COMPOSITAE & * NEWSLETTER Number 24 June 1994 Scientific Editor: Bertil Nordenstam Technical Editor: Agneta Lindhag Published and distributed by The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Phanerogamic Botany, P.O. Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. (Director: Prof. Bertil Nordenstam) ISSN 0284-8422 CONTENTS T. Rakhimova: Adaptation systems in Artemisia section Seriphidium Philip Short: Australian Compositae 6 Per Ola Karis: The fate of Sheareria S. Moore (Astereae) in Bremer’s Asteraceae book 36 G.O. Anoliefo and L.S. Gill: Vegetative regeneration studies of Chromolaena odorata (L.) K. & R. 39 Mesfin Tadesse and D.J. Crawford: New synonyms and notes on Bidens of Africa 44 ertil Nordenstam: New transfers to Graphistylis B. Nord. (Senecioneae) 50 " 7 chy bs ee “ ; “ 7 oe. 2 2,1 ee ie >. ieee » 7 ‘2 e “air 4 1 4.. - ? ; " : ea ALS i. i 7 a ee ‘ ; —] —_ t , ade ean 5 i “OO : ) ne Men ks ee “ seis — oe Gee Lt, ‘a> oa 7 oa” - -, fa Ve } =). ac 7 es s - ah Uk f ‘ = os v a oe ee hy ale Lh a 4) — oye 3 7s my" aoae ’ a), ea roe a - ea . . , “ 2» > 4 FATS i i a a 7 a) 5 ae | ‘Ae fr ~~. © x ¥ . 7 ¥ ‘ « = ’ P J Q se zy +e Ve teres Ms 3 $f, = i 7 ns ‘ . “ ~ h uw —_ > ' ear ies i =) \ f ; % + / - ‘ 7 oF i P vr é Tyahatoltt yy ; ay i A me —. a. Ae is) ae r Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 1 ADAPTATION SYSTEMS IN ARTEMISIA SECTION SERIPHIDIUM T. Rakhimova Biological Faculty of Tashkent State University Tashkent, Uzbekistan Optimization of natural pasture vegetation resources is at present an urgent scien- tific problem which requires thorough investigation. Restoration of natural and creation of artificial, perennial highly productive pasture phytocoenosis is an im- portant problem for Central Asia, which is the region of developed pasture live- stock breeding. Towards this end it is necessary to select drought-resistant plants. Adaptation is known to be a complex concept including all the signs which will ensure the survival of species under certain conditions. Many scientific works are devoted to adaptation problems, e.g., Severtsev 1934, Shmalgausen 1940, Grant 1980, Vasilevskaya 1965, Oppenheimer 1960, Kozlow- ski 1970, Solbrig 1977, Genkel 1982, and others. Species resistance can result from functional, structural or other biological parti- cular features, for example, development cycle. In this connection, systematic analysis was the main tool in our research of adap- tation. We tried to present ecological relationships in the form of a diagram (Fig. 1) comprising the main components of an adaptation system (Rakhimova 1991). The present work identifies the elements of adaptation of wormwood species to hot and arid environment and classifies adaptation systems in order to find the most draught-resistant ones. The following species have been studied: Artemisia ferganensis H. Krasch., A. sogdiana Bunge, A. tenuisecta Nevski and A. turanica H. Krasch. Of these species A. turanica grows in Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran, whereas the others grow only in Central Asia. A. turanica is widely spread in deserts, specifically in Kizylkum, Muyunkum. The other three species are characteristic of foothills in the Tien-Shan and Pamir- Alai ranges. Wormwood species are the main fodder plants on the pastures of the adir zone (foothill-semidesert zone). They form plant communities on grey and brown 2 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 desert soil covered with chippings, dominating on piedmont plains and foothill zone. The study was carried out in the region of upland semidesert in Uzbekistan, Char- tak adirs (Fergana valley). A. sogdiana and A. ferganensis are widely spread on Fergana adirs, dominating in natural community. The other species were introdu- ced by us. The characteristic feature of climate in this zone is the strong manifestation of two seasons, viz. a mesothermal season (winter-spring) and a xerothermic one (summer), which has resulted in a complex set-up of plant adaptation features. The climate is continental, close to arid. Average temperature in July is 24-27°C, absolute maximum is 40-44°C. Average total precipitation of many years is 243 mm. Precipitation falls in winter-spring period. The soil is light and typically grey in colour. Altitude above sea-level is 780 m. The studied wormwood species (subshrubs) belong to phenological type of spring-summer green plants (with half-rest in summer). Summer half-rest is noted to occur during the period of moisture deficiency. For example, on Fergana adirs summer half-rest is pronounced while under favourable conditions of Tashkent adirs (total precipitation is 477 mm) the plants are active the whole summer without reduction of evaporation surface, i.e. they are spring-summer-autumn green plants with a long vegetation period. From the diagram it is seen that wormwood adaptation system is complex (Fig. 1). Their high viability under arid conditions is mainly the result of seasonal cycle, specific morphological structure of vegetative organs, and to a lesser extent adap- tation affecting conservative anatomical and functional features. Fast swelling due to slimy pericarpium cells makes the seeds germinate after first autumn rain, the roots being formed before the cold period starts. The seed wall has a xero- morphic, isolateral-palisade structure, which allows it to function for a long period, say 1.5-2 months. Wormwood leaves are small and dissected, the mesophyll is thin, and the few water-carrying cells are placed only around the ribs. Water regime is labile. In spring transpiration rate is up to 1704 mgm/hr and 224-230 mgm/hr in summer. In spring water content of sprouts is 76.1-80.6%, and it reduces to 35.4-46.0% in summer. Water-retaining ability is 40.5-56.8%, water deficiency reaches 57-63%. A pro- nounced period of summer half-rest, when assimilation processes come down to a minimum, speaks for instability of their water balance. Maximum heat resistance is 52-56°C. Photosynthetic activity in wormwoods is active in, mezothermal period of the year; potential photosynthesis is 44-55 mgmCO2/dm hr. Daily con- sumption of carbon dioxide is substantial (up to 400 mgm of CO2/dm“/hr. How- ever, photosynthesis and water regime are instable varying with ambience conditions. Adaptability of photosynthesis to high temperature and illumination intensity is limited: light saturation is observed within 40-50 * 10 lk, optimum Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 3 temperature zone is within 12-35°C. Critical respiration temperature is 47-50°C. The response of photosynthetic system is pronounced and photosynthesis intensi- ty reduction reaches 55 mgm CO2/dm*/hr. Root system is not more than 2 m, and in summer water is saved due to sharp decrease in transpiration and increase in osmotic indices as well as decrease in evaporation surface (70-100% leaves fall). Wormwoods of arid zone we call theroiremoxerophytes, i.e. xerophytes resting in summer, though the rest is relative, as wormwoods of arid zone have a distinctive feature - to slow down their functional and biological activity in xerothermic pe- riod, escaping unfavourable conditions (Rakhimova 1988). We conceive that the ability to throw off almost all leaves in summer is an important mechanism which helps survival during xerothermic period and which does not prevent normal de- velopment of reproduction organs. This feature is rather labile, its strength depen- ding on soil draught. The growth of water deficiency and respiration depression are pronounced and together with leaves fading can be considered as the main elements of morphophy- siological transformation of the organism which together with osmotic indices provide viability in summer period. Functional adaptation is expressed in sharp change in photosynthesis activity and water exchange level during vegetation: the most active physiological period is in the end of spring to beginning of summer, i.e. before soil draught. The indication of adaptation of the indigenous species A. ferganensis and A. sog- diana to the draught is their ability to increase sucking force up to 48.0-58.5 atm in July and to 60 atm in September, while that of introduced species increases up to 45-47 atm by July, then the leaves fall. Indigenous species preserve their leaves longer in summer, and transpiration is more intense than in introduced species. This shows that in the summer period they are better provided with water. Intro- duced species in their natural location (light bedrock) have a poorer water-retaining ability than indigenous Artemisia species, as well as a shorter root system, and as a consequence leaf falling is more expressed (up to 100%). Productivity of indigenous species amounts to more than 30-40 cent/hect. Worm- wood phytocoenosis is more efficient in the regions where annual precipitation norm is more than 200 mm. References Genkel, P.A. 1982. Physiology of heat- and draught-resistant plants. Moscow, 2712p: Grant, V. 1979. Evolution of organisms. Moscow, 368 p. 4 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Kozlowski, G.F. 1970. Role of environment in plant propagation - Water relation. Proceedings of the Intern. Propog. Society, Annual Meeting, 1970: 123-139. Oppenhemier, H.H. 1960. Adaptation to a draught, xerophytism. - Plant-water relations in arid and semiarid conditions, Rev. Research Unesco, 1960: 105- 138. Rakhimova, T. 1988. Biological-ecological basis for plant adaptation to the con- ditions of arid zone of Uzbekistan. Doctor thesis summary, Tashkent. Rakhimova, T. 1991. Systematic studies of plant adaptation to xerothermic con- ditions of arid zone. Ekologiya Journ. 3: 40-42. Sevetsev, A.N. 1934. The main directions of evolutionary process. Moscow, Leningrad, 155 p. Shmalgausen, S.A. 1940. The pattern of evolutionary process. Moscow, Lenin- grad, 231 p. Solbrig, O.T. 1977. The adaptation characteristics of desert plants. American Sci- entist: July-August, 1977. Vasilevskaya, V.K. 1965. Structural adaptation of plants growing in hot and cold deserts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. - Problemi sovremennoy botaniki, Nauka 2: 5-18. Moscow, Leningrad. Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 intensity of photo- synthesis photochemical activity of chloroplasts pigment complex state sielawejed F | content of water osmotic pressure transpiration water- resistant fruit root i EK photosyntesis breathe / water regime carbohydrates change nitrit change phosphoric change wejsAsqns Jo sjuaweye heat resistant ontogenesis seasonal development [cece oc. 2 ° Q. ° 9). sprouting the change generat. of leaves summerfall of the leaves jeuonoun} jesnjonys waysAsqns Fig. 1. The ecological correlation of main elements of adaptation system of plants in conditions of arid climate. wajsAs - Jue 6 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 AUSTRALIAN COMPOSITAE Philip Short National Herbarium of Victoria Birdwood Avenue South Yarra, Victoria, Australia 3141 Several years ago Bertil Nordenstam asked if I would write an article on Australi- an daisies, particularly outlining current research in the Australian Compositae. Despite my tardiness in replying to his request I believe that we can all benefit from general articles of this kind. Accordingly I have written an article, including some brief notes on the discovery of Australian daisies, which I hope will be of interest. I have also included a Table which details known chromosome numbers in Australian species. For genera mentioned in this Table I also supply references to the most recent taxonomic publications. In so doing I have virtually supplied readers of the Newsletter with a list of the most relevant taxonomic publications on Australian Compositae. The first herbarium specimens of native Australian daisies to be gathered, a speci- men of a Brachyscome and one of an Olearia, were collected in NW Australia in 1699 by William Dampier. They are now housed in the Sherardian Herbarium, Oxford. There was a considerable hiatus before daisies were again gathered from New Holland but serious exploratory trips in the late eighteenth and early nine- teenth centuries saw much scientific activity along our shores, and that activity considerably increased when European settlers and visiting plant collectors began to scour the land after settlement in 1788. In 1867, Bentham, in his account of the family in Flora australiensis, recognised nearly 500 native species arranged in 88 genera. In compiling his treatment Bentham commented that ’with regard to ge- nera, the large ones run into each other so much as to render it a more than usual- ly difficult task to fix their limits, and the number of monotypic genera published has been most excessive; for the Australian flora alone I have ventured to propose the suppression of more than 80’ (Bentham 1867, p. 448). Following Bentham’s treatment of the family, little work, and certainly no taxo- nomic revisions of genera or species complexes were carried out for about 70 years. New species were described but frequently they seem to have been attributed, with little serious thought about generic delimitation, to genera that were recogni- sed by Bentham. This occurred despite comments by botanists such as Mueller (1889) and Ostenfeld (1921) that many of the genera reduced to synonymy by Bentham should be reinstated. Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 7 In the 1940s, revisionary work on some genera started. Gwenda Davis revised Brachyscome (Davis 1948) and subsequently Lagenifera (Davis 1950a), Soleno- gyne (Davis 1950b), Calotis (1952) and Podolepis (Davis 1957). In 1958, Nancy Burbidge published an account of the shrubby helichrysums (= Ozothamnus) and in 1960 Paul Wilson dealt with the Helipterum albicans complex (= Leucochry- sum). Richard Schodde published a revision of Millotia in 1968. In 1965 Billie Turner ventured to our shores. During nearly two months of field work he deter- mined chromosome numbers for many of our species, particularly those from semi-arid and arid environments (Turner 1967, 1970). As will be evident from the Table this survey still provides the bulk of our knowledge of chromosome numbers in the Gnaphalieae. Also in the ’60s Spencer ’Spinny’ Smith-White, pio- neer of plant karyological studies in Australia, also began to take an interest in the chromosomes of daisies. Smith-White discovered an as then undescribed species of Brachyscome (now known as B. dichromosomatica) with a haploid number of n = 2 (Smith-White 1968) and subsequently, along with students and associates such as Helen Stace, documented extensive aneuploidy and polyploidy in the genus (Smith-White et al. 1970). Detailed karyological investigations of the B. lineariloba (including B. dichromosomatica) complex were also carried out (e.g. Watanabe et al. 1976). In the early to mid-1970s, work on the taxonomy and cytology of Australian Compositae gathered greater momentum. This in part reflects a general upturn in plant taxonomy in Australia, a situation helped in no small way by the estab- lishment in 1973 of the Australian Biological Resources Study (a federal body funding taxonomic research) and the start of the Flora of Australia project in 1979. It perhaps also reflects the search by students for suitable taxonomic pro- jects. In any case, a number of projects were initiated in the ’70s and reached fruition in the late ’70, and ’80s. Thus, Laurie Adams published a review of Sole- nogyne (Adams 1979), Margaret Lawrence made extensive studies on the cytolo- gy and reproductive biology of Australian senecios for her Ph.D. (Lawrence 1980, 1985a), Nicholas Lander (PERTH) commenced taxonomic studies in Australian Astereae (e.g. Lander & Barry 1980a,b), Clyde Dunlop (DNA) pub- lished revisions of Allopterigeron, Streptoglossa and Dichromochlamys (Dunlop 1980, 1981a,b), Tony Orchard and Peter Copley investigated Ixodia (Orchard 1981, Copley 1982), the revision of Vittadinia by the late Nancy Burbidge was published (Burbidge 1982) and Helen Stace published papers on cytoevolution in Calotis (Stace 1978, 1982) and biosystematics of the Brachyscome aculeata com- plex (Stace 1981). For a number of reasons I too was attracted to the Compositae in the *70s. In 1977 I was looking for a taxonomic project suitable for a Ph.D. Many projects ca- me to mind but plant groups in which I was interested were invariably already claimed by other, active and not so active, taxonomists, or had been recently revi- sed. Eventually it became apparent to me that there were few taxonomists with an 8 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 interest in the Compositae. Hence, since 1977, except for forays into botanical history, my research time has been almost exclusively spent working with daisies. My initiation into the family began with studies of some compound-headed ever- lastings, in the ’Angianthus group’ of the Gnaphalieae, for my thesis. A revision of Angianthus (Short 1983) formed the major part of the thesis but I also docu- mented pollen:ovule ratios for a number of gnaphalioid species, discovering out- breeding and inbreeding species pairs as a result of this work (Short 1981), and attempted to determine chromosome numbers for species not examined by Tur- ner. The chromosome work proved to be difficult, field work in Western Australia in 1977 resulted in many collections of spirit material but in the lab I gained little more than a purple right thumb from staining and squashing anthers. When I did find them, the chromosomes were almost invariably ’sticky’ and could not be reliably counted. I blame this on the lack of a refrigerator to keep specimens cool in the field. Certainly, in subsequent years, after keeping specimens refrigerated, I was successful in documenting aneuploidy in Pogonolepis and Trichanthodium. 1 may add that the Australian Gnaphalieae, as shown by both my own limited work and Turmer’s survey are prime candidates for consideration as subjects for cy- toevolutionary studies, both aneuploidy and polyploidy being widely distributed. Cytological studies could also be of use in helping to unravel the problems of generic delimitation in the tribe. Since 1977 I have published revisions of various gnaphalioid genera and have recently finalised a revision of Millotia. The revision should be published this year and will be accompanied by a separate paper, a cladistic analysis of the genus, a project carried out with Arne Anderberg (S). Ame and I also plan to collaborate with Paul Wilson (PERTH) on a cladistic analysis of the subtribe Angianthinae (sensu Anderberg) although because of various other commitments this project is unlikely to be completed very quickly. None the less, a lot of the work towards the project has been done. Apart from published revisions I have nearly comple- ted work on Calocephalus and Gnephosis and have carried out preliminary work in Asteridea, and Paul has recently published major works on members of this group, including revisions of Rhodanthe (to which many species previously pla- ced in Helipterum belong), Waitzia, and the Lawrencella complex (Wilson 1987, 1989a,b, 1992a-e). Other botanists currently studying the Australian Gnaphalieae include Joy Everett (NSW), who is working on Craspedia and Pycnosorus, and Chris Puttock (CANB) who is revising Ozothamnus and Cassinia. Partly because of an interest in cytoevolution, and partly because funding from ABRS was available for work in the genus Brachyscome, a few years ago I broa- dened my interest in the Compositae and received funding to begin working on this member of the Astereae. It was apparent from the work by Smith-White and his collaborators that Davis’s earlier treatment (Davis 1948) had a number of Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 9 shortcomings. Although Davis had resolved a considerable number of nomencla- tural and taxonomic matters, many species were poorly circumscribed and rela- tionships not understood. I employed an assistant who was responsible for sectioning fruit of about 40 of the approximately 70 species currently considered to belong to the genus. Fruit from other native Astereae, including species of Vit- tadinia, Calotis and Minuria were also sectioned and it is evident that anatomical details of the fruit will be of considerable use in helping to decide generic limits within the tribe. For example there is considerable variation in the number of vas- cular bundles, the distribution of sclerenchyma, and the presence or absence of secretory canals in the pericarp. Hair types on the cypselas are also variable. My revisionary work on Brachyscome is slowly continuing and I currently plan to present some of my discoveries at the forthcoming Compositae Conference at Kew. Initially I had intended carrying out cytological investigations within Brachyscome myself but soon after I began work on the genus, Professor Kuniake Watanabe of Kobe University, Japan, wrote to me and expressed interest in again taking up cytological investigations within the genus. Watanabe had worked with Smith- White in the early ’70s and, as he is a cytologist, I readily agreed with his idea to collaborate on a biosystematic study of Brachyscome. More recently two Japane- se students have begun molecular work on the genus. Yohei Suzuki is working on the RFLP of chloroplast DNA of Brachyscome and related genera and Tetsuo Denda is working on the comparison of DNA sequences of a nuclear gene of Brachyscome. Some of this work may also be presented at Kew. Other botanists who have worked, or are currently working, on the Australian Astereae include Chris Quinn at The University of New South Wales. One of his students, using cladistics and making use of features of cypsela anatomy and morphology, has examined generic concepts in Vittadinia s. lat. and related taxa. In PERTH Nicholas Lander continues his studies of Olearia (Lander 1989, 1990, 1991) and related taxa. The above synopsis is not exhaustive but I think should give a reasonable indica- tion, particularly if combined with the information presented in the Table, of the cytological and taxonomic work that has been, and is being, carried out in the Australian Compositae. I might add that since Bentham’s time, considerably more than 500 native species have been described for Australia. In a recent census of Australian vascular plants 831 native daisy species were listed under about 130 genera (Hnatiuk 1990), not 88 genera as recognised by Bentham (1867). The number of genera has subsequently increased further still (e.g. Taplinia, Lander 1989b) and I have little doubt that by the time the two volumes of the Flora of Australia dealing with the Compositae are published more than 150 genera will be recognised. The reason for this increase lies in part with the fact that many of the genera sunk by Bentham have been, or will be, reinstated; his contemporaries Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 such as Ferdinand Mueller, Asa Gray and Nicolai Turczaninow had generic con- cepts that are more in keeping with the ideas of today. Guide to chromosome numbers and relevant taxonomic literature in Australian Compositae Taxon Anthemideae Cotula L. (8) C. cotuloides (Steetz) Druce Astereae Brachyscome Cass.(70) B. aculeata (Labiil.) Cass. ex Lessing B. aff. aculeata (Mt Gingera) B. aff. aculeata (Halls Gap) n 2n References Gadek et al. 1989; Bruhl & Quinn 1989 Turner 1970 Davis 1948, 1949, 1955, 1959; Short 1988; Watanabe & Short 1992; Short & Watanabe 1993 Stace 1981 Stace 1981 Stace 1981 * Number in brackets indicates approximate no. of Australian species currently recognised Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 B. angustifolia A.Cunn. ex DC. var. angustifolia var. heterophylla (Benth.) G.L.R.Davis B. basaltica F.Muell. var. basaltica var. gracilis Benth. B. bellidioides Steetz B. breviscapis C.R.Carter B. campylocarpa J.M.Black B. cardiocarpa F.Muell. ex Benth. B. cheilocarpa F.Muell. B. chrysoglossa F.Muell. B. ciliaris (Labill.) Less. B. ciliocarpa W.Fitzg. B. cuneifolia Tate B. curvicarpa G.L.R.Davis B. debilis Sond. B. decipiens Hook.f. B. dentata Gaudich. \© \O O27 48,12 16 12 10 8,16 24 11 Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970; Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970; Watanabe & Short 1992 Turner 1970 De Jong 1963; Smith-White et al. 1970; Carter 1978c; Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970, as ’B. campylocarpa sp. B’; Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970 Carter 1978a Smith-White et al. 1970; Watanabe & Short 1992 De Jong 1963; Smith-White et al. 1970; Carter 1978a; Watanabe & Short 1992 Carter 1978a; Watanabe & Short 1992 Stace 1981 Smith-White et al. 1970; Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970 Solbrig et al. 1964; Smith- -White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970; Watanabe & Short 1992 12 B. dichromosomatica C.R. Carter B. dissectifolia G.L.R.Davis B. diversifolia (Hook.) Fischer & C. Meyer var. dissecta G.L.R. Davis var. diversifolia B. eriogona (J.M.Black) G.L.R.Davis B. exilis Sond. B. formosa P.S.Short B. goniocarpa Sond. & F.Muell. B. gracilis G.L.R.Davis B. graminea (Labill.) F.Muell. B. halophila P.S.Short B. iberidifolia Benth. B. latisquamea F.Muell. B. leptocarpa F.Muell. c.20 12 24 18 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Smith-White 1968, as B. lineariloba; Smith-White et al. 1970, as ’B. lineariloba sp. A’; Smith-White & Carter 1970, as ’B. lineariloba sp. A’; Watanabe et al. 1975, as ’B. lineariloba race A’; Carter 1978b; Carter 1978c; Smith-White & Carter 1980; Watanabe et al. 1990; Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970; Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al . 1970, as ’B. campylocarpa sp. A’; Watanabe & Short 1992 Carter 1978a Short 1988 Watanabe et al. 1990; Watanabe & Short 1992 Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970 Short 1988 De Jong 1963; Turner 1970; Carter 1978a; Keighery 1978 Carter 1978a Smith-White et al. 1970 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 B. lineariloba (DC.) Druce B. lyrifolia J.M.Black B. melanocarpa Sond. & F.Muell. B. microcarpa F.Muell. B. muelleri Sond. B. multifida DC. var. dilatata Benth. var. multifida B. nivalis F.Muell. B. nodosa P.S.Short & K.Watan. B. nova-anglica G.L.R.Davis B. oncocarpa Diels B. papillosa G.L.R.Davis B. parvula Hook.f. B. perpusilla (Steetz) J.M.Black B. procumbens G.L.R.Davis B. ptychocarpa F.Muell. 6,12 11 6,7 10,12, Smith-White 1968; 16 18 12,30 1172 6 18 14 12 14 18,36 18 12 Smith-White et al. 1970; Watanabe & Smith- White 1985, 1987; Watanabe & Short 1992 Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970; Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970 Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970; Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970, excluding record of n= 9, re Stace 1981 Smith-White et al. 1970, as ’B. goniocarpa, Watanabe & Short 1992, as ’B. sp. aff. goniocarpa’; Short & Watanabe 1993 Smith-White et al. 1970, a count of 3n = 18 is probably erroneous Carter 1978a Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970; Carter 1978a Smith-White et al. 1970; Carter 1978a; Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970 B. pusilla Steetz B. radicans Steetz B. rara G.L.R. Davis B. readeri G.L.R.Davis B. rigidula (DC.) G.L.R. Davis B. riparia G.L.R. Davis B. scapigera (Sprengel)DC. B. sieberi DC. var. gunnii DC. B. smithwhitei P.S.Short & K.Watan. B. spathulata Gaudich. subsp. glabra (DC.) Stace subsp. spathulata B. stolonifera G.L.R.Davis B. stuartii Benth. B. tenuiscapa Hook.f. var. pubescens (Benth.) G.L.R.Davis B. tesquorum J.M.Black B. tetrapterocarpa G.L.R. Davis B. trachycarpa F.Muell. 4 27 18 26 12 10 18 30 12 18 36 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Carter 1978a Smith-White e¢ al. 1970 Watanabe & Short 1992 Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970; Carter 1978a; Watanabe & Short 1992 Watanabe & Short 1992 Smith-White et al. 1970; Stace 1981 Smith-White et al. 1970, as ’B. campylocarpa sp. C’; Watanabe & Short 1992, as ’B. sp. aff. campylocarpa’; Short & Watanabe 1993 Stace 1981 Stace 1981 Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970 Watanabe & Short 1992 De Jong 1963; Carter 1978a Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 B. uliginosa G.L.R.Davis B. whitei G.L.R.Davis Calotis R.Br. (25) C. anthemoides F.Muell. C. ancyrocarpa J.M.Black C. cuneata (F.Muell. ex Benth.) G.L.R.Davis C. cuneifolia R.Br. C. cymbacantha F.Muell. C. dentex R.Br. C. erinacea Steetz C. hispidula (F.Muell.) F.Muell. C. inermis Maiden & Betche C. glandulosa F.Muell. C. lappulacea Benth. C. latiuscula F.Muell. & Tate C. multicaulis (Turcz.) Druce C. plumulifera FMuell. C. porphyroglossa F.Muell. C. scabiosifolia Sond. & F.Muell. var. integrifolia F.Muell. ex Benth. 8,16 10 14,21 10,20 20 16,32 Smith-White et al. 1970 Smith-White et al. 1970; Watanabe & Short 1992 Davis 1952; Stace 1978 Solbrig et al. 1964; Stace 1978 Stace 1978 Stace 1978 Solbrig et al. 1964; Stace 1978 Stace 1978 Stace 1978 Turner 1970; Stace 1978 Stace 1978 Stace 1978 Stace 1978 Stace 1978 Stace 1978, 1982 Tumer 1970; Stace 1978, as C. multicaulis sp. B Stace 1978, as C. multicaulis sp. B Stace 1978 Stace 1978 16 var. scabiosifolia C. scapigera Hook. C. squamigera C.T.White C. xanthosoidea Domin Celmisia Cass. (10) C. asteliifolia Hook. f. complex C. longifolia Cass. complex C. sericophylla J.H.Wills Ceratogyne Turcz. (1) C. obionoides Turcz. Erodiophyllum F.Muell. (2) E. acanthocephalum Stapf Isoetopsis Turcz. (1) I. graminifolia Turcz. Kippistia F.Muell. (1) K. suaedifolia F.Muell. Lagenifera Cass. (4) L. huegelii Benth. 17 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 16,32 Stace 1978 16 16 108, 216 108 108 Stace 1982 Stace 1978 Stace 1978 Given & Gray 1986 Hair 1980 Hair 1980 Hair 1980 Gadek et al. 1989 Turner 1970 Solbrig et al. 1964 Bruhl & Quinn 1990 Turner 1970 Lander & Barry 1980a Short 1986a Davis 1950a; Cabrera 1966 Turner 1970 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 L. stipitata (Labill.) Druce Minuria DC. (10) M. cunninghamii (DC.) Benth. M. leptophylla DC Olearia Moench (100) O. adenolasia F.Muell. O. algida N.A.Wakef. O. argophylla F.Muell. O. astroloba Lander & N.G.Walsh O. axillaris (DC.) F.Muell. ex Benth. O. ciliata (Benth.) F.Muell. ex Benth. O. frostii (F.Muell.) J.H. Willis O. humilis Lander O. muelleri (Sond.) Benth. O. pannosa Hook. O. phlogopappa (Labill.) DC. complex O. pimelioides (DC.) Benth. O. rudis (Benth.) Benth. O. stuartii (F. Muell.) F, Muell. ex. Benth. 9 18 54 18 90 17 Smith-White et al. 1970 Lander & Barry 1980b; Lander 1987b; Short 1991 Turner 1970 Tumer 1970; Short 1986a Lander 1989a, 1990, 1991 Turner 1970 Beuzenberg & Hair 1984 Solbrig et al. 1964 Short in Lander & Walsh 1989 Solbrig et al. 1964 Turner 1970 Beuzenberg & Hair 1984 Tumer 1970, as Olearia sp.; Short in Lander 1989 Turner 1970 Beuzenberg & Hair 1984 Solbrig et al. 1964 Turner 1970, and as O. propinqua Turner 1970 Short in Lander 1989 Solenogyne Cass. (3) S. bellioides Cass. S. dominii L.G.Adams S. gunnii (Hook.f.) Cabrera Vittadinia A.Rich. (40) V. disecta (Benth.) N.T.Burb. var. hirta N.T.Burb. Gnaphalieae Actinobole Fenzl ex Endl. (4) A. drummondiana P.S.Short A. uliginosum (A. Gray) H. Eichler Angianthus Wendl. (16) A. milnei Benth. A. tomentosus Wendl. Argentipallium Paul G. Wilson (6) A. niveum (Steetz) Paul G. Wilson 10 ce. ti 13 IZ 18 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Davis 1950b; Adams 1979 Smith-White et al. 1970; Adams 1979 Adams 1979 Adams 1979 Burbidge 1982; Lander 1987a Turner 1970, as V. triloba & Vittadinia sp. Anderberg 1991 Short 1985 Tumer 1970, as Gnaphalodes condensatum Short 1985 Short 1983, 1990b Turner 1970, as A. tomentosus Turner 1970 Wilson 1992d Turner 1970, as Helipterum obtusifolium Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Asteridea Lindley (9) A. athrixioides (Sond. & EMuell.) Kroner Bellida Ewart (1/1) B. graminea Ewart Blennospora A. Gray (2/2) B. drummondii A. Gray B. phlegmatocarpa (Diels) P.S.Short Bracteantha Anderb. & Haegi (5+) B. bracteata (Vent.) Anderb. & Haegi Calocephalus (14) C. francisii Benth. Cephalipterum A. Gray (1) C. drummondii A. Gray Chrysocephalum Walp. (10+) C. apiculatum (Labill.) Steetz complex 11 22 14 c. 14 12, 14 126.38 Turner 1970, as Athrixia athrixioides, Short 1986a Wilson 1992a Turner 1970 Short 1987b Short 1987b Short 1987b Turner 1970 Turner 1970 Wilson 1992b Turner 1970 Anderberg 1991 Turner 1970, as Helichrysum apiculatum 20 C. semicalvum (F.Muell.) Paul G. Wilson Craspedia (20+) C. uniflora Forst. S. lat. Gilberta Turcz. (1) G. tenuifolia Turcz. Gnephosis Cass. s. str. (6) G. multiflora (P.S.Short) P.S.Short G. tenuissima Cass. G. tridens (P.S.Short) P.S.Short G. trifida (P.S.Short) P.S.Short Gnephosis s. lat. G. gynotricha Diels Haptotrichion Paul G. Wilson (2) H. conicum (B.L.Turner) Paul G. Wilson Hyalosperma Steetz (5/9) c. 38 c.40I 11, 70+ c. 10 IIe 12 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Turner 1970, as Leptorhynchus ambiguus Everett & Doust 1992; Everett & Thompson 1992 Turner 1970 Wilson 1992b Tumer 1970, as Myriocephalus gracilis Short 1983, 1987a Short 1983, as Chrysocoryne multiflora Short 1983, as Chrysocoryne pusilla Short 1983, as Chrysocoryne tridens Short 1983, as Chrysocoryne trifida Turner 1970 Wilson 1992b Tumer 1966, 1970, as Waitzia conica Wilson 1989a Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 H. cotula (Benth.) Paul G.Wilson H. glutinosum Steetz subsp. glutinosum H. semisterile (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson H. simplex (Steetz) Paul G.Wilson subsp. graniticola Paul G.Wilson H. zacchaeus (S. Moore) Paul G. Wilson Ixiolaena Benth. (8) I, leptolepis (DC.)Benth. Ixodia R.Br. (2) I. achillaeoides R.Br. subsp. achillaeoides Lawrencella Lindley (2) L. davenportii (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson L. rosea Lindley Leptorhynchos Less. (10) L. waitzia Sond. 12 11 Tors 1] Gs 2 13 11 12 21 Tumer 1970, as Helipterum cotula Turner 5339 (cited in Wilson 1989a) Tumer 1970, as Helipterun jessenit Turner 5499 (cited in Wilson 1989a) Turner 1970, as Helipterum guilfoylei Short et al. 1989 Turner 1970 Orchard 1981; Copley 1982 Copley 1982 Wilson 1992a Turner 1970, as Helichrysum davenportit Turner 1970, as Heli- chrysum lindleyi Turner 1970 22 Leucophyta R. Br.(1) L. brownii Cass. Millotia Cass. (11) M. depauperata Stapf M. myosotidifolia (Benth.) Steetz M. tenuifolia Cass. Podolepis Labill. (15) P. arachnoidea (Hook.) Druce P. auriculata DC. P. canescens Cunn. ex DC. P. capillaris (Steetz)Diels P. gardneri G.L.R.Davis P. jaceoides (Sims) Voss P. kendallii (F.Muell.) F.Muell. P. lessonii (Cass.)Benth. P. neglecta G.L.R.Davis P. microcephala Benth. P. monticola R.J.H.Hend. P. rugata Labill. P. tepperi (F.Muell.) D.A.Cooke 10, 11 11 10 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Short 1986a Schodde 1963, 1968; Short 1990b Schodde 1968, as M. inopinata; Turner 1970, as ’M. cassini’ Turner 1970 Turner 1970 Davis 1957; Short et al. 1989 Turner 1967 Turner 1967 Turmer 1967; Short 1986a Tumer 1970; Keighery 1978; Short 1986a Turner 1967 Turner 1967 Turner 1967 Turner 1970 Turner 1967 Turner 1970 Henderson 1969 Turner 1967 Turner 1970, as Helichrysum tepperi Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Podotheca Cass. (6) P. angustifolia (Labill.)Less. P. gnaphalioides Grah. P. chrysantha (Steetz) Benth. Pogonolepis Steetz (2) P. muelleriana (Sond.) P.S.Short P. stricta Steetz Polycalymma Benth. (3) ’P. craspedioides’ ’P. guerinae’ Pycnosorus Benth. (6) P. pleiocephalus (F.Muell.) Everett & Doust Quinetia Cass. (1) Q. urvillei Cass. Rhodanthe Lindley (44) sect. Achyroclinoides (10) R. haigii (F.Muell.) Paul G. Wilson 13;(¢. 26 exis 13 eml2 12 ¢.20 Cae 8, 10 23 Short 1989 Turner 1970 Turner 1970 Turner 1970 Short 1986b Short 1986b Short 1986b Wilson 1987 Turner 1970, as Helipterum craspedioides Turner 1970, as Myriocephalus guerinae Everett & Doust 1992 Short 1986a, as Craspedia pleiocephala Turner 1970 Wilson 1992b Tumer 1970, as Helipterum haigti 24 R. psammophila Paul G.Wilson R. tietkensii (F.Muell.) Paul G. Wilson sect. Helichrysoides (4) R. battii (F.Muell.) Paul G. Wilson R. pollackii (F.Muell.) Paul G. Wilson R. spicata (Steetz) Paul G. Wilson sect. Leiochrysum (17) R. chlorocephala (Turcz.) Paul G. Wilson subsp. rosea (Hook.) Paul G.Wilson subsp. splendida (Hemsley) Paul G. Wilson R. humboldtiana (Gaudich.) Paul G.Wilson R. oppositifolia (S. Moore) Paul G. Wilson R. polygalifolia (A. Cunn. ex DC.) Paul G. Wilson R. pygmaea (DC.) Paul G. Wilson R. rubella (A. Gray) Paul G. Wilson R. stricta (Lindley) Paul G. Wilson sect. Monencyanthes (3) 11 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Turner 1970, as Helipterum condensatum Turner 1970, as Helipterum tietkensii Turner 1970, ? as Helip- teriun cf. battii; Wilson 1992b Wilson 1992b Tumer 1970, as Helipterum spicatum; Wilson 1992b Turner 1970, as Helipterum roseum Turner 1970, as Helipterum splendidum Turner 1970, as Helipterum humboldtianum Turner 1970, as Helipterum oppositifolium Turner 1970, as Helipterum polygalifolium Turner 1970, as Helipterum pygmaeus Turner 1970, as Helipterum rubellum Turner 1970, as Helipterum strictum Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 R. maryonii (S. Moore) Paul G.Wilson sect. Rhodanthe (1) R. manglesii Lindley sect. Synachyrum (5) R. stuartiana (Sond.) Paul G. Wilson Schoenia Steetz (5) S. cassiniana (Gaudich.) Steetz Triptilodiscus Turcz. (1) T. pygmaeus Turcz. Trichanthodium Sond. & F.Muell. (4) T. baracchianum (Ewart & Jean White) P.S.Short T. exilis (W.V.Fitzg.) P.S.Short T. scarlettianum P.S.Short T. skirrophorum Sond. & EMuell. Waitzia J.C.Wendl. (5) W. nitida (Lindley) Paul G.Wilson 11 10 i eg A af 25 Turer 1970, as Helipterum maryanii Tumer 1970, as Helipterum maneglesii Tumer 1970, as Helipterum stuartianum Wilson 1992a Turner 1970 Wilson 1992b Tumer 1970, as Helipterum australe Short 1990a Short 1970 Short 1990a Tumer 1970, as Calocephalus skirrhophora’; Short 1990a Tumer 1970, as Gnephosis skirrhophora; Short 1990a Wilson 1992e Turner 1970, as W. aurea 26 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 W. suaveolens (Benth.) 12 Turner 1970 Druce Plucheae Streptoglossa Steetz Dunlop 1981a (8) S. liatroides (Turcz.) 10 Turner 1970, as Dunlop Pterigeron liatroides Senecioneae Nordenstam 1978 Abrotanella Cass. (3) A. forsterioides (Hook.f) 36 Beuzenberg & Hair 1984 Benth. A. scapigera (F.Muell.) 18 Beuzenberg & Hair 1984 Benth. Bedfordia DC. (3) B. salicina (Labill.) DC. 30 Omduff et al. 1963 Senecio L. (50) Lawrence 1980, 1985a,b; Belcher 1986, 1992, 1993, 1994; Lawrence & Belcher 1986; Jeffrey 1986 (re S. gregorii); Michael 1992; Bates 1993 Radiate species S. glossanthus (Sond.) 20 40 Turner 1970, also as S. Belcher brachyglossus, Lawrence 1980 S. gregorii F.Muell. 20 40 Ornduff et al. 1963; Turner 1970; Lawrence 1980 S. lautus Forst.f. ex 20 40 Turner 1970; Lawrence 1980 Willd. complex Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 S. linearifolius A.Rich. S. macranthus A.Rich. S. magnificus F.Muell. S. orarius J.M.Black S. pectinatus DC. S. spathulatus A.Rich. S. vagus F.Muell. subsp. eglandulosus Ali S. vellioides A.Cunn. ex DC. Discoid species S. anethifolius A.Cunn. ex DC. S. cunninghamii DC. var. cunninghamii var. serratus M_E.Lawr. S. gawlerensis M.E.Lawr. S. hypoleucus F.Muell. ex Benth. S. odoratus Hornem. var. longifolius M.E.Lawr. var. obtusifolius J.M.Black var. odoratus 30 20 20 40 20 49 19 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 60 40 40 70 80 40 98 38 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 27 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Turner 1970; Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980, as ’form 1 (typical)’ Lawrence 1980, as ’form 2’; Lawrence 1985 Lawrence 1980, as S. georgianus var. latifolius; Lawrence 1985 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980, as S. odoratus var.’ A’; Lawrence 1985 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 28 Erechthitoid species S. bipinnatisectus Belcher S. biserratus Belcher S. diaschides Drury S. glomeratus Desf. ex Poir. S. gunnii (Hook.f.) Belcher S. hispidulus A.Rich. var. dissectus (Benth.) Belcher var. hispidulus S. minimus Poir. S. picridioides (Turcz.) M.E.Lawr. S. quadridentatus Labill. S. squarrosus A.Rich. 50 30 30 20 30 30 30 30 20 30 60 SSs 40 60 60 60 60 40 60 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980, as species ’B’ Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Omduff et al. 1963; Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980, as S. minimus vat. picridioides; Lawrence 1985 Lawrence 1980 Lawrence 1980 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 29 References Adams, L.G. 1979. A review of the genus Solenogyne (Asteraceae) in Australia and New Zealand. Brunonia 2: 43-65. Anderberg, A.A. 1991. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribe Gnaphalieae (As- teraceae). Opera Botanica 104: 1-195. Bates, R. 1993. Othonna gypsicola (Compositae) - a new species from northern South Australia. J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 15: 149-151. Belcher, R.O. 1986. New or noteworthy taxa of Senecio (Asteraceae) in Austra- lia 1. Muelleria 6: 173-179. Belcher, R.O. 1992. Rediscovery of Senecio australis Willd. (Asteraceae) after nearly two centuries. Taxon 41: 235-252. Belcher, R.O. 1993. The ’Senecio aff. lautus’ complex (Asteraceae) in Australia. I. 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Smith-White, S. & C.R. Carter 1981. The maintenance of B chromosomes in Brachycome dichromosomatica. In: Atchley, W.R. & Woodruff, D. (eds), Evolution and Speciation. Essays in honour of M. J. D. White. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge). pp. 335-355. Smith-White, S., Carter, C.R. & H.M. Stace 1970. The cytology of Brachyco- me. I. The subgenus Eubrachycome: a general survey. Aust. J. Bot. 18: 99- 125. Solbrig, O.T., Anderson, L.C., Kyhos, D.W., Raven, P.H. & L Rudenberg . 1964. Chromosome number in the Compositae. Astereae. American J. Bot. 513-519. Stace, H.M. 1981. Biosystematics of the Brachyscome aculeata (Labill.) Less. 34 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 sensu G. L. Davis species complex (Compositae: Astereae). Aust. J. Bot. 29: 425-440. Stace, H.M. 1978. Cytoevolution in the genus Calotis R.Br. (Compositae: Aste- reae). Aust. J. Bot. 26: 287-307. Stace, H.M. 1982. Calotis (Compositae), a Pliocene arid zone genus? Jn Barker, W.R. & Greenslade P. J. M. (eds), Evolution of the flora and fauna of arid Australia. (Peacock Publns: Frewville). pp. 357-367. Turner, B.L. 1966. Waitzia conica (Compositae-Inuleae), a new species from Wester Australia. Sida 2: 428-430. Turner, B.L. 1967. Chromosome survey of Podolepis (Compositae-Inuleae). Aust. J. Bot. 15: 445-449. Turner, B.L. 1970. Chromosome numbers in the Compositae. xii. Australian species. Amer. J. Bot. 57: 382-389. Watanabe, K., Carter, C.R. & S. Smith-White 1975. The cytology of Brachy- come lineariloba. 5. Chromosomes and relationships and phylogeny. Chro- mosoma (Berlin) 52: 383-397. Watanabe, K., Carter, C.R. & S. Smith-White 1976. The cytology of Brachy- come lineariloba. 6. Asynchronous chromosome condensation and meiotic behaviour in B. lineariloba A (n = 2) x B. campylocarpa A (n = 4). Chromo- soma (Berlin) 57: 319-331. Watanabe, K. & P.S. Short 1992. Chromosome number determinations in Brachyscome Cass. (Asteraceae: Astereae) with comments on species deli- mitation, relationships and cytogeography. Muelleria 7: 457-471. Watanabe, K., Short, P.S., Kosuge, K. & S. Smith-White (1991). The cytolo- gy of Brachyscome Cass. (Asteraceae: Astereae). 11. Hybridization between B. goniocarpa Sond. & F. Muell. ex Sond. (n = 4) and Brachyscome dichro- mosomatica C. R. Carter (n = 2). Aust. J. Bot. 39: 475485. Watanabe, K.& S. Smith-White 1985. The cytology of Brachycome linearilo- ba. 9. Chromosomal heterogeneity in natural populations of cytodeme C (2n = 16). Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 27: 410-420. Watanabe, K. & S. Smith-White 1987. Phyletic and evolutionary relationships of Brachycome lineariloba 6 (Compositae). P!. Syst. Evol. 157: 121-141. Webb, C.J. 1987. Jn Connor, H.E. & Edgar, E. Name changes in the indigenous New Zealand flora, 1960-1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983-1986. New Zea- land J. Bot. 25: 115-170. Wilson, P.G. 1987. Quingueremulus linearis, a new genus and species in the Au- Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 35 stralian Asteraceae (tribe Inuleae). Nuytsia 6: 1-5. Wilson, P.G. 1989a. A revision of the genus Hyalosperma (Asteraceae: Inuleae: Gnaphaliinae). Nuytsia 7: 75-101. Wilson, P.G. 1989b. Erymophyllum (Asteraceae: Inuleae: Gnaphaliinae), a new Australian genus in the Helipterum complex. Nuytsia 7: 103-116. Wilson, P.G. 1992a. The Lawrencella complex (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae: Ang- ianthinae) of Australia. Nuytsia 8: 361-377. Wilson, P.G. 1992b. The classification of Australian species currently included in Helipterum and related genera (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae): Part 1. Nuytsia 8: 379-438. Wilson, P.G. 1992c. The classification of Australian species currently included in Helipterum (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae): Part 2 Leucochrysum. Nuytsia 8: 439-446. Wilson, P.G. 1992d. The classification of Australian species currently included in Helipterum and Helichrysum (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae): Part 3 Anemo- carpa and Argentipallium, two new genera from Australia. Nuytsia 8: 447- 460. Wilson, P.G. 1992e. The classification of the genus Waitzia Wendl. (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae). Nuytsia 8: 461-478. 36 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 THE FATE OF SHEARERIA S. MOORE (ASTEREAE) IN BREMER’S ASTERACEAE BOOK Per Ola Karis Dept. of Phanerogamic Botany Swedish Museum of Natural History P.O. Box 50007 S-104 05 Stockholm Sweden Since I feel somewhat responsible for the lack of an old genus, i.e. Sheareria S. Moore, in Bremer’s Asteraceae book (Bremer 1994), I will here explain why the genus was not included. In 1875 Spencer Moore described a number of flowering plants collected by Shearer in China (Moore 1875). Among them was a species of Asteraceae which Moore described as a new genus Sheareria, hence honouring the species’ first Eu- ropean discoverer. Moore (1875) placed the single species, Sheareria nana, in the Astereae, mentioning that it was closely related to Rhynchospermum, another South East Asian member of the Astereae. Subsequently, Hoffmann (1890) placed Sheareria in the Heliantheae-Milleriinae, a subtribe diagnosed at this point as small-headed Heliantheae with mostly functionally male disc florets. Among these were Tetranthus, Pinillosia, and their putative close relatives (Karis & Ryding 1994), as well as Clibadium. Sheareria differed with, for example, its alternate leaves. Interestingly, Hoffmann stated that George Bentham favoured a position of Sheareria in the Heliantheae-Milleriinae, rather than in the Astereae. However, Bentham must have passed this information personally directly to Hoffmann, because the plant was described two years after Bentham’s large Asteraceae contributions (Bentham 1873a, b). It might also be possible that Bentham wrote his standpoint directly on the herbarium sheets, and that Hoffmann later adopted Bentham’s view. Sheareria remained in the Heliantheae during many decades, although it was treated under Milleriinae with much doubt by Stuessy (1977), when he wrote his account of the Heliantheae in the Reading Compositae volumes. It is also found under Heliantheae in the more recent Chinese floras (Yi-Ling 1979). When I embarked on my Heliantheae study (Karis 1993), I used Robinson’s 1981 paper as a base. I quickly got the impression that Robinson’s circumscription of the Heliantheae sensu lato probably comprises a monophyletic group, hence con- taining all the taxa that Nordenstam (1977) suggested to leave the Senecioneae Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 37 for the Heliantheae sensu lato, and also many taxa still accepted by Stuessy (1977), though in many cases with doubt, or such taxa that even were suggested by Stuessy to be dismissed from the Heliantheae (e. g. Coulterella, Marshallia, Tetranthus). Only a few terminals included by me (Karis 1993) stem from more recent work in the tribe (Eriksson 1990, 1991, Strother 1991), or is lacking in Robinson (1981), i. e. Chaetymenia (B. L. Turner pers. comm. 1991). Robinson (1981: 25) simply stated, without a more thorough discussion, that Sheareria belong in the Astereae, together with other taxa treated with doubt by Stuessy in his Heliantheae chapter (for example, Olearia). As I felt confident about Robinson’s circumscription of the tribe as being monophyletic, there were no reasons to look closer at any of the genera he suggested to belong to other tribes. Consequently, it was also overlooked by Zhang & Bremer and is missing in Bremer’s book. I have not seen material of Sheareria (there is none in S), but it is clear from the illustrations I have seen (the protologue and in the Chinese floras) that it belongs in the Astereae (see also Nesom 1994). But, unfortunately, it is lacking in the Asteraceae book (Bremer 1994), and in Zhang’s and Bremer’s (Zhang & Bremer 1993) tribal cladistic analysis. References Bentham, G. 1873a. Compositae. In: Genera Plantarum 2(1). Eds. G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker: 163-533. Lovell Reeve, London. Bentham, G. 1873b. Notes on the classification, history, and geographical distri- bution of the Compositae. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 13: 335-577. Bremer, K. 1994. Asteraceae. Cladistics and classification. Timber Press, Port- land, Oregon. Eriksson, T. 1990. Reinstatement of the genus Leucoblepharis Arnott (Astera- ceae-Heliantheae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 112: 167-191. Eriksson, T. 1991. The systematic position of the Blepharispermum group (Aste- raceae-Heliantheae). Taxon 40: 33-39. Hoffmann, O. 1890. Compositae. Jn: Engler A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.), Die Natiirli- chen Pflanzenfamilien 4(5): 87-391. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leip- zig. Karis, P. O. 1993. The Heliantheae sensu lato (Asteraceae), clades and classifi- cation. P/. Syst. Evol. 188: 139-195. Karis, P. O. & O. Ryding 1994. Tribe Heliantheae. Jn: K. Bremer, Asteraceae. Cladistics and classification: 559-624. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 38 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Moore, S. 1875. Description of some new phanerogamia collected by Dr. Shea- rer, at Kiukiang, China. J. Bot. 13: 225-231. Nesom, G. L. 1994. Subtribal classification of the Astereae (Asteraceae). Phyto- logia (in press). Nordenstam, B. 1977. Senecioneae and Liabeae - systematic review. Jn: Heywo- od, V.H., Harborne, J.B. & B.L. Turner (Eds.), The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae 2: 799-830. Academic Press, London. Robinson, H. 1981. A revision of the tribal and subtribal limits of the Heli- antheae (Asteraceae). Smiths. Contr. Bot. 51: 1-102. Strother, J. L. 1991. Taxonomy of Complaya, Elaphandra, Iogeton, Jefea, Wa- malchitamia, Wedelia, Zexmenia, and Zyzyxia (Compositae-Heliantheae- Ecliptinae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 33: 1-111. Stuessy, T. F. 1977. Heliantheae-systematic review. Jn: Heywood, V. H., Har- borne, J. B. & Turner, B. L. (Eds.), The Biology and Chemistry of the Com- positae 2: 621-671. Academic Press, London. Yi-Ling, C. 1979. Sheareria S. Moore. In: Yong, L. (Ed.), Flora Reipublicae popularis Sinicae 75: 322. Academia Sinica Press, Peking. Zhang, X. & K. Bremer 1993. A cladistic analysis of the tribe Astereae (Astera- ceae), with notes on their evolution and subtribal classification. PJ. Syst. Evol. 184: 259-283. Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 39 VEGETATIVE REGENERATION STUDIES OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (L.) K. & R. Anoliefo, G.O. and L.S. Gill Department of Botany University of Benin Benin City, Nigeria Abstract Vegetative regeneration studies from rhizomes of Chromolaena odorata (L.) K. & R. and the different water regimes and soils have been carried out. Three and six day intervals of irrigation and garden soil (pH 5.8) were found to be ideal for regeneration, plant height and leaf area. Introduction Chromolaena odorata (L.) K. & R. is a prominent feature of vegetation in ferro- sols and ferruginous tropical soil regions of Nigeria. It is commonly found along roadsides, in abandoned farmlands and waste places. Recently it has become a problematic weed in plantations and arable crops (Eze & Gill 1992) and it is spreading fast towards the northern parts of the country with lithosols, even though this has not been recorded as such to occur in that region. One of the ob- vious reasons for this spread is its ability to reproduce both sexually and asexual- ly. In some African countries it is allowed to grow for some time to improve the fertility of the soil. Chromolaena odorata has long, stout, branched rhizomes which sprout profusely on the advent of the rainy-season, sometimes forming impregnable bushy thickets up to 2 m tall. From a perusal of literature, it is apparent that information is not forthcoming on its vegetative regeneration capacity and effect of soil types on its regeneration. The present study is undertaken with the following objectives, (a) to investigate vegetative regeneration in different soil types; and (b) to look at the effect of wa- ter regimes on regeneration capacity. 40 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Materials and Methods Rhizomes were cut into 10 cm lengths and were placed in plastic pots containing pure sand (pH 7.5) and ordinary garden soil (pH 5.8). There were six treatments for each set of rhizomes and each of these was replicated thrice. The treatments were as follows: (i) no watering thorughout the duration of the ex- periment, (ii) daily watering, (iii) watering after three days, six days, nine days and twelve days interval. The pots were set outside in a partial shade in a comple- tely randomized block design. Regeneration was noted when the shoot emerged from the stump. The characteristics of regeneration such as plant height from the stump, leaf number and leaf area were measured following Eze (1965). Results Data obtained were statistically analysed using Analysis of variance. The results of the present study are shown in Table 1, 2, and 3. From these Tables, it is apparent that regeneration capacity of fragments of the rhizome of C. odorata is appreciably higher in ordinary garden soil than in pure sand. The mean height of the plants was 19.6 cm + 3 when the plants were irriga- ted at 6 day interval and the number of leaves was 69 + 9. This value for height of plant was found to be significantly higher than that of control (no watering, being 9.6 cm + 5) at p= 0.01. However, in sandy soil the height of plants was 6.6 cm + 3 when plants were irrigated daily and the number of leaves were 17 + 8. There was no regeneration in other water regimes. The leaf area is seen to be affected by the water regime as plants irrigated at 3 day interval had a mean leaf area of 15 cm“ + 5. This value is significantly higher than that of control (no watering; 8.0 cm“ + 2) at p = 0.05. There was, however, no significant difference between the mean leaf area for plants watered every three days (15.2 cm* + 5) and those irrigated at six days interval (13.0 cm? + 3). The leaf area of plants grown in sand and watered daily was 9.2 cm” + 1. The plant height, number of leaves and leaf area of rhizome grown in ordinary soil and watered at three day interval are not statistically different from those watered at six days interval. Discussion Unlike regeneration of temperate plants, which is likely to take place in the spring (e.g. Lubke & Carvers 1970), the regeneration of C. odorata takes place throughout the year though more pronounced during the dry season (October to November). Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 41 The results obtained in the present study are in agreement with the natural condi- tions prevailing during the dry season with occasional rainfall and dew drops at night. This shows that the plant does not require daily watering to regenerate. This may be due to the fact that the rhizomes had sufficient food materials to trig- ger off the regeneration of rhizome segment in comparatively drier ferrosols. The poor regeneration in sandy soils shows the reason for the absence of this plant on sandy banks of the rivers and streams and lithosol regions in Nigeria. Hudson (1955) showed that many plant species regenerate readily from rhizome cuttings at any season, while others are strictly seasonal in their regeneration (e.g. Populus nigra and Phlox paniculata). From the present study it is apparent that time of collection had no obvious effect on the regeneration capacity of the rhizomes of C. odorata. The spreading rhizo- matous habit of the underground systems of C. odorata apparently makes it a good species for binding and stabilizing the soil and this is one reason why it is so successful as a colonizer of open waste places. References Eze, J.M.O. 1965. Studies on growth regulation, salt uptake and translocation. University of Durham, England. Ph.D. Thesis (pp. 31-33). Eze, J.M.O. & L.S. Gill 1992. Chromolaena odorata - a problematic weed. Compositae Newsletter 20: 14-18. Hudson, J.P. 1955. Propagation of plants by root cuttings 11. Journal of Horticul- tural Science 30 (4): 242-251. Lubke, M.A. & P.B. Carvers 1970. Studies of vegetative regeneration in Sapo- naria officinalis L. (Soapwort) and Silene cucubalus Wibel (Bladder Cam- pion). The Canadian Field Naturalist 84: 43-47. 42 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Table 1. Height of C. odorata plants from rhizomes after 35 days of exposure to different water regimes in ordinary garden soil (A) and sand (B). A Watering interval Height, cm 0 9.6+5 daily 15.6+2 3 day 18.0+2 6 day 19.643 9 day 11.6+4 12 day 0 B Watering interval Height, cm =: 0 0 daily 6.643 3 day 0 6 day 0 9 day 0 12 day 0 Table 2. Leaf number of C. odorata rhizome after 35 days of exposure to diffe- rent water regimes in ordinary garden soil (A) and sand (B). A Watering interval Leaf number 0 8.641 daily 44.0+5 3 day 64.6 +12 6 day 68.6+9 9 day 45.3 + 23 12 day 5.343 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 B Watering interval 0 daily 3 day 6 day 9 day 12 day 43 Leaf number 1.3 +1 17.3+8 QQ oe) Table 3. Leaf area of C. odorata grown from rhizomes exposed to different water regimes for 35 days in ordinary garden soil (A) and sand (B). A 2? Watering interval 0 daily 3 day 6 day 9 day 12 day B Watering interval Leaf area, cm 8.0+2 11.2+3 15.245 12.9+3 6.2+5 1.6 - Sarre eee Leaf area, cm 44 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 NEW SYNONYMS AND NOTES ON BIDENS OF AFRICA Mesfin Tadesse and D.J. Crawford The Ohio State University Department of Plant Biology 1735 Neil Avenue Columbus, OH 43210-1293 Abstract New synonyms for recently published taxa within Bidens are provided. B. gled- hillii T.G.J. Rayner (1993) is synonymous with B. sierra-leonensis Mesfin. The subspecific taxa within B. diversa, erected by Rayner (1993) based primarily on overlapping differences on the shape and the apical incisions of the ray florets, are untenable. Introduction In his voridwide revision of Bidens, Sherff (1937) recognized 233 species with a large number of varieties and forms. For Africa alone, a total of 82 species were recorded. Forty-seven of the "species" have since been relegated to synonymy (Cufodontis 1967; Wild 1967; Mesfin 1993). Likewise, on the basis of hybridiza- tion and biosystematic studies, Ganders & Nagata (1983) reduced the number of species of Bidens in Hawaii to 19 from the previously reported number of 43 spe- cies with 20 varieties (Sherff 1937). Some of these species, when initially descri- bed by Sherff (1937) were based on one or a few specimens. Now with the accumulation of a large number of specimens in herbaria, it has become possible to ascertain the limits between the species on morphological grounds. Sometimes also, as in the case of the Hawaiian Bidens, species have been delimited on expe- rimental grounds. Sherff also erected many species on the basis of leaf forms and minor differences in achenial features which are extremely variable within and among populations. Since the last monograph on the genus (Sherff 1937), a number of new species of Bidens have been published, e.g. Cufodontis (1943), Ganders & Nagata (1983), Mesfin (1983, 1984, 1989, 1993), Lisowski (1987, fide Mesfin 1993), Anderberg (1988, fide Mesfin 1993), etc. And although no worldwide revision of the genus Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 45 employing modem techniques and approaches and more reliable (sensu Davis & Heywood 1963) characters is available, an account of the species occurring in Africa based on differential and co-varying morphological features has just been published (Mesfin 1993). The recognition of infraspecific taxa based on especially minor qualitative and quantitative differences in foliar and/or capitular morphology solely from herbari- um specimens has often been found to be quite untenable. It is advisable to un- derstand the variation within and among populations, preferably observed in field studies, before erecting infraspecific units. In this respect, we find the taxonomic approaches of Gillett (1975) and Ganders & Nagata (1984), on Hawai- ian Bidens, Smith (1973, 1976, 1984) and Crawford (1970, 1971), on North Ame- rican Coreopsis, in resolving inter- and intra-specific taxonomic problems instructive. Until this is attempted, the validity and taxonomic utility of many na- med infra-specific units will all be in question and of no or very little practical significance. Consequently, we have proposed the following for those infra-speci- fic units of Bidens which have continued to proliferate. Taxonomic notes Bidens sierra-leonensis Mesfin, Kew Bull. 48(3):484-485 (1993). Type: Sierra Leone, Loma, Jaeger 9390 (K, holotype!; M, iso.!). Bidens gledhillii T.G.J. Rayner, Phytologia 75(1):100 (1993). Type: Sierra Leone, Loma mountains, J.K. Morton & D. Gledhill SL. 1095 (WAG, holotype, n.v.; K, iso.!), synon. nov. B. sierra-leonensis is an erect perennial plant so far known from mountain grass- lands in Sierra Leone, West Africa. In habit and several morphological features (e.g. foliar morphology, size and shape of phyllaries and achenes) it resembles B. macroptera (Sch. Bip. ex Chiov.) Mesfin, but differs from it in the smaller size of the capitulum, ray florets, lack of pubescence on phyllaries, triquetrous nature of the aristae, etc. Often the outer phyllaries in B. macroptera are wrinkled or once- to several-times constricted on the margins in the middle. B. macroptera is a pe- rennial species confined to the Ethiopian highlands. The thin inner phyllaries of both B. sierra-leonensis and B. macroptera, which are reflexed at full maturity of the capitulum to expose the achenes, are probably an adaptation for anemochory and may serve as additional evidence for the appa- rent morphological similarity between the two species. B. camporum, with which B. gledhillii has been compared by Rayner (1993b), has basally thickened inner phyllaries wich consist of a mass of sclerotic parenchyma and collenchymatous tissue. This species has erect capitula, whose strongly indurate inner phyllaries are never reflexed at maturity, but remain erect keeping the mature achenes firm- ly enclosed within. In such cases the dispersal of fruits is apparently ballistic. 46 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Thus, B. gledhillii, also from the same mountain in Sierra Leone and compared also with B. borianiana (Sch. Bip. ex Chiov.) Cufod., a species with comparative- ly lesser affinity to B. sierra-leonensis, is here considered synonymous with the latter mentioned species. Its closest phenetic similarity seems to be with B. mac- roptera. Bidens diversa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76:159 (1923), Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 16:329, fig. 75/a, b, d-i (1937); Mesfin, Kew Bull. 48(3): 493 (1993); Rayner, Phytologia 75(2):152 (1993). Type: Angola, Mounyino, Antunes 315 (Bf, holoty- pe). Neotype: Angola, Huila, Lubango, A. Borges 167 (LISC, neotype, selected by Rayner (1992); M, P, PRE, SRGH, isoneotypes). B. diversa Sherff subsp. diversa sensu Rayner, Phytologia 75(2): 155 (1993). B. diversa Sherff subsp. filiformis (Sherff) T.G.J. Rayner, Phytologia 75(2): 156 (1993), synon. nov. Type: Zambia, Lake Chila, April 1936, Burtt 6269 (F, holoty- pe, n.v.; BM!, BR!, K!, iso.). For further synonyms see Mesfin (1993:493) and Rayner (1993c: 155, 156). As discussed in an earlier article (Mesfin 1993:494), B. diversa is composed of populations with variable morphology, i.e. variations usually occurring in the way the leaves are dissected, the size of phyllaries and the texture of the achenes. Some of these entities have earlier on been accorded specific status by Sherff (1931, 1939) and Merxmiiller (1954). Recently, Rayner (1993c: 149) attempted to subdivide the species based on character states of the ray florets. The ray flo- rets in Bidens are generally elliptic or oblong-elliptic and tapered at both ends. The apices are usually minutely 2-3-fid. Variations from this ’typical’ shape are quite often encountered in many species, e.g. B. prestinaria (Sch. Bip.) Cufod. (cf. Mesfin 1984:53, fig. 25 e,f), B. carinata Cufod. ex Mesfin (cf. Mesfin 1984:91, fig. 45 c,d), B. ugandensis (S. Moore) Sherff (cf. Mesfin 1984:100-101, fig. 49 g and fig. SO d), etc. Likewise, the apices of the ray florets are quite varia- bly cut. ’ Bidens ruyigiensis’ T.G.J. Rayner, Phytologia 74(5):414(1993). This entity, described as an annual plant, was published on the basis of the speci- mens Reekmans 5304 (Types: holo. C; iso. BR, MO, PRG) and Reekmans 1851 (Paratypes: BR, EA, MO), both from Burundi, and was compared with B. bu- rundiensis Mesfin. A photograph of Reekmans 5304 at Kew has just been exami- ned thanks to the kind assistance of Dr. Nicholas Hind, R.B.G., Kew. This specimen, which probably represents an annual species, was tentatively determi- ned in 1989 as "Bidens sp. cf. B. zairensis Lisowski" by one of us (M.T.), as it bears only young capitula with immature achenes. The other specimen, Reekmans 1851, was determined as B. lineariloba Oliv. (cf. Mesfin 1993:507), an annual Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 47 plant with widely divergent achenes that are quite unique among African species of Bidens. While particularly Reekmans 5304 might probably represent a previously un- described plant, the comparison of B. ruyigiensis with B. burundiensis is unwar- ranted, as the latter species is a perennial plant and morphologically unrelated. Lisowski (1991:169) cited Reekmans 5304 and 1851 under B. praecox Sherff. This name was relegated to synonymy under B. taylori (S. Moore) Sherff (cf. Mesfin 1993:472), a species so far known from low (i.e. 50 - 300(-700) m) grass- lands and seasonally wet areas from Kenya and Tanzania. It would have been more meaningful to also examine and annotate the specimens at Kew and compare B. ruyigiensis with B. zairensis, as these seem to have many morphological features in common. For descriptions of the latter species refer to Lisowski (1987:466) and Mesfin (1993:494). We hope that future workers on the genus will consider these notes and will unravel the true identity of B. ruyigiensis. References Crawford, D.J. 1970. Systematic Studies on Mexican Coreopsis (Compositae). Coreopsis mutica: flavonoid chemistry, chromosome numbers, morphology, and hybridization. Brittonia 22:93-111. Crawford, D.J. 1971. Systematics of the Coreopsis petrophiloides-lucida-teote- pensis complex. Amer. J. Bot. 58(4): 361-367. Cufodontis, G. 1943. Note di floristica Africana (I-V). Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 500:100-120. Cufodontis, G. 1967. Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae, sequentia. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 37, Suppl.:1115-1193. Davis, P.H. & V.H. Heywood 1963. Principles of Angiosperm taxonomy. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh and London. Ganders, F.R. & K.M. Nagata 1983. New taxa and new combinations in Ha- waiian Bidens (Asteraceae). Lyonia 2:1-16. Ganders, F.R. & K.M. Nagata 1984. The role of hybridization in the evolution of Bidens on the Hawaiian islands, pp. 179-194. Jn: Grant, W.F., Plant Bio- systematics. Academic Press, Canada. Gillett, G.W. 1975. The diversity and history of Polynesian Bidens, section Cam- pylotheca. Lyon Arboretum Lecture Number Six. Hawaii. 48 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 Gillett, G.W. & E.K.S. Lim 1970. An experimental study of the genus Bidens (Asteraceae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 56:1-63. Lisowski, S. 1991. Les Asteraceae dans La Flore d’ Afrique Centrale, 1. Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 36(1), Suppl. 1:1-249. Merxmiiller, H. 1954. Compositae. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Miinchen 2:3141. Mesfin Tadesse 1983. Bidens burundiensis, a new species of Bidens (Composi- tae Heliantheae) from Burundi. Nordic J. Bot. 3:593-542. Mesfin Tadesse 1984. The genus Bidens (Compositae) in NE tropical Africa. Symb.Bot.Upsal. 24(1): VIII + 138 pp. Uppsala. Mesfin Tadesse 1989. A new species of Bidens (Compositae-Heliantheae) from Malawi. SINET: Ethiop. J. Sci. 132(2): 125-130. Mesfin Tadesse 1993. An account of Bidens (Compositae-Heliantheae) for Afri- ca. Kew Bulletin 48(3): 437-516. Rayner, T.G.J. 1992. Studies on the genus Bidens L. (Compositae) from the Eastern Hemisphere. 3. Typification of names of Bidens L., Coreopsis L., Guizotia Cass., and Microlecane (Sch. Bip.) Benth. & Hook. f. from Africa. Phytologia 73: 77-97. Rayner, T.G.J. 1993a. Studies on the genus Bidens L. (Compositae) from the Eastern Hemisphere. 5. A new species from Burundi. Phytologia 74(5): 414- 418. Rayner, T.G.J. 1993b. Studies on the genus Bidens L. (Compositae) from the Eastern Hemisphere. 6. A new species from Sierra Leone. Phytologia 75(1): 100-111. Rayner, T.G.J. 1993c. Studies on the genus Bidens L. (Compositae) from the Eastern Hemisphere 7. A reappraisal of Bidens diversa Sherff. Phytologia 75(2): 149-158. Sherff, E.E. 1931. New or otherwise noteworthy Compositae, VII. Bot. Gaz. 92: 202-209. Sherff, E.E. 1937. The genus Bidens, vol. I and II. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 16. Sherff, E.E. 1939. Some new or otherwise noteworthy Labiatae and Compositae. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 17: 577-612. Smith, E.D. 1973. A biosystematic study of Coreopsis saxicola (Compositae). Brittonia 25(2): 200-208. Smith, E.D. 1976. A biosystematic survey of Coreopsis in eastern United States and Canada. S/DA 6(3): 123-215. Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 49 Smith, E.D. 1984. Biosystematic study and typification of the Californian Core- opsis (Compositae) sections Tuckermannia, Pugiopappus and Euleptosyne. SIDA 10(4): 276-289. Wild, H. 1967. The Compositae of the Flora Zambesiaca area, I. Kirkia 6(1): 1- 62. 50 Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 NEW TRANSFERS TO GRAPHISTYLIS B. NORD. (SENECIONEAE) Bertil Nordenstam Dept. of Phanerogamic Botany Swedish Museum of Natural History P. O. Box 50007 S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden The genus Graphistylis B. Nord. was described in 1978 as a genus of the Sene- cioneae comprising six species endemic to Brazil (Nordenstam 1978). Senecio sect. Dichroa Cabr. was cited as a synonym. However, S. dichrous (Bong.) Schultz-Bip., based on Cacalia dichroa Bong. was not included, because of its doubtful status. This seemed to differ from all species of Graphistylis by its dis- coid capitula, and I had not had an opportunity to study the type specimen in the Leningrad Herbarium. In 1992 Zardini described a new species of sect. Dichroa, viz. Senecio serranus Zardini (1992). She compared it to S. dichrous, which she also included in that section of Senecio. A photograph of the type of the latter (Riedel s.n. in LE) was available to her. These two species are both discoid, but are clearly distinct in a number of characters. In spite of the discoid capitula, both species belong in my genus Graphistylis. They share the characteristic habit of Graphistylis, with shortly petiolate alternate leaves with reticulate venation and dentate or serrate margins, corymbose-panicu- late synflorescences, narrowly campanulate involucres with uniseriate phyllaries and few calyculus bracts. The disc-floret lobes have a median resin duct, and the styles are provided with a characteristic median apical brush of hairs, and smaller lateral hair tufts. The other floral details are mainly ’senecioid’, i.e. the stigmatic areas are separated by a narrow line, the filament collars are basally swollen with larger basal cells, but the endothecial tissue is at least partly polarized, not strictly radial as in most ’senecioid’ genera. I have studied material of S. serranus in the Stockholm Herbarium (S), viz. Silva & Zelma s.n., Serra Capivari Grande, 18.VII.1986, which was cited, but not seen by Zardini. I can thus supplement Zardini’s description of the cypselas with the following observations. Cypsela narrowly elliptic-oblong, somewhat tapering to both ends, terete, 7--7.5 mm long, 1--1.5 mm broad, glabrous, light brown, with 10 darker narrow impres- Comp. Newsl. 24, 1994 51 sed lines. Pappus bristles numerous, pluriseriate, persistent, white, finely barbel- late. The following new combinations are needed. Graphistylis serrana (Zardini) B. Nord., comb. nov. Basionym: Senecio serranus Zardini, Novon 2: 282 (1992). - Type: Brazil, Para- na: Campina Grande do Sul, Serra Capivari Grande, 6.III.1969, Hatschbach 21212 (MBM holo; MO, US iso). Graphistylis dichroa (Bong.) B. Nord., comb. nov. Basionym: Cacalia dichroa Bongard, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5: 40 (1840). - Type: Brazil, Minas Gera- is, Riedel s.n. (LE holo). With the inclusion of these two species in Graphistylis, the generic description is slightly amended to include also discoid species. The genus now comprises eight species, all confined to Brazil. References Nordenstam, B. 1978. Taxonomic studies in the tribe Senecioneae (Composi- tae). Opera Bot. 44: 1--83. Zardini, E. 1992. A new species of Senecio Section Dichroa (Asteraceae--Sene- cioneae) from Brazil. Novon 2: 282--284. 2 tem Viens fet, EPR, abot aly Bien eRe (SPAM Tae A : Pe 4D Teast ru iow aay) Swit J Anite c% ate ‘tl Min VG ois) iii ees is Aan y ) uj oi ft Sigip, er ae ice. hay) , re JUL 25 1994 4