“ND NB ¢ - COMPOSITAE & % NEWSLETTER Number 20/21. | February 1992 Scientific Editor: Bertil Nordenstam Technical Editor: Agneta Lindhag Published and distributed by The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Phanerogamic Botany, P.O. Box 50007 S- 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. (Director: Prof. Bertil Nordenstam) ISSN 0284-8422 CONTENTS K. Bremer, R.K. Jansen, P.O. Karis, Ki-Joong Kim: Current research on Asteraceae phylogeny and classification 1 A. Soldano: Nomenclatural notes on some Compositae of the Mediterranean area 4 L.S. Gill, DI. Omoigui: Chromosome numbers in some Nigerian Compositae 12 J.M.O. Eze, L.S. Gill: Chromolaena odorata - A problematic weed iI D.F. Otieno, M. Tadesse: Pollen Morphological studies in Senecio (Compositae-Senecioneae) from Ethiopia 22 J. Midgley: Are Ursinia species with missing ray florets and exaggerated involucral bracts mimicking beetles? 29 J. Jakupovic: Ferdinand Bohlmann (1921-1991) in memorian 31 C. Jeffrey, B. Nordenstam, J.W. Kadereit: A molecular analysis of Compositae tribe Senecioneae 33 Request for material 34 A. Anderberg: Cladistics of the Gnaphalieae, Additional data 35 Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 CURRENT RESEARCH ON ASTERACEAE PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION Kare Bremer", Robert K. Jansen”, Per Ola Karis’, and Ki-Joong Kim” ‘Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Box 541, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78713, U.S.A. Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden We take the opportunity to use the Compositae Newsletter for informing about some recent references to Asteraceae phylogeny and classification, based on morphological and chloroplast DNA data. Phylogeny New data on morphology and rbcL sequences are given in Karis et al. (1992) and Kim et al. (1992). It appears that these data are in conflict with respect to the sta- tus of the subfamily Cichorioideae. Karis et al. (1992) maintain that the Cicho- rioideae are paraphyletic. Kim et al. (1992) suggest that the Cichorioideae are monophyletic, in agreement with Jansen et al. (1990, 1991). These and other issu- es on tribal interrelationships are reviewed in detail in a joint paper from our two research groups (Bremer et al., 1992). Classification Since the sister group relationship between the former Mutisieae-Barnadesiinae and the rest of the family now has been firmly established, a new subfamily, the Barnadesioideae, has been described by Bremer and Jansen (1992). Bremer et al. (1992) listed the following three subfamilies and 17 tribes: Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 Barnadesioideae Asteroideae Barnadesieae Inuleae Astereae Cichoriogideae Anthemideae Senecioneae Mutisieae Calenduleae Cardueae Helenieae Lactuceae Coreopsideae Vernonieae Tageteae Liabeae Heliantheae Arctoteae Eupatorieae It should be noted that tribal circumscription is uncertain in several cases, e. g. for Mutisieae, Arctoteae, Inuleae, and Helenieae. There are a number of other tribes proposed, yet with support only from one of our two data sources, either from morphological or from molecular data. These tentative tribes are the Tarchonan- theae (Keeley and Jansen, 1991), Eremothamneae (Karis, 1992), Gnaphalieae (Anderberg, 1991a), and Plucheeae (Anderberg, 1991b). Future work Karis is currently undertaking a morphological analysis of the Asteroideae. He is sampling several genera from all tribes, attempting a cladistic analysis of Asteroi- deae tribal interrelationships comparable to that of Karis et al. (1992) for the Ci- chorioideae. Awaiting Karis’s and other results, Bremer is planning a revised cladistic classification of the entire family comprising also the subtribal level. Jansen is expanding restriction site comparisons to include more enzymes and ge- nera from throughout the family in order to further explore the status of the Ci- chorioideae, as well as to resolve relationships among the tribes. Sequence comparisons by Jansen and Kim are being expanded to include additional chloro- plast encoded genes. We shall return to these issues at the International Botanical Congress in Tokyo 1993 and the International Compositae Conference at Kew 1994, and hope that our current studies will continue to make the Asteraceae a model case for comparison of morphological and molecular data in phylogenetic reconstruction and systematics. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 References Anderberg, A. 1991a. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribe Gnaphalieae. Opera Bot. 104: 1-195. Anderberg, A. 1991b. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribe Plucheeae (Benth.) A. Anderb. (Asteraceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 176: 145-177. Bremer, K. and R. K. Jansen 1992. A new subfamily of the Asteraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79 (in press). Bremer, K., Jansen, R. K., Karis, P. O., Kallersj6, M., Keeley, S. C., Kim, K.-J., Michaels, H. J., Palmer J. D. and R. S. Wallace 1992. A review of the phylogeny and classification of the Asteraceae. Nord. J. Bot. 12 (in press). Jansen, R. K., Holsinger, K. E., Michaels H. J. and J. D. Palmer 1990. Phylo- genetic analysis of chloroplast DNA restriction site data at higher taxonomic levels: an example from the Asteraceae. Evolution 44: 2089-2105. Jansen, R. K., Michaels H. J. and J. D. Palmer 1991. Phylogeny and character evolution in the Asteraceae based on chloroplast DNA restriction site map- ping. Syst. Bot. 16: 98-115. Karis, P. O. 1992. Hoplophyllum DC., the sister group to Eremothamnus O. Hoffm. (Asteraceae)? Taxon 41 (in press). Karis, P. O., Kallersj6 M. and K. Bremer 1992. Phylogenetic analysis of the Cichorioideae (Asteraceae) with emphasis on the Mutisieae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79 (in press). Keeley, S. C. and R. K. Jansen 1991. Evidence from chloroplast DNA for the recognition of a new tribe, the Tarchonantheae, and the tribal placement of Pluchea (Asteraceae). Syst. Bot. 16: 173-181. Kim, K.-J., Jansen, R. K., Wallace, R. S., Michaels H. J. and J. D. Palmer 1992. Phylogenetic implications of rbcL sequence variation in the Astera- ceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79 (in press). Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON SOME COMPOSITAE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN AREA Adriano Soldano Largo Brigata Cagliari, 6 131 00 Vercelli, Italy Going on with researches that have been begun some time ago (Soldano, 1986, 1991), I have ascertained that the names of some Compositae growing in the Me- diterranean Region are illegitimate because, in most cases, there are previous valid homonyms, belonging to distinct species [Art. 64.1 of the Code of No- menclature (Greuter et al., 1988)], or they are superfluous (Art. 63.1). Replaced synonyms are indicated or, if lacking, new names are established. In other cases I have emphasized that some combinations were published earlier than stated in standard floras or the authorship is incorrectly reported. Abbreviations: FE = Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1976; FI = Flora d’Italia (Pig- natti, 1982); FT = Flora of Turkey (Davis, 1975). Name changes Aster cinereus Korsh., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb., ser. VIII, 7: 205 (1898). = A. oleifolius (Lam.) Wagenitz, Bot. Jahrb., 83: 329 (1964), non O. E. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl., 2: 315 (1891). Reference: FE, 4: 116. The equality A. cinereus/oleifolius has been verified by Wagenitz (loc.cit.). This species occurs in Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and USSR. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 Centaurea oltensis Sosn., Not. Bot. Tiflis, 21: 60 (1959). = C. sessilis Willd., Sp. Pl., 3(3): 2300 (1803), non J.F. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. XIII, 1267 (1792). Ret: FT, 5: 519. The equality C. sessilis/oltensis has been verified by Wagenitz in the cited refer- ence. Cirsium isophyllum (Petrak) Grossh., Fl. Cauc.; 4: 181 (1934). = C. horridum subsp. isophyllum Petrak, Izv. Kauk. Mus., 8: 49 (1914). = C. tomentosum C.A. Meyer, Verz. Pfl. Cauc., 69 (1831), non Moench, Meth. Suppl., 227 (1802). Ref.: FT, 5: 390. In providing the synonymy I have followed Charadze’s (1963) treatment, as the Flora of Turkey did. It is to be emphasized that Grossheim considered C. isophyl- lum distinct from "C. tomentosum". It is a species growing from the Caucasian region to North-Iran. Cirsium penicillatum C. Koch, Linnaea, 17: 41 (1843). = C. lappaceum (Bieb.) Fischer, Cat. Jard. Gorenki, ed. 2, 35 (1812), non Lam., Fl. Fr., 2: 24 (1779). = Carduus lappaceus Bieb., Beschreib. Land. Casp. Meer, 193 (1800). Ref.: FT, 5: 390-392. The synonymy C. penicillatum/"C. lappaceum" is generally accepted (Charadze, 1963; Index kewensis; Boissier, 1875, etc.) as the author’s statements (Koch, 1851, sub Epitrachys penicillata) that his species differs from "C. lappaceum" by the large, little divided and cordate leaves and by the reflexed involucral bracts, are not effective, and those characters belong in the variation range of the taxon. Unfortunately, the type, fora definitive decision, seems no longer extant. Ed- mondson and Lack (1977) did not find it at Berlin (B), nor did I at G, where, with LE and W, may exist Koch types. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 The following new subspecific combinations are necessary: - C. penicillatum subsp. anatolicum (Petrak) Soldano, comb. nova = C. lappaceum subsp. anatolicum Petrak, Trudy Tiflissk. Bot. Sada, 12 (1): 12 (1912). It is a taxon present from the Caucasus to North-West Iran. - Cirsium penicillatum subsp. tenuilobum (C. Koch) Soldano, comb. nova. = C. lappaceum subsp. tenuilobum (C. Koch) Davis et Parris, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb., 33: 430 (1975). = Eriolepis tenuiloba C. Koch, Linnaea, 24: 400 (1851). It is a taxon limited to inner Turkey. - Cirsium penicillatum subsp. hermonis (Boiss.) Soldano, comb. nova. = C. lappaceum subsp. hermonis (Boiss.) Petrak, Trudy Tiflissk. Bot Sada, 12(1): 17:(1912): = C. hermonis Boiss., Diagn., ser. II, 3: 40 (1853). This subspecies is confined to the Lebanon. Leucanthemum virgatum (Desr.) Clos, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 17: 185 (1870). = Matricaria virgata Desr. in Lam., Encycl. Méth. Bot., 3: 737 (1792). = Chrysanthemum discoideum All., Fl. Ped., 2: 190 (1785), tab. 11, fig. 1. = Cotula grandis sensu Jacq., Observ. Bot., 4: 4 (1771), tab. 81, non L., Sp. PL., ed227 12571763). Ref.: FE, 4: 177; FI, 3: 908. The above mentioned floras use the combination Leucanthemum discoideum (All.) Coste, Fl. Fr., 2: 340 (1903), but the Allioni basionym is illegitimate (su- perfluous), because the Italian botanist cites Cotula grandis L., no matter if this is a distinct species [Plagius grandis (L.) Alavi et Heywood]. The first who recog- nized the specific distinction between the two taxa was Desroussoux (loc. cit.), whose epithet must be kept. It is to emphasize that Coste’s combination, in Leucanthemum, is later than La- caita’s, in Nyman, Consp., Suppl., 2 (2): 367 (1890). L. virgatum is endemic of South-West Alps. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 Senecio blanchei Soldano, nom. nov. = S. exilis Blanche ex Boiss., Fl. Or. Suppl., 302 (1888), non Hombr. et Jacquem., Voy. Pole Sud, tab. 13, fig. c (1846) [n.v.] et Remy in Gay, Fl. Chilena, 4: 143 (1849). Ref.: Mouterde (1983). This is an endemic species of Lebanon and Syria. Senecio bulghardaghensis Soldano, nom. nov. = S. farfarifolius Boiss. et Kotschy, Fl. Or., 3: 400 (1875), non Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb., 19: 483 (1874) nec Sch. Bip. ex Koch et Fint, Woc- henschr., 1: 212 (1858) [n.v.]. iset-ord. 5: 155. The new epithet concerns the locus classicus, the Bulghar Dag mountain, of this endemite of Central-Southern Turkey. Bibliographical statements Achillea multifida (DC.) Griseb., Spicil., 2: 212 (1844) emend. = Ptarmica multifida DC., Prodr., 7: 295 (1838). Ret), 5: 229. For this endemite of the Ulug Dag, the classical Olympus of Bithynia, the last li- terature reports Boissier, Fl. Or., 3: 277 (1875), as the author of the generic com- bination. The Index kewensis correctly quotes the earlier Schultz Bipontinus (1855) combination, but we must advance to the Grisebach one. Grisebach re- cords de Candolle’s basionym but includes - listing the iconography - the earlier (1829) Ptarmica abrotanoides Vis., a distinct species; also the inclusion of Ptar- mica scardica Griseb. is erroneous. According to the Code of Nomenclature (Greuter et al., 1988) Grisebach’s combination would be illegitimate, as he should have reported it as Achillea abrotanoides, but, using Art. 63.3 (ex. 10), it is possible - with emendation - to re-establish the validity of A. multifida, as its basionym is legitimate. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 Centaurea solstitialis L. subsp. schouwii (DC.) Gugler, Centaur. Ung. National- mus., 203 (1907). = C. schouwii DC., Prodr., 6: 593 (1838). Ref.: FE, 4: 284; FI, 3: 209. The above mentioned floras attribute the subspecific combination to Dostal, Bot. Journ. Linn. Soc., 71: 204 (1976). This taxon grows in Sicily and Sardinia. Centaurea thracica (Janka) Gugler, op. cit., 201 (1907). = Serratula thracica Janka, Osterr. Bot. Zeitschr., 22: 178 (1872). Ref. FE, 4: 270: FT, 57557. The works in reference have the later combination, Hayek in Stoj. et Stefanov, FI. Bulg., 1194 (1925). This species occurs from Greece to Turkey. Cirsium italicum DC., Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp., 96 (1813). Ref.: FE, 42238? Fly 3° 155: FT, 52396: The above mentioned floras give the authorship of the name as "(Savi) DC.", that is they attribute the basionym to Gaetano Savi; but the Italian botanist is only the author of a later combination in Carduus: C. italicus. Almost certainly, however, Savi was the first who recognized the autonomy of this species; on a label atta- ched to a sample in the de Candolle herbarium (G!) he writes (in French): "Cni- cus ...very common around Pisa; from much time I have tried a name for it but I have never found a description that agrees with it. I think therefore, that it is a species till now undescribed; but I am waiting for your decision. Savi, 1810". Three years later de Candolle described Cirsium italicum. This species is present from south-central Italy to Turkey. Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Moench, Meth., 575 (1794). = Gnaphalium foetidum L., Sp. Pl., 851 (1753). Ref.: FE, 4: 131. For this South African species, naturalized in West Europe and on Madeira (Hansen and Sunding, 1985), some modern literature gives the later combination of Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat., 25: 489 (1822). Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 Jurinea mollis (L.) DC. subsp. moschata (Ten.) Nyman, Consp., 415 (1879). = Carduus mollis L. var. moschatus Ten., Fl. Nap., XLVIII (1812). Ref.: FE, 4: 219; FI, 3: 167. The above mentioned floras indicate de Candolle (DC.) as the author of the ba- sionym; this is also reported by Nyman in his combination. But the same de Can- dolle, establishing the combination Jurinea moschata, Prodr., 6: 677 (1838), refers to Tenore’s epithet, even if to a later one: Serratula simplex var. moschata (Tenore, 1830). This species grows in the north-west part of Balkan Peninsula and on the Apenni- nes. Jurinea mollis (L.) DC. subsp. transsilvanica (Sprengel) Nyman, Consp. Suppl., 183 (1889). = Serratula transsilvanica Sprengel, Syst. Nat., ed. XVI, 3: 388 (1826). Ret. Pe. 42219. For this taxon of central Romania, the work in reference has the combination of Hayek, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Balcan., 7: 701 (1931). Scorzonera cana (C.A. Meyer) Griseb., Spicil. Fl. Rum., Addit., 2: 546 (1844). = Podospermum canum C.A. Meyer, Verz. Pfl. Cauc., 62 (1831). Rep Pe 4-516: FT. 5: 635. The works in reference give the later combination of O. Hoffmann, in Engler et Prantl, Naturl. Pflanzenfam., 4(5): 365 (1897). This species is present in the cen- tral-eastern part of the European-Asiatic Mediterranean region. Serratula erucifolia (L.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles, 3(4): 424 (1913). = Centaurea erucifolia L., Sp. Pl., 909 (1753). et he 4252: FT, 5: 460. The above mentioned floras report the Boriss, in Bobrov et Czeep., Fl. URSS, 28: 270 (1963), later combination. This taxon grows in the south part of URSS and in the Caucasian and Transcaspian regions. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 Taraxacum montanum DC., Prodr., 7: 145 (1838). = Leontodon montanum C.A. Meyer, Verz. Pfl. Cauc., 58 (1831), non Lam., FI. Fr., 3: 640 (1779). Ref. r2 797. The last authorship for this taxon, (C.A. Meyer) DC., must be changed - accor- ding to Art. 72 (ex.2) of the Code of Nomenclature - owing to Lamarck’s earlier combination in Leontodon. This species is present in the Caucasian region and al- so in Iraq, Iran and Transcaspia. References Boissier, E. 1875. Flora Orientalis. Vol. II]. H. Georg, Genéve, Bale & Lyon. Charadze, A.L. 1963. Cirsium L. In: Komarov, V.L. et al., Flora SSSR. Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Leningrad & Moskva. Davis, P.H. 1975. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. V. Edin- burgh University Press, Edinburgh. Edmondson, J.R. and H.W. Lack 1977. The Turkish and Caucasian collections of C. Koch. Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35(3): 321-344. Greuter, W., Burdet, H.M., Chaloner, W.G., Demoulin, V., Groller, R., Hawksworth, D.L., Nicolson, D.H., Silva, P.C., Stafleu, F.A., Voss, E.G. and J. McNeill 1988. International code of botanical nomenclature, adopted by the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-August 1987. Regnum Veg. 118. Hansen, A. and P. Sunding 1985. Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 3. revised edition. Sommerfeltia 1: 1-167. Koch, C. 1851. Beitrige zu einer Flora des Orients. Linnaea 24(4): 385-480. Mouterde, P. 1983. Nouvelle Flore du Liban et de la Syrie. Vol. 3/4. Dar El- Machreq (imprimerie catholique), Beyrouth. Pignatti, S. 1982. Flora d’ Italia. Edagricole, Bologna. Schultz Bipontinus, C.H. 1855. Kleinere Mittheilungen. Flora (Regensb.) 38: 13-15. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 Soldano, A. 1986. Note di aggiomamento nomenclaturale su alcune fanerogame italiane e di altre regioni europee. Atti. Soc. ital. Sci. Nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano 127 (3-4): 215-220. Soldano, A. 1991. Le sottospecie di Cesati; altre novita e precisazioni nomencla- turali e tassonomiche su fanerogame d’Italia e dell’area Mediterranea. Atti Soc. ital. Sci. Nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano 131 (15): 245-256. Tenore, M. 1830. Prodromo della Flora napolitana, Supplimento quarto. Fibreni, Neapoli. Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. and D.A. Webb 1976. Flora Europaea, Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne. Comp. News!l. 20/21, 1992 CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN SOME NIGERIAN COMPOSITAE L.S. Gill and D.I. Omoigui Department of Botany University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City Nigeria Abstract Chromosome numbers of 49 species distributed in 28 genera of Compositae from Nigeria are reported. Introduction The Compositae family is represented in the flora of Nigeria by 288 species dis- tributed in 84 genera (Gill, 1988). The family is somewhat neglected by cyto- taxonomists and many species have not been examined cytologically. With this in mind a project "Cytological survey of the Nigerian Compositae" was undertaken by the senior author and earlier contributions in this series are Gill and Omoigui (1987, 1988). The present paper lists the chromosome numbers of 49 species dis- tributed in 28 genera. Material and Methods Young flower buds were collected in the field and fixed in 1:3 acetic-alcohol so- lution for 24 hrs, then transferred into 70 % ethyl alcohol and stored under refri- geration until they could be examined. The anthers were squashed and stained in 2 % acetocarmine solution. The haploid chromosome numbers were determined from temporary slides. At least 15-20 well spread metaphase 1 and anaphase 1 plates were examined to confirm the chromosome number of each taxon. Voucher specimens of all the collections examined are kept at the University of Benin, Department of Botany Herbarium, Benin City, Nigeria. A duplicate set of Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 13 the voucher specimens has been deposited at FHI. The results obtained during the present study are summarized in Table 1 and the arrangement of taxa in Table 1 is alphabetical. Results Table 1. Chromosome Numbers in some Nigerian Compositae Haploid Taxon Chromo- Source and some Voucher Number Ip Anisopappus africanus 14 Bauchi Rd., Jos, (Hook.f.) Oliv. Omoigui 097 2: A. dalzielii Hutch. 14 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 098 Aspelia helianthoides 14 Igbetti, Omoigui 111 (Schum. & Thonn.) Oliv. & Hiern 4, Blumea aurita var. 11 Kano, Omoigui 123 foliolosa (DC.) Adams 5. Centaurea nigerica Hutch. 10 Oyo-Ugbetti, Omoigui 133 6. C. perrottetii DC. 10 Kano, Omoigui 170 We Ceruana pratenis Forssk. 16 Kaduna, Omoigui 168 8. Chromolaena odorata (L.) 30 Jos, Omoigui 136 King & Robinson 9, Coreopsis asperata. 14 Jos, Omoigui 128 Hutch. & Dalz. 10. =‘ C. barteri Oliv. & Hiern 14 Vom; near Jos, Omoigui 093 11. C.camporum Hutch. 14 Jos, Omoigui 119 12. Crassocephalum mannii 10 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 151 (Hook.f.) Milne-Redhead 13. Eupatorium africanum 15 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 023 Oliv. & Hiern 14. Felicia homochroma 9 Jos, Omoigui 166 S. Moore is 16. LT. 18. jee 20. PAD 22: Z5. 24. Za, 26. v5 fp 28. Zo: 30. Si: 52. 53; 34. a 36. Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. G. abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. Gutenbergia nigritana (Bth.) Oliv. & Hiern Helichrysum albiflorum Moeser H. antunesil var. latifolium C.D. Adams H. mechowianum Klatt Inula klingii O. Hoffm. I. subscaposa S. Moore Lactuca capensis Thunb. Laggera alata (D.Don) Sch. Bip. Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. f. Melanthera elliptica O. Hoffm. Mollera angolensis O. Hoffm. Picris humilis DC. Porphyrostemma chevalieri (O. Hoffm.) Hutch. & Dalz. Pulicaria crispa (Forssk.) Oliv. Senecio abyssinicus Sch. Bip. ex A.Rich. S. baberka Hutch. S. hochstetteri Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich. S. lelyi Hutch. Sonchus elliotianus Hiern S. oleraceus L. 15 10 1 — Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 Jos. Omoigui 122 Jos, Omoigui 169 Jos, Omoigui 074 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 175 Gembu, Omoigui 167 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 177 Jos, Omoigui 096 Gembu, Omoigui 172 Jos, Omoigui 024 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 067 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 115 Jos, Omoigui 116 Jos, Omoigui 124 Vom; near Jos, Omoigui 85 Bauchi, Omoigui 088 Bauchi, Omoigui 141 Kaura Falls, Omoigui 120 Jos, Omoigui 138 Jos, Omoigui 152 Jos, Omoigui 117 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 164 Jos, Omoigui 112 Si: 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45, 46. AT. 48. 49. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 S. schweinfurthii Oliv. & Hiern Sphaeranthus flexuosus O. Hoffm. S. senegalensis DC. Synedrella nodiflora Gaertn. Vernonia ambigua Kotschy & Peyr. V. biafrae Oliv. & Hiern V. guineensis var. cameroonica (O.Hoffm. ) C.D. Adams V. macrocyanus O. Hoffm. V. nestor S. Moore V. saussureoides Hutch. V. stenostegia (Stapf) Hutch. V. smithiana Less. Vicoa leptoclada (Webb) Dandy 1] \o 10 10 Gembu, Omoigui 190 Bauchi, Omoigui 081 Zaria, Omoigui 171 Benin City, Omoigui 103 Jos, Omoigui 129 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 102 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 108 Zaria, Omoigui 116 Obudi, Omoigui 131 Kaura Falls, Omoigui 092 Jos, Omoigui 087 Obudu Ranch, Omoigui 146 Bauchi, Omoigui 086 16 Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 References Gill, L.S. 1988. Taxonomy of Flowering Plants. Africa-FEP Publishers Ltd., Onitsha, Nigeria, 338 pp. Gill, L.S. and D.I. Omoigui 1987. The incidence of polyploidy in the family As- teraceae of southern Nigeria. Rev. Cytol. Biol. Veget. Bot., 100: 177 - 184. Gill, L.S. and D.I. Omoigui 1988. Cytomorphology of the tribe Heliantheae (As- teraceae) from southern Nigeria. Feddes Repertorium, 99 : 1 - 13. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 CHROMOLAENA ODORATA - A PROBLEMATIC WEED J.M.O. Eze and L.S. Gill Department of Botany, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154 Benin City, Nigeria Background Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. King & H. Robinson (Syn. Eupatorium odoratum L.) is a troublesome weed of open cultivated fields, roadsides and plantation crops such as oil-palm, rubber, coffee, cashew and cacao trees. Being tolerant to high soil acidity and aluminium saturation, it establishes before any other plant can do so on a cleared ground. Once established, it reduces soil loss through ero- sion, but this advantage is counteracted by the great difficulty of eradication par- ticularly in low input agriculture (Eswaran, 1988). Basal clumps left after bush burning regenerate shoots quickly in the wet season (Liggit, 1983). It also causes serious health hazards to livestock and human beings (Soerohaldo- ko, 1971; Sajise et al., 1972, 1974; Atterado and Talatala-Sanico, 1988), in parts of Bhutan, Nepal, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Malaysia, India and the Mariana Islands. Its poisonous effect is due to exceptionally high level of nitrate concentration (5-6 times above the toxic level) in the leaves and young shoots; cattle feeding on these die of tissue anoxia (Sajise et al., 1974). Some plantation workers develop skin allergy from hand-weeding of Chromolaena, and dry stumps of the weed have caused poisonous wounds in the feet of some workers. The large number of wind-borne cypselas of the species which are easily dissemi- nated over a wide area carry a number of seed-borne fungi including Fusarium culmorum, F. moniliforme, F. semisectum and F . solani infecting 15-60 % of seed population; Cladosporium herbarium 22-79 %; many of these fungi have been reported as pathogens of food crops (Esuruoso, 1971). The weed is also re- ported as alternate host of the leaf spot, Cercospora sp., in Thailand (Puckdeedin- dan, 1966); and as alternate host plant for various aphid species, most of which are crop pests and vectors of plant pathogens (Napompeth et al., 1988). It also harbours some insects and mites which injure other crops in Asia (Muniappan and Marutani, 1988). In some areas it forms big bushes where wild animals that destroy agricultural crops can hide. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 The Chromolaena plant contains, especially in leaves, a large amount of allelo- chemicals, thus the impoverished growth of suppressed plants in the nurseries and plantations may be partly allelopathic (Ambika and Jayachandra, 1980b, 1982). Native of South and Central America, and now completely naturalized to humid tropical regions between latitude 30°N and S, it extends up to an altitude of about 1,000 m near the equator. It thrives in regions with acid soil and an annual preci- pitation of 200 cm and above, and a temperature range of 20 to 37°C. Thus it is widely distributed in West Africa from the coastal fringes of the rain forest to the Southern edge of Guinea savanna. Description A diffuse, rapidly growing, profusely branched, thicket-forming, perennial shrub up to 4 m high in the open, or up to 8 m high in the shade; with angular, robust, sparingly pubescent stems. Leaves opposite, often purple when young, blade tri- angular ovate, up to 12 cm long and 5 cm broad, pointed at the tip, conspicuously 3-nerved and with a coarsely toothed margin; stalk about 1 cm long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, but always with glandular dots emitting a strong pungent smell. Inflorescence a many-flowered terminal corymb arising from the axil of upper leaves, composed of 10 — 20 cylindrical flower-heads about 1 cm long, 3 mm in diameter, with 5 — 6 rows of overlapping involucral bracts; florets all tu- bular, white or mauve pink, borne in pedunculate clusters. Cypselas slender, black ribbed, about 5 cm long, with pappus of white bristles of the same length. The weed has an all purpose genotype, and it reproduces both sexually (by seeds) and asexually (vegetatively) from cut basal shoots and root stocks. Control methods Preventive, physical and cultural, chemical and biological control methods have been recommended and tried. Of these, physical and cultural methods seem to hold the greatest promise. Some workers (Gupta, 1949; Moni and George, 1959; Mohan Lal, 1960; Rajkhowa, 1966; Sheldrick, 1968; and Olaoye, 1977), recom- mend clearing, slashing, stumping, with subsequent use of the Cambridge roller, followed by either the establishment of a legume cover or the application of her- bicides at low rate. Herbicides alone seem to be ineffective owing to phenomenal growth rate and rapid regeneration. The herbicides that have been tried (Olaoye, 1986) include 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) at 7 kg/ha; 2,4,5-T (2,4,5- Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 trichlorophenoxy acetic acid) or a mixture of the above two at 5 — 6 kg/ha; atrazi- ne (2-chloro-4-ethyl amino-6-isopropyl-amine-1,3,5-triazine) and diuron (3-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) at 4.5—-5.6 kg/ha; commercial mixture of 2,4-D amine and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) at low rate (best results when applied following fresh sprouting after slashing). No herbicide has been recommended for long lasting control, although a formula- ted mixture of picloram or 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T has been used with varying degrees of success. The most effective control measure is clearing and stumping (Ivens, 1973). It is recommended that early infestation be checked by uprooting as a preventive control method (Mohan Lal, 1960; Salgado, 1963; Sheldrick, 1968) but this is la- bour-intensive and uneconomical. Growth is checked by shade to variable extent and germination is enhanced by light but not dependent on it (Ambika and Jaya- chandra, 1980a). Burning appears to stimulate shoot regeneration from persisting stumps left in the soil. No satisfactory biological control measure has been found although arctiid moth has been introduced to control the weed in Sabah province of Malaysia (Ooi et al., 1988). References Ambika, S.R. and Jayachandra 1980a. Influence of light on seed germination in Eupatorium odoratum L. Indian Forester, 106: 637-640. Ambika, S.R. and Jayachandra 1980b. Suppression of plantation crops by Eu- patorium weed. Curr. Sci., 49: 874-875. Ambika, S.R. and Jayachandra 1982. Eupatorium odoratum L. in plantations - an allelopath or a growth promoter? Jn: Proceedings of the fifth annual sym- posium on plantation crops, held at CPCRI, Kasaragod, Dec. 15-18, 1982. Atterado, E.Ed. and R.L. Talatala-Sanico 1988. Status of Chromolaena odora- ta research in the Philippines. /n: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Biological control of Chromolaena odorata, Feb. 29-Mar. 4, 1988, Bangkok, Thailand. Esuruoso, O.I. 1971. Seed-borne fungi of the Siam weed, E. odoratum, in Nige- ria. PANS 17: 458-460. Eswaran, H. 1988. Application of soils information in the study of the distribu- tion of Chromolaena odorata. Chromolaena odorata Newsletter 2: 3-4. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 Gupta, J.N. 1949. The growing menace of Assam Lota (Eupatorium species) and how to combat it. Indian Forester, 75: 351-353. Ivens, G.W. 1973. Experiments in chemical control of Eupatorium odoratum L. Third Annual Conference, Weed Science Society, Nigeria Proceedings 3: 23-27. Liggit, B. 1983. The invasive alien plant, Chromolaena odorata, with regard to its status and control in Natal. Monograph 2, Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Republic of South Africa. Mohan Lal, K.P. 1960. Eradication of Lantana, Eupatorium and other pests. In- dian Forester, 86: 482-484. Moni, N.S. and M.P. George 1959. Eupatorium odoratum,a common weed found in the teak plantations of Kerala State. Indian Forester, 85: 728-730. Muniappan, R., and M. Marutani 1988. Ecology and distribution of Chromo- laena odorata in Asia and Pacific. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Biological control of Chromolaena odorata, Feb. 29 Mar. 4, 1988, Bangkok, Thailand. Napompeth, B., Hai, N.T. and A. Winotai 1988. Attempts on biological control of Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata, in Thailand. In: Proceedings of the first international workshop on Biological control of Chromolaena odorata, Feb. 29 Mar. 4, 1988, Bangkok, Thailand. Olaoye, S.O.A. 1977. The effect of slashing on the performance of Eupatorium odoratum in Nigeria. In: Proc. 7th Conf. Weed Sci., Sp. Soc. Nigeria pp. 70-79. Nat. Root Crops Res. Inst., Umudike, Nigeria. Olaoye, S.0.A. 1986. Chromolaena odorata in the tropics and its control in Ni- geria. In: Moody, K. (ed.), Weed control in tropical crops Vol. II, 279 - 290. Ooi, P.A., Sim, C.H. and E.B. Tay 1988. Status of the arctiid moth introduced to control Siam weed in Saba Province, Malaysia. Planter, 64: 298 -304. Puckdeedindan, P. 1966. A supplementary host list of plant diseases in Thai- land. Tech. Bull. 7. Dept. of Agri. Bangkok, 4 pp. Rajkhowa, S. 1966. The effect of rain weeding on the growth of sal seedlings. Indian Forester, 92: 75-78. Sajise, P.E., Palis, R.K., Morcio, N.V. and J.S. Lales 1972. Chromolaena odo- rata imperils grassland. Pasture Newsletter, 1: 1 -2. Sajise, P.E., Palis, R.K., Morcio, N.V. and J.S. Lales 1974. The biology of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson. 1. Flowering behaviour, pat- tern of growth and nitrate metabolism. Phil. Weed Sci. Bull., 1: 17 - 24. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 21 Salgado, M. 1963. New menace on cocnut estates. E. odoratum spreads into co- conut estates. Ceylon Coconut Planters’ Review, 3: 69 - 70. Sheldrick, R.D. 1968. The control of Siam weed in Nigeria. J. Nigerian Inst. Oil Palm Res., 5: 7-19. Soerohaldoko, S. 1971. On the occurrence of E. odoratum at the game reserve Penanjung, West Java, Indonesia. Weeds in Indonesia, 2: 9. Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 POLLEN MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN SENECIO (COMPOSITAE-SENECIONEAE) FROM ETHIOPIA Donald F. Otieno Botany Dept., Moi University, P.O. Box 3900 Eldoret, Nakuru, Kenya and Mesfin Tadesse National Herbarium, Addis Abeba University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Abstract The external morphology of pollen grains in eight species of Senecio from Ethio- pia was investigated using LM and SEM. They are radially symmetrical, isopolar, subprolate or spheroidal. The shrubby species have relatively larger grains than the herbaceous ones. Key words: External morphology, Pollen, Senecio, Ethiopia. Introduction The first detailed studies of the external morphology of pollen walls in Composi- tae were conducted by Wodehouse in 1926-35 (several works, cited in Skvarla and Turner 1966a). By employing ultraviolet microscopy on sectioned pollen, Stix in 1960 (cited in Skvarla and Turner 1966a) subsequently described for the first time the internal morphology of pollen wall in Compositae. From her inves- tigations, she "...recognized 42 pollen types in Compositae." Skvarla and Turner (1966a) in their studies of Compositae pollen wall morphology using electron microscopy, recognized three ultrastructural pollen wall patterns in the tribe Senecioneae, viz., 1) the Helianthoid pattern; 11) the Senecioid pattern, which they noted was similar to the Helianthoid but differed in lacking internal foramina; and iii) a pattern similar to that found in Anthemideae and which they tentatively considered as the "Anthemoid-like" pattern. Out of the six Senecio species that they observed, five had the Senecioid pattern and Senecio glabellus had the Helianthoid pattern. In a later study, Skvarla and Turner (1966b) made a comparison of pollen wall ultrastructure in Blennosper- ma (Helenieae) and Crocidium (Senecioneae). They described the pollen in the Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 two genera as being "...triangular in polar view, tricolporate with numerous spi- nes...", concluded that the two genera are closely related, and again noted the occurrence of both the Helianthoid and Senecioid pollen types in Senecio. Skvar- la et al. (1977) once more observed that most species in Senecio had the Senecio- id pollen pattern. Senecio heritieri was, however, found to be "...decidedly Helianthoid", but this species is now accomodated in a different genus, as Peri- callis lanata (Nordenstam 1978). Material and Methods Light microscopic studies were undertaken using pollen prepared at the Palynolo- gical Laboratory at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, Swe- den. Duplicates are kept at the National Herbarium, Ethiopia. A BHB Olympus microscope with a magnification of up to x 1000 was used to study the pollen ex- ternal morphology. Photographs were taken using a Carl Zeiss D-7082 Ober- kochen Axio-photomicroscope with a microscope illuminator (100 Hal) and a lamp exchange (100 Hal and HBOSO) and a magnification of up to x 100. Measurements of the equatorial diameter, polar axis and spine length were made on 25 grains per specimen. Scanning electron microscopic studies were done using pollen grains obtained from herbarium specimens, which were then acetolyzed following the methods outlined in Erdtman (1969). The acetolyzed pollen grains were then mounted on brass stubs to which a double sided adhesive tape was attached. A JEOL fine coat ion sputter (JFC-100) operated at 1 Kv was employed to coat the pollen grains with gold. The grains were subsequently examined and photographed using a JEOL (JSM-T100) scanning electron microscope operated at 15 Kv at the Natio- nal Museums of Kenya-East African Herbarium. The equatorial diameter and polar axis measurements for S. mesogrammoides, S. steudelii, and S. fresenii were made from scanning micrographs using the scale WD = 10 mm where WD is the working distance at a displayed magnification of 3500 and measured D values (where D is the distance from one end of the scale to the beginning of the next on the micrograph) of 44 mm for S. mesogrammoi- des, 46 mm for S. steudelii and 43 mm for S. fresenii. Example: WD at x 3500 for S. mesogrammoides = 10 mm D at x 3500 for S. mesogrammoides = 44 mm Magnification of pollen of S. mesogrammoides = 44 mm x 10° = 4400 10 mm E=104 mmx 10° um/mm = 23,1 um 4400 23 Comp. Newsl. 20/21, 1992 Results and Discussion Size The size of the pollen grains ranges from 22 x 23 um, as in Senecio inornatus, to 27 x 28 um, as in Senecio farinaceus. In species examined under LM, the pollen size was found to be more or less constant within each species. The shrubby Se- necio species tend to have relatively larger grains than the herbaceous ones (see Table 1). However, Senecio schultzii, a herbaceous species, has pollen that is about equal to those of the shrubby forms. Table 1. Summary of some pollen morphological features in Senecio. The values, except those shown with asterisks, are means followed by variation ranges in pa- renthesis. Values shown with asterisks have been calculated from scanning mic- rographs. VS: Voucher specimen, E: Equatorial diameter (um), PA: Polar axis (um), SL: Spine length (um), H: Herb, S: Shrub. Taxon tt—<“