1761 01537714 6 COMPLETE YIELD [ABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS AND THE HINANCE OF BRITISH FORESTRY 3 P. TRENTHAM MAW oe ee ee Et a > L = Bit ~* | ye o™ : ee ee ee ae ra rus a a a f , iam "a — s ys ed a Ve hos a we Myatt r ry Fe 4 ap oe ae | ee + 7. = :y ‘ +. " 4 2 ‘ . “ 3 r = ie j i y 3 x F ~ a ~ = ~ ¥ Digitized by the Internet Archive In 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corpae ora 3 - COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS AND THE FINANCE OF BRITISH FORESTRY WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY 17s. 6d. net. Post Free MEssrs WALTER AND WALTER, HEATHERSIDE, BROCKENHURST, HANTS Press Opinions Mt . The need for a single volume dealing with Practical F orestry has long been felt. It has recently ee ig lied in the most complete and satisfactory manner by Mr P aw. For the ‘one volume man’ ‘ Maw on Forestry’ is iikely to become, for all ordinary sylviculture, that volume.”—The Standard. His volume is a deeply interesting and instructive one, and there is no point of importance in connection with the subject that he passes by or neglects.”— The Glasgow Herald. “A Treatise by a competent authority . . for Land Owners, Land Agents, and Students of Forestry.” —The Times. “The danger of fa timber) famine is shown thus not to be a seriousone. . , .”—The Daily Telegraph. “The financial question is very carefully and thoroughly handled.”—The Sheffield Telegraph. “Tt is written in a forcible style with a clear understanding, . . Itisnot burdened with useless theoretical considerations.” —Bulletin de la Société Belge D’ Etudes Coloniales, “.. . Mr Maw’s ‘Practice of Forestry’ will be found of uncommon. value. The general construction and arra ent of the book is admirable. . It is certain to receive much more than a mere ‘succés d’estime.’”—The Westminster Gazette. . . A book which covers much ground and leaves little unsaid that can be of use.”—The Spectator. * A practical treatise upon the general subject of Forestry.” —The Scotsman. “This work is a good text book . treating fully of all the prson of Forestry much original teaching.”— Count gias which deals with Forestry in a business-like manner will be welcome. ' We like the concise style. —The Field. “The subject is dealt with in a far more concise y and practical manner than in any other work on English Forestry ve published. The chapter on Nursery Work is excellent. The Agricultural Students’ Gazette, AND MAW’S FOREST TABLES CONTAINING 1. Timber Tables of Quarter Girth Measurement. | 1s. 6d. net. 2. Tables for use with Height Measurers. | Messrs WALTER AND WALTER. 3. Tables of Compound Interest. COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS AND THE FINANCE OF BRITISH FORESTRY BY P. TRENTHAM MAW Formerly Agent for the Wootton Fitzpaine Estate, Devon and Dorset ; Member of the Land Agents’ Society; An Honorary Examiner in Forestry at the Surveyors’ Institution; A Professional Associate of the Surveyors’ Institution AUTHOR oF “THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY,” ETc. : d 6: oa | (A \3 d | | LONDON | CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON A 7 STATIONERS’ HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL, E.C., anp 1214 VICTORIA STREET, S.W. I912 [AW Rights Reserved] PREFACE Tue absence of any complete forest yield tables, based upon measurements taken in Great Britain, has long been felt. Hence I am prompted to publish the results of my own investigations concerning the growth of timber in this country, and the financial returns to be obtained therefrom. In this connection I must acknowledge a reference to an article’ by the late Professor Fisher on the growth of the young trees (now 19 years old) in the experi- mental plantation at Cooper’s Hill, but with this excep- tion I have derived no assistance whatever from the few measurements of individual crops which have been published by others. I anticipate that many critics will assert that there 1 Vide Quarterly Journal of Forestry, July 1909. vii is not sufficient evidence obtainable in this country upon which to base any complete yield tables. But with this view I cannot agree, except in regard to some of the recently introduced conifers from the Pacific coast, in which case I have put forward my tables provisionally, having also availed myself of data which I have collected in their native habitat, a region which I have on two occasions visited. Now, were it possible to compile yield tables only by such means as are indicated by those who rely solely upon the methods adopted by German scientists, I must admit that there would not be sufficient evidence in this country. But my investigations into the growth of timber in this country have revealed a method, the existence of which, so far as I know, has not hitherto been realised, and have disclosed the fact that, caeteris Viii PREFACE paribus, the growth of timber is characterised by certain - girth indices and density factors, both of which are interdependent, and which are dependent also on the height growth, and if these and the height growth at different ages be taken into account, the preparation of yield tables is a comparatively simple matter; and results can be obtained which, there is ample evidence to prove, are approximately correct for all practical purposes. I have previously, in The Practice of Forestry, published certain limited data as to the growth of timber on average land, but since that date I have investigated the matter much more extensively and in much greater detail, and whereas, speaking generally, I have no desire to qualify in any way my statements made therein, as to the yields and returns to be obtained from timber growing, yet, in the following tables I have made many alterations in respect of certain details, and furthermore I have given a vast amount of additional data in respect of practically all common forest trees. With regard to German yield tables, the use of which in this country is advocated by many, who assert that such tables afford a fair criterion of the amount of timber that may be grown, and of the manner in which it should be grown here in Great Britain, I can only say that my own investigations are a direct negation of any such assertion.’ There is ample evidence to prove that it would be an act of the gravest folly if any attempt were made in this country to grow mature timber in as dense a canopy or in as crowded a condition as that which obtains in Germany, and is indicated by the German yield tables. That somewhat similar yields of timber as are indicated in the German tables may be obtained in this country by means of densely crowding the trees I am willing to admit; but to adopt such a course would involve the expenditure of something like 1s. 6d. for every “ shillings-worth” of timber so grown. It seems to me that those responsible for the German tables have entirely ignored the economic side of the question, and that they have fallen into the grave error of imagining that the best practice is necessarily associated with those conditions under which the greatest volume of timber at any given age is attained. Whereas, if I may assume the oracular cloak of an 1 Vide Chapter I., pp. 3 and 6, where it is shown that, owing to the different methods employed in measuring timber in the two countries, the use of German yield tables is, ipso facto, rendered futile in Great Britain. PREFACE ix ancient seer, I would have my readers to remember that, within certain limits, the less timber per acre that is grown the greater are the profits. In another branch of agriculture there is an apt illustration of the inadvisability of attempting to obtain a maximum volume of timber on any given area. For, just as every farmer who is feeding “ beasts” for a fat stock show realises that, beyond a certain point, every pound of flesh is produced at a monetary loss, so it is in the case of the forester, who, prompted by ambition and in his eagerness to obtain a maximum yield of timber, allows too close a canopy to exist in the woodlands under his charge. As regards the elucidation of the financial results of forestry, it is of course necessary to value the timber, although such timber may not be sold for 50 or 100 years or more. Now there are many enthusiastic advocates of afforestation who assert with confidence that afforesta- tion must pay, and yet these same persons also assert that it is ridiculous to make calculations based upon the value of timber at a far distant date. For my part, I must confess that I regard the arguments of such persons as being most illogical; for no man, however great a genius he may be, can possibly form an opinion as to whether afforestation is likely to pay or not, unless he is willing to take into considera- tion the probable profits which are likely to be derived from the undertaking. That such profits are governed by factors of the greatest uncertainty I am only too ready to admit, and for these reasons afforestation must generally be looked upon in the light of a gamble, a legitimate one perhaps, but one in respect of which it is only reasonable to look for a high rate of interest if vast sums of money are to be expended thereon. With reference to the financial results shown in the following pages, I wish it to be clearly understood that there is no desire on my part that they should be accepted as representing, @f necessity, the results in years to come of afforestation if undertaken at the present time. For the prices of timber, one or two generations hence, may be very different from those prevailing at the present time. They may be greater, they may be less; but who shall say ? Nevertheless, 7f the prices of timber in years to come should prove to be the same as those herein indicated, then, according to my investigations, the results of afforestation will be as stated. In conclusion, I would point out that it is most x PREFACE desirable that societies, such as the Royal English Arboricultural Society, or the Royal Scottish Arbori- cultural Society, should endeavour to collect data from their members as to the growth of any typical crops under their charge. In all such cases it is imperative that exact data be given on at least four points, besides a detailed descrip- tion of the soil, situation, aspect, and altitude, and an actual estimation of the contents of timber per acre. It is imperative to know :— (1) The exact height to the very top of the trees. (2) The quarter girth at 5 feet from the ground, stating whether taken with a tape or string, and whether over or under bark. (3) The number of trees per acre. These should be actually counted on several sample areas of 1 or 2 square chains each. A mere guess at the number per acre is of very little value. (4) The age of the crop, stating whether from seed or from the date of planting. And then, again, when such particulars are given, it is most important to state whether the crop now requires to be thinned, and if so what proportion of the crop should be cut out; or if no thinning is now neces- sary, an opinion should be expressed as to when a thinning will next become necessary. And lastly, when stating the volume of timber per acre, such volume should be calculated both down to 6 inches quarter girth and also down to 3 inches “top- diameter.” And it should be expressly stated whether the timber has been measured over or under bark, and if the latter, what allowance for bark has been made. P. Trentoam Maw. 7 Nurrietp, December 1911. Err TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. AN INTRODUCTION. PAGES Quality of Soil and Situation 1 The Percentage Increment Measurements of Timber 2 Land Rentals. Allowance for Bark 4 The most Profitable Rotation Prices of Timber . 4 Annual Income from Normally Stocked Areas Form Factors 5 Application of Tables CHAPTER II. YIELD TABLES FOR BROAD-LEAVED TREES. oats Soil and Situation, Qualities I., II.,T11.,IV. . i . 14-21 Oak, Soil and Situation, Qualities I., IT., IIT., IV. - e Fogo es Fee I. ELL EV. ; . 22-29 Spanish Chestnut _,, sie Elegies kiss We ey ‘s L : F . 80, 31 Notes on the Yield of other Broad-leaved Trees Black Poplar . ave ATG provisional table) . . 32, 33 xi . 34-41 . 42-49 50 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER IIL YIELD TABLES FOR CONIFEROUS TREES. PAGES © Douglas Fir, Soil and Situation, Qualities I., II. (provisional tables) 52-55 PAGES Scots Pine, Soil and Situation, Qualities 1, II, II1.,IV. . . 74-81 Larch ¥ ye I. IL, IIT., IV. (close canopy) 56, 57, 60-65 Silver Fir ie ‘1 as Il, (a "provisional table) . 82, 83 a8 i Me I. (very heavily thinned) . . 58, 59 Sitka Spruce 3 mi I, IL. (provisional ey 84-87 Norway Spruce _,, + 1 LL, TV. : : . 66-73 Notes on the Yield of other Coniferous Trees . : . 88 CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION. Prices of Timber . : : : . 89, 90 The Normal Annual Yield ; ‘ ¢ ; : Py ee is Land Rentals yielded by Broad-leaved Trees . ; - . 91, 92 Forest Systems « ‘ 101, 102 Land Rentals yielded by Coniferous Trees. : ; . 93, 94 Mixtures of Trees 102, 103 Land Rentals on Quality IT. Soil ; 95 Land at High Altitudes . ; 103, 104 Yield in cubic feet of Timber at 60 years of age on Quality I. Soil, 96 The Financial Results of Afforestation . 104, 105 Value of Final Crops at 60, 80, and 120 years . ; ; . 97, 98 The Most Profitable Rotations . ‘ ; ; The Normal Growing Stock . ; 5 ‘ ‘ 3 401 The Financial Results of awh Waste Mountain Land at High Altitudes : : 105-108 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS AND THE FINANCE OF BRITISH FORESTRY CHAPTER I AN INTRODUCTION Ir is necessary that the following yield tables be prefaced by a few notes of an explanatory nature. General Note.—The yields stated in these tables can only be attained if the crops escape any special damage due to insects, fungi, fire, or storm. And as regards the volumes of the final crops, these could generally be increased if the amount removed as thinnings were restricted; but such a course would seldom be advisable. Quality of Soil and Situation.—The adaptability of any particular area for the successful growth of timber is indicated by describing the soil and situation, which must be considered the one along with the other, and which includes, inter alia, a consideration of the aspect, epg rainfall, and relative humidity of the air, as being referable to one of four qualities—Quality I. being the best, and Quality IV. the worst; Quality IT. land represents good average land in fairly sheltered districts, and is capable of growing excellent timber. It is, however, necessary to remember that the same area is not necessarily representative of the same quality for different kinds of trees. For instance, an area may be Quality I. for Scots Pine, and yet only Quality III. for Ash; or Quality I. for Corsican Pine, and only Quality III. for Sitka Spruce or Thuya plicata. The yields, as stated, where the soil and situation are Quality I., must not be taken as representing the very best yields which are occasionally obtained from small plantations in most favoured localities, but they represent an average such as can be obtained over considerable areas of the best forest land. A 2 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS It is most important that foresters should get into the habit of assessing the quality of the locality for different kinds of trees in respect of all land under their charge. For it is only by so doing, and by having regard to the corresponding yield tables, that it is possible to become acquainted with and to fully realise the productive capacity of any land, and, consequently, the financial returns likely to be obtained by the growth of any particular crop. Now, the best practical method of assessing the quality of any locality, is by reference to the height growth of a crop at any particular age. In the follow- ing tables the height to the very top of the trees is stated, as by so doing inaccuracies are avoided. The top of the tree affords an exact point to which measure- ments can be taken, and thereby comparisons with measurements which others may take are rendered less difficult; whereas, were the Quality of the locality gauged by the height growth to (say) 5 or 6 inches quarter girth, a standard would be set up the very nature of which would preclude the possibility of constant accuracy. However, in the case of all trees which, if given sufficient growing space, tend to form spreading crowns, the height growth alone is apt to cause deception, unless the trees have been grown in a reasonably close canopy. So that, where such trees have been grown with obviously a thinner canopy than that indicated by the table, it is necessary also to have regard to the growth in girth that has taken place at any particular age. Thus it will be apparent that in any given district, even where there are existing woods upon which to base an opinion, it is not altogether an easy matter to correctly assess the quality of a locality. And, of course, in unwooded districts the task is rendered still more difficult. Measurements of Timber.—Ali contents, as stated, are arrived at by quarter girth measurements (under bark), taken with string. All the timber ex- ceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. > Furthermore, the ordinary methods made use of when measuring timber in this country have been adopted, except that, as already indicated, all “tops” exceeding 3 inches in diameter have been included, even in the case of large- -girthed trees. This has been rendered necessary in order to avoid confusion, as data are given for the early stages of the various crops, when so much of the timber is of very small dimensions. The MEASUREMENTS OF TIMBER 3 actual amount of timber exceeding 3 inches in diameter but less than 6 inches in quarter girth varies with the species and age of the trees. In the case of young poles, there will be from 3 to 6 cubic feet (quarter girth). But if the trees are old, this amount will be reduced in the case of coniferous trees to about 2 to 4 cubic feet (quarter girth); whereas in the case of broad-leaved trees, which form large crowns, the amount will be from 3 to 5 cubic feet, and often more.’ String measurement has been adopted, as by far the greater amount of felled timber is still measured, and probably always will be measured, by this method. However, it is necessary to remember that ‘in the fold of the string” about half an inch is lost on every quarter girth as compared with measurements taken with a tape. Now, in the case of small-girthed trees, this loss of half an inch makes a vast difference in the contents per acre of any crop of trees. For instance, a pole might be 40 feet long and 54 inches quarter girth by tape measurement, or only 5 inches quarter girth by string measurement. In the 1 In the case of trees grown as standards over coppice, the amount is usually very considerable, and will often be from 5 to 9 cubic feet. former case the contents would be 8 cubic feet 5 inches, whereas, in the latter case the contents would only be 6 cubic feet 11 inches, thus showing a difference of nearly 18 per cent. In larger girthed trees the relative differ- ence is not so great. For instance— in trees averaging 9 or 94 inches quarter girth, the difference would be about 10 per cent. ; in trees averaging 12 inches quarter girth, about 8 per cent. ; in trees averaging 19 inches quarter girth, about 5 per cent. ; and so on. However, these are very considerable differences, and they afford one of the many reasons why Con- tinental yield tables, which are based upon mathe- matically accurate calculations, are quite inapplicable for practical use in this country.’ There are many who advocate the abandonment of string measurement, and who would substitute always the use of the tape. However, ancient customs are wont to “die hard,” and it is necessary to remember that it is often most difficult to pass a tape under fallen timber, whereas such difficulties are compara- 1 Vide also p. 6. 4 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS tively rare when a string is used. In fact, the origin of the use of string lies in the facility of its use in practice. Allowance for Bark.—} QUALITY air. ASH [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum. i een ae ag * ‘om norma! eA Ave rag peel waind. From date of Planting. | “(oni Oo forest. since planted Incre- Per cent. After deducti Equivalent nett with — | Current | Increment. golngs, Ss. 4d.,and after pay- | Sverage,ncome Per 3-year- uding ing back capital and interest rf old thinnings, Annual on £5, the cost of planting moaeeaie Karel ating t from Incre- In I fencing, and cleaning the eacargtan rete date of | ment. | volume eatae young crop, etc. normally stocked planting - (gross).] ats} per cent. | At 4 per cent Sater father ecm c. feet, q.g.| c. feet, q.g.| timber. £8 D. antBig £ os. D. 23 30 32 37 35 50 44 | 38 63 | 33 : loss of 52 40 52 33 63 0.0" 8: | Ovid 014 9 loss of 60 | 41 49 | 22 | 3} |0 01 016 7 loss of 70 42 45 23 4} Or 275 rs i ee wets, loss of 75 42 41 24 23 0 0 410 |e ee: * This sum ts the ave nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average acewmulated capi hen the t is i 7» stocked with crops oj all ages from one ear old Ly ste tern "ne onnt ot Bat end cotimanted nd is allowed to lie fallow for one year. Diagrams IN VOLUME. showing (To 3 inches diameter. ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. i Ona 2-year cubic feet, rotation. 1790 Thin Final nings. Yield, | cubic feet, Ona 850 70-year cubic fect, rotation. The most profitable rotation IN VALUE. (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of or ” ” Prices of Timber (standing). 70 * esedns if interest is reckoned at 34 per cent. to 55 ,, at 4 per cent, The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Trees containing less than 4 cub. ft. ” : cub. ft. and less than a ae ch ae ” 15 ° ” ” 20 ” ss ” 30 , ” and over “7 cub. ft. ” ” be) ” be Per cub. ft. 8s. D. 0 3 Including 0 5} “tops” to 8 in, ays diameter. 0 10 1 0} « Tops” below ae 6 in. q.g. at 1 6] 3d. per cub. ft. 3 de | Som anp } QUALITY IV. (out of 4 qualities). Srrvation THE YIELD PER ACRE OF ASH Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Years Value Felled.+ Average | Form Value Standing. | Years since Cabie é m ab ok F uth Cubie sets lanted ‘eet verage 3 3 feet At r with cut,* = At per Feet | Ratio | Height. | 5 feet. | ing at left.* a per Pith 3-year- Poles 5 ee. foot Trees | apart of To the String | 5 feet. aul foot, 3-year- old | cut eames = ss tops ny left. | of trees Height.| Yety top under bark, Baring Sas. eh © tops“ old trees. under bark. incloded. left. of trees. : int z. omitting senda tae < Sey trees. inch. ¢. feet, q.g.| c. feet. 8s D. Zz -m. Feet. Inches. pinch c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. 2... 2D 25%. £2 26 12'70 6 4 25 26 34 590 690 8 4 32 3} “40 740 1 34 42 270 40 4 0 38 0 10 420 10 4 87 4} 4] 900 2 0 <3 42 50 130 | -100 3 0 3 Lot 290 12 3 40 5} 42 1040 34 0: 34.13: 6 50 60 100 200 2 0 3 210 190 15 4 42 7 43 1110 53 0: Bi) 28: Org 60 70 55 190 3h 0 3 210 135 18 $ 43 8 45 1160 8} 0 %). 34 0.0876 80 44 eh 46 1360 10 0 10t) 41 0 80 20 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. t_‘* Tops” below 6 inches (q.g.) at 8d. Note.—The loss of 4s, 1d, per annum on an r cub. ft. year rotation is, at 84 per cent. interest, equal to a capital loss of nearly £86 per acre. Ee eo Sor anp ALITY ; son um lau. iV. ASH [ Continued. Increment. — Rentals per annum. qaetaly rom date of Planting. Years seees During last period. 8: | stocked forest. planted Incre- Per cent. After deducting annual out- ent ape with |ment, in-) Gent Increment. goings, 8s., and after paying ‘sore under various 3-year- cluding Aniial back capital and interest on ] rotations (excluding as thinnings, I nm £5, the cost of planting, value of sporting) from ncre- In a fencing, and cleaning the ‘| from such areas of trees. date of ment. | yolume i young crop, etc. normally stocked planting of ( va. sat ae vie eee im a actually Py ‘OSS ent. t4 t, | under timber crops.* c. feet, q.g. | ©. feet, q.g. timber. | ‘8° £ - 3: £ a ee Soa. D 26 “ 34 21 42 22 25 loss of loss of 50 23 30 3 3 0 411 0 5 8 O18 loss of loss of 60 24 27 24 64 Pie kW Nae ies 0 2 5 loss of loss of 70 24 24 2 441/08 9/049] 07 2 loss of loss of 80 23 20 1% | 1Z Jo 4 0. .4—¥ * This sum represents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average ca) when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.c., when it is normally stocked with of all ages from one old up to maturity. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per acre, ig allowed to lie fallow for one year. bs is assumed that the Diagrams showing proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Ona 50-year rotation. Ona 70-year rotation, IN VOLUME. (To 8 inches diameter. ) Final Yield. cubic feet, 1140 Final Yield. cubic feet, 1350 IN VALUE. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 7O years, if interest is reckoned at 3§ or 4 per cent, Prices of Timber (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Trees containing less than 4 cub. ft. . ” 4 cub. ft. and | s” 7 ” 10 ” 15 ” 20 ” 80 ” 45 ” ” ” ” ” ” ” +» and over essthan 7 cub. ft. Per cub. ft. Ae Ds: 0 3 Including 0 5} “tops” to 3 in, 0 7 diameter. 0 10 1 0} pops” bel 1 Sr 6 ‘eagit i, 1 6] 8d. per cub. ft. bh ay So: UALITY I. t of 4 lities). Sette ee THE YIELD PER ACRE OF BEECH Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Y Value Felled.+ Average | Form Value Standing. | Y since Cubic peace A — Fi — Cubic See alte planted feet ie Feet Heloht. eit at | girth- | feet A At planted with cut.* ope. ey Pee eet | Ratio 8 5 feet. | ingat | jeft.* = with 3-year- Poles per f "4 Trees | apart of To the String | 5 feet. per = seat ola | cut. | String tree. oe ct a left. | of trees Height. piv hng ugashte: | String | String tree, | ioe Qn old trees. jeatiort berks included. left. * | omitting : aithine eaee etd ne trees. fractions of | pM tions ‘Iuded. 4 inch. of clu Ax c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. s. D. £ 8. Feet. Inches. dinch. |c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Bo Ny £s D 30 1100 6 4 49 3 “39 30 37 | 380 30 0 3 010 O} 720 8 + 57 4 “40 1950 2 10 38 37 44 200 150 3 0 3 2 0 O} 520 9 + 64 5 “41 2490 43 10 3 | 31 0 O| 44 53 150 330 24 0 3 4 0 O} 350] Il 71 6} 43 2970 84 |0 53] 67 0 Of 53 62 110 640 6 0:44 |12 0 O} 240] 133 L 76 74 “44 3270 | 133 |0 63} 90 0 O| 62 74 80 870 11 0 6 |22 0 O}| 160] 163 4 82 Ob | 45 3640 | 223 |0 7 |108 10 O| 74 86 45 800 173 O 6} |2210 O} 116] 193 z 87 11 “46 3940 | 344 [0 74/121 10 Of} 86 100 35} 1110 313 0 74 |35 0 0 80 | 23 3 91 13 “46 4020 | 50} |0 93|156 10 0} 100 110 15 590 394 0 8 |19 10 0 65 | 26 4 93 14} “47 4220 | 65 0 103/185 O Oj; 110 120 95 15} ‘47 4980 | 763 | 0 103/225 10 0} 120 22 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. Som anv | QUALITY I. : Srrvationf (the best). BEECH [ Continued. Increment. Annual Income — mgr arog PPlenting. from normally Years | Average) During last period. rom date of Flanting. | stocked forest. since Incre- Per cent. ? Equivalent nett iets Sel | Increment. | gonessaer col ster perms. | Semeeepmoome Det 3-year- cluding Ga capital and interest on | rotations (excluding ‘old {thinnings, Annual £5, the cost of planting, value of sporting) from Incre- In I fencing, and cleaning the from such areas of date of | ment. | volume i young crop, etc. normally stocked of value forest as are actually —_ — as ae timber. (gross). At 3} per cents as ‘per cent. ree’ timber crops.* .9-g. | c. feet, q.g. aa eas Be, De 30 37 54 44 60 83 53 66 90 34 5 ee Oe Nil 14 62 71 104 3 43 02 8 00 4 1 8 10 loss of 74 78 103 28 3h OF OV PN 114 5 loss of 86 79 92 24 23 Ot 16 ae oa Bigs loss of 100 79 84 2 3} 009 0 1 2 5 4 loss of 110 79 79 1Z 28 & 6) 0 2 °3 7 AR * loss of 120 79 76 1 2 Nil 0 2 2 11-10 * This sum in § ts the age nett i per acre which will be earned upon the average aeccwmulated capital when once the forest is in proper working rotation, f.c., when it is normally stocked with of from Sem Ss Sead one year old up to maturity. that the land is allowed to lie fi low for one year. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter. ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Ona 62-year enbic feet, rotation. 3910 Final J®ings. Ona cubic feet 120-year cubic feet bases: rotation. 4980 The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 65 years, if interest is reckoned at 34 per cent. or ” 62 ” ” ” ” 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). + These prices are equivalent to the following scale of prices :— Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1s, per cub, ft. ” 6 in. q.g. and under 12 in. at 8d. per cub. ft. » below 6 in. q.g. at 3d. per cub. ft. So: aa Soatax} QUALITY 1. (out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF BEECH Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Value Felled. Average| Form Value Standing. ae Cubic srestacanl! Kant Gate . ‘erage re eon fort | dae iat Feet | patio Height. | 6 feet. 9 tenet | AX. a 3-year-| Poles per an. : Trees | apart f Tothe | String | 5 feet. per ¢ vid | cut. | String | tree. | f00t) ,, left. | of trees Height, very top | measure, | string | String | tree. |, coe trees. ender tak: included.+ left. OF ereRs. omitting” ane wader ene in- . fractions Of fractions cluded. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Bo) Ds 8. Bi Be Feet. Inches. | pinch. c. feet, q.g.| ¢. feet. Bs De ZS. 1s. he 34 A eR its af tz 1140 6 4 45 3 42 | 400 10 Fe. ow | Ae oe: 740 14 t 52 4 “40 1700 24/0 3 50 | 230 120 4 O78 110 Of} 6510 9 + 58 5 *4] 2110 4 0 3 26 10 6o]180/ 340 | 2 | 0 3 |2 0 o} sso| 1132} 4 | @4 6} | -43 | 2490 | 74 [0 5}| 54 10 70 90 460 5 0 34 610 O} 240} 133 q 68 73 44 2810 114 |0 6 70 0 0 80 | 65] 540 | 8} | 0 5% |1210 oO} 176] 153 | 2 | v2 9 |<45 | 3020 | 171 |0 6%] 85 0 0 94] 50| 680 | 13 | 0 63 |1810 O} 196] 18% | 4 76 | 101 | -46 | 3340 | 263 |0 73/101 0 0 110 35 750 214 0 7 22: 0" 0 90 | 224 } 79 12} 48 3660 402 |0 9 |136 10 Of 110 | ce Daag mente fo), a * of . |v. | sa | asd | -48 | 4280 | 472 [0 10 |171 © 0} 120 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. t Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “ standing” timber left after a thinning. F Note.—The difference between a rental of minus 1s. 8d. and one of minus 8s. 1d, on a 120-year rotation represents, at 8} per cent. interest, an additional loss of £128 per acre. drs Ys Feet. Inches. 3 mae c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. 8. IDs. $e ay ae Se ee I fi, Sof 1SBO ORE ay. a 3 40 hl CYS A i, Re iS sso| 63 | 2 | 36 4 | -40 | 1200 | 13 |0 3 |15 0 0} 50 65 [420] 170 | .. | 0 3 | 2 0 of 4e0| 93 | 4 | 41 5 | -42 | 1540 | 33 |0 3 ]19 0 O| 65 80 160 250 1} Gis 3 0 0} 800] 12 A 46 7 44 1900 64 |0 5 | 3910 0 80 95 100 400 4 0 38 5 0 Of 200;) 15 4 50 8h “45 2090 103 |0 6 | 52 0 O 95 110 60 450 14 0 54 |10 0 O} 140 174 4 538 10 “46 2200 153 |0 63/62 0 07] 110 120 5 see ae +P 5x9 G ies ore: 54 10} 47 2540 18 0. To) Te. OO ae * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. , t Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “* standing” timber left after a thinning. Note.—The difference between a rental of minus 4s. 6d. and one of minus 5s. 1d. on a 120-year rotation represents, at 8} per cent. interest, an additional loss of £51 per acre. The total loss of 5s, 1d. is equal to a capital loss of £448 per acre. 28 ‘Som ano Srrvation }quaniry TV. BEECH [ Continued. Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. Increment. Land Rentals per annum, | “22ual Income showing (To 3 inches diameter.) 7 Fron date of Planting. ‘| from normally proportion of Years Aen During last period. stocked forest. Dee te planted Incre- P t. After Qeduets ora Equivalent nett with }™eRts M-) Current | Increment. | goimgs, 8s, andafter paying | ‘Sere under various hers | 3-year-| cluding | 3 nual Kk capital and interest on rotations (excluding Onan : old [thinnings.) *y £5, the cost of planting, | value of sporting) 80-year cubic feet, “reall from icre- In ta . fencing, and cleaning the from such areas of tatio 2150 date of | ™ent- | volume young crop, etc. normaliy stocked ro n. | planting. of Nae Lac as ad actually " . 7 ti T crops.* c. feet, q.g.| c. feet, q.g.| timber. gross) Boy: sed a he 4 od aan un 4 ws = ps 40 50 24 Ona 120-year loss of loss of rotation. 65 26 34 23 22 0 5 OT LG ; loss of loss of 80 29 40 2} 5 O46.) 0°66 ONG. The most profitable rotation loss of loss of (according to the yields and prices indicated 95 31 39 12 23 4 9 0 8 10 ) Is one of 80 years, if interest is reckoned at 3} or 4 per loss of logs of cent. 110 32 37 1g 24 0 5 0 5 ll 0 10 10 Prices of Timber (standing). logs of loss of : i 34 If lf 0 6 O11 8 + These prices are equivalent to the following scale of prices :— Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1s, per cub. ft. » 6in. q.g. and under 12 in. at 8d per cub. ft. * This sum Pg pd the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accwmulated = when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.c., when it is normally stocked with of all ages from one old up to —ag age The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per "corer gelemaclas is allowed to lie iw below 6 in. q.g. at 8d. per cub, ft. acre, for one year. Sor. anp Hy org ee I, (out of 4 qualities). Srruation J (the best). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF BIRCH Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Value Felled. Average | Form Value Standing. | Years ple Cubic —— ‘ quarter |Factor,| Cubic : since verage = ni — = Av. ‘Re nie Feet | Ratio Height. 5 feet. ing at left." Av. see wager” Poles per 4 Trees | apart String 5 feet. per 3- 3-year- foot, of To the hamare a foot, year- ola | COe | _ String al as tops” left. | of trees Height.| vey tP | inder bark,| String ind eles tops” old trees. under bark. included. = opsrees | omitting | Grieving | wnder bark ~ eye = fractions cluded. c. feet, q.g.! c. feet. By Ds & #8. Feet. Inches. }inch. | c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. ey ©: oe 16 | 430 670 8 1 41 3 16 20 | 320 20 3. 0 0 10 850 Lt 1 52 4 37 730 2 0 3 9:49 20 (per100 stakes) 23 90 80 3 0 3 rie'D 260 13 4 58 4} 39 840 34 |0 3 | 10 10 23 27 80 140 13 0 38 2 0 180 153 i 64 5} “41 990 53 |0 34] 14 10 27 33 60 270 4} 0 34 3 10 120 19 4 69 7 ~ °42 1170 92 |0 6f | 23 10 33 40 40 360 9 0 6} 7-8 80 234 4 74 8} “44 1320 164 |0 6t | 30 10 40 50 | 30] 540 | 18 0 6t [13 0 50 | 30 } 79 11 -45 | 1440 | 283 |0 634] 37 0 50 60 82 125 | -46 | 2030 | 40} |0 643] 52 10 60 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. t Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. ¢ ** Tops” below 6 inches (q.g.) at 84d. per cub. foot. Sor anp ) QUALITY I. Srrvation J (the best). BIRCH [ Continued, Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. | Increment. Land Rentals per annum Annual Income showing (To 3 inches diameter.) From date of Planting “| from normally proportion of ‘Veata pronase During last period. * | stocked forest. Tolootige to inal Crop. Thin Incre- Piet | 1-| Cursene | Increment. | piggraenhanet iy | srong meen od eae cludin ‘urrent + fng back capital and interest. | 2°% under various Yield. Sime 3-year- Annual rotations (excluding Ona old fthinnings, OSD In rod * apse gee Leia value of sporting) 50-year cubic feet, trees In S> eaDINE «the from such areas of . 1980 * | date of | ment. | volume young crop, ete. normally stocked rotation. : of ee leh as ave actually aL tek gg | tiber, | | 42°8 per cent | At < percent. tum ae 16 Thi In Final nings 20 37 Yield. | cubic feet, : Ona aa 1410 | 60-year 23 1 63 78 vas ‘as vr ni wabatier: 27 46 72 7h The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) 33 50 74 6} Is one of 55 if interest is reckoned at ro years, if interest is reckone - 3 ts pe or ” ” ” ” - 54 “ Ory [EPO 27) oO 1 1y O16 2 Prices of Timber (standing). 4 The timber h alued di 50 57 66 4 4 0s 41017 019 2 wie r has been valued according to the following scale of } er cp f 60 57 59 33 34 02 9 Dict? 6 bo) "S Trees containing less than 4 cub. ft. . 0 3 oh od ne. I ¥ 4 cub. se ad ~_ than 5 cub. ft. 3 821. tops "to tin 7 . 8 ae 0 jameter, * This sum ts tt in hich will be ed th x ae ze ss . ensates cnn) ca) ital whan once mee the fret i iota proper working rotation ee when teraceeadiy stocked $3 8 ” as 20 i One } “ein aan See els cnc ans sess tdbett ia lon reson ne st a Rw andoher 064) it et. Sor. anp QUALITY I. Srrvation J (out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF BLACK POPLAR Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. 2 Avera; Form pte Cubic No Pads y ee ae quarter Factor,} Cubic planted feet z Average girth at | girth- feet with cut.* v. ) es, Feet Ratio Height. | 5 feet. |+ing at left.* 2-year- Poles per f 9 Trees | apart of To the String | 5 feet. old | cut. | String SHOE rs a left. | of trees | p14; ght.| very top angen) Seeing) | Seeing trees ender bate incleded left. ihe omitting ( rite wndion baek i fractions of fraction : 4 inch. of c. feet, q.g.| cc. feet. es Se ' Feet. Inches. inch. | c, feet, q.g.| c. feet. 15 890 4 3 40 3 | 19 350 540 9 t 50 4 *39 1120 25 260 310 1} 0 3 4 0 O} 280 123 q 62 5} “41 1490 31 100 450 4} 0 3 5 10 0} 180 15} q 71 7 “42 1840 39 70 700 10 0 5¢ |12 0 OF 110 20 4 79 9 “44 2150 50 45 900 20 0 6t |20 0 0 65 26 4 86 12 46 2490 60 91 | 18$ | -46 | 3510 32 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. t Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. t ' Tops” below v inches (q.g.) at 8d. per cub. foot. and it is a hat the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. Som anp : Srrvsnox | QUALITY 1. BLACK POPLAR [ Continued. Increment. Rand Rentate per anno ee ee : rom normally ar Average Beahant acted: From date of Planting. seotked fovent: since nual Incre- ; Equivalent nett Pivith [ments in-| cent | Increment. | gommcgitse anual ous: | average income per 2-year- cluding laste ing back capital and interest speatinan tetucin thinnings, Annual on £5, the cost of planting, viii Oh eportii: - old froma Incre- In Th fencing, and cleaning the from sheet a trees. dite at ment. | volume aaa young crop, etc. : normally ee eked. planting. oe (gross). | At 3} percent. | At 4 per cent. made ishber erope.* . feet, q.g.| c. feet, q.g. ° £. 8 De 2% D: £s. D. : 15 | 19 59 e } >| 25 72 113 ve ; ; 31 84 133 7 39 92 126 5g | «6 sek | Oe Gr 2 Bi ed 97 113 4 63 0 if 4 | 623.6 ¢ Oe iy a 60 98 102 33 41 O11 3 0 8 2 22 8 * This sum resents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average acewmulated ca: when once the forest is in proper working rotation, é.e., when it is normally stocked with ofa from one year old up to maturity. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per acre, Diagrams showing proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Ona 50-year rotation. Ona 60-year rotation. IN VOLUME. (To 3 inches diameter. ) IN VALUE. Thin- nings. cubic feet, 1460 Final Yield. cubic feet, 3390 Thin- nings. cubic feet, 2360 Final Yield. cubic feet, 3510 The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 50 to 55 years, if interest is reckoned at 3} per cent. 50 or ” at 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Per cub. ft. s. D. Trees containing less than 5 cub. ft.. PF . 0 8 \,,,2ncluding , 9 5 eas, ft. and less than 10 cub. ft. 0 4 } ae % a id A 20 ae vw “ ” er eee ect +s 35 de wd 50 ” 0 7 [ sa. per cub. ft. i 50 s», andover . - - O 74 Cc Sor anp Titan been I. (out of 4 qualities). Srrvation f (the best THE YIELD PER ACRE OF OAK Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Average | Form ‘ee ones eae Value Felled.+ quarter | Factor,| Cubic Value Standing.§ planted feet A r Average girth at | girth- feet A At with cut." vy. ‘Abies eet | Ratio | Height. | 5 feet. | ing at left.* v. : 3-year- Poles per foot Trees | apart | “of "Yo the String | 5 feet. per bot old cut, String tree. Pe tops. BS left. | of trees Height.| very top Pare pati String String tree. |. tops” trees. ender bark. included. + — of tees. "omitting "| Omitting under bark. in- teak, | tsetions cluded. { c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. es Fh Wesc ate Feet. Inches. finch. |c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. s.. Bs &. & D. 21 1450 5 + 35 27 | 560] ... tt * AS sceo| 7 | 44 33 | 330 80 sed 0 $ 1 0 O} 560 a L 52 4 40 La 40 190 170 1 0.3 2 0 OO} 870 11 1 59 4] 1440 33 0 3 18 0 O} 40 47 150 370 24 0.-8 410 O} 220 14 q 65 6 43 1550 7 0 53 36 10 O| 47 56 75 410 54 0 4} 8 0 O] 145 173 4 70 7 44 1740 12 0 74 54 10 O} 56 65 45 | 410 9 O 6% |11 10 Of] 100 21 4 75 9 "46 1930 194 {0 8%] 68 O O} 65 75 | 30| 490 | 164 | 0 83/17 0 O} To} 25 | 4 80 11 |"-47 | 2100 | 30 [0 9] 79 0 Of} 75 | 85 20 560 28 0 9 21 00 50 30 4 84 12} 48 2200 44 1 2 +)419) ON On eae 95 10 460 46 1 14 26 0 0 40 34 4 88 14 “49 2350 583 1 4 |157 10 O] 95 105 5 310 62 1 44 }21 00 35 38 4 91 15} 49 2590 74 1 6$|}200 0 O} 105 120 ke oe ye Aas Any ay ioe igs 95 17 310) 3310 944 1 7 |264 0 O} 120 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. Note.—On most soils, the Sessile Oak will yield better returns than the Pedunculate Oak. Many soils are Quality II. for Sessile Oak and Quality III. for Pedunculate Oak. 34 Srrvation | (the best). OAK [ Continued. Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. Increment. Annual Income showing (To 8 inches diameter.) Land Rentals per annum. F date of Plantin from normally proportion of Years te During last period. a of Planting.§ | stocked forest. Thinnings to since | Ann _ Shoe eer 12 =a Final Crop. Incre- Equivalent nett i in- mon ment, in- ae PA tollcenar! pave cnt ce average income per ian cer . (Sea Fed acre under various | 3-year- eons. Annual ————_ Back ene ne ae on | rotations (excluding Ona cubic feet, | Cubic feet, ola PHRMOE “Inere- | In | yq | dicing, snd ceatng tee | gamectqorin | = 96-year = \ “any | trees. date of | ment. |volume| yaine young crop, ete. normally stocked , rotation. planting. ° of (gross).| at 3} per cent. | At 4 per cent anes tinker eons? ¢. feet, q.g. | c. feet, q.g. | timber. ar ke eT ae Br 6s), Thin: Figs! | 33 we +? ee we a ay i 12 ae cube fn, cube feet, lal 0 40 eS ae oes aye eas ay nat rotation. 47 46 69 56 49 67 33 5§ oe > 0 18 10 The most profitable rotation O88 0: 65 52 67 3} 44 O° 20) | 20440 Pb ae oS (according to the yields and prices indicated) loss of sp: : Is one of 95 to 100 years, if interest is reckoned at 34 or 75 54 66 3 33 OO 10 | C2 Bed Et. © 4 per cent. -£ loss of 8] 55 | - 66 2¢ | 5§ | 0 110 soe 117 7 Prices of Timber (standing). 88 0 95 56 61 23 4} O23. 2 Os OG 2° 6:29 + These prices are equivalent to the following scale of prices :— poerice Timber 12 in d t 1s. 9d b. foot 9 . q.g. and over at 1s. 9d. per cub. foot. 105 56 55 23 3} 0 2 0 eee 213 11 » 6 in. q.g. and under 12 in. at 10d. per cub. foot. 120 55 48 18 lz oat eT dk oa ee ” below 6 in. q.g. at 3d. per cub. foot. * This its th ett i i Iti ed that the t felled in winter, and sl has bi di muna epi ws ncn th ata pops Wovkiag what ta, When ormatyapeket ore mis of bark nat ns wh 0 edn inter and no aowane as wena Sees aed Ueto eenctned taek the lend ia allowon to lie tallow for one year. n= “wtmated at 26 per - S Son AND } QUALITY II. (out of 4 qualities). Srrvation THE YIELD PER ACRE OF OAK Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Average | Form a cones Value Felled.+ quarter Factor,| Cubic Value Standing.§ tees planted feet A Average | girth at | girth- feet At planted with cut.* Ve hE eE Feet | Ratio Height. | 5 feet. | ingat | left.* Av. : with 3-year- Poles per foot Trees | apart of ae Siting 5 feet. per bo 3-year- ald | Cot | Sirteg | ACO | cttons? left. | of trees | Height.) very top | under bark,| Sime | string | Ee |e tons” old trees. under bark. included. left. of trees. | omitting | Umitting |. measure, in- trees. pice of fractions ar bark. cluded.+ c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Bi D; £ 8 D. Feet. Inches. finch. |c. feet, q.g.) c. feet. 8. De Fe 31 1070| 6} | 3} 36 31 38 460 70 0 3 1 0 O} 610 8} + 43 40 960 12 38 45 230 140 0 3 2 0 Of 880 104 i 49 “41 1150 3 0 3 1410 O} 45 52 150 | 250 1} 0 3 3 0 Of 2380 14 4 55 “43 1270 53 |0 43) 25 0 OF} 52 60 65 260 3} 0 3 3 0 O}] 165 16} 4 60 4 44 1420 84 |0 64] 38 0 OF 60 70 60 390 64 QO 5} 8 0 OF 105} 20 4 65 8t 45 1530 144 |0 8 50 10 O} ‘70 80 25 280 11} 0 74 8 10 0 80 | 23 4 69 10 ye 47 1750 22 0 8}/ 6310 O} 80 90 20 | 350 174 0 8} |12 0 0 60 | 27 4 73 11 “49 1880 314 |0 9 | 71 0 O} 90 100 10 | 270 27 8? 110 0 50 | 30 4 77 12} 49 2080 414 |1 03/108 0 O} 100 110 10 | 400 40 1 03 {21 0 0 40 | 33 4 80 14 BO 2130 53} |1 33/1385 0 O] 110 120 5 | 270 54 1 34 |17 10 0 85 | 35 3 82 15 +50 2270 643 |1 5 |162 10 O} 120 130 : #3 aa : 84 16 “BO 2650 753 |1 64/203 10 O} 130 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark had been included. t Felled pe have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing ” timber left aftera thinning. es Note.—On most soils, the Sessile Oak will yield better returns than the Pedunculate Oak. Many soils are Quality II. for Sessile Oak and Q' y III. for P late Oak. 36 3 ~~ : Sort anp Souinox ; QUALITY i. OAK [ Continued. Increment. __| Land Rentals per annum. eeaeemais: ——_ Aver ig task petiod. From date of Planting.$ eid forest: since ze as Incre- Equivalent nett ted A Per cent. - phoal Pete P= | corent'| Increment. | guspearsictaiaterney. | Tocehacms ye 3-year- cluding cia ing back capital and interest | rotations (excluding old innings “Inere- | In fencing and clearing the | qne,ctgporne) trees. Pie ¢ | ment. | volume In Young erop, ete. meee pie pacoting of aoe) fore - ate. actually . . unde crops.* ©. feet, q.g- | c. feet, q.g. Stoker. we" ad gs or - =< ; 2 3 : D. : 38 27 : 45 30 47 | 52 | 33 53 | 4 loss of loss of 60 36 51 34 6 DBF 3 9 010 1 loss of loss of 70 38 50 3 4} 2 03 8 014 38 loss of loss of i 80 39 50 23 34 2 es a 0 16 10 : loss of loss of ‘; 90 40 48 24 2 g 2 Ok Ore F loss of loss of : 100 41 47 24 5 2 3 10 1 ae Na | J loss of loss of 110 41 45 2 33 020 0 3 10 112 5 loss of loss of 120 41 41 13 25 2 2 1 36° TT loss of loss of 130 41 38 1} 2 4 2 2) 2 * This sum represents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon: the average accumulated capital when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.e., when it is normally stocked with crops of all ages from one year old up to maturity. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per acre, aud A is assumed that the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. a Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter.) proportion of Thinnings of Final Crop. Final Yield. Ona 110-year eee rotation. Thin- inal f Rings. cubic feet, Ona 2680. 130-year rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 700 Aes 110 years, if interest is reckoned at 34 per cent. or ” ” ” ” at4 percent. Prices of Timber (standing). + These prices are equivalent to the following scale of prices :— Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1s. 9d. per cub. foot. 6 in. q.g. and under 12 in, at 10d. per cub. foot. below 6 in. q.g. at 3d. per cub. foot. ” ” § It is presumed that the trees are felled in winter, and no allowance has been made for the sale of bark. Note.—The difference between a rental of minus 2s. and one of minus 2s, 5d. on a 13-year rotation represents, at 84 per cent. interest, an additional loss of £51 per acre. The total loss of 2s. 5d. is equal to a capital loss of £297 per acre. Sor anD }quauiry IIT, (out of 4 qualities). Srrvation THE YIELD PER ACRE OF OAK Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. pa | Average | Form . x Value Felled. ag Value Standing.$ | Years sacs: Cubic ci: Psatecahs peciae! B aatt Cubic Ress i since planted feet “a Average | girth at | girth: | feet | 4. At planted with cut.* v. At per Feet Ratio Height. 5 feet. ing at left.* A . with 3-year- | Poles : per foot Trees | apart of To the String | 5 feet. per ‘oot, 3-year- old cut. String tree. “to 3” left. | of trees Height.) Very top sndar bark String String tree. |, tops ” old trees. under bark. included.+ left. ut Gress. | “omitting | BOCeUes| er bark. in- trees.. peg of fractions cluded. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. 8.» Ds &. | Be ads Feet. Inches. PY inch. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Ss. D. £ Ss. dD 44 40 Ores 010 O} 580 9 } 39 4 “41 940 12 44 52 170 130 3 0 3 110 O]} 860 11 } 45 42 1120 3 52 60 140 240 1} 0 3 3 0 O} 220 14 4 50 6 43 1220 54 0 44 23 0 60 70 80 300 34 Q.3 3.10 O} 140 18 4 55 73 “45 1330 94 OXF. 38 0 70 80 40 270 64 0 5} 6 0 O} 100 21 L 59 9 46 1460 143 0 8 48 0 O} 80 90 25 280 ll 0 74 8 10 0 75 244 PS 63 10 “47 1580 21 0 8} 56 0 O} 90 100 15 240 154 0 8 8 00 60 274 4 66 113 he “49 1710 284 0 93 69 O Of] 100 110 10 230 23 0 8} 8. 049 50 304 3 68 12} “49 1830 364 1 03 97 10 O] 110 120 10 310 31 O-9 11 10 O 40 33 4 70 14 10) 1840 | 46 1 34 118 10 O} 120 130 71 | 16 50 | 2140 | 534 |1 53/157 10 0} 130 | * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnin have been valued at the same price per foot as the “ standing” timber left after a thinning. Note.—On most soils, the Sessile Oak will yield better returns than the Pedunculate Oak. Many soils are Quality II. for Sessile Oak and Quality III. for Pedunculate Oak. 88 Sor anpD }euaurry mI. Srrvation OAK [ Continued. Increment. ____} Land Rentals per annum. ein ears Ay erag ‘ Shakes nat peciod. From date of Planting.§ strained ferank. since scpambates tel Incre- Equivalent nett ted 8) Per cent. After deduct ; ete ors a | Current | Increment. polnge, te 4s tod ater pay. peau magenta 3-year- ming. Annual rai ane oe planting rotations (excluding old I ron Incre- In fencing, and cleaning the footer Shanker trees. date of ment. | volume In young crop, etc. normally stocked deeting oO ‘Messe forest a om actually c, feet, q.g. |e feet, q.g. timber. sil ‘ “et - ; 3 a = = o 7. a P =. 44 22 52 | 25 39 | 3h 60 | 27 aie Ee loss of loss of 70 29 41 25 53 3 9|0 410 0 8 4 loss of loss of 80 30 40 28 34 0 3 910 410 0 10 10 loss of loss of 90 31 40 24 3 0 310 0 12 11 loss of loss of 100 32 37 24 34 5 015 6 = S loss of loss of 110 | 22 aoa Waeke 3 a)0 5 1 tos loss of loss of 120 32 32 13 25 C810 | Os. 2 se: ee, loss of loss of 130 | 32 S00 Vda |) 8h) 0 8:12 |-0. 52 8 4 8 * This sum represents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accumulated capital when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.c., when it is normally stocked . The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per is allowed to lie fallow for one year. with crops of acre, and = is assumed that the ages from one hear ope up to maturit: IN VOLUME. (To 3 inches diameter.) IN VALUE. Diagrams showing proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Ona 70-year tes rotation. Thin- Final Yield. ais Ona : cubic feet, bic f 110-year ay 2060. Ms is a rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 110 years, if interest is reckoned at 34 per cent. or yy 70 at4 per cent. ” ” ” Prices of Timber (standing). { These prices are equivalent to the following scale of prices :— Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1s. 9d. per cub. foot. $3 6 in. q.g. and under 12 in. at 10d. per cub. foot. ” below 6 in. at 3d. per cub. foot. § 1t is presumed that the trees are felled in winter, and no allowance has been made for the sale of bark. Note.—The difference between a rental of minus 8s. 9d. and one of minus 3s. 11d. on a 180-year rotation represents, at 8} per cent. interest, an additional loss of £20 per acre. The total loss of 8s. 11d. is equal to a capital loss of £441 per acre. Som anp \quaniry IV. (out of 4 qualities). Srrvation THE YIELD PER ACRE OF OAK Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Aver For ; 7 eve Value Felled.+ quarter Factor Spero Value Standing.§ pee plated] | feet. | ay pest | parip | HGR | Bae | Eee] eet | an | A planta with Poles cut. per At per Trsea:| age Ratio eight. cite he a left. per per with 3-year- foot of To the : foot, 3-year- at cut. String tree. - Ge + left. | of trees Height.| very top under bark,| String Peer, 3 tree. |.. tops” old trees. may bask. included. left. wae omitting : omitting | under bark. in trees. }inch. ange stag! cluded. + c, feet, q.g.| c. feet. 8s. D. 2. a. BD Feet. Inches. finch, | c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. 8 D. £8 40 890 7 4 29 3 40 50 | 330 30 Oid 010 O} 560 9 + 35 4 4] 720 1} 0 3 50 60 | 230 110 3 0s 110 O} 880 114 4 40 “42 910 3 Q Sa) T2100: 60 70 | 130 170 1} ee 2 0 O} 200 15 4 44 6} 44 1050 5} 0 4} 19 10 70 80 60 200 3} OS 210 O} 140 173 4 47 73 45 1140 8 0 6} 31, 0.0 80 90 35 190 54 0 43 3.10 O} 105 204 4 50 8} _ 46 1220 11Z |0 74] 38 0 O 90 100 25 200 8 0 64 510 0 80 234 3 52 10 E 47 1280 16 0 84 44 0 0} 100 110 15 170 1 0 74 5 0 0 65 26 4 54 11 48 1350 203 0 84 48 0 0] 110 120 15 220 143 0 8 710 0 50 284 4 55 12 “49 1350 27 011 | 6110 0} 120 130 56 12} “49 1560 31 1 03) 79 10 130 40 * Only timber exceeding 3 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. Note.—On most soils, the Sessile Oak will yield better returns than the Pedunculate Oak. Many soils are Quality II. for Sessile Oak and Quality III. for Pedunculate Oak. Som anp Souatoy }OUALITY IV. OAK [ Continued. Increment. Land args per annum. Me apical Years Average Paling test petted. From date of Planting.§ aenaad foxest. since a sree Incre- Per cent. deducti fount: Equivalent nett Perth JEN IM-| Cyreenp | Increment. | gong uysani ater gy. | Sce'agar vada ° ing back capital and interes i : i “Sia finnings| Jnnual | gu fo, the corto panting | "ral of sorting) trees. Oaegh ment. ceiiene Bore young crop, ce Pract pea planting. 4 of (gross). At 3} per cent. | At 4 per cent. sistas saber arvpe* ©. feet, q.g.! c. feet, q.g.| timber. £8 Dz 2.5 Gea Ds £8 D. 40 50 15 60 | 17 30 3} 70 | 19 31 2g z loss of loss of so | 21 29 24 5} ]}0 49/06 8] 050 loss of loss of 90 21 28 24 3 OREO | OE Oe aa Pan loss of loss of 100 22 26 1Z 23 0 411 0 5 10 0 7 9 loss of loss of 110 22 24 1} 1g 5 0 8 5 loss of loss of 120 22 22 1} 38 5 0 10 10 loss of joss of 130 22 21 12 23 B= 0 6 012 8 * This sum mts the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accumulated ca; ital whe: roe wage of acre, a its assume 4 nm once the forest is in proper working rotation, é.¢., when it is normally stocked from one year old up to maturity. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per umed that the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 8 inches diameter. ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Final Yield. On an 80-year cubic feet, rotation. _ Ona 130-year rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 80 year's, if interest is reckoned at 34 or 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). + These prices are equivalent to the following scale of prices :— Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1s. 9d. per cub. foot. P 6 in. q.g. and under 12 in. at 10d. per cub. foot. "9 below 6 in. q.g. at 3d. per cub. foot. $ It is presumed that the trees are felled in winter, and no allowance has been made for the sale of bark. Note.—The difference between a rental of minus 4s. 9d. and one of minus 5s. 1d. on a 180-year rotation represents, at 84 per cent. interest, an additional loss of £41 per acre. The total loss of 5s. 1d. is equal to a capital loss of £626 per acre. Sor anp }Gne tan) I, (out of 4 qualities). Srrvation/ (the be: THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SPANISH CHESTNUT Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Y lue Felled. Average | Form Value Standing. Years pi Cubic — quarter | Factor,! Cubic : since planted feet he Average | girth at | girth- feet A At planted with cut.* ne At Feet | Ratio | Height. | 5 feet. | ingat | Jeft.* Me r with 3-year-| Poles per per Trees | apart of Tothe | String | 5 feet. bee foot, 3-year- old | Cut | String | tree. | foot, left. of trees) Height.| very top | under bark,| Siting | String | tee. |«tons” old J . ‘. “ easure, $, trees. wnder bark. included. t i rie nations of omitting ey ices cluded.+ a inch. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Bil Re £ 8 Feet. Inches. 3 oon. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Ss. D. 2 8 ®D 17 1100 6 + 36 17 23 | 500| 190 0 3 | 210 Of 600} 8h] 2 48 5 39 | 1930 | 3} 23 29 | 230 420 12 0 3 5 10 O} 870; 104 % 58 6} “39 2450 64 |0 5 | 51 0 29 35 | 120 590 5 0.4 10° 0: 108 “256 13 i 66 8 “39 2840 113 |0 64) 75 0 0 35 41 75 680 9 O 52/1610 O} 175 15} } 72 9 39 3080 174 |0 6%) 8710 Of 41 47 45 600 134 0 64/16 10 O} 180}| 18 j 77 11 _ 40 3350 253 |0 74/101 0 O} 47 53 30 570 19 DO Sty NIG 1020) 200) | “24 4 81 12} “+41 3600 36 |0 8/130 0 OF 53 60 20 540 27 0 74)16 10 0 23 4 85 14} “41 3960 494 |0 10 |163 10 O} 60 65 15 560 374 0 8$/20 10 0 65 | 26 4 87 15} “42 3970 61 0 10$)176 10 O} 65 70 89 16 ‘43 | 4460 | 684 |0 103/201 0 70 42 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. t Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. hy Som axp | QUALITY I. Z Srrvatioy the best). SPANISH CHESTNUT [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum. | 422ual Income A From date of Planting. Lo ag emee'g Years eee During last period. stoc orest. since a Incre- Equivalent nett A t. Patel nt io-| coment | Teer, | Atezintstinganna ext | angela 34 eluding ‘Annmal ing back capitalandinterest | rotations (excluding wear thinnings nua on £5, the cost of planting, value of sporting) old f *| Incre- In in fencing, and cleaning the from Suah coue ne trees, = ite ¢ | ment. | volume} value young crop, etc. normally stocked planting. of | (gross) | 4 Pere ¢. feet, q.g. | ¢- feet, q.g. timber. 7 a ea £ a be 4 BS Be = 17 23 92 29 105 156 I 120 35 115 164 5B O19) 8 O16 6s pla: yl } 41 121 154 43 53 1 et ee | PESO 216 6 47 123 145 | 44 | 5 107 | 01611 218 11 53 125 137 38 64 Le 2 Das. S SY aes 60 126 129 3} 48 2S aL Oss 3°15 6 6 | 125 | 114 | 23 | 33 | 129/017 7] 319 8 70 123 98 24 28 ek 840 Deo 40-7 * This sum represents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accumulated capital when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.e., when it is normally stocked ages from one year old up to maturity. The cust of replanting is estimated at £5 per by is assumed that the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. with acre, a of all Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter. ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Ona 60-year rotation. Final Yield, ti | “oso Ona cubic feet, 70-year 4460 rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 6O to 64 years, if interest is reckoned at 34 per cent. or 44 60 3 re ” at 4 per cent, Prices of Timber (standing). { These prices are equivalent to the following scale of prices :— Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1s. per cub. foot. “ 6 in. q.g. and under 12 in. at 8d. per cub. foot. » below 6 in. q.g. at 3d. per cub. foot. Sor anp } QUALITY II. Srrvation J (out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SPANISH CHESTNUT Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Years Value Felled.+ Average | Form Value Standing. since Cubic e. oth at pir ai Cubic a a, Av. Aa Feet Ratio Height. 5 feet. | ing at Pe. Av. a 3-year- Poles : per fo ’ 7 Trees | apart of To the String | 5 feet. per a5 old cut, Bi Sy tree. «to 3” left. eo Height. very top onder tank: String ee tree. “s tops ” trees. under bark. included. } é of trees. | “omitting mmetine under bark. in- sr of fractions cluded. } c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Ss D. Ey ty Feet. Inches. + tock. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. 8 D £ 8 22 1040 6 + 40 3h 22 29 | 400 150 4 0 3 2 0 0} 640 8 1 50 5 39 2040 34/0 3 25 10 29 37 270 480 13 0 3 6 0 O] 870] 11 4 59 61 39 2500 63 |0 5 52 0 37 45 120 590 5 0 4 10 0 O} 250] 13 2 65 8 “40 2900 114 |0 6}) 75 10 45 55 85 800 94 0 6 20 0 O} 165) 163 4 70 10 7-41 3290 20 0: i 96 0 55 65 55 880 16 O 64 |24 0 O} 110] 20 4 74 12 “42 3420 31 0 8 |115 10 65 70 15 290 19} Qed. 8 10 0 95 | 22 4 76 13 42 3580 372 |0 94/137 10 70 75 77 13} 43 3980 42 0 94/158 0 75 44 * Only timber exceeding 3 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “‘ standing " timber left after a thinning. a I. SPANISH CHESTNUT [ Continued. t Increment. Land Rentals per annum. Fema eaags o A From date of Planting. t wf df rd Years ecto During last period. Stocked sores J since Sore) : {planted gel Per cent. After deducting annual out- spaeee eo with elu Ath Current Increment. goings, 3s. 8d., and after pay- acre under various 3-year- thinni & Annual pag ge yeni, rotasions, rciasing old yb 5+) “Incre- In I fencing, and cleaning the Por cegpbas chy trees, as ment, | volume ~ young crop, ete. normally stocked slanting of Aloo choca * are actually : | n . ‘OSS : +. | under timber crops.* ¢. feet, q.g. | c. feet, q.g. timber. | ‘5 ont a 58 ashe ey Bi Beye ddd + 22 29 75 $7 | 86 | 117 | 4§ 45 | 91 | 124 | 44 | 6 |o010 3/07 7] 11410 55 96 119 33 4} OFF 4 POiaeie st 7 ae Aen 2 65 97 101 | 2 | 38 |010 0/069] 287 l 70 97 90 24 48 |010 6/0 610 213 6 4 75 | 96 go | 2 | 22 |o 911/064] 215 2 * This sum hx pared the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.e., when it is normally stocked Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter. ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Final Jcubic feet, Yield.} 1290 Ona 55-year ped rotation. Final Yield. On a bic fe 75-year sy. 396) rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 70 years, if interest is reckoned at 34 per cent. or » 6&0 ” ” ” at 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). + These prices are equivalent to the following scale of prices :— Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1. per cub. foot, és 6 in. q.g. and under 12 in. at 8d. per cub. foot. a below 6 in. q.g. at 3d. per cub. foot. Sort anD \ QUALITY III, Srrvarion J (out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SPANISH CHESTNUT Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Years Value Felled.+ Average | Form Value Standing. since Cubic | . ine auth st F girth, *| Cubic ng erage girth- — 3 . Av. At Feet | Ratio Height. 5 feet. ing at gs Av. ce Poles per as Trees | apart String | 5 feet. per 3-year- ’ foot Pp of To the oot, old cut. | String tree. é ore left. | of trees Height.| very top measure, | string String free.” | << tops” trees. Pep peapak Sy included.t left. of trees. | “omitting amnitting Gace Mack. in- + io of feantiion cluded.t inch. ry c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. 8 D. eS 8 dD, Feet. Inches. $ inch. c. feet, q.g.| ©. feet. ee £ & DvD. 1 as Eee — ais % a 1080 | 64 t 37 34 ies 3 aX a ad 25 34 450 120 i 0 38 110 O} 680 8 t 46 5 “39 1900 , Bi Mia 24 0 OO] 34 43 250 380 1} 0 3 410 O} 880} 103 4 52 6} 40 2250 6 |0 4} 42 0 O}| 43 52 130 530 4 0 3 610 O] 250 13 4 56 8 4) 2510 10 1/0 36 62 10 O} 6&2 64 85 670 8 0 53|)15 10 O} 165] 163 60 10 1 42 2810 17 -|0 6%] 79 0 OF 6# 70 30 320 103 0-6 8 0 O} 185] 18 $ 62 11 “42 2900 2145/0 7 | 8410 O} 70 76 25 340 133 0 64; 9 O OF 110] 20 3 63 12 “43 2930 264 |}0 8 | 9710 O| 76 85 Se ves wae aa aa ms x. fae 64 13 “43 3430 31. |0 9 1129 0. Of See * Only timber exceeding 3 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing ” timber left after a thinning. 46 $8 80 Jay aneey ll. SPANISH CHESTNUT [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum, — it ; From date of Planting. tacks i fice y Years aes During last period. stocked forest. since — are - SS Incre- P t. 3 1 Equivalent nett Prats | ment, in- Increment, | fulgs,deiictodatergay. | S¥ertee income per cluding Current bee's | ing back capitaland interest | rotations (excludin 3-year- i Annual on £5, the cost of planting, ae old thinnings, I phe a chenning tr value of sporting) from Incre- n I fencing, and cleaning e from such areas of trees. ment. volume o young crop, etc. normally stocked date of . of value forest as are actually planting. timber, | (TSS). | At 34 per cent. | At 4 per cent. | under timber crops.* c. feet, q.g. | c. feet, q.g- 2 a 62.8. TR ve S gs. vd. 25 34 59 43 64 81 @ 2: <2 On A ag 0°15 11 52 68 87 34 53 OS b> | O- 246 12 9 64 70 80 23 33 3: 0 0 010 Dons 632185 70 70 69 24 28 OF Bob 0 0 3 1 8 10 76 | 69 62 2 sy ]}0 25/10 0 2 112 0 loss of 85 68 56 1? 34 oO LIC 2 L164 * This sum resents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.e., when it is normally stocked 1 - with crops of al ages from one year old up to maturity. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per acre, and it is assumed that the land is allow 47 to lie fallow for one year. Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter.) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop Final cubic . Yield. Ona yi Va 52-year cubic feet, rotation. 3040 Thin- Final nings. Caan Yield. aoa 85-year cubic feet, rotation. 3430 The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 52 to GO year's, if interest is reckoned at 3} per cent. or » S2to55 ,, 3 se at 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). } These prices are equivalent to the following scale of prices :— Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1s. per cub. foot. » 6in. q.g. and under 12'in. at 8d. per cub. foot. ae below 6 in. q.g. at 3d. per cub. foot. Som anp QUALITY Iv. Srrvation f (out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SPANISH CHESTNUT Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Average | Form . Years re: Value Felled.+ quarter Factor,| Cubic Value Standing. planted feet A Average girth at girth- feet rr At with cut. * ve hiten Feet | Ratio | Height. | 5feet. | ingat | jeg + v. 3-year- Poles per f A Trees | apart of To the String | 5 feet. per Pee old cut. Seine. tree. af ree 7 left. | of trees Height.| very top peasy String String tree. |. tops ” trees. under bark. included. t left. of trees. | omitting | pesos sapy= inked in- ae Of | fractions cluded. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. a 7. £m Feet. Inches. 4 inch, c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. &. D zs BD 25 1840 5 + 25 30° | 760 1080 6 4 380 3h “39 1090 1 0 $ 40 | 580 120 4 0 3 1 10 500 94 4 86 5} -40 1480 3 0 311810 0 50 180 240 1} 0.3 3 0 820 | 114 4 40 7 “41 1780 55 |0 43] 3110 0 60 | 90| 230 | 3 0 3 |310 230 | 133 | } 43 gi |™42 | 2010 | 8$ |0 53/48 0 0 70 60 330 5} 0 44/6 0 170 | 16 1 45 10 43 2150 123 |0 63/58 0 O 80 46 103 43 2590 15 0) Te KGa, 2G 48 Note.—The loss of 1s. * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same . per annum on an 80-year rotat: i rice per foot as the ‘* standing” timber left after a pret ion is, at 8} per cent. interest, equal to a capital loss of nearly £37 per acre. Srrvation SPANISH CHESTNUT [ Continued. ti Increment. __| Land Rentals per annum. neil Years | Average During last period. Bitat date of Vigetig. stocked forest. since 1 7) tietai ai, aa eianealaa aia planted = Per cent. After deducting annual out- Pisce (yaa Seed with | ™ent, in- Current Increment. goings, 3s., and after pay- acre dae aioe Ras 3-year- cluding Aiveiial ing back capital and interest | rotations (excluding Id thinnings,| “42” on £5, the cost of planting, value of sporting) oO from Incre- In I fencing, and cleaning the from Sat arian Of trees. ment. | volume a young crop, etc. salir stocked sated of facenn) fore 20 sttually . . 5 j be .* c. feet, q.g. | Cc. feet, q.g. sapber. es -e 3 are a XS. = Bi my : Le 25 30 36 e 40 40 51 33 loss of loss of 50 42 54 34 6 Us SRE 0 210 i Del . loss of loss of 60 44 51 24 4e ODO Oem -& 013 8 loss of loss of 70 44 47 24 | 2% 0 15 10 loss of loss of 80 44 44 a4 FH 0 19 0 17 10 * This sum oo, the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accumulated cal when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.e., when it is normally stocked with crops of all ages from one year old up to maturity. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per acre, and it is > i that the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. > ~ a " Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter. ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Final Ona Yield. 60-year cubic feet, rotation. 2290 Final Yield, On an cubic feet, 80-year as rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 6O years, if interest is reckoned at 34 or 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). + These prices are equivalent to the following scale of prices :— Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1s. per cub. foot. » 6in. q.g. and under 12 in, at 8d. per cub. foot. » below 6 in. q.g. at 3d. per cub. foot. THE YIELD OF OTHER BROAD-LEAVED TREES Tue following notes indicate approximately the returns which will be yielded in the case of other broad-leaved trees :— Alder, up to the first 35 years, will yield about the same volume of timber as Spanish Chestnut. Elm will yield about the same volume of timber as Spanish Chestnut, but the thinnings at all ages should be more severe. Hence the trees of the final crop will have a larger girth than the more densely grown Spanish Chestnut. Lime, up to the first 40 years, will yield about the same volume of timber as Spanish Chestnut, and will require to be thinned in the same manner. Red Oak (Q. rubra) will (2) yield about the same volume of timber as Spanish Chestnut, but the 50 thinnings during the first 30 years should be rather more severe. Sycamore will yield a volume of timber about half-way between that of Spanish Chestnut and Ash. On Quality IT. land, an average annual increment of '74 cub. ft. on a 60-year rotation should be grown. ‘Trees of the same height and girth should, up to the first 30 years, be grown at slightly greater distances apart than those indicated for Spanish Chestnut, but after that date the crop should be thinned so that the distance apart of the trees more nearly approaches that indicated in the case of Ash. Turkey Oak will yield rather a greater volume of timber per acre than Ash; trees having the same height and girth should be thinned in a similar manner. CHAPTER III REES YIELD TABLES FOR CONIFEROUS T — ie M: a r 5 L 4 : t +8 s' 47 7 w. 4 = 3 = >a i a 4 faa . d j So: UALITY I. t of 4 qualiti Pe aire ee ee THE YIELD PER ACRE OF DOUGLAS FIR [4 Provisional Table.* Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Value Felled.+ Average | Form Value Standing. | Years oe Cubic elcces quarter | Factor,| Cubic ma! BS planted feet | 4 z Average | girthat | girth | feet | 4y | At planted with cut.+ Vv. hi ae eet | Ratio | Height. | 5 eet. ing at left. A pert with s-year-| Poles! — foot, ng py nel of To the | String e er oot, 3-year- old | Ut | neasure,| | ‘* tops” See | Height.| very top | under bark,| ,S¢708, | renanse, "| stops” old trees. under bark. included. " onimees | “omitting || Omitting | under bark. in- trees. — Of] fractions cluded. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. & D. & 8& D. Feet. Inches. 3 nen, c. feet, q.g.| ¢. feet. | s. D. 2 17 2100 44 y'5 47 3} 38 3,130 14 |0 3 39 9 OF 2% 21 800 200 si 0 3 210 0 | 1800 6 io 57 4} 38 4,010 3 |0 34 58 10 Of 21 25 410 280 2 0 3 3100 890 7 4 66 5} “41 5,110 53 1/0 4 85 0 Of} 25 29 230 480 24 0 ‘3 6 00 660 8 t 74 6} 42 6,050 9/0775 126 0. OF 29 33 170 740 4 0 33 |11 00 490 94 = 81 74 44 6,750 | 133 |0 54 |154 10 O} 33 37 | 120} 850 | 7 | 0 43 /16 00] 870] 11 4 87 8} | -45 | 7,320] 193 |0 7§ |189 0 O} 37 43 |125| 1740 | 14 | 0 5$ |40 00] 245] 133 | 2 94 | 10 - ‘47 | 7,660 | 31} |0 8g |23910 O| 48 Value Standing. 50 75 | 1810 24 0 74§|51 0 0 170 | 16 i 101 12 47 8,040 | 474 |O 848/276 0 O] 50 60 60 | 2460 4] 0 834§ |83 0.0 110 | 20 $ 110 14} “47 8,280 | 754 |0 9§ |304 0 OF 60 70 30 | 1800 60 0 9§ |6510 0 80 | 23 d 117 17 “47 8,880 | 111 |0 9§ |328 10 Of} 70 80 20 | 1830 92 0 9§ |6710 0 60 | 27 + 124 19} 47 9,120 | 1512 |0 9§ {339 0 Of 80 90 ian As ws S dé ie Sas oe 130 21 ‘47 =| 11,000 | 183} |0 9§ {409 10 Of 90 * Based partly upon | investigations made by the author in America. = + Only timber ig 8 i in ter under bark has been included. t Fellea thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “‘ standing ” timber left after a thinning. § “Tops” below 6 inches (q.g.) at 8d. per cub, foot. o te i Som anp Srrvation ee Oe a UALITY I. ; "ane best). DOUGLAS FIR [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum. pant pence Wes Ave nee Dhisine lank period. From date of Planting. aeantea forest. since 3 ————— a - Incre- Equivalent nett JPwith | ment, in- Tocremnenis | picpeccnc aki cee pape | Steves imme re 3. cluding Current : ing back capitaland interest | rotations Gaeta year- thinnings, Annual on £8, the cost of planting, |” value of sporting) old fi Incre- In fencing, and cleaning the | ¢rom such areas of trees. “ate at ment. | yolume on young crop, etc. normally stocked planting. of | 4 ‘As aper’cout, [under thaber crope.* pa wr timber (gross). . 8} per cent. : pe P' c. feet, q.g. | ¢. feet, q.g. . ioe Dz 2) De £8 D. 17 184 Ree 21 200 270 aes 25 224 345 74 GR IS ea Pe 9 29 242 355 64 2 310 119 4 33 256 360 5} 63 Sa ya ton 417 3 37 264 354 43 7 212 2 2 5 513 1 43 278 BAT 4} 63 218 3/29 7 618 5 50 283 313 34 43 2S ae, or 8 (Ses ee 60 281 270 25 3} EE 2 4 2 8 310 70 275 240 23 23 2 8 8 119 6 8 6 6 80 267 207 2 24 24 2 115 8 8 310 90 258 188 1z 1Z 2 0 8 1 12:10 8 O11 * This sum ts the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accwmulated capital when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.c., when it is normally stocked with acre, of all from one year old up to maturity. ages (4 is assumed that the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per Diagrams showing proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Ona 43-year rotation. Ona 90-year rotation. IN VOLUME. (To 3 inches diameter. ) IN VALUE. Final Yield. cubic feet, 9400 Thin- Final | pings. Yield. cubic feet, cubic feet, 11,000 12,190 The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 45 to 48 years, if interest is reckoned at 34 or 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Per cub. ft. s&s D. Trees containing less than 3 cub. ft. . " sa Ores 3 8 cub. ft. and less than 5 cub. ft. 0 84 5 7 0 4 Including ” 0 ” ” ” | «tons ” to 8 in. ” 7 ” ” 9 ” 0 44 iameter. ” 9 ” ” 12 ” 0 5 ” 12 ” ” 15 ” 0 5s ” 15 9 ”” 20 ” 0 7 ” 20 ” ” 30 ” 0 74) “Tops” below 6 in. q.g. Ba GO Bf Sete etn. a 60 s» andover . 7S So: UALITY II. ode ie Srrvatiox }(out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF DOUGLAS FIR [A Provisional Table: Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. ‘ Average | Form ; ¥ Value Felled.+ iS Value Standing. Years até Cubic mie hee phciied KF ee Cubic : since planted feet | 4. Fest Average | git at | pity | fect | ay, | At plan with cut. + > | At per cart | Ratio | Height. see | ea | leftt , | per with 3-year- | Poles ee foot ed ee of | Tothe | _ String Pree, | foot, 3-year- old | Ut | came, | | *tops” left oe | Height.| ver top | vnder bark,| String | Senne, * | tops” old trees. under bark. ’ | included. : ttn : omitting under bark. 5 ek “i trees, neh. ¢. feet, q.g.| co. feet. Bi hy £8 D. Feet. Inches. sik: c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. | 8 D. F & D. 21 tS Rie ot Aes see 2100 4} + 40 3} *38 2650 14 |0 3 38. 0 O08 Se 26 760 90 a 0 3 1 0 0] 1840 6 4 49 4} 38 3480 24 |0 3 43 10 O] 26 31 390 150 4 0-3 2 0 O} 950 7 + 57 5} 40 4490 4} 0 3} 65 10 Of} 31 36 270 410 14 0 $s 5 0 O} 680 8 4 64 6} “42 5320 7% \0 441100 0 O} 36 4] 170 510 3 0 33 7 0 O} 6510 9 3 70 7h “44 6140 12 0 5} |140 10 OF 41 46 130 850 64 0 4 14 0 O} 380}; 104 + 75 8} 46 6490 17 0 7§ |167 0 O}] 46 53 125 1290 104 0 5 27 0 O} 266; 13 3 81 10 47 6710 26} |0 73§;197 10 O} 53 Value Standing. 60 75 1340 18 0 7§ |34 10 O} 180] 153 * 87 11} “48 6760 374 |0 8§ |216 0 Of 60 70 55 1540 28 O 748 |45 10 Of] 125 184 + 94 13} 48 7000 56 0 84§|242 0 OF} 70 80 we fee sxe ie ahs cae cae eo 100 14} 48 8600 683 |0 9§ (316 0 OF 80 * Based partly upon investigations made by the author in America. t Only timber exceeding 3 inches in diameter under bark has been included. } Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing” timber left a‘ter a thinning. $ ‘* Tops” below 6 inches (q.g.) at 8d. per cub. foot. 54 Som . Strato ; QUALITY I DOUGLAS FIR [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per aunt: fog Income From date of Planting. om normally Years ge During last period. stocked forest. athee nu he Incre- Equivalent nett ted Per cent. iq Pevith ment, in-| ¢ Unerement. | gongyan'aranaterpay- | Sues uoons Ze Coeur cluding urrent | me back capitaland interest | rotations (excluding y' thinnings Annual on £8, the cost of planting, value of sporting) old from | Incre- In fencing, and cleaning the } from such areas of trees, ds oes f¢ | ment, | volume In young crop, etc. normally stocked ry te o' of value forest as are actually P ae af timber. | (ST0Ss)- At 3} per cent. as 4 per cent. | under timber crops.* c. feet, q.g. | c. feet, q.g. 8. D, 8 D. £8. D. 21 126 26 137 188 31 153 228 5 36 166 248 4z 41 mee seen ay | 7] 11 4 7/)1 0 1 a7 i 46 184 240 33 5 169/10 8 oe he oe 53 189 215 3 41 Pah. 8 POS «1 Coa 60 190 198 23 33 ee peOus:. 6 415 2 70 188 178 2} 25 dO 22 O18. 6 5 1 5 80 185 160 2 28 AO.) Ou lte 0 5 6 8 * This sum represents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accumulated capital when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.¢., when it is normally stocked with per go of all ages from one year old up to maturity. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per acre, i is pod. co that the land ix allowed to lie fallow for one year. Diagrams IN VOLUME IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter. ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Orop. Final Yield. Ona cubic feet, 46-year 7340 rotation. Final Yield. On an cubic feet, 80-year 8600 rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 46 to 50 years, if interest is reckoned at 3} per cent. or ” 46 ” ” ” ” 4 per cent, Prices of Timber (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :-— Per cub. ft. Ss D. Trees containing less than 3 cub. ft. . 0 38 99 83 cub. ft. and less than 5 cub. ft. 0 84 , 5 7 0 4 Including | wig a = *% “tops” to 8 in. ” 7 ” ” 9 ” 0 4 diameter. ” 9 ‘9 ” 12 go Onsd ” 12 ” ” 15 » O 54 ” 15 + a 20 it eee ” 20 ” ” 30 ” 0 7k oom ” bel ” 30 a F 40 ae 0 8 6 ope “a ~ 40 a 3 60 7: 0 84] 8d. per cub. ft. ” 60 », and over 0 9 Som anp | QUALITY I. (out of 4 qualities). Booonsy (the best). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF LARCH (grown in close canopy) Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Average | Form . tee cay Value Felled.+ qua Pn Factor,| Cubic Value Standing. ined feet Average | girth at | girth- feet At ors * Av. Feet , Height. | 6 feet. | ing at * Av. with cut. At per bas Ratio left. r 3-year- Poles per f 4 Trees | apart of oleae String | 5 feet. per fot, aid] OM | Berg, fe co ctone left. | of trees! Height very top | under bark,| Stting | pmo, | TE |«tops” trees. joudeh bax included lef. of trees. | omitting '| Omitting | under bark, in- fractions of actions cluded. 4 inch. of - c. feet, q.g.| ¢. feet. £8. 2D. eB. DD. Feet. Inches. Finch. | c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. |S. D. Po EDS 15 f 010 0} 800 14 t 37 an we 560 15 20 160 50 115 0 210 O| 640 84 t 47 3} 39 1000 13 0 6 25.0 OF 20 per 100 25 130 130 1 |/2 15 0 3.10 0} 510 2 4 55 4} “39 1540 3 0 6 38 10 Of 25 per 100 30 100 170 13/0 0 6 4 0 O} 410 104 t 62 5} 4] 2140 5} 0 6 53 10 Of} 30 35 90 420 4} 0 0 6/1010 O}| 820 11} 3 68 6} 4] 2480 7% 10 64) 67 O Of 35 40 90 540 BO 10'S 1 18hb0.-01.-280 13} + 73 7h “41 2600 11} 010%; 79 O O; 40 48 80 710 9 |O0 010¢/20 10 O} 160 17 4 79 9 G “42 2760 18} 1 O0¢/115 10 O} 48 60 50 790 16 |0 1 O+¢|/32 10 Of 100 21 i 85 11 43 3100 31 1 1¢;155 0 O} 60 70 20 500 2h OF Dat 24. 0.070 80 23 3 90 12} “44 3470 43} 1 23/195 0° OF 70 80 | 94 13} “44 4250 53 1 2/240 O° O} 80 56 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. t Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. } “Tops” below 6 inches (q.g.) at 8d, per cub. foot. Sor. DUALITY I. A Races Wine best). LARCH (close canopy) [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum. Pavone daze Average idstig last period. From date of Planting. ptachiedk fopent: since y Incre- Per cent. F ‘ Equivalent nett Prwith {Ment in-| current | Increment. | aiens try ani ater py. | STergegueome es S-yeat- linings, Annual OmAD, the soot of platting, | Tommuons (exsinding old reat Incre- In I fencing, and cleaning the Boo ed tena trees. | date of | ment. | volume! _ 21) young crop, ete. normally stocked planting. oe Tess) | sity cee ont. | Ai 83 ’ ” 15 7 oe ONO * This resents the nett i hich will be h ‘ ; “Tops” b aerumulaled ca; vr once the forest is in proper Soxking rotation yrs when it is oomaly stouked aa a a 4s 25 ap. 1 0 6 a eee Seager lye ages from one year old up to maturity. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per ” 5 ‘9 35 ” ha: 8d. per cub. ft. acre, iit is assumed that the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. «= (85 », and over . 1 2 Sor anp QUALITY III. Srrvatron f (out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF LARCH Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Aver. Form . - Y Value Felled. + aoe Value Standing. since, Cubic a quarter | FRctors| Cabie : planted fect es § Average | girth at | girth | feet | 4 At with cut.* : At eet | Ratio | Height. | 5 eet. | ing at left.* v. r Poles per per Trees | apart String | 5 feet. per 3-year- t foot of To the oot, old cut. String ree. ‘stone? left. | of trees Height.| very top ander back,| String String tree. | « tops” trees. under bark. inclied. left of trers. | ‘omitting || Srettting onder bark. in- ere of fractions cluded. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. BF D1 BS! Bs. CD. Feet. Inches. finch. | c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. |S. D. £ 8B 6D. 20.4)... Se er ae -- |1100] 6 } 25 26 260 isa Ps 1 0 0} 210 OO] gs4o0 73 1 85 3 39 770 1 0 6 19 0 O} 26 per 100 poles 33 190 40 =. 1 6 0} 210 O| 650 8 4 44 4 41 1330 2 0.6} 383 10 Of 33 per 100 poles 40 |150| 160 3 |2 4 0] 310 Of S00] of] 2 51 5 -41 | 1780 | 3} |0 6 | 4410 O} 40 per 100 poles 50 | 210 430 2 DO O886 TT. OOO BOOS 22 q 58 6} 42 2040 7 0 64) 55 0 Of 50 65 130 580 4% |0 0 6/1410 O}| 160} 16} 4 64 8} “43 2360 | 144 |0 10} 84 O O]} 65 Ce pee eee %: an = Sed camp dies: 68 93 | -43 | 3130 | 19$ |1 Of]138 10 0} 80 * oe timber exceeding 3 incl.es in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing" timber left after a thinning. t Tops” below 6 inches (q.g.) at 8d. per cub. foot. — a Srroartox f2UALITY TI. LARCH [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum. Annual Income , i From date of Planting. eve’ ty Years yi During last period. stocked fores since = Incre- P Equivalent nett ited - P t. ‘ bt Prvith |e in-| Curent | Increment. | gomenoeatyinduneryay- | svonge mene per 3-vear- cluding x l ing back capital andinterest | rotations (excluding vid khinnings, ee: 1 on £5, the cost of planting, value of sporting) Secirin — ; n In ee mo Pes the ] from such areas of date of Tp bs ee ©) value fact Pi poy aaoctnalis 8 A | cone bart abrea R- Siar oat 20 | 26 30 | 33 42 86 OS & | Or Baby 016 5 40 49 87 54 5} ob 'O )Onss. 2 Ro ee 50 53 70 34 3% Q 4 9 0 2 5 1 og a 65 55 61 23 33 3 OO ‘Daal | Onis 1 10 11 80 54 51 1Z 34 ae Sa ae PLS 6 * This sum represents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accumulated capital when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.e., when it is normally stocked with of all ages from one ear old up to maturity. acre, an i is assumed that the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter. ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Yield. Ona cubic feet, 40-year 1940 rotation. Final Yield, On an cubic feet, 80-year 3130 - rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 40 to 45 years, if interest is reckoned at 3} per cent. 40 at 4 per cent. or ” ” ” ” Prices of Timber (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Trees containing less than $ cub. ft. at per 100 poles, Per cub. ft. 8s. D. Ineludi Trees containing less than 6} cub. ft. ¢ or . ORS56 \ ‘tops ” tos in, » 64 cub, ft.and lessthan 8}cub.ft. 0 64 diameter. ” 83 ” ” 15 ” 0 10 et = » 15 ” ” regis se en 1» 25 » 9 = 85 we ga per cub. ft. ss ~— 85 s» and over je-2 Som anD } QUALITY Iv. Srrvartion f (out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF LARCH Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Yeast Value Felled.+ Average | Form Value Standing. since Cable r cath ot phere Cubic verage * ig Ree ee Feet | patio | Heine | Steet | fagat | {S. | av, | At 3-year- Poles per or Trees | apart of To the String | 5 feet. per & old cut. String tree. “tops” left. | of trees Height.) very top | measure, | String String tree. | | ‘oot, ” trees. unter wrk, inehided. left. SBN | of trees. omitting” oe mitting under bark te fractious of fractions cluded c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. | £ s. Dv. £8 Feet. Inches. = c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. | 5S. D 2 8 BD 29 ee) seo | 7 } 31 3 570 36 160 40 Layo bs 2 0 700 8 i 388 3} 39 950 1} 0 6 | 23 10 per 100 poles 43 | 160 80 4 {1 * - 3 0 540 9 d 43 4} “40 1350 24 |0 6 | 34 0 O per 100 poles 50 180 230 1} 0 0 6;|510 860 11 4 47 5} l. “41 1490 4 0} 6) | 87/0738 65 160 370 24 0 0 6/9 0 200 144 4 53 74 43 1750 8} 0 10t 55 0 O 80 56 8} 43 2360 11? 0 10t 82. 0.10 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same pe per foot as the ‘‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. t ‘* Tops”’ below 6 inches (q.g.) at 8d. per cub. foot. ee eS eee ; Son em | QUALITY Tv. LARCH [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum, | 42nual Income ; From date of Planting. from normally A During last period. stocked forest. Years | *VorTase since loa Per cent. After deductin, 1 Equivalent nett a ment, in- Cc tL Increment. : pina =; peters sme average income per cluding | \urren ing back capital and interest | #¢Te under various S-year- thinni Annual on £5, the cost of planting, | Ttations (excluding old iy Incre- In fencing, and cleaning the | Y@lue of sporting) trees. Ae cf ment. |volume| _!” young crop, etc. eh eee reeros of value forest as are actually 6 timber. (gross). under timber crops.* At 3} per cent. | At 4 per cent. c, feet, q.g. | c. feet, q.g. eS £ 8. Dd. £os. Dz 29 19 loss of 36 27 60 1} OO 4g 0 011 > 9) 2 43 34 68 5} 64 Go. 1:3} .0 013 5 loss of 50 37 53 34 3} O-r 1 0 014 6 loss of 65 38 42 23 34 0 010 0 010 018 8 loss of ; 80 39 40 2 24 OO 1 Be Decl sccumulated capital when with acre, hen once the forest isin proper workin; es from one year old up to maturity. ils assumed thatthe land i allowed fo low for one year. ts the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average rotation, é.e., when it is normally stocked e cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per Diagrams showing proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. On a 43-year rotation. On an 80-year rotation. IN VOLUME. (To 3 inches diameter.) Final Yield. cubic feet, 1430 Final cubic f Yield, 720 sig. cubic feet, 2360 IN VALUE. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 43 to 46 years, if interest is reckoned at 3} or 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Trees containing less than ? cub. ft. at per 100 poles. Trees containing less than 64 cub. ft. rr HI cub, ft. and less than ” 15° sy = 25 » 85 ” ” 15 ” ” 25 ” ” 85 5, and over 3 R 84 cub. ft. 3 i = cub. ft. Including **tops” to 8 in. lameter. o1 1 q “Tops” below 1.1 [ of pean 12 + per cub. ft. E So UALITY I. t of 4 qualit Cente ee THE YIELD PER ACRE OF NORWAY SPRUCE Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Average | Form : Value Felled. rag Value Stan ys soe] | Gate ce acner| Set Pee See a planted bain Av. Feet | pati Height. 5 feet. | ing at hog Av. ard = with | Poles per At per Trees | a . To the String | 5 feet. per feo 3. 3-year} cut, | string tree. foot, | left. | of trees| ,,° very top |, measure, | String | String | tree. |rongn phe old measure, **tops ” left Height.) yoy or k,| measure, | Measure, ps o trees. under bark included. : * |) omitting || omitting | vnder bark. in- trees. ee of | fractions cluded. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. iB.) 0. £ s. Feet. Inches. 4 inch c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. | 8. D. z 8 29 1450 5 1 49 3h 36 2200 143 |0 3 27 10 29 36 | 450 160 4 0 3 2 0 1000 64 4 59 4} 37 3000 3 0 3 |: 37 10 36 43 290 330 1 0 3 4 0 710 8 4 69 53 “41 4020 52 ;0 33] 59 10 43 50 | 220 680 3 0-3 8 10 490 94 Pa 78 63 “44 4660 93 |0 4 77 10 50 ¢ 60 | 190; 1200 6} 0 33 |17 10 300 | 12 + 89 8 45 5250 174 |0 44) 98 10 60 70 110 | 1340 12} 0 4 22 10 190 | 15 Py 98 9} 46 5430 283 |0 5 {113 0 70 80 105 103 | -47 | 6850 | 36 |0 5$/157 0 80 66 ° Sr timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. t Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. Som anp | QUALITY I. Srrvation f (the best). NORWAY SPRUCE [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals Pp annum. pein = Average Bislags ak pertoa. From date of Planting. prea ar yeas § since Incre- Equivalent nett ited P t. : qn ee Poem S| | increment. | gies icsant ctr pay. | Stee suonme pe | 3-year- eludi: ing back capitalandinterest | rotations (excludin ; Td. [thinnings, Annual on £5, the cost of planting, |"Vaine of sporting)” | ts) Ficai Incre- In ta fencing, and olesning the: |) gen shah areas pf trees. date of | ment. volume wate YOUNE crop, SM normally stocked planting. tf (gross). At 34 per cent. | At 4 per cent. aabeos teeter cope ¢. feet, q.g.| ¢. feet, q.g. : 2 8 'D. 2.8 og” Dy 29 75 : 36 88 | 139 | 5} | 5} . | | 43 105 193 54 (Ps “ox 3 Q: 2x11 43,6 50 117 189 + 5} O16 $x S. |0--O8T) ee loss of 70 94 119 23 3} 0 010 1 6 2 loss of 80 | 96 Be eae sr 0 oOo 8 | 0 14) 710.6 * This sum ts the nett per acre which will be earned upon the average Pop when once the forest is ae proper working rotation, i.c., when it is normally stocked with from one year old up to maturity. The cost of ‘replanting is estimated at £5 per . acre, Jand is allowed to lie fallow for one year. od is ponte sa that the Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter, ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. ’ Fina) Yield. Pe: ~ cubic feet “year ’ rotation. rm Thin- Pinat | ne Yield. er ae On an bic feet 80-year 2 ‘ rotation. as The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated). Is one of ao years, if interest is reckoned at 34 per cent. or ” ” ” ” at 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). _The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Per cub. ft. 8. D. Trees containing less than 5 cub. ft. . 0 3 * 5 cub, ft. and less than 9 cub. ft. 0 83 , Including 3 9 ¥ “4 nk Seed 7 0 4 \ «tops” to 8 in. ” 14 ” ” 20 ” 0 4 diameter. ” 20 ” ” 32 > 0 5 + 82 s», andover . 0 54 Som anD } QUALITY Il. Srrvation f (out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF NORWAY SPRUCE Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Value Felled. Value Standing. Years estat Beg 2 acne Cubic = = Years since oo Manas girth at gir tg feet ue rap cn, Av. At per Feet Ratio Height. 5 feet, ing at ae Av. cre! Pith 3-vear-| Poles per pe Trees | apart String | 5 feet. | string P 20s 3 year foot, of To the | measure per ‘oot, year- old cut. String tree. “tops 4 left, of trees Hei ght. very top ;,|_ String ee tap tops it old trees. Poor pss included. left. of trees. | “omitting ” ‘conitaing in- trees. barf fractions cluded. 4 inch. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. 2D $8: D Feet. Inches. ©. feet, q.g.| c. feet. | 8. D. £ Ss 30 2400| 4 2 29 30 39 | 800 1600/ 5 4 40 ai | -36-| 1850 | 1 |@ 8128 © 39 48 | 750 170 4 0 3 2 0 O| 850 7 + 49 4} 40 2530 3 0 3 | 31 10 48 68 |350| 430 | 13 | 0 3 [510 O| 600} 93] 4 56 6 |. -44 | 3120 | 6} |0 3}] 45 10 58 70 |200| 660°} 3} | 0 3 |8 O O} 800] 12 2 63 7 | -47 | 3550 | 119 |0 41/59 0 70 80 68 8 ‘48 | 4390 | 143 |0 43] 82 10 80 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing” timber left after a ss Note.—The loss of 1s, 9d. per annum on an 80-year rotation is, at 8} per cent. interest, equal to a capital loss of nearly £37 per acre. ———— Sort anD ALITY A Son eo lau. ml. NORWAY SPRUCE [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum. — ae From date of Planting. ne peer 2 hae During last period. stocked forest. ears B ‘ planted jon Re er cent. deducti 1 Equivalent nett caeith ment, in- i La nerement. porsab Ga 4h: cod aren poe average income per 3-year- cluding l ing back capital and interest Neatiose oe aaatns SId__ [thinnings, Annua! on £5, the cost of planting, wale charaney from Incre- In ts fencing, and cleaning the pana wah artes of trees. date of | ment. | volume ab young crop, etc. normally stocked lantin of esmpit forest as are actually P S: timber. | (8T5S)- is es 2 under timber crops.* c. feet, q.g. | ¢- feet, ag. ee aia ee S> 8.) Ds 30 ; | 39 48 lo of loss of 48 56 95 Bi 10 2 1) 0 8 8h Oo 88 : loss of loss of : 58 64 102 3} 4} O23: 6 [26210 013 O : = loss of loss of | 70 69 91 24 3} 3 2 016 3 loss of loss of =| 80 | 70 84 | 21 | 3 OWES. ler mY Cre * This sum represents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accumulated — when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.¢., when it is normally stocked with of ages from one _ by ade a é bay cost < replanting is estimated at £5 per fallow for one year. acre, an | 5 oe acedataachaaa Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter. ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. yield, Ona tae 58- year cubic feet, rotation. 3550 Thin- nings. Final Yield, [°° PE feet, On an nia tock 80-year a 4390 mi rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 58 to 65 years, if interest is reckoned at 34 per cent. or fe 58to60 _,, 7 oe at4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Per cub. ft. sS D Trees containing less than 5 cub. ft.. . « O 8 ” 5 cub. ft. and less than 9 cub. ft. 0 8% , ” 9 ” CR: Gene een 0 ters 9 14 ” ” 20 ” 0 43 diameter. ‘ ” 20 ” ” 32 ” 0 5 ” 32 s, and over 0 54 So UALITY IV. Gertie} (omaha cualitica) THE YIELD PER ACRE OF NORWAY SPRUCE Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Value Felled. Average | Form Value Standing. = Cubic seiner A Saves hear co : t verage rth at | | % t At — = Av. At Feet | Ratio | Height. . feet, | ing at left." Av. fie 3-year- | Poles per per Trees | apart of To the String 5 feet. per ‘oot, vid cut. ee tree. ‘ pe ” left. of trees Height. very top measure, String Be cin I tree, “ tops ” trees. under bark included. left. Sree | ee ttag | cenetie: | wader bark. in- fractions of | fractions cluded. 4 inch. of c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. s. D. BB De Feet. Inches. dinch. | c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. as £ 6. D. 33 2450 4 t 24 33 43 830 1620 5 + 32 3h 39 1640 1 0 3 | 2010 43 53 | 780 | 180 + | 03 |2 0 0} gao| 7 a 39 5 -41 | 2100 | 23 |0 3 | 26 0 53 65 380 460 1} 0 3 6 0 O| 460 94 i 46 6 - 45 2450 54/0 34) 35 10 65 80 52 6} | -47 | 3270 | 7 |0 3$| 47 10 80 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. Note.—The loss of 8s. 9d. per annum on an 80-year rotation is, at 3} per cent. interest, equal to a capital loss of nearly £79 per acre, EEE [ Continued. Srrvation NORWAY SPRUCE Increment. __| Land Rentals Pe annum, From date of Planting. Years Yes During last period. since ae = planted Incre- Per cent. After deducting annual out- with ment, in- c t Increment. goings, 8s., and after pay- cluding urren ing back capital and interest | *year- thinnings Annual on £5, the cost of planting, old fro’ ’| Incre- In fencing, aud cleaning the trees. dete, ‘¢ | ment. | volume so young crop, ete. lanting. of . : : Se ee ee haiitied BE ecaCaal lacus 33 E see loss of loss of 43 38 Oo 4 2 loss of loss o 53 43 64 3 3 o. 5 0 4 5 loss of loss of 65 47 67 28 33 Oo 3 4 logs of loss of 80 49 5D 2 2 0 Annual Income from normally stocked forest. 2 Equivalent nett average income per acre under various rotations (excluding value of sporting) from such areas of normally stocked Sorest as are actually under timber crops,* & _& De Vio ft Oar eb 0 8 8 Ow 65 esuciaten com ita! with acre, of . is aanened that the resents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average when once the forest is in proper workin heed old up to maturity. ages from one id is allowed to lie fallow for one year. rotation, i.e., when it is normally stocked ¢ cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter. ) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Final Yield. Ona cubic feet, 43-year 1640 rotation. Final | cubic feet On Yield. s 6 a an cubic feet, 80-year 3270 rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) 65 years, if interest is reckoned at 34 per cent. 431045 ,, 9 * at 4 per cent. Is one of or ” Prices of Timber (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Per cub. ft. 8s. D Trees containing less than 5 cub. ft. . 0 38 ” 5 cub. ft. and less than 9 cub, ft. 0 33 Tanai ” 9 ” ” 14 ” 0 4 “tops” to $ in. ” 14 ” ” 20 ” 0 4 diameter. 7” 20 ” 7 32 ” 0 5 8 32 >», andover . _ > 0 5S Sor anp greets I. (out of 4 qualities). Srrvation/ (the best). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SCOTS PINE Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Y. Val Average | Form Value Standi Years alae —= vee Sates sit Aveta utr at A ce cae x ane pei 4 a t . ap ‘ cat* | Av. Mees Feet | Ratio | Height. | “5 feet. | ingat| jones | Av: : ee 3-year- | Poles per ag Trees | apart | of Tothe | String | 5 feet. per | foot, 3-year- old | cut. | String tree. | te Qe left. | of trees | Height. very top | measure, | String Bai I tree. | « tops” old trees. wnder bark. included. left. mina) [pee omitting | wader bark, in- trees. Bete of — cluded. inch. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Ss D. oY ae, Feet. Inches. 4 neds c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Re Di £ 8 D. 18 1600 5 + 85 18 24 400 1200 6 + 44 3} 37 1480 143 |0 8 1810 O}| 24 30 | 400 60 Shays) 1 0 O} 800 ves 2 52 4} “40 2200 22 |0 38 2710 O} 30 36 | 280 430 1} <3 5 10 O}| 520 9 us 59 5} “41 2630 5 0 34) 3810 O| 36 42 130 440 3} 0 8 5 10 0}; 390] 103 t 65 6} +42 3030 73°10 4 50 10 O} 42 50 110 620 54 0 33/9 O O} 280; 124 2 72 7 yr 43 3350 12 0 5.) 70: 0° 0} “66 60 110 | 900 8} 0 44/17 0 O} 170) 16 4 79 9} 43 3540 21 0 6 |} 88 10 O} 60 70 55 850 15} 0 54)19 10 O} 116] 194 + 85 11 “44 3670 32 oO % 1107: 0: ORR ge 80 89 12 -45 | 4560 | 393 |0 7 |133 0 O| 80 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. t Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. Som axp | QUALITY I. Srrvationj (the best). SCOTS PINE [ Continued. Increment. —_ Rentals } od annum. ae ena rom date of Planting. Years | Average During last period. stocked forest. Annual since . Incre- ; Equivalent nett planted a Per cent. After deducting annual out- a “4 with poe -! Current | Increment. goings, 4s., and after pay- gos eases vacions B-year- |, clu ing ing back capital and interest | rotations (excludin AP innings, Annual on £5, the cost of planting, value of epansiigy rees from — In In nition ahem eter the from rach rahi Cha ve beam Ats t. | At v7 Ton fag afe actualy * 4 . . | under crops.* ¢. feet, q.g. | c. feet, q.g. timber. £ i i a: 2 ie >. £ ¥ oe ‘* 18 24 62 30 75 130 36 87 143 54 73 42 94 140 43 64 0 56 4 0 3. 5 be at 50 98 118 33 54 0 6 042 1 ek: Sts 60 100 109 23 4 oOo 6. 6.16 .-4-'0 115 10 70 99 98 23 3} 0 6 3 0 3.5 2 Oll 80 98 89 24 ot O 5 2° [yO <3 4 2 Ie9 * This sum its the av nett income per acre which will be earned upon th € tal when forest Les normally stocked acewmulated capital w with ‘of ail from one old up to maturi ages year acre, a 4 is assumed that the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.¢., when it is normally stocked . The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter.) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. iepese oe rotation. Thin- Final | ings. Yield. cubic feet oupeu r cubic feet, 3300 rotation. iso The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Isoneof 6O years, if interest is reckoned at 3} per cent. or PP Oto55 ,, 9 % at 4 per cent. Prices of Timber gare ge The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :-— Per cub. ft. 8s. D. Trees containing less than 4 cub. ft. . . e0r 3?) Fe 4 cub. ft. and less than 6 cub. ft. 0 34 ” 6 ” ” 8 ” 0 4 ” 8 ” ”? 10 ” 0 44 a ag Ms i! 15 } o°6 ‘tape to in ” 15 ” ” 20 ” 0 54 i c a0 - ae ohh ieed 4 aaa me a Bp BO, Ere Oe ie ” 30 ” ” 40 ”° 0 7 7 40 ss andover . Fs 0 7 Som anv) QUALITY II. 7 Srrvattoy J (out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SCOTS PINE. Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Years Value Felled.+ Average | Form Value Standing. | Years since Cubic A quarter | Factor,| Cubic since planted feet A F verage | girth at | girth- feet A At planted with cut. * re At Feet | Ratio | Height. | 5 feet. | ingat| jeg. * v. _ with 3-year- | Poles per ing Trees | apart | __ of Tothe | String | 5 feet. per bot. 3-year- old cut. String tree. * oo left. of trees | Height. “ay top Ponce pe String ctlee Trees 13 tops” old trees. sadr’t bark, ‘isctinlled. left. sas ik omitting ( pare ander bark. in- trees, toe of fractions cluded. | c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Bi D, £ 8& OD. Feet. Inches. finch. | c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. 8 D. S.-G 21 ai vg per oe a 1900 5 + 29 ed rad 730 ae mA = 21 28 | 600]... 2 is ) | taoo} 6 a 38 3 38 | 1360 | 1 |0 3 | 17 0 Of} 28 35 | 400 COF)}) hs oS" | 1.0 Of 900,’ 7 t 45 4 -40 | 2020 | 23/0 3 | 25 0 O] 35 Ie ; 42 300 370 1} 0 3 410 0} 600 84 + 51 5 “42 2410 4 0 33) 35 0 O} 42 | . 50 210 490 24 0 8 6 0 O]} 890 103 + 58 64 |4-42 2710 7 0 4 45 0 O| 50 60 160 800 5 0 33/11 10 O} 280] 14 4 65 8 43 2760 12 0 5 57 10 O1 60 ' i 70 70 630 9 0 43|)12 0 O} 160] 163 } 71 9 “44 2880 172 | 0 53) 67 0 O} 70 i 80 ee os ond his te sat wee Maa 74 93 46 3520 22 0 6 88 0 O]} 80 * Only timber exceeding 3 inches in diameter under bark has been included. j t Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “‘ standing" timber left after a thinning. Som anD Srroatiox) QUALITY 11. SCOTS PINE [ Continued. Increment. Dard iretitala per ani, eS —— 4 rom normally = r= erage Tailaa bet pected! From date of Planting. A skgilead forest. sine Incre- : planted Per cent. After deducti Pout Equivalent nett with |™ent, in-) Current | Increment. ge, es. 8d. sudatter pay. | Sverage income per 3-year- cluding Annual ng back capitaland interest | rotations (excludin old khinnings, I on £5, the cost of planting, value ae te rtin . trees from cant In In fencing, and eager the from Seale aenan Of volum: VHS. CRS eevee normally stocked atic oO eS value forest as n dagen a toet “3 ie timber. (gross). a 8} ~~ rom = 4 ae cent. | under timber crops.* % 2 WB. | Co » 4-g- \ i, . De S Di 21 35 28 48 90 35 59 103 6 6 loss of 42 67 108 4} 63 0 0 6 0 010 0 12 10 a = loss of 50 73 99 34 43 0 1 0 O: 160 °F x loss of 60 75 85 4 fo 1 4fo0 0 6} 1:11 2h loss of 70 75 75 23 3k DP Oolong fo 1 3°08 loss of 80 73 64 2 28 10 0 6 ae eee * This its th erage nett i i hy Aaemnulated cap ion ones the forest is in pe Oper. Kathi deirrentiree an te ae easily stocked with of all ages from one year old up to maturity. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per acre, f. is assumed that the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. Diagrams showing proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Ona 60-year rotation. On an 80-year rotation. IN VOLUME. (To 3 inches diameter.) IN VALUE. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of GO years, if interest is reckoned at 34 or 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standin, The timber has been value: prices :— Trees containing less than 4 cub. ft. . ee 4 cub, ft. and less than ” 6 ” 8 » 10 » 15 » 20 » 25 ss 80 ” 40 bh ” », and over 6 cub. ft. ” ) ee according to the following scale of Per cub. ft. Dd. 3 34 4 44 Including * tops” to 8 in. diameter. 54 f eccooocoocoooor on Sor anp } QUALITY III. Srrvation Jf (out of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SCOTS PINE Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Years Value Felled.+ Average | Form Value Standing. page Cubic quarter | Factor,! Cubic 3 planted fet | 4. Average | girth at | girth, | feet At with cut.* Ms Reiner Feet | patio | Height. | 5 feet. ing at | Jep* | Av: | 8-year- Poles per f Trees | apart of To the String | 5 feet. per ‘oot nla cut. ee. tree. nS iene x left. e o Height. very top Prayer String Baca 8 tree. | cc tops ” trees. under bark. included. = of trees. | “omitting | MOBSUT®, | er bark. in- r vr include: ieacions of factions wn Tr clnded. | c. feet, q.g.| cc. feet. B.D. £ 8. D. Feet. Inches. PS teh: c. feet, q.g.| c.feet. | 5. D. £ s&s D. Dia tal ee: ‘as = <-) 208) apres 26 24 $9.1 .620| ... te Ee o)-| apo ae By 34 3 40 | 1300 | 1 |0 3|16 0 O| 382 | 40 | 370 30 Pas ae 010 -0} 980 ff t 41 oa 42 1950 2 0 3 | 24:10 0 40 50 | 380 380 1 0 3 5 0 O|} 550 9 t 48 5} +43 2380 41 |0 3) 3410 O] 650 | b a 7 60 210 510 24 0 38 610 O|} 340 11} + 54 6} “44 2570 74 |0 4143 0 0 60 . ; 70 | 120 580 5 0 34 |810 O} 220 14 4 59 8 45 2590 11 |0 5 | 54 0 O| VO 80 ts nae ne iva is a5 3% iz 62 8h 46 3130 144 |0 5 | 65 0 O 80 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing " timber left after a thinning. Note.—The loss of 2s, per annum on an 80-year rotation is, at 84 per cent. interest, equal to a capital loss of £42 per acre, 78 ‘ one} eemaeen 25. SCOTS PINE [ Continued. Increment. Tand Rentals Annual Income per annum. Average Dilso: Inst period From date of Planting. psnaetg 4 ae ears peri Annual since a: planted ee Per cent. After deducting annual out- Equivalent nett with ment, in- Current Increment. ings, 8s. 4d., and after pay- ae idee vevicus 3-year- — ae Annual tg b vag Aragate pretense rotations (excluding old BS, Incre- In fencing, and cleaning the value of sporting) trees. Pi —o ment. | volume is young crop, etc, “on vatly tocked. an normally stoc: seni. Gees lassen) as scp 'ae earn! Pear c. feet, q.g.| c. feet, q.g.| “Amber. £8 D. Bi CE tie £8 Dz 24 | 32 41 loss of loss of 40 49 85 Sh G40 21.) 0 81 0 6 5 loss of loss of 50 56 81 3h 43 1 029 010 4 e loss of loss of 60 58 70 23 3h 0 210 013 0 loss of loss of 59 62 2 34 O S826 20> 28h] 016 3 loss of loss of 80 58 54 1g 1Z 2 2 016 6 * This sum ts the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average ~ posal b when once the forest is in proper alg rotation, i.e., when it is normally stocked with ages from one r old up to maturi The cost of Teplanting is estimated at £5 per acre, Ve - pastaned that the land is ‘allowed to lie fallow for one year. Diagrams showing proportion of Th to Final Crop. On a 50-year rotation. On an 80-year rotation. IN VOLUME. (To 3 inches diameter. ) IN VALUE. Final Yield. cubic feet, 2760 Final re cubic feet, Yield. 1500 y cubic feet, 3130 The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of pb years, if interest is reckoned at 3} per cent. or ” ” ” ” at 4 per cent. Prices of ptten (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Per cub. ft. & D Trees containing less than 4 cub. ft. . ‘ 0 8 \ a 4 cub. ft. and less than : eub. ft. 0 38% ”. . ” ” i 3° " 44 ” ” bb) ” ” 10 ” ” 15 ” 0 5 soporte tie, Pf 15 3 ay 20 os 0 54 diameter. ” 20 ” ” 25 Phd 0 6 ” 25 ” ” 30 ” 0 64 9 80 2] ” 40 ”° 0 7 os 40 s»» andover . Q 74 Som anp | QUALITY Iv. Srrvatron f (out of 4 qualities. ) THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SCOTS PINE Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Soman a _ Value Felled.+ | Average | Form Value Standing. us since Cubic eee Lesipi prin Cubic since — a. * Av. ra Feet | Ratio | Height, | 5 feet. ing at se » |) AW: At viene s-year- | Poles a ag Trees | apart |), of Tothe | ‘String | © feeb bea PR 3-year- oh d cut. Sizing: tree. a ie ze left. | of trees} Height very top manent: String tree. | ee $5 vid measure, , trees. under bark. included. lef sa 3 Wahine’ eae under bark. Pi trees. fractions of | omitting cluded. sinch. | fractions c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Bi De SBD Feet. Inches. }inch. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. | s D. £ 8 27 8000 4 z 19 “ 27 36 1460 53 + 27 3 “41 1090 f 0 8 }-13-10 36 45 530 930 7 + 383 4 “43 1580 18 |0 3 20 0 45 55 370 220 4 0 3 3 0 O| 560 9 + 39 5 45 1830 3} |0 3 23° 9 55 65 220 370 12 0 3 410 O} 340; 11} 4 44 6h 45 1870 5}. | 0 34 2% 0 65 80 48 7. 46 2420 74 0 4 | 40 10 80 80 * Only timber exceeding 3 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “‘ standing ” timber left after a thinning. Note.—The loss of 4s. 1d. per annum on an 80-year rotation is, at 3} per cent. interest, equal to a capital loss of nearly £86 per acre. .} QUALITY IV. SCOTS PINE [ Continued. Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. Increment. T and: Rentals per nied pomp Income showing (To 3 inches diameter.) : From date of Planting. m normally proportion of om ta During last period. stocked forest. Thinnings to rs s Final Cro Annual na! Pp. | since | Incre- Per cent. ‘ oi ment, in- Increment. reoene! ge sgpe A — out- Fo 9¥ oo van cluding Current }——>; —_]}_ rrr canitaland interes, | 20Te moder various Ona d year khinnings, Annual ou £5, the eat of plating, |"warueotsporing | 5-year ak from Incre- In tn fencing, and cleaning the from cat acoan ot rotation. date of ment. arose ihe young crop, etc. F Sernatiy aan ‘orest as are planting timber, | (TSS). ges-toux lace : under timber crope. ¢. feet, q.g. | c. feet, q.g. ter Re £ e, 2 8. »D. 27 K Ried cubic feet, - 090 On an loss of loss of 80-year sag es 36 30 0 4 1/0 410 a a rotation. loss of loss of 45 35 55 44 41 03 8|0 4 6 07 36 The most profitable rotation eae ae (according to the yields and prices indicated) 55 37 47 2g 28 0 310 he 459 Oe ee pa Is one of 45 + 48 years, if interest is reckoned < 3h per poe ” ” ” a per cen’ Prices of Timber (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of loss of loss of prices :— Per cub. ft 65 | 38 41 2 33 | 0 311 Be & 0 511 Trees containing bg? — cub. ft. . f ¢ 0 8 ) ae 4 cub. ft. and less than 6 cub. ft. 0 3 80 37 37 y 28 ee of loss of ” 6 ” ” 8 ” 0 rg 5 2 ” 8 ” ” 10 ” Oy be ine 10 re ; 15 0 Hg es 15 , 20 ¥ 0 5 ‘tops ” to 8 in. ” 20 ” ” 25 ” 6 3 diameter. * This sum represents the average nett incom hich will be ee a sf “ns 0 SR a a a rap ee anes OT . 6 COs 7 ” ” ” acre, and i is assumed that the land is allowed to lie w for one year. pn eee ” 40 >, and over ‘ 0 74) Soi UALITY II. q Secaree'} Combat 4 qualitian): THE YIELD PER ACRH OF SILVER FIR (Abies pectinata) [4 Provisional Table, Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Average | Form i Years ee Value Felled.+ : quarter Factor, Cubic Value Standing. a verage Re t planted ps Av. | At per Feet So Height. Sfeet. | ingat| je* | Av. ies poo 3-year- Poles per foot Trees | apa of To the String | 5 feet. per hot: t-yeats old cut. String tree. ittonn” left, | of trees Height.| very top aaneastire, | String ‘suting tree. | ,, tops” old trees. Being inclalea left, of trees. | “omitting | prstereie , Madar beck, in- trees. ; a of fractions cluded. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Bod We Eo Be D; Feet. Inches. 4 ineh. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Ss D. 2. he 34 eae were te ee aoe 2260 4} + 35 3 “BD 1730 3 pas fy 34 42 990 140 ee 0 3 2 0 O] 12°70 6 4 46 41 36 2670 2 0 3 33:10 O43 50 | 420 210 4 0 3 210 O} 850 7 t 57 5} 39 3790 44 |0 3 4710 O} 50 60 | 380| 940 21 0 $8 |12..0 0] 470} 92) 3 69 7 42 | 4610 | 93 |0 4 | 77 0 OF 60 70 150 940 6} 0 3/13 10 Of 320] 114 79 8} At 5520 174 |0 43/103 10 O} ‘70 80 90 980 102 0 4 /1610 O} 280) 14 + 87 10 46 6270 274 |0 5 |13010 Of 80 90 avg ite st: sR ae oe of my 92 11 “46 7830 | 34 |0 53/179 10 O} 90 * Ouly timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. t Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. $2 Sor anp : Bares} cant aaa SILVER FIR [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum. teucnoouis Years Average During last period. From date of Planting. stoked ficeat. n - planted Incre- Per cent. After deducting. annual out- wo hehe i ete with ment, in- Current Increment. goings, 8s. 8d., and after pay- exe widae virions, 2 cluding ing back capital andinterest | -otations (excluding year- |thinnings Annual on £5, the cost of planting, |" value of sporting) old Sng *| Incre- In es fencing, and cleaning the from auch eae trees. date of ment. | volume value young crop, ete. normally stocked of forest as are actually planting. Hinher (gross). } At 3} per cent. | At 4 per cent. | under timber crops.* c. feet, q.g.| c. feet, q.g. s £ sD. £ 8 D. 6 Ce, “Da 34 51 42 67 | 135 | 63 50 83 166 5 5 60 98 176 33 6 0 2 2 Nil tt Be. 70 111 185 34 ae tO (2° 6.0" Od 1126 loss of 80 118 173 23 3} 02 4 0 118 9 loss of 90 123 156 24 34 O- 2 ot 2 411 * This sum resents the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accumulated ca when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.e., when it is normally stocked anh all ages from one year old up to maturit assumed that the yand is allowed to lie fallow for one year. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter.) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Final Yield. 70-year bgp Bond rotation. Final Yield. Solpen r cubic feet, rotation. bier The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 70 years, if interest is reckoned at 3} or 4 per cent. Prices of Timber (standing). _The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Per cub. ft. 8 D. Trees rea less than 5 cub. ft. . 0 8 ” 5 cub. ft. and less than 9 cub. ft. 0 34 9° 9 9 ” 14 ” 0 4 if Ee. 9 14 % ” 2055 0 iano ” 20 ” ” 82s 0 5 a 32 »» and over f 0 54 Sort anv | QUALITY I. (out of 4 qualities). Srruationj (the best). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SITKA SPRUCE Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Average | Form : Value Felled.+ 8 Value Standing. | Y. ph Cubic ai ae ee eccae pong Cubie ee ee ge “ser Av. ri Feet Ratio | Height. 5 feet. | ing at hag Av. At per 3-vear-| Poles per 4 aa Trees | apart of To the String | 5 feet. per . 3-year- oid | CUE | Seng | tee | tos left. Joftrees| sreiene,| very top | menus | ‘suring | String | tree. |, 90%, aid | trees. ‘ondat tek. inchwted. left. nat omitting : cataing sedior taek. nt trees, Vineh. | actions cluded. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. B.. Ds SB. De Feet. Inches. inch. | c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. s Dd. f~ Bes 17 2100} 43] 4, 47 33 | -38 | 3,130] 14 17 21 800 200 3 2 10 1800 6 vo 57 4} 38 4,010 3 3 50 0 Of 21 25 410 280 3 0 3 10 890 + 66 5} “41 5,110 53 34] 7410 O}| 25 29 230 480 24 0 3 6 0 O} 660 8 + 74 6} “42 6,050 9 10 4°10 00S 33 |170| 740 44] 0 38 |9 0 O] 490] 94] 2 81 74 | -44 | 6,750] 133]0 4 111210 O} 33 37 120 850 7 0 34/12 10 O} 870 11 a 87 8} “45 7,320 193 |0 43/137 Of 37 43 125 | 1740 14 0 43 |32 10 O} 245 13} + 94 10 Ba | 7,660 314 |0 5 | 260 Oo} 48 Valne Standing. —- 50 75 | 1810 24 37 10 O}| 170 16 + 101 12 “47 8,040 474 |}0 53/184 0 O} 50 60 60 | 2460 41 0 54/56 10 O} 110 20 i 110 14} “47 8,280 754 54/190 0 O} 60 70 30 | 1800 60 0 53/41 0 0 80 23 1 117 Ry, “47 8,880 | 111 54|203 10 O} 70 80 124 18} ‘47 | 10,950 | 137 54/251 0 80 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the ‘‘ standing” timber left after a thinning. Note.—In the above table the volwme of timber has been taken from the table for Douglas Fir (Quality I.), but the timber has been valued on a different basis. 84 Sor and ) QUALITY I. Srrvatioxj (the best). SITKA SPRUCE [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum. — caine Mears Average fie last period. From date of Planting. atnaenal treat since Incre- i ted y Per cent. , Equivalent nett Pivith font: in-| «sent | nerement. | omgscis, sit aner pay. | sremge.eone per 3-year- Bitaniags Annual SS. ae bg es ers recline rotations (excluding old from 3 Incre- In I fencing, and cleaning the Pincade testo) oe) CSE Miedo mad Ok OR Pee ie planting. hy ; A c. feet, q.g. | c. feet, q.g. timber. (gross). a a a = a nae ate. eo 17 184 21 200 270 25 224 345 74 29 242 355 64 a 1 | 113 5 a Sa 33 | 256 | 360 | 5} 46} 116 5|11111 eS ae 37 264 354 43 7 I 19: 4 114 4 4 3 1 43 278 347 4} 58 2 Le Ste 18. 7 416 6 283 313 3h 43 2:7 AP 2d LO ob bh. Or '9 281 ya ae 2 1-18. TAO 8 1 70 275 240 24 2 114 0 brit 8 6 80 267 207 2 2 pe EiiGs 2 4 * This sum pei onan the average nett income per acre which will be earned upon the average accumulated — when once the forest is in proper working rotation, i.¢., when it is normally stocked with of from one year old up to maturity. The cost of replanting is estimated at £5 per ages - is assumed that the land is allowed to lie fallow for one year. Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 3 inches diameter.) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Final O Yield. satya enbic feet, rotation. — ined Thin. ina i zs eu f 8 feet, On an 10,360 : 80-year herr ed rotation. The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 48 years, if interest is reckoned at 34 per cent. 45 at 4 per cent. or ” ” ” ” Prices of Timber (standing). The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Per cub. ft. 8s. D. Trees containing less than 5 cub. ft. . F Sieg ed: ” 5 cub. ft. and less than 9 cub. ft. 0 34 Tneluding ” 9 ” ” 14 .9 0 4 \ctops” to 8 in. ” 14 * re 20 ” 0 4% iameter. *s 20 ” ” 82 ” 0 5 fi 32 >, and over 0 54 7 Sor AND QUALITY II. ae ; viene Hart of 4 qualities). THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SITKA SPRUCE [A Provisional Table. Thinnings Removed. Crop left after a Thinning. Years Value Felled.+ Average io orn Value Standing. | Years since Cubic quarter | Factor.) Cubic since planted feet aS Average | girth at girth- feet A At planted with P cut.* iy nae Feet | Ratio | Height. | 5 feet. | ingat| Jeft.* Ve r with _} Poles per pe Trees | apart e 5 feet. per 3. a Sead t. | Stri tree. foot, of Tothe | String Stri tre we rh old cut. Resin «tops ” left, | of trees Height.| very top | measure, String | String €. | tops” old trees. wnder bark. included. left. of trees. pasting 4 oratictar under bark. in- trees. fractions of | fractions cluded. c. feet, q.g.| c. feet. Bio Bs eww: Feet. fokee 4 Pol A c. feet, q.g.| c. feet 8) Ds £ 5s DD 21 2100 40 3} | -38 | 2650 14 |0 3 | 33 O O} 21 26 760 90 eas 1 0O O} 1840 5} + 49 4} +38 3480 24 0 43 10 O] 26 31 390 150 Os. 2 0 O| 950 6} q 57 5} “40 4490 43 03 56 0 O]} 31 36 270 410 1} i ees 5 0 O}] 680 8 64 6} ‘42 5320 7} 0 3h 7710 O|} 36 41 170 510 3 0 3 610 O] 510 9 $ 70 74 44 6140 12 0 4 1102 10 Of) a 46 130 850 64 0 34 112 10 OF 880 103 + 75 8} 46 6490 17 0 4} 122 0 O} 46 53 125 | 1290 10} 0 4 21 10 O| 255 13 4 81 10 Nata. 6710 264 0 5 |140 0 O] 58 Value Standing. 60 75 | 1340 18 0 42 25 0 O}] 180 154 4 87 113 48 6760 374 0 5} 155 0 O} 60 70 55 | 1540 28 0 5 32 0 O|] 125 18} 4 94 13} 48 7000 56 0 5 160 10 O} 70 80 100 14} +48 8600 683 0 53/197 0 O} 80 86 * Only timber exceeding 8 inches in diameter under bark has been included. + Felled thinnings have been valued at the same price per foot as the “ standing " timber left after a thinning. Note.—In the above table the volwme of timber has been taken from the table for Douglas Fir (Quality 11.), but the timber has been valued on a different basis. Srrvation SITKA SPRUCE [ Continued. Increment. Land Rentals per annum. Annual Income “ Averane Darmas iat partes From date of Planting. bivecde graen f ears ast pe’ Annual since ted Incre- Per cent. r Equivalent nett Pith |MeBts in-| Cursent | Increment. | soimgsse-Sd andatarpay- | Srester nome Fer 3-year- | cluding A ing back capital and interest | rotations (excludi 7 innings noual on £5, the cost of planting, wala ot ary ng old a Incre- In I fencing, and cleaning the rom bas sd trees. date of | ment. | volume tah a young crop, etc. normally stocked planting. timber (gross). | At 3} per cent. | At 4 per cent. taleinte ove c. feet, q.g. | c. feet, q.g- : 2 8. Dz Sap Ds ” ia a, 2 21 126 26 137 188 31 | 153 | 228 | 53 | 53 36 | 166 | 248 | 42 | 7% 4] 178 266 4} 63 018 9 015 4 y-! a =} ae | 184 | 240 | 38 | 58 |} 1 0 O|o016 1] 217 6 53 189 215 3 4 019 7 | 015 5 3.4 4 60 190 198 2 33 018 9 014 3 os 9 78 70 188 178 24 24 016 0;011 8 8 911 80 185 160 2 2 014 I 0 9 10 3. Bed nett i per acre which will be earned upon the average 1 whi the forest is i 1 oes ¢ cccumalated capital me one ar Old ap to mevarity, The cost of saplanting is eatimated ee £5 per x is seoneed that the hes is allowed to lie fallow for one year. Diagrams IN VOLUME. IN VALUE. showing (To 8 inches diameter.) proportion of Thinnings to Final Crop. Fag! ae a “ a “year cubic feet, rotation. 7340 on 80 eubic feet, 80-year ee rotation. boned The most profitable rotation (according to the yields and prices indicated) Is one of 50 years, if interest is reckoned at 3} per cent. or » 46 at 4 per cent. ” ” ” Prices of Timber (standing). _The timber has been valued according to the following scale of prices :— Per cub. ft. s&s. D. Trees ae less than 5 cub. ft. 0 38 ” 5 cub. ft. and less than 9 cub. ft. 0 38% ” 9 ” ” 14 ” 0 Bheesirny oe wh 4 : a 20 0 oR : “ 20 re ne 32 y 0 Samneters ” 32 »» and over ° 0 54 THE YIELD OF OTHER CONIFEROUS TREES. Tue following notes indicate approximately the returns which will be yielded in the case of other coniferous trees. Corsican Pine will, on Quality I. land, yield about the same returns as are yielded by Scots Pine on Quality I. land. On Quality II. land, on an 80-years rotation, an average annual increment of 98 cub. ft. will be obtained, whereas on Quality I. land the average annual increment will be about 135 cub. ft. At 70 years of age it is possible, on Quality I. land, to grow a final crop of 5600 to 6300 cub. ft. per acre. Thuya plicata will probably, on similar quality land, yield a greater volume of timber than Corsican Pine, but considerably less than Douglas Fir or Sitka Spruce.’ Abies grandis will probably yield about the same volume and value of timber as Sitka Spruce on land equally adapted to its growth. Weymouth Pine will, on similar quality land, yield about the same volume of timber at all ages as Corsican Pine. 1 Much land which is of Quality I. for Corsican Pine is only of Quality II. or III. for Thuya plicata. 88 CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ummary of the Tables.—The financial results BIRCH. Per cub. ft. . . . 8. D. indicated by the foregoing tables are very largely Trees containing less than 4 cub. ft. 0 3 lependent upon the prices realised for the timber. ” 4 cub. ft. and less than 5 eub. ft. 0 34}, Joining 5 ‘ 0 34 diameter. The following table is a summary of the prices upon Ks 7 a ‘ gail 0 2 which the timber has been valued. In all cases “tops” ” 8 » » 20 5 0 6 \ ate tp to 3 inches in diameter have been valued. hh, ae os SLOPE 0 635 sa. per cub. te BLACK POPLAR. Per cub. ft. ? . dD. PRICES OF TIMBER. Trees containing less than 5 cub. ft. OSS Pinay aie Pa > 5 cub. ft. and less than 10 cub. ft. 0 4 } Gameter. ASH. Per bo ” 10 ” ” 20 ” 0 5 8. = “ ” Trees containing less than 4 cub. ft. . F Sd. 3) eae is o 2 “i 8 EY ; : om ages, ” 4 cub. ft. and less than 7 cub. ft. 0 tops’ to 3 in. % # 2 es Oe RES f 7 = 6 10 s 07 (sh 35 50 5, and over. 0 74 ” 10 ” 3 15 23 0 10 OAK. s 15 ” ” 20 ” 1 0 “Tops” below ” 20 2” ” 30.5 1 ef B28, 8 Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at ls. 9d. per cub. ft. ” 30 ” 9 45 Hanan hs Pr 6 in. q.g. and under 12 in. at 10d. per cub. ft. rf 45 3, and over . : > ap we sy below 6 in. q.g. at 3d. per cub. ft. BEECH. SPANISH CHESTNUT. Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1s. per cub. ft. ’ Timber 12 in. q.g. and over at 1s. per cub. ft. 5 6in. gq, g and under 12 in. at 8d. per cub. ft. Pr 6 in. q.g. and under 12 in. at 8d. per cub. ft. 3 Reker 6 in. q.g. at 3d. per cub. ft. - below 6 in. at 3d. per cub. ft. 90 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS PRICES OF DOUGLAS FIR. Per cub. ft. 8. D. Trees containing less than 3 cub. ft. 0 3) a 3 eub. ft. and less than 5 eub. ft. 0 33 ; ” 5 bed ” 7 9 0 4 \ ce one ek ” 7 2? 9 9 ” 0 4} diameter. ” 9 > is ADE? fg 0.5 ” 12 ” ” 15 ” 0 54) ” 15 3? ” 20 > 0 7 | ” 20 ” ” 30 ”? 0 74 “Tops” below yr 30 ¥ 93 40.55 0 6 in. q.g. at iv 40 sg 3 60 0 8h 8d. per cub. ft. a 60 », and over. : P 0 9 LARCH. Trees containing less than } cub. ft. at per 100 poles. Per cub. ft. 8. D. Trees woaiee less than 64 cub. ft. 6) 5eqsneating »” 4 cub. ft. and less than 8} cub. ft. 0 6 J diameter. ” 3 ” 9 15 ” 0 10 . 15 ‘9 25 a 1 O | “Tops” below 2 25 if ” 35 ” yt 8a. Sas tt. Ps: 35 ;, and over ‘ ¥a3 tops” to 8 in. TIMBE R—Continued. NORWAY SPRUCE, SITKA SPRUCE, AND SILVER FIR. Trees containing less than 5 cub. ft. 5 cub ft. and less than 9 cubs ft. ; ” 1 4 ”? bey 20 ” 3 32 ” 5, and over SCOTS PINE. Trees containing less than 4 cub. ft. ” 4 cub. ft. and less than 6 cub. ft. ; Be 3) 3, and over ” 8 2? 2”? 10 bd ” 15 ” 3 20 ” Bed 25 ted ” 30 9 £0" kos Per cub. ft. 8. D. 0 3 0 3% O 4 |. Inet 0 41(° ee 0 5 0 5} Per cub. ft. 8s. DR. 0 3) 0 3h 0 4 0 43 0 5) O SE" “Demme? 0 6 0 6} iat 0 7) LAND RENTALS YIELDED BY BROAD-LEAVED TREES 91 The best land rentals per acre yielded by the different crops are shown in the following two tables. These rentals are extracted from the tables previously given; and, as explained on p. 8, they may be easily corrected whenever the cost of planting varies above or below £5 per acre. LAND RENTALS YIELDED BY BROAD-LEAVED TREES. Ifthe price | Land Rentals per annum. Quatity of | Length of | of timber, Value of the Kind of Crop. Naas and Rotation. rr If planting, ete., cost £5 per acre. Setven Gate: : Notes. ro, | an | ‘%mrem | atemrome | yy Spanish Chestnut . I. 60 0 10 t. 2-41 18 4 180 0 0 ea : ie 60 os | er 15 5 198 0 0 Black Poplar . : Il. 50 0 7 011 4 8 6 88 10 0 Spanish Chestnut . II. 70 0 94 010 5 f Paid! eg 146 0 O | **Rotation 45 years, price 64d. Ash , - ; Il. 60 L233 0) f0°RD 4 11 121 10 O Spanish Chestnut . Il. 52 0 6 Caran 15 69 0 0 Birch . . ’ I. 50 0 6 0 3 4 A ay 50 0 0 Beech . ; I. 62 0 64 0 2 8 0 4 102 0 0 * For Notes, see next page. 92 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS LAND RENTALS YIELDED BY BROAD-LEAVED TREES—Continued. If the price Land Rentals per annum. per foot : Quality of Length of | oftimber, | aes were Prices ad Romar, ste top | If planting, etc., cost £5 per acre. e ep be At 8} per cent. At 4 per cent. | Years. 8 D. } 2 Red. te 2. Oak I. 95 1 4 | One Ban? 0 8 | loss of Ash lil. 70 10 | 007 1 Q** 1 f Spanish Chestnut .| _IV. 60 0 53 a te 2° 5 1 f Beech UL. 60 0 5} m1 8 3 2 1 f Oak IL. 110 1 3} econ 3. ke 1 1 f Beech ul. 7D 0%] 0 3 4 "Se loss of loss of Oak III. 110 1 OF 3 4 10** loss of loss of Ash IV. 70 0 7 OFS, 29 loss of loss of Beech IV. 80 0 5 0 4 6 5 6 loss of loss of Oak IV. 80 0 6} 4 Pilyenee ee given date. Z Bi Gea Dr 183 10 0 82 0 O | **Rotation 52 years, price 7d., in- cluding “tops” to 3 in. diameter. | 5110 0 5610 0 156 0 O | **Rotation 70 years, price 8d. 59 0 O | **Rotation 65 years, price 44d. “105 10 0 | **Rotation 70 years, price 7d. 36 10 0 4210 0 33.10 0 * These prices are largely dependent upon the size of the trees, and vary therefore according to the length of the rotation adopted. Vide Chapter II. and p. 89. Note.—Sycamore (if mixed with other trees to provide more valuable thinnings) should, at 34 per cent. interest, yield a land rental of £1 per acre on Quality I. soil, and of 7s. 6d. per acre on Quality II. soil; and Elm at current prices should yield corresponding rentals of 16s. and 6s. 6d. respectively. LAND RENTALS YIELDED BY CONIFEROUS TREES LAND RENTALS YIELDED BY CONIFEROUS TREES. 93 If the = Land Rentals per annum. per too Value of the Kind of Crop. “all and : Totation. ae If planting, ete., cost £5 per acre. pare teins tious Notes. Years 8 >. Ye ae “ete Te ek Douglas Fir . 13 43 0 8 218 3 ris ert 279 10 0 If planting cost £8 per acre. Sitka Spruce . I. 43 0 5 2: bis Loe 192 10 0 Also for Abies grandis. Douglas Fir . Il. 46 0 7 1 See L058 1815 105-10 If planting cost £8 per acre. Larch L 48 1 0 BO Bonk 019 3 136 0 0 Grown in close canopy. Larch fi 55 ten be 2229 018 0 141 0 O | Very heavily thinned. Sitka Spruce . Il. 46 0 4} ke 0° 0 016 1 134 10 0 Also for Abies grandis. Larch Il. 65 1.0 012 0 0 9 1** | 149 0 O | **Rotation 50 years and price 10d. Scots Pine I, 60 0 6 0 6 6 0 = Saane 105 10 0 **Rotation 50 years and price 5d. Norway Spruce Lo 60 0 44 0 6 3 0: -3e°9e™ 116 0 O | **Rotation 50 years and price 4d. Larch IIl. 40 0 6 Oo Be 03 1 48 0 0 * For Notes, see next page. 94 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS LAND RENTALS YIELDED BY CONIFEROUS TREES—Continued. If ps Land Rentals per annum. r foot } r eee ee vs Value of the ; Quality of | Length of | of timber, | final tth Kind of Crop. firs am Rotation. eopeeg If planting, etc., cost £5 per acre. _ siren diate. : Notes. equals. * At 34 per cent. At 4 per cent. Years. 8. Ds & 8... D. £5 (&> De B- VS B Silver Fir Il. 70 0 4} 03.96 OG: 023 sy gh loss of Scots Pine II. 60 0 5 Oly 69 0 0 loss of Larch IV. 43 0 6 ORES 37. (0 C0 loss of Norway Spruce II. 60 0 4 ORS 78 10 0 **Rotation 50 years and price 34d. loss of loss of If rotation 70 years and price per Scots Pine Ill. 50 0 3h 1 2 39 10 0 foot 5d., the result would be loss of loss of almost as good. Norway Spruce III. 58 0 34 1 0 210 751 0 0 loss of loss of Norway Spruce IV. 65 0 3% 0 3 2 0 4 Qt 41 10 0 | **Rotation 43 years and price per loss of loss of foot 3d. Scots Pine IV. 45 0 3 0-3 0 4 6 20 0 0 * These prices are largely dependent upon the size of the trees, and vary therefore according to the length of the rotation adopted. Vide Chapter III. and p. 90. Jote.—Speaking generally, there is little, if any, land in the East of England which is of Quality I. for either Douglas Fir, or Sitka Spruce, or Abies grandis, or Thuya plicata, as there is not sufficient rainfall or atmospheric moisture. Corsican Pine and Weymouth Pine should, at 3} per cent. interest, return land rentals equal to about 11s. per acre on Quality I. soil, and of about 6s. 6d. per acre on Quality II. soil if the timber were valued at the same price per foot as Scots Pine. LAND RENTALS ON QUALITY II. SOIL 95 The following table shows the best land rentals per acre obtainable from the growth of various crops, and also the average annual increment (including thinnings) from the date of planting, where the soil and situation may be classed as Quality IT. out of four qualities. The crops are placed in their order of merit. LAND RENTALS ON QUALITY II. SOIL. If sop reg Land Rentale per annum, Average Annual Nett Length of | of timber i plantings she : Rag cee 2s. (in- ) cape bese r ; Aatoy P ng, etc., cos innin: m a norma Kind of Crop. Rotation. Loreen £5 per acre. ‘from: te ante stocked hase Notes, equals.* inka te Oak ee oS of planting. per acre.'t ; Years. Pe 48 D.' £ < i c. feet, 4.8. ray eps Douglas Fir . P 46 QT ry Sy Ly Os 184 5 tye Wy ay é Sitka Spruce . : 46 0 43 fF *O'— 0 Oner a 184 BL G Also for Abies grandis. Larch . : , 65 b- 0 012 U OSs iF 74 Belov 5 * These prices are largely dependent upon the size of the trees, and vary therefore according to the length of the rotation adopted. Vide Chapters II, and III. and pp. 89, 90. t Vide antea, pp. 10, 11, and The Practice of Forestry, pp. 284-288. nd . " . - af i On Quality Il. land, Sycamore should yield a rental of 7s. 6d. per acre (vide note on p. 92), and Elm a rental of 6s. 6d. per acre. 96 Now, in as much as the prices obtainable for different kinds of timber are subject to such great variation, the following table, showing—in their order of merit—the volume of timber per acre produced by various crops at 60 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS years of age upon land where the soil and situation are of Quality II. is of much importance. Som anp ) Srroarsox f QUALITY II. THE YIELD PER ACRE IN CUBIC FEET OF TIMBER AT 60 YEARS OF AGE ON QUALITY II. SOIL. Volume of . : Volume of i Total (includin Thinnings. ato yeoe thinnings). A Kind of Crop. c. feet (q.g.) c. feet (q.g.) c. feet (q. Notes. (to 8 inches diameter) string measurement, under bark, (to 8 inches diameter) string measurement, under bark. 4.8. (to 8 inches diameter) string measurement, under bark. Douglas Fir and Sitka Spruce Corsican Pine and Weymouth Pine” = ‘ P Silver Fir . Black Poplar Spanish Chestnut Elm . Norway Spruce . Scots Pine Larch Ash . Beech Birch Oak . } 3300 1600 350 2360 2020 480 920 1190 920 130 460 8100 4400 5550 3510 3800 4900 3560 3260 2550 2830 1680 11,400 6000 5900 5870 5820 (about) 5600 5380 4480 4450 3470 2960 (about) 2800 2140 Also for Abies grandis. Thuya plicata will probably yield rather a greater volume. Red Oak (Q. rubra) and Lime will pro- { bably yield about the same volume. Also, approximately, for Sycamore. Yote.—It is most important to remember that a given soil and situation is not necessarily of the same quality for all kinds of trees, _ @g., a soil may be Quality II. for Corsican Pine, and yet only Quality IV. for Thuya plicata or Douglas Fir. Alder up to the first 35 years will yield about as much timber as Spanish Chestnut at the same date. VALUE OF FINAL CROPS 97 The following table shows approximately the value per acre of final crops of different kinds of trees at 60, 80, and 120 years of age. The trees are placed in their order of merit (financially). Vide pp. 91 to 95. VALUE OF FINAL CROPS AT 60, 80, AND 120 YEARS.* lity of Soil 60 jo 80 \. . ei Eee ere aes vies Douglas Fir 1. 387 0 0 | 406 0 0 Very heavy thinnings are made Il. 250 0 0 316 0 0 between the 60th and 80th years. Sitka Spruce I. 246 0 0 | 251 0 0 Very heavy thinnings are made Il. 180 0 0 lov 0 0 between the 60th and 80th years. Larch I, 187 0 0 | 240 0 0 I. 140 0 0 186 0 0 Very heavily thinned. II. 128 0 0 | 199 0 0 II. 8 0 0 138 0 0 IV. 53 0 0 Sl 0-0 Black Poplar Il. 105 0 0 Spanish Chestnut I. 180 0 0 | 230 0 0 Il. 128, OD ol TAOS OF III. 84 0 0 | 110 0 0 IV. 51 0 0 75 0 O Ash, ° : I. 198 0 0 | 280 0 0 II. 121 0 0 | 160 0 0 Ill. 57 0 0 94 0 O IV. 25 0 0 41 0 0 * For Notes, see next page. COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS VALUE OF FINAL CROPS AT 60, 80, AND 120 YEARS *—Continued. ality of Soil 60 \ 80 2 120 : ak cel saaticn. | OTS fe Srl ee cai Corsican Pine and | 130 0 0 210 0 0 . Weymouth Pine . IL. 105 0 0 | 133 0 0 | Estimated. Silver Fir ; = EH, 89 0 0 147 0 0 Scots Pine : ; I. 105 0 0 133 0 0 Il. 69 0 0 88 0 0 III. 49 0 0 65 0 0 IV. bY Si ae 40 0 0 Norway Spruce : I, 1146 0 0 157 0 0 Wwe 78 0 0 118, 0-0 III. 58 0 0 82 0 0 IV. 34 0 0 47 0 0 Beer 2, : : i 97 0 0 | 126 0 0} 225 0 & II. 56. 01.0 97 0 0 171 Os 0 III. 82°"0 0 67 0 0 108 0 0 IV. ESh WO: 20 42 0 0 74 0 0 Oak : ‘ : : c : “ i : . nis ‘ 4 Felled in winter, hence no value Il. 26.0 0 54 0 0 130 0 0 for bark has been taken into IV. 130 0| 33 00] 69 0 0 comer: * For prices of timber, vide tables in Chapters II. and III., and pp. 89, 90. Note.—It should be remembered that the value of thinnings greatly affects the financial results of any particular crop, and the value of the final crops of different kinds of trees (uf the same age) is only an approximate guide as to the relative advantage of one crop over another. THE MOST PROFITABLE ROTATIONS 99 The following is a summary showing what are the best rotations, according to the data and prices previously indicated, under which the various crops should be grown. With a view to avoiding unnecessary detail, the dates are given to the nearest decade or half decade, but, as already stated, such dates are largely determined by the respective prices obtainable for the timber at various ages. And, so also, by the rate of interest which a landowner is content to receive. The lower the rate of interest at which money can be borrowed, the longer may the rotation be. But, in the following summary, it is presumed that money can be borrowed at 34 or 4 per cent. interest; and unless there is a big difference in the length of rotation as indicated thereby, an average length of rotation is specified. THE MOST PROFITABLE ROTATIONS. Length of Length of | my of | Rotation. Quality of | Rotation. Crop. iland | With interest Notes. Crop. Soil and _| With interest Notes. Situation. |* 84 or 4p.c. Situation. | 4¢ 81 or 4 p.c. Years. Years. BROAD-LEAVED TREES. CONIFEROUS TREES, Ash I. & Il. 60 Douglas Fir and lll. & IV. 70 f fat rely Soars ar land Sitka Spruce 1. & Il. 45 to 50 opcianals . ae si as sie 65 to 70 years on Quality III. || Larch . I. 50 Grown in close canopy. P { land if 4 per cent. interest. Ib 55 to 60 | Very heavily thinned. IV. 80 Il. 65 55 to 60 years on Quality II. as L 50 IIL. & IV. | 40 to 45 land if 4 per cent. interest. Black Poplar sie 50 ack Popla Norway Spruce I, ve Ill. S fas veays oo Quality 1¥-tand Oak Ls 100 70 years on Quality II. or III : if 4 per cent. interest. 1. & II. | 110 {nate 4 per coat. interest. | Scots Pine . I. & Il. 60 IV. 80 UL 70 {ere on Quality III. land Spanish Chestnut | I. & IV. el PR 2 ee IV. | 45 to 48 reer IL. | 70 : : : Wi. | 55 UE Sper con. interes. Silver Fir I. 70 100 Now, the foregoing table may be summarised in the following manner, if rotations based upon calculations COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS made at 34 per cent. interest are alone considered. SUMMARY OF TABLE SHOWING THE MOST PROFITABLE ROTATIONS. Length of Length of . 5 Rotation. Ean Quality of Soi Notes Rotation. Crop. ond Situation, | Notes Years Years. 50 Birch . iG 70 Ash . Ill. & IV. Black Poplar Il. Beech . i III. Douglas Fir. i 8coL: Spanish Chestnut Il. Tavcht: I. Ill. & IV. fata eon in chee canopy on Scots Pine . Ill. Or 50 years. ‘¢ uality I. land. ; ; 98 ually III, land the rota- Sliver Si oS Scots Pine . III. & IV. { tion may be prolonged to Sitka S 1. & I ve ruce ee a: i cea i Re a IV. Beech . : IV. 60 | Ash . I. & IL. : Beech . ; I. & Il. Spanish Chestnut I., III., & IV. 100 Oak I. If vay heavily thinned on Larch . I. & Il. Quali ty L fend. Norway Spruce I., IL., III., & IV. Scots Pine . I. & Il. 110 Oak Il. & Ill. Note.—In cases where a lower rate of interest than 8} r cent. is sufficient, these rotations may be somewhat longer. the pt mns relating to percentage increment in value. Vide in Chapters II. and III. THE NORMAL GROWING STOCK 101 The Normal Growing Stock. — Occasionally, for scientific purposes, it is desired to find out what should be the normal growing stock upon an area which is in proper working rotation, or, in other words, what amount of timber should such an area perpetually “carry,” supposing that the amount felled annually exactly equalled a year’s growth of timber over the whole area. This amount (just after a felling) may be calculated from yield tables by the author's formula. Thus for every acre of normal forest (under any particular crop) felled annually as a final crop, if the number of years between each period in the yield table is the same— Let G=the normal growing stock. V,, V., V;, etc., the volume of timber at the Ist, 2nd, and 3rd periods, and so on, up to “p” periods. p=the last period at the end of the rotation. CL. CI,, Cl,, etc. =the current annual increment at the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th periods, etc., and so on up to “p” periods. N=the number of years between each period. Then N- G=N(V,+VatVgt- °° +Vp1)+N x (CI,+CI,+CI,+- - + +ClI,) But if the number of years between each period varies— Let N., N, N,=the number of years respectively between the Ist and 2nd periods, the 2nd and 3rd, the 3rd and 4th, and so on, up to “p” periods. Then a {n+ N,x Max! Nj-1 x ct,} + {(sv2) +N, x xCl,} + a The Normal Annual Yield.—The normal annual yield in volume of timber which any normally stocked area under any particular crop is capable of yielding is, for every acre of normal forest felled annually, equal to the average annual increment. multiplied by the number of years in the rotation. This amount includes the volume of all thinnings besides the one acre of mature timber felled as a final crop. Forest Systems.—It will be observed that the foregoing tables refer only to crops grown in high 102 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS forest. But in the case of the thinly foliaged trees, such as Larch, Ash, and Oak, there is very little difference, so far as profit is concerned, if such crops be grown as pure crops in high forest or as standards, under the system of “Coppice with Standards,” or, better still, as “ High Forest with Coppice,”’ provided always that a maximum number of standards be grown, and that the coppice is looked upon merely as a means of naturally pruning the young trees, and of keeping the soil clean and cool, and of providing some good “covert” for game. In the author’s opinion there is little doubt but that this latter system will in time to come entirely take the place of the former system. The system of High Forest with Coppice is particularly suitable for the growth of Larch, especially when a pure crop of Larch is deemed to be too risky. In such a case it will be advisable to plant four or five rows of pure Larch, alternating with four or five rows of broad-leaved trees. Then, if the Larch fail altogether at an early date, the intended system of coppicing the broad-leaved trees can be abandoned, and there will 1 Vide The Practice of Forestry, Chapters II. and X. ; vide also p. 226 for yield tables of trees grown under “ Coppice with Standards.” be a sufficient number of broad-leaved trees growing close together to effect good natural pruning, and a perfect crop of broad-leaved trees may still be grown. Mixtures of Trees.'—There is a point of very great importance with reference to the mixing of trees, and that is that by the addition of broad-leaved trees, such as Beech, Wych Elm, and Spanish Chestnut to a crop of some thinly-foliaged tree, such as Larch, it is often possible, especially at comparatively low altitudes, to convert a soil which would otherwise be of Quality III. for Larch, into one of Quality II. for Larch. Here again, the system of High Forest with Coppice is often most advisable, especially if a maximum amount of Larch is required, for, under the above system, there will be practically a full crop of Larch after about the thirtieth year. The improvement brought about by the broad- leaved trees is largely due to the fall of leaves, which act as a mulch to the soil, and keep it cool, clean, and moist, and it is owing to these dead leaves that rank grass and other growth is prevented from making an appearance. 1 Readers are referred to Chapter V. of The Practice of Forestry. —— LAND AT HIGH ALTITUDES 103 The author has elsewhere’ dealt at considerable length concerning the deleterious effects upon crops of trees of a soil-covering of grass, whereby the danger from late spring and early autumn frosts is so much increased, and also of the beneficial effects produced by dead leaves and humus, and he has laid much stress on the advisability of always having, if possible, a clean soil. But, in further reference to this matter, it should be noted that young plantations, made upon perfecily clean, finely tilled, arable land, especially if of a clayey nature, will sometimes suffer even more than plantations made upon grass-land, and the reason appears to be that the arable land “sets hard,” and consequently the young roots become ruptured and dessicated in the hard, dry, surface soil. This, of course, would be avoided if the surface soil were kept cultivated, but, generally speaking, the cost of so doing is prohibitive. However, whenever grass-land is planted, at any rate at low altitudes, it will always be advisable to plough the sod under, for by this means the dangers due to a soil-covering of grass are largely avoided, and the decaying turf will prevent the soil from “running together” and “setting hard.” 1 Vide The Practice of Forestry, pp. 67, 68, 69, 142, 150, 170, 171. Land at High Altitudes. — An apparent soil- covering of “grass” at high altitudes is usually not particularly detrimental, for, generally speaking, such a soil-covering consists mostly of moss, which, at any rate on sloping land, is beneficial rather than otherwise. Of course, if the soil-covering is really a thick sod of good turf, then its presence cannot be too strongly deprecated. As regards the desirability of growing broad- leaved trees along with conifers at high altitudes, in order to obtain a better soil-covering of leaves and humus, there is, perhaps, not the same necessity for so doing as there is at low altitudes, nor are the benefits resulting therefrom so pronounced. The reason why such is the case is that at high altitudes, when once the crops have ‘opened out,” a soil-covering consisting largely of heather, whortleberry, and moss will exist, which will transpire but little moisture and make only small demands upon the fertility of the soil, and at the same time they will form a “loose” soil-covering, thus effecting conditions which are so different in every way from those produced by a dense soil-covering of grass. And then, again, at high altitudes the chief factor determining the growth of timber is usually one of exposure, and, as often as not, any betterment of the 104 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS surface condition of the soil is not reflected in the subsequent growth of the crop. As regards the best broad-leaved trees to plant at high altitudes, it will usually be found that, in this country, Beech and Hornbeam will grow the most successfully, and then perhaps Sycamore and Wych Elm. The Financial Results of Afforestation.— A careful study of the foregoing tables will point to the fact that under certain circumstances, and with certain kinds of trees, the afforestation of land is likely to be attended by most profitable results, provided ‘always that the current prices obtainable for timber do not fall, and that the afforested area escape any excessive or exceptional damage due to _ insects, fungi, fire, or storm. However, it is not the poor, exposed, waste mountain land of this country that can be profitably planted. To attempt to plant any considerable areas of such land must, as shown hereafter, usually end in absolute failure. But there are vast areas of well-sheltered land at altitudes below 700 feet (above « sea-level) which for agricultural purposes are worth rentals of less than 6s. or 7s. per acre, but which if ‘planted with timber” would easily yield returns equal to rentals of double this amount; especially is this the case on good, hilly land in a mountainous country, or on land with a northern aspect, which is as beneficial for tree growth as it is detrimental for purposes of husbandry. - Now much of this land is of Quality I. and Quality II. for various crops of trees, and a reference to the tables (on pages 91-95) will show that, on such land, trees such as Douglas Fir, Sitka Spruce, Larch, Spanish Chestnut, Black Poplar, Ash, and Corsican Pine are capable of yielding returns equal to rentals varying from 6s. 6d. up to £1 per acre, and even double this amount in the case of the two first- mentioned trees, provided always that 3} per cent. interest on the invested money is deemed. sufficient. But, on the other hand, even under the most favourable circumstances, it will seldom be advisable to plant either Scots Pine, Norway Spruce, Oak or Beech! unless, indeed, some other benefit is likely to accrue from the growing of such trees other than the mere production of timber, or unless such timber could be sold at very much higher prices than those which prevail at the present time. 1Jf land were of Quality I. for these trees it would, except perhaps sometimes in the case of Beech, be preferable to plant some other crop which would pay better. FINANCIAL RESULTS OF PLANTING WASTE MOUNTAIN LAND AT HIGH ALTITUDES 105 However, it will sometimes be advantageous to make extensive plantations even though no direct profits are likely to accrue. Such instances exist in the case of water-catchment areas, where the presence of extensive woodlands will have a beneficial effect in regulating the water-supply and preventing sudden floods, ete. Or it may be necessary to make plantations in order to provide shelter for exposed farms. So, again, poorly-wooded agricultural estates may some- times have their sale value very greatly increased by a certain amount of judicious planting, whereby an appreciation in the esthetic value may be brought about or the amenities for game preservation increased. The Financial Results of Planting Waste Mountain Land at High Altitudes.’"—It may be taken as a general rule that the “planting line” is considerably higher in Wales than it is in Scotland. It may be stated that there is practically no land in Wales higher than 1250 feet above sea-level, and in Scotland above 1150 feet, upon which the growth of Larch, Scots Pine, or Norway Spruce will yield even as good returns as those shown in the foregoing tables for 1 Between 700 and 1250 feet above sea-level; or, say, an average altitude of 900 feet for any large planted area. such crops when grown upon land where the soil and situation are of Quality IV. And, on the other hand, a very great proportion of the land below these altitudes is far too poor, ill-drained, and exposed for the growth of timber. Now, when inspecting land with a view to its adaptability for afforestation, one of the safest guides by which to form an opinion lies in the nature of the surface-covering of such land. It may be taken as a general rule that any land which is growing bracken or gorse can also be planted with a fair chance of success, at any rate so far as the actual growth of timber is concerned, provided always that a reasonable amount of shelter exist ; but if only heather cover the land, or whortleberry, then the chances of success are usually very remote, at any rate in a very great number of districts ; and, on such land, any advice in favour of afforestation should be given only with the greatest caution. It should be remembered that on mountain land climatic influences are, generally speaking, of far more importance as regards the success of tree growth than the actual quality of the soil, provided always that the latter is naturally well drained. However, in respect of selected land at altitudes 106 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS varying from 750 to 1250 feet above sea-level in Wales « t Quality III. and the other half is equal to Quality TV. and parts of England, and from 700 to 1150 feet in Of course, there are considerable areas at altitudes — Scotland, average returns should be obtained from the — between 750 and 1050 feet, especially in Wales, where growth of Larch, Scots Pine, and Norway Spruce __ the soil and situation are of Quality IL, or even better, which will be equal to an average of the returns shown but the extent of such areas is relatively very small. for these crops when one-half of such land is equal to These returns are shown in the following table :— AVERAGE RETURNS PER ACRE FROM CONIFEROUS CROPS ON MOUNTAIN LAND. |, Final Crop. en eee PEF arene } ee Se pS Increment, ‘ ; From the date of from the | Annual Income from | Giant | Quality of Soil Length of Cubie feet. lantiog. if planting: inte of a normally j rop | and Situation. | Rotation, | inne ee ae Paiclng aed bpeatings| | planting stocked forest. under bark. up” cost £5 per acre.*| including - thinnings. At 84 per cent. Years. cub, ft. q.g. Sn RORY 8 D. cub. ft. q.g. 2 8. Ds d ‘ Larch . P r ; III. 40 1940 48 0 0 5 0 49 Lee IV. 43 1450 37 0 0 13 34 013 5 . Norway Spruce . ; III. 58 3550 51 0 0 Loss of 1 5 64 013 0 ) 65 2910 4110 0 9 3° 2 47 OSs Scots Pine . : . III. 50 2760 39 10 0 5 | St 9) 56 010 4 IV. 45 1580 20 0 0 a 35 0 3 6 Average of the six crops. : ; 50 2365 39 10 0 Loss of 0 7 47 O11 6 ; per acre per annum.{ * The average annual outgoings have been estimated at 8s. 2d per acre (8s. 4d. on Quality III. soil and 8s. on Quality IV. soil). t Vide antea, pp. 10 and 11, and The Practice of Forestry, pp. 234-288. ¢ This equals a capital loss of nearly £4 per acre at the end of the rotation. AVERAGE RETURNS FROM CONIFEROUS CROPS ON MOUNTAIN LAND 107 Now, in thus taking an average a technical error is committed, if all the resultant averages are regarded as bearing a correct relation to each other. But, for all practical purposes, it may be stated that, according to the prices of timber prevailing at the present time, Larch, Norway Spruce, and Scots Pine, if grown under a 50-year rotation, upon se/ected mountain land at an average altitude of about 900 feet above sea-level, will yield a crop of about 2350 cubic feet (quarter girth measurement) per acre, and will be worth about £40, which, at 34 per cent. interest, represents a loss of rent equal to 6d. to 9d. per acre per annum, supposing that the cost of planting, fencing, and “beating up,” etc., were £5 per acre, and that when once the forest is in proper working rotation the average annual income per acre will be about 11s. 6d. So also, under like conditions, if the rotation were extended to 80 years, the average returns per acre would be :—3120 cubic feet, worth £76, which would represent a rent equal to a loss of 1s. 3d.’ per acre per annum, and the average annual income from a normally stocked forest, would be about 18s. 9d. per acre. 1 This is equal to a capital loss of over £26 per acre at the end of the rotation. However, it must be remembered that if the average cost of planting, fencing, keeping young plantations clean and replacing “deaths” can be reduced below £5 per acre the land-rentals will be correspondingly better (vide, p. 8). Now, these returns are very different from the optimistic estimates set forth in the report upon affores- tation issued by the Coast Erosion Commissioners ; but it would seem that although these Commissioners examined a vast number of witnesses, they made no systematic attempt to acquire evidence as to the average volume or value of crops of timber of various ages grown upon mountain land in this country, in spite of the fact that there are in the aggregate enormous areas of coniferous crops of all ages now growing upon mountain land, and that every year a portion of these crops is being felled and harvested. However, those who are interested in this report, and upon afforestation generally, are referred by the author to his criticisms thereon published elsewhere.! 1 Vide Transactions of the Surveyors’ Institution, Cardiff Meeting, May 1909; Quarterly Journal of Forestry, “ Afforestation Schemes,” October 1909; Journal of the Board of Agriculture, “The Financial Aspect of the Growth of Scots Pine,’ June 1910. Vide also note on next page. 108 COMPLETE YIELD TABLES FOR BRITISH WOODLANDS But, inasmuch as the Commissioners’ estimates were more than double the returns as specified herein, and this, too, even though the planting of land at much higher altitudes was in contemplation, and inasmuch as, according to their own findings, the ultimate accumulated capital sum which their scheme involved would amount to well over four hundred million pounds by the time that the forests Note.—The author also desires to draw attention to a considera- tion of the economic aspect of afforestation published by him in The Practice of Forestry, Chapter I., where inter alia he discusses the likelihood or otherwise of a timber famine. In reference to this matter he shows that whereas three-eighths of an acre of average forest land is sufficient per head of population for the requirements of Great Britain, yet as regards the supply of the whole of Europe, even if double this amount—namely three-quarters of an acre per were in proper working rotation, and this, too, on the assumption that huge sums of money could be borrowed at only 3 per cent. interest, it is evident that if their scheme were carried through, and if the present prices which prevail for timber remain unaltered, future generations would. inherit a bankrupt undertaking, the liabilities relating to which would be sufficient to paralyse the arm of even the richest nation upon the earth. head of population—be necessary, the present forest area of Europe is more than sufficient by over 400 million acres. Now, although much of such forest land is at present too far distant from consuming centres for the profitable exploitation of timber, and therefore practically worthless, yet in years to come the existence of such vast areas of timber are bound to prevent anything approaching a real timber famine. But this is merely one of many considerations bearing upon this matter. PRINTED BY OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBURGH : , i A ASN on Py LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY [1527185 ) Maw, Percival Trentham 553 Complete yield tables for British woodlands 1 soo 10 Lb v0 60 6 4 Wall $Od IIHS AVE JONVY G IDM MAlASNMOG LY 119