lllllll B 3 101 5S1 A COMPEHD OF feterinary Materia Mediea AND Therapeutics HASSIdOCa A COMPEND OF Veterinary Materia Mediea AND Tlierapeuties. BY Dr. a. C. HASSLOCH, V.S., < » Lecturer on Materia Mediea and Therapeutics and Professor of Veteri- nary Dentistry at the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Gomparative Medicine, N. T. r ltJL971B9S f wvfcS*'- New Yoek: / fi O^ ^ ^ WILLIAM R. JENKINS, VETERINARY PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER, 851-853 Sjxth Avenue (48th St ) 5?^'^ # Main LiK Agnc Dept Copyright. 1896, by William R. Jenkins. Ail Ttights Resented. Printed by the Press of William R. Jenkins. New York. PREFACE. Having recognized the want of a short but com- prehensive work embracing the most commonly used veterinary medicines, I have culled the most impor- tant facts from the standard works of Bartholow, Brunton, Potter, Finlay Dun, etc., which, together with the experience derived from an extended prac- tice and research, form the basis for this work. It is intended not as an exhaustive treatise of the subject, but as a short and easy reference for the veterinary student, which, in connection with the course of lec- tures delivered by me at tha New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, will serve to lay a foundation upon which the student in more leisure hours can build a superstructure of more detailed stud3\ For the busy practitioner it will. doubtless also serve as a ready reference and aid to the memory. It has been my effort to pay particular attention to the physiological actions of drugs, to exclude all such as are useless and obsolete,. and to follow a systematic and intelligible grouping and classification of the most important remedies. A very complete index is another feature which will undoubtedly be appreciated by all who use the book. A. C. Hassloch, V.S. New York. February, 1>>96. 268434 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. INTRODUCTIO:^. Pharmacology is that science which treats of the drugs employed in medicine, and, therefore, em- braces all of materia medica and therapeutics per- taining to drugs. It is supplemented by Pharmacy, the art of preparing drugs in accord- ance with the requirements of the pharmacologist and of dispensing them on the prescription of the thera- peutist. Pharmacy, therefore, must embrace a thor- ough knowledge of materia medica, a good idea of the theories and manipulations of chemistry, and an intimate practical experience in many operations pe- culiar to itself. Materia Medica is that branch of pharmacology which treats of all substances used as medicines, de- scribing their origin, composition, chemical proper- ties, physical characteristics, modes of preparation and administration, and their physiological and toxi- cological actions. It is divided into Pharmacodynamics and Toxi- cology. 1 2 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Pharmacodynamics is a treatise on the physio- logical action of drugs — ^.e., the modifj^ing power of drugs upon the normal physiological activity of the animal organism ; while Toxicology tells us what would be the effects of drugs if given in poisonous doses. This also embraces the study of drug antagonists and chemical antidotes. Therapeutics is that branch of medical science which considers the application of remedies as a means of cure and alleviation of disease. It includes the discussion of all matters relating to the science and art of healing. The general term, Therapeutics, includes all the operations of -nature, actions of drugs, food, clothing, heat and cold, electricity, etc., and is divided into Natural Therapeutics and Applied Thera- peutics. Natural Therapeutics includes all the processes of nature to heal and alleviate disease independentli) of art. Applied Therapeutics embraces the application by art of various agents, foreign to the living organism, to restore the organism to its normal state. Drugs are material agents of ever}^ kind em- ployed in the treatment of disease. This term was formerly applied only to vegetable medicaments in their original form. A Pharmacop)oeia is an official list of drugs and their preparations, recognized by the medical profes- INTRODUCTION". 6 sion of a certain country. (U. S. P. is revised every ten years.) A Dispensatory is a commentary upon one or more of the national pharmacopoeias, treating in de- tail of the medicinal substances official * therein as well as of such unofficial \ ones as are of especial in- terest and in general use. Official Preparations. Alkaloids are active, nitrogenous principles ex- isting in plants, from which they are extracted by chemical art. They are organic bases, forming salts with acids, and contain N with C and H. Alkaloids are alkaline in reaction, insoluble or but sparingly soluble in water, more readily soluble in alcohol, and their salts are more soluble in water than in any other liquid. In a general way they are very suitable for hypodermic medication. Aqu^, waters, aqueous solutions of volatile sub- stances (which may be solids, liquids, or gases). They are dissolved in four ways : First, by solution in hot or cold water. Second, by filtration through an absorbent powder. Third, by percolation through cotton saturated with the substance. Fourth, by distillation. Cerata, cerates, are unctuous preparations similar * Official — according to law. I Officinal (officina, an office)— so customary and well known as to be found in all shops or offices. 4 VETERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. to ointments, but firmer in consistence. They all contain wax (cera). COLLODIA, collodions, are liquid preparations whose basis consists of guncotton dissolved in a mix- ture of alcohol and ether. Decocta, decoctions, are aqueous preparations of vegetable drugs, made by boiling these in water for from fifteen to thirty minutes, and then straining through cloth or muslin. Usually ten per cent, strong, unless otherwise ordered. Elixiria, elixirs, are aromatic sweetened prepara- tions, containing active medicinal agents in small quantity, and are made with a menstruum of alcohol 1 and water 3. They are intended as an excipient for extracts, salts, etc., and are used mostly in canine practice. Emplastra, plasters, are solid compounds, tena- cious but pliable, and are prepared by incorporating the medicinal agents with certain bases to form a mass, which is to be evenly spread upon chamois skin, muslin, kid, or ordinary adhesive plaster. They are for external use only. ExTRACTA, extracts, are solid or semi-solid prepar- ations obtained by evaporating solutions of the soluble parts of drugs. Alcohol and water are the most com- mon solvents. ExTRACTA Fluida, fluid extracts, are alcoholic solutions or concentrated tinctures of vegetable drugs. They are prepared by percolation with menstrua of alcohol, diluted alcohol, or alcohol and water in va- rious proportions; the resulting product being then INTRODUCTION". 0 partially evaporated, so that one grain of the drug is represented by one minim of the finished lluid ex- tract. Glucosidea, glucosides, are organic compounds existing in plants, and belong to the group of neutral principles. They all are resolved into glucose and some other principle when treated with certain re- agents or natural ferments. Salicin, santonin, elate- rin, etc., are glucosides. Glycerita, glycerites, are mixtures of medicinal substances with glycerin — as glyceritum acidi tan- nici (twenty per cent.). Infusi, infusions, are aqueous preparations of veg- etable drugs, using hot or cold water, but without boiling, in the proportion of ten per cent. , unless oth- erwise ordered. LiNiMENTA, liniments, are thin oleaginous prepa- rations for external use with friction. They are made by dissolving various drugs in oily liquids, or in alcoholic liquids containing fatty oils. LiQUORES, solutions, include all aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances, except syrups, decoctions, and infusions (liquor gutta-perch^e is an exception ; it is gc solution of gutta-percha in chloroform) . MiSTUR^, mixtures, are aqueous preparations of insoluble substances held in suspension by a suitable vehicle. MuciLAGiNES, mucilages, are thick, viscid liquids, prepared by dissolving gum in water or by extracting with water the mucilaginous principles contained in certain plants. 6 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Oleata, oleates, are liquid solutions of metallic salts and alkaloids in oleic acid, and are for external use only. Oleoresin^, oleoresins, are liquid preparations consisting principally of natural oils and resins ex- tracted from vegetable drugs by percolation with stronger ether. Pilule, pills, are spherical or globular masses composed of medicinal agents, and are intended to be given at one xlose. The pill mass consists of the ac- tive ingredients and the excipient, which is the sub- stance employed to give the mass its adhesive and plastic qualities. PuLVERES, powders, consist of dry substances in a state of minute subdivision obtained by pulveriza- tion. They are sometimes composed of several in- gredients which are finely powdered and thoroughly mixed. ResintE, resins, are solid preparations obtained by precipitating the resinous principles of plants from their alcoholic solutions by the agency of water. Spiritus, spirits, are alcoholic solutions of volatile substances, which may be either solids, liquids,' or gases. They may be prepared by simple solution, by solution with maceration, by gaseous solution, by chemical reaction, or by distillation. SUPPOSITORIA, suppositories, are solid bodies con- sisting of medicinal substances incorporated with cacao butter, and intended for introduction into the rectum, vagina, or urethra. Syrupi, syrups, are concentrated solutions of su- IXTRODUCTIOX. 7 gar in water or in aqueous liquids, and are classed as simple, medicated, and flavored. Tincture, tinctures, are alcoholic solutions of medicinal substances, all of them being from non- volatile substances, excepting tincture of iodine. Tinctures are prepared by percolation, maceration, solution, or dilution, the menstrua used being alcohol or diluted alcohol of various strengths, and in some cases the aromatic spirit of ammonia is used. Unguexta, ointments, are soft, fatty mixtures of medicinal agents with a basis of lard, petrolatum, or fixed oils, and are intended for application to the skin b}' inunction. (Unguentum simplex is lard 80 and yellow wax 20 parts.) Vina, wines, are a class of tinctures, and differ from these only in so far that the menstruum employed is white wine of a definite alcoholic percentage. Unofficial Preparations. Bolus, bolus or ball, is a solid preparation larger than a pill, to be given at one dose. BOUGIA, bougies or pencils, are urethral or uterine suppositories, and are made in such shape as to be readily introduced into these canals. The basis is usually a compound of gelatin 3 and glycerin 1 part, melted together. Capsule, capsules, are short tubes of gelatin of such sizes that one will slip over the other, and are used as a means of administering solids or even liquids. 8 VETERII^ARY MATERIA MEDICA. Cataplasmata, poultices, are applications made to supply heat and moisture to a part. They are sometimes medicated. Farina lini, etc., are usually employed. CoLLUNARiUM, is a nasal douche or wash, con- sisting of various substances dissolved in water with the addition of a small quantity of glycerin. COLLYRIUM, an eye-wash, an aqueous solution of medicinal substances for application to the eye. Discus, a disk, is a thin scale of gelatin, medi- cated for local application to the eye. Electuaria, electuaries or "pastes," are prepara- tions consisting of various medicinal substances beaten up with honey, syrup, molasses, or glyce- rin, so as to form a thick paste, and are given with a spoon and smeared upon the tongue and teeth. Emulsiones, emulsions, are mixtures containing an oil or a resin minutely subdivided and in a state of suspension in the mixture. This may be accom- plished by the aid of some viscid excipient, i.e., gum, soap, alkali, or yolk of egg. Enemata, enemata or clysters, are liquid prepara- tions for injection into the rectum for various pur- poses. FoTUS, a fomentation, is a lotion used hot and without friction, and may consist of water alone or may be medicated. GArgarysma, a gargle, an aqueous solution or mixture for application to the pharyngeal mucous membrane. It usually contains some disinfectant or astringent. Introduction. 9 Haustus, a draught or drench, a liquid mixture intended as a single dose. Inhalationes aut Vapores, inhalations or va- pors, are medicines in the form of vapor, gas, or atomized spray, intended for inhalation for their effect upon the respiratory mucous membrane. Injectiones, injections, are aqueous preparations intended for introduction into the cavities of the body by means of a syringe, and are termed according to the part to which they are applied — ^.e., urethral, to the urethra, etc. LoTio, a lotion or wash, is an aqueous preparation for external use, usually containing some astringent salt. It is applied without friction. The Administration of Medicines. Medicines may be introduced into the circulation by six different methods : 1. Gastro-intestinal Route is mostly used. The remedies after being swallowed are absorbed by the gastro-intestinal blood-vessels and lacteals, and so pass into the circulation. 2. The Rectum absorbs many substances applied in the form of enemata and suppositories. 3. The Respiratory Tract also rapidly absorbs many medicinal substances on account of its exten- sive blood supply. These remedies are in the form of vapors or atomized fluids. 4. The Veins and Arteries are sometimes used as a means of introduction for medicines into the sys- 10 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. tern, but usually only in emergencies, as the opera- tion is liighl}^ dangerous, especially on the arteries. 5. The Hypodermic Method consists in intro- ducing the medicines into the subcutaneous areolar tissue, from whence they are absorbed by the lym- phatics and capillary vessels. This is accomplished by a specially constructed syringe, and when the medicine is delivered deeply into the tissues it is termed a parenchymatous injection. 6. The Skin w^ill absorb many substances, espe- cially if the epidermis or cuticle is removed, and under this route are four subdivisions, viz. : A. Enepidermic method, b}^ placing the medicine in contact with the epidermis, without friction. B. Epidermic method consists in the use of fric- tion to hasten the passage of the medicament through the epidermis. C Endermic method places the medicament di- rectly upon the derma after removing the cuticle by means of a blister. D. Inoculation method is the introduction of me- dicinal agents through the scraped or punctured skin. Classification of Medicines. Medicines may be divided in a general waj^ into two great classes, viz., Stimulants and Sedatives. A Stimulant is an agent employed to increase the functional activit}^ of a part of the organism. Those stimulants having but a transient effect are called diffusible stimulants. Besides these we designate cerebral, spinal, cardiac, renal, hepatic, and other INTRODUCTION. 11 stimulants, according to the special part which they act upon. A Sedative is an agent which diminishes the func- tional activity of an organ, lowers motility, and de- creases the sensation of pain. In this way a soothing influence is exerted on the system. Sedatives are divided into two classes, viz., Gen- eral Sedatives and Local Sedatives. General Sedatives affect the entire system more or less (this includes narcotics and ansesthetics). Local Sedatives affect a part only— as pulmonary, spinal, nervous, cardiac sedatives, etc. Agents Acting on the Nervous System. Motor excitants, cerebral excitants, deliriants, mo- tor depressants, cerebral depressants, narcotics, hyp- notics, analgesics or anodynes, ansesthetics, anti-spas- modics. Motor Excitants are agents which increase the functional activity of the spinal cord and motor ap- paratus, producing a heightened reflex excitability and disturbances of motility. Large doses produce tetanic convulsions, and the ultimate result is a motor paralysis from over-stimulation. Nux vomica and ignatia with their alkaloids, strychnine and brucine, ergot, and digitalis belong to this class. Motor Depressants lower the functional activity of the spinal cord and motor apparatus, and when given in larger doses paralyze these directly. Chief members of this group are ether, chloroform, opium, aconite, chloral, lobelia, and belladonna. 12 VETERIN-ARY MATERIA MEDICA. Cerebral-Excitants increase the functional ac- tivity of the cerebrum without causing any subse- quent depression or suspension of brain function, as camphor, cannabis indica, valerian, cocaine. Cerebral Depressants suspend or lower the functions of the higher brain after a preliminary stage of excitement. This group includes the nar- cotics, the general ansesthetics, the hypnotics, and some of the antispasmodics. The action of these is first to stimulate the cerebral functions and then after a time to produce stupor, coma, and insensibility, as alcohol in large doses, opium, bromides, chloral, etc. Deliriants excite the functional activity of the brain to such a degree as to disorder the mental facul- ties. This produces intellectual confusion, loss of will power, delirium, and sometimes convulsions. These agents include belladonna, stramonium, hyos- eyamus, chloral, etc. Narcotics are agents which lessen the relationship of the individual to the outside world (Brunton). They at first excite the higher brain, but soon cause a profound sleep, characterized b}^ increasing stupor; and if the dose has been large enough, coma, insen- sibility, and finally death by paralysis of the centres of respiration and other functions of organic life. The chief narcotics are opium, cannabis indica, alco- hol, belladonna, chloral, chloroform, ether, etc. Hypnotics are agents which produce sleep without causing any preliminary cerebral excitement, as the bromides, paraldehyde, chloralamid, etc. INTRODUCTIOK. 13 Analgesics or Anodynes are agents which re- lieve pain. This is accomplished in two ways — either by impairing the conductivity of the sensory nerve fibres, or by depression of the cerebral centres of perception and sensation. Opium acts in both ways at the same time, and is therefore the most powerful member of this group. Anodynes are divided into General Anodynes and Local Anodynes. The General Anodynes are taken internally and so act upon the entire organism, as opium, bella- donna, henbane, aconite, ether, and chloroform. Local Anodyjies affect the part to which they are applied, generally by direct action upon the nerve endings in the skin and sometimes by reducing the local circulation. These include opium, belladonna, carbolic acid, cocaine, veratrine, aconite, chloroform, etc. Anesthetics are agents which temporarily de- stroy sensation. The General Ancesthetics are volatile substances which when inhaled produce more or less complete unconsciousness and loss of sensation (aneesthesia) , and also decreased motor power. Local Ancesthetics act like the local anodynes but destroy sensation temporarily, while the local ano- dynes only lessen sensation temporarily — that is, at the part applied. Chief General Ancesthetics: Ether, methylic ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide, methylene and ethy- lene bichlorides. 14 YETERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. Chief Local Ancesthetics : Application of extreme cold, ice, ether spraj', cocaine, carbolic acid, creo- sote, hydrocyanic acid, and oil of turpentine. . Antispasmodics are agents which relieve or pre- vent spasms of voluntary or involuntary muscle in any part of the organism. Their specific modes of action are classed in five divisions : 1. B}^ tonic stimulation of nerve centres, coordina- tion, and circulation — as alcohol, ether, camphor. 2. By direct depression of the motor centres — as amyl nitrite and the bromides. 3. By paralyzing the end organs of the vasomotor nerves — as menthol. 4. By stimulation of the muscular fibres of the intestines to expel gases and flatus — as valerian, asa- foetida, and the aromatic oils. 5. By direct depression of the vital functions — as aconite, lobelia, hellebore, and prussic acid. Coordination of Movement or maintenance of the equilibrium. The power which controls the ac- tions of the locomotory apparatus is disturbed by a certain class of drugs, especially alcohol. This func- tion is governed by the cerebellum, and in diseases affecting that part of the brain there is a lack of co- ordination. Agents Affecting the Organs of Special Sense. Mydriatics are agents which cause dilatation of the pupil of the eye. Some act only when applied locall}^ while others act only when taken internally. IXTRODUCTIOI^. 15 The principal mydriatic, atrojnne, will act both lo- cally as well as internally. Myotics are agents which cause contraction of the pupil of the eye — as eserine, pilocarpine, and mor- phine. Ocular Sensibility is increased by strychnine, while impairment of vision (amblyopia) due to nerve changes may be temporarily induced by quinine; it may be permanent when caused by lead-poisoning or urea-poisoning. Excitability of the Auditory Nerve is in- creased by strychnine and morphine, which render the sense of hearing more acute ; while quinine, sali- cin, and antipyrine produce hypersemia of the audi- tory apparatus, and cause humming or buzzing sounds with diminished sense of hearing. The Sense of Smell is rendered more acute by strychnine, and depressed by all of the cerebral de- pressants. Agents Acting on Respiratory Apparatus. Respiratory Stimulants exalt the function of the respiratory centres in the medulla, which make the respirations quicker and deeper — as strychnine, digitalis, ammonia, ether. Respiratory Depressants lower the action of the respiratory centre, rendering the respirations slow and shallow — as opium in full doses, gclsemium, aconite, veratrine, conium, and chloral. Pulmonary Sedatives relieve cough and dysp- 16 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. noea by decreasing the irritability of the respiratory centre or by decreasing the irritability of the respira- tor}' nerves — as opium, hydrocyanic acid, cannabis indica, codeine, and sunyl nitrite. Expectorants are agents which modify the bron- cho-pulmonary mucous secretion and promote its ex- pulsion. They are divided into Nauseating Ex- pectorants and Stimulant Expectorants. Nauseating Expectorants in small doses increase osmosis from the inflamed mucous membrane, while large doses cause vomiting and the mechanical ex- pulsion of the mucus. They also increase secretion generally and lower blood pressure — as ipecacuan- ha, lobelia, jaborandi, and the antimonial salts. Stimulant Expectorants. — These are eliminated from the system mainly by the bronchial mucous membranes, which they stimulate in this way, alter- ing the secretion and facilitating expulsion. They increase blood pressure and diminish secretion generally — as the ammonium salts, squills, senega, the turpentines, and balsams of Peru and tolu. Ciliary Excitants promote expulsion of the bron- chial mucus by reflex excitation of the tracheal and bronchial cilia when dissolved in the mouth. This group includes potassium chlorate and the chlorides of ammonium and sodium. Agents Acting on the Circulation. Cardiac Stimulants are such agents as rapidly increase the force and frequency of the pulse in de- INTRODUCTION^". 17 pressed conditions of the cardiac apparatus. Thf3 most rapid and energetic of this class are ether, alco- hol, ammonia, and the application of heat. Cardiac Tonics stimulate the cardiac muscle, slowing and lengthening the contractions if given in moderate doses; but in large doses produce irregu- larity of the heart's action and may cause death by syncope if toxic doses have been given. The most powerful of this class is digitalis^ then convallaria, and strophanthus. Also caffeine and strychnine. Cardiac Sedatives decrease both force and fre- quency of the heart's action, and are used to control palpitation and over-action of that organ. The chief members of this class are aconite, veratrum viride, and digitalis. Vascular Stimulants dilate the peripheral ves- sels and increase the peripheral circulation; this equalizes blood pressure and so prevents and relieves internal congestions — as alcohol, ether, nitrites, ni- trous ether, liquor ammonii acetatis, and heat ap- plied locally by poultices. Vascular Tonics and Sedatives increase the contractile power of the arterioles, which decreases the capillary circulation and raises blood pressure — as ergot, digitalis, opium in small doses, and cold ap- plied locally. Agents Acting on the Digestive Apparatus. SiALOGOGUES are agents which promote the secre- tion and flow of saliva — as ether, chloroform, mus- 2 18 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. tarcl, ginger, pilocarpus, ipecac, mercurials, and anti- nionials. Antisialics diminish the secretions of the salivary and buccal glands — as atropine, opium, borax, alka- line salts, and lithia. Refrigerants impart a sensation of coldness and thereby allay thirst. These include the mineral and vegetable acids, ice, and cold water. Gastric Tonics or Stomachics increase the appe- tite and promote gastric digestion. Some act by stimulating the production of the gastric juice, as the alkalies before meals; others stimulate the local cir- culation, as the aromatic oils, bitters, and alcohol; and some by stimulation of the nerve supply of the stomach, as nux vomica and arsenic. Acids are agents which in concentrated form act as caustics and destroy the tissues ; but wdien prop- erly diluted and given internall}' in medicinal doses check the production of glands having an acid secre- tion if coming in contact with the mouths of their ducts, and increase the production of glands having an alkaline secretion. Therefore a dilute acid given before a meal will check the production of the cicid gastric juice, but will stimulate the cdkaline pan- creatic juice. Principal acids — Mineral: Nitric, phosphoric, sulphuric, and hj'drochloric. Vegetable: Acetic, citric, and benzoic. Alkalies, or Antacids, are agents which neutra- lize acids, act as escharotics upon the tissues, check alkaline and stimulate acid secretions when in contact with the mouths of the ducts of glands producing IXTRODUCTION. 19 these. Thus a dihite alkali given before a meal will stimulate the production of the acid gastric juice, and check the secretion of the alkaline pancreatic juice. Antacids are subdivided into two classes: Direct Antacids. — These lessen acidity within the stomach — as liquor potassce, lime water, liquor sodae, chalk, carbonates and bicarbonates of K, Na, Li, Mg, and NH„ and aromatic spirit of ammonia. Indirect or Remote Antacids. — These become oxidized in the blood, are excreted in the urine as carbonates, and in this way lessen the acidity of tlie urine; as liquor sodae, lithium citrate, liquor potassse, potassium acetate, citrate, tartrate, and bitartrate, so- dium acetate and citrate, carbonates and bicarbonates of K, Na, Li, Mg, and NH,. Emetics are agents which cause vomiting. They are classed as : Local Emetics, which act by irritating the end organs of the gastric, oesophageal, or pharyngeal nerves, and by reflex irritation of the vomiting cen- tre— as alum, mustard, salt, and the sulphates of zinc, copper, and mercurj'. General or Systemic Emetics, which act by direct irritation of the vomiting centre in the medulla through the medium of the circulation — as ipecac, apomorphine, and tartar emetic. Anti-Emetics are agents which prevent and re- lieve vomiting. They are classed as : Local Gastric Sedatives, which act upon the end organs of the gastric nerves — as arsenic, bismuth, cocaine, ice, etc. 20 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. General Sedatives, which act by reducing irri- tability of the vomiting centre in the medulla — as amyl nitrite, chloral, bromides, hydrocyanic acid, and nitroglycerin. Carminatives favor the expulsion of gases from the stomach and intestines by stimulating peristalsis and the circulation — as asafoetida, capsicum, fennel, camphor, ginger, mustard, pepper, and most of the aromatic oils. Cathartics or Purgatives are agents which in- crease or hasten the intestinal evacuations. They are divided into several groups, according to degrees and modes of action : Laxatives or aperients, simple pur- gatives, drastic purgatives, saline purgatives, hydra- gogue purgatives, cholagogue purgatives. 1. Laxatives or Aperients, whose action is only moderate — as sulphur, magnesia. 2. Simple Purgatives, which cause active peri- stalsis and some irritation and griping. These in- clude aloes, linseed oil, castor oil, rhubarb, calomel, and senna. 3. Drastic Purgatives act still more powerfully than the simple purgatives. They cause large watery evacuations, with considerable griping and tenesmus. The chief members of this group are croton oil, gam- boge, scammony, elaterium, colocynth, and jalap. 4. Saline Purgatives increase peristalsis, pro- mote osmosis, stimulate the glands, and thus produce free watery evacuations. These include Epsom salt, Glauber salt, chloride of sodium, etc. 5. Hydragogue Purgatives are the most active INTRODUCTION. 21 of all the cathartics. They remove from the system a large quantity of water — as croton oil and gamboge. 6. Cholagogue Purgatives stimulate the flow of bile. These include aloes, podophyllin, rhubarb, and mercurials. Intestinal Astringents contract the intestinal vessels, diminishing the exudation therefrom, and les- sening the fluidit}^ of the fecal discharges. These include the diluted mineral acids, lead acetate, alum, tannic and gallic acids, sulphate of copper, and the per-salts of iron, which also act as astringents to the intestinal mucous membranes. Cholagogues and Hepatic Stimulants.— These are two groups of agents which have a marded selective action upon the biliary secretion. The Hepatic Stimulants increase the functional activity of the liver cells and also increaset he amount of bile secreted. Nitric acid, nitromuriatic acid, am- monium chloride, bicarbonate of soda, ipecac, and antimony. Cholagogues remove the bile from the duodenum and prevent its reabsorption by the portal vessels. Aloes, arsenic, rhubarb, sodium phosphate, and sulphate. Hepatic functions other than the biliary are stimu- lated by the following-named drugs, viz. : The Glycogenic Function is stimulated and the production of glycogen increased by sodium bicar- bonate, amyl nitrite, and nitromuriatic acid. Urea is increased by arsenic, antimony, ammo- nium chloride, iron, and phosphorus. 22 VETERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. Hepatic Depressants decrease the functional ac- tivity of the liver. Its various functions are acted upon by different drugs: Bile production decreased by opium, quinine, alcohol, and lead. Glycogen pro- duction decreased by opium, phosphorus, and arsenic. Urea decreased by opium, morphine, colchicum, alco- hol, and quinine. Anthelmintics are agents which destroy (vermi- cides) or expel (vermifuges) worms inhabiting the in- testinal canal. These are classed according to the particular worm they are most efficient against; thus: Threcid-ivorm : Enemata of alum, sulphate of iron, lime water. Round-worm : Santonin, areca nut, chenopodium, suljDhate of copper, etc., internally, combined with a purgative. Strongylus micrurus (of sheep) : Injections of tur- pentine intratracheally. Tape-worm: Filix mas, kamala, kousso, grana- tum, turpentine, and chloroform. Agents Affecting Metabolism. Restoratives are agents which promote construc- tive metamorphosis. They may be subdivided into foods, haematics, and tonics ; many stimulants are also classed as restoratives. Foods supply material to maintain the vital proc- esses or to renew some structure of the body. Hoematics enrich the quality of the blood by in- INTRODUCTION. 23 creasing tlie quantity of its haematin. The best known haematics are compounds of iron and manga- nese. Tonics improve the tone of the tissues on which they have specific action, increasing the vigor of the entire system — as strychnine, quinine, iron, and the vegetable bitters. Alteratives are agents which alter the course of morbid conditions, modifying the nutritive processes while promoting waste, and in this manner indirectly helping to relieve from disease. Mercury, arsenic, iodine, and their preparations are typical alteratives. Resolvents or Discutients promote the absorp- tion of morbid products by stimulating the lymphatic system. These include mercury, cadmium, iodine, arsenic, and such local measures as poulticing and cou nter-ir ritati on . Antipyretics reduce high bodily temperature. This may be accomplished by five different methods, viz. : 1st. By diminishing tissue change — quinine, anti- pyrine, salicin. 2d. By reducing the circulation — aconite, digitalis, antimony. (IST. B. : These two lessen heat produc- tion.) 3d. By dilating cutaneous vessels, which increases beat radiation — alcohol, sweet spirits of nitre. 4th. By promoting perspiration, its evaporation lowering the temperature — ^antipyrine, nitrous ether, antimony. 5th. By abstracting heat from the body — cold 24 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. baths, wet pack, cold drinks. (N.B. : These last three promote heat loss.) Antiphlogistics include all measures adopted to reduce inflammation, whether medicine internally or local applications — mercury, opium, aconite, digi- talis, ergot, venesection, purgation, counter-irritation, cold, ice, rest, etc. Antiperiodics, agents which check or prevent the return of various periodically recurring diseases — quinine, arsenic, salicin, eucalyptol. Agents Acting on Excretion. Diuretics increase the activity of the kidneys, stimulating them to excrete the urine more rapidly — ■ spiritus setheris nitrosi, digitalis, etc. Renal Depressants decrease the activity of the renal cells, and diminish or suspend the excretion of urine — morphine, quinine, ergot. Urinary Alkalizers, when taken internally, cause the urine to have an alkaline reaction — alka- lies, salts of potassium and lithium. Urinary Acidifiers render the urine of an acid reaction — benzoic and salicylic acids. Vesical Tonics stimulate the contractile power of the bladder by increasing the tone of the muscular fibre composing the walls of that organ — strychnine, cantharis, belladonna. Vesical Sedatives relieve irritability of the blad- der and decrease the desire to micturate — opium, cannabis, belladonna. IKTRODUCTION. 25 Urinary Sedatives relieve irritability along the entire urinary tract through the medium of the urine, which holds them in solution, coming in contact with the genito-urinary mucous membrane — potas- sium and lithium salts, cubebs, copaiba, sandalwood oil. Antilithics and Lithontriptics are agents which prevent the formation of concretions in the ducts (antilithics), or dissolve these when already formed (lithontriptics) — salts of potash and lithia for uric-acid calculi; lactic acid, dilute nitromuriatic acid, for oxalate of calcium calculi ; benzoic acid, di- lute nitric acid, for phosphatic calculi. A Diluent is an indifferent substance, which when absorbed passes through the body, diluting its fluids and excretions — as water. Diaphoretics and Sudorifics increase the action of the skin and promote the sweating. They are di- vided into three groups : 1. Simple diaphoretics enter the circulation and stimulate the sudoriferous glands during their elimi- nation— as jaborandi, nitrous ether, alcohol. 2. Nauseating diaphoretics produce relaxation and dilatation of the capillaries ; as tartar emetic, Dover's powder, ipecac, hot baths. 3. Refrigerant diaphoretics reduce the force of the circulation — as ammonium and potassium salts, aco- nite, ether, nitrites. Anhidrotics check perspiration — atropine, ergot, acids ; and locally, cold, opium, etc. 26 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA, Agents Acting on the Generative Apparatus. Aphrodisiacs stimulate the sexual desire and function by direct and reflex action upon the genital centres in the brain and spinal cord — nux vomica, cannabis, cantharis, phosphorus. Anaphrodisiacs diminish the sexual appetite and lower its functional power by depressing the genital centres or by decreasing the local circulation — co- caine, belladonna, lupulin, bromides. Emmenagogues include all measures and remedies which restore the menstrual function. They are di- vided into : Direct Emmenagogues^ which stimulate the uter- ine muscular fibres and are ecbolic in large doses — ergot, rue, savine, borax, quinine, potassium perman- ganate. Indirect Emmenagogues, which act by improving the blood and toning up the nervous system — iron, manganese, strychnine, cod-liver oil. EcBOLics or Oxytocics are agents which produce abortion by stimulating the gravid uterus to contract, or by direct irritation of the uterine centre in the cord — ergot, savine, borax, quinine, pilocarpine, cot- ton-root bark. Any violent purgative or gastro-intestinal irritant may produce abortion by reflex action. Uterine Depressants lower the activity of the nervo-muscular apparatus by controlling uterine con- INTRODUCTION". 27 tractions — opium, cannabis, bromides, chloral, chloro- form. Uterine Tonics and Alteratives are remedies which act upon the nutrition and functions of the uterus. Uterine Tonics: Potassium bromide, viburnum opulus, potassium chlorate, viburnum prunifolium, helonias, cimicifuga, pulsatilla, iodine. Also astrin- gents locally. Uterine Alteratives : Iodine, iodoform, iodol, io- dized phenol or carbolated iodine, glycerin, hydras- tis, silver nitrate, galvanism. Galactagogues increase the lacteal secretion — jaborandi. Galactophyga decrease or check the lacteal se- cretion— belladonna or atropine locally and internally. Agents Acting on the Skin. Irritants are agents which, on application to the skin, cause more or less vascular excitement, and are called counter-irritants when used for exciting a re- flex action upon some part of the organism remote from the place of application. They are divided into three groups, according to the severity of their ac- tion— viz., Rubefacients, epispastics or blisters, pus- tulants. Rubefacients cause only a redness of the skin. Mustard, capsicum, camphor, iodine, turpentine. Epispastics, Vesicants, or Blisters produce marked inflammation of the skin and an outpouring 28 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. of serum between the derma and epidermis, thus constituting the blisters — cantharides, euphorbium, mezereon. PuSTULANTS cause pustules and usually affect only isolated parts of the skin — croton oil, tartar emetic, silver nitrate. Caustics or Escharotics are agents which de- stroy the tissues to which the}^ are applied, by ab- stracting the water from these tissues or by corrosive oxidation — caustic potash, lime, zinc chloride, silver nitrate, mineral acids. Astringents cause contraction of muscular fibre and lessen secretion from mucous surfaces. Systemic Astringents act on the internal organs through the circulation — viz., gallic acid. Local Astringents act upon the part to which they are applied — tannin, alum, salts of copper, lead, zinc, per-salts of iron. Styptics are local applications intended for check- ing bleeding — as astringents of all kinds, cold, ice, etc. Hemostatics are agents given internally to stop hemorrhage — dilute mineral acids, gallic acid, ergot, digitalis, lead acetate, and oil of turpentine. Emollients and Demulcents are substances cal- culated to soften, soothe, and protect tissues to which they are applied. Emollients are applied to act externally — as oils, fats, vaseline, starch, glycerin, flaxseed, or other poultices. Demulcents are used for the same purpose inter- nally. INTRODUCTION^. ^9 Protectives are substances applied to cover or protect an injured or inflamed part to exclude air, dust, water and to prevent friction. Agents Acting on Microbes, Parasites, etc. Antizymotics, agents which prevent and check all organic fermentative processes, also those dependent upon organized ferments (bacteria, cocci, etc.) . They are divided into two groups, viz. : Antiseptics, which destroy the bacilli which cause septic decomposition — as mercuric chloride, hydrogen dioxide, formalin, mercurous chloride, hydronaph- thol, sulphurous acid, quinine, thymol, carbolic acid, alcohol, and many others. Disinfectants are agents which destroy the germ» of infectious diseases. Some of these are oxidizanc? —lime, chlorine, iodine; some are desulphurants— as sulphate of iron; absorbents— as charcoal; de- odorants— as ozone, lime, chlorine, and sulphurous acid gases, which destroy the bad odors while also disinfecting. Parasiticides are agents which destroy animal and vegetable parasites living upon the body. They are appHed usually as lotions and ointments and con- tain sulphur, iodine, mercury and its chlorides, car- bolic acid, preparations of tar, etc. Agents Acting upon Each Other. Antidotes are agents v;hich act upon poisons in such ^ manner -^s tr pre^eno them from exerting their 30 VETtlRINARY MATERIA MEDICA. toxic properties. This takes place in the alimentary canal, and includes such measures as emetics, stom- ach-pump, purgatives, etc. Antagonists are agents whose action counteracts the effects produced by poisons upon the organism. This action takes place within the blood and tis- sues, and is applicable mostly to vegetable poisons. This may include artificial respiration, electric treat- ment, cold douches, motion, rest, etc. TABLE OF DOSES- 31 TABLE OF DOSES Horse. Cattle, 3 years up = 1 =2 years up. 1^ years to 3 years = ^ = 1 year to 2 years 9 months to 18 months = i = I year to 1 year. 4^ months to 9 months =1=3 months to 6 months 1 month to 4i months = Jg^ = 1 month to 3 months. Sheep. Dog. 2 years up = 1 = i year to 1 year up. 1 year to 2 years = ^ = 3 months to 6 months. ■^ year to 1 year = ^ = 1^ months to 3 months. 3 months to 6 months = ^ = 20 days to 45 days. 1 month to 3 months = xV = 1^ ^^JS to 20 days. Pig and Goat. li years up = 1 If cattle and horses take 16, 9 months to 18 months = i The pig takes 3, ^ months to 9 months = i The goat takes 3, 2^ months to 4i months = I The dog takes 1, 1 month to 2 months = tV The cat takes h The dose for the adult dog = the dose for adult man. Fluids, for cattle usually the same dose as for the horse. Solids, for cattle usually 1^ times the dose for the horse. 32 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. RESTORATIVE AGENTS. All agents producing constructive metamorphosis of tissue are included in this division — as the diges- tive ferments which aid digestion, foods, tonics, hse- matics ; also a number of the so-called stimulants. Digestive Ferments. Pepsin and pancreatin, both organic substances, are the most important of these; papain, papaw or papayotin, a ferment obtained from the milky juice of papaya carica, a South American fruit-tree. Pepsin is an organic ferment which constitutes the digestive principle of the gastric juice of animals. It is usually obtained from the mucous membrane of the pig's stomach. Pancreatin is obtained from the pancreas of ani- mals and contains four ferments — viz., trj^psin, pan- creatic diastase, an emulsifying and a milk-curdling ferment. Preparations. Pepsiiuim Puriim^ pure pepsin, in yellowish trans- lucent scales soluble in water. Dose: H., gr. xv.- 3i.; D., gr. i.-iij. Pepsinum Saccharatum {U. S. P.), saccharated pepsin, is a mixture of pure pepsin with sugar of milk. Dose: H., 3 ij.-vi. ; D., gr. v.- 3 ss., after feeding. RESTORATIVE AGENTS. ;>J Liquor Pepsini {U. S. P.), solution of pepsin, li- quid pepsin. Dose: D., fl. 3 i.-ij. (Contains sac- charated pepsin 40, hydrochloric acid 12, glycerin 400, water enough to make 1,000.) Extractum Pancreaticus, or pancreatin, which should contain the four pancreatic ferments. Doses: H., 3ss.-iss. ; D., gr. iij.-v. Ladopeptin^ a powder containing pepsin, pan- creatin, diastase, lactic acid, and hydrochloric acid. Dose: D., gr. v.-xv. Incompatibles. — Alkalies and many mineral salts precipitate pepsin, while alcohol destroys its activ- ity. Alkalies promote the action of pancreatin. Physiological Action. — Pepsin digests the pro- teids or nitrogenous principles of the food (albumin, casein, fibrin, etc.), converting these into peptones for assimilation. Pancreatin, in addition to this, also emulsifies the fats and oils, and may be itself digested by pepsin ; hence it but seldom reaches the duodenum in its original form. Papain is a powerful digester of fibrin and will act in solutions of any reaction, while pepsin requires an acid solution. Therapeutics. — The internal use of pepsin and pancreatin is limited to young herbivora while receiv- ing milk, and to dogs or other carnivora. Pepsin is beneficial in atonic dyspepsia, gastralgia, anaemia, chlorosis, and the diarrhoea of calves, foals, and dogs. It may be added to nutritive enemata to assist in their assimilation, the rectum not being a digestive organ. Acidulated solutions may be injected into the substance of morbid growths, 3 34 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. especially fatty tumors; also to dissolve out the secretive membrane of quittor pipes and similar fistulae. Pancreatin and its preparations are used to partly digest milk, gruel, souj^s, and other foods before ad- ministration in cases where there is great digestive debility. All nutritive enemata should be properly peptonized before use. Papain is a rapid solvent of false membranes and intestinal worms, but is very seldom given internally, as it might digest the gastric mucous membrane it- self. It has been successfully used for the destruc- tion of various tumors, but causes considerable pain and febrile reaction. Mineral Acids. Acidum Siilphuriciim Dilutum, strength yV- H., fl. 3i.-ij.; D., m x.-xx. Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticiim, elixir of vit- riol, aromatic salphuric acid, strength \. Contains sulphuric acid, alcohol, ginger, and cinnamon. This preparation is really an ether resulting from the reaction of the sulphuric acid upon the alcohol. H., fl. 3ss.-i.; D., m v.-x. Acidum Hydrocliloricum Dilutum, contains ten per cent, absolute acid. H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; D., tti x.-xx. Acidum Nitricum Dilutum, strength I. H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; D., tt[ x.-xx. Acidum Nitro-Hydrochloricum (Diliituin), con- tains nitric acid 4, hydrochloric acid 15, water 7G. H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; D., tti x.-xx. RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 35 Acidum Pliosplioricum Dilutum, strength \. H., fl. 3i.-ij.; D., m x.-xx. These dikite acids should be given ivell diluted. Sulphuric Acid, acidum sulphuricum, oil of vitriol — H.SO^ — is produced by the burning of sulphur and the oxidation and hydration of the resulting sulphur- ous acid gas by means of nitrous and aqueous vapors. It is a thick, oily-looking, colorless, odorless liquid, of an intensely acid taste and strong acid reaction. Specific gravity, 1.843. It absorbs moisture from the air, and when mixed with water it evolves heat. Muriatic Acid, acidum hydrochloricum, spirit of salt— HCl. A clear, colorless, intensely sour liquid, having a strong acid reaction, and specific gravity 1.16. It emits white, pungent fumes of the gas which forms about thirty-two per cent, by weight of the solution. Obtained mostly as a by-product in the manufacture of sodium carbonate from common salt. Nitric Acid, acidum nitricum, aqua fortis, HNO3. A clear, colorless, corrosive, intensely sour liquid, which emits pungent, suffocating, nitrous fumes, and oxidizes, corrodes, and dissolves most organic substances. It has great affinity for water and evolves heat when mixed with this. Nitric acid is prepared from sodium or potassium nitrate, sul- phuric acid, and water. It contains about sev- enty per cent, of true nitric acid, and has the specific gravity 1.42. Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid, acidum nitromuriaticum, 36 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. aqua regia. This is a mixture of the nitric and hy- drochloric acids, but in its full strength is used only in the arts. Phosphoric Acid, acidum phosphoricum, H3PO,. Concentrated phosphoric acid is obtained by heating phosphorus with dilute nitric acid until nitrous fumes no longer come off; the resulting compound is then diluted with water till its specific gravity is 1.5. It requires about thirty-three per cent, of water. Con- centrated phosphoric acid is a clear, colorless, acid, syrupy liquid, and in its purity is not used medicin- ally. Physiological Actions of the Mineral Acids. The strong acids are corrosive irritant poisons if given internally, unless properly diluted and in proper quantity. Medicinal doses are refrigerant, antisep- tic, tonic, and astringent. Externally: Stimulant, astringent, and escharotic. They abstract water from the tissues, combine with bases to form salts, destroy protoplasm, and are very diffusible. Sul- phuric acid carbonizes (black) ; nitric acid tans (yel- low). When in contact with the mouths of ducts having an alkaline secretion this is produced in in- creased quantity, while if in contact with the mouths of ducts having an acid secretion this latter is de- creased. Secretion in general is promoted by nitric acid, and decreased by sulphuric acid — nitric acid aiding peristalsis, sulphuric acid producing constipa- tion. Muriatic acid aids digestion and stimulates mucous and intestinal secretions, especially when com- RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 37 bined with bitters. All of the mineral acids tend to check fermentation and aid in digestion. If con- tinued for too long a time they lessen the production of gastric juice, and thus impair digestion. Phos- phoric acid is the most agreeable of the mineral acids and is not so apt to derange digestion if given for a longer period. The mineral acids are excreted mainly by the kidneys, diminishing the alkalinity or increas- ing the normal acidity of the urine. Toxic doses of the mineral acids produce violent gastro-enteritis; lips, mouth, and fauces are highly inflamed and sw^ollen; respiration more labored as the swelling of the throat increases; pulse weak and quick; great abdominal pain, increasing prostration, and death in from three to twelve hours. Post-mortem examination shows throughout the entire gastro-intestinal tract dark-colored patches of corrosion, and occasionally perforations. Antidotes. — Alkaline carbonates or bicarbonates, or chalk to neutralize the acid ; stomach-pump when practicable; oil, albumen, or milk to protect the mu- cous membranes; stimulants, opium, ammonia intra- venously to counteract the depression of the vital powers. Therapeutics. — The mineral acids are used in chronic diarrhoea and dysejitery, the sulphuric acid combined with laudanum given in starch, gruel, or mucilage. Influenza — especially the sulphuric with quinine sulphate. Equine purpura— the sulphuric with iron sulphate. Hemorrhages, especially at parts remote from the stomach— the sulphuric with 38 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. or without ergot. Irritable or ulcerated sore throat — either the sulphuric or hydrochloric, well diluted, as a driuk. Atonic cZ^/spepsia— hydrochloric with or without pepsin and bitters, given after feeding, except when there is acidity of the stomach. Acid- ity of the stomach — hydrochloric or, phosphoric in small doses before feeding. Torpidity of liver, chronic hepatitis — hydrochloric, nitric, or best of all, nitro-hydrochloric. Fevers — sulphuric with magnesium sulphate; for typhoid cases the hydro- chloric is preferable. Intermittent and i^emittent fevers — nitric acid in full doses. Lead-poisoning — the sulphuric, to form the insoluble lead sulphate. General debility, convalescence — ^the sulphuric, with iron sulphate and nux vomica. Local Uses. — For ulcers, nitric acid as an escharotic. Also to destroy warts, fungous and ma- lignant growths which cannot be otherwise conve- niently removed. As a wash, well diluted, in Mallen- der's and chronic eczema. Irregular, sinuous, and poisoned wounds, the sulphuric acid or the black oil (sulphuric acid 1, spirit of turpentine 4, linseed oil 16), which is a convenient application to contract and remove umbilical hernia. Foot-rot in sheep — the hydrochloric acid. A powerful astringent and styptic — Warren's styptic (sulphuric acid 5, spirit of turpentine 4, alcohol 4). Oils and Fats. The fixed oils and fats principally used in veteri- nary practice are : Ad(ps — lard ; Oleum Morrhuce — KESTORATiVE AGENTS. '6^ cod-liver oil ; Oleum Adipis — lard oil; Oleum Gos- sypii Seminis — cotton-seed oil ; Oleum OUvce — olive oil; Lanolinum — lanolin, sheep's wool fat; Oleum Tlieohromce — cacao butter. Oleum Tiglii — croton oil; Oleum Bicini—castor oil; Oleum Lini — linseed oil. These three, being used mostly for their cathartic qualities, are classed with the evacuents. Composition : Excepting cod-liver oil, all of the oils contain olein, stearin, and margarin in varying proportions — the olein giving fluidity, the stearin solidity. Cod-Liver Oil is obtained from the fresh liver of the Gadus morrhua and other species of Gadus. It contains olein and margarin, gaduin (a principle pe- culiar to itself), propylamin, bile constituents, and traces of sulphuric and phosphoric acids, bromine, iodine, phosphorus, iron, lime, and magnesia. Three varieties are found in the market, of which the pale or white oil is the best, the two other darker varieties being of questionable utility. Linseed Oil contains a large proportion of vegeta- ble albumin, which coagulates on exposure to the air, thus making it a drying oil. This property is in- creased by boiling the oil. Lanolin is a cholesterin fat obtained from the washings of sheep's wool, and contains from twenty- five to thirty per cent, of water. It has a faint odor, and differs from other fats in that choles- terin takes the place of glycerin; hence it does not saponify with an alkali. It is not liable to become 40 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. rancid, unites readily with more than its own weight of water, is perfectly neutral as a base, readily pene- trates the integument, carrying with it any medica- ment with which it is charged. Cotton-seed Oil is a bland oil expressed from the cotton seeds, and largely takes the place of olive oil, which is usually adulterated with it. Physiological Action.— Small quantities of fats and oils are said to be necessary for the digestion of nitrogenous foods, and to form the molecular basis of the chyle. Fat, which is an essential constituent of the products of tissue formation, is the main factor concerned in the production of force, and is prepared for assimilation by the action of the pancreatic juice and the bile. After oxidation fat is excreted as car- bonic acid and water. Therapeutics. — Olive oil, cotton-seed oil, and lard oil are nutrient, laxative, and emollient. The first two are occasionally given in doses of from one- half to two pints to horses and cattle as a cathartic; for the same purpose in the dog from two to three fluidounces. They are also used to form the body of many liniments, i.e., as " Hartshorn liniment " (aqua ammonia eSO, cotton-seed oil 70). The fats and oils are applied locally by inunction in chronic wasting diseases and in scaly skin diseases. In scrofulous conditions cod-liver oil is given internally, and also externally by inunction. Dose: H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; C, fl. 1 ij.-iv. ; D., fl. 3 i.-iv. It is very serviceable as an aid in convalescence from catarrh, influenza, or other debilitating disease, and may be advanta- RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 41 geously given in broken wind in the horse, in chronic rheumatic disorders, chorea, and epilepsy. A very convenient preparation, when the pure oil is undesir- able, is made by shaking together in a bottle equal volumes of cod-liver oil and lime water. For chronic rough in the dog this last preparation two ounces, iind one ounce syrup of wild cherry bark ; give one to two teaspoonfuls three to four times daily. Ferrum — Iron. Iron and its salts were the first mineral substances used in medicine — now about three thousand years ago — its chief function in the animal economy as well as in nature being that of an oxygen carrier. Iron is a normal constituent of the blood (1 part in 230 of red corpuscles) and tissues, where it exists as an oxide in combination with the hematin of the blood, and cannot exist in the blood without this. It is also present in bile, lymph, chyle, in the pigment of the eye, and in the gastric juice. Preparations of iron should be given in small doses, as but a small quantity is absorbed, and the rest is eliminated with the fseces, which are blackened as the result of the iron being transformed into a sulphide during its passage through the intestinal canal. Chief Preparations and Their Doses. Ferrum Rediictum — iron reduced by hydrogen. This is a fine, grayish-black, lustreless powder, per- manent in air, odorless, tasteless, and insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose: H., 3ij.-iv. ; D., gr. i.-v. 42 VETERINARY IIATERTA MEDICA. Ferri Carhonas Saccliaratus — saccharated car- bonate of iron. A greenish-gray powder, graduall}^ oxidized by contact with air, having at first a sweet- ish taste, and a metallic or ferruginous after-taste. Neutral reaction, and but partly soluble in water; completely soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, with evolution of H^COg, forming a clear yellow liquid. It is prepared by mixing freshly prepared carbonate of iron with sugar, and should contain about thirty- five per cent, of the carbonate. Dose: H., 3i.-iv. ; D., gr. ij.-x. Ferri lodidum — iodide of iron. Greenish tabular crystals, which turn brownish-red on exposure to air. As it is very readily decomposed it is but seldom used except as the more stable compound. Sijrupus Ferri lodidi — syrup of iodide of iron. This when properly prepared is a light green, clear syrup, and may be made extemporaneously as fol- lows : I^Iodipuri., 3xiij.-Bi. Ferri pulv., 3 vijss. Aquas dest., 3 iij* Syr. simplicis § xxix. Ft. syr, legeartis. Dose: H. fl. 3ss.-ij. ; D., tt^ x.-xxx. This should be kept in the light, in small bottles, and a small iron nail placed in each to take up any iodine which may become free from time to time. Ferri Sulphas — green vitriol, copperas, sulphate of iron. Large pale-greenish prisms or lumps, efflor- escent and absorbing oxj-gen on exposure to air, odor- less, saline, styptic taste, acid reaction, soluble in 1.8 REStORATIYE AGENTS. 43 parts of water, and insoluble in alcohol. Dose: H., 3 i--iij. ; D., gr. i.-iij. (Best given in aqueous solu- tion as it is very irritant and astringent.) Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus — dried sulphate of iron, is the preceding salt deprived of its water of cr^^stal- lization. The same in action, but the dose is only half of that given of the other. Ferri Percliloridum — perchloride of iron. Orange- yellow crystalline pieces, very deliquescent, odorless or but slight odor of hydrochloric acid, strongly styp- tic taste, and acid reaction. Freely soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Liquor Ferri Perchloridi—^oluiion of perchloride of iron, an aqueous solution containing thirty-eight per cent, of the salt. Dose: H., fl.3ss.-i.; D., m i.-v. Tinctura Ferri Chloi^idi — tincture of chloride of iron (liquor 35, alcohol 65). Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.- 3 i. ; D., m v.-xx. Gossypium Hcemostaticum — styptic cotton, made by dipping absorbent cotton in water, squeezing out, then dipping it in a solution of chloride of iron, again squeezing out superfluous liquid and drying. Medicinal Actions of the Iron Preparations. Iron carbonate is a mild chalybeate, especially used in canine practice, and is employed in the same dis- eases as the sulphate. Iron sulphate is a restorative tonic, and in larger doses astringent and irritant. Externally — stimu- 44 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. lant, astringent, styptic, and antiseptic. Its irritant action is counteracted by galls, alkaline carbonates, and demulcents. It is given in anaemia, dysentery, diarrhoea, scrofula, relaxed mucous membranes, wasteful serous or bloody discharges, as diabetes, red water in cattle, purpura, and various forms of hemor- rhages. It antagonizes enlargement of spleen and liver, and has been given with good effect in chorea and epilepsy ; also in convalescence from debilitating diseases. It should not be given if the bowel is very irritable, and should not be continued for more than two weeks at a time, allowing a few days' interval without its administration before resuming. Give soon after feeding — never on empty stomach. Iodide of iron is a good tonic, alterative, and astrin- gent, and may be used the same as the sulphate, but is especially effective in polyuria, nasal gleet accom- panied by debility, and scrofulous and rheumatic swellings of the joints. Iron chloride is used in red water in cattle, farcy, purpura, and typhoid complaints; distemper, loss of appetite from want of tone, hemorrhage in alimentary canal, and as an astringent and stimulant for the gen- ito-urinary mucous membranes. In erysipelas half- ounce doses of the tincture of iron have given most gratifying results. In sore throat give with chlorate of potash or muriate of ammonia. Diluted with wa- ter and injected per rectum to destroy ascarides. In the treatment of rheumatism in weak, debilitated ani- mals, alternate it with salicylic acid. Externally it is applied as antiseptic, astringent, and styptic. RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 45 Massa Ferri Carhonatis — Vallet's mass, is a very- suitable preparation for the smaller domesticated animals. Dose for dog, gr. i.-v. It is prepared by- beating into a mass : Ferrous sulphate 100, sodium carbonate 110, honey 36, sugar 25, syrup and water a sufficient quantity to give proper consistence. BiSMUTHUM — Bismuth. Chief Preparations. — Bismuthi Siibcarhonas — bismuth subcarbonate ; Bismuthi Suhnitras — bis- muth subnitrate. Doses: H., 3i.-iij.; D., gr. ij.-x. These salts of bismuth are heavy white powders, in- soluble in water or alcohol, and nearly so in the gastric juice. They act as local sedatives and astrin- gents to the stomach and intestines, relieving irrita- tion in dyspepsia and vomiting. They are frequently given in diarrhoea and dysentery, combined with tan- nin, opium, or catechu. Bismuthi Suhiodidum — bismuth subiodide, a heavy, dark-red, insoluble powder, w^ith very power- ful antiseptic and stimulant properties, is used only externally as a dressing for wounds, ulcers, etc. Arsenium or Arsenicum — Arsenic. Chief Preparations. — Acidum Arseniosunij Arsenious Acid^ White Arsenic — a dull white pow- der, specific gravity 3.8, colorless, tasteless; sprinkled on red-hot coals it gives off a garlicky odor ; com- pletely volatilizes at 400° F. Sparingly soluble in alcohol and water (1:33), but its solubility is in- 46 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. creased by acids and alkalies. Dose: H., gr. v.-x. ; D-, gr. T5-To» after feeding. Liquor Potassii Arsenitis — solution of potassium arsenite, Fowler's solution, contains one per cent, of arsenious acid . It is prepared by heating in a flask : Potassium carbonate and arsenious acid, of each gr. Ixxxvij; distilled water, Oi. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-i. ; D., TU ij.-xv., after feeding. Physiological Action.— Arsenic is a powerful escharotic and excites violent inflammation locally ; given internally, it is a powerful irritant to the gas- tro-intestinal and bronchial mucous membranes, and should always be given after feeding. Small doses act as a stomachic tonic, promoting the appetite and digestion, increase cardiac action, respiratory power, and the secretions of the intestinal canals ; also stim- ulate intestinal peristalsis and increase the sexual appetite. Full medicinal doses, if continued, cause oedema and itching of the eyelids, increased saliva, nausea, vomiting of mucus, diarrhoea or dysentery, enfeebled heart, soreness to the touch over epigas- tric region, itchy skin with small eruptions, jaun- dice, and albuminuria. Toxic doses produce colicky pains, vomiting, great thirst, dysentery, strang- ury, suppressed or bloody urine, rapid feeble heart, cold breath, and collapse. Post-mortem examination shows ecchymotic spots, erosions, softening of the gastro-intestinal mucous membranes, fatty degenera- tion of internal organs, especially kidney and liver; also congestion of lungs and bronchial mucous mem- branes. RESTOKATIVE AGENTS. 47 Treatment of Arsenical Poisoning. — The best an- tidote is the freshly-prepared hydrated oxide of iron* in the proportion of eight parts for every one part of the poison. When practicable, emetics or stomach- pump; cathartics may also be given; oil, milk, mu- cilaginous drinks, to protect the mucous membranes. Further treatment must necessarily be symptomatic. Therapeutics. — As a gastric tonic in dyspepsia and gastralgia. In chronic catarrhal diarrhoea, when partly digested food is passed. Chronic bronchial and pulmonary affections. As an alterative in the early stages of tuberculosis and farc3\ In rheuma- tism, chorea, epilepsy, chronic eczema, scab, and mange. In periodic fevers, combined with quinine ; in weak heart with stocking of legs, give with iron and nux vomica or strychnine. Also in chronic scaly skin diseases. Externally to eradicate warts, slough out fistulse and tumors. As a sheep dip — ar- senic 2i pounds, sodium carbonate 3 pounds, soft soap and sulphur, of each 5 pounds, water 100 gallons. Use with care ! Bitter Tonics. The chief members of this group are Gentian and Cinchona. Gentiana — gentian, the dried root of Gentiana * To prepare hydrated oxide of iron. — To a solution of sul- phate or chloride of iron add water of ammonia till a precipi- tate is no longer formed ; collect this precipitate on a cloth and wash till ammonia is removed ; mix with water and give at once. 48 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. lutea, a perennial European plant. Gentian is a simple bitter, improves the appetite and general tone, and aids digestion. It is used as a tonic and stom- achic in all veterinary patients. Its chief prepara- tions are: Pulvis gentianse, powdered gentian root: H., 3ss.-i.; D., gr. x.-xxx. Extractum gentianse fluidum, fluid extract of gentian: H., fl. 3 ss.-i. ; D., TU x.-xxx. Tinctura gentianae composita, compound tincture of gentian : Prepared from cardamom 2, bit- ter orange-peel 4, gentian 8, diluted alcohol enough to make 100 parts. This last preparation is used mostly in canine practice. Dose : H., fl. 3 i.-iij. ; D., fl. 3 ss.-ij. Cinchona^ Peruvian bark. There are three chief varieties of cinchona, viz. : 1. Cinchona^ the bark of any species of cinchona containing at least three per cent, of alkaloids. 2. Cinchona Flava, yellow bark or calisaya bark, obtained from the cinchona calisaya, and containing the most quinine. 3. Cinchona Ruhra^ red bark, obtained from the cinchona succirubra, and containing about equal parts of quinine and cinchonine. Another variety, the Cinchona Pallida, or pale bark, contains the most cinchonine, but is not of so much importance as the others. The cinchona tree is a native of the mountainous parts of western South America, but is also planted and raised for bark in India, Burmah, Ceylon, and various other suitable places. Composition of Cinchona. — It contains four chief KESTORATIVE AGENTS. 49 alkaloids, called: Quinina^ quinine — the most valua- ble. Quinidina, quinidine — the strongest antiperi- odic. Cinchonia, cinchonine — the least valuable. Cinchonidina^ cinchonidine — about half the strength of quinine. Besides these are found seventeen other alkaloids of minor importance, two simple acids, two tannic acids, one resinoid, and coloring matter. Cliinoidin is the black bitter residue left after the crystallizable alkaloids have been removed from the mother liquor, and evaporated. It is one-fourth as strong as quinine. Quinine is prepared by boiling the coarsely ground bark in dilute hydrochloric acid, and treating the fil- tered solution with lime until it is alkaline in reac- tion. This process precipitates the alkaloids and the coloring matter. The collected precipitate is then boiled with alcohol, which dissolves the quinine and cinchonine. This last solution is neutralized with sulphuric acid, boiled with animal charcoal, and fil- tered. This filtered liquid, on standing, allows the quinine sulphate to crystallize out, and retains the cinchonine in solution. Quinine sulphate occurs in delicate feathery or silky whitish prisms, has an in- tensely bitter taste, is soluble in seven hundred and forty to nine hundred parts of cold water, readily in alcohol, soluble ether, chloroform, and dilute acids. Chief Preparations of Cinchona employed in veterinary practice are : Pulvis Corticis CincJwnce, powdered cinchona bark. Dose: H., 3 ij.-iv. ; D., gr. xx.-xl. 4 50 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Tinctura CinchoncE Composita, compound tinc- ture of cinchona bark, U. S. P. (Red bark 10, ser- pentaria 2, orange peel 8, glycerin 10, alcohol and water, of each a sufiQcient quantity to make 100 parts.) Dose: H., fl. si.-iij.; D., fl. 3 ss.-iv. Infusum Cinchonoe, infusion of cinchona. (Cin- chona 6, aromatic sulphuric acid 1, water 93.) Dose: H., Oss.-i. ; D., fi. 3 i.-iv. QuinincB Sulphas, sulphate of quinine. Dose: H., gr. XV.- 3 i. ; D., gr. i.-v. Cinchonidince Sulphas, sulphate of cinchonidine. Dose: H., 3ss.-ij.; D., gr. ij.-x. Quinince Bimuriatis Carhamas, the double hy- drochlorate of quinine and urea, a very soluble salt, is especially adapted for hypodermic medication. Dose for dog, inject grs. 1^ to 8 dissolved in fU 10 to 20 of distilled water; dose for horse, inject grs. 15 to 30 dissolved in fl. 3 ss. to ij. of distilled water. Other quinine salts, as the muriate and hisulphate, are given in the same doses as the sulphate. Incompatihles are free tannic acid, iodine, alkalies, and alkaline carbonates. Physiological Action. — Cinchona bark is an astringent bitter tonic, antiseptic, antij^eriodic, anti- phlogistic, antipyretic, and emmenagogue. It di- minishes reflex action, acts as a protoplasmic poison, and its alkaloids, while rapidly diffused, are but slowly eliminated, being found in the urine in fifteen minutes after taking, and as late as three days after ; the maximum point of action being reached in about four to five hours after its first administration. Qui- RESTORATIVE AGENTS. 51 nine is held in solution in the blood by carbonic acid. When first given it promotes the appetite, improves di- gestion, stimulates the flow of saliva and gastric juice ; but if very long continued brings on gastric catarrh, indigestion, and constipation. Small doses stimulate the heart, while large doses depress the heart and en- feeble the pulse. Moderate doses cause hypereemia of the brain, and large doses produce ansemia of the brain. Cinchonism is the term applied to the effects of continued large doses, i.e., headache, amaurosis, deafness, staggering gait, irregular heart's action, convulsions, etc. The spleen is reduced in size and the temperature of pyrexia lowered, but it does not reduce the body temperature of a healthy animal. It is a uterine stimulant in labor, and lessens the excre- tion of uric acid, but not that of urea. It is used in malarial and intermittent fevers, acute catarrh, surgical fever, and erysipelas (with iron and ar- senic) ; as a tonic in indigestion and general debil- ity with nux vomica; in asthma and diarrhoea. Also in diabetes, influenza, strangles, and purpura. A five-per-cent. solution of the muriate of quinine is frequently used to wash out the bladder in cys- titis. Quinine should not be given in inflamma- tory diseases of the bowel if accompanied by consti- pation and irritability of the stomach. Quinine may be given in bolus or solution, and its action is said to be increased by conjoining with capsicum or ginger. Ferri et Qiiinince Citras, or Ferro-Cliinimim Citricmn, the citrate of iron and quinine, a double salt, used mostly in canine practice, is given in pill 52 VETERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. or aqueous solution. Dose for dog : gr. ss-ij. This combines the actions of the two, iron and quinine, and is a very valuable tonic. AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. Potassium. Potassium is one of the metallic elements. Sym- bol, K; atomic weight, 39; quantivalence, 1. It has great affinity for oxygen, and decomposes water with considerable violence, replacing one or both of its hydrogen atoms. It is obtained as "carnallite," a chloride of potassium and magnesium, in or near rock-salt beds; also from Avood ashes. Chief Preparations. — Potassa, caustic potash, hyd rated protoxide of potash. This is obtained by dissolving the ashes of plants in water (wdaen cal- cined these lose their organic impurities) ; this then is pearl ash or impure potassium carbonate. This so- lution is boiled with calcium hydrate, forming cal- cium carbonate as a precipitate, and leaving potas- sium hydrate in solution. Liquor Potassce, solution of potassa (Potassa 3 i., dissolved in distilled water Oi.)- Potassa and its solution are powerful caustics, and are rarely used internally. Potassii Acetas, potassium acetate, a white, solu- ble, deliquescent salt, obtained b}^ neutralizing potas- sium carbonate with acetic acid. Dose : H., 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. v. -XV. AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 63 (A) Potassii Carhonas, potassium carbonate. {B) Potassii Bicarbonas, potassium bicarbonate. Dose of either of these for H., 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. x.-xxx. (A) is prepared from wood ashes or by burning potassium tartrate with charcoal. {B) is prepared by passing carbonic - acid gas through a strong aqueous solution of the neutral carbonate. Occurs in transparent, colorless, rhombic prisms, soluble in four times its own weight of water. Potassii Nitras, potassium nitrate, nitre, salt- petre. Dose: As febrifuge, H., 3ij.-iv. ; D., gr. v.-xv. As diuretic, H., 3 ss.-i.; D., gr. x.-xxx. Occurs as whitish, opaque, crystalline masses, or transparent, colorless six-sided prisms, having a sharp, cooling, saline taste, permanent in air, and soluble in three and one-half parts of cold water. Potassii Cliloras, potassium chlorate. Dose: H., 3i.-iv. ; D., gr. v.-xv. Occurs as colorless rhom- boidal plates, having a saline cooling taste, and solu- ble in sixteen parts of cold water ; prepared by rapidly passing chlorine gas through a strong solution of po- tassium carbonate and calcium hydrate. Potassii Permanganas, potassium permanganate. Small, dark-brown, needle-shaped or prismatic crys- tals, soluble in sixteen parts of cold water, making a deep-red solution. Potassii Iodidu7n.—See under "Iodides." Potassii Bromidum.—See under "Bromides." 54 veterinary materia medtca. Physiological Action of Potassium and Its Salts. — Caustic potash dissolves albumin, saponi- fies fats and destroys tissues, by combining with their water. The potassium salts promote tissue waste ; small doses promote the formation of gastric juice if given on an empty stomach, but large doses act chemically and retard digestion by neutralizing the free acids. The carbonate and bicarbonate, if given on an empty stomach, enter the blood unchanged, combine with the neutral phosphate of sodium contained therein, converting it into an acid phosphate, so that when eliminated by the kidneys the urine is more acid. If, however, they have been given on a full stomach, they are decomposed before entering the blood, and the urine is therefore now more alkaline. The acetate is absorbed in its own form, is decom- posed in the blood, makes the blood and urine more alkaline, and acts as a diuretic, increasing both the water as well as the solids of the urine, but decreas- ing the amount of uric acid by increasing oxidation. The nitrate and chlorate are absorbed and eliminated in their own form, the nitrate being a powerful diu- retic, febrifuge, and alterative; externally applied, it is stimulant and refrigerant. The chlorate is anti- septic, alterative, sialagogue, and diuretic; exter- nally, antiseptic, refrigerant, and mildly stimulant. Large doses of the chlorate are very irritant to the kidnej^s, and may produce albuminuria. All the po- tassium salts in large doses are cardiac poisons, mus- AGENTS PR0M0TIXC4 WASTE. 55 cle paralyzers, poisonous to protoi^lasm, and hinder the ozonizing function of the blood. The perman- ganate is antiseptic, deodorant, and mildl}- astrin- gent. Poisoning by Caustic Alkalies. —Give vinegar or acetic acid; then demulcents and oils to protect the mucous membranes; support the vital poAvers. Therapeutics. — Liquor potassse as a caustic to eradicate warts, fungous growths, to poisoned wounds. Its excessive action may be rapidly checked by bathing the part with dilute acetic acid. It should be used only with great care. Rheumatism — the carbonate, bicarbonate, and ni- trate, to saturate the blood and render the urine more alkaline. Acidity of stomach and atonic dyspepsia — the car- bonate or bicarbonate, before feeding. Ulcerative stomatitis, aphtha— the chlorate as a wash ; also in catarrhal affections ; in follicular phar- yngitis, sore throat, and diphtheritic affections, com- bined with tinctura ferri chloridi. The carbonate and bicarbonate are used for the relief of phosphatic deposits and calculi in dogs. Exter- nally as stimulants and to soften and remove thick- ened skin ; to relieve the itching of certain skin dis- eases. The carbonate is usually employed as a wash before giving treatment for mange. The nitrate promotes bronchial, cutaneous, and uri- nary secretions; it is an excellent febrifuge and diu- retic. Frequently used externally with ammonia muriate, alcohol, and water as a cooling lotion. A fa- 56 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. vorite diuretic bolns is composed of potassium nitrate 3SS., soap 3i., resin 3 ss., Venice turpentine 3 ss. For sore throat a bolus of the nitrate 5 ss., extract of belladonna 3ss., camphor 3i., or the same made up into an electuary with powdered slippery elm bark and syrup. This last has been found serviceable in bronchitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis. Together with tincture of aconite the nitrate is considered the best treatment for Laminitis by many practitioners. The acetate produces slight diuresis, helps to reduce temperature, alkalinifies the blood and urine, is given in inflammations to promote the excretion of result- ing products, also in irritability of the kidneys and bladder. The permanganate destroys bacteria, is used in so- lution ( 3 i.-iij. to aqua Oi.) as a disinfectant and de- odorant wash for foul wounds, sores; for washing the hands after dissections and post-mortem, etc., in weak solution. It has been found to be the best anti- dote for morphine or opium poisoning. Doses of from gr. x. to xxx. are recommended for the horse in septicaemia. Sodium. Sodium occurs in combination naturally in large quantit}^ in sea water, marine plants, etc. ; also as rock salt, as borax, and in the Chili nitre beds. Chief Preparations.— /SocZr/ Carhonas, sodium carbonate, " washing soda." Sodii Bicarboiias, so- dium bicarbonate, "baking soda," "soda salaeratus." Sodii Cldoridiim, sodium chloride, common salt. AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. f)*? Sodii Boras, borate or biborate of sodium, borax. Sodii Sulphas — sodium sulphate, Glauber's salt. For sodium sulphite and sodium hyposulphite, see under Sulphur and Sulphites. The physiological actions of the sodium scdts are similar to those of potassium salts, but they are not so alkaline, not so depressant, nor are they such powerful cardiac and nerve poisons as the potassium salts. The Sodium Carbonate and Bicarbonate are ant- acids and alteratives. Dose: H., 3i.-iv.; D., gr. v.-xxx. Sodium Chloride. — Small doses are restorative, stomachic, and antiseptic; larger doses irritant, ca- thartic, and emetic ; externally stimulant, refrigerant, and antiseptic. Dose: H., lb. ss.-i. (on this animal its action as a purgative is uncertain and irritant) ; cattle, lb. ss.-i.; sheep, 3 i.-iij. (is more adapted for these animals than for the horse) . Sodium Borate. — Antiseptic, parasiticide, slightly astringent, and alkaline. Dose same as that of the bicarbonate. Glauber's >SaZ^.— Cathartic, cholagogue, febrifuge, and slightly diuretic. Has very low diffusive power, impedes absorption of fluids in the intestinal canal, but increases the amount of intestinal secretion and stimulates peristalsis; produces an increase in the quantity of bile secreted by its direct action upon the hepatic cells. As a cathartic it is slow in operation, generally requiring from twenty to twenty-four hours, and is more suitable for cattle than for horses. §S VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Dose: H., lb. ss.-i. ; cattle, lb. ss.-iss. It is usually combined with ginger, capsicum, or other stom- achics. Thereapeutics of the Carbonates. — Small doses increase secretion of gastric juice, and are used in indigestion, flatulence, acidity of the stomach, atonic dyspepsia, and rheumatism. A solution of the bicarbonate is applied frequently to burns, as an injection in simple leucorrhoea, and to relieve the irritation of urticaria and other skin eruptions. Therapeutics of the Borate. — Ulcerative con- ditions of the mouth, aphtha. To relieve the irrita- tion of eczema and other skin diseases it is applied locally in aqueous solution. A weak solution is used to dissolve the gummy substance from the eyelids in purulent conjunctivitis; also as an eye lotion. Com- bined with thymol, carbolic acid, and eucalj^ptol as a spra}^ or gargle in ulcerated sore throat and catar- rhal conditions of the respiratory mucous membranes. The appended formula of Dr. Carl Seller's solution, which is a similar preparation, can be obtained in the form of compressed tablets : Sodium bicarbonate, Sodium biborate, .... . aa 3 ij. Sodium benzoate, Sodium salicylate, .... . aa gr. ij. Eucal3'ptol, menthol, and thymol, . . aa gr. i. Oil of wintergreen, gtt. ij Alcohol 3 ij. Glycerine I iiss. Distilled wate, . . enough to make Oi. AGEJTTS PROMOTING WASTE. 59 Therapeutics of the Chloride.— As a purga- tive for cattle and sheep, small repeated doses are stom- achic ; given together with gentian and ginger in in- digestion and irregular appetite; injections of two or three ounces to one pint of water per rectum to carry away ascarides. A five- to ten-per-cent. solution as an antiseptic and stimulant gargle in relaxed and ul- cerated sore throat. Salt-water baths are stimulant to the skin. An excellent cooling lotion may be pre- pared from salt, saltpetre, and muriate of ammonia, of each two ounces, dissolved in one quart of water. As an emetic for the dog, one to four drachms dis- solved in warm water. Calcium. Calcium is one of the alkaline earths. Carbonate of lime or chalk is the source from which most of the calcium salts are prepared. Calcium oxide, calx, lime, quicklime, CaO, prepared by burning lime- stone, marble, chalk, or other form of calcium car- bonate, is a powerful irritant, and in its own form is but seldom given internally. Chief Preparations. — Liquor Calcis, Aqua Calcis^ lime water. Dose: H., fl. 3 iv.-v. ; D., fl. 3 i.-iv. Calcii Carhonas Proecipitatus, precipitated chalk, calcium carbonate. Dose: H., 3 i.-ij. ; D., gr. v.-xx. Calcii Phosphas PrcBcipitatus^ precipitated phosphate of calcium. Dose: H., 3ij.-iv. ; D., gr. i.-x. 60 veteriis:ary materia medica. Calx Chlorata, chloriDated lime, or bleaching powder (misnamed chloride of lime). Dose: H., 3 i.-ij. ; D., gr, ij.-v., in cold gruel or water. For Calx Sulphurata, see under Sulphur. Physiological Action and Therapeutics. — The calcium salts and preparations are feebly alka- line, astringent, and antacid. The liquor calcis is ir- ritant, astringent by contact, antacid, and sedative, and is given in indigestion and diarrhoea of all pa- tients, especially in young animals when there is a tendency to acidity of the stomach. As an antidote for poisoning by the mineral acids, by carbolic acid, and by oxalic acid. In bronchial filarise in calves and sheep, sometimes combined with turpentine. Enemata of aqua calcis to destroy ascarides. A most excellent application to scalds and burns is " carron oil " (equal volumes of liquor calcis and linseed oil). A spray of aqua calcis has been found serviceable in diphtheria and croup. Lime in solution, i.e., as "whitewash," is used for deodorizing and cleansing stables, etc. It is customary to add carbolic acid or other disinfectant to whitewash to render it more effective for this purpose. Chalk, which is the usual cause of hardness of water, is used for the same pur- poses as the aqua calcis. The calcium phosphate, which is an essential ingredient of all animal tissues, combines the actions of calcium and phosphorus, and is essentially a restorative; it increases the alkalinity of the blood, increases the power of that tissue to hold CO2, diminishes the excretion of urea, and is very serviceable in chronic diarrhoea, anaemia, and AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 61 other forms of malnutrition, especially in 3'oung animals. It is also employed in caries, protracted suppuration, osteomalacia, rachitis, and scrofular disorders. Chlorinated lime, which is a powerful bleaching agent, is irritant, . stimulant, astringent, antiseptic, and alterative ; it is used mostly externally. Toxic doses produce local irritation, difficult breathing, acceleration of the pulse, weeping eyes, an abundant secretion of urine having a white sediment and a slight odor of chlorine, and in dogs vomiting. Externally it is used as a stimulant, antiseptic, de- odorant, disinfectant, and parasiticide. Has been found serviceable by some practitioners in tympanites in horses, hoven in cattle, is applied externally to un- healthy wounds, for destroying the fungus of ring- worm, and the parasites of mange and grease. As a disinfectant and deodorizer for stables, etc., it is very efficient. Ammonium. Liquor Ammonice fortior. Aqua Ammonice for- tius, concentrated ammonia, caustic ammonia, stronger water of ammonia. Dose: H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; D., m v.-x. (should be given well diluted). A color- less liquid, pungent, caustic, of a very strong suffo- cating odor ; strong alkaline reaction ; specific grav- ity, 0.891. Contains about twenty-eight per cent, of gaseous ammonia (NH3) in solution. Liquor Ammonice, Aqua AmmoniCB, water of ammonia. Hartshorn spirit. A diluted solution of the concentrated ammonia, containing about ten per 62 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. cent, of gaseous ammonia. Has specific gravity 0.959, and is prej)ared by mixing one part of concen- trated ammonia with two of water, by volume. Dose : H., fl. Siij.-vi.; D., "ni xv.-xxx. Spiritus Ammonii Aromaticus^ aromatic spirit of ammonia (ammonium carbonate; water of ammo- nia; oils of lemon, lavender, pimento; alcohol and water). Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.-viij. ; D., Til x.-xxx. Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, solution of acetate of ammonia, Mindererus spirit (dilute acetic acid neutralized by addition of ammonium carbonate). Dose : H., fl. s ij.-iv. ; D., fl. 3 ij.-iv. Ammonii Carhonas^ carbonate of ammonia, Hartshorn salt. Dose: H., 3 ij.-iv. ; D., gr. iij.- viij. Ammonii Murias, Ammonii Chloridum, muri- ate or chloride of ammonium, sal ammoniac. Dose : H., 3ij.'-iv.; D., gr. iij.-viij. Linimentum Ammonice, ammonia liniment, Hartshorn liniment (aqua ammonise 30, cottonseed oil 70). For Ammonium Bromide, see under Bromides. Physiological Action. — Liquor ammonise if used locally causes considerable irritation, abstracts water from the tissues, dissolves the epithelial scales, liquefies their albumin, and saponifies their fats — therefore acting as a caustic. Full doses given internally stimulate the spinal cord, motor nerves, and muscles, are said to produce tetanic convul- sions, and finally paralyze the cord. Suffocation may be brought about by large quantities of the gas en- AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 63 tering the air passages. Large concentrated doses given internally will cause violent gastro-enteritis and paralj'-sis of the brain centres from absorption. Medicinal doses stimulate the vasomotor centre by reflex action and raise blood pressure. After absorp- tion there is direct stimulation of the respiratory and circulatory nerve centres and promotion of the secre- tions of skin and mucous surfaces. It is given inter- nally as an antacid, a diffusible stimulant, antispas- modic, and stimulant expectorant; externally as a stimulant, counter-irritant, and vesicant. Antidotes for poisoning by liquor ammonise are vinegar and dilute acids with diluents and demul- cents. Spiritus ammonisB aromaticus conjoins the proper- ties of its constituents (ammonium carbonate and water of ammonia) . Ammonium carbonate is more permanent in its ef- fects than the liquor ammonise, but not quite so pow- erful. It is a good antacid, and diffusible stimulant; small doses promote secretion of gastric juice, larger doses relieve flatulence and spasm. It is a good car- diac and respiratory stimulant, and promotes bron- chial secretion and expectoration. Toxic doses are irritant, cause primary stimulation and secondary paralysis of the cord and motor centres. Ammonium chloride is a stimulant to the alimen- tary and respiratory mucous membranes in moderate doses, promoting their secretions. It has marked cholagogue powers and promotes excretion of urea. Externally it makes a very serviceable cooling lotion. G4 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Solution of acetate of ammonia is not so powerful in action as either the liquor or the carbonate, but is a good diaphoretic, antipyretic, a mild diuretic, and expectorant. Therapeutics. — Liquor Ammonice : Indiges- tion, tympanites, spasmodic colic, in ruminants espe- cially; influenza, pneumonia, bronchial disorders, poisoned bites and stings. Antidote against poison- ing by opium, aconite, and digitalis. Externally as counter-irritant (ammonia liniment) to rheumatic swellings of joints and muscles; sore throat. Ammonium Ccu^bonate: Atonic dyspepsia of all animals, acidity of the stomach, to relieve flatulence and spasm; in influenza, scarlatina; in bronchial dis- orders and pneumonia, especially at crisis to liquefy the products of inflammation and counteract defi- ciency of vital powers, and whenever a prompt stim- ulant is required. Ammonium Chloride: In bronchial and gastric catarrh in all animals, especially after the more acute symptoms have subsided ; torpidity of the liver, ca- tarrh of the bile ducts and its jaundice; duodenal and intestinal catarrhs; locally in solution to inflam- mations, bruises, and sprains. Vegetable Acids. Of these but one is used in veterinary practice, namely, the acetic. Acidiim Aceticum Purum, U. S. P., pure acetic acid, containing thirty-six per cent, absolute acetic AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 65 acid, and sixty-four per cent, water. Dose: H., fl. 3i.-ij.; D., m ij.-v. Acidiim Aceticum Dilutum, dilute acetic acid, containing six per cent, absolute acid and ninety- four per cent, water. Acetum, vinegar, an impure dilute acetic acid, prepared b}' acetous fermentation of wine, cider, or other fruit juice. Pure acetic acid is a colorless, strongly acid liquid, having a pungent odor, and is prepared by the de- structive distillation of wood or sawdust; the con- densed products separate into two layers — the lower one wood-tar; the upper, a two- to four-per-cent. solu- tion of p3^roligneous or impure acetic acid, together with wood alcohol, acetone, and other allied bodies. Sodium carbonate is now added, the volatile hydro- carbons distilled off, and the remaining liquid evapo- rated down — which leaves sodium acetate. This in turn is further decomposed by sulphuric acid, and again distilled, thus forming acetic acid. Acetic acid dissolves resins, camphor, volatile oils, and many al- kaloids, and unites with bases to form acetates. Ace- tum or vinegar may also be prepared by the destruc- tive distillation of wood, but usually is obtained from the oxidation of impure alcohols by exposing them to the air at about 80° F. while in contact with a ferment. For this purpose the poorer grades of wine, also cider, are used. Physiological Action. — Acetic acid is corro- sive, irritant, and vesicant, and is seldom used inter- nally, except in combination. Externally, diluted, 5 G6 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. usiiall}^ in the form of vinegar, as a stimulant and refrigerant. It forms salts in the stomach, enters the blood, when it becomes oxidized, producing carbonic acid, increasing the acidity of the urine in its excre- tion, at the same time also increasing the amount of water in the urine. Secretion in general is promoted by small doses, but its long-continued use causes in- digestion, emaciation, and poverty of the blood. Eubbed briskly into the skin it causes redness; if continued it forms blisters resembling those produced by scalding water. It is applied to remove warts, scurf, to destroy cryptogamic parasites and acari; well diluted in mallenders, sallenders, scab, and mange. The diluted acid or vinegar combined with salt or sal-ammoniac, to contusions, sprains; dilute vinegar for sponging the skin of febrile patients, and to check excessive perspiration. Also as a test for albumin in urine. Sulphur, Sulphites, Sulphides. Sulphur Lotum, U. S. P., washed sulphur; Sul- phus PrcBcipitatum, U. S. P., lac sulphur, milk of sulphur, precipitated sulphur. Both of these are preparationsof sublimed sulphur. Dose: As laxative, H., 3i.-iv.; C, 3 iij.-vi. ; D., 3 i.-iv. ; as altera- tive, H., 3SS.-ij.; C, 3ij.-iv.;D., 3 ss.-ij. Bodii Sulphis, sodium sulphite; Sodil Hypo- sid phis, sodium hyposulphite. Dose: H. and C, 3ss.-i. ; D., gr. x.-xl. Calx Sulphiirata, sulphurated lime, so-called sul- AGENTS PROMOTIX(i AVASTE. 07 phide of calcium. Dose: H. and C, gr. x.-xl. ; D., gr. iV-iJ. Sulphur, commonly called "brimstone;" sj'mbol, S; atomic weight, 32; quantivalence, 2, 4, and 6; is a non-metallic element, distinguished by its yellow color and crystalline properties. It is one of the acid ele- ments, and unites with O to form the most powerful acid radicals. It is almost tasteless, insoluble in cold water or alcohol, but soluble in benzol, carbon bisul- phide, fixed and volatile oils. It is completely vola- tilized by beat, burns with a pale blue flame, and gives off strong suffocating fumes of sulphurous an- hydride while burning. It is found in many animal substances as sulphates, in many mineral waters as hydrogen sulphide, in certain volatile vegetable oils, in the pyrites or metallic sulphides; also as native sulphur in blue clay beds in Sicily and Italy. Sub- limed sulphur is prepared by distilling the crude sul- phur and allowing its vapor to condense as a fine yel- low powder, in large chambers or receptacles built for that purpose. Sulphur Lotum, a fine lemon-yellow powder, odor- less and almost tasteless, insoluble in water or alcohol, is prepared by digesting for three days 12 parts of sublimed sulphur with a mixture of water 12 parts, and water of ammonia 1 part. After occasional agi- tation for three days the whole mixture is strained through muslin, and the residue washed with water until the liquid running from the strainer no longer produces a precipitate with test solution of chloride of barium. 68 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Sulphur PrcBcipitatiim, a very fine, yellowish- white, amorphous powder, odorless and almost taste- less, insoluble in water or alcohol, is prepared by boil- ing together subUmed sulphur 100 parts, slaked lime 50 parts, water 1,450 parts, which forms calcium sulphide and hyposulphite. When the mixture has cooled it is filtered; to the filtered liquid is added a mixture of equal volumes of HCl and water until almost neutral, when the sulphur is thrown down as a fine precipitate, which after being thoroughly washed is dried by gentle heat. Sodii SidjMs, transparent, colorless, monocHnic prisms, efflorescent in dry air, odorless, having a cooling, saline, and sulphurous taste and a neutral or feebly alkaline reaction ; soluble in 4 parts cold water, in 0.0 part of boiling water, almost insoluble in alcohol. It is prepared by passing sulphurous acid gas through a solution of sodium carbonate, thus precipitating crystals of acid sulphite of sodium; this is further saturated with sodium carbonate and rendered alkaline in reaction. Sodii Hyposulpliis, large, transparent, colorless monoclinic prisms or plates, efflorescent in dry air, odorless, having a cooling, somewhat bitter and sul- phurous taste, neutral or feebly alkaline reaction, in- soluble in alcohol, soluble in 1.5 parts cold water, partly decomposed by boiling water. Must be kept in well-stoppered bottles. It is prepared by dissolv- ing sulphur in a boiling solution of sodium sulphite and crystallizing. Calx Siilphurata, a grayish- white powder, altered AGENTS PROMOTING WASTE. 60 by exposure to air, having a foul, sulphurous odor, an offensive alkaline taste, alkaline reaction, slightly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, is prepared by exposing in a crucible for one hour at a low red heat a mixture of lime 100 parts and precipitated sulphur 90 parts. The finished product should contain not less than thirty-six per cent, of absolute calcium sul- phide. Physiological Action. — Sulphur is an altera- tive, a mild laxative, a stimulant to the intestinal mu- cous membranes, a disinfectant and deodorizer, espe- cially in the form of sulphurous acid. Being soluble in alkaline solutions it is partly absorbed in the small intestine and stimulates its mucous membrane. It is excreted mainly by the fseces, but also by the urine as sulphates, by the skin and respiratory apparatus, and as it comnjunicates a disagreeable odor and taste to the meat, must not be administered to animals used for food for some time prior to slaughtering. Sulphites, sulphides, and hyposulphites are in part decomposed by the acid secretion of the stomach, partly converted into sulphates, are absorbed and are eliminated chiefly by the kidneys. If their adminis- tration is continued for a longer period they impair digestion, impoverish the blood, cause ansemia and emaciation. The sulphites and hyposulphites have great powder to diminish the effects of animal poisons, and are used as febrifuges, antiseptics, antacids, and carminatives. Therapeutics.— Sulphur as a laxative, especially during pregnancy and in convalescence from acute 70 YETERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. diseases; also in rheumatism and in lead-poisoning; as an ingredient of many alterative and condition powders; locall}- in eczema, scab, mange, and grease — as carbolized sulphur ointment. As a disinfectant and deodorizer it is burned to allow its vapor to saturate the air of stables, cowsheds, and kennels. Sulphites and hyposulphites — to relieve flatulence and acidity in calves and foals, and in contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle as internal antiseptics. In distemper in dogs and cats; also in septicaemia and pyaemia of all animals; in foot-and-mouth dis- ease in cattle. Calcium sulphide, so-called, is used to prevent and limit pus formation. In crops of boils, scrofulous sores, glandular enlargements, or extensive suppura- tion it is very efficient, especially if given in small, repeated doses. ' ALTERATIVES. Iodine and Iodides. lodum, iodine, is a non-metallic element; symbol, I; atomic weight, 127; quantivalence, 1. It occurs in most marine plants, in sea water, cod-liver oil, also as mineral iodides and iodates. In its crude form it appears as bluish -black rhombic plates, having a metallic lustre, peculiar odor, acrid taste, and neutral reaction. Sparingly soluble in water, very soluble in ether, in 12 parts of alcohol, and in solutions of KI and salt. ALTERATIVES. 71 Pkeparations of loBmE.—Iocliim, iodine (in bolus, but rarely given in this form). Dose: H. and C, gr. x.-xxx. ; D., gr. ij.-vi. Liquor lodi Compositus, compound solution of iodine, Lugol's solution (always well diluted). Dose : H. and C, fid 3 ss-iv. ; D., m i.-x. (Composed of iodine 5, potassium iodide 10, water 85.) Tinctura lodi, tincture of iodine, eight per cent. Dose: H. and C, fl. 3 i.-iv. ; D., m i.-v. Unguentum lodi, iodine ointment. Used locally only. (Composed of iodine 4, potassium iodide 1, water 2, lard 93.) Ferri lodidum and Syrupus Ferri lodidi. — See under Ferrum. Potassii lodidum, iodide of potassium, color- less, translucent, cubical crystals, slightly deliques- cent, having a peculiar, faint odor, a pungent, saline, afterward somewhat bitter taste, and a neutral reac- tion; soluble in 0.8 part of water and in 18 parts of alcohol. Sodii lodidum, iodide of sodium, minute white or colorless, monoclinic crystals, or a crystalline pow- der, deliquescent on exposure to air, odorless, having a saline and slightly bitter taste and a neutral or faintly alkaline reaction. Soluble in 0.6 part water and in 1.8 parts alcohol. Ammonii lodidum, iodide of ammonium, a white granular salt or minute crystalline cubes, very deli- quescent, and soon becoming discolored on expo- sure to air; odorless when white, but emitting a slight odor of iodine when colored, having a sharp 72 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. saline taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 1 part of water and in 9 parts of alcohol. These iodides should all be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles. Dose of either of them : H., 3i.-iv.; C, 3ij.-vi.; D., gr. iij.-x. Unguentum Potassii lodidi, ointment of iodide of potassium. Twelve per cent. ; for local use only. lodoformum, Iodoform (iodide of formyl). Shining, lemon-yellow cr3'stals, having a most disa- greeable persistent odor, insoluble in cold water, but soluble in 80 parts of alcohol, in 5.2 parts ether, and in chloroform, benzol, benzin, carbon disulphide, and fixed or volatile oils. Its solutions have a neutral re- action. It contains about ninety per cent, of iodine, and its odor may be disguised by balsam of Peru or oil of mirbane. Dose: H. and C, 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. iij.-viij. Unguentum lodofoinni, ointment of iodoform, U. S. P. Ten per cent; for local use only. lodolum, lodol (tetra-iodo-pyrol) , a grayish-yel- low powder, tasteless and odorless, containing from eighty-five to ninety per cent, of iodine. Readily soluble in ether, in hot alcohol, and in chloroform. Used as a substitute for iodoform. Dose : H., 3 ss-i. ; D., gr. i.-iij. It is a good form of iodine for inter- nal medication, as it is practically non-irritant. Other preparations of iodine, all for local use, are: lodo-Tannin, a solution of tannin in tincture of iodine. lodo-Phenyl, iodized phenol, or carbolized iodine, ALTERATIVES. 73 a mixture of carbolic acid and iodine in various proportions. GUjcerinum Tannini lodo-Carbolizati, glycerite of iodo-carbolate of tannin, a mixture containing car- bolic acid, iodine, tannin, and glycerin. Bismuthi Suhiodidum, subiodide of bismuth. See under Bismuthum. Physiological Action.— Iodine is an irritant, stains the skin yellow, and if used in concentrated form may blister. It is also a disinfectant, deodo- rizer, and antiseptic, and is eliminated chiefly by the kidneys, the skin, the bronchial mucous membranes, and the salivary glands. If administered for too long a time it produces poisoning, the animal shuns water, appears drowsy, has increased temperature, quick feeble pulse, temporary impotence, and great depres- sion. The best and most efficient antidote is starch, which is to be followed by evacuents. The iodides all are very soluble, very diffusible, and are rapidly excreted. Iodine and ozone are set free at the points of elimination, and thus they cause considerable irri- tation at these parts, especially if large doses have been given. They also occasion a profuse mucous discharge, soreness of throat and eyes, as well as irri- tation to the kidneys. Both iodine and iodides induce great waste and rapid elimination of waste products, but if used for too long a time cause anaemia, emaciation, and great depression. They are classed as alteratives, resol- vents, and absorbents. Iodoform, on account of the iodine it contains, is a good antiseptic and somewhat 74 YETElUXAllY MATERIA MEDIC A. of a local ansesthetic. Small doses given internally are tonic and alterative. lodol has the same action as iodoform, but is odorless, non-irritant, and prac- tically non-poisonous to veterinary patients. It is readily soluble in the gastric juice; hence is rapidly absorbed and quickly diffused through the system. Therapeutics of Iodine. — Catarrh and chronic nasal discharges are effectually treated with inhala- tions of iodine, with or without carbolic acid. In- flammations of joints, rheumatic or otherwise — the tincture locally. Ringworm — the iodophenol with glycerin locall}'. Glandular tumors — parenchyma- tous injections of Lugol's solution or tincture. Bronchial filari^ — the same, with or without turpen- tine, intratracheally. Enlarged glands, sores, ul- cers, etc., are painted with the tincture or rubbed with the ointment. Diabetes insipidus, polyuria — small doses internally. To absorb products of in- flammation in sore throat and bronchitis and to pre- vent adhesions; to assist in absorbing bony deposits both internally and externally, with or without mer- cury. Externally, as a stimulant and resolvent to bursal enlargements, in chronic synovitis, muscular pains, strains of tendons, induration of the udder. When internally administered, give one and one-half to two hours after feeding, and discontinue its use for one week when it has been regularly given for from eight to ten days. Therapeutics of the Iodides. — Acute catarrh, asthma, short wind, thick wind — the potassium iodide, with Fowler's solution and belladonna. ALTERATIVES. 75 Chronic and capillar}- bronchitis — ammonium iodide, in small, frequently repeated doses. Catarrhal pneu- monia— ammonium iodide and arsenic, to prevent caseation of the inflammatory products. They may be used to promote absorption of waste products, as in lymphangitis, pleuritic or other serous effusions, enlarged glands, duodenal catarrh, bronchitis, pneu- monia, chronic cough, actinomycosis in cattle, pur- pura hemorrhagica, rheumatic affections (with col- chicum), chronic lead and mercurial poisoning. Therapeutics of Iodoform and Iodol. — Chronic gastric and intestinal catarrh — iodol between feeding-times. Bronchitis and bronchial catarrh — iodol and senega. To foul wounds, ulcers, sores, etc. — iodoform ; also made into suitable suppositories and introduced into fistulse, the rectum, and genito-urin- ar}- organs as antiseptics. To open joints, one of the best applications is equal parts of iodoform and pow- dered alum. Diabetes insipidus has been successfully treated with both iodoform and iodol — preferably the latter. Hydrargyrum — Mercury. Symbol, Hg; atomic weight, 200; quantivalence, 2 and 4 ; sometimes called " quicksilver " because of its extreme motility and metallic lustre. It is the only known liquid element, and its most common source is as a sulphide, from which it is obtained by heat to drive off the sulphur and Hg distils over. Hydrargyri Chloridum CoiTOsivum (HgCL). — Corrosive chloride of mercury, mercuric chloride. 76 VETERINAllY MATERIA MEDICA. corrosive sublimate, bichloride of mercury. Heavy, colorless, rhombic crystals or crystalline masses, per- manent in the air, odorless, having an acrid and persistent metallic taste, acid reaction, soluble in 16 parts of water, in 3 parts of alcohol, and in 4 parts of ether. Its solubility in water is increased by the ad- dition of an equal weight of ammonium or sodium chloride. Four grains are neutralized by the white of one egg. It is incompatible with most substances, and therefore is best given alone. Dose: H. and C, gr. v.-viij.; D., gr. -^V-i- Actions and Uses. — Alterative, caustic, corro- sive, and irritant poison; antiseptic, antiphlogistic, astringent, parasiticide. Its best antidote is the white of eggs. It is used in glanders, farcy, chronic skin eruptions, oedematous swellings of the legs resulting from weed; promotes the absorption of exudates. Small repeated doses for slimy bloody dys- entery in cattle. Externally to open joint as it coagu- lates albumin ; also to indolent sores as yellow wash (3ss. to aqua calcis Oi.). Concentrated solutions injected into the pipes of quittor, fistulse; charges of from fifteen to thirty grains, with or without arsenic, to slough out tumors which cannot well be removed by the knife. Solutions of 1 : 1,000 or 2,000 as antiseptic to wounds, as dressing in foot-rot of sheep, to destroy lice, ringworm, and to allay itching of the skin. Unguentum Hydrargyria mercurial ointment (fifty per cent.) ; commonly known as blue oint- ment. Applied as a stimulant for indolent sores, ALTERATIVES. 77 ulcers, chronic and glandular swellings, mange, scab, scurvy skin diseases; for the latter usually combined with tar and sulphur. Used also to destroy lice. Must be used with care, especially if applied over a large area, as mercurial poisoning might result from absorption. Unguentum Hijdrargyri Ammoniati, ointment of ammoniated mercury or white precipitate ointment (ten per cent.), is used as a parasiticide in various forms of eczema, chronic inflammation of the joints, and conjunctivitis. Oleatum Hydrargijri (ten to twenty percent.); yellow oxide mercury 10, oleic acid 90, U. S. P.' Used for same purposes as the ointment, but is prob- ably more easily absorbed ; if for painful exostoses, combine with morphine. Hydrargyrum cum Greta, gray powder, mercury with chalk (triturate thoroughly 1 part mercury with chalk 2 parts, U. S. P.). Used as antacid, lax- ative, and alterative. For calves or foals, in diarrhoea or bilious indigestion, five to fifteen grains on the tongue, or with gruel and ginger or other aromatic stomachics. Dose D., gr. ss.-x. Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, mild chloride of mercury, mercurous chloride, subchloride of mer- cury, calomel, aquila alba— Hg.Cl,— a white, impal- pable powder, permanent in the air, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water, ether, or alcohol. It is blackened when brought in contact with water of ammonia. Actions AxND Uses.— Irritant, stimulant, altera- 78 YETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. tive, antiseptic, antiphlogistic, emetic, for dogs and pigs. In passing out of the body calomel stimulates the various excretory channels, thereby acting as a cholagogue, cathartic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and sial- agogue. Applied externally as stimulant, desiccant, mild astringent, and antiseptic. It is given at the onset of acute diseases in the horse; in gastric fever with opium ; in indigestion and diarrhoea of young animals ; in rheumatism in horses and cattle, with qui- nine and salicylic acid ; in jaundice, chronic liver trou- bles ; in congested liver with aloes. Has been given in glanders and chronic skin affections. Like all mercu- rials it controls inflammation and promotes absorption of waste by stimulating the lymphatics. Applied externally to indolent sores and wounds ; also as black wash ( 3 i. to aqua calcis Oi.). Dose: As alterative, H., 3i.-3i.; C, 3i.-3i. ; D., gr. ij.-iij. As ca- thartic, H., 3ss.-i., with aloes, 3 v.-vi. ; C, 3 i.-ij., with Epsom salt, lb. i. ; D., gr. iij.-v., with powdered jalap, gr. xx.-xl. As emetic for the dog and pig, two to three grains with same amount of tartar emetic. Has also some vermifuge effect on both the horse and dog, but is seldom given alone for that purpose. Hijdrargijri lodidum Rubrum, red iodide of mer- cury, biniodide of mercury, mercuric iodide (HglJ — a scarlet-red crystalline powder, permanent in the air, odorless and tasteless, almost insoluble in water, soluble in 130 parts of alcohol, in solution of iodide of potassium, and in solution of mercuric chloride. Action and Uses. — Biniodide of mercury is an ALTERATIVES. 79 irritant similar to the mercuric chloride, but is more rapidly absorbed and more rapidly eliminated. It is used externall}^ as an antiseptic, stimulant, counter- irritant, and absorbent; generally as an ointment with lard, vaseline, or other base, from eight to six- teen per cent., with or without cantharides. The " red ointment " is used for reducing and condensing splints, ringbones, spavins, and other bony exostoses. It penetrates deeply and arrests chronic inflamma- tion; aids in the absorption of chronic enlargements, indurated, strained tendons, bursse, and joints. Stronger absorbent effects may be produced by com- bining it with iodine. Strong red ointment must be carefully used, as it causes considerable sloughing of the tissues and sometimes a permanent blemish. Again, when applied over a large surface, there may be caused acute mercurial poisoning through absorp- tion. Symptoms of "mercurialism " are salivation, spongy gums, fetid breath, loosening of the teeth, bluish line along margins of teeth, muscular pains, fever, diarrhoea, marked anaemia, and albuminuria, CoLCHicuM — Meadow Saffron. Colchici Eadix, the corm or root of colchicum autumnale; Colchici Semen, the seed of colchicum autumnale. Colchicum, or meadow saffron, belongs to the natural order Melanthacese, and contains an alkaloid, colchicine, tannic and gallic acids, sugar, starch, and a resin. The seed gives the most reliable preparations, and is subgiobular in shape, about one- twelfth of an inch thick, slightly pointed at the hi- 80 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Inm ; reddish-brown, pitted, internally whitish, very hard and tough, bitter and somewhat acrid. The root or corm is about one inch long, ovoid, flattish, and with a groove on one side, externally brown and ^vrinkled, internally white and solid ; often in trans- verse slices, reniform in shape, and breaking with a short mealy fracture; odorless; taste, sweetish- bitter and acrid. Chief Preparations.— CoZc/n'cz Seminis Pulvis, powdered colchicum seed; Colchici Radicis Pulvis, powdered colchicum root. Dose: H., 3i.-ij.; D., gr. i.-v. Extractum Colchici Seminis Fluidum, fluid ex^ tract of colchicum seed. Dose: H., fl. 3 i.-iv. ; D., 3ij.-xv. ^ Co/c/i^cma, colchicine. Dose: H., gr. i.-v.; D., Action and Uses.— Emetic in large doses; gas- tro-intestinal irritant and colicky drastic purgative. In moderate doses, diaphoretic, diuretic, and cardiac depressant while small doses decrease the amount of sweat and urine. Arterial tension is lowered and the heart is depressed by reflex action. Moderate doses increase the excretion of salts by the kidneys, especially of urea, and stimulate the flow of bile. It is used in constitutional ophthalmia, in rheumatism in the subacute or chronic form only, usually with salol or potassium iodide. In azoturea with potas- sium acetate or lithium citrate. In acute cerebral congestion and in ascites, full doses with opium and strophanthus. ASTRIN^GENTS. 81 ASTRINGENTS. Tannic and Gallic Acids. Preparations. — Acidum Tannicum, tannic acid, gallotannic acid, tannin— Cj,H,,Og. Light yellow- ish scales, permanent in the air, having a faint, peculiar odor, a strongly astringent taste, and acid reaction. Soluble in 6 parts of water, in 0.6 part alcohol, in G parts glycerin ; almost insoluble in ether and chloroform. It is incompatible with alkaloids and preparations of iron. Dose: H., 3 ss.-ij. ; D., gr. ij.-x. Olycerinum Acidi Tannici, glycerine of tannin. Twenty per cent, strong ; for local use only. Unguentum Acidi Tannici, ointment of tannic acid. For local use only ; made ten per cent, strong. Acidum Gcdlicum, gallic acid— HC,H,0,.H,0. A nearly or quite colorless solid, crystallizing from water in long, silky needles or triclinic prisms; per- manent in the air, odorless, having an astringent and slightly acidulous taste and acid reaction. Sol- uble in 100 parts water, in 4.5 parts alcohol, in 39 parts absolute ether, but only slightly soluble in chlo- roform. Dose same as tannic acid. Differences between Tannic cind Gallic Acids. —Tannin precipitates alkaloids, gelatin, albumen, gelatinized starch, and tartar emetic, while gallic acid does not, but when taken into the stomach is first converted into gallic acid before absorption. 6 83 VETEEINAEY MATERIA MEDICA. The tannin when oxidized being clianged into gallic acid makes the difference between them seem simply that of oxidation, while if tannin is considered to be gallic acid anhydride, it would be a matter of hydra- tion. Gallic acid may be prepared from tannin by the action of dilute sulphuric acid, but is usually ob- tained from nutgalls after exposure to artificial heat for a period of one month. Tannic acid is also ob- tained from nutgalls. Other vegetable astringents depending on tannic or gallic acid for their therapeutical value are : Galla, nutgall, the gall of Quercus lusitanica, caused by the punctures and deposited ova of a cer- tain insect. They are subglobular in shape, about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, somewhat tu- berculated above, otherwise smooth, heavy, and hard ; sometimes showing a circular hole near the middle, communicating with the central cavity; blackish olive-green or grayish; fracture granular, grayish. In the centre a cavity containing either the partly developed insect, or pulverulent remains of it. Nearly inodorous, taste strongly astringent. Contains tan- nin, sixty to seventy per cent. ; gallic acid, three per cent. ; besides pectin, sugar, starch, etc. Dose of the powdered galls twice that of tannic acid. Hamamelis, witch-hazel, the leaves of Hamamelis virginica (Linne) of the natural order Hamamelacese, collected in autumn. Contains about eight per cent, of tannic acid, and a bitter principle; it is best known as the household preparation. Pond's extract or ex- tract of witch-hazel. . ASTRINGENTS. 83 Quercus Alhce Cortex^ white-oak bark. Contains quercitannic acid, quercin, but no gallic acid. Catechu, kutch, cutch, a dry extract from the wood of Acacia catechu, natural order Leguminosse, a stout, climbing shrub from the islands of the Indian archipelago. Contains catechu-tannic and catechuic acids. Dose: H., 3i.-iij.; D., gr. v.-xxx. Tinctura Catechu Composita, U. S. P. (catechu 12, cinnamon 8, dilute alcohol to make 100 parts of finished tincture) . Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-iij. ; D.,tt[xx.- fl.3i3. Kino, a gum resin obtained from the juice of Pterocarpus marsupium, natural order Leguminosse, very similar to catechu. Contains kinotannic acid, kinoin. Dose same as of catechu. Physiological Action. — Tannic and gallic acids, although similar in action as well as appear- ance and properties, differ in the degree of their ac- tion, tannin being the more powerful astringent of the two. They are both antiseptic, and their contin- ued use disorders digestion, irritates mucous sur- faces, and causes emaciation. Tannin enters the blood as gaUic and pyrogallic acids, which change takes place in the stomach; precipitates pepsin and coagulates albumin; checks peristalsis and causes constipation. For these reasons gallic acid is prefer- able to tannin for internal use. Tannin, however, should be used when an antidote for alkaloid al poi- soning is required, since it forms practically insoluble compounds with most of the alkaloids as well as with tartar emetic. Catechu and kino are among the best 84 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. of the vegetable astringents, and are used to check chronic mucous discharges from the throat and aH- mentary canal. Hamamelis is said to have especial value in che(^king venous hemorrhages. Therapeutics. — Tannic and gallic acids are useful in hematuria, albuminuria, hemorrhages from the lower bowel, catarrhal affections of mucous surfaces; also locally to ulcers, eczema, impetigo, intertrigo, and otorrhcBa. Kino and catechu are very service- able in diarrhoea and dysentery, and the former is ap- plied locally in powder form as a styptic. Corneal ulcers are successfully treated with a weak solution of tannin ; also conjunctivitis after the acute symptoms have yielded to other treatment. A decoction of oak bark is frequently used as a stimulant, antiseptic, and astringent injection to check inordinate dis- charges from the geni to-urinary organs. Argentum — Silver. Chief Preparation employed in veterinary prac- tice is : Argenti Nitras, nitrate of silver, lapis infernalis; Argenti Nitras Fusus, lunar caustic, fused nitrate of silver. Nitrate of silver — AgNOg — is found in commerce as colorless, transparent, tabular, rhombic crystals, becoming gray or grayish-black on exposure to light in presence of organic matter ; odorless, hav- ing a bitter, caustic, and strongly metallic taste and neutral reaction. Sohible in 0.8 part of water and in 26 parts of alcohol. It should be kept in dark-col- astrinttExts. 85 orecl glass bottles and protected from the light. The fused nitrate of silver is prepared by melting AgNOj at a low temperature, treating with HCl, and pouring the melted mass into suitable moulds. Nitrate of sil- ver is incompatible with organic matter, soluble chlo- rides, most mineral acids and their salts, alkalies and their carbonates, lime-water, and astringent infu- sions. It is always best given dissolved in distilled water. Dose: H., gr. ij.-x. ; D., gr. i~^. Physiological Action. — Externally, irritant, corrosive, caustic, astringent, antiseptic; internally, astringent and nerve tonic. Its continued internal administration produces gasto-intestinal catarrh, ursemia, albuminuria, emaciation, fatty degeneration of heart, liver, and kidneys, hemorrhages, impaired nerve functions, and death by paralysis of respira- tory centres. A single large dose causes violent gas- tro-enteritis and ulceration of the stomach. A course of silver treatment should not exceed four or five weeks, and must be followed by purgatives and diure- tics to assist in its elimination, else silver poisoning may result. Therapeutics.— Chronic nerve troubles of dogs, such as chronic paralysis, epilepsy, chorea; chronic spinal affections causing locomotor ataxia or para- plegia. In diarrhoea and dysentery with or without opium, especially if chronic ; also in chronic gastritis. In purpura in the horse it should find universal use. Locally to destroy fungoid growths, warts, to stimu- late indolent wounds and ulcers, to slough out fistu- IsB, as in quittor. In solution to foot-rot of sheep SG VETERIKARY MATERIA MEDICA. and cattle; in erysipelas to edges of affected part; in conjunctivitis, inflamed and suppurating eyelids (gr. ss. to fl. 3 i. of distilled water) ; to remove specks and opacity of cornea if of recent origin and due to injury. (Must be carefully used on the eye, else it /eave opacities due to deposits of the metal.) Its aqueous solution as a spray in treatment of laryngeal ulcers, follicular tonsillitis, and pharyngitis^ Cuprum — Copper. Chief Preparations. — Citpo Acetas, acetate of copper, verdigris, ^rugo — Cu(C2H30j2-H,0; 199.2. Deep green, prismatic crystals, yielding a bright green powder, efflorescent on exposure to air, odorless, having a nauseating, metallic taste and acid reaction. Soluble in 15 parts of water and in 135 parts of alcohol. Dose : H., 3 i.-ij. ; D., gr. ^-2. Cupi^i Sulphas, sulphate of copper, blue vitriol— CuS0,.5H,0; 249.2. Large, translucent, deep-blue, triclinic crystals, efflorescent, odorless, having a nau- seating metallic taste and acid reaction. Soluble in 2.6 parts of water and insoluble in alcohol. Dose same as of the acetate. Treatment of Copper Poisoning.— The best anti- dote to the salts of copper are the ferrocyanide of po- tassium and albumen. Emetics and stomach-pump if practicable ; then follow with a course of potassium iodide to assist in its elimination. Physiological Action.— Given internally, large doses produce fatal gastro-enteritis and diarrhoea; ASTRINGEN-TS. 87 repeated full doses cause colicky pains and chronic intestinal irritation. Medicinal doses act as a tonic, antiseptic, astringent, and vermifuge. It is a prompt emetic for the dog. Applied externally as a stimu- lant, astringent, antiseptic, and caustic to foul wounds, sores, ulcers, fistulse, farcy buds, exuberant granulations, and to check superficial hemorrhage. Given internally in farcy, glanders, purpura, chronic diarrhoea and dj'sentery, nasal gleet, and as a nerve tonic in dogs suffering from chorea and epilepsy. Plumbum — Lead. Chief Preparations. — Plumhi Acetcis, acetate of lead, sugar of lead— Pb(C,H30,),.3H,0; 378.5. Colorless, shining, transparent, prismatic crystals or scales, efflorescent, and attracting carbonic acid on exposure to air, having a faintly acetous odor, a sweetish, astringent, afterward metallic taste and faintly acid reaction. Soluble in 1.8 parts of water and in 8 parts of alcohol. Dose : H., 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. i.-iij. Liquor Plumhi Subacetatis, acetum plumbi, solu- tion of subacetate of lead, Goulard's extract. Pre- pared by boiling together for a half-hour lead ace- tate 17, lead oxide 12, and distilled water to make 100 parts; to be filtered when cool. This forms a perfectly clear alkaline liquid, which, however, some- times becomes turbid on standing. Liquor Plumhi Suhacetaiis Dilutus, aqua plumbi, diluted solution of subacetate of lead, lead water (Goulard's extract 3, water 97). S8 TKTERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. Liquor PUtmbi et Opiiy solution of load and opium. A local sedative, anodyne, and astringvur application (Goulard's extract 3ss., laudanum siss., water 3 xiT.). Chronic lead-poisoning produces a bluish line along the margins of the gums, an unsteady gait, swellings around the articulations (with beat or tenderness), impaired sensibility, difficult breathing, in some ani- mals constipation, in others diarrhoea with colicky pains. It is best treated with sodium iodide to satura- tion. The antidotes for acute lead-poisoning are Ep- som salt or Glauber salt; the stomach-pump if prac- ticable; albuminous drenches and henbane or opium to reheve irritability. Physiological Actiox. — Lead salts are astrin- gent and styptic if given internally; externally, astringent, mildly antiseptic, anodyne, and slightly stimulate to absorption of deposits of inflammatory products. Therapeutics. — In eczema, erythema and im- petigo, combined with glycerin, carbolic acid, and water. To bums, the carron oil with Goulard's ex- tract or Goulard's extract and linseed oil. To sprains and strains, also painful swellings, the liquor plumbi et opii ; catarrhal discharges of muco-purulent charac- ter; to wounds and abrasions. In internal hemor- rhages, the acetate; the same with or without opium in diarrhcea and dysentery. Should not be applied to the eye, as it may leave a deposit which is difficult to remove. ASTRINGENTS. 89 ZiNCUM — Zinc. Chief Preparations. — Zinci Acetas, acetate of zinc. Soft, white, micaceous or pearly, six-sided tab- lets or scales, somewhat efflorescent in dry air, hav- ing a faintly acetous odor, a sharp, metallic taste, and a slightly acid reaction. Soluble in 3 parts of water and in 30 parts of alcohol. Is emploj^ed mostly ex- ternall3^ Dose, same as of the sulphate. Zinci Carbonas, carbonate of zinc. A white, im- palpable powder, permanent in air, odorless, tasteless, insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose: H., 3 ij.-iv. ; D., gr. ij.-vi. Zinci ChlorHdum, chloride of zinc. A white, crys- talline powder, or white, opaque pieces, very deli- quescent, having a very caustic, saline, and metallic taste and acid reaction. Soluble in both alcohol and water. It should be kept in small glass-stoppered bottles. It is used externally only. Zinci Oxidum^ zinc oxide. A soft, pale-yellow- ish, or nearly white powder, permanent in air, odor- less, tasteless, insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose same as of the carbonate. Zinci Sulphas, sulphate of zinc, white vitriol. Small, colorless, right rhombic prisms or acicular needles, slowh' efflorescing in dry air, having a sharp, saline, nauseous, and metallic taste and acid reac- tion; soluble in 0.6 part of water, insoluble in alco- hol. Dose: H., 3 ss.-ij. ; D., gr. i.-iij. (as an emetic in water, gr. viij.-xv.). 90 VETERIN"ARY MATERIA MEDICA. Physiological Actions. — The zinc salts are mild astringents, being not so powerful as the correspond- ing salts of lead, and do not exhibit the tendency to accumulate in the system which is peculiar to most metallic salts. The acetate, chloride, and sulphate are known as the "soluble zinc salts," and if given in overdoses will cause violent gastro-enteritis. The acetate given internally is a nerve tonic and emetic ; externall}^, stimulant and astringent. It is formed in the well-known "white wash" (plumbi acetici, zinci sulphuric!, aa 3 i. ; aquse, Oi.). The chloride, inter- nally, is a powerful irritant poison; externally, anti- septic, astringent, stimulant, and caustic. Employed also as disinfectant and deodorizer, and is known by many as "zinc butter." The sulphate, internally, as a tonic, but is inferior to iron. As an internal astrin- gent it is more powerful than the lead or silver salts; also used as an emetic. Externally, stimulant, astrin- gent, and antiseptic. The oxide and carbonate are mild astringents, pro- tectives, and desiccants. The long-continued use of the salts of zinc may at times produce symptoms re- sembling those of lead-poisoning, but not so severe, and yielding more rapidly to the usual treatment. Therapeutics. — To inflamed and catarrhal condi- tions of mucous membranes, weak solutions of the acetate or sulphate. In conjunctivitis, a collyrium of the acetate or sulphate, with or without atropine (grs. i.-iv. of the zinc salts to the ounce of distilled water). To relieve the tenderness and itching of skin diseases, the oxide or carbonate made into an oint- ASTRINGENTS. 91 ment with tar and vaseline ; diarrhoea and dysentery, the sulphate together with opium ; chorea, if recent, in the dog, the sulphate; if chronic, the iron salts are preferable. A solution of the sulphate with a small amount of sulphuric acid may be used to check local hemorrhage, excessive perspiration, or mucous dis- charge. To wounds, sores, ulcers — the white wash or the sulphate in solution. The chloride as a caus- tic to poisoned wounds, unhealthy granulations, foot- rot in sheep; as a wound dressing, two to three per cent. Epilepsy — the oxide in small doses. As a prompt and efficient emetic in narcotic poisoning, the sulphate dissolved in warm water. Alumen — Alum. The alums are a series of compounds of aluminum with a sulphate of an alkaline metal or group (potas- sium, sodium, or ammonium). The official prepara- tion is the potassium-alum or potassic-aluminic sulphate, and is a combination of the sulphate of aluminum with the sulphate of potassium; it is therefore called a double sulphate. Preparations. — Alumen, alum, potassium alum. Occurs as large, colorless, octahedral crj^stals, some- times modified by cubes, acquiring a whitish coating on exposure to air, odorless, having a sweetish, astrin- gent taste, and an acid reaction. Soluble in 10.5 parts of water, insoluble in alcohol. When gradually heated it gives off twenty-four molecules of water, and becomes dried alum. Dose: H., 3ij.-iv. ; D., gr. x.-xx. 92 VETERTXARY MATERIA MEDICA. Alumen Exsiccatum, Alumen Ustum, dried alum. A white granular powder, attracting moisture when exposed to the air, odorless, having a sweetish, astrin- gent taste, and slowly but entirely soluble in 20 parts of water. Incompatihles are salts of iron, manganese, bis- muth, antimony, lead, and salts of most of the alka- loids; it is therefore best given alone. Physiological Actions.— Alum is a very mild caustic, a good astringent, but is not so active as the copper and zinc salts. It stimulates muscular con- traction, coagulates albumin, at first excites the flow of saliva, and then greatly diminishes it. Having the power to coagulate and precipitate pepsin, it ar- rests digestion, stops peristalsis, and usually causes constipation. Large repeated doses act as a violent gastro-intestinal irritant and frequently cause diar- rhoea. Weak solutions coagulate albumin, but enter the blood, constrict the capillaries, check secretions, especially those of mucous surfaces, and arrest capil- lary hemorrhages. Alum is also given as an emetic, is very efficient, and leaves no depressant after-effects. Therapeutics.— Small doses are serviceable in gastric catarrh and to check hemorrhage at distant points. Leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea are satisfactor- ily treated with injections of alum, zinc sulphate, and borax. To ulcers, sores— the dried aUim as a stimu- lant and caustic. Aphthous, ulcerated conditions of the mouth, sore throat— spray, gargle, or wash of alum with carbolic acid. Catarrhal ophthalmia, in the acute stage— a collyrium of alum grs. v. to the MOTOR EXCITANTS. 93 ounce of distilled water. Open joint, one of the most satisfactory treatments — equal parts of dried alum and iodoform. Uterine hemorrhages, post-partum hemorrhage — douche of alum eight ounces to one gal- lon water, and ergot and tincture of opium inter- nally. Diarrhoea and dysentery — alum with tincture of opium ; but lead salts and vegetable astringents are more effectual. Alum has been given with some success in hsematuria and polyuria. As a very good emetic for the dog, 3i. in warm water. Pipe-clay or argyl, and fuller's earth, both preparations of alu- minum silicate, are mild astringents, and are used as dusting powders for simple wounds, harness galls, etc. MOTOR EXCITANTS. Nux Vomica. Source and Composition. — The seeds of strych- nos nux vomica, an East Indian tree, belonging to the natural order Loganiaceee. It contains two alka- loids, strychnine and brucine, the former being the more important, which are combined with igasuric acid in the plant. They are also found in lesser quan- tity in other plants of this order. Brucine, although corresponding physiologically as well as therapeuti- cally with strychnine, is only one-twelfth as strong, while strychnine is fully fifty times more active than the powdered nux vomica. Nux vomica is some- times known as Quaker button. Chief Preparations.— -EJ^^rac^z^m Nucis Vom- 94 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. icce, solid extract of nux vomica. Dose: H., gr. iv.-viij.; C, gr. viij.-xvi.; D., gr. i-^. Extractum Nucis Vomicce Fluidum, fluid extract of nux vomica. Dose: H., 3 ss.-i. ; C, fl. 3 ss.-ii. ; D., m ss.-iij. Tinctui^a Nucis Vomicce, tincture of nux vomica, twenty per cent. Dose : H., fl. 3 ijss.-v. ; C, fl. 3 iij. -fl. Si.; D., mij.-x. Piilvis Nucis Vomicce, powdered nux vomica. Dose: H., 3 ss.-i. ; C, 3i.-ij.; D., gr. ss.-i j. Strychnince Sulphas, strychnine sulphate. Dose: H., gr. i.-ij.; C, gr. ij.-v.; D., gr. ^WV If used subcutaneously, one-fourth to one-half of these doses. Sulphate of strychnine occurs as colorless or whit- ish, shining, prismatic crystals, efflorescent in dry air, odorless, having an intensely bitter taste and neutral reaction. Soluble in 10 parts of water, in 60 parts of alcohol, and in 26 parts of glycerin, but in- soluble in ether. Antidotes for Strychnine Poisoning. — Tannic acid to form the insoluble tannate ; emetics or stom- ach-pump, if possible ; absolute rest. Evacuate blad- der frequently to prevent reabsorption. Antagonists are chloral, chloroform, and physostigmine. Physiological Actions.— Small doses act as a bitter tonic, stimulate respiration, secretion, appetite, and digestion; increase peristalsis, stimulate the heart, respiratory and vasomotor centres, so that ar- terial tension is raised and the arterioles are con- tracted. The rapidity and depth of the respirations MOTOR EXCITANTS. 05 are increased, as is also the body temperature to a slight degree. Full doses dilate the pupils, relax the arterioles, lower blood pressure, produce spasmodic respirations, twitching of the muscles, and jerking of the extremities. Toxic doses, especially if given on au empty stomach, rapidly produce tonic spasms, par- ticularly of the extensor muscles, rapidly succeeding each other on the least irritation, with intervals of repose (differential diagnosis from tetanus, where the spasm is constant) . Death takes place very rapidly in one or two hours, according to the size of the dose. Very large doses kill almost instantly, death taking place by CO^ poisoning, as the respiratory muscles become com- pletely paralyzed. Strj^chnine exalts all the functions of the cord. If given in larger doses there is over-stimulation; in further increased doses the entire cord is suddenly paralyzed — i.e., the spinal functions are destroyed at one blow. Strychnine is absorbed more rapidly from the rectum than from the stomach, and still more rapidly from the bronchi and cellular tissues. It is slowly excreted in an unchanged condition in the urine. Therapeutics. — Nux vomica and strychnine are among the very best of the respiratory, cardiac, muscular, and nerve stimulants and tonics. Strych- nine is a powerful antagonist in poisoning by opium or morphine. In anaemia, chlorosis, and con- vales cence from debilitating diseases, strychnine combined with iron and quinine; tetanus; atonic 96 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. dyspepsia; gastric catarrh; chronic or habitual con- stipation, and colic resulting therefrom ; to assist in the action of purgatives. For local paralysis, inject strychnine into affected muscles once or twice a week. Post-partum paralysis and chronic paralysis of cattle ; dyspnoea from pulmonic affections ; also in roaring and broken wind. Cardiac failure from any cause; cerebro-spinal meningitis; stringhalt; chorea, asth- ma, and chronic bronchitis in dogs. Strychnine stimulates the sexual functions if continued for some weeks. Combined with cantharis in small doses it is an effectual remedy to relieve relaxation of sphincter muscles of the bladder. Ergota— Ergot. Ergota^ ergot of rye, Secale cornutum, horned or spurred rye. The sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea, natural order Fungi, replacing the grain of Secale ce- reale, natural order Graminacese. Somewhat fusi- form, obtusely triangular, usually curved, about one inch long and one-eighth inch thick, three-furrowed, obtuse at both ends, purplish-black in color, whitish internally with some purplish strige, breaking w4th a short fracture ; having a peculiar, heavy odor and a disagreeable, oily taste. It contains three distinct active principles: 1. Ergotic or ergotinic acid, hav- ing no power to contract muscular fibre, but acting on the heart, respiration, nerves, and producing con- vulsions. 2. Sphacelinic or sphacelic acid, soluble in alcohol, which stimulates vasomotor centres, and is MOTOR EXCITANTS. 97 the chief agent in producing gangrene of the extrem- ities in chronic ergotism. 3. Cornutine, an alkaloid, which produces convulsions, ergotism, and increased peristalsis of the uterus. Ergot also contains a non- drying oil, with trimethylamine, and lactic and phos- phoric acids. Preparations of Ergot.— Ergota Pulvis, pow- dered ergot. Dose: H., 5 ss.-i. ; D., gr. xv.-xxx. Extractum Ergotoe, solid extract of ergot, ergotin. Dose: H., gr. xx.-xl. ; D., gr. i.-v. (prepared by evaporating fluid extract 5 parts to 1 part) . Extractum Ergotce Fluidum, fluid extract of ergot. Dose: H., fl. 3 iij.-viij. ; D., fTi x.-xx. Ergotole, a very concentrated fluid extract, is manufactured by Messrs. Sharp & Dohme, of Balti- more, Md. It is two and one-half times stronger than the ofiicial fluid extract, and contains in permanent solution all the active principles of ergot in an un- changed condition and permanent form, while the in- ert and irritating constituents have been removed. It does not produce nausea even in repeated large doses, and being non-irritant is especially valuable for hypo- dermic medication. Dose: H., 3 ss.-iij. ; D., Tit v.- XXX. Medicinal Actions and Uses. — As a parturient, but should not be used until after the head and neck of foetus have passed the os uteri. Ergot acts as a motor excitant, haemostatic, stimulating chiefly the spinal cord, and effecting a contraction of the muscu- lar coat of vessels, intestines, and particularly of the uterus; in fact, its action is directed mostly to wher- 7 98 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. ever we find unstriped muscular tissue. Large doses produce cerebral and spinal ansemia. The main fac- tor in producing the gangrene of ergotism is the con- traction of the arterioles. Acute ergotism in the horse manifests itself by salivation and colicky pains ; chronic ergotism causes convulsions and gangrene of the extremities. The extremities at first become numb and cold ; soon a small bleb or blister is formed an inch or two above the coronet. This blister has a bluish tint, breaks, suppurates, and gangrene is established. Inflammations of mucous surfaces are well treated with ergot both internally as well as locallj^ ; acute dysentery in the congestive stage; arterial hemor- rhage— ergot is one of the best remedies. In parturi- ent apoplexy, cerebro-spinal meningitis, phrenitis and encephalitis, aneurism, cardiac hypertrophy without valvular lesion, myelitis, spinal congestion, inconti- nence of urine, and chronic metritis. Injections of ergotole to reduce aneurismal sacs, fibroid tumors, etc. Digitalis — Foxglove. The leaves of Digitalis purpurea, natural order Scro- phularinea3, collected from plants of the second year's growth. They are from four to twelve inches long, of a dull-green color; odor faint and tea-like, taste bitter and nauseating. The plant grows wild in Eu- rope, is cultivated in this country in gardens for its beautiful spike of purple flowers, and largely by the Shakers for the drug market. According to the most accurate analysis available (Schmiedeberg's), digi- MOTOR EXCITANTS. 90 talis contaiDS five principles — viz. 1. Digitalin, amorphous, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water, and is the active ingredient of digitalinum, U. S. P. 2. Digitoxin, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, but the most active of all. 3. Digitalein, sol- uble both in water and alcohol. 4th. Digitonin, solu- ble in water, but only slightly soluble in alcohol. It is quite active, but, like saponin, forms a solution which froths readily and antagonizes the three first mentioned. 5. Digitin, which is apparently inert. The first three are cardiac poisons, the fourth antag- onizes them ; all five are non-nitrogenous, and, except digitin, are glucosides. Digitalis contains no true alkaloid. Preparations.— i^oZm Digitalis Pidvis, pow- dered digitalis leaf. Dose: H., gr. xv.-3ss. ; D., gr. i.-iij. Extractum Digitalis, solid extract of digitalis. Dose: H., gr. v.-xv. ; D., gr. |-i. Extractum Digitalis Fluidiim, fluid extract of digitalis. Dose: H., m xv.-xl. ; D., m i.-iij. Tinctura Digitalis, tincture of digitalis (fifteen per cent). Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.-v. ; D., m iij.-xiij. Infusum Digitalis, infusion of digitalis. Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.-iv. ; fl 3 i.-iv. (digitalis leaf 3, cinnamon 3, boiling water 185, alcohol 15, water to make 200 parts) . Digitalinum, digitalin. Dose: H., gr. ^^; D., S^- 6~0 ST- Physiological Action.— Digitalis is a cardiac tonic and vascular stimulant, a motor excitant, para- 100 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. lyzant, anaphrodisiac, diuretic, and emetic. Over- doses irritate the mucous membranes, causing sneez- ing, severe gastric disturbance, nausea, vomiting in some animals, colicky pains and purgation, the dis- charges being of a greenish color. It reduces tem- perature, presumably by decreasing the blood supply to the tissues. Digitalis slows the heart, but in- creases the force of the heart muscle. It stimulates the cardiac motor ganglia, the inhibitory apparatus, and vasomotor centre, contracting the arterioles, and thereby greatly raising arterial tension. Continued full doses exhaust the irritability of the motor gan- glia and paralyze the cardiac muscle itself. It de- creases the sexual appetite, lessens the contractile power of striped muscular tissue, causes weakness and languor ; the excretion of urea, while at first in- creased, is very soon much diminished. The diuretic action of digitalis is due to its peculiar influence upon the general and renal circulation . It greatly increases blood pressure in the kidneys, as well as the rap- idity of the renal circulation. Toxic doses decrease the reflexes, paralyze the muscles and the peripheral nerves, motor and sensory ; respirations become rapid and feeble; cyanosis, coma, and convulsions follow; death takes place by sudden paralysis of the heart, which is arrested in systole (aconite arrests heart in diastole). The curative effects of digitalis are brought about in some of the following ways : 1st, By strengthening the heart's action; 2d, by reducing the strength of the heart beats if that organ is acting too powerfully ; MOTOR EXCITANTS. 101 3d, by lessening the frequency of the heartbeats; 4th, by correcting irregularity in the heart's action. Antidotes and Antagonists. — The best chemical antidote is tannin, but the stomach-pump or emetics must be used if possible, as the tannate of digitalin is not entirely inactive. The best antagonist for large doses is aconite, while opium is very service- able to counteract the effects of its long-continued use. Incompatibles are tannic acid, most of the iron preparations, and cinchona. Therapeutics.— Enfeebled or irregular heart's action during influenza; mitral disease; in hypertro- phy of old horses when overworked, with weak pulse; difficult breathing and dropsical effusions if resulting from weak heart; palpitation from overwork or ex- ertion after a full meal; pericarditis; endocarditis; hemorrhage from lungs, stomach, or from large sur- faces. In pneumonia in earlier stage, to help relieve the local engorgement. In treating thick wind or broken wind; coughs; combined with potassium ni- trate or acetate as a diuretic; various dropsical affec- tions. The chief indications for the use of digitalis are enfeebled, irregular, or irritable heart, deficient arterial pressure, venous engorgement, and scanty secretion of urine. Digitalis should not be used in aortic disease or hypertrophy if pulse is strong, firm, and regular. It has been recommended in purpura, combined with copper sulphate in small doses. Ac- cording to some authors digitalis is cumulative in ac- tion, but personal experience fails to bear this out. 102 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Strophanthus. The seeds of Strophanthus hispidus (natural order Apocj-nacege), an African climbing plant, from which the natives prepare a deadly arrow poison known as kombe. It contains from eight to ten per cent, of strophanthin, a crystalline glucoside, which is its ac- tive principle. Preparations.— Tmchtra Strophanti (five per cent.), tincture of strophanthus. Dose: H.,fl. 3i.- ij.; D., m i.-v. Strophanthinum^ strophanthin. Dose: H., gr. 1 _i. "n err 1 1 To 2 J -^-J S^' 120 6 0- Physiological Action.— Strophanthus acts very energetically upon muscular tissues, increasing the contractile power of all striped muscle. Its action is brought about by direct contact through the blood, and consequently, as the heart receives more blood than any other part of the organism, it is rapidly and strongly affected by doses too small to show much effect elsewhere ; for this reason small doses stimulate the heart's contractions and lower the rate of the heart beats; at the same time blood pressure is raised and diuresis is produced. Large doses paralyze the heart, and if this has once taken place there is no way of relief, as the heart becomes so contracted as to seem almost of the rigidity of stone. Strophanthus is the most powerful and most rapid heart stimulant known, being much more powerful than digitalis, from which it differs in that it does not cause any MOTOR EXCITANTS. 103 vasomotor constriction of the arterioles. It reduces the pulse, helps to lower body temperature, does not create any gastro-intestinal disturbance, and is not cumulative in action. It rapidly relieves cardiac dyspnoea, and its influence upon the circulation will last for a long time. According to Professor Frazer its effects have been known to continue for as long as eight days. It may be beneficially given in pal- pitation or exaggerated cardiac action, as from overwork or weak heart, to relieve dyspnoea of asth- ma, pulmonary oedema, acute endocarditis, chronic Bright's disease, and valvular lesions of the heart. CONVALLARIA — LiLY OF THE VaLLEY. The well-known perennial plant, " lily of the val- ley," Convallaria majalis, belonging to the natural or- der Liliacese. All parts of the plant are used, but preparations of the root seem most active. It con- tains two active glucosides — viz. : Convallamarin, the cardiac-acting principle, soluble both in alcohol and in water; and convallarin, an emeto-cathartic principle, soluble in alcohol but insoluble in water; also an acrid resin resembling convallarin in action. The more important preparations of convallaria are: Extractum Convallarice Fluidum, fluid extract of convallaria. Dose: H., fl. 3ss.-ij.; D., TTi ij.-x. Convallamarinum, convallamarinum. An amor- phous, white, bitter powder, soluble in water and in alcohol, but insoluble in ether. Dose: H., gr. x.- XXX. ; D., gr. ss.-ij. 104 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Physiological Action.— Convallaria is a very valuable heart tonic, diminishing the frequency and increasing the strength of the heart beat, raises arte- rial tension, slows and deepens the respirations, and increases the amount of urine excreted. Unlike digi- talis, it has no cumulative action, but very closely re- sembles that drug in its action as a cardiac tonic and as a diuretic. In over-doses it is an active poison, causing irregular cardiac action, gastro-enteritis, rap- id feeble pulse, and greatly lowered blood pressure, slowed and labored respirations, and finally heart arrest in systole, by direct stimulation of its inhibi- tory apparatus. Therapeutics. — Convallaria is considered safer than digitalis, and may be employed in all cases where the latter drug is indicated. In cardiac neu- rosis it frequently gives prompt relief when digitalis has failed. Belladonna— Deadly Nightshade. The leaves and root of Atropa belladonna, a Euro- pean plant, natural order Solanacese, and containing two alkaloids. The more important of these, atro- pine, the active principle, is in general use ; w^iile the other, known as belladonnine, is but seldom used for its therapeutic properties. The plant contains also malic acid and a coloring matter known as atrosin. Derivatives of J. ^r op me.— Atropine may be re- solved into tropin and tropic acid, both of w^iich, as well as atropine, may be produced synthetically. Homatropine is the product resulting from treating MOTOR EXCITANTS. 105 the amygdalate of tropin with dihite HCl. Its hy- drobromate is much used by ophthalmologists, and is a cardiac depressant. Chief Preparations. — Pulvis Belladonnce Foli- orum, powdered belladonna leaf . Dose: H., 3 iv.- Si.; D., gr. v.-x. Tinctura Belladonnce Foliorum^ tincture of bella- donna leaf (fifteen per cent.). Dose: H., fl. Sij.- fl. 3 i. ; D., TTtij.-xxx. Extr actum Belladonnce Foliorum Alcoholicum, alcoholic extract of belladonna leaves. Dose: H., gr. v.-xv.; D., gr. yVi. Extractum Belladonnce Radicis Fluidum, fluid extract of belladonna root. Dose: H., TTi,xx.-fl. 3 ij. ; D., mi.-v. Unguentum Belladonnce, ointment of belladonna. For local use only. (Alcoholic extract of belladonna 10, diluted alcohol 6, benzoinated lard 84.) Linimentum Belladonnce, liniment of belladonna. For local use only. (Fluid extract of belladonna root 95, camphor 5.) AtropincB Sulphas, sulphate of atropine. Dose: H., gr. ss.-iss. ; D., gr. xiWo- Hypodermically, one-fourth to one-half of these doses. Sulphate of atropine is a white, indistinctly crystal- line powder, permanent in the air, odorless, having a very bitter, nauseating taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 0.4 part of water and in 6.5 parts of alco- hol. Physiological Actions. — Belladonna is a pow- erful mydriatic, an irritant narcotic, an antispas- 106 YETERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. modic, and anodyne. It is a stimulant to the heart, respiration, and spinal cord if given in small doses, while large doses paralyze the secretory and motor nerve endings, but stimulate the sympathetic system. Its internal administration produces a dryness of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, throat, and larynx; while the gastric and intestinal secretions, although at first decreased, are soon reproduced in in- creased quantity. The heart rate at first is slowed, but shortly becomes very rapid and vigorous, the pulse being doubled in rapidity, arterial tension is raised, and circulation increased. This is brought about by belladonna directly stimulating the cardiac sympathetic and paralyzing the intracardiac inhibi- tory ganglia, which, while stimulating the accelera- tor apparatus, decreases the inhibitory powxr. Like other members of the same group, belladonna stimu- lates the vasomotor ganglia over the entire body, with paralysis by over-stimulation; thus the heart weakens, vessels become relaxed, blood pressure is greatly lowered, and if the action of the drug is al- lowed to continue, complete motor paralysis ensues, with delirium, stupor, and finally death by asphyxia (paralysis of respiration). Belladonna lessens intra- ocular pressure, and by its systemic as well as local administration dilates the pupil of the eye. The dil- atation reaches its maximum in the dog in from twenty to twenty-five minutes, in herbivora in from one-half to three-fourths of an hour, and its effects may continue in a lesser degree for several days. The brain is congested by belladonna and more or MOTOR EXCITANTS. 107 less delirium is produced, with hallucinations, mental disorder, and a tendency to irregular movements caused by a selective action of the drug upon the cells of the gray matter. The spinal cord is stimulated from the second cervical to almost the last dorsal ver- tebra, resulting finally in paralysis of both central and peripheral motor nerves, locomotory power being first lost in the posterior extremities. Sensation is somewhat impaired, but muscular irritability is un- affected. By the increased circulation metamor- phosis is greatly promoted, which, together with the increased respiration, raises the temperature. A scarlatina-like rash (seldom discernible in the lower animals) with d^^sphagia and sore throat, is occasion- ally produced by belladonna on the skin and fauces, and is due to capillary congestion resulting from the increased circulation. Belladonna is rapidly diffused and rapidly eliminated, which process is accom- plished chiefly by the kidneys. Large doses dimin- ish the excretion of urine, while small doses seem to be without effect in that particular. Since atropine is eliminated in an almost unchanged form, the urine of an animal under its action will dilate the pupil of another animal. The herbivora are not so profoundly affected by belladonna as the carnivora, the goat be- ing accredited with the ability of consuming quanti- ties of the leaf with impunity. On the dog the car- diac action of the drug is more apparent, while in the horse the cerebral action predominates. Antidotes and Antagonists. — Belladonna has been thought to have no direct physiological antago- 108 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. nist, but opium counteracts its effects on the cere- brum, heart, respiration, arterial tension, pupil, and kidne3'S ; while aconite, eserine, pilocarpine, and qui- nine, each antagonize some of its effects. Later in- vestigations, however, have shown that muscarine, an active toxic alkaloid from Agaricus muscarius, the fly-agaric, is a complete, prompt, and perfect physio- logical antagonist to atropine. In treating belladon- na poisoning, tannic acid, emetics, and the stomach- pump when practicable, should be employed. Therapeutics. — Belladonna is used to relieve the pain attendant upon various inflammations, rheuma- tism, cancer, pelvic affections ; to stimulate the weak- ened heart, as in influenza; in catarrh, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and bronchitis. Very serviceable in the second stage of respiratory diseases in the horse, when secretion is abundant, deglutition difficult, and the throat sore and irritable. Spasmodic cough of bronchitis and distemper is very amenable to bella- donna with ammonium carbonate. Spasmodic colic is frequently treated with belladonna and camphor and chloral, or belladonna with aconite and solution of acetate of ammonia. In constipation — combined with nux vomica and aloes; also given to assist in the action of other purgatives and prevent their grip- ing. In tetanus — belladonna with alcohol in large doses; also the extract smeared upon the teeth. In cerebral and spinal hypersemia, encephalitis, menin- gitis, and myelitis — with ergot and use of cerebral or spinal ice bag. Given internally or as an injection, belladonna relieves irritation of the bladder and urin- MOTOR EXCITANTS. 109 ary apparatus, rectum, and uterus. Rigidity of os uteri in retarded or delayed parturition has been suc- cessfully treated by direct local application of extract of belladonna. In mammitis, to check the milk se- cretion, allay inflammation and pain — the fluid ex- tract and camphor liniment, or liniment of bella- donna. In treating abscesses, boils, carbuncles, and other superficial inflammations, apply locally; the same when it is desired to determine and increase the action of belladonna given internally — ^.e., in tetanus apply belladonna liniment along the spine ; in spas- modic cough, the same to the throat; in diseases of the kidneys, over the loins, etc. Glandular swellings may be treated locally with mercurial ointment and extract of belladonna. In diseases of the skin to re- lieve itching; in erysipelas, locaUy as well as smaU frequently repeated doses internally. Epilepsy and convulsions of canine patients may be treated with belladonna and sodium bromide. In applying bella- donna over very large surfaces, especially upon the dog, great care must be exercised lest the animal be- come poisoned by absorption. The attendant when rubbing a patient with belladonna liniment or other powerful preparation of belladonna must be cautioned to thoroughly cleanse his hands after using the prep- aration, lest he too suffer from the absorption. H Yosc Y AMUS— Henbane . The leaves and tops of Hyoscyamus niger, a bien- nial plant, natural order Solanacese, growing wild in many parts of Great Britain. It is also cultivated 110 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. for the drug market. Its active principle is an alka- loid called hyoscyamine, which is probably identical with atropine. From it is derived hyoscine, a semi- liquid alkaloid yielding tropic acid and pseudotro- pine. Preparations. — Extractum Hyoscyami, solid extract of henbane. Dose: H., 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. ss.-ij. Extractum Hijoscyami Fluidum, fluid extract of henbane. Dose: H., fl. 3 iss.-vi. ; D., m v.-xx. Tinctura Hyoscyami, tincture of henbane. Dose : H., fl. 3 i--iij- ; D., fl. 3 ss.-iij. Hyoscyamince Sulphas, hyoscyamine sulphate. Dose : H., gr. ss.-v. ; D., gr. :^\-^. Hypodermically, one-half of these doses. Hyoscince Hydrohromas. Dose: H., gr. ^-i; I^-) g^'- 10 0 /o • Incompatibles are liquor potassse and all other fixed caustic alkalies. Actions and Uses fo Hyoscyamus.— It is simi- lar in action to belladonna, but not so powerful. Is a good calmative and hypnotic, anodyne and antispas- modic, and is sometimes used like atropine as a my- driatic. Full doses stimulate the brain centres and paralyze motor nerve endings ; over-doses destroy life by paralyzing the respiratory function. Hyoscya- mus does not check peristalsis, and therefore is useful as a hypnotic and anodyne in irritable conditions of the alimentary canal and urinary apparatus when opium is contraindicated. It is frequently combined with cathartics to enhance their activity and at the same time to prevent griping. It is prescribed as an CEREBRAL EXCITANTS. Ill anodyne in colic, to allay irritable cough, in epilepsy and chorea, in locomotor ataxia, and since it is mainly excreted by the kidneys its value to relieve irritability of these organs and of the bladder will be apparent. CEREBRAL EXCITANTS. Camphora — Camphor. Camphor is a stearopten (solid volatile oil), ob- tained from Cinnamomum camphora, natural order Laurinese, a native tree of Japan, China, Borneo, etc., and is purified by sublimation. Found in the mar- ket as white translucent masses of a tough consistence and crystalline structure, readily pulveiizable in the presence of a little alcohol, ether, or chloroform. Its specific gravity is 0.99, it sublimes without residue, burns with a smoky but luminous flame, floats on water, and if exposed to air slowly evaporates. It has a penetrating odor and a pungent taste, is soluble in 1,300 parts of water, readily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, fixed and volatile oils, milk, and acetic acid. Preparations. — Camphora Pulvis, powdered camphor. Dose: H., 3i.-iij.; D., gr. v.-x. Aqua CamphorcB, camphor water, used chiefly as a sedative colly rium. (Camphor 8, alcohol IG, water 976.) Spiritus CampliorcE, spirit of camphor, princi- pally for local use. (Camphor 10, water 20, alcohol to make 100.) 112 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. Linimentum Campliorce^ Oleum Camphor atum^ liniment of camphor or camphorated oil. For local use. (Camphor 1, cotton-seed oil 4.) Linimentum Saponis, Linimentum Camphor ce Compositum, Tinctura Camphorce Composita, Spiritus Saponis Camphoratus^ soap liniment, compound camphor liniment, compound tincture of camphor, camphorated soap spirit, opodeldoc. For local use only. (Soap in shavings 10, camphor 5, oil of rosemary 1, alcohol 70, water to make 100.) Camphora Monobromata, monobromated cam- phor. Used chiefly in canine practice. Dose for dog, gr. i.-x. Physiological Action. — Camphor is antispas- modic, antiseptic, anodyne, a stimulant expectorant, diaphoretic, a cerebral excitant, and gastro-intesti- nal irritant. Externally, counter-irritant, stimulant, antiseptic, parasiticide. It has an acrid, hot taste, irritates the skin and mucous membranes, and if given in large quantity causes severe gastric disturb- ance with all the effects of an irritant poison. Mod- erate doses stimulate both the vasomotor system and the cardiac motor ganglia, at the same time decreas- ing the influence of the pneumogastric, in this way increasing ' circulation and raising arterial tension; mental activity, respiration, and the sweat glands are stimulated, pain allayed, the menstrual flow and sexual appetite increased; while large or continued doses depress the generative function and occasion- ally cause dysuria. Its an aphrodisiac effects are not very pronounced in the lower animals. Large doses CEREBRAL EXCITANTS. 113 depress the entire central nervous system, depress the heart, lower arterial tension, diminish the reflex func- tions of the cord, produce coldness of the surface, in- sensibility, coma, convulsions, and sometimes death. Camphor is eliminated chiefly by the bronchial mu- cous membrane and skin ; also by the kidneys. Therapeutics. — In diarrhoea — with ether, lauda- num, and aromatics. In enteritis — with opium. To counteract cardiac depression and as a febrifuge — with sweet spirit of nitre and solution of acetate of am- monia. To relieve vomiting; in nymphomania, ty- phoid fevers; in bronchitis, spasmodic cough, sore throat, and other affections of the respiratory appara- tus. In gangrene internally and locally. The mono- bromated camphor in chorea of the dog. Exter- nally, as a stimulant, counter-irritant, and to allay itching in skin diseases, as in eczema and urticaria. ASAFCETIDA — ASAFCETIDA. A gum-resin obtained by incision from the living roots of Ferula narthex and of Ferula scorodosma (na- tural order Umbelliferse, Orthospermse), an Afghan plant. Its principal constituent is a sulphuretted vol- atile oil, consisting chiefly of allyl sulphide. It also contains a gum and a resin, with feruliac, malic, acetic, formic, and valerianic acids. Asafoetida occurs in irregular masses, composed of whitish tears, which are embedded in a yellowish- gra}' or brownish-gray sticky mass. The tears, when hard, break with a conchoidal fracture, showing a milk-white color, which changes gradually on expo- 8 114 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. sure to pink, and finally to brown. It has a persis- tent, alliaceous odor, and bitter, alliaceous, acrid taste; when triturated with water, it yields a milk- white emulsion. It is partly soluble in ether, and at least sixty per cent, of it should dissolve in alcohol. Dose: H., 3 ij.-iv. ; D., gr. x.-xx. Tinctura Asafoetidce, tincture of asatoetida (twen- ty per cent.). Dose: H., fl. 3 i.-iij. ; D., fl. 3 ss.-ij. Eniulsum Asafoetidce, emulsion of asafoetida (four per cent, in water). Dose: H., fl. 3 viij.-xx. ; D., fl. 3 ss.-ij. Physiological Action. — Asafoetida is a power- ful antispasmodic, a carminative, a stimulating expec- torant, a nerve and cerebral stimulant. It is also mildly tonic, laxative, diuretic, diaphoretic, emmena- gogue, aphrodisiac, and anthelmintic. It raises ar- terial tension, stimulates the circulation, secretions, and excretions, the general nervous system, the men- strual flow, and sexual appetite. Its continued use at times causes impaired digestion, flatulency, difficult urination, diarrhoea, tenesmus, and phenomena of general nervousness. It is rapidly absorbed and elim- inated by the respiratory mucous membrane, the kidneys, and the skin, gently stimulating their secre- tions. Therapeutics. — It has long been successfully giv- en in flatulent colic of the lower animals; in con- stipation— with aloes and nux vomica; in chronic bronchial affections, chronic catarrh — combined with ammonia muriate. Also as a vermifuge, but for this purpose its action is somewhat uncertain. CEREBRAL EXCITANTS. 115 Cannabis Indica— Indian Hemp. The flowering tops of the female plant of Cannabis sativa (natural order Urticacese, grown in the East Indies. Sometimes known as foreign Indian hemp, in contradistinction to Cannabis Americana, the same plant grow^n in the Southern United States, but not nearly so powerful in action as the East Indian variety. Indian hemp contains a resin named can- nabin, and a volatile oil from which are obtained cannabene, a light hydrocarbon, and cannabene hy- dride, a crystalline body. Preparations. — Extractum Cannabis Indicce, solid extract of Indian hemp. Dose: H., 3 ss.-i.; D., gr. i-1. Extractum Cannabis Indicce Fluicliim, fluid ex- tract of Indian hemp. Dose: H., fl. 3ij.-iv. ; D., m i.-x. Physiological Action. — Antispasmodic, anaes- thetic, anodyne, analgesic, narcotic, cerebro-spinal stimulant, aphrodisiac. It increases motor and intel- lectual activity, stimulates vasomotor nerves, raises arterial tension, and depresses sensation. Has been given in exceedingly large doses, and although it produced great temporary mental excitement followed by coma, it is said never to have caused death. Therapeutics. — In colic, to relieve spasm and pain, without interfering with the peristaltic move- ment; traumatic tetanus — large doses (Dr. R. Ruth- erford, of Edinburgh, claims to have cured over fifty 116 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. per cent, of all tetanus patients by this method); chorea of the dog, to control the involuntary spasms ; to dull sensibility during the performance of minor operations ; in uteriue affections — as metritis, cystitis, etc. — internally and locally by injection; in retention of urine, spasm of sphincter vesicae, and dysuria; also in azoturia, to control excitement. Cocaine Hydrochloras— Hydrochlorate of Cocaine. A crystalline alkaloid, obtained from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca, a small Peruvian shrub (natural order Erythroxylacese), in which it is contained to the amount of about twenty-six per cent. The hy- drochlorate occurs as small whitish or almost color- less acicular crystals, or crystalline powder, is readily soluble in 0.5 part water and in 3| parts of alcohol, has a bitter taste, producing a tingling sensation on the tongue followed by numbness. It paralyzes the sensory nerves with which it comes in contact, hence is used as a local anaesthetic. It has also slight anti- septic powers. In small doses it is a cerebral, cardiac, respiratory, and nerve stimulant and diuretic, but les- sens the quantity of urea excreted, since it partly sus- pends the processes of waste, thereby acting as an indirect nutrient and enabling the body to maintain its energy on a decreased food supply. It dilates the pupils when used locally as well as systemically. Over-doses destroy life by paralysis of respiration. Therapeutics.— It is in general use as a local anaesthetic during minor surgical operations, as on CEREBRAL EXCITANTS. 117 the eye, larynx, in neurotomy, etc. ; also to detect ob- scure lameness. As a mydriatic it is much more serviceable than atropine. Has been given in con- valescence from fevers and protracted illness, in doses of grs. i.-v. to the horse; for the dog, gr. -J-l. For local anaesthetic effect upon the horse, inject hypo- dermically from gr. v.-xv. occasionally more is re- quired. Its effect begins in about twenty minutes and continues for from one-half to two hours; maxi- mum, in about one hour. If kept in solution, add 2^ part of boric acid to prevent decomposition. Caffeina— Caffeine ; Theina — Theine. Caffeine and theine are now generally conceded to be identical; the former is obtained from the dry seeds of Coffea Arabica (the coffee tree), the latter from the dry leaves of Thea sinensis (the tea plant). They are also found in other plants. Caffeine occurs as white, shining, elastic needles, soluble in 80 parts of water, 50 parts of alcohol, and in 9 parts of chloro- form. It is a cardiac tonic and diuretic, and is used as a substitute for digitalis, which it occasionally effectually replaces. It is in medicinal doses also a stimulant to the nerve centres in the cerebrum, me- dulla, and cord ; but over-doses paralyze. It regulates the heart's action, and causes the removal of oedema by increased diuresis. It is rapidly absorbed, rapidly eliminated, and has no cumulative effects. It is best given hypodermically with sodium salicylate, which increases its solubility and activity. Dose: H., gr. v.-xx.; D., gr. i-2. 118 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. Alcohol and Its Preparations. An alcohol may be defined as being a volatile or- ganic compound of an organic radical and hydroxyl (HO), containing no F, having great affinity for wa- ter, and reacting with acids to form H„0 and ethers. An alcohol is obtained by distillation from the fer- mented product of grape sugar or other substance, such as starch, which ma}^ be readily converted into grape sugar. This fermented product, in the presence and by the growth of certain low vegetable organisms (the yeast plant, etc.), splits up into alcohol and COj. The most important alcohols are : 1. Methylic Alcohol — CH^O — methyl hydrate, wood spirit. 2. Ethylic Alcohol — O^H^O— ethyl hydrate, grain spirit. 3. Amylic Alcohol— CJi^fi — amyl hydrate, potato spirit, fusel oil. When speaking of " cilcohol " medicinally or phar- maceutically, the ethyl hydrate or grain spirit is the one referred to (see Alcohol or Rectified Spirit below) . The Official Preparations of Alcohol are : Alcohol Absolutum, spiritus absolutus, absolute alcohol, is ethyl alcohol containing not more than one per cent, by weight of water. It is a mobile, color- less, volatile liquid, having a spirituous odor and an intensely burning taste. Specific gravity, 0.797 at 60° F. CEEEBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 110 Alcohol, alcohol. Contains about ninety-one per cent, by weight, or ninety-four per cent, by volume, of ethylic alcohol, but no fusel oil. It is a transpar- ent, colorless, mobile, and volatile liquid, of a char- acteristic, pungent, and agreeable odor, a burning taste, a neutral reaction, is very inflammable, burns with a smokeless blue flame, and has a specific grav- ity of 0.820 at 60° F. It should be kept in well- stoppered glass vessels remote from lights and fire. Dose: H., fl. si.-ij-; D-, fl. 3 i.-ij. Alcohol Diluhim, diluted alcohol (45.5 per cent, by weight [fifty-three per cent, by volume] of ethyl alcohol; and 54.5 per cent, by w^eight [forty-seven per cent, by volume] of w^ater. Specific gravity, 0.928 at 60° F. Spirit us Frumenti, whiskey. Obtained by the dis- tillation of the mash of fermented grain ; from rye, wheat, or corn (United States), barley (Scotch), and at least two years old. (Irish whiskey is obtained from potatoes.) Contains from forty-four to fifty per cent, by weight of alcohol ; also contains ethers developed by the action of butj^ric and acetic acids on the alcohol, and traces of fusel oil. Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.-viij. ; D., fl. 3 .i-fl- 3 ij. (always well diluted). Spirifus Vini GciUici, brandy. Obtained by the distillation of fermented grape juice, and at least four years old. Contains from thirty-nine to forty-seven per cent, by weight of alcohol, and certain ethers which are developed by age. If pale it is colored from the cask ; if dark it is colored by the addition of caramel or burnt sugar. Brandy is frequently 120 VETERINARY MATERIA Mt:DICA. prepared artificially by adding to high wine (alcohol) acetic or nitric ether, caramel, and logwood or cate- chu for astringency. Dose same as of whiskey. Vinum Album, white wine. Contains ten to four- teen per cent, by weight of alcohol. Prepared by fermenting the unmodified grape juice (freed from skins, seeds, and stems) . Vinum Album Foi^tius, stronger white wine. Contains twenty to twentj^-five per cent, by weight of alcohol. (Vinum album 7, alcohol 1). Vinum Eubrum, red wine. Contains from ten to fourteen per cent, by weight of alcohol. It is made by fermenting the juice of colored grapes with their skins. Unofficial Alcoholic Preparations. — Proof Spirit. Contains forty-nine per cent, by weight of absolute alcohol, with a peculiar oil and other foreign matters; specific gravity, 0.920. Rectified Spirit. Contains eighty-five per cent, by weight of absolute alcohol and no fusel oil; specific gravity, 0.835. Rum ( Jamica and St. Croix) . From the distillation of fermented molasses. Gin. Distilled from rye or barle}^ and flavored with juniper berries and hops. Cheaper grades are sometimes flavored with oil of turpentine. Vinum Portense, port wine. Contains from thirty to forty per cent, of alcohol. Vinum Xericum, sherry, contains from twenty to thirty-five per cent, of alcohol. Beer contains alcohol two to three per cent. ; Ale CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 121 contains alcohol two to six per cent. ; Porter and Stout contain alcohol four to six per cent. ; also ex- tract of malt — CO2 — lactic acid, salts of K and Na, aromatics, etc. Physiological Actions of Alcohol.— It is a cerebral excitant and depressant, and a narcotic poison ; also anaesthetic, antiseptic, antiparasitic, an- tispasmodic, antipyretic, a mild counter-irritant; coagulates albumen by abstracting its water; has also slight astringent effects. It is very diffusible, and when ingested becomes partly oxidized by the or- ganism, and is partly excreted. Small doses relax the vessels, stimulate the gastric glands, promote the appetite and digestion, decrease the elimination of waste products (urea and COJ, cause a slight sensa- tion of heat, and a slight rise of the body tempera- ture. Being also a diffusible stimulant, it briefly stimulates the heart, increasing the functional activ- ity of all organs, partly the kidneys, which excrete the unassimilated portion of the drug. The long- continued administration of moderate or even smaU doses causes congestion of the stomach and liver, im- pairs the oxidizing power of the blood, and causes indigestion and gastric catarrh. Large doses pre- cipitate pepsin and destroy its activity as a ferment, arrest digestion, produce exhilaration, intoxication, delirium, muscular incoordination, depressed heart, lowered arterial tension and bodily temperature, abol- ishment of reflexes, and lastly coma. Toxic doses cause a primary period of excitement, then insensibil- ity, stertorous breathing, dilated or contracted pupils, 122 VETEKIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. complete muscular resolution, and death by paraly- sis of respiration and heart. Treatment of Acute Alcoholism. — Evacuate the stomach if possible; inhalation of ammonia vapor; cold affusion to head and neck, warmth and friction to the extremities; faradization of respiratory mus- cles; mucilaginous drinks. Ammonium chloride given in solution is said to restore the faculties and to antagonize the stupor. Therapeutics. — Alcohol, besides being used ex- tensively as a solvent for many drugs in pharmacy and the arts, is sometimes given as a food, but only a very small quantity is used up in the system, and its continued use is certainly deleterious. It is given in atonic indigestion, in small doses, to stimulate gastric secretions and improve the appetite ; in both flatulent and spasmodic colic, to expel flatus and to relieve spasms- In diarrhoea, combined with sodium benzoateand vegetable astringents; cardiac failure or weak heart from fright, chill, or shock ; in milk fever of cows, with strychnine, belladonna, and sweet spirit of nitre; in epizootic catarrh and sore throat, when heart is weak and respirations quick and hurried — combine with spiritus setheris nitrosi and camphor, given in linseed tea; in pneumonia and other diseases of the respiratory apparatus, it is frequently con- joined with quinine sulphate and tincture of aconite. It is given in pysemia, septicaemia, and in convales- cence from all debilitating disorders; also imme- diately before chloroform ana3sthesia to sustain the heart and prolong the chloroform narcosis. Exter- CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 123 nall}^ it is rubbed into the skin as a mild counter-irri- tant, rubefacient, and stimulant. Weak solutions with carbolic or salicylic acids are applied to relieve the itching of various skin diseases, as antiseptics to wounds, bedsores, and to check hemorrhage. An excellent refrigerant lotion is composed of alcohol 3 iv, acetic acid 3 iss., Goulard's extract 3 ss., water 3 xij. As a nutrient tonic and stimulant, hot ale or beer is frequently given in convalescence from ex- hausting diseases; to the horse and cattle in doses of O i.-ij., three times daily. ^THER— Ether. The light compound commonly known as "sul- phuric ether," or "ether," is, correctly speaking, ethylic ether or ethyl oxide — C^H.^O — and is prepared by distilling ethyl hydrate or ethylic alcohol with sul- phuric acid. It is purified by treating with quick- lime and redistillation. ^ther, ether, commercial ether, is a liquid com- posed of about seventy-four per cent, of ethyl oxide and about twenty-six per cent, of alcohol, containing a little water. Specific gravity about 0.750 at 59° F. Must be kept in well-stoppered bottles or in soldered tins in a cool place, remote from lights and fire. For properties of ether, see under ^ther Fortior. It is soluble in five times its volume of water. Used chiefly externally. ^ther Fortior^ stronger ether, a liquid com- posed of about ninety-four per cent, of ethyl oxide, 124 VETEEIXARY MATERIA MEDIC A. and about six per cent, of alcohol, containing a little water. Specific gravity not higher than 0.725 at 59"" F. Like ether, it must be carefully preserved. It is a thin, clear, very diffusive and colorless liquid, of a refreshing, characteristic odor, a burning and sweetish taste, with a slightly bitter after-taste and a neutral reaction. It is soluble in all proportions, in alcohol, chloroform, benzol, benzine, fixed and volatile oils, and dissolves in eight times its volume of water at 59° F. Ether is highly inflammable, and its vapor when mixed with air and ignited ex- plodes violently. It is a solvent for oils, fats, resins, guncotton, gutta-percha, and other substances. Dose: H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; D., fl. 3 ss.-i. (always well di- luted with cold water, gruel, oil, or linseed tea). For general a nsesthesia. — Dose (by inhalation): H,, fl. 3 iij.-viij. ; Do, fl. 3 ij.-vi. This is the ether which should be given internally and by inhalation. Preparations of Ether. — Spiritus ^tlieris Compositus, compound spirit of ether, Hoffmann's anodyne. Contains alcohol 67, stronger ether 30, ethereal oil 3 parts. Collodmm, collodion. Contains pyroxylin 4, stronger ether 70, and alcohol 26 parts. Local use. CoUodium Flexile, flexible collodion. Contains col- lodion 92, Canada turpentine 5, and castor oil 3 parts. Local use. CoUodium Stypticum, styptic collodion. Contains tannic acid 20, alcohol 5, stronger ether 20, and collo- dion 55 parts. Local use. Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi, Spii^itus Nitrico- CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. l25 Dulcis, spirit of nitrous ether, sweet spirit of nitre. An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite, containing five per cent, of the crude ether. Dose: H., fl. §i.-iij.; D., Tfixv.-fl. 3i. Physiological Action.— Ether is a cardiac and cerebral stimulant, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphor- etic, anthelmintic, anaesthetic, and a narcotic poison. Given internally, it is one of the most powerful stim- ulants to the secretions, especiall}^ to the salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas. It is quickly ab- sorbed from the stomach and intestines, but still more rapidly if introduced as a vapor into the lungs by inhalation, and acts very quickly upon the central nervous system, nerve centres, and nerve endings. Small doses stimulate ; larger doses, after a brief pe- riod of stimulation, depress, paralyze, and ansesthetize the centres of the brain and cord. It is eliminated by all the secretory channels, stimulating them, and in this way exerts its expectorant, diaphoretic, and diuretic actions ; but the elimination for the most part is accomplished by the lungs. If the vapor is in- haled there is at first a slight irritation to the fauces, sometimes causing cough, a feeling of strangulation or constriction of the throat, and more or less cerebral excitement or intoxication, during which time the pulse and respirations are quickened. This is fol- lowed by a period of slight tetanic convulsions, when the muscles become rigid and the breathing stertor- ous. This condition rapidly subsides, complete in- sensibility is established, the muscles are relaxed, reflexes are abolished, the cerebral functions are en- 126 VETERINAKY MATERIA MEDlCA. tirely suspended, and the processes of respiration and circulation are carried on only by the lower centres in the medulla. If the inhalations of the ether vapor are still continued after this, these lower centres also become paralyzed, and death takes place by re- spiratory arrest, the heart usually continuing its pul- sations for a long time after respiration has ceased (chloroform usually paralyzes the heart). In order to produce general anaesthesia, the ether vapor should be inhaled in a fairly concentrated form for from three to ten minutes. Hypodermic injections of atropine antagonize the toxic effects of ether more effectually than any other known drug. Therapeutics. — Ether alone or combined with chloroform and alcohol in varying proportions as a general anaesthetic Ether spray as a local anses- thetic ; internally — as an antispasmodic in both flatu- lent and spasmodic colic, combined with other ano- dynes and carminatives. Enemata of ether to allay abdominal irritation; also to destroy rectal worms. The same treatment is much favored by French vete- rinarians in intussusception. In hepatic colic — ether combined with turpentine, to act as a solvent for the hepatic calculi ; as a prompt and powerful stimulant in syncope or collapse — if from exhausting disease, shock, or hemorrhage. In puerperal apoplexy in cat- tle it is combined with alcohol or whiskey, and when the patients are unable to swallow it may be given subcutaneously. In convalescence from ex- hausting disease — combined with aromatics and bit-, ters, improves the appetite, strengthens the enfeebled CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 127 pulse, and also tends to relieve cough and other irri- tability. For special instructions on the use of ether as a general anaesthetic, see under Chloroform. Local anaesthesia, sufficient for performing short opera- tions, such as inserting setons, opening abscesses or fistulse, tendenotomy, neurotomy, etc., may be pro- duced by 3ther spray to the part, the amount required being from one to one and one-half ounces ; but for these purposes cocaine is now generally preferred. It may also be injected hypodermically when imme- diate effects are required. Externally ether is some- times combined with liniments as an anodyne and stimulant, but must be carefully employed on account of its highly inflammable nature. Spiritus setheris nitrosi is a carminative, antispas- modic, general stimulant, a very good diaphoretic and diuretic, and is extensively used in influenza, various fevers, pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, colic. It is excreted chiefl}' by the kidneys and skin ; hence its diaphoretic and diuretic actions are very marked. It should be given always well diluted. Chloroformum — Chloroform. Chloroform, or methyl terchloride — CHCL — is pre- pared by the action of chlorinated lime upon alcohol, is purified (1) by repeated agitation with water, which washes aw^ay saline, acid, and some organic impurities; (2) shaking with sulphuric acid (free from nitric acid), which chars and removes the last 128 VETERINAR MAYTERIA MEDICA. trace of organic oils ; (^) admixture with slaked lime aud calcium chloride to neutralize acidity and take up the water; (4) by very careful distillation. Its dis- covery is claimed by Samuel Guthrie, of Sacketts Harbor, 1831, and also jointly by Liebig and Soubei- ran, 1832. Cliloroformum Purificatum^ purified chloroform, is a heavy, clear, colorless, diffusive, practically non- inflammable liquid, of a characteristic, pleasant, ethereal odor, a burning, sweet taste, and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 200 parts of water and in aU proportions in alcohol or ether; also in benzol, ben- zin, fixed or volatile oils. Specific gravit}^, 1.485. Its vapor is four times heavier than air, and it is a solvent for caoutchouc, gutta-percha, fats, resins, bal- sams, oils, wax, iodine bromine, and most of the al- kaloids. Dose: H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; D., TTi v.-x. — for in- ternal medication. Inhalation for anaesthesia — Dose : H., fi. 3 i.-ij. ; D., fl. 3i.-iv. Cloroformum Veiiale, commercial chloroform. A liquid containing not less than ninety-eight per cent, of chloroform, having similar properties to the former preparation. Specific gravity, 1.470. For local use only, as it is not pure enough for any other purpose. Linimentum Chloroformi^ chloroform liniment. For local use only, is composed of chloroformum venale 40 and linimentum saponis 69 parts. Linimentum Chloroformi Compositum, com- pound chloroform liniment, a very excellent anodyne application, is composed of chloroform venale 1, tur- CEREBRAL DEPRESSAKTS. 120 pentine 1, laudanum i, tincture aconite root i, and soap liniment 2 parts by measure. Spiritus Chloroformi, spirit of chloroform, so- called chloric ether (sether chloricus). Contains puri- fied chloroform 10 and alcohol 90 parts. Dose: H., fl. 3 i.-ij. ; D., fl. 3i.-iss. Ancesthetic Mixtures contain chloroform, ether, with or without alcohol, in varying proportions. The best known and most serviceable are : A. C. E., 1, 2, 3 mixture, containing alcohol 1, chloroform purified 2, ether 3. E. C. A., S, i, 1, Nussbaum's mixture, containing ether 3, chloroform 1, and alcohol 1 part. Physiological Actions of Chloroform.— Small doses given internally are carminative, antispasmodic, and analgesic. Large doses cause muscular relaxa- tion and paralyze the cerebro-spinal nervous system . Death takes place by paralysis of both heart and res- piration, similar to ether, but its toxic action is very much more rapid than that of ether ; hence death by chloroform is more sudden. Applied locally, chloro- form is a rubefacient, a refrigerant, anodyne, and local anaesthetic. General anaesthesia is produced by an inhalation of the vapor, and shows four distinct stages, viz. : (1) Stimulant— some excitement and struggling; (2) narcotic— muscular relaxation, quietude, and stupor; (3) anesthetic— complete anaesthesia, insensibility; (4) paralytic— death ensuing if the action of the drug is continued still further. In order to avoid heart failure or depression, it is 9 130 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. a very good plan to inject hypodermically a small dose of morphine and atropine fifteen to twenty minutes prior to placing the animal under the action of an ansesthetic. Chloroform as a rule is given with the admission of a considerable volume of air, but some prefer to allow it to be inhaled without air, claiming that under these circumstances a much less quantity is required, and hence all dangers are corre- spondingly decreased. During anaesthesia the opera- tor must carefully watch both respirations and pulse, allowing full draughts of pure air as soon as complete anaesthesia is produced ; occasionally gently touching the cornea with the finger to note if reflex excitabil- ity is returning ; if so, administer more chloroform. Never operate on any animal unless under com- plete anaesthesia, as the incomplete stage is very dangerous, since in this condition reflex inhibition over the pneumogastric upon the heart may be the means of arresting the action of the heart's motor ganglia. Contra- Indications for Ancesthesia are dilata- tion of the heart, fatty degeneration of the heart, kidney disease, emphysema of the lungs, and brain tumors. Treatment of dangerous symptoms while under the action of chloroform anaesthesia are : Artificial respiration if possible, draw tongue forward and clear away mucus from mouth, warm applications and friction to body and limbs, and hypodermic injection of atropine. Since chloroform in its purity is irritant to the CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 131 mucous membranes, it must always be given well diluted, else it may cause a violent gastro-enteritis. Chloroform is much used in obstetrical practice to control spasms and violent uterine throes when try- ing to rectify false presentations ; also to relax rigid- ity of the OS in delayed parturition, and to relieve after-pains. Inhalations of chloroform are frequently given to relax and relieve intestinal spasms ; also in the re- duction of intestinal hernia ; to relieve the spasm of tetanus ; to check the fits of chorea and epilepsy in dogs ; to relieve spasmodic cough. Externally — as a local anaesthetic, the same as cocaine; in liniments, to rheumatic and painful swellings and joints. Chloral— Chloral (Chloral Hydrate). Chloral itself is trichloraldehyde — (C2HCI3O) — an unstable, oily, colorless fluid, formed by the action of chlorine upon alcohol. Its hydrate, the official chlo- ral— (C2HCI3O+H2O) — is seen as separate, rhomboid- al, colorless, transparent crystals, slowly evaporating on exposure to air, having an aromatic, penetrating, and slightly acrid odor, a bitterish, caustic taste, sol- uble in less than its own weight of water, in 4 parts of chloroform; also in alcohol, ether, glycerin, fixed and volatile oils. Its aqueous solution soon acquires an acid reaction, but its alcoholic solution remains neutral. It liquefies when rubbed with carbolic acid or with camphor, and is readil}^ decomposed by alka- lies into chloroform and a formiate of the alkaline 132 YETERIKARY MATERIA ^lEDICA. base. Chloral was discovered by Baron Liebig in 1832, but was not employed in medicine till 1869. It is prepared by passing chlorine gas through alcohol until saturated, then purified by distillation with H2SO4, and finally mixed with H^O to form the solid chloral hydrate. Dose: H., 3 i.-ij. ; D., gr. v.-xx. Physiological Action. — Chloral is a powerful depressant of the cerebro-spinal centres, a good hyp- notic and calmative, an antispasmodic, antiseptic, antiferment, and counter-irritant. Compared with chloroform it is more hypnotic but less ansesthetic. It cannot be used subcutaneously, as it is too irritant and would cause extensive sloughing of the skin at the point of injection. Large or concentrated doses may cause severe gastritis, while in the smaller ani- mals nausea and vomiting are frequently produced. Chloral has a selective action on the brain, causing a cerebral anaemia, which produces a very normal-like sleep, and from which the animal may be readily awakened, but shortly after falls into, until the hyp- notic action of the chloral is exhausted. An impor- tant point in chloral narcosis is that it but seldom leaves any bad after-effects or serious depression, al- though this is more noticeable in animals in which instead of producing sleep it has caused delirium and excitement. Full doses, when first given, briefly stimulate the heart, but soon this vital organ becomes depressed, arterial tension is lowered, oxidation is di- minished, and bodily temperature lowered. Large doses rapidly cause a profound narcotism, abolish- ment of the reflexes and sensibility, complete muscu- CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 133 lar relaxation, and a very great fall in temperature. Toxic doses cause death from paralysis of the car- diac motor ganglia and the respiratory centre, or by sudden heart failure in fatty degeneration, the heart being arrested in diastole with the right cavities dis- tended; hence it must be very carefully used on patients affected with heart trouble of any kind or advanced pulmonary disease. Chloral is not a true anodyne, as it neither inter- rupts the transmission of pain nor does it affect the conductivity of the sensory nerves, but overwhelms the brain centres, thus rendering the animal uncon- scious of pain; and hence it may be called an in- direct anaesthetic. Chloral is rapidly diffused in the blood, being supposed to set free chloroform due to its decomposition by the blood, which is an alkaline fluid. It increases the fluidity' of that tissue, crenates the red corpuscles, in large quantity destroys the leucocytes, prevents the coagulation of fibrin, and produces a gen- eral anaemic condition. It is excreted, partly un- changed, by the kidneys, causing some diuresis, and also by the skin. Treatment of Chloral Poisoning. — Atropine in small frequently repeated doses is the best antagonist, as it counteracts the depression of the chloral on the heart, respiration, and cerebro-spinal system. Mor- phine is sometimes given with chloral to prevent the tendency to cardiac failure. Therapeutics.— Chloral is given to quiet irrita- bility and to cause sleep, to relieve gastro-intestinal irritation and spasm — as in colic. But as it is a topi- 134 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. cal irritant, it should not be given if there is conges- tion or inflammation ; in fevers attended with excite- ment and restlessness; in spasmodic cough in all animals; in canine asthma and distemper; conjoined with bromides and cannabis indica in tetanus; as an antagonist in strychnine poisoning; in parturient apoplexy of cattle, attended with nervous excitement; in phrenitis, chorea, and epilepsy. In obstetrics — to relieve pain, to relax the os uteri, to palliate puerperal convulsions, and to relieve after-pains. Externally — a twenty-five per cent, solution is used locally as an antiseptic and anodyne to cancers and ulcers ; appli- cations of chloral-camphor to relieve pain and irrita- bility of neuralgic affections, and the itching attend- ant upon many skin troubles. Chloral is always best given per os and in well-diluted solution. Opium — Opium. The concrete, milky exudation, obtained by incis- ing the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum, or white poppy, an annual herb, natural order Papa- veracese, habitat Asia Minor. In its normal, moist condition it should yield not less than nine per cent, of morphine, when assayed by the official process. It contains seventeen alkaloids, two neutral bodies, two organic acids; also wax, gum, sugar, resin, ex- tractives, odorous principles, etc. The six principal alkaloids of opium are : 1. Morpliina, morphine — hypnotic, anodyne, and narcotic. CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 135 2. Codeiiia, codeine — calmative and less constipat- ing. 3. Thebama, tbebaine — a tetanizer and not used medicinally. 4. Ncu'ceina, narceine — regarded as the most hyp- notic of the six. 5. Papaverina, papaverine — of doubtful action; supposedly narcotic and convulsant. 6. Narcotina^ narcotine — wrongly named, as it is a tetanizer and highly antiperiodic. These principles are combined in the plant with meconic and lactic acids. A derivative of morphine, obtained by the action of HCl, is— Apomorphina, apomorphine — an artificial alkaloid and a powerful emetic. Its hydrochlorate, which is official, is given to the dog in doses of gr. ^ per os, or gr. yq-tw subcutaneously. Chief Preparations of Opium used in veterin- ary practice are : Opil Pulvis, -powdered opium. Dose: H.,3i.-ij.; D., gr. i-iij. Extractum Opii, extract of opium (aqueous). Dose: H., 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. -J-iss. Tinctura Opii, U. S. F. (ten per cent.), tincture of opium, laudanum. Dose: H., fl. si.-ij.; D., Til viij.-xx. Tinctura Opii Camphorata, Elixir Paregoric, camphorated tincture of opium, paregoric, elixir pare- goric. Contains powdered opium 4, benzoic acid 4, camphor 4, oil of anise 4, glycerin 40, and diluted al- 136 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. cohol enough to make 1,000 parts. Dose : D., fl. 3 ss.- iv. Pulvis Ipecacuanhce et Opii, Dover's powder. Contains ipecac 1, opium 1, sugar of milk 8 parts, triturated to a fine powder. Dose: H., 3i.-iij.; D., gr. v.-xv. Preparations of Morphine, etc. — Morphince Acetas, acetate of morphine; Morphince Hydro- chloras, hydrochlorate or muriate of morphine; 3Ior- phince Sulphas, sulphate of morphine. Dose: H., gr. iij.-x.; D., gr. yV" ij subcutaneously one-half of these doses. Morphina sulphas occurs as white, feathery, acicu- lar crystals, of a silky lustre, permanent in the air, odorless, having a bitter taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 24 parts of water, in 702 parts of alcohol, and in 0.75 part of boiling water. Liquor Morphince Sulphatis 3Ictge?idi, Magen- die's solution of morphine. Has morphine sulphate grs. xvi. dissolved in distilled water 1 ounce. Liquor Morphince Sulphatis, U. S. P., 1870. Has morphine sulphate gr. i. to the ounce of dis- tilled water. (Special care must be taken to distin- guish between these two solutions.) Codeina, codeine. White or yellowish-white, more or less translucent, rhombic prisms, somewhat efflorescent in warm air, odorless, having a slightly bitter taste and an alkaline reaction. Soluble in 80 parts of water, in 17 parts of boiling water, in 6 parts of ether, and very soluble in alcohol and in chloroform. Dose: H., gr. v.-xx. ; D., gr. ;j-ij. CEREBRAL DEPRESSAN"TS. 137 Codeince Pliosplias, phosphate of codeine. Is giv- en in the same doses as the preceding, but is much more soluble (1 : 20 of water). Tests f 07^ Morphine. — Nitric acid produces a blood- red, turning orange, then yellow, then disappearing. Ferric chloride gives a rich blue with morphine ; a dark-brown with meconic acid or any preparation of opium. Iodic acid liberates iodine, which may be tested for with starch. Physiological Action.— Opium and its prepar- ations are stimulant to the heart and brain, hypnotic, antispasmodic, deliriant, narcotic, sedative, myotic, and diaphoretic. These last two are not so prominent in the lower animals as in man. Small doses in- crease the heart's action, raise arterial tension, stim- ulate respiration, contract the pupils, and while at first slightly stimulating the glandular intestinal ap- paratus, soon check all secretions except sw^eat and milk. Full doses intensify the heart's action, cause more or less stertorous and shallow respiration, itchi- ness of the nose, retention of urine, pulse becoming gradually irregular; some diaphoresis. In some ani- mals a deep sleep, in others delirium and excitement. Larger doses cause a weak and slow pulse, very ir- regular and stertorous respirations, a cold clammy sweat, and coma. Toxicology.— Death takes place from paralysis of the respiratory centre. Experiments on the lower animals by the writer showed that they are relatively not as much affected by opium and its preparations as man. The horse more usually becomes restless 138 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. excited, and delirious than relapsing into a sleep or coma ; the same is true of the bovine species. Again, in both of these animals the pupil does not always respond to the action of the drug, neither is diapho- resis so readily induced by it as in man. The dog, however, is more susceptible to this drug than the equine or bovine, and although after a brief period of excitement these animals are overcome by its ac- tion, they are quite readily awakened. Particular individuals of all these species, however, will be found quite susceptible to the action of opium and its preparations. The writer injected subcutaneously morphine sulphate 3 i. in a mare of one thousand pounds at 9 P.M. In fifteen minutes the animal ap- peared slightly drowsy, but rapidly became nervous and excited ; by 9 :30 P.M. the pulse was increased both in force and volume, respirations slightly stertorous. 10 p. M: Forty-five grains more ^vere injected; pulse continued, strong and bounding, increased nervous excitement, pupils somewhat dilated. 12 P.M. : The animal appeared still in about the same condition, and at 3 A.M. gr. Ix. more were injected; the pulse was now somewhat weaker than before and respirations irregular and laborious. G A.M. : The last symptoms aggravated, pulse very weak and irregular, nervous excitement much abated, insensibility to pain. 8.30 A.M. : Great dulness, cold sweat, pulse very small and weak, respiration jerky and irregular, pupils con- tracted. Death took place at 9 a.m. Post-mortem examination showed a wet brain, congested lungs, blood fluid and dark-colored, engorgement of the CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 139 venous trunks and right side of heart, bladder dis- tended with a dark- colored urine. Treatment of Opium Poisoning. — The stomach should be evacuated whenever practicable, respiration and circulation maintained ; intratracheal or subcu- taneous injections of atropine in small doses (care- fully, lest atropine narcosis be substituted for the opium narcosis). This is one of the most complete antagonists known. The animal should if possible be kept in motion, and the bladder frequently evacuated to prevent reabsorption. Permanganate of potash is also a very excellent antidote. The w^riter found that an aged gelding poisoned by morphine sulphate 3 i. made a complete recovery in four hours, after receiving drachm doses of the permanganate every half -hour for six consecutive doses. Caffeine, cocaine, and strychnine are also antago- nistic to some of the effects of opium. Therapeutics. — The chief indications for the use of opium or morphine are: (1) To relieve pain; (2) to produce sleep; (o) to allay irritation; (4) to check excessive secretions; (5) to support the system; (0) as a sudorific. It should be carefully used in very young animals or in old animals; also in advanced disease of the kidneys, respiratory apparatus, cardiac troubles, acute fevers, and obstinate constipation. Opium and its preparations are given to relieve pain from any cause except acute inflammation of the brain; in irritation of the bronchi, irritable cough, irritation of the bladder, stomach, intestinal appara- 140 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. tus ; in persistent vomiting due to irritation of the vomiting centre; in diarrhoea and dysentery — usu- ally with tincture kino or other vegetable astringent ; gastritis, enteritis, peritonitis; muscular rheumatism ; spasms, spasmodic colic; in cerebro-spinal menin- gitis— to relieve pain and irritability; tetanus; in diabetes mellitus — to reduce the quantity of sugar; to relieve post-partum irritability and straining in mares, cows, and bitches; also to check premature labor pains. Externally — as a local anodyne and sed- ative, to relieve pain and irritability of wounds, bruises, sores, etc., see Liquor Plumbi et Opii and Plumbum ; applications of laudanum and soap lini- ment to chest w^alls in pleurisy; painful uterine affec- tions— douches of hot water and laudanum. Bromine and Bromides. Bromiim, bromine, is a liquid, non-metallic ele- ment, having the symbol Br, and is obtained from sea-water and certain saline springs. It is a dark, reddish-brown, mobile liquid, evolving, even at or- dinary temperature, a yellowish-red vapor highly ir- ritating to the eyes and lungs, and having a peculiar, suffocating odor, resembling that of chlorine. It is soluble in 33 parts of water and very soluble in both ether and alcohol. It is rarely used medicinallj^ ex- cept by inhalation and as an escharotic. The Chief Preparations of Bromine used in veterinary practice are: Potassii Bromichiin, potassium bromide — KBr. Colorless, translucent, cubical crystals, permanent in CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 141 dry air, odorless, having a pungent, saline taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in l.G parts of water and in 200 parts of alcohol. Sodii Bromichun, sodium bromide — NaBr. Small, colorless or white, monoclinic prisms, or a crystalline powder, permanent in dry air, odorless, having a saline, slightly bitter taste and a neutral or faintly alkaline reaction. Soluble in 1.2 parts of water and in 13 parts of alcohol. Litliii Bromidum, lithium bromide — ^LiBr. A white, granular salt, very deliquescent, odorless, hav- ing a very sharp, somewhat bitter taste and a neu- tral reaction. Very soluble both in water and in alcohol. Ammomi Bromidum^ ammonium bromide — NH.Br. Colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals, or a white granular salt, becoming yellow on long expo- sure to air, odorless, having a pungent, saline taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 1.5 parts of water and in 150 parts of alcohol. Calcii Bromidum^ calcium bromide — CaBr^. A white, granular salt, very deliquescent, odorless, hav- ing a pungent, saline, and bitter taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 0.7 part of water and in 1 part of alcohol. The actions of these bromides are very nearly iden- tical, and their dose is as follows : H. and C, 3 iv.- 3i.; D., gr. v.-xxx. Campliora Monohro7nata. — See Camphor. Acidum Hydrohromicum Dilutum, diluted h3'dro- bromic acid. A clear, colorless, aqueous liquid, con- 142 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. taining ten per cent, of absolute HBr acid, and used as a substitute for the bromides. Dose: H. and C, fl. 3ss.-ij.; D., m xx.-fl. 3ij. Physiological Action of Bromine.— It is an active and painful escharotic, a deodorant and anti- septic, setting free ozone, while its vapor is a powerful irritant to the eyes and resj^iratory mucous mem- branes, causing cough, sneezing, and dyspnoea. In- ternally— it is an active, corrosive poison, causing violent gastritis, depression, and collapse. Physiological Action of the Bromides. — The bromides all have a very salty taste, are very diffusi- ble, and are very slowly eliminated. They become decomposed in the blood, but are reformed at the points of elimination — the fauces, intestines, skin, and kidneys — where they sometimes cause much ir- ritation, and if continued for some time indigestion and even gastric catarrh may result. The bromides are depressants of the cerebral and spinal functions; they are alterative, antispasmodic, and h^^pnotic, the potassium salt particularly in toxic doses being a car- diac and muscular paralyzant. They all reduce the number of the respirations, lower the number and force of the heart beats, and lower arterial tension by diminishing the calibre of the arterioles. The activ- ity of the brain cells is diminished, producing a state of somnolence or drowsiness, and the sensibility of the peripheral nerves is so diminished that a species of anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes is produced. Motility and sexual functions are some- what impaired. There is more or less emaciation, CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS. 143 subnormal body-temperature, fetid breath, sluggish reflexes, and a lack of coordination of movement. These last symptoms, taken collectively, are termed "bromism," and are probably due to the sedative ac- tion of the bromides upon the sympathetic system, causing anaemia of the brain, spinal cord, sexual or- gans, and skin. Toxic doses destroy life by asphyxia. Differences in Action of the Bromides. — Potassium Bromide (containing sixty-six per cent, of bromine) is the most toxic to the heart and mus- cular apparatus, and the least hypnotic. Sodium Bromide (containing seventy-eight per cent, of bromine) is the least toxic, but the most hypnotic. It acts strongly upon the circulation, but is more readily borne by the stomach than the others. Ammonium Bromide, very much resembling the potassium salt, has less influence upon the heart and muscular apparatus, but partakes of the stimulating properties of its base. Lithium Bromide (containing ninety-two per cent, of bromine) is quite similar to the sodium salt, and is a very powerful hypnotic. Calcium Bromide is not very active except as a hypnotic. Incompatihles and Antagonists. — Incompatibles are acids, metallic salts, and- nitrous ether. Vaso- motor stimulants — as digitalis, ergot, and belladonna — antagonize many effects of the bromides, but mor- phine is the most complete antagonist. Contra- Indications for the Use of the Bromides. — Anaemic conditions and weak or fatty heart. 144 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Thekapeutics. — Cardiac excitement — the potas- sium bromide with digitalis. In epilepsy and chorea of dogs; in acute rheumatism — the NH^Br as an al- kali ; in muscular rheumatism — the LiBr. The bro- mides are given to relieve spasms of various kinds, to produce rest, quietude, and sleep — as in tetanus, colic, cerebral and spinal congestion, etc. In dia- betes mellitus— the NH.Br with As,03. The HBr acid is given in irritable cough, etc., and in all cases in which the bromides are indicated, except epilepsy. MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. Gelsemium — ^ Yellow Jasmine. The rhizome and rootlets of Gelsemium sempervi- rens, a climbing plant indigenous in the Southern United States, of the natural order Loganiacese, and containing an alkaloid known as gelsemine, in com- bination with gelsemic acid; also a resinous sub- stance and a volatile oil. Preparations. — Tinctura Gelsemii, tincture of yellow jasmine. Dose: H., fi. 3ij.-viij.; D., lU x.- fl. 3 i. Extractum Gelsemii Fluidimi, fluid extract of yellow jasmine. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-ij. ; D., ttj ij.-xx. Gelsemina, gelsemine. Dose: H., gr. :^f; D., This alkaloid is soluble in alcohol, ether, and chlo- roform, while its salts — the sulphate, nitrate, hydro- MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 145 chlorate, and hydrobromate — are soluble in water and are given in the same doses. Physiological Actions. — Antispasmodic, dia- phoretic, anaphrodisiac, and nervous depressant. In large doses paralyzing motility primarily, and sensibility by central action on the spinal cord, and frequently causing convulsions. Medium doses slow the heart rate and cause impaired sensibility, en- feebled muscular power, dilated pupils, and some dia- phoresis. While gelsemium lowers the heart rate, it is not an arterial depressant and should not be given if the heart is weak. It does not irritate the gastro- intestinal canal, and if given in small repeated doses lowers bodily temperature ; the effect of a single me- dium dose continuing for about three hours. It is excreted chiefly by the kidneys and skin. Therapeutics. — In pneumonia and pleurisy, if heart is not yet weakened ; in spasmodic cough ; in remittent fever; in cerebro-spinal meningitis; in vesicular irritability, incontinence of urine, and dys- menorrhoea. Antagonists are morphine, digitalis, ammonia, and alcohol, ranking in efficacy in the order named ; but the application of heat to the body, artificial res- piration, and emetics when possible, are of vital im- portance to counteract the toxic effects of the drug. Pilocarpus — Jaborandi. T'ae leaflets of Pilocarpus selloanus and of Pilocar- pus jaborandi, Brazilian plants of the natural order Eutacese, containing an amorphous liquid alkaloid, 10 146 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. pilocarpine, which is soluble in alcohol, ammonia, ether, chloroform, and dilute acids, forming crystal- lizable salts — the nitrate and hydrochlorate being chiefly used. Another alkaloid — jaborine — also oc- curs, but only in small quantity, and physiologically it is antagonistic to pilocarpine. Preparations. — Extr actum Pilocarpi Fluidum^ fluid extract of pilocarpus. Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.-viij. ; D., m x.-fl. 3i. Pilocarpince Hydrochloras, hydrochlorate of pilo- carpine; Pilocarpince Nitras, nitrate of pilocarpine. Dose: H., gr. ij.-v. ; D., gr. iV-i; for subcutaneous injection. Physiological Action.— Jaborandi stimulates peripheral nerve endings supplying involuntary mus- cular fibre and glands; is also a paralyzer of the vasomotor system, a diaphoretic, a sialogogue, and depresses the heart by stimulation of the vagus ends. Its m.joi\G and emetic properties are not well marked on the lower animals, excepting the canine species. The same is true of its diaphoretic action, which in the dog is quite prominent, but on the horse and ox is quite uncertain and can only be induced if the ani- mal be heavily clothed and given warm drinks along with full doses of the drug. The nasal, buccal, bron- chial, and lachrymal secretions are very much in- creased, and sometimes a water}^ diarrhoea accom- panies the administration of the drug, due to its powerful stimulant effect upon the muscular coat of the intestines as well as on the intestinal glandular apparatus. When first given, the cardiac actiou is MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 147 increased, but afterward decreased, arterial tension is lowered, and bodily temperature falls from 1° to 4° F. The elimination of urea is greatly increased, but the amount of urine voided is not increased ; the respira- tory power is lowered, and apnoea may occur from accumulation of the increased mucous secretion. Pilocarpus is rapidly diffused and is eliminated by the skin and saliv^arj' glands, its effects continuing for from three to six hours. It causes contractions of the bladder, spleen, and uterus; hence must be cautiously used in pregnant animals. Antagonists. — Morphine and strychnine counter- act some of its effects, but atropine is the most com- plete antagonist. Therapeutics. — Pilocarpus assists in the absorp- tion of pleuritic and other serous effusions, is used in rheumatism, chronic eczema, and with other expecto- rants in catarrhal pneumonia ; in inflammation of the brain, meningitis, laminitis, azoturia, erysipelas, and various dropsical affections ; in torpidity of the boAV- el, obstinate constipation, and colic — combined with physostigmine ; in diabetes insipidus — to reduce the quantity of the urine by throwing the eliminative work upon the skin ; it also gives prompt relief in parotitis. Physostigma— Calabar Bean. (Faba Calabarica.) The seeds of Physostigma venenosum, or ordeal plant, natural order Leguminosse, a w^oody creeper of Calabar, West Africa. It contains, besides albu- 148 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. minous matters, starch, oil, and an alkaloid, known as eserine, phj^sostigmine, or calabrine (some writers claim a second alkaloid for the Calabar bean, and designate this as calabarine). Chief Preparations. — Faba Calabarica, Cala- bar bean (powdered). Dose: H. and C, gr. xv.- XXX. ; D., gr. \-^. PhysostigmincB Salicylas, physostigmine (eser- ine) salicylate. Colorless, shining, acicular, or short columnar crystals, gradually turning reddish w^hen long exposed to light and air, odorless, having a bit- ter taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 130 parts of water and in 12 parts of alcohol. The aque- ous, also alcoholic solution, when exposed to light for a short time, turns reddish and should be dis- carded. Physostigmince Sulphas, physostigmine (eserine) sulphate. In appearance and properties resembles the salicylate. Dose of either of these salts, subcu- taneously or intratracheally : Dose: H., gr. i.-iss. ; D., gr. T0-2V; per OS, H., gr. ij.-iij.; D., gr. -j^-^. Lamellce Fhysostigmce, disks of physostigmine, medicated disks. Used locally on the eye, each con- taining gr. yoV^- Physiological Action.— Physostigma is a pow- erful muscular stimulant and direct spinal paralyzer, capable of producing a complete general paralysis and abolishment of . the reflexes without affecting muscular irritability or the brain. Secretions are stimulated, nausea and vomiting are induced, par- ticularly in carnivora. Its cathartic properties are MOTOR DEPRESSAKTS. 140 brought about by its powerful stimulation of the in- testinal walls, as well as by increasing the amount of intestinal secretion, thus rapidly causing the expul- sion of gas and faeces (in the horse within fifteen to thirty minutes after intratracheal injection). The frequency of tlie heart beats are increased, but de- creased in force, while arterial tension, though at first lowered, is raised. Over-doses cause dyspnoea by a tetanic action on the respiratory muscles, death taking place from CO^ poisoning induced by the paralysis of respiration. Physostigmine contracts the pupil and the ciliary muscle, producing a marked myosis and reducing intraocular pressure. Its myotic effects are noticeable in the horse thirty minutes after adminis- tration ; in carnivora, in from fifteen to twenty min- utes. The elimination of physostigmine, while exe- cuted to some extent by bile, saliva, and gastric fluids, is accomplished chiefly by the kidneys, the urine of an animal under its action being capable of poisoning another. Antagonists, for its effect on the heart, respiration, and pupil, are atropine and chloral hydrate. Therapeutics. — In colic due to intestinal obstruc- tion, etc., constipation, intestinal torpor— physostig- mine combined with equal quantity of pilocarpine. In tetanus— to diminish reflex excitability; in cho- rea, epilepsy, and as antagonists in strychnine and atropine poisoning; in eye diseases, as a myotic, to relieve congestion and inflammation of the eyeball, to reduce intraocular tension, and, alternated with atropine, to reduce adhesions of the iris; also to re- 150 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. lieve pain and to prevent photophobia. Chronic dropsical conditions of articulations and bursse of tendons of the horse, after removing the fluid by the aspirator — the cavity is injected vy^ith a one-per-cent. solution of phj^sostigmine, and ice or refrigerant lo- tions applied for several daj^s to combat the resulting inflammation (Stottmeister). Caution. — Preparations of Calabar bean should never be used in pregnant animals, as the drug stim- ulates the muscular fibre of the uterus, thus some- times causing abortion or miscarriage. AcoxiTUM — Aconite. (Syn. — Wolfsbane, Monkshood, Blue Rocket.) The tuberous root of Aconitum napellus, natural order Ranunculaceae, a perennial plant found in moun- tainous regions, and containing about .03 per cent, of an active alkaloid known as aconitine, in combina- tion with aconitic acid. Other varieties of aconite are said to contain several other principles, concern- ing which there is much division of opinion — viz. : napelline, aconine, pseudaconitine, lyctonine, etc. But it is generally conceded that Aconitum ferox, from Nepaul, contains pseudaconitine, which is much more active than aconitine. Also that a Japanese variety contains an alkaloid known as japaconitine, which is said to be even stronger j^et than pseudacon- itine. Preparations. — Ext r actum Aconiti, extract of aconite. Dose: H., gr. i.-v.; D., gr. i-^. MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 151 Extractiim Aconiti Fluidiun, fluid extract of aco- nite. Dose: H., m v.-xx. ; D., TTi ^i. Tinctura Aconiti, U. S. P., tincture of aconite (thirtj^-five per cent.). Dose: H., ^, xv.-xl. ; D., TTi ss.-iij. Tinctura Aconiti, Fleming's, Fleming's tincture of aconite (seventy-nine per cent.). Dose: H., TTi viij.-xv. ; D., TTi i-f. Now almost obsolete and not so reliable as the fluid extract. Aconitina, aconitine. White, flat crystals, of a feebly bitter taste; soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform; incompatible with alkalies, tannin, and mercurial salts. Difficult to obtain of a constant and reliable strength. The most reliable are Squibb's ni- trate of aconitine and aconitinum purum, Merck. Used hypodermically on the horse in doses of gr. _i i_ 30 2 0* Oleatum Aconitince, oleate of aconite (two per cent.) . For local use only. Physiological Action. — Aconite and its prepa- rations are sensory, cardiac, respiratory, and spinal depressants of great activity and power; also antipy- retics, diaphoretics, and diuretics, its antipyretic ac- tion being due to its sedative action upon the heart and respiration ; hence its use is indicated at the off- set of acute inflammatory diseases. Small doses, given upon the tongue, soon cause a sensation of numbness and a persistent tingling of the lips and tongue. Full doses cause a feeling of constriction of the fauces, irritation of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, with increased secretion, sometimes with 152 VETERIN'ARY MATERIA MEDlCA. a slight diarrhoea. In the horse — movements as of degkitition ; in the dog — nausea and sometimes vom- iting. Alv^^ays more or less salivation, diai3horesis, and diuresis; reduced respiratory power, due to de- pression of respiratory centre, as well as the reduced circulation; decreased heart rate and force; lowered arterial tension and temperature. Toxic doses pro- duce great muscular weakness, impairment of vision, pupils sometimes dilated, occasionally contracted; shallow, irregular, and labored respiration; a slow, weak pulse ; coldness and numbness of body and ex- tremities; clammy sweat; abolishment of reflexes, sensation, and motility. The temperature is low- ered from 2° to 3° F., and death takes place from paralysis of heart and respiration, with or without convulsions, consciousness being preserved until near the end, when CO2 poisoning sets in. Post- mortem examination shows shrunken lungs, contain- ing but little blood ; trachea and bronchi containing much frothy mucus; right side of heart greatly dis- tended with blood, while left side is almost empty; ecchymotic spots found in lungs, pleura, and endo- cardium; digestive organs do not appear seriously affected. Aconite acts chiefly upon the peripheral ends of the sensory nerves, but paralyzes both motor as well as sensory nerves, the latter being affected first and from the periphery inward, while the motor nerves are affected from the centres outward. While not affect- ing the brain, it relaxes the cardiac inhibitory appa- ratus, paralyzes the heart muscle and its contained MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 153 ganglia, the respiratory centres, and the spinal cord in all its functions (motor, sensor}-, and reflex). Aconite is slowly eliminated but rapidly absorbed, and its action continues for from three to four hours ; the elimination being accomplished chiefly by the kidneys, increasing both the solid as well as fluid constituents of the urine. Applied externally, it paralyzes the sensory nerve endings of the part; hence acts as a local anodyne and relieving pain. Aconite Compared with Digitalis. — Aconite at first stimulates, but soon relaxes inhibition and depresses the cardiac motor ganglia. Digitalis in- creases inhibition and stimulates the heart muscle. Both drugs finally paralj'ze the heart — aconite by di- rect depression, digitalis by over-stimulation. Aco- nite arrests the heart in diastole, digitalis in systole. Aconite lowers arterial tension, digitalis raises it. Aconite acts quickly, digitalis very slowly. Both slow the heart, but otherwise antagonize each other in their cardiac actions. Antagonists and Antidotes. — Caffeine, atropine, morphine, ether, ammonia, and amyl nitrite antago- nize its action on the heart and respiration. Digitalis counteracts its heart action and the relaxation of car- diac inhibition, but as it acts only slowly is not of much service in aconite poisoning. Evacuate stom- ach if possible, apply warmth and friction to extrem- ities, stimulants; in small patients — artificial respir- ation ; always recumbent position. Therapeutics. — Aconite is given in carefully regulated doses in pyrexia; in enteritis, peritonitis, 154 YETERTXARY MATERIA MEDICA. laminitis, acute rheumatism, acute inflammations of the respiratory apparatus, and acute throat affections; in simple and eruptive fevers, puerperal and surgical fever, diarrhoea and dysentery from cold or exposure ; in colic — combined with purgatives ; in constipation of plethoric animals, with hot, dry, feverish skin. Aconite liniments are used externally to relieve pain and irritability, but must not be applied over too large a surface, as there might be absorption enough to poison the animal. Veratrum — Hellebore. Varieties of Veratrum. — Veratrum viride, Amer- ican hellebore or poke root (natural order Liliacese) ; Veratrum album, European hellebore ; and Veratrum sabadilla, or Asagroea officinalis, the Mexican variet3\ Of these the first only is official in the U. S. P., but an alkaloid or mixture of alkaloids from the seeds of the Mexican variety is also recognized under the name of veratrine. The alkaloids contained in each plant are as fol- lows: In veratrum viride -jervine, .pseudo-jervine, cevadine, rubi jervine. In veratrum album — jervine, pseudo-jervine, veratralbine, rubijervine. In vera- trum sabadilla — veratrine, cevadine, cevadilline. Veratroidine is now considered a mixture of rubi- jervine and a toxic resin. Preparations. — Extractum Veratri Viridis Fluidum, fluid extract of American hellebore root. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-i. ; D., m J^^. Tinctura Veratri Viridis, tincture of American MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 155 hellebore root (fifty per cent.). Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.- ij.; D., m-H- Veratrum Viride (Put vis), powdered poke root. Dose: H., 3 ss.-i. ; D., gr. yVi- Veratrina, veratrine. An alkaloid or mixture of alkaloids obtained from the seeds of Asagroea offici- nalis, natural order Melanthaceae. A white or gray- ish-white, amorphous, rarely crystalline powder, per- manent in the air, odorless, of a distinctive acrid taste, leaving a sensation of tingling and numbness upon the tongue, producing constriction of the fauces, and highly irritant to the mucous membranes of the upper air passages. It is very slightly soluble in cold or hot water, imparting to it an acrid taste and a fee- bly alkaline reaction. It is soluble in 3 parts of alco- hol, in 6 parts of ether, in 2 of chloroform, in 96 of glycerin, and in 56 parts of olive oil. Dose: H., gr. :^ij. ; D., gr. 5V-T0 ; hypodermically, one-half of these doses. Oleatum Veratrince, oleate of veratrine (two per cent.); Unguentum Veratrince, ointment of vera- trine (four per cent.). For local use only. Physiological Action.— Veratrum viride is a powerful depressant to the heart and spinal functions, a spinal paralyzant, and closely resembles aconite, from which it differs in being a systemic emeto- cathartic, in paralyzing the motor system centrally, impairing the reflexes, but in having but slight ac- tion upon sensation, and in being practically devoid of diaphoretic and diuretic action. Small doses re- duce the force of the pulse, and only affect the fre- 156 VETERINAKY MATERIA MEDICA. quency of the pnlse when continued for some time. It at times causes considerable depression, muscular weakness, nausea, and vomiting. Large doses make the pulse very small, rapid, and almost imperceptible, and frequently cause gastro-enteritis. Respiration is not nearly so much affected as by aconite. Toxic doses cause a fatal cardiac paralysis, preceded by coldness of surface, impaired vision, constant vomit- ing, and sometimes partial unconsciousness. Jervine partly represents the depressant action on the circulation and on the central nervous system, while it does not affect the vagus, and but very slightly the voluntary muscles or motor nerves. It irritates the motor centres in the brain, causing con- vulsions; it lowers the functions of the cord, of the centres in the medulla, especially the vasomotor, and those of the cardiac ganglia, slowing the heart by direct depression either of the cardiac muscle or its motor apparatus. It always causes salivation, but never vomiting or purging ; it kills by asphj^xia, the heart beating after respiration has ceased. Veratroidine always causes emeto-catharsis, pro- duces less violent convulsions, stimulates the vagus centre, and paralyzes the vagus ends ; depresses the cord and paralyzes the respiratory centre, but at the same time increases the excitability of the vasomotor centre. The result is a great slowing of the pulse rate and of respiration, lowering of the blood pressure, until the carbonized blood irritates the vasomotor centre, when blood pressure greatly rises. Veratrum album contains a very powerful alkaloid, MOTOR DEPRESSANfg. 157 veratralbine, and also an irritant poisonous resin. In action it greatly resembles its congener, but is much more irritant to the gastro-intestinal mucous mem- brane, causes violent vomiting and purging, intense abdominal and oesophageal pain, greatly reduced tem- perature and pulse, collapse, and death from paraly- sis of heart and respiration. Yeratrine causes free salivation, affects the heart and circulation similarly to the other veratrise, besides being a direct poison to muscular tissue. The alka- loids jervine and rubijervine both depress the circula- tion, while the latter produces the emeto-catharsis. Veratrum poisoning should be treated in the same manner as aconite poisoning. Therapeutics. — Veratrum, although inferior to aconite in fevers and inflammations, because of its lack of power over excretions, is an excellent sedative in the treatment of aneurism, simple hypertrophy, and irritable heart ; in puerperal convulsions and fe- vers; in the earlier stages of parenchymatous and serous inflammations, particularly in pneumonia and enteritis; in rheumatism, laminitis; hypodermic injections of veratrine in the affected muscles in rheumatism and muscular atony ; also externally to relieve neuralgic pains, and as an insecticide. Flores ARNiciE — Arnica Flowers. The flowering heads of Arnica Montana, natural order Compositse, a perennial plant of the mountain- ous regions of the northern hemisphere. It is some- times known as leopard's bane, and contains a gluco- 158 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. side-like principle — arnicin — which is insoluble in water; also about one per cent, of an essential oil, with inulin, tannin, mucilage, resins, capronic and caprylic acids, and trimethylamine, which is thought to be the active principle, and which is yielded by the essential oil. Tinctura Arnicce Florum (twenty per cent.), tinc- ture of arnica flowers, is the chief preparation. Dose: H., fl. 3ss.-i.; D., fiiv.-x. This preparation is used mostly externally, more or less diluted. The bruised and moistened flowers are also sometimes used as a i3oultice. Internally its action is said to be uncertain, but it has been used with good results in pulmonary congestion and lymphangitis by Pro- fessor Williams and others, who claim that it quick- ens the cutaneous circulation. It is an irritant, stimulant, depressant, antipyretic, diuretic, and vul- nerar3\ Small doses increase the heart's action and stimulate the action of tlie skin and kidneys. Large doses depress the heart and respiration, and reduce temperature. Toxic doses paralyze the entire nervous system, causing collapse and death. Internally — it is employed in rheumatism, lymphangitis, inflamma- tions of serous membranes, in chronic dj'sentery, ty- phoid fevers, paralysis of bladder, chorea, concussion of brain, etc. Externally — to bruises, contusions, sprains, wounds, cuts, harness and saddle galls. The Nitrites. Amyl Nitris, amyl nitrite — C^Hj^NO^ — is a clear, yellowish, oily liquid, of a powerful and ethereal MOTOR DEPRESSANTS. 159 odor, extremely volatile, insoluble in water, but solu- ble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. It is obtained by the reaction of nitrous or nitric acid upon amylic alcohol. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-ij. ; D., mi. -v. Glonoiimm, glonoin, glyceryl trinitrate, trinitrin, nitroglycerin— C3H,(N03) 3— is a clear, oily liquid, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, and is pro- duced by the reaction of HNO3 and H^SO, upon glyc- erin. It is a very explosive compound, and is there- fore usually kept only in one-per-cent. solution in alcohol, which is known as — Tinctura Triniiriiii, one per cent. ; Spirittis Glonoini, one per cent. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-ij.; D., TTISS.-X. Sodii Nitris, sodium nitrite ; Potassce Nitris, po- tassium nitrite. Dose: H., gr. xv.-3iss. ; D., gr. ss.-iij. Etliyli Nitris, ethyl nitrite— C^H.NO^— constitutes about five per cent, of spiritus eetheris nitrosi. (See under ^ther). Physiological Action.— The nitrites are said to produce great vascular dilatation, and consequently lower blood pressure. They are all muscle poisons in large doses. They create a tumultuous action of the heart by relaxing its inhibitory apparatus ; they di- minish sensation, motion, and reflexes; they lower body temperature and respiration. The amyl nitrite is the most prompt but less endur- ing in action, and is best given by inhalation. The nitroglycerin is less prompt, less violent, but more lasting in action, and most suitable for internal use. IGO VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Therapeutics. — The nitrites are employed in an- gina pectoris, asthma, epilepsj^, spasmodic cough, vomiting and nausea, puerjDeral convulsions, chronic interstitial nephritis, tetanus. ANTIZYMOTICS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTI- PERIODICS. The cinchona alkaloids are the most powerful of these, and have already been described. Antipyrinum — Antipyrin. (Syn. — Phenazone, Methozine, Analgesine, Dimethyl- phenylpy razolon . ) A synthetical base, which forms salts analogous to the ammonia compounds, and is a product of the de- structive distillation of coal tar. It may also be prepared synthetically. It occurs as a whitish, crys- talline, odorless powder, which combines with acids to form salts ; slightly bitter taste, soluble in its own weight of water, in alcohol, and chloroform, but not so readily soluble in ether. It is best given alone, as it is incompatible with many drugs, the more impor- tant of which are tannic and prussic acids, chloral hy- drate, preparations of cinchona bark, ferric salts in so- lution, infusions and tinctures containing tannin and quinine, tincture of iodine, and corrosive sublimate. In action it is a powerful antipyretic, antirheu- matic, antineuralgic, antiseptic, and haemostatic. Large doses are apt to irritate the gastro-intestinal mucous membranes, and in the dog to cause vomit- AKTIZYMOTirS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTIPERIODICS. 161 iiig. This may be avoided by giving the drug in aerated water. It is rapidly absorbed and but slowly eliminated, which last process is carried on chiefly by the kidneys. It does not lower the body tempera- ture in health, but has great power to do so in ab- normal body temperature, w^hether given internally, subcutaneously, or intratracheally. Its effects as a febrifuge are due to diminished heat-production. Occasionally it will produce a profuse perspiration, vertigo, collapse, and in the dog at times a rash re- sembling that of measles. Antipyrine may be given in all febrile and inflammatory diseases, influenza, acute muscular and articular rheumatism, and dia- betes insipidus, in doses for the horse of 3 i.-iv. ; for the dog, gr. v.-xx. Externally— it is employed in five- to ten-per-cent. solutions as a haemostatic ; sub- cutaneous injections of the drug are used to relieve pain and nervous irritability in the treatment of colic (dose about one-third of that per os). ACETANILIDUM — ACETANILID. (Known also as Phenyl Acetamide, Antifebrin [a trade name].) Acetanilid is obtained by the reaction of glacial acetic acid on anilin. It occurs as colorless or whit- ish, shining, odorless crystals, having a slightly burning taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 190 parts of cold water, in 18 parts of boiling water, and in H parts of alcohol ; also soluble in chloroform and ether. Dose: H., Si.-ij.; D., gr. v.-xv. 11 162 VETERINART MATERIA MEDIC A. Physiological Action. — Acetanilid is a power- ful antipyretic, analgesic, and antispasmodic, anti- rheumatic, antineuralgic, diaphoretic, and slight antiseptic. Its action somewhat resembles that of antipyrine, but while this is manifested more slowly it continues for a much longer period — i.e.^ about six hours. It is a cerebral, muscular, and vasomotor stimulant, and leaves no ill after-effects, such as some- times follow the administration of antipyrine. Therapeutics. — It is used in the same diseases in which antipj^rine is administered, and also exter- nally as an antiseptic to wounds slow in healing. Carbolic Acid— Phenol. Carbolic acid — CeH^HO or C^^fi — also known as phenyl hydrate, phenyl alcohol, phenic acid, and phenol, was discovered in 1848 by Runge, and is ob- tained from coal tar by fractional distillation and subsequently purified. It occurs as colorless, inter- laced, needle-shaped crystals, sometimes acquiring a pinkish tint, deliquescent on exposure, having a dis- tinctive, slightly aromatic odor, resembling creosote; when diluted a sweetish taste, with a slightly burn- ing after-taste and a neutral reaction. It produces a benumbing, blanching, and caustic effect upon the skin, coagulates albumen (difference from Creosote, U. S. P.), is soluble in 20 parts of water, very solu- ble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, gl3'cerin, fixed and volatile oils. Acidum Carholicum Purum Liquefactum, pure ANTIZYMOTICS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTIPERIODICS. \(\') carbolic acid liquefied. Is given internally in doses of: H., TTix.-xl. ; D., lUss.-ij. Always well diluted in glycerin or oil, or in bolus. Acidum CarboUcum Crudum^ crude carbolic acid. Consists of various constituents of coal tar, chiefly cresol and phenol, and is also obtained by fractional distillation. Used only as a disinfectant and deodorant. Preparations.— Z7^igri«enfw?>z Acidi Carholici (ten per cent.), ointment of carbolic acid. Used locally. Glycerinum Acidi Carholici, glycerine of carbohc acid, 1 to 4 of glycerin. Liquor Acidi Carholici, solution of carbolic acid. For local use in antiseptic surgery, of various propor- tions in water; two and a half per cent, for sponges, hands, etc. ; five per cent, as a spray. Oleum Carholizatum, carbolized oil. Used local- ly, contains of carbolic acid 1 part and cotton-seed oil 7 parts. Derivatives. — Sodii Sidphocarholas, sodium sulpho-carbolate, prepared by dissolving carbolic acid in an equal part of sulphuric acid, to form sulpho- carbolic acid, and neutralizing with barium and so- dium carbonates. Occurs in rhombic prisms, soluble in 5 parts of water. Dose: H., 3ij.-vi.; D., gr. v. -XX. Used internally as an antiseptic and antizy- motic, but clinical observation has failed to substan- tiate the high claims made for it some years ago. Salol, phenyl salicylate, the salicylic ether of phenyl (see under SaHcylic Acid), com'Diues the ac- 164 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. tions of the drugs from which it is derived, and is at once the best and safest manner of administering car- bolic acid internally. Campho-Pheniqiie, a saturated solution of cam- phor in liquefied carbolic acid, is a most excellent antiseptic, especiall}' adapted to local use. It is markedly anaesthetic and anodyne, and can be ap- plied pure or diluted with oil or glycerin to the most painful and sensitive wound or burn. Physiological Action. — Carbolic acid is the best known and most commonly used disinfectant and antiseptic, although not the most active. It is an antiferment, a deodorizer, and prevents the decomposi- tion of albuminous fluids by bacteria. Applied locally it is a styptic, anaesthetic, and superficially escharotic, coagulating the albumin of the part ; it is powerfully poisonous to the tissues, and when applied directly to muscle or nerve paral3^zes these at once without pre- vious stimulation. When given undiluted and in large doses carbolic acid causes violent gastro-enter- itis with vomiting and purging, followed by collapse, delirium, and often convulsions and death. After absorption it acts by selection upon the medulla, es- pecially upon the respiratory and vasomotor centres therein, which it first briefly stimulates and then completely paralyzes. It stimulates cardiac inhibi- tion, first slowing the heart, then depressing, and finally paralyzing it. Respiration, at first increased, is soon depressed, the pupils become contracted, the brain and spinal cord are directly afi;ected; stupor, coma, suspended reflexes, impaired motility and sen- ANTIZYMOTICS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTIPERIODICS. 1G5 sibility are produced. It is rapidly absorbed and also rapidly diffused, and fatal cases have occurred from its local use in full strength. The dog and cat are especially sensitive to carbolic acid ; hence it must be very carefully used on these animals. It is partly oxidized in the body and partly eliminated by the lungs, skin, and kidneys, imparting to the urine an olive-brown color, and giving this excretion the power of resisting putrefaction for a considerable time. Death from a medium dose occurs by paralysis of res- piration; from a large dose by paralysis of the heart. The blood after death is very dark in color and almost non-coagulable. Antidotes and Antagonists. — Magnesium or so- dium sulphate in large doses at once to form a sul- phocarbolate; aqua calcis in copious doses, but is not so efficient as the sulphates ; atropine is a com- plete physiological antagonist, maintaining the heart and respiration. Vegetable demulcents — as oatmeal gruel, linseed tea, etc. (but no oils or glycerin) — to protect the mucous surfaces. Therapeutics. — As an antiseptic carbolic acid may be applied in surgery and in the treatment of wounds of all kinds, excepting those of the eye. As a wash in footrot among sheep, fistulsB, burns, scalds, injuries of vagina or uterus, resulting from parturi- tion, leucorrhoeal and other discharges. Internally — in Texas fever, anthrax, foot-and-mouth diseases catarrhal influenza of horses, strangles, typhoid com- plaints. As a mouth-wash in stomatitis and glossi- tis ; as an intratracheal injection in calves suffering 166 VETERIXAKY MATERIA MEDICA. from stranguli (usually combined with oil of turpen- tine). Externally — as an ointment in grease, scratch- es, eczema, scab, mange, and to destroy lice and fleas. The crude acid is used as a disinfectant and deodorant in stables, kennels, etc. AciDUM Salicylicum— Salicylic Acid. Acidum Salicylicum^ Salicylic Acid, an organic acid, which was originally prepared from salicin, a crystalline glucoside obtained from several species of salix (willow) and poj^ulus (poplar). Salicylic acid is now prepared synthetically from carbolic acid by the reaction of sodium and carbonic anhydride. It occurs in fine, white, light, prismatic, needle-shaped crystals, permanent in the air, free from odor of carbolic acid, but sometimes having a slight, aromatic odor, of a sweetish and slightly acrid taste and an acid reaction. Soluble in -450 parts of water and in 2.5 parts of al- cohol, in 2 parts of ether, and in 80 parts of chloro- form. Dose: H., 3 ij.-vi. ; D., gr. v.-xv. Preparations. — Sodii Scdicylas, sodium salicy- late. Small, white, cr^^stalline plates, or a crystalline powder, permanent in the air, odorless, having a sweetish, saline, and mildly alkaline taste and a feebl)^ acid reaction. Soluble in 1.5 parts of water and in 6 parts of alcohol. Lithii Salicylas, lithium salicylate. A white powder, deliquescent on exposure to air, odorless or nearly so, having a sweetish taste and a faintly acid reaction. Very soluble in water and in alcohol. Salol, salicylate of phenyl. A fine, crystalline, ANTIZYMOTICS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTIPERIODICS. 167 white powder, having an aromatic odor and insipid taste. Soluble in 10 parts of alcohol ; also in chloro- form, ether, and fixed oils; almost insoluble in water. When heated with an alkali, salol splits up into sali- cylic acid CO parts, and carbolic acid 40 parts. The doses of these three preparations of salicylic acid are: H., 3iv.-3i.; D., gr. v.- 3 ss. Physiological Action. — Salicj-lic acid is an an- tipyretic, antiseptic, antiperiodic, antirheumatic, and antiferment. Small doses stimulate the stomach, heart, and respiration. Large doses cause gastric derangement, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes diar- rhoea in all animals ; depress the heart and respira- tion, lower arterial tension, and reduce temperature in fever. Continued large doses cause symptoms resembling cinchonism (see Quinine). Toxic doses produce death by paralysis of respiration. It does not stimulate the flow of bile, but renders this secre- tion more watery, and is excreted by the skin, sali- vary glands, and kidneys, the latter organs being sometimes so irritated by the drug as to cause albumi- nuria. Sodium salicylate, although much resembling salicylic acid in action, is devoid of the antiseptic properties of the latter. It is also a diaphoretic and cholagogue, being supposed to possess the property of increasing the fluidity of the bile, at the same time promoting the secretion of the latter, while other cholagogues increase the proportion of solids in the bile. The corresponding lithium salt closely resem- bles this, but has more power over excretion. Salol is antiseptic, analgesic, a good antipyretic, 168 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDIC A. diaphoretic, and antiferment, of more potency than either of its constituents ; is not so toxic, nor so irri- tant and depressant. It is also sedative to the cere- bro-spinal system. Therapeutics. — Salicj^lic acid is employed in acute catarrhal conditions of the respiratory appara- tus, in influenza, rheumatism, purpura, peritonitis, in fevers, especially of the septicsemic kind; as an anti- ferment in colic, tympanites, etc., in the horse, cattle, and sheep. Externally — in eczema, parasitic skin affections, to gangrenous wounds, etc. Sodium and lithium salicylate — for the same pur- poses as the acid, but are preferable in rheumatic dis- orders. Salol, besides the uses already mentioned, is one of the best disinfectants for the gut, being an efficient remedy for duodenal catarrh, vesical catarrh, etc., and as an antiseptic for the urinary apparatus. As a febrifuge it supersedes salicylic acid and its other preparations. It is much employed in infectious diarrhoea in calves, sheep, and dogs. Thymol and Menthol. TJiymol — CjqHj^O — is a phenol contained in oil of thyme and in the volatile oils of several other plants. It occurs as large hexagonal crystals, nearl}^ or quite colorless, having an aromatic, thyme-like odor, a pungent, aromatic taste, with a ver}^ slight caustic effect upon the lips, and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 1,200 parts of water and in 1 part of alcohol; also in ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, fixed and ANTIZYMOTICS, AXTIPYEETICS, ANTIPERIODICS. 1G9 volatile oils. It liquefies when triturated with equal quantities of camphor, menthol, or chloral. Thymol resembles both carbolic acid and oil of tur- pentine in its action, being a pow^erful antiseptic and germicide like the former, and like the latter an irri- tant to the organs of elimination and a paralyzant. Toxic doses, when absorbed, paralyze the nerve cen- tres in the spinal cord and medulla from the first, with no preliminary stimulation — slowing respira- tion, lowering arterial tension and body-temperature, as well as lessening reflex excitability. It is elimi- nated by^ the kidneys and respiratory organs, causing more or less irritation at the points of elimination. Autopsies on animals poisoned by it show fatty de- generation of the liver (as with phosphorus), and great congestion of the bronchial and pulmonary mu- cous membranes and of the kidneys. Thymol is employed as an antiseptic application to wounds and skin diseases, and as a spray or inhala- tion in chronic affections of the lungs and bronchi. It has considerable repute in vesical catarrh. Dose: H., gr. x.-xxx. ; D., gr. ss.-v. Menthol, peppermint camphor— CjoH^gOH — is a stearopten, isomeric wdth thymol, and is obtained from oil of peppermint by deposit on exposure to cold. It occurs in colorless crystals or masses, having the characteristic taste and odor of peppermint oil. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, but only sparingly soluble in water. Dose : H. , gr.xv.- 3 ss. ; D., gr. ss.-iij. Oleum Menthoe Piperitce, oil of peppermint, is the 170 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. volatile oil obtained by distillation from the fresh herb, and contains menthol and a liquid terpene. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-i. ; D., miij.-v. Aqua Menthoe PijDeritce, peppermint water, con- taining one drop of the oil to the fluidounce of water. Used as a vehicle, chiefly in canine practice. Spiritus MenthcE PiperUm, essence of peppermint (containing ten per cent, of the oil and one per cent, of the powdered herb). Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-i. ; D., TT[xv.-3 i. Menthol is a local vascular stimulant when applied to the skin, a local ansesthetic and parasticide, and is non-corrosive. Internally — carminative, antispas- modic, and somewhat antifermentative. It stimu- lates the secretory nerves and cardiac muscle, and like camphor causes a periodic increase in arterial tension, but does not affect the pulse rate. It in- creases the number of the respirations but lessens thedr depth. It lessens sensation and reflex sensibil- ity, in large doses destroying both, and parah^zing the cerebro-spinal system. Menthol and peppermint preparations are used internall}^ as carminatives, antispasmodics, and stimulants, to relieve colic and flatulence; as corrigents to purgatives to prevent griping. Menthol combined with ether and chloro- form is much used as a local anaesthetic. Chlorum — Chlorine. Chlorine — CI — is a greenish-yellow gas, belonging to the halogen group of elements. Some of the chlo- rine compounds have been already described under EVACUENTS. 171 Ammonium, Potassium, Sodium, Hj^drochloric Acid, etc. Chlorine is the most powerful of all the disinfec- tants and deodorants, an antiseptic and antiferment of great activity, its power being due to its affinity for H, decomposing all bodies which contain this ele- ment as a molecular constituent, forming HCl, and setting O free in its nascent form of ozone. Locally chlorine is highly irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. When inhaled in quantity it causes cough, sneezing, spasm of the glottis, and inflamma- tion of the respiratory mucous membranes and of the lungs. For actions and uses of its various com- pounds, see under their respective headings. EVACUENTS. This division of materia medica includes all reme- dies which promote some evacuation from the body — as the emetics, cathartics, anthelmintics, diuretics, etc. EMETICS. Cupri Sulphas^ copper sulphate. See under Cop- per. Zinci Sulphas, zinc sulphate. See under Zinc. Hydrargyri Suhsulphas Flavus, yellow mercuric subsulphate, turpeth mineral. For the dog, gr. iij.- v., with sugar of milk. One of the best and very prompt. 172 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Ahunen, alum. See under Alum. Safe, but slow in action. Sinapis Alba, white or yellow mustard ; Sinapis Nigra, black mustard. See under Sinapis (topical agents) . Apomojyhina, apomorphine. See under Opium. Very depressant and convulsant. Antimonii et Potassce Tartras, Tartarus Stibi- atus, tartrate of antimony and potassium, tartar emetic. Given to the dog in doses of gr. i.-iv. dis- solved in tepid water. Emetics are given to cause expulsion of foreign bodies from any part of the oesophageal tract or from the air passages, to remove or evacuate the contents of the stomach, and to remove an obstruction from the gall duct. Contra-indications for their use are — aneurism, atheroma, hemorrhagic diathesis, hernia, prolapsus uteri, and pregnancy. Ipecacuanha — Ipecac. The dried root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, a Brazil- ian shrub of the natural order Rubiacese, collected during the first three months of the year. The shrub grows about three feet high ; the root has a twisted knotty appearance, of about the thickness of a quill, and is from two to four inches long. The active principle is contained in the outside brownish bark, while the inner part of the root is white and nearly inactive, medicinally. The powdered root is of a grayish-brown color, of a bitter, acrid taste, and has iJVACUENTS. 173 a faint nauseating odor. The root contains a crj^stal- line alkaloid, emetine ; a glncoside, ipecacuanhic acid ; also gum, starch, etc. J and a trace of a volatile oil. Preparations. — Pulvis Ipecacuanhce, powdered ipecac root. Dose: H., 3ss.-ij.; D., gr. ss.-ij.; as an emetic, gr. x.-xxx. Extractum Ipecacuanlioe Fluidum, fluid extract of ipecac. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-ij. ; D., fii^ss.-ij. ; as emetic, ttixv.-xxx. Syrupiis Ipecacuanlioe^ syrup of ipecac (seven per cent.). Dose: D., fl. 3 i.-iv. Pulvis Ipecacuanlioe et Opii, powder of ipecac and opium, Dover's powder. Contains ipecac 10, opium 10, sugar of milk 80. Dose: H., 3i.-iij.; D., gr. v.-xv. Physiological Action and Uses.— Ipecac is a cholagogue, diaphoretic, expectorant, and emetic for dogs, cats, and pigs. Full doses, sufficient to cause emesis, when given to animals which do not vomit, produce an increased amount of bronchial secretion; hence are given in catarrh and bronchitis when cough is " hard and fast." The powder when inhaled causes sneezing, and is sometimes used as a sternu- tatory. Medicinal doses increase all the mucous se- cretions, the hepatic secretions, and the sweat glands. Continued use begets tolerance. Small doses act as a stomachic tonic and stimulant to the gastric secre- tions. As a diaphoretic the Dover's powder is much used in rheumatism, diarrhoea, and dysentery, in the latter troubles being given in large doses up to toler- ance. As an expectorant in bronchitis, spasmodic It4 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. cough, and other affections of the respirator}- appa- ratus. In hepatic congestion, jaundice, etc., with calomel and aloes. As an emetic to relieve the stom- ach in acute indigestion of the dog; in small doses to relieve vomitinor due to nervous excitement. CATHARTICS. Cathartics are divided into laxatives, and simple, saline, drastic, hydragogue, and cholagogue purga- tives. Laxatives. Sulphur Lotum, Sulphur PrcBcipitatum. See under Sulphur. Magnesii Carhonas. See under Magnesium. Oleum Ricini, castor oil, the fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis. The seeds con- tain about fifty per cent, of the oil, which is obtained by expression, without the aid of heat. The oil is purified by rest, is sometimes filtered, and even bleached. It is a mild laxative; becomes partly emulsified, and this part of it is absorbed ; but the greater part passes on through the intestines, stimu- lating secretion and peristalsis without griping, and frequently may be detected in the faeces. It is given in diarrhoea and dysentery, and constipation during pregnancy, etc. Dose: H., 3 fl.xij.-xvi. ; D., fl. 5ss.-ij. Fruits, roots, green food, bran mashes, etc., also act as laxatives. CATHARTICS. 175 Simple Purgatives. Rheum, rhubarb (Radix rhei), the dried and sliced root of Rheum palmatum and other rhubarb species. Obtained chiefly from China and Thibet. It is stom- achic, tonic, astringent, a mild cathartic and chola- gogue ; increases the secretion of bile. Small repeated doses improve digestion and assist to correct slight gastric derangement; large doses are mild cathartics in the dog and cat. Dose as stomachic and tonic for the dog, gr. x.-xx. ; as cathartic, 3 i.-iij. Aloe, aloes, the inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe vera (Barbadoes aloes) and other aloes species. Contains aloin, a neutral principle common to all va- rieties of the plant, of which three are found in the market. 1. Aloe Barhadensis, Barbadoes aloes, obtained from the West Indies, is of a liver-brown color, an opaque, earthy fracture, a persistent, disagreeably bit- ter taste, a strong, disagreeable odor. When breathed upon, it gives off an odor resembling that of the human axilla. It is tough and hard to pulverize, and its powder is a dull olive yellow and darker than that of the other varieties. It is almost entirely soluble in proof spirit. . 2. Aloe Socotrince, socotrine aloes, from East In- dia, Bombay, and Zanzibar. Reddish -brown pieces of various sizes, breaking with a smooth, resinous fracture. Darkens on exposure to air ; odor, although strong, is somewhat agreeable ; taste, very bitter. 176 VETERIXARY MATERIA MEDICA. 3. Aloe Cajjiensis, Cape aloes, from Cape Town, Natal, etc. The better qualities are equal almost to the Barbadoes and socotrine aloes, but give less wa- ter}' discharges, and the action does not continue for so long a time. Olive-green, resinous appearance; strong, disagreeable, sour odor; bitter taste. The pieces are very brittle, are easily powdered, and the powder has the aj)pearance of chrome 3'ellow or gam- boge. Physiological Action. — Aloes is chiefly a pur^ gative, stimulant, and bitter tonic; also anthelmintic. Externally — a stimulant and desiccant. When giv- en internally aloes is dissolved by the gastric juice, saponified by the pancreatic juice and bile, enters the circulation, and communicates its bitterness and pur- gative qualities to milk and other secretions. It is excreted by the intestinal glandular apparatus and kidneys. Large doses cause hypersemia of the uterus, kidneys, and other pelvic organs. It increases peri- stalsis, also the amount of secretion in the intestines; but its action is confined chiefly to the large gut. The secretion of bile is also stimulated. It requires from twelve to twentj'-four hours to operate. It is the most suitable purgative for the equine species, and should be given in bolus or drench, the latter act- ing somewhat more rapidly. When given to cattle it is usually more active when conjoined with sa- lines. Therapeutics.— Aloes is given in small doses as a bitter tonic in dyspepsia, irregularity of the bowel ; as a purgative in constipation ; in torpidity of the CATHARTICS. 177 bowel and habitual constipation — combined with nux vomica ; in enfeebled and relaxed conditions of the alimentary canal — combined with iron and in small doses; in spasmodic and flatulent colic — with ano- dynes and carminatives; in acute indigestion, to carry off the contents of the stomach and intestines ; in azoturia in very large doses, usually as a drench, with other depletives; in lymphangitis — combined with digitalis; as an anthelmintic— combined with santonin, ether, oil of male fern, oil of turpentine, etc.; in torpidity of the liver — v/ith calomel. As a purgative for the horse, in order to insure a free ac- tion, the animal should be first prepared with bran mashes for two meals ; an hour or two after the last mash the ball should be given, and ten to twelve hours later the animal should be walked about for a short time. A very good and efficient bolus is com- posed of Aloes 3vi., fluid extract belladonna 3i., powdered capsicum 3i., powdered nux vomica 3i. The ingredients may be increased in dose to suit the requirements of any particular case. Aloes should not be given if the alimentary canal is seriously in- flamed or irritated ; nor in severe respiratory diseases, pregnancy, hernia, rectal hemorrhage, or prolapsus ani . A purgative dose of aloes should not be repeated until at least thirty-six hours after the first has been given, as superpurgation is readily induced. Dose : as a purgative, H., 3 ss.-i. ; C, si.-iij-; D., gr. XX.- 3 i. ; as a tonic, one-sixth to one-eighth of these doses suffice. Aloes has been used externally as tinctura aloes et 12 178 VETERIN"ARY MATERIA MEDICA. myrrhse, a stimulant to wounds, etc. The powder is mixed with plaster of Paris when applying the latter to fractured limbs of dogs, etc., to prevent these ani- mals from tearing off their bandages. Oleum Lini Seminis, linseed or flaxseed oil, the fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Linum usitatissi- mum, without heat (see also under oils and fats). A yellowish, oily liquid, having a slight, peculiar odor, a bland taste, and a neutral reaction. When ex- posed to air it gradually thickens, acquires a strong odor and taste, and finally solidifies. Specific gravity about 0.936. It is soluble in 5 parts of absolute al- cohol and in 1.5 parts of ether. The oil is given as a cathartic to all animals, and as it acts without griping is especially useful in irritable and inflamed conditions of the alimentary canal and urinary ap- paratus, and when the use of other and more active purgatives is excluded. For cattle it is combined with oleum tiglii to increase its activity. Small doses are given with mashes as a food to animals recovering from exhausting diseases. Laxative ene- mata are composed of the oil with a small quantity of turpentine. Dose: H., O ss.-i. ; D., fl. 3 i.-ij. Oleum Rlcini, castor oil. In large doses is quite active, particularly in the dog. The Bucktliorns include: Buckthorn berries — of the Rhamnus catharticus or purging buckthorn; buckthorn bark — of the Rhamnus frangula or black alder ; and the dried bark of the Rhamnus purshiana, Cascara sagrada (diittom or sacred bark), some- times known as California buckthorn. CATHAR.TI®S. 179 They are all cathartics for the dog and cat, but are not so active in the larger animals. The cascara sa- grada is particularly useful in the habitual constipa- tion of house-raised and pampered animals. The fluid extract of the first two is frequently combined with ammonia muriate and given to horses suffering from congested and inactive liver, after having first given an aloes purge. Dose of the fluid extract of any of the Buckthorns: H., fl. 3 ss.-ij. ; D., 3 ss.-ij. Saline Purgatives. Magnesii Carhonas, carbonate of magnesium. Light, white friable masses, or a light, white pow- der, odorless and tasteless. Insoluble in alcohol, and almost insoluble in water, to which it imparts a fee- bly alkaline reaction; soluble in dilute HCl with co- pious effervescence. Dose: D., gr. v.-xxx. Pulvis Magnesii cum Bheo, Pulvis JRhei Com- positus, rhubarb and magnesia, or compound pow- der of rhubarb. Contains rhubarb 25, magnesia 65, and ginger 10. Dose: D., gr. x.-xxx. Magnesii Sulphas, sulphate of magnesia, Epsom salt. Found in various rocks, soil, in sea-water, and some mineral springs (it is named after the mineral springs of Epsom), Small, colorless, right-rhombic prisms, or acicular needles, slowly efflorescent in dry air, odorless, having a cooling, saline, and bitter taste and a neutral reaction. Soluble in 0.8 part of water, insoluble in alcohol. Somewhat resembles sul- phate of zinc and also oxalic acid. It is distinguished 180 vetert:n-ary materia medic a. from the zinc compound by its taste, absence of me- tallic astringency, and by its neutral solution, giving no precipitate with hydrogen sulphide; distinguished from oxalic acid by its finer and more needle-shaped crystals, its bitter taste, its lack of acid reaction, and its property of precipitating alkaline carbonates with- out effervescence. Dose: cathartic, H., lb. ss.-i. ; C, lb. i.-iss. ; D., 3 ij.-iv. Asa febrifuge and al- terative, one-eighth to one-fifth of these doses suflQce. Its activity as a purgative may be somewhat in- creased by the addition of diluted sulphuric acid. The magnesia salts are non-poisonous ; when given internally they are slowly absorbed. The carbonate is used as a laxative and antacid. Its laxative prop- erties are somewhat increased when the contents of the intestine and stomach are acid ; hence it is given to calves and foals suffering from acidity and flatu- lence ; also to dogs and cats. The sulphate is purga- tive, alterative, febrifuge, and also slightly diapho- retic and diuretic, being excreted by the kidneys and skin. For ruminants it is a good purgative, but on the horse its action is rather uncertain. It is admin- istered in indigestion, constipation, etc., and is usu- ally given with some carminatives; as a febrifuge to horses affected with influenza, pneumonia, and other febrile disorders, when there is any tendency' to con- stipation ; also as an antidote in lead-poisoning. Potassii Bitartras, potassium bitartrate, cream of tartar. Colorless or slightl}' opaque, rhombic crj^s- tals, or a white, somewhat gritty powder, permanent in the air, odorless, having a pleasant, acidulous CATHARTICS. 181 taste and an acid reaction. Soluble in 210 parts of water, slightlj^ soluble in alcohol. In action some- what resembles the acetate and nitrate of potassium. In small doses it is diuretic, and larger doses purga- tive. Dose: H., 3 iv.-viij. ; D., 3 i.-iv. Sodii Sulphas, sulphate of sodium, Glauber's salt. See under Sodium. Drastic Purgatives. Jalapa, jalap, the tuberous root of Ipomoea jal- apa, a Mexican plant, of the natural order Convolvu- lacesB. Contains fifteen to twenty per cent, of the official resin, which is composed of two resins — jala- pin and convolvulin — the latter being the more active of the two. It is a hydragogue cathartic, a vermi- fuge, and cholagogue. It is neither so powerful nor so irritant as gamboge, colocynth, or elaterium. Its cathartic action upon horses and cattle is very slight, two ounces having been given to the horse with but a gentle cathartic effect, but marked diuresis. For dogs and pigs it is a good purgative, although at times causing nausea and vomiting. Dose: D., 3 ss.-ij., of the powdered root. Oleum Tiglii, oleum crotonis, croton oil. A fixed oil obtained by expression from the seeds of Croton tiglium, an East Indian tree. The seeds contain about fifty per cent, of the oil, which is of a brown- ish-yellow color, somewhat viscid, and slight!}^ fluor- escent; a slight, fatty odor, a mild, oily, afterward acrid and burning taste, and a slightly acid reaction. 182 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Specific gravity, 0.940 to 0.955. When fresh it is soluble in about GO parts of alcohol, the solubility and therapeutic activity increasing with age. It is freely soluble in ether, chloroform, and other oils. Contains several fatty and volatile acids, one of which is known as tiglinic acid. Dose: H., iTlxv.-xxx. ; C, fl. 3 ss.- i.; D., mi.-iij. Croton oil is a drastic purgative, producing copious watery evacuations. It is somewhat too irritant for general use on the horse, and is more often employed in cattle practice, since it acts quicker than aloes. Large doses act as a corrosive poison. Externally it is a powerful irritant, causing a special vesicular eruption, which gradually becomes pustular. On account of its liability of leaving a permanent blem- ish, it is but little used externally. On the dog and pig its purgative qualities are not accompanied by as much irritation as with the horse. Gambogia, gamboge, gum gutti, a gum resin ob- tained from Garcinia hanburii, a medium-sized tropi- cal tree of Siam, Burmah, and Ceylon. It is a very powerful irritant and drastic, hydragogue cathartic, given chiefly to cattle in obstinate constipation , brain diseases, parturient apoplexy, etc., and is second only to croton oil for activity. It is usually conjoined in smaller doses with other cathartics — as Epsom or Glauber's salt. Dose: C, Jss.-i.; S., gr. xx.-xxx. Eserince Salicylas, Chrysostigmince Salicylas.— See under Calabar Bean. Bar a Chloridnm, barium chloride — (BaCl^H- 2il,fi) — colorless, flat, four-sided crystals, of a bitter, CATHARTICS. 183 salty taste. Soluble in 2^ parts of water, almost in- soluble in alcohol. Used as a cardiac tonic and al- terative in weakened heart's action. Externally — as coUyrium in conjunctivitis and wound dressing; ^ to 2 parts to 100 of water. Professor Dieckerhoff's re- cent experiments on horses, cattle, and sheep show that it is a powerful and rapid purgative, but which must be cautiously employed since clinical experience and observation of its actions are still incomplete. It is said not seriously to affect either respiration or circulation when given in doses large enough to cause catharsis. The impure chloride of barium has long- been used as a "rat poison." Dose: H., 3ss.-iij., per OS; if intravenously, gr. v.-xx., dissolved in dis- tilled water. N.B. : Intravenous injections require great care ! Cholagogue Purgatives. PodoplujUum, May-apple, the rhizome and rootlets of Podophyllum peltatum or mandrake (natural order Berberidese). Its active principle is: Resina Podophylli, resin of podophyllum. Dose: H., 3i.-ij.; D., gr. ss.-ij. On horses and cattle its cathartic action is inferior to that of other purgatives, but its cholagogue effects are undoubted ; anthelmintic properties are also at- tributed to it, and in the dog it sometimes causes nausea and vomiting. Hijdrargijrn Chloridum 3Iite, calomel; Hydrar- gyrum cum creta, gray powder; Massa Hydrar- gyria blue mass. See under Hydrargyrum. 184 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDTCA. ANTHELMINTICS. Santonica, Levant wormseed, the unexpanded flower-heads of Artemisia pauciflora. Contains san- tonin, a crystalline neutral principle. Santoninum, santonin. Colorless, shining, flat- tened, prismatic crj^stals, permanent in air, but turn- ing yellow on exposure to light; odorless and nearly tasteless when first j^laced in the mouth, but afterward bitter and having a neutral reaction. Nearly insol- uble in cold v/ater, soluble in 40 parts of alcohol, in 160 parts of ether, in 4 parts of chloroform, and in solutions of the alkalies. The alcoholic and ethereal solutions have an intensely bitter taste. It should be kept in dark, amber-colored phials, and protected from light. Dose: H., gr. xv.-xl. ; D., gr. ij.-iv. Large doses cause giddiness, vomiting, and convulsions in dogs; medicinal doses are destructive to round- and threadworms, particularly in the dog, the horse being not so much affected. It imparts a blood-red color to the urine. Arecce Semina, seeds of Areca catechu, areca nut. Betel nut; natural order Palmacese. The tree is a native of Asia, and the nut or seed contains an active alkaloid — arecoline. Piilvis Arecce Seminis, powdered areca nut, is an active vermifuge, destructive alike to tape- and round- worms, and is most effectual in the dog. Must be given with a cathartic, as it has some astringent properties. Dose: H., 3iv.-vi.; D., gr. xv.-3ij. ANTHELMINTICS. 185 (Two grains may be given for each pound of the ani- mal's weight. — Mayhew.) ChenojDodiiini, American wormseed, the frnit of Chenopodium ambrosiodes. Oleum ChenojDodii, oil of wormseed. A volatile oil, obtained from the American wormseed; destruc- tive to roundworms. Dose: D., Hiv.-xv., thrice daily, followed by a cathartic. Aspidiiun, filix mas, male fern. The rhizome of Dryopteris filix mas and Dryopteris marginalis. Contains filicic acid, a green, fatty oil, a volatile oil, etc. Oleoresina Aspidii, oleoresin of male fern, extract of male fern. Dose : H. and C, fl. 3 ij.-viij. ; D. and C, mx.-fl. 3 i. ; Sheep and Pigs, fl. 3 i.-ij. The most efficient remedy for tapeworm in all of the domesti- cated animals; should be given with a purgative. Large doses are gastro-intestinal irritants. Oleum Terehinthince, oil of turpentine. See under Turpentine. The anthelmintics used against the ascarides (roundworms) are : For horses and cattle — aloes, oil of turpentine, bitters, creolin, calx sulphurata, ferric chloride in solution, copper sulphate, arsenic, sulphur, salt in manger ; for dogs and cats — santonin, worm- seed, oil of male fern, followed by a laxative. Against the oxyures (threadworms) — enemata of alum, aqua calcis, carbolic acid, vinegar, turpentine, sodium chloride, sulphur, and soft soap. Against strongyli: In the digestive tract — oil of turpentine, decoction of aloes, and cathartics; in the 180 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. air passages — intratracheal injections of oil of tur- pentine with carbolic acid and chloroform; sulphu- rous or chlorine inhalations. Against tapeworms : For horses and cattle — oil of turpentine and oil of male fern with chloroform ; fol- low with a cathartic. For dogs and cats — areca nut, chloroform, male fern, or calx sulphurata; follow with a cathartic. DIURETICS. Refrigerant Diuretics. Potassium Salts, particularly the acetate, bitar- trate, carbonate, and nitrate. The}' should be given largely diluted with water, as that of itself assists to increase diuresis. See under Potassium. Hydragogue Diuretics. Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi, sweet spirit of nitre. See under Ether. Digitalis, foxglove. See under Digitalis. Strophanthus and Convallaria. See under their respective headings. Cocaine. Small doses of the hydrochlorate. See under Cocaine. Caffeine and Calomel. See under Caffeine and Theine, and under Mercury. Stimulant Diuretics. Buchu Folia, buchu leaves. The leaves of Baros- ma betelina and other species of Barosma. DiUREtlCS. 187 Extractum Buchu Fluidum, fluid extract of bu- chu. Dose: H., fl. 3 ij.-vi. ; D., mx.-fl. 3 ss. Capsicum, Cayenne pepper, the fruit of Capsi- cum fastigatum. Contains capsicin, a peculiar liquid principle; also a volatile alkaloid. Oleoresina Capsici, oleoresin of capsicum. Dose : H., mxv.-fl. 3i.; D., mi.-v. Extractum Capsici Fluidiim, fluid extract of capsicum. Dose: H., fl, 3 ij.-vi. ; D., TTi^v.-fl. 3 ss. Tinctura Capsici, tincture of capsicum (five per cent.). Dose: H., fl. 3 ss.-iss. ; D., "ntxv.-fl. 3 i. Caps^c^tm P^iZms, powdered capsicum. Dose: H., 3i.-ij.; D., gr. v.-x. Capsicum in properly regulated doses is stomachic, carminative, sialogogue, and diuretic; large doses are gastro-intestinal irritants. Externally it is used as a stimulant and counter-irritant. Juniperus, juniper, the fruit of Juniperus com- munis. Contains juniperin, a non-crystalline princi- ple, and a volatile oil. Oleum Juniperi, oil of juniper (berries). Dose: H., fl. 3i.-ij.; D., mv.-xx. The refrigerant diuretics modify rather than in- crease the urine, exercising a sedative action upon the heart and circulation. Hydragogue diuretics in- crease the water of the urine largely, and in general act by raising arterial pressure, either throughout the entire body or locally in the kidneys. The stim- ulant diuretics are largely eliminated by the kidneys, and act upon the entire genito-urinary mucous mem- brane by local irritation, which in excess causes in- 188 YETERIN"ARY MATERIA MEDICA. ri animation and sj^mptoms of a violent character, as strangury, bloody urine, etc. , and therefore should be used with caution. Diuretics are employed to remove fluid from the tissues and cavities of the body in cases of dropsy; to promote the elimination of waste pro- ducts and other poisons from the blood; to maintain the action of the kidneys; and to dilute the urine and alter morbid conditions of that excretion. PITCH, TAR, TURPENTINE, ETC. The turpentines are liquid or concrete oleoresinous exudations, obtained from various species of the cone- bearers or Coniferse, and consist of a resin combined with an oily substance, known as the oil of turpen- tine. The three chief turpentines are : TerebintJmia, turpentine, a concrete oleoresin, ob- tained from Pinus australis or yellow^ pine, and other species of pinus (natural order Coniferse), in yellow- ish, tough masses, brittle in the cold, crummy, crys- talline in the interior, of a terebinthinate odor and taste. Dose: as stimulant, antispasmodic, and diu- retic, H. and C, ss.-iss. ; D., gr. 3 x.-xxx. ; as anthel- mintic, H. and C, 5 i.-iij. ; D., gr. xx.- 3 i. Terebinthina Canadensis, Canada turpentine, balsam of fir. A liquid oleoresin, obtained from Abies balsamea, the "silver fir '' or " balm of Gilead," natural order Coniferge. A yellowish or faintly greenish, transparent, viscid liquid, of an agreeable terebinthinate odor, and a bitterish, slightly acrid PITCH, TAR, TURPENTINE, ETC. 180 taste ; slowly drying on exposure, and then forming a transparent mass ; completely soluble in ether, chloro- form, or benzol. Dose same as terebinthina. Terebinthina Veneta, Venice turpentine, from the common larch — Larix Europoea. Is a tenacious, slightly opaque thick, pale-yellow liquid, of an acrid, bitter taste, and a disagreeable terebinthinate odor. Dose same as terebinthina. Preparations of Turpentine. — Oleum Terehin- thince, oil of turpentine, commonly known as spirits of turpentine, a volatile oil, distilled from the differ- ent varieties of turpentine. A thin, colorless fluid, of a characteristic odor and taste, becoming stronger and less pleasant by age and exposure to air, and of a neutral or faintly acid reaction. * Specific gravity 0.855 to 0.870. Soluble in 6 parts of alcohol, miscible with fixed and volatile oils, dissolves resins, wax, sulphur, and phosphorus. Bromine and iodine act violently upon it, and it takes fire when in contact with a mixture of HNO3 and H^SO,. Oleum Terebmthince Eectificatum, rectified oil of turpentine, is the preparation of the oil suitable for internal use. Dose : as stimulant and antispasmodic, H. and C, fl. 3 ss.-ij. ; D., Tiixx.-fl. 3 i. ; as diuretic, H. and C, fl. 3 ij.-viij. ; D., TTix.-xv. ; as cathartic and anthelmintic, H. and C, fl. sij., with aloes in solution, hnseed oil, gentian, or quassia. Oil of turpentine must be given always diluted with some bland liquid, such as linseed tea or oil, milk, gruel, etc. Oleum Nigrum, black oil. Consists of oil of tur- 190 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. pentine siv., added to linseed oil O i.; to this add slowly H2SO4 3 i. This mixture must be cautiously prepared, as it evolves great heat. Derivatives of Turpextixe. — Resina, resin, colophony. The residue left after distilling of the volatile oil from turpentine; it is that portion of tur- pentine which is fixed by oxidation. A transparent, amber-colored substance, hard, brittle, with a glossy and shallow conchoidal fracture, and having a faintly terebinthinate odor and taste. Specific gravity l.OTO to 1.080. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils. Dose same as terebinthina. Ceratum Besince, unguentum basiliconis, resin cerate, basilicon ointment. Composed of resin 35, yellow wax 15, lard 50 parts. Terebeneum, terebene — CjoHje — is a hydrocarbon obtained by the oxidation of oil of turpentine by means of sulphuric acid. A colorless liquid, of a hot taste, soluble in alcohol. Dose, one-half to three- fourths of that of oil of turpentine. AxALOGUES OF TuRPEXTiXE. — Pix, pitch, is a resinous exudation from the stems of certain trees of the genera Pinus (pine) and Abies (fir and spruce) . It may also be obtained by the evaporation of wood- tar. Three varieties of pitch are in general use : 1. Pix Burgundica^ Burgundy pitch, the prepared resinous exudation of Abies excelsa, Norway spruce, natural order Coniferse. Hard, brittle, opaque mass- es, very fusible, readily soluble in glacial acetic acid. 2. Pix Canadensis, Canada or hemlock pitch, the PITCH, TAR, TURPENTINE, ETC. 101 prepared resinous exudation of Abies Canadensis, the hemlock spruce of the United States and Canada ; natural order Coniferse. These two varieties are used chiefly in making plasters. 3. Fix Liquida, tar, an empyreumatic oleoresin, obtained by the destructive distillation of the wood of Pinus pallustris and other species of Pinus, natural order Coniferae. A thick, viscid, semi-fluid, of a brownish-black color, heavier than water, transparent in thin layers, becoming granular and opaque by age; having an acid reaction, an empyreumatic, terebin- thinate odor, and a sharp, empyreumatic taste. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, fixed or volatile oils, and in solution of potassa or of soda. It consists of pyroligneous acid, methyl alcohol, acetic acid, creosote, toluine, xylene, and other hydrocar- bons; also oily bodies, especially the oil of tar and pyrocatechin, a crystalline principle, which gives it its granular appearance. Dose: H., 3ss.-ij.; D., gr. x.-xx. Preparations of Tar.— Oleum Picis LiqiiidcB, oil of tar. A volatile oil distilled from tar, and con- taining a great variety of compounds, including hy- drocarbons, phenols, paraffin, etc., among the phenols being creosote and carbolic acid. Dose: H., fl. 3 ss. -iv.; D., mij.-x. Unguentum Picis Liquidce^ tar ointment, contain- ing fifty per cent, of tar. Physiological Action of the Turpentines. — They are topical irritants, general stimulants, anti- 192 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. septics, anthelmintics, and diuretics, when given in- ternally. They become rapidly absorbed, and are eliminated chiefly by the kidneys, the skin, and bron- chial mucous membranes, stimulating at the points of elimination. The oil of turpentine is the most ac- tive of the lot, being also expectorant, haemostatic, anti ferment, antiparasitic, and diaphoretic. Applied to the skin it is an irritant, varying in intensity with the manner in which it is applied ; if with severe fric- tion and its evaporation prevented, it may vesicate and produce a serious blemish. Small doses stimu- late the heart and respiration, while large doses are gastro-intestinal irritants and depressants; toxic doses paralyze the nerve centres in the cerebrum, cord, and medulla. During the excretion of large doses the urinary apparatus becomes irritated and congested, sometimes accompanied by strangury and even hse- maturia. Tar resembles the turi3en tines in its action, and, as it contains both creosote and carbolic acid, has some of the qualities of these. Pitch is a cutaneous stimulant. Therapeutics of the Turpentines. — They are given as stimulants, diuretics, and anthelmintics, in combination with linseed oil in colic. The Canada balsam is an ingredient of flexible collodion, and is itself applied to wounds, particularly of the coronet. They are given in conjunction with camphor, extract of belladonna, and ammonium carbonate, in bronchi- tis and other pulmonary affections ; are also contained in many hoof ointments. PITCH, TAR, TURPENTINE, ETC. 193 Resin is used as a diuretic iu both horses and cat- tle, usually combined with saltpetre. Externally it is a stimulant, and as resin cerate is applied to wounds, sores, etc. This last preparation is much used as a base for blistering ointments. Oil of turpentine is given in indigestion, atonic diarrhoea, to relieve flatulence, in colic, in nasal gleet, catarrh, bronchitis, scarlatina, purpura, pulmonary hemorrhage; in cattle practice, in hoven, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery ; in puerperal apoplexy — with carbonate of ammonia; in puerperal peritonitis; also in post-partum hemorrhage and "red water." As an anthelmintic, combined with tincture of chloride of iron, gentian or quassia, and linseed oil, after first clearing the bowel by a cathartic. For destroying the strongylus micrurus and strongylus filaria in the air passages of calves and lambs, it is injected intra- tracheally, together with ttix.-xx. each of carbolic acid, glycerin, and chloroform. It is also used as an antidote to phosphorus poisoning, but for this purpose must be old so as to contain ozone ; the new oil is use- less. Externally, the oil of turpentine is used as a counter-irritant for the horse; it does not react so powerfully upon the skin of cattle. It is applied to the abdomen in colic, enteritis, peritonitis, and other painful abdominal affections; to rheumatic sw^eUings of joints, to sprains and strains of tendons, etc., after the acute symptoms have been relieved by hot fomen- tation. It is also used in erysipelas, ringworm, dry gangrene of dogs' ears, and in foot-rot of sheep and cattle ; as an antiseptic to poisoned wounds, bites, and 13 104 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. stiDgs. For rectal enemata (against worms, in colic, etc.), several ounces in one quart of starch- water or linseed oil. Turpentine vapors are prescribed in pulmonary affections, usually oil of turpentine, oil of tar, and compound tincture of benzoin, of each fl. 3SS., to each steaming. Black oil is a favorite application to punctures of the horse's foot, poisoned wounds, etc. ; also in foot- rot. Terebene is the form in which turpentine is best used as a stimulant expectorant, in chronic cough, bronchitis, and other throat and lung diseases. Tar and oil of tar are given in respiratory diseases (particularly chronic) in all animals. They are used externally in grease heels, eczema, scaly skin diseases, thrush, canker, foot-rot, etc. EMMENAGOGUES. Ferrum, iron, is used as a tonic emmenagogue. See under Ferrum. Cantliaris^ cantharides, Spanish fly. See under Cantharides. Quinine has considerable emmenagogue power, by direct action as a stimulant upon the uterus itself. Large doses as an ecbolic ; smaller doses, frequently repeated, as an emmenagogue. Acidnm Boricmn, boric acid, boracic acid, boric anhydride. Obtained from the action of H.^S04 upon EMMEN-AGOGUES. 195 borax. Colorless, pearly, lamellar crystals, of a fee- bly acid reaction, a bitter taste, and a sweetish after- taste. Soluble in 25 parts of cold water, in 3 parts of boiling water, in 15 parts of alcohol, and in 5 parts of glycerin. It is a non-volatile antiseptic, equal in power almost to carbolic acid, and because of its non- irritant property may be frequently employed where other antiseptics are excluded. It is but seldom used internally, and then only in fermentative diarrhoea of young animals; occasionally as an emmenagogue. It is excreted by the kidneys, and hence may be used to exercise its antiseptic action on the urinary appar- atus. Conjoined with starch it is used externally as a disinfectant powder, or as an ointment (ten per cent.), or saturated solution to foul wounds, ulcers, burns, sores ; as a spray or gargle in sore throat, to check excessive salivary or pharyngeal secretion, to relieve the itching of erythema and eczema; also in catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis. Lint and cot- ton are sometimes rendered antiseptic by it. See also "Borax," uader Sodium. Dose: H. and C, 3ij.-v. ; D., gr. v.-xx. Boroglyceride, made by heating 92 parts of gly- cerin with 62 parts of boric acid, is used as an anti- septic dressing for wounds, etc., same as boric acid. Strychnia, strychnine. See under Nux Vomica. Purgatives, particularly aloes, croton oil, etc., act by determining the blood to the pelvic viscera. Siiiapis, mustard, in poultices to lumbar and pel- vic region. 196 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. TOPICAL AGENTS. Rubefacients, Vesicants, and Pustulants. Sinapis, Mustard (syn.— Semen Erucse). The seeds of Sinapis alba— English or yellow mustard; and of Sinapis nigra— black or German mustard; natural order Cruciferee. Are annual plants. Differ- ent varieties grow wild in Europe and North Amer- ica, and are frequently used to adulterate the better sorts. Composition of Mustard. f Acrinyl sulphocyaDate is the Sinalbin I rubefacient jn-inciple, pro- Myrosin,' a fermeDt: \ diiced by reaction between ^ I these two in the presence of r^ ^ \ .1 water. §^"2 Sinapine, an alkaloid. £ g I A bland, fixed oil. '^ [^ Erucic or brassic acid. . . . , ^ • f Allvl siilphocyauide, the vola- femigrin (potassium ! ^^^ ^-^ ^^ mustard, produced myronate) i ^ reaction of these two in Myrosm, a ferment. ^ ^^^^ presence of water. Sinapine, an alkaloid. A bland, fixed oil. ^ Erucic or brassic acid. TO a I c3 Mustard is used internally as a stomachic, carmi- native, stimulant, and emetic; slightly diuretic and laxative. Large doses are irritant. Externally as a rubefacient, vesicant, and suppurant. If mustard paste is rubbed upon the skin of a horse it causes redness, heat, tenderness, and some swelling in about twenty minutes. If allowed to remain on, vesication TOPICAL AGENTS. 197 occurs in from two to six hours, and later these vesi- cles rupture and coalesce. If pure mustard has been used pustules may form, causing a sloughing of the skin and destruction of the hair roots. Mustard acts more promptly than cantharides, but its effects are not so permanent. It is the most suitable blister for cattle, but should not be used full strength for the dog or sheep. Mustard is used in catarrh, sore throat, laryngitis and pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, pleuris}", indigestion, colic, chronic rheumatic affec- tions of the joints in cattle. In parturient apoplexy in the cow; sometimes applied over the kidneys to promote diuresis by counter-irritation. Its effects may be increased by adding a small amount of tur- pentine. The volatile oil of mustard is sometimes used to sharpen liniments, but must be cautiously used, not only on account of its great activity, but also because of its toxic properties. Pulvis Siuapis Seminis, powdered mustard seed. Dose: H. and C, 3 ij.-vi. ; D., gr. x.-xx. ; as an emetic, gr. xxx.- 3 i., in w^arm w^ater. Fix Liquida and Oleum Picis Liquidce. See under Turpentines, etc. C amphora. See under Camphor. Terebinthina. See under Turpentine. Capsicum. See under Capsicum. Cantharis, cantharides, Spanish ^y. The dried insect, Cantharis vesicatoria, foimd i?i southern Eu- rope. The insect has a predilection for lilac, ash, elder, honeysuckle, and rose bushes. It is gathered during the months of May and June, being destroyed 198 VETERIKARY MATERIA MEDICA. at night by turpentine fumes. The flies are six to ten lines in length, two to three lines broad, and weigh one and one-half to two grains. The parts of their greenish, bronze-like wings are discernible in the powdered drug. Cantharides may be extracted by maceration in alcohol, ether, acetic acid, fixed and volatile oils. Its active principle— can tharidin — of which it contains about two per cent., occurs as col- orless scales or crystals, insoluble in H^O, but soluble in alcohol, ether, acetic acid, chloroform, and oils. The activity of Spanish fly is impaired by age. It must be kept in well-stoppered bottles. Physiological Actions. — Cantharides is a pow- erful irritant, and produces its effect upon any part of the animal organism with which the free can- tharidin is brought in contact. Externally applied it stimulates and vesicates, and is used as a coun- ter-irritant. Taken internally it irritates the diges- tive mucous membranes, large doses producing vio- lent gastro-enteritis, strangury, and hsematuria. Cantharides produce redness, vesication, and sloughing of the skin or mucous surfaces, in accord- ance to the strength of the preparation used and the length of time it is left on. The usual " canthar- ides blister," vesicates in from four to twelve hours; the vesicles soon burst and discharge a yellowish ser- ous fluid, which must be carefully wiped awaj", as in many instances this also will vesicate. The sur- rounding parts should always, therefore, be protected by the use of lard, vaseline, etc. Cantharides is given internally in chronic cystitis and to prevent the invol- TOPICAL AGENTS. 199 iintary escape of nrine from the bladder, due to relax- ation of the sphincter vesicae. It is also recommended for mares and cows slow in coming to service, but its aphrodisiac effects are uncertain. Externally, can- tharidal ointments are applied to stimulate indolent wounds and ulcers, and to develop and determine slow-forming abscesses — as in strangles ; also to help in the absorption and liquefaction of products of in- flammatory processes; to open joint — the resulting inflammation and swelling sometimes check the escape of synovia. Similarly applied in umbilical hernia of foals and calves; as a counter-irritant to relieve irritability of larynx, chronic cough, and in- flammation of deeper-seated structures; mild prepa- rations to the chest walls in pleurodynia and pleurisy ; along the spine in spinitis, chronic paralysis, enceph- alitis, puerperal apoplexy; also to rheumatic swell- ings of the articulations, especially if chronic. Inflammation of bursse, tendons, articulations, liga- tnents, and bones are treated with cantharides prepa- rations of varying strength. The usual ointment is twelve per cent., but much stronger may be employed if required. Cantharides liniment (cantharides siss., extracted by alcohol 3 xiv., and oil of turpentine 3 ij.), so-called "sweating blister," may be repeatedly used without blemishing. A very good stimulant and absorbent ointment is composed of powdered cantharides giss., powdered camphor gss., oil of turpentine siss., biniodide of mercury gi., and resin cerate gxij.; to be made 200 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. without tho aid of heat. Is ready for use in about ten to twelve days after preparation. Euphorhiiim^ an acrid resin obtained from the Eu- phorbia resinifera, natural order Euphorbiacese. Is a very energetic irritant, vesicant, and pustulant, but for horses and dogs is rather too unmanageable. An alcoholic solution (six per cent.) is said to be the bet- ter Avay of using it as a vesicant. It is, however, sometimes added to blistering ointments to increase their activit3^ Oleum Tiglii. See under Croton Oil. Emollients and Demulcents. Petrolatum, petroleum jelly, commonly called vas- eline, cosmoline, etc. Is a jelly-like preparation, ob- tained from the residuum of petroleum and afterward purified. It is soluble in ether, chloroform, fixed and volatile oils; insoluble in alcohol and w^ater. It is tasteless or nearly so, odorless, and of a neutral reac- tion. It is non-oxidizable, and hence does not become rancid, and therefore makes a most excellent basis for ointments. It is used as an emollient and lubricant; also as an excipient in making boluses and electuaries. Mel, honey. A saccharine secretion deposited in the honeycomb by Apis mellifica, the honey-bee, an insect of the order Hymenoptera. Mel Despumatum, clarified honey, is honey warmed, skimmed, and strained, with five per cent, of glycerin added. Oxipnel consists of honey 40, acetic acid 5, and water 5 parts. TOPICAL AGENTS. 201 Limini, flaxseed or linseed. Semen Lini, the dried seeds of Linum usitatissi- mum. Oleum Lini, the oil expressed from the seeds. See under Oleum Lini. Farina Lint, Semen Lini Pulvis, flaxseed meal, linseed meal. The ground seeds. Linseed cake, the residue left after the oil has been expressed from the seeds, is used as a food for cattle and sheep in some localities, and in smaller quantities is fed also to horses. Linseed gruel or tea is nutri- tious as well as demulcent and lubricant; hence is given to animals recovering from debilitating diseases; also as a vehicle for medicines which might irritate the alimentary canal during their administration or action. Linseed meal is used as a poultice, retaining both heat and moisture very well. The oil is given for its cathartic qualities as well as its lubricant and demulcent action. See under Oleum Lini. Adeps Suilli, lard; Adeps Lance, wool fat or lan- olin, as well as most fixed oils (see under Oils and Fats), also answer the same purposes. Glycerinum, glycerin, glycerol, prophenyl hydrate. A liquid obtained by the decomposition of fats or fixed oils, and containing not less than ninety-five per cent, of absolute glycerin (CgHJHOJg). It is a clear, colorless liquid, of syrupy consistence; oily to the touch, hygroscopic, odorless, very sweet and slightly warm to the taste, and neutral in reaction. It is soluble in all proportions in water and in alcohol, ^02 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. in a mixture of alcohol o with ether 1, but insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzol, or fixed oils. Specific gravity not less than 1.250. Actions and Uses. — Glycerin is chiefly demul- cent and emollient; in large doses, undiluted, some- what irritant to the local mucous membranes whether given per os or per rectum. It has some antiseptic and antiparasitic properties, but these are only slight. Enemata of fl. 3 ij.-vi. are laxative for the horse; fl. 3 ss.-i. for dogs. It forms the bases for many anti- septic and astringent preparations, and is added to liniments and lotions to prevent these from drying too rapidly. The chief glycerites are: Ghjcerimini Acidi Carbolici, glycerin of carbolic acid, containing twent}^ per cent, of the acid. Ghjcerinum Ahuninis, glycerin of alum, contains fifteen per cent, of alum. Olycerinum Tannmi, glycerin of tannin, contains twenty per cent, of tannin. Ghjcerinum Plumbi, glycerin of lead, contains fifty per cent, of Goulard's extract. Ghjcerinum Amyli^ glycerin of starch, contains starch 1, water 3, and glycerin 5. The last of these, glycerin of starch, is of the con- sistence of petrolatum, and like the latter is used as an ointment base, being for this purpose cleaner than fatty bases. It can be readily washed off, but the therapeutist must not forget the incompatibility of starch with preparations of iodine. It is also a most excellent excipient in making pills or balls of quinine, etc. KEW REMEDIES. 203 MEMORANDA ON NEW REMEDIES. Aristol (syns.— Dithymoldiodide, Annidalin) is a somewhat unstable, reddish-brown, amorphous pow- der, insoluble in water and glycerin, slightly soluble in alcohol, very soluble in ether and in collodion. It is also taken up by fatty oils and vaseline when rubbed with these. It is prepared by the decomposi- tion of a solution of iodine in iodide of potassium by means of an alcoholic solution of thymol, and con- tains about forty -six per cent, of iodine. Aristol was introduced as a substitute for iodoform, over which it has the advantage of being odorless. It is used in the same manner and for the same purposes as iodo- form. Formalin (formaldehyde, formic aldehyde, oxy- methylene, f ormol) , an aqueous solution of formalde- hyde gas (from the oxidation of methyl alcohol), con- centrated to forty per cent.— CH,0=H.CO.H. A clear, colorless liquid, having a peculiar pungent odor, non-irritant, non-toxic, non-corrosive ; a power- ful surgical and general antiseptic ; used also as a food preservative (1-1,000,000 : 5,000). For hardening anatomical specimens, four to ten per cent, solution ; in surgery, one-fourth to one-half per cent, solution. Hijdrogen dioxide— Bfi,— a clear, colorless liquid, resembling in every way water, but differing from this in that it contains one more atom of O. Should be kept in well-corked bottles and in a cool place. Its strength is designated by volume— ^.e., when vol- 204 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. ume is spoken of in connection with Hfi^ it means capacity for holding O. One pint or unit of H^O one vokime strong, contains one pint or unit of O ; while a fifteen-volume solution contains fifteen units of O. When fresh and in good condition Hfi^ is one of the most powerful oxidizing agents known, and in con- tact with pus forms a thick, white foam. Dose : H., fl. ^ss.-ij.; D., fl. 3 ss.-i. Should be well diluted with water, milk, or gruel. Small repeated doses are preferable to a larger single dose. It is given in choleraic complaints, d^^spepsia, diar- rhoea, and intestinal disorders accompanied by a ten- dency to fermentation and flatulence. It checks fer- mentation and stimulates the gastric and intestinal fluids to a normal action. Diseases of the throat, na- sal passages, and lungs may be treated with a spray of H2O2, 1 part in 5 to 15 of water. It is used also locally to wounds, sores, ulcers, fistulse, punctured wounds of the feet, abscesses, and also in dentistry. Piperazinum (syns. — Pyrazine hexahydride, di-ethylenediamine, piperazidine, ethylene-imine) — C.iHj„]Sr, — is a synthetical basic compound, formed by the action of ammonia upon ethylene bromide, and occurs as a white, crystalline powder, readily soluble in water. It liquefies when exposed to air, from which it greedily absorbs H^O and CO^. With uric acid it forms the most soluble known urate, requiring but 50 parts of water for its solution, while lithium urate requires 368 parts of water to dissolve it. Pi- perazin is non-toxic, non-irritant to mucous mem- branes, is readily absorbed from the stomach, and PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 205 circulates in the blood unchanged. It has been rec- ommended in rheumatism and azoturia. Dose: iJ., 3i.-iij.; D., gr. v.-xv. Barii Chloridum. See under Barium Chloride. PRESCRIPTION WRITING. Extemporaneous prescriptions are formulae written by the veterinarian to meet the requirements of an in- dividual case. They are divided into four parts ; viz. : 1. Superscription — consisting of a specification of the specie of the animal (i.e., whether horse, cow, or dog, etc.), and the owner's name, the date, and the sign 1> or Rp. — meaning Take! or Take thou! 2. Inscription — which is the real body of the pre- scription itself, and consisting of one or more of the following subdivisions : {a) Basis or chief ingredient; {h) adjuvant, to assist the action of the basis; (c) corrective, to correct some injurious or undesirable quality of the other ingredients ; (c?) excipient or ve- hicle, which give it form or bulk. 3. Subscription— the directions to the compounder, usually expressed in Latin. 4. Signature— ihQ directions for the administration of the medicine, written in English or Latin, and the signature of the prescriber. A prescription may contain but one or two ingre- dients, but nevertheless should be written out in the same manner. Simplicity is a very good point in prescribing, but a judicious blending of the actions of several drugs frequently gives a more decided and 206 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. rapid curative effect. The above order should be fol- lowed out as nearly as possible, writing out first the names of all the ingredients, and then their quantity to make the correct dose. An example will be the following prescription : New York, February 1st, 1896. For Mr. Smith's Mare. I^ Aloes barbarlensis 3 vij. — Basis. Superscription. 1 Pulv.nucis vomicae. Pulv.capsici Fid. extr. l)elladonu8e. Saponis moll. Ut fiat bol. No. 1. Sig. Purgative ball. Give at once. A. C. 3 1. — Adjuvant. !- Corrective. ^Inscription Excipient. Subscription Hassloch, v. S. Signature. Wo7xls and Phrases in General Use in Pre- scription Writing. — The names of drugs should be written out as fully as possible, to avoid errors on the part of the compounder : Adde, add. Ana or aa, of each. Bis, twice. Cum, with. Cola, strain. Coletur, let be strained. Dein, thereupon. Detur, let be given. Divide, divide. Dividatur, let be divided. Et, and. Fac, make. Filtra, filter. Fiat or fiant, let be made. Misce, mix. Solve, dissolve. Non, not. In dies, daily. Da, give. Non - repetatur, not to be re- peated. Macera, macerate. Ad saturandem, to saturation. Quantum sufiiciat (q. s. ), as much as necessary. In partes sequales, in equal parts. Secundem artem, according to art. Recipe I^, take. Signa, write. Pro re nata, according to need. Ter, thrice. Quartet, four times. INCOMPATIBILITY. 207 INCOMPATIBILITY. This may be either chemical, pharmaceutical, or therapeutical, according as the result is chemical de- composition, physical disassociation, or antagonistic physiological action. Simplicity in prescribing will to a great extent circumvent all of this. The following are a few facts which may well be borne in mind so as to avoid incompatibility : Strong acids decompose salts of weaker acids, form ethers when combined with alcohol, and should not be com- bined with hydrates or carbonates. Potassium iodide decomposes metallic salts and is best given alone. Silver nitrate and the acetate and subacetate of lead, although incompatible with almost everything, com- bine well with opium. Tannin and gallic acid, and substances containing them, precipitate albumin, al- kaloids, and most soluble metallic salts and gelatin. Iodine and iodides are incompatible with alkaloids and substances containing them. Alkalies neutralize free acids; poisonous com- pounds are formed by the admixture of several sub- stances—such as potassium iodide or syrup of iodide of iron, with potassium chlorate. Potassium cyanide or hydrocyanic acid dilute with calomel, bismuth salts, metallic hydrates, carbonates, subnitrates, or subchlorides, forming poisonous cyanides. Explosive compounds result from mixing powerful oxidizing agents with others which are readily oxi- dizable. The chief members of these two classes are : 208 VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA. Oxidizers. — Nitric acid, free hydrochloric acid, chromic acid, nitrohydrochloric acid, potassium chlorate, potassium permanganate. OxiDiZABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE,— Glycerin, sugar, alcohols, oils and ethers, sulphur and sulphides, dry organic substances, phosphorus. Pharmaceutical incompatihility differs from chemical incompatibility in the absence of chemi- cal action, and is generally caused by adding one substance to another, which, through differences in solubility, cause a precipitation of solid matter or a separation of part of the liquid. Examples of phar- maceutical incompatibility are: Resinous tinctures or fluid extracts with aqueous solutions. Essential oil with aqueous liquids in quantities exceeding 1 drop to 3 i. Tinctures made with alcohol with those made with diluted alcohol. Alcoholic tinctures and fluid extracts w^th aqueous preparations. Infusions generally, with metallic salts. Therapeutical incompatihility arises when two agents are administered together which oppose each other in action on the system — as phj^sostigmine with belladonna; morphine wnth atropine. The latter, however, are frequently used together, the one to act as a guard against excessive action of the other. See also under Antagonists of the various drugs, under their respective titles. INDKX. Absolute Alcohol lis A. C. E. Mixture 129 Acetauilid I6i Aeetanilidum 161 Acetate of Ammonia, solution of 62 Acetate of Copper 86 Acetate of Lead 87 Acetate of Morphine 136 Acetate of Potassium 52 Acetate of Zinc 89 Acetic Acid, Diluted 65 Acetic Acid, Pure 6i Acetum 65 Acetum Plumbi 87 Acid, Acetic, Diluted 65 Acid, Acetic. Pure 64 Acid, Arsenious 45 Acid, Boracic 194 Acid, Boric 194 Acid Carbolic. Crude 163 Acid. Carbolic. Glycerin of. ••163-202 Acid, Carbolic, Ointment of 163 Acid, Carbolic, Pure 162 Acid. Carbolic, solution of 163 Acid, Gallic 81 Acid, Gallotannie 81 Acid, Hydrobromic, Diluted... 141 Acid, Hydrochloric 35 Acid, Hydrochloric, Diluted... 34 Aci I, Muriatic .. 35 Acid, Muriatic. Diluted 34 Acid. Nitric 35 Acid, Nitric, Diluted 34 Acid, Nitro-Hydroehloric 35 Acid, Nitro-Hydrochloric. Di- luted 34 Acid. Phosphoric 36 Aci. I, Phosphoric, Diluted 35 Acids 18 Acids, Mineral 34 Acid, Salicylic 166 Acid. Sulphuric 35 Acid, Sulphuric, Aromatic 34 Acid, Sulphuric, Diluted 34 Acid, Tannic 81 Acid um Aceticum Dilutum — 65 Acid um Aceti cum Purum 64 Acidum Arseniosum 45 Acidum Boracicum 194 PAGE. Acidum Boricum 194 Acidum Carbolicum Crudum.. 163 Acidum Carbolicum Purum Liquefactum 162 Acidum Gallicum 81 Acidum Hydrobromicum Di- lutum 141 Acidum Hydrochloricum 35 Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilu- tum 34 Acidum Muriaticum 35 Acidum Muriaticum Dilutum. 34 Acidum Nitricum 35 Acidum Nitricum Diiutum 34 Acidum N i t r o-Hydrochlori- cum 35 Acidum Nitr o-Hydrochlori- cum Dilutam 3i Acidum Nitro-Muriaticum 35 Acidum Nitro-Muriaticum Di- lutum 34 Acidum Phosphoricum 36 Acidum Phosphoricum Dilu- tum 35 Aciilum Salicylicum 166 Acidum Sulphuricum 35 Acidum Sulphuricum Aroma- ticum 34 Acidum Sulphuricum Dilu- tum 34 Acidum Tannicum 81 Acidifiers, Urinary 24 Aconite 150 Aconite. Fluid Extract of 151 Aconite, Solid Extract of. 150 Aconite, Tincture of 151 Aconite. Tincture of, Flem- ing's 151 Aconitina 151 Aonitine 151 Aconitiue, Oleate of I5i Aconitum 150 Adeps 38 Adeps Lanae 201 Adeps Suilli 201 Administration of Medicines.. 9 Aerugo 86 ^ther 123 Mther Chloricus 129 ^ther Fortior 123 210 INDEX, Agents acting on Excretion ... 24 Agents acting on Microbes, etc. 2y Agents acting on Parasites 2y Agents acting on the Circula- tion 10 Agents acting on the Digestive Aiiparatus 17 Agents acting on the Gener- ative Apparatus 20 Agents acting on the Nervous System 11 Agents acting on the Respir- atory Apparatus 15 Agents acting on the Slcin --'V Agents acting upon Each Other 29 Agents affecting Metabolism. . 22 Agents affecting the Organs of Special Sense U Agents, Topical 190 Alcohol ] 18-119 Alcohol, Absolute 118 Alcohol Absolutum 118 Alcohol, Amylic 118 Alcohol, Diluted 119 Alcohol Dilutum 119 Alcohol, Ethylic lis Alcohol Methylie 118 Alcoholic Extractor Belladon- na Leaf 10.5 Aldehyde, Formic 203 Alder. Black 178 Ale 120 Alkalies 18 Alkalizers, Urinary 2i Alkaloids 3 Aloe Barbadensis 175 Aloe Capiensis 170 Aloe Socotrinae 175 Aloes, Barbadoes 175 Aloes, Cape 170 Aloes. Socotrine 175 Alteratives 23, 70 Alteratives. Uterine 27 Alum 91, 172 Alum, Dried 92 Alum, Exsiccated 92 Alum, Glycerin of. 202 Alumen 91,172 Alumen Exsiccatum 92 Alumen Ustum 92 American Hellebore 15i American Hellebore Boot, fluid extractof 15t American Hellebore Boot. Tincture of ini. American Wormseed ih5 Ammonia, Aromatic. Spirit of. 02 Ammonia. Carbonate of 02 Ammonia, Caustic oi Ammonia, Concentrated 01 PAGE. Ammonia Liniment 02 Ammonia, Muriate of 62 Ammonia. Solution of Acetate of 02 Ammonia, Stronger water of. . ci Ammonia, Water of 01 Ammonii Bromidum ill Ammonii Carbonas 02 Am monii Chloridum 02 Ammonii lodidum 7i Ammonii Murias 02 Ammonium. — 01 Ammonium, Bromide of 141 Ammonium, Chloride of 02 Ammonium, Iodide of. -. 7i Amvl Hydrate. lix Amyl JN'itris 158 Amyl, Nitrite of. 15S Amylic, Alcohol 118 Anaesthesia, Contra-indica- tions for. 130 Anaesthetic Mixtures 129 Anaesthetics 13 Aaaesth etics. General 13 Anaesthetics, Local 13 14 Analgesics 13 Analgesine 100 Anaplirodisiacs. 26 Anhidrotics . 25 Anhydride, Boric. 194 Annidalin 203 Anodyne, Hoffmann's 124 Anodynes.. 13 Anodynes, General 13 Anodynes, Local.. 13 Antacids. I8 Antacids, Direct 19 Antacid.e. Indirect 19 Antacids. Remo-e. 19 Antagonists 30 Anthelmintics 22,184 Antidotes. 29 Antidotes for arsenical poison- ing 4" Anti-emetics 19 Antifebrin 101 Antilithics. 25 Antimonii et Potaspae Tar- tras 172 Antimony and Potassium, Tar- trate of 172 Antiperiodics. 24, 160 Antiphlogistics.. 24 Antipyretics. 23, I60 Antipyrin. lOO Antipyrinum I60 Antiseptics 29 Antisialics. 18 Antispasmodics 14 Antizymotics.. 29. ion Aperients. 20 INDEX. 211 Aphrodisicacs 26 Aiiumorphiua. i:;5, 172 Apomoruliine i:i5, 172 A(iua Ammoniae Gl Aqua Ammoniae ti)nius 01 Aqua Caleis 59 Aqua Camphorae Ill AquaFonis. 35 A(iua Menthae Piperitae 170 AquaPiumbi 87 A(iua Regia 36 Aquae 3 Aqueous Extract of Opium — 135 AquilaAlba. 77 Areea Nut 184 Areca Nut, Powdered..... 184 Arecae Semina. 184 Argenti Nitras 84 Argenti Nitras Fusus 84 Argentum. 84 Aristol 203 Arnica Flowers. 157 Arnica Flowers, tincture of — 158 Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia-. 62 Aromatic Sulphuric Acid 34 Arsenic- 45 Arsenic. White - 45 Arsenical Poisoning, antidotes for 47 Arsenicum 45 Arsenious Acid 45 Arseaite of Potassium, Solu- tion of. 46 Arseaium... 45 Asafoetida 113 Asafoetida, Emulsion of 114 Asafoetida. Tincture of 114 Asagroea Officinalis 154 Aspidium 185 Astringents 28, 81 A'-^tringents, Local 28 Astringents, Systemic 28 Atropiuae Sulphas 105 Atropine.... 104 Atropine. Derivative^ ot. 104 Atropine, Sulphate of 105 Auditory Nerve. Excitalnlity of 15 Baking Soda 56 Ball 7 Balsam of Fir 188 Barbadoes Aloes 175 Barii Chloridum .182-205 Barium. Chloride of 182.205 Bark, Buckthorn 178 Bark, Calisaya 48 Bark, Cinchona, Powdered — 49 Bark.Pale 48 Bark, Peruvian 48 Bark. Red 48 Bark, Sacred 178 PAGE. Bark. White-Oak 83 Bark, Yellow 48 Basilicon Ointment 190 Bean, Calabar 147-148 Bean. Calabar, powdered 148 Beer 120 Belladonna 104 Belladonna Leaf, powdered... 106 Belladonna Leaf, tincture of.. 105 Belladonna, Linimentof 105 Belladonna, Ointment of 106 Belladonna Root, fluid extract of 105 Belladonnine 104 Berries, Buckthorn — 178 Biborate of Sodium 57 Bicarbonate of Sodium 56 Bicarbonate of Potassiu m 53 Bichloride of Mercury 76 Biniodide of Mercury 78 Bismuth 45 Bismuth, Subcarbonate 45 Bismuth, Subiodide 45 Bismuth, Subnitrate 45 Bismuthi Subnitras 45 Bismuthi Subcarbonas 54 Bismuthi Subiodidum 54 Bismuthum 45 Bisulphate of Quinine 50 Bitartrate of Potassium 180 Bitter Tonics 47 Black Alder 178 Black Mustard 172 Black Oil 18O Bleaching Powder 60 Blister. Sweating 199 Blisters 27 Blue Mass 183 Blue Ointment 76 Blue Rocket 150 Blue-stone 86 Blue Vitriol 86 Bolus 7 Boracic Acid 194 Borate of Sodium 57 Borax — 57 Boric Acid. 194 Boric Anhydride 194 Boroglyceride , 195 Bougia 7 Bougies 7 Brandy 119 Brimstone 67 Bromide of Ammonium 141 Bromide of Calcium 141 Bromide of lithium 141 Bromide of Potassium 53. 140 Bromide of Sodium 141 Bromides >... 140 Bromine and Bromides. .... 140 Bromum 140 212 INDEX. Buchu, fluid extract of irt Buchu Folia 186 Buchu Leaves 18G Buckthorn Bark 178 Buckthorn Berries 178 Buckthorn, California 178 Buckihorns 178 Burguudy, Pitch 190 Butter, Cacao ;^9 Cacao Butter 39 Caffeina 117, 186 Caffeine 117. 186 CaUibarBean 117 Calabar Bean, powdered 148 Calcii Bromidum 141 Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus. 59 Calcii Phosphas Praecipitatus . 59 Calcium 59 tJalcium, Bromide of l+i Calcium, Carbonate of 59 Calcium, Oxide of 59 Calcium, Precipitated Plios- phate of 59 Calcium, Sulphide of OG California Buckthorn 178 Calisaya Bark 48 Calomel. 77. in.i, i86 Calx 59 Calx Chlorata 60 CalxSulphurata m Carapho-phenique. 164 Camphor ..ill, 197 Cami)hor, Compound Tincture of. 112 Camphor, Liniment of 112 Camphor, Liniment, ('oni- pound 112 Camphor, Monobromide --.iri, Ul Camphor, powdered ill Camphor, Spirit of Ill Camphor Water ill Camphora. ill, 197 Caraphora Monobromata. ...1I2, Ui Camphora Pulvis Ill Camphorated Oil 112 Camphorated Soap Spirit 112 Camphorated Tincture of Opium 135 Canada Pitch 190 Canada Turpentine 188 Cannabis Indica 115 Cautharides 197 Cantharides Liniment. 199 Cantharidin. 198 Cantharis 194, 197 CapeAloes 176 Capsicum. 1R7, 197 Capsicum, fluid extract f.f . — 187 Capsicum. Oleorosin of 187 Capsicum Pulvis 187 Capsicum, Tincture of . 187 PAOK. Capsulae 7 Capsules 7 Carbolic Acid 162 Carbolic Acid, Crude 163 Carbolic Acid, Glycerin of.- -163, '202 Carbolic Acid, Ointment of 163 Carbolic Acid, Pure 162 Carbolic Acid, Solution of 163 Carbolized Glycerite of lodo- Tannin 73 Carbolized Iodine 72 Carbolized Oil 163 Carbonate of Ammonia 02 Carbonate of Calcium 59 Carbonate of Iron, Mass of — 45 Carbonate of Iron, Sacehnr- ated 42 Carbonate of Magnesium 179 Carbonate of Potassium.. 53 Carbonate of Sodium 56 Carbonate of Zinc 89 Cardiac Sedatives i : Cardiac Stimulants i o Cardiac Tonics 17 Carminatives 20 Carnallite 52 CascaraSa^rada 178 Castor Oil 38, 174, 17« Cataplasmata 8 Catechu 83 Catechu, Compound Tincture of 83 Cathartics 20. 174 Caustic Ammonia c.i Caustic, Lunar 84 Caustic Potash 52 Caustics 28 Cayenne Pepper 187 Cerata 3 Cerates 3 Cerate, Resin 190 Ceratuni Resinae 190 Cerebral Depressant s 12. lis Cerebral Excitants 12. ill Cevadilline 154 Cevadine 154 Chalk, Precipitated 59 Chenopodium 185 Chinoidin 49 Chloral 131 Chloral Hydrate 131 Chlorate of Potassium 53 Chloride of Ammonium 62 Chloride of Barium 1 82, 205 Chloride of Iron, Tincture of. . 43 Chloride of Lime 60 Chloride of Mercury, Corros- ive 75 Chloride of Sodium 56 Chloride of Zinc. 89 Chlorinated Limo 6C INDEX. 213 VMiK. Chlorine •••• no cnilorof orm. 127 Chloroform, Commercial 128 Chloroform Liniment 128 Chloroform Liniment, Com- pound 128 Chloroform, Pu rified 128 Chloroform, Spirit of 129 Chloroformum 127 Chloroformum Purificatum.-- 128 Chloroformum Venale. 12S Chlorum 170 Cholagogue Purgatives. 21, I8a Cholagogues 21 Ciliary Excitants. IG Cinchona • • 48 Cinchona Bark, Compound Tinctureof 50 Cinchona Bark, Powdered. — 49 Cinchona, Composition of 48 Cincnona, Compound Tinctui-e of 50 Cinchona Flava 48 Cinchona, Infusion of 50 Cinchona Pallida 48 Cinchona, Preparations of . — 49 Cinchona Rubra 48 Cinchonia 49 Cinchonidina 49 Cinchonidinae Sulphas 50 Cinchonidiue. 49 Cinchonidine, Sulphate of. — 50 Cinchonine 49 Citrate of Iron and Quinine — 51 Clarified Honey 2no Classiflcation of Medicines . • • . lO Clysters 8 Cocainae Hydrochloras .116 is6 Cocainae Murias -116, 186 Cocaine 186 Cocaine, Hydrochlorate of. . .116, 186 Cocaine. Muriate of 116, 186 Codeina 135, 136 Codeinae Phosphas 137 Codeine 135, 136 Codeine. Phosphate of 137 Cod-Liver Oil 38 Colehici Radix 79 Colchici Radicis Pulvis 80 Colehici Semen 79 Colchici Seminis Pulvis 80 Colchicina 80 Colchicine 80 Colchicum 79 Col<'hicum Root, Powdered — 80 Colchicum Seed, fluid extract of. PO Colchicum Seed. Powdered- • • • 80 CoUodia.. 4 Collodion.. 4,124 Collodion. Flexible.. I2i PACE. Collodion, Styptic. 124 Collodium 124 Collodium Flexile 124 Collodium Stypticum 124 Colophony 190 CoUunarim — 8 CoUyrium 8 Commercial Chloroform 128 Common Salt 56 Composition of Cinchona 48 Composition of Mustard 196 Compound Camphor Lini- ment 112 Compound Chloroform Lini- ment 128 Compound Powder of Rhu- barb 179 Compound Solution of Iodine. 71 Compound Spirit of Ether 124 Compound Tincture of Cam- phor 112 Compound Tincture of Cin- chona 50 Compound Tincture of Cin- chona Bark, U.S.P 50 Compound Tinct. of Gentian.. 48 Concentrated Ammonia 61 Contra-indications for anaes- thesia 130 Convallamarin 103 Convallamarinum i ^3 Convallaria 103 Convallaria, fluid extract of. . . 103 Coordination of Movement 14 Copper 86 Copper, Acetate of 86 Copper Poisoning 86 Copper, Sulphate of 86, 171 Copperas 42 Corrosive Chloride of Mercury. 75 Corrosive Sublimate 75 Cosmoline 200 Cotton-seed Oil 39 Cotton. Styptic 43 Cream of Tartar 180 Croton Oil 39, isi, 200 Crude Carbolic Acid 163 Cupri Acetas 86 Cupri Sulphas 86,171 Cuprum 86 Cutch 83 Deadly Nightshade 104 Decocta 4 Decoctions 4 Deliriaats 12 Demulcents 28. 200 Depressants, Hepatic 22 Depressants, Renal 24 Depressants, Respi rat ory 15 Depressants. Urerino 26 Derivatives of Atropine 104 2U INDEX. Diaphoretics. 25 Diaphoretics, Nauseating 25 Diaphoretics, llefrigerant 25 Diaphoretics, Simple 25 Di-etliylenediamiue 204 Digestive Fermeats 32 Digitalein 99 Di gitalin 99 Digitalinum 99 Digitalis 98, 186 Digitalis, fluid extract of 99 Digitalis, infusion of 99 Digitalis Leaf, powdered 99 Digitalis, Solid Extract of 99 Digitalis, Tincture of 99 Digitin 99 Digitonin 99 Digitoxin 99 Diluents 25 Diluted Acetic Acid 65 Diluted Alcohol 119 Diluted Hydrobromic Acid 141 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 34 Diluted iSiitric Acid 34 Diluted Nitr o-hydrochloric Acid 34 Diluted Phosphoric Acid 35 Diluted Solution of Subacetate of Lead 87 Diluted Sulphuric Acid 34 Dimethylphenylpyrazolon 160 Dioxide of Hydrogen 203 Direct Antacids 19 Direct Emmenagogues 26 Discus 8 Discutients 23 Disinfectants 29 Disk 8 Disks of Physostigmine 148 Dispensatory 3 Dithymoldiodide 203 Diuretics 24, 186 Diuretics, Hydragogno 186 Diuretics, Refrigerant 186 Diuretics, Stimulant 186 Doses, Table of 31 Double hydrochlorate of Qui- nine and Urea 50 Douche, Nasal 8 Dover's Powder 136, 1^3 Drastic Purgatives 20, 181 Draught 9 Dr. Carl Seller's Solution 58 Dreneh 9 Dried Alum 92 Dried Sulphate of Iron 43 Drugs 2 E. C. A. Mixture 129 Ecbolics 26 Eleetuaria 8 Electuaries 8 PAGK. Elixir Paregoric 135 Elixiria i Elixirs { Emetics 19, I7i Emetics, General 19 Emetics, Local 19 Emetics, Systemic 19 Emmenagogues 26, 194 Emmenagogues, Direct 26 Emmenagogues, Indirect 26 Emollients 28, 200 Emplastra 4 Emulsion of Asafoetida 114 Emulsiones 8 Emulsions 8 Emulsum Asafoetidae 114 Endermic Method 10 Enemata 8 Enepidermic Method 10 English Mustard 196 Epidermic Method 10 Epispastics 27 Epsom Salt 179 Equilibrium, Maintenance of. 14 Ergot 96 Ergot, fluid extract of 97 Ergot of Rye 96 Ergot, powdered 97 Ergot, solid extract of 97 Ergota 96 Ergota Pulvis 97 Ergotin 97 Ergotole 97 Erythroxylon Coca 116 Escharotics 28 Eserinae Salicylas 148, 182 Eserinae Sulphas 148. 182 Eserine, Salicylate of 148, 182 Eserine, Su Iphate of 148, 182 Essence of Peppermint 170 Ether 123 Ether, Commercial 123 Ether, compound spirit of. — 123 Ether, nitrous, spirit of 125 Ether, stronger. 123 Ethyl Hydrate lis Ethyl. Nitrite of. 159 Ethylene-imiue. 204 Ethyli Nitris 159 Ethylic Alcohol ... 118 Euphorbium 200 European Hellebore. 154 Evaciients. 171 Excitability of the Auditory Nerve 15 Excitants. Ciliary I6 Expectorants.. 16 Expectorants. Nauseating . — I6 Expectorants, Stimulant. 16 Extract, Goulard's.. 87 Extract of Aconite, fluid 151 INDEX. 215 I'MiK. Extract of Aconite, solid loO Extractor American Hellebore Koot, fluid. 154 Extract of Belladonna Leaf, alcoholic 105 Extract of Belladonna Boot, fluid 105 J XLiact of Couvallaria, fluid.- • ]0-i Extract of Dig:italis, fluid. iti) Extract of Digitalis, solid. . — 99 Extmct of Ergot, fluid 97 Exr ract of Ergot, solid y? Extract- of Gelsemium, fluid ... I4i Extract of Gentian, fluid 48 Extract of Henbane, fluid iiu Extract of Henbane, solid. ILO Extract of Indian Hemp, fluid. 115 Extract of Indian Hemp, solid, lis Extract of Ipecac, fluid 173 Extract of Jaborandi 146 Extract of Male Fern. ] 85 Extract of Nux Vomica, fluid- - 94 Extract of Mux Vomica, solid. . 93 Extract of Opium, Aqueous.. . . 135 Extract of Pilocarpus, fluid — 146 Extract of Witch-Hazel 82 Extract, Pond's. 82 Exti-acta. 4 Extracta Fluida 4 Extracts 4 Extracts, fluid 4 Extractum Aconiti. .. 150 Extractum Aconiti Fluid um . . 151 Extractum Belladonnae Folio- rum Alcoholicura. 105 Extractum Belladonnae Eadi- cis Fluidurn. 105 Extractum Buchu Fluidum . . . 1S7 Extractum Cannabis Indicae ■ • 115 Extractum Cannabis Indicae Fluidum. 115 Extractum Capsici Fluidum.. - 187 Extractum Colchici Seminis Fluidum. 80 Extractum Convallariae Flui- dum.. 103 Extractum Digitalis 99 Extractum Digitalis Fluidum. 99 Extractum Ergotae. 97 Extractum Ergotae Fluidum • - 97 Extractum Gelsemii Fluidum. 144 Extractum Gentianae Flui- dum. 4S Extractum Hyoscyami. no Extractum Hyoscyami Flui- dum no Extractum Ipecacuanhae Flui- dum 173 Extractum Jaborandi Flui- dum. 146 Extractum Nucis Vomicae ■•.• 93 PAGK. Extractum Nucis Vomicae Fluidum. 94 Evfractum Opii. 1.35 Extractum Paucreaticus. 33 Extractum Pilocarpi Fluidum. 146 Extratum Veratri Viridis Flui- dum.. 154 Eye-wash 8 Faba Calabarica U7, 148 Fariua Lini 201 Fats 38 Ferments, Digestive 32 Fern, Male. 185 Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus ... 42 Ferri et QuininaeCitras 51 Ferri lodidum 42 Ferri Perchloridum 43 Ferri Sulphas. 42 Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus 43 Ferro-chininum Citric um . — 51 Ferrum. 41,194 Ferrum Reductum 4i Filix Mas 185 Fir, Balsam of 188 Flaxseed 201 Flaxseed Meal 201 Flaxseed Oil 178 Fleming's Tincture of Aco- nite 151 Flexible Collodion 124 Flores Arnicae 1.57 Flowers, Arnica 167 Fluid Extract of Aconite 151 Fluid Extract of American Hellebore Root 154 Fluid Extract of Belladonna Root , 105 Fluid Extract of Buchu 187 Fluid Extract of Capsicum 187 Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed 80 Fluid Extract of Convallaria. . . 103 Fluid Extract of Digitalis 99 Fluid Extract of Ergot 97 Fluid Extract of Gelsemium... 144 Fluid Extract of Gentian 48 Fluid Extract of Henbane lio Fluid Extract of Indian Hemp. 115 Fluid Extract of Ipecac 173 Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica. 94 Fluid Extract of Pilocarpus. . . 146 Fluid Extracts 4 Fly, Spanish 194. 197 Folia Buchu. 186 Folia Digitalis Pulvis 99 Fomentation 8 Foods 22 Formaldehyde 203 Formalin 203 Formic Aldehyde 203 Formol 203 216 INDEX. I'AGK. Formy 1. lodido of 72 Fotus 8 Fowler's Solution 46 Foxglove 98, 186 Fused Nitrate of Silver 84 Fusel Oil 118 Galactagogues 27 Gaiactophyga 27 Galia 81 Gallic Acid 81 Gallotannic Acid 81 Gamboge 182 Gambogia 182 Gargarysma 8 Gargle 8 Gastric Sedatives, Lo<'h1 ] 9 Gastric Tonics 18 Gastro-intestinal Koute 9 Gelsemina U4 Gelsemine lii Gelsemium, Fluid Extract of.. 144 Gelsemium 144 Gelsemium, Tincture of 144 General Anaesthetics 13 General Anodynes 13 General Emetics 19 General Gastric Sedatives 20 General Sedatives il Gentian 47 Gentian, Compound Tincture of 48 Gentian, Fluid Extract of 48 Gentiana 47 German Mustard 196 Gin 120 Glauber's Salt 57, 181 Glouoin 159 Glonoinum 159 Giuc(^sidea 5 Glucosides 5 Glycerin 201 Glycerin of Alum 202 Glycerin of Carbolic Acid... 163, 202 Glycerin of Lead 202 Glycerin of Starch 202 Glycerin of Tannic Acid 81, 202 Glycerines 5 Glycerinum 201 Glycei'inum Acidi Carbolici.163, 202 Glycerinum AcidiTaunici 81, 202 Glycerinum Aluminis 202 Glycerinum Amyli 202 Glycerinum Plumbi 202 Glycerinum Tanninilodo-Car- bolizati 73 Glycerita 5 Glycerite of lodo-Carbolate of Tannin 73 Glycerites 5 Glyconjl 201 Glyceryl, Trinitrate of 159 PAGK. Gossypium Haemostaticum... 43 Goulard's Extract 87 Grain Spirit 118 Gray Powder 77, 183 Green Vitriol 42 Gum Gutti 182 Haematics 22 Hamamelis 82 Hamamelis Virginica 82 Hartshorn Liniment 40, 62 Hartshorn Spirit 61 Haustus 9 Hellebore 154 Hellebore, American 154 Hellebore, European 154 Hellebore, Mexican 154 Hemlock Pitch 190 Hemp, Indian 115 Hemostatics 28 Henbane 109 Henbane, Fluid Extract of lio Henbane, Solid Extract of no Henbane. Tincture of no Hepatic Depressants 22 Hepatic Stimulants 21 Hoffmann's Anodyne 124 Homatropine 104 Honey 200 Honey, Clarified 200 Horned Rye 96 Hydragogue Diuretics 186 Hydragogue Purgatives 20 Hydrargyri Chloridum Corro- sivum 75 Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. .77, 183 Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum. 78 Hydrargyri Subsulphas Flavus 171 Hydrargyrum 75 Hydrargyrum cum Creta.-...77, 183 Hydrate of Chloral 131 Hydrate of Prophenyl 201 Hydrated Oxide of Iron 47 Hydrated Protoxide of Potash. 52 Hydrobromate of Hyoscine 110 Hydrobromic Acid, diluted 141 Hydrochlorate of Cocaine 116 Hydroch lorate of Morphine ... 136 Hydrochlorate of Pilocarpine. 146 Hydroehlorate of Quinine 50 Hydrochloric Acid, Diluted 34 Hydrogen Dioxide 203 Hyoscinao Hydrobromas 110 Hyoscine. Hydrobromate of. . . ilO Hyoscyaminae Sulphas llO Hyoscyamine, Sulphate of ilO Hyoscyamus 109 Hypnotics 12 Hypodermic Method 10 Hyposulphite of Sodium 66 Incopapatibility 207 INDEX. 217 PAGK. Incompatibility, Pharmaceu- tical 208 Incompatibility.Therapeutical 208 Indian Hemp 115 Indian Hemp, fluid extract of- 115 Indian Hemp, solid extract of. 115 Indirect Antacids 19 Indirect Emmenagogues 26 Infusi 5 Infusion of Cinchona 50 Infusion of Digitalis 99 Infusions 5 Inf usum Cinchonae 50 Infusum Digitalis 99 Inhalationes 9 Inhalations 9 Injectiones 9 Injections 9 Injections Intra-arterial 9 Infections, Intra-venous 9 Injections, Parenchymatous., lo Inoculation lo Intra-arterial In j ections 9 Intra- venous In j ections .... 9 Iodide of Ammonium 7i Iodide of Formyl 72 Iodide of Iron 42 Iodide of Iron, Syrup of 42 Iodide of Potassium 53, 71 Iodide of Potassium. Ointment of 72 Iodide of Sodium 7i Iodine • 70 Iodine, Carbolized 72 Iodine, Ointment of 71 Iodine, Tincture of 71 Iodized Phenol 72 Iodoform 72 lodof ormum 72 Iodoform Ointment 72 lodol. 72 lodolum 72 lodo-phenyl 72 lodo-tannin.. 72 lodum 70 Ipecac 172 Ipecac and Opium, powder of 136, 173 Ipecac, fluid extract of ... 173 Ipecac, powdered 173 IpecacSyrup of 173 Ipecacuanha 172 Iron 41, 194 Iron and Quinine, Citrate of- • 51 Iron, Dried Sulphate of 43 Iron, Hydrated Oxide of 47 Iron, Iodide of 42 Iron, Mass of Carbonate of — 45 Iron, Perchloride of 43 Iron reduced by Hvdrogen — 4i Iron, Solution of Perchloride of 43 PAGE. Iron, Saccharated Carbonate of. 42 Iron, Sulphate of 42 Iron, Syrup of Iodide of. 42 Iron, Tincture of Chloride of- . 43 Irritants 27 Jaborandi i45 Jalap. 181 Jalapa.. — i8l Jamaica Rum 120 Jervine 154 Juniper 187 Juniper, Oil of 187 Juniperus 187 Kino 83 Kombe 102 Kutch. 83 Lac Sulphur 66 Lactopeptin 33 Lamellae Physostigminae 148 Lanolin 39, 201 Lanolinum. 39, 201 Lapis Inf ernalis 84 Lard 38, 201 Lard Oil 39 Laudanum 135 Laxatives 20, 174 Lead 87 Lead, Acetate of 87 Lead and Opium, Solution of.. 88 Lead and Opium wash 88 Lead, Diluted Solution cf Sub- acetate of 87 Lead, Glycerin of 202 Lead, Solution of Subacetate of 87 Lead, sugar of 87 Lead Water 87 Leaf, Belladonna, alcoholic extract of 105 Leaf, Belladonna, powdered.. 105 Leaf, Belladonna, Tincture of 105 Leaf, digitalis, powdered 99 Leaves, Buchu 186 Levant Wormseed 184 Lily of the Valley.... 103 Lime, Chloride of 60 Lime, Chlorinated 60 Lime, Solution of 59 Lime, sulphurated 66 Lime Water •... 59 Liniment of Ammonia.. 40,62 Liniment of Belladonna 105 Liniment of Camphor 112 Liniment of Camphor, com- pound 112 Liniment of Cantharides 199 Liniment of Chloroform 128 Liniment of Chloroform, com- pound 128 Liniment, Soap 112 Linimenta 6 218 INDEX. PAGE. Liniments 5 Linimentum Ammoniae 62 Linimentum Belladounae 105 Linimentum Camphorae 112 Linimentum Campliorae Com- position 112 Linimentum CantharidiP 199 Linimentum Chloroformi. 128 Linimentum Chloroformi Composition = 128 Linimentum Saponis 112 Linseed 201 Linseed Cake 201 Linseed Meal 201 Linseed Oil 39. 178, 201 Liquid Tar 191 Liquor acidi carbolici — 1 63 Liquor Ammoniae • 61 Liquor Ammoniae fortior.. — 61 Liquor AmmoniiAcetatis.. ... 62 Liquor Calcis 59 Liquores. 5 Liquor Ferri Perchloridi 43 Liquor lodi Compositus 71 Liquor Morphinae Sulphatis, Magendi 136 Liquor Morphinae Sulphatis, U.S.P 136 Liquor Pepsini. 33 Liquor PlumbietOpii 88 Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis — 87 Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis dilutu.=! ........ 87 Liquor Potassae 52 Liquor Potassii Arsenitis 46 Lithii Bromidum 141 Lithii Salicylas 166 Lithium, Bromide of I4i Lithium, Salicylate of. — 166 Lithontriptics. 25 Local Anaesthetics 1.3,14 Local Anodynes — 13 Local Astringents — 28 Local Emetics 19 Local Gastric Sedatives 19 Local Sedatives 11 Lotio 9 Lotion 9 Lugols' Solution — 71 Luuar Caustic 84 Magendie's Solution of Mor- phine — 136 Magnesia and Rhubarb 179 Magnesii Carbonas 174, 179 Magnesii Sulphas 179 Magnesium, Carbonate of. . -174, 179 Magnesium, Sulphate of 1^9 Maintenances of Equilibi'ium. 14 Male Fern 185 Male Fern, Extract of 185 Male Fern, Oleoresin of. 1h5 PAGE. Mass Blue 183 Mass of Carbonate of Iron 45 Mass, Vallets. — 45 Massa Ferri Carbonatis 45 Massa Hydrargyri — 183 Materia Medica 1 May-apple 183 Meadow Saffron 79 Medication by respiratory tract 9 Medication per rectum 9 Medicines, Abministration of. 9 Medicines. Classification of. . . 10 Mel 200 Mel Despumatum 200 Mentliol 169 Mercurial Ointment. — 76 Mercuric Chloride 75 Mercuric Iodide 78 Mercuric, subsulphate, yellow 171 Mercurous Chloride 77, 183 Mercury 75 Mercury, bich loride of 75 Mercury, Biniodide of 78 Mercury, Corrosive Chloride of 75 Mercury, mild chloride of 77, i83 Mercury, Oleate of 77 Mercury, Red Iodide of 78 Mercury, Subchloride of 77, i»3 Mercury with Chalk 77,183 Method, Endermic 10 Method, Enepidermic 10 Method, Epidermic 10 Method, Hypodermic 10 Methyl hydrate 118 Methyl terchloride 127 Methylic Alcohol 118 Mexican Hellebore 154 Mild Chloride of Mercury — 77, 183 Milk of Sulphur 66 Mindererus spirit 62 Mineral Acids - 34 Mineral, Turpeth 171 Misturae 5 Mixture, A. C. E 129 Mixture, E, C. A 129 Mixture, >i ussbaums 129 Mixtures — 5 Mixtures, anaesthetic 129 Monkshood 1.50 Monobromated Camphor 112. 141 Morphina 134 Morphinae Acetas 136 Morphinae hydrochloras. 136 Morphinae Murias 136 Morphinae sulphas 136 Morphine 134 Morphine, acetate of. 136 Morphine, hydrochl orate of... 136 Morphine,Magendies' solution of 138 INDEX. 219 135 135 Morphine, Muriate of .......... 136 Morphine, preparations of. . ... i^o Morphine, solution of. U. b. P. l;5b Morphine, sulphate of • \f Motor Depressants. . . • • • H. i^* Motor Excitants ..... •: • • • -U. ^^ Movement, Coordination or.... i* Mucilages ^ Mucilagines .......•••• » Muriate of Ammonia. . • • • o^ Muriate of Cocaine ]}^ Muriate of Morphine i^b Muriate of Pilocarpine ■ • • • i*^ Muriate of Quinine. 50 Muriatic Acid •••••• .g Mustard..:^.... 1^2,195 Mustard, Black. ........... .1 - 2. I9b Mustard. Composition of...... I9b Mustard. English 172.196 Mustard, German.... . . •••• • -li^' I9b Mustard Seed, powdered. . . .172, 197 Mustard, yellow....... = ^'-'^?5 Mydriatics.... :|* Myotics ^^ Narceina tT: Narceine \^^ Narcotics Narcotina • • Narcotine..; „ Nasal Doucne ° Nasal Wash................ « Nauseating Diaphoretics 2o Nauseating Expectorants-.... 16 New Remedies. f"^ Nightshade, deadly. lo* Nitrate of Pilocarpine. ......... 146 Nitrate of Potassium 53 Nitrate of Silver. .. .......••..•• «* Nitrate of Silver. Fused 84 Nitrei sweet'spirits of 125, 186 Nitric Acid. f. Nitric Acid. Diluted 34 Nitriteof Amyl 15« Nitrite of Ethyl... 159 Nitrite of Potassium • • • • 159 Nitrite of Sodium. i^^ Nitrites...., ••- •••• J^s Nitroglycerin.. i^^ Nitro-hydrochloric Acid .-■■■■• 35 Nitro-hydrochloric Acid. Dilu- ted .-..-.••, 4t Nitrous Ether, spirit of .•■•..- • 125 Nussbaum's Mixture 129 Nut. Areca ......••■•.. 184 Nut. Areca, powdered.... 18* Nutgall^..^.....--- -y II Nux Vomica.* Fluid Extract of 94 Nux Vomica, Powdered....- •• 9^ Nux, Vomica, solid extract of . 93 Nux Vomica. Tincture of 94 Ocular Sensibility '^l Official Preparations ^ Oil. Black J89 Oil, Camphorated ii^ Oil, Carbolized • • • • • • 163 Oil, Castor.... 39.1-4,170 Oil. Cod-liver.... 38 Oil. Cotton-seed • • • • • • 39 Oil, Croton. .39,181,200 Oil. Flaxseed }]^ Oil.Fusel, Y^ Oil of Juniper. .•••.... i»' 81i:£fnfeed;;;.:;v.v.:-.v.-.s-iV8,.oi Oil of Peppermint.... 1°^ Oil of Tar •• ]ll Oil of Turpentine. ... . • •.-• v^SS. 189 Oil of Turpentine, Rectified. . . 189 Oilof Vitriol. ...-• 3o Oil of Wormseed. . ..........•••• 185 Oil, Olive •• %l Oils .....•.;: •••• ,Z Ointment, Basilicon 190 Ointment, Blue......... l^ Ointment, Mercurial...- .....•• ^^ Ointment of Ammoniated Mer- cury Ointment of Belladonna.. ...... 105 Ointment of Carbohc Acid. .. . . 163 Ointment of Iodide of Potas- slum • V • :.• ■ ■ ■ ■ 71 Ointment of Iodine. . • • • 71 Ointment of Iodoform... • '2 Ointment of Tannic Acid ..... . 8i Ointment of^ Tar. .,....••..... 191 Ointment of V eratrine. ........ 155 Ointment of white precipitate . 77 Ointment, Simple. J Ointments. — • • * Oleata ; , .^ Oleate of Aconitine I5i Oleate of Mercury 77 Oleate of Veratrine.-- 153 Oleates., •. — , _V Oleatum Aconitmae. I5i Oleatum Hydrargyri. 7/ Oleatum Veratrinae 155 Oleoresin of Capsicum. 187 Oleoresin of Male Fern 185 Oleoresina Aspidu 185 Oleoresina Capsici i»^ Oleoresinae. ° Oleoresins •••• ^ Oleum Adipis....- 3y Oleum Camphoratum ii^ Oleum Carbohzatum 163 Oleum Chenopodii. ■• 185 Oleum Crotonis ..--181.200 Oleum Gossypiiseminis. 39 Oleum Juniperi i»' 220 INDEX. I'AGE. Oleum Lini 39, iT.s, 2ni Oleum Meuthae piperitae . — iby Oleum Morrhuae. 38 Oleum Nigrum 189 Oleum Olivae. 39 Oleum picis liquidae. 191 Oleum Hiclni 39, 174, 178 Oleum Terebiutliiuae.. 186, 189 Oleum Terebinthlnae Bectifi- eatum 189 Oleum Theobromae 39 Oleum Tiglii 39,181,200 OliveOil 39 Opii pulvis — 135 Opium 134 Opium and Ipecac, Powder of. 136 Opium, aqueous extract of ■ ■ 135 Opium, camphorated tincture of 135 Opium, powdered 135 Opium, Tincture of 135 Opodeldoc 112 Oxide of Calcium 59 Oxide of Zinc 89 Oxymel 200 Oxymethylene. . ..•••• 203 Oxytocics 26 Pale Bark 48 Panereatin 33 Papain 32 Papaverina 135 Papaverine • • 135 Papaw 32 Papayotin 32 Parasiticides 29 Paregoric 135 Parenchymatous Injections ... 10 Pastes 8 Pencils 7 Pepper, Cayenne 187 Peppermint Camphor 169 Peppermint, Essence of 170 Peppermint, Oil of 169 Peppermint, spirit of • • 170 Peppermint "Water 170 Pepsin, pure — 32 Pepsin, Saceharated 32 Pepsin, Solution of 33 Pepsinum Purum 32 Pepsinum Saccharatum 32 Perchloric! e of Iron — 43 Perchlorido of Iron. Solution of 43 Permanganate of Potassium. . 53 Peruvian Bark — 48 Petrolatum 200 Petroleum Jelly. 200 Pharmaceutical Incompatibil- ity 208 Pharmacodynamics l. 2 Pharmacology l Pharmacopoeia 2 PAGE. Pharmacy 1 Piieuazone 160 Phenol. 162 Phenol, Iodized 72 Phenyl Acetamide 161 Phenyl. Salicylate of • . . -163, 166 Phosphate of Codeine 137 Phosphoric Acid 3G Phosphoric Acid, Diluted 35 Physostigma 147 Physostigminae salicylas...i48, 182 Physostigminae sulphas 148, 182 Physostigmine, disks of . • • — 148 Physostigmine, salicylate o' s.i82 Physostigmine, sulphate of 1 , 182 Pills.. 6 Pilocarpinae hydrochloras. .. . 146 Pilocarpinae Murias 146 Pilocarpinae Nitras 146 Pilocarpine, hydrochlorate of • 146 Pilocarpine, Nitrate of 146 Pilocarpine, Muriate of 146 Pilocarpus 145 Pilocarpus, Fluid Extract of. . 146 Pilulae 6 Piperazidine — 20t Piperazine.. 204 Piperazinum 204 Pitch 188, 190 Pitch, Burgundy 190 Pitch, Canada 190 Pitch, Hemlock 190 Pix 190 Pix Burgundica 190 Pix Canadensis 190 Pix Liquida 191 Plasters 4 Plumbi Acetas 87 Plumbum 87 Podophyllum 183 Podophyllum, Resin of 183 Poke Root 154 Poke Root, Powdered 155 Pond's Extract 82 Port Wine. 120 Porter 121 Potash, Caustic 52 Potash, hydrated protoxide of 52 Potassa 52 Potassa, Solution of 52 Potassii Acetas 52 Potassii Bicarbonas 63 Potassii Bitartras 180 Potassii Bromidum 53, 140 Potassii Carbonas 53 Potassii Chloras 63 Potassii lodidum 53, 71 Potassii Nitras 53 Potassii Nitris 159 Potassii Permanganas 53 Potassium 52 INDEX. 221 PAGE. Potassium, Acetate of ^^ Potassium Alum..-.. •.•••••••• l\ Potassium. Bicarbonate of . . . . 53 Potassium, bitartrateof • 180 Potassium, Bromide of 53. 140 Potassium. Carbonate of w Potassium. Chlorate ^f 53 Potassium. Iodide of 53. 7i Potassium, Nitrate of 53 Potassium. Nitrite of....-...-- i"^ Potassium. Permanganate of. 53 Potassium, Solution of Arsen- ^^ ite of.....-.: 118 Potato spirit ^''l Poultices - Y •„ 170 Powder, Dover's 136. 173 ?S^Sre?l#eTa%oSS^Leaf:::: 5 Powdered Calabar Bean ]f Powdered Camphor \^i: Powdered Capsicum^.... i«' Powdered Cinchpna Bark. . ... f pSwdered Co ch cum Root.... 80 Powdered Colchicum Seed.... 80 Powdered digitalis leaf «« Powdered Ergot......... «' Powdered Gentian Boot 48 Powdered Ipecac ]'^ Powdered Mustard Seed la? Powdered NuxYomica 94 Powdered Opium ]f Powdered Poke Boot 155 Powders ..... ... • • •, kq Precipitated Chalk. . . . . . ■ . • • • • • '^^ Precipitated phosphate of Cal- ^^ PreS^it^ted SulphuV .V^'. . . . .66. 174 Preparations of Cinchona Preparations, Official Preparations of Morphine 136 Preparations. Unofficial ^ Prescription Writing 205 Proof spirit....... ^^'j' Propheny 1 hydrate -^"i Protectives .f. Pseudo-iervine . .... . • • i^* Pulmonary Sedatives i^ Palveres ••••-.•••. ^r^, Pulvis Arecae Seminis.....^. 184 Pulvis Belladonnae fohorum. 105 Pulvis Corticis Cmchonae 49 Pulvis Gentianae *° Pulvis Ipecacuanhae . . . ..... . • • 173 Pulvis Ipecacuanhae etOpii, 136. 173 Pulvis Magnesii cum Bheo .... 1-9 Pulvis Nucis Vomicae 94 Pnlvis Opii... .• • i^° Pulvis KheiCompqsitus. 1'9 Pulvis Sinapis semmis i^ 204 93 50 PAGE. Pure Acetic . Acid.. • 64 Pure Carbolic Acid lo;^ Pure Pepsin • ^^ Purgatives ...•.-; 20. 1% Purgatives, Chologogue 21, 183 Purgatives. Drastic. 20, I8i Purgatives, Hydragogue-- • • 20 Purgatives. Saline. ■ • -JO, 179 Purgatives, Simple 20, 176 Purging Buckthorn 178 Purified Chloroform. • 128 Pastulants .••• 28.196 Pyrazine Hexahydride . • • • Quaker Button. Qaercus albae cortex Quercus lusitamca . Quicklime Quicksilver. Quinidina Quinidine • • :• ::'"A' iXl' ' Quininae Bimuriatis Garba- uininae Bisulphas 50, 194 uininae Hydrochloras 50. 194 uininae Murias 5"- 1^* uininae Sulphas 50.194 i-j-jt-i|qq ,•••• .•••• -^y* ly* uinine and 'iron. Citrate of. . 51 uinine and Urea, double hydrochlorate of. • ^^ Quinine Bisulphate. ... ..... .50, 194 Quinine. Hydrochlorate of . . .50. 194 Quinine. Muriate of 50. 194 Quinine, Sulphate of 50. 194 Radix Colchici... '^ Rectal Medication » Rectified Oil of Turpentine... 189 Rectified spirit ^fi Red Bark......... *° Red Iodide of Mercury 78 Red Wine /••••;.• ok Refrigerant Diaphoretics f Refrigerant Diuretics 18b Refrigerants ., ^» Remote Antacids ^ Renal Depressants ^* Resin....... gj Resin Cerate i^" Resina vvw i«3 Resin of podophyllum i»^ Resina PodophyUi 18^ Resinae „ Resins „x Resolvents • fS Respiratory Depressants i& Respiratory Stimulants i& Restorative Agents ^^ Restoratives ..•••.•. 17a Rhamnus Catharticus- 178 Rhamnu s f rangula i;» Rhamnus Purshiana, . . 178 222 INDEX. PAGE. Ehenm I'^s Rhubarb l'^5 Rhubarb aud Magnesia 179 Rhubarb, compound powder of 179 Root, American Hellebore. fluid extract of I5i Root. American Hellebore, Tincture of 151 Root, Belladonna, fluid extract of 105 Root. Colchicum, Powdered.. 80 Root, Gentian, Powdered 48 Root, Poke 154 Route, Gastro-intestinal 9 Rubefacients '27, 196 Rubijervine 154 Rum, Jamaica 120 Rum, St. Croix 120 Rye, Horned % Rye, Spurred 96 Saccharated Carbonate of Iron 42 Saccharated Pepsin 32 Sacred Bark 178 Sal Ammoniac 62 Salicylate of Eserine 148, 182 Salicylate of Lithium 166 Salicylate of phenyl 163.166 Salicylate of Physosi igmine, 148, 182 Salicylate of Sodium 166 Salicylic Acid 166 Saliue Purgatives 20, 179 Salol 163,166 Salt, Common 56 Salt, Epsom 179 Salt. Glauber's 57 181 Saltpetre 53 Santonica 184 Santonin 184 Santoninum 184 Secale Cornutum 96 Sedatives 11 Sedatives, Cardiac i7 Sedatives, Gastric. General... 20 Sedatives, General 11 Sedatives, Local '. 11 Sedatives. Local Gastric 19 Sedatives, Pulmonary 15 Sedatives, Urinary 25 Sedatives, Vascular 17 Sedatives, Vesical 24 Seed, Colchicum. Powdered.. 80 Seed, Mustard, Powdered 197 Semen Colchici 79 Semen Lini 201 Semen Lini pulvis 201 Sense of Smell 15 Sensibility, Ocular ... 15 Sheep's wool fat 39 Sherry 120 Sialogogues 17 PAGE. Silver 84 Silver, Nitrate of 84 Silver. Nitrate of, Fused 84 Simple Diaphoretics 25 Simple Ointment 7 Simple purgatives 20, 175 Siuapis 172, 195 Sinapis alba 172, 196 Sinapis Nigra 172, 196 Soap Liuiment 112 Soap spirit, camphorated 112 Socotriue aloes 175 Soda Salaeratus 56 Sodii Biboras 57 Sodii Bicarbonas 56 Sodii Boras 57 Sodii Bromidum 141 Sodii Carbonas 56 Sodii Chloridum 56 Sodii hyposulphis 66 Sodii lodidum 71 Sodii Nitris 159 Sodii Salicylas 166 Sodii sulphas 57, 181 Sodii Sulphis 66 Sodii sulphocarbolas 163 Sodium ... 56 Sodium, Biborate of 57 Sodium, Bicarbonate of 56 Sodium, Borate of 57 Sodium, Bromide of 141 Sodium, Carbonate of 56 Sodium, Chloride of 56 Sodium hyposulphite 66 Sodium, Iodide of 7i Sodium, Nitrite of 159 Sodium, salicylate of 166 Sodium, sulphate of 57,181 Sodium sulphite 66 Sodium, sulphocarbolate of... 163 Solid Extract of Aconite 150 Solid Extract of Digitalis 99 Solid Extract of Ergot 97 Solid Extract of Henbane 110 Solid Extract of Indian Hemp 115 Solid Extract of Nux Vomica. . 93 Solution, Dr. Carl Seller's 58 Solution, Fowler's 46 Solution, Lugol's 71 Solution of Acetate of Ammo- nia 62 Solution of Arsenite of Potas- sium 46 Solution of Carbolic Acid 163 Solution of Iodine, Compound 71 Solution of Iron Perchloride-. 43 Solution of Lead and Opium- • 88 Solution of Lime 59 Solution of Morphine Sul- phate, Magendie's 136 Solution of Pepsin. 33 INDEX. 223 PAGE. Solution of Potassa. ......••••• P2 Solution of Subacetate of Lead 87 Solution of Subacetate ot Lead, diluted V\v " ^^ Solution of Sulphate of Mor- phine, U.S.P 136 Solutions •, ^,°' Spanish Fly 19^.19^ Spirit Grain • • • • • • • ^i^ Spirit of Ammonia, Aromatic 62 Spirit of Camphor Hi Spirit of Chloroform 129 Spirit of Ether, compound. ••• 123 Spirit of Hartshorn 61 Spirit of Nitre, sweet 125 Spirit of Nitrous Ether 125 Spirit of Peppermint. • • • ITO Spiritof Salt 35 Spirit of Turpentine 185. 189 Spirit, Potato 118 Spirit.proof 120 Spirit, rectified.. ■...•••••• 120 Spirit, soap, camphorated 112 Spirit, wood 118 Spirits 6 Spiritus o Spiritus absolutus •. ii« Spiritus aetheris compositus. 124 Spiritus Aetheris nitrosi- ..124,186 Spiritus Ammonii Aromaticus 62 Spiritus Chloroformi. 129 Spiritus Camphorae HI Spiritus Frumenti 119 Spiritus Glonoini 159 Spiritus Menthae piperitae .... 170 Spiritus Mindereri 62 Spiritus Nitrico-Dulcis 124. 186 Spiritus saponis camphoratus 112 Spiritus Vini Gallici 119 Spurred Rye • 96 Starch, glycerin of 202 St. Croix Rum 120 stimulant Diuretics 186 Stimulant Expectorants 16 Stimulants 10 Stimulants, Cardiac 16 Stimulants, Hepatic 21 Stimulants, Respiratory 15 Stimulants, Vascular.... 17 Stomachics 18 Stout 121 Stronger Ether 123 Stronger Solution of Ammonia 61 Stronger Water of Ammonia. . 61 Stronger "White Wine 120 Strophanthin 102 Strophanthinum 102 Strophanthus 102 Strophanthus, tincture of 102 Strychnina 195 Strychninae Sulphas 94, 195 PAGE. Strychnine 195 Strychnine Poisoning 94 Strychnine, sulphate of 94.195 Styptic Collodion 124 Styptic Cotton 43 Styptic. Warren's 38 Styptics 28 Subacetate of Lead, solution of 87 Subcarbonate of Bismuth 45 Subchloride of Mercury 77 Subiodide of Bismuth 45 Sublimed Sulphur 66 Subnitrate of Bismuth 45 Sudoriflcs 25 Sugar of Lead 87 Sulphate of Atropine 105 Sulphate of Cinchonidine 50 Sulphate of Copper 86,171 Sulphate of Eserine 148 Sulphate of Hyoscyamine HO Sulphate of Iron 42 Sulphate of Iron, Dried 43 Sulphate of Magnesia 179 Sulphate of Morphine 136 Sulphate of Physostignine — 148 Sulphate of Quinine 50 Sulphate of Sodium 57,181 Sulphate of Strychnine 94 Suiphate of Zinc 89, 171 Sulphide of l3alcium 66 Sulphides 66 Sulphite of Sodium 66 Sulphites 66 Sulphocar bolate of Sodium — 163 Sulphur 66 Sulphur Lotum 66, 174 Sulphur. Milk of 66 Sulphur, precipitated 66, 174 Sulphur Praecipitatum 66, 174 Sulphur, Sublimed 66 Sulphur. Washed 66, 174 Sulphurated Lime 66 Sulphuric Acid 35 Sulphuric Acid, Aromatic 34 Sulphuric Acid, Dilute 34 Suppositoria 6 Suppositories 6 Sweating Blister 199 Sweet Spirit of Nitre 125, 186 Syrupi 6 Syrup of Iodide of Iron 42 Syrup of Ipecac 173 Syrups 6 Syrupus Ferri lodidi 42 Syrupus Ipecacuanhae 173 Systemic Astringents 28 Systemic Emetics 19 Table of Doses 31 Tannic Acid 81 Tannic Acid, Glycerin of 81, 202 Tannic Acid, Ointment of 81 224 INDEX. aPAG. Tannin 81 Tannin, glycerin of iodo-car- bolateof ; 73 Tar 188 Tar, liquid .: 191 Tar,Oilof 191 Tar, Ointmeutof 191 Tartar. Cream of 180 Tartar Emetic 1T2 Tartrate of Antimony and Po- tassium l'?2 Tartarus Stibiatus 172 Terebene 190 Terebenum 190 Terebinthina 188 Terebintliina Canadensis 188 Terebintliina Veneta 189 Tetra-iodo-pyrol 72 Ttiebaiua 135 Thebaiue 135 Tlieina 117 Tlieine 117 Therapeutical luL-ompatibility 208 Therupeutics 2 Therapeutics. Applied 2 Therapeutics, Natural 2 Tnymol 168 Tinctura aconiti. Fleming 151 Tiuctura Aconiti, U. S f 161 Tinctura Arnicae florum 158 Tinctura Asaf oetidae 114 Tinctura Beliadonnae folio- rum 105 Tinctura camphorae compo- sita 112 Tinctura Capsici 187 Tinctura Catechu Composita. . 8:^ Tinctura Cinchonae Compo- sita 50 Tinctura digitalis , 99 Tinctura Ferri Chloridi 43 Tinctura Gelsemii 144 Tinctura Gentianae Compo- sita 48 Tinctura Hyoscyami llO Tinctura lodi 7i Tinctura Nucis Vomicae 94 Tinctura Opii 135 Tinctura Upii Camphorata — 136 Tinctura Strophanthi 102 Tinctura Trinitrini 159 Tinctura Veratri Viridis 154 Tincturae 7 Tincture of Aconite 15i Tincture of Aconite, Fleming's 151 Tincture of American Helle- bore lioot 154 Tincture of Arnica flowers — 158 Tincture of Asafoetida 114 Tincture of Belladonna leaf. . . 105 PAGE. Tincture of Camphor, Com- pound 112 Tincture of Capsicum. 187 Tincture of Catechu, Com- pound 83 Tincture of Chloride of Iron. . 43 Tincture of Cinchona Bark, Compound 50 Tincture of Digitalis 99 Tincture of Gelsemium 144 Tincture of Gentian, Com- pound 48 Tincture of Henbane lio Tincture of Iodine 71 Tincture of Nux Vomica 94 Tincture of Opium ... 135 Tincture of Opium, Camphor- ated 135 Tincture of Strophanthus 102 Tinctures 7 Tonics 23 Tonics, Cardiac 17 Tonics, Gastric 18 Tonics, Uterine 27 Tonics, Vascular 17 Tonics, Vesical 24 Topical Agents 196 Toxicology 1,2 Trinitrate of Glyceryl 159 Trinitrin 159 T urpentine 188, 197 Turpentine, Ctnada 188 Turpentine, Oil of 185, 189, li.7 Turpentine, Oil of, rectified. 189, 197 Turpentine, Spirit of 185. 189. 197 Turpentine. Venice 189 Turpeth Mineral 171 Unguenta 7 Unguentum Acidi Carbolici... 163 Unguentum Acidi Tannici — 81 Unguentum Basiliconis 190 Unguentum Beliadonnae 105 Unguentum Hydrargyri 76 Unguentum Hydrargyri Am- moniati 77 Unguentum lodi 71 Unguentum lodoformi 72 Unguentum Picis Liquidae... 191 Unguentum Potassii lodidi ... 72 Unguentum Simplex 7 Unguentum Veratrinae 155 Unofficial Preparations 7 Urea and Quinine, double hy- drochlorate of 50 Urinary Acidiflers 24 Urinary Alkalizers 24 Urinary Sedatives 25 Uterine Alteratives 27 Uterine Depressants 26 Uterine Tonics 27 INDEX. 225 Vallet's Mass Vapores Vapors •. Vascular Sedatives Vascular Stimulants Vascular Tonics Vaseline •. Venice Turpentine Veratralbine Veratrina Veratrine ■ 15*. Veratrine, Ointment of Veratrine, Oleate of Veratroidine Veratrum Veratrum Album Veratrum Sabadilla Veratrum Virid e Veratrum Viride Pulvis Verdigris Verm ieides Vermifuges • Vesical Sedatives Vesical Tonics Vesicants 27, Vina Vinegar Vinum Album Vinum album fortius Vinum Portense Vinum Rubrum Vinum Xericum • Vitriol, Blue Vit iol, Green Vitriol, White Warren's Styptic Wash Wash, lead and opium Wash, Nasal Washed Sulphur 66 Washing Soda Water, Camphor. Water, lead PAGE. 46 9 9 17 17 17 200 189 154 155 155 155 155 154 154 154 154 154 156 22 22 24 24 196 7 65 120 120 I'^O 120 120 86 42 174 56 111 87 PAGE. Water of Ammonia er Water, Peppermint 170 Waters ,,3 Whiskey ^ White Arsenic 45 White Mustard...- 172 White-oak Bark- • • • - ; • • • • • 83 Wliite Precipitate Ointment- • 77 White Vitriol. 89 White Wine 120 White Wine, stronger 120 Wine, Port 120 Wine. Red 120 Wine. Sherry • i;^^ Wine. White 120 Wine, White, stronger 120 Wines. •, J. Witch-Hazel • • • • 82 Witch-Hazel. Extract of 82 Wolfsbane 150 Wood Spirit. ^ 118 Wool Fat.... , 201 Wormseed. American 185 Wormseed. Levant 18* Wormseed. Oil of I80 Yellow Bark » ,^8 Yellow Jasmine «... 1** Yellow Mustard.... ........... 1^6 Yellow mercuric subsulphate. 171 Yellow Mustard = 1^2 Zinc. 89 Zinc, Acetate of.. 89 Zinc. Carbon ate of »» Zinc, Chloride of 89 Zinc. Oxide of...-- • »^ Zinc. Sulphate of 89,171 Zinci Acetas... ^y Zinci Carbonas ^y Zinci Chloridum - - 8y Zinci Oxidum. • "^ Zinci Sulphas 89.171 Zincum ^^ WILLIAM R. JENKINS' C^T^LOGUE 1896 Any of these Books Avill be sent, Post Paid, on receipt of Price. (*) Single asterisk designates Neio Books, (**) Double asterisk designates Recent Publications. JNDEBSON, "Vice in the Horse" and other papers on Horses and Riding. By E. L. Anderson. Demy, 8vo, clolh 2 00 ANDERSON, " How to Ride and School a Horse. " With a System of Horse Gymnastics. By Edward L. Anderson. Cr. 8vo 1 00 {**)BA CH, "How to Judge a Horse." A concise treatise as to its Qualities and Soundness ; Including Bits and Bitting— Saddles and Saddling, Stable Drainage, Driv- ing One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, or Tandem, etc. By Captain F. W. Bach. 12mo, cloth, fully illustrated $1 00; paper 50 BANHAM, "Tables of Veterinary Posology and Therapeutics," with weights, measures, etc. By George A. Banham, F.R.C. V.S. 12rao, cloth 75 BAUCHER, ''Metliod of Horsemanship." Including the Breaking and Training of Horses 1 00 2 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins BELL. ''The Veterinarians Call Book (Perpetnal)." By Eoscoe R. Bell, D V.S., Profsssor of Materia IMedica, Therapeutics and Hygiene in the American Veterinary College, New York ; President of the Long Island Veterinary Society ; late U. S. Goverment Veterinary Inspector, etc. A visiting list, that can Vje commenced at any time and used until full, c(>ntaining much useful informa- tion for the student and the busy practitioner. Among contents are items concerning : Veterinary Drugs; Poisons; Solubility of Drugs; Composition of Milk, Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva; Respi- ration; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound in leather 1 25 r ) BJRA DLEY, "• Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy." Part I. : The, Anterior and Posterior Limbs. By O. Charnock Bradley, Member of the Royal College of Veteiinar}^ Surgeons ; Professor of Anatomj- in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. (Read}- in June.) 12mo, cloth, 189 pages CLE31ENT. ''' Veterinary Post Mortem Examina- tions." By A. W. Clement, V.S. Records of autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately represent the appearances of the tissues and organs so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were not the examiners conclusions stated. To make the pathological conditions clear to the reader, some definite system of dissection is necessary. The absence in the English language, of any guide in making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced Dr. Clement to write this book, trusting that it would prove of practical value to the profession. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 75 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. A8th St.), New York. 3 {**)CADIOT, ••Roaring- in Horses." Its Pathology and Treatment. This work represents the latest development in operative methods for the alleviation of roaring. Each step is most clearly defined by excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot, Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans. Thos. J. Watt Dollar, M.E.C.V.S., etc. Cloth 75 CHAXJVEAU. "Tlie Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals." By A. Chauveau. New edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. Svo. cloth with 585 Illustrations ^ '^^ CLARKE. "Horses' Teeth." A Treatise on their Anatomy, Pathology, Dentistry, etc. Revised and enlarged. By W. H. Clarke. 12mo, cloth 2 50 CLARKE. "Chart of the Feet and Teeth of Fossil Horses." ^^ CLEAVELAND. "Pronouncing Medical Lexicon." Pocket edition. Cloth 75 COUBTNEY, •'Manual of Yeterinary Medicine and Surgery." By Edward Courtney, V. S. Crown, Svo, cloth 2 75 (**) COX. "Horses: In Accident and Disease." The sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which have been observed, such as in choking ; the disorders and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines ; affection of the brain ; and some special forms of lame- ness, etc. By J. Roalfe Cox, F.R.C.V.S. Svo, cloth, fully illustrated . . , 1 50 4 Veterinary Calalogue of William R. Jenkins CURTIS. "Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine." The origin, history improvement, description, characteris- tics, merits, objections, etc. By Geo. W. Curtis, M.S.A. Superbly illustrated. Cloth, $2 00; half sheep, $2.75 ; half morocco 3 50 DALZIEL. " British Dog's." Describing the History Characteristics, Points, and Club Standards, etc., etc. With numerous colored plates and wood engravings. By Hugh Dalziel. Vol. I., $4 00. Vol. II., 8vo.4 00 BALZIEL, "The Fox Terrier." Illustrated. (Mono- graphs on British Dogs) 1 00 DALZIEL, "Fox Terrier Stud Book." Edited by Hugh Dalziel. Vol. I. Containing Pedigrees of over 1,400 of the best- knov^n Dogs, traced to their most remote known an- cestors -.1 00 Vol. II. Pedigrees of 1,544 Dogs, Show Kecord, &c.l 00 Vol. III. Pedigrees of 1,214 Dog9,Show Kecord,&c.l 00 Vol. IV. Pedigrees of 1,168 Dogs.Show Record,&c.l 00 Vol. V. Pedigrees of 1,662 Dogs, Show Eecord, &c.l 00 DALZIEL. »« The St. Bernard." Illustrated. .. .1 00 DALZIEL. "St. Bernard Stud Booli." Edited by Hugh Dalziel. Vol. I. Pedigrees of 1,278 of the best-known Dogs, traced to their most remote known ancestors. Show Becord, &c 1 00 Vol. II. Pedigrees of 56i D^gs, Show Record, &0..1 00 851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. mh St.), New York. 5 DALZIEL, "The Diseases of Do^s." Their Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine Materia-Medica. By Hugh Dalziel 12mo, paper, 60e. : cloth 80 DALZIEL. "Diseases of Horses." 12mo, cloth. .1 00 DALZIEL. "Brealvina: and Training- Doj^s." Being concise directions for the proper education of dogs, both for the field and for companions. Second edi- tion, revised and enlarged. Part I, by Pathfinder: Part II, by Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth, illus .... 2 . 60 DALZIEL, "Tlio Collie." Its History, Points, and Breeding. By Hugh Dalziel. Illustrated, 8vo, paper, 50c., cloth 1 00 DALZIEL, "Tlie Greyhound." 8vo, cloth, illus..! 00 DANCE, " Veterinary Tablet." Folded in cloth case. The tablet of A. A. Dance is a synopsis of the diseases of horses, cattle and dogs with the causes, symptoms and cures 75 DAKA, "Tables in Comparative Physiology." By Prof. C. L.Dana, M.D... 25 DAY. "The Race-horse in Training." By Wm. Day, 8vo 3 50 {**)DUN, " Yetcrinary Medicines, Their Actions and Uses." By Finlay Dun, V.S. Kevised edition (almost entirely re-written) 8vo, cloth 3 50 DWYEB. ^' Seats and Saddles." Bits and Bitting, Draught and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of Restiveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Illus- trated. 1 vol., 12rao, cloth, gilt 1 50 6 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins FLEMING, ' 'A Treatise on Practical Horseslioeing-." By George Fleming, M.R.C. V.S. Cloth 75 OFLEMING. "Veterinary Obstetrics." Including the Accidents and Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturi- tion, and the early Age in Domesticated Animals. By Geo Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. With 212 illuslrations. New edition revised, 226 illustrations, 7o8 pages. .6 2o 773 pages,8vo, cloth (old edition) 3 50 FLEMING. "Rabies and Hydropiiobia." History. Natural Causes, Symptoms and Prevention. By Geo. Fleming, M. R.C. V.S. 8vo, cloth 3 75 FLEMING, "Propajjation of Tnbercnlosis." Slating Injurious Effects from the consumption of the Flesh and Milk of Tuberculous Animals. By Geo. Fleming, M.D., M.R.C.V.S,, and others. 8vo, cloth 1 5U FLE3IING. "Tuberculosis." From a Sanitary and Pathological Point of View 25 FLEMING, " The Contagions Diseases of Animals" Their influence on the wealth and health of nations. 12mo, paper 25 FLEMING, "Operative Veterinary Surgery." Part I, by Dr. Geo. Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. This valuable work, the most practical treatise yet issued on the subject in the English language, is devoted to the common operations of Veterinary Surgery; and the concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus- trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75 Orders are now received for llie » G. Neumann, Professor at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. Translated and edited by George Fleming, C, B., L.L. D.,F.E.C.V.S. S73 pages, 365 illustrations, cloth. 7 50 (**) FRIED B ERGER. FR OIINER, ' ' Patliolog^y and Therapeutics of the Domesticated Animals." By Dr. Friedberger. Translated by Prof. W. L. Zuill, M.D., D.V.S. 2 vol 12 00 CfRESS WEL L. "The Diseases and Disorders of the Ox." By George Gresswell, B.A. With Notes by James B. Gresswell. Crown, Svo, cloth, illus....3 50 GRESSWELIj, "Diseases and Disorders of the Horse." By Albert, James B., and George Gresswell. Crown, Svo, illustrated, cloth 1 75 8 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins GRESS WELL, Manual of "The Theory and Pnictice of Equine Medicine." By J. B. Gresswell, F.R.C.V.S., and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S., second edition, enlarged, 8vo, cloth. , 2 75 GBES SWELL, " Veterinary Pharmacology and Tlierapentics." By James B. Gresswell, F.R.C.V.S. 16mo, cloth 1 50 GRESSWELL, "Tlie Bovine Prescriber." For the use of Veterinarians and Veterinary Students. By James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.E.C.V.S Cloth. 75 GRESSWELL. "Tlie Equine Hospital Prescriber." drawn up for the use of Veterinary Practitioners and Students. By Drs. James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S. Cloth 75 GRESSWELL. "Veterinary Pliarmacopaeia, Materia Medica and Tlierapentics." By George and Charles Gresswell, witli descriptions and physiological actions of medicines. By Albert Gresswell. Crown,8vo,cl. 2 75 {**)GOTTUEIL, "A Manual of (General Histology." By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in the American Veterinary College, New York; etc., etc. Histology is the basis of the physician's art, as Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon's science. Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- stand the changes of disease and the action of remedies ; as the architect must know his building materials, so must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate structure of the body. To present this knowledge in an accessible and simple form has been the author's task. 8vo., cloth, 148 pages, fully illustrated... 1 00 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. iSth St.), New York. 9 {*)HASSL O CII. * ' A Compend of Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics. " By Dr. A. C. Hassloch, V.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at the NewYork College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa- rative Medicine, N. Y, 12mo, cloth, pages.. HA YES. * ' Veterin ary Notes for Horse-Owners. " An every day Horse Book. Illustrated. By M. H. Hayes. 12mo, cloth 5 00 HAYES. "Riding." On the Flat and Across Country. A Guide to Practical Horsemanship. By Captain M. H. Hayes. Second edition, 16mo, cloth 4 25 HAYES, * 'Illustrated Horse Breaking . " By Captain M. H. Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 8 40 HAYES. "The Horsewoman." By Captain M. H. Hayes and Mrs. Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated.4 25 HEATLEY. "The Horse Owner's Safeguard." A handy Medical Guide for every Horse Owner. 12mo, cloth 1 50 HEATLEY. "Practical Veterinary Remedies." 12mo, cloth 1 00 {**)HEATLEY. "The Stock Owner's Guide." A handy Medical Treatise for every man who owns an oxorcow. By George S. Heatley, M.R.C.V. 12mo, cloth 1 25 HILL. " The Principles and Practice of Boyine Med- icine and Surgery." By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. Cloth. (Temporarily out of print). 10 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins HILL. " The Management and Diseases of the Dog" Containing full instructions for Breeding, Rearing and Kenneling Dogs. Their Different Diseases. How to detect and how to cure them. Their Medicines, and the doses in which they can be safely administered. By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra fully illustrated 2 00 HINEBAUCH, "Veterinary Dental Surgery." For the use of Students, Practitioners and Stockmen. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 2 00 Sheep • 2 75 {**)IIOARE. "A Manual of Veterinary Therapeutics and Pharmacology." By E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo., cloth, 560 pages 2 75 "Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina- rians. * * * Cannot lielp but be of the greatest assist- ance to the young veterinarian and the every day busy practitioner." — Amei'icaii Veterbiary lieview. {*)KOBERT. "Practical Toxicology for Physicians and Stmlents." By Prof. Dr. Rudolph Kobert, Director of the Pharmacological Institute, Dorpat, Russia. Translated and edited by L. H. Friedburg, Ph.D., of Dept. of Chemistry, College of City of New York, Prof, of Chemistry and Toxicology at the Ame- rican Veterinary College, New York, and New York Homoepathic Medical College and Hospital. Author- ized edition. {In Press.) KOCH, ".T.tiology of Tuberculosis." By Dr. R. Koch. Translated by T. Saure. 8vo, cloth 1 00 851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSth St.), Neiv York. 11 KEATI\G. "A New Una bridged Proiioiinring Dietionarv of Medicine." By John M. Keating, M.D., LL.D., Heniy Hamilton and others. A voluminous and ex'hausiive hand-book of Medical and scientific terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu- ation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing important tables of Bacilli, Microcci Leucomaines, Ptomaines ; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic Surgery ; Poisons and their antidotes ; Weights and Measures; Themoraeter Scales; New Officinal and Unofflcinal Drugs, etc. , etc. 8 vo, 818 pages 5 00 LA3IBEBT. "The Germ Theory of Disease." Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and the domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.R.C.V.S. 25 8vo. paper • LAW. " Farmers' Veterinary Adviser." A Guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Di-^ease in Domestic Animals. By Professor James Law.TUustrated. 8vo, , ^, 3 00 cloth LIA UTABD. " Animal Castration." A concise and practical Treatise on the Castration of the Domestic Animals. The only work on the subject in the English language. Illustrated with forty-four cuts. 12mo, , J, 2 00 cloth nLlALTARD, " Meilian Neurotomy. " 8vo, ^ ^ , . I 1 00 cloth - LIA UTABD. " Vade Me cum of Equine Anatomy." By A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. Dean of the American Vet- erinary College. 12mo. cloth 2 GO 12 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins LIAVTABD, "Translation of Zundel on the Horse's Foot." Cloth 2 00 LIA UTAMD, ''How to Tell the Age of the Domestic Animal." By Dr. A. Liautard, M.D., V.S. Profusely illustrated. 12nio, cloth 50 LIAUTARD, "On the Lameness of Horses." By A. Liautard, M.D.,V.S 2 50 {**)LIAUTARD. "Mnniial of Operative Veterinary Surgery." By A. Liautard, M.D., V.M., Principal and Professor of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine and Jurisprudence in the American Veterinary College ; Chevalier du Merite Agricole de France, Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (London), etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly 600 illustrations 6 00 LONG, "Book of the Pig." Its selection. Breeding, Feeding and Management. Svo, cloth 4 25 {**)LUPTON, " Horses : Sound and Unsound," with Law relating to Sales and Warrant}'. By J, Irvine Lupton, F.R.C.V.S. Svo, cloth, illustrated 1 25 LUPTON. " The Horse." As he Was, as he Is, and as he Ought to Be. By J. I. Lupton, F.E.C. V.S. Illus- trated. Crown, 8vo 1 40 MAGNER, "Facts for Horse Owners." By D. Magner. Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900 engravings. Svo, cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; full morocco 7 50 851-853 ;S'/.r//i Avenue (cor. 4Sih St.), Neiv York. 13 3IAGNEB. "Teterinar J Diagrams." (1) The Struc- ture of Horses Feet (in colors). The Structure of Horses Feet (Effects of Bad Treatment of the Feet). Mounted and Varnished 2 00 (2) The Shoeing of the Horse. The Education of the Horse. Mounted and Varnished 2 00 MATMEW, "The Illustrated Horse Doctor." An accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases to which the Equine Kace is subject ; together with the latest mode of Treatment, and all the Kequisite Pre- scriptions written in plain English. By E. Edward Mayhew, M.B.C.V.S. Illustrated. Entirely new edition, 8vo, cloth 2 75 McBBIDE, "Anatomical Outlines of the Horse." 12mo, cloth 2 50 McCOMBIE, "Cattle and Cattle Breeders." Cloth. 1 00 M'FADYEAN, "Anatomy of the Horse." A Dis- section Guide. By J. M. M'Fadyean, M.R.C.V.S. This book is intended for Veterinary students, and offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer- ous other engravings and excellent text, the most valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary Anatomy, especially in the dissecting room. 8vo, cloth 5 50 M'FABYEAX, " Comparatiye Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals." By J. M'Fadyean. Pro- fuse)}' illustrated, and to be issued in two parts. Part I— Osteology, ready. Paper, $2 50; cloth 2 75 (Part II. in preparation.) 14 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins MILLS. "How to Keep a Do^ in the City." By We>ley Mills, M.D , V.S. It tells how to choose manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper 25 {*)3IOLLEB, "Operative Veterinary Surgery." By Professor Dr. H. Moller, Berlin. Translated and edited from the 2d edition, enlarged and improved, by John A. W. Dollar. M.E.C.S. Prof. Holler's work presents the most recent and complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard text-book on the subject throughout Germany. Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration, while the better known are presented under new and suggestive aspects. As Prof. Moller's work represents not only his own opinions and practice, but those of the best Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the trans- lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veter- inary and Comparative Surgery. 1 vol., 8vo. 722 pages, 142 illustrations 5 25 MOBETON, " On Horse-breaking." 12 mo, cl. . .50 3IOSSEL3IA.\-LIENA UX. "Veterinary Microbio- logy." By Professors Mosselman and Lienaux, Nat- ional Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Trans- lated and edited by R. E. Dinwiddie, Professor of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University. 12mo, cloth, 342 pages 2 50 851-853 Si.i'th Avemie (cor. iSth St.), New York. 15 {*)NOCAIlD, "The Animal Tuberculoses, and llieir Relation to Human Tuberculosis." By Ed. Nocaid, Professor of the Alfort Veterinary College. Trans- lated by H. Scurfield, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb. Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human medicine in Professor Nocard's book lies in the demonstration of the small part played by heredity, and the great part played by contagion in the propa- gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason- able to suppose that the same is the case for human tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis parents were protected from infection by cohabitation or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, would dwindle away into insignificance. 12mo, cloth. 143 pages -1 <^'0 PEGLEU, "The Book of the (ioat." 12mo, cloth. 1 75 PELI^ERJN, "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock." By C. Pellerin, late repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi- tional Facts Relating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V. M. 8vo, boards, illustrttted 1 00 mo C Ton, " The Management and Treatment of the Horse "' in the Stable, Field and on the Eoad. By William Proctor. 8vo 2 40 rETERS. "A Tuberculous Herd-Test with Tuber- culin." By Austin Peters, M. Pt. C. V. S., Chief Inspector of Cattle for the New York Slate Board of Health during the winter of 1892-03. Pamphlet. . . .25 16 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins REYNOLD, ' 'Breeding and Management of Draught Horses." 8vo, cloth 140 ROBERTSOm "Tlie Practice of Equine Medicine." A text-book especially adapted for the use of Veter- inary students and Veterinarians. By W. Robertson, Principal and Professor of Hippopathology in the Eoyal Veterinary College, London. 8vo. cloth, 806 pages, revised edition 6 25 DBOBERGE. ''The Foot of the Horse," or Lame- ness and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbal- anced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the foot. By David Eoberge. 8vo, cloth 5 00 {*) SMITH, ''k Manual of Veterinary Physiology. ' By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.Pt.C.V.S. Author of "A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." Throughout this manual the object has been to con- dense the information as much as possible. The broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render them of use to the student and practitioner. In this second edition — rewritten — the whole of the Nerv'ous System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with the Development of the Ovum has be6n added together with many additional facts and illustrations. About one hundred additional pages are given. Second edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus- trations 3 75 {**)SMITHn "Manual of Teterinary Hygiene." 2nd ecjition, revised, Crown, 8vo, cloth 3 26 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4mh St.), Neic Vorlc. 17 STOJlNJyiOUTII, "Manual of Scientific Terms." Especially referring to those in Botany, Natural History, Medical and Veterinary Science. By Kev. James Stornmouth • ■ — 3 00 {**)STIIANGEWAY, "Teterinary Anatomy." New edition, revised and edited by I. Vaughn, F.L.S., M R C.V.S., with several hundred illustrations. Svo. cloth 5 00 (*) S USSD ORF. Colored Plates specially for Lectures. Size 40x27. By Professor Sussdorf, M.D. Translated by Prof. W. Owen Williams, of the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Plate 1.— Diagram of the Horse (left or near side view). Plate 2.— Diagram of the Mare (right side view). Showing the position of the viscera in the large cavities of the body. Price, unmounted 1 75 each " mounted on linen, with roller.. .1 75 extra " ^'Anatomy of the Cow" (in preparation). VETERINARY DIAGRAMS in Tabular Form. Size, 28| in. x 22 inches. Price per set of five 4 75 No. 1. "The External Form and Elementary Ana- tomy of the Horse." Eight coloured illustrations— 1. External regions ; 2. Skeleton : 3. Muscles (Superior Layer) ; 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) ; 5. Respiratory Ap- paratus ; G. Digestive Apparatus ; 7. Circulatory Ap- paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip- tion 1 25 No. 2. "The Age of Domestic Animals" Forty-two figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat- ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with full description 75 18 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins No. 3. "The Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse." Fifty figures illustrating— 1. Tiie Defects of Confor- mation ; 2. Defects of Position ; 3. Infirmities or Signs of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses ; 5. Defects of the Foot ; witli full description 75 No. 4. "The Shoeing" of the Horse, Mule and Ox." Fifty figures descrifjiive of the Anatomy and Pliysio- logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing 75 No. 5. "The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But- cher's Joints of the Ox." Ten coloured illustrations — 1. Slieleton ; 2. Nervous System: 3. Digestive System (Eight Side) ; 4. Respiratory System ; 5. Points of a Fat Ox ; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular System ; 8. Digestive S3^stem (Left Side) ; 9. Butcher's Sections of a Calf; 10. Butcher's Sections of an Ox ; with full description . . 1 25 TFALLEY, "Hints on the Breeding- and Rearing of Farm Animals." 12mo, cloth 8U WALLEY. " Fonr Bovine Scourges." (Pleuro-Pneu- monia, Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection of Live Animals and Meat. Illustrated, 4to, cloth. .6 40 TFALLEY, "Tiie Horse, Cow and Dog." By Dr. Thomas Walley. A poetical account of the " Troubl- ous Life of the Horse " ; " The Life of a Dairy Cow," and " The Life of a Dog " ; with a?i article on Animal Oharaoterlstlos. 12mo, cloth 80 851-833 SLvth Arenue {cor. -iSth St.), Neia York. li) C) WA L LEY, ' A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection. By Thomas Wailey, M.R.C.V.S., formerly principal of the Edinburgh Roy.il (Dick) Veterinary College; Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc. Third Edition, thoroughly revised, with forty-five coloured illustrations, 12mo, cloth 3 00 An experience of over 30 years in his profession and a long official connection (some sixteen years) with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to gather a large store of information on the subject, which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley's opi- nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat Inspection. (**)JflLLIAMS. "Principles and Practice of Veter- inary Medicine." New author's edition, entirely revised and illustrated wnth numerous plain and color- ed plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S.Svo., cl. .6 00 r*)^IT.LlA3IS, "Principles and Practice of Veter- inary Surgery." New author's edition, entirely revised and illu'^trated with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo. cloth 6 00 Z UNn EL, ' The Horse's Foot and Its Diseases. " By A. Zundel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. 12mo, cloth illustrated 2 00 ZUILL, "Typhoid Fever; or Contajiious Influenza in the Horse." By Prof. W. L. Zuill, M.D.,D.V.S. Pamphlet 25 268434 fe.jOLOGV G UNIVERSITY OF CAIvIFORNIA IvIBRARY