and crates. 48 WINGED ELM (Ulmus alata Michx.) TIIE winged elin. gets its common name from the thin corky growth, or "wings," usually found on the smaller branches. It occurs scattered generally over the State except in the mountains, usually on dry, gravelly uplands, but often in moist soils and in waste places. It grows rapidly in moist situa- tions, and at the same time is one of the best trees for planting along road- sides in dry poor loca- tions. It is compara- tively free from disease, though not notably long-lived. This elm is a medium-sized tree of 40 to 50 feet in height and rarely as large as 2 feet in diameter. It forms a rather open, round-topped head. The bark is light brown, tinged with red, and divided into irregular flat ridges and fissures. The leaves are simple, alternate, 2 to 4 inches long and 1 to 2 inches broad, coarsely double- toothed, thick, dark green and smooth above, and pale and softly downy below. They are smaller than those of any otlier elm native in the State. The flowers appear in early spring, long before the leaves unfold. The fruit ripens in the spring about the time the leaves appear; it is winged, tipped with 2 small incurved awns, or beaks, oblong, reddish brown, about one-third of an inch long, with a long slender stalk at the base, and covered with white hairs. The wood is very similar to that of the other elms — heavy, hard, strong and difficult to split. It is occasionally used for hubs and mauls. Formerly, rope made of the inner bark was used for binding the covers to cotton bales. WINGED ELM Two-thirds natural size. 49 >-m^<^> SLIPPERY ELM (Bed Elm) {Ulmu^ fidva Michx.) •yUE slippery elm, or red elm, occurs sparingly in the northern part of the State. It is found prin- cipally on the banks of streams and on low hillsides in rich soil. It is a tree of small to moderate size, but noticeably wide-spreading. It is usually less than 40 feet in height and 6 inches in diameter, although trees of larger dimensions are occasionally found. The bark on the trunk is frequently 1 inch thick. SLIPPERY ELiM Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. dark grayish brown, and broken by shallow fissures into flat ridges. The inner bark is used to some ex- tent for medicinal purposes, as it is fragrant and, when chewed, affords a slippery, mucilaginous sub- stance, whence the tree gets its name. The leaves are simple, alternate on the stem, 4 Lo 6 inches in length, sharp-pointed, their bases un- symmetrical, doubly-toothed on the edges, thick, dark green, and rough on both sides. The fruit consists of a seed surrounded by a thin, broad, greenish wing, about one-half an inch in diameter; the flowers appear in early spring and the fruit ripens when the leaves are about half- grown. The wood is close-grained, tough, strong, heavy, hard, moderately durable in contact with the soil. It is used for fence-posts, crossties, agricultural im- plements, ribs for small boats and for some other purposes. 50 ^•m=><^i^ HACKBERRY {Celtis occidcntalis L.) 'T'lIE hackberry is found sparsely throughout the State, except in the high mountains. It oocurs most abundantly and of greatest size in the rich alluvial lands in the eastern part of the State, but thrives, however, on various types of soil, from the poorest to the richest. It is usually a small or medium-sized tree from 30 to 50 feet high and 10 to 20 inches in diam- eter. Its limbs are often crooked and angular and bear a head made of slender pendant branches or short, bristly, stubby twigs. In the open the crown is generally very symmetrical. It makes an excellent shade tree. The bark is grayish and generally rough with scale-like or warty projections of dead bark. In some instances the bark is smooth enough on the limbs to resemble that of the beech. The leaves are simple, ovate, alternate, one- sided, 2 to 4 inches long, the edges toothed toward the long point. The flowers are inconspicuous, and the two kinds are borne on the same tree. They appear in April or May, and are of a creamy greenish color. The fruit is a round, somewhat oblong drupe, or berry, from one-quarter to one-third of an inch in diameter. It has a thin, purplish skin, and sweet, yellowish flesh. Prom this characteristic it is sometimes called sugarberry. The berries frequently hang on the tree most of the winter. The wood is heavy, rather soft, weak, and decays readily when exposed. It is used chiefly for fuel, but occasionally for lumber. Leaf, one-third uutural size. Twig, one-half natural size. 51 -e>-f^<;^- -^> -^^ • RED MULBERRY {Morns rubra L.) THE red mulberry occurs throughout the State. It prefers rich soils and is nowhere abundant. It is commonly called mulberry as there are no other native species. The white mulberry and paper mul- berry, which are sometimes found in waste places, are introduced species which have to some extent become naturalized. The red mulberry is a small RED MULBERRY Twig, two-thirds natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. tree, rarely 50 feet high and 2 feet in diameter, often growing in the shade of larger trees. The bark is rather thin, dark grayish brown, peel- ing off in long narrow flakes. The leaves are alternate, thin, rounded or some- what heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, rough hairy above and soft hairy beneath. Often some of the leaves, especially on young trees and thrifty shoots, are mitten-shaped or variously lobed. The flowers are of two kinds, on the same or dif- ferent trees, in long drooping catkins, the female catkins shorter, appearing with the leaves. The fruit is dark red or black, and resembles a black- berry; however, a stalk extends through it centrally, and it is longer and narrower. The fruit is sweet and edible and greatly relished by birds and various animals. The wood is rather light, soft, not strong, light orange-yellow, and very durable in contact with the soil. It is chiefly used for fence posts. The tree might be planted for this purpose and to furnish food for birds. 52 - -e> -#^ f^«j^-e -e> -#^ •^^<^-e CUCUMBER TREE {Magnolia acuniinaia L.) THE cucumber tree attains an average height of 60 to 80 feet and a diameter of 2 to 4 feet. It occurs singly among other hardwood trees through- out the richer, cooler slopes and coves of our moun- tains, and extends somewhat into the nearby regions. This is the only one of our magnolias which lias rough bark and a small leaf. The bark is aromatic andbitter ; that of the young twigs is a 1 u s t r 0 u s red-brown, while the bark of the trunk i s rather thin, dark brown, f u rrowed and broken into thin scales. The leaves are alternate, oblong, short-pointed, rounded at the base, silky hairy when unfolding, later smooth or slightly silky, 6 to 10 inches long, 4 to 6 inches wide, often with wavy edges, dark green above, lighter beneath. The flowers are single, large — though smaller than those of the other magnolias — 2i/2 to 3 inches long. The 6 upright petals are whitish green, tinged with yellow. The fruit is a smooth, dark-red, often crooked "cone," 21/0 to 3 inches long, somewhat resembling a small cucumber. The seeds are one- half inch long, and covered with a pulpy scarlet coat, which attracts the birds, particularly as the seeds liang by thin cords from tlie opening "cones."' The wood is light, soft, close-grained, durable, of a light yellow-brown color. It is cut and u.'^ed extensively along with yellow poplar for cabinet and carriage making, and other similar uses. Be- sides being a valuable timber tree, it is quite de- sirable for roadside and ornamental planting. 53 CrOTTMRER TREE Leaf, one-third natural size. Twiy, two-tliiicls natural size. -e> -#^-^^ MAGNOLIA (Evergreen Magnolia) {Magnolia grandiflora L.) TTHE magnolia or evergreen magnolia is one of the best-known trees in the State. No other tree in our forest excells it in the combined beauty of the leaves and the flowers. Occurring naturally in the rich moist soil on the borders of river .swamps and pine-barren ponds and near-by uplands in the Coastal Plain, it has been widely cultivated for its MAGNOLIA Leaf, one-fourth natural size. Twig, one-half natural size. ornamental value. In its natural habitat, it attains heights generally of 60 to 80 feet and diameters of the trunk up to 4 feet. The dense pyramidal head, or crown, is made up of numerous small spreading branches and branchlets. The bark is gray to light brown. The leaves are evergreen, thick, leathery, elliptical or oval, dark green and shiny above, rusty or silvery beneath, and mostly from 5 to 8 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, with prominent midribs. They remain on the tree for about 2 years. The large handsome flowers appear at intervals during the summer. They are very attractive with their large pure white petals surrounding a splash of bright purple in the center (from the stamens) and their pleasing fragrance. The "sweet mag- nolia" of the South well deserves the place given it in story and song. The fruit consists of a rounded or oval head from 3 to 4 inches long containing many seeds, each en- closed in a sheath. These open in the fall and dis- play the bright red "berries" dangling on slender threads. The wood is moderately heavy ;uid hard, and o? a creamy color. It is used .somewhat for omamentAj purposes, and considerably as firewood. 65 FOREST nr'REC^S YELLOW POPLAR, OR TULIP TREE {Ldriodcndron tidipifera L.) VELLOW POPLAR, or tulip tree, received its names from the yellow color of its heartwood and its attractive tulip-like flowers. It is one of the largest and most valuable hardwood trees of the United States. It occurs commonly throughout the State, but reaches its largest size in the deep moist soils along streams and in the lower moun- YELLOW POPI/AJR Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size. tain coves. As more commonly seen, it has a height of 60 to 100 feet and a diameter of 3 to 4 feet. Origi- nal-growth trees, however, attain heights of 150 to 190 feet and diameters up to 10 feet. Growing with a straight central trunk like the pines, and often clear of limbs for 30 to 50 feet, it has a narrow pyramidal head which in older age becomes more spreading. The tree has been extensively cut, but is reproducing rapidly and remains one of the most abundant and valuable trees in our young second- growth forests. It has been planted as an orna- mental and shade tree. The leaves are simple, 4 to 6 inches in length and breadth, 4-lobed, dark green in summer, turning to a clear yellow in the fall. The greenish-yellow tulip-shaped flowers appear in April. The fruit is a narrow light-brown, upright ■cone, 2 to 3 inches long, made up of seeds, each en- closed in a hard bony coat and provided with a wing which makes it easily carried by the wind. The wood is light, soft, easily worked, light yel- low or brown, with wide cream-colored sapwood. It is extensively cut into lumber for interior and exterior trim, vehicle bodies, veneers, turnery and other high-grade uses. 56 SJ^- SASSAFRAS {Sassafras officinale N. and E.) THE sassafras is a small, aromatic tree, usually not over 40 feet in height or a foot in diameter. It is common throughout the State on dry soils, except in the higher mountains, and is one of the first broad-leaf trees to come up on abandoned fields, where the seeds are dropped by birds. It is closely related to the camphor tree of Japan. The bark of SAiSSsAFRAS Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. the trunt is thick, red-brown and deeply furrowed and that of the twigs is bright green. The leaves are very characteristic. It is one of the few trees having leaves of widely different shape on the same tree, or even on the same twig. Some are oval and entire, 4 to 6 inches long; others have one lobe, resembling the thumb on a mitten; while still others are divided at the outer end into 3 distinct lobes. The young leaves and twigs are quite mu- cilaginous. The flowers are clustered, greenish, yellow, and open with the first unfolding of the leaves. The male and female fiowers are usually on different trees. The fruit is an oblong, dark blue or black, lustrous berry, containing one seed and surrounded at the base by what appears to be a small orange-red or scarlet cup at the end of a scarlet stalk. The wood is light, soft, weak, brittle, and durable in the soil; the heartwood is dull orange-brown. It is used for po.sts, rails, boat-building, cooperage and for ox-yokes. The bark of the roots yields the very aromatic oil of sassafras much used for flavoruig candies and various commercial products. 57 ■^-fl^gany or Circassian walnut. This tree should be more widely planted for orna- mental use. 58 '«j:^-^-e> -e> -^^ -^^ -c5:§>-^ -e> SERVICE-BERRY, OR SERVICE-TREE {Amelanchier canadensis Medic.) THE service-tree, also known as service-berry and locally as "sarvis," is found throughout the State but attains its best development on the mountain slopes. It is a small tree, 20 to 50 feet high and 6 to 18 inches in diameter, with a rather narrow, rounded top, but is often little more than a shrub. The bark is thin, ashy gray, smooth on the branches and upper part of the stem, and breaking into shal- low fissures on the short trunk. The leaves are alter- nate, slender - stalked, ovate, pointed, finely toothed, 2 to 4 inches long, purplish brown until nearly mature, then becoming a light green, and early cov- er e d with scattered silky hairs. The white flowers ap- pear in erect or droop- ing clusters in early spring, before or with the leaves, making the tree quite conspicuous in the leafless or budding forest. The fruit is sweet, edible, rounded, dark purple when ripe, one-third to one-half an inch in diame- ter, ripening early in June. Birds and other deni- zens of the forest are very fond of the fruit, and men have been known to cut down and destroy the trees to gather one good crop of fruit. The wood is heavy, exceedingly hard, stnong, close-grained and dark brown. It is occasionally used for handles. This is a desirable ornamental tree and should be planted for this purpose and to encourage the birds. SERVICE-BERRY, OR SERVICE-TREE One-half natural size. 60 •o-*^<«^ HAWTHORN (Haw, White Haw, Red Haw, Thorn Bush) (Crataegus species) TTHE hawthorn, as here treated, represents a con- siderable number of different species and va- rieties distributed throughout the State. Members of the group occur on the poorest and richest soils, on the shallowest and deepest, and on the lime- stone hills as well as on the rich bottom and swamp land. Most of the forms have a common likeness HAWTHORN Two-thirdB natural size. in possessing thorns and bearing white blossoms and red or yellow fruit. Some species are planted as ornamental trees, but otherwise the group is of little commercial value. The bark is generally thin, gray in color, and on the old stems broken up into thin, narrow scales. The leaves are simple, alternate, mostly oval or wedge-shaped, notched on the edges, and usually from 2 to 3 inches long. The flowers are white, some fragrant and others with a slightly unpleasant odor; they appear in early spring. Tlic fruit varies from globular to oblong, from one-fourtli to tliree-fourths inch in diameter; some when ripe have a pulpy, sweet, edible flesh, sur- rounding from 1 to 5 bony seeds. The fruit of most species ripens in the fall, and one or two varieties yield a fruit highly prized for making jelly. The wood is .strong, tough, heavy, hard, but rarely used for any purpose. 61 &-m=><^- ^-«%1 BLACK CHERRY (Wild Cherry) {Prunus serotina Erh.) A medium-sized tree, up to about 70 feet high and 1 to 3 feet in diameter, black cherry as a tree is at its best in the high mountains. The forest- grewn trees have long clear trunks with little taper ; open-grown trees have short trunks with many branches and irregular spreading crowns. The bark on branches and young trunks is smooth and bright BLACK CHERRY Twig, two-thirds natural si/t. Leaf, one-third natural size. reddish brown, marked by conspicuous, narrow, white, horizontal lines, and has a bitter-almond taste. On the older trunks the bark becomes rough and broken into thick, irregular plates. The leaves are alternate, simple, oval to lance-like in shape, with edges broken by many fine incurved teeth, thick and shiny above, and paler beneath. The fruit is dull purplish black, about as large as a pea, and is borne in long hanging clusters. It ripens in late summer, and is edible, although it ha»s a slightly bitter taste. The wood is reddish brown with yellowish sap- wood, moderately heavy, hard, strong, fine-grained, and does not warp or split in seasoning. It is valuable for its lustre and color and is used for furniture, interior finish, tools, and implement han- dles. With tjhe exception of black walnut, the cherry lumber has a greater unit value than any other hardwood of the eastern United States. 62 HONEY LOCUST {Gleditsia triacanthos L.) TTHE honey locust occurs scattered througliout the State except high in the mountains. It grows under a wide variety of soil and moisture condi- tions. It sometimes occurs in the forest, but more commonly in corners and waste places beside roads and fields. It reaches a diameter of 30 inches and a height of 75 feet. The bark on old trees is dark gray and is divided into thin tight scales. The strong thorns — straight, brown, b r a n c hed, sharp and shiny which grow on the 1 - year - old wood and re- m a i n for many years — a r e suffi- cient to iden- t i f y the honey locust. The leaf is pinnate, o r feather - like, with 18 to 28 leaflets; or it is twice-pinnate, con- sisting of 4 to 7 pairs of pinnate or secondary leaf- lets, each 6 to 8 inches long and somewhat resem- bling the leaf of the black locust. The fruit is a pod, 10 to 18 inches long, often twisted, 1 to IV2 inches wide, flat, dark brown or black when ripe and containing yellow sweetish pulp and seeds. The seeds are very hard and each is separated from the others by the pulp. The pods are eaten by many animals, and as the seeds are hard to digest, many are thus widely scattered from the parent tree. The wood is coarse-grained, hard, strong and moderately durable in contact with the ground. It is used for fence posts and crossties. It should not be confused with the very durable wood of the black locust. 63 HONKY LOCUST Twig, three-quarters natural size. Leaf, one-quarter natural size. ^e>' BLACK LOCUST (YeUow Locust) {Robinia pseiidacacia L.) THE black locust occurs throughout the northern half of the State and in all soils and conditions of moisture except in swamps. It is found as a forest tree only in the mountains, where it attains a height of 80 to 100 feet and a diameter of 30 inches. Throughout the other sections of the State it occurs generally in thickets on clay banks or waste places, or singly along fence rows. The twigs and branchlets are armed with straight o r slightly curved sharp, strong spines, sometimes as much as 1 inch in length which remain attach- ed to the outer bark for many years. The bark is dark brown and divides into strips as the tree grows older. The leaves are pin- nate, or feather-like, from 6 to 10 inches in length consisting of from 7 to 19 ob- long thin leaflets. The flowers are fragrant, white or cream-colored, and appear i n early spring in graceful pendant racemes. The fruit is a pod from 3 to 5 inches long containing 4 to 8 small hard seeds which ripen late in the fall. The pod splits open during the winter, discharging the seeds. Some seeds usually remain attached to each half of the pod, and this acts as a wing upon which the seeds are borne to considerable distances before the strong .spring winds. The wood is yellow in color, coarse-grained, very heavy, very hard, strong, and very durable in con- tact with the soil. It is used extensively for fence posts, poles, tree nails, insulator pins and occasion- ally for lumber and fuel. BLACK LOCUST Leaf, one-third natural sizo. Twig, two-thirds natural size. 64 ^- ■e>-#^-#^-33^- ST XI ^S>-#^<^^-> CLtH. WHITEBARK MAPLE {Acer leucodenne Small.) TIIK whitobark raaplo is a common tree of the l*i('dmoiit section of (leorgia. It occurs along: banks of streams, in rocky gorjjes, and in tliick moist woods, where it does well under the shade of the larger trees. It generally attains a height of 20 to 25 feet and a diameter of one foot, but exceptional trees m a y J' e a c h a height of 40 feet and a diameter of 18 to 20 inches. The b r a n c hcs are short and slender, forming a rather com- pact round- topped c r 0 w n. Thi.> maple i s planted to some ex- t e n t as a ti-ee in the northern part of the State. The bark on young trees and on the branches is close and light gray, near the base of old trees be- coming dark brown and broken by deep furrows. The leaves are mostly from 2 to 3 inches across, more or less deeply divided into 3 to 5 pointed, coarsely-toothed lobes. They are thin and dark yel- low-green above, and lighter and slightly downy on the under surface. In the autumn they fre- quently turn bright scarlet before they fall. The flowers are yellow and are borne on long thread-like stalks. They do not appear until late in the spring when the trees are in full leaf. The fruit ripens late in the fall and, like the other maples, is a two-winged "samara" or "key," the wings wide- spreading and each from one-half to three-fourths of an inch long. The seeds are enclosed at the base of the wing and are smooth and reddish brown. A close relative of the sugar maple, the wood re- sembles that of the latter tree very closely and is hard, strong, close-grained and tough. Because of the small size of the tree it is used mostlv for fuel. WHITEBARK JIAI^LE One-half natural size. ■^-m^^^' RED MAPLE {Acer ruhrum L.) TTHE red maple, or swamp maple, is widely dis- tributed throughout the State. It is usually a medium-sized tree, quick-growing and relatively short-lived. It is used as a shade tree, though much inferior for this purpose to the other maples, espe- cially the sugar maple. The bark is smooth and light gray on young stems, and dark gray and rough on the limbs and trunk. RED JIAPLE Leaf, one-third natural size, twig, one-half natural size. The leaves are 2 to 5 inches long and have from 3 to 5 pointed, saw-toothed lobes, which are sepa- rated by sharp angular sinuses or openings. The upper surface when mature is light green and the lower surface whitish and partly covered with pale down. In autumn the leaves turn to brilliant shades of red, orange and yellow. The red flowers in dense clusters appear in early spring before the leaves, the buds turning a deep red sometimes before they open. The winter buds are small, red and round or blunt-pointed. The fruit ripens in late spring or early summer. It consists of pairs of winged seeds, or keys, one-half to 1 inch in length, on long drooping stems, red, reddish brown or yellow in color. The wood, which is commercially known as soft maple, is heavy, close-grained, rather weak and of a light-brown color. It is used in the manufacture of furniture, and for turnery, woodenware, and also for fuel. 68 <^- SILVER MAPLE {Acer sacchannum L.) T'HE silver or soft maple occurs rarely except on moist land and along streams. It attains heights of 100 feet or more and diameters of 3 feet or over. It usually has a short trunk which divides into a number of large ascending limbs. These again subdivide, and the small branches droop but turn upward at the tips. The bark on the old stems SILVER MAPLE Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. is dark gray and broken into long flakes or scales ; on the young shoots, it is smooth and varies in color from reddish to a yellowish gray. The silver maple grows rapidly and has been much planted as a shade tree, but is less desirable than many other trees because of its brittleness and suscepti- bility to insects and fungous diseases. The leaves are opposite on the stem, have from 3 to 5 lobes ending in long points with toothed edges and are separated by deep angular sinuses or open- ings ; they are pale green on the upper surface and silvery white underneath. The buds are rounded, red or reddish brown, blunt-pointed; generally like those of red maple. The flowers appear in the spring before the leaves, in dense clusters, and are of a greenish yellow color. The fruit ripens in late spring. It consists of a pair of winged seeds or "keys" with wings 1 to 2 inches long on slender, flexible, thread-like stems about an inch long. The wood is soft, weak, even-textured, rather brit- tle, easily worked, and decays readily when exposed. It is occasionally used for flooring, furniture and fuel. 69 -^• ASH-LEAF MAPLE (Box Elder) {Acer negundo L.) TTHE box elder is a fairly rapid growing tree, found commonly throughout the northern and middle parts of the State growing naturally along stream banks and in cool ravines. It is a tree of medium size, rarel}^ reaching over 24 inches in diame- ter and 60 to 70 feet in height. It has been consid- erably planted for shade because in good soil its growth is BOX ELDER rapid. Its limbs and b r anches, h o w ever, are very fragile, and the tree as a whole is subject to disease. It is not long -lived or gener- ally satis- factory Twis. two-tbirds natural size. f O r any Leaf, one-third natura Isize. p u. r DOSe. It is pro- lific in reproduction but is largely destroyed by grazing and cultivation. The bark on young branches is smooth and green in color; on old trees it is thin, grayish to light brown and deeply divided. The leaves are compound, with usually 3 leaflets (rarely 5 or 7), opposite, smooth and lustrous, green, and borne on a leaf stem or petiole 2 to 3 inches long. The leaflets are 2 to 4 inches long by 1 to 2 inches wide, making the whole leaf 5 to 8 inches in length. The seed is a samara, or key, winged similarly to that of a sugar maple, but smaller. It ripens in late summer or early fall, and so is like its clo»e relatives, the red maple and silver maple. The wood is soft, light, Aveak, close-grained, and decays rapidly in contact with heat and moisture. It is used occasionally for fuel. 70 !S:|>-^-e>- -e>-#^-*s YELLOW BUCKEYE {Ai'scnlus oclaiulra Marsli.) ■yUE yellow buckeye, or sweet buckeye, generally known simply as buckeye, flourishes in the rich mountain coves of the southern Appalachians, where it attains a height of 90 feet and a diameter of 4 feet. It extends eastward and westward from the mountains in rich bottoms and moist uplands, chiefly, however, as a shrub. YELLOW BUCKEYE Nut. oiie-third natural size. Twig, three-quarters natural size. Leaf, one-quarter natural size. The bark is gray-brown and somewhat smooth but breaks up into thin irregular scales. The leaves, unlike those of any other of our tree .species except the other member of the buckeye group, are divided into usually 5, but sometimes 6 or 7 oblong, pointed, sharply toothed leaflets 4 to 6 inches long, all set on the end of the leaf stems, which are about as long as the leaflet. The leaves usually fall very early in the autumn on account of the attacks of a disease which causes large brown spots. The flowers are yellowish (sometimes purplish), in large clusters opening when the leaves are about half grown. The fruit is smooth, roundish, rusty brown, enclosing one or two rounded, chestnut- brown, shiny seeds called buckeyes. The kernel is "sweet" enough to be eaten readily by hogs and cattle. The wood is eream-white, light aiul soft aiul de- cays rapidly when exposed to the weather. It is used for woodenware, artificial limbs, an-^ for paper pulp. 71 >-^^.^ .&-m><^^' ^>- LINDEN, OR BASSWOOD {Tilia species) TTIE lindens, basswoods or lins, are a group of forest trees distinctive, yet as a group so simi- lar that they are being considered together. They grow chiefly in the mountains, where they are com- mon and valuable timber trees, attaining heights of 80 feet and diameters of 4 feet. The bark is light brown, deeply furrowed, and is often peeled for making rough camp buildings. The inner bark furnishes bast for making mats. The leaves are more or less heart - shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, thin, saw - tooth- ed, smooth on both sides in some spe- cies, but w o o 1 y on the under surface o f others. The flow- ers are yel- 1 0 w i s h white, in drooping clusters opening in early summer, and the flower-stem is united to the middle of a long, nar- row, leaf-like bract. They are very fragrant and from them the bees make large amounts of choice- grade honey. The fruit is a berry-like, dry, 1 or 2 seeded and rounded pod, one-quarter to one-half an inch in diameter, covered with short, thick and brownish wool. It remains attached in clusters to the leafy bract, which later acts as a wing to bear it away on the wind. The wood is light, soft, tough, not durable, light brown in color. It Ls used in the manufacture of pulp, woodenware, furniture, trunks, excelsior and many other articles. 72 LINDEN, OR BAf^iSWOOD Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, one-third natural size. <»t>-^-^ DOGWOOD {Cornus florida L.) •THE dogwood, sometimes referred to in books as flowering dogwood, is found growing throughout the State, usually under the larger forest trees. It is a small tree, usually 15 to 30 feet high and 6 to 12 inches in diameter, occasionally larger, with a rather flat and spreading crown and short, often crooked trunk. The bark is reddish brown to black and broken up into small 4-sided scaly blocks. The leaves are op- posite, ovate, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, pointed, entire or wavy on the margin, bright green above, pale green or grayish beneath. The flowers, which unfold from the con- spicuous, round, grayish, winter flow- er buds before the leaves come out, are small, greenish yellow, arranged in dense heads s u r- rounded b y large white or rarely pink- ish petal-like bracts, which give th'e ap- pearance of large spreading flowers 2 to 4 inches across. The fruit is a bright scarlet "berry," one-half an inch long and containing a hard nutlet in which are 1 or 2 seeds. Usually several fruits, or "berries," are contained in one head. They are relished by birds, squirrels and other animals. The wood is hard, heavy, strong, very close- grained, brown to red in color. It is in great de- mand for cotton-mill machinery, turnery handles and forms. One other tree has quite similar wood — the persimmon. The dogwood, with its masses of early spring flow- ers, its dark-red autumn foliage and its bright-red berries, is probably our most ornamental native tree. It should be used much more extensively in road- side and ornamental planting. 73 DOGWOOD Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size. -e> -m=-^^^ -e> Sir nrREe,s ^>-^ SOURWOOD {Oxydendron arhorcum DC.) 'THE sourwood is found scattered throughout the State on both rich and poor soil, but is least abundant in the low alluvial parts of the State. It is a tree of small dimensions, 8 to 12 inches in diame- ter and 30 to 40 feet high, rarely larger. The bark is thin, light gray and divided into nar- row shallow ridges. On the strong, straight, first- year shoots it is often a bright red. SOURWOOD Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size. The leaves are from 2 to 5 inches long, simpie, alternate, decidedly acid to the taste, often rough with solitary stiff hairs. They are a lustrous green on the upper surface, generally turning a deep crim- son in the fall. The flowers are small, white or cream-colored, borne in panicles from 5 to 10 inches long on the ends of the twigs, and appear in late summer. They provide storehouses of nectar from which bees make excellent honey. The fruit is a conical, dry capsule, one-third to one-half an inch in length, containing numerous small seeds. These capsules hang in drooping clus- ters sometimes a foot in length, often late into the fall. The wood is heavy, hard, very close-grained, com- pact, brown in color, sometimes tinged with red. It is used to some extent for turnery, handles, and for some other uses. 74 -cjS^- BLACK GUM {Nyssa sylvatica ^larsli.) •THE black gum, often called sour gum, has been cousidori'd a weed in the forest. Weed-like, it finds footing in many types of soil and conditi«ns of soil moisture throughout the State. In the lowlands it is occasionally found in year-round swamps with cypress, and in the hills and mountains on dry slopes with oaks and hickories. BLACK GUM One-half natural size. ^^ The leaves are simple, 2 to 3 inches long, entire, often broader near the apex, shiny, and dark green in color. In the fall the leaves turn a most brilliant red. The bark on younger trees is furrowed between flat ridges, and gradually develops into quadrangu- lar blocks that are dense, hard and nearly black. The greenish flowers on long slender stems ap- pear in early spring when the leaves are about one-third grown. They are usually of two kinds, the male in many-flowered heads and the female in two to several-flowered clusters on different trees. The fruit is a dark blue, fleshy berry, two-thirds of an inch long, containing a single hard-shelled seed, and is boi-ne on long stems, 2 to .3 in a cluster. The wood is very tough, cross-grained, not dur- able in contact with the soil, hard to work, and warps easily. It is used for crate and basket veneers, box shooks. rollers, mallets, rough floors, mine trams, pulpwood. and fuel. In the old days, the hollow trunks were used for "bee gums." 75 ^-^%>. TUPELO GUM (Cotton Gum) {Nyssa aquatica Marsh.) THE tupelo gum, or cotton gum, inhabits only the deep river swamps or coastal swamps which are usually inundated during a part of the year. The commonly enlarged base, large-sized fruit, or "plum," hanging on a long stem, together with the brittleness of the twigs, serves to distinguish it from the black gum. It forms a tall, often slowly tapering, somewhat crooked trunk, 50 to 75 feet in height and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. The spreading, rather small branches form a narrow, ob- long or pyramidal head. The branches are generally smooth and light brown in color. The bark of the trimk is thin, dark brown, and fur- rowed up and down the trunk. The leaves are sim- ple, ovate or oblong in shape, acute and often long - pointed. When mature, they are thick, dark green and lustrous on the upper side, pale and somewhat downy on the lower side, 5 to 7 inches long and 2 to 4 inches at the top, wedge- shaped at the base, irregular and slightly notched or toothed on the margin. The leaf-stem is stout, 1 to 2 inches long, grooved and enlarged at the base. The flowers, which appear in March or April, are of two kinds, usually borne on separate trees, the male in dense round clusters, and the female solitary on long slender stems. The fruit, ripening in early fall, is a so-called "plum," oblong or obovate in shape, about an inch long, dark purple, and has a thick, tough skin en- closing a flattened stone, borne on a slender stalk 3 to 4 inches long. The wood is light, soft, and not strong. It is used for woodenware, broom handles, fruit and vegetable packages. As lumber it is marketed as tupelo or bay poplar. The root-wood is often ex- tremely light in weight and is sometimes used for floats for fish nets. TTTPELO GUM Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size. 76 ^ PERSIMMON {Diospyros virginiana L.) THE persimmon, often called "simmon," is well known throughout its ranjje. It is a small tree, rarely exceedinf; 50 feet in height and 18 inches in diameter, occurring throughout the State, except in the high mountains. It seems to prefer dry, open situations, and is most abundant in old fields, though it occurs on rich bottomlands. The bark of old trees is almost black and sepa- rated into thick nearly square blocks, much like the black gum. The leaves are alternate, oval, entire, 4 to 6 inches long, dark green and shining above, paler be- neath. The small flow- ers, which appear in May, are yel- lowish or cream- white, somewhat bell-shaped, the two kinds occur- ring on separate trees ; the male in solitary. Thev PBRSrMMON Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, three-quarters natural size. are clusters of 2 or 3, the female visited by many insects. The fruit is a pulpy, round, orange-colored or brown berry, an inch or more in diameter and con- taining several flattened, hard, smooth seeds. It is strongly astringent while green, but often quite sweet and delicious when thoroughly ripe. It is much relished by children, and by dogs, 'possums and other animals. The wood is hard, dense, heavy, strong, the heart- wood brown or black, the wide sapwood white or yellowi.sh. It is particularly valued for shuttles, golfstick heads, and similar special uses, but is not of sufficient commercial use to warrant its general encouragement as a timber tree. 77 . f^<-f^-^ -e> -m^-^i^' -e> -#^- ^> -;?^'0S^-^ -e> ■ SILVERBELL (Halesia Carolina L.) TTHIS tree occurs in its best development in the mountains of the State but is common also through the Piedmont section. It attains a height of about 100 feet and a diameter of 30 inches or more, but only in favorable localities does it grow large enough for commercial use. It is commonly found among the upper watercourses. It is occasion- ally planted, as it makes a desirable ornamental tree. SILVTERiBELL Leaf, one-half natural size. Twig, one-third natural size. The leaves are simple, opposite, oval, pointed, thin, finely toothed, and vary in length from 4 to 6 inches. The bark ranges in color from very light gray in young trees to a very dark reddish brown in old trees. It separates into scales and strips as the tree grows older. The flowers are white or sometimes tinged with pink, nearly an inch long, and appear in early spring with the unfolding of the leaves. The pendant, bell-like flowers suggest the names silverbell and snowdrop tree. The fruit is from 1 to 2 inches long and nearly an inch wide, with a corky, four-winged covering. The solitary seed is a bony stone. The wood is soft, light cherry-colored streaked with white ; the sapwood is white or creamy. Where large enough, it is cut for lumber and used as a sub- stitute for cherry. The large commercial tree is by some considered a separate species, Halesia monticola Sarg. 78 WHITE ASH {Fraj:inus amcricana L.) THE white ash is common in the northern half of tho State and grows to best advantage in the rich moist soils of mountain coves and river bottom- lands. It reaches an average height of 50 to 80 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet, though much larger trees are found in virgin forest. The bark varies in color from a light gray to a gray-brown. The rather WHITE ASH Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. narrow ridges are separated with marked regularity by deep, diamond-shaped fissures. The leaves of the white ash are from 8 to 12 inches long and iiave from 5 to 9 plainly stalked, sharp- pointed leaflets, dark green and smooth above, pale green beneath. The ashes form the only group of trees in eastern America that have opposite, com- pound leaves with 5 or more leaflets. This fact in it.self provides a ready means of identifying the group. The flowers are of two kinds on different trees, the male in dense reddish purple clusters and the female in more open bunches. Tlie fruit of the ash is winged, 1 to \Y> inches long, resembling the blade of a canoe paddle in outline, with the seed at the handle end. Tlie fruits mature in late summer and are distributed etTectively by tlie winds. The wood of the white ash is extremely valuable on account of its toughness and elasticity. It is preferred to all other native woods for small tool handles, such athletic implements as rackets, bats and oars, and agricultural implements. It is also used extensivelv for furniture and interior finish. -oH^-c^^j"-^ -e>-#^-^^- CATALPA {Catalpa speciosa Engelm.) THIS species of catalpa, knoMTi also as Indian beam or Indian cigar, and often miscalled "catawba," is native to the central Mississippi River basin, but has been Avidely planted and has spread somewhat farther as a result of cultivation. The catalpas are found sparsely throughout the State except in the extreme southern section, and occur on various qualities of soil, but most frequently on rich, moist soil, such as bottoms. It is a medium- sized tree, usually not ex- ceeding 40 to 50 feet in height and 12 to 15 inches in diam- eter. The trunk is usually short and the head broadwith spreading branches. B e- cause of its at- tractive flowers and conspicu- ous heart- shaped leaves, it is consider- ably used for shade and ornament. The leaves are simple, opposite, oval, long-pointed, 6 to 10 inches long, and heart-shaped at the base. The catalpa Sphinx moth is a pest and sometimes de- foliates the tree. The flowers appear in clusters or panicles in May or June. They are white with purple and yellow markings, and this makes them decidedly showy and attractive. The fruit consists of a bean-like pod, 8 to 16 inches long and from three-eighths to one-half inch in diameter. It hangs on the tree over winter and gradually splits into 2 parts, or halves. The seeds are about 1 inch long and terminate in wings that are rounded and short-fringed at the ends. They are freely carried by the wind. The wood is rather soft, light, coarse-grained, and durable in contact with the soil. It is used for fence posts, poles and fuel, and occasionally for railroad ties. 80 CATALPA Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirds natural size. Library N. C, State Collf?"-* Make Your Woodland Pay FAIJM FORKSTJIV HELPS FAKMKIJS IN: ^Marketing tiiiibei' prnfital^ly, Siippl^iijg timber for farm lu'ods. Furnishing i)ayiiig (>m]»l(»yiiu'iit dui-iiig thi- winter. ]\Iaking waste lands yield a i)r()fit. Inei'easing the salt- value of Hu- fai-iu. FA 1 J U F( ) R F ST J J V .AI {•] A X S : Iinproviiig the woods by I hi; I'iglit kind of cutting. Protecting the woods fi'om five and othci' in- juries. Ftilizing farm tiinl)er to the best advantage Reclaiming gullies and utilizing waste hinds by j)lanting forest trees. Keeping the home forest growing at its unix- imum rate of production. Farm forestry, as a branch of agricultui-e, is the handling of forest trees and woodlamls in such a maniun* as to increase the income ami permanent value of the farm and add to its comfort and attractiveness as a home. ; NATURE PROVIDES ^Hfi^ Vrevent Forest Fires It Pays .. '■*'-- FIRE CONSUMES K, HECKMAN BINDERY INC. JUN85 N. MANCHESTER. INDIANA 46962