University of Alberta Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from University of Alberta Libraries https://archive.org/details/comparativelimnoOOjose THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA A COMPARATIVE LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY OF FIVE LAKES IN CENTRAL ALBERTA by JOSEPH KEREKES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY EDMONTON, ALBERTA APRIL, 1965 UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance, a thesis entitled A Comparative Limnological Study of Five Lakes in Central Alberta submitted by Joseph Kerekes in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. ABSTRACT Five lakes exhibiting a wide range of dissolved solids (322 to 4648 ppm) 2 were investigated within a 525 km area in central Alberta. Three lakes were made up of separate bodies of water connected by narrow channels. This made it possible to evaluate separately the effect of lake morphometry and water chemistry on the standing stock of seston biomass within different basins of one lake. Seston biomass was estimated with the use of Foerst continuous flow centrifuge. The methods of collecting plankton by the plankton net and that of the plankton centrifuge were compared. The net plankton method did not give an accurate picture of the standing stock of plankton. The standing stock of seston biomass was found to be correlated with the total dissolved solids content of the lakes. The relationship was a curve, having its maximum at about 1400 ppm. Morphometric characters, such as mean depth, modi¬ fied the effects of total dissolved solids on the standing stock of seston. Low mean depth was found to increase the productivity of lakes. The standing stock of bottom fauna was correlated mainly to the organic matter content of the bottom sediment. Lakes with more organic matter in the bottom sediment had a higher standing stock of bottom fauna. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. J, R. Nursall for suggesting and supervising this problem. His guidance and patient editorial assistance were invalu¬ able in the preparation of this manuscript. I am indebted to Dr. G. O. Mackie for criticizing the manuscript. The encouragement of Dr. D. M. Ross has been most gratifying. I am grateful to Dr. L. L. Kennedy, Department of Botany, for identification of algae and E. Bozniak for identification of aquatic plants. Encouragement by my wife during the course of this investigation is apprec¬ iated, Thanks are due to C. G. Paterson for the assistance during the collection of field data in 1963, I wish to thank M. Colbo and various students of the Department of Zoology for their valuable voluntary assistance in the field work. Vehicle, boats, house trailer, field and laboratory equipment were given by the Department of Zoology. The assistance of fishery biologists M. J. Paetz for pro¬ viding vehicle when required in 1963 and R. Paterson for giving assistance in the sounding of Miquelon Lake is gratefully appreciated. Appreciation is extended to Miss M. Patterson for typing the manuscript and to F, Borloi for drawing most of the graphs in the manuscript. Financial support was provided by the University of Alberta and N.R.C. operating grants of Dr. J. R. Nursall and Dr. D, M, Ross. t TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT • • . • • • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES . . I. INTRODUCTION II. MATERIALS AND METHODS III. PAST STUDIES .. IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 1 . Geographic Location and General 2 . Geology 3. Soils . . . . . . 4. Vegetation 5. Weather and Climate )escr!pt!on (a) General (b) Air temperature (c) Precipitation (d) Wind (e) Daylight and bright sunshine (f) Lake ice cover V. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAKES 1 . Drainage 2. Morphometry 3. Water Level 4. Temperature 5. 1 3 7 8 8 8 13 13 13 13 14 14 16 16 17 18 18 18 26 37 43 6. Transparency Bottom Mud Content • • • • 48 VI. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAKES 1. Total Dissolved Solids and Total Alkalinity .. (a) Total dissolved sol ids . . • • • • (b) Total alkal inity • • • 9 2. Ion Composition . . • • • • 3. Hydrogen Ion Concentration • • • • 4. Dissolved Oxygen • • • • 5. Hydrogen Sulfide • • • • VII. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAKES 1. Fish Fauna • • • • 2. Aquatic Plants . . • • • • 3. Bottom Fauna • • • • (a) Qualitative composition 9 9 9 9 (b) Quantitative composition 9 9 9 0 4. Plankton and Seston 9 9 9 9 (a) General Considerations 9 9 9 9 (b) Comparison of net plankton and centrifuged plan methods kton (seston) (c) Qualitative composition 9 9 9 9 (d) Biomass of seston 9 9 9 9 • o VIII. DISCUSSION .. 9 9 9 9 IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9 9 0 9 X. LITERATURE CITED 9 9 9 9 XI. APPENDICES .. 9 9 9 9 52 52 59 61 66 68 71 73 76 79 79 79 93 93 94 102 107 116 123 125 130 LIST OF TABLES Table I II III IV V VI VII » VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII The elevation of five lakes in central Alberta Meteorological summary for the years 1963 and 1964 and the long-term averages in Edmonton Morphometric parameters of five lakes in central Alberta Morphometric parameters of distinct areas of three lakes in central Alberta Change of lake water surface area in five lakes in central Alberta Transparency of lake water and the dry weight biomass of seston in nine bodies of water in central Alberta. Bottom mud soil analysis in eight bodies of water in central Alberta Cationic order of dominance of lake water and sodium content of bottom mud in five lakes in central Alberta Average organic matter in the bottom sediment in five lakes (eight bodies of water) in central Alberta Average values of total dissolved solids and total alkalinity during the summer in eight bodies of water in central Alberta Summer increase in total dissolved solids in eight bodies of water in central Alberta Water analysis of lake ice in three lakes in central Alberta Winter increase in total dissolved solids in nine bodies of water in central Alberta Chemical composition of five lakes in central Alberta, expressed in parts per million Equivalent proportions of anions and cations in mean river water and five lakes in central Alberta The silica content of surface water in eight bodies of water in central Alberta Hydrogen ion concentration in eight bodies of water in central Alberta Hydrogen sulfide concentration in eight bodies of water in central Alberta, during the winter of 1963-64 10 15 19 20 35 46 49 50 50 53 54 54 56 63 63 65 65 72 XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXX Occurrence of fish in five lakes in central Alberta .. List of the number of fish planted in Hastings Lake Alberta Occurrence of aquatic plants in five lakes in central Alberta Occurrence of major groups of bottom fauna in five lakes in central Alberta Seasonal variation in the numerical abundance and wet weight biomass of benthic fauna in Cooking Lake in 1963 Seasonal variation in the numerical abundance and wet weight biomass of benthic fauna in Hastings Lake in 1963 Seasonal variation in the numerical abundance and wet weight biomass of benthic fauna in Ministik Lake in 1963 Numerical abundance and wet weight biomass of benthic fauna in Antler and Miquelon Lakes in 1964 Average numbers, wet weight biomass of benthic fauna and selected properties of five lakes in central Alberta Mean summer organic matter biomass of seston and net plankton of the surface water in nine bodies of water in central Alberta Occurrence of algae in five lakes in central Alberta Occurrence of major zooplankter genera in five lakes in central Alberta XXXI Average summer dry weight and organic matter biomass of surface water seston in nine bodies of water in central Alberta XXXII Variation in organic matter biomass of seston in surface and deep water samples in two lakes in central Alberta . . XXXIII Average summer organic matter biomass of seston in nine bodies of water in central Alberta in 1964 .. XXXIV Average summer organic matter seston biomass in selected lakes o • •• •• • • • • XXXV Average summer organic matter biomass of surface water seston and selected chemical and morphometric characters of nine bodies of water in central Alberta in 1964 74 75 77 80 82 82 83 83 88 96 104 106 108 109 111 112 117 Figure 1 2 LIST OF FIGURES 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Location of the five study lakes in central Alberta . . Shore conditions of Antler Lake (Sept. 1964) Shore conditions of Cooking Lake (Sept. 1964) Shore conditions of Ministik Lake (Aug. 1963) Shore conditions of Miquelon Lake (Sept. 1964) Bathymetric map of Antler Lake . . Bathymetric map of Cooking Lake Bathymetric map of Hastings Lake Bathymetric map of Ministik Lake Bathymetric map of Miquelon Lake Hypsographic curves of five lakes in central Alberta Sand bar separating Area 3 and Area 4 in Ministik Lake (August 1964) . Changes in shoreline in the years 1916, 1950 and 1962 in Antler Lake Changes in shoreline in the years 1916, 1950 and 1962 in Cooking Lake . . Changes in shoreline in the years 1916, 1950 and 1962 in Hastings Lake . . Changes in shoreline in the years 1916, 1950 and 1962 in Ministik Lake . . 17 Changes in shoreline in the years 1916, 1950 and 1962 in Miquelon Lake 18 This area was part of Ministik Lake in 1916 (July 1963) 19 Flooded trees in Hastings Lake (Aug. 1964) 20 The vertical distribution of temperature during the summer of 1964 in Antler and Miquelon Lakes 21 The vertical distribution of temperature during the summer of 1964 at Station 1 and Station 2 in Cooking Lake 22 The vertical distribution of temperature during the summer of 1964 at Ministik Lakes Station 1 and Hastings Lake Station 2 23 The vertical distribution of temperature during 1964 at Hastings Lake Station 1 . . » • 41 24 Seasonal temperature pattern of surface water and bottom mud at Station 1 and 2, Hastings Lake, 1964 • * 42 25 Secchi disc transparency in relation to maximum depth (m) in eight bodies of water in central Alberta . . • « 44 26 Relationship of turbidity (Jackson units) to the dry weight of seston in nine bodies of water in central Alberta . . • • 47 27 The relation of mean depth to increase of salinity in seven bodies of water in central Alberta 1963-1964 • • 57 28 Seasonal variation in total dissolved solids in Ministik Lake, 1963-1964 • © 58 29 The relation of total dissolved solids to total alkalinity in 30 bodies of water in central Alberta • « 60 30 The ionic conditions in five lakes in central Alberta • * 62 31 Dissolved oxygen in surface and bottom water at Station 1 and 2, Hastings Lake 1964 summer • * 70 32 Floating mat of Cladophora in Ministik Lake (July 1963) » • 78 33 Relative abundance of major benthic groups in bottom samples taken from five lakes in central Alberta • w 81 34 Relationship between the number of organisms and the wet weight biomass of benthic fauna in bottom samples taken from five lakes in central Alberta • « 85 35 The relation of wet weight biomass of chironomid fauna to organic matter content of bottom sediment in five lakes in central Alberta • « 89 36 The relation of total bottom fauna to organic matter content of bottom sediment • ♦ 89 37 The average wet weight biomass of chironomid fauna in five lakes of different salinity in central Alberta • V 91 38 The relationship between the organic matter biomass of surfa water seston and net plankton in Antler Lake, Alberta ce • • 97 39 The relationship between the organic matter biomass of surfa< water seston and net plankton at Station 1, Cooking Lake, Alberta ze • 9 98 40 The relationship between the organic matter biomass of surface water seston and net plankton in Area ^2, Hastings Lake, Alberta 99 41 The relationship between the organic matter biomass of surface water seston and net plankton in Area ^1 and Area $2, Ministik Lake, Alberta 42 The relationship between the organic matter biomass of surface water seston and net plankton in Miquelon Lake, Alberta 43 Development of organic matter seston biomass in nine bodies of water in central Alberta during the summer of 1964 . . 44 Relationship of organic matter biomass of surface water seston (productivity) to the total dissolved solids in nine bodies of water in central Alberta 100 101 114 121 I >SI ' 1 I. INTRODUCTION The problem of lake productivity has been the subject of continuous investigation since the early days of limnology. Various attempts have been made to find a single variable as a possible index of productivity. With the accumulation of pertinent literature it became increasingly clear that the productivity of inland waters is governed by the complex interaction of several factors, thus it is not likely that a single index of productivity could be found which would be satisfactory for all lakes in a variety of widely different geographical areas. Birge and Juday (1922) measured the instantaneous biomass of seston in Wisconsin Lakes, and attempted to estimate the rate of plankton turnover, or in other words the productivity. Maucha (1924) showed the influence of temperature and light intensity on photosynthetic production. Thienemann (1927) suggested that the mean depth of lakes is a useful indicator of lake productivity. Rawson (1939, 1955, 1961) emphasized the significance of mean depth in the production of net plankton, bottom fauna and fish. Thienemann (1931) pointed out the problems in regard to productivity and production. Str^m (1931) and Hutchinson (1938) used the hypolimnetic oxygen deficit as a means of classifying lakes. The importance of geology and the size of drainage area was pointed out by Naumann (1932) and Deevey (1940). The role of trace elements as limiting factors in production was also investigated (Deevey 1940, Moyle 1946, Goldmann 1960, 1964). Ivlev (1945) discussed the theoretical aspects of biological productivity of waters. Moyle (1945a, 1946, 1956) recognized that the chemical quality of inland waters are influenced by edaphic factors, geology and the size of the drainage system, and showed that a relationship exists between total alkalinity and the product¬ ivity in surface waters in Minnesota. Jarnefelt (1952) and Rawson (1956) attempted the use of algal indicators as index of trophic lake types. The introduction of the radiocarbon method (Steeman Nielson 1952) to measure primary productivity gave 2 a great impetus to productivity-production investigations (Doty, 1963). Northcote and Larkin (1956) found that total dissolved solids is the best index of standing stock of plankton, bottom fauna and fish in 100 lakes in British Columbia, but they showed subsequently (Larkin and Northcote 1958) that this relationship does not hold for 33 lakes in the Southern Interior Plateau in British Columbia. Sebestyen (1958) found that in Lake Balaton the increase in the quantity in phytoplankton coincided with an increase in dissolved salts during twenty years of investigation, Rawson (1958) listed the factors known to influence productivity in lakes. Davis (1963) summarized the fundamental and subsidiary concepts of production and productivity in biology, and proposed a uniform terminology to avoid ambiguity. Hayes and Anthony (1964), and Anthony and Hayes (1964) investigated the effect of alkalinity on production in conjunction with other factors such as lake morpho¬ metry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of total dissolved solids (T.D.S.), total alkalinity, and morphometric factors on the standing stock of seston and bottom fauna in five lakes in central Alberta. In this restricted area the effect of climatic factors is at a minimum. The lakes studied have a wide range of T.D.S. (322 ppm - 4648 ppm). Because of the peculiar shape of three of the study lakes, it is possible to evaluate the effects of morphometry on the standing stock of seston In those lakes where the difference in T.D.S. is at the minimum in the different areas of the same lake. The terminology suggested by Davis (1963) is used in this study. Reconnaissance work was started in the study area in February, 1963. Ministik, Cooking and Hastings Lakes were investigated during the summer of 1963, Commencing October 1963, the field work was extended to Antler and Miquelon Lakes as well. The field work was terminated in October of 1964. 3 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Bendix DR-19 marine depth recorder was used for the construction of contour maps of Cooking, Hastings, Ministik and Miquelon Lakes. Hand line sound¬ ings were used to plot a contour map for Antler Lake. Soundings were plotted on lake outlines traced from Alberta Department of Lands and Forests aerial photographs taken in 1962. Canada Department of Interior township maps were used to trace lake outlines showing conditions prior to 1916. These maps had been compiled from surveys ranging from 1883 to 1916. Alberta Department of Lands and Forests 1950 and 1962 aerial photographs were used to show the changes in lake outlines in the respective years. Parameters of lake morphometry and morphology were calculated as suggested by Welch (1948). The area of lakes were estimated by the "weight method". The shoreline of islands were included when shore length and shore development were calculated (Rawson 1960). The transparency of the lake water was measured with a Secchi disc 20 c m in diameter. Turbidity of lake water was measured with Hach model DR-EL direct read¬ ing colorimeter, expressed in Jackson units. Water samples for physical, chemical analysis and seston samples were obtained using a 1200 ml Kemmerer water bottle. Dissolved oxygen was determined using the unmodified Winkler technique (Winkler, cited in Welch, 1948) in 1963. The Miller method (Miller, 1914) was used in 1 964. The Alberta Provincial Analyst, Edmonton, analyzed water samples. Prior to June, 1964, water samples were filtered through a No. 25 silk net before analysis to remove some of the plankton. After that date samples were run through a Foerst continuous flow centrifuge (Welch, 1948) in addition to the filtration. . 4 The flow was regulated to six minutes per liter of water. After June, 1964, a Hach direct reading colorimeter was used for silica determinations. A Hellige pocket comparator was used for hydrogen ion concentration and hydrogen sulfide determination. The comparator was fitted with a cresol red-B color disc (range pH 7.2 - 8.8) and a phenolphthalein-D color disc (range pH 8.6 - 10.2) for pH determination. A Whitney thermistor-thermometer was used to record water temperatures. The instrument had been standardized with two mercury thermometers calibrated to 0.1 °C. It was checked weekly and adjusted if necessary. Only those aquatic macrophytes were collected which were either fully or partly in direct contact with the lake water. Bottom sampling was done with a six inch square Ekman dredge. All the lakes sampled had soft oozy mud bottoms except for some sandy shores of very limited extent. It was observed in clear shallow water that the dredge sank in the mud to its top but the lids were sufficient to prevent the mud from spilling over. Samples were discarded when the jaws did not close completely. Dredgings collected in 1963 were transferred to polyethylene bags, and transported to the laboratory. They were washed with tap water through a series of three brass-mesh screens made after Rawson's (1930) design. The uppermost screen had 256 meshes per square inch, the lower screens were 1025 and 1600 meshes to the inch respectively. Semples collected in 1964 were washed with lake water lifted in pails. The lake water was strained through a 1600 mesh to the inch screen before being used for washing. The organisms were preserved in 5 percent formalin. Subsequently the organisms were counted and weighed. In 1963 a Spoerhase and in 1964 a Mettler type H6 electrical balance was used for weight determination. The former had a sensitivity of one milligram, the latter one tenth of a milligram. . • 5 The specimens were put on filter paper to remove excess water before weighing. Weights were expressed in grams. The same Ekman dredge was used for collecting mud samples for soil analysis. Five dredgings were taken from each lake. They were mixed thoroughly in a plastic container. The container was vibrated gently and the bottom organisms were removed as they appeared on the surface. When no more organisms were found, approximately two gallons of mud were transferred into polyethylene bags from each composite sample. They were analyzed by the Agricultural Soil and Feed Testing Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton. From the beginning of the study a "Wisconsin" plankton net with a dia¬ meter of 11.5 cm was used for taking total vertical hauls. In addition, commencing August, 1963, a 25 cm diameter Wisconsin type net was used for obtaining surface samples by pouring 10 gallons of surface water through the net with a two gallon pail. Both nets were fitted with new No. 20 bolting silk. Samples for identi¬ fication purposes were preserved in 5 percent formalin and in 70 percent alcohol for quantitative study. From June, 1964, water samples were collected for quantitative seston study. The water was obtained with a 1200 ml Kemmerer bottle and was trans¬ ferred into two quart bottles. The bottles were kept cool in darkness by placing them into a cooler chest. Upon return to the laboratory, one liter of water from each sample was three times centrifuged in a Foerst continuous flow centrifuge at a rate of 6 - 7 minutes per liter. To minimize error due to different total dissolved content in different lakes, 30 ml of distilled water was passed through the centri¬ fuge at the end of each run. The seston samples were transferred to small glass vials, and preserved in 70 percent alcohol. Both seston and net plankton samples were dried 24 hours at 100°C in porcelain crucibles, weighed, then ashed at 600°C for 30 minutes, and weighed again on a Mettler type H6 electrical balance. 6 The samples were kept in a desiccator prior to weighing. Experimental runs of seston samples from all five lakes showed that the removal of seston with three centrifugingjwas only 87 - 91 percent efficient. To compensate for this error 11 percent was added to each seston weight as suggested by Hartman (1958). The fish fauna was sampled with standard nets of monofilament nylon, having stretched mesh sizes of 2.0 to 1 1 .,0cm in 1 .0 cm intervals and by the use of a 30 foot, 1/4 inch mesh seine for small fish. All fish taken from gill nets were weighed with a spring balance, measured to the nearest 0.1 cm on a measuring board and had a sample of scales collected. All the small fish and some of the larger fish were fixed in 10 percent formalin and preserved in 40 percent isopropyl alcohol . Cooking, Hastings and Ministik Lakes are composed of separate bodies of water connected by narrow channels. These separate areas are treated separately when necessary, and are numbered. Reference to these lakes without the number refers to the whole lake. Example: Hastings Lake is composed of Hastings Lake ^1 and Hastings Lake ^2. Because of the low water level in Ministik Lake only Areas ^1 and ^2 were sampled continuously, therefore, when it is necessary Ministik ^1 and ^2 Lake is recognized as a larger unit, instead of the whole Ministik Lake. Measurement of sedimentation rate in the study lakes was attempted without success. Two 12 ounce milk bottles were suspended at 2.8 m depth in Cooking Lake, Formalin was placed in the bottom of the jars prior to suspension. Because the lake is very shallow and the water circulating freely, active zooplankters could swim into the jar to be trapped in the formalin. A great accumulation of zooplankton was found in the jars after 3 days of suspension. It was impossible to separate true sediment from the incidental organisms. 7 III. PAST STUDIES Investigations have been carried out on some of the five lakes previous to this study. None of these investigations however included comprehensive limnological study. Hydra canadensis was described in Hastings Lake by Rowan (1930). Hastings Lake was visited for one day in 1949 (Miller and Macdonald 1950). Soundings, temperature, oxygen saturation and pH readings were recorded. Algae were collected and identified from Antler and Cooking Lakes (Carefoot, 1959). Lake sediments were examined in Cooking Lake (Hodgson et al. 1960), Ectoprocta were investigated in Cooking and Hastings Lakes (Hui, 1963). Hydra canadensis and H. carnea were reported from Hastings Lake (Adshead et al. 1963; Paetkau, 1964). Hirudinea were reported from Hastings and Cooking Lakes (Moore, 1964). Parasitological work on grebes (Gallimore, 1964) coots (Colbo, in prep.) and ducks (Graham, in prep) was conducted in Hastings and Cooking Lakes. 8 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 1 . Geographic Location and General Description The five study lakes are located between longitude 112° 45' and 113° 15' and between 53° 10' and 53° 35' latitude. This comprises an area of approximately 2 525 km . Figure 1 shows the location of the five lakes in central Alberta. The elevation of the lakes ranges between 2420 feet (Antler) and 2518 feet (Miquelon) (Table 1). The area, moderately populated, lies approximately 40 - 50 km south¬ east of Edmonton. The gently rolling land is covered with forest, mixed with farms. Considerable forest clearing has taken place in the past two years to extend the existing arable land. The lakes are accessible to the public year round with the exception of Ministik Lake which is fenced to protect the grazing cattle, Ministik and Miquelon Lakes are game sanctuaries. The Ducks Unlimited conservation agency administers Ministik Lake and the adjacent area. Th re is an increasingly popular Provincial Park at Miquelon Lake. Up to 10,000 persons visit the lake on summer weekends. There are popular public beaches at Cooking and Hastings Lakes as well. There are a considerable number of cottages at Antler, Cooking and Hastings Lakes. Figures 2-5 and 19 show shore conditions in the study lakes. 2. Geology The Edmonton area was glaciated during the Wisconsin time by the Keewatin continental glacier (Bayrock and Hughes 1962). This glacier covered most of Alberta, and attained a thickness of about one mile over the study area, at the time of its maximum extension. The glacier retreated largely by stagnation. The disappearance of the ice sheet was simultaneous over the study area, and created a hummocky dead-ice moraine. The depth of the deposited till varies, exceeding 80 feet at places. 9 Figure 1 . Location of the five study lakes in central Alberta. EDMONTON □ ANTLER L. COOKING L. MIQUELON L. 10 TABLE I The elevation of five lakes in central Alberta. Elevation Lake (feet) (m) Antler 2420 737.6 Cooking 2419 737.3 Hastings 2414 735.8 Min istik 2492 759.6 Miquelon 2518 767.5 11 F igure 2 . Shore conditions of Antler Lake (Sept. 1964). Figure 3 Shore conditions of Cooking Lake (Sept. 1964). This shore was flooded prior to June 1964. 12 Figure 4. Shore conditions of Ministik Lake (Aug. 1963). Figure 5 Shore conditions of Miquelon Lake (Sept. 1964) nqg 13 The study lakes are in the depressions of the hummocky dead-ice moraine. Ministik Lake lies on the glacio-iacustrine sediments of a superglacial lake, while the other four lakes lie on glacial till. 3. Soils The soil types of the Edmonton area are described and mapped by Bowser et al. (1962). The study lakes are surrounded mainly by grey wooded podzolic soils of glacial till origin. They are classified as Cooking Lake Loam with the exception of the soils surrounding Antler Lake which are described as Maywood Clay Loam. The area north-west of Cooking Lake and the land connecting Cooking and Hastings Lakes contains over 70 percent of grey wooded solodized solonetz soils of lacustrine origin. The soil on a small area north of west Ministik Lake is composed of dark grey solodized solenetz soil developed on glacial till. A small area south of Miquelon Lake contains 75 percent of chernozemic soil. The soils in the study area are rated as "poor to fair arable", "fair to fairly good arable", and the soils east Ministik Lake and north of Miquelon Lake are rated as "pasture and woodland". 4. Vegetation The study area is characterized by the poplar (Populus) association which is part of the Parkland Prairie phytogeographic region which is described in detail by Moss (1932, 1955). The principal trees are the aspen (Populus tremuloides) and the balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) . The aspen is the climax tree of dryer locations. The balsam poplar is the subclimax tree in humid sites where the white spruce (Picea glauca) is the climax species. The balsam consociation is prevalent around Ministik Lake while the aspen consociation is dominant around the other lakes. 5. Weather and Cl imate (a) General : The study lakes are exposed to similar climatic conditions. The closest 14 weather station is at the Edmonton Municipal Airport (53° 35' north, 113° 30' west, elevation 671 m, 2200 feet) is at a distance of 40 km to the closest (Cooking) and 51 km to the most distant lake (Miquelon), The summary of meteorological data available at this station is given in Table II. It can be assumed that climatic differences between the weather station and the study area are very little, and the data are representative of the study area. The air temperature values are approxi¬ mately 1°F lower in the study area due to its higher altitude. The area is in the forest and parkland climate region of central Canada (Kendrew and Currie 1955). If has been described as a cold, temperate continental climate, characterized by relatively warm summers and cold winters, and it can be considered as being between dry and moist subhumid. (b) Air temperature: The average yearly mean temperature is 36.9°F, The yearly mean was higher both in 1963 (39.4°F) and in 1964 (37.3°F). The winter is cold and long. The mean winter temperature, November to March inclusive, is 16°F, April and October each average 40°F. January is the coldest month averaging 6.6°F. Extreme winter lows rarely fall below -40°F. The absolute minimum of -57. 0°F was recorded in 1889. The freeze-up in the study lakes starts normally in late October and the break-up is usually at the end of April, leaving the lakes ice-free for approximately six months. The length of the frost-free period was 150 days in 1963 and 138 days in 1964. The average is about 100 days, with an extreme variation from 50 to 150 days. The length of the growing season was 168 days in 1963 and 143 in 1964. Temperature seldom exceeds 90°F. The average July maximum temperature was 74°F in 1964. The relatively high altitude keeps the summer nights cool, the average July minimum being only 50°F . (c) Precipitation: Annual total precipitation was 13.43 inches in 1963 and 16.21 inches in 15 c o c o E "O 1/1 0 CD o s_ 0 > o E 0 CD C _o 0 _c CO so o o 0 X a; s_ o x v_ O E E 3 "5 u *CD O o CD 4— o o o CL 0 LO CD 3 < t/i 0 i_ 3 ■*- O s_ 0 CL E 0 C o 0 E ~o 3 C c o “O c D c o 5 _Q 0 c D CN IX SO CO CO CO ' — • — CO LO CO CO -O N LO I I I I — • — CM CN CM •0 CN CN • I « ix lo — si- sj- CO ^ *-0 • « « CO IX r— LO lo • — CO o I « t CO o o NO LO SO “0 _Ns CN • 00 • C 3 LO d CO o SO SO so — so LU CN _ 1 CO ’ 0 CO so 00 < ~o c C 3 • CN » CN d 1 — o — l LO LO LO X o CL < SO 00 — • • • CN — CN co lo SO IX LO • • • o o o N- O sf 00 — 00 SO CN CM 1 — CS 00 CO CN • • * 00 00 r— 1 — CN ' — O CN SO I « « LO ^ SO 0 CD O CO ^ * so so ^ CN CN > — r- < (/> 0 _C o c c o a Q- • — O 0 !— CL O 4— o ~o 3 c c o ~o c a _X _c CO ■ — sf '■‘t CN so It* CO SO 00 ^ d cn « * i ^ SO 00 CO ■'T 00 • # * O LO o SO CN CN • • « r— LO LO CO LO CO « f I • — CN ' — O' CN lo O N LO • • • ■ — CN CN SO SO LO CN CO « • I CN CN CO SO ^ LO >— o — • • • CN — CO K CO CN — 00 • « « • — CN 1 — CN LO O 00 N ■ — 1 • • CN CN CO SO ^ 00 • • • OCNN o < r\ • • • SO CN LO n N (N 0 • • C CN ^2: 0 CD O CO ^ Jr O SO ^ CN CN > r— < N LO O 00 O' 00 (NON 00* 00 d CO CN CN • • « CO N 00 ON "'t CN 00 00 00 CN CO O I t 4 00 O CN SO 1 — co d d oo N- CN 00 CN O 00 O CN 00 • • • CN CN CN 00 00 N- NOO IX sf sf o — ’ d ~o 0 0 Q_ ~o c d 0 CD O i— 0 > o o 3 c c C5 ~o c o _X _c 4— c o SO — CN I t t CN CN 00 — CN CN • • • NON CO CN 00 odd CO N" S0 SO CN CN 0 CD O ■_ 0 > < — o — CO SO LO oo CN CN — CN CN CN CN CS CN CO CN 9- s}- LO CO 00 — SO CN 1 — IX KKN LO d CO CN 112.5 88.5 101.5 262.6 8.8 CN CN CN CN IN LO SO SO 00 to d o CO — CO CN CM N CN 00 O ON 00 — CO 00 CN 1 — 1 — CO CN 00 — CO 301.5 254.6 269.6 455.0 14.7 300.2 318.9 309.2 507.5 16.4 275.4 269.4 253.4 [hours) ** 506.3 16.9 256.9 237.8 266.9 s 41.5 127.1 116.1 o “O 0 CD D 274.7 9.8 0 79.5 106.8 85.9 > a ~D c D 251.2 8.1 1963 1964 Average ~D 3 C C D _c 4— c o Monthly total Average daily T> O o 0 “O 0 _Q 3 CL C O 0 u o 0 _c o 0 £ o Id 3 a. • E o o l— CD -4— <-4- < * * t N- SO CN ~0 c o N- SD CN I OO so CN to 3 O E n. c o c < 0 < * - 16 1964, both below the 18.64 inches iong-term average. Most of the precipitation fell during the summer: 66.2 percent in 1963 , 72.4 percent in 1964, close to the 70.4 percent 30 year average. The rainfall was below the average in each month in 1963. In 1964 it was very low in April and June but more than average or near average in the other months. The November to March precipitation is almost exclusively as snow. The snowfall in the 1962-63 winter was 54.8 inches, slightly above the 50.4 inches long-term average, and in the 1963-64 winter was 34.9 inches, much below the average. In the spring of 1963 the run-off from melting snow formed temporary creeks and low-lying areas were filled with water. Most of the snow melted slowly and evaporated long before spring during the unusually mild winter in 1963-64. In the spring of 1964 the run-off was barely evident, and most of the temporary sloughs remained dry. (d) Wind: The average annual wind speed of 8,7 mph in 1963 was slightly below and the 9.5 mph in 1964 was above the 8.9 mph long term average. Normally the summer months are the windiest. The summer of 1964 was considerably windy, averaging 9.9 mph in July, 10.1 mph in August. The prevailing wind is from north-west and west. Cooking Lake with its relatively open shore-line and considerable size is susceptible to wind from any direction. The other four lakes are all susceptible to the prevailing north-westerly and westerly winds, but protected to various degree from other directions. Miquelon Lake is particularly well protected from the east, Antler Lake from all directions but that of the prevailing winds. (e) Daylight and bright sunshine: Because of its northern location (53° 30’) the Edmonton area has long day¬ light hours during the growing season. The yearly total daylight is 4483.1 hours, . 17 60 percent- of this falling between May 1 and October 31 . The total daylight during June is 506.3 hours, 11.3 percent of the total . The average daily daylight is 16.9 hours in June, four days having 17. 1 hours of daylight in this month. The average daily daylight is 14.6 hours during the six months of ice-free period from May to October. The total hours of bright sunshine were 2226. 1 hours in 1963 and 2225. 4 hours (50 percent of possible) in 1964, slightly longer than the long-term average of 2213 hours (Anon . 1964). The average length of sunshine is 1 444. 7 hours (65 percent of total) for the six month ice-free period. The corresponding figure was higher, 1527.4 hours (67 percent of total), In 1963 and it was lower, 1389.8 hours (62 percent of total), in 1964. (f) Lake ice cover: In 1963 the ice began to form on October 31 in Cooking Lake but heavy winds delayed the formation of a continuous ice cover until November 6. Antler jj; Lake and Hastings Lake 2 were covered with ice that day but the deeper Hastings ft Lake 1 was still partially open. On April 17, 1964 all the five lakes were still covered with ice except close to the shores. On April 25, the shores and smaller bays were open in all five lakes, but the open areas were completely covered. On April 27, the thin ice was breaking up in the large surfaces, and the ice disappeared in the next few days. On November 8, 1964 Antler Lake was completely ice bound, Cooking, Hastings and Ministik Lakes were partially covered with ice, Miquelon Lake was free from ice except at the edges. The thickness of ice was approximately 60 cm in each of the five lakes in March 1 964. 18 V. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAKES 1 . Drainage The study lakes are in the North Saskatchewan River drainage system. During the study period the study lakes did not have permanent inlets, and only Hastings Lake had a small permanent outlet, Hastings Creek. The flow in Hastings Creek was barely noticeable in the summers of 1963 and 1964. It was sufficient only to keep the bottom of the creek bed wet. During periods of high water, Antler, Cooking, Hastings and Ministik Lakes are connected at least in the spring. Antler and Ministik Lakes drain into Cooking Lake and Cooking Lake drains into Hastings Lake which drains into the North Saskatchewan River through Beaverhill Lake. The lakes were not connected during the study period. At high water Miquelon Lake is drained by the Battle River which subsequently flows into the North Saskatchewan River. 2. Morphometry Morphometric data are listed for the lakes in Table III and bathymetric maps are given in Figures 6 - 10. Table IV gives the morphometric parameters for the separate areas in Cooking, Hastings and Ministik Lakes. The surface areas of 2 2 the lakes range from 2.26 km" (Antler) to 35. 12 km (Cooking). If the separate 2 areas in the lakes are treated separately the areas range from 1 .42 km (Hastings 2 # ^2) to 19.54 km (Cooking 3). The lakes could be grouped into three size groups. Hastings ^2, Ministik ^2 and Antler Lakes are the smaller lakes with less than 2 3 km surface area, Ministik ^1, Cooking ^1, Hastings ^1, Miquelon and Cooking 2 ^2 are medium sized lakes ranging between 5 to 10 km . Cooking ^3 Lake (19.54 2 km ) is the largest body of water. The shore development of each of the five lakes is fairly high. Antler Lake (1 .99) is the closest to the circular form but the high value (6.31) for Ministik Lake reflects its elaborate outline. The perimeter to area ratio is a better basis Table III. Morphometric parameters of five lakes in central Alberta 19 no CO CO CO 00 CN 0 0 a fc E * _c — CO 0 Q_ i-2 c — a> e >■* CO — | ® E o > E *Z _ *v ° ■£ * E 0_| 3 > .§•■5*? o£ °> -^00 DO E - .2 x !fi- -o -B'e O-N : !3 -d 0 ■+— I a™ 0 E >- _x o CN to CO ''t 'N' CN lO © CO CN «o CO CD c • — _x o o Ns CN to o o CN NO CN CO NO CN CO o CO CN r\ rN oo CO CD C i/j a X 00 to • NO r\ i\ Ns o o CO CN CO o o CN to _x • — « 4— I/O c • — CN NO • CN CO CN 0 s_ o*. 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CO o VJ • CO 0 CO NO • N 3 (D Q Ho * o NO o Cn cn 3" 3 > c 3 CO — I _ , _ a- ^ g ^ to g cn CO _ , 0 CN 0 VJ N 3^ cn NO NO 00 3~ 3 % NO NO V. m3 2.2 -IN NO CO NO Cn NO 4.4 o X c~ — q C D O CNlu < NO Cn CO — J o —i 8.3 0 VJ CO NO CN o VJ o 0 c 3 9- xO Q O'- CD NO CO NO CN O -IN NO CO CN cd~ 3 CQ — t- zr CD £ Q CD X a 3 CN CN 00 -IN 7T g 3 3 0 £ — • Q. a 2: Q NO CO CO — * 3“ CD X 0 NO 0 O CO 0 CO VJ 00 o CO CO -IN 7T < 3 0 G 3 NO CO ■ ■ 0°6 00 NO 00 0 CO -IN 0 NO 00 0 -IN 3 3 rr CD O * G | Q. NO NO NO NO 3 5 cn 5 3- • 0 NO CO 0 CO 0 CD 3 G o n r NO cn Cn CO 00 >f. ~Q V §" < — * - - — * —* 3 < 0 Cn NO NO 0 CO 0 NO Ct> 3 2_E- CN CN o 00 CO o 3 -o o CN CO CO 0 00 0 NO Cn CO NO > CD Shore¬ line O VJ CN o cn Q .52 .42 .40 .46 0 CO OZ Table IV. Morphometric parameters of distinct areas of three lakes in central Alberta. 21 Figure 6. Bathymetric map of Antler Lake ANTLER LAKE 1964 MAY 1/2 mile i - 1 5 km « - 1 9 SAMPLING STATION S3 SESTON SAMPLING STATION 22 F igure 7. Bathymetric map of Cooking Lake COOKING LAKE SESTON SAMPLING STATION 23 Figure 8. Bathymetric map of Hastings Lake # SAMPUS9® STATION 24 Figure 9. Bathymetric map of Ministik Lake 25 Figure 10. Bathymetric map of Miquelon Lake a SESTON SAMPLING STATION 26 for comparison of lakes of different areas than the shore development (Rawson 1960). The perimeter to area ratio is low in Cooking $2, Cooking ^3 and Miquelon Lakes, moderate in Antler, Cooking and Hastings ^1 Lakes and high in Hasti ngs ^2, Ministik ^1 and Ministik ^2 Lakes. The hypsographic curves show the relationship of various depths to the surface area (Fig. 11). Antler, Cooking, Hastings ^2 and Ministik Lakes are very shallow. None of them exceed^ m maximum depth and 1 .5 m mean depth. Antler Lake has only 2.0 m maximum depth and .88 m mean depth. The percentage of the total area which is less than 1.5 m deep is 80 percent in Antler, 68 percent in Cooking, 55 percent in Ministik ^1 and ^2 and 50 percent in Hastings ^2 Lakes. Hastings ^1 and Miquelon Lakes are deeper, having maximum depths of 7.9 and 7.0 m respectively. Fifty-six percent of the surface area exceeds 3 meters in Miquelon Lake and 59 percent in Hastings Lake ^1 . 3. Water Level The water level of the 5 lakes changes seasonally and annually. Seasonally the water level is the highest after the spring run-off in early May. The water level drops until the fall, depending upon the amount of rainfall and the rate of evaporation during the summer. The water level dropped approximately 50 cm during the summer of 1963 in Ministik Lake. In May and June of 1963 it was possible to drive a 16 foot aluminum boat with a 15 hp outboard motor throughout the lake. In the middle of July of 1963 it became increasingly difficult to move through the channels between Area 2 and Area 3 and between Area 1 and Area 4. After a further drop in water level in late July it was not possible to visit Area 3 and Area 4. Because of the low water level in the spring of 1964 (approximately the same water level as October of 1963) it was necessary to use a 9 foot light aluminum boat with a 5 hp outboard motor. The drop of water level was approximately 25 cm during the 27 Figure 1 1 . Hypsographic curves of five lakes in central Alberta. Percent of Surface Area SJdJdlU UJ IflddQ 28 summer of 1964. At the end of June the narrow channel between Area 1 and Area 4 became dry (Fig. 12), thus Area 4 was separated from the main lake. In July 1964 the channel connecting areas between Area 1 and 2 became very shallow (5 cm of water in one section), and it was necessary to push the boat through the soft mud. The changes in water level in 1963 and 1964 were comparable in the other four lakes, except that navigation was not disturbed by the change. The channel connecting Cooking ^1 and Cooking ^2 Lakes became very shallow (20 cm) at some places in the summer of 1964. The long-term annual changes of water level are considerable in the 5 lakes. Figures 13-17 show the change of the lake outline in the years of 1916, 1950 and 1962. All lakes were the largest prior to 1916 (Table V). At that time Miquelon Lakes were a series of three lakes. West, Middle and South Miquelon Lakes, connected by narrow channels. Subsequently these three parts became separated. Only West Miquelon Lake is investigated in this study. The large slough, north-west of Ministik Lake was part of Ministik Lake prior to 1916. Figure 18 shows an area near Ministik Lake which was flooded before 1916. In the first two decades of this century it was possible, at least in the spring, to move a small boat from Hastings Lake to Ministik Lake through Cooking Lake in the creeks connecting these lakes. (Pers. comm. C. Ericson). The water level was very low in the five lakes in 1950. Hastings ^1 and Hastings ^2 Lakes were separated at that time. Miller and MacDonald (1950) give 17 feet depths for two areas in Hastings Lake ^1 where the corresponding figures were 24 feet in 1963. Area 4 was separated from Ministik Lake in 1950. In 1962 the water levels were much higher than in 1950, with the exception of Miquelon Lake where the water level was somewhat below the 1950 level. The increase in water level was the most remarkable in Hastings Lake. Area 1 and Area 2 were connected again, and the lake regained the size it had before 1916. There no 29 Figure 12. Sand bar separating Area 3 and Area 4 in Ministik Lake (August 1964) 30 Changes in shoreline in the years 1916, 1950, and 1962 in Antler Lake. Figure 13. ANTLER LAKE 1918 i950 1962 \ u I Km >1 31 Figure 14. Changes in shoreline in the years 1916, 1950, and 1962 in Cooking Lake. 32 Figure 15. Changes in shoreline in the years 1916, 1950, and 1962 in Hastings Lake. HASTINGS LAKE uJ ui cr o i mile 33 Figure 16. Changes in shoreline in the years 1916, 1950, and 1962 in Ministik Lake. 1 MINISTIK LAKE 34 Figure 17, Changes in shoreline in the years 1916.. 1962 in Miquelon Lake* and MIQUELON LAKE I mile 35 Table V. Change of lake water surface area in five lakes in central Alberta* Lake 1916 2 1950 2 1962 0 Area km Area km Area km2 (%) (%) (%) Antler 4.34 1.99 2.26 (100) (46) (52) Cooking 46.71 33.71 35.12 (100) (72) (75) Hastings 9.15 5.93 8.71 (100) (43) (95) Ministik 16.2 6.30 8.76 (100) (39) (54) Miquelon (West) 15.30 9.35 8.90 (100) (61) (58) * 1916 condition is considered as 100 percent. Calculations are based on the main body of water. Water surfaces separated from the main body are excluded. 36 Figure 18. This area was part of Ministik Lake (July 1963). Figure 19 Flooded trees in Hastings Lake (Aug. 1964) fr ? V 37 are many evidences for the rapid increase in water level in Hastings Lake. Dead trees are in the water near to the shores (Figure 19), and wire fences are flooded in several areas which were dry in 1950. The permanent outflow (p. 18) indicates that Hastings Lake has some underground water supply. The water level conditions in 1964 were very similar to those of 1950 in Ministik Lake and to a somewhat lesser extent in Antler and Cooking Lakes. The water levels of Hastings and Miquelon Lake were lower in 1964 than in 1962 but were not comparable to the 1950 conditions. 4. Temperature Shallowness and frequent strong winds prevent thermal stratification in the study lakes, and the lake waters follow in general the temperature changes of the atmosphere (Figures 20 - 23). The bottom mud warms up considerably during the summer. The mud temperature averages between 17° and 18°C in Hastings Lake ^1 in July and August (Fig. 24). In the shallower lakes the mud temperature may exceed 20°C for shorter periods, but a cold windy day is sufficient to cool it rapidly. On July 12, 1964, the eleventh day of a warm spell, the bottom mud temperature was 21 .8°C in Antler Lake (2. 1 m), 21 .5°C in Ministik Lake ^2 (3.0 m) and 20.2°C in the somewhat deeper Ministik Lake ^1 (3.2 m). On July 9, three days before, the maximum air temperature was 31 °C, and the average wind speed was 20.4 mph, gusting to 27 mph, thus the oozy bottom had been warmed up considerably. In the relatively deep Hastings Lake ^1 (7.5 m) the highest mud temperature, 18.3°C was recorded on August 19, 1963. The corresponding temperature was 20.4°C in the shallower Hastings Lake ^2 (3.0 m) on the same day. The highest surface water temperature, 26°C was recorded in the very shallow, small Antler Lake on July 12, 1964, and the temperature difference was 5.2°C between the surface and bottom mud. The greatest temperature difference 6.8°C was recorded in Hastings Lake ^1 on June 18, 1963. This difference was 38 Figure 20. The vertical distribution of temperature during the summer of 1964 in Antler and Miquelon Lakes. ANTLER LAKE GO A « MAXIMUM DEPTH 45 (80 - 128 cm) and Miquelon Lake (106 ~ 200 cm) were in the higher transparency range. The transparency observations were in general agreement with the biomass of seston . Lakes with low transparencies had a high seston biomass. Seech i disc reading is only an approximate index of transparency, because it is influenced by atmospheric conditions, etc. (Welch 1948). On fifteen occasions Secchi disc observations were supplemented with colorimetric turbidity measurements (Table VI), a more accurate method. Ruttner and Sauberer (in Hutchinson 1957) found a definite inverse corre¬ lation of light transmission with the total plankton in some Austrian lakes. This relationship with turbidity was investigated in the study lakes. Figure 26 shows the correlation of turbidity with the dry weight of seston in the study lakes. The regression analysis shows a correlation coefficient of r = .983 and a coefficient of determination 2 of r = .968. This means that turbidity measurements could be used to establish the pattern of the vertical distribution of seston biomass in deep lakes. Although the correlation between turbidity and dry seston weight is very good there is some spread of points around the straight line on the graph. This is caused by the different qualitative composition of samples from different lakes or even within one lake at different times or at different depths. Qualitative changes in the seston composition (size, shape, color) could change the turbidity reading, even if the unit volume weight of the sample remained unchanged. Therefore, the estimation of seston biomass, based on turbidity measurements only, has a limited value. The organic matter percent of the seston in each lake should be known also. In deep lakes the estimation of standing stock of seston is difficult because the seston biomass varies with depth. If seston sampling is supplemented with a com¬ plete series of vertical turbidity measurements at regular intervals, the standing stock of seston could be estimated with accuracy. It is sufficient to take one surface and one deep sample. The weights obtained by the two samples could - Table VI. Transparency of lake water and the dry weight biomass of seston in nine bodies of water in central Alberta. Turbidity Secchi disc Dry weight Lake Date Sampling depth (Jackson reading of seston 1964 units) (cm) mg/I Antler Aug. 12 Surface 50 55 23.3 Sept. 7 n 34 55 25.4 Sept. 7 h 38 — ““ 26.0 Cooking ^1 Aug . 6 Surface 170 14 141 .2 Sept. 7 ri 185 -- 136.1 Sept. 7 1 .5m 195 mm — 146.7 Cooking ^2 Aug . 6 Surface 95 22 73.8 Sept. 7 u 100 — 91.8 Sept. 7 2m 110 " 99.1 Cooking ^3 Sept. 7 Surface 125 — 102.3 Hastings ^1 July 7 Surface 11 — 9.6 Aug . 7 fl 30 85 15.0 Sept. 7 ii 14 100 12.9 Sept. 7 4m 10 “ 11.3 Hastings ^2 Aug. 7 Surface 38 75 19.9 Sept. 7 tf 38 63 27.0 Sept. 7 2m 25 26.6 Ministik ^1 Aug. 10 Surface 38 64 33.0 Sept. 23 ft 24 54 29.4 Sept. 23 II 24 -- 31.4 Sept. 23 2m 24 32.5 Ministik ^2 July 18 Surface 22 64 21.4 Aug. 10 it 35 62 23.9 Sept. 23 ii 28 50 31.0 Miquelon Aug. 1 1 Sept. 4 Surface n 18 15 106 124 17.5 17.2 47 Figure 26. Relationship of turbidity (Jackson units) to the dry weight of seston in nine bodies of water in central Alberta. o o CM o LO o o o u-> o I/6UJ N01S3S do SSVWOI9 1H0I3M A^Q TURBIDITY IN JACKSON UNITS 48 be adjusted in accordance with the turbidity measurements to make it representative for the total water column. The accuracy of the method could be further increased, if necessary, by taking more than one deep water sample. In inventory type survey works where great accuracy is not essential, or when space is limited for storage of samples in field work, one surface water sample may be sufficient if supplemented by a complete vertical series of turbidity measurements. 6. Bottom Mud Content Table VII gives the bottom mud analysis in the five study lakes. According to the soil test interpretation, given by the testing laboratory, the nitrate nitrogen is low in all lakes. Phosphorus was found to be very low in Miquelon, Ministik qnd Hastings ^1 Lakes, low in Hastings ^2 and Cooking Lakes and very high in Antler Lake. Potassium is considered very high in all lakes. Sodium (Table VIII) was extremely high in Cooking, Ministik and Miquelon Lakes, very high in Hastings Lake and low in Antler Lake. The pH was mildly alkaline in Antler Lake, moderately alkaline in Hastings Lake and strongly alkaline in Cooking, Ministik and Miquelon Lakes. The high conductivity readings were due to the high sulfate and sodium content of the mud in Cooking, Ministik and Miquelon Lakes. Table IX gives the relationship between the organic content of bottom mud and the average depth and to the shoreline : area (sl/a) ratio in the study lakes. In Cooking, Hastings and Ministik Lakes the shallower areas have higher percentage of organic content of the mud than in the deeper areas. The organic matter in the bottom mud is 10 percent higher in Cooking Lake ^1 (3.25 sl/a) than in Cooking ^2 (1 .50) and ^3 (1 .96) Lakes, 28 percent higher in Hastings Lake ^2 (6.30) than in Hastings Lake ^1 (3.87), 25 percent higher in Ministik Lake ^2 (9.27) than in Ministik Lake #1 (5.74) and very high in the shallow Antler Lake. The shallower areas have a sl/a ratio nearly twice as large as that of the deeper areas in the three multibasin lakes. In a lake where the sl/a ratio I - Table VII. Bottom mud soil analysis in eight bodies of water in central Alberta. 49 O O) - .£ _Q 05 E ~0 u • — c a CD 0 1 1 > • - o 3 ~E 1 E o U X Q_ E 3 • — to to O -4— £ a) ~o 0 :> o £ o ~o 0 ~o 0 ~CS 0 CO CO 00 CM in CO 'O CO ''M O' - z o — CO 00 CM 0 u D O 00 o o ■ — CM 1 — 1 — 00 CM CD q_ 3 <0 < oo CD 3 < CL 0 t/o Q_ 0 to Q_ 0 to Ol 0 to CL 0 to , — , — CM CM 1 — CM =tfc ttfc =tfc =»fc =«= =*fc 00 (/) oo (/> CD CD CD O) CD CD C c c c c C 0 • — to • — to • — -+— to oo Z o z O c o o D a O O < X X X X U U Cl 0 to • — to *c • — MO M0 ~o 0 o O 00 O' O 'O in CM m CM CM CM CO ID CM mo’ in O'* MO CL 0 to CM 5»fc c ~o 0 o o o o o o + o o o + o + o in in o Mg > K > Na low Hastings Mg > Na > Ca > K very high Cooking Na > Mg > Ca > K extremely high Ministik Na > Mg > Ca > K extremely high Miquelon Na > Mg > K > Ca extremely high Mean river** Ca > Mg > Na > K — * From soil test report. ** Hutchinson (1957) After Clarke (1924). Table IX. Average organic matter in the bottom sediment in five lakes in central Alberta . Organic matter Mean Shorel ine Lake Date percent depth m Area Antler Sept. 10, 64 45.7 .88 4.69 Cooking Sept. 10, 64 33.5 1 .24 2.04 Hastings Sept. 10, 64 36.6 3.03 4.27 Ministik ^1 and ^2 Sept. 28, 64 33. 1 1 .41 6.87 Miquelon Sept. 10, 64 14.3 2.85 2.62 Area Cooking ^1 Sept. 10, 64 36.3 .78 3.25 Cooking ^2 and ^3 Sept. 10, 64 32.9 1 .32 1.80 Hastings ^1 Sept. 10, 64 35.0 3.32 3.87 Hastings ^2 Sept. 10, 64 44.8 1 .55 6.30 Min istik ^ 1 Sept. 28, 64 30.6 1 .59 5.74 Ministik ^2 Sept. 28, 64 38.5 1 .00 9.27 51 is high, the littoral vegetation has a greater contribution of detritus to the mud than in a similar lake where the sl/a ratio is lower. In the study lakes increase in sl/a ratio coincides with decrease in mean depth (p.l 18) and low mean depth is associ¬ ated with increased productivity (p.120). Hodgson et al. (1960) tested the sediments in Cooking Lake ^1 in March of 1959. They report that the glacial till surface lies about 10 m below the lake level. The sequence of the sediment types under the water are gyttja, dense blue clay, sands and silts, and glacial till. The thickness of the different layers ranged in the three test cores, 3.3 - 3.7 m for gyttja, .4 - .6 m for blue clay, and 3.3 - 4.3 m for sands and silts. 52 VI. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAKES 1 . Total Dissolved Solids and Total Alkalinity (a) Total dissolved solids (T.D.S.) In the lakes studied the total dissolved solids varied from 322 (Antler) to 4648 (Miquelon) ppm in 1964 (Table X). According to the Venice System (Anon. 1959) Antler Lake is classified as limnetic (freshwater), the other four lakes are oligohaline. Hutchinson (1957, p. 553) defines salinity "as the concentration of all the ionic constituents present". He accepts the use of T.D.S. as "a useful pragmatic quantity", but the loss by ignition must be known. Seasonal and annual changes can be recognized in T.D.S. Climatic factors are mainly responsible for the changes. Changes of concentration of salts in a lake are controlled by several factors such as the total precipitation, the rate of evaporation, the amount of inflow and the ratio of water volume to surface area (mean depth). The lakes studied have a uniform climate, none of them has regular surface inflow and only Hastings Lake has a little permanent outflow. The effect of mean depth on salinity could thus be directly compared in the five lakes. Seasonal changes are of two types. Summer changes The T.D.S. is the lowest after the melting of ice. The spring run-off consists of mainly melting snow with low T.D.S. value. This dilutes the lake water, thus the T.D.S. is the lowest in the lake in May. Increase in evaporation during the summer increases the T.D.S. until the fall (Table XI). Table X. Average values of total dissolved solids and total alkalinity during the summer in 8 bodies of water in central Alberta. Lake Mean depth m Year Ave rage Percent increase T.D.S. ppm Total alkalinity ppm T.D.S. Alkalinity Antler .88 1964 322 177 — — Cooking ^1 00 r\ 1963 950 322 1964 1325 432 39.5 34.2 Cooking ^2 1 .22 1963 1117 382 1964 1254 434 12.3 11.1 Hastings 3.32 1963 650 233 1964 701 256 7.8 9.9 Hastings ^2 1 .55 1963 607 208 1964 712 257 17.3 23.6 Ministik ^1 1 .59 1963 2048 577 1964 2294 668 12.0 15.8 Ministik ^2 1 .00 1963 2067 554 1964 2523 674 22.1 21.7 Miquelon 2.85 1963 4456 1220 1964 4648 1383 4.3 13.4 54 Table XI. Summer increase in total dissolved solids in five lakes in central Alberta in 1964. Lake Total dissolved solids, (ppm) Increase in sal inity % Mean depth m Spring Autumn Antler May 1 3 Sept. 7 21.3 .88 272 330 Cooking ^1 May 2 1 Sept. 7 38.1 .78 1018 1406 Cooking ^2 May 30 Sept. 7 10.2 1 .22 1 152 1270 Hastings May 7 Sept. 9 14.6 3.32 658 754 Hastings ^2 May 7 Sept. 8 15.1 1.55 648 746 Ministik ^1 May 1 3 Sept. 28 15.1 1 .59 2098 2414 Ministik ^2 May 1 3 Sept. 28 21.3 1 .00 2202 2672 Miquelon May 16 Sept. 7 7.2 2.85 4518 4842 Table XII. Water analyses of lake ice in three bodies of water in central Alberta. Expressed in parts per million. Lake Date T.D.S. Hardness Sulphates Chlorides Alkalinity Cooking ^2 Jan . 1 1 , 64 86 64 20 1 1 Nil 20 Hastings ^1 Jan. 12, 64 72 48 15 9 Nil 15 Ministik ^2 Jan. 18, 64 72 28 20 18 Nil 20 55 Winter changes Following the freeze-up the T.D.S. increases rapidly in shallow lakes. The lake ice contains fresh water, very low in T.D.S. (Table XII). Most of the salts remain in solution but the amount of liquid water decreases as the ice thickens, resulting in an increase in T.D.S. through the winter (Table XIII). Variations in the annual precipitation and the extent of evaporation are responsible for annual T.D.S. changes. Very little snow fell during the 1963-64 winter and most of it evaporated before the spring of 1964. The T.D.S. values for May 1964 were essentially identical to those of the autumn of 1963. These initial high values further increased during the summer resulting in higher average T.D.S. values in 1964 (Table X). Rawson and Moore (1944) state that "The average rate of increase (salinity) per year shows an inverse ratio to the mean depth of the lake. Graphic analysis of this relation suggests a hyperbolic curve'". Figure 27 shows the relationship of annual increase in T.D.S. to mean depth in the lakes studied. The hyperbolic relation implies that in deep lakes the change in T.D.S. is insignificant, but can be consider¬ able in shallow lakes. The average T.D.S. increased 22 . 1 percent in the shallow Ministik Lake ^2 and only 4.3 percent in the deeper Miquelon Lake (between 1963 and 1964) (Table X). The respective seasonal increases were 21.3 percent and 7.2 percent in the 1964 summer, 50.9 percent and 19.2 percent in the 1963-1964 winter, (Tables XI and XIII), thus seasonal changes in T.D.S. are following the pattern of the annual changes. T.D.S. may vary in different parts of a lake. This was observed in Cooking, Hastings and Ministik Lakes. These lakes, because of their peculiar morphometries, have different T.D.S. values of different areas at a given time (Table X, Figure 28). - 56 Table XIII. Winter increase in total dissolved solids in nine bodies of water in central Alberta 1963-64. Lake Total dissolved solids (ppm) Increase in salinity % Mean depth m 1963 Fall 1 964 Winter Antler Oct. 15 Feb. 1 37.8 .88 328 452 Cooking ^1 Aug. 19 March 7 134.5 .78 1026 2406 Cooking ^2 Sept. 29 March 7 45.7 1 .22 1178 1716 Hastings ^1 Oct. Feb. 29 9.8 3.32 672 738 Hastings ^2 Sept. 7 March 1 27.1 1 .55 628 798 Ministik ^1 Sept. 8 March 12 40.4 1.59 2140 3004 Ministik ^2 Oct. 13 March 1 50.9 1 .00 2174 3280 Miquelon Oct. 20 Feb. 28 19.2 2.85 4662 5559 57 Figure 27. The relation of mean depth to increase of salinity in seven bodies of water in central Alberta 1963-1964. Average annual increase in T.D.S. between 1963-1964, percent 58 Figure 28. Seasonal variation in total dissolved solids in Ministik Lake, 1963-1964. 4000 J MINISTIK LAKE T T - t - — r - - r - t-*~— — -r — — — T- - - — t — ~r* — — t o O o o o o rO (Vi •wd-d s a 1 1 o s 03Aioss io nvioi MAf JUNE JULY AUG SEPT. OCT NOV DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT 1963 196 4 59 (b) Total alkalinity Average summer alkalinity values are given in Table X. Figure 29 shows the relationship between total dissolved solids and total alkalinity in the five study lakes and 22 other bodies of water* in the general study area. The total alkalinity increases in general with the increase in T.D.S. and the graphical representation of this relationship suggests a curve. The ratio of total alkalinity to T.D.S. had an average of 30 : 100 ranging from 17 : 100 to 68 : 100. The ratio was the lowest in the lake which had the highest T.D.S. (9688 ppm) and the highest in the lake with the lowest T.D.S. (294 ppm). Ruttner (1953) reported a ratio of 90 : 100 for Austrian Lakes, and Aiberg and Rhode (in Ryder 1964) found a ratio of 16 : 100 in a few Swedish Lakes. This great variation in proportion prevents the use of estimating T.D.S. from total a Ika I in ity . * Location and water analysis are given in the Appendices. 60 Figure 29. The relation of total dissolved solids to total alkalinity in 30 bodies of water in central Alberta. Total dissolved solids ppm. 61 2 . Ion Composition During the analysis of data it was found that the water analysis reports for ionic constituents done by the Provincial Analyst in the summer of 1964 cannot be accepted by the standards given in Thomas (1953). The analytical results were not balanced chemically in equivalents per million. The percent error found exceeded the 5 percent maximum acceptable error. Furthermore, the difference was too great by comparing residue on evaporation against the sum of ionic constituents. Most of the reports received in 1963 are satisfactory and are given in the appendix. However, since Antler and Miquelon Lakes were not sampled during the summer of 1963, samples taken during the winter of 1963-64 have been used to construct Maucha's (1932) ionic star diagrams (Figure 30, Tables XIV, XV). The study lakes vary in their ionic composition. Sodium is the dominant cation in Ministik, Cooking and Miquelon Lakes, ranging from 60 to 80 percent (Table XV). It ranks as the second most abundant cation in Hastings Lake (39 per¬ cent), and it is the least important cation in Antler Lake (16 percent). The sodium content tends to increase with increase in T.D.S. in the study lakes. The sodium content of the bottom mud is in accordance with that of the lake waters (Table VIII). Magnesium narrowly ranks as the most abundant cation in Hastings Lake (41 percent) and is the second highest cation in the other four lakes (18 - 36 percent). Calcium is the dominant cation in Antler Lake (49 percent) and it is the least important in Miquelon Lake (.6 percent). Calcium ranks third in Ministik, Cooking and Hastings Lakes (3.6, 12. 1 and 19.5 percent). The relative proportion of calcium tends to increase with the decrease in T.D.S. Potassium ranks fourth in Cooking, Hastings and Ministik Lakes, less than two percent of the cations, and it ranks as third in Antler and Miquelon Lakes, 1 .2 and 18.5 percent respectively. The chloride ions are very low in the study lakes. They range from 1 .3 to 62 The ionic conditions in five lakes in central Alberta. The diagrams have been constructed according to Maucha (1932). Figure 30. ANTLER LAKE COOKING LAKE NO. 2 FEB I 1964 HASTINGS LAKE NO. I MINISTIK LAKE NO. 2 DEC. I. 1963 DEC. I. 1963 MIQUELON LAKE FEB 29 1964 MINISTIK LAKE NO. I HASTINGS LAKE NO.I COOKING LAKE NO. 2 JULY 31. 1963 AUG. 15. 1963 AUG. 19. 1963 Table XIV. Chemical composition of five lakes in central Alberta. Expressed in parts per million. 63 _o\— . tn CO CO in o CN o Cl c • o 9 CO in xf in CN n -o t— U") o o O' in xf CO o CO o- i — SO o CN o. vO CN xj- CO in CO r— — i — CO u 1 CO o n CO IO • o O' CO CO in o N xf y CN CN 00 'O X CO CO o o in CO 1 CN CN 00 CN o CN CO xj- o O Z CN CO CN O' o in 00 h* r— VZ xf < o • XT xf 3 3 o CO CO o xf r— O) V 4 <5 r— £ o CN r— CN in in -o CN IN r— o •o « • • U s xf O CN CO CO CO N- o 'O o O O 4- V K s 6 «> 2" o CO 23 in in 00 — • • o • o • o • o • Im ■ Vi o u. « o d) • o “O c o C a a) E m • c o .2 r ■4— dl O -Q •£< */> -p c c o «> u c o > X _2 JO O • to CO in o CN o • Q E CL 9 § CO IN xf •n CN IN • cl i — CN O i— N" CN IN X O in o o CN • xT a •n 00 a IN 4 o i i in O xf in in i i 00 O CO xf o> 1 • • « a a a i i i U 1 CO o i i ■ CO O o • xf • CN a CN • in a i U x O' IN CO CO 3 N CO 00 CN to c CN o a • — co M- IN o CO in 00 O c O 1 1 CN CN 0 o O u r— +- to o a. E o •n IN a *n u d) D Z in • in o • IN 00 NO a CN CO a o CO o CO in 00 c d) o d) Q_ o o •n n • • a a a a o CN CN r— “ CO CO 'O +: CN CN d) > c o cr C o d) 5 c < 0 U o X 5 s * After Clarke (1924). . 64 3.9 percent of the anionic constituents. The sil ica content of the study lakes varied from 1 .5 ppm (Miquelon) to 11.5 ppm (Ministik ^2) (Table XVI). A considerable variation in silica content has been frequently encountered within a restricted region (Hutchinson 1957). Much of this variation is attributed to the different utilization of silica by diatoms. In Miquelon Lake diatoms made up an important part of the phytoplankton while in the other lakes diatoms were not common. Undoubtedly the low silica content in Miquelon Lake is due mainly to the high utilization of silica by diatoms in the lake. The bicarbonates are the dominant anions in Antler Lake. The sulphates exceed the bicarbonates in Cooking, Hastings, Ministik and Miquelon Lakes. The ionic order of dominance in Antler Lake which has the lowest T.D.S. value among the study lakes is very close to that of the mean river as given by Clarke (1924) (Table VIII). Only the sequence of K and Na is reversed by a narrow margin. Miquelon Lake with the highest T.D.S. value has the greatest departure from the mean river ionic order of dominance. The volume of water in Antler Lake is small (Table III), and it has a periodic outlet when the water level is high. Some amount of flushing takes place depending upon the amount of runoff in the spring. Thus the T.D.S. remains relatively low and the ionic order of dominance remains close to an open system condition. Miquelon Lake on the other hand has a closed basin, therefore the T.D.S. is high and an idiosyncracy of ionic composition has developed. The more closed the lake basin is, the higher the T.D.S. and the greater the departure from the average ionic order of dominance of open systems. Cooking, Ministik and Miquelon Lakes have very similar ionic compos¬ ition. Hastings Lake is somewhat different with a higher Ca concentration and Antler Lake is by itself with very high Ca concentration. - 65 Table XVI. The silica content of surface water in eight bodies of water in central Alberta. Lake Date 1964 Silica ppm Date 1964 Si 1 ica ppm Antler July 16 1 .8 Aug. 12 6 Cooking ft] July 21 3.5 Aug. 6 12 Cooking ^2 - Aug. 6 6 Hastings ^1 July 20 5.0 Aug. 7 9 Hastings ^2 July 20 8.0 Aug. 7 9,8 Ministik July 18 7.5 Aug. 10 7.5 Ministik ^2 July 18 7.5 Aug. 10 11.5 Miquelon July 21 1 .5 Aug. 11 1.7 Table XVII. Hydrogen ion concentration in in central Alberta eight bod » ies of water Lake 1963 Aug . -Oct. 1963-64 Winter 1964 May-Oct. Antler — — 8.0 - 8.7 Cooking ^1 8.8 - 9.1 — 9.0 - 9.3 Cooking ^2 9.0 - 9.3 8.6 - 8.8 8.8 - 9.2 Hastings ^1 8.6 - 9.0 7.4 - 8.0 8.3 - 8.8 Hastings ^2 8.8 - 9.4 7.4 7.7 - 9.0 Ministik ft] 9.4 - 9.5 — 9.2 - 9.4 Ministik ft2 9.5 - 9.6 9.3 - 9.4 8.8 - 9.3 Miquelon — 9.3 9.3 - 9.5 * 66 3. Hydrogen Ion Concentration Table XVII gives the pH ranges recorded in the study lakes. The lakes are alkaline, ranging from pH 7.7 (Hastings ^2) to pH 9.5 (Miquelon in 1964.) The pH values were lower during the winter of 1963-1964 than during the summer before. This is caused by the accumulation of free CC^ and the absence of photosynthesis (Ruttner 1953). The pH tends to be higher in the lakes with higher T.D.S. However, in natural waters the pH of the water is influenced by the assimilation of carbon dioxide from the water by the photosynthetic activity of the algae which causes the pH of the water to increase. The pH values in the lakes were lower in the summer of 1964 as compared to that of 1963, with the exception of Cooking Lake ^1 . Data from 1963 are not available for Antler and Miquelon Lakes. The T.D.S. was higher in all the lakes studied in 1964, but Cooking Lake ^1 had the greatest increase (Table XIII). Perhaps the summer of 1964 was less favourable for algal growth, being cooler and more cloudy than the summer before (Table II), thus the pH was lower in spite of the increase in T.D.S. Since the increase in T.D.S. was quite significant in Cooking Lake ^1 in 1964, the pH increased also, contrary to the general trend in the other lakes. The seston biomass was the greatest in Cooking Lake among the study lakes thus it is possible that the higher pH was caused by the high photosynthetic activity. In Ministik Lake ^2 a bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa had started July 2, 1964 which reached its peak July 18, and lasted until August 10. The pH dropped from the previous 9.3 to 8.8 at the beginning of the bloom and remained at this level until the end of the bloom when it increased to pH 9.2 again. A conflicting obser¬ vation was reported by Carefoot (1959). He found that Microcystis aeruginosa had optimum growth and formed a bloom at pH 10 in Astotin Lake. The total alkalinity is significantly different between Astotin (190 ppm) and Ministik Lake #1 (720 ppm), thus the uptake of HCC>3 ions from the dissociation ■ 67 of calcium bicarbonate is relatively greater in the lake with lower calcium bicarbonate content. Therefore the buffering capacity is smaller in Astotin Lake and the increase in pH will be greater due to biological activity (Cholnoky 1960). In Hastings Lake a bloom of Microcystis incerta was in progress on July 1, 1964, and the pH reading was 8.6. On that day, in Hastings Lake ^2 the pH was 7.7 the lowest recorded in the summer, and the biomass of seston was half that of Hastings Lake ^1, which normally has a lower standing crop of seston than Area ^2. The channel connecting the two bodies of water had a high accumulation of Microcystis Incerta and the pH was 8.5 in that area. Only a few meters north of the channel, the water became very clear and the pH value was only 7.7. A similar obser¬ vation was reported by Krishnamoorthy and Visweswera (1963) in Napur, India, the pH dropped from 8*9 to 7.5 in a small pond, and this coincided with a drastic drop in the biomass of phytoplankton. The drop in pH is caused by the accumulation of CO2 and the great reduction in photosynthesis. 68 4. Dissolved Oxygen Summer The amount of dissolved oxygen is adequate for aerobic organisms during the ice free period because of the frequent circulation of water in the study lakes. Values of oxygen saturation for surface and bottom water at Hastings Lake stations 1 and 2 are given in Figure 31 . Dissolved oxygen at the surface varied from 5.5 to 8,6 cc per liter representing saturations of 95 and 138 percent at Station 1 . Usually the oxygen saturation was greater than 100 percent, presumably from photosynthetic activity of the phytoplankton. The bottom water oxygen was never completely depleted during the summer, but very low saturations, 1 7 and 1 1 percent (1.0 cc and . 7 cc per liter) have been recorded on August 4 and August 31 . 1963 at Station 1 „ The oxygen depletion was never that serious during the windier summer of 1964. At the shallower station 2 the surface water was also normally supersaturated. The oxygen saturation fell only once below 40 percent (2.4 cc/l) at the bottom in 1963. Similar conditions existed in the other study lakes during the two summers of study. The surface waters were always well oxygenated but at the bottom the oxygen content dropped below 4 cc per liter during calm and warm periods, but frequent winds prevented complete depletion of oxygen. Winter The shallower bodies of waters had complete depletion of oxygen during the winter of 1963-64. The study lakes with the exception of Miquelon Lake have very high organic content of the bottom sediment (Table IX), Hauptman (1958) showed that decomposition of organic material within the lake was the greatest factor in the depletion of oxygen in three lakes in the Edmonton area. On December 1, 1963 the surface water contained 3.8 cc, the bottom water .9 cc oxygen per li^er at Ministik Lake station 2. Oxygen was present at Cooking 69 Lake station 2 on December 5. After January, 1964, oxygen was not present in the shall ower water bodies during the winter. Miquelon Lake was visited only once (February 29, 1964) during the winter. The oxygen content was 3.2 cc per liter at 1.8 m depth. The bottom mud of the lake has a relatively low organic content (14 percent) and the oxygen was not likely to be depleted by the end of winter because of organic oxidative processes. At Hastings Lake station 1 the oxygen content was 5. 1 cc per liter at the surface and 1 . 4 cc per liter at the bottom on December 1 . The surface oxygen was reduced to 2 . 1 cc per liter, and oxygen was absent at 4 meters and below on January 12. The oxygen dropped further to 1 . 1 cc per liter at the surface and it was absent below 3 meters on February 29. On March 7 oxygen was not found at the surface at three different locations. In spite of prediction no fish kill took place, thus, there must have been places in Hastings Lake where oxygen was present until the end of winter. It is possible that a revival of photosynthetic activity could produce sufficient amount of oxygen after the middle of March. The length of daylight reaches 12 hours on March 19 and increases to 14 hours on the 15th April. Thus the oxygen conditions could improve under the ice cover at the end of the winter provided that dissolved toxic hydrogen sulfide gas did not reach the surface water. The upper water layers were free from in Hastings Lake ^1 in March (p.72 ). 70 Figure 31 . Dissolved oxygen in surface and bottom water at Station 1 and 2, Hastings Lake 1964 summer. HASTINGS LAKE STATION I SURFACE - - _ BOTTOM -- — - STATION 2 SURFACE - - - BOTTOM - 71 5. Hydrogen Sulfide Because of the absence of thermal stratification in the study lakes during the summer, the oxygen - hydrogen sulfide interface is within the bottom mud during this period. After the formation of the ice cover the oxygen is slowly depleted as a result of the decomposition of the accumulated organic matter in the mud. Increased anaerobic decomposition releases and the interface slowly moves toward the surface of the water. In the shallower lakes the may reach the surface with the progress of winter. Table XVIII gives the observations for the winter of 1963-64, Hydrogen sulfide was not found in the water in the three lakes (Cooking $2, Hastings ^1 and Ministik ^2) visited in the first week in December, 1963. There was .5 ppm in the bottom water in Hastings Lake ^1 on January 12, 1964, and Ministik Lake ^2 had more than 5 ppm in the surface water six days later. The shallow Antler Lake had only .5 ppm at the bottom, and the surface water did not contain on February 1, 1964. Similar conditions existed in Hastings Lake ^2 on March 12, 1964. Miquelon Lake has been sampled close to the shore because of the diffi¬ culty in moving on the snow drifts of February 29m 1964. Only the bottom water (2.4 m) contained . 4 ppm ^S. At the same day in Hastings Lake ^1 the H9S was 8 ppm at the bottom (7 m) and the water at a depth of 3 meters was free from ^S. In Cooking ^2, Ministik ^1 and Ministik ^2 Lakes the bottom water contained more than 10 ppm of in the first half of March. The surface water had 2.5 ppm of in Cooking ^2 and over 5 ppm of in Ministik ^1 and Ministik ^2 Lakes at the same period. Hodgson et al. (1960) reported 45 ppm of in Cooking Lake ^1 in March, 1 959. In the shallower bodies of water, with the exception of Hastings Lake ^2, was present in the surface water by the end of winter. This unique situation was caused by the peculiar morphometry in Hastings Lake. The surface water was 72 Table XVIII. Hydrogen sulfide concentration in eight bodies of water in central Alberta, during the winter of 1963-64. ^S ppm Lake Station Date Surface 1 .2m 2 . 4m 3m 5m 7m Antler 1 Feb. 1, 64 0 .5 Hastings 1 Dec . 1 , 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Jan. 12, 64 0 0 0 0 0 .5 1 Feb. 29, 64 0 0 0 0 2.5 8.0 2 Mar. 1 , 64 0 .3 .5 — — — Cooking 2 Dec. 5, 63 0 0 0 — — — 2 Feb. 1, 64 0 .3 1.2 -- — -- 2 Mar. 5, 64 2.5 3.0 15.0 — -- — 1 Mar. 5, 64 + + Ministik 1 Mar. 12, 64 5.0 9 • ? -- — — 2 Dec . 1 , 63 0 0 0 — __ — 2 Jan. 18, 64 5.0 5,0 5.0 -- -- — 2 Mar. 1, 64 6.0 ? 10.0 __ — Miquelon 1 Feb. 29, 64 0 0 .4 ? ? ? free from and the bottom (2 „ 4 m) only .5 ppm of ^S was present in Hastings Lake ^1 on March 1, 1964. The deep Area ^1 which had a connection with Area $2, was free from at least in the 3 uppermost meters at that time. The produced in Area #2 could diffuse through the channel into Area #1 where it was easily oxidized in the presence of oxygen. The surface waters remain ^S free in the deeper Hastings ^1 and Miquelon Lakes. : 73 VII. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAKES 1 . Fish Fauna Table XIX gives the occurrence of fish species present in the study lakes. Northern pike (Esox lucius) and yellow perch (Perea flavescens) were taken by gill net and seine in Hastings Lake in 1963 and 1964. Of the 78 fish taken by gill net in 1963, 70 were northern pike and 8 were yellow perch. Young fish of both species were taken by seine which indicates that both species breed success¬ fully in Hastings Lake. Hastings Lake is visited by sport fishermen both in the summer and winter. The lake is of considerable importance for sport fishing, being the only lake with a sizeable fish population and with free access in the Edmonton- Camrose-Vegrevil le triangle. It is likely that fish could not survive the winters during the low water level period in the forties (p. 28 ), thus the present fish population is probably the resu/f of repeated fish introductions in the fifties (Table XX). It is noticeable that although significantly less numbers of northern pike were placed in the lake, this fish is now more abundant than yellow perch. The stomach contents of 26 fish were examined. In all cases amphipods (Gammarus lacustris and Hyalella azteca)were the main food item. Yellow perch and brook sticklebacks (Eucalia inconstans) were taken in Miquelon Lake. Sticklebacks were moderately numerous, yellow perch are very scarce in the lake. Two standard sets of gill nets were set in 1964 and only three yellow perch were caught, two on the first and one on the second occasion. It is probable that the high alkalinity of the lake is unfavourable for perch. The dissolved oxygen during the winter is sufficient for fish survival. Brook sticklebacks were present in very low numbers in Cooking Lake in 1963. No seining was done in 1964. Fish were not present in Antler and Ministik Lake during the study. Scales and bones of yellow perch and northern pike were recovered in -Mwi'- 't 74 Table XIX. Occurrence of fish in five lakes in central Alberta. bottom dredgings in Cooking and Ministik Lakes. Old residents in the area claim that Ministik Lake offered good fishing until the end of the second decade of this century. Probably this was the time when the lake water level began to drop, and dissolved oxygen became completely depleted during the winter so that the fish population could not survive. 75 Table XX. List of the number of fish planted, in Hastings Lake, Alberta*. Year Perch Pickerel Pike Spot-tail minnow 1941 20,000 — — — 1942 14,500** — — — 1943 20,000** — — — 1944 21,000** — — — 1945 20,000** 2000 — 1000 1945 1 4, 900 — — — 1954 24,000 — — — 1956 15,000 — — — 1957 14,100 — 506** — 1958 26,100 — 310** — *From the records of Alberta Department of Lands and Forests, Fish and Wildlife Division, data were not available for years between 1947 and 1953. **Adult fish. 76 2. Aquatic Plants The water quality preferences of aquatic plants have long been recognized (West 1 905) * The influence of salinity on the distribution of aquatic plants were shown by Fasset (1930). Moyle (1945) pointed out that each species of aquatic plant has its own range of chemical tolerance under which it grows best. Rawson and Moore (1944) showed that the number of aquatic plant species decreases with very high salinities. Table XXI gives the distribution of aquatic plants in the five lakes studied. No attempt has been made at a quantitative study. The number of species present in a lake decreased with increase in T.D.S. Antler and Hastings Lakes, the two least saline lakes, had the highest number of aquatic plant species, 11 and 13 respectively. Cooking Lake with intermediate salinity had only four species, and the more saline Ministik and Miquelon Lakes had two and one species respectively. Ruppia occidentalis and Potamogeton pectinatus, the only two species present in the more saline lakes, are typical of the alkalin lakes (Moyle 1945). Cladophora sp., a filamentous alga, was present in Antler, Cooking, Hastings and Ministik Lakes. This alga formed a very thick mat in Ministik Lake in 1963. The water became crystal clear when Cladophora first appeared in greater numbers in Ministik Lake ^3 on May 15, 1963. It became increasingly abundant and gradually formed a continuous mat over Area ^3 and the long channel connect¬ ing it to Area ^2. The formation of the mat reached its peak in the first week of July, then it began to disintegrate slowly (Fig. 32). Cladophora practically disappeared by the first week in August, and the water in Area ^3 became turbid again indicating the presence of phytoplankton. Undoubtedly Cladophora is antagonistic to phytoplankton. The antagonistic effect of higher aquatic plants to phytoplankton has been shown by Hosier and Jones (1949). In 1 964 Cladophora was present in Ministik Lake but in a very insignificant quantity only. The salinity 77 Table XXL Occurrence of aquatic plants in five lakes in central Alberta . Antler Lake Hastings Lake Cooking Lake Ministik Lake Miquelon Lake Total dissolved solids ppm 322 712 1325 2523 4648 Potamogeton amphibium X X - - - Potamogeton filiformis X X - - - Potamogeton richardsonii X X - - - Potamogeton pectinatus X X - X - Potamogeton vaginatus - X X - - Ruppia occidentalis - - - X X Ceratophy 1 lum demersum X X - - - Myriophy 1 lum exalbescens X X - - - Lemna minor X X X - - Lemna triscula X X - - - Sagittaria cuneata - X - - - Carex sp„ X - - - - Phragmites communis - X - - - Scripus validus X X X - - Typha latifolia X X X - - Number of species 11 13 4 2 1 of Ministik Lake was higher in 1964 than in 1963, thus the change in conditions were not favourable for Cladophora. 78 Figure 32. Floating mat of Anabena sp. in Ministik Lake (July 1963). Remains of a dock in the foreground is from the high water level period. 79 3. Bottom Fauna (a) Qualitative composition Table XXII summarizes the qualitative composition of bottom fauna in the study lakes. Ch ironomidae, the most dominant group, were present in all lakes. The amphipods Gammarus lacustris and Hyalella azteca were present in all lakes also, Sphaeriidae (clams) were not represented in Ministik Lake and Miquelon Lake. Rawson and Moore (1944) reported that sphaeriids were absent from all lakes of salinity greater than 3200 ppm in Saskatchewan. Miquelon Lake definitely falls into this category (Table X), and Ministik Lake reached T.D.S. values of 3004 ppm in Area ^1 and 3280 ppm in Area ^2 during the winter of 1963-64 (Figure 28). The bottom mud of Ministik Lake contained a large number of clam shells suggesting that the lake was suitable for sphaeriids not long ago, but the increase in salinity and alkalinity has made the lake unsuitable for this group, Trichoptera were not found in Antler Lake and Miquelon Lake. This may be due to the small number of samples taken in these lakes. Oligochaetes and Hemiptera have been found in Cooking and Miquelon Lakes only. The absence of Hemiptera in samples from the other three lakes undoubtedly is due to the limited extent of sampling. Hirudinea were present in all five lakes but were not found in the bottom samples in Miquelon Lake although leeches were observed swimming in the lake. (b) Quantitative composition The relative abundance of each major benthic group in the study lakes is given in Figure 33, Tables XXIII - XXVI. Tables XXIII - XXV give the seasonal variation of the benthic fauna in three lakes. Chironomids are the most important group in respect of both number and ■ 80 Table XXII. Occurrence at major groups of bottom fauna in five lakes in central Alberta. CO 1— 4— a) i/> o o o u v X CD o o O _C U _c u 1— “O D 1. • — X o _c Q. oo • — E o X Antler X X X - X - X X - Cooking X X X X - X X X X Hastings X X X - - X X X - Ministik X X X - X X X - - Miquelon X X X X - - X - X 81 Figure 33. Relative abundance of major benthic groups in bottom samples taken from five lakes in central Alberta. NO. OF ORGANISMS ANTLER LAKE WEIGHT OF ORGANISMS NO. OF ORGANISMS WEIGHT OF ORGANISMS COOKING LAKE r~"- • ' --wi NO. OF ORGANISMS WEIGHT OF ORGANISMS HASTINGS LAKE MINISTIK LAKE NO. OF ORGANISMS WEIGHT OF ORGANISMS NO. OF ORGANISMS WEIGHT OF ORGANISMS MIQUELON LAKE ■ - - - - _ — __ - - - - - - J r - r i i r tiir T 7 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 per cent [“ — S rniRONOMlDAE ■ 1 AMPHIPODA m HIRUDINEA PISIDIA OTHERS 82 Table XXIII. 5 easona! variations in the numerical abundance and wet weight biomass of benthic fauna in Cooking Lake in 1963. Values for number of organisms per rrr and wet weight, g per m2 . July 1 Aug. 5 Sept, . 7 Average Number /m2 g/m2 Number / m2 g/m2 Number / m^ g/m2 Number /m g/m2 Chiron omidae 703 9.99 1794 5 9.01 1109 22.94 1202 30.64 Amphipoda 209 1.33 360 1.76 52 .60 207 1.32 Hirundinea 9 1.38 23 .90 24 1.46 19 1.25 Sphaeriidae** 16 .02 4 <.01 8 <.01 9 .01 Ol igochaeta 11 <.01 - - 4 <.01 Misc. * 2 <.01 - - 1 < .01 1 <.01 Average 950 12.73 2181 61 .68 1194 25.01 1442 33.23 Number of dredgings 28 30 33 Total 91 *Trichoptera and Hemiptera **Shell weight deducted Table XXIV. Seasonal variation in the numerical abundance and wet weight biomass of benthic fauna in Hastings Lake in 1963. Values for number of organisms per rrr and wet weight, g per m2. June 24 Number / 2 / 7 g/m / m a Ju ly 31 Number / 2 /m g/m / m Sept. 6 Number / 2 / g/m / m Average Number / 2 /J 9/m Chiron omidae 1776 11.10 3340 70.20 3302 95.03 2806 58.78 Amphipoda 126 1.68 451 2.37 219 2.80 265 2.28 Hirundinea 45 1 . 42 13 .09 31 4.3 30 1.94 Sphaeriidae 392 .65 21 .03 10 .02 141 .23 Trichoptera 11 .73 - - - - 4 .24 Average 2350 15.58 3825 72.69 3562 102.15 3246 63.47 Number of dredgings 27 27 32 Total 86 83 Table XXV. Seasonal variation in the numerical abundance and wet weight biomass of benthic fauna in /V\inistik Lake in 1963. Values for number of organisms per rr/ and wet weight, g per m2. July 5 > c CQ • 7 Sept. 6 Average Number / m2 g/m2 Number / m2 / 2 Number g/m /m2 g/m2 Number / 2 / m2 9/m Chiron omidae 597 6.37 673 11.97 759 10.63 676 9.66 Amphipoda 46 .22 5 .04 3 .02 18 .09 Hirudinea 12 .04 14 .09 5 .09 11 .07 Misc* <1 .03 <1 .04 - - <1 .03 Average 656 6.66 692 12.14 767 10.74 705 9.85 Number of dredgings 36 27 25 Total 88 *Trichoptera an id Chaobor us sp. Table XXVI. Numerical abundance and wet fauna in Antler and Miquelon weight biomass Lakes. of benthic Anti er Lake Miquelon Lake Date Aug. 15, 1964 July 22, 1964 Number /m2 Wet weight g/m2 Number Wet weiqht /m2 g/m2 Chiron omidae 2281 62.84 1900 7.62 Amphipoda 452 .47 181 .60 Hirudinea 43 8.12 - - Sphaeriidae 37 .05 - - Chaoborus sp. 130 .76 - - Ol igochaeta - - 9 <.01 Hemiptera - - 25 .92 2943 72.24 2115 9.15 Number of dredgings 8 14 ■ ’ 84 weight- in all five lakes. Their relative abundance in respect of number of organisms ranges from 77 percent in Antler Lake to 96 percent in Ministik Lake, in respect of wet weight from 83 percent in Miquelon Lake to 96 percent in Ministik Lake. The semi-benthic amphipods contribute more to the total number of bottom organisms than to the weight of the bottom fauna. This is mainly due to the fact that large numbers of small immature individuals were found in the samples. Their relative abundance for number of organisms ranges from 3 percent in Ministik Lake to 15 percent in Antler Lake and in regard of weight from less than one percent in Antler Lake to 4 percent in Cooking Lake. The number of leeches ranges from .9 percent in Hastings Lake to 1 .6 percent in Ministik Lake, in regard fo weight from .7 percent in Ministik Lake to 11 percent in Antler Lake. Although leeches were seen in Miquelon Lake, none were caught in samples. Sphaeriidae make up 4 percent of the number of organisms but less than one percent of the weight in Hastings Lake. This group has very little or no importance in the other lakes. Chaoborus sp. makes up 4 percent of the number of organisms and one percent of the biomass in Antler Lake. Hemiptera are only important in Miquelon Lake where they contribute about one percent to the total number and 10 percent to the benthos biomass. Figure 34 gives the relationship between the number of organisms and benthos biomass in the study lakes. When estimating the standing stock of bottom fauna, the total weight is more meaningful than the number of organisms. If the study lakes are ranked in the order of the number of bottom organisms, Miquelon Lake surpasses Cooking Lake which has a biomass more than three times that of Miquelon Lake. The body weight of bottom organisms varies greatly . A smaller chironomid may weigh less than . 1 mg (wet weight), a larger form may be over 20 mg. The number and weight relationship per unit area varies not only if 85 Figure 34. Relationship between the number of organisms and the wet weight biomass of benthic fauna in bottom samples taken from five lakes in central Alberta. 60 i — AVERAGE WET WEIGHT OF ORGANISMS g / m 0 10 20 30 40 50 I - — - 1 - _l _ j _ __l _ ! _ J ( -4 ANTLER LAKE COOKING LAKE HASTINGS LAKE MSNSSTIK LAKE MIQUELON LAKE T 0 1000 AVERAGE NUMBER OF ORGANISMS / m 2000 * C NUMBER OF ORGANISMS ■ — r— - 3000 WEIGHT OF ORGANISMS 86 different species of organisms are present in different lakes, but it changes seasonally within one lake. After successful hatching the number of organisms per unit area decreases with the advancement of the season due to predation and other causes. The surviving individuals grow with time and the biomass could increase in spite of the decrease in number. In Hastings Lake the average standing stock of chironomids on 2 July 31, 1963, consisted of 3340 organisms weighing 70.2 g (wet weight) per m (Table XXIV). On September 6, 1963 this had changed to 3302 organisms weighing 2 95.0 g per m . This represents a slight decrease in the number of organisms but30 percent increase in biomass. Iyengar et al . (1963) found that in sediments where the number of chironomid larvae is high, the individual weight of the larvae Is low, I observed that the greatest concentration of bottom fauna was found in samples in which the accumulation of detritus was high, These samples were taken without exception reasonably close to the shore in relatively sheltered areas. A 2 225 cm sample in Hastings Lake on September 6, 1963 contained 375 chironomid larvae weighing 15.05 g (wet weight). This is equivalent of 16, 140 organisms 2 weighing 647,8 g per m . Another sample in a different but similar location yielded 2 426 chironomids weighing 9, 15 g (18,335 organisms, 393.8 g per m ), The substrate in both cases was dark brown coarse mud containing great amounts of detritus. Nursall (1952) pointed out the importance of organic food material (decomposing leaf lifter) in the establ ishment of Chironomu^, a eutrophy-typica I form, in the newly formed oiigotrophic Barrier reservoir in Alberta, Rawson (1953) observed in Great Slave Lake: "The heavily silted area of the Slave River Delta has a bottom population heavier than that at similar depths elsewhere in the main lake". Hayes (1957) suggested that probably the quality of the sediment determines the mass of bottom organisms. Iyengar et al. ( 1 963) concluded that in nine lakes in Southern Ontario " ..... the fattiness of the larvae (chironomid) is related directly to the total carbon content of the lake bottom sediments". They also found that 'The 87 total amount or organic matter in the larval mass shows a highly significant inverse relation with the organic matter/carbon ratio of the lake bottom sediment .... This implies that the nature rather than total amount of the organic matter in the sediment is the important factor in the above relationship". In this study the relationship between the average wet weight benthos biomass and the organic content of the bottom mud was examined (Table XXVII, Figures 35-36). The total bottom fauna includes many organisms incidental to the bottom fauna (adult Hemiptera) and some semi-benthic forms (amphipods, Hirudinea). Chironomidae on the other hand are truly benthic and obtain their nourishment entirely from the bottom sediment. Thus one might expect to find a better correlation between the organic matter content of the bottom sediment and the biomass of chironomid fauna than between organic matter content of the sediment and total bottom fauna. Regression analyses were calculated for this relationship, separately for the two groups. A 2 correlation coefficient r = . 73 and a coefficient of determination r = .53 was found 2 for the total bottom fauna and a better correlation r = . 79 and r - .62 existed between the organic matter of bottom sediment and the chironomid fauna. This indicates that the organic matter content of the bottom mud is a very important factor controlling the biomass of chironomid fauna in the study lakes. Rawson (1939) suggested that other conditions being comparable, size, including both area and mean depth, seems to have an effect on the quantity of benthos. He showed that large and deep lakes have relatively smaller quantities. The large and deep lakes studied by Rawson were oligotrophic in nature. In these lakes the productivity was low, subsequently the sedimentation of organic matter was low also. Because the quantity of bottom fauna depends upon the organic content of the sediment the large deep lakes support relatively small quantities of bottom fauna . Furthermore, Rawson and Moore (1944) found that the amount of bottom ■ Table XXVII. Average numbers, wet weight biomass of bottom fauna and selected properties of five lakes in central Alberta . 88 O Ed O D I i E °-_g c £ D ”” ^ E Q 9- u£+_ c b 2 -o £ §>p I u c o o CL CO CO o E o -'CM .5? CD .E Z-5 o o N- in oo CN 00 IN 00 o 00 O' V) CN 00 00 CM =*fc "O c a =tfc ■ /> CD c. CD CD C .C Iy 4- co ■ i/i o C C < o X o U Mi N- CN in o CN CO CO in CN CO MO 00 • — CM CO CO CO CN o o o o CN CO CO -o CO CO 'O o o 'O • — CN Nr in mo CO <— CO CO O CO CO N' N" CO CO CO 1— CN CO CN CN CN CN CO CO CN CN IN 'O CO c 1/1 t=r -j-j , — MO CM M0 O o 72 00 CN O IN o •- e CN IN CN MO CN -E o CN CN 1 — 1 — CO MO CN CO ko N- Nr N" O r— CN CM N- IN « - CN CO 1 — CN c _o a> o cr 89 Figure 35. Figure 36. The relation of wet weight biomass of chironomid fauna to organic matter content of bottom sediment in five lakes in central Alberta. The relation of total bottom fauna to organic matter content of bottom sediment. Organic matter in sediment, per cent Organic matter in sediment, per cent 50 Wet weight of Chironomidae Wet weight of total bottom fauna 90 fauna shows a gradual decline with increase in salinity in the saline Saskatchewan Lakes. The same relationship was found in the present study as well (Fig. 37). It was also found that there is a definite inverse relationship between the biomass of bottom fauna and the pH of the bottom mud in the study lakes (Table XXVII). The pH of the bottom mud is undoubtedly the reflection of salinity or rather the total alkalinity of the lake water (p. 59). Higher total alkalinity is associated with higher pH values. Table XXVII gives the average number and biomass of benthic fauna, the average T.D.S., total alkalinity, organic matter content of bottom mud and the pH of the bottom mud. Among the study lakes Antler Lake has the highest wet weight biomass of bottom fauna, it has the lowest pH value (7.4), it is the smallest in area 2 (2.26 km ), it has the lowest mean depth (.88 m), lowest T.D.S. (322 ppm) and total alkalinity (177 ppm) but it has the highest organic content of the bottom fauna (72.2 g/m ). Miquelon Lake on the other hand has the highest T.D.S. (4650 ppm), 2 alkalinity (1383 ppm) and pH (9.4), fairly large in area (8.9 km ), it has the second largest mean depth (2.85 m), the lowest percentage of organic matter of bottom mud (14.3) and the lowest biomass of bottom fauna (9.2 g/m ). It is obvious that the biomass of benthic fauna is influenced by many factors. It has been shown that, when other conditions are similar, morphometric factors, such as mean depth, shoreline : area ratio are associated with the organic content of the bottom sediment (p. 51 ). The amount of total dissolved solids is an important factor. High T.D.S. values are associated with higher plankton pro¬ duction (p . 120) and when the plankton production is high the sedimentation of organic matter is high also. With increase in salinity after an optimum point, the number of successful species and organoproduction decrease and as a consequence the organic content of the bottom sediment decreases resulting in a small biomass in highly saline lakes. 91 Figure 37. The average wet weight biomass of chironomid fauna in five lakes of different salinity in central Alberta. Wet weight biomass of chironomid fauna Antler JL 2000 3000 Total dissolved solids ppm —U. 1000 4000 92 It appears that the organic matter in the bottom sediment or rather the carbon content of the organic matter in the sediment (Iyengar et al. 1963) is the main factor controlling the benthos production in fresh water lakes. On the other hand various factors such as lake morphometry, salinity, and the amount of detritus in the inflow determine the organic matter in the lake sediment. It is possible that high salinity and pH inhibit the growth and the abundance of the bottom fauna even if the organic matter of the sediment is high. 93 4. Plankton and Seston (a) General considerations The quantity of plankton as an index of productivity in lake waters is of great interest for the theoretical and applied limnologists (Birge and Juday 1922, Rawson 1953b). Davis (1963) says that the number of organisms present in an eco¬ system at a given time depends not only on the organoproduction within the group, but also upon the rate of its remineralization or of its transfer to higher trophic levels. The gross primary organoproduction of phytoplankton in the tropics may be much greater than that in the colder areas, but if the amount of grazing and decay are higher in the warmer regions there may be a small biomass of phytoplankton in the tropics as compared to the large quantity in the colder regions, although both the productivity and production may be higher in the former. In a restricted geo¬ graphic region, Findenegg (1964), in the Austrian Alps, and Kristiansen and Mathiensen (1964), in Denmark, found a general conformity between the alga! biomass and the total production obtained by the radiocarbon method (Steeman Nielson 1952). Biomass of plankton is not a direct measurement of production much less of productivity, but is obviously closely related to production-productivity problems. In a restricted geographical area the turnover rate of the plankton is likely similar and the biomass of plankton could be used as an index of production. The organic matter biomass of seston, which includes tripton detritus, obtained by the centrifuge method is used in this study as an index of production. Ruttner (1953) said: "The tripton obtained with the plankton is a factor that cannot be disregarded in considering production biology. These .... particles .... play an important role in metabolism". Odum and de la Cruz (1963) do not consider bio¬ detritus as dead because micro-organisms are almost always intimately associated with the non-living substrate. Rodina (1963) showed that bacteria penetrate into detritus particles and became integral components of the particles, and detritus i 94 is a source of food for Cladocera. The study lakes do not have permanent inlets, thus the tripton is of autochthonous origin, dependent upon organoproduction within the lake. (b) Comparison of net plankton and centrifuged plankton (seston) methods Birge and Juday (1922) showed that in the lakes investigated in Wisconsin the organic weight biomass of net plankton (No. 20 silk) ranged from one third to one twelfth that of the centrifuged seston. They suggested that the usual range is one third to one tenth. In spite of its shortcomings the net plankton method remained in use (Rawson 1953) to estimate biomass of plankton in lakes. It is very difficult to compare the accumulated data obtained by the different methods (Hartman 1958), thus the two methods have been used simultaneously in this study to see how the two methods compare in highly eutrophic lakes. Hortobagyi (1962) compared the results of algal cell counts obtained by a plankton net (No. 25 silk) with those taken directly from Lake Balaton by dipping a bucket into the water. He found that a marked difference occurs both in quantity and quality of cells in a unit water sample taken by the two methods. Table XXVIII gives the average summer organic weight biomass of seston (s) and net plankton (np) in the study lakes in 1964. Figures 38 - 42 give the relationship of s and np throughout the summer. The ratio of the average summer biomass of the two types of samples (np : s) ranged from 1 : 3.9 (Hastings 2) to u 1 : 64.6 (Cooking 1). The same ratio for individual samples ranged from 1:1.1 u ff (Ministik 2, July 18) to 1 : 104.8 (Cooking 1, Aug. 6). This nearly one hundred¬ fold variation in efficiency in the two samples was caused by the different qualitative composition of the phytoplankton. The phytoplankton is composed mainly of smaller forms in Cooking Lake which pass through the meshes of the plankton net. Consequently the np : s ratio is very low. In Ministik ^2 Lake a , 95 bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa was at peak on July 18. Microcystis aeruginosa is a colonial form, large enough to be retained by the plankton net, resulting in a very high np : s ratio. Because the efficiency of the plankton net increases when larger forms are present, the data, obtained by the net plankton method showed a sudden increase, then decline of biomass of plankton in July and August, reflecting the intensity of the Microcystis aeruginosa bloom, not the total biomass present, in Ministik ^2 Lake. This was a completely false picture because the biomass of seston had a slow continuous increase for the corresponding period as was shown by centrifuge samples. In Antler Lake an increase in the biomass of seston caused by smaller forms was recorded on July 29. The net plankton method showed a drop in biomass on that day. The net plankton method gives a misleading picture of the plankton biomass present in a lake. The fallacy of this method is more marked when phytoplankton blooms are present. The error of this method further increases in vertical hauls when the plankton retained by the net tends to clog the meshes of the silk, changing the efficiency of the net as it moves toward the surface. 96 Table XXVIII. Mean summer organic matter biomass of seston and net plankton of the surface water in nine bodies of water in central Alberta in 1964. Lake Dry weight biomass Net plankton Seston Seston mg/I Net plankton mg/I Antler 16.8 3.5 20.9 Cooking ^1 71.1 1.1 1.5 Cooking ^2 41.7 1.1 2.6 Cooking ^3 49.5 1.0 2.0 Hastings ^1 8.4 1.9 22.6 Hastings ^2 11.8 3.0 25.4 Ministik ^1 22.5 0.5 2.2 Ministik ^2 13.9 2.9 20.8 Miquelon 5.4 0.9 16.7 97 The relationship between the organic matter biomass of surface water seston and net plankton in Antler Lake, Alberta . Figure 38. Organic matter biomass mg/I ANTLER LAKE O SESTON • NET PLANKTON 98 The relationship between the organic matter biomass of surface water seston and net plankton at Station 1 , Cooking Lake, Alberta. Figure 39. Organic matter biomass mg/! COOKING LAKE STATION #1 O SESTON » NET PLANKTON 99 The relationship between the organic matter biomass of surface water seston and net plankton in Area $2, Hastings Lake, Alberta. Figure 40. Organic matter biomass mg/I HASTINGS LAKE AREA * 2 0 SESTON • NET PLANKTON TOO Figure 41 . The relationship between the organic matter biomass of surface water seston and net plankton at Area ^1 and Area $2, Ministik Lake, Alberta. MINISTIK LAKE O SESTON • NET PLANKTON - AREA 1 - AREA 2 101 Figure 42. The relationship between the organic matter biomass of surface water seston and net plankton in Miquelon Lake, Alberta . Organic matter biomass mg/I MIQUELON LAKE O SESTON • NET PLANKTON 102 (c) Qualitative composition Table XXIX g ives the list of algae identified in the five lakes studied. None of the species occurred in all five lakes. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Chroococcus I jmneticus, Pediastrum boryanum and P. duplex were present all but the most alkaline Miquelon Lake. Ceratium hirundinella was absent from Cooking Lake only. Anabaena hel icoideo and Microcystis incerta were present only in the least alkaline Antler and Hastings Lakes while Characium debaryanum and Chroococcus dispersus were found only in the two most alkaline Ministik and Miquelon Lakes. There were several species of algae which were represented in one lake only. Chaeteceros elmorei and Ehamaesip ton incrustans were found in Miquelon Lake only. Chacteceros is a marine genus and only C. elmore? has been found in saline inland waters (Rawson and Moore 1944). Lyngbya limnetica, Suriella oval is and Stanroneis sp. were present in Ministik Lake only. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Cosmarium clrcularia, Dictyosphaerium pulchellum, Gomphosphaeria aponia, Merismopedia ejegans, M. glaucq, M. punctata, Pediastrum simplex, P. kawaisky? and Scenedesmus bi juga were found in Cooking Lake only. Ceratium cornutum, Phormidium mucicola/ Scenedesmus dimorphus and Syndera sp. were found only in Hastings Lake, and Gleocapsa rupestris and Gleotheca sp. were represented in Antler Lake only. Although there were several species of algae common to different lakes, the algal flora was distinct in each lake. Not only the overall species composition was different in different lakes but the abundance of the species present varied greatly. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae reached bloom proportions in Antler and Hastings Lakes but it was never abundant in Cooking and Ministik Lakes. Similar observations have been made in different areas in the same lake. Microcystis aeruginosa was in a con¬ tinuous bloom in Ministik Lake ^2 during July 1964, but it was present only in very small numbers in Ministik Lake ^1 during the same period. Microcystis bloom was not observed in Ministik Lake during the summer of 1963. The chemical composition of Ministik Lake was different in 1963 and 1964 (Table X, Figure 24) and this was reflected ' 103 in the change of the relative abundance of the algae (p. 76). Cooking Lake which had the greatest plankton biomass among the study lakes (Figure 43) had the greatest number of species present. Miquelon Lake which had the highest salinity among the study lakes, had the most depauperate algal flora in respect of biomass and number of species. Table XXX gives the occurrence of zooplankter genera in the study lakes. Daphnia sp., Cyclops sp. and Diaptomus sp. were represented in all five lakes. Bosmina sp. was found in Cooking, Hastings and Miquelon Lakes. Gammarus lacustris and Hyalella azteca were present in all lakes and were taken frequently in plankton samples. They were omitted from quantitative samples. Chaoborus sp. were occasionally taken in samples in Antler and Ministik Lakes. A great number of Chaoborus sp. was in the surface water in Antler Lake after breaking through the ice on February 1, 1964. Chaoborus sp. was not observed in any other lake during the winter. Chaoborus sp. were also excluded from quantitative samples. 104 Table XXIX. Occurrence of algae in five lakes in central Alberta Antler Hastings Cooking Ministik Miquelon Total dissolved solids ppm 322 712 1325 2523 4648 Actinastrum kawraisky - - X - - Anabaena circinalis X X - - X Anabaena helicoidea X X — — — Anabaena sp. Ankistrodesmus falcatus Ankistrodesmus sp. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Aphanothace sp. Asterionella gracilina Asterionel la sp. Ceratium cornatum Ceratium hirundinella Chaetoceros elmorei Chaetoceros sp. Chamaesiphon incrustans Chamaesiphon sp. Characium debaryanum Chroococcus dispersus Chroococcus limneticus Chroococcus sp. Coleosphaerium sp. Cosmarium circularia Dactilococcopsis sp. Dictyosphaerium pulchellum Dictyosphaerium sp. Fragil laria sp. Gleocapsa rupestris Cloeotheca sp. Gomphosphaeria aponia Lyngbya limnetica Melosira sp. Merismopedia elegans Merismopedia glauca x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x X X X X X X X X X X X X 105 Merismopedia punctata Microcystis aeruginosa x Microcystis incerta x Pediastrum boryanum x Pediastrum duplex x Pediastrum simplex Pediastrum kawraisky Phormidium mucicola Oscillatoria sp. Oocystis sp. Scenedesmus arcuatus Scenedesmus bijuga Scenedesmus dimorphus Scenedesmus quadriauda Scenedesmus sp. x Schizoch lamys sp. Staurastrum gracile Starastrum oxygeanthum Staurastrum sp. x Stauroneis sp. Stephanodiscus sp. x Suriel la ova I is Suriella sp. Synedra sp. Tetraedron sp. Ulothrix sp. x x x x x x X - X — X X - X X - X - - X — — X X - X - - X X - X — — X X x x - X X X X X X X X X 106 Table XXX. Occurrence of major zooplankton genera in five lakes in central Alberta. Lake o c _c o c • c CL _o to D E o Q_ Q_ C O o O o • — O CO u Q Antler X - X X Cooking X X X X Hastings X X X X Ministik X X X X Miquelon X - X X Chaoborus 107 (d) Biomass of seston Table XXXI gives the average summer dry weight and organic matter biomass of surface water seston in the study lakes. The organic content of the dry weight seston varies from 34 percent (Miquelon) to 74.8 percent (Cooking ^1). The low percentage of organic matter in Miquelon Lake is exceptional due to the presence of the great number of diatoms and the relatively high percentage of crustaceans in the plankton in this lake. The organic content of the seston is higher in the other four lakes and it has a reasonably narrow range, 63.5 to 74.8 percent. In regard to production and productivity the weight of organic matter is a more meaningful index than the total dry weight (Davis 1963). Hastings Lake ^1 has the lowest dry weight biomass of seston (12.3 mg/I) but the organic matter biomass of seston (8.4 mg/I) exceeds that of Miquelon Lake (5.4 mg/I). There was no significant difference in the weight of biomass between the surface water and the deeper layers in the shallower lakes, therefore, the surface samples are considered to be representative for the whole lake. The deeper Hastings Lake ^1 and Miquelon Lake samples, taken from 3 meters or deeper, were less in weight than samples from the surface. Thus the biomass of seston is less in the deeper water than that of surface water in these lakes. Unfortunately most of the deep water samples were accidentally destroyed. Only two deep water samples were available from Hastings ^1 Lake and one sample from Miquelon Lake. Thus it was necessary to use this limited sample to work out a factor to convert the surface water sample figures to be representative of the total water mass. The mean biomass of seston for the total water volume was calculated to be 94 percent of that of the surface water in Hastings ^1 Lake and 75 percent in Miquelon Lake. The figures above are based on the following calculations, Hastings Lake #1 used as an example. Table XXXII gives the figures used in the calculations. If the surface water sample (taken 10 cm below the surface) is considered 100 108 TABLE XXXI. Average summer dry weight and organic matter biomass of surface water seston in nine bodies of water in central Alberta. Lake Dry weight mg/I Rank Organic matter mg/I Rank Organic matter % Cooking ^1 95.1 1 71.1 1 74.8 Cooking ^3 68.6 2 49.6 2 72.3 Cooking ^3 59.6 3 ,41.7 3 70.0 Ministik ^1 33.7 4 22.5 4 66.8 Antler 23.4 5 16.8 5 71.8 Ministik ^2 21.9 6 13.9 6 63.5 Hastings ^2 17.5 7 11.8 7 67.4 Hastings 12.3 9 8.4 8 69.3 Miquelon 15.9 8 5.4 9 34.0 Rank 1 2 4 7 3 8 6 5 9 . ■'t TABLE XXIX. Variation in organic matter biomass of seston in surface and deep water samples in two lakes in central Alberta. 109 o * c c cd O U • — i_ £ a) a) cl > c o U CL CD £ u- O D o (U CD U O D CN _CD Ql E o CL CD CD Q _CD CL E o CD u o M- 1_ D to CO CO c* Q- £ _CD o Q CD O CD -i- U CD O CD u- u- D O (O r— 'O- o O CN CN • CD D < =tfc to CD C • — ■ co o X CD *- O CD O >-4- o • to 0 . _ T3 .E _Q O O s_ 0 X • KB c • — *o to 0 ~o _c u (/I 0 D _c _Q- D co i/i to 0 C "O s_ O X c o • — (/l -t— to *E — CD CO o"o ^ co o O in in o CM CN MO CM CN CO CM in X in o o •O ID o O O LO X X in X X — CM o oo MO — — CM O CM 00 CO CM CM CM CM ? 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Mud Lake Nov. 1 53° 361 1 12° 51 1 426 200 195 63 - 200 141 c o _ CL X "D C o o o 0 o >v "D D to 0 C 1) O) 0 _C 0) 4- D £ to 0 • — “O o _□ T> 0 t3 JU 0 to CN CN E o to _>v O c o 0 •4— o £ D _Y to 0 TJ _C U to 0 D _C _Q. 0 UO to to 0 C “D D X c o • — to -+- to *E — CD O 72 0“5 ^ LO 0 D Q _0 CL E D CO 0 o l_ 0 o 00 0 O CO O CO O CO CO 0 0 0 O O O In CO r— 0 co CN CN ■ — •— •— ■ — CO CO CO ■ — o o 3 10 -"t l\ — ''t CN CO 00 CO CO O O O 10 o vfl (N N CD ID O CO 00 CN o o O r— CO uo o CO 0 N- CO 00 CO 00 — CO CO O CO 00 00 CO N o CO NO CN CN — 00 to 0 o 0 O 00 O O 4- O N" O CN 0 0 O CN 00 CN O CN O O ■ — CO CN CO CO CN CO CO CO CO CN CN CO in 0 CO , — 00 CO CO N- CO 0 10 ''t 0 CO CN O O CN C O 0 CN 0 CO 0 CN 0 CN 0 CO 0 CN 0 CO 0 N" 0 N* 0 N- • — r— l - 1— 1 - r— r~~ r“” r“” n - - . - - - • - • — * - 1 — ' ' ' u 0 a- i\ f\ Fv 00 O Fx O CO N" _ 1 CN CN CO CN CN N- 0 CN O O 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 CO CO CO CO CO CO CN CN CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 0 0 0 0 r— CO 00 CO CO CO CO CN CN • • • • • • • * Dr > > CD 0 9r 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 0 -7 00 0 0 Z 0 < o o O O 0 _J 0 0 ■±: 0 0 0 _y 0 -X c 0 _y O 0 0 O 0 0 _Y 0 _l _y _j to _ 1 0 to v_ O —1 0 _C i_ CD 0 O — M- 0 CL CL —1 0 0 L_ 0 c -t— 0 0 c Ivan O c O O N to • — CO < X V. h- c < < Q_ co • |\ • 00 O • 0 • • CN • • CN ■ — CN CN CN IN CN 00 +- O' o •— o 0 o 0 c c < c o o q ► 142 APPENDIX D Dry weight, percent ash and organic matter biomass of seston and net plankton in one liter samples, 24 hour settled volume of net plankton, in nine bodies of water in central Alberta during the summer of 1964. * 143 c 9 J5 c c 0 Z LU < _J z < c o -t— «/> 0 t/5 c 0 _c o *2 i_ •<£ 0 Q_ ° M o> £ o lZ .? CD (U (D A t > O o > E _c -C CO .?< \ 05 ^ o ^ 05 CN c" Q. i-g try c 0 _c u <2 i_ >< 0 CL. h- x ° .P 05 ■t C v O l~ 05 05 0 ~ u- -t- 0 /—v -*— > O o ^ E _c -c <— "TZ. \ .5)< 05 0 £ . -S= A--\ Q 05 0 o Q i\ oo lo • • • CO CO 00 I I CO CN o CN I I O' K CN CN NO ''t CN CN r— O O O 1 1 o » 1 O 1 o o o o o CN 00 CO — O O I o o o o o o 00 o o o I I 00 o o o - in K l\ CO CO CO CN CN 1 — 1 O O O 1 1 O 1 1 O I o o o o o TO 0 E E NO NO ■N" CO D 1 00 00 1 1 1 1 CO L- CO CO > — O 0 o _c • • • • oo > •N" oooooooooooooooooooooooo * * CO'OCNOOOOOOOOOr\^tCOCN *»#•••••••••• lON't-NO'ONM'OOOOW CN CN CN 00 CN CN CN CN CN 00 00 00 CN * -X -X 00O - — COCN''tCONO — — — 00 cocncnoooncoo^coocono ooooooooooooo ■X * * coiooncn^o^ococn'O'O o-^^oNooO'OcoNoor^ooo ooo—o—oooo oooooooooo •X -X * -io-oocr)Ooocsi _0 CL E o «/> o £ 0 0 o 05 O 2" < II * to . COOKING LAKE 144 c o c _o Q_ 0 Z 5tfc c o o oo c o co 0 c 0 _c O >- <£ 0 Q_ ° .2 o) c D c_v ,? 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CN J?.C §• q.*: on c 0 _c O V} i- •< 0 Q_ M- \ ° .E o) -E a >_ CD 0 d ^ t ^ O o > E -£L~5<" .2>< 05 0) .-C cd— O CL) CD 0 o O i\ oo CN o o o CN o o o Os o o o * * -X osvooosiooLorN O Os sQ Os CT) 1 — CN 1 — * * -X 00 * — 00 ■ — 00 O' N 00 O' — CO Os OO ’N" CN 00 OOOOfNOOO oooooooo •X ^ *}c ■t CN CO O ^ N CO lo O O O ■ — "'t O O O oooooooo oooooooo •X CN CO — > — CN sO O CO ■ — O 00 LO CO N" r\ t\ CN o o t\ o o o o o o — o o o o rx o o o o o o o CN o o r\ IO o ■X ■X Os o CN O CN Os Os vO CN IT) 00^(00 — 00 I I I I CN l/H/N/H/U/)LOl/)(/)l/UOCOvOOoFs LO ^ O so CO ■X CNOslOOsr— 0000 — CO CNOO-O’^CN'O'-OOOs'O'-CNNK CNCNOOCOOOCMCOCOCNCNCNION-N-CO ■X ^ *}< OO'^tiOKKi'iCiQCO' — N" N" ■ — 00 COOsiOLOCNLOOOCO'^COsOsOLO'^-'— 1 — OOO1 — ■ — CN 1 — ■ — ' — • — ■ — ' — ' — • — OOOOOO1 — oooooooo ■X ■X coLoioLOso^o^-LooorxNsoiorx COCOCNCNN^'CO'OiOiOinN'-CNlO OOOOsOO — o o o o — — — o ooooooooooooooo •X •X -X 00100000 — ^ CMO so OO ^7 OsOLO sOCNNOOOO — OOO — V N o N --OOOOCN^---CNCOCNCN- 000000-00000000 •X ocn^kococonnn^kk ■ V. sj I rv I I 0 0 c c ODD CN CN CN ^s. N N N N q) D D D CD CD D D CD O CL CL c o 0 t/> 0 i— D CD JO "O 0 o t : 0 o Q_ C o * 0 <-*- _V O O 0 •*" CD 0 0 u D ^ 3 3 3 3 3 « <» < D<<<< I °° < CO II •X -X CO X MIN1STIK LAKE 148 c o _Y C _D Q_ 05 Z =#= c o p to c cd 05 O o > E -*= ~Si .9><\ P M- D) ^ o A 05— Q 05 CD *0 ^ e 05 E — => V ■*“ /-v ^. CN JJ-C c" Q-Z § -8^ (O c CL) _C u 1- CD Cl. ° O CD -E. O s_ .? O) <1) a) A tr :> O o 4^ *)^ "k CD^CMOCsiOOOOO'^'^'— CD E" O K O CN LO ’ — CO E if) lO c\| CN CO ^ 1 — CO < — 1 — • — C\| CN CN CN XXX ‘OCNCNCNCN^'COO,=tO'KvO oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo * X X . — I — i — ■ — ■ — 1 — . — ■ — ■ — ^ CM CN oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo *k *k 'OCOCOCOCOCOCNiNlOCOCNOO oooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooooooooooo 4c *k *k OOCNCONOCOEcnOOH K(M(MrOCN'^'0'OI>(NtON OOOOOOOOOCM — o I I O O CN 0 9 0 I O CO o CO — CM •X N- LT> lO o o o o o o o o o CM — — o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o X CO CO CO CO CO CO o o o l/U/)lDl/)OOl/n/U/H/HOl/H/)l/UOl/U/H/)N * -X * -x -X ONOinOCO-OCMCMCN^OOCOOCOOinO 009 900000000000000 'OCOEONM'OlOE MDLO' — E CO O if) UD r- Nr CM CM CN CM CN CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO N" •X -X -X -X -x GNCOCMOOQQQOOCMOOOslOCON-pCM CN N" CO CN CN N" A" ■ — O' — ICHKICOOCM> 1 — CM CM CM CM CM CN CN CM CN CM CM CM CM •— CM r~ r~~ q q q q q q q ^ q Q Q c ^ Q Q Q o o o c o l/} — 1 — CM CO CM O 1 O CO 588888880000000000 to CD i_ O CD A--- Q CD O) a> o Q X X X X X Osl_U-)<— CO O O r— OOIONCON^^^ION K^OCN1 — ■ — CN CN CD CM CN IN CN CO CN • — O CN CO COCOCOCOCDCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCNCpCOCpCO 0000000000000000000 CM CO CO CO 000 — CO CO CO CO CM CM CN ^ ^ ^ ^ >x 5N >x >x >x _>n _>x 0) 05 05 05 05 05 ^q_ "q_ ”q_ "q_ n) (]} CD CD ^ 05 C ■o 05 O 05 O £ ° 05 05 U 05 O O OO 05 > < II X CO MINISTIK LAKE Seston Station ^2 Net Plankton 149 c a) -c o s_ <[ " cd— Q a) CD 'N- CN c" "O- §r on c CD _C o K? !_ < CD Q_ ° .9 CD X c s CD ° - O a > E 00 .2>< o) CD ^ ^ CD CD O Q • • • • CN O CN CM 00 CO — — 'O 'O -O N" CN • O • • • CO in N- N- NO NO CO CO 00 * CN O' — N. CO O O CO O CN — CN — o O O O — 1 1 O O O o o o o o o o o o o o CN — IN CO o o o — o o o o o o o o TO _ ''t NO NO — 1 1 O CN NO CN -t— -T u. OOOK CN CN — O (D o _C 0 0 0 0 0 O • 0 CO N- o CO O O NO CN o o o — o o o o cocococo — o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o * lOCN^OO CN CN CN CN O o o o o o o o o o o cooococococooococooooo O CN OCON^-OO O 00 • 000000! •# CN ''T CO N" 00 LO N" UO (MO CO CO N- CO CO CO CO CO coco •X * N" CN CN O' O N" CN CO 000 COOO CN CO CO lO K 'O ooco , — o I ■ — — < — • — 1 — 1 — I > — ' — oo oooooo oo N- CO CN CN CN CO — CXO CN O NO 'n O N CO OO O' CO CN 00 O O 1 OOOOOO 1 — o o o oooooo o o 00 LO O CN o o ■X * N" > — CN O CO 1 — > — — i — 00 NO *0 CN CN CN CN CN CN OOOOOO O O .E CN 00 00 CO O O O _ CO CN 0x1 CD C D e o • * N N 0 0)0)0) q_ — \ — n — n “o 3 3 ^ d) -n -o — i — i — )<< > ^ < ll * to MIQUELON LAKE 150 c o c D 0 C o to (1) 03 C 0 _c o <5 »- <( 0 Q_ CD c D O) 0) 0 A > O O ^ E 7?< — lo ro O)— Q 0 "a CD CD 0 0 CN c Q- c 0 <■ O -o lo c 0 _c s- 0 Cl. -£ O C P O) a) O o > E -c -5 “ .^< D5 0 n CD— l\ K O O X X * C\|OOOOOOCN'D(N *••••••••• CO^NvOOCN^' — O •— CO •— CsJCOCNCM'— •— * X x in x 'OCNNOOOCO^'CN'^' — — OOOOOO — — r— oooooooooo oooooooooo LO co o o $ o o I I * * -X 'O CN ^ oooooooooo OOOOOOOOOO I oooooooooo •X X x in x COOOCOCNK'^IOIOO'- ■— OOOOOOCM-— CN oOoooooooo oooooooooo 0 E i LO • K co LO CN 3 Si i in i i i o co in 1 IN CN r\ o — o o O o > _c N" • • • • • 0 O 0 CD 0 D a lolololololololololololou^lolocd X Jfc *}< ^ -J< CN O 00 lO •— 00 CO '"t IN O CO vO -O LO LO CNCNO — COhvOOCM'O — inoOCNCNCN'— 'OKKN'O'O'O'O'OK'OO'O'O'ON x X XXX (N^OLOOK-CNNNKCNTt0'OOO ocococoLOLo-OLOLn'^LOLO'O'Ooco oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo X *3< *Jc c\ir“sOoor\cO' — in ■ — NKcNcocoo^t OCNQDCOO1 — CO CO ' — ■ — O' — O' — ■ — 00 — O O O ^ — — O — — — — — O oooooooooooooooo X X X o r\ X TtCO(\|COKlOCNO^CO'^'TtTt Csl ■O CN (N CN 'O N O' 00 OO O O K CO K oooooooooooooooo f^COOOOO- - - _>^_X Q) CD 00 00 00^f'^‘''sf^t 3 3 3 3 3 3 CD 3 CD CD 3 3 CD 3 CD 3 to 0 s_ 3 CD to 0 3 CD CD CD.E .E -a ~o 0 o 0 o £ 0 CD D 0 U 0 •_ Q. 0 0 ° 0 0 U cd a o "t: a a a a 0000 0 > < tytiytuvu <<<<<< < X X 3 LO LO 151 APPENDIX E. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS Antler Lake Date - 1 964 Feb. 1 June 30 July 12 July 29 Aug. 15 Sept. 7 Temperature °C Air -4.0 23.0 37.0 22.5 28.0 7.5 Surface -1 18.5 26.0 18.3 19.4 8.5 1 .2 m 1.4 16.0 22.1 18.3 17.0 - 1.8 m - - 21.8 18.2 17.0 - Bottom mud 2.5 16.2 21.8 18.0 17.0 8.9 Oxygen ml/l Surface 0 5.9 6.7 7.1 5.8 6.2 1 .2 m 0 5.7 4.8 6.9 5.7 6.1 PH Surface 00 • O' 8.7 - 8.6 00 O' 8.0 1 .8 m 8.6 8.7 - o 00* 8.6 8.0 Secchi disc cm - - 57 - 55 55 Wind mph 10 5 1 8 3 4 Cloud cover % 60 20 0 30 60 100 Time 1 pm 1 1 am 1 pm 2pm 1 lam 5.30pm . HASTINGS LAKE STATION 152 =*>; » 10 O’ 0- O’ O’ O’ IX - - u ° • ♦ ♦ • • « • • • • i 4 • O'" x • — • — • — • — « — 1 — . — ■ r-— * 00 CO ' 1 • x 0 l\ SO 10 10 O’ IX Os SO CL CO • 1 1 • 0 04 1 O’ CO CO CO CO CO CO IX X co Ol • 0 0 00 04 0 LO 0 CLO • 1 1 • 0 04 1 - O’ O’ O’* O’ O’ CO CO O’* lx X to 04 ■“ « 04 Os Os 00 sO O’ CO X CO CL 04 • • • • • • • « • • 1 1 • 0 — CO 00 00 IX IX IX IX IX lx SO 10 CO 01 1 CT>_ cs 04 0 00 IX 0 0 SO 1 X • • 1 • 10 0 00 x sO sO so sO SO 00 0 01 01 • O’ Os 00 sO SO O’ CO CO 0 00 • 1 • 1 3 , — 0 0 1 - 0 0 0 0 0 00* 00 00 < CO 01 Ol 04 01 04 04 01 • Os Os 00 sO 00 CO lx Os 00 O' 0 CD • 1 1 • 3 SO . — . — - - 0 0 Os’ 00 so* LO . — < 01 01 01 04 04 01 'Jk CO 04 00 sO LO 04 CN O’ 1 — O 1 1 * • • 1 3 CO 04 Os 00 00 00 00 00 SO 0 — 1 04 ' ' V LO SO 0 LO CO 01 X 0 — CO • • • • • • 1 1 • ♦ 1 • 1 3 Os 0 0 Os CN Os 00 LO CO — > 04 04 01 0 LO sO 04 0 00 SO O’ 1 C O « • « • • • 1 • 1 s 3 Ol SO 00 00 CO 00 IX lx IX “1 ■” - 0 O’ SO •0 0 LO 01 LO 00 LO 0 c 00 3 ■ — • Os • • • • 0 • 0 00’ 1 • IX • X * O’ 1 — 1 04 04 04 04 01 04 X 04 • CO • CO • O • 10 • • 1 ( 1 1 SO O' O’ O’ CO CO TJ 0 0 0 s i 0 _c ~o 0 “O 3 >- E 0 c 0 3 00 X 0 00 § u 1 E CL LO £ Cl 04 E CL I I I I I 0 E HASTINGS LAKE STATION #1 153 4 *0 LO LO LO N- N- X X o X X CN 1 . i 1 X o E O * 4 * • % 4 « • % 1 4 4 CL o- no CN CN X X X X X X NO NO X X X • no NO NO NO NO NO NO LO NO LO N- _ o NO o E CL • • « • • ♦ • 4 • • 1 • • • o o CL Q> CO 00 o o o o o o o o X X X X « — oo r-"~ ' ' 1 1 r ■■■ ' o CN LO X LO X X X NO o N- X NO N" N- o E • • • • • • • * • • ♦ • • • o X CL 1 " ■ CN IX LO LO N- N- N- N- X LO N- X X X • O N" o o E O) * . • • 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X NO CL ' ' ' p“~" ' 1 ■ r“~“ CD O X o X o X X X N" X X X o LO LO E c • » 1 • 4 X CL D CO CO X - - . — ■ — o o X NO N- X X X — ) CN ' ' ' I— 1 r~~~ 1 X -- — o NO O' X X — — X 4 1 X • X • , X 20 E CL O 0s CN X X O O o o o X NO LO X X N- CN 1 ' r~~~ ' r~mm ' _Q O LO o CO N" X X X o , — o o X N- LO o E CD C\| U_ o — - — X 1 • X • • o 4 o 4 X • X 1 X ex' 1 • c CN D — O o CO LO LO X LO 1 N" o • X 4 o • o • NO • o X X o E | Q- - - o , — X X X X N- X o X X • — X — > • U CD — LO o .85 X o o r— X X • •N- • 1 NO • X X I ! £ Ql a o 1 X X X X X N- LO X X 1 i 1 U E xO OX o u I CD x o O ' a Surface c CD CD o Date - i_ CD OL E CD h- Air 1 .2 m 3.0 o • 5.0 0*9 7.0 E o o X CD DO X X o u D M- L_ 3 X X X pH Surf a Ci 7 m Secchi X c 5 -o J u Time ' - 154 -/5\T Hastings Lake Station ^2 Date - 1963 May 31 June 18 June 26 July 17 July 30 Aug. 17 Aug. 31 Sept. 12 Sept. 20 Temperature °C Air 15.0 27.5 16.8 24.0 22.8 28.8 25.1 24.1 23.1 Surface 16.2 24.9 19.4 21.6 19.6 24.2 19.7 18.2 13.2 1 .2 m 16.2 22.8 18.6 20.8 18.9 21.3 19.7 18.0 13.2 2.4 m 16.0 22.1 18.2 19.4 18.4 20.9 19.7 17.7 13.1 Bottom mud 13.6 21.1 17.6 18.4 18.4 20.4 19.7 17.5 13.1 Oxygen ml/l Surface - 7.8 5.9 6.6 5.5 7.9 8.0 6.1 7.7 2.4m - 6.1 5.6 3.5 3.9 5.4 2.4 5.5 7.7 pH Surface 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.4 9.0 8.8 2.4m - - - - - 9.1 8.8 9.0 - Secchi disc cm - 21.4 100 36 31 25 38 32 31 Wind mph 12 2 3 8 7 3 5 8 12 Cloud cover % 80 5 95 15 25 10 0 20 5 Time 1 lam - - - - - - 1 pm 3 pm * 156 CN =*fc C o • — • 00 CO LO N" O , _ O CO o E U ^ • • • • • « • | 1 1 CL o CN CN CN CN NO NO CO • o o LO LO IN 00 00 IN IN CO NO o E Q-oo • • • • • • • • • NO o CL 0 ' — o CN On O NO NO 00 00 1 — CN CO r=“ • CN LO LO LO o 00 00 00 CN N" o E • • • • o • • • • IN 00 CL IN IN LO N- 00 IN 00 00 O' • O O N- CO O NO NO LO o £ O) • • • • • • • • • 1 -O o d n < 00 00 00 00 00 IN IN 00 00 CN >v o CO CO CO CN CN CN CN CN o E — 00 • • • OO l - CN o 3 CN - - o 00 00 GO LO to 00 00 CN — 1 CN - ■“ - O 00 o n 00 00 • N" • o • o a $ N" LO E o 3 CN CO 00 00 IN IN LO N" 00 00 1 - o — > CN - O •o LO 00 N" o o o CO o E - f\ • • • • CN CL 3 ' N" O'* CO i — o NO CO 00 00 - - CO — ) CO CN CN CN CN CD O O O o E C CN • • 1 t I I 1 1 1 II CN « — o 3 CN N- 00 1 — — > CN 0) CN CN « LO o o 00 o o 00 nO o £ c o • o • • • • • • a LO • - CL 3 — O' O CN 00 NO IN NO CN On CO — > CN Cl) O CN LO IN 00 CN LO LO E c > — • • • • • • • 1 1 1 Q_ 3 CO LO O’ CN o IN IN r — — 1 CN n'O LO « • CN • LO • CN • O' • • o • 1 54 CO 20 E CL o o CO CO CN r— NO NO CN LO CNJ ' ■ ■“ _C o — , - CN • o • o • CN • LO • N- • i E CL o u o IN o o O CN IN cm N" N" 0 “O \ o 0 O O 3 3 E E ”U _c CL > o '■ O s— CL 0 o o £ E E o c o CD 0 O O E 0 u o E _c u E "O u ~o 3 0 <1) E M— 1_ CN N- i: x <-4— L_ O' X CL <-4— u c o E o Q a) i— < 3 to • • CN o co o 3 to • CN 3 to • CN 0 to 5 u 1— . 1 COOKING LAKE STATION #1 157 CL. 0 x GO CD D ND < is >s -5 8 ■5 2 x 3 00 ! u u. o 0 I 10 T5 > o | 0 O o E _c ~o o o 3 0 »4— L. 00 u .£ O E 1 3 co 9 0 co £ 1 U f- ! ‘ 158 COOKING LAKE STATION ^2 Date - 1 963 July 1 July 19 Aug. 4 Aug. 16 Aug. 31 Sept. 12 Sept. 23 Oct. 14 Temperature °C Air 22.5 31.8 26.5 20.4 24.8 22.8 21 ,8 16.8 Surface 21 .0 24.3 21.4 20.1 18.6 17.6 13.3 10.4 1.2 20.9 21.5 20.8 20.1 16.1 17.5 13.0 10.4 2.4 18.5 21.2 20.4 19.6 16.0 17.0 12.5 10.4 3.0 - 20.6 20.4 19.6 - - 12.5 10.4 Bottom mud 18.4 18.5 19.8 19.4 16.0 17.0 13.0 10.8 Oxygen Surface ml/I 7.2 9.6 5.1 7.7 7.6 5.9 8.2 8.0 2.4 6.8 6.2 5.1 7.5 2.7 4.8 7.6 7.9 pH Surface 2.4m - 9.3 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.0 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 Secchi disc cm - 33 - 31 - 25 28 23 Wind 2 1 8 6 2 6 4 8 Cloud cover % 0 5 0 90 5 15 15 25 Time — 1 1 am — 4pm 3pm 1 pm 1 pm ' COOKING LAKE STATION #2 159 • LO CN CN CN CN LO CN 0) tN 00 00 CO 00 00 00 NO GO Aug. 20 20.5 16.7 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 ■ CD o • IN • NO • • • 00 • D NO CN no NO NO NO NO CN 1 ’ ' ’ O N- O LO LO LO O — • • • ■5 • • • NO O IN NO NO NO rN — > N CN ' ' ' 1 ' X O IN NO LO CN LO 00 CO 00 00 00* 00 IN NO — > N CN ' ' ' ' N O 00 CN CN N" o • • « • | t • D 2 1 ' ' ' CN CN I - r 00 — ) CN CN CN CN CN X LO N" CN LO N" CN 00 D CO CN o’ CN CO 00 00 IN — ) CN ' ' ' 1 CD CN CO O LO CN C O • • • • I « a 3 CN 00 00 00 IN NO 00 ■ r 1 ' _ ' 0 '"t CN CN ON CN 00 c _ • • • • « 3 00 no NO NO NO NO NO — 1 ' ' * ‘ ’ >v o 00 CN CN LO N" O O 00 O 00 , — o o CN IN >s o N. o • • N- • 00 • 1 LO 3 00 » 00 IN IN IN NO 00 Mar. 5 -9.0 0*0 0.4 2.5 1 3.2 Nil « _£> o NO 00 CN 00 a r_ u_ • l\ • o • 00 • N- Z • u 00 CN o LO CN a) lo • • • 1 • i Q U CN o CN 00 00 o N" 0 “O \ NO CN U. D o p E o 0 0 o E c 0 0 o 0 CL E o M— CN -'t o o -4— CD N X a M- *— o Q 0 i— < D GO 9 CN • 00 o CO o o GO CN 00 00 N- LO o E % • • CN CN CL NO 00 00 I o o CN N- NO E 1 • • CN 1 — o CN CN < - r"“" LO 00 CN N- O E . • 1 CN IN o NO 00 CN ’ 00 CN 00 N- o O E • • • 00 CO D NO 00 00 CN 1 " CN CN CO § E • • CO CL NO 00 00 00 00 o o ''tf' o E « • • 1 CO Q_ LO CN CN 00 CN CN CN o o o E • « • CO 1 — CO Q. NO CN CN CN 00 CN 1 o E • 1 1 N" NO a NO CN 1 00 CO NT o E • 1 1 CO CN o NO i — 1 N" CN CO . o E • ■ • CO IN CN CN o CL CN 00 00 CN o E • • O | i — CN O ! 00 00 00 O J 00 NO 00 o E • — • • | CO CL Z 00 CO CN CO 00 o E • — 1 • CO 1 — CN CL z 00 ■ CO NO 1 NO l 1 E vP 0s- u s_ o 0 • — ~0 > o 0 u o p _c ~o •D a L. o D 0 G— !_ -N o c O £ • CN X CL D GO • CN 0 GO s U • — i— ■ 160 Ministik Lake Station ^1 Date - 1963 May 21 May 28 June 9 June 16 July 4 July 31 Aug. 16 Aug. 28 Sept. 8 Oct. 13 Temperature °C Air 13.7 14.4 20.3 27.0 26.5 22.6 19.1 26.1 29.0 23.0 Surface 11.2 13.8 17.3 22.4 22.9 18.9 20.6 17.9 20.7 11.1 1 .2 m 11.1 13.7 17.3 20.5 22.9 18.6 20.5 15.6 19.4 10.9 2.4m 11.0 13.7 17.0 19.0 21.3 18.1 20.3 15.4 18.9 10.8 3.0 m 11.0 13.6 - - 20.6 - 20.1 15.4 18.5 10.5 Bottom mud 9.5 - 15.2 16.0 16.4 17.9 19.4 15.9 17.5 10.7 Oxygen ml/I Surface 4.8 4.9 5.3 7.8 8.3 4.1 5.0 5.1 6.1 6.8 2.8 m - 4.9 5.1 6.5 6.2 3.6 3.7 4.4 3.4 6.4 pH Surface - - - - - 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.5 2.8 m - - - - - 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.5 - Secchi disc cm - 46 68 70 - - - 64 56 41 Wind mph - - - 0 - - 6 3 2 12 Cloud cover % - 30 50 0 30 - 70 25 5 5 Time - - - - 6pm 1 0am 5pm 2 pm 3pm 2 pm 161 Ministik Lake Station ^1 Date - 1964 March 12 May 13 May 23, '63 June 12 July 2 July 12 July 18 May 10 Aug. 21 Sept. 23 Temperature °C Air 19.4 14.0 19.2 28.0 33.0 32.0 22.0 23.0 15.0 Surface - 10.5 11.1 18.1 22.0 24.4 19.7 17.3 16.9 9.5 1 .2 m - - 11.1 18.0 18.9 22.0 17.0 17.2 16.9 9.4 2.4m - - 10.5 18.0 17.5 21.4 16.4 17.0 16.4 9.2 3.0 m - - 9.1 17.9 - - 16.2 - - 9.1 Bottom mud — — 9.2 16.9 16.8 20.2 16.4 16.8 16.4 9.4 Oxygen ml/l Surface 0 - 6.5 - 6.6 6.7 6.5 7.5 7.3 6.1 2.8 m 0 - 6.1 - 6.3 6.7 4.7 7.3 5.7 6.0 PH Surface 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.3 2.8 m - 9.4 9.3 - 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.2 Secchi disc cm - - 49 - - 46 45 64 50 54 Wind mph 15 20 5 12 3 0 3 4 10 12 Cloud cover % 40 20 20 80 0 0 10 80 70 20 Time 2pm 12am 12am 1 1 am 2pm 12 pm 1 pm 4pm 1 pm 1 pm .. ' 162 ON =tfc C o • — o co co • • • • I • • • • • LO NO Ql O'- 00 • — o O o NO NO CN CN CO ‘ ' ' ' ' • o IN IN IN NO IN LO LO CO LO LO E CLCN • • • • 1 • • • • • CO t— CO o a) — • — in IN IN IN N- CO CN CN CN CO CN ' ' ' ' r~~~ • ^00 in • o • • CO • 1 • o • CO • LO • LO • Nf 30 1 NO In NO LO LO IN CO CN CN CN ' ' ' • CN CN CN CN CN CN CN 00 LO LO CN o D)sO • • • 00 CN 1 D , — < LO LO LO LO o LO N" CN CN 1 1 ■ * 1 ' ' ' • N" CN CN NO NO _ I •O NO NO 00 N" LO 0>CN • • • • • CN CO | D CN CO CO 1 - IN CN NO LO CN CN < CN CN CN CN ' ' >s. O CN CN 00 CN LO LO CN CO LO E — o • • | I 1 - - CL 3 CO rx NO NO NO LO NO LO LO 00 - > ’ ' ' 1 ' ' CN o o NO IN o NO CO o — O • • 1 | NO 1 — 1 3 ■ — 00 N" CN - - - - O NO Nf- — I CN CN CN CN CN CN N" g . CN 00 O CO o CO LO . X'n)- • • • • I • • • | I 1 CN 1 3 CN CO o 00 00 00 — > CN CN CN CN r— “ a> NO IN CO NO CN LO CO o O C NO • • • • | • • • 1 1 IN 8 D — IN - - o oo IN 00 00 — 1 CN CN CN ' ' CN ' ' ' ' o' 00 CN IN NO LO CO CO CO NO LO O • • • • } • • • 1 1 CO CO I CN CO CO CO CN LO LO ' ' ' 1 r— — in CO CN , _ _ _ O 00 NO • • « 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO CN CN CN CN r - NO NO ’ ' ' ' ‘ x o o CN IN NO O , — , - • • | 1 | | 8 1 o « — o O O 00* IN In ' ' 1 ' U o cm ■vP cN CO NO o CD i_ "O u 1— (D 3 3 E CO • - _c > E ~o CL o (D O i— ■*“ E “O CL o Date D s_ 0 CL E 0 o o <-*- 2 m E £ o E o c 0 CD X x 0 o a 14- E 00 0 u D <-•_ i— E 00 • — _c u o E “O c o "O 3 o 0 E 0 i— < 3 oo • • CM • CO o CO o 3 LO 0 CO X CL 3 (O 0 CO 0 LO U P ' ■ 164 Miquelon Lake Date - 1964 Feb. 29 May 16 May 28 June 11 July 8 July 21 Aug. 11 Aug. 18 Sept. 4 Temperature °C Air 3.1 24.0 13.1 29.0 31.0 29.0 25.0 33.0 21.8 Surface 0.0 11.5 11.0 21.7 22.5 21.5 18.0 18.5 13.1 1.2 0.0 10.6 11.0 17.8 22.3 19.0 17.6 18.4 13.1 2.4 0.0 9.2 11.0 17.4 22.1 18.2 17.0 18.1 13.1 3.0 - 8.9 11.0 17.1 20.7 18.0 16.7 17.0 13.0 4.0 - 8.8 11.0 17.0 18.1 17.8 16.6 17.2 12.9 5.0 - - 11.0 - 18.1 17.8 16.6 17.2 12.9 Bottom mud - 8.8 10.2 16.6 18.0 17.8 16.5 17.2 12.8 Oxygen ml/I Surface - 6.9 7.2 5.9 5.4 6.2 6.8 7.3 7.1 1 .8 m 3.2 - - - - - - - - 5 m — 6.6 7.0 5.6 5.1 5.7 6.3 7.2 7.1 PH Surface 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.4 6 m - - - 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 - Secchi disc cm - - 120 - 200 140 106 168 124 Wind mph 6 5 5 6 5 0 5 12 12 Cloud % 10 0 50 20 10 75 0 20 25 Time 1 pm 1 pm 2 pm 1.30 1 pm 4pm 2 pm 1 pm 4pm '