u-- Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Lyrasis IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/compendiumofnatu23101mary Maryland HC 107 .1^.32 nc.231 Vtl. 1 Fclio^^ T^ COMPENDIUM OF [ATURAL FEATURES INFORMATION VOLUME I COMPILED I'.Y : MARYLAND DEPARTMENT of STATE PLANNING • SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION CENTER for NATURAL AREAS li ^-'^^ 197 5 \\.\ ^r.:^:-: >^- ^^. COMPENDIUM of NATURAL FEATURES INFORMATION VOLUME I compiled by MARYLAND DEPARTMENT of STATE PLANNING and SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION CENTER for NATURAL AREAS MAY 1975 TITLE: COMPENDIUM OF NATURAL FEATURES INFORMATION COMPILED BY: MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF STATE PLANNING SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE CENTER FOR NATURAL ARbAS DATE: May 1973 SUBJECT: This compendium has been prepared as a resource document for those who are interested in Maryland's Natural Heritage. Volume I of the Compendium discusses the sources of the information used to update the Catalog of Natural Features prepared by the Department of State Planning and reproduces in its entirety the Report of the Smithsonian Institution Natural Areas of the Chesapeake Bay Region: Ecological Priorities. Maps prepared to supplement the discussion are reproduced in Volume II. AGENCY: Maryland Department of State Planning SOURCE OF COPIES: Maryland Department of State Planning 301 W. Preston Street Baltimore, MD 21201 HUD PROJECT NO. P-1U13-500 The preparation of this report was financed in part through a comprehensive planning grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development as administered by the Maryland Department of State Planning. 10 7 PREFACE This Compendium has been prepared as a resource document for those who are interested in Maryland's Natural Heritage. The material included has been derived from a wide range of sources, and has been compiled by two organizations: The Maryland Department of State Planning, and the Center for Natural Areas, Ecology Program, Smithsonian Institution. The Compendium is organized in two volumes: Volume I contains descriptive and bibliographic material on the various natural features. Volume II contains maps of the natural feature locations. The Compendium was prepared to serve as a resource document for State and local planning. The information contained in it will be incorporated into the Generalized State Land Use Plan. The Compendium should be of equal value to local governments for use in the preparation of both comprehensive and functional planning as well as In program implementation. As an example, the information should be of particular value to local governments and other interested individuals in formulating their recommendations for areas which might be designated by the Department of State Planning as Areas of Critical State Concern. The material provided by the Maryland Department of State Planning is presented as an update to the Catalog of Natural Features in Maryland. Section I of Volume I of the Compendium discusses the sources of the infor- mation used to update the original catalog, summarizes the type, location, and size of the various natural features and provides a bibliography of reference material related generally to natural heritage studies and Maryland's natural features In particular. A llntlng of bIIps within th<* Department's inventory iii is included and they in turn are numerically referenced to a set of County maps, depicting the location of the various sites. Reproductions of the County maps are contained in Volume II of the Compendium. The second section of Volume I reproduces in its entirety the Report of the Smithsonian Institution Natural Areas of the Chesapeake Bay Region: Ecological Priorities. This report, previously available through a very limited distribution, is being reproduced by the Department of State Plan- ning because it represents the largest singular effort in assessing many of the States' coastal resources. The report has not been edited by the Department and the findings and conclusions are those of the original authors. It should be noted that those findings were substantiated by numerous pro- fessionals expert in the natural and physical sciences. Maps prepared to supplement the discussion of the Smithsonian report are reproduced within Volume II. Much of the data collected by the Department and the Smithsonian were obtained in 19 73 and 197A. The reader should take into account that natural features information is frequently dynamic as are the influences on those sites. We trust that this information will be useful to many and hope that those who make use of it will keep the authors advised of new findings concerning these areas or additional sites. IV Table of Contents VOLUME SECTION Catalog of Natural Features in Maryland: An Update SECTION II: Natural Areas of the Chesapeake Bay Region: Ecological Priorities VOLUME II APPENDIX Map Supplement Maryland Natural Area Survey APPENDIX il; Map Supplement Chesapeake Bay Natural Areas Survey SECTION I Catalog of Natural Features in Maryland AN UPDATE Maryland Department of State Planning HONORABLE MARVIN MANDEL GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND Vladimir A. Wahbe, Secretary Department of State Planning STATE PLANNING COMMISSION Saul I. Stern, Chairman Senator John P. Corderman Delegate John R. Hargreaves Edward W. Cooey Carlton R. Sickles Joseph B. Francus Sidney H, Tinley Arnold M. Kronstadt Vera York Sherwell STAFF *Edwin L. Thomas, Director Comprehensive State Planning Division Raymond J. Puzio, Chief Environmental and Physical Resources Planning Section C Alpert, Planner * J« Antenucci, Planner T. Bishop, Planner R. English, Planner L. Fogelson, Planner * J. Garber, Planner M. Halka, Planner J. Hausner, Planner G. Marx, Planner J. Morgan, Planner J. Noonan, Planner * D. Outen, Planner * A. Welch, Illustrator Research Analysts * F. Bentz * J. Blucher * M. Everett * M. Kelley * S. Maisenhalder * G. Minsky * J. Robinson * K. Ruppalt * L. Shopes * S. Troy * A. Wolfe ♦Participants MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF STATE PLANNING State Office Building Baltimore, Maryland 21201 Publication No, 231 I : INTRODUCTION The Catalog of Natural Features in Maryland was initially published in 1968 by the Department of State Planning. Since that time, it has served as a reference for general planning, and much of the data was incorporated into the Maryland Outdoor Recreation and Open Space Plan. The Department initiated a revision of the Catalog in 1973 to expand (and in some cases to modify) the original information. Several data collection methods, including surveys and personal interviews, were undertaken to expand the scope of the Catalog. Maryland Dopnrtment of State Planning (R.C. Mctzgar, comp. ) Catalog of Natur/il ArfeOB In Maryland. Baltimore, Maryland, Department of State Planning, 1968: hereafter cited as the Catalog. II : NATURAL FEATURES UPDATE The Update was based on the Department of State Planning 's Catalog of Natural Areas in Maryland. The 175 sites listed in the Catalog provided an initial data source. In that it had been six years since the data collection effort was completed for the Catalog, the first effort was to update those sites listed. Each listed site was reviewed by the Department of State Plan- ning staff. Every effort, with the exception of field verification, was made to insure that the sites listed in the Catalog were accurately described. Some sites, in fact, were deleted due to recent urban encroachment. Another primary data source was the survey of ecologically important * Natural Areas of the Chesapeake Bay Region. The excellent maps and supportive text material of the Survey were incorporated into the Update while still in draft form. The Survey not only provided more specific data on many sites that were noted briefly in other sources, but also contributed many additional sites. Other peripheral data collection and verification efforts - surveys and personal interviews - were also undertaken. While the two data sources indicated above provided the majority of the sites in the Update, peripheral efforts verified the sites. During the summer of 1973, the Department of State Planning mailed a questionnaire to several thousand interested individuals and groups in order to obtain their assistance in updating the Catalog. The Maryland Environ- mental Trust joined with the Department of St^te Planning in conducting this survey. The letter from the Maryland Environmental Trust, enclosed with the I if Smithsonian Institution, Center for Natural Areas (D.W. Jenkins, com.). Natural Areas of the Chesapeake Bay Region: Ecological Priorities, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Center for Natural Areas, unpublished; hereafter cites as the Survey, (see Volume II) questionnaire forms and brochure, states that: "... it is of the utmost importance that all unique natural areas be identified so that they can be made a part of the inventory. This is where you, the citizens, can play a crucial role. The professionals with the State have, themselves, been in- ventorying Maryland's natural areas. However, there are surely areas within the State that are of ecological value which may not be known to them but which may be known to you, to a friend, or to someone in your area. The purpose of the enclosed material is to provide you with an opportunity to identify these areas so that the natural features document can be as complete as is humanly possible* The information you supply will become a part of the Department's inventory. . ." Prior to this questionnaire, the Department of State Planning's staff made a lengthy search of existing publications and documents that contained references to unique natural features and scenic areas in Mary- land. Initially, departmental material, including all pertinent material in the Department of State Planning library, was inventoried and analyzed. Subsequently, the libraries of other State agencies, particularly the Department of Natural Resources, as well as local college and university libraries were Inventoried. A bibliography was created under the direction of a natural resources planner by an individual skilled in library science. Together, they produced a bibliography of material that proved to be useful In updating the Catalog. The questionnAlre expanded and, in some cases, verified infor- mation obtained about sites discovered during the literature search. In addition, Department of State Planning staff sought more current information In order to "standardize" the coverage of the inventory. This Information was obtained by interviewing recognized experts on geographic areas or specific subjects. Their extensive field work proved to be an important source of data previously misBing from the inventory. In addition, they assisted in making the quality of the inventory more uniform. Personal and telephone interviews were conducted. The Department of State Planning staff attempted to contact anyone who could possibly con- tribute to the effort. Quite often these interviews made the staff aware of additional contact persons. This "chain-line" process increased the time spent, but usually paid dividends in information. In all, nearly fifty specialists were interviewed. Information from these diverse sources was combined, analyzed, and mapped to form one cohesive inventory. Every sort of unique natural feature and scenic area imaginable has been included. No effort was made to compare similar sites, or to qualitatively evaluate different kinds of sites. All sites were mapped at a scale of 1"=1 mile (1:63,360). At this scale, some sites were represented as "point" information. An example of this kind of data would be an individual Maryland Champion Tree. "Area" information was also mapped; the boundaries of these areas were described as accurately as possible in order to reflect the configuration of the site. Ill .INFORMATION TYPES For the purpose of analysis, the diverse sites inventoried were further grouped into thirteen categories, including: Archaeological Sites Wildlife Habitats Caves Wetlands Rock Outcrops Stream Valleys Lakes or Ponds Scenic Areas Springs wilderness Areas (DNR proposed) Natural AreaS Nesting Sites Champion Trees In several cases, a site had to be evaluated in some detail in order to determine in which category it should be grouped. Sites were categorized based on the primary attribute or importance of the site. Many sites, how-^ ever, could have been placed in more than one group. Obviously, additional information or a slightly different perspective could change the number of sites and acres subcategorized in Table 1. Before considering an analysis of the data in the Revision, some additional explanation of the manner in which data were compiled is in order. In several instances, the sizes of the archaeological sites, caves, and geologic formation outcrops were "regularized" in order to approximate their extent. Since the actual extent of many sites will be unknown until subsurface explor- ations are conducted, this technique seemed reasonable. As a result, the total acreage for archaeological sites and caves are only representative, and the actual extent of the site as indicated on the map may not be exact. Tho "Natural Areas" category was used for those sites which include several equally significant attributes. For example, a site that "blends" from an oak-hickory forest to n wftiaiul nnd Is an idcol habitat for an endangered spoclcs coulH nf)t. criuitnbly be classified as only one of tho nbovp. CO 'a: IS ■QQ SlViOi 3iViS §S 11 " to o n CO -• to' r^ to « CO to ja^saojoj^ 5 ■* o C! ^^ o 55 - to - •" oajuiosij^ - IS. -o to — to ~ o uo}3u!i|se/A 5S ^ to ■~ rs. — CO CO K CO JoqiBi ^ *^ - o — o ■3 S o — w o n' « o- J3SJ9UJ0S ;^ ■" 2- •92 to CM - o 5 — to 00~ m 2 — CO lO ©■ ■o sAjbw is i 1 — o 5| ^S « r« S9UUV U38nQ - g 51 to a» S93J099 aouuj « s CO •O" 5S « . Aj3mo3)uoi^ n — hK M w V 5 s; - o n c *^ ^ rz 1U8)| t^ n ? s 5S si ««■ - PJEMOH -* « 5I to S — o o — o o — CO « 00 r» CO E ro. CO PJOJJEH ^ O '-^ to 5 2 — « - CN - o -g to' — «0 CO' CO •o 1 _ « nsJJBg 5" — o — . ^ 3 ?2 S 2 *. CO CM en — n CM- K 1 V 1 — 4 iiauapgjj ^ o — to /— to - 00 - o 5 i o 5 CO — ja;s3ij3Joo •^ r* Z^ o - O CN 2? 2 = 11 CN o 3= S9|JEIJ3 -- o - O — o 2 2 ^1 *o CO — £• ^ 11393 5* — 00 « — 5 = ^ to PC 5»< A}!3 9J0iui}|Bg '"• CN 5| ro E |9punJ^ auu\/ 5 :i ;;:; 5? 5 S — <^ - o 5 S. ^ K o CJ AuB3a||V s 2 5 ° M to n CD 5' a- _ o o sag ■^ i lU 4 1 — / / CL. "to "(30 o • i 1 a. CO "to 3: CO -CD CO QJ <•> CO CO w» in ^- lu wt Ul 03 a> CD 4 'a Oil c= CO CL> Further, the Department of State Planning staff did not subdivide such areas into their respective parts since this would have been inappropriate with re- spect to the detail of the inventory. The "Wilderness Areas" inventoried* are those proposed by the Department of Natural Resources in conformance with the standards established by that Department. All such Wilderness Areas will be located on property already owned by the State. The designation of land as a Wilderness Area does not indicate additional State purchase-- it is only a subclassif ication of State-owned property. Areas identified for their "Scenic" attributes were recommended by a variety of resources and include many large areas such as the Middle- town Valley in Washington County. The extent (acreage) of these areas inflate the totals for the various counties. The recommendations, based on questionnaire response and interview, were made in part by several local governments, the State Highway Administration, and several historical societies. The "Nesting Sites" of eagles, osprey and herons, obtained primarily from the Survey and the Department of Natural Resources, were not measured. Their frequency, location and distribution, however, could be described. All "Champion Trees" compiled by the Department of Natural Resources were Included. Should information on the extent or character of champion trees be necessary, the original publication can be consulted. Several tables have been compiled to provide an indication of the frequency and distribution of natural features in Maryland. These sites can be referenced using Appendix A 6 B of this Section and the county maps found In Volume II. * Sec Appendix C Seven hundred and thirteen sites, not including nesting sites and champion trees, are considered in the inventory. Washington County contains the largest number of sites inventoried, while Baltimore City contains the least. The average number of sites inventoried for a county is 30 (See Tables 2-4). The summary tables show (Table 2-4) several unusual features which deserve further attention. First, though Washington County has the largest number of sites (due to the large number of caves in the carbonate rocks of Washington County), it is at the low end of the spectrum of total acreage. Second, Dorchester County has the largest amount of acreage by far, yet one site in public ownership (Blackwater Refuge) contains over 23,500 acres. Third, while Montgomery County has a large number of sites, it has the small- est total acreage within the inventory: a substantial number of small scenic areas has inflated the total number of sites. Fourth, Frederick County has the third largest total acreage within the inventory: a substantial number of large scenic areas has inflated the total acreage. In Allegany County, three natural areas account for over 95 per- cent of area inventoried. Three-quarters of the acreage for Anne Arundel County are wetlands. As expected, the major category for most of the eastern shore counties is wetlands. Howard County has the least diverse inventory; stream valleys and scenic areas comprise all but five acres, and seven of the eight sites listed. Washington County has the largest number of caves, as well as a substantial number of geologic formation outcrops. It should be remembered that the previous analysis was designed to provide an illustration of the information as it now exists. CONCLUSIONS SHOULD NOT BE DRAWN ABOUT THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OR CRITICALITY OF SITES, OR QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNTIES AS A RESULT OF THIS COMPARISON. Efforts were made to "even out" coverage whenever possible; differences, how- ever, still exist within the inventory which are due to the inconsistencies of the original data collection process. Some counties, through their own efforts or those of interested experts, have "better" or "more" original data. It seems likely that as this inventory becomes more widely dis- tributed, the contributions of concerned agencies and individuals will have a tendency to equalize the quality and quantity of the inventory. This in- ventory is considered to be unique in that it is the first produced for the entire State, yet it still must be thought of as preliminary. Supporting data may be examined at the Department of State Planning' s Baltimore Office upon request. TABLE 2 - COiraTY SITE SUMMARY Jxirisdiction Allegany County Anne Arundel County Baltimore Coirnty Baltimore City Calvert County Caroline County*^ Carroll County Cecil County Charles County Dorchester County Frederick County Garrett County Harford County Howard Coiinty^ Kent Coimty Montgomery County^ Prince George's County 2 Queen Anne's County St. Mary's Coimty Somerset Cotmty Talbot County Washington County Wicomico County Worcester County Sites* Area of Sites Approx. % in (Number) (Acres) Public Ownership 39 U5,88i 52% U3 17,220 16% U2 38,816 hT/o 5 5,376 2B% lU ii,U23 1% 15 10,378 8% 7 ii,3U2 ^y/o 23 27,555 66% 25 52,077 5% 18 155,U3U 15% 37 87,661 22% U3 97,690 hT/o 19 33,214+ 53% 8 12,136 38% 18 15,683 1U% 76 6,9U0 U3% hi 1U,02U 29% 20 18,735 8% 19 7,911 2% 13 57,310 89% 15 ll,U73 3% 85 17,775 5U% 20 16,226 7% 28 53.08U ?2% 679 825,391; 3U% * Excluding nesting sites and champion trees 1 AlleganyA^ashington Wash 9OO-O89 - site is counted and acreage is accoionted Alleg 900-181+ for in Allegany Coronty, 2 Queen Anne ' s/Caro line Coimty site 900 (in both counties )-site extends into each county but total acreage is accounted for in Caroline County only - site is co\mted in Caroline 3 Montgomery/Howard site 900 in each county - site is counted and acreage is accounted for in Howard County ' 10 TABLE 3 - STATEWIDE SITE CATEGORIES SUMMARY Site Categpriea Archeological Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Areas Total Nesting Sites* Champion Trees Sites (Nixmber) 55 lou U6 23 9 119 52 126 17 122 39 713 ** 369 115 A5?ea of Sites (Acres) 929 1,159 16,011+ 5,9U7 623 191^,695 60,361+ 3i|l,776 iU;,599 153,016 W,U12 86U,53U *** * Eagle, OBprey, Heron ** 3A Areas are included in other site categories - net site total is 679 ♦*♦ Includes J9,l^0 acres of potential wildlande that are included in other site categories - not area total is 825,394 11 TABLE 4: COUNTY SITE CATEGORIES site Categories Archeological Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Allegany County Site Categories Number 2 22 2 Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 7 6** 45 45 Acres 15 103 4,282 81 33,453 4,947 12,250* 45,881 45,881 Allegany County * S,25U acres are already included in other areas - only 3,000 acres are added here. ** 1 site is shared with Washington County, but all acreage is shown here. Site Categories Archeological Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Anne Arundel County Site Categories Number 12 2 3 13 2 11 Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 43 14 17 74 Acres 52 12 594 4,458 707 11,397 17,220 14 17 17,251 12 TABLE 4 con't site CatcRorles Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area Bird Neats Champion Trees SUMMARY Baltimore County Site Categories Number 12 2 1 9 ■ 2 4 6 6 2 Subtotal ^^ 19 Total 63 Acres 10 10 400 4,897 1,012 2,390 16,876 12,721 1,175* 38,816 19 38,835 Baltlr.ore County * 675 acres are already Included In other sites, only 500 acres are added here. SUMMARY Site Categories Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetland* Stream Valli.-ys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area Baltimore City Bird Nests Champion Tree* Subtotal Total Site Categories Number 1 Acres 1,8 74 3 , ^00 5,376 3 5,370 13 TABLE 4 con't SUMMARY Calvert County Site Categories Site CateRorles Archeoioglcal Sitae Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area Bird Nests Champion Trees Number Subtotal Total 7 1 1 14 6 20 Acres 575 2,1A8 7,148 1,452 100 11,423 6 11,429 Site CateRories Archeological Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Caroline County Site Categories Number Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 3 1 7 1 1* 16 1 17 Acres 154 3,081 1,523 5,046 24 550 10,378 1 10,379 Caroline County * This site is shared with Queen Anne's County, but all acreage is shown here^ 14 TABLE 4 con't site Categories Archeological Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Carroll County Site Categories Number Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 3 10 Acres 10 78 5,307 5,9A7 11,342 3 11,345 Site Categories Archeolaglcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs l^.'itural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetland* Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Cecil County Site Categories Number 3 Bird Ncata Chanpion Trees Subtotol Total 23 2 5 30 Acres 2,780 4,174 4,417 16,059 116 27,550 2 5 27,562 t5 TABLE 4 con't site CatcRorlee Archeological Sites Cavee Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area Bird Nests Champion Trees SUMMARY Charles County Site Categories Number Subtotal 1 14 Total 25 35 1 61 Acres 190 1,280 17,720 1,690 31,197 52,077 35 1 52,113 Site CateRories Archeological Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Dorchester County Site Categories Number Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 2 3 10 1 18 2A 42 Acres 170 354 20,426 134,482 934* 155,434 24 155,458 Dorchester County * All acreage is already included In other areas. 16 TABLE 4 con't Site CatcRorles Archeological Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area Bird Nests Champion Trees SUMMARY Frederick County Site Categories Number 3 9 Subtotal 16 3 W 1 41 Total Frederick County * All acreage is already included in other sites. Acres 20 45 105 10,128 60 77,303 4,100* 87,661 1 87,662 Site Categories Archeological Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area Bird Ne»t» Champion Trees Subtotal Total SUMMARY Garrett County Site Categories Number 2 12 2 1 1 5 A 6 2 8 16 59 4 63 Acres 8 36 8 4,057 5 65,466 316 1,293 3,238 22,763 16.415* 9 7,690 4 9 / , 694 Csrrct^ County * 15,915 dcrrn n r «• nlrrnrly Included In other ar»nii - only 500 ncn-u /in- (idflcd Imto 17 TABLE 4 con't site Categories Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total SUMMARY Harford County Site Categories Number 1 2 4 3 4 1 4 19 15 34 Acres 10 1,585 2,360 2,919 18,292 5,800 2,278 33,244 15 33,259 Site Categories Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Howard County Site Categories Number Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 2 5 1* 9 3 12 Acres 4, ,500 6, ,831 800 12, .136 3 12, ,139 Howard County * This site is shared with Montgomery County, but all acreage is shown here. 18 TABLE 4con't Site Categories Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total SUMMARY Kent County Site Categories Number 2 3 1 4 5 18 4 1 23 Acres 921 176 150 6,A28 7,745 260 15,683 4 1 15,688 Site Categories Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderncas Area SUMMARY Montgomery County Site Categories Number Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 10 9 1 46 * 76 11 87 Acres 11 421 1,575 3,026 3 1,904 6 , 940 II 6,951 Montgomery County * A site 1. chared with Howard County; oU ncrcnRC to Included In H<,w;.rd County. 19 TABLE 4 con't site Categories Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Prince George's County Site Categories Number 8 I 5 6 18 Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 47 6 53 Acres 356 185 237 332 6,597 4,455 1,862 14,024 6 14,030 Site Categories Archeological Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Queen Anne's County Site Categories Number Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 1 * 20 46 5 71 Acres 1,600 100 10,666 3,669 2,700 18,735 46 . 5 18,786 Queen Anne ' s * A site is shared with Caroline County - all acreage is included in Caroline County. 20 TABLE 4 con't site Categoriea Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY St. Mary's County Site Categories Number Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 19 61 2 82 Acres 200 1,130 10 5,760 64 7A7 7,911 61 2 7,974 Site Categories Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Somerset County Site Categories Number Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 1 1 2 5 2 A 15 9 5 29 Acres 1 1,200 2,560 44,074 8,553 6,602* 57,310 9 5 57,324 So«€rsst County • S,680 acrea arr Included In other arsas - only 922 acres nr«! ofldcd here. 21 TABLE 4 con't site Categories Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area Bird Nests Champion Trees SUMMAKY Talbot County Site Categories Number Subtotal Total 15 167 9 191 Acres 400 4,034 758 3,253 3,026 11,473 167 9 11,649 Site Categories Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total SUMMARY Washington County Site Categories Number 2 56 9 1 2 2 2 1 9 * 84 3 87 Acres 35 950 435 5 7 4,835 5,946 3,923 1,639 17,775 3 17,778 Washington County * A site is shared with Allegany County - all acreage is included In Allegany County. 22 TABLE 4 con't Site CateRorlea Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Wicomico County Site Categories Number Bird Nests Champion Trees Subtotal Total 6 1 6 1 6 20 20 Acres 157 519 4,940 140 10,470 16,226 16,226 Site Categories Archeologlcal Sites Caves Rock Outcrops Lakes and Ponds Springs Natural Areas Wildlife Habitats Wetlands Stream Valleys Scenic Areas Wilderness Area SUMMARY Worcester County Site Categories Number Bird Nests Cliamplon Treei Subtotal Total 10 5 6 2 5 31 1 1 33 Acres 192 11,012 1,773 40,059 42 2,586* 53,084 1 1 53,87(. Worcofr County * All acraage Includad In ol)i«r altca. 23 IV : ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the revision of the Catalog of Natural Features , many people shared their expertise with the Department of State Planning in inter- views and letters from July to November of 1974. The Department of State Planning wishes to acknowledge their valuable contributions. Their information on Maryland's natural features made the revision possible. We would like to note particularly the support and assistance pro- vided by Maryland Environmental Trust, its director, Mr. Paul Allen and its capable staff. The Trust assisted in the development and distribution of the questionnaire used in the early stages of the Department's efforts. Mr. A. H. Jones, (.Chairman, Birds of the World), and Ms. Elizabeth Hartline (.Hydes naturalist) were kind enough to suggest possible sources for interviews. Mr. Chandler Robbins (.State Ornithologist, Patuxent Research Center) supplied helpful information on the birds of Maryland; Mr. Vernon Stotts (Ecologist, Department of Natural Resources) helped with listings of duck nesting areas in Maryland. The Girl Scouts of Central Maryland prepared a list of birds and plants near the Potomac River in Montgomery County. Mr. Elmer Worthley (.Botanist, Edgewood Proving Ground) provided information on rare plants in Maryland. Many contributors were particularly helpful in supplying facts on particular geographical areas in the State. County planning agencies provided data about their respective counties. Mr. Arthur Cronson (Anne Arundel County Office of Planning and Zoning) provided a draft copy of Anne Arundel Technical Report Number Five; Mr. Joseph E. Knepper (Planner, Anne Arundel County Board of Education) informed us on a variety of topics related to natural areas in 24 Anne Arundel County; and Mr. John M. Morgan III (.formerly Baltimore County Office of Planning and Zoning; provided information on natural areas in Baltimore County. Facts about the Chesapeake Bay's natural areas were provided by Mr. William F. Nickel III (Nature Conservancy Project Coordinator); Dr. Donald Emerson (.Professor, Department of Biology, Frostburg State College; furnished data on the Frostburg area. Mr. Earl Mentzer (.Department of Employ- ment and Social Services; supplied information on Frederick and Washington Counties. Mr. Charles Anderson (Landscape and Architecture Division, State Highway Administration) listed scenic areas owned by his agency. Tyler Bastian (Maryland State Archeologist) catalogued important archaeological sites. Several contributors shared technical reports and studies which increased the understanding of critical environmental areas. Frank Ugolini (Natural Landmarks Division, U. S. Department of the Interior) provided por- tions of the Potenital Natural Landmark Natural Regions Studies : Gary Waggoner, also of the N.L.D. , provided Eastern Deciduous Forest Theme Study. Frederick R. Swan, Jr. (Professor of Biology, West Liberty State College) supplied the Demonstration Pro ject for a^ Metropolitan Region Natural Area Survey. Mr. Steven Kiely (Director, Center for Natural Areas, Smithsonian Institution) shared the Symposium Results of the Workshop on Environmental Inventories. John E. Cooper (Community College of Baltimore) provided the Report on Endangered Amphlblana of Mnry land. Dr. Kenneth Weaver (Director, Maryland Geological Survey) nnd Dnvid S. Lee (Curator, Department of Mnmmology, Natural History Society of Maryland) aided uo with expertise on n v.-irieLy of topics. 'I'lio Department of State 25 Planning Is indebted to the above for their interest and assistance, and to all those who responded to the Department's questionnaire on potential natural features. 26 V: BIBLIOGRAPHY Antioch College and the Middle Patuxent Valley Association. Report on the Inventory of the Middle Patuxent River Valley. Columbia, Maryland: Antioch College, 1971. Baltimore Environmental Center and the Regional Planning Council. Environ- mental Resources in the Baltimore Region. Baltimore: 1972. Bureau of Economic Geology. Brown, L. F. , W. L. Fisher, A. W. Erxieben, and J. H. McGowen. Resource Capability Units-Their Utility in Land- and Water-Use Management with Examples from the Texas Coastal Zone (Geological Circular 71-1). Austin: University of Texas, 1971. California Tomorrow. California Tomorrow and Skidmore, Owings 6c Merrill. The California Tomorrow - A First Sketch. San Francisco: 1971. Connecticut Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Whyte, William H. Connecticut's Natural Resources - A Proposal for Action. Hartford: 1962. The Conservation Foundation. Harvard University Landscape Architecture Research Office. Three Approaches to Environmental Resources Analysis. Washington, D.C. : 1967. Conservation Foundation. Swan, Frederick R. Jr. Demonstration Project for a Metropolitan Natural Area Survey. Washington, D.C. : 1968. Department of City and Regional Planning and Landscape Architecture. Delmarva Area Study. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University School of Design, 1966. Department of Natural Resources. Tans, William. Priority Ranking of Biotic Natural Areas. Madison, Wisconsin, 196/. Environmental Planning and Policy Center. The Caves Valley: An Ecological Approach to Planning. Columbia, Maryland: Antioch College, 1972. Gunther, J. D. "How to Preserve Small Natural Areas", Catalyst, (Number 3, 1973), p. 19-22. Lathrop E. Smith-Meadows Ido Nature Center. Nopper, William and Mike Uwyer. Survey of Unique Natural FeaturoR, Montgomory County 1973-74 Environmental Inventory. Rockvllle, Marylnnd.: Unpublished. 27 Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland Forest Service. Yingling, Earl L. The Big Tree Champions of Maryland. Annapolis, Maryland: 1973- Maryland Department of State Planning. Scenic Rivers in Maryland. Baltimore: 1970* Maryland Department of State Planning. Wetlands in Maryland. Baltimore: i97i. Maryland Department of State Planning. CMetzgar, Roy G. , Comp.) Catalog of Natural Areas in Maryland. Baltimore: 1968. Maryland Department of State Planning, Regional and Local Division. Directory of Maryland Planning Agencies. Baltimore: 197i^. Maryland Department of State Planning and Urban Research and Development Cor- poration. Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation and Open Space Plan. Baltimore: 1972. Maryland Geological Survey. (Franz, Richard and Dennis Silfer, comp.) Caves of Maryland (Educational Series 3). Baltimore: 1971. Maryland Herpetological Society. Cooper, John E. Endangered Amphibians and Reptiles of Maryland. Baltimore: 1973. Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Prince George's County Planning Office. Natural Features Influencing Development. Riverdale, Maryland: 1970. Maryland Scenic Beauty Commission. Interim Report to the Governor and Legislature. Annapolis: 1966. Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. Natural Features of the Washington Metropolitan Area. Washington, D.C. : 1968 National Park Service. Waggoner, Gary S. "Eastern Deciduous Forest Theme Study", The Eastern Deciduous Forest. Washington, D.C: 1972. Smithsonian Center for Natural Areas. Jenkins, Dr. Dale W. Survey of the Ecologically Significant Natural Areas of the Chesapeake Bay Region. Washington, D.C, unpublished. The Smithsonian Center for Natural Areas. Proceedings of the Workshop on Environmental Inventories. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1973. State i'lanning Office. Keifer, David R. Kishore Mithaiwala, and Theodore L. Mercer, Jr. Preliminary Comprehensive Development Plan. Dover, Delaware: 1967. 28 The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, The Flan for Lake Tahoe. South Lake Tahoe, California: The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, States of California and Nevada, 1971. U. S. Department of the Interior. Potential Natural Landmarks. Washington, D. C, unpublished. U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Leopold, Juna B. (juantative Comparison of Some Aesthetic Factors Among Rivers. Geological Survey Circular 620. Washington, D.C.: 1969. U. S. Department of the Interior and National Bureau of Sport Fisheries. Threatened Wildlife of the United States. Washington, D.C. : National Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; 1973. U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Draft-Master Plan for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Washington, D.C. : National Park Service, National Capital Parks, unpublished. U. S. Department of the Interior, Natural Landmarks Division. Natural Region Studies. Washington, D.C: U. S. Department of the Interior, unpublished. Urban Regional Development Center. Gosselink, James G. , Eugene P. Odum and R. M. Pope. The Value of the Tidal Marsh-Work Paper No. 3. Gainesville, Florida: 1973. Vermont Agency of Environmental Conservation. Vermont Adopted Interim Land Capability Plan. Montpelier: State of Vermont, '.1972. Virginia Division of State Planning and Community Affairs. Critical Environ- mental Areas. Richmond: 1972. Virginia Division of State Planning and Community Affairs. Preliminary Report on Critical Environmental Areas. Richmond: 1972. Water Resources Research Institute. Herbst, John R. and Edgar L. Michalson, eds. A Wild Rivera Symposium. Moscow, Idaho: 1969, 29 APPENDIX A Natural Features Library List Interpretation Guide This appendix has been prepared as a guide for use in inter- preting the computer library list of Natural features. Each site as referenced by a seven digit site identifier and two lines of text. The guide is keyed (alphabetically) to the printout format which appears at the top of the next page. Appendix A Printout Format; (OS (A) ;iTE I.D. WJOCYZZ (B) SITE NAME I i (E) Ark A ((VCRE^ (P) LOCATION |uo^>p| -»jc;- ANf^ Rll'i IMT FN irjJTPASH OMMDED HFR- Description (G) (G) DESCRIPTION l/GREENBRTER LMS T ! (A) Site I.D. W = County Number XX = Election District Y = Source ZZ = Site Number W County Naone 01 Allegany 02 Ajinc Arundel 03 Baltimore 04 Baltimore City 05 Calvert 06 Caroline 07 Carroll 08 Cecil 09 Charles 10 Dorchester 11 Frederick 13 Garrett W County Name 13 Harford 14 Howard 15 Kent 16 Montgomery 17 Prince George's 18 Queen Anne's 19 St. Mary's 20 Somerset 21 Talbot 22 Washington 23 Wicomico 24 Worcester XX Election Districts - Vary by County Y Source - Source Numbering Sub-System Comprehensive 0.= Open Space Plan II, D.S.P. publication now 1972. 1.= Catalogue of Natural Areas in Maryland D.S.P. publication August 1968. 2.= Bibliographic Reference; D.S.P. reference card file of sites obtained from search of any available publications on related topics. 3.= Smithsonian Center for Natural Areas - Survey of the Ecologically Important Natural Areas of the Chesapeake Bay Reg i on . 4.= Envi rorimf n t. .< 1 Invritory Questionnaire's D.S.P. pjamphlet July J 97 J. 5.= Personal Interviews. 6.= Other Sources. 7.= Any combination of the above. 8.* Any single tree of interest or importance - the majority obtairi<''J from Thi- T'. 1 g Tiit- Cli.tmpions of M.iryl.trid 197"i Maryland Forest Service - UNR. 31 Appendix A, con't 9,= Eagle nest, osprey nest, oir heronry obtained from any of the above sources or indicator of an area "proposed for consideration as a Wildland" by D.N.R. ZZ Site Number (B) Site Name. (C) "Type" Codes; 1. Wcf l.-viiM 24. Ro'^rvcM r Wnti-rshcti 17. 2. Canal 25. Wooded Watershed 48. 3. Sprinq 26. Woodland Meadow 49. 4. Waterfalls 27. Virgin Forest SO. 5. Dam Site 28. Virgin Oak Pine Forest 51. 6. Recharcip Area 29. Mature Forest 52. 7. Mudflats 30. Tree S3. e. Moss Bog 31. Marsh. Nat'l. Champion Tree 54. 9. Lake 32. Scenic Woods 55. 10. Pone 33. Virginia Bluebell Area 56. 11. Wooded Pond 34. Vegetation at Limit of Range 57. 12. Breeding Pond 35. Wooded Bluff 58. 13. Mill Pond 36. Mountain 59. 14. Pond and Historic Grist Mill 37. Mountain Gorge 60. 15. Brackish Estuary 38. Scenic Overlook 61. 16. Fresh H2O Marsh 39. Cliffs 62. 17. Salt H2O Marsh 40. Cave 63. 18. Fresh and Salt H2O Marshes 41. Mountain Plateau 64. 19. Swamp 42. Ravine 65. 20. Fresh H2O Swamp 43. Valley 66. 21. Swamp Forest 44. Pastoral Valley 67. 22. Hardwood Shoreline Area 45. River Valley 68. 23. Wooded Area 46. Marsh and Stream Valley 69. Kw.-i V.i I !<-y l'..r.it. Geologic Area/Site Serffont inc Barrens Archeo logical Area/Site Historic Area/Site Scenic Area Unique Vegetation Unique Ecological Area Natural Area Wildlife Area Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Demonstration Area Waterfowl Area Wildlife Management Area Relict Community Rare Animal Rare Plant Agricultural Area Peninsula Island Trail Estate River Bed (D) Ownership Codes; PU Public PC PR Private C LP Local /Public PQ SR State Roads Commission D SP State/Private ST State E CO Corporation FP State Dept. Forests and Parks F FE Federal G CP Quasi-Public H NP National Park Service CN PP Private and Public I A Potomac Edison Co. J B Under Option - U.S. Dept. NR CH Church DI DA U.S. Dept. of Agriculture L Private/Corporat ion Chesapeake Bay Foundation Private/Quasi -Public Balto. City Dept. Recreation and Parks Private and State Dept. of Forests and Parks Private, Public, and Quasi-Public Balto. City Private and Federal County Private, State and Federal State/Federal Md. Dept . of Natural Resources U.S. Dept. of Interior Local (E) Areas in Acres (F) General Location - usually references county topographic maps (source: Maryland Geological Survey) as quadrangle maps (source: U.S. Geological Survey). (G) Site Description - Common Abbreviations 32 ALPHABETIC INDEX - ABBREVIATIONS AA - Anne Arundel Arche - Archaeological Amph - amphibians A- - .Area Amp - Amphitheater ALT - Alternate GORG - Gorge GN, GRN - Green GOVT - Government GEOL - Geological GUNP - Gunpowder GEN - General B BDG - Bridge Betw, Btw - between BWI - Baltimore, Washington, International Balto. - Baltimore BORS, BDR - border (s) BW Parkway - Baltimore Washington Parkway BLKW - Blackwater BTM - Bottom BLVD - Boulevard B&O - Baltimore and Ohio C CTRL - Central C - Circa, Century (after #) CBF - Chesapeake Bay Foundation CHR, CH - Church CN, CO, CNTY - County CR, CK - Creek CTR - Center CUMB - Cumberland CHES - Chesapeake CORNR - Corner CRLL - Carroll GEM - Cemetary CONSERV - Conservation CARO - Caroline CHK - Choptank Circum - Circumference Conwgo - Conowago C&O - Chesapeake and Ohio CHR - Charles D DEC - Degrees DORC, DORCH - Dorchester DEMO - Demonstration Dcpt - Department Dev - Development E E - East ESE - East Southeast Ex - Example Exwy - Expressway ENE - East Northeast ENVIR - Environment EST - Establish ESP - especially ELEM - elementary ELV - elevation F FNDN - Foundation Ft - Foot, Feet FRED - Frederick FED - FedtTAi PLWY - Fl yv»ay PPM - Fftrm H HWY - Highway HIST - Historic, History HGTS - Heights I ISL - Island INT, INTCN - Intersection INST - Institution IMP - Importance IND - Indian INTERP - Interpret INT - Interior (Department of) J JCT Junction L LTL - Little LWR - Lower LTD - Limited LNDG - Landing LGE, LG - Large LMST - Limestone LA - Lake LANDMK - Landmark M MD - Maryland M, MI - Miles MIN - Minutes MT, MTS - Mountain(s) METRO - Metropolitan MRSH - Marsh ML - Mill N NNE - North northeast N - North NW - Northwest NNW - North Northwest NC - Nature Conservancy NALT - Natural NATL - National NLC - Natural Landmark Classification O OCC - Occupants P PG - Prince George's PND - Pond PT - Point PREHIST, PREHIS - Prehistoric PRESVN, PRESV - Preservation PENN - Pennsylvania PRT - Part PRK - Park PATUX, PTX - Patuxont PIS - Piscataway PANA - P.inoramic 33 Alphabetic Index - Abbreviations con't Q QA. - Queen Anne's R RD - Road RDG - Ridge RES - . Research RTE, RT - Route RIVR, RI - River RESV - Reservoir RR - Railroad RECM - Recominend S Shr - Shore S - South SE - Southeast SW - Southwest SSE - South Southeast SSW - South Southwest ST - Street SP - Species ST, STE - State SS - Southside SECT - Section SI - Smithsonian Institute SANC - Sanctuary SUS, SUSQ - Susquehanna SHELTR - Shelter SIG - Significant SPR - Spring •T TAL - Talbot TER - Terrace U U.S. (#) - U.S. Route number U.S. - United States V VA - Virginia VILL - Village VAL, V - Valley VEG - Vegetation WW- West WVa - West Virginia W/ - With WDLF - Wildlife WMA - Wildlife Management Area WNW - West Northwest WSW - West Southwest WASHI - Washington WICOM - Wicomico WORCST - Worcester WSHD - Watershed XYZ 34 APPENDIX B NATURAL FEATURES INVENTORY LIST ALLEG.ANY COUNTY 0104181 CHESAPEAKE S OHIO CANAL 02ND UU75AL0MG POTOMAC R TVE'^/SE'^MENT OF C "S 0 CANAL FROM WASH TO CUMBERLAND (STUCTURE « ROUTE MOSTLY INTACT i HISTOR TC IMP 0105702 CUMBERLAND NARROWS 37LP 320N.V-CUMR-RT i*0 1 . 5MI/ ANT ICLINE FORMAT- lONIJUNXATA AND TUSCARORA FORMATIONS 0107703 DAN'S MOUNTAIN 36PD1QO0 GSW-IOMI OF CUMB /AB(JNnANT WILOLI'^'EJ. OAK» HICKORY»MAPLE»RFFCH» BIRCH TRHFS (PART OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA 013318t f^REEN RDR&TOWN HILL MTS 55P"13600N tMI-PAW PAW W VA /SCENIC OAK-HICKf^'-<' FOREST* SCHEDULED TO EXPAND f^REf^N RIDGE STATE PARK 0107105 PINTO GEOLOGIC SECTION i+BPR bSSW 1 . 7MI-CRFSAPTWN/ GEOLOGIC EXPOSURE OF DEVONIAN AND SILURIAN FORMATIONS t FOS^ IL BEAPI^IG 0116106 P0TO\'AC BLUE SPRING 03NP IISSE 3. 6M I-CUMRFRLNn/Pf-RT OF CfiO CANAL NATIONAL MONUMENT (POSSIBLE SUPPLEMENTAL WATER SUP'^LY FOR CUMBERLAND 0101075 SCENIC OVERLOOK - RT UO 38PU 2AL0NG RT40 E-CNTY /IS^RESSIVE PANORA- MIC VIEW 0103201 DEVILS DEN CAVE '♦OPR 5N-WARM SPRING RD /CAVE IN TONOLOWAY LIMESTONE FORMATION 0103202 MiiRLEY BRANCH SPRING 03PR 5N 39DEG39MIN/W78-37/ ABOVE BASE OF TONOLOWAY LIMESTONE FORMATIONIIO TO 15 FEET WIDE 0103203 TWIG S CAVE '♦OPR 5N 39DEG38min/W7R-37/ AHOVE RASE OF GRAY TO HLACK CRYSTALLINE L IMESTONE ISTRE AM THROUGH CAVE 0103206 ATHEYS CAVE i+OPR bN 39DEG39M IN/''J78-3b/nEVFL0PFn ALONG SETS VERTICAL JOINTS IN TONOLOWAY FORMAT ION I BLUE-BLACK LT'^ESTONE STRATUM 0122207 DEVILS HOLE CAVE i+OPR 5N 30DEG30MTn/ W78-3R/Fr)PMED IN K' ipfp LIMESTONE (VERTICAL SHAFT 30 FEET DE~d 0105208 GREISES CAVE itOPR 5W SIDE SHRIVER RD6 /AlONG SERIFS OF PROMINENT JOINTS IN TONOLOWAY LIMESTONE FORMAT ION ! -/ATFR .•■'TTHT'^I CAVF 011620O HORSE CAVE UOPR 5N 39DEG37MIN/ •/78-39/Smai.LO ■/ CAVr :n FAVOSITES 70NE OF KEYSER LMSTINATURAL BRIDGE INS IDE !ST AL ATT ITES IN "EAR 0121210 ROCKY GAP CAVE UOPR 5S RIM ROCKY GAP GORG/ ',(. ONG VERTICAL JOINTS IN TUSCARO^'A SANDSTONE IFLAT CEILING THROUGHOUT 0121211 STEG'-'AIER ORCHARD CAVES 400° 5w c■La^JK IROUS MT /l.Ti CAVFS T^l '"OOD- LANOINIC^ DISPLAY OF HELICTITFS» STALACTITES* AND A=GONTTr CRYSTALS 0103212 JEiF.U. CAVES 40PR 5E .5Ml-orviL HOLE /13 LfaDS DEVFLOPED TO''OLOWAy LIMESTONEICAVE CRICKETS IN FISSURE 010';213 ALI.EGANY HGH SCHO'^L CAVEi+OPR bS SIDE WILLS CREEK /?0 <^F T CoA^'L-iAY OlOSaii* BOWMANS AnniTION CAVE '40PR 50UARRY. VALLEY RD /E SIDE OF RDI 3b FT CHIMNEY 0129215 CUMBERLAND HONE CAVE '♦OCO bN 39DEGU1 MTig/w75-U7/HFMAINS OF NOW EXTINCT SPECIES HAVE RE"^ N FOUND THE°f 0129216 CUMBERLAND QUAR'Y CAVE '♦OdR 5S SIDE WILIS CRF'K /SERIES OF CLOSELY FOLDED ANTICLINES AND SYNCLTNES LOCATED HERE 0129217 DRESSMAN CAVE '♦OPR bOUARi'Y WCASH V ALLEY/S^ALI SKYLIGHT OCCURS IN CEILINGIFLOWSTONE DEVELOPED Iij PLACES 0105218 GOAT CAVE "tOPR 5END PATTERSON ST /T^O LONG LOW PASS- AGES OCUR ALOrjG BEDDING PLANES 0105219 HAYSTACK MOUNTAIN CAVE '♦OPR 5S SIDE WILLS CRETK /COLLAPSE OF SAND- STONE fl^DS CREATED SHELTER CAVE 0105220 LOVERS LEAP CAVE '♦OPR bf| SIDE WIL'S CRE~K /FISSURE IN T'ISCAR- OPA SANOSTO'IEISIG'IS OF BEING WATERWORUIMO FORMATIONS PRESENT 0129221 SAVAGE RD QUARRY CAVE '♦OPP 5AL0NG JENNINGS RUN /TWO CAVES ICOAL AND SPELEOTHEMS PRESENT 0105222 VALLEY RO QUARI'Y CAVE '♦OPR 5W SIDE SHRIVER RDG /T'-ZO SMAL' CRA'U. 'AY 01072?3 FORT MILt. FIS'.URE CAVES '♦OA 5N END FORT HILi /TH-TEE C AVES lUAR^O •/ PAS AGFS WITH SEVERE VERTICAL SLOPING WALLS* ENCRUSTED W1T« rOS;iLS 01072^'^ "HOnrS cave '♦OPR 5E us 220IS-"A.VLINGS/KNTRANrE rACM F'JD 0107225 MARION PRENIS INDIAN VILbOPR bSW-CRESAPTOWN /rvlDFNCE OF C AD lonn-i'.o'i occuPATioNJARTiFArrs fouud 01^'?26 SMA-KMC OLD FIELOS VIL bOH lOF-OLOTOwN /StTf OF MAJO= LAtr 17T>»-EARtY IPTH C VILLAGE I MANY ARTIPACTS HUT NO SYSTEMATIC EXCAVATIONS 0ir/',?77 SCENIC OVrOLC-'K 3flSR '♦7tl OF RT36 ISr-RT22n / ''O OEM FOREGt^OUND 01?v;'.-'« CUMMEOLAHn scenic area 36SR HbaS-PT'fO-noAD OCK RD /fAVES» STEEP SLOPES Af»")NOANT WILOLIPE 0133'»60 RANMEOS OVERLOOK 3flST 2 INT THOMASflST AP'-ORD/ A^EA CLOSE TO FLY*AYS FOP MIGPATION OF SONGHIROS AflD RAVENS 013:?««32 »«MITE SULPMJR SPRINGS 03ST 2nGRFFN RDG ST FO«EST/FOIlR SPRINGS PLOW 1H*n*IGH SLATE «<0CKISUR' OUNOEO MY WO-^DEO APEA 35 Allegany County con't 0103461 WARM SPRINGS 03ST 60WARM SPRING RD /SPRINGS BETWE'^N TOWN CREFK RD AND MURLEY5 RP ANCH I FAVOR TTE PICrilC AREA OlSJi+a? GREEN RIDGE LOG ROLL 51PR lOOW-GREFN RIDGE RD /SITE OF HISTORIC LOG ROLl.JPANORAMIC view 0107429 DANS ROCK 48C0 IW-MIDLAND 2MT /ELEVATION 2895 FT 0104439 SHALE BARRENS 48PR 179GRN ROG FORESTt CUMR/N OF FLlNTSTONE* SW DOLLY RDI3MI OF OLDTOWN» S OF MILL CREEK»N OLD DOCK TRAIL 0103439 SHALE RAR' ENS " 4ePR 244NW 3MI OF OLDTOWN /DEVONIAN SHALE ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY '0205101 ANGELS ROG 8 FRESH POND 34PR 30FSF- JACOBSV ILLE 3MT/FVrFLI FNT SITE AC ORDING TO SMITHSONIAN REPORT IPOS^ TRLE RARE ANIMAL SPEC TE"^ f'^oHAGMI IM ROG 0204182 RLUEFiELI, MEADOW ISLAND 33PR 2PRIEST RRIDGE /WILOFLOWER COVF="^n 0205703 RADKIN POINT 16PR 50ESE-GLEN Ri IRNIE > RAY/2 Ml waTERFPONt -i/ SOME CYPRESS KNEES » EXCELLENT BIRD HABIT AT I IMPORT ANT TO CHFc;aPEAKE RAY F'ln'i 0205104 CORCORAN TRACT 2HFP 3RENE- ANNAPOL IS 5. 5M I/COMS IDEPFQ i_ac;t TRACT VIRGIN TIMRER IN TIDEWATER MDJ2ACRE RAMrio GROVE ! WTLnLTFF drfsE^'VE 0203105 ELEVATION WHITE ROCKS 48PR 2SE GLEN BIJRNIE 3.5M/0'il_Y UPLAND OUT- CROP OF RARITAN IN MD COASTAL PLAIN ( ROULDERS PURE FOR GLA^^'". SAND 0206106 HOCK TRACT 55SR 15NNW- ANN AP0LI5 /AREA DESCRIBED AS WEEMS CREEK LIVING SCIENCE MUSEUM ( OUTSTANDING AREA FOR ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 0207708 MAYO POINT 26PR 80S- AN APOLIS 4.3VI /AJ?FA MATURE HARD- WOODS AND SALT MEADOWS (OVERWINTERING SWAN OCCUR HERE>HIGH EROSION 0204709 ROUND RAY BOG 08PR 1 1 ONW- ANUAPOLIS 6MI /WIDE VARIETY BIRD LIFEJCRANRERRY, HOLLY. MAGNOLIA FOUND 0201710 SEVERN RIVER HEADWATER 23SP 900W- ANNAPOLIS SMI /SEVERN RUN IN A^^t^i 0207781 LYONS CREEK VALLEY 21PR 2674AL0NG LYOtJS CRE^K /DUCK, MINK. HA'vK 0207706 IVY NECK/JAVA FARM 54PR 389SSW AN^IAPOLIS /apFA SERVES AS SITE FOR RESEARCH OF ESTUAR INE ENVIRONMENT RY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 0204711 SOUTH RIVER HEADWATERS 16PR 3563W- ANUAPOL IS 5MI /MARSHES CONTAIM HARDWOODS. CLAMSf CRABS. DUCK (SCENIC WEST SHORE 0207712 BEARDS CREEK 16PR 369AL0NG READDS CRFTK /TYPHA SP.C^AR^, CLAMS FOUNDfCRF AND SMITHSONIAN INST. BELIEVF ARFA SHOULD RF opFSFovrn 0204704 FLAT CRE' K 16PR 29''AL0NG Fl AT CRE''K /WILDLIFE HARTTAt BORDERED ON MW BY RTb0/301.ON SE BY RIVA RD 0207705 MUDDY CRE^K 17PR Hn7R0TH SIDES '-'UDnY cR/NATUdE cr)Ki^FQ\/ 1.' f- CY CONSIDERS THIS IMPORTANT ARE A I W ILDLIFF HABITAT 0207206 CALVERT FORMATIO'I 03PR ION FND CALVRT CLIFi^S/F A IRMAVEN nlATO"-'- ACEOUS EARTH MEMRERI55 FT THICK 020546Q ROYD POND lOPR ItSN-RAYSTDE RFACH oPi /ONF OF FF'i Fof<^m WATER PONDS IN MARYLAND 02044R2PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR55DI 6bOALONG AA-PG RORDER 0205207 OLD MARGARETS CHURCH 50PR 2W-INTCN OF RT3 8231/ ARCMEOLOGI C AL SITE 0204208 SEVFRN FOREST-MARTIN PNDllPR 140NEAR MARTINS POND /MUCH NATURAL v/FG"- TATION ON THIS AREA ON SEVERNIGRFAT WHITE OAK AND KILN tJFAR POND 0205301 GIRSON ISLAND 16PC 120S END MT RD /NATURE CONSERVA'ICY FEFILS THIS IS IMPORTANT WETLANDS (PART MAINTAINED AS BIRD SANCTUARY 0204302 BREWER POND lOPR 33C)SE-HELFNA ISL 1 MI /SHORELINE SUR n. :>,in -ED RY IRREGULAR WETLANDS ( MATURE HARDWOODS AND OVERWINTERING SWAN FOUND 020520^1 PODICKORY ARCHE SITE 50PR 5NW SANDY PT ST P ARK/ ARrHFOL^G IC AL STtf 0205210 BELLFIELD 50PR 5S-RT50/30 1 ( SK ID^^ORE/COLO'I T AL FAR'-'^TFn ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE 0205211 BRICK KILN 50PR S-RT 50/301 1 "J /roLONTAL Tum iqr^ r ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE S7 „ ic-t ^-n'>Y ROG /SMORFS MOSTLY U"T n?n54T5 MEPt^OITH CRF K 56PR 57JUST S- ( n Y ^ ><-, ~1,.^^ OJOe^ofJoP^R-pSir""' '"'■'"iZ, 130N R.« S RI.E-«T 2 /MNOEVELOPEO PO.r^T 0206303 POPLAR I U IN I RTIW-GLFRE BAY /ARCHEOLOGICAL SUE Sfof3S^ 'cSlTlT.r tr.l 9rs li::^-t'^T /UNDEVELOPED AREA( 36 Anne Arundel County con't IRREGULAR SHORELINE PROVIDES NESTING AREA FOR OSPREY 0.206305 HARNESS CREEK 29PR 90N SHORE-SS RT /PRIMARILY WETLANDS EAGLE NEST LOCATED HERE 020721'* INDIAN MOUNO 50PR 5SE-G0VERN0RS BDG 3M/ INDIAN MOUNDS AND JOHN BELTS QUAKER MEETING HOU5E-16Q0 02071*85 -PATUXENT MARSH ■ 16PC lOOON BORDER GOVERNOR RDG/t INIQUE , AREA 0207215 WOODSTOCK 50PR 5S-RT255 » W-RTt68 /WILLIAM PENN SIGNA -TURE ON DISPLAY 0207216 CHALK POINT 50PR 5N END CHALK PT RD / ARCHEOLOGIC AL SITE 0207307 DE- ° COVE CRECK 17PR 3'*QNEAR CAPE NANE /NATURE CONSERVANC^ CONSIDERS THIS AN IMPORTANT AREAJMUCH WILOLT'^E 0207217 HERINGEN 50PR 5NEAR RT423 /SITE PREDATFS 1670 0207U83 LYONS CR JUG BAY MARSH 16PR UUOOIMI N-WAYSONS CORNR/MtlCH MARSH VFGATA- TIONIGOOD FOR RAIL Hi INTIMG > WILD R ICE' MALLOWf PHR AGNITES PRFDOMTNATE 020'*2'+l PREHIS IND VILLAGE SITE 50PR i+NW-DAV inSONVILLE /DISTINCTTVF ARTI- FACTS FOUNDIDATES RTW AD 300-600 (BEING RUINED BY FILL-REMOVAL OPERATIONS 0205240 MARTINS PREHIS IND CAMP 50PR INW- ANNAPOLIS /VERY IMP ARFi TO 'CULTURAL INDIAN HISTORY OF MD!2U LAYERS CULTURAL DFBRTS FOUND SO Fflc? 0203308 GAYLUSSACIA RRACHYSERA 5i+PR 5N-o AS AnFNA. 3MI I SI 77/Q ARF dLANT CONSID- ERED WCrWTY-PROTECTinN BY NATURE CONSERVANCY IPOSS IRLY OLnJ^ST LIVING PLANT 0201309 HELOMTAS RULLATA StST bl.IMITS BWI AIRPORT /RARE HERB WORTHY OF PRESERVATION BALTIMORE COUNTY 0308101 BATSMAN RIJN VALI.EY 25PQ 8bOW-COCKFYSV TL' E 3 Ml/ONF OF F^w rfmaTN- ING COMPLEXES WITHIN URBANIZING AREA (USED FOR ^FOMORPHOLOGIC AL RFSFARrM 0313182 BALTI'^ORE HIGHLANDS 160 260SSW-RALTO CITY /50 ACRE LAGO"N SERVES AS WATERFLOWL SANCTUARY (SHALLOW MARSHiWILLOW STANnS 0303103 RARE HIL' S U8PP 400W- JONES FALLS EXWY /SERPENTINE ROCl' BARRENSJSTREAMS INHABITED BY RED SALAMANDER AND dICKERFL FROGS 0315705 HART AMD MILLER ISLANDS 66(5P 157S-POOLFS ISL /ONLY MAJOR hmSdoII. ED AND UNRESTRICTED ISL IN UP'~'ER RAY I IMP STOP-^ING AREA FOR MIGRATORY RT = nc; 031^8106 HAYFIELDS U4PR i*7tMMW-RALT0 CITY 8 MT/HISTOR ICAL VAI'iE! PIONEER FARM IN DEVELOPMENT HEREFORD CATTLE IN US 030Q107 LIMEKILN HOLLOW UUPR 700N"E BALTO CITY 3. SM/' .ARnLE UNDERLAT^I VALLEY CONTAINS SOME MOST ATTRACTIVE DAIRY FARMS IN MARYLAND 0310708 LWR LTL GUNPOWDR FALLS VU5E l'»97BALT0-HARF CNTY Bn»/TinAL MARSH ARF" IMP RY CRF AND NATURE CONSERVANCY ! COVERED HOIDGE PRFS'^NT ! HARDWOOD GROVES 0311109 LONG '■-.RE^M CREEK VALLEY a6E 9nOFNE-TOWSON I W-manoR /SCENIC VALLEY! RY TOWSON ANTICLINEJSTREAM EMPTIES INTO GUNPOWOFR FALLS 03ni'81 PATAPSCO GORGE U2FP 1500DART daTAdsCO RI V /RFTW ELLICOTT riTV « «(0CDST0CKIVARIETY of hardwoods (CONSIDERABLE MEANDERS 0309111 SHEPPARO PRATT FOREST 23PR 7bM-RALT0 CITY 1.5 m:/S0MF OF OLDFST OAK IN AREA ON GROUNDS SHEPi^ARD PRAT: HOSPITAL (ROLL TNG TER-'AIN 0302112 SOLDIERS DELIGHT i49SP 2076SSW REISTERSTOWN bM/i iNi is^ 'AL METRO AREA (UNDERLAIN WITH SERPENTINE ROCK(WILD FLOR A ( FREQUENT OUTCROPi' INGS 0308113 WESTERN RUN VALLEY 46PR 250nsw BUTLER 3 MI /AREA OF GEOMOPHOLO -GICAL RESEARCH BY JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVFRS ITY ( AT IR ACT IVE VALLEY 030371'* GRNSPRI'IG-WORTHINGTON V U3PR b71bN"W BALTO CITY 6 ^^I/ROLLING VALLEY IN AGRICULTUOAL USE(SOME FINE HORSE FARMS (EXTENS IVE ESTATES (VAR TFO WILDLIFE OMMtlXU fiRHSPTIG-WOOTHINGTON V U 3PR '*710Nri'( RALTO CITY 6 NT/SAME AS 03n371M n3(l».2ni REAVFR :jiIM c;hFLTER UQPR bN RANK flEAVFR RU^I /SMAL" ARFA l-'/ ?()' PAS'. AGE LFADIMG TO RO' M 10» 01 AMETER ( CL A Y PI'F « CHAR'Fn MOrjFS FOUND n.yiu?n^ MELTOr(S shelter '*0ST bAI LOCH RAVEN RESV /SMALL FIS-URE CAV! AMOVE OUAB lED PARKING LOT AT LARGF DAM nVI?Oni* LIHERTV PES'"MVOTR ?bST 3b07HALTO-CRL' CNTY ROR/FXTFrJSI Vi ! i AREA* MANY SMALL STREAMS INTERLACE ARrA(HEAVILY FOR' FST^D ( Mi (CM WiLDLIFi- 030hOHb PRETTYROV RESV V/ATFRSMrD2SST 86'lbNw CORNFR-RAI TO CO /fXTENSIVE NATURAL AHEA(MIXEO FOREST WITH VARIED WILDL IFE (HEADWATERS FOR GUNPOWDFR o TVER 031h70'' CAR"OLL ISLAND 6'iFE 8b'.UP:'ER W SHORE-CHES /ARPA CLOS'n TO BUR -LICCUCH AREA IS TIDAL MARSH (PRFHIST I'lD VIL FOU'ID ( EUV IROIIME'IT ST > .■ AREA 0311710 GUNPOWDER DELTA 16PR 270NUW CARROL' ISLA'ID /AT COMFL ' ' ''• "-THE GUNPOWDER RJ « SALTPETER CRICHF « NC CONSIDER THIS Imp AREAM.O/ ' ' '•; 37 Baltimore County con't 0.^1fj7?7 HLATK MAKSM 1 7Pt< 71f>SF; 'irCT ItALTO CITY /CO^'JS inrRCt) PRIMF WETLAND Al*FA fiY Cllf--, IJC fi SI 0311230 KNIRHT PPFHIST TI^D SITF! h)OPR lONW-ESSFX /C 30008C TO IbOOAO MUCH UNDISTIJRF1ED DEPOSITS OF ARTIFACTS REMAIN 0302402 HORSEHFAD WOODS 5bF 50nS-MCDONOGH RQ /W-F»EISTERSTOWN RD WITHIN DEVELOPEO SECT CNTY I ENDANGERED WILOFLOWERS FOUNDIIVia RIRD-ING AREA 0311'+23 PUTTY HILL NATURAL AREA 53Pra 256ME PARKVILI F /WHITE MARSH RUN AREA I INCLUDES ALL TYPES PIEDMONT HAR IT ATS ! DT VE^S IT Y OF L4Mn=;C APES )Mi ICH v/fg 031't')23 PUTTY HILL NATURAL AREA 5bPQ 34NE PARKVIL'.E /SAME AS 031_U23 0302U16 FERDINAND C LET dR0PE'=TY2QPR 160N-LIRERTY =0 /nNTDUCMFn A^FA FOP OVER ion YRS fSURUOUNHED RY URBAN COM' HJM IT Y i DENSE GRmiMO COVFR 0301'+15 CATONSVILLEJRALTO TRAIL 67QP lORTll+U E/LOUDIN CEM /WOOnS » STREAMS ► AND SYLVAN GLADESICITI7ENS TRYING TO PRESERVE AREA FOR HIKING 8 NATURE STUDY 0301'*8a PATAPSCO RIVER MARSH 16PR 701+RTl W TO RW-PKWY /STRUGGLING NATURAL AREA ENDANGERED RY URRAN DEVELOPMENT I LEAST RITTERN fquNG HERE 0309417 WHITE PINE WOODS 32PR 5E OLD HARFORD RD /S- INT-SUMMTT AVE! • IDEAL HAVEN FOR SMALL WILDLIFE AMD RIRDS 0309U60 LAKE ROLAND-RE LE-" PARK 56G 250S-RUXTON E-FALLS RD/mam-MADF RESV NOT MAINTAINEDJEROSION PRODUCED EXTENSIVE DEI TA AT N FNDIRARE WILDLIFE t^OUNn 0306250 RLACK ESTATE 52ST 2.?WSIDE Ifi3 N-DATRY R/ Dftor P| AN'^Fn USF AS HWY REST AREAIREMATNING AREA TO RF MAINTAINED AS NATUDAL SCENIC AREA 0307251 KAUFMAN PROPERTY 52ST 23E SIDF TR3 /N-STARLFRS CH. Rn; IS A SCENIC AREA i MEADOWS ;SMALL GAME 0311450 HARTLINE ET AL PROPERTY 5'jPR 4'ipATTERS0N S HYDFS RD/DTVERS TTY/FNV TR i SPECIES RARE ORCHIDS > '.■/OODEO OPENf R SWAMPY AREAS EXIST BALTIMORE CITY 0402101 CYLRUPN PARK 57G 1 74CYLRURNft GNSPRN'^ AVE/WO 'DED RTon SAUrj NATURE STUDY PROGRAMS CONDUCTED HERF ; rjURSER Y FOR FLO^A PLANTi^D OTHER ^A-iRELl. CR NE/GANEY RO/PRIME WETLAfJO a'ITH -IN CHQPTANK WATERSHED i OTTER rSHAD» BAS'^f TYPHA S^.SCIRP'iS SP'^ POUND HERE 0608005 GILPIN PT LTD USE AREA 0603''21 CHOPTANK RI-LYFORD LAN0G21PR 531FR0M WILLISTON N /ROTH SIDES il°PE=' CHOPTANK RI iOSPREY. OTTERt NESTING WO'iO OUCKrMANY FISH SPFCIFS OC'IPY .-^REi 0606321 CHOPTANK RI-LYFORD LANDG21PR 860FR0M WILLISTON N OeOUSlfi SKELETON CREEK 16PR 3onrg-CH0PT ANK RI /PRIME '.'JETLA'ID i°EA HARITAT FOR TYPHA. OSPREY. OTTER» V AR lETY OF PISH 060'*3HQ HUNTING CREEK 16PR 758BDR DORCH-CARO CNTY/CONT I ANS TYdm/\ ^&, OSPRFYrHAWKrS WOOD DUCK 0603102 WILI ISTON LAKE OQQP HONi 'F-HARMONY 4.2 MX /S^AO^^ELY SilRO'l'JD- ED BY .VOODLAND I ABUNDANT RLUEGILL5» CR APdTE» BASS» PERCH 0603101 MILl CRETK HEMLOCK STAND3UPR ISSE-DEMTON U.3 MI /nc-wtOCK FAR F -. <; OF THEIR RANGE IN MDiRFMAIMI'lG AREA MOSTl Y .vOODFO tJ'VAMP 0601'»76 UP-FR CHOPTANK MARSHES 16PR 21 1'^E-GOLOSRORO l.SMT /■■-\Ton HARTTAT 0602'* 76 UP FR CHOPTANK MARSHES 16PR 8QSE-G0LnSRn=0 1.5MT / 060'*'.75 TAHYARD MARSHES 1 6PR 153NW-PRFST0'1 U.5MI /FXTFrgc;jvE MARS-ES WHERE HEROtlrRAILf SNIPE CAN RE SFr.N FROM RT 331 0601007 MUD MTLI POND 1 1 PR 24E-HFNDFRSO'| 1 v^ /nuF-FEW RFMATV.G MAJOR PONDS IN MOIOAK. GUM SHAS"" C ATF ISH» RLUEGTLLS FOUND 060270P GARLAND LAKE 1 1 PR bONF-PFNTO'l 30MT » M31 7/S' ig oi IMDFH nv " : ^ , PIME» ABUNDANT FISH AND FAUNA 06050'"- IDYI.VILO WDLF DFMO AREA 5« 1523rriF FED^R ALSRUdG 060U782 CHO°TANK RIVER MARSH b6 768W-M0ST TI^ CARD CO /opt^f '•'FTI. A'-n APFASFNDAMGrOFO npLMARVA FOX SOUIR 'El. ' OSPOEY. OT 'ER FO'INn;-ir rONISTOFRc, t • ■-- 0604710 LIMCHESTFR POND lUPR 24SE-PREST0Np ' IF-RT3:;i/0LnrqT rO'ITT"i'V S BUSINESS EST IN USiSCENIC wn ■ DED AREA I ARUNOA' IT PTKF» CR AP - TFt R AS^ 06067MU TUCKAHOE CREEK SHORE 31SP 2368CHK RI N/ROL^H LNDG/FVTFMS I VF •^n^^~- ABEAJVARIETY WDLFItJATL CHAMPION SWAMP WHITE OAK FOUND HFRFSCTRC'IM ?!.'• 0601085 MASON RRriCH-LG MARSH DIT5'>PR 16H3CAR0 - QA CNTY RD° /F/TFrjSIVE H "■ ^ T -FUL STREAM VIONE OF FEW UNSPOILED STREAMS I DIVERS ITY FI.OOA H FAUNA co i"- CAKROLL COUNTY 07072)3 ARGO CAVE uOPR 5S-WESTM INSTFR /OUAR'Y IN "Ak-r- FIF| 0 VAR'«Lr HOUSE'. FUTRANCESIWAL '^ OF CAVF P ITT rn I ] S' I.Of IG l76S-WESTMrMSTl'ii 6"! /MEAUTTFmi ' i, nro STE'PLT HrtNKF.OIOAK»HICKORY PRFOOMIMATF 070^10? MORGAN RUN VAM EY 116PR 'iHS-WESTMIUSTF" »iMI 07060*^3 PREnvnOY RESERVOIR 2!jST (,'. 39 CECIL COUNTY Ofl07231 PRTNCIPIO CRFFK 16PR 1 1 bf^-PFRR YVILI.F: IMI /ASSORTED 8 UNUSUAL WILDLIFE. COMSIDFIRED IMPORTANT BY SMITHSONIAU INSTITUTION 0fl0b231 PRINCIPIO CREI K 1 6PR 8SE-PER'' 0805101 BULL MT WILDERNESS AREA 32QP 182SSW-N0RTHWEST 7MT /BE-XH MAPLE FOREST WELL E OF NORMAL RANGE 0808182 CONOWINGO BARRENS 48PQ 2780W-RTSING SUN 7MI /UNDERLAIN '/ SE==p- ENTINE PERIDOTITE PEROXENITE ROCK (UNPROnUCT IVE SOILSSTUNTED OAK 0807283 GAR'^ETT ISLAND 6riPR 175N-HAVRE DE GRACE 1 . b/COM^oSED-GR AN ITE i LITTLE EROSIONiHARDWO'iD FOREST » CONS IDEPFD IMP BY SI « NCILARGEST ici_ TN RI 0806106 OCTORARO CREF'K VALLEY UftPR 678WNW-R IS ING SUN 3bMI/0AK HTCKO^V POR^ST SHAO MIGRATE HEREiLWR PORTION ENDANGERED BY ENCROACHING DEVEL0P»'1I=:NT 0808106 OCTORAOn CRE~K VALIEY 46P0 1«2WNW RISING SMU 35MI SAME flS 0«'^6in6 0802402 TOWN POINT 55PR 60N' W-HACK PT 1.5 Mj /K'jron pqT' I ,;= Y t T-'P NURSERY GROUND FOR SALT WATER SPECIES! GREAT BLUE HERON COLONY 0807208 CONWGO PREHIST IND SITE 50OP 4NW-P0RT DEPOSIT /HATES C 3nO"Br TO 1500AD MANY ARTIFACTS FOUND ! REMA INTUG DFPOSTTS WARRANT SITE Pfr<^7N 0801233 POND CREFK 16PR q38W-F,>RLVII l E 5MT / 7C»CBF CONc;inFD<^ IMP TO POP'SERVEfSPECIES SCTRPUS AND SCARCE WTLDI T^E SUCH aS OT"^ro r^c-c,p 0803211 BIG ELK CRE'"K WOODS 55ST 75N t-ELKTOM 2mT /roRF=;Trn A°'^ai SMALi STREAMS (DIVERSITY- ANIMAL HABITATS IN SWAMP RFfijON 0803212 LAUREL RUN WOODS 5bST 18S-RT Q5 W- RT 5ub /NATURAL •■in^nFn AREA BEAUTIFUL LAUREL RUN PLA'^l'ipn SCFNir HIGHWAY 0808213 CONOWINGO NATURAL AREA 5bST 12W-RT 222 /WOODED WILDLAND LOWLAND HARWOODSJSOIL IS VERY SANDY 0807714 SUSQUEHANNA OVERLO' K 38ST 30RT ^SJE BANK SUSO R/WOnQFO AND ROCKY LANDISCENIC OVERLOOK-SUSQUEHANUA RIVER 0808r.22 RICHARDS OAK 53PU lE-CONWGO DAM 1.5MI /HISTORIC TRE CAMP SITE-LAFAYETTES ARMY IN 1791 080120q GREAR PREHIS INO VIL' AGE50FE 5NW-CECILT0N /ARTIFACTS INDICA- TIVE OF PREHIST VILLAGE- ABOUT AD 1 OOf'- 1500 (POTENT I AL FOR NEW TNFOD'-' AT TON 0803710 ELKTON NATURAL AREA bbST 68NF-FLKT0N 2MI /S ITE-OLDE'^T PEN CENTRAL RAU.ROAD TRACKS! STONE MRTOGF OF SCENIC INTEREST CHARLES COUNTY 0905321 PER'-Y FWANCH 1 7PR loQW-TOMPKlNSVIM F IMT/SWA'/nv at^A ooo-af, _E;5 habitat for MTNKiOTTER OSPREY ANADROMOHS FTSH!FAGIFq AND '^1 ■•.TS 090b32;^ DOIJ_Y MOARMANS CRi^FK 1 7PR 210SE-MT VTCTORTA 1 75m/c;dart T^l A PATrMq DISTTCHLTS ^P AND JIJNCUS ROEMFRIANUS* BAS''» OSPREY FOUND HFRE 0905323 LLOYD CRE^K 17PR 40NW-BANKS ODE^" RD /RICH pLA"T AND ANIMAL LIFEiSI AND NC CONSIDER THIS AREA OF CRITICAL IMPORTANirr 0905324 PICCOWAVfCN CREFK 17PR 240WSW-MT VERNON 2 MI /THE ST •■ . C CON- SIDER THIS AN IMPORTANT WETLAND AREA 40 Charles County con't 0901325 CHAPEL POINT 32PR 70CHAPEL PT RD AND 30/HARWOOD FORESTEO: THE SI AND NC CONSIDER IMP NATURAL AREA 090770fl MARSH ISLAND 16PR 30N- MAT i AWOMAN CRf^- K/SC IRPUS SPP CAN RE FOUND HERE THE SI AND NC CONSIOER THIS A PRIMARY WETLANDS AREA 0905320 SWAN PT NECKIWISE '-lARSH 1 7PR 11+H7S-CI ICKOLO CPE'K /TlflAL MARSH VITH SPARTINA CYNOSUROIDESISI ArJD NC CONSIDER THIS A PRIME NATURAL AREA 0903709 NANJEMOY CREEK _ 16PR 2bOilNE TO HILL TOP /TYPHA SP MINK WO^n DUCK ARE POUND HFREITHF SI AND NC CONSIDER THIS A CRITICAL NATURAL A^EA 0903004 DONCASTER STATE FORFST '5V-ST 150 NW-ROWIF RD /'INCHANGFD NATURAL AREA WITH A NOTARLF DIVERSITY OF NATURAL FEATURES 0907703 MATl AWOMAN CREEK ( LOWER ) ^(SST ttOOON-RT Z'^'=> /NESTING WOOD ''lUCK F0UNDISI» NCfPOTOMAC TASK FORCE CONSIDER IMPIUNUSUAL FAUNA HABITAT 0906289 MATTAWOMAN CREEK UP°ER b'lPR 1690CHARLES-PR CN RHR /SWAMP FOREST AND HARWOODS QUFRCUS CARVA;W00n DUCK SI AND NC CONSIDER doTMF NATURAL AQFA 090510"+ NEW8ERG TALROT TERRACE USPR 60i!S^F-NEWRrR G 2mt /sm/\RP xmcrF A<^F-60 » SCARP elevation;rare clifp like area formfo during pi ftstocfmf arf 0903101 GRAYTON TALROT TERRACE uflPR HOOESF-GR AYTON 1.7mt /c;ha3D tncdf asf-UO • IN SCARP ELEVATIONIFORMEO DURING Pl.F TSTOCENi^: AGE 0903702 MARYLAND POINT 5'SPR P70ns-,W- IND HEAD luvj /hfa'.'TIY F0OF<;TFr,! SI'NCf POTO'^AC TASK FORCE CO'ISIDER AREA IN ME^'D OF P^E^l^^-'' AT ION 0904705 ZEKIAH SWAMP 2nPP 7500F-LA PLATA 4MI /\"-.^ MARDi'iO-m APFa; ARCHEOLOGICAL SITEJMilCH WDLFiVTRGIN TIMRERISI»NC CITf /\c; jm=> CTTTrAl. ARFA 0908705 ZEKIAH Swamp 20PR 7bOnE-LA PLATA 4MI /Si^'F AS 0°047'l'^; PLUS MOST IMP PHASE WDLF PRfrc^vt) « RECREATIONAL DFVFLOPVFi |T TN S "H Adfa 0905706 POPES CR « GEOL SECTION 48PP 2B0E TO ELLFNHORO M TL ! ./'-'T "^H TTHAL "-lAi^SHi EXPOSURE LATE TERTI AR Y (5I» INC CONSIDERS IMP NATURAL .l^Ei 0901707 POPT TORAC^O 50PR ISOSW^LA PLATA 2Mr /HJ'^TOR ir AL SIG'-iTcrx -CANCEISI»NC CONSIDER IMP NATURAL AREA 0«»0«»713 GILBERT SWAMP 1 6PR 902E-ZFKIAH SWAMP /E^TCEPT lONAL APFA FOR MIGRATORY RIRDSJSI.INC CITE AS IMP NATURAL AREA 0902711 CEDAR POINT ufCK 17H 4QO0W-NAUJFMOY CR /HtPnWOODS I '","EC T'="S INC SPARTINA PATENSfDOSTICHLIS SP(SI»NC CO^ISIOFPS CRITICAL 'IATUdaL aqf.', 0903718 •••ALLOVS RAY MRSH. MQ NECK55PR 60nnN FROM SMITH PT /SH.'.IJ 0>") COVFS Don- VIDF HARITAT FOR ANADROMnuS FISH iF AGLE» OS^RFY COM'Orj 091071b CHICA'^UXEN CRE^K 16H 670S RDR CUICAMUXfru RD/COUT A T-IS Tydma S3. SCIPPUS SP''. MINK. OT ^V^» EAGLE' CPARS» FISH 0<'07'»53 POMONKEY CRE'"K 5SPR UbOrj PRT CN AT poTOMAC/V T = G TK| foofST'-.. MARSMESITMP TO WDL^lSLNC CITES AS IMP AREA RUT TH^jpATEMFO BY DFVEI. OD'^r : iT 0<»0b230 PO'^FS CR TND SHEL" MID.NbOP" lOS-LA PI.ATA /'-'tes C 10 "r ri MOnflDiONE OF LGE « flFST PRFSV OF OfSTFR SHt^l 1 S DFOOSITFn ^Y d^ifhtST T'n 0902326 RURGES- CRF K 16PR 7H/;N-N AU.JEMOY CR /hz-^jitAT LO^'-TTOU FOR TYPHA SP.MTNKIEAGLE NEST FOUNDlSI»NC COrJSTDEP !'■■= '!-.T"da|. aRFA 090327'7 THORN GUT MARSH 16PR IflOLWR THOMAS PT f v-Sru/O' .r or c;frv/r3A| MARSHES WITHIN POTOMAC RIVER WATERSHED CONSIDERED T ■■"■> •'-'Y SI « Mr DORCHESTER COUNTY 1015317 RLINK HORN CRE K 1 7PR 600UPnER CHOPTANK RT /HABITAT FOP OSPRFY « TAXODIUM niSTTCHUMJCITFD PRIME WETLANDS HY SI»NC»IMTIilG CRFi-K lOPW 7SHSW TO BLADES RQ /TYPHA PREDOMINATES CITFO TMD fiATUPAL AREA BY SI»NC»CBF inil3iu OOIMT 110 PT.PrMKNTFr PT \inn p^iiw-RAflK MAMTTCOKr Q\/i, vapsh ARE'S TUC "EOFTN c»r' KiroNsinroro pi'imf ••/rrLAfios by si. 'iccb"^! r-'i^ ■■•"iL=^ habitats 1003314 POINT NO PT»PrHK'IIFE PT 1 7PW '1 1 »>"/ BANK NAUTKOKF -JT/SA-.M AS 1011 '^14 lO'ii^lS CHTCONE CP'BIG CR MAKSH W.PW 1 »M <^NF-VIENUa 1 TO ^ Ml/rjrrn AS noiMr n t -LAND ARF.AITYPHA PINUSr rHAMAEC YPAI' TS Tt4Y0I DFSf Al NUS ''APniMA FOU'in UEPr 1002701 EAST IIEW MABKT BASIN OftPP 3itOS-RT3"^' F-'lEW mapkfiT/ I ■■'O AS ^ .'.TrviMENT AREA FOR RAINFALL « FOR RFCHARGPJG UNUEPGI'OUND WATFO SOUBC'-'S I ?('0 •niAMrTrW 1014702 MIGGINS POND lOPR 1 70SE-CAMBIMDGE Vmj /sup O Ium- ;iy <:;hAL -LOW FRESM water MARSHinANGER-r)ESPOTLMEMTIST»NC»rRP CITE AS ,0" r.. '_•; .t-^VN 41 Dorchester County eon't 1003703 LE tOMPTE BRYANT REFUGE b7ST i+BSSW-V IFNMA 3MI /RERIGE FOR ENDANG- ERED DELMARVA FOX SQ^JIRREL WHICH NEEDS THIS HARDWOOO-SOFTWOnn FOREST HARIT 1011705 SAVANflAh LAKE lOPR 1300SSW VIENNA 9.5MI /LISTED AS CRITICAL NATURAL AREA RY SI (HABITAT FOR TERR AP IN» NUTR I A» OTTER ' PR IME WETLAND AREA 1005312 HILL HOOK MARSH 17PR 3970Fi SHORE HONRA RI /IMP COMMERCIAL SHELLFISH AREAISI»NC»C8F CITE THIS AS CRITICAU fO CHES RAY ECOSYSTEM 1.013313 GREEN BRIAR SWAMP 21PR 4600SSE-BLKW REFUGE 8MI/N0W BEING DRAINED 8CLEARED ALTHOUGH -CITED VITAL TO CHES ECOSYSTEM I DELMARVA FOlf SOUTRREL HFRF 1002209 BLINK HORN NATURAL AREA bbST 14N-E NEW MARKET 5MT /WELL WOODED BUFFER ZONEISMALL STREAMS ENHANCE VALUE AS WDLF HABITAT AREA 1007411 GRAYS MARSH 16CN 250W/IN CAMBRIDGE riTY/RTCH TN FXNPTSH « SHELLFISHSPROPOSALS FQR DEVELOPMENT OVER' IDOEN BY LOCAL RES lOENTS I SCFNTC 1004704 LWR DORC COASTAL MARSHESl 8SP22436S-CAMBR IDGE 10 MI /IMP OVERWINTER TUG FE?:DING 6R0UNDS-WATERF0WLIMICR0 ORGANISMS IMP CHES BAY LIFE PRODUCED HERf^ 1016704 LWR DORC COASTAL MARSHES18PR 4160S-C AMBR IDGE 10 MI /SAME AS 1004704 1009704 LWR DORC COASTAL MARS^-iESieH S-CAMRRIDGE 10 MI /SAME AS 1004704 1013704 LWR DORC COASTAL MARSHES18H S-CAMBRIDGE 10 Ml /SAME AS 1004704 1017704 LWR DORC COASTAL MARSHESISPR S-CAMBRIDGE 10 MI /SAME AS 1004704 1010704 LWR DORC COASTAL MARSHESISPR R480S-C AMBR IDGE 10 MI /SAME AS 1004704 1018704 LWR DORC COASTAL MARSHES18SP S-CAMBRIDGE 10 mj /SAME AS 1004704 1011704 LWR DORC COASTAL MARSHES18T S-CAMRRIDGE 10 MI /SAME AS 1004701^ 1005704 LWR DORC COASTAL MARSHES18H S-CAMBRIDGE 10 MI /SAMP AS 1004704 1006704 LWR DORC COASTAL MARSHES18PR S-CAMBRTOGE 10 MI /SAMF AS 1004704 1004007 TAYLOR ISL WMA 56ST 934SF SMITHVTLLE 3-5MT/RARF RASTRODHOYNF CAROLINENSIS HEREIMD HERPFTOLOGIC AL SOCIETY RFCOWEND PRFSVN 1005008 BLACKWATER REFUGE 56FE bb04S-C AMBR TDGE 10 ^-^T /VARIETY PLORA « ■ FAUNA (NOTED AS WINTERING REFUGE FOR BIRDS tOCCUP lES PART LWR DORCH MARCupc, 1009008 BLACKWATER REFUGE 56FE 2970S-C AMBR IDGE 10 "«'T /SAME AS lOOSO.i" 1013008 BLACKWATER REFUGE 56FE 7872S-C AMRR IDGE 10 MI /SAMP AS lOf'SOiW 101]0;8 BLACKWATER '-^EFUGE 56FE 2842S-C AMRR IDGE 10 ^I /SAMF AS lOo-^OOH FREDERICK COUNTY 1107405 LILYPONS lOPR 105SE- ADAMSTOWN 2.75 /MTLIMPKINS CAN RF FOUNDJCOM-v^ERCIAL GOLD AND TROPICAL FISH BREroING PONDS 1115701 CATOCTIN MT NATIONAL PRK55FE 240UW-THURMONT 2 MI /OAK HICKORY FO°FST ABUNDANT WILDLIFE ,,^,„, 1110701 CATOCTIN MT NATIONAL PRKb5FE 332BW-THURMONT 2 MI /SAME AS n:!5701 11^0702 CUN-IUGHAM FALLS ST PARK55ST 614W-THURM0NT ? MI /UNUSUAL FLOPA AMD MUCH WILDLIFEIOAK HICKORY FOREST 1115702 CUNMIl-IGHAM FALLS ST PARKbbST 3Q62W-THURM0NT 2 MI /SAME AS 111070? 112070? CUNUINRHAM FALI S ST PARK5bST 7B7W-THURMONT 2 MT /SAMF AS 11 '070? 1103004 HIGH NOB bbST 5GAMRRILL STATF P apk/N^ARLY 1600< HIGH 1126603 BIG^.S FORD IND VIL SITE 50PR lOW-W ALKFRSV TLLF /TWO VILLAGES I r AMos BETWEEN lOno-200 BC AND 1000-1500 AD WELI- PRFSVfMORF TO BE LEARNED HFop 1126403 FOUNTAIN ROCK SPRING 03CO 3S-W ALKE^SV TLI F /LARGEST MATURAI SP -RING IN FRED COUNTY JUNIOUE AREA SHOULD RE PRESERVED 1103404 RENO MONiJMENT 48PR 60W-BOLTVAR 1.5 MT /UNUSUAL GEOL FORM- ATION AND OAK HICKORY FOREST ) APPLACHI AN TRAIL BISECTS AREA 1116401 HIGHLAND FALLS 04PR 5SE-HIGHLANDS /LITTLE CATOCTIN CRE! K FEFDS THE FALLS 110140? OLAUO NATURAL AREA bbPR 60W-LTLYPONS 2 MI /WILDLIFE IS PLFNT f -FULfWORTH PRFSVNIUPLAND PLOVFR R DICK SISSFL FOUND 1105206 SHOEMAKFR PRFHIS VILLAGE50PR 5E-FMMITSnURG /VERY IMP APCHF "" CAUSE-IOC AT ION RFT'-IE^N POTOMAC-SUS RIIARTTFACTS EXISTTUG HETW 10(1'_-130 ' 1101208 CA^JOY IND VILLAGE SITE 50NR 5SF-RRUNSWTCK /ARCHF STTh-I AST PISCATAWAY VTLI AGE IN MD 16°9-1712 ADIARTIFACTS FOUNU 1116204 CAMP ECHO LAKE AREA 55ST 20RT 70 /ABUNDANCE OF FTSH EXCELI FNT RECREATION AREA 1103275 MIDOLETOWN VAL OVERLOOK 38SP 18RT 40 NEAR RIDGE RD/MOST SCENIC AGRI- CULTURAL VALLEY TN MARYLAND " ^^^^,^,^ „^ , .wo-7^ 1124275 .MID^LFTOW^I VAL OVERLOOK 3:?5P 14RT 40 NEAR RIDGE RO/SAME AS 1 1,^?75 1115210 WOLF ROCK FISSURE 40PR 5W-THURM0NT l.b MI /FAULT !-'>'' ' '■ y'- f\' > 'URRING SUGr-EST THE FISSURE IS ACTUALLY A F AULT I FAULT-WEVERTOU ')' i 1 ' T 42 Frederick County con't 1116211 C'\TOCTI^I NATURAL AMP 55ST 20-1 70 S-MYERSV ILLE /IMPORTANT ANIMAL HARITATIVARIETY OP VEGETATION 111721'* MCKINSTRYS MILL CAVE i+OPR 5E-HANS0NV ILLE ^ Ml /LARGEST KNOWN CAVE IN WAKEi^IELD MARRLEiSTALACTITES F0UNn;3 ENTRANCES 1112203 CATOCTIN CREEK meaOOWS 5bST 6bRT 3U0(CATOCTIN CR /W ILPLIFE I WOODLANDS FISH H WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PRESERVE PLANNED 11031fl2 APPALACHIAN TRAIL 67PR 1 8flW ASHT-FRED CN RDR /OVER 2000 MI LONG? 37-WHICH OCUR IN "MHlCOS'-ING 14 ST ATFS ! RECREAT ION AL VALUE 1106182 APPALACHIAN TRAIL 67PR 51431^ ASHT-FRFD CNTY RQi'/^AVfr AS 110318? 11121fi2 APt'ALACHJAN TRAIL 67PO ?cj3W ASHT-FREO CNTY RDR/SA^-'E AS 1103162 1116182 AP"ALACHIA'I TRAIL 67PR 752W ASHT-FRED CNTY BHR/SAME AS 1'031H2 1122182 APPALACHIAN TRAIL 67PR 22UWASHT-FRFD CNTY RnR/c;AVlF AS IIOSIP? 1101286 TUSCARORA CREEK it7H 155hSE-PT-R0CKS 3 Ml /NATURAL WETLAND AREA IS IDEAL BIRO SANCTUARY (UNSPOILED AREA 1107101 AMEL'JNG GLAS~W0RK5 50PR 55E-LILYP0NS IMT / ARCHEOLOGIC AL SITE IS BEING EXCAVATED BY S I AND CORNING GLASS CO 1120106 FRED MUNICIPAL FOREST 32P1J bl52NW-FRED CITY 10 MI /OAK HICKOR Y ! DR AI M- ED BY FISHING CR;C0NTAIN5 DIRT RD AND HIKING PATHS 1121106 FRED •■'UNICIPAL FOREST 32PU 1083NW-FRED CITY 10 mj /SAMr.AS 112010ft li061C6 FRED MUNICIPAL FOREST 32PU IHfiNW-FRED CITY 10 MJ /SAME AS 1120106 111bl06 FRED M'jriiciPAL FOf'FST 32PU 2'-iONV-FRED CITY 10 MT /SAME AS 1120106 lllblOb CATOCTIN Ft/RNACE SIPR 30S-THURMONT 3.5 MI /OLDEST IRON FURN- ACES IN AMERICA IREMAINI'IG WAL' » PITS' MOST EXTENSIVE SUCH RUINS TN STA^'F 1115103 OTG Hil*lTING CR VALl EY U5*J 12t«W-THURM0NT /OUTSTANDING TOOUT STREAMJSCeNTC OAK. HICKORY HEMLOCK RANKS 1)'0103 RIG M I'lTING CR VALLEY UbJ 512W-THURM0NT . /SAME AS 1115103 llOfilCU R!)7'A = D FLATS tlPR HOOSW-THDRMONT 5.5 MJ /OAK HICKOR Y I SPEC- TACULAR SCENIC VIEWi-UNUSUAL VEGETATION 112620''* MOM^'CACY P TVER CAVE 40PR 5E-HANS0NV IL' E OU'.'T /FREDFRICK LIMFSTOU 1101201 flUCKEYSTT.VN CAVE UOPR 5W-BUCKEYST0W^^ PTKE /2 RO M CAVE AT BASF OF 0'JA<"'Y I CONTAINS ARGONITF FLOWERS 1' 12711 '.-'EVrPTOM CLIFFS 3QRP bOWNW-BRUNSW ICK 30'-'I /QU ART;^ UE i SOliT-lFJJr i POINT OF SOilTH MOUNTAIN CHAIN IN MO JlOl'CJ POINT OF ROCKS 52PR 20S'"W-FRED CITY 12"! /GN mftARS.'.LT i^Y- POSEDJrxHIMTT 2 TIGHT OVERTURNED ANTICLINES 1107110 SUGAOLOAF MOUNTAIN 36QP 2700SSE-FRFD CITY 10^1 /rLV-12H2 (FO'TRAJL IN AREA;0UARIT?TTF ROULDERS FOUNOiSCENIC AREA I O'^IOM MONOCACY RAT-LEFIELD blPR lOOS^E-FREO CITY 3mi /propOSFD NATL HIST -ORIC LANDMARK, -JULY 7»in6'» BATTLE DATE 1125707 MXD'LFTOv'l VAI.LPY U3PR 13.^2SW-FRFD CITY Rtl /O^IE OF MOST SCEUir AGOICULTU=AL VAI.l EYS I'l MD I 1103707 viiniL«"TO';N VALl EY t«3PR 1 3Hi40SW-FPED CITY Hmt /SAMF AS 1125707 II '2707 MID l.FTO.VN VALl EY 43PR IIU73SW-FRED CITY Hm j /SAME AS 112570' 11'670/ MID I nO.VN VAL" EY U3PP 7f)77(iV 11? -707 MinuLETO'/N VAL' EY U3PR 7725SW-FRFD CITY HMI /SAME AS 1125707 1100707 MID LFTO/KN VAL'EV USPR 7H7rSW-FRED CITY HMJ /SAME AS 1125707 11 '0212 FRIENDS CREFk CAVF UOPR 5E-SABILLASVILLE IMI/NOM-SOLUT lONAL 0»GIN nur TO LOCATION IN CATOCTIN METABASALT U02205 GOOvr O'lABPY CAVE 10PP bSE-FRED IMI /lb' HIGH rMJMriFY AT OEAu ne CAVE n "•202 CATOrTT"! CRE'K CAVE "OPR bENF-PFTFRSV IL' E 2MI/I()CATFD IN piREC/m- MPIAfl MICA <;CHT';TIP0S';IRI.E ARCHrOLfGICALSIGNIFICANCf nO»t?l» Cr'IT'Cv'Il.' F CAVE '•OPR hNW-LiriFPTYTOWN ?MI /NOT IOC ATE'; i^I'li FIELD •/0"f JwrootiTFO OCCHRING IN WAKFFK | 0 MARBLE II '60? IE '.O^'E O'/AfJ-V I40PR bK»-WO"nS'tO«'l IMI /ON ISRAEL CRE Kl LE GOOF ONAH Y H PQrtELL CAVE JOINEO BY CAVERNOUS OPEN INC, I BOTH OF LIMESTOUC n0«/?07 Lt'CjANOQE SHELTER CAVE < harowood forest (few camp areas ssodrce 2 rivers 1206226 shelter cave 40pr 3s-sang rl in ) w-oakl no/gt^eenrr ler lmst 1206227 steep run cave topr 3s-steep riln>sang rn/fmtrance in rocky stream red(gre!unrrier limestone 1206228 surveyors cave" uopr 3e- youghiogheny rivr/<^trfam flows tnto cave s forms smali waterfall 120622q weaver cave uopr 3w- youghiogheny r ivo/s^p tnr^ flows into cave!GRE'-:nhrier lmst 1214230 wo'')ds place cave 40pr 3n-0akland 4mi /entrance reporten- ly leads step like ter'? aces ic ave not located 1201101 carey run bird s anctuar y57qp b2wnw-fr0stburg /abandoned farmj20 acres second growth trees iseveral streams 8 springs !many rird species 1203102 cas5elman bridge s riverbbst 15e-gr antsv ille imi /«dg is natl hist sitefri species include mud puppies s daudin hellbender smog built 1813 121Q103 CHERr'iY CREEK GLADES S4PR 1715NE-DEFP CREEK LA 3M/o£AT DEPOSIT ;manY MAMMALIAN SPECIES HERE ) CONEMAUGH FORM - SHALES* LMST . CO AL « SANDSTO^ir 1206103 CHER'Y CREEK GLADES 54PR 2470SinES ROCK LODGE RD/SftME AS 121^103 1206704 CRANESVIL E SWAMP 61QP 6N-TEP=A ALTA W VA /gys AC°FS TN '■» VA! NATURAL ROWLOR FOREST » CERT IFIED NATU"At_ I . ANDMARK ! SOMF i ir.'TQl IF ^FIOQ A 12082?^ MOURNING WARRLER 54PR ALONG RACKRONF MT /UNCOmv'ON •■10UR^ITUG WARBLER REGULARLY ORSERVED HEREJS-LOCH LYN ' HEIGHTS 3'/iI 1214430 YOUGHIOGHENY RIVER G0RGE46PR 14720 AKLND ! FR lENDSV IL' E/30MT ALONG i' T ; UNSPOILED GEOLOGY. '/ILDLIFF, AQUATIC LIFE NMEOilAL'.ED TN "D; 1206430 YOUGHIOGHENY RTVFR G0''GE46PR Q60O AKl.MO ! Fq ifmosw TL' F/q a"E AS 121'J.';30 1202430 YOUGHIOGHENY RIVER G0RGE46PR 7680 AKLND ! FR TFMDSV/ TL' F/S A'-if AS l?lU-'.30 1202:^41 SMOKEY SHREW 54PR 5NEAR RITTIUGFR F-4 i^b/H AR IT AT OF SOO^^V FUMEUS FIJMEUS UNCOMN'ON IN MD 1206718 HOODEii MFRGAMSER b4PR 3CHERRY CREEi' GL ADES/LOPHTDYTES r: iC L' - ATUS RARE IN dJEDMOMT AREA FOUND HERE 1219718 HOOOEH mfrgANSER 54PR 3CHERRY CRE^^K GLADES/same AS 120671 H 121610b CRYSTAL SPRING 03PR bE-OAKLAND 2MI W-13b/D0URS COLD //ntfp INTO N END MT LA 1.200706 FINZEL SWAMP 61QP 2bQNUW-FR0STRURG 3 ^^T /"ELTCT OF TTF AG^^ ; RICH IN WILDLIFESUNIQUE VEGETATION 1214116 SWALLOW FALLS 04ST 5N-0AKLAND 6 MI /VIRGIN ST ANDS-HFv- LOCKiMANY CLIF-- SWALLOWS 1214117 TOLLIVER FAL( S 04ST bN-OAKLAND 6 MI /SERIES LOW CASr»n- ING FALLS ON TOL IVER CRErK 1208118 UNDERWO D RP OUAR' Y 4RPR bS-CRELI IN l.b MI /VARIETY FOSMLS: GREENBRIER FORM 120611 'y UNIV OF MARYLAND RESERVEbbPU 460SW-GR ANTSV ILl E W49b/PART USED RY MD NATURAL RESOURCES INST 1214120 WARI^IORS PATH 67PR 900W-OAKLAND 4 MI / IND I AN-C AMDS ALONG TRAILlUSEO FOR ACCES' TO HUNTING GROUNDS 190^748 CRARTRF' CAVE 40PR 3W-SAVAGF RI DAM /LARGEST CAVE TN Mn EX CAVE ADAPTED ORGAN ISMS > ENDANGERED FROM INTRUDERS 1206235 DEAD MAN CAVE 40PR 3S-SANG RUN IMJ /GREFNRRTER l.MST ) PART-STRUCTURE FAL! FN TNiTRASH DUMPED HFRF 1206223 JOHN FRIEND NO. 2 CAVE 40DR 3S-FR lEUOSV TL' F 6 mt/dART OF CAVE OOFm- ED AFTER ROCKSLIDF TN IRcO'S \2\u2'ix MUD Y CfE K FALIS SHELTR40PR 3n ASE-MUD'IY CR FAL' S/TWO rAVES TN SOFT LIMY SANDSTONE JPOTTSVTLI E FORM 1204?;:'b OLD SALAMANDFR CAVE 40ST 3E-CRABTREE C AVE. 2bM/ ARUf IDAMT SALAMAtl- DER popluation;uar-ow crawlways 1214112 MUDiiY CRE^ K FALLS 04ST bN-OAKLAND 6.5 MI /HIGHEST WATFRFAL' TN STATEJSOREX OTSPAR FOUND NOWHERE ELSE TN MDJRA^^E IN US 12041] 3 PINE SWAMP RUN GLADE 20PR 180NW-RARTON 4 MI /UNUSUAL GRASS COV- ERED AREA IN MIDST OF OAK-HICKORY FOREST 1216114 SAND CAVE 40PR 3SE-0AKLAND 4.b MI /LARGEST SHELTER CAVE IN MDISUITED FOR HUMAN HARITAT TON ! ART TF ACTS FOUND 44 Garrett County con't laOUl'b SAVAGE RI nAM GEOL SFCT ^RFF 3SAVAGF: RT 0AM /0MTCROP"TNG "EO SHALE a G«AY LIMESTONE I LAST INCURSION OF SEA INTO APPALACHIAN TROUGH 1208110 HOYES CREST 36SP 7731S W-OAKLAND 12MI /HIGHFST POINT II MD OVERLO')KING : 5CENIC MTIMT ABOUNDS WITH WILDLIFE 1216110 HOYES CREST 36SP tQU7S".W-0AKLAND 12MI /SAME AS 1208110 1210110. HOYES CREST 36SP 1348S",W-0AKLAND 12MI)NE/SAMF AS ■ 1208110 1201110 HOYES CREST 36SP 1383SSW-0AKLANn 12MIiNF/SAME AS 1208110 1201110 HOYES CRFST 36SP 502aSSW-OAKLAND 12MI)ME/SAMF AS 1208110 121U111 MCCULLOCHS PATH 67PR llOOW-OAKLAND 1 MT /OLDFc;! ' IRAIL IN CNTYIORIGTNALI. Y RMCPALO TRACE HSFD RY INDIANS R SFTTI.FRS 1206708 FRIENDS CAVE UOPR 3S-FRTFNDSVTLI.F 6 MT/9FVro,i| f uftVRFR OFF PAS'-AGEWAYfFORM R ARF I POSS TRLF MINING IN DASTIOLD DATFS R tIAMFS ON '''ALL 1214709 HAM 'EL GLADE SWAMP 20PR 360NNE-OAKL AND 6 MI /PR IMF ROG ARFA » BEAVER ABUNDANT 1206010 S'.'.'ALLOW FALLS STATE PARK-^SST 180bW GAR^'ETT CNTY /C0VFO<; c;fvfpaL AREAS IN W GAROETT CNTY (SCENIC AREAISOME RARE ANIMAL SPECIES HFRF 1214010 SWALLO.v FALl.S STATE PARKb'iST 5700W GAR^'ETT CNTY /SAME AS 1206010 1201020 DE=^P CRE'K LAKE 09CO U075NE-0 AKLAND 8.5 MT /REAUTTFML ^"AN ^^ADE LAKEJPAVORITE RECREATIONAL AREA 1204231 -"^YER PREHIS IND VIL SITE50PR 2SW-RL00MTNGT0N /F.VTHF'NrF OP OCCUPA -TIONM BY ? PREHISTORIC C )LTi IRFS I AD 10 0 S 1500 I ART IFACTS PO' •'■JD 1206232 HOYF PREHIS IND VIL SITE50PR 6N-0AKLAND /SCENF OF vajOR LATE PRFHIST VILLAGEIlOOO-1500 ADIGRAVES 8 ARTIPACTS FOUNDJI^'O STMOY A^EA 1200420 GORTNER 09PR 30US-OAKLAND /BEST SPOT FOR V I F •; -ING UPLAND PLOVER lAMISH AREA 120340Q VOLF S.VAMP 20PR 352SE-GR ANTSVILLE 3.5M/IMO MESTING Adpa FOR NASHVIL'.E WARBLERS IHEAVFR PONDS EXIST 1219234 GUN r;GHAM SWAMP 20PP 134S-RITTINGER ■.•;-RT4Q5/paRT-plEAS A'JT VALr EY 4H CENTER 3ICH IN VEGATATION AND ANIMALS 120841O ROTH ROCK 4ePR 300SE-GNEGY CM 1.8 MI /EXCEL' ENT SITFr''/ ELV.AT 32^0'. FOR PAVPN « HAWK MI GR AT ION V lEW TNG ; 1 . 6 MI E-'^'l VA nO" HARFORD COUNTY 1302104 ROCK R'J'I BIRD SANCTUARY 57PR b7NW-HAVRF OP GRACE /AN ARACIDO'IFO FAO'/ ' WITH HICKORY ■•/OOOSfOLD ORCHARDS' CONCEMTR AT ION OF RIRDLIPE 1305184 SUSQiiFMANMA R TVFR RASI^I U.-^PR 1 400 CONOW INGO DAM /SAME AS IN CrriL 130?lfth SUSO'iFHAM A RI SHORELINFhSSP 950 W RANK SUSOUFHAN' .'A/ECOLOGTC AL Af|D HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCF 1305185 S'ISQUFHANMA PI SHORFL INE55SP 1050 SAME AS 130218b /SAME AS 1302185 l302iflr. suso'ifMAfr'A flats 5'jPR 2?oosus sf-havrfdfgracp/shal' ow fresh WATCRSIMP PENDING AREAiriTFD RY SI AS PRIME NATURAL ARFA 130148'' LTL GUNPOWDER FALI S VAL 16PR 450MTH BIRD RT AT GUNP 1305280 CONOvI'IGO HAR'-'ENS 1148PC 1580 ON N SHORE SUS /UMPRODi /CT T VF SOIL' UNDERLAIN -/ITH SERPENTINE' PP"RIDOTITF» PYROXENITF ROCK 1307101 A'tF.onE '(-EDGEWOOn MARSH 16Fri6H40w SHORE CHFS RAY /OUTSTANDING •/INTER FEFD GHOUnO AND HABITAT I IMP FOR AOUIFER RECHARGE I L IMITED ACCESS IB ri. j T Y 1304102 DE' R CREEK H VALLEY 46PR IHOONORTH HARFORD CNTY /EXHIBITS FF^-FCTS OF GLACIATION* INCLUDING 'LOST VALLEY' » A WILDERNESS AREA 130310? DFr-R CRrrK a VALLEY 46PR 140nSAME AS 1304102 /SCENIC VALLFY OF UfJSPOILEO BEAUTY-HEAVILY WO OED (OAK-HICKORY) 130M0? DF -T C=F'K H VALLEY 'i6PP 220(ISAME AS 1304102 130/'l0? OF P C^f: K H VAL' FY 46PR 400SA''1E AS 1304102 1304103 "0''K OTOGF ^^P HEAVF'M.r WATERS PARK 5'»PR 253S-ALT RIl N-RTl /OLD C'lt IMT"' "Ovcs, AN EODESTHIAN CTR « WTLOLTFE AREA WITH UNSPOILED FOREST » STRFAV, . 45 Harford County con 't 1302P32 RORFRT fi SPENCER ISLAND 1 "PR 2?7<;US Rl E-ROCK RN RD/SITE OF SWAMP FOREST-WARDWOODSf THE SI 8 NC CITE AS IMP NATURAL AREAS 1301231 OTTER POINT CREEK 16PR 77bS-RTtO . E-RT21 /TTHE SI»NC & CBF CONSIDER THIS AN IMP NATURAL AREA 1302726 SWAN CREEK 5^PR 650S-HAVRE DE GRACE bM/^m -DARTER ETHEOS- TOMA SELLARF.A RARE FISH SPECIES FOUND ONLY IN SWAN CREi^K 130'+270 PUTNAM NAUTRL AREA 5bST 22.1 ALONG 0' CONi 'ER RD /SITE OF REATUTFiiL WOODED AREA TO RE INCLUDED IN E-W SCENIC HWY AT 1.3 MI N'-EC-PUTNAM 1305??0 BROAD CR STEATITE OUARRY50PR lONW-HAVRE DE GRACE /°s*EHTSTOO IC OMAR-y USED BY INDIANS 200n-100iJBC RICH WITH SOAPSTONE BOWLS 8 OTHER ARTIFACTS 13011414 KING S OUEFN SEAT USST 5R0CKS STATE PARK /IT IS A UNIQUE OUT -CROPPING OF ROCK EXTENDING UNSUPPORTED PROVIDING VIEW OF STREAM V BELOW HOWARD COUNTY l't02701 CAMEL'S DEN CAVE fOST 5SE 1 . 5MI-W00DST0CK /PATAPSCO RI 20 FT BELOW SHALLOW ROCK SHELTER IN COCKYSVILLE MARBLEIMANY ARTIFACTS FOUND 1402102 DOUGHOREGAN MANOR 68PR 300nELLICOTT CITY 5MI W/WaGNIF ICENT MANOR HOUSE OF JOHN CARROLL OF C AR'^OLTON» IMP NATIONAL 8 STATE HISTORIC FIGURE 1406103 LTTLE PATUXENT RI VALLEY46PR 500 FROM USl TO B«0 RR/M!ATURE OAK-HICKORY FOREST EXTENDS 1.5 MI ALONG THIS STREAM VALLEY'S RANKS 1405704 MDOLE PATUXENT RI VALLEY46PR 4000NW-S IMPSONV ILLE 2MI/wp:LL FORESTED OAK HICKORY RI VALLEYrLGR TREES 8 W ILDFLOWERS' WTLDL IFE ROE~nT^!G-W INTER ING ARFf 1402?10 HOWARD HEIGHTS TRACT 55ST 15.1S-I70»W ST JOHNS LA/fl^EA IS ONE 0^ SEVERAL SCENIC TRACTS ALONG I70-PIEOMOMT FOREST 8 MEADOWSSMANY HABITATS 1401211 DORSEY ESTATE 68ST 40SW-ELKR IDGE 4MI /nf^ SCENIC AND HISTORIC INTERESTICN PLANS A FUTURE PARK ON A PORTION OF THE LAND 14054B2 TRIDELPHIA LAKE 24ST 1472R0XBUR Y» HAVII, AND ML/ '-m. OUTDOOR OFCRi^A- TION & OPEN SPACE PLAN II-RECM CONSERVING LAND FOR MATURE-"-' ILDLIFE PITtdp 1404i.fl2 TRIDELPHIA LAKE 24ST 384SAME AS 1405482 /ALONG HOWARD- MONTGOMERY COUNTY BORDER 1406483 ROCKY GORGE RESERVOIR 24ST 640CIS':.EL FARM-PG RDR /AM ABUNDANCE OF WILDLIFEr DECIDIJOUS TREFS» Bl JSHES 8 WILDLIFE ARE TO BE FOUNO HERE 1405481 ROCKY GORGE RES'^RVOIR 24ST 1280SAMF AS 1406481 /W«'RBLERS. MUSKR ATS » BATS' SWALLOWS' SOUIR -ELSr « HAWKS ARE FOUND HERE KENT COUNTY 1506714 ST PAULS POND 13PR 102S-FAIRLEF 2.2MI /Sir»NC»8 CBF CONSI- DER THIS POND WORTHY OF PRESER V AT lOM-STOCKFD WITH GAME FISH 1504712 CYPRES- BRANCH IPPR 102WS*"-CHESTERTOWN 2MT/LniCATFD T^l THE CHESTER RIVER WATERSHED' SIf NC» CBF RFCOMvfND THIS AREA FOR ddfSERVAT TOM 1507712 CYPRESS RRANCH 1 QPR 54ySAMF AS 15047]2 /VADTFtY OF VFniTA- TION SPECIES-IN JEOPARDY OF FlJTURF DESTOUCTION 1506713 SANDY RTM TAL TER SCARP 4ePR 6r,5S' W-F AIRLE' " 2^1 /ONI.Y REMNANT O^- SEA COAST THAT RAN THROUGH KENT CN SI RFCM THE PRESER V AT im^ll OF THIS <^CARt^ 1505716 SWAN POINT-TAVERN CREFK 17PR 820S'=;W-TOLCHESTER b'^I /ST»»'ICfrRF RFCM "RE -SERVATIONIWIDF VARIETY OF MARSH GRAS'^ES 8 flMTMALS-OSPREY. "SWANS' GF' SF, FTr . 1503711 HOWELI POINT 1 OPR Q60 W-^',FTTFRTONr P'^/"! /S T » MC r rnF RFC" no:r -SERVATIOMJSWAMP EXCFUFNT FOR AM ADROUr)! IS FTSH»^TRI°Fn n Ai^-.j "^UAD. OT TFR f "f ^ 1506U1S DAM SITE b7PR 128M 'F-TOLCUFST'~R P.SvVRFTiw tmf RAY .^^!n FATRLE' CRE "K IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST BIRD BANDING Aoi^AS T'l ►•n 150471Q MORGAN CRE!-'K 16PR 390NE-CHESTFRTOWM 2.2M/ST H.TSTs AS do Tvr WETLAND AREA TNC AMADROMOIIS FISH»''inon nUCKS» FTC ! f-IU'irROUt; WT1.DITFF AnoU'lD 150271" MORGAN FRFFK 1 6PR ISpo^A'^F AS 150471" /c;w«■^MP FOR FSTS ^. VIARSH GRAS'-FS C^ THE GENUS TYPHA ARF PRFSFNT RAIL 8 OTTER ARE ALSO THERE 15012;n ESTA RANCH 32PR 20N-MILL INGTON-5. 3M I /A WOODED 8 SFMI- F30G.NATURAI RELIEF AREA FOR WILDLIFE 8 WEARY TRAVELERS 1501730 MASSFY « GOLTS PONDS 12PR 5KFNT CN E-RT2Q" /EASTERN TIGER SAL- AMANDFRrA RARE SPEC IFSr TNHAR ITS THESE PONDS! ARE IMPARATIVE FOR SURV^/AL 1506106 REMINGTON FARMS 60PR3300WSW-CHESTERTOWN 6 ^I/STTE OF NUMERO'IS PLANT 8 ANIMAL EXPER IMEMT AT ION. OAK-HICKORY FORREST » FRESH MARSHES. 18 PONDS 46 Kent Coflnty con't 150blO6 HfMIMr.TON PARMS 60PR 3.'.00SAMF AS lb06106 1501 ion SHORFWOOn ESTATF bSPR P40MF-GALFNA 2MI /LOCATFO ON SWORFS OF THE SASSAFRAS RI.IO ACRFS-GARnrM» 7h ACRFS-OAK-GIJM WO Dt./l'Mn « Ib'-FIELOS 1501104 MILI.IflGTON DOMD lOPR bONF-MILI. TMRTON .8MI /ONE OF FEW PONOS IN MD» SURROUNDEO RY OAK-GUM SW AMP I CR APP lEf HASS S RLUEGIH. GAMEFISH WITMIN 1505105 NAPLEY GREEM/R ING^OI.O PT65PR 7bOSW-CHESTERTOWM 12MI/Fe' DING AREA FOR MIGRATORY WATERFOWLf ESP CANADIAN GEESE' EAGLF NEST LOCATEO XH FRESH MftRSH 1505102 EASTERN MECK ISLAND 60PU 2' 50S-ROCK HAI.L 7 MI /V»S OEPT- INTET")" CONTROLS THIS MAJOR REFUGE FOR MIGRATORY WATERFOWL' MANY SALT MARSHES 1506103 LANGCORD TAL TER SCARP 3QPR 192SSE-'^AIRLE'^ 2.5MI /AN EXAMPLE OP THE PLEISTOCENE AGEICLEAR EXAMPLES OF THF CLIFF'S FORMATION floF VISARLE 1507103 LANGFORD TAL TER SCARP 3QPR 61+SAME AS 1506103 /MACK OF LAYERS OF CLAY'PEAT'SAND'S GRAVELUHE CLIFF SHOWS EVIDENCE OF ITS SEa FORMATION ISC^aiO STILLPOND PREHIS IND VIL50PR 3SW-RFTTFRT0N /ARCMp SITE WHERE THE PRINCIPAL OCC WAS IN LATE PREHIST TIMFS Ani3nO-160n ARTIFACTS FOUND 1507181 CHESTER RIVER ESTUARY IbPR 3400SSW-CHESTFRTOWN 'SMJ/ST'; ESTUARY W/ VIM -IMAL MARSHLAND. ROROERFD RY FARMLAND-CORN R GR AIM' FF^DTNC roqi iND-w ATFRFO vl 1501220 MILLINGTON WOODS 32PR 1 bONW-MILl.INGTON-?MX /A NJ»TMPAL EASTF^^| SHORE LOBLOL'.Y PIME FORREST WITH HOLLY TREES « RER'Y ri iSHES-SCFMTC nF^||TY MONTGOMERY COUNTY 160B77H ROWIE MIL' OVERLOOK 38PR 1 N-RTl 1 5-1 . 25MT /O'l nn^TF mti_i r-i: A PANORAMA OF OPEN ROLLING MEADOWS MIXED WITH COLORPUL FA^m o ATrH'-'OR" 160fl77O HAVILAMO'S MIL!. VISTA 3HPR IN-RRINKLOW- IM, ON PD/FvrFijFMT */Tr oc A RUGGED STREAM VALLEY S PATUXENT RIVER LANDSCAPE TO THE MW 160flU23 HAVILAND MILI COM UNITY URPR 1 04NF-RR INKLOW' F-PTf-'in/SCFMIC 10 pt r^r^o-r W/ STE'P ROCK CLIFFS ■'.'/ NEARBY HISTORIC D'^/FLI , INf^S H duTUC-ijaw TL AMD' S ■■'Tl tft0177/ RUSSAPD FARM 3aPR ISW-MT 7I0N 1.5MI /m-] vmnCASTFO ' D» ■. OELTfiHTFUL VIEW IN AIJ DIRECT IONS. INC OPEN LAun. FARM o ATCH'-/OR'<' « PAOK't I^IOUS ROCKWO'iD GIRL SCOUT rftMP5TQP 'J3S-jrT RTIH" MC ARTHP/FA'^.tfrm nFCTDMD'C CLIMAX F0RE=;T with several SMAL' STREAMSIVAR IETY or -LOtJA R FftUMA IblOitOe ADVENTURE 56ST 30SW-ROCKV TLI. E '*.7hMT/A "TC'-i NATilRAl F"- VIRONMEriT FOR A DIVERSITY OF WILDLIFE FORMS i FDUC AT TOM AL CFMTE" PROPOSED 1603'*10 TURF FARM 56PR 6nnw-MCKF"-RESHFR •.ini,F/S-°''VFR '5D uovF- MANY GRAS'^LAUD RIRQS « ANIMALSIMANY TIDFWATFP RIRDS ARE rovnriLY POUtin 1610i*0FE SW-RETHESDA 1.5^1 /AT vrA = THUP rl'/d GEORGE WASHT'^IGTON PKWY-A RIVERCH FLOODPLAn FOREST MO'"^ THF doT-mat ct 1^01213 RLUNT ROAD /,0'"iOS 32PR 1 OriM-RT'*20U-"LUMT RD /AN| OAK-MTCKO^Y FORESTSUN IS lALtDEAD CHESTNUTS NEVER CUTIA POTENTIAL LAMD-"ARK RY DEPT-TUT 160f21'» HOYLFS MILI viO'^OS 32PR 20'N-LIT rL^ SE^IECA '"K /dm udylfs mti ' a■^^, A REGTO'HSERPFMTINIE SOILS SUPPORT I^JG SOME PRAIRIE VEGET AT TON' pETM | A^|^l• IMOTAM '","(' I'JG OVERLOOK SflPR 1 ATWOOD "O.UEAR - 1M2/U- lUDI AN SP'' TUG COUNTRr ruun. A VTSTA-flW HWANCM STREAM VALLKY 1605275 HUWTO'ISVTL" E OVFWLO'iK 3«PR 1 W-RT?''' F-HFLi F COTF/AT SDHFT Kl.FVATIOl A VIEW OF STREAM H BOTTOMLAND TO THE N H W 1^070)3 C « 0 CANAL 51PU ALONG POTOMAC RI /FRO'' /ASHIUGTOM DC TO CUMHEPLANDlTIL' l"?"* THAMSPORTFD COAL-. FLOUR. GR A Irj SLUMHER I LENGTH 1 Mb*" f 1610')r>3 C * 0 CANAL blPU SAMF AS Ui07(in3 /A GATEWAY TO TH<-' WEST « COM.'FRCF. IT IS NOW ORV. OEHEL ICT H RUINOUS I ALMOST FNTIRFLY IilTAi-T 160^003 C » 0 CANAL 51PU SAMF AS 160703 /NAVIGATION HF.r-,fy<', AS DIVISIONS iVERE COVPLET^.O-GFORFTOWN-SFNECA. 1H31 » TO HARPERS FFR V.1H3: 47 Montgomery County con't 1603003 C « 0 CANAL SIPU SAME AS 160703 /RY 1839 THE CANAL WAS EXTENDED TO HANCOCK S FINALLY TO CUMBERLAND IN 1850 1608780 TRIDELPHIA RESERVOIR a^+ST ROXRUR Y-HAV IL AND ML/MD OUTDOOR RECREA- TION *f OPEN SPACE PLAN II RECM CONSERVING LAND FOR NATURE-WILDLIFE INTERP 1605081 ROCKY GORGE S^ST / 1608081 ROCKY GORGE 21+ST SAME AS 1605081 / 1601430 GRIFFIN W M A 56PR 530NE-LAYTONSV ILLE /NETWORK OF FARMS. FIELDS* WO-nS SHELTER MANY FAUNAL V AR IT IES» I IRBAN DEVELOPMENT IS A Tmdeat 1610116 MARYLAND GOLD MINE 48PR 5SW-RR ICKY ARD RD /ONE-SPVERAL GOLD MINES IN MONTGOMERY CN-A SCENIC HIKE EXISTS SDR OIINOING THE mine 1610112 MARYLAND GOLD MINE »? U8PR 5W-RT18Q /LOC ATED-ROCK ■'0'" 0 GIRL SCOUT CAMP (OPENED IN 1867 IN GREAT FALLS AREA I EFFECTIVE TILL 1938 1607102 CAPUELIN RUN RIRD SANC 56PR 7S-KENS INGTON 2.5MI /HABITAT INCLUDES STREAM « WATERFALL-WOODED W/ OAKS»RLUE BEECH fi SPICE BUSH»70 SPECIES-BIRDS 1602217 SYCAMORE BIRDS 56PR CABIN BRANCH-RI RD /N-SENECA CRE'^K EXHIBITS HEAVY GROWTH-DESIRABLE AQUATIC VEGAT AT lONr FE~D AREA FOR WATERFOWL 1606217 SYCAMORE BIRDS 56PR SAME AS 1602?17 /NUMEROUS BIRD SPECIES ARE FOUND HERE-RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IS ENCROACHING 1610103 GREAT FALL.S 48FE 1 150S^W-ROCKV ILLE 8MI /ALONG THE POTOMAC ARE 3MI OF RAPIDS S WATERFALLS' MUSEUM S CRO CANAL SHOW HIST OF THE AREA 1603231 SELDOM PRFHIST IND VIL 50PR 3S-P00LESV IL' E /UNIQUE SITE WHERE FRAGMENTS-^^TEATITE TEMPERED POTTERY* EARL TEST KIND-POTte=Y FOUND IN Mn 161C101 BEAR ISLAND 66FE 125SSW-R0CKV ILI..E 8 MI /AT RREAT PALI S I'! POTOMAC RIVER (OUTSTANDING CRYSTAL! INE ROCK GEOLOGY STUDY AREA 160323.-^ WALKER pREHIST VIL SITE 50PR 5S-P00LESV IL! £ /qf EXTREME IMPORT- ANCE SHOWING POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON MD INDIANS OP EUROPEAN SETTLPMP:uT 1603726 MCKEE-RESHERS WDLF AREA 56ST 955W-SENECA 5MI /DRpT-TNT CONSTHp^q THIS A AS POSSIBILITY FOR NLC FOR BIRD WATCHINGIAN IDEAL NESTING LOCATT"" 1603232 WINSLOV prEHTS IND SITE 50PR 3SE-P0'^LESVILLE /ONF-TWP RPST ='Dr- 5ERVED LATE PREHIST (AD 100.-1300). VILLAGE IN THE MIDDLE poTOmaC VAL'i^Y 1601775 ROCKY RD OVERLO'TK 38pR 1F-RT124 IMT. ROCKY R/SENTr SEN-rA STREAM VALLEY, « ROLI_ING RIDGES CAN RE SEEN TO THE N OF THIS c;pr)j 1601776 HAWLING OVERLO'K 38PR 1 E-LAYTONSVILLE» a^T /ON RTU2n SITE °°^- VIDES A VISTA-ROLLTNG FARMLAND* HAWLINGS RTVPO VALLEY TO THP N 1612773 DAMASCUS BLUP S 38PR IE- JCT-R12U* DA^aSCUS/F ARM PATTH'/ORK H WOODLAND SCENES-SENPCA VAL.f^Y MOST VISIBLE PROM POnPT HTGH lOrATTO"'! 161277lt MOUNTAI'l VIPW OVERLOr^K 38PR 1 JCT-RTl 23* MT VTP'/ d/AT PIJonUM c:?0'-' AM ALTITUDE-70''PT A VIEW-DISTANT MTSfSENTC ROM TNG L AUn^C APr , ALI niRPCTIONS 1612771 CEDAR HE:ir;hTS 3RPR IN-rPOAR G'^OV/F IMI /ON RT27* OVFR|_o- i^- 700FT* SUGARLOAC^* CATOCTTM MTS TO THE W I ONE-HTGHC-';t OWPRLOOKS IN MO^|T COU'ITV 1612772 KINGS ACRES OVERLOOK 38PR TN-CPDAR GROVF 2VT /ON PT27*R0Li T^1G TERRAIN WITH ROR-PORESTED MTS AS SE'^N PROM THIS 764PT HI'^H v/amTAGE pt 160967" EMORY QVPOLO-IK 38PR ION RT12'+.JCT RTUb /SPOT PROVincS A GOOD VIE"/ OF OPEN FARM PATCHWORK WHICH COMMONLY OC':URS TO THE ^lORTM-ipST 1612770 KINGS VAL' EY OVERLOOK 38PR ION RT27* S-CEDARf^o vf/ . 3MI M-OAVIS MHJ RDfELEV 637FT EIKINGS VALLEY*W C ATOCT IN* SUGARLO AP* MTS* AN nriEOUALED VIE" 1602677 TENMILE CREi^K OVERLOOK 38PR ION RT95 /.75MT e-TW0'^psO"S CORNER' ELV. 620 (SOUTHWARD VIEW OF TENMILE CREPK STREAM VALLEY IS OiiTST'inG 160267R PRESCOT OVERLO'^K 38PU 1 S-RT123* . 3MI /ON PRESCOT^ RDrf^'O. FT ELV. *PAflORAMA PLEASING INCLUDING LTTT|E RFrr'ET" PA°K 1605421 NORTH'-'EST RRANCH CLIFFS 5^iPU 3TN HVI RRAf^rH PARI' /c;F-oT2a, tfd a T'I VARIES FROM ?0'i- •^');i< (WITH SOU IR TL» DFt^R * WOnnC^i iri^* OU A TL « RTRDS* "^t^f A>.' V 160642.. CAMP BEN' ET " OUAR'^Y 4RPR 32. 4N-RR IGHTON ^'l /RPT''). qoo-u-yiljF RD « NEW HAMPSHIRE AVE* REOLOG I C ALi Y SIG QUAR' -Y* M A' lY HISTORIC D"JFL' Jt\r-^ 1612a3<^ BEN^iET WILDLIFE AREA 5-^PR 61 W-FR lENDSHIP* 1 . ^'''T /AT HEA'''-' ATr^s '^^ REN ET CKiA Sir^ WILDLIFE HAR IT AT, NOT ABLE V AR lET If^S-FLOR A « FAUNA* 'lUSPQIL'^'"- 160442 ONEDWO"D MATLIRAL AREA 56PR 650N-R0CKVTLLE* 2"'I /'../-PARK- A ■' aSTFi_ a' 1-. OF TRASH OUMPPD BY MONT CN THREATENS MANY rtIRD VAi'TETIES THAT lARITAT A^f- 1603480 IRVIN PROPERTY 38PR 1 ADJ-POOLESVLL E ELEM/ON RT107 , AT AU ELV OF 415PT A VIEW OP PATCKVORK FARMLAND lUTERSPPRSED '•■.'ITH FORESTS 1603475 JONESVILLE OVERLO'K 38PR 1RT28*AT CATTAIL RD /AN ELV-4H0FT VIF-/ OF SENECA VALLEY IMPRES'.IVE PROM EAST NORTHEAST 8 SOUTH 1611478 DAWSONVILLE OVERLOOK 38Pi I IN-DAWSONV IL' E* 1 • 5MT/0N -JT 1 ?- ' . - :i0VE A TRIBUTARY OF SENECA CK*A V 1ST A-D AWSONVILLE REGIONAL PARK 8 S"N' -? ■ VALIEY 48 Montgomery County con 't 1603473 CHRIS.VELL ^ARM 3RPR INf^-MARTTNSRlJRG /OFF WASCHE RD» "+00 FT ELVr PANORAMA-POTOMAC VALi FY LOOKING WEST IS EXCELLENT 1603U76 A'lLLARD PROPERTY 38PR ION WILI^ARO RD /^l-RIVER RD. IMI HORSEPEN BRANCH VALI EY PROVIDES A BEAUTIFUL VISTA TO THE EAST 16031+77 KIPLINGER OVERLOOK 3aPR INW-SENEC A» IMI /OFF MONTEVIDEO RD> ELV 360FTiVIEW OF SENECA VALLEY- 16054i+0 BURTONSVILLE SANCTUARY 57PR 80NW-RURTONSV TLI E /W-RT29/1 06. F-KRI IHM RD LOCATION S VEGETATION EXCELLENT CONSERVATION AREA 1603470 BALLS RLUFc 38PR 1 w-MART INSRI JPG» I'^^T /ON RT107('iO ft pL" OVERLOOKS THE POTOMAC VALLEY « CATOCTIN MOUNTAINS TO THE '"^ST 1603'*72 CHER INGTOf) OVERLO' K 36 IS-CHERi" INGTO'l. 1 MI /OM v\RT \\i<^^' \or, anj WARM WATER FISHING IS EXCELLENT WITH VIEW OF POTOMAC RIVERfS^OFT ELV 1606U3fl HARMAN HABITAT AREA 56PR lOnW-RER ■! YV TLLE RD /E-SENECA STATE PARK»N-RT112 WOODLAND 5IG AS WILDLIFE HAR IT ATr P IDGE « V TFR^^AIN RFAUTT'^hl 1608272 NORTh.vEST OVERLOOK 38 lE-NORWC^D .75MI /ELV U25FT VTFW nc: NORTHWEST BRANCH WINDING THROUGH FERTILE VAL EY ROTTC^LAMOS 1605273 PO 'LE RD VISTA 3RPR IS-EDNOR. . 5MT» RT65r)/P0LLTNG OPF"-) FIELD AND WO DED PATCHWOOK CREATE A MOST ENJOYABLE VISTA 1608270 MINK HOL'.OW VISTA 38PR ION MINK HOLI.OV ^0 /'l-ASHTON Pn.l.2vTi VIEW OF R'iSdEO GEOLOGY OF THE PATUXEMT STREAM VALLEY 1608271 NORBECK OVERLOOK 3flPR IJCT RT2H « RT115 /EXTENSIVE VIF- INCLUDING SUGARLOAF MOUNTAIN 1606' 71* WESTFALL OVERLOOK 3R IW-OLD GERMANTOWM 2M/0'I HOYLES mill Pn U2 FT ELEVtVTEW OF LITTLE SENFCA CRE'^K VALLEY 160267?i FAIRCHILD OVERLO K 38PR INEAR RT118 /VIEH TO N'' OF LITTLE SE'lECA STREAM VALLEY 1602676 OLD BALTIMORE OVERLOOK 3fiPR IS-CL ARKSBURGr 3^1 /JCT-RTI?! K '^LD RALTO RD TENMILE CK rCARIN BRANCH . LITTLE SENECA RFGIO'JAL ^ARK VTSA^LF 1606672 BLOCKHOUSE POINT 3RPU IS-RTVER =D.1MI /t^OUNO ALOtr^ C^'^ CANAL» ADJ TO OIFRSSFN WILDFOWL SANC » EXCELLENT VIEW OF doT^VAC RIVER VAL EY 1606673 BER YVILLE OVFPLO'^K 38PR 1S-RT28 7'SMI /OM BFR^YVIl F RO; DOURLE OVERLOOK OF SENECA STREAM V AL' EY» W ! HO " KFRS BRANCH VALLEY. F 1611670 COMUS OVERLOOK 38PR 1N-C0MUS» . 3MI- RTlO^/c-ROM a 60 FT "^L-V A SPECTAC JLAP VIEW OF SUGARLOAF MOUt'TAIN TO THE WEST 1611671 MONOCA'-Y OVERLOOK 38PR 1S-C0MUS» . 3MT- RTIO'V/T 61»*FT P-|'' A 360 DEGRF- VIEW-HE AOWATERS-LITTLE MONOCACY RIVER « SUGARl.OAF MO'INTAT'I 160'iU2S GILMORE MICA MINF U8PU. 'jWITH!''! NW BRANCH P Ao l^ /LOCATE^ '/ T A REAUTIF'JL NATURAL STREAM VALLEYf HFRYL» GARNETS* TOUPMAL INF '^INEO HFPr 16n'*70 SiifiARLOAF OVEPLOf^K 3ftPR lW-COMAS» 1 MI » ON RT4S/VIEW OF SUGARLOAC MT. FAVORITE OF MO'ITGOMFRY COiJNTY TRAVFL'RS 160«'<27 POCKY GORGE CLIFFS I4RPU 3'4NE-MINK HOLLOW RD /M-ASHTON PD, A ocQ- REATION. GEOLOGIC PRESERVEf SERVES AS A FLYWAY FOR MIGOaTC=Y BIRDS 160fl'<2'* EL' ICOT • GOLD MT'IF 48PR lUbN-GOLD MINE RO / /.■-PT6'^>0 . GEOLOGIC AL PARKIELFVATIONS 30 '-»»0'FT» ME ADOWS « THE RUG-FD HAWLINGS PIVER VALLEY leOSUpo EDNOP SOAP STONE OUARi^Y UflPU 1 1 2E-EDM0R . 2MI /SITE IS ADJ TO "''HE PATUXEMT RIVER FLO'nPLAIN;A FLYWAY FOR SEVERAL VARIETIFS OF WATERFO/.L 160Stt71 PAI'lT MOAMCH PAPK UHPU ?SE-RT20f COUJMM I A PD/ 'UG'-pn GFOLOGY H WILOEPUrS -LIKE ROT OMLANO. A ROTAtllTAL « WILDI IFF HAVFU 160'4''7'» //TNSLOV TRACT 6HPR 1 20S-RT1 I 'i. '(-R T2H /SI'-ICE 1 7 "^ KIJO.'/U AS MU^1CASTEP FARM»CHOP» PASTURE LAND. GAME HIPOS.REO TAILED HAWK»« 1--R/.Y FOv 160'S«*?« MICA MI'IE UBPIJ lllW-ROCKY R IDGF RFSV /HISTORICALLY SIG MICA "T"F. OF IMnn'SIMORfPQCKY GORGF RESFi^VOI" PEGION Oc SCENIC BFA'ITY PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY 170361ft wrsrro,, nRANru mapsh OIPR po-^nuw-iip tk MftPi.nORO / -rpov.'N STArio-i p. UMIOUF WATFRFO'/L HAVE RF' N FOUND IM THIS WETLANDS LOCALE 171?61PP0T0MAr GEOLOGIC AREA Ufl ?OS-WHF' LP "D. r^PTaof/GFOLOGIC FORMATION IS A MEMHEP OF THE POTOMAC SCMO'M » P ALEOOrur PF" lOD ,„.»,^^ 1707616 MOUNT MFHO --RANCH OIPR 2-SALONG PATUXENT RI /^-MT MEMO M'MNCH WETlAMnS LOrATIOM FOR HIG GAME AS WELL AS FOR UNIQUE .•'ATrPPOHI. 1707617 niSTPKT "»\'\0\ OIPR ?^6AL0MG PATUXENT Pt /A UNIQUE WETLAUOS niSTRICT WITH EXCEL' rriT WILDLIFE AS WELL AS RARE '"'^TEOFOiL 170M03 AC'OKE K CREEK INOVIL bOPO ^^"''^'•^-^' '*''*' I'^'"'"''" '-:i''2^^^^^'J.^I^'''!c t iNr ARCKEOl OGICAL SITE.SI STUDIES SHOW VIL-^'OS' IRI E PPE-Cho 1ST IAN FRA EXISTING 49 Prince George's County con't ITOeVCt SUITLAND ROG 08PR 20E-WASHINGTON» 3MI /S-RT'+» NE-SI) ITLANH RD»NC»5I.» CHF CONSIDER A WORTHY-PRESERV AT lON-EV-MARNOL T A SPHAGNUM MOSS 1701782 PATUXENT WLDLIFE RES CTR55ni 260nNW-ROWIF-2MI /RFLATTNG TO WTLO- LIFE MANAGEMENT « CONSERVATION A IS CONTROLLED MIX OF VEGATATIVF TYPi^S 1701101 BELTSVILLE ROG 08DA IN-COLLEGE PARK-3MI /LOCATED ON GROUNDS OF NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RES CTRISPHAGNAM MOSS» MAGNOLI Ar BOG VEGETATION 1701102 MUIRKIRK ROG 08DA 15-LAUREL» 3MI i E-RTl /A SEMI-SWAMP AREA! PRESENT VEGATATION MOSTLY WOnnS S VINES 1705217 HUNTERS MILL CRE' K 5QPR13'+. 'tE-POTOMAC RI»3MI /MO'JTH-MJNTERS mii_i_ CK IS A SHALLOW V/ATER FE~DING AREA USED RY DIVING DUCKS AT vigraTTO'I TIMES 17172?5 EASTERN HARVEST MOliSE 62PR 3E-RT212* S-RT4P5 /REITHIODONTOMYS HUMILIS VIRGINTANUS-PREFERS NON-FORESTED' CULTIVATED FIELDS WITH GRAIN CRO^ 170U210 RROWN PREHIST IND VIL 50PR 25SE-UPPER MARLBORO /AN EXTENSIVE SITE WITH GREAT ARCHEOLOGIC AL POTENTIAL 1705781 MATTAWOMAN NATURAL AREA 5r>PR 3852AL0NG PG-CHR CN RDR/LARGEST CONCENTRA- TION-NESTING WD nUCK IN MDIOTTER' MINK»OSPREY» REAVER !SI»NC rONSTOEO A IMd 172122t PIGMY SHREW 62PR IE-COLLEGE PARK, 1 . 5M/"TC0RS0REX HnYI WIN:'EMANA PRERLE has been TAKEN IN MD ONLY AT RER"'YN» HABITATS UMKUO-^N 1705222 RED HEADED WOODPECKER 62PR 7RT373» W-MIDDLTOM RD/'^ELANERopc, fryTH- OCEPH-ALUS FOUND IN RIDGE. VALLEY AREA-PIEDMONTf WEST CRN» EASTERN SHORF 170771? RFLTS WOODS 27CH 30N-UPPR MARLBORO. 6wT/0EC^T- INT GAvr A HIGH PRIORITY AS A POTENTIAL NATIONAL LANDMARK-COASTAL dLAIN HARD-D POorQT 1717427 MAGRAUDER DARK 5^L 12W.NW BR ANCH, S, ^tO AVE/ A SViALL STREAM, QUAIL. RAB^iJTS. RACCOON. MUSKRAT. OPOSSUM, w/ OLD BEECH. OAK, DOGWOOD, mA!=>|f TRF--Q 1705230 PISCATAWAY CREEK 16PR 15q7E-P0T0MAC TI TO RT5/A HABITAT FOR TYPHA SP. MINK, OTTER. WOOD DUCK. ANADROMOUS FISH & HERR ING ; T"-"^ TO SI « NC 1712.'"-'31 BROAD CRE^K MARSHES 16PR 300N SHORE-BROAD CK /TVOHA c;p, qr todi ic; SP COM 'ON TO AREA. THIS AREA CONTAINED WITHIN POTOMAC RIVFO wATFOSHEri 1710601 ROCKY GORGE iiRPR bN-L AUREL . /MI )W-RT'^5/ AN FXCn i rrjT rx^o- SURE-SYKESVIL E FORMAT ION-pRECAMRARI AN AGE ] 714683 BROCK RR IDGE WETLANDS OIPU 102PTX RI AT PG-AA RDR/rONT A T^IS A V-^T^Ty OF UNIQUE WILDLIFE. CUR ENTLY THREATENED RY PROPOSFn oeVELOp'^ifnt 1701603 IRON DiTS 50PR lOE-RTl . S-CONTEf Rn /OF CPETACFO'it; ^aF ; FOUND irj PATAPSCO ARUNDEL GEOLOGIC FORMAT ION ) DINOSAUR REMAINS DISC^' .'F^-rn 1714604 DUCKETSVIL' E WETLANDS 0 1PR243. 2N-RT564, MILLME ADE R/AN I^^ WETLANnc; AREA WHICH INCLUDES WO^D nuCK AMONG ITS MANY WILDLIFE SEPCIES 1714605 HIGH RRIDGE GEOLOGIC FRM48DR E-RTl 97. S-HORSEPFN /AN AREA CONTAI^I^ IG MONMOUTH FORMATION 3 714606 RO«'IE GEOLOGIC SECTION 48PR ■ 50N RACETRACK RD /ALONG DEFFNSf H'^Y •1.5MI W-PRIEST RRIDGE TO ROWIE RACE TRACK. EX-MONMOUTH FORMATION TN °G CU 3 714607 MEYERS STATION .-/ETLAND AO 1PU121 . 6PG- A A BDR I N-RT450/ MOST UNUSUAL •ZET- LAND C0NTIANIM6 CACTUS. RA^^E RTRDLIFE (PILEATED WOODPECKER) 170 7608 PRIEST BDG GEOLOGIC SECT48DR 10E-RT3 S-RT450 /LOCATED ALONG RO .6MI S-JCT DEFENSE « CRAIN HWY NEAR PRIEST BDG. A MONMOUTH FORMATION 1707609 PTX RI PRK GEOLOGIC SECT4BDR 20F-RT3. U-OT50. 30 1 /w-A -PG C'l Rnn , AM EX-MOnFmOUTH formation ROUMDFn RY STREAMS CROSSING CRATM HWY 1707610 COLLINGTN WETLANDS AREAOIPR 30E-CH. W-COLLINGTON RD/A UNIOUE WD nuri/ NESTING A NOTED FOR EXCELLENT DIVERSITY OF WILDLIFE 170761; LOTTSFORD WETLANDS AREA OIPR 1 10N-RT50 . W-RT556 /AREA W/ EXCFL ENT WILDLIFE INCLUDING RARE WOOD DUCKS 1707612 MILI_ RRANCH SWAMP OIPR 205W-PTX RI-ml BRANCH /WETLANDS ABOll^lD WITH UNIQUE WILDLIFE AS C ACTI )S. PILEATED WOODPECKER I MNCP^' RECM PRFc;'-_d v AT ION 1707613 HA^DESTY GEOIOGTC A^EA 48DR 750N W SHORE-PTX RI /S-CENT^AI_ AVF.i"- QUEr:N AMUE RD. SITF-PALEOGFNE GEOLOGIC OUTC^ODDInG 1707614 WATKII-IS 50PR 20CTRL. ENTERPR ISE RDS/ONE-SEVrs AL A^^F/^S WITHItl PRINCE GFOOGF'S COUNTY IN WHICH FOS' ILS HAVE RE N FOUND 1713631 RITCHIE 50PR 20SW-RT4Q5. CTRL AVE /A FOSSIL RICH AREA WITHIN METROPOLITAil WASHINGTON DISTRICT 1713615 MIL^ WOOD 50PR 76. 8E-C APIT AL HGTS IMI /AN EXTENSIVE FOSSIL RICH AREA WITHIN METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON DISTRICT 170562? THRIFT SCENIC AREA 52PR 16B3E-P ISC AT AWAY RD /SERIFS OF ESTATES WITH WOODED HILL. VALLEYS EXTENDING PISCATAWAY CK N TO TIP^ETT RD 1732623 EAST BANK-POTOMAC 48PR 50FROM RI RFND-PISC C/EXPOS' iREt; Of COAST -AL PLAIN ROCKSfUNSTABLE ROCK STRUCTURE MAKES DEVELOPMENT" UNS' i TT .-.^ '! f 1705623 EAST BANK-POTOMAC 48PR SAME AS 1712623 50 Prince George's County con't 170562^ BRYAN POINT 55PR 2HS-PI5C CK .75MI /PRIMARILY WOODED PARMLAND REPLETE WITH SCENIC REAUTYr WETLANDS PROVIDE WILrM_IFE HABITAT 1703689 MT CALVERT 5bPR C1.6ALONG CHR RR 5MI /w-^TX RI rtTDP VA- RIETY-NATURAL FEATURES. KINGRAILrRALD EAGLE' TEAL' RLACK DUCK INHABIT ADFA 170U6P0 MERKEL ESTATE lOPP 237E-ST THOMAS CH RD /PONDS ATTRACT MANY CANADIAN GF'SF ANI !U ALLY I FOUND ALOUG WESTERN SHORE OF PATUXENT RIVER 1704621 NOTTINGHAM b5PU 70PTX R I » N-UOTTINGHAM/RAIlD EAGLE'KT'JG- RAIL DUCK' TEAL' MUSf RAT « A V AR lETY-WDLF I CEDARS CAN ALSO ^iT FOUND THERE 1705625 ROMFRT S^ITH ESTATE 35FE17C.2S RANK-PISC CK-oo R/AT CONFLUENCE OF PISCATAWAY CRE''K t "OTOMAC R TVER 1 -.Oi^nED RLUcr PROVIDES SCENIC OVE^LCX 170b626 PISCATAvAY PARK bbFE?17.ftS SHORE-oTSC CK /RF^FARCH IS ^i^IUG CONDUCTED CONCERNIUG POTOMAC RIVER POLLUTION HEREJMT VERNOU CAN BE S'^'^^l 1704627 FULL MILl. MARSH 5qPU 256PTX RI'FULL ML RR /EXCELLENT vILOLIFE SUCH AS MINK.RINGUECK PHEASANT ABE FOUND WITHIN THESE EXTENSIVE WETLANDS 170fl62R CEOARUAVEN 6QPU 70ALONG PATUXENT R IVR/S-iTNUEDY RIJN.N- TRUMAN PT.ON W RANKJMTNK 8 RINGNECK PHEASANT FOUND HERE 170862" SUM-'ERVIL' E CRE' K marsh fjQPU 384PATUX R I » NE- AQU ASCO/MIp^K* R INGUFCK PHFA -SANT ARE FOUND HFRE 1708630 DATUXE'IT RIVER dark S^PU uOW/I PTX RI PARK /MI'JK S RING^IECK PHEASANT FOUND HERF QUEEN ANNE'S COUNTY 1807103 UMICORN LAKE lOST bON-SUDLFRSV ILl E' 4MI /E-^T313 Suo-OUNHED RY FARMLAUOiCOUTAIUS PE^CH, P IKE' R-'S^' RLUEGIL' S « CRAPPTE 1801706 AUnoVF^ RR'FORFST r>"FS ?1PR iUSftUF-OA CN' RT30n-KFMT/-/ T ruesT'^R ^ TVER WATERSHED. STAUn OF MARDWO'^DS »SI» ^'C ' CRF CONSIDFR A PRIME WE'^LAUDS AOF" IflOblOb .'^YE MIL'S noun lOST bn IN WYE MIL'S /HISTORIC OOU^ vITU COLONIAL MIL' HAS EXCELI ENT PUFILIC FISHING FOR RASS 8 riLUF'"IL' S l«n?31'J SOUTHf AST roE' K-uoo'-'N CK16PR "-.OONW-CH UIL'PMI /ST-NC'CR^^ OFSTGiAT -ED A '^S i'"IME WETLAUOS' ^PECIES-TY"HA!DIVTNG DUCKS CAN RE i^OUNO lOOblOU iVYE ISLAflO 6(.PR 270nsOUTHERN OA COUNTY /MAI F-THF ARE- TC IJfJDFR CULT IVAT ini|» -JYF HAL » FOPME^' '^REAT EST ATE- ARCHFOLOGTC A L IUTFRFSt 1802320 HAMRLETOU --RE' ►^ IfiPR 6mSE-KTNGS TO'VN IMT /SCENIC ■'ETLAU^S 'I SPECICS-SCI'^"US FIM THE FPESHWATE= MARSH'SI CITED IT IMP 'ETLAUD lH010i;7 RIG WO US COtlSERVATIOU A2F.'' 1801*712 KENT POINT "i' PR 20iinS KENT ISLA^ID /SIrlC'CRF COUSI"iFR IMP TO THE ORESERVATIOM OF THE RAY ECOSYSTEM I^XCFLLENT ARFA FOR RI'-'D ST' mY 18n'f 13 LO'IG MARSH « ROnKlU ISLF6'.PR U03SE-KENT ISLAND /E-M ATTAPEX MOTH SITES ARE IMP NESTING AREA IN E BAY RFGION FOR MTGRATORV •• A TERFO -/L 180'*701 KENT fiA'J'-O'/S MAPSHFS 1 7dR «03f T'I-rr ASONV TL' E' 2. 5m/f-CiheSTFD 2.'-'"T EXCELLENT HAHTTAT FOO v;atFRFOWL' UNEOUALl ED SCENIC RE AUTY. FNIDA' IGERFO "Y "O 18031MI CHESTf-R JTvrp ESTUARY 1 5DP S^OOSSW-CHESTEdTO'V'I 6MI/A V 'J.UARLF CF' DTUG GROU'in FOP MTGRATOPY -ATFOCTiwI ;psimadTIY Af^o TCUI TuR ai shoofh TMFjFA'^LF u-ST 180'.in? OUE' fISTOWN TAL TFO SCA0nn8PQ 1 frO'lFSF-OUE 'ISTO lU, 1 ■^^ /O'lF-'^F''' TU|A"n CLTF'-I TKF AREAS PFMAIUTUG IN MD COASTAI PL A I 'I I Or^ ' ipv FD IN i=>LE ISTOTFU^ '.r,F J80U311 WAREHOUSE rofrw 1 7PR 7 /«COX CK O''! r - nTH>-l/l\ ( 0»i IG I O ''-I '^ TU""- PPNTMSULA TS <^ ITF-flAYS' C' COVFS * lAGOOMSIST "FrM Pu rSFP V AT IT ON I^OUO •' KT'iT IS! COUSIN" V/' I ! on A '.'.PP 2''l'iAI0NG COX urri' /MOR' .St>? -.jun ' <^i ■ TMI«; AOFA ;iF GBAMirn rOUSEPVATTOU /OMTURl wri I SMITro TO NATIURF STM'^' 18n';317 MO-'flfWINEV PT»MAnSuY CK 1 7PP M MW-GP ASONV 1 1 ' E' T'T /ST.ifr.cRF SUP 0"T porSK^VAT ION OF R^'tOU RFCAUSf OF IT"^ HTGM TTDAI MA^SU VFG" NATION I«n'>316 fYE "IVEO 17P0 .^',nS-OUE' 1ISTOWM-. 7MT /S T , i' IC, cnc" ro"f. t -^ir'J THIS A«EA PRIME wr TLAflMS l«E' SF»CPA:(»0T . ER'STP lorn HAS ' \uAno'OM("US rrS" 180'.'. 18 MEM-'ETT POINT 5'>PR b?*>r-WYF PT»"/-r HAY /MAT' 'O AL ' MTSTO= t r AL SIGNIFICANCE' SI I HUG A-CIVTL WAR » WOL ANDS W/ mak|Y HAn]TTAT LOCATTOUS IHO'.JMO WYE r PI'/EP 17PR 3'0 SE-WYf PI /ST»tilC'CMF PECM PRF -Sf MVA1 lONIOTTER'CAnS^FMnANf.EPFO riMAPVA FOX S'JU I" El . W/ '-'ANY FLOR.'L S" iflOSTib WYE iNSTif'/rr 2'>w> io;"ir mank-wye ck /a rf presentativf EX-FORrSTI.AflOS-i/P'Tn nEL«AHVA PrtlluSMLAinFPT-INT REC"^ as NATL LANDMK SITE 51 ST. MARY'S COUNTY 1905325 SPRING CREf:K 1 8PR q2NME-LAlJREL GROVEf 3M/S I » NCf C^F RECM PRE SERVATION MINK. OTTER»OYSTERS» CLAMS' WOOD OUCKS.RALD EAGLE'MANY MARSH PLANTS 1905326KILI-PFCK CK-TRFNT HALL CK18PR 270S-GOLnEN REACH /SI.NCCBF STRONGLY SUPPORT PRESERVATION. HIGH T lOAL. FRESHWATER MARSH VEGETATION 1«01319 POINT LOOK IN 29PR 60,ALONG CHSAPEAKE RAY/MIDWAY BETW PT NO PT.PT LOOKOUT. MAJOR SPECIES-UPLAND MATURE HRDWDS.SI RECM PRESERVATION 1907416 ST CATHERINE ISLAND 66PR 7bW-C0LT0N /S-WHTTE NECi< doINT HAS 0N(_Y COLONY OF NESTING COMMON EGRETS. BLACK CR0"/NED NIGHT HERONS. ET.AL 1^02701 CHER' YFIELn POINT 17PR 210SW-ST MARYS CITY i+M/AT ST GEORGE CK SI.NC'CRF REC^ PRESERVATTON!HEAVILY TIMBERED (OAK-PINE) HTGH TIDAL WARSH 1905102 COfiL SPRINGS 03PR lOAT CHARLOTTE HALL /IN 1698 RY ACT-THE ASSEMBLY FIVE SPRINGS WERE SET ASIDE AS A HEALTH RESORT 8 SANITARIUM 1901703 CORNFIELD PT GEOL SECT UflPR 120NW-PT LOOKOUT 5MI /SI RECM PRESERVA- TION.RARE EXPOSURE A PLEISTOCENE AGE CLAY RICH IN FOSS ILS. MOLLUSC AN SHELLS 1901704 DRAYDEN GEOLOGIC SECTI0N48PR lOSW-ST MARYS CITY 2M/SI.NC»CBF RECM PRE -SERVATIONJCLAY IS FOSSIL GASTROPODS (SNAILS) ARE ARUNDANT-MIOCENE AGE 1907424 CANOE NECK POINT br>PR 16b8C ST CLEMENT RAY /SECOND GROWTH DECIDUOUS TRE'^S ONLY NEST IN COLONY-GREAT BLUE HERONS ON POTOMAC RIVER 1902714 ST MARY'S RIVER 5bPR 42r'SW-LEX TNGTON PK 4^7/ ARCHAEOl.OGIC AL. SCENIC. NATURAL SIG ! SP-TYPHA. MINK. NEST TNG WOOD niJCKS DNR SE'-DS OYSTER "EDS 1"08714 ST MARY'S RIVER bbPR 320SW-LEX TNGTON PK 4VT/0NR SF~ns « VATN- TAIN5 EXTENSIVE OYSTER BEOS ANNUAL' Y. FXCAV AT TONS-COLO^I T Al . GOVERNORS 'jO"C l'''03:^2' MEDLEY CREEK 16PR 1 30S-LEONARnTOWM» ''MT /qp-qr TRPUS . T vdu.a OYSTER. RAR. CLAM. OSPREY ;ST RECM PRESEPV AT TO^I l="OR BAY ECOL^'^TTaI. RFASO'!"^ 1OC4105 MADDOX TAL TER SCARP UQPR ftOOWNM-LEONARDTO''/'! 9"T/0"E-A (^E'" TI.ILAUn CLIFF-LIKE AREASY REMAINTiif^ TN MD COASTAI pIATN TAUSEn ni !0 TNG piETSTOC^ME 1901706 POINT LO KOUT bbSP 640SE-SCOTLAND 4MT / Axria ACT TONS ■-"^^r INCLUHE-COAST GUARD STATTOM W/ LIGHTHOUSE C 18:^0. STATF daok-.torT rrv-'-T-av 1908707 PO'^LAR HILL CRE^K 2QPR 1 0''5SE-LEONARDTO'"N 6M T /v'AT'iJF <^T A' inc-3 T' IF » MIXED HARDWOODS JPTE. ST. NC CBF. DFPT- INT ,RECM PRPSFrjv AT TOM 1903707 PO^'LAR HILL CRE K 2"PR 762SF-LF0NARDT0''iN 6MT /AM y/PORTAMT rrn~ LOGICAL AREA 1Q03108 REDGATE TAL TER <^rARP 48PR 40()SE-LEONARDTOWM U . Sv/pL"^ TSTOCENE AGE OCEAN CAUSED CLIFFS;CLAY.PEAT.SAND. GRAVEL SECTIONS ARc cyoosFQ 1907109 ST CLEM^^NTS ISLAND 66ST 64SW-LE0NARDT0Wrj. 8^'iT /MTILTZED PRIVARTLi' AS A .-'DLP MANAGEMENT A, FIRST PERMANENT COLONIAL SETTLE'-IENT-^D. HIST SIG 1901! '0 SAINT MARYS CITY 50PR 200S-LEX TNGTON pARK.6*^/0N SAINT ^APYS =■ I OUTSTANDING ARCHFOLOGICAL AREA (SITE OF 1634 TOWN. FIRST STATE CAPITAL 0^ '^n 1906171 SOT ERLY 68QP 4bNE-LE0NARDT0WN. 8. 2'1/ ' ' AHOR HO'iSE-1727 l'-i06171 SOT ERL^ 680P 4bNE-LE0NARDT0"' I. 8. 2' V ' AMOR H0'iSE-17?7 C0M--IANDS A iic^AHTIFiiL VIEW OF THE PATNXENT RIVER SOMERSET COUNTY 2014U0^ LIT''LE DEAL ISLAND b6PR 320AT TANGIER SOUND /TIDAL MARSH A UEST AREA FOR HERO^IS-A RA''E SPECIES IN CHESAPEAKE BAY REGTO'i 2004482 DIVIDING CK WATERSHED 5bPR 2240N-C0KESRUR Y Rf) /THREATENED BY CO-l- MERCIAL DEVELOPMENT ."EXTREMELY IMPORTANT AS WDLF ARE A IPRESERV AT ION ME'"n- ^i 2006102 FAIRMOUNT BASIN 48PR ObOW-UPPER FATRMOUMT /VJFL' PRFS^RVFT of-' -NAMT-A SHALI OW OVAL. ffASTN-SALT MARSH. flRUSH ! DFV OC^Horn LATE TN GEOI_ 'JTST 2013210 BKriSOM ^atmRAL '\RF a b'-ST 16W-BFNS0N RD.r-^T13 /A GO 'D FXA.'Pi.r or DFLMARVA FOREST T YPES ! OCn |U j ps TRACT BETWEEN THE HTG!-!..; •, y ? TMF ^JATI >n-- 2003201 POCn^/i')KF RTVFR SWAMP 40SP 1 2H0SW-MD. I lEL AWARE BDR /MS n^-PT- Ji |-^ , -. T /.■■■^ IMTERi STEO TN THE PRFSFRV AT lO'l- A. W TLDI T FF « S"MMr> FLORA ARt- Am |! !■ i,-.' IT 20r:'4281 POC')Mi-)KE RIVER S-'/AMP 46SP 4 1 OSW-MD. flFLA'V iRF fiHR /O'if-thf '^oST --yTr-- -SIVE SOUTHFRfJ SWAMPS AT THE N EXTREMI"- ITS NATU'^AL OCrilRFrirF jw , ic; 2004101 DUBLIN SWAMP BASIN 48SP 2000SE-PR INCESS ANUE.4V/A l.ARGF SHAL'O- OPEN DEPRES'.IO^J IMP AS CATCHMENT FOR R A ItJF ALL. RECHAR GE OF aouIFFss 2010283 SMITH ISLAND 66H 8b37W-CR ISF TELD l.'MI /NEARLY HALF n<= TH^ ISLANft IS A NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE. A FEFDING GROUNnS "^OR MT'^RATORY ptROS 2010316 SOUTH MARSH ISLAND 66PR 3072N-SMITH ISLAND. /SI r NC r r-.i.- ^pr-.i ppo -TECTION; ANADROMOUS FISH. STRIPED BASS. CR AB. CLAM. OYSTER . CL APp"^-' /■ t i . ,- :jo(rY 52 Somerset County con't 2014101* DEAL ISLA'in WMA RT.AL. 17ST 2304W COAST-"^OMrRSET CM/nO^OE" TNG TANGIEi=! WINTER FEi~OING GROMNn EOR .V ATERFOWLr S ALT MARSHES ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT 2009104 DEAL ISLANH WMA ET.AL. 17ST 3776SAME AS 2014104 /PART OF A COMPLEX OF COASTAL MARSHES* REGION ACTS AS AREA RECHARGE A FOR AQUIPGRS 2011104 DEAL ISLAND WMA ET.AL. 17ST h760SAME AS 2014104 /SALT MARSHES ARF AN EXTREMELY IMP COMPONENT IN CHESAPEAKE BAY ECOSYSTEM 2002104 DEAL ISLAND WMa ET.AL. 17ST 3060SAME AS 2014104 /W/I SALT MARSHES ARE PROO'ICED MICRO-ORGANISMS UPON WHICH F INFISHr SHELLFISH* CR ARS nF°EN'-) 2012104 CEDAR ISLAND 'VMA ET.AL. 17ST b824SAME AS 2014104 2007104 CEDAR ISLAND WMA FT. AL. 17ST 12HSAMF- AS 2014104 2006104 FAIRMOMNT W^A ET. AL. 1 7ST1 0 1 76S AME AS 2014104 20C7104 JAMES ISLAND ET.AL. 17ST 2368SAME AS 2014104 2008104 JAMES ISLAND ET.AL 1 7ST IHObSAME AS 2014104 2003706N POCOMOKF SOUND WETLAN0S17PR 21"bE-DARS0NV ILLF 3MI /SI "^FCM PRESERVA- TION OTTER* MINK. STRIPED ~^AS<;^ HER'' ING» SHAD* CRARS* CLAMS* OYSTER'S ET.AL. ■■/I A 200fl70oN POC^MOKE SOMND WETLANr^si 7PR 13.0 SAME AS 2003706 /W/T POCnv^KE RTVFS WATERSHEDiLANGFORD.RICHARDSON MARSHS* MARMMSCO CK FORM THIS INIQME HASTTAT 2003707 AN'lEMFS>EX AREA 16PR 63hSW-WEST0VFR , 3MI /AT HE AD'-.' ATFRS- AN iF -MESSEX RI IMP AS AQUIFER RECHARGE AREA. SPAWN ING GROUND FOR AQUATIC LIFE 2006707 AN;EMrS^EX AREA 16PR 16.-'SAMF AS 2003707 2013105 WESTOVER SPRING 03ST INE-WESTOVFR IMI. /ONI_'i' MAJOR SdRIUG IN SOMERSET CN* LARGEST ON EASTERN SHORF S-SALISc*URY 20('1103 MANOKTN RIVER BANKS S^PR 1200W-KING'S CK-2^'I /fiflr.(s/q_ v A^lnK• T" pi FROM MAIN ST IN PRINCESS AN-IE SW TO TOP POINT f HTSTOR IC. FfOL'"."-. TTAI. TNjTr:?FST TALBOT COUNTY 212620 THE HALF //AY* LYPF' TRFF 30PR ION RT32° /RFT»J FASTON : SA T ■ T MICHAELS ANCIENT LOi'l.OLi Y P INE. PFCULI AR LYRE SHADF 2101102 EASTERN TAL-'OT TFR sC''.R = 4flPR 400N-EASTON. 3MI /LA Yr RS-r L ay . hm: ■ t , « GRAVEL ARE EXPOSED AT THIS SUDDEN 40FT RISE IN ELEVATION 2101010 MILES RIVER SHORELINE h'^PR 2374MILES RI*E BANK /UNS'^OILE^ A=f<, WHICH CONTAINS MANY STREAVS* PONDS HISTOR TC* MOROSP? RECM dq^s-.o V AT ION 210171: KINGS CK KINGSTON LAUD-iG16PR HI "EASTON* TURKEY CK RD/TYPMA S^ECI-.S.^ SWAMP FQRFST CHA'-'AECYPARIS THYO IDES » OTT F" * HER ' IMG. ET . AL. ARF FQiJUD HFO. 210471' KINGS CK-KTMGSTON IAnn'.G16PR HQ6SAME AS 210711 //JHTTE SHAD.HICKOav SHAn»STRT^Fn OAS". ANAOROV-US FISH HABITAT HERE 21010)3 SETM DFMOMSTRATil KORf ST 60ST 2S0SE-EASTON 3MI /STATT 0-/NED FOREST MAMAGEMi i|T A»rASM0P0SP2 '^FCM PROTECT ION ! FXCF LI Fi IT FOR NATHQF ST C^Y. MI «• TUG P10141S WARNF" VIinFLOWFR "OTNT 60PR 8.hIN EASTON.O'i RTr)6'-) /WO DI.AMO ;/ SPRING -FED STREAM Si/N''Y MOG WO "-EO HILI S IDF* V AP IFT Y OF PLANTS. 76 SP- VlLDt^LO .F^ '. 2103-17 CHO-'TA'IK HI ( flRUCEV II.' F ) 'j'^PR "^UOALONG CHOPTAUK RI /FROM HATF'S PT »n N TO CLARKS WHARF RO-OI ITST AMOING WOLF HABIT AT ) S I * UC » CHE. RECV odecF = V AT I'lU 2103?.'<0 OXFORD PHFHTST IND SITE fjOPR 2SW-EAST0N /SITE COUI.D YETLn UNUSUAL INFORMATION ABOUT PREHISTORIC INDIANS-EASTERN SHORE 21017^2 MILES CRE'.K 16PR 200 ALONG W SHORE-CHK R/FROM •/INOYHILL N TO N DOVER RO.THIS A WAS GIVEN HIGHEST PRIORITY RATING BY SI 21037H2 MILES CRRI K 16PR 1017SAMF AS 21017H2 /EAGLES* DELMAR V A FOX soul" EL MEST HF.Rf* OSPREY* OTT ER* CR AH* STR IPED MASS* ANAORO'^'OUS FISH 2in3'16 hO/l Kf|f. POINT 16PR 321 E-BRUCEV I L' E l.bMI /sn RPUS* STR l"Fn HASS AflAUROMOiJS FISH, OSPREY. DELMAUV A FOX SOU If • FL i S I » NC * Cnr. , OFCM KF-.-JT';'.- 210'j41'( black vAI.MUT POINT f)?)PR S- T ILGMAN* .'.MI /MARS'-iY GRAS"1.' I^'i PROVIDE AN TMo FO'D SOURCE FOR MIGRATING BIROS* V INTER TNG •/ AT L = FO 'L * FT . ' ' . 21043^1 TUCKAHOr CRT- K ''"SPR llOnTAL-CARO CN BDR /rXTt> 1 2102703 MAMMLf TOM ISLAMD 6^PR f)'iS%W-ST MiriiAFLS 3MT/l'iO ArRrs-(:FL'''R AS'. COVER SHOAL FIATS IMP FOR DUCKS* Mr ITM. SPOT * ROCK * FT . AL . FOKMS-vOL^ 210<<104 MILL CK lil»r) SAfirTUARY '•.6QP l'>4SM'-WYE MILI S ?MJ /OUTSruflG HAHITa: FOR MI«n PO!>ULATIONSlOAK-PTMF FORESTS MANY SPRINGSHIO Rn 0" i.^/r| i triGS 53 WASHINGTON COUNTY 2208257 KING QDAR'-Y CAVE 4RPR bW-LOCUST ) . 5MI /CAVF W/ SIX SMALL PASSAGES LEADING FROM THE MAIN ROOM WITH HELICT ITES » R IMSTOMF POOLS ETC 2219258 SNIVELYS CAVES 48PR 5E-EAKLES MILLSr . 5MI/THREF MAIM CAVES IN 1964f'b« EXCAVATIONS UNCOVERED INDIAN ARTIFACTS E. G. -ROr.iES> BE ADS 2219259 WHEELER RD CREVICE U8PR SN-KEEDYSV ILLE /A FISSURE LOCATED ON E FLANK OF A TOMSTOWN DOLOMITe RIDGE W ALLSf CEIL ING SURJECT TO COLLAPSE 2218260 HOLMES CAVE . 48PR 5E-HAGERST0WN-2. 5M I /ENTRANCE IS IN RECKMANTOWM L IMESTONE I TRENDS NE 20FT AS CR AWLW AY. DRO^S UFT INTO SMALI RQ ^'-i 2210261 ANTIETAM CREEK CAVES i+RPR SWSW-FUNKSTO'.VNr 1 . 7MT/ IN THE W RANK-'iECK -MANTOWN LIMESTONE AT ANTIETAM CK ARE 3 SMALL CAVES 2210262 ANTIETAM CREEK CAVES 4BPR 5WSW-FUNKST0WN 1.7MI/CAVE NO. 7 FORMED RY INT OF 2 JOINTS AT RIGHT ANGLES i ENTRANCE DROPS 8FT INTO NAR'-'OW ROOM 2212263 ANTIETAM CREEK CAVES 48PR 5NW ROXBURY /CAVE NO. 2 IS 20FT ABOVE THE WEST RANK OF ANTIETAM CREEK ! CEILING OF CAVE IS REDDISH SILTSTONE 2206264 BOONSBORO SINKS 48PR 5NNW-BOONSBOR0 1.7MI/IN 1"68 THFRF WERE OBSERVED 7 SINKHOLES AFTER THE DRAINTNG-A PONO ! CAVERNOUS NETWORK 2216265 BOWMAN CAVE 48PR bE-REAVER CK-.7MI /maInJ COMPONENTS OF THE CAVE ARE STICKY CLAY « RED 8 ORANGE FLOWSTONE DECORATIONS 2210266 COTL HOLLOW WELL U8PR 5 /IN ELRROOK LIME- STONE AT BASE-35FT MAN-MADE WFLL W/ DEFINITE SOL^TIONAL POrwrTS OM CFTLT'IO 2216267 DOGHOUSE CAVE URdR 5 /SCAT^ERi^D WHITE SODA STRAW STALACTITES OCCUR OM Fl AT CFTI TMG H0RT70MTAI 0° T E'^IT AT TOM RFD 2212268 GROVE CAVE URPP hW-RURTMFRr 1 MI /ELRRO K LTMFSTOMr IS ARUNDA^ITLY FOMMH MFRI^;2SPT AROVF AMTIETA'^ CK ; 4 STREAMS ON SAME HTLiST'^.r 2?162"9 HOUPT CAVF 4RPR 5E-FUNKST0WN l."MI /SOD^ STRAW STALAC TITES CA'I [IE FOUND IN TUTS ELRROOK LIMESTONE CREVICE FLOOR-CAVE DE-^P WATFO 2?:'0'^'4o MCMAUONS MIL'. CAVE 48PR 5AT C 8 0 CANAL /IN WOODS ABOVE CLIFFS AT POTOMAC RIVER LIE MANY DE' P ST^JKHOLES 8 2 CAVES 2201247 ANTIETAM CAVE 48PR 5E-ANTIETAM /DEVELOPED IN TO'-i-- TOWN OOLO'iITESLOCAL INTERESTS INSIST CAVE CONNECTS TO QUA" 'Y ?MI TO TH^ m 2^1^i251 FL(>''KS FIS URE URPR bS-KEEDYSV ILI E .8MI /THIS FIS-^URE 0"F^| -ED RY HUR ICANE HA/EL. AFTFR lQ6b IT WAS FILLED ".'/ TRASH RY AUSTIN FLO'K 221<^'2S2 KE'^DYSVU.' F CAVES 4RPR 5W-EAKLES MILLS /IN THE rrokfn L T-i'" -STONE PLATFAU WHICH ALSO CONTAINS SNIVELY CAVFS ARF 6 SMAL' CAVES 220825'' COLUMN CAVF 4RPR 5r l-TRFGO. . RM I /AT RASF-SMAM. Tn'.'c. -TOWN DOLO'-ilTF Q' lAR Y , AMMNDANCF- COI UMr.|S THROMGMO'IT TTc; i Frt.iPTH 2 •082'-'n KrTf DY CAV'"' 48PP 5E-MT. MR I AP , . "M I /E-' ROUNDTOP /AI1ANDONED LIME- STONE MINES. S-.1 ALL CAVES ALONG R'' CUTS.CHO CANAL AT ROUND TO". 8 -MIN CAVES 22052-0 ROUND TOP SUM'-'IT CAVF 48PR SE-ORCHARD RD /THICK BED' iED. Ki.|0". RY HLACK LIMFSTONE-KEYS; -^ FORMATION LARGE CAVF.WEIJ. DEVELOPED CAVE CORAL 22052-7 ROUI-ID TOr^ NO 2 CAVE 4RPR 5SW-HANC0CK. 3. 2MI /PAS'. AGE TREfJDS ME FOR 60FT.1-5FT IN HEIGHT;A FLOOR OF LOOSE ROCK.NO FORMATIONS PRESFMT 22052 8 HEP'VIRM CAVE 48PR 5N-HAMC0CK. IMI /FORMED T'l TONOLO- ,..AY LIMFSTOUf^ MFAR STP AT A-'.' I LI S CK SHALE. CAVE SUO'/S MO SDEL-'OTUEM GRO'VT^- 22072 <-' BUSHFrS CAVER'I 48PR ] 5N' :W-SM ITHRMR G. 1 . 7MI/ BNSUE YS CAVF IS OLDEST KNor; cave IN •-^OJFORMEn PJ BLACK DOLOMITE ! S ALTPFTE" '-ITNEO TIL 1"'4 2223--.~n SCHETRO-v::>'i CAVE 4RPR 5N-WILS0N 2MI /CAVf CONSIST-^-;' LEVr:LSICHA'-ii-E-'SRURG LI'^'ESTOME 8 MARTIMSRMRG SHALE "REDOMI'lATr IN REGION 2''132^^l '.'/TLSON rA;E 4RPR 5N-WTIS0N /DFVl LOnrD IN rur- (riFtiC,ni)l.>Q L r-'FSTO'lF f 2 ROOMS. AT N END-S'^AMF" r^O''" TME"F IS A VFR"^ DE'^P ••iEL 22.-'3232 FAIRVIF'/ CAVFS 4RPR 'jNMF-WILSON /LADGFST tavf hFV- ELOPED IN rMAMHERSRMRG L IMESTONE ) lOFT HTGM.5PT WIDF 221 "23 CRYSTAL GROTTOES 4RPR bWSW-BOONSRORO. . 5'^I /OMF-LARGEST CA'/rS IN STATEiONLY COMMERCIAL CAVE IN MD SINCE 1 'i22. ARi IMDA'ICE-C AVI FORMAT lot]-", 221323't EBY CAVE 4RPR 5SE-CHARLT0N 1.2MI /THOEF ry WIDE HOI r IN THE COR'IER-A MEADOW. MOST-CAVE BLOCKED BY CLAY FIL!.. 54 Washington County con't 2'^.-'0yi-> DAM nou cAv^ ^f\po b'jS-nowrisviL' f»'4MI /iooft arovf r^o CANAL Fl.Or'W COVFP>:n MY SHALI OW SLOW FLOWING STl^FAM 2201P36 SNYOFi^S LAtlDI'lG CAVFS UHPR lOW-SHAOPSR' IPG» 2''U /TWO TAVFS S SQmf ROCK SHELTERS OCCtiR IN CLIFFS ALO^gG THE doTOMaC RIVF^ •j-SHARPSRi iop 2215237 ANKENEY cave URPR . 5SSW-BT6 SP^ INf;» 2'-'T /TN A RDrKY FSCAPo WENT ON W SIDE-' THE NECK' HAS 2 ROOMSfSOME SPELEOTHFvs 2215238 NECK CAVE " '*flPR 5S-F0IIR LOCKS. 2"-^T /C •^VF-TF^TO^I Tf ORIGIN REPRESENTING THE PARTING BETWEEN 2 REDS»NO SOL'iTIONAL FEAT. PES 221323° PINESRURG CAVE 48PR 5SW-P INESRURG /rJEAR TOP-CLIF" ALONG C«0 CANAL JPO'.VOFRY STALACTITES FL0''JST0NF QFCORATFrDOY CLAY c-| O'lR 220t2'<0 TWO LOCKS CAVES USPR bSE-BIG SPRING /SEVFRAL S''AIJ_ CAVES S SOLUTION HOLES OEVELOPED IN THE BLUFFS ALONG C«0 CANAL S-T-'O LOri^s 22112tl DARGAN OUAR-,Y CAVES itRPR 5S-DARGAN» 1 Ml /REpORTEO TO BF AN OLD MANGANESE mINEJ'MTHIN MINE ARE 2 SMALL NATURAL CAVE PAS'".AGES 2220242 ART^ CAVE t8PR 5SW-00WNSVILI-F* 2*^1 /FLOWSTONE « OTHER SPELEOTHEMS T0TAL-15nFT-PASSAGE WAS FORMED IN BFCKMANTOVN LIMESTONE 222021+3 CAVE-IN-THF-FIELO '♦RPR bWSW-DOWNSVILLE IMI /QEVFLOPEO IN STONE RIVER LIMESTONE CAVE IS HYDROLOGIC ALLY RELATED TO MC'-'AHONS MILL CAVE 22132'4't DFLLINGERS CAVE URPR bS-P INESHURG. IMI /FLO'-JSTONF COVERS BROKEN LIMESTONE COVERING FLOOR-CAVE» OR <» FEW FORMATIONS ARE LEFT PITACT 2220245 HOWFLi CAVES i+HPR bS-CEOAR GROVE /LARGE RO M W/ man CLAY PITS.SPEL' OTHEMSISEV' RAL OPENINGSf SOL' IT lONAL POCKETS IN LIMFSOU^ HANK 22061R'. SOUTH '-IT RATILEFIFLD URDR UQHSE-MOONSilORO. ?. bM I /MAT I LEr 'VHIC I /AS A SOUTHERN VICTORY, TO. K PLACE ON SEPTEMRI--R 14,lHf)2 220510" WO OMONT GEOLOGIC SECT URPR MOSW-HArjCOCKr HMT /EXPOS' IRE-nrvONT At I FOSSIL-BEARING FORMATIONS. hfLOERSRURG L T MESTONE' JI"' I ' T IGS SHAI.F 22050ft" SIDELING HILL WILDLIFE Ab6ST 1 H37WASHT- ALLEGANY ROR /N PART 0' ITST AtlOI' IP CANDIDATE FOR WILDLANDS DES IGNAT ION ; EXTFNS IVE HABITAT POR V AR lETY-SPEC I F^ 2>0b?il DAM ^I0.6 MINE URPR bESE*-PEARRE IMT /FOUND I'-l ORJS'^'i'lY SANDSTONE. FOSSIL MRACHIOPODS CAN BF SEFN ON WALLS IN tmp NATURAL SECTION 221U2.'--' SHOCKEYS CAVE UHPR bE-PEN MAR .IMI /CAVE NOT LARGER THAN AN A SINGLE ROOMIFOUND IN VEVERTON QUARTZITF 2?lfl2?3 JUGTO.vN CAVE URPR bSW-PONDSV ILLE IMI /ONE Oi^ ;/ASH C'l LAR -GER CAVFSfOVE'i ftOO FT. OF LOW STREAM PASSAGE. STEi^'PLY SLOt'ING 221327] PINESMUPG LImESTO'IF UHQP 36"FM. C« 0 CAN.U-RT 'SR/SCFNTC AS FCOLOGIC — L VALUE. LIMESTONE OF SOME COM-ERCTAI. VALUFJRTCH VARTETY OF f-IORA K F',UI|.' 221520'.' RCVCL'.S CAVE URPR bNE-PFCTONV ILl F. . 7-'T/CL AY prfdOMTNATES AT CREST OF AriTICLINE.MA/E OF INTFRIACTNG PAS", AGES. ONL i" 1 "0 M OC ANY SI/"^ 2?0fl2in HOG'-'AW CAVE 4BPR b F-MT . BR I AR- . 5MT . /INTFOr STING fi xmtr -ICATt CAVE. WATER AnNNDANT ; ENTRANCE ON SF FACE OF S IN'' f ■ INVE^TFMR ATES FOUU 2215207 LICING CREKK CAVE URPR 5 W-IND. SPR INGS P'-U /SIX OPFUT 'GS TN Hr LOE'^lfG LI'-TSTOME.NAR OW FIS'.URE CRAWL'.MYS FROM CLIF" -ACF NOUF OVER 2nFT 2'>02P0R fJATURAL WEL'. MRP 5 P-W ILl. I AMSPORT-3'v'I/pO»mfo IN STO^!ES ° RIVER LIMESTONE/SERVES AS A WELI FOR ADJACFMT FARMHOUSE 220120b CANAL CAVE URPR bW-MIL! ERS SAWML I'^T/CAVE OUARIED EARLY IflOM'SfSOME OF ITS LIMESTONE USED IN WASHINGTOU MONU'-"^NT COMST^'UCT ION 2?lb20f. DARftY CAVE URPR SNE-peCTONVLLE 1 . 6'''I/0ERR IS BLOCKS ALL CRAWLWAYSiBATi'LF RUN CK FLOWS ALONGSinF AND FORMS A DE' '^ "OH. AT THE END 2J'lft203 PItir HIL' CAVFS URPR br-ROXnUR Y- . 3 MI /lU A MFAOO" F.OF " RFATtirOS STATIONS. FXPLORFD 1"20.SrALfn 1 I ANGULAR 10 I'Y ^ PT i.MA'-'rr, ,.r, v ?>lh?ni MT. AFT'IA CAVE URPR bSK OF MT. AF1NA /DTSCOVrvi " '> l'-^' ^ "' -M--( nr lAI.' Y Of'FMFD 1''32. OUTSTANOTUG FOR nFNSITY « DIVFRSTTY OF .-0"MAT 10' ;" 2?lft?02 MT.Af.rrjA OUAR-Y CAVE URPR bNE-MFAVFR CK.-.7MI / ,.hT T r . '/ARMLF-L T''F MA1E«IAL POUND ALONG 2bFT. l.ENGTHI TOMSTO •/»! LI'^FSTONF O'lAR Y on uouTF >,• ?;-01)0J AflTtfTAM llAT-LEFTFLn blFF 7RUW-M0"NSI)0R0-r, MI /HISTO"'C STTF or CIVTL WA<» MATILrrMATTLCPIf r» TODAY IS A fJAIIONAL HISfORK RATIIFFrrLD <"/:■>« S'.'lhiO? UFAVf** r»ri i< SPRING 03ST 2SF -MAGI RSI OWI f-^M T /LAPGFST SP'JING IN WASHIHGTO'I rOUMtyiPLO.V RAMGf VFRY MU,U»OUr OF STAIFS '-'OST tOUMIDAlM.r ' ' 2:23101 COrioCMFAOiir CRF! K VAI I I YU'iPR 17ST 140CEAN CITY BoiOGF /N SIPF-ACCFS'; TO IJP-^EH OCEAN CITY BRIDGE GRASSES. MARSHLAND. PE' D AREA FOP -aLnLTPF 2403721 BIG CYPRES- SWAMP 55PR 218NW WORCESTER CN /mooOSP? REC'-' PRO- TECTIVE 70MING(REL.I ABLE. ACCESSIBLE PLACE TO FIND SWAIMSOU'S WARBLE" 2410105 SINEPUXEMT. CHINCOTEAGUE 1 7PR 2004AT SINFPUXENT BAY /maRSHE^ RORnFRTMG THE SINEPUXENT AND CHINCOTEAGUE BAYS' MD ONLY COASTAL WETLANDS 2403105 SINEPUXENT. CHINCOTFAGUE 17PR 1260SAME AS 2410105 /CLEAN WATER. OPODUC -TIVE MARSH. UNIQUE HAM OCKS LUSH ST ANDS-PINE' HOLLY. SWEATR AY. S ANDY BEACHES ?40'il05 SINEPUXEMT. CHINCOTEAGUE 1 7PR 1568SAME AS 2410105 /PEST T'lG. n°E "DIM'; PLACE C'OP MANY SP-«/ATKRFOWL. OSPREY AND BALD EAGLE. ABUMOAMCE-SOMGRTRDS 2402105 SINEPUXENT. CHINCOTr AGUE 1 7PR ?57«SAME AS 2410105 /WATER CONTADS A GREAT VARIFTY-FINCISH W/ COMMERC I Al. RECREAT lONAL FISHING CLAM' TNG. C= AH ING 240810'. SINEPUXENT. CHKICOTFAGUF 1 7PR 34bSAME AS 2410105 /SALT MARSHES ViL- UAMLE (IRE: OING. NURSING GROUNOS FOR FISh;F00D "^OR BI^DS. ma •'■ ALS 240«?.'3 MIL'S ISLAND 66PR 710N-MD»VA HOP 2MT /ISLAND TOUT ; EXTENSIVE SALT MARSHES I OSPREY. HERON BLACK nuc^S. MALLARDS. FISH. CLAMS. FTC. 2402437 "ORINS MARSH 66PR 40S-HANDYS HAM"0CK. 4M/L AUGHTNG ""UL' S 'J FORESTERS TERN ARE FOUND HERE THE LARGEST COLONY 01^ EASTERN SHORT ?402'^27 CASTLE HTL". MATUOAL AREAb5ST 20. 8E-HT1 1 J. SW RT12 /MiXTIi""^-!" " ' T H MEADOW.A SCENIC fJREAK IM HWY. NEST ING. FETDING PL ACF- AN IMALS « KT'D'; 2403228 HASTIfJGS TRACT 5tST 12N-RT50.W « E -RT1]3/TW0 \/F'5Y-<.'-- i^ AREAS»MATIiRe PORJiSTS. SCENIC RESPITE* HABITAT LOCATION. AUD ROFFFW /oi ■ 57 l/brcester County con't 2410101 ASSATEAGUE ISLAND 66 J 93105W AT CO OC TO VA /GEN-' JNDEV. » R ICH FOR WDLFISUPERR REACHES» DUNES' FST» WTLD (RARE WDLFJFLWY FOR MIGRATORY RIRDS 2«t07102 NASSAWANGO CREFK FURNACE50QP 13.5 SW SNOW HILL /REMAINS OF FURNACE OPERATED 1832-lR'+7f SURROUNDED TODAY BY LOBLOLLY PINE FOREST 2t0.8103 OAK & SASSAFRAS HAMM0CKS5b5T 10002 MI E-STOCKTON /OIITSTANDING HABITAT (SALT MARSHES S PONDS ;2MI FRONTAGE ON CHINCOTEAGUE BAY 2408007 GEORGE ISLAND LANDING 55PR 1+86SE-ST0CKT0N 2. SMI /SCENIC' UNUSUALLY RICH IN PLANT H ANIMAL LIFE) M0R0SP2 RECM. PURCHASE BY STATE 2408008 ERNEST A VAUGHN WMA 60ST 640SE-GIRnLETREE 1 . 5MI/EXCELLFNT HARITAT FOR WDLF FETD AR FOR MIG WTFWL* ONLY PROTECTFO AR ON W SHR CHINCOTF AGi IE RAY 2410443 ISLE OF WIGHT 66PR 900NP OFST. MRT. NK. W OC/UNIQUE W/FST WTLD WTFWL FEED NEST. » MOST DESIRABLE BUFFER BETW HGH DEN. OEV-OCE&N P/WEST OC 2402316 ALNU5 MARITIMA 63PR 5P0C.RI.WSHD W SN. HL/VERY" RARE PLANT WHICH IS FOUND ONLY IN DELAWARE' MARYLAND' fi OAKLAHOMA IS FOUWO HERE 2410440 SINEPUT BAY 8 CHNL ISL 66PR lOOSCAT. IN SINPXT BAY /ISLANDS ARE NEST. SITES FOR COMMON TERM' LEAST TERN' GULL BILLED TERN' SANDWICH TERM' ROYAL TERN 2403442 NEWPORT FRMS « JENK.PND 56PR 320 N NEWP BY'2 S GRM/LGR.FRM & ARTIFIC- IAL POND ATTRACTS EXCELLENT WATERFOWL. HAWKS' DOVES' OWLS' ETC. ARE FOUND HERE 2410317 SCHWALHEA AMERICANA 63PR SIN W OCEAN CITY /VERY RARE AND ENDA NGERED PLANT ACCORDING TO SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SURVEY 2402219 NA5 CK PREH IND VIL SITE IPR 3 NW OF SNOW HILL / SITE INC. BURIALS DATING BACK TO TIME OF CHR 1ST ! V AR lOUS ANCIENT ARTIFACTS 2402-'31 COM-.:ON TEAL 62PR 5C0ASTAL A.WORCST CN/RARF WINTER VTSTT OR IN COASTAL PART OF COUNTY 2410439 ISL.OFc- ASSAT.WEST C0AST66PR lOOCHIN BY W CO. ASSAT /VALUABLE WILDLIPF HABITAT.-BEST H ONLY KNOWN NEST AR.IN STATE FOR LAUGHING GULLS' SKIM 'ERS' ETC 240178S HICKORY PT CYPRESS SWAMP19PR 3270E RK.P0C.R1.2 SW UV/CYPRS"^ TRE^S.CROS S VINES' EXCEL' ENT AREA TO STUDY RUTTERFIES' HFRPETOLOGIC AL SPFCIES S BIRDS 242^784 POCOMOKE RIVER S'iAMP 46PS 5350S-SW OF MD -DEL. BDR/V ALU ABLE NATiJRAL- ASSET IN MDSSCENIC RIVER IS DEEPEST RIVER FOR ITS WIDTH IN THE WORLD 2405784 POCOMOKE RIVER SWAMP 46PS 512SAME AS 2402784 /SAKE AS 2402784 8 ONE OF MOST EXTENSIVE SWAMPS THIS FAR NORTH IN THE US 2403784 POCOMOKF RIVER SWAMP 46PS 2170SAME AS 2402784 /SAME AS 2402784 MAGNIFICENT STANDS OF BALD CYPRESS' WHITE CEDAR' SWEETB AY ASH 4 OTHERS 2404784 POCOMOKE RIVER SWAMP 46PS 1640SAME AS 2402784 /SAME AS 2402784 « RARE PLANTS SUCH AS DWARF TR ILLIUM' SHOWY LADY SLIPPER J CROSS VINE FOUND 24087H4 POCOMOKE RIVER SWAMP 4ftPS 1290SAME AS 2402784 /SAME AS 2402784 PORTION OF RIVER UNDER CONSIDERATION AS MD WILni.AND 2407784 POCOMOKE RIVER S'VAMP 46PS 32575AME AS 2402784 /SAME AS 2402784 GIVEN A HIGH PRIORITY AS POTENTIAL NATURAL LANDMARK BY DEPT- INTER TOR 2417784 POCOMOKE RIVER SWAMP 46PS' 450SAME AS 2402784 '/SAMF AS 2402784 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DESIGNATED AREA AS IMP IN CHESAPEAKE RAY REGION 2410438 ISL BELOW SOUTH dqjnt b(jPR 2E-HANDYS HAMMOCK 3M/'VELi ISOLATED poqm DEVELOPMENTS ENDANGERED BY EROS ION 5 LARGEST HERON COLONY IN US i8 APPENDIX C PROPOSED WILDLANDS Reference Numbers County Wiidland Proposed in DKR Allegany Green Ridge State Forest Rocky Gap State Park Warriors Mountain Warriors Mountain Dans Mountain Wildlife Management Area Sideling Hill Wildlife Management Area Baltimore Gunpowder State Park Gunpowder State Park Caroline Tuckahoe State Park DSP 8U-2 Acrea^re U7-1 90I-I8U 750 31 902 1,500 89-2 903 600 89-1 90U 900 62 905-703 7,900 9OO-I8U (Allegany) 900-089 (Washington) 18-1 18-3 900-085 901 UO-2 900 (Caroline) 900 (Queen Anne's) 600 Dorchester Taylor's Island Wildlife Management Area Frederick Garrett iioward Cunningham Falls State 7-1 900-702 1,200 Park Cunningham Falls State 7-2 901-702 2,200 Park Cunning jham Falls State Park 7-3 902-702 700 Potomac State ! Forest 50-3 900 500 Potomac State J Forest 50-1 901-008 575 Savage River State Forest 51-18 902-008 2,000 Savage River State Forest 51-19 903-008 900 Sava/^ River State Forest 51-17 9OU-OO8 1,690 Savage River State Forest 51-16 905-008 1,200 Savaf^e River State Forest 51-lU 906-008 80U Savage River State Forest 51-2U 907-008 1 , 600 Sava^ River State l-'orest 51-22 90O-OO8 1,200 Savage River State Forest 51-11 909-008 1,200 Savage River State Forest 51-07 910-008 700 Savage River State Forest 51-27 911-008 950 Savage River State Forest 51-26 912-008 85g I^ava^ River State Forent 51-12 913-008 850 '.'^avau^ Fmed either privately or by the federal or state governments. These lands may be subject to a variety of human activities from landing airplanes to lumbering, fishing, hunting or intense recreational uses. So, while they are not subject to unplanned, market-dominated real estate development, they are also not necessarily preserved in any true sense. In our opinion, these lands should be ana- lyzed in greater depth and ranked according to the ecological criteria set forth in this report. Those found of prime value should then be so designated and action should be taken to change their management status to assure their protection in perpetuity. Such an analysis was not within the scope of this survey, on the grounds that these lands are, at the very least, protected from development and thus not as threatened as the others that formed the bulk of the survey. A number of areas within the region are preserved, in the sense that damaging use or development is largely ruled out. These include seven National Wildlife Refuges plus seventeen other areas, some of them state parks or refuges and others being privately owned (and listed In [jublished reports as natural areas, research natural areas or natural landmarks). None of these protected or preserved areas were actively investi- gated uy us. They were, however, depicted on a 1:250,000 scale map with appropriate coding to show different categories of ownership and -12- raaiiagement . This information Is summarized in Table 2 and explained in the text which follows. It is interesting to note that already protected and preserved land in the region amounts to 7.5% of the entire study area. For a detailed listing of all these areas, consult Appendix E. TABLE 2. PRESENTLY PROTECTED AREAS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY Ownership FEDERAL Number of Sites Acres Hectares 1 Military National Wildlife Refuges' Other 43 266,000 107,500 8 32,400 13,100 20 56,200 22,700 STATE Forests Parks Wildlife Management Areas- Other PRIVATE OR QUASI-PUBLIC 5 20,750 8,380 36 56,760 22,930 30 78,700 31,800 26 80,600 32,570 10,770 4,350 Total 602,200 243,300 The hectare is a unit of area in the metric system. One hectare equals 10,000 square meters or 2.471 acres. There are approximately 258 hectares per square mile. "Includes some land not in the N.W.R. system but administered by the U. S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. Includes some land not in the W.M.A. systems but held with identical management practices. Also includes Virginia Natural Areas. -iJ- Protected Federal Lands Military Lands. The Department of Defense has more public pro- tected land in the Bay region than other Federal agencies. Topographic maps show that much military land is undeveloped forests, marshlands, and shorelines. Nine of the forty-three reservations and installations listed below contain or are directly adjacent to what we later determined to be valuable natural areas: Name Aberdeen Proving Grounds (Army) Fort George G. Meade (Army) Navy Propellant Plant Cedar Neck Naval Research Lab Fort Belvoir (Army) Dahlgren Weapons Lab (Navy) Fort Eustis Military Reservation Plum Tree Island Bombing Range U. S. Navy Transmitter Station Location Hectares Harford Co. , Md. 13,445 Anne Arundel Co., Md. 5,252 Charles Co. , Md. 889 Charles, Md. 566 Fairfax, Va. 2,707 King George, Va. 1,495 Newport News City, , Va. 2,304 York, Va. 1,212 Nansemond Co. . , Va. 323 28,193 Four reservations enclose more than two-thirds of the total mili- tary acreage in the Bay region with a diversity of land-use potential! Name Aberdeen Proving Grounds (Army) Fort George G. Meade (Army) Quant ico 'larine Corps Schools A. P. Hill Military Reservation Location Hectares Harford Co. , Md. 13,445 Anne Arundel Co., Md. 5,252 Prince William & 25,048 Stafford Go's. , Va. Caroline 28,967 72,712 -14- Pub] Lc hunting and risliiiig is allowed in parts of some areas, such as Quantico and A. P. Hill reservations. The Department of Defense has created directives for the use of land and the services have shown an increasing sensitivity to ecological concerns (as evidenced by the Air Force effort to set ecologically sound management practices at their bases) . National Wildlife Refuges and Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Land. Seven National Wildlife Refuges (N.W.R.) are in some- what remote and naturally well-protected locations in the Bay. An eighth area was designated by both the Society of American Foresters and the Federal Committee on Research Natural Areas as a valuable natural area: the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. These refuges constitute some of the better protected natural areas in the Bay. Name Susquehanna N.W.R. Eastern Neck N.W.R. Blackwater N.W.R. Martin N.W.R. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Mason Neck N.W.R. Presquile N.W.R. Fisherman's Island N.W.R. Location Harford Co. , Md. Kent Co. , Md. Dorchester Co. , Md. Somerset Co. , Md. Anne Arundel & Prince George' s Co. , Md. Fairfax Co. , Va. Chesterfield Northampton Co. , Va. Hectares 1.5 land 4,050 water 923 4,531 1,786 287 580 536 404 13,100 Other Federally-Owned and Administered Open Space. This class of land includes National Parks, a National Forest, and various other Federal areas. The parks range from the 3,810-hectare Colonial National -15- Historical Park of James City, Virginia, to the 35.5-hectare Theodore Roosevelt Island Memorial Park in the Potomac River at Washington, D. C. The fifteen parks have a total of approximately 9,211 hectares. Three of the parks, Theodore Roosevelt Island, the George Washington Memorial Parkway, and Colonial National Historical Park, contain marshland that is considered valuable natural land. Their prime function, however, is for tourists who seek historical and recreational establishments; conservation regulations are limited. The Prince William Forest Park in Prince William County, Virginia is the only National Forest in the region. It covers 7,353 hectares and has moderate recreational use. Other federal lands include the U. S. Department of Agriculture Research Station in Prince George's County which has over 3,878 hectares of land; and the Pamunkey Indian Reservation in King William County, Virginia which includes valuable wetlands and wildlife in its 404 hectares. Protected State and Local Lands State Forests. Five state forests in the Bay region in Maryland total approximately 8,400 hectares. The largest is the new and still growing Pocomoke State Forest in Worcester County. Tt has 5,600 hectares of land along and near the Pocomoke River. The state has designated the Pocomoke a Scenic River, and will .-xpand forests and local parks along its banks. These state forests enjoy good protection with some restrictions on their use, but their numbers are few and none has been -16- established near the Bay in Virginia. The proper officials in each state should be contacted to ascertain state plans for further use and development of the forest systems. State, local and regional parks. The park system in each state administers various historical, recreational and natural lands of several types. This category probably contains the widest variety of land uses. Only in the last five or six years has there been an official recognition of the need to preserve certain sites as Natural Areas rather than as recreation sites or camping grounds. Of the 20,000 hectares of parkland in 36 parks, we recommend that approximate- ly 3,500 hectares within the following seven parks should be maintained in their natural state. More details of the sites recommended are shown on marked topographic maps in the Center for Natural Areas. Name Location Susquehanna State Park Harford Co. , Md. Severn Run Natural Envir. Area Anne Arundel Co. , Md. Wye Oak State Park Talbot Co., Md. Patuxent River State Park Prince George's Co., Md. Shad Landing State Park Worcester Co. , Md. Chippokes Plantation State Park Surry Co. , Va. Seashore State Park Virginia Beach Co. , Va. [ectares 646 640 9 1 ,212 220 404 1 ,050 4,181 Wildlife Management Areas. The State of Maryland has 20,000 hectares of Bay region land in its Wildlife Management System. The Commonweath of Virginia, in both its Wildlife Management-/and Natural- Areas Systems, has 3,393 hectares in the Bay region. These systems include some lands not owned by the states but administered by them •17- under easement agreements. Public hunting is allowed in regulated seasons. In this category are some of the very large prime wetlands of the Eastern Shore of the Bay (some 14,000 hectares on the shore of four counties). These areas are more isolated and less used than the majority of the parks: most if not all of them can be considered valuable potential natural areas. Other State, Regional and Local Lands. About 13,770 hectares of land and water have been categorized as undeveloped land. The greater part of this area, 10,630 hectares, consists of state and city reser- voirs. Among the remainder are four tracts containing interesting natural areas : Name Crownsville State Hospital Eastern State Hospital Reservation Salt Ponds and Northend Point Natural Preserve Elko Tract Location Anne Arundel Co. , Md. James City Co., Va. Hampton City, Va. Henrico Co. , Va. Hectares 384 202 303 808 1,697 Private and Quasi-Public Properties. Privately protected lands, conservation easements, and holdings by small conservation-minded groups are not all compiled here. The Chesapeake Bav lands of the NaCure Conservancy and the Smithsonian Institution are plotted on map i. The .Nature Conservancy's lands are well protected natural areas. Two properties which might be considered as preserves because of their prime natural value are: -18- Name - Location Hectares Camp Rodney Scout Reservation Cecil Co. , Md. 414 Belt Woods (The Episcopal Church) Prince George's Co., Md. 16 430 Belt Woods has been nominated by the Center to receive Registered Natural Landmark status from the National Park Service because of its unique stand of mature hardwoods and large bird population. Preserved Natural Areas The designation of preserved natural areas is difficult when deal- ing with state-owned lands since there are different types of preserva- tion and protection. State and federal forests preserve flora and fauna but are subject to cutting, management and "multiple use." State and federal parks have much human use and are subject to management and partial development for recreation. The status of state and Federal wildlife management areas and refuges also varies inasmuch as they pre- serve wildlife and flora but are subject to changing management policies. There are 17 sites which may be considered as designated natural areas, but this list should be considered as very tentative since some of the areas may not qualify as fully preserved natural areas. The Nature Conservancy sites, the Natural Landmark areas, and the Smithsonian Institution areas can be considered as preserved natural areas. The State of Virginia has designated three natural areas — Charles C. Steirly Natural Area, Parkers Marsh Natural Area, and Seashore Natural Area and these are fully preserved. The latter is also a state park with some tourist facilities and use. -19- o. -a o o u ^ -r-l O ^ O iJ —I 3 e o 01 00 <4-( (U > rH 0) tn m > '^ CO •a 01 U 0) c C -H •H PL, 00 1-1 <^ •- Vj T3 (11 O 6 O T3 u c (0 o CO en 0) o en nH 01 0) 0) a u a a. H to > OJ -H V-i Pi o T3 /^ cn to o e O C P-. hJ 0) S-i 3 j-i to s: ^ CO c 0) •H M CiO O U Uj to • - 0) O O < c/2 c 0) (0 m •H CO .-H 4-1 TJ CO iH 0) -H O ■- Ij T3 to o e o -a cj c CO c to cn 0) cn u (P o C li. D ^ fa to •r-( cn 00 0) u u •H o > s^ C -H cn rH PL( 0) 00 1-1 u o H fa T3 O O o o a T3 0) >^ > .-I >-l ■U tU V-1 cn to 0) |i( CM e to CO U tn to 01 XI i-) 0) CL u >^ C_) cn ^ OJ x: iJ cn cn vj 0) CO ^1 ?; o fa < H <: Q > M -J 0) 1-1 >-l 0) d tn 4-) c CO o :.i: u CO ■H C •H Ml 1-1 4-1 ^ O 1-1 CO CO • 4-1 T3 CO S^ CO x; (X a o V-i O D CO JS H U a. 14-1 CO O -H c 0) -H 4-1 00 CO 1-1 4-1 -H to > I tH •H XI CO 3 to Pm 3 tu 4-1 e CO O 4-) U Xl • CO XI o S Pi 4-) <-a 4-1 fa 0) 1^1 3 fa I •H tn CO -a 3 CD* to 1) /-•^ Vj cn < aj 1-1 Uj (0 O 4-1 u — ■ CO o T3 S 0) > t-i : IV § X e to to (/) tn % X) CJ (0 to u to 1-1 H G to u o u 1-1 o <_) 1-1 OJ 4-J c 01 tj >. to pq 0) .-■<; to u o. to (/) 0) . -C XI u r: to tn •r^ OJ C •-! O X) in 3 JZ 4J 0) 00 3 t4-l 0) Pi 01 1-1 u ■H 3 to X o fa c to >. 1-1 a. B o u CO o o o S to to M OJ > oc: 0) o B o u o fa to 0) x: to o u X) d to c o tn V-i OJ CM IM 0) >-) U n) -I D. o fa o H -20- li. DEFCNING THP: NATURAL AREAS To a slum-dweller a natural area could be a quarter-acre park; to an accomplished hiker, the term might not be served by anything less than a 1,000 square-mile primeval wilderness. As varied as the definitions of 'natural area' are the uses to which humans put such areas. For the purposes of this survey, a rather stringent definition was assumed, for the task was to identify natural areas with demonstrable, intrinsic ecological value. Under such stringent definition, as we were well aware, many valuable features of the landscape are omitted from consideration. No definition of an ecosystem can escape the fact that an ecosystem is not a self-contained unit with definable limits. Plant life, for example, depends on a host of features — geological, climatic and so forth. And geologists may well find their most valued areas given short shrift in this survey. Archeologists and historians, as well as recreation planners, certainly will. The definition of a natural area to be judged in this survey is: an area of land or water where natural ecosvstem processes operate relatively undisturbed and where natural biological communities, their interactions, structures and functions can be studied. This is somewhat more restrictive a definition than that used by the "Catalog of Natural Areas in Maryland" published by that state's planning department. It is more precise, though not necessarily more to the point, than another definition of natural areas: "That which is His, not ours." -21- Altogether, using the ecological criteria outlined in this section, the survey identified 232 sites to be considered natural areas — a total potential land area of 138,319 hectares, or 4.2% of the entire study area. The major types of natural areas of the Bay region are as follows : a. Primeval Area. Areas which preserve examples of signifi- cant species of plants and animals. These wilderness areas should remain natural and unchanged by direct human influences, except in cases of successional communities which may require management to maintain them. They may have limited monitoring as remote "primitive"or "benchmark" areas. b. Gene Pool Preserve. Special preserves for rare and endangered species of plants and animals requiring complete protection and, often, surrounding buffer zones. c. Research Natural Area. Ecological research areas where natural processes are allowed to predominate and which are preserved primarily for research. Human use and collection is limited and non-destructive. They can also be used as "benchmark," "baseline," or "check" areas for monitoring environmental change. d. Manipulative Research Area. Areas where research mav modify an area to understand its function and permit better ecological prediction and management. e. Educational Natural Area. Areas used to teach students and the public, and which may be used for minor research projects. Some development of human facilities and trails or access routes are usually needed. -22- The management of such natural areas would, as implied above, varv with Che type, use and value of the area in question. The uses and values are several, and include: Esthetic enjoyment. There is ultimately an esthetic value that urges the preservation of the best examples of the various types of plant and animal communities. Beyond that, one can say without being didactic that preserving such examples can only improve the national conscience and thus help prevent the mindless destruction of this part of our national heritage for future generations. Baseline and long-term monitoring of environmental quality. Natural areas allow collection of essential baseline monitoring data to study trends and changes in populations, levels of pollutants and the effects of man's disturbance. Study of the structure and function of natural ecosystems. Rational decisions on development and management of our environ- ment depend on theoretical understanding of the natural environ- ment. Integrated systems analysis and development of ecological models require detailed studies of natural areas to develop a predictive ecological capability. Preservation of germ plasm reservoirs, gene pools, and endangered species. Natural areas preserve the genetic stock of organisms needed by man for new or improved strains of economic and survival value to society in agriculture, horticulture, silviculture, mariculture, medicine and other areas. Rapid -23- development and change of the world requires use of new strains of species with different adaptations. Threatened endangered species and natural communities once lost are gone forevermore. Educational and training value. Natural areas are outdoor laboratories for complex research investigation as well as living museums where students and the public can observe nature first- hand. In some natural areas, manipulation of the environment is studied to show the impact of man's technology. Contribution to environmental quality. Natural areas may act as ecological buffers to modulate the environment, helping in flood control, aquifer recharge and breeding areas for hunting, sport, and commercially important organisms. Natural areas maintain an environment which supports diversity and variety of individual choices. When faced with the urgent need to make choices, one must choose with a combination of whatever scientific information and experiential judgment is available and thus decide what are the salient features to emphasize. The word 'value' has been used often in this report and it will be used many times again. The values of the Center for Natural Areas are, at the very least. Implicit in what follows. There is an enormous amount of accumulated information about the Chesapeake Bay Region — in scientific and popular literature, from unpublished sources such as knowledgeable biologists and conservatlonlsta, and from the biological collections of various -24- museums. It Is altogether likely that some of this information is outdated, given the rapid rate of habitat modification taking place in the region, and ideally all this information should be rechecked, especially in the case of data about wetlands, coastal areas and islands. At the same time, from the standpoint of making an ecological survey, there are great gaps in our knowledge. It is not always known, for example, what the correlation is between plant communi- ties of various sorts and the niches of some animals, especially migratory ones. Nor is it always kno^^m what the tolerances of various plants and animals are to various changes in environmental quality. Faced with such gaps, the Center for Natural Areas was forced to rely on several traditional sets of parameters in classi- fying and ranking the natural areas of this vast region. Important Biotic Communities No natural ecosystem, even a simplified version such as a plant community, is discreet. All are bounded by gradients (ecotones) where the species characteristic of one habitat are gradually replaced by those of another. At its upper edge a salt marsh merges into a freshwater marsh which in turn passes without break into the forest on its edge. Only men make maps with lines on them, but such map lines— and categories — are necessary. The Chesapeake Bay region is rich in the categories of biotic -25- communities and, as dlstincLive communities, each type takes on an ecological value based on abundance, diversity, productivity, and other factors described later. What follows is a brief taxonomy of the region's key ecosystems. The typical plants present in each ecosystem are mentioned, along with associated animals. Appendix B gives a more complete description of each ecosystem type, with more varieties of plants and animals, including the scientific nomenclature. Salt '-larsh or Brackish Tidal Marsh. This type of biotic community is flooded periodically, the period depending on the elevation of the marsh. The classic low marsh, flooded twice daily, is characterized by the ecologically important salt-marsh cordgrass, v/hlch serves as a base for many complex foodchains. The frequency of low marsh increases from north south in the Bay, particularly on the eastern shore. The flushing action of the tides is essential to the low marsh community, bringing in both fishes and nutrients and flushing out wastes. Tidal creeks meander through the salt marsh, rich in silt and organic debris from inland runoff, which provide additional nutrient supplv. High salt marsh is flooded only irregularly ,* and is composed of associations of grasses, rushes and sedges such as salt grass, saltmeadow cordgrass, black needlerush, glass'vort, etc. Typical animals of both low and high salt marshes include: horseshoe, fiddler and marsh crabs; several species of snails, mussels and , snakes; mallard, pintail and black ducks; sparrows, hawks and -26- herons; opposum, shrews, voles, rats, raccoons, and many other animals. Freshwater Marsh. \:fhile freshwater marshes are more abundant toward the head of the Bay where the water is virtually fresh, they are also found upstream in almost every tributary stream in the Bay. A great diversity of plants is distributed in these marshes in response to variations in depth of water and salinity. The most important representative species include three-square, cattail, wild rice, common reed, and arrowhead. Also often occurring are varieties of rushes, sedges, and alder. Corresponding with the high diversity of plant life, there is also a high diversity of animal life, including: salamanders, toads, many varieties of frogs, turtles, and snakes; herons, mallards, bald eagles, hawks and osprey; moles, beaver, muskrat and fox. Bogs. Rather limited in size and distribution, bogs differ significantly from swamps and marshes. Bogs are so acid that biomass accumulates in their basins in the form of peat rather than decomposing and being recycled in the system as is more often the case in marshes and swamps. Bogs have a cushion-like surface layer of vegetation dominated by mosses. Also found is » buckbean, cotton grass, numerous sedges, cranberry, and bog rosemary. A variety of unusual plants are found in bogs, including pitcher plant, baldderworts, orchids, sundews, and highbu'^h blueberry. It is not unusual to find certain pine, maple and gum trees in and around bogs. The animal species of -27- bogs would generally be those of che surrounding ecosystems, such as quail, turkey, woodcock and warbler. One rare species found here would be the bog turtle. Ponds. Both fresh- and saltwater ponds occur in the region. Salt ponds contain many of the species found in shallow marine habitats, but ditch grass is most characteristic. Freshwater ponds have a wide range of species: submerged aquatics such as tape grass, water milfoil, and bladderwort, and emergent species including arrowhead and pickerel weed. Cypress-Gum Swamp Fores r. The distribution of the Cypress- Gum Swamp Forest reaches its northern limits in the Chesapeake Bay region, where some of the species typical of the Bottomland Hardwood Forest give way in deeper water to the dominance of the baldcypress and the water tupelo. Typical animals include such birds as the double crested cormorant, the common egret, black crowned night heron, red shouldered hawk, barred owl, and pileated woodpecker. Such mammals as the gray fox, raccoon, mink, river otter, and even the black bear, bobcat and white-tailed deer also appear. Bottomland Hardwood Forest. This community type is one of the most diverse terrestrial plant communities in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. It occupies the floodplalns of the major rivers, and is often flooded in winter and spring with either lower water levels or no standing water in summer and fall. Phe vegetation Is mostly trees ^th some shrubs and vines. The hardwoods in swamp -28- forests are black gum, red maple, tupelo, swamp poplar, various oaks, sweet gum, and sweet bay. The more mature bottomland forests may have beech, oaks and elms. In the smaller floodplains of the northern sections of the Bay, the dominant species are: beech, river birch, sycamore, box elder, and silver maple. Animal species are also quite abundant in bottomland forests, due to the presence of a large supply of foods. Typical animals include: salamanders, toads, frogs, turtles, snakes, ducks, hawk, turkey, woodcock, woodpeckers, warblers, and cardinals. The list of mammals occurring here is much the same as those of the cypress- gum swamp forest, and should also include the opossum, eastern cottontail, squirrels, and beaver. Pine Flatwoods. Loblolly and pitch pine dominate the coastal flatwoods, with loblolly pine particularly important in Virginia and pitch pine dominant in Maryland. The pine flatwoods are generally rather open with an incomplete canopy, and often have a diverse shrub and herb zone. These forests may be successional, and thus will eventually be naturally replaced by an upland hard- wood forest. Some frequently found animals are the pine woods tree frog, fence lizard, cornsnake, hawks, quail, several woodpecker varieties, the pine warbler, pine woods sparrow, meadowlark, towhee, and pine mouse. Upland Hardwood Forest. This is the climax forest of the upland parts of the region, and is dominated by various species of oak. Other mixed hardwoods including blackgum, hickories. -29- beech, sweetgum, magnolia and dogwood, are found in the uplands. Animals of the upland hardwood forest range from several species of salamander, skink and snake to the long-tailed weasel and the striped skunk. Birds typically found include hawks, owls, and woodpeckers, the ruby throated hummingbird, flycatchers, crows, jays, warblers, and vireos. Mammals commonly occurring are shrews, voles, mice, chipmunks, squirrels, raccoon, and deer. Old Field Community. This is a very common community type which develops on abandoned lands, particularly agricultural lands. Many species of grasses, wildf lowers, weeds, vines and briars are among the first to invade old fields. Next to arrive are plants like broorasedge, which can completely dominate the community within a few years. Not long after, sweetgum and pines begin to grov/, and the old field can progress into a pine forest or eventually a hardwood forest. Common animal species found during the early stages of old field succession are savanna-, grasshopper- and field sparrows, and snakes and hawks which feed on the shrews, moles, voles, and mice which are so prevalent. Dune Communities. Maritime Shrub Thickets, and Maritime Forests occur in the Chesapeake Bay region, but mostly on the Atlantic side of the DelMarVa peninsula and they are therefore not included in this study. -30- Rare and Endangered Animals Many of our plant and animal species are being destroyed by man's developmental activities, by overgrazing, fire, introduced exotic species and diseases, and particularly destruction of habitats. Some of these species are of national significance, some are important as gene pools for food and fiber producers, as pharmaceuticals, or are of unknown potential use to humans. For many species, preservation of critical habitats as natural areas is sufficient to preserve the species from extinction. Other species require special laws to prevent hunting, picking or collecting. At present, the species of endangered vertebrate animals are fairly well known. The enormous numbers of invertebrate animal species are less known and many have not even been described to science and have completely unknown status. (Certain species of endangered molluscs, butterflies, and a few other groups of inverte- brates are presently fairly well known.) Most preservation efforts for endangered animal species are limited to the relatively small number of the larger and more obvious and interesting species. People tend to identify with vertebrates more than with invertebrates; they even choose them as symbols. In the Chesapeake Bay region there are at least four species of vertebrate animals that are rare or endangered. This includes the southern bald eagle, the DelMarVa fox squirrel, the Maryland darter and the bog turtle. They are discussed below along with the osprey which is rapidly declining, but not yet in the endangered category. -31- The southern bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus) was once verv abundant in the Chesapeake Bay region. In 1936 there were over 250 active nests throughout the Delaware, Virginia and Maryland areas. Today, around 90 nests, not all active in any given year, can be found in the same area. Not only have the number of nesting eagles declined but there has been a shift from the upper parts of rivers and the northern part of the Bay to the estuarine segments of the rivers and the southern bay. Despite pesticide-induced shell thinning (recorded for a number of birds of prey including fish predators such as the cormorant and bro^-m pelican), the major cause of eagle mortality continues to be shooting, pollution of feeding areas, and loss of habitat to various forms of development). Even though the eagle population has declined by at least 60% in the last 10 years, the Chesapeake Bay region is the most productive area north of Florida for southern subspecies of bald eagle. The prognosis is not good, however, since the reproductive rate, 5-35%, is considerably below that necessary for a stable population. The DelMarVa fox squirrel, also known as the Bryant fox squirrel (Sciurus niger cinereus) , is a subspecies of the more widespread eastern fox squirrel. Never very abundant or widespread in its range, Che Del'-larVa fox squirrel is confined today to four eastern shore counties in Maryland: Kent, Queen Anne, Talbot, and Dorchester. The population apparently lies somewhere between 500 and 1500 Individuals. Although protected in Maryland since 1971, this species Is easily confused with the more abundant eastern gray squirrel Sciurus -32- caro linens is and many are probably killed during the hunting season. Continued reduction of habitat by real estate developments and cutting of the old-aged, mixed pine-hardwood stands which are the prime habitat, have doubtless contributed to population decline as well. The Maryland darter (Etheostoma sellare) is a small and rather nondescript fish found in only two streams, Deer Creek and the east branch of Swan Creek, both tributaries of the Susquehanna in Harford County, Maryland. While the population size is unknown, it is assumed because of the very limited habitat to be rather small. Since the species appears to be endemic at the periphery of the range of its closest relatives, it has not been abundant for rather a long time. The bog turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergi) as its name suggests, is limited to wetland areas in the northeast and the southern Appala- chians. Because of its rather secretive behavior its numbers are difficult to determine. Its decline can be inferred both from the destruction of its rather limited habitat and the high value placed on it by pet shops because of its scarcity. It has been protected in Maryland, the only state in the Bay region where it occurs, since 1972. The osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is not an endangered species, but populations are declining in many places along the east coast — an example of a rare, declining, or depleted species. Annual production to guarantee replacement for a stable population has been estimated at between 0.95 and 1.30 young fledged per breeding female. In only a few parts of the Bay is this figure reached every year. Despite -33- Lhe decline, Lhe Bay region has the highest concentration of nesting osprey in the United States — roughly estimated at 1400 pairs in 1972 and 1100 in 1973. Reasons for the decline, where observed, seem similar to those responsible for the southern bald eagle decline. The abundance and distribution of most invertebrate animal species is in general poorly known except for certain pests or commercially important species. The Washington, D. C. area has been the site of extensive biological study so that many type localities exist where species have been described. For many species, this is the only known information as the species may never have been collected again. It is important to determine the rarity or endangered status of these species with specialized field studies. Two species of rare and endangered Crustacea are known from the Chesapeake Bay region: Hay's Spring scud (Stygonectes hayi) is a blind white crustacean known only from a single spring in Washington, D. C. and threatened by urbanization and groundwater pollution. Once widespread, it is now greatly restricted in habitat and has been extensively looked for in recent years. The Tidewater scud (Stygonectes indentatus) , a unique interstitial crustacean, is limited to several groundwater seeps in Nansemond County, Virginia, and is threatened by groundwater pollution throughout itH range and by suburban sprawl. It is a primitive member of the genus and is believed to live in the ancestral habitat that once was ■34- characteristic of the genus. It has been sought but not found else- where in the tidewater area. Rare and Endangered Plants The rare and endangered plants of the Chesapeake Bay region had never been compiled before this survey and no list existed. Plant distribution and abundance is much less known (except for certain trees) than for vertebrate animals. Many plant records are from old records in herbaria, often with vague locality dat , and the plant species may no longer exist. Major disruption of habitats due to agriculture, lumbering, and introduction of exotic weeds has resulted in enormous changes, driving many species close to extinction. An extensive survey of the literature, consulting with specialists, and examination of herbaria (U. S. National Museum of Natural History, Harvard Gray Herbarium, Clyde Reed Herbarium) resulted in a preliminary list of 23 species of plants which are reported to be rare and endemic. Of these, about 15 species may be considered endangered. The total population of the local and endemic seaside alder (Alnus maritima) occurs in only four counties in the Bay area, but it is not endangered or threatened. -35- Much more field work and collecting is necessary to validate the exact present status of each species of rare and restricted plant. Extensive field work is required to prove whether or not certain plant species have become extinct. Range Phenomena Plant and animal species usually have distinct areas where the major populations occur. But at the edges of the range there may be outliers or disjunct populations which may have developed taxonomic or other differences if they have been isolated for some time. They may include both new endemic or old relict populations of scientific importance and often need protection. At the edges of ranges, species may be rare and require protection. Because of its position halfway up the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Bay region includes many edges of ranges or outlying disjunct populations. Northern Limit. Many species with an essentially southern distribution extend into the Bay region; e.g., longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and water tupelo (Nyssa aguatica) . Northern Outlier. Some southern species have disjunct populations, often just a few individuals, well iiorlli of lIk- contig- uous populations: e.g., bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), v;nter hickory (Carya aguatica), overcup oak (Quercus lyrata) , and live oak (Que re us virglniana) . -•36- Soutliorii Limit. Essen L i .1 1 I y northern species whose southernmost distribution extends into the Bay region: e.g., black ash (Fraxinus nigra) . Southern Outlier. Populations in the Bay region that are disjunct from the southern continuous populations to the north: e.g., balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) . Eastern Outlier. Species whose distribution is primarily midwestern extend eastward as disjunct outliers: e.g. chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) , shumard oak (Quercus shumardi) , and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) . Coastal Plain Outlier. Upland species characteristic of the Appalachians are occasionally found in small colonies deep in the coastal plain over a hundred miles from the nearest upland popula- tion; e.g., white pine (Pinus strobus), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) , and rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) . Regardless of their nature, these populations are of far greater importance than as mere geographical curiosities. Any organisms living on the edge of its range is operating at the limit of its adaptation to Its environment as well, and it may be parti- cularly sensitive to environmental stresses with which it can cope in the center of the range. If we are to understand the ecological amplitude of any species, it must be studied under extreme conditions as well as optimal ones. For this reason, a few acres of scraggly hemlocks on the eastern shore may be worth a hundred acres on the Blue Ridge. These range phenomena have been located as precisely -37- as records allow, and they enter importantly into the natural area selection process. Various species are restricted or endemic to the region and are of particular ecological s Lgnif icance. Most of these endemic species are rare and endangered. Some endemic species such as seaside alder (Alnus maritima) are restricted and local, but not yet in the category of endangered or threatened. If these species are locally exterminated, it will result in the worldwide loss of the species. Seasonal Concentration of Animals l>niile endangered, rare, and uncommon species are critically important and figure strongly in the selection of desirable natural areas, the most striking feature of Bay wildlife is the seasonal concentration of various species. There are three major groups: overwintering species, seasonal breeders, and migratory stopovers. Overwintering Species. Many Bay area residents, hunters or not, eagerly look forward to the October arrival of noisy skeins of geese and ducks followed later by whistling swans. By April, the old-squaw, canvasback, mergansers, Canada geese, and swans have returned to their northern breeding places, but their economic and ecologlc impact is considerable. Unlike the endangered species which tend to stay put, ovcrwi tit cr i ng species frequently move about on tlioir overwintering grounds and have fvon adapted new habits as old food supplies disappear and new ones appear. -38- 'I'he swan, Cy^nus columb Lanu.q, which as recently as a few years ago fed offshore in shallow water while the less wary geese flew inland to feed on stubble fields, have now begun to emulate the habits of geese and can be seen in flocks of several hundred on fields far from open water. This may be due in part to a decrease in the supply of food offshore resulting from increased turbidity and pollution. Nevertheless, it is difficult to anticipate in which bay or river the overwintering species will concentrate from year to year. Setting aside natural areas to accommodate overwintering species is not practical unless the areas are specifically managed for waterfowl, and such management may then interfere with other uses or values of a given area. Even so, unusual concentrations of overwintering waterfowl have been noted and considered as a criterion for natural areas selection. Seasonal Breeders. Various species of animals concentrate in certain areas to reproduce. This is particularly true of many migratory species of birds and fish and for some mammals and amphibia. Birds nesting in certain areas, e.g., heronries and sea bird nesting sites, may result in very high seasonal populations. Spawning fish, especially anadromous species, concentrate in selected areas during reproduction periods. In Chesapeake Bay, striped bass (Morone saxatilis) , herring (Alosa aestivalis) , hickory shad (Alosa mediocris) , white shad and American shad (Alosa sapidissima) ascend freshwater streams to breed, many in -•59- lary;e --iiough quantities to bu of commercial value. The striped bass is of course a highly regarded sport fish as well. The importance of small tributary streams as breeding areas and their attendant marshes as nurseries for the subsequent fry has been considered in assessing natural area value. Wood duck nesting concentrations have been noted (in the study's computer print-out) where information was available. This species, considered endangered 30-40 years ago, has made an astonishing come-back. Tlic wood duck (Aix sponsa) declined as the old trees which had proper nesting cavities were logged off and younger trees cut before reaching proper size. Artificial nesting sites have helped the wood duck to become relatively common again. Since the male is one of the most beautifully marked birds in North American, nesting data was included in the natural areas evaluations. Heronries are present in the Bay region, mostly of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias) but other types of heronries are found too — green heron (Butoridcs virescens) , black-crowned night heron (Nyctocorax nycticorax). and American egret (Casmerodius albus) . At the present about 30 active heronries have been plotted on Map 2, although others probably exist. Migratory stopovers. Cormin areas such as peninsulas and islands are utilized by shorfbi rd.s, birds of prry, .ind passerines passing north or south during migrations. The birds pause to feed and rest for a few days before resuming tlicir migratory flights. -40- Whenever possible, such areas were located and considered in selecting natural areas. Commercial Game and Unusual Animal Populations It is important to provide protected areas for wild game, fish, and shellfish where the populations are protected from over- exploitation. These areas should include breeding areas where populations can build up in sufficient numbers to supply the populations required for commercial or sport hunting and fishing. Game refuges and wildlife management areas are examples of this concept. However, a wider distribution of more areas with different habitats will insure larger and more widespread populations than the relatively few larger wildlife refuges. This is particularly important for certain non-game species. These protected natural areas are necessary for preservation of many fur bearing animals of interest such as otter, beaver, mink, bobcat, bear, fox and other animals which most humans are happy to occasionally observe in the wild and to know that they still exist. These animals plus deer are rarely saen by the average person. The high point of many vacationers is to have observed some of these animals in the wild. Preservation of natural areas assures more abundant populations of these animals. A natural area next to a park or recreation area enhances the park greatly. -41- Clam and oyster beds are quite intimately related to both the bay or estuary where they are located and the nearby marshes which provide the production which the shellfish, in part, harvest. Shellfish are sessile as adults and are quite sensitive to siltation. Some species such as oysters (Crassostrea virginica) lack the siphon that permits clams to be buried by silt. Clams are also dependent on detritus from marshes for food, especially in the younger stages. Adult crabs (Callinectes sapidus) mav feed in turn on smaller detritus feeders. Although crabs are quite mobile and migrate during the winter into deeper v;ater near the mouth of the Bav , their attraction to certain areas in the summer reflects the high productivitv of those areas. These places should be identified wherever possible as well as oyster bars and clam beds. Paleontological Features Fossils, mostly of Miocene age (25,000,000 years before present), are abundant in many exposed Bay front areas: Calvert Cliffs is probably the best known example. The nature of the material (snail shells, shark teeth, whale bones) and its age give glimpses into thf past continuum of environments leading to the present. More than any other geological feature, fossils bring home to the general public the meaning of geological time. Kossil sites were nlven consideration in this survev, but Chey generally included few ecologically valuable features and received low ratings. -42- Strictly geological features and archeological sites v/ere not included in this study. In any expansion or subsequent refine- ment, they should ideally be included. Well-Documented Sites An area that has been the subject of continuing scientific research, is of great value for it is possible to use the back- ground of data to help predict the future and to deepen our understanding of the local environment. Such areas were given high consideration in the selection of natural areas. Plummers Island in the Potomac River above Washington, D. C. is the site of many biological surveys and censuses and is the type locality site for many species of plants and animals. Areas of this type with many years of records and numerous publi- cations should be preserved with a high priority. Exceptional Individuals or Associations Records are often kept for the largest individual of a species, such as the Wye Oak, located in the eastern shore area of Maryland, which is the largest white oak known. While of limited scientific value, these largest and oldest individuals are of interest to the public. The presence of a virgin (or late successional) stand of almost any species of tree is of interest in the eastern United States and should be preserved with a high priority. -43- Associations of species rarely found together are also of interest, such as northern mountain species occurring together with southern lowland species. This often indicates relict conditions such as hemlock and rhododendron isolates and northern species left in sphagnum bogs adjacent to southern communities of plants. Size of Area The bigger an area, the greater its diversity of ecosystems, ccmnunities and species is likely to be. In smaller isolated artas the larger predators which act as regulators are usually mis;ing and may require intervention by man to prevent too larg? populations of primary herbivores. The minimum size required for a natural area has been discuised almost endlessly and to halt repetitive debate certain arbitriry sizes have been set. The prime function of size as a criterii lies in the viability of the ecosystem to be protected. This varies greatly depending on the ecosystem. A tenth acre bog may le quite defensible with some protecting buffer zone. A small area of mountain top or a small island can be preserved and maintained with relative ease. In addition, a half acre plot of rare tall-^rass prairie in a cemetary or along a railroad should be preserved as a natural area. On the oiher hand, pine flatland may require over 1,000 acres to provide examples of the usual species expected in such an area. There Is no rulft for determining the minimum size of an -A4- area to be protected, but 'the larger the better' is the usual rule as long as the natural area contains ecologically important and significant biota and functions. Some natural areas may require a buffer area to prevent contamination, silting, or protection from other human inter- ferences. Buffer zones may themselves be true natural areas or areas with conservation easements to prevent destruction or exploitation, hunting and/or fishing, or otherwise to assure the protected area's viability. -A5- IV. RANKING THE AREAS On Methods For this survey ecological and other data for the region were compiled from all available sources including scientific publica- tions, popular literature, and from individuals and organizations. A questionnaire entitled "Chesapeake Bay Natural Areas Survey" was sent to several individuals to ascertain its effectiveness but it was found that direct contacts and other sources were more effective: the questionnaire was not extensively used. A question- naire on rare and endangered species, however, was very productive. The data for the region and each proposed site were entered onto maps and a data retrieval system was set up to handle non- graphic data. Eventually these data were organized in the format of the National Registry of Natural Areas and entered into its computer file. In the early part of the survey, time limitations and the need for portability of the information suggested a simpler, interim solution. Data cards (Burroughs Y-0 Unisort) conducive to a punch-hole sorting technique were typed for each natural area. The system can handle 22 blocks of ten bits each or 220 items per card. Desired information can be located in the master key describing the block Information, a rod run through the proper hole, and the cards punched for th.it hole fall loose and deliver the data. The major advantages of the system are the portability of Che entire deck, the elimination of alphabetization and cross -46- indexing, and the ability, with a modest amount of hand sorting, to group and regroup the data in any desired way. The information from the data cards was used to develop the computer registry'. A geographic inventory approach was developed so that each element of data would be mapped at a common scale on a standard base map of the entire Chesapeake Bay study area. Since there was no existing map of the entire region sufficiently detailed to portray area information such as wetlands or other important natural areas, a base map was made using a mosaic of the seven 1:250,000 scale U. S. Geological Survey topographic maps of the area. Data were mapped on transparent overlays to allow for manipulation and analysis, and on topographic map base sheets that could be inexpensively reproduced as osalid prints. Several reproducible mylar base sheets were prepared, each containing a photographic copy of the map mosaic and displaying the standard information such as cities and towns, roads, topography, and water features. Because of the need for more detailed mapping of specific sites and natural phenomena, it was necessary to prepare a set of 1:24,000 scale (7 1/2 minute) USGS topographic quadrangle maps covering the study area represented on the 1:250,000 scale maps. A complete set of 281 topographic maps was assembled and keyed to the larger study area map by numerical index. -47- The 1:250,000 maps and overlay techniques visually shox<;ed the ecologically important and significant features of the area, and areas required for their preservation. The Numerical Ranking System To set priorities among 232 diverse areas calls for a numeri- cal ranking system whereby one can weight selected criteria that delineate ecological and, in some instances, social values. Some criteria require not only detailed knowledge of the sites in question but also a broad knowledge of the range and rarity of plant and animal species. In other words, numerical values were assigned each criterion based on ecological judgment. Modifications were made in the course of the project and testing and further improvements of the system are needed. The weighting system gives greater importance to plant communities or types that are not in the National System of Research Natural Areas, those for which there are already many exam- ples. Also, the factors of diversity, quality, lack of past and present disturbance, protectabllity , and other factors have been given appropriate weighting. Subjective evaluation could be added to take into account species with human emotional or national significance. The condor, whooping crane or bald eagle have higher importance for preservation Chan a subspecies of sedge which can be identified by only a few specialists. -48- Several other ecological ranking systems have tried to take into account the factors of man-induced pressures on the land and relative isolation from development. Indeed, one of the original rankings used in this study gave added weight to threatened areas. This seems to make sense for any setting of priorities as far as timing is concerned. But as far as true ecological value is the measure, isolation from threatened destruction should receive greater numerical value. If both of these factors are included in one system, they tend to cancel each other out. For these reasons we have excluded the factors of threat and isola- tion. In the implementation of preservation actions, however, the ecologically important areas that are threatened most should of course be worked on first. Selection of Proposed Natural Areas. In making the quantita- tive evaluation of each site considered as a natural area, all of the data in the file for each site were put into a standardized format for natural areas. This is the system jointly developed for the Natural Area Registry by The Nature Conservancy and the Smithsonian Center for Natural Areas. It is compatible with the system used by the U. S. Committee on Conservation of Ecosystems of the International Biological Program. The data for the considered sites for the Chesapeake Bay are shown in the complete print-outs. They also contain the present rating for each site (also shown in the lists in this report). The ratings are not permanent and can be updated with the addition of further ecological information . -49- Some areas, of course, have extensive information, perhaps including records of species no longer present, and other areas have very little data but are still of great vaJ.ue. Therefore, the svstem is designed to be highly flexible with regular updating and change of ratings possible. For this reason, no data on sites with low ratings are destroyed since data may accumulate to increase the ratings. Also, areas with high ratings may be lowered with loss or destruction of ecological features. Several versions of the ranking system were tried out in this survey. One of the early systems used gave equal weighting to each of the criteria but it was only partially successful in establishing what the project staff judged to be valid priorities. With the acquisition of more detailed data from each area a reevaluation was required and the present evaluation system was used. [SEE TABLE 4] A separate but related procedure in the rating process was the use of mapping techniques. When all of the ecologicallv significant data on plants, animals, unique communities and habitats, wetlands and other features have been mapped and printed on trans- parent overlays, the data are then visually available. A base map of Che areas presently protected, transparent ecological data overlays, and an overlay of the proposed natural area sites permit visual evaluation of the value of each proposed site and shows the need for additional specific natural area sites to protect concentrations of important fauna, flora, and ecosystems. Overlays -'jO- shoxv the ranges of certain species, help in specifying critical sites for preservation, and are of great value in evaluating how effective the list of existing and proposed sites are in preserving the ecological features. Those sites with many valuable ecological features can then become the target of high priority field studies, as a prelude to procurement. There were 232 areas considered, and rated, using the criteria and numerical weighting system in Table 4 and overlay maps 3 and 4. The highest rating was 24 and the lowest was 1. There were 57 areas with a rating of over 10. These have been selected for highest priority proposed primary natural areas. The rest are recommended for secondary consideration except for 7 areas recommended for special consideration. These include areas with 10 or less points but are essential to provide examples of outlier hemlock, bogs, or other special categories. Thus there are 64 areas which should be given primary considera- tion for procurement. This system gives a premium to diversity and the greater the variety of natural features and biota, the higher priority is the area. However, ecological judgment is required in making the final recommendations based on the number of ecosystem types represented and any special categories that must be considered. Since the data have been computerized, it is possible for a procurement agency to selectively determine priorities using selected categories. For example, if it is desired to select the areas with virgin or mature hardwoods, or -51- areas containing eagle nests, these can now be selected readily. The 64 natural areas of prime ecological importance are listed below in Table 5 in order of numerical ranking. These and the remaining 168 areas are indexed by state and countv on Page and by alphabetical order on Page , for ease in cross-referencing. The remaining areas under consideration which appear in Table 6 all received lower rankings using this particular system. They should not , however, be neglected because they could easily score much higher with different weightings or with the inclusion of other factors in the rating system. The 64 prime natural areas represent roughly 28% of the original 232 areas considered and ranked. In area, the sixtv-four sites include about 236 square miles. Thus we are recommending procurement or other preservation action for roughly 2% of the land in the Chesapeake Bay region study area. The Center for Natural Areas is already evaluating some of these areas as part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain Natural Landmark Survey, under contract with the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. NOTE: This survey should not be considered final or complete. Some prime natural areas may have been inadvertently missed which should have been included. The Center for Natural Areas welcomes any and all additional ecological information to improve its knowledge of the Bay region. -■>2- TABLE 4. CRITERIA AND QUANTITATIVE VALUES FOR SELECTION OF NATURAL AREAS 1. Ecosystem Types Diversity of ecosystem types Little or no past and present disturbance High diversity of species Type not represented in National Research Natural Area System ^ 2. Endangered, or Threatened Biota and Gene Pool Species Endangered and threatened plant or animal species Rare, declining, or depleted species 3. Range Phenomena Outliers, disjuncts, or relict species Limits of range — N, S, E, W Restricted and endemic species 4. Seasonal Concentrations of Animals Seasonal breeders - nesting, spawning Overwintering concentrations Migratory concentrations 5. Commercial, Game, or Unusual Animal Populations Ungulates, game birds, fur bearers Fish, clams, oysters, crabs 6. Paleontological, Geological and Archeological Features Bones and artifacts, deposits of fossils, peat, lignite, sediments, structural and geomorphological features 7. Sites of well documented scientific research or discovery and records over period of years 8. Oldest, largest, or otherwise exceptional individuals or associations Points 1 (each) 2 2 4 4 (each sp.) 2 (each sp.) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (each feature) 1 (each) 9. Size of area Acres Under 100 acres 100 - 1,000 1,000 - 5,000 over 5,000 Hectares Under 45 45 - 457 457 - 2,270 over 2,270 1 2 3 4 -53- Example of the Rating System in Use. Below is an illustration of the rating system as applied to Zekiah Swamp, the first-ranked area. The natural features of the site are listed or summarized on the left. On the right are the numerical values which apply to those features, according to the scheme in Table 4 on the previous page. Data Points Awarded Zekiah Swamp I-Iaryland Charles County 5,385 hectares in size 4 Private ownership Hardwood swamp forest 1 Good stands of Ilex opaca , Quercus palustris, and Liquidambar styracif lua. Mature Timber. High diversity of plant species. 2 Populaous heterophylla, southern outlier 1 Beaver, mink (commercial species) 1 Osprey (depleted), heronry (seasonal breeders) 3 Wilson's snipe and wood duck (overwintering) 1 Concentration of migrating birds 1 Southern Bald Eagle nest (endangered) 4 Rare animals: red bellied woodpecker, Maryland Diamondback Terrapin, Allocapania Zekiah Stonefly 4 One of the largest of Maryland's remaining undisturbed swamps 2 Rating Total 24 -S/^- V. MASTER LIST OF NATURAL AREAS The following eighty-six color pages consist of a computer print- out of key information on all 232 areas considered in this survey, listed in order of ecological importance. There is of course no hard-and-fast necessity for the particular placement of each area in the list, especially for the areas which received equal numerical ratings . Therefore the reader should view this list with a certain fluidity, remembering that the ranks may change with improvement in data or insight. The list is separated on page 73, with primary areas recommended for preservation above and second- ary areas recommended for consideration below. Note that some areas in the secondary section deserve special attention and should therefore be considered for preservation with the primary group. These seven areas are: Helen Creek Hemlock Preserve; Calvert Co. , Maryland; p73 Chisel Run Bog; James City Co., Virginia; p74 King Creek - Kingston Landing; Talbot Co., Maryland; p76 Blinkhorn Creek; Dorchester Co., Maryland; pp87 & 88 Round Bay Bog; Anne Arundel Co., Maryland; p91 Andover Branch; Queen Anne Co., Maryland; plOl Hemlock Stand on Mill Creek; Caroline Co., Maryland; pl02 When searching for areas with high priority, consult the first part of the master list. When searching for areas within a particular county, consult the Index on page 119. Areas themselves can be found in the Alphabetical Index on page 130. 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CQ 0 z »-• 0 »-t Z LU U <£ <£ < o ii _» ^ uc: u «-> 1- O u 10 < a. i_> •-• a: r-* Z l- H- o ^ i_» <£ q: o t- « < U Q LU 2 i-« ^-« »-t o o o o O o o o o o o 0 0 0 0 oc :d < UJ LU Ul a a. Q. Q. Ql Q. Q. a. Q. a. CL a. a. a. a. a. Q. a. a. 0 01 OC a: DC en CO rsi ro ^H to lU C -< 0^ •-' iS ^ -, ^ < a. < m ir\ IM ■o C5 •~* ^ ^^ o- --• CO 1 J r- as .o ^ o o ^ ^ •- to -1- ■o en to co -o in UJ 00 •o u. U S S CD 2 Q oc UJ o ^ -> o m u 09 Ql (T •■^ < 2<: < 3 oc in Ul i: m oc Ul oc UJ z aj UJ >• \J ►- o U '/I ^ < 7t CC *-« III X < tt • < •rf _« -^ UJ a o: si ■n I in Ul < \- Ul se in UJ > j^ 1- u \- o o -J o X ■Y. a Ul « _i H- -1 U yj n ^ in 10 ^t (D < (- »— -1 in a. U u. X U/ -I bi V ►- ' •i. ^_ »- fi • • v-t UJ z. A . -1 ►-• 1- »-^ w z i/i »-• < o X < ^ « ■t in u >- -J o o WL. t-i K4 < '^ o Ul X •i ..^ lU ,il < o »- ^L. < *L J a u o c • r. * • v3 l_l w >- % ■k »- Ul 19 •t -< < Z a. rv !u rL X >- Ol o V ^ u u; »- s. X ^ .•J o. a -J W »- t— 1 < 2 < cc .o UJ o « »- _i o H- ►- 9-* ic ►- ^ <: :p Ul CI iC (£ ^ UJ V9 rO 3 _^ :> 3 Ul o 3 ■J> u. • • 1) •^ ^ ■< 3 Ul ^ It O o a. () o <( * •> V y O n a. »— >- >- 13 .3 ■: < c < ii X 3 a. U OC a u> i/> cO >/J in vO in in \n in ■n in Ol in in -« *J- 1 — • r-l in r- >o o >r •o ■-• ir> (SI ir» c> en (M h- f-l r- r- nO 1^ I-- o r- t~ I^ 00 ~o r~ r- « •o TJ m Q -) O I u Z Q U ■o 3 P4 -1 !^ ll. UI • n CH rv M CH 00 o. o r> fv f» o o "* •• 3 '~ n - :>^ z lU 1 :> ^ VJ Q if: 01 - !-• cc ■ s; < V 1/) UJ - LU V z X 'iJ 1 Q, -/I o o >J. U u -> o a X CIl »-4 t/1 -^ iti -»I Ui -X I-* I— 'Z. o ItT yj »-• u. o X ct < •-• ra X oc lO X UJ •-• Z' u. Uj li. u^ cc o <; lu o Lu C s 1- \- - 2 UJ UJ CC 2^ n ■* f tu UJ UJ I I >- >- < UI 3 3: :5 3 .2 3: 3 s 3 DC S 3 i >- rj 1 REFERENCES American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1963. Report of the AAAS Council Study Committee on natural areas as research facilities. 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Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 784 pp. -144- Kerby, C. and McErlean, A., compilers, no date. Scientific personnel resource inventory: list and index to research scientists involved with the estuarine environment, especially the Chesapeake Bay. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution; College Park: University of Maryland; and Gloucester Point: Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 178 pp. Knight, H.A. and McClure, J. P. 1967. Virginia's timber. USDA Resource Bulletin SE-8. Asheville: Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service. 47 pp. Krauss, R.W. 1971. Checklist of the plant species of the Chesapeake Bay occurring within the hightide limits of the bay and its tributaries. University of Maryland, Department of Botany Technical Bulletin 2002. College Park. var. pp. Laessle, A.M. 1958. "The origin and successional relationships of sandhill vegetation and sand-pine scrub." Ecol. Monogr . 28(4): 361-387. Lindzey, A.A. , Schmelz, D.V. and Nichols, S.A. 1969. Natural areas in Indiana and their preservation. Lafayette: The Indiana Natural Areas Survey. 594 pp. Mansueti, R. 1955. "Highlights of the natural history of Calvert County." Atlantic Naturalist 10(2):61-75. Marlowe, Jr., G.A. 1950. Floristic variation in the Suitland Bog. MS Thesis No. 3426, George Washington University, directed by Prof. Yocum. Washington, D.C. 74 pp., diagrams, tables. Maryland State. 1968. Proceedings of the Governor's Conference on Chesapeake Bay. Papers presented at the Wye Institute, Cheston on Wye, Maryland, 12-13 September 1968. var. pp. Maryland State. 1965. Classification and inventory of wildlife habitats in Maryland. Prepared by the State Planning Department with Maryland Department of Game and Inland Fish and Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, U.S. Dept. of Interior. Baltimore. 74 pp. Maryland State, Department of Forests and Parks. 1966. Maryland State Parks, a master plan for outdoor recreation, 1967-76. . Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland State Planning Department and Governor's Master Plan Commission on State Parks . Annapolis . 26 pp . -145- o Maryland State, Department of Natural Resources. 1970. A guide t Maryland's public hunting areas. Annapolis. 49 pp. Maryland State, Department of State Planning. 1970. Outdoor recreation and open space concept plan, I. Annapolis. 62 pp. . 1970. Maryland outdoor recreation and open space comprehensive plan, phase II. Annapolis. 120 pp. . 1970. Scenic rivers — Maryland. Publication No. 161. Prepared with the Scenic Rivers Review Board. Annapolis. 40 pp. . 1972. Integrity of the Chesapeake Bay. Prepared with the Urban Research and Development Corporation. Comprehensive Planning Assistance Project No. MD.P-92. Baltimore. 52 pp. Massey, A.S. 1961. Virginia flora. Virginia Agric. Exp. Station Tech. Bull. 155. 258 pp. Maxon, W.R. 1935. "Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland: introduction." Proc. Biol. Soc. Washn. 48:115-117. McQueen, S.H. 1971. "To prevent the despoliation and destruction thereof ..." Maryland Conservationist, September-October 1971:9-13. Metzar, R.G., ed . 1968. Catalog of natural areas in Maryland. Baltimore: Maryland State, Department of State Planning. 108 pp. Murray, G.E. 1961. Geology of the atlantic and gulf coastal province of north America. New York: Harper and Brothers. 692 pp. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office. 1972. Remote sensing of the Chesapeake Bay: a conference held at Wallops Station, Virginia, 5-7 April 1971. Washington, D.C. 179 pp. Norton, J.B.S. and Brown. R.G. 1946. "A catalog of vascular plants of Maryland." Castanea 11:1-50. Paradise, J.L. 1969. Mammals of Maryland. North American Fauna No. 66. Washington, D.C: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Department of the Interior. 193 pp. Penfound, W.T. 1952. "Southern swamps and marshes." Botanical Review 18(6) :413-4A6. -146- Peterson, R.T. 1947. A field guide to the birds. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 230 pp. Randall, C.E. and Edgerton, D.P. 1938. Famous trees. USDA Misc. Pub. 295. Washington, D.C. 115 pp., plates. St. Mary's Commission. 1969. Outline plan for preservation and development of ancient St. Mary's City. 2nd ed. St. Mary's City. 32 pp. Shelf ord, V.E. 1963. The ecology of north America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 610 pp. Shetler, S.G. 1970. "The Suitland Bog." Atlantic Naturalist 25(2): 65-68. Shields, Jr., W.H. 1971. Pollution in Maryland. DHMH-597. Baltimore: Division of Solid Wastes, Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Maryland State. 8 pp. Shreve, F. et al. 1910. The plant life of Maryland. Maryland Weather Service, vol. 3. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 533 pp., plates, maps, tables, annotated checklist. Smith, R.L. 1966. Ecology and field biology. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers. 686 pp. Smithsonian Institution, Johns Hopkins University, and University of Maryland. 1970. An ecosystem analysis and studies on the development of a land use plan for the Rhode River Watershed. Proposal submitted to the National Science Foundation, F.S.L. Williamson, Principal Investigator. Spinner, G.P. 1969. "The wildlife wetlands and shellfish areas of the atlantic coastal zone." Serial Atlas of the Marine Environment, Folio 18. American Geographic Society. Stewart, R.E. 1962. Waterfowl populations in the upper Chesapeake Region. Special Scientific Report — Wildlife No. 65. Washington, D.C: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Department of the Interior. 208 pp., maps. Tennyson, P. A. et al. 1972. The Chesapeake Bay bibliography, vol. II: Virginia waters. Special Scientific Report No. 63 of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Gloucester Point. 620 pp. -147- U.S. Congress. 1970. The national estuarine pollution study. Report of the Secretary of the Interior. 91st Congress, 2nd Session, 25 March 1970. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1972. National forest system: areas as of June 30, 1972. File 1350(5400). Washington, D.C. 20 pp. U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers and Advisory Group to the Chesapeake Bay Study. 1970. The Chesapeake Bay; plan of study. Baltimore District. 94 pp. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1^71. Public land statistics. Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office. 188 pp. , Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. 1970. The Potomac — a model estuary. Washington, D.C. 116 pp. , Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife. 1969. Wildlife research — problems, programs, progress, 1969. Resource Publi- cation No. 94. Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office. 105 pp. . 1971. Annual report of lands under control of the Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife. as of June 30, 1970. Compiled by the Division of Realty, USDI. Mimeographed. Washington, D.C. 20 pp. . 1970. National estuary study, vols. 1-7. Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office. . 1970. National wildlife refuges 1970. Resource Publi- ca.ion No. 97. Washington, D.C. 16 pp. . 1970. Annual progress report, calendar year 1970. Laurel: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. 303 pp. . 1971. National wildlife refuges in the southeast, Region 4. Refuge Leaflet 67-4. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office. 12 pp. . 1973. Threatened wildlife of the United States. Compiled by the Office of Endangered Species and International Activities, USDI. Washington, D.C. 289 pp. U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Committee on Research Natural Areas. 1968. A directory of research natural areas on Federal lands of the United States of America. Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office. 129 pp. -1^- U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1966. Themes for survey and evolution of natural areas. Unpublished paper available upon request from Federal Committee on Research Natural Areas, USDI, Washington, D.C. . 1971. The natural landmark program. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office. . 1972. Part one of the National Park System: history. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office. 164 pp. . 1972. Part two of the National Park System: natural history. Washington, D. C: Government Printing Office. 140 pp. . 1972. National parks and landmarks: areas administered by the National Park Service and related properties as of January 1, 1972. Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office. 192 pp. University of Rhode Island, Marine Experiment Station. 1973. Coastal and offshore environmental inventory. Marine Oublication No. 2. Kingston, var. pp. Vernberg, F.J. , compiler. 1963. "Field stations of the United States." American Zoologist 3(3) :245-456. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 1971. Research on Chesapeake Bay and contiguous waters of the Chesapeake Bight of the Virginia Sea. Special Scientific Report No. 49. Gloucester Point and Wachapreague. 192 pp. Virginia State, Commission on Outdoor Recreation. 1970. Virginia's scenic rivers. Richmond. 24 pp. . 1970. The Virginia Outdoors Plan, vols. 1-4. Richmond. Virginia State, Division of State Planning and Community Affairs. 1972. Critical environmental areas. Richmond. Vokes, H.E. 1957. Geography and geology of Maryland. Dept. Geol. Mines and Water Resources Bulletin 19. 243 pp. Wass, M.L. and Wright, T.D. 1969. Coastal wetlands: interim report of the Governor and General Assembly. Special Report in Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 10. Gloucester Point: Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 154 pp. Wells, J. P. 1972. Relative priority of natural areas in a protection program. Boston: New England Natural Resources Center. Mimeographed. 34 pp. APPENDIX A DESCRIPTION OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION by Stephen L. Keiley Director, Center for Natural Areas Center for Natural Areas Ecology Program Smithsonian Institution June, I'JTi DESCRIPTION OF CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION The Chesapeake Bay area as shown on the accompanying maps including the tidewater counties of Maryland, Virginia, and Delaware covers an area of about 100 by 200 miles or about 20,000 square miles. This area is divided as follows (Jenkins, 1971): Square Miles Maryland Virginia Delaware Chesapeake Bay and tributaries 6800 6700 2100 4400 Total 20000 The name Chesapeake is derived from its original Indian name, and literal interpretations vary from "Great Waters" to "Mother of Waters", all refer to its immense size (Shands and Mathes, 1972), and, in fact, Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary on the East Coast, and with its tributaries it is considered by some scientists to be the greatest estuarine system in the world. Four major rivers and 50 large tributaries drain into Chesapeake Bay from headwaters in New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. The shoreline (particularly the western edge) is irregularly .ligitated by the tidal river estuaries. The tidal shore line is about 4,600 miles in length, of which 3,400 are miles in Maryland and 1,200 miles in Virginia (Corps, 1970). The Bay has a drainage basin of 74,000 square miles an area larger than all of New England. The Susquehanna River (largest river in the eastern U. S.) contributes 49 percent of the annual freshwater runoff of the entire Bay, and 87 percent of that north of the mouth of the Potomac. The Potomac River estuary contributes about 18 percent of the total freshwater inflow into the Bay. The annual contribution by the other western rivers are: James - 16 percent; Rappahannock - 4 percent; York - 2 percent; and others - 4 percent. The eastern rivers (Choptank, Nantlcoke and Wicomico) contribute only 7 percent of the total runoff (Saila, 1973). The mean tidal fluctuation In Chesapeake Bay is small, generally between one and two feet. Saline water intrusion is highest along the eastern side of the estuary due to the influence of the Corlolis force. Salinities range from 35 parts per thousand inside the mouth of the bay to near zero at the north end of the bay and at the heads of embay- ments tributary to the bay. Sprlnp, floods and the relatively dry fall A-i A- 2 periods contribute to seasonal variations in salinity throughout the Bay. The Chesapeake Bay study area lies entirely within the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and is underlain by a thick, wedge-shaped series of sedimentary formations which strike northeast and dip gently toward the southeast. These "soft" rocks are composed of mostly unconsolidated beds of sands, clays, marls, and gravels, which range from Lower Cretaceous to Recent in age. The base upon which these sedimentary formations rest is composed of very ancient, predominantly pre-Cambrian, crystalline rocks upon which a prolonged pre-Cretaceous erosion cycle produced a peneplained surface. Along the inner westernmost edge of the Coastal Plain, the crystalline rocks emerge from beneath the over- lapping unconsolidated formations along a line of demarcation known as the "Fall Line" which marks the head of navigation on some tributaries to Chesapeake Bay, such as the Patapsco River at Baltimore, the Potomac River at Washington, and the Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Fall Line also marks a topographic change westward, from the flat or gently rolling low elevation of the Coastal Plain to the higher elevated, bolder relief of the Piedmont Plateau (Corps, 1970). Of the 20,000 square miles of the Chesapeake Bay region, 15,600 square miles are land. Table 1 shows the distribution of this land into forests, agricultural land, pasture, urban areas, and marsh wet- lands . The forest land covers an area of slightly over 6 million acres or 9450 square miles. Forests include 68 percent of the tidewater counties of Maryland, 60 percent of Virginia and 48 percent of Delaware. The total value of the cut timber (stumpage) is about $13 million in Maryland, $13 million in Virginia, and $0.5 million in Delaware . The forests of the Chesapeake Bay include the combination of oak, hickory, and pine as the major type, but, in the southern part, the combinations are oak with hickory, oak with pine, loblolly pine with shortleaf pine, and oak with gum and cypress. In many areas with better soils there are a large number of mixed mesophytic deciduous species with maple, tulip tree, beech, gum, various species of oak, flood plain species of ash, elm, maple, sycamore, birch, and many other species. The main timber trees are red and white oak, tulip tree, pine, sweetgum, and various other hardwoods. CROP PRODUCTION ON THE COASTAL PLAIN OF DELAWARE, MARYLAND, AND VIRGINIA Figure 1 I I C.r. I I Sa>b«a> Vctalsbl** LJ Data l«r l 969 ■ mtlhaontcn Inclltutlon A-4 TABLE 1. LAND USE IN CHESAPEAKE STUDY AREA Use Maryland (percent) Virginia Delaware (percent) (P' arcent) 60 48 23 32 2 2.5 6 9 - 8.5 Forest Agricultural Crops Pasture Urban/ Indus trial Coastal marsh 68 23 6 3 The agricultural cropland of the tidewater counties covers an area of 3670 square miles. The agricultural cropland of the Bay region in Maryland is 23 percent, in Virginia 23 percent, and in Delaware 32 percent. The value of agricultural crops and livestock of this region is an estimated $500 million dollars. Figure 1 shows the agricultural crops of the Chesapeake Bav region. These include mainly corn, soybeans, barley, potatoes,' tobacco, peanuts, hay, and tomatoes and other vegetables. The eastern shore of Maryland is agriculturally suited for truck crops because of its sandy productive soil, sufficient water, and long growing period. The most important crops are soybeans, corn, wheat, and vegetable crops. On the western shore of Maryland the major crops are hay, corn, tobacco, wheat, and some soybeans, and vege- tables. In the Virginia region, the main agricultural crops are corn, soybeans, peanuts, wheat, barley, and tobacco. In the Delaware area the main crops are corn, soybeans, hay, barley, rye, oats, and lima beans, and other vegetables. Extensive vegetation along the Chesapeake Bay shoreline includes salt marshes and wetlands. This vegetation is estimated to be 8.5 percent of the land area in Delaware alone. Recent studies show the wetlands comprise 152,000 acres in Virginia (Wass and Wright, 1969), and 84,000 acres in Maryland (McHarg, 1972). Other sources indicate that there are perhaps as much as 500,000 acres of wetlands in the Bay area (USDI, 1970). These wetlands are of great importance to wildlife and production of aquatic life. The main vegetation is grass of various types, saltbush, cattail, and many other species of plants. Salt grass is mowed in some of the regions and is valuable for mulch and other uses (Jenkins, 1971) . The climate of the Bay region is moderate with average annual temperature varying a few degrees from the northern to the southern end of the Bay. The average annual temperature is 55°F in the north. A-5 with an average of 190 frost-free days annually to 60°F in the south with an average of 210 frost-free days. Normal annual total precipitation is 44 inches throughout the Bay region. Prolonged droughts are rare but short dry spells prompt the use of supplemental irrigation for the production of crops (Forest Service and Soil Conservation Service, 1972) . USES AND PRESSURES Chesapeake Bay has provided man with food, wealth, an easy means of travel, and satisfaction for some 5,000 years. The Indians reaped a rich harvest of fish and shell fish, gathered shells for making trading wampum, and plied its seemingly endless waterways in their dugout canoes. The imprint the Indians made was small indeed-so small that evidence of their long tenure is difficult to find. Far different have been their European successors. Great changes have been wrought. Changes are still being made. Yet amid these changes there are still many areas of the Bay that appear virtually untouched. Others look much like they must have in Colonial times. The Chesa- peake estuary retains fragments of all the different eras that have occurred from the most primitive to the most modern. Although the major uses of the Chesapeake have changed little, the techniques by which the uses are effected have undergone consid- erable modification. Often uses are in direct conflict with each other. However, the estuary is so vast and the uses are so varied that the Bay has accommodated most of them. In the past few decades however, it has become increasingly apparent that even this vast area is being transformed. Some of these changes are hardly evident and others have profound effects far from the locations being changed - and many are in the best interests of only a few people but at the expense of many. The population pressure on the Bay is increasing. The Chesa- peake estuary is the southern anchor of the Atlantic coastal megalopolis that sprawls from Massachusetts to Virginia. The ports of Baltimore and Hampton Roads, their satellite cities and the others that have developed around the Bay supported 11 million people In I960 - a population expected to more than double in tlie next 40 years. An additional 3 1/2 million people live within a day's drive fr(»m the Bay. WaCerborne commerce has always been among the most important A-6 uses for the Chesapeake estuary. Approximately 110 million tons move annually over the waterway and contribute, in large measure, to the economy of an 11 state area, extending into the Midwest, (U.S. D.I,, 1970) The port of Baltimore alone handles nearly 50 million tons annually and if the annual increase in freight traffic in the harbor is maintained, freight traffic tonnage will triple by the year 2000. A recent survey showed that the commercial complex making up the port of Baltimore directs $1.56 billion a year into Maryland's economy, which represents 11.7 percent of the Maryland gross State product (McHarg, 1972). The trend in commercial navigation is toward larger ships, which in turn require deeper channels, posing greater problems locating dredge spoil disposal areas. Modifying channel geometry may cause increases in upstream salinity, and unwise disposal of spoil can have marked effects on living marine organisms. It is estimated that the raw sewage discharged into the Bay by ships in transit is equivalent to that of a community of twenty-five thousand people, constantly. Fishing is another important industry with Bay-wide significance. The region is one of the richest fish and wildlife habitats in the world and as such, it is a most important seafood harvesting area. More than 400 million pounds of fish and shellfish worth $30 million were taken from Bay waters in 1966. The weight of fish landed was almost triple that of shellfish with nearly 304 million pounds of fish harvested as compared to 125 million pounds of shellfish. But the value of fish was only $7.3 million, or less than one third of the value of the shellfish which netted $22.2 million. Oysters alone represented $15 million, or one half the value of the total fisheries harvest. Of the finfish the menhaden catch was the largest with 243 million pounds worth $3.9 million. TABLE I. COMMERCIAL FISHERY 1966 Type Pounds Value Finfish 303.5 mil Oysters 20 Clams 8 Crabs 95 Superimposed on the heavy commercial seafood harvest is a grow- ing recreational fishery. In 1966 it was estimated that Bay anglers caught 22 million pounds of fish and generated about $10 million in expenditures. $7. ,3 mil 15 2. ,1 6. .8 A- 7 Strategically positioned in the Atlantic Flyway, Chesapeake Bay is very important in the migratory bird pattern. Most of the waterfowl produced on both sides of the James and Hudson Bays all the way up to Greenland funnel into the Chesapeake marshes on their southward migration. As a wintering area for waterfowl, the Chesapeake salt marshes have few equals. More than 75 percent of the wintering population of Atlantic Flyway Canada geese occurs on or near tide water, from Kent County in Delaware to Hyde County in North Carolina. The marshes and grain fields of the Delmarva Peninsula are particularly attractive to Canada geese and to grain feeding black ducks and mallards. In the early fall, home is the Susquehanna flats for huge flocks of American widgeon. Several species of diving ducks including the canvasback, redhead, ring-necked duck, and sometimes, scaup, winter on Chesapeake Bay from the Susquehanna flats south to the confluence of Bay and ocean at the tip of the Delmarva Peninsula. About half of the 80,000 whistling swans in North America winter on the estuaries of Chesapeake Bay and Currituck Sound. Much of the breeding area in the Atlantic Flyway is still wild and remote. It can be counted on to send hundreds of thousands of new birds winging down the flyway each fall. But good wintering areas, adjacent to preferred feeding grounds, are relatively scarce, and as human populations inevitably expand, the size, number, and quality of these wintering areas will diminish accordingly. At present, Chesapeake Bay provides some of the best and most heavily used waterfowl wintering habitat remaining in the Fljway . The Atlantic Flyway has more than 32 million acres of wetland habitat and 96 percent of it is located from Maryland south. Only 4 million acres are of moderate to high value for waterfowl, and only 2 1/2 million acres are salt-marsh, the type of high-quality waterfowl habitat found in the Chesapeake Bay. Estimates vary, but the bay area encompasses roughly one-third of a million acres of salt-marsh habitat of which about one-quarter of a million acres is of moderate to high value for waterfowl. Public owned wetlands in the Chesapeake Bay area total about 95,000 acres. Most of this habitat too, is high in quality and supports large populations of wintering birds. An additional 55,000 acres of quality marsh Is owned and managed by approximately 380 private waterfowl liunting clubs. Thus, about 150,000 acres or approximately half of the salt-marsh in Chesapeake Bay is managed specifically for waterfowl and is likely to continue to be managed for this purpose in the foreseeable future. In recent years, Chesapeake Bay has wintered approximately 550,000 ducks and 350,000 geese which provided an estimated 250,000 man-days of waterfowl hunting and 275,000 birds in the bag. Nearly 100, 000 Canada geese, the king of waterfowl, are harvested on Chesapeake Bay, the queen of bays (USDI, 1970). A- 8 Erosion and siltation constitutes a significant problem for the Bay region. The earth lost from the land to the Bay has hurt the farmers who need the soil for their crops, the shippers whose vessels must navigate shoaling channels, and the fishermen whose aquatic harvest is being stifled and lost. Evidence derived from early charts and maps, from historical documents, and from field studies and borings indicates that the rate of sedimentation in different portions of the Chesapeake Bay has varied over historic time. Prior to settlement by colonists and the initiation of land clearing and agriculture, rates of sediment contribution from land under forest cover were perhaps on the order of 100 tons/sq.mi. /yr. However, with the advent of extensive clearing for agriculture, these rates rose rapidly to values of 400 to 800 tons/sq.mi. /yr. As early as the latter part of the seventeenth century visitors to colonial America noted both the erosion of the fields and the muddy character of the freshets. In addition, they observed the rapid siltation taking place in a number of the early colonial harbor and river towns (State of Maryland, 1968) . The Potomac and Susquehanna Rivers transport the major sediment loads deposited within the Chesapeake Bay system. The sediment con- tribution of the Susquehanna is considerably moderated by the hydro- electric dams between Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Conowingo, Mary- land, in that these reservoirs trap a significant amount of sediment moving downstream. The Susquehanna watershed is estimated to supply some 600 thousand tons per year, or approximately 23 tons per square mile. The largely unregulated Potomac River Basin, on the other hand, con- tributes an estimated 2.5 million tons per year to the estuarine system. This is approximately 170 tons per square mile (Corps, 1970). The fact that each tributary entering the Chesapeake Bay deposits the bulk of its sediment load in the vicinity of its entrance to the Bay constitutes an obvious economic "fact of life" for the economy of the Bay itself. Perhaps the most striking illustration is provided by the Potomac and the Anacostia Rivers in the vicinity of the nation's capitol where channel improvement and dredging operations have been virtually continuous since 1804. Much of the land adjacent to the river including Haynes Point, the parkland along the Anacostia River, and the National Airport are all made of sediments dredged from the rivers. It is estimated that the annual cost of dredging on the Potomac is on the order of $150,000 per year (State of Maryland, 1968). Recently it has become evident that increasing urbanization and accompanying construction activities on the landscape may contribute immense quantities of sediment to local areas. It is estimated that of the million tons per year in the Potomac at Washington, approxi- A-9 mately 25-30 percent is derived from construction sites in the metropolitan region. Inasmuch as population can be expected to continue to burgeon in many areas surrounding the Chesapeake Bay, construction activities can also be expected to increase. This in turn will transform the landscape and may lead to the addition of uncontrolled quantities of silt to the estuarine tributaries (State of Maryland, 1968). Shoreline erosion also contributes to the silt load and is the single most dramatic, and most readily apparent geomorphological process occurring in the Bay. Historical data, though somewhat spotty, provides some perspective. It has been estimated that, along the 230 miles of Maryland's primary Bay shoreline, some 6,000 acres of land have been lost to the sea between 1845 and 1942. Recent rates of erosion loss are estimated to be approximately 0.17 acres/mile/year in the northern Bay area and 0.34 acres /mile/year in Maryland's southern Bay portion. To illustrate the variability of erosion loss rates estimated between 1845 and 1942, the Cecil-Somerset County shoreline losses were estimated to be 0.13 acres/mile/year, while Dorchester County losses were estimated to be of the order of 0.64 acres/mile/year. It must be emphasized that land area losses do not indicate volumes of material handled, because of the differential in land elevation of various areas of Bay frontage. The present and anticipated future social and economic development of the Chesapeake Bay Basin, with the estimated large increase in popu- lation, emphasizes the vulnerability of the Bay's sensitive estuarine system to the future works of man. In particular, the waste discharges of man's commerce and activity have a growing impact on the Bay. These waste loads are derived from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources. Agricultural pollutants consist primarily of silt, fertilizer, insecticides, herbicides, and animal wastes. Industrial wastes contain a wide assortment of detrimental material ranging from sand and gravel wastes and heavy metals through complex chemical compounds and mine waste. Many of the latter waste types are toxic to both aquatic biota and man. Municipal discharges contain human wastes and a huge panorama of household and industrial by-products, and often inject significant bacterial loads Into the aquatic environment, infecting both finfish and shellfish, making them potentially dangerous and therefore unfit for human comsumption. Gross estimates Indicate that pollution affects some 400,000 acres of finfish habitat and 42,000 acres of shellfish habitat in Chesapeake Bay. Municipal and domestic discharges cause the major pollution problem. There are other significant threats to the Chesapeake Bay environment. These Include both inter- and intra-basin diversions A- 10 of freshwater. The determination of the effects of upstream manage- ment of the fresh water resource on the marine environment have only recently become of concern to oceanographers and marine biologists. Current examples of this problem in Chesapeake Bay are (1) the deepening of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which will increase the net amount of water flowing from the head of Chesapeake Bay into Delaware Bay from about 900 cubic feet per second to about 2100 cubic feet per second, and (2) the Baltimore Water Supply Tunnel which taps the Susquehanna River above Conowingo Dam. Fresh water diversions can alter the salinity regime of the headwaters of the Bay, affecting the spawning opportunity of many species of fish. Further study of these problems will undoubtedly reveal presently unknown ecological ramification of the estuary's struggle to reach and maintain suit- able equilibrium in the wake of the incursions of man (Corps, 1970). References : The Corps of Engineers. 1970. The Chesapeake Bay Plan of Study. Baltimore District, Baltimore, Maryland. Forest Service and Soil Conservation Service. 1972. North Atlantic Regional Water Resources Study, Land Use and Manage- ment. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Jenkins, D. W. 1971. Agriculture and Forestry. Identification, Vigor and Disease. Article from Remote Sensing of Chesapeake Bay, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C. NASA SP-294. McHarg, Ian. 1972. Integrity of the Chesapeake Bay. Urban Research and Development Corporation, Bethlehem, Pa. Saila, Saul B. 1973. Coastal and Offshore Environmental Inventory. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, Iferine Publication Series #2. Shands, W. E. and Mathes, Ruth. 1972. The Future of Chesapeake Bay. Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 4. State of Maryland. 1968. Proceedings of the Governors Conference on Chesapeake Bay. Westinghouse Ocean Research and Engineering Center, Annapolis, Maryland. U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1970. National Estuary Study, vol. 3. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Wass, Marvin L. and Wright, Thomas D. 1969. Coastal Wetlands of Virginia. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Glouster Point, Virtginia. APPENDIX B BIOTIC COMMUNITIES OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION by Gary S. Waggoner Ecologist Center for Natural Areas Ecology Program Smith son I .'in Institution .Ivinc", 1973 B-1 BIOTIC COMMUNITIES OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY^^ INTRODUCTION This report presents a summary of the characteristic biota and biotic communities of the Chesapeake Bay region, defined in terms of typical vegetation, associated animal species, and critical environmental factors. The plant species listed are the dominant or characteristic species typical of the various biotic communities. The animal species lists are more extensive and in- clude the common and/or characteristic species associated with each biotic community. The ecology of the Chesapeake Bay region has been influenced strongly by the presence of civilized man. But even before the colonists had set foot on the continent, Indians had made their presence known. Fire was an often used tool of the Indians for hunting purposes and clearing land. Following colonization by white men, more intensive land clearing occurred during the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth centuries. Lumber was needed for shelter and firewood and the settlers brought their European agricultural system with them. Virgin land was so plentiful that a shifting form of agriculture with little care for the soil became prevalent. Tobacco depleted much of the soil of its nutrients and when fields were abandoned, erosion quickly exhausted the topsoil. At the time of the Civil War, labor became scarce and much of the previously cultivated land was abandoned. These abandoned fields were invaded by loblolly pine Pinus taeda, pitch pine Pinus rigida and scrub pine Pinus virginiana. These species are typical pioneer tree species in old field or secondary succession. Pine forests, although common, are not the climax vegetation but are dominant due to a history of disturbances including fire, agriculture and lumbering. Braun (1950) indicates The information for this appendix has been taken from a report by the author on the "Atlantic Coastal Plain Natural Region Survey" written for a contract with the National Park Service's Natural Landmarks Program. This report was edited by the principal investigator and author by extracting those portions relevant to the Chesapeake Bay region. This report has certain shortcoinings primarily relating to the difference in scope of the two reports; the larger Atlantic Coastal Plain region versus the more circumscribed Chesapeake Bay region. B-2 that the Chesapeake Bay region should actually be considered an Eastern Oak-Hickory Forest region due to the dominance of oaks Quercus spp. and hickories Carya spp. in the climax communities. The following is a breakdown of the major plant community types occurring in the Chesapeake Bay region with an indication of some of the critical environmental factors (limiting factors) controlling the community. After each description of a plant community type, some of the typical ani- mal species associated with it are listed. Aquatic Ecosystems The northern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain is characterized by drowned river valleys, the best example of which is the Chesapeake Bay. The Chesapeake Bay is a unique estuary comprised of the drowned Susquehanna River Valley and several of its tributaries. The bay is unique because of its size and isolation from the Atlantic Ocean. Salt Marsh The salt marsh community is here divided into two different phases, the regularly flooded phase, and the irregularly flooded phase. Salt marsh develops in the low areas where inundation by salt water is frequent enough to prevent the sur- vival of non-salt-tolerant species. The vegetation is dominated by various grasses and sedges. Woody species occur only on the higher ridges in this community. The regularly flooded salt marshes occur along the open ocean and in the shallow sounds behind barrier islands. They are inundated twice daily to a depth of six inches or more by the highly saline waters of normal high tides. The flushing action of the tides is essential to this salt marsh community. It brings in certain nutrients from the surrounding estuary and flushes out toxic waste materials. Tidal creeks meander through the salt marsh and are rich in silt and organic debris from inland runoff. This provides additional nutrient supply to the surround- ing marshes. The regularly flooded salt marshes are generally dominated by saltmarsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. Saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens, salt grass Distichlis spicata, black needlerush Juncus roemerianus and glasswort Salicornia spp. are usually abun- dant. Along the more elevated ridges of the marsh, groundsel Baccharls halimif olia, marsh elder Iva frutescens, sea oxeye Borrichia frutescens, and sea lavender Limonium spp. occur. R-3 The variations in drainage and salinity account for rather distinct plant zonation and distribution. Irregularly flooded salt marshes occur along the shores of bays, sounds, and rivers. They are flooded only irregularly by wind and storm tides with from a few inches to several feet of water. Tidal creeks also dissect the irregularly flooded salt marshes but are typically shorter and straighter than those of the regularly flooded salt marshes. The water in these tidal creeks generally is less rich in organic debris and silt. The vegetation is largely dominated by black needlerush Juncus roemerianus with saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens, salt grass Distichlis spicata, glasswort Salicornia spp. and saltmarsh three-square Scirpus robustus occurring as common associates. On ridges of high ground, marsh elder Iva frutescens and groundsel Bacharis halimifolia are common. Switchgrass Panicum virgatum may occur over large areas adjacent to the upland along with sea lavender Limonium spp. and sea oxeye Borrichia frutescens . Typical animals include: Horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus Fiddler crabs Uca spp . Marsh crab Sesarma reticulatum Saltmarsh snail Melampus bidentatus Periwinkle snail Littorina irrorata Ribbed mussel Volsella demissa Stinkpot Sternotherus odoratus Diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin Water snake Natrix sipedon Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platyrhinos Canada goose Branta canadensis Snow goose Chen hyperborea Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Black duck Anas rubripes Pintail Anas acuta Blue winged teal Anas discors American widgeon Mareca americana Shoveler Spatula clypeata Herons Egrets Marsh hawk Circus cyaneus Sparrow hawk Fa 1 c- o sparverlus Clapper rail kail us lon>;lro3tr Is Short eared owl Aslo f lammeus Sharp tailed sparrow Ammosplza caudacuta Seaside sparrow Ammosplza marltlma B-4 Opossum Didelphis marsupialis Least Shrew Cryptotis parva Least cottontail Sylvilagus f lorldanus Rice rat Oryzomys palustris Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Raccoon Procyon lotor Mink Mustela vlson River otter Lutra canadensis White tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Critical environmental factors in the salt marsh include salinity, frequency of inundation, and nutrient input and flushing action of the tides. Brackish Marsh The brackish marsh community develops in the transition zone between freshwater and salt marshes. Brackish marshes are located along bays and coastal rivers and are irregularly inundated by high winds and storms. Several different plant associations are characteristic of this major community type. A short form of saltmarsh cordgrass Spartina alternif lora usually dominates the well drained areas. In the more poorly drained depressions, Olney's three-square Scirpus olneyi dominates with salt grass Distichlis spicata and black needlerush Juncus roemerianus occurring more abundantly along the better drained edges of such depressions. The taller form of salt- marsh cordgrass Spartina alternif lora may be found in abundance adjacent to tidal creeks, while saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens dominates in well drained soils adjacent to pond and creek borders. In the more elevated and drier areas, groundsel Baccharis halimifolia and marsh elder Iva frutescens are common. Other important plants in brackish marshes include widgeongrass Ruppia maritima,atriplex Atriplex patula, sea lavender Limonium carol inianum, seashore mallow Kosteletskya virginica and glasswort Salicornia spp. Typical animals include: Mud crabs Xanthidae Blue crab Callinectes sapidus Saltmarsh snail Melampus bidentatus Periwinkle snail Littorina irrorata Canada goose Branta canadensis Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Black duck Anas rubripes B- 5 Pintail Anas acuta Blue winged teal Anas discors Green winged teal Anas carolinensis Gadwall Anas strepera American widgeon Mareca americana Shoveler Spatula clypeata Hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus Osprey Pandion haliaetus King rail Rallus elegans Short eared owl Asio f lammeus Opossum Didelphis marsupialis Least shrew Cryptotis parva Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus f loridanus Rice rat Qryzomys palustris Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Raccoon Procyon lotor Mink Mustela vison River otter Lutra canadensis White tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Critical environmental factors include amount of salinity, frequency of inundation, and depth of water. Freshwater Marsh As with the salt marsh community, the freshwater community is divided into two phases, the coastal freshwater marsh phase and the inland freshwater marsh phase. The primary source of water for these marshes is precipitation and runoff via rivers and streams and thus a totally different type of community develops. The coastal freshwater marsh phase occurs along rivers and streams where there is little or no tidal action as well as in interdunal areas. The water is fresh or slightly brackish and ranges in depth from ground level to several feet. A great diversity of plants is distributed in these marshes in response to variation in depth of water and salinity. In areas where water is usually fresh, plants such as cattail Typha spp. , wlldrice Zizanla aquatica, sawgrass Cladium spp. pickerelweed Pontederia cordata. and waterllly Nymphaea odorata may form extensive stands. In the more brackish areas, species characteristic of the more saline environments occur including tall cordgrass Spart ina cynosuroldes and Olney's threesquare Scirpus olncyi . Other typical species of the coastal freshwater marsh are smartweeds Polygonum spp. , splkerushes Eleocharis spp., sedges B-6 Carex spp. , phragmites Phragmites communis , arrowhead Saglttarla spp. , bulrushes Scirpus spp. , pondweeds Potamogeton spp. , button- bush Cephalanthus occidentalis, jewelweeds Impatlens spp. and alders Alnus spp. The inland freshwater marsh phase is characterized by many of the same species but forms in shallow lake basins, limestone sinks sloughs, or at the borders of open water. The soil is water- logged and may be covered by three feet or more of freshwater. Cattails, pondweeds, bulrushes, arrowheads, smartweeds, sedges and water lilies again are very important constituents of the marsh. However, in the inland marshes, grasses Poaceace, rushes Juncus spp. , watermilfoils Myriophyllum spp. , duckweeds Lemna spp. , and spatterdock Nuphar luteum occur, often in great abundance, choking off open water areas. Corresponding with the high diversity of plant species is a high diversity of animal species. Typical animals include: Spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum Tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens Fowler's toad Bufo woodhousei fowleri American toad Bufo americanus Tree frogs Hyla spp. Chorus frogs Pseudacris spp. Cricket frog Acris gryllus Leopard frog Ran a pipiens Bull frog Rana catesbeiana Green frog Rana clamitans Snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina Eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum Stinkpot turtle Sternothaerus odoratus Spotted turtle Clemmys guttata Bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi Painted turtle Chrysemys picta Water snake Natrix sipedon Eastern ribbon snake Thamnophis sauritus Great blue heron Ardea herodias Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Southern bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus Marsh hawk Circus cyaneus Osprey Pandion haliaetus King rail Rallus elegans Sora Porzana Carolina B-7 Common gallinule Gallinula chloropus Coot Fullca americana Short eared owl Asio f lammeus Belted kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon Tree swallow Iridoprocne bicolor Long billed marsh wren Telmatodytes palustris Yellowthroat Geothypis trichas Red winged blackbrid Agelaius phoeniceus Meadowlark Sturnella magna Song sparrow Melospiza melodia Swamp sparrow Melospiza georgiana Opossum Didelphis marsupialis Masked shrew Sorex cinereus Star nosed mole Condylura cristata Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus f loridanus Beaver Castor canadensis Rice rat Oryzomys palustris Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Red fox Vulpes fulva Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Raccoon Procyon lotor Mink Mustela vison Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis River otter Lutra canadensis White tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Critical environmental factors in the freshwater marsh include depth of water, salinity, rate of siltation, turbidity of the water and competition for light and space. Bog Bog communities are divided into two different phases, sphagnum bogs and cedar swamps. All bogs have several features in common. They generally develop in areas where drainage is restricted, all have a surface layer of cushion-like vegetation, and all have an accumulation of peat. The decidedly acid condition of bogs limits the species which can persist here. Sphagnum bogs are more typical of the mountain region and Che far north, however, particularly in the northern section of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, they occur scattered across the landscape. Very few sphagnum bogs have persisted In the Chesapeake Bay region. The vegetation Is generally low to the ground with the exception of some scattered shrubs and trees. Two mosses Sphagnum and Hypnium dominate the bog l)y creating a covering over the entire surface. Other species scattered through the bog include buckbean Menyanthes trifol lata, cotton grass Frlophorum spp. . numerous sedges Carex 8pp. . cranberry Vacclnlum macrocarpon. sweet gale Myrlca gale, bog B-8 rosemary Andromeda glaucophylla, leatherleaf Chamaedaphne calyculata and Labrador tea Ledum groenlandicum. Insectivorous plants including pitcher plants Sarracenia purpurea, sundews Drosera spp. and bladderworts Utricularia spp. also occur in this rather unique community (Smith, 1966) . Cedar swamps are bogs dominated by dense, generally even-aged stands of Atlantic Coastal Plain from New Jersey north. While sphagnum bogs are usually small, cedar swamps may be exten- sive as in sections of the Pocomoke' River swamp. Pitch pine Pinus rigida is widely scattered while red maple Acer rub rum, black gum Nyssa sylvatica, and sweet bay Magnolia virginiana form a dense understory. Other typical shrub species include highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum, fetterbush Leucothoe spp. clammy azalea Rhododendron viscosum and bayberry Myrica pennsylvanica. The herbaceous ground cover includes chain fern Woodwardia virginica, bladderworts Utricularia spp., pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea, swamp pink Calopogon pulchellus, and partridgeberry Mitchella repens which are generally rather common. Typical animals include: Bull f org Rana catesbeiana Green frog Rana clamltans Carpenter frog Rana virgatipes Bog turtle Clemmys muhlenbergi Water snake Natrix sipedon Bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus Turkey Meleagris gallopava Woodcock Rhilohela minor Mourning dove Zenaidura macroura Eastern wood pewee Contopus virens Wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina Parula warbler Parula americana Hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina Opossum Didelphis marsupials Masked shrew Sorex clnereus Star nosed mole Condylura cristata Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus Beaver Castor canadensis Red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Red fox Vulpes fulva Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus B-9 Black bear Ursus amerlcanus Raccoon Procyon lotor Mink Mustela vison River otter Lutra canadensis White tailed deer Odocoileus virslnianus Critical environmental factors in this community include frequency and severity of fire, duration of flooding and amount of peat or elevation. Cypress-Gum Swamp Forest The cypress-gum swamp forest is probably the most characteristic community of the South. It reaches its northern distribution in the Chesapeake Bay region occurring in several isolated areas such as Battle Creek Cypress swamp. In deeper swamps where the land is flooded almost continuously, baldcypress Taxodium distichum and/or water tupelo Nyssa aquatica will exist without associates, although water tupelo is mush less tolerant of flooding than is baldcypress (Penfound, 1952), This community represents some of the wildest country remaining in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Several of the larger predators persist in these swamps . Typical animals include: Pine woods tree frog Hyla femoralis Green tree frog Hyla cinerea Bull frog Rana catesbelana Snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina Eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum Stinkpot Sternothaerus odoratus Spotted turtle Clemmys guttata Painted turtle Chrysemys picta Water snake Natrix sipedon Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platyrhinos Double crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Common egret Casmerodlus albus Black crowned night heron Nycticorax nyctlcorax Wood duck Aix sponsa Red shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus Woodcock Philohela minor Barred owl Strix varia Pileated woodpecker Hylatomus pileatus Acadian flycatcher EmplHonax vlrescens Prothonotary warbler Protonotarla citrea Cardinal Rtchmondena cardinal Is Opossum Didelphts marsuplalls B-10 Eastern cottontail Sylvllagus f loridanus Gray squirrel Sclurus carolinensls Flying squirrel Glaucomys volans Beaver Castor canadensis Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Black bear Ursus americanus Raccoon Procyon lotor Mink Mustela vison River otter Lutra canadensis Bobcat Lynx rufus White tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Critical environmental factors include depth of water, duration of flooded condition, amount of peat developed, and occurrence of fire. Land Ecosystems Dune Community This major community type fringes the Atlantic Ocean encompassing the frontal dune complex which extends from the ocean side base of the foredune, inland through the often closely spaced, smaller, hummocky dunes. The community is usually dominated by perennial grasses with an occasional shrub or wind-shorn tree in protected areas. All of the species which persist here must have a certain degree of physiological salt tolerance to both salt spray and substrate salinity. They also must be able to withstand high winds and sand blasts, possess drought resistance, and be able to tolerate low levels of certain nutrients such as nitrogen. Physiologically, this is perhaps the harshest environment in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Due to this harsh environment, the vegetation is sparse with sea rocket Cakile spp., pigweed Amaranthus pumila and saltwort Salsola kali occurring on the beach and several grasses dominating on the dunes. American beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata, salt- meadow cordgrass Spartina patens, silver bunchgrass Panicum amarulum and running beachgrass Panicum amarum are the dominant grasses in the dune community. Herbaceous species gaining importance behind the foredune include beach pea Strophostyles helvola, sandbur Cenchrus tribuloldes, seaside spurge Euphorbia polygonif olia and various broomsedges Andropogon spp. Typical animals include: Horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus Ghost crab Coquina clam B-11 Six lined racerunner Chemidophorus sexlineatus Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platyrhinos Black racer Coluber constrictor Black rat snake Elaphe obsoleta Sparrow hawk Falco sparverius Plovers Charadrius spp. and Squatarola squatarola Turnstone Arenaria interpres Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Sanderling Crocethia alba Gulls Larus spp. Terns Sterna spp. Horned lark Eremophilia alpestris Savanna sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Ipswich sparrow Passerculus princeps Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus White footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus House mouse Mus musculus Meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius The critical environmental factors in this community include high salinity (salt spray and substrate salinity), drought conditions (due to sandy soils, high winds, and high solar radiation), and low nutrient availability. Maritime Shrub Thicket This community occupies the area behind the dune community and is characterized by a dense growth of low shrubs, often tangled with numerous lianas. Usually the closed cover of the shrub thicket begins abruptly, with the shrubs massed on the ocean side of old dunes. The first shrubs are commonly prostrate and become progressively taller inland. The tops of these shrubs are closely sheared by wind- borne salt spray and form a smooth, compact surface gradually increas- ing in height inland. The dominant plants in this community include common wax myrtle Myrlca cerifera, groundsel Baccharis halmlfolia, shining sumac Rhus copallina redcedar Juniperus virginiana and marsh elder I^a frutescens. Important vines include Virginia creeper Parthenoclssus quinquefo] la. poison ivy Rhus radicans, green briar Smilax spp. and wild grape Vitis spp. Bayberry Myrica pennsylvanlca, as well as highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum are important shrub species (Hlggins et. al., 1971.) Typical animals include: Toads Bufo spp. Tree frogs Hyla spp. Six lined rarcrunner Cnemldophorus sexlineatus B-12 Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platyrhinos Black racer Coluber constrictor Yellow shafted flicker Colaptes auratus Mockingbird Mlmus polyglottus Prairie warbler Dendroica discolor Red winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Boat tailed grackle Cassidix mexicanus Meadowlark Sturnella magna Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus Opossum Dldelphis marsupialis Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus f loridanus White footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus Meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Raccoon Procyon lotor Mink Mustela vison The critical environmental factors in this community are basically the same as those of the dune community, however, they are less severe due to the protection afforded by the foredune complex. Maritime Forest This community type develops immediately behind the maritime shrub thicket community and consists of closely spaced trees. It occurs on the mainland and/or on offshore islands and barrier beaches. Although protected to some extent by large dunes and maritime shrub thicket, it is strongly influenced by salt spray blown in from the Atlantic Ocean (Wells, 1939; Boyce, 1954). The community is dominated by redcedar Juniperus virginiana, holly Ilex opaca, bear oak Quercus iliclfolia and pitch pine Pinus rigida. (Harshberger, 1900). Maritime forest normally develops on old dune systems and interdunal freshwater marshes and ponds are common. The presence of this freshwater supply allows for large populations of wildlife, many species not normally associated with forest communities. Typical animals include: Snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina Eastern mud turtle Kinosternon sub rub rum Spotted turtle Clemmys guttata Ground skink Lygosoma laterale Five lined skink Eumeces fasciatus Water snake Natrix sipedon Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platyrhinos B-13 Black racer Coluber constrictor Black rat snake Elaphe obsoleta Diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus Sharp shinned hawk Accipter striatus velox Red shouldered hawk Buteo llneatus Red tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis Whip poor will Caprimulgus vociferus Crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus White eyed vireo Vireo griseus Red eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus Parula warbler Parula americana Yellow throated warbler Dendroica dominica Pine warbler Dendroica pinus Cardinal Richmondena cardinalis Opossum Didelphis marsupialis Gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis White footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Raccoon Procyon lotor Mink Mustela vison White tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus The critical environmental factors controlling this community are basically the same as those of the previous two communities, namely, high salinity, drought conditions, and low nutrient availability. However, this community has much less severe conditions than the previous communities discussed. Pine Flatwoods In the northern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain loblolly pine Pinus taeda, and pitch pine Pinus rigida become the dominants of the coastal flatwoods. Loblolly pine is particularly Important in Virginia while pitch pine dominates in Maryland. The pine flatwoods are generally rather open with an incomplete canopy but often have a diverse shrub and herb zone. Typical animals include: Eastern spadefoot Scaphiopus holbrooki Pine woods tree frog Hyla femoralis Green tree frog Hyla cinerea Box turtle Terrapene Carolina Fence liz.ard Sceloporus undulatus Six lined racerunner Cnemidophorus sexllneatus Ground sklnk Lygosoma laterale Five lined akink Eumeces fasclatus CornHnnke Elaphe guttata B-14 Diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus Red tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis Broad winged hawk Buteo platypterus Bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus Mourning dove Zenaidura macroura Great horned owl Bubo virginianus Yellow shafted flicker Colaptes auratus Hairy woodpecker Dendrocopus villosus Downy woodpecker Dendrocopus pubescens Red cockaded woodpecker Dendrocopus borealis Brown headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla Eastern bluebird Sialia sialis Yellow throated warbler Dendroica dominica Pine warbler Dendroica dominica Pine warbler Dendroica pinus Prairie warbler Dendroica discolor Meadowlark Sturnella magna Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus Pine woods sparrow Aimophila aestivalis Opossum Didelphis marsupialis Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus f loridanus Pine mouse Pitymys pinetorum Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Raccoon Procyon lotor Bobcat Lynx rufus White tailed deer Odocolleus virginianus Critical environmental factors governing the composition of this community include frequency of fire, drainage, and lack of local relief. Bottomland Hardwood Forest This community type is one of the most diverse terrestrial plant communities in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and is again, best developed in the southern section of that province. It occupies the floodplains of the major rivers, and is closely associated with the cypress-gum swamp forest. Behind a natural levee, three types of minor relief occur, low ridges, flats, and sloughs. The presence of a clay pan restricts drainage behind the levee and the flats and sloughs are flooded for varying lengths of time. Cypress-gum swamp forest occupies the sloughs and flats which remain flooded for long periods. The low ridges, however, being a few feet above the normal flood level are inundated only occasionally. Bottomland hardwood forest develops on these ridges and on the higher flats. On older floodplain terraces or second bottoms, this forest community attains its best development (Putnam et^. al . , 1960). B-15 Typically the most important trees are sweetgum Liquidambar styracif lua, white oak Quercus alba, swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii, laurel oak Quercus laurifolia, water oak Quercus nigra, willow oak Quercus phellos, overcup oak Quercus lyrata, pin oak Quercus palustris, Nuttall oak Quercus nuttalli, water ash Fraxinus caroliniana, winged elm Ulmus alata, American elm Ulmus americana, swamp tupelo Nyssa sylvatica var . biflora, red maple Acer rub rum, loblolly pine Pinus taeda and hackberry Celtis laevigata . Early successional stages, occurring close to the river, are dominated by cottonwood Populus deltoides and heterophvlla and black willow Salix nigra. Hotchkiss and Stewart (1947) indicate that beech Fagus grandifolia dominates in the mature bottomland hardwood forests of Maryland. On the smaller floodplains, especially in the northern section of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, river birch Betula nigra, sycamore Platanus occidentalis, box elder Acer negundo and silver maple Acer saccharinum dominate the stream sides. The floodplain soils are quite rich due to the frequent addition of alluvium. Farmers have cleared much of the best drained bottomlands for cultivation and have reaped great benefits from this land. This, must be considered as a major threat to the survival of this forest as a community type. Animal species are also quite abundant in this community due to the presence of a large supply of foods. Typical animals include: Two lined salamander Eurycea bislineata Fowler's toad Bufo woodhousei Fowleri Squirrel tree frog Hyla squirella Pine woods tree frog Hyla femoralis Green tree frog Hyla cinerea Bull frog Rana catesbeiana Box turtle Terrapene Carolina Broad headed skink Eumcces laticeps Water snake Natrlx slpodon Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platyrhinos Wood duck Aix sponsa Red shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus Bohwlilte quail Colinus virginlanus Turkey Meleagr is Kallopavo Woodcock Phllohela minor Barred owl Strix varia B-16 Pileated woodpecker Hylatomus pileatus Red headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus Acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens Prothonotary warbler Protonotaria cltrea Cardinal Richmondena cardinal is Opossum Didelphis marsupialis Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus f loridanus Gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Fox squirrel Sciurus niger Flying squirrel Glaucomys volans Beaver Castor canadensis Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Black bear Ursus americanus Raccoon Procyon lotor Mink Mustela vison River Otter Lutra canadensis Bobcat Lynx rufus White tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Critical environmental factors controlling the composition of this community include duration of flooding, elevation and drainage of soil, occurrence of fire and length of time covered with vegetation. Upland Pine Forest This community type is here divided into two phases, Icblolly pine-shortleaf pine phase and pitch pine phase. The overall importance of this community in the uplands of the Atlantic Coastal Plain reflects the history of disturbance in this region. The community is successional in nature, being com- prised of a canopy of pines Pinus spp. and an understory of hard- woods usually dominated by oaks Quercus spp. The loblolly pine-shortleaf pine phase occupies the disturbed upland habitats and is definitely successional. It is generally associated with soils which possess more clay than the soils in the pine flatwoods which are generally quite sandy. Loblolly pine Pinus taeda in particular is the first tree species to invade abandoned lands. It may dominate the forest for more than 80 years before the climax hardwoods become dominant (Costing, 1942). Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata, also a pioneer species, attains its best development in the drier habitats as on ridge tops. Except in the youngest stands, an understory of mixed hard- woods including white oak Quercus alba, scarlet oak Quercus coccinea, red oak Quercus rubra, black oak Quercus velutina, post oak Quercus stellata, southern red oak Quercus falcata, water oak Quercus nigra. B-17 mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa, pignut hickory Carya glabra, black gum Nyssa sylvatica and sweetgum Liquidambar styracif lua occurs. Often the hickories appear late in succession. Scrub pine Pinus virginiana is also an important pioneer species, particularly in the northern portion of the Chesapeake Bay region. The pitch pine phase dominates the disturbed uplands from Maryland north to Cape Cod along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Associated with the pitch pine are blackjack oak Quercus marylandica, post oak Quercus stellata, black oak Quercus velutina and scarlet oak Quercus coccinea. The scrub oak Quercus ilicifolia is also a common associate on the drier sites. (McCormick, 1970). Typical animals include: Dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus Red backed salamander Plethodon cinereus Slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus Eastern spadefoot Scaphiopus holbrookl Fowler's toad Bufo woodhousei fowleri Box turtle Terrapene Carolina Fence lizard Sceloporus undulatus Six lined racerunner Cnemidophorus sixlineatus Ground skink Lygosoma laterale Eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis Eastern hognose snake Heterodon platyrhinos Black racer Coluber constrictor Eastern coachwhip Mastigophis f lagellum Corn snake Elaphe guttata Black rat snake Elaphe obsoleta Pine snake Pltuophis melanoleucus Copperhead Agklstrodon contortrix Timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus Bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus Screech owl Otus asio Great horned owl Bubo virginianus Ruby throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris Eastern wood pewee Contopus virens Carolina chickadee Parus carollnensis Blue gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea White eyed vireo Vireo griseus Pine warbler Dendroica plnus Summer tanager Ptranga rubra Cardinal Rlchmondena cardlnalls Field sparrow Splzella pusilla Opossum Dldelphls marsupialls Masked shrew Sorex cinerea B-18 Short tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda Common mole Scalopus aquaticus Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus f loridanus Gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Fox squirrel Sciurus niger Red squirrel Tamiasclurus hudsonicus Flying squirrel Glaucomys volans White fotted mouse Peromyscus leucopus Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Pine vole Pitymys pinetorum Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Raccoon Procyon lotor Bobcat Lynx rufus White tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Critical environmental factors determining the vegetational composition in this community include frequency of distrubance, water holding capacity of the soil, and fre- quency of fire. Upland Hardwood Forest This vegetational type is considered to be the climax vegetation in the upland regions of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In fact however, it is not particularly common on the Coastal Plain due to the frequency of disturbance there. The upland hardwood forest is dominated by various species of oak Quercus. The xeric or dry phase of this community type occurs primarily on the dry, sand ridges of the Coastal Plain. It is dominated by scrubby oaks which persist after the timbering or death of various pines, especially shortleaf pine Pinus echinata, acrub pine Pinus vlrginiana, and pitch pine Pinus rigida. On the more mesic sites, southern red oak Quercus falcata often dominates. Blackjack oak Quercus marylandica,post oak Quercus stellata and scrub oak Quercus ilicifolia are the characteristic species however, pine is usually always present due to the frequency of fire and/or other disturbances. The intermediate phase of the upland hardwood forest Is the most common representative of this community type. In the northern section of the Coastal Plain, the dominant species include black oak Quercus velutina, chestnut oak Quercus prinus, white oak Quercus alba and scarlet oak Quercus coccinea with blackgum Nyssa sylvatica, post oak Quercus stellata and several hickories Carya spp. also being common. B-19 The rich or mesic phase occurs only on the best sites, such as moist ravines. The most indicative species of this community is the beech Fagus grandifolia. Quarterman and Keever (1962) termed this community (in southern Coastal Plain) the Southern Mixed Hardwood Forest. They identify 14 species which are verv important and 10 taxa which are highly restricted to this community. The 14 species include beech Fagus grandifolia, white oak Quercus alba, sweetgum Llquidambar styraclflua, laurel oak Quercus laurifolia, southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora, water oak Quercus nigra, mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa, pignut hickory Carya glabra, loblolly pine Pinus, taeda, southern red oak Quercus falcata, blackgum Nyssa sylvatica, holly Ilex opaca, dogwood Cornus florida, and f arkleberry Vaccinium arbor eum. Typical animals include: Dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus Red backed salamander Plethodon cinereus Slimy salamander Plethodon cinereus Two lined salamander Eurycea bislineata Fowler's toad Bufo woodhousei forleri Box turtle Terrapene Carolina Ground skink Lygosoma laterale Broad headed skink Eumeces laticeps Eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis Black racer Coluber constrictor Black rat snake Elaphe obsoleta Copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix Red shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus Red tailed hawk Buteo jamalcensis Broad winged hawk Buteo platypterus Bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Screech owl Otus asio Great horned owl Bubo virginianus Ruby throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris Yellow shafted flicker Colaptes auratus Plleated woodpecker Hylatomus pileatus Red headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus Hairy woodpecker Dendrocopus vlllosus Downy woodpecker Dendrocopus pubescens Acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens Eastern wood pewee Contopus virens Crested flycatcher Mylarchus crinltus Common crow Corvus brachyrhynos Blue jay Cyanocltta crlstata Tufted titmouse Parus bicolor Carolina chickadee Parus carollnensis B-20 White breasted nuthatch Sltta carolinensls Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicanus Wood thrust Hylocichla mustelina Yellow throated vireo Vireo f lavif rons Red eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus Black and white warbler Mniotilta varia Oven bird Seiurus aurocapillus Hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina Summer tanager Piranga rubra Cardinal Richmondena cardinalis Slate colored junco Junco hy emails Opossum Didelphis marsupialis Masked shrew Sorex cinereus Short tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus f loridanus Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Gray squirrel Seiurus carolinensls Fox squirrel Seiurus niger Flying squirrel Glaucomys volans White footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus Pine vole Pitymys pinetorum Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Raccoon Procyon lotor Long tailed weasel Mustela frenata Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis White tailed deer Odocoileus virglnianus Critical environmental factors controlling the character of this community include water holding capacity of the soil, frequency of disturbance, and topography. Old Field Community This is a community type which occurs over the entire Atlantic Coastal Plain in almost all upland situations. The old field community develops on abandoned lands, particularly agricultural lands . The vegetational composition of these old fields is largely dependent on the amount of time since abandonment. Immediately following abandonment weeds invade the land including crabgrass Dlgitaria sanguinalis and horseweed Erigeron canadensis. The first year after abandonment, old fields are totally domi- nated by horseweed. The next few years the old field community is dominated by white aster Aster pilosus. During this time, broomsedge Andropogon virginicus appears and begins to spread until it eventually dominates the old field community. During the broomsedge stage, young pines begin to appear in the fields and eventually as they grow their crowns meet and a closed canopy develops. Once this occurs the broomsedge will become B-21 uncommon as it cannot survive under the dense shade produced by the closed canopy. As the pines grow the community type changes to a pine flatwoods or upland pine forest community and if there is little or no further disturbance upland hardwood forest becomes the climax vegetation. This sequence of changes is occurring throughout the Atlantic Coastal Plain and is called secondary succession or old field succession. Typical animals of the early stages include: Fowler ' s toad Bufo woodhousei fowleri American toad Bufo amerlcanus Six lined racerunner Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Black racer Coluber constrictor Black rat snake Elaphe obsoleta Red shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus Red tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis Marsh hawk Circus cyaneus Bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus Mourning dove Zenaidura macroura White eyed vireo Vireo griseus Prairie warbler Dendroica discolor Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas Yellow breasted chat Icteria vlrens Meadowlark Sturnella magna Cardinal Richmondena cardinalis Towhee Pipllo erythrophthalmus Savanna sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum Bachman's sparrow Almophila aestivalis bachmanii Field sparrow Splzella pusllla Opossum Dldelphis marsuplalis Short tailed shrew Blarlna brevlcauda Least shrew Cryptotis parva Common mole Scalopus aquatlcus Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus f lorldanus White footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus Meadow Jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius Housemouse Mus musculus Meadow vole Mlcrotus pennsylvanlcus Long tailed weasel Mustela f renata Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis Red fox Vulpes vulpes Critical environmental factors determining its vegetatlonal composition Include length of time left abandoned, low soil water holding capacity, low soil nutrient status and frequency of disturb- ance. It has been shown that allelopathy or "Chemical warfare between plants" occurs In the early stages of succession (Keever, 1950) and thus this is a critical environmental factor. B-22 REFERENCES Bernard, J. M. and F. A. Bernard. 1971. Mature upland forests of Cape May County, New Jersey. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 98(3):167-171. Boyce, S. E. 1954. The salt spray community. Ecol. Monogr. 24(l):29-67. Braun, E. L. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. Hafner Publishing Company, Inc., New York, p. 596. Buell, M. F. and R. L. Cain. 1943. The successional role of Southern l^ite Cedar, Chamaecyparis thvoldes , in south- eastern North Carolina. Ecol. 24(l):85-93. Burt, W. H. and R. P. Grossenheider . 1964. A field guide to the mammals. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, p. 284. Conant, R, 1958. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, p. 366. Fenneman, N. M. 1938. Physiography of eastern United States. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New York, p. 714. 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Ecological considetations of cypress heads in northcentral Florida. Amer. Midi. Nat. 74(1):126-140. Murray, G. E. 1961. Geology of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province of North America. Harper and Brothers, New York, p. 692. Costing, H. J. 1942. An ecological analysis of the plant communities of Piedmont, North Carolina. Amer. Midi. Nat. 28(1):1-126. Costing, H. J. 1954. Ecological processes and vegetation of the maritime strand in the southeastern United States. Bot. Rev. 20(4) :226-262. ' Penfound, W. T. 1952. Southern swamps and marshes. Bot. Rev. 18(6):413-446. Peterson, R. T. 1947. A field guide to the birds. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, p. 230. Proiuy, W. F. 1952. Carolina bavs and their origin. Ceol. Soc. Amerc. R.iU. 6") :?yj7 ->,?/. . B-24 Putnam, J. A. ,G. M. Furnlval , and J. S. McKnight . 1960. Management and Inventory of southern hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook No. 181. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. p. 102. Quarterman, E. and C. Keever. 1962. Southern mixed hardwood forest: Climax in the southeastern Coastal Plain, U.S.A.. Ecol. Monogr. 32:167-185. Shelford, V. E. 1963. The ecology of North America. Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, 111., p. 610. Slrkin, L. A. 1972. Origin and history of Maple Bog in the Sunken Forest, Fire Island, New York. Bull. Torrey Bot . Club 99:131-135. Smith, R. L. 1966. Ecology and field biology. Harper and Row, Publishers, New York, p. 686. Trewartha, G. T. 1954. An introduction to climate. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, p. 402. Wells, B. W. 1939. A new forest climax: The salt spray climax of Smith Island. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66:629-634. Wells, B. W. and I. V. Shunk. 1931. The vegetation and habitat factors of the coarser sands of the"North Carolina Coastal Plain: An ecological study. Ecol. Monogr. 1:465-521. APPENDIX C RARE, ENDANGERED AND THREATENED VERTEBRATE SPECIES OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION by Anne LaBastille, Ph.D. Center for Natural Areas Ecology Program Smithsonian Institution April, 1973 RARE, ENDANGERED, AND THREATENED VERTEBRATE SPECIES IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION INTRODUCTION This report is part of a larger series of reports dealing with the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the Maine Coast as part of a coordinated effort to identify and analyze conservation priorities and selection of natural areas and landmarks along the east coast of the United States. The Chesapeake Bay region, being one of the most outstanding because of its natural resource values and its proximity to large metropolitan complexes, was given special attention. This project was originated by The Nature Conservancy, in conjunction with the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, and was carried out by the Smithsonian Center for Natural Areas. This report deals with rare, endangered, and threatened vertebrate animals occurring in the Chesapeake Bay area. Geographically the area is delineated by U. S. Highway 13 on the east, the North Carolina/ Virginia state line to the south, the Fall Line or Interstate 95 on the west and north. This includes the Bay and its tributaries roughly to the limit of tidal influence. A series of base maps has been developed by the Smithsonian Center for Natural Areas showing significant ecological data along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. A special set of maps of the Chesapeake Bay region indicates detailed zoological factors and sites where rare, endangered, or threatened fish and wildlife occur. Areas harboring such species have been given high rating among the conservation priorities in selecting natural areas for preservation. SCOPE OF REPORT The report summarizes existing and current information on rare, endangered, and threatened species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals which occur in the Chesapeake Bay region. Included are species which are recognized on the U. S. Department of Interior's federal registry of endangered animals; and also species which are apparently experiencing rapid depletion in numbers and may be threatened. The data presented cover the status, estimated numbers, present distri- bution, reasons for decline, ecological values, and conservation measures taken or proposed for those species listed below. This information is presented in the same format as the U. S. Department of Interior's Redbook, "Threatened Wildlife of the United States", and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (I.U.C.N.), Red Data Books. C-1 C-2 METHODOLOGY Data were assembled by contacting competent persons known to be experts on particular species or groups of species. Contact was made by personal interview, by telephone, and by a three-page questionnaire asking for detailed information on rare, endangered, or threatened species. This material was then compiled on the following data sheets. The significant literature was reviewed, with emphasis placed on more recent papers and books (from 1960 to 1973). Since a time lag often exists between gathering of data and its publication, the most-up-to-date information was obtained through personal communication. CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES There are not many rare, endangered, or threatened species of vertebrate animals in the Chesapeake Bay region. Those that occur there are dependent in part on the presence of natural and undisturbed habitats, and also on the broader aspect of uncontaminated environmental conditions. This is particularly Important to birds of prey which are dependent on a long food chain, and where they may accumulate high levels of persistent chemicals. Chesapeake Bay is especially important as a nesting area for the endangered southern subspecies of the bald eagles and for ospreys. Both species reach relatively high con- centrations in this area. CLASSIFICATION OF Ri\RE, ENDANCF.RED. AND THREATENED FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES IN CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION Rarity Classification Species Name USDI lUCN Delmarva Fox Squirrel Endangered l(b)R Southern Bald Eagle Endangered 2(b)P* Osprey Threatened (Amer. Birds, 1973) Arctic Peregrine Falcon Endangered Ipswich Sparrow Rare 2(a)P* Bog Turtle Rare 2(a) Sea Turtles: Green Threatened 3(a)PT Loggerhead 3(a)PT Leatherback Hawksbill l(a)PT Atlantic Ridley Maryland Darter Endangered 2(a)S Endangered (Miller, 1972) Key to Classification on lUCN List: (a) = full species (b) = subspecies * = denotes species or subspecies critically endangered 1 = endangered 2 = rare 3 = depleted T = subject to substantial export trade P = legally protected, at least in some parts of its range S = secrecy still desirable Reference to List: American Birds, 1973 (in press). The Blue List for 1973: (an early warning system for birds). I. U.C.N. 1971 (Rev.) Red Data Books, vol. 1-4: (Pisces, Amphibia and Reptiles, Aves, Mammalia) Morges 1110, Switzerland. Miller, R. R. 1972. Threatened freshwater fishes of the United States. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc, Vol. 101 (2):239-252. U. S.D.I. 1973. Threatened Wildlife of the United States. Office of Endangered Species and International Ai i Ivitles, Bureau Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. DELMARVA FOX SQUIRREL or Bryants Fox Squirrel Order : RODENTIA Family: SCIURIDAE C-4 Sciurus niger cinereus (Linnaeus) Sciurus niger bryanti Sciurus niger neglectus (Gray)'- Estimated Numbers: About 500+ are known, and may be 1000+, but no total estimates are available. In 1964, Linduska estimated the population in the low thousands • Present Distribution: These squirrels are found only in four Maryland counties, with certainty, plus one isolated record on the county line of Caroline/Talbot County. Introductions were made in one area at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia. The main range is 50 to 75 miles x 25 miles. These are plotted in the map of zoological factors of ecological importance (Map 2). Kent County - Eastern Neck Island and Eastern Neck National Wild- life Refuge^ found in grain fields and woodlands and marsh on refuge, especially along Hickory Ridge. There is an estimate of 250+ squirrels (Refuge Manager, 1972). Possibly a few still occur on land owned by Eugene DuPont near Rock Hall, but no recent records. Queen Anne County - On Wye Island about 75 acres of loblolly pine near Wye River with an estimate of several squirrels. Possibly also at Wye Mills; possibly also near Church Hill. Talbot County - near Trappe along Choptank River (Walsh, 1973; Flyger, 1973); at head of Miles River (duPont McConnell, 1973); possibly around Bruceville, Windy Hill and Barber areas - the latter being along the LaTrappe River and creek with no name north of Choptank River (Walsh, 1973). Possibly at Little Neck and Island Creek Neck area (Walsh, 1973). Dorchester County - Drawbridge area (Flyger, 1973); Walsh, 1973; also suggested from Presque Isle, Vienna, Ellicott and Steele Neck (Walsh, 1973) Linkwood State Wildlife Management Area has an area of 300 acres but few squirrels were estimated (Germany, 1972) Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge - There are 11,300 acres with about 400 to 500 acres wooded and suitable for squirrel habitat with an estimate of 150+ squirrels (Julien and Germany, 1972). C-5 The squirrels are usually found in ratio of one to three with Gray Squirrels (the latter predominating.) In one census 142 nests were counted, but this is^oor indicator since one squirrel or pair of squirrels may make more than one nest. On a 52 acre sample plot on the Refuge, 15 Dalmarva Fox Squirrels were trapped and released (8 females, 7 males). An estimated 18 squirrels for the plot was calculated. Population density based on trap-recapture census study at Blackwater N.W.R. indicates that .37 Fox Squirrels occur per acre; or one squirrel needs about four acres of habitat, depending on mast crops. (Germany and Julien, 1972). It is also'" suggested that squirrels occur outside the Refuge in Kentuck and Greenbriar Swamps. L'Compte State Wildlife Refuge contains 500 acres but few squirrels. Although this is supposedly a Fox Squirrel sanctuary, the area is not being managed for their benefit. Piney Swamp, north of Blackwater River, has also been suggested as a squirrel habitat. Caroline County - Only one record, but as mentioned above only a few squirrels were estimated. Somerset County - It was suggested that Big Swamp next to an existing wildlife management plot may have some squirrels (Rivinus, 1972) but no proof exists. Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge: Delmarva Fox Squirrels are not known to exist here in the past, although they might have been within the overall range. Squirrels were introduced in March, 1968, 14 squirrels (7 females, 7 males), but several died. Another introduction made in January, 1971, of 23 squirrels, but 5 died. There are 600 acres of marginal to fair habitat between Sow Ponds, along ridge of White Hills, to Tom's Cove. This is a total area of 2.6 x .5 miles. A young squirrel was seen in January 1972 and in the fall of 1972, (Appel, 1972), (Julien and Germany, 1972). It is estimated that 4 to 5 years may be necessary to build up a viable population; however, squirrels are not doing well and may die out completely. Note: Good stands of mature to old loblolly pine and also pine mixed with hardwoods are preferred by squirrels. Some large timber exists In private estates on the peninsulas west of Rt. 33 near St. Michaels and Royal Oak. Inquiry did not disclose whether squirrels have ever been seen here. C-6 Status: Classified as endangered by U. S. Department of Interior. Considered to be threatened with extinction (Flyger, 1973). May be thought of as a threatened "island form" because of restricted range on Delmarva Peninsula. The populations are decreasing fairly rapidly. Reasons for Decline: 1. Encroachment on habitat by real estate (vacation homes, etc.) and agriculture. 2. Heavy cutting of pine and hardwood stands during 1880 's and again at present. State forestry policy encourages woodlot owners to cut their mature hardwood stands and plant quick-growing loblolly pine for marketing. 3. Fires destroy habitat. 4. Indiscriminate hunting and poaching, and occasional confusion by hunters between Delmarva Fox Squirrel and Eastern Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis, because they have no knowledge of different characteristics. Also, juvenile Fox Squirrels may be mistaken for Grey Squirrels. One pair of captive squirrels is being held at Remington Farms, Chestertown, Md. , for breeding purposes. Squirrels have been held for 4 years and have not yet produced young. (Galbraith, 1973). Protective Measures Taken: 1. Establishment of Blackwater and Eastern Neck National Wild- life Refuges; plus the L' Compote State Wildlife Management Arec. (1970) where squirrels find sanctuary and their habitat is protected. 2. State of Maryland banned hunting Delmarva Fox Squirrels in 1971 and Imposed a $50 fine for taking them. 3. Introduction to Chincoteague N.W.R. in 1968 and 1971 to pro- vide a breeding nucleus on federally protected lands. 4. Research is being conducted at the University of Maryland by Dr. V. Flyger and Mr. G. Taylor. Protective Measures Proposed: 1. Stop logging mature stands of loblolly Pinus taeda and hard- woods where good squirrel habitat exists. Another incentive might be offered for leaving land in woodland condition. C-7 2. Acquire untouched areas of Kentuck and Greenbriar Swamps adjoining the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge which contain good squirrel habitat and possibly squirrels. Also try to investigate and acquire habitat on LaTrappe Creek and Big Swamp. An attempt should be made to acquire, (if not too late) the Wye Mills or Wye Island land since this is proposed to be developed into five-acre housing lots. 3. L'Compte State Wildlife Management Area should be managed specifically for squirrels, not for other species of game. 4. Develop further research efforts into distribution, behavior, limiting factors, and optimum habitat conditions for the species. 5. Breed in captivity if possible so as to have extra stock; release into wild to restock good habitat. 6. Public education to help people differentiate between Grey and Fox Squirrels so that they will not hunt the wrong species, nor molest them in other ways. Ecological Significance: 1. A beautiful and unique mammal. 2. Sport hunting, wildlife photography, nature viewing. 3. Serves as prey species for several forms of predators (owls, hawks, foxes, eagles, etc.) 4. Squirrels plant seeds of mast trees and help forest reproduction. 5. The enzyme defect in the heme biosynthetic pathway is the same in the Fox Squirrel Sciurus niger as in porphyric cattle and human beings. Therefore, members of this species can provide a small animal laboratory model for studies of congenital erythro- poietic porphyria (a hereditary disease of humans and cattle) associated with a similar partial deficiency of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase (Levin and Flyger, 1971). C-8 References: (Personal communication) Dr. Vagn Flyger, Institute of Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. Mr. Galbraith, Asst. Mg., Remington Farms, Chestertown, Md. Mr. Bob Germany, Asst. Mgr., Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Cambridge, Md. Mr. W. Jullen, Refuge Mgr., Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Cambridge, Md. Mrs. Jean duPont McConnell, (estate owner near St. Michaels), %120 120 Delaware Trust Bldg., Wilmington, Del., 19801. Refuge Manager (former). Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge, Rock Hall, Md. Rivinus, Edward F. Aug. 22, 1972, and Nov. 3, 1972. Office memo to Office of Environmental Sciences, Smithsonian Institution. Gary Taylor, graduate student. Institute of Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. Mr. Mike Walsh, game warden, Md. State Dept. Natural Resources, Talbot County, Md. Literature: Flyger, Vagn. 1964. Urban Sprawl endangers native Maryland mammals. Maryland Conservationist. 41(3) :6-7. Levin, E. Y. and V. Flyger. 1971. Uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase activity in the Fox Squirrel Sciurus niger . Science 174:59-60. Linduska, J. P. Apr. 9, 1964. in litt. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Dept. of Interior, Washington, D. C. Miller, G. S., Jr. and R. Kellogg. 1955. List of North American Recent Mammals. U. S. Natl, Museum. Bull. 205, Washington, B.C. Paradise, J. L. 1969. Mammals of Maryland. North American Fauna 66: 193 pp. Rhodes, L. 1971. Delmarva Peninsula Fox Squirrel study - first report for Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge. Unpublished report. 19 p. C-9 SOUTHERN BALD EAGLE Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus Order: FALCONIFORMES Family: ACCIPITRIDAE Estimated Numbers: The Chesapeake Bay region has had a population of about 65 pairs of eagles since the mld-1960's, following a 60 percent reduction in nesting pairs. (Abbott, 1971). 1972 - 40 breeding pairs (Natl. Audubon Soc, pers. comm. 1972). 1972 - 58 active nests; 20 young hatched; 1.3 young/successful nest; 32% hatching success of rechecked nests (Abbott, 1972) 1971 - 56 active nests; 26 young hatched; 1.2 young/successful nest; 35.7% hatching success of rechecked nests (Abbott, 1971). 1970 - 58 active nests; 22 young hatched; 1.3 young/successful nest; 32.6% hatching success of rechecked nests (Abbott, 1970). 1969 - 50 active nests; 29 young hatched; 1.5 young/successful nest; 38.8% hatching success of rechecked nests (Abbott, 1969). 1966 - 70 pairs (Natl. Audubon Soc, 1966). 1936 - 200 pairs of eagles; 250 active nests (Abbott, 1965); 1.8 young/successful nest (Sprunt, 1973). Present Distribution: See map 2, and reports at Smithsonian Institution with detailed locations of eagle nests (active and inactive) for Chesapeake Bay region (1970-1973), provided by Jackson Abbott. A total of 89 nest sites (not all active in one year): 4 in Delaware, 45 in Maryland; and 41 in Virginia. The region is the most productive area for Southern Bald Eagles north of Florida. C-10 Mason's Neck National Wildlife Refuge - contains 904 acres of federal land with 4000 acres collectively protected by State and other lands on Mason Neck. The area has a year-round concentration of eagles, both winter and summer roosters, and a few nesters. Some artificial nest platforms have been installed for eagle use. There are usually 12 to 20 adult birds in the area. Recently up to 4 pairs nested; now only one pair, (Julien, 1972). No nests are on the N. W. Refuge, but one site close by on State land. Assateague Island National Seashore - occasional sightings only (Norris, 1973). Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge - one or two seen each year; used to be fairly common as a wintering bird. None nesting now, (Appel, 1972). Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge - one or two seen each year; but they used to be fairly common as a wintering bird. None are nesting now. (Appel, 1972) . Blackwater N.W.R. - Has densest population of breeding eagles in Chesapeake Bay area. In 1972, 3 nests on Refuge lands; 1971, 7 nests on Refuge and adjacent lands, (Julien, 1972). Status : Endangered - on U. S. Dept. of Interior federal list of endangered species. Seriously threatened and declining. A long-term trend downwards in numbers. A shift in location of nesting activities has accompanied the decline in numbers. Eagles have disappeared from upper parts of the tributaries and rivers and the upper part of the Bay. They now concentrate near river estuaries and in the lower part of the Bay. Pollutants here seem to be more diluted and dispersed due to the action of currents; therefore, the food supply is better, (Abbott, 1965, 1971). Reasons for Decline: 1. Trauma, primarily from shooting, is one of the greatest, if not the greatest, cause of mortality among eagles, (Coon, et.al., 1970). 2. Concentrations of pesticides and their metabolites which are probably major factors causing decrease in Bald Eagle populations through egg-shell thinning from non-lethal amounts of DDE and other metabolites, or by direct mortality by lethal amounts, (see literature references on contamination) . 3. Pollution of waterways (feeding areas) which limits fish (food supply) of eagles. C-11 4. Removal of habitat and nest sites around the bay by farming, real estate development, encroachment of power transmission lines, and lumbering of tidewater forests. 5. Reproductive rate is below that considered necessary to main- tain the population. A 50% fledgling rate is needed, or at least one fledged young per nest, for stable populations. In the Chesapeake Bay area, however, the fledgling rate is only 5 to 35% (Abbott, 1971). According to Sprunt (1969) and Sprunt ejt al. (1966), nesting success is only 15% here. Protective Measures Taken: 1. Protection by federal law and fine of $500 for killing an eagle. Laws to prohibit shooting. 2. Removal of bounty for eagles (which Alaska had for years). 3. Intensive investigations into pesticide and other chemical contamination of eagles and eagle eggs, their biology, distribution, behavior, etc. being carried out by Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, National Audubon Soc. , State fish and game departments, etc. Investi- gations into artificial breeding programs. 4. Censuses are being made annually by Jackson Abbott, Fred Scott, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and others to locate nest sites around Chesapeake Bay and determine activity, productivity, etc. Usually two airplane flights are made per breeding season. 5. Continued protection and acquisition of nest sites where not owned by federal or state conservation agencies to avoid destruction or disturbance to nesting eagles. In some cases, as in Maine and Florida, individual agreements are reached with private landowners to protect nest sites and birds. 6. Continued protection on federal and state refuges. Protective Measures Proposed: 1. Acquisition of all known nest sites around Chesapeake Bay area as sanctuaries. 2. Continued research on, and control of, environmental contam- inants, especially pesticides and PCB's which can effect eagle repro- duction. 3. Increased public education and Involvement In saving the species. C-12 4. Continued research on eagle behavior and reproduction, plus emphasis on captive breeding programs. 5. Increased enforcement of eagle laws and increased punish- ment of offenders. 6. Water pollution abatement. 7. Proper safe-guards on power lines to prevent electrocution, where needed. Ecological Significance and General Value: 1. U. S. National symbol - with all accompanying traditional, cultural, aesthetic, historical, symbolic and inspirational qualities with which this bird is imbued. 2. Important indicator species to monitor effects of pesticides and other environmental contaminants. 3. Predation and maintenance of healthy prey populations. 4. Bird-watching as a popular past-time, plus wildlife photography. 5. Political expediency to "save" the species. 6. Excellent educational tool to teach conservation attitudes to children. References : (personal communication) Mr. Jackson Abbott, 8501 Doter Drive, Alexandria, Va. 22308. Mr. J. Appel, Refuge Manager, Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Box 62, Chincoteague, Va. 23336. Mr. W. Julien, Refuge Manager, Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Cambridge, Maryland. National Audubon Society, Research Division, 115 Indian Mound Trail, Tavernier, Fla. 33070. Mr. Thomas Norris, Jr., Superintendent, Assateague Island National Seashore, Rt. 2, Box 294, Berlin, Md. 21811. A. Sprunt. 1969. Population trends of the bald eagle in North C-13 America, p. 347-351. In Peregrine Falcon Populations: their biology and decline. J, J. Hickey (ed.) Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wise. A. Sprunt and F. J. Ligas, 1966. Audubon bald eagle studies, 1960-1966. National Audubon Soc, N. Y. 6 p. C. Snow. 1973. Habitat management series for endangered species. Southern Bald Eagle and Northern Bald Eagle. Report No. 5, Technical Note. Bureau Lane Mgt., U.S.D.I., Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado. Literature: Abbott, J. M. 1965. The Chesapeake Bald Eagles: Summary report, 1936, 1955-1965. Atl. Nat., vol. 22(l):20-25. Abbott, J. M. 1967. Bald Eagle Nesting report, Chesapeake Bay region. Atlantic Naturalist, vol. 23(1) :19. Abbott, J. M. 1968. Bald Eagle Nesting report, Chesapeake Bay region. Atlantic Naturalist, vol. 24(1) :18. Abbott, J. M. 1969. Bald Eagle Nesting report, Chesapeake Bay region. Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 24(4) :212. Abbott, J. M. 1970. American Eagle nest survey of the Chesapeake Bay region. Abbott, J. M. 1971. American Eagle nest survey of the Chesapeake Bay region. Abbott, J. M. 1972. Chesapeake Bay Bald Eagle nest survey. Coon, Locke, Cromartee and Reichel. 1970. Causes of Bald Eagle mortaility - 1960 - 1965. Jour. Wildlife Diseases, vol. 6:72-76. Mulhern, Reichel, Locke, Lamont, Belisle, Cromartie, Bagley and Prouty. 1970. Organochlorine residues and autopsy data from Bald Eagles. Pesticides Monitoring Jour. vol. 4(3) : 141-144 . National Audubon Soc. 1966. Bald Eagle Studies - 1960-1966. Research Department., Indian Mound Trail, Tavernier, Fla. Mimeo copy. 6 p. Sprunt, A. IV, et al. 1973. Comparative productivity of six Bald Ea>;lc populations. Paper presented at North American Wildlife Conference, March 19, 1973, Washington, D. C. C-14 Weimeyer, Mulhern, Ligas, Hensel, Mathisen, Robards and Postupalsky. 1972. Residues of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in Bald Eagle eggs and changes in shell thickness - 1969 and 1970. Pesticide Monitoring Jour. vol. 6(1): 50-55. C-15 OSPREY Pandion haliaetus Order : FALCONIFORMES Family : PANDIONIDAE Estimated Numbers; Virginia = 500 plus pairs; in 1972, 390 nests, 130 known productive nests, 262 known young produced, 209 known fledglings (Byrd, 1973). Delaware = 25 to 30 pairs Maryland = 750 pairs + Chesapeake Bay has largest known population in North America Present Distribution: Virginia - See map 2 of locations of nest sites provided by Dr. M. Byrd, Dept. of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. Also see Table I, Pro- ceedings of the first North American Osprey research conference (Byrd, 1973). Delaware - Information available at Delaware Dept. Natural Resources and Environmental Control (Lesser, 1973); however, many of the sites are outside Chesapeake Bay drainage. Maryland - See map 2, with nest site locations provided by Mr. Stan Wiemeyer, Research Biologist, Patuxent Wild- life Research Center, Laurel, Md.; and by Mr. Jan Reese, researcher, St. Michaels, Md. Selected Areas with Active Nests: Virginia - James River Chlckahominy River York River Mobjack Bay New Ft. Comfort Rappahannock River Fleets Bay 1970 1971 3 6 - 12 11 28 15 17 50 45 57 77 17 29 C-16 1970 1971 Eastern Shore Atlantic Side 41 46 Eastern Shore Ches.Bay Side - 49 Total Active Nests 194 309 Maryland/Virginia - Lower Potomac' River east of Rt. 301 (Wiemeyer, 1972) Maryland Shore - 100 pairs Virginia Shore - 40 pairs Pt. Lookout at mouth of Potomac River - 20+ pairs Smith Pt. at mouth - 20-30 pairs Maryland - lower part of Patuxent River - 10+ pairs (Wiemeyer, 1972) from Cove Pt. at mouth of Patuxent To Fair Haven, south of Annapolis - 1 to 2 pairs (Wiemeyer, 1972) from Chester River to Martin Wildlife Refuge along Eastern Shore of Md. to Va. border of Delmarva Peninsula - 500 to 600 pairs (Reese, 1973) Poplar Island - 30 to 35 pairs Broad Creek - 50 pairs Martin N.W.R. - 20 to 30 pairs Choptank River - 24 pairs South Marsh Island and Bloodworth Island - 100 pairs Chincoteague Natl. Wildlife Refuge - 10 to 20 pairs (Appel, 1972); maximum of 8 pairs (Byrd, 1973). Assateague National Seashore - rare sightings, uncommon (Norris, 1973). Delaware - Atlantic shore, mostly out of Chesapeake Bay drainage, from Oak Orchard to Bombay Hook National Wildlife Range - 20 to 30 pairs (Norris, 1973) Oak Orchard and Little Bay area - 2 to 3 pairs C-17 Little Assawoman Bay - 5 pairs Rehoboth Bay (1 colony) 13 pairs (nesting on duck blinds) Cape Henlopen up to Reedy Island 6 to 8 pairs Bombay Hook Natl. Wildlife Refuge 1 pair Nantlcoke Refuge 1 pair Blackbird Creek 1 pair Status: Not officially classified as rare or endangered; however, is declining in specific regions and may be seriously threatened. Reasons for Decline:* 1. It has been estimated that the annual production of ospreys must be between 0.95 to 1.30 young fledged/breeding female to maintain a stable population (Henry and Wight, 1969). (However, this may be underestimated by 5 to 10% if nests with no eggs are excluded from original figures (Henny and VanVelzen) and only the productive nests used, rather than active nests.) Byrd (1973) estimates an annual production of 1.22 young/productive nest is needed in Virginia. Reese (1965) calculated a minimum annual rate of decline of 2 to 3% in Maryland. In many areas of the Chesapeake Bay, annual production is now below these averages, as per following reports: Maryland shore, Charles County, of Potomac River - 0.70 young fledged/active nest (Wiemeyer, 1971) Virginia shore, as above, Westmoreland Co. - 0.70 (Wiemeyer, 1972) . Talbot County, Eastern shore, Maryland .96 to 1.16 (1965 - 1966) (Reese, 1970); Talbot County, Eastern Shore, Maryland - 1.03 (1964-65) (Reese, 1965). Virginia shore from Norfolk to Potomac River - 0.69 (1971) 0.60 (1972) (Byrd, 1973). Martin National Wildlife Refuge, Md. - 1.4 young/active nest, 1.8 young/productive nest (Rhodes, 1972). Choptank River, Eastern Shore, Md. - 0.93 to 0.96 (Reese, 1972). 2. The use of pesticides and other environmental contaminants is causing contamination In ospreys from accumulation of chlorinated hydro- carbons through the food chains, which in turn are responsible for egg failure in active nests. Reproductive decline in ospreys has been reported from many sections of the United States (Ames, 1966), Mickey, C-18 (1969), etc. In Maryland, Hickey and Anderson (1968) reported 2.0 to 2.8% decrease in egg shell weights. This is resulting in egg breakage and embryonic death. 3. Losses to osprey eggs and young by predators such as raccoons and rats. 4. Destruction of nests and nestlings by high tides, waves and winds . 5. Destruction of nests by U. S. Coast Guard personnel when they are found on top of lighted navigational markers. For example, 43 nests were removed in Talbot Co., between 1963-1969, (Reese, 1970) and maybe as high as 15 nests/year in the central Chesapeake Bay region (Reese, 1965). 6. Increased use of boats and disturbances around osprey nest sites. Protective Measures Taken or Proposed; 1. Artificial nesting platforms have been erected and main- tained annually to enhance osprey nesting success. Reese (1970) erected 133 platforms between 1964 and 1969 in Talbot Co.; and a total of 72 nests platforms have been erected in Martin National Wildlife Refuge. These have shown a high degree of occupancy; for example, a total of 59 nests were active on the 72 structures between 1968 and 1971 (Rhodes, 1972). Production tripled since artificial nest structures were started in 1968, up to 1971. 2. Coast Guard directive against removing osprey nests from navigational aids was issued by Admiral Bullock. It covers Coast Guard personnel and activities in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and part of New Jersey. Nests may not be touched during breeding season but may be removed afterwards if interfering with navigational aids. 3. Dr. Byrd and students are putting up signs around marinas and fishing sites asking boaters and fishermen not to tie up next to osprey nests because this may drive off parents and cause death of eggs or young. 4. Continued research on effects of pesticides on osprey reproduction such as presently being carried out at Patuxent Wild- life Research Center, and other research centers. 5. Continued continental censusing and evaluation of populations, plus continued surveillance of Chesapeake Bay populations. C-19 6. Discontinued use of pesticides and other chemicals so as to increase chances of reproductive success; also abatement of water pollution so as to increase fish (food) supply. Ecological Significance and General Importance; 1. Aesthetic value as a bird of prey and beautiful species. 2. Important indicator species to monitor effects of pesticides, especially in Chesapeake Bay which is near large metropolitan centers. 3. Predation and maintenance of health in prey populations. 4. Bird-watching as a popular recreation. References : (personal communication) Mr. J. Appel, Refuge Manager, Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Chincoteague, Maryland. Dr. M. Byrd, Dept. Biology, College of William and Mary, Williams- burg, Virginia. Charles Lesser, Mgr. Technical Services, Division Fish and Wild- life, Dept. Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Edward Tathall Bldg., Legislative Add. and D Street, Dover, Delaware, 19901. T. F. Norris, Supt. Assateague National Seashore, Rt. 2, Box 294, Berlin, Md. Jan Reese, Researcher, St. Michaels, Md., 21663; also c/o Medical College, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Stanley Wiemeyer, Research Biologist. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland. Literature: Ames, P. L. 1966. DDT residues in the eggs of the osprey in the northeastern U. S. and their relation to nesting success. Jour. Applied Kcology 3 (suppl) : 87-97. Byrd, M. (Edit.) 1973 In press. Proceedings of the first North American osprey research conference. Dept. Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. C-20 Henry, C. J. and J. C. Odgen. 1970. Estimated status of osprey populations in the United States. Jour. Wildlife Mgt. 34(1): 214-21. Henry, C. J. and W. T. VanVelzen. 1972. Migration patterns and wintering localities of American ospreys. Jour. Wildlife Mgt. 36(4):1133-1141. Henry, C. J. and H. M. Wight. 1969. An endangered osprey population: estimates of mortality and production. Auk 86(2): 188-198. Hickey, J. J. (Edit.) 1969. Peregrine falcon populations: their biology and decline. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wise. 596 p. Hickey, C. J. and D. Anderson. 1968. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and eggshell changes in raptorial and fish-eating birds. Science 162 (3850) :271-273. Reese, J. 1965. Breeding status of osprey in central Chesa- peake Bay. Maryland Birdlife 21(4) :105-108. 1969. A Maryland Osprey population 75 years ago and today. Maryland Birdlife, 25(4) :116-119. 1970. Reproduction in a Chesapeake Bay osprey population. Auk 87(4) : 747-759. 1972. Osprey nesting success along the Choptank River, Maryland, Chesapeake Science 13(3) :233-235. 1972. Supplement Report #3: Breeding osprey survey of Choptank River, Md. , Maryland Ornithological Society, Un- published. Rhodes, L. 1972. Success of osprey nest structures at Martin National Wildlife Refuge. Jour. Wildlife Mgt. 36(4) :1296-1299. Wiemeyer, S. 1971. Reproductive success of Potomac River ospreys - 1971. Chesapeake Science, Vol. 12(4) :278-280. C-21 ARCTIC PEREGRINE FALCON Falco peregrinus tundrius Order : FALCONIFORMES Family : PANDIONIDAE Estimated Numbers: known as fall (and spring to a lesser degree) migrants only, passing Atlantic oceanside. No known breeding birds now reported any^^here in eastern United States (Cade, 1973); up to 2000 individuals (Mattox, 1973); about 1000 first year migrants (Ruos, 1972), 500+ individuals (Ward, 1973). Present Distribution: Usually sighted at Assateague Island in Maryland and Virginia (36 mi. x 1+ mi . ) along the Atlantic Coastal migration route. Largest concentrations found within two-mile swath of ocean. This is probably the largest and most significant resting and feeding site for Arctic Peregrines anywhere in continental United States (Ward, 1973). (Lies outside Chesapeake Bay area). The major area at Assateague Island is on the north edge of Fox Hill Levels. Other sites given in table below. PEREGRINE SIGHTINGS ON ASSATEAGUE ISLAND (taken from Table 4, Ward & Berry, 1972) 1970 Observation Time 1971 Observation Time in % in % Maryland, North of State Park 1 3 12 11 Md., State Park - NT 2 1 Md. beach south State Park 18 52 53 54 Md., Fox Hills Levels 41 36 40 27 Md. , Little Fox Levels - NT 2 1 Virginia Sector 8 9 11 6 C-22 Barrier beaches along islands of Delmarva Peninsula where falcons also occur include: Fisherman, Myrtle, Smith, Shipshoal, Hog, Revel, Cobb, Parramore, and Wreck Islands. Occasional sporadic sightings are seen around Chesapeake Bay region; more often spring migrants may be seen on west side of Chesapeake Bay and Delmarva oceanside. Birds usually stay 1 to 5 days en route. 10% or less of the adults migrate along the Atlantic Coast beaches with the immatures. Usually the immafcures are in a ratio of 5 or more to every one adult (Shor, 1970, b) . Status: Classified as endangered on the U. S. Dept. of Interior's official list. No appreciable recent decline in general abundance of migrants along Atlantic Coast (Ruos, 1972; Ward & Berry, 1972; 92nd Congress) . In addition, the age ratios of immatures to adults in 1970-71 seemed similar to those recorded since 1938 (Ward & Berry, 1972; Ruos, 1970). Nevertheless, there is a strong implication that a substantial population decline took place after 1947 (Nye, 1969; Ward & Berry, 1972) . Appel (1972) reports fewer sightings of immatures at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge in 1972. Reasons for Decline: 1. Shooting of birds. 2. Destruction of nests. 3. Stealing of eggs, young, and adults, and trapping by falconers and collectors. 4. Breeding failure resulting from cumulative effects of pesticides and other environmental contaminants, affecting the reproductive and egg shell mechanisms. The problem resulting from cumulative effects of pesticides and other environmental contaminants is very well presented by Ward & Berry, 1972, p. 484-485. In addition, there is an occasional direct poisoning from pesticides. There is reason to believe that, based on experience with the American Peregrine Falcon, this subspecies will go into the same pattern of decline even though many migrants seem to come from Greenland where there is a low contamination by pesticides at present. 5. Periodic short-term adverse effects of weather on repro- duction, for example, summer of 1972 (Ruos, 1970). C-23 Protective Measures Taken: 1. Federal and most State laws protect the species. 2. Federal year-round protection by law in the U. S., plus most States and Provinces. 3. Research investigations into artificial propagation techniques at Cornell University's Laboratory of Ornithology, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, and possible other research centers in Canada, plus by 20 or more falconer-aviculturalists. 4. Protection by Denmark, and its colony, Greenland. 5. Surveillance and protection of known nest sites out West and in Canada and Alaska. 6. Cooperative program between the Canadian Wildlife Service and U. S. Wildlife agencies. 7. Continued monitoring of pesticides and effects on birds of prey. Protective Measures Proposed: 1. An immediate and forceful recommendation against the proposed hardtop road which is to be built between the Chesapeake Bay bridge in Maryland to the Virginia bridge, following along Assateague Island National Seashore. This development would destroy a significant wilderness area which falcons presently utilize for feeding and resting during migration. 2. Further acquisition and protection of barrier beaches and islands along the Atlantic side of Delmarva Peninsula to provide additional safe resting sites for migrating falcons. 3. Reduced use of persistent and other environmental contaminants in the U. S. and Canada and Europe. A. Continued research on reproductive failure reasons; and improved artificial breeding in captivity. 5. Increased legal protection and enforcement in all countries where Peregrine Falcons breed and winter. 6. Limit use by surf fishermen and motor vehicles along barrier beaches during time of migration of falcons, because resting should not be disturbed. fThls added stress factor may be more deleterious than normal if birds are loaded with DDT, DDK, HDD. The birds appear to have less tolerance to disturbances when in this condition). C-24 7. Strengthen efforts to monitor flyways and obtain accurate annual migration numbers and any changes in numbers or age ratios which might signal decline of populations. 8. Encourage competent falconers to trap immature birds and handle them with controlled diets (free of chemicals), exercise, artificial incubation of eggs to prevent breakage, etc. (Cade, 1970). 9. Refrain from planting erosion grasses on barrier beaches, and forbid camping on traditional resting sites so as not to disturb birds unnecessarily or obstruct their surveillance of surroundings. Ecological Importance and General Importance: 1. Aesthetic appeal as a magnificent bird of prey. 2. Bird-watchers, photography, nature loving. 3. Important indicator species to use in monitoring effects of pesticides, and other environmental contaminants. 4. Predation which helps maintain a healthy population of prey species. 5. Traditional, historical and scientific use of falcons by falconers. References : (personal communication) Mr. J. Appel, Refuge Mgr. Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Chincoteague, Virginia. Dr. Tom Cade, Professor. Researcher. Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850. Mr. J. Mattox. Asst. Deputy Director. Dept. Natural Resources, 907 Ohio Depts. Bldg., Columbus, Ohio, 43215. Dr. Prescott Ward. DVM. Ecology Division, Edgewood Arsenal, Baltimore, Maryland. Mr. Jim Ruos, Research biologist. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland. C-25 Literature : Cade, T. 1970. A program for managing the survival of Peregrine Falcons in the 1970's (Outline of ideas). Unpublished report. Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 14850. Hickey, J. J. (Edit.) 1969. Peregrine Falcon populations, their biology and decline. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wise. 596 p. 92nd Congress. Fish and Wildlife Legislation, Rt. 2, Hearings of subcommittee on Fish and Wildlife Conservation; Hawks, Owls, and Eagles. No. 92-14. Trends in populations of raptors in North America. Special briefing summary. Government Printing Office. Nye, A. G. , Jr. 1969 Assateague Island peregrines, 1938-1947. Paper presented at North American Falconers Association Peregrine Falcon symposium. Ft. Collins, Colo. Nov. 26-29, mimeo. 7 p. Ruos, J. L. 1970. Correlation of Arctic temperatures in July with numbers of tundra peregrines (Falco peregrinus tundrius) seen per part day in October along the mid-Atlantic coast. Special Report, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Md. 5 p. Shor, W. 1970. (a). Banding recoveries of Arctic migrant peregrines of the Atlantic Coast and Greenland populations. Raptor Research News 4(4):125-127. Shor, W. 1970. (b) . Peregrine Falcon population dynamics deduced from band recovery data. Raptor Research News 4(2):49-59. Snow, C. 1972. Habitat management series for endangered species. Report No. 1. American Peregrine Falcon and Arctic Peregrine Falcon. Technical note. Bureau of Land Management, U.S.D.I., Washington, D. C. Ward, F. P. and R. B. Berry. 1972. Autumn migrations of Peregrine Falcons on Assateague Island, 1970-71. Jour. Wildlife Management, vol. 36(2):48A-492. C-26 IPSWICH SPARROW* Passerculus princeps Order: PASSERIFORMES Family: FRINGILLIDAE * Discussed more fully in reports: "Rare, Endangered, and Threatened Fish and Wildlife of the Maine Coast", and "Rare, Endangered, and Threatened Fish and Wildlife of the Atlantic Coastal Plain", by A. LaBastille. Estimated Numbers and Present Distribution; only rare sightings are reported from Chesapeake Bay region, mainly on Assateague Island and other barrier beaches of Delmarva Peninsula during migrations. Sparrows prefer undisturbed coastal beaches with dunes, rocks and grass; therefore, might be expected to stop and rest wherever appro- priate habitat still exists. C-27 BOG TURTLE Cleirnnys muhlenbergi Order: TESTUDINATA Family: TESTUDINIDAE Estimated Numbers: Very difficult to estimate, but probably in magnitude of 30 adults in Chesapeake Bay area of Maryland (Nemuras, 1973); Arndt (1973) estimates 500+ adults in all Chesapeake Bay region; Barton (1973) estimates 1000+ (15 + colonies). Present Distribution: Maryland: only recorded from 3 counties: Baltimore, Harford and Cecil and most of these locations actually occur on the Piedmont area; however, the following are probably within the Chesapeake Bay drainage (Nemuras, 1967). a. Near Conowingo Dam, Susquehanna River, Cecil Co. 1965-68 and 1947-1969 records. b. Broad Creek, Harford Co. - old record. c. Elk Neck, Cecil Co. - 1945 record. d. Grave Run Mills, Baltimore Co. - 1941 record. e. Eko, Baltimore Co. - 1960 record. f. Gunpowder Falls, Baltimore Co. - 1960 record. g. Sassafras River, Kent Co. - This is the southernmost point where turtles are found on Delmarva Peninsula. h. Bel Air, on Rt. 1 near Baltimore - possibly gone. Delaware: a. Newark, New Castle Co. - 1955 record (Nemuras, 1972). b. Northern 1/4 of New Castle Co. (Nemuras, 1972), c. Odessa, New Castle Co. (Arndt, 1972) Virginia: No colonics known on coastal plain. C-28 Reasons for Decline: 1. Destruction of bogs. 2. Removal of large numbers of specimens from their colonies by collectors. Bog turtles bring $100 to $150 or more per turtle in pet stores and from individual sales. 3. Drying up or pollution of cold, clear ground water and seepage water sources above bogs can change bog habitat and drive out turtles. 4. Flooding, both natural (especially Hurricane Agnes), and man-made (by dams) destroys bogs and colonies of turtles. Protective Measures Taken; 1. Protected by state law in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland (Oct. 1972). Illegal to take, sell, transport or hold these turtles, $1000 fine in Maryland; no enforcement or fines in New Jersey; $10 in Pennsylvania. 2. A single swamp has been bought by a naturalist to save one colony of Bog Turtles. 3. Extreme secrecy among Bog Turtles investigators and con- servationists to prevent information about locales from being made public. Protective Measures Proposed: 1. Acquire known Bog Turtle bogs and swamps with adjacent drainage basins to save from development. Possibly introduce turtles to prime habitat in hopes of establishing new colonies. 2. Set up state Bog Turtle sanctuaries. 3. Strict fines and enforcement against purchase and sales by pet dealers and collectors. 4. Public education about value of bogs and wetlands and their unique fauna. 5. Continue censuses and life history studies to determine localities, numbers and disturbances, (may be undertaken in 1973 by James Weaver, for Smithsonian Institution). C-29 Ecological Significance and General Values: 1. Of no specific ecological importance, but does add to diversity of wetland fauna. 2. A very old relic, boreal, species of evolutionary interest. 3. Aesthetically pleasing reptile of remarkable intelligence and adaptability to captivity. . • 4. Scientific and natural appeal of wetlands areas. References : (Personal communication) Dr. Rudolf Arndt, Senior Research Biologist, c/o Icthyological Associates, 100 S. Cass Street, Middletown, Del. 19709. Mr. A. J. Barton, c/o Undergraduate Program, National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C. Mr. Ken Nerauras, Herpetologist, 5101 Gwynn Oak Ave., Baltimore, Maryland, 21207. Mr. Jim Weaver, Herpetologist, 30 Eshelman Rd., Lancaster, Pa. 17601. Literature : Arndt, R. G. 1972. Additional records of Clemmys muhlenbergi in Delaware, with notes on reproduction. Bull. Md. Herp. Soc. 8(l):l-5. Barton, A. J. and J. W. Price, Sr. 1955. Our knowledge of the Bog Turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergi, surveyed and augmented. Copeia. 3:159-165. Campbell, H. W. 1960. The Bog Turtle in Md. The Md. Naturalist, vol. 30(1-4) : 15-16. Nemuras, K. T. 1966. Some records for Clemmys muhlenbergi in Cecil Co., Md. Bull. Md. Herp. Soc. 2(2):l-2. Nemuras, K. T. 1967. Notes on the natural history of Clemmys muhlenhcDAJ. Bull. Md. Herpetologlcal Society, vol. 3(4):80-96. Weaver, I. (editor; Bog Turtle Conservation News. Oct. 17, 1972. etc. C-30 SEA TURTLES* Green Turtle - Che Ionia mydas Loggerhead Turtle - Caretta caretta Leatherback Turtle - Dermochelys coriacea Atlantic Ridley Turtle - Lepidochelys kempli Hawksbill Turtle - Eretmochelys imbrlcata Order : CHELONIA Family : CHELONIDAE * Discussed more fully in Atlantic Coastal Plain report. Estimated Numbers and Distribution: All are endangered or threatened. With exception of the Loggerhead Turtle. The occurrence of marine turtles is largely sporadic and unde- terminable along the Atlantic Coast, especially Chesapeake Bay area. The presence of barrier beaches and islands on the Atlantic side of Delmarva Peninsula, and bays of Chesapeake Bay Region, provide possible areas where turtles can rest and feed on journeys along coast. Green Turtle - rare but regular wanderer along coast - 20 to 30 nest per year (Pritchard, 1972), Rainey, 1972), (Brongersman, 1972) . Noted in summer months in Calvert County and Worcester County, Maryland, (Cooper, et al, 1972). Loggerhead Turtle - most important remaining nesting localities are between Florida Keys and North Carolina. Noted at Worcester, Wicomico, Dorchester and Calvert Counties in Maryland (Cooper, et al, 1972). Delaware Fish and Game personnel report few sightings at Delaware River Bay. May have nested historically along Delmarva barrier beaches. Leatherback Turtles - only sporadic and rare captures on coast (Pritchard, 1972), (Rainey, 1972), (Brongersman, 1972). Four specimens known from shores of Chesapeake Bay: (3 in Calvert County, one in Dorchester County, Cooper, et al. , 1972). Atlantic Ridley Turtle - commonly captured as immatures along coast as far as Mass. (Pritchard, 1972), Rainey, 1972) , (Brongers- man, 1972). 4 Maryland specimens known: one from Baltimore Harbor, 2 from C-31 Calvert County, 1 from mouth Potomac River (Cooper, et al, 1972). Hawksbill Turtle - very sporadic to Massachusetts (Brongersman, 1972). No known specimens from Maryland, but undoubtedly occurs in estuaries of Potomac and other rivers (Cooper, et al, 1972). Protective Measures Proposed: 1. Educate public about endangered status of sea turtles and urge their cooperation towards protecting any turtles seen while on beach or while boating, fishing or swimming. 2. Acquire and protect barrier beaches along Atlantic Coast for those turtles which might possibly nest there. References : Delaware Fish and Wildlife Div., Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Edward Tathall Bldg. , Dover, Del., 19901. Dr. P. Pritchard, Department of Zoology. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32601. Mr. William Rainey. Caribbean Research Institute., College of Virgin Island, St. Thomas, U. S. Virgin Islands, 00801. Literature: Brongersman, L. D. 1972. European Atlantic Turtles, Zoologische Verhandelingen, //121, 2 vols., E. J. Bryll Publ; Lyden, Netherlands. Cooper, J. E. (Chairman), et al. 1972. Endangered amphibians and reptiles of Maryland. Report of Maryland Herpetological Society, 2643 No. Charles St., Baltimore, Md. 21218. Hardy, J. D., Jr. 1962. Comments on the Atlantic Ridley Turtle, Lepldochelys olivacca kempi, in the Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Sci. 3(3):217-220. Hardy, J. D., Jr. 1969. Records of the Leatherback Turtle, Dermochelys coriaceg corlacea. from the Chesapeake Bay. Bull. Md. Herp. Soc. 5(3) :92-96. Harris, H. S. 1969. Distributional Survey; Maryland and the District of Columbia. Bull. Md. Herp. Soc. 5(4):97-161. Hardy, J. f). 1972. Reptiles of the Chesapeake Bay region. Kept. to U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. in_ press. Kllmklewlcz, M. K. 1972. KupLiles of Mason Neck. Atlantic Naturalist, 27(l):20-25. C-32 MARYLAND DARTER Etheo stoma sellare Order: PERCIFORMES Family : PERCIDAE Estimated Numbers: There are evidently only one or two small populations, with numbers unknown. Present Distribution: Found only in two streams in Harford County, Md. 1. Deer Creek - This is a tributary of Susquehanna River, 1.3 miles southeast of Lanington along Stafford Road; second riffle above mouth of the Creek; 20 to 30 miles above Susquehanna. a. 34 specimens taken in State Park, May, 1965, by Dr. Raney and Dr. Schwartz (Tsai, 1973). b. 8 specimens taken July, 1970, and October, 1971, by Dave Thomas for private collection (Wang, 1973). c. No specimens taken after careful sampling along creek 10-15 miles in length, checking over 100 holes and every few feet along course, upstream and downstream from point where specimens were caught previously (Wang, 1973). 2. Swan Creek - east Branch a. 2 specimens collected in 1912 by Radcliffe and Welsh; the type specimen (see literature) . b. 1 specimen taken June 10, 1962, by Drs. Knapp, Richards, Miller and Foster, probably for Smithsonian Institution collection (see literature). c. No specimens taken by Dr. Tsai summer of 1967 and 1968 after sampling (Tsai, 1973). Status : Listed as endangered by USDI federal list of endangered species; also as rare or extinct (2(a)S) by lUCN list. Nevertheless, both organi- zations state "there are no data to support a statement that fish have declined". Species is not extinct, as of 1970-71, but is con- sidered endangered by Wang (1973) . Tsai (1973) considers species very rare. C-33 Reasons for Decline: 1. Limited habitat. Much of its habitat was drowned out in Ice Age Melt. 2. Very small population. 3. Possible slow natural change of aquatic environment, (e.g. water chemistry, stream contoi:(rs, stream bottom, ground water, etc.) . 4. Evolutionary changes. Species is at the periphery of range of the subgenus. 5. Potential pollution by housing and commercial developments near streams. Presently streams are not polluted, and those nearby developments are not apparently threatening. Potential damming of creeks. 6. Extreme fluctuations in creeks could reduce population, as could siltation. 7. Conowingo Dam, downstream on Susquehanna, has not had any apparent effect on the darters in Deer and Swan Creeks. Protective Measures Taken: None other than to request biologists and ichthyologists not to collect or disturb fishes and habitat. Protective Measures Proposed: 1. Acquire stream banks and bed for several miles on either side of main center of population and maintain as wooded, natural sanctuary for Maryland Darter. This would prevent dams flooding up- stream and any developments would have to be set back from creek. 2. Precautions are needed to assure proper handling of sewage, storm water run-off, and other wastes from nearby residential and commercial development to prevent seepage into creeks. 3. Begin Investigations into life history of darter, including population movements, to determine possible migratory or seasonal movements In and out of crt!Gks. 4. Prevent fish collectors from decimating existing populations. C-34 Ecological Sisnificance and General Value: 1. Biological and genetic values as unique evolutionary develop- ment and species. 2. No value as aquarium fish or pets. 3. Diversity of freshwater fish fauna. References : (personal communication) Dr. E. Raney, Director, Ichythyological Associates, Forest Drive, Ithaca, New York, 14850. Dr. Chufa Tsai, Institute of Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. Dr. Johnson Wang, Ichythyological Associates, Odessa, Delaware. Literature: Knapp, L. S. , W. J. Richards, R. V. Miller and N. R. Foster. 1963. Rediscovery of the percid fish Etheostoma sellare (Radclif fe and Welsh). Copeia:455. Radcliffe, L. and W. W. Welsh. 1914. Description of a new darter from Maryland. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, vol. 32:29-32. C-35 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special appreciation is extended to the Office of Endangered Species of the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife for its cooperation and willingness to share information contained in the files and "Redbook" of threatened fish and wildlife. In addition, gratitude is expressed to the many Government biologists at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and at the Bird and Mammal Laboratories in the Smithsonian Institution for providing valuable information. A number of scientists at Universities and Cooperative Wildlife Research Units, National Park supervisors and biologists. National Wildlife Refuge Managers, and State Fish and Game Agents were con- tacted personally, or by telephone and letter. To each of them who responded with pertinent data, sincere thanks is given. APPENDIX D RARE, ENDANGERED, AND ENDEMIC PLANTS OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION by Russell L. Kologiski Fonda R. Hivick Clyde W. Reed Dale Vi . Jenkins Center for Natural Areas Ecology Program Smithsonian Institution RARE, ENDANGERED AND ENDEMIC PLANTS OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION No list of rare, endangered or endemic plants exists for the Chesapeake Bay Region or for the States of Maryland, Virginia, or Delaware. A list was prepared by reviewing all of the botanical books and manuals of the region, contacting local and other botanists, and checking herbarium specimens in the National Museum of Natural History, the Gray Herbarium at Harvard, and the Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. Specimen records were verified and exact locality data were obtained. Only native species of higher plants were included and rare introduced or adventive species were not considered. The rarity or endangered status was determined on the basis of rarity as a species, not with regard to local rarity in the region or State involved. There were 23 local or endemic species and valid varieties found in the region. Many of these species are known as endemic in only one or a few localities and no where else in the world. Several of the species are possibly extinct at present since they have not been collected for many years and have not been reported. Some of the species have wide distributions but are being rapidly depleted and may be endangered in the near future. No field studies were conducted to determine whether the species presently exist, but all recent information was utilized in determining rarity status. The data for each species are presented together with distribution maps showing the species distribution, and the de- tailed distribution in the Bay Region. It is hoped that this will stimulate study of rare and endangered flora and will help in preservation. D-1 Summary List of Rare, Endangered, and Endemic Plants of the Chesapeake Bay Plant Name Map Symbol Alnus maritima (Marsh) Nuttall 1 Aristida lanosa var. macera Fem.& Grisc. 10 Bacopa simulans Fern. 8 Bacopa stragula Fern. 9 Baptisia pine to rum Larisey 5 Calamovilfa brevipilis var. calvipes Fern. 24 Cassia fasciculata var. macrosperma Fern. 11 Diodia teres var. hystricina Fern.& Grisc. Eupatorium saltuense Fern. 4 Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) Gray 2 Juncus caesariensis Coville. 23 Juncus griscomi Fern. 18 Justicia mortui f luminis Fern. Lechea maritima var. virginica Hodgdon 3 Oxypolis canbyi (Coult.& Rose) Gern. 12 Panicum aculeatum Hitchc. & Chase Panicum mundum Fern. 13 Pycnanthemum monotrichum Fern. 20 Pyxidanthera brevifolla Wells. 21 Rudbeckla heliopsldis T. 6. G. 22 Schwalbea amcrlcana L . 6 Sclrpus flaccidifolius (Fern.) Schuyler 17 Trillium puflillum var. vlrginlanum Fern. 14 D3 D4 Alnus marltima (Marsh) Nuttall BETULACEAE Seaside Alder Habit: Small tree or shrub Habitat: Pond shores and stream banks. Range: Southern Delaware and adiacent Maryland, also several small populations in Oklahoma; Sussex County, Delaware and Wicomico, Worcester, Caroline Cos. Maryland. Status: Endemic to the above regions, locally abundant., Reference: Mr. Peter Mazzeo, National Arboretum U.S. National Herbarium. /^.nooS.O M E R 5 One inch = approximately eight miles D-5 I^"6 GRAMINEAE Aristida lanosa var. macera Fern. & Grisc. Habit: Herb Habitat: Dry woods Range: Southeastern Virginia; Princess Anne County, Virginia Reference: Rhodora 37:135, 1935. D- 8 Bacopa stmulans Fern. SCROPHULARIACEAE Water-hyssop Habit : Low herb Habitat: Wet tidal shores Range: Chickahominy River; Charles City Co., Virginia. Status: Very rare, endemic and possibly endangered. Reference: M. L. Fernald. Rhodora, Vol. 44, p. 438, November, 1942. U.S. National Herbarium Gray Herbarium I •^ ''/^ ' It'^^^C^^^Z-^ '• N.-wKe.l' >"!''^ \ ^ P jk'-"-^\ L^j»__/- V.asl Points '(-\. v '—rl ai^g:>\/ 7lf-r',-'.A^ ._.^',>^v>1\!V ^ct^^L.^?^ ^"K^-.^ ;■ / 'V IS , Mlllrond f-^^- .:,»<-• ; 111.-- "..f,-^ <, Y I :^/ ^v^ D-10 SCROPHULARIACEAE Bacopa stragula Fern. Water-hyssop Habit : Low herb Habitat: Wet tidal shores Range: Chesapeake Bay drainage system; New Kent, Charles City and King William Cos. , Virginia. Status: Rare, endemic and possibly endangered. Reference: M.L. Fernald, Rhodora, Vol. 44 p. 434, November, 1942. U.S. National Herbarium. i -) \) \ ' -^ -* ■ I ^, ■/■A'-: ^s^ .Rum(:-r(f I i V.^.' ^•^/^;,o,^' %^ \ ;- \ K'i Wiliij )D ^t- • f ^ ^', r.-^^^ ,jvi-Vv,- ' >^'' ' .'I- :iJ4 CAttl ilc ■\H^..- A/ ^x^ W^' --'^^-^^ -^ G.olons^-vi----^ K: ^- /«OjkHaU -->^^ J" /-%■-' D-13 ^ ' ^'* GRAMINEAE Calamovllfa brevlpllls var. calvlpes Fern. Habit: Herb Habitat: Wet areas and sphagnum bogs Range: Southeastern Virginia; Greensville and Brunswick Counties, Virginia. Status : Very Rare Reference: A.B. Massey, Virginia Flora, 1961. D-15 V >^'J D - 16 LEGUMINOSAE Cassia fasclculata var. macrosperma Fern, Partridge-Pea Habit: Herb Habitat: Tidal marshes Range: Eastern Virginia; Charles City, James City, New Kent, King William and King & Queen Cos., Virginia Status : Endemic Reference: M.L. Fernald, Rhodora, Vol. 42, p. 455, November, 1940. s.v I ■ ■:, 1^.\ < . .v' ".so '. _ ; /Vv ■■ i'' \ ■' 'yjtano^y\ ^Ss/CN^"''' ' N- .^-^^^ '/: . \% .antiyille - V^>v ^^ V _ ,C(X>*s .^•''3_f-:>r^ :\\^^^H-^n^j^'t'gi!v" --. Z^"^"": ^ 7 \ ~^^^ ---'•• '■7' ft. V L-: -■>-•"''. '• ' /■ '■■?Williamsbui'gf'.\:> 4 Borrcfi Po/nf -ijiK^. l/.,i- -^ ;;^TftRV COUNTY ^^^;--r'' COLONIAL HATr ' ■■'>■■ HlSrORICAL PARK- D-17 D-18 RUBIACEAE Diodia teres var. hystrlclna Fern. & Grisc. Buttonweed Habit: Herb Habitat: Dry sands Range: Coastal Virginia; Essex, Princess Anne and Northampton Counties, Virginia. Status: Endemic Reference: U.S. National Herbarium D-19 D-20 \^V./X 4-1. V^k_fXXX~U_l Eupatorium saltuense Fern. Thoroughwort Habit: Herb Habitat: Rich woods, thickets and clearings Range: Southeastern Virginia; Surry, Sussex and Dinwiddie Cos. , Virginia Status: Endemic and rare Reference: M.L. Fernald, Rhodora, Vol. 44 , p . 461, December, 1942, Crcci ,;■ ilV:.-.,V.'5 V .. I'ond ■■■' . -^ - a Jo ,'- / ii - »%0<^vs Per, f '■ *^;>.' ^<,,„ \ ^ 30 15' -/- .M WMV£HLY 4 Ml. X 32 ,r. 00' UNTV XEX. t . 1 / ©■ ,^ V ■ N •T ■ \ 1 I /• • " ' 1 ■ . .. ' . -■• , ,' I . '■■ ■ ;. -.7 -,■-■■ A^T' ■,^; D-21 D-22 Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) Gray ERICACEAE Box Huckleberry Habit: Evergreen, low shrub Habitat: Sandy woods and slopes Range: Maryland and Delaware to Pennsylvania and Kentucky and eastern Tennessee; very local except in W. Virginia; Sussex Co., Delaware and Anne Arundel Co., Maryland. Status: Rare in areas outside of West Virginia but of special interest because it is possibly the oldest living plant. Reference: H. N. Moldenke, Wildflower, Vol. 33, pp. 4-8, January, 1957. U.S. National Herbarium. I i, .'^ V•''^'•;-^•-v^o<:'^f>^■^^Ol DEPOT, A . ''^^ ^-■^ « /■Q ( ■■' / /.^ -7 ,V°.°'-? A.=■.^r=^^^-v- , s . -.,'( >\ Riviera Eeacli Q/?;'Of'f '^- // <\ fl^^r^ ^ 't^\r : V, ;. /^ r ;.i . V. /' ■■.V, •> L -):■■ ^ .r^o ■>-', '-•■ ■ ^r^^^ c, ri ■ I ' '■ EASTERN NF.CK /V V > '[ ' .- - ■ . V. ■ • , V-( '-^- ° s "l"-..-.t / f'ATIONAl W^LDLIFf \a .JoE ' ^;/;:;:^-, ^' - : \ ;x^MFiV: -^-Vr^- A„-t ^N..K.,- V D-24 JUNCACEAE Juncus caesariensls Coville. Habit: Herb Habitat: Wet peaty places Range: New Jersey; Southeastern Virginia; Glen Burnle, Anne Arundel Co., Maryland; Elko Station, Henrico, Burgers Station, Dinwiddle, and James City Counties, 3 miles West of Williamsburg, Virginia. Status: Local. Rare. Reference: U. S. National Herbarium Gray Herbarium A. B. Massey, Virginia Flora, 1961 D-25 JUNCACEAE D-26 Juncus sriscomi Fern. Habit: Herb Habitat: Wet woodlands Range: Princess Anne, James City and Norfolk Counties, Virginia, Status: Endemic and rare. Reference: M.L, Fernald, Rhodora 38: 401, Nov., 1936. U.S. National Herbarium v.> -_:> -•,r>- _.:-'; : :!'j»^/^>|^>v ■f^rit^^.-Ay i \ / (.J?: ^ORFdiK [t-'\Q^'^ ■■-''-^^x ' i ^ ■^"''^'' ' '■ ■• \" > .'M.-c.r ^ D27 X>'J D- 2 8 ACANTHACEAE Justicia mortulfluminis Fern. Habitat: Wooded bottomlands and shaded margins of quiet water. Range: Southhampton, Surry, Nansemond counties, Virginia. Status: Endemic and rare. D-29 ^'^0 CISTACEAE Lechea maritlma var. vlrglnlca Hodgdon Pinweed Habit: Herb Habitat: Dunes and open sand flats """" C^u^S^^lrliSa?'" "''''"'' '"=' "''■ "'^""^ -"" Northampton Status : Endemic and rare Reference; Dr. Clyde Reed, Reed Herbarium, Baltimore. Maryland ^.\ NEWS -% ^-^ %.^--»o...i_., C4^r CHtKLes I? M, *0 I 'tl%k i ./^ ^rliV;:Z'.;l''k-'AV)..t/« '"-^ fO.T srORV ;"■"''" ~^- I /I 'us NAVAL ^ :1 HHAMPTOV^O^iX' ~ .^•~*S^r<-^i""^ iV/iSi' Oce.n . ^ ' ^ =^^' \ •/.: v v»==n"'"',^/° ' SUPPLY !_ -\ "^ '*'*'-'^^E''--*'-'AL- \-- ■' /'(i!^)' •"■^/~\-crf-w / VT^ ■:-'U:l->'n-^^ r^"- ^^■'~- r j ^^ Sand ^^ >.Q ■..'!: S-K .\, J '• ^ -— \ , . NOf?FPtIk' ' -,' i'' I //'"■■ " ^--j >' ' ' ' . ^~^^^ -^xxC^r;:^~^ STAT^iX. v:-., -:;- ' v.^^p;,,./^ ^.i.-^- /;>^!,:-~. I. --, -i- . .■ ^^ ,-- 3M6^-^^'^ -< ^>' > ■ .•■^jotf-- \ "--A ^ 'Pusf,sv,llci./S-/^ // y-y. ■ • .\:^ ^4 ^ "^iTviiLvA *J I S "-. #-V^-'-- "0, : 'v_>ii^ — ^, / ... ;; ■■ -, •, ..I.'' ^ "- I i \ / -\ •-- i ' ■■ V. 'V^l f~) -- I. 1 ^T-»'- -■ v^ ■ Lir.khcri-. / •■ I ' ollT.,Ni_:— — '^^^ ^^f V^ ■:..■>■ ^ \ > ■, •■•"VAU . J' >■ i ^ ",1 ^ >■ '\ [J}l\,. 1 (! t>nr.nayin I "^wS^^- - „ ■ ' i / lookout ffiwff , )■ 'J^, \ AJ^iiV—r^T) ;.;•"*='-'. Y - ^ -. IN>^" X^ \ ' Mi'-^rr >. D-31 D - 32 UMBELLIFERAE Oxypolls canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Fern. Parsley Family Habit: Herb Habitat: Meadows and bogs Range: Hampton Co., South Carolina and Cooke Co., Lee Co., Georgia; Ellendale in Sussex Co., Bloomington, Delaware. Status: Local, perhaps extinct. References: National Herbarium Gray Herbarium D-33 >. -' D - 34 GRAMINEAE Panlcum aculeatum Hitchc. & Chase Habit: Herb Habitat: Moist to wet woods Range: Connecticut, Eastern New York to North Carolina; District of Columbia and Arlington and Fairfax Counties, Virginia. Status: Rare and little known. References: Rhodora 8:209. 1906. D35 GRAMINEAE Panic grass D-36 Panicum mundum Fern. Habit: Herb Habitat: Peaty soil Range: Southeastern Virginia; Sussex. Princess Anne and Norfol. Counties, Virginia Status: Endemic and rare, possibly endangered. Re^rence: M.L. Fernald, Rhodora, Vol 38 n 39? m k , vuj.. JO, p. jy^^ November, 1936. D.37 LAMIACEAE Mountain mint D-38 Pycnanthemum monotrichum Fern. Habit: Herb Habitat: Dry sandy woods and clearings Range: Southeastern Virginia; Sussex and Nanseraond Counties, Virginia. Status: -Endemic and rare References: M.L. Fernald, Rhodora, Vol. 47, p. 176, May, 1945. ~-J\,^ <'^" s-:i"5^ '^■°/ - '"■ ~ county' / - ■■' -'v/ ■■■ ; 'r<£' *^,. D'39 D-40 DIAPENSIACEAE Pyxidanthera brevifolla Wells Flowering moss ; pyxie Habit : Herb Habitat: Sandy pine barrens Range: Burlington, New Jersey; Ocean, Moumouth and Atlantic Cos., South Carolina; Nansemond, and South of Zuni and South of Lee's Mill, Isle of Wight Counties, Virginia. References: Gray Herbarium A. B. Massey, Virginia Flora, 1961. D-41 D-42 COMPOSITAE Rudbeckla hellopsldis T. & G. Habit: Herb Habitat : Dry woods - pine and oak woods and thickets . Range: Southeastern Virginia, Georgia and Alabama; 2 to 3 miles North of Disputanta, Prince George County, Virginia; South Carolina and North Carolina* Status: Very local; rare. Reference: National Herbarium North Carolina State University Herbarium D-4 3 Rudbeckia heliopsidis T. & G. 1 00 2 00 3 00 /JOO Vjt''ni-— V ' I ' ' I I ■ I ■ I ■ ' ' ' ■ I V/' D-44 Schwalbca americana L. SCROPHULARIACEAE Chaffseed Habit: Herb Habitat: Moist sandy soil; pinelands, oakwoods and clearings. Range: New England south to Florida and Texas; Wicomico and Worcester Counties, Maryland; New Castle County, Delaware; and Greenville County, Virginia. Status: Rare and endangered Reference: U.S. National Herbarium Gray Herbarium /, . "'•■"i Oceon Cify - _.\/ -i^ ''•'>"5'>'EACUt ISLAND S7 ,'"" /,- "-'E pari; 1/1 ,•-•>' ,^V/' '-'(§■, ASSAlfAGUE -'^■'j^, II MP ■^ I'f/.'. ' X -,-•), -•«-:.i }.r /•loofah' I ~^^, ■'- - 1-. — ''/itf- ~v. V Subsi3boiir'--'-.V~/ , Cmporia ^""P^ N6 •■- • D-45 D ■ 46 CYPERACEAE Sclrpus f laccidlfollus (Fern.) Schuyler Habit: Herb Habitat: Wooded alluvial bottomland Range: Southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina; Southampton County, Virginia. Status: Endemic and rare. References: Dr. A.E. Schuyler, Rhodora 69: 198-202, 1967. U.S. National Herbarium "r- r. '\ j- •> \-->-'^-^- ^^^^;mw. !J:^-^/\. v>.//^v^x •■/• %>^® ■:C^ 'SOUTHAMPrnH */ >JER.TfOKD - V. r'L^ >'">. 'r' ,-!; / D-47 Scirpus flaccidifolius (Fern.) Schuyler D-48 Trillium puslllum var. vlr^inlanum Fern. LILIACEAE Trillium Habit: Herb Habitat: Damp woodlands Range: Southeastern Virginia, Nansemand Co. and Chesapeake City, Virginia. Status: Rare and endangered Reference: Brooke Meanley, Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 24, No. 1, Summer 1969 D'49 APPENDIX E PRESENTLY PROTECTED AREAS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY David W. Kunhardt Research Assistant and staff \ v. SUMMARY OF PRESENTLY PROTECTED AREAS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY Ownership Number of Sites Acres Hectares^ FEDERAL yj.litary ^ 43 266,000 107,500 National Wildlife Refuges'- 8 32,400 13,100 O^'^^^ 20 56,200 22^700 STATE ^°^ests 5 20,750 8,380 ^^^^s 36 56,760 22,930 Wildlife Management Areas-* 30 78,700 31 800 °'='^'^^ 26 80,'600 32^570 PRIVATE OR QUASI-PUBLIC 8 10,770 4,350 Total 602,200 243,300 The hectare is a unit of area in the metric system. One hectare equals 10,000 square meters or 2.471 acres. There are approximately 258 hectares per square mile. 2 Includes some land not in the N.W.R. system but administered by the U. S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. 3 Includes some land not in the W.M.A. systems but held with Identical management practices. Also includes Virginia Natural Areas. 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