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COMMON
TREES

of

OHIO

JOSEPH S. ILUCK

Presented to the Schools of Ohio

by i-he

Charles Lathrop Pack Foreshnji Trust

Published and Dislribuied

bg

The American Tree Association

Washington, D. C*

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^rees

I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth's sweet flowing breast
A tree that looks at God all day,
And lifts her leaty arms to pray;
A tree that may in summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;
Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.

—by Joyce Kilmer

I

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63

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COMMON
TREES

of

OHIO

^3f JOSEPH S. ILLICK

In cooperation with Edmund Secrest,
State Forester of Ohio

A handy pocket manual of the

Common and Introduced

Trees of Ohio

Presented to the Schools of Ohio

By the

Charles Lathrop Pack Forestry Trust

Published and Distributed ^■

By /

The American Tree Associatioiy ' '
Washington, D. C

1927

M. B. L. LIBRARY- WOODS Ml, MASS.

'*!/ the Mcition 5^^^^5 the ^rees
^he ^rees ivill Save the J^ation ''

—CHARLES LATHROP PACK

Preiident American Tree Association

With acknowledgment to the United States Forest Service for the use
of 13 cuts, and to Edmund Secrest, State Forester of Ohio, and his
colleagues for their helpful cooperation.

TEN COMMANDMENTS
OF THE TRAIL

By Henry Wellington Wack, F. R. G. S.

(Copyright. 1926)
By Courtesy of Nature Magazine.

FIRST. Use the By-Ways — not the Highways.

SECOND. Don't go Walking to beg a Ride. The Auto-
tiding Hiker is a Fraud.

THIRD. Everything belongs to Somebody. Then respect all
Private and Public Property. Be not the Author of its dis-
placement, disfigurement or disappearance.

FOURTH. Keep off Prohibited Ground. Neither fish nor
*"«nt on Posted Land. Trespassers create bad will toward
Nature Lovers, Campers and Sportsmen.

FH. Leave Gates, Fences, Signs, Stakes, growing grain
id crops as you found them. Walk around, never across,
11 planted fields.

[TH. Pluck no wild flowers — they belong to all. Leave
hem for all to enjoy. Pick no cultivated Fruit. Resist the
^ ooyhood call of the Melon Patch!

^ VENTH. Clear away twigs, leaves and pine needles down
to moist earth, before laying a Camp Fire one foot square.
Keep cook fires low, and less than one-fifth the size of the
clearing. Large fires prevent cooking, but destroy forests.
Only small fires are safe, quick and comfortable to cook with.
Put camp fires out with Water, not with a kick. See that
the peat or humus around the fire is not burning under-
ground to destroy the woodland after you have left. A
single spark may fly a hundred feet and burn a million trees.
Arson is no greater crime than stupidity or neglect on the
Trail.

EIGHTH. Leave campsites clean; Burn all garbage; replace
cut Firewood and Supplies found in camps. You are the
Guest of an absent Host — not the vandal of a present oppor-
tunity. Leave a note of thanks in a wilderness shelter you
have used. Put it in order before you depart.

NINTH. Silence, or speech in whispers, is the sign of trail
experience and good woodmanship. Only fools and asses
bray in a Forest.

TENTH. When you leave a beautiful Woodland or descend
from a Mountain, stop, turn around, and gaze reverently
awhile. Then thank God for the boon our Forests are to all
Mankind. Treat Life's Trail responsibly and keep it clean.
To the seeing eye and the generous soul. Nature's beauty —
her mysteries and charm — forever call us to her Trails!

This handbook aims to open the
pathway to the delightful study of trees,
and to help fashion a right attitude toward
the green and glorious out-of-doors. It
was prepared to satisfy a growing demand,
particularly among the young folks of this
State, for interesting and helpful informa-
tion about the common trees.

Each year a greater number ot boys
and girls go out into the fields and forests
to take part in some outdoor program of
education. To be able to participate in
such a wholesome and practical program
of education is to enjoy one of the greatest
educational privileges ever made available
to the young folks of any land.

The inspirational and dei^criptive sec-
tions of this book are offered to its readers
to study, because a true appreciation of
trees and a correct working knowledge of
them will go far to guarantee a sound pro-
gram of forest conservation, one of the most
vital economic problems now confronting
the American people.

All the common trees native to this
State and a number of introduced trees
are described in this handbook. A few
of the less common trees had to be omitted.
Whoever becomes acquainted with the trees
treated in this handbook will have a good
working knowledge of the trees of the
State and be prepared to appreciate their
importance in everyday life.

FOREWORD

By Charles Lathrop Pack,

President of the American Tree Association
WASHINGTON. D. C,

ALL GOOD THINGS must be known to be appreciated.
There are many things so common in our daily lives
that we accept them with little thought. So much a part
of our existence they are that they become, perhaps, little
known and often less appreciated. Trees run this risk.

Shading us, protecting us, purifying our water supply,
furnishing the homes that are built from them, providing the
paper we use and serving us in thousands of ways, trees
deserve to be known and to be appreciated. Without them
existence would be worth little.

Our country is the greatest in the world. In wealth, in
standards of living and in comforts it stands alone. Nature
endowed it with boundless resources. We have taken this
wealth and built a great nation. The trees in our forests have
been our greatest resources; they have made possible what has
been accomplished.

When our forefathers came to this vast land it was cov-
ered with nearly nine hundred million acres of forest. To-
day only one-fifth of this immense resource remains. A
quarter of a billion acres of this original forest are growing
young trees, many of little value. More than eighty million
other acres whose destiny is to produce forests alone, are pro-
ducing nothing. Of what remains to us of our forests, we
are using four times as fast as we are allowing or helping
Nature to replace.

That is the situation with our forest. One tree or one
hundred trees do not make a forest. But one tree stands for
the forest. We send one man to our Congress to speak for
thousands. We can plant a tree in our dooryard and let it
speak for millions.

This is the problem of today. It is a problem that the
citizens of tomorrow will have brought home to them. They
will need to know the trees to meet it.

This little book is the personal story of the trees that
grow commonly in the soil of our State. It is the story of
the trees whose forefathers peopled the great majority of the
acres of our State. They are your trees; citizens of your
State; companions of your life; servants of your comfort.

Knowledge of trees is more than a duty of good citizens.
It is a joy to the one who has this knowledge. The tree is a

Common Trees

living thing. It grows as we grow. It pushes upward as
we should push upward in life. It spreads its branches out-
ward, as we should spread the branches of our minds, broad-
ened by experience in life. The tree is a constant lesson to
humanity, — a lesson in erectness, in courage, in dignity and
in steadfastness. It serves us in thousands of material ways,
so should we know it that it may serve us in human ways
as a guide and a friend.

Throughout our great country our future citizens are
everywhere widening their acquaintance with trees. Through
various organizations, as well as the schools, they are dis-
covering the happiness that this knowledge brings.

This little book will serve as a letter of introduction to the
common trees in your yard, on your street, in the woodlot
on the edge of the city and in the young forest beyond. You
can use it freely and many times. It will give you the knowl-
edge that leads to appreciation, and this will lead to enjoy-
ment even beyond expectation.

A NOTICE

(A notice found nailed to a tree in one of the parks of Seville, Spain.
Copied from the book "Spanish Sunshine," by Elinor Eisner.)

"To the Wayfarer —

Ye who pass by and would raise your hand against me

Harken ere you harm me!

I am the heat of your earth on the cold winter nights,

The friendly shade screening you from the summer sun.

My fruits arc refreshing draughts,

Quenching your thirst as you journey on,

I am the beam that holds your house,

The board of your table.

The bed on which you He,

And the timber that builds your boat,

I am the handle of your hoe.

The door of your homestead,

The wood of your cradle.

And the shell of your coffin.

I am the bread of kindness, and the flower of beauty.

Ye who pass by, listen to my prayer; harm me not."

OF Ohio 7

TREES IN OfflO

BY

EDMUND SECREST
State Forester

THE tree in diversified ways probably contributes more
to the welfare and happiness of mankind than any liv-
ing plant. It has furnished the lumber for the construction
of countless American homes and the furniture to make us
comfortable. Every day as we go about our work and play
we use almost countless articles and accessories made from
wood which assists us in the performance of these activities.

The great forests which covered a large portion of Amer-
ica made possible in no small measure the prosperity with
which we are blessed today. They provided a source of
lumber, which has made our basic industry of agriculture
the most prosperous of any on earth. It enabled the Ameri-
can farmer to build substantial buildings and equipment ^t
small cost. The industry of lumbering itself is one of the
largest, and the manufacture of products in which wood
plays a part is almost as varied as the use of wood itself.

When the first white man came to Ohio, he was privileged
to view one of the finest hardwood forests in the world.
Nowhere did the white oak, the tulip poplar, the black
walnut, the white elm, or the shellbark hickory grow larger
or make better lumber than the ones that covered hill and
dale in Ohio. Next to the soil the original forests of Ohio
constituted its greatest natural asset, far outranking in poten-
tial value the combined mineral resources.

The forests which covered Ohio contributed in no small
degree to the upbuilding of the soil, and this factor in itself
had in great measure to do with their destruction in order
to give way to the farms which furnish food for our people.

As soil conservers, the trees which clothe the mountains
and hillsides render a distinct service to mankind. The tree
roots and the litter on the forest floor check the soil from
washing into the valleys below, thus preventing the filling of
stream channels with silt and soil debris which in turn raises
the level of the channels and accentuates the flooding of val-
leys. At the same time the forest prevents the sudden run-off
of rain waters from steep slopes, for the leafy floor and porous
soil absorbs more than the hard, bare ground and gives it
off slowly to feed the woodland springs and small brooks.

But if trees have served to make us prosperous, and have
contributed to our comforts and protection, they have again
exerted a tremendous influence on our lives because of their
aesthetic value. Who would want to live in a country with-
out trees? How would the city or village street appear with-
out its avenues of trees? Would your home be a home with-
out the trees in the yard?

8 Common Trees

It is said that the city of Washington is the most beautiful
in America. Yet the fine buildings would stand out cold and
uninviting were it not for the fine trees that line the avenues
and surround the buildings, framing them into beautiful
pictures.

The crowning glory of the Ohio landscape is its trees.
They are one with the topography in giving to our country-
side the appeal that it has. Destroy the trees and you have
destroyed the typical Ohio landscape.

From the time of spring, when life awakens, the tiny bud
opens to unfold the delicate new leaf and the fruit buds its
bloom and perfume — through the leafy bowers of summer
to that delightful phenomena of autumn colors, and then
into bleak winter, the trees of the woods hold a charm that
makes men love them, and seek them for the many fine
impulses they inspire.

It is in the winter when trees are unadorned that they
often show their most interesting character. It is then that
their form and habits of branching, bud formation, and the
delicate variation in color of bark on trunk and branch stand
out to best effect. To those who love the woods in winter,
trees seem almost human in their individuality. There is a
friendliness and a comradeship about trees on a bleak winter
day. Perhaps it is the sheltering trunks, or the softly-spoken
words of the wind through the branches. But it is there
for you to discover and to admire. Anyway, the boy or
girl who makes excursions into the deep woods in winter
will soon learn to like them even better than in summer.
Then, too, there is the delight of knowing trees in their
winter condition. At that season they must be identified by
their buds, bark, and general habit of growth. I hope every
Ohio boy and girl will have the opportunity and inclination
to know the trees and the wild woods intimately in winter,
and at least learn the names of the common ones at that
season.

Finally, for the sake of their service to our State, let every
Ohio boy and girl resolve to do all in his or her power to
prevent needless injury or destruction to trees or forests.

The virgin forests of Ohio have long since passed. Only
a few small detached remnants remain to bespeak the glory
of what was once the original landscape. We must now
commence to rehabilitate our depleted woodlands by protect-
ing that which we have from the agencies of destruction and
by planting trees on lands whose primary use is for growing
forests.

To our fathers the tree was a cumberer of the ground. To
our children it will be one of the most valued of assets.
Upon us who live in the present generation devolves the dif-
ficult task of breaking away from traditional habits of
thought and action and adapting ourselves to new and radical
different conceptions.

'^

OF Ohio

HISTORIC TREES OF OHIO

By Edmund Secrest
State Forester

Logan Elm

Of all the trees in Ohio that are identified
with history, the Logan Elm is the best
known and perhaps the most beautiful.
The trunk of the tree is 7 feet in diameter 6 feet above the
ground. It is 70 feet in height, and the crown has a spread
of 148 feet. The Logan Elm is still a vigorous tree, not-
withstanding that a part of its top was blown off. The
tree with a plot of ground of a few acres is now a State Park.

The Logan Elm was named in honor of the Indian,
Logan, a chief of the Mingo tribe, whose character and per-
sonality were of unusual quality.

The tree gets its historic significance from the Dunmore-
Indian war. Lord Dunmore, then Colonial Governor of
Virginia, is supposed to have made a treaty with the Indians
under the elm which was subsequently named in honor of
Chief Logan. Another version is that Logan delivered his
famous speech under the branches of this tree.

The Dunmore-Indian treaty was made in 1774, two years
before the American Revolution, and had it not been for
this treaty the western boundary of the Colonies at the
close of the Revolution would probably have been the Alle-
gheny Mountains.

The Logan Elm State Park is 6 miles south of Circlevillc
in Pickaway County.

Tlie McGuffy Elms

The McGuffy Elms, a fine row of
trees extending across the north
side of the campus of Ohio Uni-
versity at Athens, are said to have been planted by William
McGuffy while he was president of that Institution. The
row at present contains fifteen trees of a probable original
number of forty-eight. They range in diameter from 24
to 40 inches, and are about 80 years old.

The trees commemorate the author of the famous series
of school readers used generally a half century ago.

The Fort Ball Sycamore

This tree marks the site of
Old Fort Ball, in Tiffin,
Seneca County, built in
1813 by order of General William Henry Harrison. It is
approximately 2^ feet in diameter, and 8 feet from the
ground forms a double trunk. A tablet was erected at
its base by the Dolly Todd Madison Chapter of Daughters
of the American Revolution in 1926.

10 Common Trees

The Centennial Oak

This white oak was planted
July 4, 1876. by the Wom-
an's Suffrage Political Club
of Newbury, Geauga County, one of the earliest organized
clubs of its kind in America, to commemorate the organiza-
tion.

It is a fine tree, about 16 inches in diameter and stands
a half mile south of Punderson Pond, and twelve miles south
of Chardon. A lead box was planted beneath its roots,
containing a roster of those present, and the addresses of
the speakers, numbered among whom was Frances Willard.

The Cary Oak

This tree is intimately related to the
lives of Alice and Phoebe Cary, the
famous Ohio authors. It was in
1832 when Alice was 12 years old, and Phoebe 8, that re-
turning home from school one day they found a small tree
which a farmer had grubbed up and thrown into the road.
One of them picked it up and said to the other, "Let us
plant it." As soon as said, these happy children ran to the
opposite side of the road and with sticks they dug out the
earth and planted the tree. It stands on the Hamilton-Cin-
cinnati Pike just north of the Clover Nook Home for the
Blind, at the entrance to the old Cary homestead. It was
injured by a stroke of lightning in 1926, but was subse-
quently repaired by tree surgeons.

Leas Oak

Leas Oak (Quercus Leana) is a hybrid of
the Shingle and Black Oak, and is interest-
ing because it was the original tree from
which the description of the hybrid was taken. This hybrid
occurs throughout Ohio. It is a fine large tree, and stands in
the city of Cincinnati.

Tlie President's Grove

"The President's Grove" at
Spiegel Grove, Fremont, Ohio,
the home of former President
Rutherford B. Hayes, and now a state park, is a grove of
fine oaks and hickories of the original forest. A number of
these trees have been named after former Presidents of the
United States. They were christened by the former Presi-
dents placing their hands on the trees at the various times
they visited the home of President Hayes.

Colonel Webb Hayes, the son of President Hayes, expects
to continue the naming of the trees at Spiegel Grove for the
former Presidents of the United States.

OF Ohio 11

Tlie Author's Grove

The Author's Grove is located
in Eden Park, Cincinnati, and
it was here that the first Arbor
Day as a school festival was celebrated. The trees in the
grove were planted April 27, 1882, and from one to three,
for each famous American author. A Red Oak dedicated to
Emerson was set on the day of his death. There are six
species of oaks, white ash, blue ash, sugar maple, Norway
maple, catalpa, sweet gum, walnut and wild cherry in the
grove.

There arc other historical trees in Ohio which space will
not permit of a description here.

The State Forester at Wooster makes the request that any-
one who has information regarding historical trees or those
of outstanding size will send the information to him.

Trees of unusual size and beauty in Ohio include the Cas-
key Elm in Oberlin, the Elyria Elm in the city park of
Elyria, the Gunkel Locust in Dayton, the Chillicothe Bald
Cypress with a circumference of 1 0 feet. The Rathburn Elm
in Marietta, one of the largest trees in Ohio, is on No. 8
Highway, as it enters the city on the north.

Among some of the finest examples of the original forest
of Ohio may be found in the Huston Woods near Oxford;
Cedar Falls and Ash Cave State Forests Parks in Hocking
County, and the woods of the Ohio State Sanatorium near
Mt. Vernon. Unfortunately a number of the large trees of
the Sanatorium woods were cut a few years ago.

"Now the trees are sentient beings; they have
thoughts and fancies; they stir with emotion; they
converse together; they whisper or dream in the
twilight; they struggle and wrestle with the
storm."

John Burroughs.

"It is pleasant to walk over the beds of these
fresh, crisp, and rustling leaves. How beautifully
they go to their graves! How gently they lay
themselves down and turn to mould, painted of a
thousand hues, and fit to make the beds of us
living."

Henry David Thoreau.

12 Common Trees

INVALUABLE TREATISE

By Hon. Vic Donahey,
Governor of Ohio.

Every boy and girl in Ohio should study nature at first-
hand.

No education is complete without an understanding of its
"various languages."

There is a certain phase of this important subject to which
I have called marked attention each year since I became Gov-
ernor— it is that of trees and forests. Arbor Day, which is
April 17th, has afforded me an opportunity to proclaim the
necessity for vital interest in our trees. The occasion which
might just as well have been called "Everybody-Plant-A-
Tree Day" has served its purpose well but our schools should
go much further than the mere observance of it.

A treatise which acquaints the school children of this
commonwealth with common trees will prove invaluable.
The lessons of youth are a lumination to the pathway of
the adult. Let us inculcate in the minds of our boys and
girls a love for their real friends — our trees.

WELFARE OF MANKIND

FROM childhood I have been interested in trees, their lessons and
their beneficent contributions to the welfare of mankind. He who
plants a tree renders a service to humanity. Long after the one who
plants and nurtures it is gone, the tree refreshes by its shade or sus-
tains by its fruit. Johnny Appleseed, who gathered apple seeds from
the orchards of the East and carried them on his back into the remote
forest fastnesses of Ohio and planted them, rendered a greater service to
Ohio than many a statesman or military hero famed in the annals of
history.

Tree planting is not entirely a vicarious service. As a boy, I helped
plant shade trees that are now more than two feet in diameter, and for
years I have enjoyed the annual harvest of fruit trees which I helped my
father to plant. Father always urged the necessity of setting out fruit
trees, and when he was 80 years old he planted cherry trees, the fruit
of which he lived to enjoy and which is now being gratefully enjoyed
by others.

Trees have personality — it is no mere metaphor to speak of the
sturdy oak, the stately elm, the graceful maple, the drooping willow-
all speak a voiceless tongue and kindle human hope and aspiration. A
man can make a house, but it takes God to make a tree; what it took God
a thousand years to build, man may hew down in an hour.

I saw through my childhood years a solid line of heavy dark woods
on the farms across the way. I knew every tree that reared its head into
the sky line, but one towered above them all like a giant — it was a

OF Ohio 13

white oak — its every fiber strong because it had fought the tempests
for centuries. One day the ax-man came. The titan of the forest was
unafraid, for had he not seen the sons of men come and go in his
mighty shadow for uncounted generations? The first strokes of the
ax were almost unnoticed; as the chips cut deeper a tremor went through
the giant's body, and then with a moan he went dashing to earth, leaving
a lonesome place against the sky never to be filled again. Trees must be
felled for the use of man, but let the forests not be unnecessarily
infringed upon.

Our national parks and forest reserves should be carefully guarded
and jealously protected. A land stripped of its trees is permanently
impoverished. Denuded hillsides wash away in ruin. Treeless areas
cause floods. Trees are living monuments. Planted in memory of our
war heroes, they speak to us in solemn eloquence of battles fought and
victories won.

Tree planting, tree study, tree preservation — all these are economically
important, civically uplifting, and spiritually inspiring.

Frank B. Willis,
United States Senator from Ohio.

OHIO'S FORMER FOREST

OHIO was at one time the center of the great hardwood forest
of the United States, and now ranks third in consumption of
hard wood lumber used in industry. The State has a land area of
26,073,600 acres. There the peak of lumber production was in 1899,
with a cut of 990,497.000 board feet, while in 1924 it was 155,016,000
board feet. The once great forest has been removed, only scattering
wood lots remain, and the present estimated forest area is 4,000,000
acres.

Following a study of forest conditions, I introduced a bill in the Senate
providing for the establishment of a forest experiment station in the
Ohio and Mississippi valleys. This bill became law on July 3, 1926.
and organization now awaits an appropriation authorized in the measure.

Simeon D. Fess,
United States Senator from Ohio

TREES

THE beauty and the safety of our landscape depends on trees —
"barren" and "treeless" are almost synonymous, from both the
standpoint of appearance and that of value. The tilled field should have
no trees, but the successful drainage of most areas, upon which the fields
depend, demands groves, and tree-lined watercourses, and, if there is
much slope, even forests.

The attacks on our trees by insects and disease have discouraged
planting somewhat, especially of the nut and fruit trees. These latter
are particularly desirable, because they have value beyond shade, beauty,
and the regulation of waterflow and land washing. The present situation

14 Common Trees

should lead us, on the one hand, to plant more trees to make good the
losses, and on the other, to do more to protect them from enemies.

Some of this science — information on what planting will likely prove
permanent, when to plant, and how to care and protect trees, is being
given us by the American Tree Association. But the Association is
especially eager that all our teachers and all the pupils in our schools
shall have the desire to start and care for trees, and in some way act on
the desire. TTiis impulse will be strengthened if we know trees, the
native trees especially, but also other trees in the parks and orchards.

To know nothing of trees marks an ignorant man or woman about
as plainly as any other sort of ignorance. Fortunately it has become
fashionable for persons to be interested both in nature and in America's
resources. Knowledge of trees and their growth belongs in both of
these lines of study.

W. B. Bliss,

Assistant Director,
Ohio Dept. of Education.

TREES ARE TRUEST FRIENDS

Do we study music in our schools because all of us intend to be
musicians? Do we study art in our schools because all of us intend
to be architects or artists? Do we not study these subjects that we
may be the better able to understand and enjoy good music, and appre-
ciate more thoroughly beautiful buildings and bridges and paintings?

It is the same with other things in life. The more we know about
the things which fill our lives, either in our employment or our pleasure
or our spiritual life, the more they mean to us and the more worth while
they are. Trees are no exception. To know trees merely through
the name-trees — not understanding their individual properties and qualities
and characteristics — is to miss far more in our enjoyment of them than
we realize.

This would be a sorry world without trees. They are the truest
friends we have, for they are continually working and growing to make
this world beautiful, healthy, productive and enjoyable. Take them
away and the winds rage, the floods surge through the valleys, the rich
top soil is lost, the streams dry up, game perishes, birds disappear, and
industry ceases.

Without industry, civilization declines and nations disintegrate.

As loyal American citizens, we must do our duty not only in obeying
the laws, but in helping to keep our land growing the wood necessary
for its prosperity.

Our spiritual life is nurtured by the peace and rest which comes
through the love of the trees, and from communion with nature in the
woodland.

To know our trees as individuals, as distinct species and varieties,
is to give us an added interest in them. This interesting booklet, pub-
lished by the American Tree Association, offers this opportunity, and a
careful study of its contents will do much to add beauty and usefulness
to our lives.

Mrs. W. W. Milar,

Chairman, Division of Conservation

Ohio Federation of Women's Clubs.

OF Ohio 15

THE WOODS

WHERE is the boy with spirit so low who upon hearing
the name Robin Hood does not long to go to the
woods; and where is the girl who upon hearing the name
Gene Stratton Porter, does not wish to go out among the
beauties of nature. There is only one way for boys and
girls to satisfy this longing for the out-of-doors and that is
to get ready, go out into the open, and there fill up on the
many good things that nature holds ever ready to give to us.

The forest is much more than a grouping of trees. It is
a complex community of living things. Associated with the
trees are shrubs, wild flowers, ferns, fungi, mosses, and many
other plants. And among this varied plant life live the
birds, the deer, the rabbits, the snakes, the squirrels, and a
long list of other animals. All these living things arc a part
of the forest. To know the forest fully means that we know
these wonderful creatures of a great creation. Blessed is the
boy and the girl who can go ou\ into the woods and learn
the many interesting and useful lessons that a woods envir-
onment makes available.

There is no better place for summer play than among the
trees. A tree environment is the best place to seek adventure,
to become handy and hard, to see beauty, to think quietly,
to walk reverently, to become acquainted with trees, flowers,
and ferns, and to study the feathered folks and their furred
friends. But we cannot have these privileges unless we care
for our forests. It is a sad story, but only too true, that the
forests have been swept with haste from the face of the civil-
ized world. Few original forests, except those out of reach,
arc now left.

It is time to begin a constructive occupancy of the earth.
To exist as a Nation, to prosper as a State, and to live as a
people, we must have forests. But to have them we must
do our part in rebuilding the wrecked and wasted forest areas
that now abound everywhere. Forest fires must be stopped.
More and better trees must be produced. Existing forests
must be handled more wisely. Idle forest land must be put to
work. Unless these and many other necessary things are done,
forest restoration will not move forward. Our forest slogan
should be, "Let's have good forests and get them now." If
you want to do an act of kindness — Protect the Forests.
If you want to do an act of faith — Plant Forest Trees. If
you want to prove that you are unselfish — Devote Yourself
to the Woods.

1 6 Common Trees

THE TREES

T

REES are much more than columns of wood that lift their
heads toward the sky. They are living and friendly
creatures of a great and wonderful creation. They are glori-
ous nature-made objects, surpassed only by him who walks
among them in living beauty and thinking grace. They arc
the earth's fairest cloak, designed primarily for a life of service
and to broadcast happiness and bring comforts to the people
of the earth.

The botanist tells us that "a tree is a woody perennial
plant having a single main stem commonly exceeding 10 feet
in height and usually devoid of branches below, but bearing
a crown of branches and foliage at the summit." This may
be a good descriptive definition of a tree, but it does not really
tell us what trees are. To really know trees we must have
a knowledge of more than the length of their trunk, the
position of their crown, and the distinctive characteristics
of their bark, branches, twigs, buds, leaves, flowers, fruit
and other structural features. Trees are living things, and
in their lives are more interesting and worthwhile lessons
than in their structures. The lives of trees unfold to us
beautiful messages and fashion an attitude of tree apprecia-
tion without which tree knowledge is soulless.

There is a human as well as a material side to trees. They
do so many things that man docth. To say that they breathe,
eat. drink, grow, reproduce, work, and rest is naming only
a few of their common functions. They have habits, pos-
sess peculiarities, and are adaptive to the environment in
which they live. All these attributes place them among the
most interesting living things on the face of the earth.

Many a time have I been impressed with the quiet and
natural ways of trees and their clean and normal lives. It
will ever be to our credit if we too can grow, live and give
in the same quietness and naturalness. Then. too. they stand
erect, reach high, root deep, and do many good deeds. In
many ways the acts of trees are worthy patterns for all of
us. If our lives give shelter, pleasantness, and relief as do
the trees, they will bring blessings and comforts in growing
abundance.

OF Ohio 17

TREES ARE OUR FRIENDS

TREES LIVE TO GIVE. Whenever we look at a tree we
should think it has some gifts for us. If the gifts arc
not wood or food, shade or shelter, they may be one of a
long list of other good things we need in our everyday life.
Trees are such commonplace things that we often overlook
their full service to us. Let us pause just long enough to list
a few of the things our tree friends do for us:

Trees make a great contribution to the world's beauty.
They pay beauty dividends every day. No place is complete
without them. A home without trees is charmless. A road
without trees is shadeless. A park without trees is purpose-
less. A town without trees is cheerless. A country without
trees is hopeless.

Trees give us shade and shelter. Beneath their friendly
branches man has found refuge from the scorching sun and
the angry winds. Today, as in ages past, man seeks the
shade of friendly trees to write and enjoy what others have
written. Some of the world's greatest thoughts were born
in the soft shades of friendly trees. Wherever I see trees
shading occupants of benches in our city parks as they shel-
ter the lambs that gather at their feet in the pasture, I think
of their friendliness.

Trees help purify the atmosphere. They give out enor-
mous quantities of oxygen through the tiny openings in
their leaves. In this way they help make and maintain the
pure air we need to keep us alive.

Trees help supply us with wholesome water. The best
drinking water comes from the springs that flow from tree-
covered watersheds. The pure water that trickles out from
among the roots of trees is a great factor in maintaining the
health of our people.

Trees safeguard us against drought and protect us against
raging floods. They increase the low water runoflF in sum-
mer and decrease the high water runoff in early spring.

Trees feed, shelter, and give homes to the wild animals
of the forest, particularly the birds.

18 Common Trees

Trees give us rich food. Every boy and girl remembers the
delicious chestnuts, walnuts and hickory nuts gathered from
trees. The cherries, apples, pears, and the tasty persimmons
arc also among our favorite fruits.

Trees enrich the soil. Their leaves, upon falling to the
ground, are a big factor in maintaining the fertility of our
soil. Tree-enriched soils make possible the production of
many of the necessary crops of life.

Trees give us a wonderful environment for play. There
is no better place to play and rest than among the trees.
The lap of a tree is the most comfortable and attractive rest-
ing place on the face of the earth. Clean, outdoor play
grounds make clean young hearts. The right use of leisure
is as vital to good citizenship as the right use of toil.

Trees supply us with wood, which is one of the most
necessary things of life. We use it every day. We cannot
get along without it. It is essential to our welfare and our
life.

Not all the good things that trees do for us have been
listed. There are many other ways in which they help us.
Enough benefits have been recorded, however, to convince
every boy and girl and their teachers, that trees are truly
among our best helpers and greatest benefactors.

WITHOUT TREES

WITHOUT TREES this would be a dreary and uncomfort-
able world. Trees are among nature's best gifts, but
they are so common that we do not half appreciate their
shade and beauty. We partake of their food and wood as a
matter of course. Oft it is with trees as with friends; we
do not appreciate their real value until we have lost them.
What would we think and how would we feel if some
powerful dragon would rush through our streets and about
our countryside and over-night destroy all the trees. Then,
as never before, would we think of their gifts and realize
how intimately they serve us.

Without trees man would be without many indispensable
things of life. Without trees the birds, squirrels, and many
other wild folks would be homeless. Without trees many

OF Ohio 19

of the choicest wild flowers and ferns would be without a
sheltering canopy. Without trees the whole balance of nature
would be destroyed and human life imperiled.

Man cannot get along without trees. Apart from their
practical value, they make for better manhood and woman-
hood by inspiring cleaner thoughts and higher ideals. The
spiritual value of loving them and being with them is beyond
estimate. If we want to continue as a happy people and a
prosperous nation we must see to it that we have plenty of
thrifty and healthy trees. This is our civic and social duty.
Treeless lands are as cheerless as crcedless countries are hope-
less.

THE PARTS OF A TREE

WHEN we look at a tree we can recognize in its makeup
three principal parts. They are the roots, the stem,
and the crown. The roots comprise that part of a tree that
is usually found below the ground. Our common trees
have two general type of root systems, namely, shallow-
rooted and tap-rooted. Such trees as the spruces, the hem-
locks, and the pines have roots that tend to spread and lie
close to the ground. These shallow-rooted trees are, as a
rule, not windfirm. Other trees, such as the hickories, the
oaks, and the walnuts develop a long taproot. These trees
are firmly anchored and rarely uprooted.

Roots have three main lines of work. They anchor the
trees to the ground, absorb water from the soil, and trans-
port water to the stem. Without roots, trees could not stand
up, and without roots trees would starve for they supply
water and food to the stem, branches, twigs, leaves, and other
parts of the crown. The principal work of the big roots
near the stem is to help the trees stand up, while the fine root
hairs at the end of the rootlets are the ones that absorb the
water from the soil.

The stem of a tree, also called trunk and bole, is the
main axis extending from the roots to the crown, or to the
tip in case of an unbranched stem. Tree stems show a wide
range in form. They range from long to short, straight to
crooked, and from erect to prostrate. An examination of a

cross-section of a stem will show three principal parts

bark. wood, and pith. In the central part of the stem is
the pith. About it is the wood, which in many trees can be
divided into the darker heartwood and the lighter sapwood.
Between the wood and the bark is a thin layer known as
the cambium. This is the most vital part of a tree, for it is
here that all new wood and bark are made. When a tree

20 Common Trees

is girdled, the ring of cambium is severed. This kills the
tree, for the thin cambium layer is the life-giving part of
the stem. The most valuable part of a forest tree is the
stem, for in it is produced the wood that is used so exten-
sively by man. The principal functions of the stem are ( 1 )
support of the tree crown; (2) transportatfon of food and
water; and (3) storage of food. During the winter months
considerable food is stored in the stem for use early in spring
when growth starts.

The bark may be divided into two parts — the outer or
dry bark, and the inner or living bark. The bark of some
trees is very valuable. Some of their products are tannin,
cork, dye, and other important commercial products. The
bark is very helpful in identifying many of our common
trees. The beech can always be recognized by its smooth
gray bark, the shagbark hickory by its shaggy bark, and the
paper birch by its white bark which peels off in thin papery
scales. Other trees also have very distinctive features.

The crown of a tree is made up of many parts such as
branches, twigs, buds, leaves, flowers, and fruit. The
branches and twigs have many markings, such as lenticels
(breathing pores) , leaf-scars, and bundle-scars, which arc
helpful in recognizing trees. The buds of most trees are
cither opposite or alternate in their arrangement. They arc
among the best tree features to use for the identification of
trees in winter. In summer the leaves have the most dis-
tinctive characteristics. In using them in tree identification
work, it is helpful to classify them into four major groups:
(1) those with opposite leaves; (2) those with alternate
leaves; (3) those with simple leaves; and (4) those with
compound leaves. If this simple classification method is fol-
lowed, tree identification becomes easy and interesting.

THE FOOD OF TREES

WE KNOW that trees grow. They get bigger from year to
year. In order that they can grow they must feed.
The raw material out of which trees make their food comes
from two sources — the soil and the air. The rootlets with
their many small root-hairs absorb water and with it many
food substances are held in solution. During the growing
season there is a continuous flow of sap from the roots
through the stem to the leaves, where it is converted into
nutritious tree food. When the sunlight plays upon the
granules of leaf green, tree food is manufactured. To make
the food, water is brought from the stem through the leaf-
stalks into the leaves. Then a complex chemical process takes

OF Ohio 21

place. This is the reason why leaves have been called the
laboratory of the trees. The principal product derived from
this process, known by the technical name of photo-synthe-
sis, is starch. As rapidly as the food is manufactured in the
leaves, it makes its way down through the cells of the twigs,
branches, and the stem. A continuous stream of nutritious
sap is moving downward. The thin layer of cambium cells
which encircle the tree then draws upon this food supply to
build up new wood, bark, and other tree tissue. When there
is an excess of food material it is stored in the roots, stems,
branches, and twigs for later use.

It is interesting to know that in making the starch, oxy-
gen is a by-product. This explains why it is healthy to have
green growing plants about us in daytime. Leaves prepare
food only in daytime, and their output is the greatest in full
sunlight, and is almost negligible during dark nights. This
is the reason why we find the most luxuriant tree growth
in moist, sunny, and warm regions. It is also worth know-
ing that during the periods of the year when the leaves are
not manufacturing food, the trees live upon a food supply
stored up during the long and light days of summer time.

THE ENEMIES OF TREES

TREES have many enemies. They are fighting for theii
lives all the time. There are 200,000 known kinds of
insects that attack trees. It is estimated that caterpillars,
beetles, borers, and other insects cause a loss of one hundred
million dollars every year. Birds help us a lot in holding
the insects in check. But they cannot wage war unaided
We must take a hand in this serious insect problem.

When we think of tree enemies we must not overlook tree
diseases, such as blights, rusts, and rots. They too are a
serious menace. These diseases affect the tree's health, just
as human diseases affect our health. Not many years ago the
chestnut was the foremost tree in many eastern states. Now
middle-size to large chestnut trees are very scarce. There is a
good reason for this. In 1904 the deadly chestnut blight was
imported from China. In twenty years it travelled over
practically the entire range of the chestnut, killing trees by
the millions. So far no practical method of control has been
found. As a result of its destructive work the chestnut tree
is rapidly vanishing.

There are thousands of other tree diseases continuously at
work holding back the growth of trees. And decay is always
hard at work destroying the wood that the trees have built
up. Trees must be kept strong and healthy so they can

22 Common Trees

throw off disease. To accomplish this we must keep our for-
ests clean. Unless we do this we will pay an ever increasing
price for lumber, and later on we will have no more forests
to draw on.

The greatest enemy of our trees is fire. The carelessness
of man is responsible for nearly all forest fires. With this
in mind, let us consider a few of the things forest fires do.

1. Forest fires destroy the beauty of the woodlands.

2. They destroy animal and plant life.

3. They destroy tree seeds and seedlings that would grow
into valuable stands of timber.

4. They kill an enormous number of promising young,
middle-aged and old trees.

5. They consume large quantities of felled timber and
other forest products,

6. They destroy the leaf litter on the forest floor.

7. They impoverish the forest soil. Many bare and sterile
hillsides arc the result of repeated forest fires.

8. Forest fires open the way for the destructive work of
insects, fungi, erosion, floods, and drought.

9. They frequently destroy buildings, crops, and fences,
and occasionally homes.

10. They may also be responsible for the loss of human
lives.

There is no end to the damage forest fires do. They bring
no good to anyone. In their wake we find waste and impov-
erishment. To prove our citizenship we must begin right
now to battle this red foe.

Every boy and girl should become a tree protector, and it
would be well for the grown-ups to turn a heedful ear to the
lessons of forest protection. If we want to continue as a
nation of wood users we must become a nation of wood
growers. To do this effectively we must wage a constant
warfare against the foes of our friends — the trees. PRE-
VENT FOREST FIRES— IT PAYS is a slogan that should
be repeated over and over again until it becomes a household
word, for everybody loses when our forests burn.

WHAT FORESTRY IS

FORESTRY is the art of handling forest land in such a
way that it will be of the greatest service to man. This
implies a good working knowledge of forest trees, for they
are the principal members in the make-up of the forest. A

OF Ohio 23

correct working knowledge of trees will go far to guarantee
a sound program of forest conservation, which is one of the
most vital problems confronting the people of our state.

WHEN TREES GROW

MOST PEOPLE believe that trees grow from early spring
when the leaves begin to come out until the first frost
when they start to show their autumn color. That this wide-
spread belief is not correct is now known. For instance in
the latitude of southern Pennsylvania the native forest trees
make 90 per cent of their height growth in 40 days of spring
and early summer.

Not all trees begin to grow at the same time. Some begin
early in spring, while others delay starting their growth
until late April or early May. The Wild Black Cherry
starts about the first of April, while the Tulip Tree or Yellow
Poplar does not begin until late in April, and the Norway
Spruce waits until early in May. The fact that the different
trees start their growth at different times may not seem
strange, but where is the person who is not amazed to learn
that the Sweet Buckeye has its whole height growth for the
season completed in some regions by the tenth of May. For
ten years the author has watched different specimens of this
tree in Pennsylvania, and with no single exception all the
height growth for the year was finished by May 10. This
means that the height growth took place in 35 days in spring-
time.

An even greater revelation of this growth study was the
fact that growth takes place by leaps and bounds. Periods
of rest often occur between periods of growth. These rest
periods may be long or they may be short. In this respect
trees are not different from boys and girls who are willing
to have long rest periods scattered freely among their work-
ing hours.

Several years ago, the author tagged a chestnut oak tree
and measured its growth carefully. It began growing on
April 17, and grew regularly until May 23. Then it began
a rest period of 32 days. On June 24 it started to grow
again and continued until July 13. If you figure out this
tree's height growth you will find that at the beginning of
the season it grew for 36 days, then rested for 32 days, and
thereafter grew again for 20 days. During the first growth
period it grew 10 inches — an average of about one-third of
an inch per day, and during the second period 13J/^ inches —
an average of more than three-fifths of an inch per day.

24 Common Trees

This was one of the most interesting tree studies ever
undertaken by the writer of this handbook. He hopes that
many boys and girls will continue this study and help add
to our tree knowledge.

T

DO TREES BREATHE?

HAT TREES BREATHE is a firmly established scientific fact.
_ Year after year, during night and day, in summer and
in winter, trees inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.
Trees breathe from the time they are seeds until they die.

The leaves are often called the lungs of a tree. It is true
most of the oxygen enters through little openings on the
leaves. Most of these tiny openings are on the lower leaf
surfaces. They have been given the technical name of sto-
mata. On the leaves of some trees there have been counted
as many as 100,000 openings on a square inch. These little
doorways open to let in oxygen and to let out carbon diox-
ide. During the day trees also take in carbon dioxide and
give off oxygen through the small leaf openings. This is
a part of the process of food manufacture known under the
scientific name of photosynthesis. Not all the oxygen is
inhaled through the leaves, for some is taken in through little
openings on the twigs known as lenticels. They can read-
ily be recognized as pale to brown dots. On some trees,
such as the birches, cherries, and sumacs, they are large and
easily visible to the naked eye, while in other trees they arc
small and obscure.

Trees also transpire, that is. give off water. We may call
it perspiring or "sweating." When an excess amount of
water is delivered to the leaves it is given off through small
stomata, the same openings through which the trees breathe.
This excess water is given off as an invisible vapor. Scientists
have estimated that a big oak may transpire as much as 150
gallons of water during a single day of summer.

s

HOW TO TELL THE AGE OF TREES

OME TREES reach a great size and become very old, while
_ others remain small and die young. A definite age limit
cannot be set for each kind of tree, but for general use our
common trees may be said to be long-lived or short-lived.
Of our native trees, the White Oak, Button-wood, White
Pine, and Hemlock arc long-lived trees, and the Poplars,
Willows, some Cherries, and a few Oaks arc short-lived.
Some of the Sequoias of California exceed the 3,000-ycar

OF Ohio 25

mark, and the big Cypress Tree of Tule growing in the
state of Oaxaca, Mexico, has been estimated from 4,500 to
5,000 years, and is sometimes spoken of as "the oldest liv-
ing thing in the World."

It is not always easy to tell the age of a tree. Sometimes
accurate written records are available. In other cases it may
be possible to get a reliable verbal statement from one who
knows exactly when a specific tree or a group of them was
planted. In the absence of accurate records or reliable state-
ments, the best way to tell the age of a tree is to count the
annual rings on the cross section of the stem near the ground,
and add to this count the number of years it took the tree to
grow to the height at which the count was made. In case of
a felled tree, the stump section is a good place to make the
count. The number of rings on the top section, plus the
number of years it took the tree to grow to the height of
the stump, gives the total age of the tree, for each ring usu-
ally represents a year's growth. To determine the age of
standing trees an instrument is in use knov/n as an increment
borer. By means of this borer a small core about Vg of an
inch in diameter is taken from the stem, and rings thereon
are counted. The results furnish a good basis for estimating
the age of trees. It has proved very valuable to foresters in
studying the growth of standing forest trees.

There is another method that is helpful in telling the age
of such trees as White Pine, which develop their lateral
branches in distinct whorls or stories one above another.
The distance between these whorls of branches normally
represents a year's growth. If the branches have fallen off
or been removed, one can often see the circle of branch scars
on the stems. By counting the number of sections between
these separate stories of branches one can estimate very closely
the age of the trees in question. The age of young hard
wood trees can also be told by counting the rings of terminal
bud-scale scars upon the twigs and the slender stems. The
portion of the twigs from the tip to the first ring of bud-
scale scars is one year's growth. The distance between the
first and second rings is another year, and so on as far down
the stem as these scars remain visible.

Telling the age of trees is fascinating pastime. After you
have been successful in telling the age of a few trees you
will find yourself questioning the age of others. You will
not have gone far in your study of the age of trees until you
will be convinced that the age of young trees like that of
children is far more easy to tell than that of grown-up trees.

26 Common Trees

WHERE TO STUDY TREES

THE best place to study trees is right where you are —
if a tree happens to be near. If you are in a city
and it is not convenient for you to go out into the woods,
you can study the trees on the home grounds, along the
streets, or in the parks. Do not forget to get acquainted
with the tree that may stand near your front door. Other
satisfactory places are fence rows, stream banks, waste places,
abandoned fields, and woodlots. But the best place of all
to get an acquaintance with trees is out in the great forest
stretches on the mountain tops and in mountain valleys.
Out there the trees are so plentiful and look so natural.

Then too we must not forget that many trees have been
planted in all parts of the State. Among these planted
trees are some very rare and interesting specimens. They
can be found on private estates, public parks, arboretums,
and forest plantations. A real tree treat is available to
those who will journey to these great tree places.

Each year an increasing number of people go a-camping.
When in camp one has unexcelled opportunities to study
the native trees. The author has visited many places in
Massachusetts. At each were found from 40 to 75 different
native trees, and at some a considerable number of intro-
duced trees have been planted. To name and list the trees
on and about the camp ground is not only a pleasant past-
time but also a profitable undertaking. Rich, indeed, is
the boy or girl who can say "I can name all the trees about
our camp." "I have named and listed all the trees between
Oak lane and Cedarville," "Shoemaker's island is a tree
paradise — I found 57 different species there." To know
all the trees on a particular plot of ground is an achievement
of merit for any boy or girl, and even grown-up folk who
can name the trees that help to make our land so beautiful,
have a right to feel proud of their accomplishment.

"Under this oak I love to sit and hear all the
things which its leaves have to tell. No printed leaves
have more treasures in history or of literature to those
who know how to listen."

Henry Ward Beecher.

OF Ohio 27

HOW TO STUDY TREES

THE FIRST THING one usually wants to know about a tree
is its name. Each tree has two kinds of names — the
common name and the scientific name. One of our best known
trees has the common name of WHITE OAK. Its scientific
name is Quercus alba. Some trees have five to ten or more
common names. Whoever knows the common and scien-
tific names of a tree has mastered the first step in tree iden-
tification.

There are a number of common ways to get acquainted
with trees. Some students are fortunate enough to have good
teachers who know the trees. When this is true, tree identi-
fication is very easy. But there are other less fortunate ones
who must study them from books. The study of trees is
one of the purest delights of outdoor life. It is so pleasant,
so fascinating, and so stimulating that it becomes a pastime
of rare delight. To know trees is to love and protect them.
In teaching our boys and girls about trees we will place in
their possession an unafraid attitude towards the out-of-
doors and thus instil into them the duty of preserving tree
homes for our cheery bird friends "Whose habitations in the
treetops e'en are half-way houses on the road to Heaven."

Fortunate are the boys and the girls who can tell the names
of trees, know the quality of their fruit, the fragrance of their
flowers, the form of their leaves, the flavor of their twigs,
the color of the bark, and the properties of their wood;
especially whether the wood is tough or brittle, easy or hard
to chop and split into firewood.

"He that plant eth a tree is a servant of God.
He provideth a kindness for many generations, and
faces that he hath not seen shall bless him."

Henry Van Dyke.

"/ have written many verses, but the best
poems I have produced are the trees I planted on
the hillside."

Oliver Wendell Holmes.

28

Common Trees

WHITE PINE

Pinus Strobus, Linnaeus

THERE is no tree in the World that surpasses the White
Pine in beauty, stateliness, individuality, and useful-
ness. Reliable records show that the first American house
was built of White Pine.

WHITE PINE
One-third natural size.

It is the only evergreen tree native to eastern North
America that has soft, slender, flexible, straight, bluish-
green leaves grouped in clusters of five. They are 3 to 5
inches long, and persist for 2 years.

The cones are 5 to 10 inches long, short-stalked, narrowly
cylindrical, rarely hang long on the trees. The cone-scales
are thin, fiat, and without prickles.

The trunk is straight, when grown in dense stands is clear
of branches for many feet. The lateral branches occur in
whorls of 3 to 7, arranged in horizontal layers. Upon
falling they leave distinct circles of branch-scars.

The wood is soft, light brown, straight-grained, easily
worked. It is used for a wider range of purposes than any
other American wood.

The White Pine is native only to eastern North America.
It is found from Newfoundland west to Manitoba and
Minnesota, southward to Pennsylvania and Illinois, and
along the mountains to Georgia. It is native only to a
limited part of northern Ohio, being most abundant on the
headwaters of Mohican river. It is reported from Erie,
Lake, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Ashtabula, Ashland, Licking, Bel-
mont, Washington, and Jefferson counties. It has also been
planted extensively for ornamental and windbreak purposes.
Moist, well-drained soils are its favorite home. White Pine
is the most important forest tree in eastern North America,
and probably in the World.

OF Ohio

29

PITCH PENE
One-half natural sise.

PITCH PINE

Pinus rigida, Miller

PITCH PINE has more common names than any other
eastern pine. Some of them are Jack Pine, Hard Pine,
Yellow Pine, Nigger Pine and Black Pine. In pioneer days
it was called Torch Pine and Candlewood Pine because the
early settlers used pine knots from this tree for torches in
their cabins and
for traveling out-
of-doors at night.

The leaves arc 3
to 5 inches long,
rather rigid, and
occur in bundles of
three. Sometimes
two needles occur
in a bundle. It is
the only Eastern
pine that produces
dense mats of
needles along the
main stem. This
unusual growth is
often seen on
open-grown specimens.

The cones are egg-shaped, 2 to 3 J^ inches long, sometimes
occur in clusters and persist for many years. Trees loaded
with thousands of cones are common.

The bark is reddish-brown to black and breaks up into
irregular plates which peel off in thin scales. It becomes
thick early, which makes this tree the most fire-resistant ever-
green in eastern North America. The twigs are golden
brown, angled in cross-section, stout, brittle. The crown
is usually irregular in outline and ragged in appearance.

The wood is rather brittle, coarse grained, pale brownish-
red with wide sapwood. It is used for railroad tics, mine
timbers and general construction work.

Pitch Pine is found from New Brunswick to Lake Ontario
and south to Virginia and along the mountains to Georgia.
In Ohio this tree is confined to the sandstone region in the
southeastern part of the State. It is reported from 13 coun-
ties in this section of Ohio. It is usually found on dry,
shaly soils on upper slopes and ridges. It is an ordinary
tree, rarely exceeding 70 feet in height and 2 ^ feet in diam-
eter and well adapted to mountain soils. On exposed and
windswept places it is usually small and stunted. It de-
serves good care and protection, for it produces a fair grade
of wood, reseeds abandoned fields, and adapts itself to thin
and dry soils.

30 Common Trees

SCRUB PINE

Pinus virginiana. Miller

THE Scrub Pine is a pioneer tree. It is among the first
trees to march out and reclaim abandoned fields and
other waste places. It is unfortunate in its common name,
which implies that it is inferior and undesirable. This
is incorrect, for each year its wood is used more extcnsvely

SCRUB PINE
One-half natural size.

for pulp, shipping crates, and general construction work,
and locally it is used as a Christmas tree.

The leaves occur in pairs. They are 1 ^ to 3 inches
long, twisted, spread widely from each other. No other
Ohio pine has such short, twisted, widely spread and uni-
formly distributed leaves.

The cones are narrow, conical, sharp-pointed, 2 to 3 inches
long, persist for several years. The cone-scales bear slender
prickles.

The twigs are smooth, purplish, tough, usually wavy.
On older trunks the bark peels off in thin scales, giving a
ragged appearance. It is smoother and redder than that of
any other native Ohio pine.

The Scrub Pine is found from southeastern New York,
northern New Jersey, north-central Pennsylvania and south-
eastern Ohio, south to Georgia and Alabama and west to
Indiana and Texas. This tree is confined to the unglaciated
section of southeastern Ohio, where it locally occurs in pure
stands. This tree prefers the rolling uplands between the
mountains and the lowlands. In Ohio it is common on
ridges and lower slopes with southern and western exposure.

This tree does not become a forest giant. It usually
reaches a height of 30 to 40 feet and a diameter of 18 inches.
The largest specimen found in the northern part of its
range was 82 feet high and 28 inches in diameter at breast-
high.

OF Ohio

31

SHORT-LEAF PINE

Pinus echinata. Miller

THE Short-leaf Pine, also called Yellow Pine and Hard
Pme, is one of the most important trees of the South,
extending northward to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
southeastern Ohio.

The needle-Iike leaves are slender, flexible, dark-bluish
green, 3 to 4 inches
long, usually in clus-
ters of 2 or 3, some-
times 4. They per-
sist for 2 to 5 years.

The cones are
short-stalked, conical
when closed, oval
when open, about 2
inches long. Cone-
scales are armed with
weak prickles.

The bark is red-
dish-brown, ^ to 1
inch thick, divides
into larger rectangu-
lar plates which peel
off in film-like scales.
The twigs are pale
t o purplish -brown
and circular in cross-
section.

SHORT-LEAF PINE

The wood is moderately hard, strong, resinous, yellowish
to dark brown. It is used in general construction, manufac-
tured into lumber, boxes, crates and other containers, also
mine ties and mine props.

The Short-Leaf Pine ranges from central Pennsylvania,
southeastern New York through New Jersey to Florida, west
to Kansas and southeastern Texas. It occurs locally in
southeastern Ohio, being most abundant in Scioto County.
It is a promising tree for reforesting the worn out and aban-
doned fields within its natural range in Ohio. It has a
better form and produces higher quality wood than Pitch
Pine. Under favorable conditions it reaches a height of 100
feet, a diameter of 3 feet, and produces clean stems with
little taper, which are often as "straight as a gun barrel."

32 Common Trees

OTHER OHIO PINES

RED PINE — Pinus rcsinosa, Alton — also called Norway
Pine, is native to the Northwoods. It is at its best in the
northern portions of the Lake States, New York, northern
New England, and in southern Canada eastward from west-
ern Ontario. It is not native in Ohio, nor has it been exten-
sively planted for ornamental purposes. During the past
15 years it has been planted in all parts of the State. Only
within recent years has it attained the merit it deserves for
forest planting.

The Red Pine may be distinguished by the reddish-brown
bark, divided into irregular plates and ridges which flake off
in scales. The leaves are slender, occur in clusters of two,
and are from 4 to 6 inches long. The cones are about two
inches long. No prickles arc present on the cone-scales.
The trunks grow straight and the wood is fairly heavy,
hard and strong, and is used for many purposes for which
White Pine is used. The Red Pine grows rapidly, is rela-
tively free from attacks of insects and diseases, and will
thrive on a wide range of soils. It is also well adapted for
ornamental uses and shelter belts.

The Scotch Pine — Pinus sylvcstris, Linnaeus — a native of
Europe, has been planted extensively in Ohio. Large
trees occur locally, which were planted many years ago for
ornamental and shelter belt purposes. During the past 15
years Scotch Pine has been planted for forestry purposes in
all sections of the State. The oldest forest plantation was
planted in Fulton county in 1884. When 33 years old the
trees averaged 8 inches in diameter and 60 feet in height.

The Scotch Pine can be distinguished from other Ohio
pines by its reddish bark on the upper third of the mature
stems, and its bluish-green needles which occur in 2's and
arc 2 J4 to 3 ^ inches long. Its conical, often lopsided,
1 ^ to 2 J^ -inch long cones, which usually point backward,
arc also distinctive. This tree is easy to plant, grows
rapidly, yields good wood, and is sometimes used as a
Christmas tree. The tendency to form crooked trunks is the
greatest drawback to the use of Scotch Pine for forest
planting in Ohio.

OF Ohio

33

AMERICAN LARCH

Latix laricina (Du Roi) Koch

THE American Larch, also called Tamarack, is a northern
tree. It stands out prominently among its associates
because it sheds all of its leaves in autumn.

The leaves are flat, soft, slender and about one inch long.
On the twigs of last season's growth they occur singly; on
the spurs of older
twigs they occur in .
clusters of ten or -A\i
more.

The cones arc
among the smallest
of any American
tree. They average
two-fifths of an inch
in length, bear about
12 scales, and often
persist for many
years.

The glossy brown
twigs are without
foliage in winter and
covered with numer-
ous stubby spurs.
The bark on older
trunks is reddish-
brown and breaks up
into small roundish
scales.

The wood is
heavy, hard, and
durable in contact
with the soil. It is
used for posts, poles,
ties, and in ship
building.

The American Larch is found from Newfoundland south
to northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania and west to
Minnesota and through British Columbia to Alaska. It oc-
curs in swamps and other wet places locally in the northern
part of Ohio. It is most common along borders of glacial
lakes and swamps in Summit, Portage and Stark counties. It
rarely exceeds 50 feet in height and 2 feet in diameter. Wet
places are its favorite home.

The European Larch (Larix decidua Mill.) has been
planted rather widely in Ohio. The latter has larger and
usually erect cones, stouter and yellower twigs, and longer and
more abundant leaves.

^^i§i

AMERICAN LARCH
One-half natural sixe.

34 Common Trees

HEMLOCK

Tsuga canadensis, (L.) Carriere

THE Hemlock, also called Spruce Pine and Hemlock
Spruce, is an important forest tree with a very pleasing
and graceful appearance. As an ornamental tree it has few
equals and as a timber tree it stands in the front rank.

HEMLOCK
One-half natural size.

The leaves are flat, J^ of an inch long, rounded or
notched at apex, dark green and glossy above, with two
white lines on lower surface, joined to the twigs by short
and slender woody stalks. They are spirally arranged, but ap-
pear as if arranged in two flat rows alongside the twigs. A
third row of small leaves point forward on the top of the

twigs. • 1 1

The cones are oblong, light brown, ^4 of an mch long,
short-stalked. They often persist throughout the winter.
The cone-scales are about as wide as long.

The outer bark is reddish-brown and scaly; the inner is
cinnamon red. If one takes a pocket-knife and bores into
the inner bark and finds it cinnamon red he has a positive dis-
tinguishing characteristic of this tree. The twigs arc very
slender, grayish-brown, at first hairy, and rough when needle-
leaves are shed.

The wood is hard, weak, brittle, liable to splmter and
difficult to work. It is used for coarse lumber, boxes, crates
and pulp, and the bark is rich in tannin.

The Hemlock is found from Nova Scotia to Minnesota
and south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio, and
along the mountains to Alabama. This tree occurs locally
throughout eastern Ohio, where it is confined chiefly to sand-
stone soils. It has also been planted extensively for orna-
mental and windbreak purposes in many parts of the State,
and locally for forestry purposes. It is a shade-Ioving tree
and not very windfirm. It usually reaches a height of 60 to
80 feet, but may become 100 or more feet high and 4 feet
in diameter.

OF Ohio

35

NORWAY SPRUCE

Picea Abies. (Linnaeus) Karsten

THE Norway Spruce is not native to Ohio, but it has
been planted extensively for ornamental and locally for
forestry purposes in this State.

The leaves are H to 1 inch long. 4-sided, dark green.

NORWAY SPRUCE
One-half natural size.

sharp-pointed, and attached to twigs by short and slender
stalk-Iike projections of bark.

The cones arc 4 to 7 inches long, cylindrical, without stalks
or very short-stalked, usually hang down from end of
branches. The cone-scales arc thin, broad, reddish-brown,
finely toothed along margin. No other spruce tree, planted
widely m Ohio, has such large cones.

The bark on old trunks is roughened by rather large red-
dish-brown scales. The twigs are light reddish-brown,
roughened by projecting leaf-bases. On older trees they often
assume a characteristic drooping or weeping habit.

The wood is light, soft, white, straight-grained, easily
worked. Heartwood and sapwood are not distinguishable
from each other. Used for paper pulp, interior finish, crates
and baskets.

The Norway Spruce is native to middle Europe. It is the
principal tree in the famous Black Forest of Europe, prefers
rich, moist soil, and is rather tolerant of shade. It has been
said that "the Norway Spruce is the best-paying forest tree
in the world." During the last ten years approximately one
million Norway Spruce have been planted in Ohio for Christ-
mas tree purposes.

36

Common Trees

ARBOR VITAE

Thuja occidentalis, Linnaeus

THE Arbor Vitae, also called White Cedar and Cedar, is
one of the most widely planted evergreen trees in North
America. It develops a conical, symmetrical crown and
usually reaches a height of 25 to 50 feet.

The leaves are scale-like, }^ of an inch long, closely overlap

ARBOR VITAE
One-half natural size.

one another, aromatic when crushed, marked with glandular
dots. They are arranged in pairs. Each succeeding pair
alternates with the next pair.

The cones are oblong, J^ of an inch long, with 6 to 12
blunt-pointed, reddish-brown scales.

The trunk usually divides near base. The bark is grayish
to reddish-brown, usually furrowed, and peels oflf into thin
shred-like strips.

The Arbor Vitae is found from Southern Labrador west
to Manitoba and Minnesota and south to North Carolina. In
Ohio this tree occurs locally in Adams, Green and Champaign
counties. It has been planted extensively for ornamental and
windbreak purposes, particularly on lawns and in cemeteries.
More than 50 garden varieties of Arbor Vitae are known.
Some of them, such as White Arbor Vitae and the Golden
Arbor Vitae, arc distinguished by their color. Among the
commonest forms are the pyramidal, the globose, the juvenile
and the pendulous form. Closely related to the American
Arbor Vitae is the Oriental Arbor Vitae, also planted exten-
sively throughout eastern North America.

OF Ohio 37

RED CEDAR

Juniperus virginiana, Linnaeus

RED CEDAR is a common household word. In recent
years the "red cedar chest" has won its way to a special
place in the modern home.

The leaves are of two kinds, namely, scale-shaped and awl-
shaped. The scale-shaped are commonest, one-sixteenth of

BED CEDAR
One-half natural size.

an inch long, closely appressed to twigs, four ranked. The
awl-shaped are narrow, sharp-pointed, spreading, do not over-
lap, occur in 2's and Vs.

The fruit is a dark blue berry about 34 of an inch in di-
ameter. Berries are freely eaten by birds.

The bark is very thin, reddish-brown, shallowly furrowed,
peels off in long shred-like strips.

The wood is soft, strong, of even texture, works easily.
The heartwood is distinctly red and the sapwood white.
This color combination and its pronounced fragrance, sup-
posed to ward off moth and other insects, account for its
wide use for clothes chests, closets and for interior wood-
work.

The Red Cedar, also called Cedar and Juniper, is found
from Nova Scotia to South Dakota, south to Florida and
Texas. This tree is generally distributed throughout Ohio,
but is rather rare in the north and north-central part of the
State. It is abundant on the limestone soils of southwestern
Ohio. This tree grows slowly, needs plenty of sunlight,
and rarely exceeds 50 feet in height and 18 inches in di-
ameter in the northern part of its range. It has a distinctive
narrow, conical crown when growing in the open.

The Common Juniper — Juniperus communis, Linnaeus —
is closely related to the Red Cedar. It is a small, shrubby
tree, with a wide range of ornamental varieties, planted
widely for ornamental purposes. Its awl-shaped leaves
occur regularly in 3's and do not extend along the twigs.

38

Common Trees

BLACK WILLOW

Salix nigra, Marshall

THE Black Willow reaches the largest size and has the
widest distribution of any native American; Willow.
It is the only native willow of timber size, sometimes reach-
ing a height of 80 feet and a diameter of 4 feet.

It can always be distinguished by its simple, alternate,
long, narrow, sharp-
pointed leaves, 3 to 6
inches long. At the
base of the short leaf-
stalk round leaf-like
appendages often
clasp the twigs.

The flowers are of
two different kinds.
Both are arranged in
short, stubby spikes.
The pollen - bearing
and seed - producing
always occur on dif-
ferent trees. The
seeds are minute, bear
dense tufts of long
silky down, occur in
large numbers in
small capsules on
drooping tassels.

The bark varies
from light brown to
dark brown and
black. On old
trunks it becomes fur-
rowed and peels off in
scales. The branches
are slender, brittle, somewhat drooping. The buds arc
sharp-pointed, ^ of an inch long, covered by a single red-
dish-brown scale.

The wood is pale reddish-brown, used chiefly in boxes,
excelsior, charcoal, pulp, and artificial limbs.

The Black Willow occurs from New Brunswick to
Florida, west to the Dakotas and southern Mexico. It is
generally distributed throughout Ohio along streams and
depressions in flood plains. One usually finds it in wet
places, but it will grow on dry situations.

BLACK WILLOW

One-fourth natural size, except 2, 4, 6 and
which are enlarged.

OF Ohio

39

PUSSY WILLOW

Salix discolor. Muhlenberg

THE Pussy Willow, probably more than any other tree,
tells the people of both city and country when spring
is here. During a briet period of spring it gives the chief
touch of beauty to the landscape through its fine display of
yellow blossoms that are visited by thousands of bees.

The leaves are
simple, alternate,
elliptic, 3 to 5
inches long, bright
green above and
silvery white be-
low. A distinc-
tive feature of the
leaves is the wavy
margins with
coarse teeth.

The flowers arc
of two kinds.
Both are arranged
in short, stubby
spikes. The pol-
len - bearing and
the seed-producing
always occur on
different trees.
They appear be-
fore the leaves and
tell us when spring

is coming. The seeds arc produced in large numbers in
hairy, long-beaked, light-brown capsules.

The bark is thin, smooth, greenish, rarely scaly. The
stout branchlets are marked with orange-colored breathing
pores. The buds are alternate, ^4 of an inch long, duck-bill
like, flattened on inside, dark reddish purple. The wood is
similar to that of Black Willow.

The Pussy Willow is found in moist meadows, and along
banks of streams and in other wet places from Nova Scotia
south to Delaware and west to Manitoba and Missouri. It
is common throughout Ohio, particularly in the northern
section. It rarely exceeds 25 feet in height and is of con-
siderable value in landscape work, especially along water
courses.

PUSSY WILLOW
One-fourth natural size.

40 Common Trees

WIDELY INTRODUCED WILLOWS

THREE Willows have been widely introduced into Ohio.
They are the Weeping Willow, the White Willow, and
the Crack Willow.

The Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica, Linnaeus) a
native of Asia, was introduced into the United States in
1702 by a famous botanist named Tournefort. Sometimes
this tree is called Napoleon Willow because of its association
with the great French general during his exile. It has been
planted widely in Ohio. This tree can always be distin-
guished by its weeping habit. Its long, drooping branches
are distinctive, and when young they are tough and pliable,
but later become brittle. Its leaves are simple, alternate,
4 to 7 inches long; in shape they resemble the Black Willow
and in color those of the White Willow. The Weeping
Willow is the most widely distributed of all introduced
willows.

The White Willow (Salix alba, Linnaeus), a native of
Europe, was brought to America by the early settlers. It
is now found from the Atlantic to the Pacific and is given
planting preference where erosion and landslides are to be
stopped. It is found locally throughout Ohio as an orna-
mental tree. In some places it has escaped cultivation. This
tree sometimes reaches a height of 70 feet and a diameter of
4 feet. The leaves are simple, alternate, 2 to 4 inches long,
one-third to two-fifths of an inch wide, finely toothed along
edge. When young the leaves are pale green and hairy on
both sides, but when mature they are distinctly white only
on the lower surface, whence the name White Willow.

The Crack Willow (Salix fragilis, Linnaeus) , a native of
Europe and northern Asia, has been planted widely in
America, especially in the prairie states. It is found locally
in Ohio, particularly about the earlier settlements. It is
readily distinguished from the White Willow by its yel-
lowish-green twigs and larger leaves, which are 3 to 6 inches
long, >4 to 1 inch wide, coarsely toothed along margin.
The branches are so brittle that they crack oflF easily in a
slight breeze, whence the appropriate name Crack Willow.
After a storm the ground beneath this tree is often completely
covered with twigs and branches.

OF Ohio

41

QUAKING ASPEN

Populus tremuloides, Michaux

THE Quaking Aspen is also called Trembling Aspen and
Small-toothed Aspen. The air must be remarkably still
if the foliage is not quaking or trembling.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 1 >^ to 2 ^ inches long,
nearly round, finely toothed on margin, with leaf-stalks
flattened laterally.

The flowers ap-
pear early in the
spring. P o 1 Ic n-
bearing and seed-
producing occur
on difi"erent trees.
Both are arranged
in slender droop-
ing tassels.

The fruit is a
2 - valved capsule
containing small
seeds with tufts of
fine hairs.

The bark is
white or grayish
to yellowish-
green ; on old
trunks becomes
rough and black.
The twigs arc
smooth, shiny,
r e d d i sh-brown.
The buds are narrow, conical, sharp-pointed, smooth, shiny,
appear varnished, covered with 6 to 7 reddish-brown scales.

The wood is soft, weak, not durable, fine in texture, white
to light brown. It is used for paper pulp, boxes, crates and
wooden dishes.

The Quaking Aspen is the most widely distributed tree
in North America. It is a transcontinental tree extending
from Newfoundland to Alaska and south to New Jersey,
Kentucky. Mexico and California. In Ohio it occurs spar-
ingly in local stands in the northern half of the State, and
is rare or absent in the southern half. One usually finds it
in waste places, abandoned fields, burnt-over areas or cut-
over lands. In some places it prepares the way for more
valuable trees.

QUAKING ASPEN

One-foorth natural size, except enlarged flowera
and twis.

42

Common Trees

LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN

Poputus grandidentata, Michaux

THE Large-toothed Aspen, also called Poplar, Popple and
Quaking Aspen, is a small to medium-size forest tree
rarely exceeding 60 feet in height and 2 feet in diameter.

The leaves are simple, alternate, egg-shaped, 3 to 4 inches
long, coarsely toothed along margin. The leaf-stalks arc
flattened, which
makes possible
their quaking or
f I u 1 1 e ring. The
flowers are of two
kinds. They never
occur on the same
tree. The pollen-
bearing occur in
drooping tassels,
1 ^ to 2 ^ inches
long. The seed-
producing are also
arranged in tassels
which become 4
inches long when
mature. The fruit
is a 2-valved cap-
s u 1 e containing
many tiny tufted
seeds. The bark on
young stems is yel-
lowish-green t o
white, at first thin
and smooth, later

becomes thick, large-toothed aspen

rough and black. The twigs are yellowish-brown to red-
dish, often coated with a woolly, crusty down. The buds
are egg-shaped, covered with 6 to 7 light chestnut-brown
scales, often coated with a dusty, fiour-like woolly substance.
Those of the Quaking Aspen are smooth, glossy and var-
nished-like. The wood is soft, white to light brown, not
durable. It is used for paper pulp, rough lumber, boxes,
crates and buckets.

The Large-toothed Aspen is found front Nova Scotia
south to Pennsylvania and along the mountains to North
Carolina and west through Ontario to Minnesota. It is
common throughout Ohio, occurring most frequently in the
southeastern section, where it often grows in thickets, aban-
doned fields, burnt-over areas and cut-over land. In places
it acts as a temporary shelter for more valuable trees.

OF Ohio

43

COTTONWOOD

Populus deltoides, Marshall

THE Cottonwood is one of the most rapid growing trees
native to Ohio.

The leaves are simple, alternate, broadly triangular, square
at base, 3 to 5 inches
long, with long and
laterally fl a 1 1 e n ed
leaf-stalks.

The flowers ap-
pear before the leaves.
Pollen - bearing and
seed-producing occur
on different trees.
Both are arranged in
drooping tassels.

The fruit is a 3 to
4-valved capsule ar-
ranged in drooping
tassels and containing
numerous small seeds
with tufts of fine
hairs.

The bark on
young trunks is
smooth and greenish-
yellow, on old trunks
becomes ashy - gray
to dark brown and
deep furrowed. The
lateral branches take
an upright position. The twigs are stout, yellowish,
marked with grayish dots, have prominent ridges below leaf-
scars. The buds are large, resinous, glossy, chestnut-brown.
Terminal bud is often 5 -angled.

The wood is soft, not durable, white to brown, works
easily. Used for paper pulp, boxes and crates.

The Cottonwood is found from Quebec south to Florida
and west to the Rocky Mountains. This tree occurs
throughout Ohio. It is used in reforestation work on low-
lands and flood plains. A variety, "Carolina Poplar," was
formerly planted along streets and in parks. It has many
bad habits. Clogging sewers is one of them.

The introduced Lombardy Poplar, a native of southern
Europe, is planted locally in Ohio for ornamental uses. It
can be recognized by its narrow and high crown, with al-
most vertical lateral branches.

COTTONWOOD

One-foarth natural size, except enlarged flowers
and twig.

44

Common Trees

BLACK WALNUT

Juglans nigra, Linnaeus

THE Black Walnut is more fortunate than many trees
in that it has only a few common names. Throughout
its entire range of 650,000 square miles it is called Walnut,
Black Walnut or Walnut-tree.

BLACK WALNUT
Leaf and fruit, one-fifth natural size. Twig, three-fourth natural size.

The leaves are alternate, compound, with 13 to 23 leaflets.
Leaflets are 3 to 4 inches long, sharp-pointed, toothed along
margin, stalkless.

The flowers are of two kinds. Both occur on same tree.
The pollen-bearing occur in unbranched, drooping tassels,
new growth.
The nut-producing occur in few-flowered clusters on the

The fruit is a round furrowed nut, 1 to 2 inches in di-
ameter with a green, non-splitting, fleshy husk which turns
black when mature.

The bark is thick, rough, furrowed, dark brown to gray-
ish-black. The twigs are stout, grayish-brown, bitter to
taste, contain gray to light brown chambered pith. The
buds are covered with downy scales. Terminal bud is as
long as wide. Lateral buds are smaller.

The wood is rich dark brown, hard, strong, splits easily,
very durable. Used in furniture, interior finishings, sewing
machines, gun stocks, musical instruments, caskets and plan-
ing mill products. It is the most costly wood native to
Ohio.

The Black Walnut is found from southern New England
to Minnesota and south to Florida. It occurs throughout
Ohio, reaching its best development on the fertile soils in the
western part of the State. The Black Walnut is an im-
portant timber tree, producing excellent lumber and fine nuts.
It may be used to reforest idle lands adapted to its growth.

OF Ohio

45

T

BUTTERNUT

Juglans ctnerea, Linnaeus

HE Butternut, also called White Walnut, is a close kin
to the Black Walnut.

The leaves are alternate, compound, with 13 to 23
leaflets.

The flowers arc of
two kinds. The pol-
len-bearing occur in
unbranched, droop-
ing clusters. The
nut-producing occur
in few-flowered clus-
ters on new growth.

The fruit is an
elongated nut with a
hairy, sticky, non-
splitting husk. The
nut is 4 - ribbed,
pointed at one end.
sharply f u r r owed
over entire surface,
and contains a sweet,
oily edible nut.

The bark is gray to
ashy-white, separates
into wide flat ridges.

The twigs are stout,
greenish-gray, often

^°^^^' ^Oj;^3^« BUTTERNUT

dark - brown Cham- One-fonrth natural size, except 3 and 4 which are

bered oith. The enlarged and 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12 natural size.

buds arc covered with dense pale down. Terminal bud is
^ to ^ of an inch long, flattened, blunt-pointed, longer
than wide. Lateral flower buds are pineapple-like, often
placed one above another.

The wood is soft, not strong, light-brown. Used in
furniture, interior finishing, and chests.

The Butternut is found from New Brunswick to Minne-
sota, south to Delaware and Arkansas and along mountains
to Georgia. It is distributed throughout Ohio, but is less
common than the Black Walnut. It is also of less com-
mercial importance than the latter. It prefers rich, moist
soil, is most frequently met along streams, fences, and roads,
and rarely exceeds 50 jfect in height and 2 feet in diameter.

46

Common Trees

SHELLBARK HICKORY

Carya ovata, {Miller) K. Koch

THE Shellbark Hickory, also called Shagbark Hickory,
is the largest and the best known of the hickories. It
produces the best nuts of all the native hickories.

The leaves are alternate,^8 to 14 inches long, compound,
with 5 to 7 leaflets.
The three upper leaf-
lets are the largest,
the pair nearest the
base is usually only
about one-half the
size of the terminal
ones.

The flowers arc
similar to those of
the other hickories.

The fruit is round,
1 to 2 inches long,
with husk that splits
into four sections
from apex to base.
The nuts are smooth,
white, 4-angled,
pointed at the ends.
The kernel is large
and sweet.

The bark is
smooth and light
gray on young stems.
On old trunks it bc-

compn d i «! t i n r f 1v SHELLBARK HICKORY

comes a l si l n C C ly One-fourth natural size, except 7 which is natural

shaggy. The twigs size and 8 slightly enlarged.

are reddish-brown to gray, covered with numerous light
dots, usually smooth, sometimes hairy. The buds are egg-
shaped, blunt-pointed, about three-fifths of an inch long,
covered with about 10 bud-scales.

The wood is very heavy, hard, strong, tough, elastic, close-
grained. Used chiefly for handles and vehicles.

The Shellbark Hickory is found from Quebec to Minne-
sota, south to Florida and Texas. It is common to abun-
dant throughout Ohio, occurring chiefly on rich, deep, well-
drained soils. Locally it reproduces itself on abandoned
fields. This tree, usually reaching a height of 50 to 75 feet
and a diameter of 2 feet, should be carefully protected.
Closely related to it is the Big Shellbark Hickory, which is
common in southern Ohio, becoming rarer northward. Its
nuts are larger and harder to crack than those of the com-
mon Shellbark.

OF Ohio

47

PIGNUT HICKORY

Carya glabra (Miller) Spach

THE Pignut Hickory, also called Black Hickory, Brown
Hickory and Tightbark Hickory, is an important forest
tree. It produces valuable wood.

The leaves are alternate, compound, 8 to 12 inches long
with 5 to 7 leaflets. Leaflets are long, narrow, sharp-
pointed, smooth, glossy.
They are slightly larger
than those of the Bitter-
nut Hickory.

The flowers are similar
to those of the other
hickories.

The fruit is pear-shaped
to spherical, with neck-
like projection at base.
The husk is thin, often
does not split or may split
to middle. The kernel is
usually small and bitter,
and not edible.

The bark is close-fit-
ting, dark gray, marked
with shallow furrows,
does not shag off. The
twigs are smooth, tough,
reddish-brown, marked with pale dots. The buds are oval,
blunt-pointed, reddish-brown.

The wood is similar to that of other hickories, but some-
what superior to Bitternut. It is sometimes classified as the
strongest and toughest of all the hickories.

The Pignut Hickory is found from Maine to Minnesota,
south to Florida and Texas. It is common throughout
Ohio, except the west-central part of the State, where it is
rare. It is most common on dry ridges and hillsides, but
also occurs in moist, fertile, lowland soils. It is a medium-
sized tree, frequently reaching a height of 60 feet and di-
ameter of 2 feet.

Closely related to the Pignut is the Mockernut Hickory —
Carya alba, (Linnaeus) K. Koch. It is also called Big Bud
and White-Heart Hickory, and can be distinguished by its
close-fitting, evidently furrowed bark that does not shag off,
its stout hairy twigs, its hairy leaves with 7 to 9 large leaf-
lets, its large, round, thick-shelled nut with thick husk and
small kernel. The buds are larger than those of any other
hickory. While the fruit is large, its kernel is small and
not edible. It is common to abundant throughout Ohio.

PIGNUT HICKORY
One-fourth natural size.

48

Common Trees

BITTERNUT HICKORY

Carya cordiformis, (Wangenheim) K. Koch

THE Bitternut Hickory, also called Swamp Hickory and
Water Hickory, is usually found in moist to wet loca-
tions. One usually finds it in low and fertile situations in
rich agricultural valleys, but in southeastern Ohio it also
occupies the upper slopes. It is the most handsome of the
native hickories.

The leaves are alter-
nate, compound, 6 to
10 inches long, with 7
to 1 1 leaflets. Leaflets
are long, narrow, sharp-
pointed, without stalks
except the terminal one.
They are smaller and
slenderer than those of
other hickories.

The flowers arc of
two kinds. They occur
on same tree. The pol-
len-bearing occur in
drooping tassels, 3 to 4
inches long. The nut-
producing occur in few-flowered clusters on new growth.

The fruit is a thin-shelled nut with bitter kernel cov-
ered with a thin-shelled husk, which splits to middle into 4
valves. Winged projections mark meeting line of husk sec-
tions from apex to middle.

The bark is light gray, rather thin, roughened by shallow
furrows, does not scale nor shag off. The twigs are slender,
smooth, grayish to orange-brown or reddish. The buds are
long, flattened, blunt-pointed, covered by 4 yellowish (sul-
phur-colored) scales.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong, somewhat brittle. It
is inferior to that of other hickories, but used for practically
the same purposes.

The Bitternut Hickory is found from Quebec to Minne-
sota, south to Florida and Texas. It is generally distrib-
uted throughout Ohio. This tree may attain a height of
100 feet and 3 feet in diameter. It grows best on rich,
moist soil such as is found in the farm woodlot.

BITTERNUT HICKORY
One-fourth natural size.

OF Ohio

49

RIVER BIRCH

Betula nigra, Linnaeus

THE River Birch is also called Red Birch and Water
Birch. It usually occurs on rivers, streams, ponds,
swamps and other watery places. The leaves are simple,
alternate, egg-shaped, 1 J^ to 3 inches long and wedge-shaped
at base. The flow-
ers appear about
April, are of two
kinds. The pollen-
bearing are ar-
ranged in droop-
ing tassels, 2 to 3
inches long. The
seed-producing oc-
cur in small spikes
about one-third of
an inch long. The
fruit is an erect
cylindrical spike 1
to 1 ^ inches long.
The seeds ripen in
early summer with
3 -lobe scales. The
bark is reddish-
brown to cinna-
mon-red, peels off
in large, thick lay-
ers. On old trees
the bark becomes
thick and deeply
furrowed. The
twigs are reddish-
brown and more
or less hairy.

The wood is strong, heavy, close-grained, reddish-brown
and white sapwood. It is used in the manufacture of
woodenware, crates, turnery, pulp and chemicals.

The River Birch extends farther south than any other of
our native birches Its range is from Massachusetts to
Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. In Ohio it is
confined to the southeastern part of State, chiefly from Fair-
field county southward. Exceptional trees reach a height of
80 feet and a diameter of 4 feet. The River Birch may
be called a soldier tree, for it battles fiercely with the over-
flow waters of swollen streams. It is of inestimable value
as a protector of river and stream banks, and is well adapted
for ornamental planting. ^

RIVER BIRCH
One-third natural size.

50 Common Trees

T

OTHER OHIO BIRCHES

HE Yellow Birch — Bctula lutea, Michaux — also called
. Silver Birch and Swamp Birch, is one of the most im-
portant timber trees of eastern North America, sometimes
reaching a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 4 feet. It
can be readily recognized by its ragged yellow bark, which
peels off in thin, papery scales. On old trunks the bark be-
comes reddish-brown and roughened with fissures. Its
twigs, leaves, flowers and fruit are similar to those of the
Black Birch, but the twigs lack the sweet wintergreen flavc)r,
and the fruit scales are smooth and equally lobed, while
those of the Yellow Birch are hairy and unequally lobed.

The Yellow Birch is found from Newfoundland to
Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania and along the mountains
to North Carolina and Tennessee. In Ohio it occurs spar-
ingly to common in Ashtabula, Stark, Summit, Lake,
Cuyahoga, Lorain, Wayne, Fairfield and Hocking counties.
Rich uplands, borders of streams, swamps and ravines are
its favorite home.

T

iHE Black Birch — Betula lenta, Linnaeus — also called
. Sweet Birch and Cherry Birch, is one of the handsomest
of our native birches. The wintergreen flavor of the twigs
is an unfailing distinguishing characteristic Its bark is
smooth, shiny, and does not peel off m film-like scales.
Birch oil is extracted from its bark and twigs. Its wood is
used for furniture, interior finish, chemicals, novelties and
fuel The Black Birch is found from Newfoundland to
Ontario, south to Ohio, Indiana and North Carolina In
Ohio, it occurs locally in Fairfield, Hocking, Adams, Scioto,
Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, Portage, Ashtabula and Wayne

counties.

*****

THE White Birch — Betula alba, Linnaeus — also called
European Birch, is native from northern Europe to
Japan Its bark is white, close-fitting, and peels off spar-
ingly. In the eastern United States it is common in ceme-
teries, along streets, upon lawns and in parks. The varie-
ties of the White Birch commonly found m Ohio arc U)
Cut-leaved White Birch; (2) Weeping White Birch;
(3) Cut-leaved Weeping White Birch; and (4) Purple-
leaved White Birch. This tree has won a prominent place
in American landscape work and deserves to be protected and
developed. The first memorial tree to Mother was a White
Birch, planted on Mother's Day at Reading. Pennsylvania,
in 1923. President Coolidge planted a White Birch tree
at the White House on Mother's Day, 1924.

OF Ohio

51

AMERICAN HORNBEAM

Carpinus caroliniana. 'Walter

THE American Hornbeam, also called Ironwood, Blue
Beech and Water Beech, is a small, bushy tree usually
found along streams and other low and wet places. In ap-
pearance it will pass for a little brother of the Beech.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 2 to 4 inches long, ovate,
long pointed, finely tooth-
ed along margin.

The flowers arc of two
kinds, both appearing on
same tree. The pollen-
bearing occur in tassels
about 1 y2 inches long; the
seed-producing in few-
flowered clusters about ^
of an inch long.

The fruit is a small,
prominently ribbed nut
about one-third of an inch
long, enclosed in a leaf-
like, 3-lobed bract, which
is usually toothed on one
margin of middle lobe.
The seed is attached to a
leaf-like bract.

The bark is thin,
smooth, bluish-green, and
marked with distinctive
furrows running up 'and
down along the trunk.

The twigs are slender, red-
dish to orange, and cov-
ered with scattered pale
breathing pores. Small
buds are about % of an
inch long, covered with 8 to 12 reddish-brown bud-scales.

The wood is heavy, hard and strong. It is sometimes
used for levers, tool handles, wedges and mallets.

The American Hornbeam is found from Nova Scotia
to Florida and west to Minnesota and Texas. This tree
occurs throughout Ohio, becoming abundant locally. It is
of little commercial importance. Locally it often occurs in
dense thickets, to the exclusion of other more valuable trees.

AMERICAN HORNBEAM

One-fourth natural size.

Twig section and seed with winged bract,

enlarged.

52

Common Trees

HOP HORNBEAM

Ostrya virginiana, Miller (K. Koch)

THE Hop Hornbeam, also called Ironwood, has appro-
priate common names, for its fruit is hop-like and the
wood is "hard as iron." It is the only tree native to
eastern North America that produces hop-like fruit. An
examination of the fruit shows that it is made up of a
number of loose pa-
pery bags, in each of
which is found a
little brown nutlet.
The seed bags are ar-
ranged in clusters us-
ually from 1 to 2
inches long and at-
tached to the twig by
a hairy stem.

The leaves arc
simple, alternate, 3
to 5 inches long,
ovate, long - pointed
finely toothed along
the margin.

The flowers are
of two kinds. Pol-
len-bearing and seed-
producing occur on
the same tree. The
former occur in
drooping tassels
about 2 inches long,
and the latter are
produced in erect
clusters. During winter the partly developed pollen-bear-
ing flower catkins occur in clusters of 3 or 4 at the ends
of the twigs.

The twigs are delicate and interlacing. The thin grayish
brown bark peeling off in narrow, flat scales, and the small
reddish-brown buds with four-ranked bud scales are dis-
tinctive.

The Hop Hornbeam is widely distributed over the eastern
United States. It is found from Cape Breton Island to
Florida and west to Minnesota and Texas. It occurs
throughout Ohio. It is abundant in the northern and cen-
tral parts of the State, where it usually occurs on dry,
gravelly uplands. It is rarely over 30 feet high and 12
inches in diameter. In some Ohio woodlots it forms
dense thickets, to the exclusion of more valuable trees.

HOP HORNBEAM

One-fourth natural size.

Twig section and seed with enclosing

membrane, enlarged.

OF Ohio

53

SMOOTH ALDER

Alnus rugosa. (Du Rot) Sprenget

THE Smooth Alder, also called Black Alder, is com-
mon along streams and other wet places. It usually
remains a shrub, but occasionally becomes 20 feet high.

The leaves are simple, alternate, obovate. rounded at apex,
wedge - shaped at
base, finely tooth-
ed along margin.

The flowers ap-
pear before the
leaves and are of
two kinds. The
pollen-bearing oc-
cur in drooping
tassels 2 to 5
inches long. The
seed-producing are
greenish to purpl-
ish, with scarlet
styles. They are
about 54 of an
inch long and oc-
cur in 2's or 3's at
the end of the
branches.

The fruit is a
structure about j^
cone-like, woody
to ^ of an inch
long.

The bark is thin, smooth, often grooved, grayish-green,
dotted with numerous brown lenticels and marked with
white blotches. The twigs are greenish to grayish brown,
dotted with brownish lenticels and marked with leaf-scars
with 3 bundle-scars. The buds are alternate, >^ of an inch
long, evidently stalked, blunt pointed, covered with 2 scales.
The wood is yellowish-brown and marked with broad rays.

The Smooth Alder is found from Maine to Florida and
Texas and west to Minnesota. It occurs locally throughout
Ohio, but is of no commercial importance.

SMOOTH ALDER

One-fourth natural size.

Twig section with bud, and leaf-scar enlarged.

54

Common Trees

N

CHESTNUT

Castanea dentata, (Marshall) Bork.

O TREE has brought more real joy to boys and girls
and grown folks than the Chestnut.

The leaves arc simple, alternate, 6 to 8 inches long, sharp-
pointed and coarsely toothed.

The flowers appear
in June or July. They
arc arranged in slender,
yellowish-white, pencil-
like plumes. The seed-
producing occur in
small numbers near the
base of the plumes.

The fruit is a prickly
bur with 1 to 5 nuts
maturing in September
or October.

The bark on branches
and small trunks is
smooth, brownish and
close-fitting: on old
trunks becomes grayish-
brown and deeply fur-
rowed. The twigs are
smooth, greenish to
brown, dotted with nu-
merous small white
breathing pores. The
buds are alternate, %.
of an inch long, blunt-
pointed, covered with
2 to 3 chestnut brown
scales.

CHESTNUT

One-fourth natural size.
Twisr sections and single flowers enlari?ed.

The wood is light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, dur-
able. It is used for posts, poles, tics, general construction,
interior finish, and many other uses.

The Chestnut is found from Maine to Michigan, and
south to the Carolinas and Georgia and Arkansas. It is
common in eastern Ohio, extending westward to Lorain,
Crawford, Franklin, Pickaway, Highland and the center of
Adams county. The deadly chestnut blight is destroying
it rapidly. No remedy is known to control this disease.

OF Ohio

55

BEECH

Fagus grandifolia. Ehrhart

NO hardwood tree is more beautiful or more easily recog-
nized than the American Beech.
The leaves are simple, alternate, 3 to 4 inches long,
pointed at tip, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely-toothed along

BEECH
One-half natural aize.

margin. When mature they are stiff, leathery, with
straight, sunken veins.

The flowers are of two kinds, appear about April. The
pollen-bearing occur in stalked round heads; the nut-produc-
ing in a few-flowered clusters.

The fruit is a stalked, prickly, four-valved bur, usually
produced in pairs, containing triangular, pale brown, shin-
ing nutlets with sweet kernel.

The bark is smooth, light gray, often marked with initial
carvings. The twigs are slender, dark gray, marked with
circle of bud-scale scars. The buds are alternate, slender,
conical, sharp-pointed, ^ of an inch long, 5 times as long
as wide, covered with 10 to 20 reddish-brown scales.

The wood is very hard, strong, tough, not durable in
contact with soil. It is an excellent fuelwood. and is used
extensively in the manufacture of charcoal, chemicals, novel-
ties, woodenware, crates and general construction.

The Beech is found from Nova Scotia to Wisconsin and
south to Florida and Texas. It is one of the most com-
mon forest trees of Ohio, being most abundant in the West-
ern Reserve. It is abundant in all parts of the State, ex-
cepting the southeastern. The beech trees one usually sees
about cities are the European Beech (Fagus sylvatica, Lin-
naeus) , which is the parent of the Purple or Copper Beech,
the Weeping Beech, and the Cut-leaved Beech.

56

Common Trees

WHITE OAK

Quercus alba. Linnaeus

THE White Oak is the most important hardwood forest
tree native to North America. It has held this front
rank place since the earliest days of colonization. The
original forests of the rich agricultural areas of Ohio were
largely made up of this great tree.

The leaves are simple,
alternate, 5 to 9 inches
long, 2 to 4 inches
wide. They arc di-
vided into 3 to 9, us-
ually 7, blunt-pointed,
finger-like lobes. Ma-
ture leaves arc deep
green above and light
green beneath.

The flowers appear
about May and are of
two kinds. The pol-
len-bearing occur on the
old growth in drooping
tassels 2 or 3 inches
long. The acorn-pro-
ducing occur in small
clusters on the new
growth.

The fruit is a sessile
or short-stalked acorn
maturing in one season.
The light brown nuts
arc about Ya of an inch long, seated in a warty cup, enclos-
ing about 54 of nut. The nuts are relished by wild animals.

The bark is grayish-white and peels off in numerous loose
scales. The early settlers made it into a tea, used in the
treatment of tonsilitis. The twigs are smooth, light-gray,
dotted with light lenticcls.

The buds are alternate, egg-shaped, blunt-pointed, red-
dish-brown, clustered at end of twigs.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light-
brown, durable. Its uses are interior finish, flooring, furni-
ture, general construction, implements and fuel.

The White Oak is found from Maine to Minnesota and
south to Florida and Texas. It is common to abundant
throughout Ohio. This tree reaches its best development
on rich, moist soil, where it attains a height of 75 to 100
or more feet and 2 to 6 feet in diameter. It should be favored
in the farm woodlot.

WHITE OAK

One-fourth natural size.

Single flowers and twig sections, enlarged.

OF Ohio

57

SWAMP WHITE OAK

Quercus bicolor, Willdenoiv

THE Swamp White Oak is usually found in swamps,
about ponds, and along the banks of streams. In
youth it is rather attractive, but with advancing years it
becomes ragged and unkempt in appearance.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 5 to 6 inches long, broad,
wavy-toothed on mar-
gin, dark green above,
light green and hairy
on lower surface. They
arc broadest between
the middle and the
apex.

The flowers and
wood are similar to
those of the White
Oak.

The fruit is a long-
stalked acorn that ma-
tures in one season. The
acorns arc about an inch
long, usually occur in
pairs.

The bark on old
trunks is thick, grayish-
brown and breaks in
long, deep furrows. On
the small branches it

sheds oflF in flakes like that of the Sycamore. The twigs arc
stout, yellowish to reddish-brown. The buds are about
ys of an inch long, blunt-pointed, smooth, reddish-brown.
Its wood is similar to that of White Oak.

The Swamp White Oak is found from Maine to Michi-
gan and south to Georgia and Arkansas. This tree occurs
locally throughout Ohio. It is looked upon with favor in
reforestation work in the State. Moist to wet sites are its
favorite home. Trees 3 to 4 feet in diameter and 80 feet
high are not unusual. The largest specimen of Swamp
White Oak ever recorded was the Wadsworth Oak, which
was 27 feet in circumference. It was near this tree that
Robert Morris and the Seneca Indians made an important
treaty in 1797.

SWAMP WHITE OAK
One-third natural size.

58

Common Trees

BUR OAK

Quercus macvocarpa, Michaux

THE Bur Oak, also called Mossy Cup Oak and Over
Cup Oak, is one of the largest of American Oaks. It
reaches a height of 100 feet and 5 feet in diameter.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 6 to 12 inches long. 3
to 6 inches wide,
shiny and deep
green above, pale
and finely hairy
beneath. Near the
middle are deep
clefts that almost
divide the leaves
in two parts.

The flowers and
wood are similar
to those of White
Oak.

The fruit is a
large acorn matur-
ing in one season.
The nuts are ^4 of
an inch long with
a white and sweet
kernel. The cup
covers about half
of nut and is bor-
dered by a dis-
tinct fringe along
margin. bur oak

One-third natural size.

The twigs are
stout, yellowish-
brown and usually marked with corky winged projections.
The buds arc alternate, y» of an inch long, blunt-pointed,
reddish-brown, clustered at end of twigs. The bark becomes
deeply furrowed and has a tendency to peel off in flaky scales.

The Bur Oak is found from New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia west to Manitoba and south to Pennsylvania, Kansas
and Texas. This tree occurs throughout Ohio, being com-
mon in the western part and less frequent in the northeastern
and southeastern sections.

The Bur Oak is a valuable timber tree and used sometimes
for ornamental planting. It is easy to transplant, grows
rapidly, has few insect enemies. Its wood is similar to tha^
of White Oak.

OF Ohio

59

POST OAK

Quercus stellata, Wartgenheim

THE Post Oak was given its name in pioneer days when
it was used extensively for posts, a use for which it is
well adapted on account of its durability.

The Post Oak may be recognized at all seasons of the year.
Some of its b r o w n
leaves usually hang on
until the new crop ap-
pears.

The leaves are simple,
alternate, coarse, stiff,
leathery in texture, 4 to
6 inches long. They
are dark green and
shiny on the upper
surface, have a heavy
coating of rusty brown
hairs on lower surface.
Under a magnifying
glass the hairs are star-
shaped, whence the
specific name "stellata."
They are usually made
up of 5 rounded lobes.
The two basal lobes are
small, and the three
terminal lobes are
large and gcncra^lly
squarish in outline.

The fruit is a small acorn maturing in one season. The
nut is about 3^ of an inch long, dark brown, often striped.
The cup is shallow, covered with pale woolly scales, enclos-
ing about one-third of nut.

The bark is darker, rougher and less scaly than that of
White Oak. The twigs are stout, hairy and rusty. The
buds are alternate % of an inch long, blunt-pointed, red-
dish-brown, clustered at end of twigs.

The wood is similar to White Oak and used for the same
purposes.

The Post Oak, also called Iron Oak, is found from Massa-
chusetts to Kansas and south to Florida and Texas. In
Ohio it is found from Licking county southward. It oc-
curs mostly on the hills of southeastern Ohio. Gravelly up-
lands, limestone hills and sandy plains are its principal
habitat. It is a medium-sized tree, rarely exceeding 60 feet
in height and 3 feet in diameter.

POST OAK
One-third natural eize.

60

Common Trees

T

CHESTNUT OAK

Quercus Prinus, Engelmann

HE Chestnut Oak, also called Rock Oak and Tanbark
Oak, is an important forest tree.

The leaves are simple, alternate, stiff, 5 to 9 inches long,
2 to 4 inches wide, coarse-
ly toothed along margin.

The flowers are similar
and the wood ranks close
to White Oak.

The fruit is a large
acorn, maturing in one
season. The nut is 1 to
1 ^2 inches long, oval,
smooth, glossy, chestnut-
brown. The cup is thin,
deep, hairy inside, covers
one-third of nut.

The bark on young
stems and branches is
smooth, thin, yellowish-
brown. On old trunks it
is thick, brown to black,
deeply furrowed. The
bark ridges are high,
sharp and angular. At
the bottom of the fur- «T,^r.»,»r„m ^.^

, , , . . CHESTNUT OAK

rows the bark is Cmna- One-tWrd natural site,

mon red. It is rich in Twig section and bud scales, enlarged.

tannin.

The twigs are slender, angular, orange-brown. The buds
are light brown, }i to y2 of an inch long, sharp-pointed,
and clustered at tip of twigs.

The Chestnut Oak is found from Maine to Ontario, south
to Alabama and Tennessee. It reaches its best development
in the Alleghenies of Pennsylvania and southward. In Ohio
it reaches its best development in the unglaciated southeastern
part. It occurs sparingly in Licking and Cuyahoga counties.

A closely related tree occurring in southern Ohio is the
Yellow Oak — Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelmann. This
tree, also called Chinquapin Oak, Pigeon Oak and Sweet Oak,
is limited largely to the main valleys and the bordering lower
slopes. It is most abundant in southwestern, infrequent in
southeastern Ohio, and rarely found north of Columbus. . .

OF Ohio

61

RED OAK

Quercus rubra. Linnaeus

THE Red Oak is one of the biggest, stateliest and hand-
somest trees of eastern North America. As early as
1740 it was introduced into Europe.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 5 to 9 inches long, 4 to
6 inches wide, 7 to 9-lobed. Lobes are bristle-tipped and
separated by clefts that
reach halfway to midrib.

The flowers appear
with the leaves. The pol-
len-bearing are arranged
in drooping tassels; the
acorn-producing occur in
few - flowered clusters on
new growth.

The fruit is an acorn
maturing in two seasons.
The cup is wide, shallow,
covered with over-lapping
reddish-brown scales, en-
closing only base of nut.
The nuts average one inch
long, >2 to }i of an inch
wide, are flat at base and
short-tipped at apex.

The bark on young stems is smooth, grayish or brown.
On older trunks it becomes rough with furrows separating
wide, smooth, grayish to brownish ridges. The lateral
branches are straight and ascend at about an angle of 45
degrees. The twigs are smooth and rich brown. The buds
are }i of an inch long, sharp-pointed, smooth, glossy, red-
dish-brown, without hairs.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong, light reddish-brown,
with light sapwood. It is used for furniture, interior finish-
ing, ties and general construction.

The Red Oak has a wide distribution. It is found from
Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Kansas, south to Florida and
Texas. It occurs in all parts of Ohio on a wide range of
soils. Throughout the State it is being planted for forestry
purposes. Moist, porous, sandy to gravelly clay soils are
its favorite homes. It is one of the most important timber
trees of North America, reaching a height of 150 feet and an
age of 300 or more years. It deserves to be planted more
extensively for ornamental purposes.

BED OAK

Twig, one-half natural size.
L«af, one-third natural size.

62

Common Trees

BLACK OAK

Quercus velutina, Lambert

THE Black Oak is one of the biggest oaks native to the
eastern states, reaching a height of 100 feet and 4 feet
in diameter. By its bark one can always recognize this tree.
Its outer bark is black and its inner bark is distinctly yellow.

The leaves are
simple, alternate, 4
to 10 inches long, 3
to 6 inches wide,
usually 7-lobed with
bristle tips. The
lower leaf surfaces
are pale green to
rusty brown.

The flowers arc
similar to those of
other oaks.

The fruit is an
acorn maturing in
two seasons. Cups
are cup-shaped, light
brown, often slightly
fringed along mar-
gin, enclose 3^ of
nut. Nuts are ^ to
1 inch long, light
reddish brown.

The bark on older
trunks is black, thick.

BLACK OAK

One-fourth natural size.

Twig section, enlarged.

very rough. Twigs
are stout, angular,

reddish-brown, often hairy. Buds are large, sometimes J^
of an inch long, angular, covered with a coating of yellow-
ish or dirty-white hairs.

The wood is similar to that of Red Oak.

The Black Oak is found from Maine to Ontario, south to
Florida and Texas. This tree is generally distributed
throughout Ohio, being most abundant in the southeastern
part, and becoming rarer towards the northeast. It is abun-
dant in Fulton, Williams and Lucas counties. It usually
occurs on dry, gravelly and shady uplands and ridges.

OF Ohio

63

SCARLET OAK

Quercus coccinea, Muench

THE Scarlet Oak, also called Spanish Oak, is the showiest
of the American oaks. Its autumn garb of brilliant
scarlet red and crimson makes it stand out among all its
associates.

The leaves arc simple, alternate, 3 to 6 inches long, 3 to
5 inches wide, 5 to 9-lobed.
Lobes are bristle-tipped and
separated by deep clefts.

The flowers resemble those
of other oaks.

The fruit is an acorn, ma-
turing in two seasons. The
cup is thin, narrowed at base,
often glossy on surface, cov-
ers y2 of nut. The nut is
three-fifths of an inch long,
reddish-brown.

The bark on small stems
and branches is smooth, thin,
light to grayish-brown, be-
comes rough and irregular on
older trunks, sometimes al-
most black near base. Flat- scarlet oak

topped ridges occur between Leaf and acorns, one-third natural size.
1 11 r T _ _ _ Twig, one-half natural size.

shallow furrows. Inner

bark is of pale-coloring. Dead limbs often persist along
lower trunk. The twigs are smooth, rather slender, red-
dish to grayish-brown. The buds are about ^ of an inch
long, covered with a pale wool from apex to middle.

The wood is rather strong, heavy, hard, coarse in tex-
ture. It does not have a wide commercial use, but is valu-
able for fuel, ties and general construction.

The Scarlet Oak is found from Maine to Minnesota south
to North Carolina and west to Nebraska. It is common to
abundant in southeastern Ohio, becoming less abundant to
rare in other parts of State. One usually finds it on dry,
sandy soil, but it makes its best growth along moist foothills.
Toward its southern limits it becomes 80 feet high and 3
feet in diameter. No other oak can equal the Scarlet Oak
in brilliant foliage. It is being used more extensively for
ornamental purposes in the eastern states.

64

Common Trees

PIN OAK

Quercus palustris, Muench

THE Pin Oak, also called Spanish Oak and Swamp Oak,
is one of the most attractive oaks native to North
America. Its trunk usually remains unbranched and the
lateral branches take a horizontal position along the middle
of the trunk. At the bottom they are drooping and those
at the tip arc ascending.

The leaves are simple, al-
ternate, 4 to 6 inches long, 2
to 4 inches wide, 5 to 9-
lobed. Lobes are bristle-
tipped and separated by deep
clefts. They resemble those
of the Scarlet Oak, but are
coarser and less lustrous.

The flowers are similar to
those of other oaks.

The fruit is a tiny acorn,
maturing in two seasons.
The cup is thin, shallow,
saucer-shaped, about J^ of
an inch across. The nut is light brown, often striped, about
14 of an inch long.

The bark is rather smooth, grayish, or dark-brown. The
twigs are smooth, shiny, grayish-brown. The branches arc
thickly set, with stiff, pin-like twigs, whence its name Pin
Oak. The buds are small, smooth, light-brown.

The wood is rather heavy, hard and strong. It warps
and checks freely. It is used for fuel, ties and general con-
struction work.

The Pin Oak is found from Massachusetts to Michigan
south to Tennessee and Oklahoma. It is common through-
out Ohio. Rich bottomland, borders of swamps and river
banks are its favorite home. It is a medium-sized tree, reach-
ing a height of 100 or more feet and a diameter of 3 feet. It
is reported that sandhill cranes build in the tops of Pin Oaks,
near Columbus, about 140 feet high, apparently because they
are the tallest trees in the woods. It grows rapidly, produces
a fair quality wood, is well adapted for shade, park, and
street planting.

PIN OAK

Leaf and aeoms, one-third natural aiaie.

Twig, one-half natural fize.

OF Ohio

65

SHINGLE OAK

Quercus imbricaria, Michaux

THE Shingle Oak, also called Laurel Oak, is among the
unique oaks of eastern North America. At first glance
it appears to be an over-size laurel, but a close examination
reveals acorns, placing it definitely among the oaks.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 4 to 6 inches long, 1
to 2 inches wide, wedge-
shaped at base, sharp-pointed
at apex, smooth along mar-
gin. Mature leaves are dark
green and shiny above and
pale below.

The flowers are similar to
those of other oaks.

The fruit is a small acorn
maturing in two seasons.
The nut is egg-shaped, about
J^ of an inch long, dark
brown. The cup is saucer-
shaped, reddish-brown, en-
closing almost ^ of nut.

The bark is light to grayish-brown, becomes rough with
shallow furrows. On young trunks it is smooth and shiny.
The twigs are smooth, shiny and dark brown. The buds
are about % of an inch long, chestnut-brown.

The wood is rather heavy, hard and strong. It is used
for fuel, shingles, and locally for lumber.

The Shingle Oak is found from Pennsylvania to Michi-
gan, south to Georgia and Arkansas. The most eastern
station is near Dorney's Park, in Lehigh county, Pennsyl-
vania. In Ohio it is generally distributed throughout the
State, becoming less frequent in the western part. - Rich,
moist bottomlands are its favorite home, where it may
reach a height of 80 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. The
attractive form and beautiful foliage of this tree recom-
mend it for ornamental planting. It has a rather poor
form and is short-lived. It hybridizes freely with other
oaks.

SHINGLE OAK
One-fourth natural size.

66

Common Trees

AMERICAN ELM

Ulmus americana, Linnaeus

OF all trees native to North America, the American Elm,
also called White Elm and Water Elm, is probably
the best known and most admired. For beauty, grace and
stateliness this tree has few, if any, superiors. It is planted
widely as a shade and ornamental tree.

The leaves are
simple, alternate, 4
to 6 inches long, un-
equally based. The
veins run straight
from midrib to the
doubly-toothed mar-
gins.

The flowers ap-
pear early in spring
before the leaves.
They are greenish
and occur in small
drooping clusters.

The fruit is a
small seed, sur-
rounded completely
by a thin, flat, mem-
brane-like wing. It matures after the flowers and is about
3^ of an inch across.

The bark is grayish-brown, rather thick, roughened by
shallow furrows, sometimes flaky or corky. The twigs arc
smooth, reddish-brown, marked with obscure pale breath-
ing pores. The leaf-scars are marked with three distinct
bundle-scars. The buds are egg-shaped, usually smooth,
covered with 6 to 10 overlapping reddish-brown scales with
darker margins.

The wood is heavy, hard, tough, rather durable, dark
brown to red. with lighter sapwood. It is used for bar-
rels, agricultural implements, posts, ties, and novelties.

The American Elm has a total range of more than
2,500,000 square miles. It extends from Newfoundland
west to the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 3,000 miles,
and south to Florida and Texas, a distance of 1,200 miles.
It is common throughout Ohio, being most abundant in the
northern and northwestern parts. It often reaches a height
of 80 to 100 feet and a diameter of 2 to 4 feet.

As a forest tree, the American Elm stands in the front
rank. Its wide range, good wood, rapid growth and adap-
tation to a wide range of soils, suggest good care and pro-
tection for this tree.

AMERICAN ELM
One-fourth natural size.

OF Ohio

67

SLIPPERY ELM

Ulmus fulva, Michaux

THE Slippery Elm, also called Red Elm and Moose Elm,
has been a well-known tree ever since the pioneer
hunters and early travellers learned that its bark has excel-
lent properties for quenching thirst and staying hunger. The
bark is still held in esteem for the treatment of throat
trouble, fevers and
inflammation.

The leaves are
simple, alternate, 5 to
7 inches long, rough,
unequally based,
doubly toothed on
margin.

The greenish
flowers appear early
in spring before the
leaves. They occur
in few-flowered clus-
ters along twigs.

The fruit is a
small seed surround-
ed completely by a
thin, flat, membrane-
1 i k e wing. It is
about >2 of an inch
across and matures
shortly after the
flowers.

The bark is dark

brown tinged with red, becomes rough and furrowed. Inner
bark is slippery, fragrant, mucilaginous. The twigs are
grayish and rather rough when mature. The buds are dark
chestnut-brown, covered with about 12 hairy rusty-brown
scales.

The wood is heavy, hard, tough, dark brown to red,
with light sapwood. It is used for barrels, agricultural
implements, posts, ties, novelties and many special uses.

The Slippery Elm is found from the Valley of the St.
Lawrence, south to Florida and west to North Dakota and
Texas. It occurs throughout Ohio. The rich soils of the
lowlands, coves, and moist foothills are its favorite home.

In addition to the two native elms, the English Elm
(Ulmus campestris, Linnaeus) has been planted locally
throughout Ohio.

SLIPPERY ELM

One-fourth natural size.

Twig section, leaf-scar and flowers, enlarged.

68

Common Trees

HACKBERRY

Celtis occidentalis, Linnaeus

THE Hackberry, also called Sugarberry, Nettle-tree, and
Hack-tree, is not important as a timber tree but it pro-
duces sweet berries relished by birds, opossums and raccoons.

The leaves are simple, alternate, ovate, 2 to 4 inches long,
finely toothed along margin, sharp-pointed, rounded and
often lopsided at base,
rough on upper surface,
with prominent primary
veins.

The flowers arc small,
greenish and borne on
slender stalks. The fruit
is a round, dark purple
berry about ^ of an inch
in diameter. It matures
about September, hangs
far into winter, and is
eaten freely by birds and
other animals.

The grayish-b r o w n
bark ranges from smooth,
like that of the beech, to
very rough. Hard wart-
like bark projections are
common on medium-sized
trees. The twigs are slen-
der, tend to zigzag, and
are often grouped in dense
clusters known as
"witches-brooms." They

contain a pith that is made up of thin white plates separated
by wide air spaces. This is known as "chambered pith."

The wood is yellowish, rather heavy, and coarse-grained.
It is used chiefly for crates, boxes, handles and agricultural
implements.

The Hackberry covers a range of 2,000,000 square miles
from New England to the Pacific Coast and south to Florida
and Texas. It is common in southwestern and western
Ohio, becoming rare in the southeastern and northeastern
parts. It prefers rich moist soil, is often found near streams,
but also occurs on dry rocky bluffs. It is rarely over 50
feet high.

HACKBERRY

One-fourth naturnl size.

Twig section, flowers and leaf-acar,

enlarged.

OF Ohio

69

RED MULBERRY

Morus rubra, Linnaeus

THE Red Mulberry, also known as Black Mulberry and
more frequently called "Mulberry," came into the lime-
light in the early days of American history. The early pio-
neers were inspired with the false hope that it was a new
source of food for the silkworm. The outcome was alto-
gether disappointing.

The leaves are simple,
alternate, 3 to 5 inches
long, roundish, short-tip-
ped, deep green and with
deeply sunken veins on
upper surface. Some leaves
are lobed and resemble an
ordinary mitten. The leaf-
stalks give a milky secre-
tion upon being squeezed.

The flowers are of two
kinds. Pollen-bearing and
seed-producing occur in
short drooping tassels.

The fruit is a soft,
fleshy, dark red to black
aggregation of m a n y -
seeded berries. They are
sweet, juicy, and greatly
relished by man, birds, and various other animals.

The bark is rather thin, dark, grayish-brown, begins to
roughen about the third year, peels off in thin scales. The
twigs are smooth, clean, light greenish-brown, and bear oval,
hollowed-out leaf-scars dotted with numerous bundle-scars.
The bowl-shaped leaf-scars are helpful in recognizing this
tree in winter.

The wood is soft, light, not strong, orange yellow to
brown. It is durable in contact with soil, and used chiefly
for fence posts.

The Red Mulberry, which rarely exceeds 50 feet in
height and 2 feet in diameter, is the only mulberry native
to North America. It grows from Massachusetts west to
Kansas and south to Texas and Florida. It occurs locally
throughout Ohio, being common in the southern and north-
western parts and becoming rare in the northern part of the
State. Rich moist soils of valleys and foothills is its favo-
rite home. The tree should be protected to insure a food
supply for birds.

RED MULBERRY

One-fourth natural size.

Twig section, natural size. Leaf-scar,

enlarged.

70

Common Trees

TULIP TREE

Liriodendton tulipifera, Linnaeus

THE Tulip Tree, also called Yellow Poplar, and White-
wood is one of the most distinctive of American trees.
The leaves are simple, alternate, usually 4-lobed, 4 to 6
inches across, appear to have tips cut off at right angle to

TULIP TREE
Leaf and flower, one-third natural size. Twig, two-thirde natural size.

Stem, and are long-stalked. At the base of each leaf-stalk are
two leaf-appendages.

The flowers are tulip-like, 1 5^ to 2 inches deep, green-
ish-yellow with 3 reflexed sepals and 6 petals.

The fruit is made up of long winged nutlets arranged in
light brown, cone-like clusters 2j^ to 3 inches long.

The bark when young is smooth, bitter, ash-gray to
brown, mottled with light blotches. On old trunks it be-
comes thick, brown, deeply furrowed. The twigs arc
smooth, shiny, stout, reddish-brown, marked with pale
obscure breathing pores. Complete rings of stipule-scars sur-
round twigs. The buds arc smooth, flattened, }i. to j/i of
an inch long, blunt-pointed, reddish-brown, covered with
one pair of bud-scales. Within buds arc small miniature
leaves.

The wood is soft, not strong, light, white-yellowish to
brownish, works easily. It is used for furniture interior
finishings, woodcnware, novelties, house siding and in
veneering.

The Tulip Tree is found from Rhode Island to Michigan,
south to Florida and Arkansas. It is common throughout
Ohio, being most abundant in the southeastern part of the
State. Deep, rich, moist soil is its favorite home. It fre-
quently reaches a height of 80 feet and a diameter of 5 feet.

OF Ohio

71

CUCUMBER TREE

Magnolia acuminata, Linnaeus

THE hardiest Magnolia native to eastern North America
is the Cucumber Tree. In appearance it suggests a
tropical tree for its leaves and flowers are large.

T^he leaves are simple, alternate, thin, egg-shaped, 4 to 12
inches long, pointed at apex, smooth along margin.

The flowers arc
large, upright, soli-
tary, bell-s h a p e d
about 3 inches long,
greenish tinged with
yellow, scarcely per-
ceptible among mass
of foliage. The fruit
is a red cucumber-like
mass, 2 to 3 inches
long, containing scar-
let, pea-size seeds sus-
pended by long slen-
der white threads at
maturity.

The bark is gray-
ish to brown, breaks
up into long furrows.
The twigs arc
smooth, shiny, bit-
ter, rather stout,
brown, marked with
crescent-shaped leaf-
scars. The buds are
conical, sharp-point-
ed, about }4 of an
inch long, pale silky.

The wood is soft,
not strong, brittle,
light yellowish to
reddish-brown. It is used for the same purposes as Yellow
Poplar.

The Cucumber Tree is found from western New York
south to Illinois, Georgia and Arkansas. It is found locally
throughout Ohio. It is most abundant in the northeastern
part of the State. Nearly all has been cut out of the hills
of southeastern Ohio. Rich moist woods with abundant
sunlight are its favorite home. It reaches a height of 80 to
90 feet and a diameter of 3 to 4 feet. Good wood, rapid
growth, few foes arc among its principal merits. It is a
beautiful tree for lawns and parks.

CUCUMBER TREE

One-fourth natural size.

Seeds and twig sections, enlarged.

72

Common Trees

SASSAFRAS

Sassafras variifolium, (Salisbury) Kuntze

THE Sassafras, also called Sassafrac and Saxifrax, is a
distinctive tree. It is recorded that Sassafras bark and
roots were among the first cargo shipped from the American
colonies. The bark and roots are still used locally in the
manufacture of sassafras tea.

The leaves are sim-
p 1 e, alternate, e g g -
shaped, 4 to 6 inches
long, usually smooth
along margin. S o m e -
times 2 to 5-lobed
leaves arc found on
same twig with the nor-
mal leaves.

The flowers appear
with the leaves and arc
of two kinds. They
are greenish-yellow, and
arranged in loose,
short-stalked clusters.

The fruit is a dark
blue, shiny berry borne
on a stout red stem. It
is excellent bird food.

The bark becomes
rough early. On old
trunks is r e d d i s fa-
brown, deeply fur-
rowed, separates in thin
scales. The twigs are
rather brittle, yellow-
ish green, aromatic,
sometimes hairy. The

inner bark is very mucilaginous. The buds arc about 3/5 of
an inch long, slightly hairy, greenish, covered with a few
bud-scales.

The wood is soft, brittle, rather durable, aromatic, dull
orange-brown, with light sapwood. It is used for posts,
rails, furniture, interior finishing, crates, coffins.

The Sassafras is found from Massachusetts to Florida and
west to Michigan and Texas. It occurs throughout Ohio.
In the southeastern part it is locally abundant. Here it
sometimes forms thickets with Sumac and Persimmon. It
rarely exceeds 70 feet in height and 3 feet in diameter.

SASSAFRAS

One-fourth natural size.

Single flowers and bud, enlarged.

OF Ohio

73

T

SWEET GUM

Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linnaeus

HE Sweet Gum, also called Red Gum and Liquidambar.
is a handsome tree native locally in southern Ohio.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 3 to 5 inches long,
broader than long, star-shaped, six-pointed. In autumn they
turn to a pale orange to deep red, and when crushed give off
fragrant odor.

The flowers arc
green and of two kinds.
Pollen-bearing are ar-
ranged in tassels 2 to 3
inches long. Seed-pro-
ducing occur in long-
stalked heads.

The fruit is a long-
stalkcd round head
made up of many cap-
sules each containing
many small seeds.

The bark on older
trunks is deeply fur-
rowed, grayish-brown,
and scaly. On younger
trunks it is smoother
and dark gray. The
twigs are stout, angular,
smooth, with corky
winged projections. The
buds are sharp-pointed, lustrous brown, fragrant when

crushed.

The wood is rather hard, strong, reddish-brown, with
white sapwood. It is used for boxes, crates, furniture and
interior finishing. Large quantities are used in imitation
of Circassian Walnut.

The Sweet Gum grows naturally from Connecticut to
Florida and as far south as Guatemala. In the swamps of
the Coastal Plains it reaches a height of 120 feet and a diam-
eter of 4 feet. In Ohio it occurs locally in Gallia, Lawrence,
Scioto, Adams, Brown and Greene Counties. It is being
planted extensively as an ornamental tree. This tree has a
symmetrical form, grows rapidly, produces unique leaves,
and has few enemies.

SWEET GUM
One-fourth natural siie.

74

Common Trees

T

SYCAMORE

Platanus occidentalis, ^Linnaeus

HE Sycamore, also called Buttonball, Buttonwood and
Plane Tree is the most massive tree of Ohio.

The leaves are simple, alternate, broadly ovate, 3 to 5-
lobed, 4 to 10 inches across, bright green above, pale green
and white woolly below. The leaf -stalks are about 2 inches
long, enlarged and hol-
lowed at base.

The flowers arc of
two kinds, occur in
dense ball-like heads,
attached to twigs by
long slender stalks.

The fruit consists of
tiny seeds, arranged in
ball-like heads about 1
inch in diameter, at-
tached to twigs by long
slender stalks.

The bark on old

trunks is rather thick,
dark brown, peels off in
broad scales. On young
stems and the upper
part of larger trunks it
peels off in thin scales
exposing white, green-
ish and yellowish inner
bark. The twigs are
rather stout, at first
green and fuzzy, later
grayish to brown and
smooth. The buds arc

about

of an inch

SYCAMORE

One-fourth natural size.

Flowera and twig sections, enlarged.

Ter-

long, conical, dull-pointed, smooth, reddish-brown,
^ninal bud is absent.

The wood is hard, strong, reddish-brown. It is used for
boxes, furniture, novelties, charcoal, chemicals.

The Sycamore is native from Maine to Minnesota and
south to Florida and Texas. Moist to wet fertile soil is
its favorite home. This tree is generally distributed through-
out Ohio along streams and in other moist to wet places,
but is not common in the northern part of the State. The
Oriental Plane Tree, a close relative of our Sycamore, has
been planted in Ohio for ornamental purposes.

OF Ohio

75

PAPAW

Asimina triloba, Dunal

THE Papaw is a dainty tree rarely exceeding 30 feet in
height. A mere glance at its broad leaves suggests that
it has escaped from the tropics and its fruit resembles a
stubby banana.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 4 to 12 inches long, thin
in texture, short-
pointed, long taper-
ing at base, smooth
on margin.

The flowers are
large, 1 to 1 ^ inches
wide, solitary, at first
green, later reddish,
occur below leaves,
are borne on short
stalks.

The fruit suggests
a stubby banana, 3
to 5 inches long, at
first green, yellowish
to dark brown when
ripe, contains many
dark brown shiny
flat seeds throughout
the flesh. It is edible.

The bark is thin,
smooth, dark brown,
often dotted with
light blotches. The
twigs are rather slen-
der, smooth, olive
brown, enlarged at
nodes. The buds are
brown, naked, hairy.
Terminal bud is large and flattened. Flower buds are round,
1/6 of an inch in diameter, very hairy, dark brown.

The wood is soft, weak, yellowish to brown. It is not
used commercially.

The Papaw is found from western New York and New
Jersey, south to Florida and west to Michigan and Texas.
This tree occurs locally in northern Ohio, and becomes com-
mon in the southern part of the State, where it locally forms
thickets on waste areas. This tree deserves to be planted
ornamentally because of its tropical leaves, unique flowers,
and peculiar fruit.

PAPAW

One-foarth natural size.
Twig section and bud, enlarged.

76

Common Trees

WILD BLACK CHERRY

Prunus serotina, Ehrhart

THE Wild Black Cherry, also called Wild Cherry, Black
Cherry, Rum Cherry, and Cabinet Cherry is the only
native cherry that reaches large tree size. It often attains
a height of 75 feet and a diameter of 3 feet.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 2 to 5 inches long, long-
pointed, finely toothed
along margin, rather thick,
shiny on upper surface
and paler below.

The flowers are white,
about J4 of an inch across,
arranged in spikes 3 to 4
inches long.

The fruit is a purplish-
black juicy berry, about
one-third of an inch in
diameter, grouped in
drooping clusters.

The bark on young
trunks is smooth, glossy,
reddish-brown marked
with conspicuous white,
horizontally e 1 o n gated
breathing pores, peels off
in thin film-like layers ex-
posing green inner bark.
On old trunks it becomes

black, rough, breaks up into thick plates. The twigs are
smooth, reddish-brown marked with numerous small whit-
ish breathing pores. Twigs and inner bark have bitter
taste and unpleasant odor. The buds are about H of an inch
long, smooth, glossy, reddish-brown, covered with about 4
visible scales.

The wood is moderately heavy, hard, and strong, fine-
grained, with reddish-brown heartwood. It is durable and
used for furniture, interior finishings, tools, ties, implements
and high-class panels.

The Wild Black Cherry is found from Nova Scotia south
to Florida and west to Kansas and Texas. It is generally
distributed throughout Ohio. In the hilly section in the
southeastern part of the State it usually occurs on eastern
and northern exposures. Rich bottom-lands and moist hill-
sides are its favorite home. We need its fine wood, the birds
eat its fruit, and the bees frequent its flowers. The closely
related Choke Cherry also occurs throughout Ohio.

WILD BLACK CHERRY
One-fourth natural size.

OF Ohio

n

THE HAWTHORNS— Crataegus

THE Hawthorns comprise a big group of small trees.
There are more than 30 common species. If one ob-
serves their flowers and fruit it is easy to see that they are
closely related to the apples, plums and peaches. The most

COCKSPUR THORN
One-foorth natural size.

distinctive feature of their make-up is their stiff thorns on the
zigzag branches.

Two common Hawthorns are the Cockspur Thorn and
the Scarlet Thorn. The Cockspur Thorn (Crataegus crus-
galli, Linnaeus) may be recognized by its long, usually un-
branched, chestnut brown thorns, its inversely ovate leaves,
alid its small nearly spherical buds. The white flowers are
grouped in round-topped clusters, and the bright apple-like
scarlet fruit persists far into winter. This small tree is com-
mon throughout Ohio.

The Scarlet Hawthorn (Crataegus coccinea, Linnaeus)
can be recognized by its ovate leaves, and its round, reddish-
brown fruit. Both the leaves and the fruit show a tendency
to be hairy. The leaves are 5 to 9-Iobed, often deep-deft
and finely toothed along the margin. The nearly round
chestnut brown buds and the slender, straight thorns are
also helpful in recognizing this small tree which is found in
meadow pastures, abandoned fields, and waste places generally
throughout Ohio. Its abundant bloom, rich scarlet fruit
and attractive autumnal foliage recommend it highly for
ornamental planting.

78

Common Trees

SHAD BUSH

Amelanchier canadensis (Linnaeus) Medicus

THE Shad Bush, also called Service Berry. June Berry
and Sarvice, is one of the most conspicuous small trees
when m full bloom early in spring. The early settlers ob-
served that It was in full bloom when the shad ascended the
fivers to spawn.

The leaves arc sim-
ple, alternate, egg-
shaped, 3 to 4 inches
long, sharp-pointed,
finely toothed along
margin, when young
finely hairy, later
smooth.

The flowers appear '*';
just when the leaves
start to come out. They
are white, slender-
stalked, arranged in
drooping clusters 3 to 5
inches long.

The fruit is a red-
d i s h-p u r p I e, sweet |
berry, about one-third
of an inch in diameter, <
coated with whitish
bloom when fully ripe.
It matures in June or
July.

The bark is usually smooth, grayish, often marked with
black streaks. The twigs are slender, bright green to pur-
plish-brown, smooth. The buds are slender, conical, ^ of
an inch long, 3 to 4 times as long as wide, sharp-pointed,
greenish-brown.

The wood is heavy, hard, light to dark brown, checks
and warps easily.

The Shad Bush is found from Newfoundland west to
Kansas and south to Florida and Louisiana. It occurs locally
throughout Ohio. It is usually found solitary or in small
clumps. Along the border of forests, along fences, roads
and water courses one usually finds this small tree that rarely
exceeds 25 feet in height and 12 inches in diameter. Its fine
floral beauty recommends the protection of this beautiful
tree which also yields delicious berries for man. birds and
other animals.

SHAD BUSH
One-fourth natural size.
Flower, fruit and twig section, enlarsred.

OF Ohio

79

COMMON LOCUST

Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, Linnaeus

THE Common Locust, also called Black Locust, Yellow
Locust, and Acacia, is a valuable, and when in full
bloom, a beautiful forest tree. It is unquestionably the best-
known American pod-bearing tree.

The leaves are alternate, 8 to 14 inches long, compound,
with 7 to 21 leaflets.
Leaflets are usually odd in
number, short-stalked, 1
to 2 inches long.

The flowers appear in
May or June, arc cream-
white, fragrant, resemble a
pea blossom, are arranged
in drooping clusters 4 to 5
inches long. The fruit is
a small, dark-brown, thin
pod, 2 to 4 inches long,
j4 of an inch wide, con-
tains 4 to 8 small brown
seeds. The bark on both
young and old trunks is
reddish-brown, b e comes
thick, deeply furrowed.

The twigs arc stout, brit-
tle, greenish to reddish-
brown, bear two short
spines at each node. The
buds are small, imbedded
in bark, and 3 to 4 occur
above each other. The
wood is yellowish-brown,
very heavy, hard and dur-
able. It is used for posts, insulator pins, ties, fuel and ship-
building.

The Common Locust is found from the mountains of
Pennsylvania, south to Georgia, west to Iowa and Kansas.
It occurs locally throughout Ohio and is abundant in the
southeastern part of the State. A large number of thrifty
groves occur throughout the State. Locally it has escaped
cultivation. The most vigorous growth is made on moist
fertile soil. In youth it is a rather attractive tree, especially
when in full bloom. Its valuable wood and rapid growth
recommend it for planting, especially where the Locust Borer
need not be feared.

COMMON LOCUST

One-fourth natural size.
Twig sections, enlarged.

80

Common Trees

HONEY LOCUST

Gleditsia tciacanthos, Linnaeus

THE Honey Locust, also called Sweet Locust, Thorn
Tree and Thrce-thorned Acacia, is the most beautiful
large pod-bearing tree of Ohio.

The leaves are alternate, singly or doubly compound, 7
to 8 inches long. When singly compound they have 18 to
28 leaflets, and when
doubly compound have
8 to 14 pinnae each
with 18 to 20 leaflets.

The flowers are
greenish, appear about
May or June, and are of
two kinds. The pollen-
bearing arc arranged in
short tassels; the pod-
bearing occur in few-
flowered clusters.

The fruit is a thin,
flat, more or less twist-
ed, reddish-brown pod,
10 to 18 inches long,
containing many small
flat seeds and often per-
sist far into winter.

The bark on young ^ . ^ honey locust

' * u Twig, natural size. Leaves, pod and thorn,
Stems is smooth, One-fourth natural size.

brownish, dotted with

many oblong breathing pores. On old trunks it becomes
grayish-brown to black and roughened with shallow fur-
rows and firm ridges. The branches and trunk usually bear
very distinctive, large, three-pronged sharp-pointed thorns.
The twigs arc smooth, glossy, greenish-brown. The buds
arc very small, usually 3 at a node, and placed above one
another.

The wood is hard, heavy, strong, reddish-brown with
pale sapwood. It is rather durable in contact with soil and
used for posts, rails, and general construction work.

The Honey Locust has a rather extensive range from On-
tario to Kansas and south to Pennsylvania, Florida and
Texas. It occurs locally throughout Ohio, but is most coin-
mon in the southwestern section. It has been planted in
some localities for ornamental purposes. Under favorable
conditions it will grow to a height of 80 feet and a diam-
eter of 4 feet. It is a handsome park tree and is growing
in favor for ornamental planting.

OF Ohio

81

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE

Gymnocladus dioica (Linnaeus) Koch

THE Kentucky Coffee Tree, also called Coffee Nut, Nig-
ger Tree, and Mahogany has unusual characteristics.

The leaves are alternate, twice and sometimes thrice com-
pound, 1 to 3 feet long, 1 3^2 to 2 feet wide. Leaflets are
egg-shaped, about 2 inches long, sharp-pointed at apex,
smooth to wavy along margin.

The flowers appear
about June and are
of two kinds. The
pollen-bearing are
greenish-white, a r -
ranged in clusters 3
to 4 inches long. The
pod-producing are
greenish-white and
grouped in clusters 6
to 8 inches long.

The fruit is a
broad, flat, thick,
stubby, reddish-
brown pod, 4 to 10
inches long, 2 to 4
inches broad. Pods
contain 6 to 9 mar-
ble-like brown seeds
and often persist far
into winter.

The bark is dark
gray to blackish-
brown, roughened by
long, shallow, fur-
rows. The twigs arc
very stout, greenish-
brown, often covered
with a crusty coating, marked with large, broadly heart-
shaped leaf-scars and contain wide pinkish to brown 'pith.
The buds are small, downy, almost entirely imbedded in
twigs, surrounded by hairy ring of bark, often placed above
one another in close formation.

The wood is rather heavy, coarse-grained, light brown to
reddish-brown. It is used for posts, rails, and locally for
general construction work.

The Kentucky Coffee Tree is found from central New
York to Tennessee, west of Minnesota and Oklahoma. It
is common on limestone soils of southern and southwestern
Ohio. It is rare north of Franklin County, and seldom
found in unglaciated section in southeastern part of State.

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE

One-fourth natural size.

Twig section natural size.

82

Common Trees

REDBUD

Cercis canadensis, Linnaeus

THE Redbud, also called Judas Tree, is one of the most
attractive of our small trees. No native tree has more
striking distinguishing characteristics.

The leaves are simple, alternate, heart-shaped,
inches long, point«J at apex, entire on margin.

The flowers a^^pear be-
fore the leaves, resemble
sweet peas, are brilliant
red, occur in numerous
clusters of 4 to 8 along
twigs.

The fruit is a small
rose-colored to light-
brown, short-stalked
thin, flat pod, 2J^ to 3

3 to 5

REDBUD
One-fourth natural siie.
Twig sections, enlarged.

inches long, about >4 of
an inch wide, contains 4
to 8 light-brown flat
seeds.

The bark is thin, red-
dish-b r o w n, peels off^
into thin scales. The
twigs are slender, smooth,
light-brown, covered with
numerous small breathing
pores. The buds are small,
spherical }i of an inch

across, dark purplish-red, usually occur one above another
and often are grouped in small clusters at base of lateral
branches.

The wood is heavy, hard, dark reddish-brown with light
sapwood. It is of no commercial importance.

The Redbud is found from Ontario to Minnesota, south
to Florida and Arkansas. It is found locally throughout
Ohio, except the northeastern part of the State. In south-
western Ohio it is abundant. Rich fertile lowlands and
moist hillsides are its favorite home.

It is difficult to tell at which season of the year the Red-
bud is most beautiful. Its spring robe of brilliant red blos-
soms is glorious, its summer dress is resplendent, its autumn
garb of yellow trimmed with purplish pods is truly beau-
tiful, and its winter appearance is most charming.

OF Ohio

83

AILANTHUS

Ailanthus glandulosa, Desfontaines

THE Ailanthus. also called Tree of Heaven, Chinese
Sumac, and Paradise Tree came to this country from
China about 150 years ago, and was planted first near Phila-
delphia. The leaves are alternate compound, with 11 to 31
leaflets, occasionally 3 feet long. Leaflets are 3 to 5 inches

AILANTHUS

One-fourth natural size.

Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf-scar, slightly enlarged.

long, egg-shaped, long-pointed at apex, smooth along mar-
gin except for a few teeth near base. They produce unpleas-
ant smell when crushed. Glands are usually present near
base of leaflets.

The flowers are small, greenish, of two kinds and arranged
in loose clusters. Pollen-bearing and seed-producing occur
on diff'crent trees. The fruit is a thin winged seed produced
in large clusters. The bark on young trees is smooth, thin,
light gray. On older trunks it becomes dark gray to black.
The twigs are very stout, yellowish-green to brown, cov-
ered with a velvety down, marked with ochre-colored breath-
ing pores and large heart-shaped leaf-scars with 8 to 14
groups of bundle-scars. The buds are small, round, red-
dish-brown. The wood is light, soft, weak, white to pale
yellow. It is well adapted to the manufacture of paper pulp.
The Ailanthus has been planted in all parts of Ohio. In
many places it has escaped cultivation and now forms dense
thickets. It is common along fences, in waste places, open
woods, and abandoned fields.

84

Common Trees

OHIO BUCKEYE

Aesculus glabra, Willdenotv

THIS is the tree that gave Ohio the distinctive name of
"Buckeye State." It is also called American Horse
Chestnut, Fetid Buckeye and Stinking Buckeye.

The leaves are opposite, compound, with 5, rarely 7 leaf-
lets. The leaflets are egg-shaped, 3 to 6 inches long. If
crushed the leaves are
ill-smelling. This is
one of the first of
our trees to put out
leaves in spring.

The flowers are
small, yellowish or
greenish, with 4 up-
right petals. They
are arranged in up-
right clusters 5 to 6
inches high and 2 to
3 inches wide. The
stamens project be-
y o n d the corolla.
This is one charac-
teristic by which the
Ohio Buckeye can be
distinguished from
the Sweet Buckeye.

The fruit is a
thick, round or pear-
shaped prickly or
warty capsule, about
1 inch in diameter,
containing a large,
smooth, shiny brown

nut. It resembles ohio buckeye

closely the fruit of the Common Horse Chestnut. The bark
is grayish, breaks into scaly plates. The twigs are stout,
ashy-gray to reddish-brown, ill-smelling if bruised. The
buds are opposite, 2/3 of an inch long, sharp-pointed, cov-
ered with reddish-brown resinous scales. The wood is soft,
weak, whitish to pale yellow. It is used for paper pulp,
woodenware, artificial limbs, and occasionally as lumber.

The Ohio Buckeye ranges from western Pennsylvania,
south to Alabama, west through Ohio to Illinois, Iowa and
Oklahoma. It is generally distributed throughout Ohio, be-
coming less common in the southeastern part. It is usually
found in moist flood plains, and locally on dry hills. It is
often planted for ornamental purposes.

OF Ohio

85

SWEET BUCKEYE

Aesculus octandra, Marshall

THE Sweet Buckeye, also called Yellow Buckeye, and
Big Buckeye, is the largest member of this interesting
tree group. It may reach a height of 1 1 0 feet and a diam-
eter of four feet.

The leaves are opposite, compound, with 5 and sometimes
7 leaflets. Its leaves,
flowers, fruits, bark,
twigs and buds re-
semble those of the
Ohio Buckeye. It
can be distinguished
from the latter by its
smoother and lighter
colored bark. The
capsule of its fruit is
smooth while that of
the Ohio Buckeye is
warty or spiny. The
anthers of its flowers
remain within the
corolla, while those
of the Ohio Buckeye
extend out beyond
the corolla. The en-
tire lower leaf sur-
faces are more perma-
nently pubescent in
this tree than in the
Ohio Buckeye, and
the buds are non-
resinous. The latter
characteristic is very
helpful in distin-
guishing this tree
from the Horse
Chestnut which has very resinous buds.

The wood is light, soft, weak, whitish to pale yellow-
ish. It resembles Yellow Poplar, for which it is often sold.
It is used for paper pulp, woodenware, slack cooperage, arti-
ficial limbs, and locally for lumber and interior finishing.

The Sweet Buckeye ranges from western Pennsylvania
through southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to Iowa and
Oklahoma and south to Georgia and Texas. It is confined
to southern Ohio extending northward to Monroe and Fair-
field counties. Rich bottomlands and lower slopes are its
favorite home. It never occurs in pure stands, but is usually
found in mixture with other hardwoods. In some sections
of Ohio it is planted as an ornamental tree.

SWEET BUCKEYE

86

Common Trees

HORSE CHESTNUT

Aesculus Hippocastanum. Linnaeus

THE Horse Chestnut has been carried by man from its
original home in the mountains of Greece over a con-
siderable part of the civilized world.

The leaves are opposite, compound, with usually 5 to 7
leaflets. The leaflets are 5 to 7 inches long, about 2 inches

HORSE-CHESTNUT
One-third natural size. Twig, one-half natural sixe.

wide, inversely egg-shaped, arranged in fan-like form.

The flowers appear in May or June, are large, white,
with throats dotted with yellow and purple, arranged in
upright clusters 8 to 12 inches high. The fruit is a leathery
round capsule, about 2 inches across, roughened with spines,
and contain 1 to 3 shiny brown nuts.

The bark is dark brown, breaks up into thin plates which
peel off slowly. The twigs are stout, reddish-brown,
smooth, obscurely dotted with breathing pores, marked with
large horseshoe-like leaf-scars each with 5 to 7 groups of
bundle-scars. The buds are large, sticky, varnished, red-
dish-brown. The wood is soft, light, weak, whitish.

The Horse Chestnut is a sturdy, rapid-growing tree, now-
found in every state of the Union, and widely planted in
Ohio for ornamental uses.

OF Ohio

87

STAGHORN SUMAC

Rhus typhina, Linnaeus

THE Staghorn Sumac, also called Velvet Sumac, is the
largest of the native Sumacs. Under favorable condi-
tions it reaches a height of 35 feet and a diameter of 8 inches.

The leaves are alternate, 16 to 24 inches long, compound,
with 11 to 3 1 leaflets. Leaf-stalks are hairy. Leaf-scars
arc U-shaped and con-
tain 3 groups of small
greenish bundle-scars.

The flowers are small
greenish-yellow, appear
about May, occur in
pyramid-like panicles 5
to 12 inches long and 4
to 6 inches broad.

The fruit is a small
red drupe arranged in
conspicuous red heads 5
to 8 inches long and 4 ^,
to 6 inches broad. ^ff

The bark on old
trunks is rough, dark 1^
brown; on younger
trunks it is smooth,
thin, covered with nu-
merous yellowish-
brown dots. The twigs
are stout, clumsy, cov-
ered with a dense coat-
ing of velvety hairs,
contain a wide, yellow-
ish-brown pith, when
cut or bruised they yield

a milkv SaO. The buds Leaf-scars, seed, and single flowers, enlarged.

are small, round and
hairy.

The wood is soft, brittle, rather satiny to touch, orange-
colored streaked with green.

The Staghorn Sumac is found from New Brunswick to
Minnesota, south to Georgia and Alabama. It occurs locally
in practically all parts of Ohio. Fertile, dry uplands are
its favorite home. It is common on abandoned fields and
along fence rows. It is highly prized on account of its
autumnal foliage and the coloration of its fruit.

STAGHORN SUMAC
One-fourth natural size.

88 Common Trees

POISON SUMAC

Rhus Vernix, Linnaeus

THE Poison Sumac, also called Poison Elder, and Swamp
Sumac, differs from the other sumac in that it pro-
duces ivory-white fruit.

The leaves are alternate, 7 to 14 inches long, compound
with 7 to 13 leaflets. The leaflets are 3 to 4 inches long,

POISON SUMAC
One-half natural size.

narrowly egg-shaped, smooth along margin, dark green and
shiny above, pale on lower surface.

The flowers appear in June or July. The pollen-bear-
ing and seed-producing occur on different trees. They arc
small, yellowish-green, arranged in drooping panicles. The
fruit is small, round, glossy ivory-white drupe, arranged in
loose drooping clusters. The bark is smooth, somewhat
streaked, light to dark gray, marked with elongated dots.
The twigs are stout, orange-brown, smooth, glossy. The
buds are purplish, about two-fifths of an inch long, sharp-
pointed. The wood is soft, brittle, coarse-grained, light
yellow.

The Poison Sumac is found from Ontario to Minnesota
south to Florida and Louisiana. This small tree is rare in
Ohio, occurring in Geauga, Cuyahoga, Wayne, Wyandot,
Licking, Fairfield and a few other counties. Swamps, low
grounds and moist slopes are its favorite home. This tree is
one of our most poisonous plants. Some people are im-
mune from its attack while others are highly susceptible.

The Dwarf Sumac — Rhus copallina, Linnaeus — is an-
other of the non-poisonous Sumacs native in all parts of
Ohio, being most common in the southeast part. It rarely
exceeds 15 feet in height and may be distinguished by its
leaves with winged stalks and leaflets with smooth margins.

OF Ohio

89

SUGAR MAPLE

Acer saccharum, Marshall

THE Sugar Maple, also called Hard Maple and Pvock
Maple, is probably the best known American hard-
wood tree. It produces the delicious maple syrup and maple
sugar of commerce.

The leaves are simple, opposite, 3 to 5 inches long, coarsely
toothed, dark green
above and pale below.

The flowers are yel-
iowish-green, appear in
April and May with the
leaves. Both pollen-
bearing and seed-pro-
ducing occur in droop-
ing, s 1 e n d e r-stalked
clusters on the new
growth.

The fruit is a two-
winged maple key. The
wings are about an inch
long and are almost
parallel to each other or
slightly divergent.

The bark is grayish
to brownish black,
roughened with shallow
furrows. The twigs are
slender, smooth, red-
dish to orange brown,
marked with pale dots.
The buds are brown,
conical, sharp-pointed,
covered with 8 to 10
exposed scales.

The wood is heavy,
hard, close-grained, light brown to reddish. It is an all-
purpose wood, being manufactured into not less than 500
articles of commerce. ,» .

The Sugar Maple is found from Newfoundland to Mani-
toba, south to Florida and Texas. It occurs in every State
east of the Mississippi, but is rare in the South. It is gen-
erally distributed throughout Ohio, being abundant in the
Western Reserve. Under favorable conditions it reaches a
height of 100 feet and a diameter of 4 feet. As a timber
tree the Sugar Maple rates high in most of its range, as a
memorial tree it is among the best, and as an ornamental
and street tree it is in the front rank.

SUGAR MAPLE
One-fourth natural size.
Twig one-half natural size ; single flowers,
enlarged

90

Common Trees

SILVER MAPLE

Acer saccharinum, Linnaeus

THE Silver Maple, also called White Maple, Soft Maple
and River Maple, is one of the best known American
trees on account of its wide natural range and its general
use for shade and ornamental planting.

The leaves arc simple, opposite, 5-lobed, silvery white on
lower surface, divided by
deep clefts with rounded
bases. The base of the
clefts of the Red Maple
arc sharp-angled.

The flowers arc reddish
to crimson, occur in com-
pact clusters along twigs
early in spring before the
leaves appear.

The fruit is a typical
two-winged maple key.
The wings are 2 to 3
inches long and wide-
spreading. The fruit ma-
tures in early summer. It
falls to the ground shortly
after maturing and germi-
nates the same year.

The bark on branches
and young stems is smooth

and gray; on old trunks it becomes grayish brown and sepa-
rates in thin flakes. The twigs are slender, glossy, reddish-
brown, have disagreeable odor if broken, are marked with
many light dots. The buds are round, red, covered with 6
to 8 visible scales, clustered in groups along twigs.

The wood is soft to moderately hard, rather brittle, close-
grained, light brown with wide, white sapwood. It is used
in the manufacture of paper, berry baskets, box-boards and
many small household articles.

The Silver Maple is found from New Brunswick to
Florida and west to the Dakotas and Oklahoma. It is gen-
erally distributed throughout Ohio. Moist to wet soils,
stream banks, and borders of ponds and lakes are its favo-
rite home. This tree grows rapidly and may reach a height
of 80 feet and diameter of 3 feet. Formerly it was planted
extensively for ornamental purposes, but now it is rarely
planted for it is short-lived, has many enemies, and suffers
much from the wind, snow and ice.

SILVER MAPLE
One-fourth natural size.

OF Ohio

91

RED MAPLE

Acer tubrum, Linnaeus

AT all seasons of the year the Red Maple, also called
Scarlet Maple, Soft Maple, Swamp Maple and Water
Maple, is a beautiful red. In autumn it is at its best. Then
it stands out among its associates as a flaming torch of scar-
let and crimson.

The leaves are simple,
opposite, about 3 inches
long, 3 to 5 lobed, pale
green to whitish on lower
surface. The clefts be-
tween lobes are shallow
and sharp-angled.

The flowers arc red, ap-
pear early in spring before
the leaves, are arranged in
numerous small clusters.

The fruit is a typical
two-winged maple key.
The wings are less than
an inch long, and not
wide-spreading from each
other. The fruit matures
in early summer. It falls
shortly after maturing and
germinates the same year.

The bark on branches
and young trunks is

smooth and gray; on older trunks is grayish-brown and shags
off in small thin plates.

The twigs are smooth, red, marked with light dots. The
buds are round, red, covered with 6 to 8 exposed scales,
clustered in groups along twigs. They are similar to those
of the Silver Maple.

The wood is moderately hard, rather brittle, close-grained,
light brown with wide and white sapwood. It is used in
the manufacture of paper, berry baskets, box-boards and
many small household articles.

The Red Maple is one of the most widely distributed
trees of North America. It occurs locally throughout Ohio,
but is abundant only in the northeastern counties. Wet to
swampy situations, fertile lowlands, and moist hillsides are
its favorite home.

The Red Maple has rare beauty, produces good wood and
grows to a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 4 feet. For
ornamental planting it is superior to the Silver Maple.

RED MAPLE
One-fonrth natural size.

92

Common Trees

ASH-LEAVED MAPLE

Acer Negundo, Linnaeus

THE Ash-lcaved Maple, also called Box Elder and Water
Ash, is the only Ohio maple with compound leaves.
All other maples have simple leaves.

The leaves are opposite, compound, with 3 to 5 leaflets.
Leaflets are 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely toothed. The leaf-
scars completely
encircle the twigs.

The flowers are
yellowish-g r e c n
suspended on slen-
der stalks in small
open clusters. The
pollen-bearing and
the seed-producing
occur on diflferent
trees.

The fruit is a
typical two-
winged maple key,
which matures
about September,
occurs in drooping
clusters, often per-
sists far into win-
ter. The wings
are 1 ^ to 2
inches long, and usually incurved.

The bark on branches and young trunks is smooth and
grayish-brown; on older trunks becomes dark and breaks
up into shallow furrows. The twigs are stout, greenish to
purplish green, smooth, often covered with a whitish crusty
coating. The buds are rather large, egg-shaped, short-
stalked, white- woolly, grouped at nodes in clusters of 2 to 3.
The outer pair of bud-scales completely covers the inner
pair.

The wood is light, soft, close-grained, creamy white,
not durable. It is used in the manufacture of pulp, wooden-
ware, barrels and cheap furniture.

The natural range of Ash-leaved Maple is equalled by
few American trees. It covers almost three million square
miles from New England to Alberta, south to Florida,
Texas and Mexico. It occurs throughout Ohio but is not
common in the southwestern quarter of the State. In many
places it has escaped cultivation. Wet to moist sites along
streams and borders of lakes and ponds arc its favorite home.

ASH-LEAVED MAPLE

Leaf, one-third natural size. Twig and fruit,
two-thirds natural size.

OF Ohio

93

NORWAY MAPLE

Acer platanoides, Linnaeus

THE Norway Maple is one of the most popular street
trees in the United States. There are very few towns
and cities in which this tree is not found. It comes to us
from Europe where it is found from Norway to Switzer-
land.

The leaves resem-
ble those of the Sugar
Maple but are deeper
green in color and
firmer in texture. One
characte ristic by
which it can always
be distinguished is
the presence of milky
sap in the leaf-stalks.
If pressed or twist-
e d the leaf-stalks
always yield a few
drops of milky sap.
In early spring the
yellowish-green flow-
ers arranged in clus-
ters along the twigs
are distinctive. In
winter the large, red,
blunt-pointed glossy
buds are a sure means
of identification. In
late summer the large
fruit keys with wide-
spreading wings ripen
and may hang on the
tree for months.

NORWAY MAPLE
One-half natural size.

The Norway Maple has many merits as a street tree. It
is hardy, rather free from disease and insect attacks, retains
its leaves longer than the native maples, and endures well
the smoke, dust and drought of the city. It has been widely
planted as an ornamental tree throughout Ohio.

Another European maple has been planted locally in Ohio.
It is the Sycamore Maple (Acer Pseudo-platanus, Linnaeus) .
It can be distinguished easily by its firm, 3 to 5-lobed leaves
with sharply toothed margins, and its large, blunt-pointed
green buds. The fruit keys are smaller than those of the
Norway Maple. It does not thrive on all kinds of soil.

94

Common Trees

BASSWOOD

Tilia americana, Linnaeus

THE Basswood is a tree of many names. Among them
are Linden, Lynn, Lime-tree, White-wood, Beetree and
VVhistle-wood.

The leaves are simple, alternate, egg-shaped to round, 4
to 7 inches long, firm in texture, toothed along margin, un-
equally heart-shaped at
base, tufts of rusty hair
often occur in axils of
veins.

The flowers appear in
June or July. They are
small, yellowish-white,
sweet, fragrant, 5 to 20 in
a cluster, attached to a
wing-like bract by a slen-
der stalk.

The fruit is a woody
nut-like berry about the
size of a pea. It usually
occurs in small clusters at-
tached to a wing-like bract
by slender stalks, often
persists far into winter.

The bark on young
stems is smooth and dark
gray, on older trunks it
becomes thick and clearly
furrowed.

BASSWOOD

One-fourth natural size.

Twijr, one-half natural size. Flower,

leaf-scar and twig section,

enlarged.

The twigs are smooth,
shiny, rather stout, bright
red. The buds are egg-
shaped, 2-ranked, stout,
blunt-pointed, usually
deep red, with 3 visible bud-scales.

The wood is light, soft, light-brown to nearly white. It
is used in the manufacture of paper pulp, crates, furniture,
kegs, pails, berry baskets.

The Basswood is found from New Brunswick to Mani-
toba, southward to Georgia and Texas. It is common
throughout Ohio. In the southeastern part of the State it
is confined to stream basins, ravines and coves. Rich, moist
bottomlands and hillsides are its favorite home. It reaches
a height of 70 to 80 feet and sprouts freely. It is a hand-
some shade tree, transplants easily, grows rapidly, and pro-
duces useful wood.

OF Ohio

95

T

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

Cornus florida, Linnaeus

HE Flowering Dogwood is among the best-known trees
of eastern North America.

The leaves are simple, opposite, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3
inches wide, smooth or wavy along margin, often clustered
at end of twigs. In autumn they become a beautiful reef.

The flowers ap-
pear about April in
greenish clusters sur-
rounded by large
white bracts.

The fruit is a scar-
let berry about three-
fifths of an inch
long, arranged in
clusters of 2 to 5.

The bark on
young stems i s
smooth, light brown
to reddish-gray; on
old stems becomes
reddish-brown and
divides into squarish
blocks.

The twigs arc
usually smooth, red,
tinged with green,
often glossy. The
flower buds are gob-
let-like, about two-
fifths of an inch in
diameter. The wood
is hard, heavy,
strong, reddish-
brown to pinkish,
with light sapwood.
It is used for tool
handles, shuttles, golf
stick heads.

The F I o w e ring
Dogwood is found
from Massachusetts
to Michigan, Florida

and Texas. It is common throughout Ohio. In many
places it is the most conspicuous member of the understory
of the forest.

FLOWERING DOGWOOD
One-third natural size.

96

Common Trees

BLACK GUM

Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall

THE Black Gum, also called Sour Gum, Tupelo, and
Pepperidgc, is at its best in autumn when the entire
crown is often clothed with a complete garment of flaming
red. In winter when the foliage is off it has a strikingly
picturesque form. The stem often continues from the base
to the tip without
dividing. In young and
middle-aged trees the
top branches take an
upright position, the
lower ones droop, while
those along the middle
stand out horizontally.

The leaves are simple,
alternate, 2 to 5 inches
long, oval, blunt-point-
ed, wedge-shaped at the
base, smooth along
margin.

The twigs are
smooth, grayish-brown,
and dotted with cres-
cent-shaped 1 c a f-scars
each marked with three
d i s tinct bundle-scars.
The buds are reddish-
brown and scattered
alternately along twigs.

On young trunks the bark is smooth to scaly. It breaks
into squarish reddish-brown to black blocks on older stems.

The fruit is a dark blue fleshy berry about two-thirds of
an inch long. Each berry contains a single hard-shelled seed.
Several berries usually occur in a slender-stalked cluster. Some
birds eat the berries freely.

The wood is very tough and cross-grained. It is hard to
work, warps easily, and is not durable in contact with the
soil. Farmers have disliked the wood ever since they at-
tempted to split it for rails. In the hard coal mines it is used
for rollers carrying ropes and cables.

The Black Gum is found from Maine to Florida, west to
Michigan and Texas. It occurs throughout Ohio, but is
most common in the eastern half of the State. The best
growth is made in wet places. This tree rarely exceeds 60
feet in height and 2 feet in diameter.

BLACK GUM

Leaves and fruit, one-third natural size.

Twig, natural size. Bud and leaf-scar,

enlarged.

OF Ohio

97

SOURWOOD

Oxydendrum arboreum (Linnaeus) De Candolle

THE Sour-wood, also called Sorrel Tree and Sour Gum
has appropriate common names for its foliage is very
sour. Its scientific name "Oxydendrum" means acid tree.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 5 to 7 inches long. 1 to
2j4 inches wide, very smooth, long-pointed at apex, smooth
to finely -^——^

toothed along
margin. The
flowers are
small, white,
and u r n -
shaped ; a r -
ranged in ra-
cemes 6 to
8 inches long
at end of
twigs; appear
from June to
July. The
fruit is a 5-
sided, 5-
valvcd c a p-
sule. It often
persists far
into winter.
The bark is
grayish and
roughened by
deep furrows,
on old trunks
often tinged
with red.
The twigs are
yell owish-
grcen to red-
dish - brown,
marked with

n u m e r ous ^ ' '' sourwood .

raised breathing pores. The buds are small, partly imbedded
in bark, covered with several opposite reddish scales.

The wood is heavy, hard, reddish-brown with lighter
sapwood. It is used for homemade sled runners, mine props,
charcoal, tool handles, and fuelwood.

The Sour-wood ranges from southwestern Pennsylvania,
southern Ohio and southern Indiana to Florida and western
Louisiana. In Ohio it is found only from Fairfield county
southward and eastward from Adams county.

98

Common Trees

PERSIMMON

Diospyros virginiana, Linnaeus

THE Persimmon is best known by its fruit, which is the
largest berry produced by any American forest tree.
There is no better way to get acquainted with this tree than
to try to eat its fruit before it is ripe. Its harsh puckcry taste
draws the lips and chokes the throat.

PERSIMMON
One-half natural size.

The fruit is a reddish-yellow pulpy berry, one to one and
one-half inches in diameter. The bitterness disappears with
age and frost action. The leaves are simple, alternate, oval,
shiny, 4 to 6 inches long, sharp-pointed, smooth along mar-
gin. The twigs are reddish-brown, with rather large pith.
They bear broadly egg-shaped buds, are marked with half-
moon shaped leaf-scars with only one bundle-scar. The bark,
is deeply furrowed, breaks into dark gray to black squarish
blocks separated by furrows that are cinnamon-red along the
bottom.

The yellowish to white flowers appear in May.

The wood is hard, heavy and strong. The heart-wood is
brown to black; the sapwood is wide and white to yellow-
ish. It is used for golfstick heads and shuttles.

The Persimmon is found from Rhode Island to Florida,
west to Kansas and Texas. It thrives best on the light sandy
soil of the warm South. In Ohio this tree occurs south of
the latitude of Columbus. It is frequent in the counties
drained by the Ohio river. It rarely exceeds 50 feet in
height and 18 inches in diameter.

OF Ohio

99

WHITE ASH

Fraxinus Americana, Linnaeus

THE White Ash is the most beautiful and useful of our
native Ashes. It stands among the most important
forest trees.

The leaves are opposite, about 10 inches long, compound,
with 5 to 9 leaflets. Leaflets are 3 to 5 inches long, evidently
stalked, smooth or obscurely
toothed on margin, smooth
and dark green above, silvery
white below.

The flowers are of two
kinds. The pollen-bearing
occur in dense reddish-purple
clusters, the seed-producing
in rather open pinnacles.

The fruit is a winged
seed, 1 to 2 inches long. The
wing is long, narrow, at-
tached to the end of seed.
The seeds are grouped in
loose drooping clusters.

•. The grayish-brown, and
rather thick bark soon be-
comes rough, dividing into
diamond-shaped fissures. The
twigs arc smooth, grayish-
brown, flattened at nodes,
marked with scattered pale

dots. The buds are opposite, egg-shaped, dark brown,
blunt-pointed. Terminal buds are larger than the laterals.
' The wood is very heavy, hard, tough, elastic, with light
sapwood and brownish heartwood. It is used widely, par-
ticularly for athletic equipment, agricultural implements,
tools, furniture, interior finishings.

The White Ash is found from Nova Scotia to Minnesota,
and south to Florida and Texas. It is common in all parts
of Ohio, except the southeastern part. In the Western Re-
serve it is abundant. Fertile, moist soils, such as is found
in moist woods, meadowlands, borders of lakes and streams
are its favorite home. It becomes a large tree, often 70 to
80 feet high and 3 feet in diameter, grows rapidly, is easily
propagated.

Closely related to the White Ash is the Biltmore Ash,
Fraxinus biltmoreana, Beadle. The twigs and axils of leaves
of the latter are velvety pubescent, at least when young. It
is also reported that the bark furrows earlier and deeper than
in the White Ash.

WHITE ASH
One-fourth natural size.

100

Common Trees

BLUE ASH

Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux

THE Blue Ash is perhaps the easiest of all our native ash
trees to recognize. At all seasons of the year it can be
identified by its four-sided twigs with four ridges projecting
out from the bark. On very vigorous shoots corky wings
extend out from these ridges. In summer its inner bark
yields a blue color-
ing if mixed with
water, whence its
name Blue Ash.

The leaves are
opposite, greenish-
yellow, compound
with 7 to 11 leaf-
lets borne on very
short stalks or
sometimes stalk-
less. The veins,
midribs and leaflet
stalks are perma-
nently pubescent.
The rest of the
leaf is generally
smooth.

The fruit is
winged to the base.
The wing com-
pletely surrounds
the seed. It re-
sembles that of the
Black Ash.

BLUE ASH

The bark is
light gray, scaly
or flaky, not fissured. It is similar to that of Black Ash.

The wood is intermediate in quality between that of
White Ash and Black Ash and is generally sold as White
Ash.

The Blue Ash ranges from southern Ontario to Iowa and
south to northern Alabama and Arkansas. It is common
on the limestone soils of southwestern Ohio, becommg rare
north of the latitude of Columbus and east of Adams and
Licking counties. Limestone hills, intervales and uplands
arc its favorite home. This tree reaches a height of 100 feet
and a diameter of 3 feet, but is becoming too scarce to be
of great commercial importance.

OF Ohio

101

BLACK ASH

Fraxinus nigra, Marshall

THE Black Ash is a tree of the swamps or other moist
places. The early settlers called it Hoop Ash and the
Indians called it Basket Ash.

The leaves are opposite, 10 to 14 inches long, compound,
with 7 to 1 1 leaflets. The leaflets are 3 to 5 inches long,
finely toothed along mar-
gin, all are stalkless except
the terminal one.

The flowers are similar
to those of White Ash.

The fruit is a winged
seed similar to that of
White Ash, but is broader
winged, notched at apex,
and the wing completely
surrounds flattened seed.

The bark is thin, gray-
ish, very shallowly fur-
rowed, peels off in pow-
dery to corky fine scales.
The twigs are smooth,
stout, light-gray. The
buds are opposite, black,
sharp-pointed. bla^k ash

r-^. , . OBS-feurth natural siie.

1 he wood is soft,
to moderately hard; rather
coarse-grained, with white
sapwood and dark brown heartwood
hoops, furniture, interior finishings.

It is used for baskets.

The Black Ash is found from Newfoundland to Mani-
toba, south to Virginia and Arkansas. It is common in
northern and southwestern Ohio, becoming rare in the south-
eastern part. This tree, which usually has a slender stem,
may reach a height of 60 to 80 feet.

The only other ash tree found in Ohio with black buds
is the European Ash — Fraxinus excelsior, Linnaeus. Its
buds are larger, jet black and decidedly round pointed. The
leaves are not so large as those of the Black Ash and the
leaflets are usually stalked.

«- 2>

102 Common Trees

OTHER OfflO ASH TREES

THE Red Ash — Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Marshall — is
also called Swamp Ash and White Ash. It is a me-
dium-sized tree which, as a rule, is not separated from the
White Ash, excepting in books. The best way to distin-
guish this tree is by its velvety pubescent twigs which arc
present at all seasons of the year. In autumn and early
winter the winged fruit is also helpful in recognizing it. The
wing usually extends along the seed for at l?ast one-half its
length. The seed end is less than half so wide as the flat-
tened wing. This tree ranges from Quebec to Manitoba and
south to Florida. It occurs locally throughout Ohio. Its
wood is similar to that of White Ash and goes on the mar-
ket under this name. A number of horticultural varieties
have been developed for ornamental use.

The Green Ash — Fraxinus lanceolata, Borckhause — is
also called Swamp Ash and White Ash. By many tree spe-
cialists this tree is classified as a variety of the Red Ash. Its
principal distinguishing characteristic is its smooth twigs.
They lack the velvety pubescence of the Red Ash, and the
wings of its seeds extend along the body for more than one-
third of its length while the wings of the White Ash seed
arc attached only to the end of the seed. The wood is
similar to that of White Ash and is generally used for the
same purposes. This tree ranges from Lake Champlain to
the Saskatchewan and south to the Gulf of Mexico. In
some places in the West it is the dominant ash. It has
helped change the treeless prairies into a land of shaded
roads, protected homesteads, and beautifully bordered
streams. In Ohio this tree occurs generally throughout the
State, but is less common in the southeastern part. Low
ground, stream banks and swamps are its favorite home. It
is sometimes planted as an ornamental tree.

OF Ohio

103

CATALPA

Catalpa speciosa. Warder

THIS Catalpa, also called Catalfa, Hardy Catalpa, Indian
Bean and Cigar Tree, was formerly planted widely on
account of its reputed rapid growth, and its very durable
wood. The leaves are simple, opposite or 3 may occur in a
whorl, heart-
shaped at base,
long taper-point-
ed, 6 to 10 inches
long, 4 to 5 inches
wide. The odor of
bruised leaves is
not fetid.

The flowers ap-
pear in May or
June, are white
with yellowish
and purplish spots
within, arranged
in large erect clus-
ters 8 to 10 inches
high. The lower
lobe of the corolla
is notched. The
fruit is a long,
bean-like capsule
containing many
flat-winged seeds.
It often persists far
into winter. The
bark on old trees is
fissured and ridgy,
dark grayish-
brown. The twigs arc stout, smooth, yellowish-brown,
marked with large leaf-scars. The buds are very small, less

The wood is durable, light brown, with satiny surface
and kerosene-like odor. It is especially well suited for fence
posts and rails. The Hardy Catalpa was originally native
from southwestern Indiana to southeastern Missouri and
northeastern Arkansas. Insect and frost damages have
checked the growth of many plantations. The Hardy Ca-
talpa has been planted rather widely in Ohio, but it holds
little promise for the future. An occasional specimen tree
does well. Thrifty trees develop straight trunks and reach
large size in the forest. Another Catalpa— Catalpa bigno-
nioides, Walter — a native of the southern states, is less hardy,
remains smaller, and its stem is usually less straight.

CATALPA

104 Common Trees

A TREE RECORD

EVERY boy and girl that studies trees will find it in-
teresting to keep a record of every different kind that
can be found. In years to come this tree record will be a
precious possession, and serve as a pleasant reminder of days
among the trees. In any locality one should find 25 differ-
ent trees and in many places 50 or even more can be found.

List the trees you have met on your hikes, about the
camp, or along the roadside on this sheet and opposite each
tree name enter the page of this booklet upon which it is
described. The boy or the girl who can fill up all the fol-
lowing blank spaces will know more than twice the number
of trees required to pass the tree test in scouting. To know
25 trees means that you are acquainted with about one-third
of all the common trees of Ohio. This is an accomplish-
ment of which you will have a right to feel proud. Today
is the best time to begin your tree record.

described
Name of Tree on page

1

2

3 ~ ~

4

5

6 -

7 _

8

9

10. -

1 1

12

13

14

1 5

16

17

1 8

1 9

20

2 1

22

23 -

24

25 -

Date

Name

OF Ohio 105

TREE TESTS

THE best way to find out if you really know trees is
to organize a tree test among your friends. I know of
no more delightful out-of-doors pastime for a group of boys
or girls than to go out among the trees and actually find out
who can come out on top in a tree-naming contest. The
first thing to do is to select a leader, if you do not already
have one. He will select the trees for the test. After you
have examined the first test tree carefully, you will write your
answer in the blank space following the number one in the
blank tree tests that follow. Then, the leader will select a
second tree and you will write your answer in the second
blank space following the number two, and so on until your
first test of ten trees is completed. As soon as a test is com-
pleted the test sheet of all who took part in the contest is
corrected, and then you will know just how well you know
the trees. For thirteen years the author of this booklet con-
ducted tree tests in the open, and he remembers them as the
most pleasant feature of all his teaching experience.

TREE TEST— I.

Name of Tree

I -

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

TREE TEST— II.

Name of Tree

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 _

8

9

10

Name

106 Common Trees

INSPIRATION IN TREES

By Charles Lathrop Pack.
President, American Tree Association

TO the trees the poet and the orator have turned all through
the ages for some of their finest word settings. One that
has great appeal is that of the Rev. Francis E. Clark, founder
of the Christian Endeavor Societies of the world, who refers
to "the Creator as the Great Tree Maker."

THEN, too, there is the sentiment the Father of Arbor
Day, J. Sterling Morton, left in the wonderful memorial
grove he planted in Nebraska when he arranged for a tablet,
among the trees he loved, which says: "If ye seek my monu-
ment look around you."

TREES, man's best friend, the friend without whom exist-
ence is impossible, picture life in all its variety. Look
at the wind-swept coast and there you will find struggling
for existence among the rocks, the trees. Thus does man,
buffetted by the winds of fortune, struggle. You will find
the trees clinging to river banks in their endeavor to hold
those barriers in place against the flood time. Again you will
find the trees mothering the springs and protecting them from
the ravages of the sun that they may feed first the rivulet,
then the stream that at last becomes the mighty river of com-
merce.

-0*0

WE can look back through the ages and find that when
the trees have gone, civilizations have disappeared.
Nature is the great teacher, and when man violates her laws
he must pay a terrible penalty. Nature works slowly, but
her decisions and ends arc sure as the coming and going of
the sun. To Nature's laws man must give heed if he con-
tinues to inhabit the earth, for all life is bound up in her
mandates.

. see this enthralling mystery of life everywhere; in the
. - seed that becomes the apple blossom; the flower that
gives its nectar to the honey maker; in the roots of the tree
that, buried, nevertheless gives back ever renewing life as a
reward to those who plant. Kilmer pen-pictured this in
that immortal verse about the "tree that looks at God all day
and lifts its leafy arms to pray."

W

OF Ohio 107

TURNING to the tree and the part it plays in man's exist-
ence we find it the corner stone of his existence because of
the part the forest products play in commerce.

THEODORE Roosevelt expressed it well when he said:
"A people without children would face a hopeless future:
a country without trees is almost as helpless; forests which
are so used that they cannot renew themselves will soon van-
ish, and with them all their benefits. When you help to
preserve our forests or plant new ones you are acting the part
of good citizens."

WE live by example. So in planting trees we set a fine
example to others, for they sec what you have done
and thus the message of the trees is spread.

THAT this is of the utmost importance is set forth by Mrs.
John Dickinson Sherman, President of the General Fed-
eration of Women's Clubs, when she says: "There can be
no more important educational work than turning the atten-
tion of the new generations to the importance of trees. On
every hand we will see this importance if we will but look.
The thing is to get us to look."

A CAMPAIGN of education must be carried on all the time
on behalf of trees because the trees cannot speak for them-
selves.

WE must get more people to consider the beauty of trees;
the value of trees; the economic situation bound up
in trees; all the trees mean to us.

»AN you imagine this country without trees?

<:^«<:>

IF the planting of a tree carries you into the world beyond
its beauty, into the world of service all trees perform, then
the tree has, indeed, opened up a world of thought into
which all must enter, for the vast economic problem is a
national one. If the tree then succeeds in doing this it has,
after all, spoken more loudly than any of us can speak for
them. So may all of us, as Theodore Roosevelt pointed out,
become "good citizens," and may there be new millions in
the tree planting army.

108

Common Trees

INDEX

Tree page

Ailanthus 83

Alder. Smooth . 53

Arbor Vitae 36

Ash, Black 101

Blue 100

Green 102

Red 102

White 99

Aspen, Large-toothed.... 42

Quaking 41

Basswood 94

Beech 55

Birch, Black 50

Rivet 49

White 50

Yellow 50

Black Gum 96

Buckeye, Ohio 84

Sweet 85

Butternut 45

Catalpa 103

Cedar, Red 37

Cherry, Wild Black 76

Chestnut 54

Cucumber Tree . 71

Cottonwood 43

Dogwood, Flowering .... 95

Elm, American 66

Slippery 67

Hackbcrry 68

flawthorns, The 11

Hemlock 34

Hickory, Bitternut 48

Pignut 47

Shellbark 46

Hornbeam, American .... 51

Hop 52

Horse Chestnut 86

Tree Page

Kentucky Coffee Tree. ... 81

Larch, American 33

Locust, Common 79

Honey 80

Maple, Ash-leaved 92

Norway 93

Red 91

Silver 90

Sugar 89

Mulberry, Red 69

Oak, Black 62

Bur 58

Chestnut 60

Pin 64

Post 59

Red 61

Scarlet 63

Shingle 65

Swamp White 57

White 56

Papaw 75

Persimmon 98

Pine, Pitch 29

Scrub 30

Short-Leaf 31

White 28

Redbud 82

Sassafras 72

Shad Bush 78

Sourwood 97

Spruce, Norway 35

Sumac, Poison 88

Staghorn 87

Sweet Gum 73

Sycamore 74

Tulip Tree 70

Walnut, Black 44

Willow, Black 38

Pussy 39

Cu.c£tl^^^ ^X^^^-^u^ t^X/U^ c^

Pcess of
JAMES A. MURRAY

Baltlnxore, Md.

- LIST OF -

American Tree Association

PUBLICATIONS

Trees as Good Citizens
The School Book of Forestry
Forestry Almanac
Tree Habits, How to Know the Hardwoods
The Forestry Primer
The Forest Poetic
Town Forests
Tree Planting Book
Forestry Legislative Survey
Common Trees of New Jersey
Common Trees of New York
Common Trees of Massachusetts
Common Trees of Indiana
Common Trees of Ohio
Common Trees of Michigan

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1

fl&w

Arrit^rican Tree Association

1214 16th STREET, N. W.
WASHINGTON, D. C.

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