rg COMPOS IWAE ©
* NEWSLETIER

Number 38 7 Juli 2002

Scientific Editor: BERT. NoRDENSTAM

Technical Editor: GUNNEL WirENtus NoHLIN

Published and distributed by The Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Department of Phanerogamic Botany,

P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

ISSN 0284-8422

CONTENTS

A. Guaroor & S. J. Att: The genus Anthemis L. (Compositae) in Iraq:

A Synopsis 1
B. NorDEnsTaM, M. Moussavi & B. Dyavapi: A new annual species of Senecio

from Iran 42

H. Rosiwson: Holoschkuhria, a new genus of the Hymenopappinae
(Helenieae) from Peru 47

H. Rosinson: Symphyopappus uncinatus, a new species from Minas Gerais,
Brazil (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae: Disynaphiinae) 52

J. PEREZ CAMACHO & IRALYS VENTOSA RopRIGUEZ: Biogeographic area
relationships of Cuba with the rest of the Neotropical region based on

the distributions of genus Gochnatia KUNTH 4

B. NoRDENSTAM & R. LUNDIN: Oldfeltia, a new genus of the

Compositae-Senecioneae from Cuba 65 ~
B. NorDENSTAM: Capelio B. Norb., anew name for a South African

genus of the Senecioneae, and the description of a new species 71

J. Kayopbe: Conservation and ethnobotanical exploration of Compositae

in Ekiti State, Nigeria 79
M. Rar: Growth promotion of Tagetes erecta LINN. by three species

of Glomus in field environment 84
B.S. RanrHa, S. GANGADHAR Rao, Y. B. NARSING RAO & D. SINGH:

Effect of sodium fluoride on pollen germination in Gaillardia pulchella 93

M. Rar & D. Acuarya: Jn vitro susceptibility of Trichophyton mentagrophytes
to different concentrations of three Asteraceous essential oils 98

New taxa and combinations published in this issue 106

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 1

The genus Anthemis L. (Compositae) in Iraq:
A Synopsis

ABDUL GHAFOORT* & S. J. ALI **

Herbarium
Natural Resources & Environment Research Institute
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology
P. O. Box 6086, Riyadh-11442, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: artemisiella89@hotmail.com

**Department of Botany,
Shibli College, Azamgarh, U. P., India

Abstract

A synopsis of the 34 species (7 endemic) of Anthemis known from Iraq is given, together
with a key for their identification. Anthemis leucanthemifolia, A. marismartui and
A. rascheyana are the new records for this country. A. desertisyriaci and A. kurdica have
been reduced to the synonymy of A. wettsteiniana and A. marismartui respectively.

Introduction

The present account of the genus Anthemis L. of Iraq began in 1981, when the
authors, at the insistence of Mr P. S. GreEEN (former keeper of K), and Mr. C. C.
TOWNSEND, the then editor of the Flora of Iraq, agreed to work on this little known and
confused genus (Eic 1938). Prior to the arrival of the authors at Kew in June 1981 for
a period of 6-8 weeks, Mr TOWNSEND had sent a list of the species enumerated from
Iraq by At-Rawi (1964). It contained names of 24 species (incl. A. nobilis =
Chamaemelum nobile) with indication as to the location of their types. Our study,
however, revealed the presence of 34 species in Iraq (including 7 endemics and 3 new
records). As the publication of the Compositae volume of Flora of Iraq got delayed
due to certain reasons, a few species which we had recorded new to Iraq were
subsequently published by IRANSHAHR (1986) and who had earlier described 13 new
species from Flora Iranica area in 1981 and 1982 including two from Iraq.

+ present address: 7/101, Dartbrook Road, Aubum, Sydney, NSW-2144, Australia
* author for correspondence

2 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Materials and Methods

The present investigation is based exclusively on herbarium material which has been
borrowed from or studied in the following institutions (acronyms according to HoLm-
GREN et al. 1990): BM, E, F, G HUJ, JE, K, LINN, MPU, SAV and W. The authors
wish to express their gratitude to the directors, keepers and curators of these herbaria
for making their valuable collections available.

More than 300 specimens were examined for this study which was initially meant to
be published in Compositae volume of Flora of Iraq”. The specimens are cited in
accordance with the physiographic regions and districts of Iraq delimited by Guest
(1966) in the first volume of ’’Flora of Iraq”.

All the measurements were made directly from herbarium specimens using
stereoscope at magnifications varying between =< 8 and x 20. Morphological terms
used in taxonomic accounts are according to STEARN (1992).

Taxonomic Account

Anthemis L., Sp. P1.: 893 (1753); Gen. Pl. ed. 5: 381 (1754); Borss., Fl. Or. 3: 278
(1875); FEDoROV in SCHISCHKIN & Bosrov, Fl. SSSR 26: 8 (1961); GRIERSON & YAVIN
in Davis, Fl. Turk. 5: 174 (1975); FERNANDES in TuTIN et al., Fl. Europ. 4: 145 (1976);
FEINBRUN-DOTHAN, FI. Pal. 3: 327 (1976); IRANSHAHR in REcH. f., Fl. Iran. 158 (4): 5
(1986); BREMER & Humpurics in Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 23 (2): 132
(1993). Type: A. maritima L.

Annual or perennial, hairy herbs with alternate, pinnatisect to variously incised to
pinnatifid or rarely entire leaves. Capitula radiate or discoid, pedunculate, solitary or
laxly corymbose. Phyllaries (2—) 3 (-4)-seriate, with narrow to broad scarious, entire
or lacerate margins. Receptacle convex to conical or hemispherical, paleate all over or
in the lower half, rarely naked. Paleae subulate, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate to
spathulate, truncate to acute or acuminate-spinescent with excurrent midrib. Ray
florets uniseriate, female, fertile or neuter; limb white or rarely yellow or reddish,
basally glabrous or hairy, rarely indurated. Disc florets numerous, 5-lobed, yellow or
occasionally reddish-purple, lower half of tube not or much inflated in fruit, rarely
hairy, lobes rarely with acute appendages. Anther bases without appendages. Style
branches flattened, truncate and penicillate at the apices. Cypselas terete to oblong-
obpyramidate, 4—S-angled or dorsiventrally compressed, smooth, tuberculate or
sometimes pitted, sulcate and striate-costate, apically beak-less, bald or with a minute
dentate-lacerate rim or corona or an adaxial auricle.

A genus of ca. 211 species (BREMER & Humpurics 1993, BREMER 1994), occurring in
Europe, SW Asia, N & NE Africa; introduced in other parts of the world.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 3

Key to the Iraqi species of Anthemis

paieaVs VEN OW: SOMIETHTICS ADSCRD 2232. 250 esto eats cs aes ck ecsee eas ep eeeeeo 2
Sm BaD AN Sawa fe OE CREAIIE=CO LO UREG ooo ear eeecac ep eae doesn a ese eeeatonceeen: B)

2. Annual. Phyllaries glossy, glabrous, pale brown, outer ovate, inner obovate, with
a large, + orbicular, c. 5 x 5 mm, translucent appendage ................. 2. A. scariosa

- Perennial. Phyllaries neither glossy nor glabrous, sparsely or densely whitish-
FANAbe | WWKMOME BP PEN GAO cect see once stre esis coc ceaea dees tenet ecu auc donee tie nan eae 3

3. Peduncles less than 5 cm long, Cypselas with an entire corona. Outer phyllaries
acute, inner ones obtuse to + acute and pale or dark-brown to diffuse brown at the

BTSIC ES IB Pei iocci ins cnactuneestanstntetatiasnnste pete ee 23. A. tinctoria

- Peduncles more than 5 cm long. Cypselas with an unilateral auricle. Phyllaries

FIAT WS AGITG AALS LOCO a ecg cs cee, ea se nee ao 4

4. Leaves pinnatipartite, lower more or less spathulate, upper ones cuneate, entire

orishallowly toothed or lobed at apex’. v6.2.4... 2S... 31. A. pauciloba

- Leaves bipinnatisect, ovate or oblong, upper leaves pinnatisect ................04.
ESL Gre Ae SET OES PEIN CIN NE eT 32. A. kotschyana

Se MISE CONIAC le. MAICAC CONUS BIL OV ET ion csacia aca cas nt neat eee ade pe ane he 6

- Receptacle paleaceous in the upper half only ...............eeceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 33

GomCorollatbe ofcdise floretsthainy seu. yan A ee i:

=o MC OLOUA IDE Ol GIS MOTELS GLADTOUS citcuzcyasharuesnc-2+0s et atepertaretee ate aces 10

7. Corolla lobes of disc florets ending in a long mucro or apiculum ..................
SE eR ani eee EPI IINE DHE te TERY oP 5..A. marismartui

- Corolla lobes of disc florets acute, not ending in a long mucro or apiculum 8

8. Paleae with broad, dark brown margins. Cypselas c. 1 mm long ...................
PLETE GIST. MRGR ESA .S, LEAT, ROWE N RN STE BLO 6. A. melanacme

=) # Palede WinlOUL Cark-OFOWO DRALOUOS ccncv.nvcececerc ees caceesscaaeeeee ee cote can eee ears 9

9. Phyllaries linear-lanceolate, c. 1 mm wide. Paleae narrowly oblong- spathulate,
c.2.Smimlone. deciduous. RAYS 910 cvs. cacccoecec-e<eapeceenesoueeanee 7. A. microlepis

- Phyllaries oblong-ovate, 2—3 mm wide. Paleae oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 mm long,
PETSISIERE RAYS S20 sans av sceceasoetves Sockecsteates racy eevee coteneooes 20. A. schizostephana

10. Inner phyllaries with broad membranous hyaline margins and brown shiny,

4 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

obtuse apical appendages nearly as long as or longer than the lower part..............
suiuh sous boa eAiiaa titita yaeblboeas tas ix Paadress buss daob soci nkaleeh aes pees saeee te ee 3. A. hyalina

- All phyllaries with narrow membranous margins and without apical appendages
ou pow vguasinnensupijapunsisene yen satvinys useh'eouepnisenescingicunpied STEERER See ne tee 11

liv Capitulalessthansiemiacrossiti aie ei a eee 8. A. micrantha

- Capitula usually more than I cimacross................:e.s0+:-.<o0se0002eree ene 12

12. Cypselas, all or at least few, auricled at the apices .................:secessceeereeeees 17

- Cypselas truncate, bald or slightly marginate at the apices .................0 13

13. Paleae purplish-brown at maturity, either all cuspidate to long acuminate or inner

short-cuneate and outer long cuspidate ..............eeeeeeeeeeeeee 24. A. melanolepis

ult Paleae nlot'as above ssi.5.20. C251 28..acccid.c- 028 ibase site cna den ee 14

14. Cypselas cylindrical or oblong-cylindrical, smooth. Phyllaries glabrous or

Neatly Sows ciiss Bade tas. ees ae a. See iow. 2 15
- Cypselas obpyramidate, + curved, tuberculate. Phyllaries hairy ............... 16
15. Capitula 2.5-4.5 cm across. Paleae almost flat, oblong-spathulate, shortly
mucronate at the + erose, obtuse-truncate aPeX ..........eeeeeeeeeeees 9. A. leptophylla
- Capitula less than 2 cm across. Paleae carinate, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-
acuminate at the obtusely denticulate apex ..............ceeeeeseeeeneee 22. A. rascheyana
16. Leaves sessile. Peduncles 5—6 cm long. Phyllaries oblong-spathulate, broadly
scarious at the apex and margins, all obtuse ..................... 19. A. handel-mazzettii
- Leaves petiolate. Peduncles 1.5—3 cm long. Phyllaries lanceolate, narrowly
scarious on margins and at the apex, ACUtE ....... eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 10. A. deserti
17... Cypselas cylindrical or neatly S0.....:...3.002-+<0scsss«sensneeoqdextescd- eae 18
- ‘Cypselas obconical or obpyramidate ........2:......0........22-+c0c0 ee 23

18. Phyllaries with pale-brown scarious margins. Tube of ray florets indurated, per-
sistent on the cypselas. Inner cypselas crowned by unilateral, erose-dentate auricle,
as long as or about half as long as cypselas .............::cssccseee 4. A. haussknechtii

- Phyllaries with hyaline, colourless scarious margins. Tube of ray florets neither
indurated nor persistent on the cypselas. Auricle less than half as long as cypselas
IRE OE A DER eee 19

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 5

20. Paleae + oblong-spathulate, + truncate and abruptly acuminate, acumen nearly
as long as basal part or slightly shorter ..............eeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeee 25. A. coelopoda

=u! *Paleae not'as aboveracumentvery-short 2.22). 200.1... 0220) SU Se 21

21. Paleae oblong-obovate. Peduncle ultimately thickened upward.....................

- Paleae oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Peduncle not or slightly thickened .... 22
22 weaves sessile, Ply llaries PUDESCEME so5 2.2225-0csc2ecsear oreo sevens 12. A. hamrinensis

- Leaves with pectinate petiole. Phyllaries almost glabrous . 22. A. rascheyana

23ers, peduncles thickened upwardly cic1ia:ueth. eee cee hel 24
- Fruiting peduncles not or hardly thickened upwardly ...............:eccceeeeeeees 29
24) Paleae spathulate or Oblotip-spathttatte :<.21".....24--.-.<---s-saceseroatenennenandennnexsek 25
- Paleae oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate 0.0.0.0... eceeeeeeeesteeesseeeeeeeeees 26

25. Receptacle + convex-conical. Paleae 2.5—-3 mm long, shortly mucronate.
Cypselas obconical-turbinate, outer nearly smooth, exauriculate, inner ones tubercled
with auricle 1/4—1/2 of cypsela length «0.0... ee eeeeeeeeeeeee 13. A. wettsteiniana

- Receptacle hemispherical. Paleae c. 3.54 mm long, abruptly contracted apically
and bearing equally long slender acumen. All cypselas 4—angled, smooth, rhombic in
cross sectionNauricle minute, entire \2:28 haces kk teens 26. A. altissima

26. Leaves oblong-spathulate to cuneate-obovate, basally pectinate-dentate, entire
or crenate-dentate. Phyllaries ciliate, outer linear-lanceolate, inner oblong, c. 8—10
iT) apne a ee eee, Dye) soe bey 2) cay: Se tls pet ee 1. A. leucanthemifolia

- Leaves oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, basally not pectinate-dentate.
Outer phyllaries triangular, acute, inner obtuse, less than 8 mm long ................ 27

27. Paleae obovate-spathulate, inconspicuously mucronate ......... 14. A. susiana
- Paleae lanceolate to oblanceolate, + stiffly acuminate ..................::ccceeee 28

28. Disc corollas not or very slightly inflated in fruit, deciduous. Cypselas smooth.
Paleae flat. stitlay acutninate io2. dec. T.. geleed, corte veoetenes eens 15. A. arvensis

- Disc corollas inflated and indurated in fruit. Cypselas tuberculate. Paleae keeled,
ILO PaS PALLY ACENINIEIALG 6 techeny ree ccoe cat ossie ohn ceseee enaeate ct eee 17. A. melampodina

29: iRecepiacle henusphenealnis, 22 onc. 26 see. 28 20 28 2 ee 30

Spe MRCCOMIAC LE COMICAL seers cn ce raee caste ccsn oan as eee ce ea ere 31

6 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

30. Peduncles up to 3 cm long. Paleae oblong- spathulate to subcordate-emarginate,
with 1—1.5 mm long mucro. Cypselas with denticulate auricle ..27. A. brevicuspis

- Peduncles more than 3 cm long. Paleae oblong, irregularly fimbriate at the
apex with a short mucro. Cypselas truncate with a very short unilateral rim at the
16, =), SS ERE AEST ANE Ye OF ETOBNND SPER INE IE EISEN 16. A. plebeia

31. Cypselas smooth, with a thickened undulating rim at the apex (sometimes with
a lacetate TY AMINe AMCICIE) .. ...s0..0s10-2--sesnoaescronssesuuaxerunavacse se cteceaeee 15. A. arvensis

- Cypselas tuberculate all over or on dorsal side alone, auriculate ............... 32

32. Leaf lobules approximate. Peduncles gradually slightly thickened in fruit.
Cypselas tuberculate all over. Auricle lobes not acute ........... 17. A. melampodina

- Leaf lobules remote. Peduncles hardly thickened in fruit. Cypselas tuberculate
on dorsal side only. Auricle deeply divided into triangular, acute lobes.................
ESI een eR MM PRN MEME ND TEN pe EN 2 18. A. zoharyana

33, Cypselas smaller than the persistent paleae ..............:.+.assraxsaseassvaquensaueenseae 34
- Cypselas as long as or longer than the deciduous paleae ...............s:ese+00 35

34. Phyllaries glabrous. Disc florets with glandular-punctate, + compressed corolla
BiB acer tee tbl sacha, «sabe oc, ts Baht feat es 30. A. corymbulosa

- Phyllaries hairy. Disc florets with + inflated, eglandular corolla tube......... $i

35. Fruiting peduncles distinctly thickened and strongly arcuate. Ray florets fertile.
Paleae cuspidate at tips. Cypselas + tetragonous, distinctly 10-ribbed, occasionally
tubetcle din ccn cicero nddsee ee 85s aN Sac BBs da 0d vena da date eee 36

- Fruiting peduncles neither thickened nor arcuate. Ray florets sterile. Paleae
bristly at tips. Cypselas + cylindrical-turbinate, obscurely 8—10-ribbed, tuberculate
onevsdeenouveiivng Spelt OL ea Reeth n cate eee TROND, A A 29. A. cotula

36. Peduncles 24 cm long. Phyllaries persistent. Paleae narrowly linear-lanceolate
ss insclynse digest iaidtrsvdinta iit fehieae ee sces Sage at eee eae 33. A. tubicina

- Peduncles more than 5 cm long. Phyllaries deciduous. Paleae setaceous-subulate
iis acicds eplaeee gle eon a innesnc cnaver acieng iebcvatapsusay econo eres seasveiegs 34. A. odontostephana

37. Cypselas auriculate ee 38
- ow Cypselas exatrriculate 042. .csisscssisse..tesah snestsccsddsentnoud>sasnee cseseeeee eee 39

38. Auricle 1/3—1/2 as long as cypselas, entire to obscurely lobed or divided into a
Tey PIANO MAM IODES .o.....cscscsensnenexanccancscansvenecaeceasasnesatqcensineessspagees cena 40

Comp. News]. 38, 2002 7

- Auricle very short, divided into a few obtuse lobes ............ ccc eeeeeeeseeeeeeeeee
a eS re, Je 3 28.b. A. pseudocotula ssp. pseudocotula var. radiata

39. Apex of cypselas oblique, slanting outwards, «.........:..c-ssesecsiaieecsstsnisoneadyn
Ne es ae 28.d. A. pseudocotula ssp. rotata var. rotata

- Apex of cypselas rounded, not slanting outwards ..............::ccccesseeseesseeeeeeeees
Lae IES ssp eps silacn gels 28.e. A. pseudocotula ssp. rotata var. rotundata

A eA IG er eHIne Ot ODSCUTENY LODE goo oak sp inns ctachs acts ante ace ca ela ec
Phra. Sears 28.a. A. pseudocotula ssp. pseudocotula var. pseudocotula

=) JAUtICle GiVided Mto.a Tew, (rane lar JOBE sj. ccs sox ues ipsgrted ocean aden cee vas anasenncaes
Sa eee See 28.c. A. pseudocotula ssp. pseudocotula var. massadensis

Sect. Anthemis

Annual or perennial herbs. Paleae oblong to oblancoelate, persistent. Cypselas
obconical or obpyramidate, slightly compressed dorsiventrally, usually twice or three
times as long as broad.

Represented in Iraq by 19 species.

1. A. leucanthemifolia Boiss. et BL. in Boiss., Diagn. PI. Or. Nov. Ser. 2, 3: 20 (1856);
Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 296 (1875); Ela in Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 163 (1938); TACKHOLM,
Stud. Fl. Egypt, ed. 2. 574 (1974); FemInpruN-DoTHAN, FI. Pal. 3: 328. Pls. 547, 548
(1978); MouTERDE, Nouv. FI. Lib. Syr. 3: 408. Pl. CCXXIII, n. 1 (1983). Type: Hab.
in arenosis maritimis Palestinae ad Joppem, Kotscuy 651 as A. indurata (G holo.).

Herb, sparsely crisped hairy, up to 40 cm tall, with erect or ascending branches from
the base. Leaves simple, slightly fleshy or not, oblong-spathulate to cuneate-obovate,
pectinate dentate at the base, entire or crenate-dentate or lobed at the apices, or uni- to
bipinnatisect, if pinnately dissected then lobes and ultimate segments narrow,
cuneate. Peduncles short, distinctly thickened upwards in fruit. Capitula radiate, 2-3
cm across. Involucre 1-1.5 cm wide. Phyllaries ciliate, pale green, all with white
membranous apices, outer linear-lanceolate, inner oblong, c. 8-10 mm long.
Receptacle conical, chaffy all over. Paleae oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, keeled,
acuminate, persistent. Ray florets fertile, tubes compressed, glabrous; limbs oblong-
elliptic, 1.2-1.4 x 4-6 mm, white. Disc florets yellow, c. 3-4 mm long, corollas
glabrous. Cypselas obpyramidate, 1.5-2 mm long, neither tuberculate nor
compressed, almost ribless, outer acutely triangular, inner + terete, beset with 3-4-
lobed unilateral auricle.

8 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Flowering period: March—April.
Distribution: Egypt (ssp. rafaensis E1c), Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria.
a) ssp. leucanthemifolia

The type subspecies has somewhat fleshy, obtuse, entire or apically crenate-dentate to
incised leaves. It does not occur in Iraq, where A. /eucanthemifolia is represented by
the next subspecies.

b) ssp. philistea (Botss.) Ec, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 164 (1938).

Syn.: A. philistea Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 302 (1875). Type: Hab. in arenosis Palestinae
prope Gaza, Boissigr s.n. (G-BOISS holo.).

Differs from the type subspecies in its deeply 1—2-pinnatisect leaves with narrow, lin-
ear, mucronate lobules which are less than 2—3 mm wide.

Specimens Examined:

DSD: c. 15 km SE of Ashuriya (c. 50 km WNW of Shabicha), c. 360 m, 1957, GuEst,
AL-Rawi & RECHINGER 19370 (K!); DLJ: Near Tikrit, 1969, S. A. OMar & Hamip
36296 (K!); DWD: Hazimae (c. 40 km SE of Rutba), c. 550 m, 1966, S. OMar 34215
(K!); FKI: In Dibs, Beiji, 200 m, 1947, AL-Rawi & GiLLett 7173 (K!); DSD: Near
wadi Al-Tib Police Post nr. Kuwait (c. 70 km N of Amara), 1957, Guest, AL-RAwi &
RECHINGER 17477 (K!); Faggarat al-Shadaf, 1961, AL-RAwi 31151 (K!).

Distribution: Iraq, Israel, Palestine.

Habitat: Sandy or sandy-clay flood plains; wheat fields; dry steppe; stony ground near
foothills; 200—550 m.

A new record for Iraq.

2. Anthemis scariosa BANKS & Sov.. in Russ., Nat. Hist. Aleppo ed. 2. 2: 263 (1794);
DC., Prodr. 6: 4 (1838); Botss., op. cit. 311; Ec, op. cit. 187; GRiERSON & YAVIN in
Davis, Fl. Turk. 5: 208. Fig. 10.19 (1975); FEINBRUN-DOTHAN , op. cit. 329. PI. 550.
Type: Syria, near Aleppo, Russet (BM! holo.).

Annual, erect or ascending, up to 50 cm tall, glabrous to sparsely hairy, showy herb.
Leaves sessile, elliptic-oblong, 3-5 cm long, 1.5—2.5 cm wide, bipinnatisect into lin-
ear-lanceolate, 4-6 mm long, acute-mucronate ultimate segments. Peduncles slender,
up to 20 cm long, unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, 2.54.5 (—5S) cm across.
Involucre 10-20 mm wide. Phyllaries glossy, glabrous, pale brown, scarious, outer
ovate, inner obovate, basal part membranous margined, c. 3-4 x 2—3 mm, bearing
apically a large, + orbicular, c. 5 mm long and broad, translucent appendage mostly
longer than the basal part. Receptacle hemispherical, 4-5 x 4-5 mm, chaffy all over.
Paleae linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, somewhat keeled, c. 3-4 mm long, with

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 9

narrow, pellucid margins, acuminate, caducous. Ray florets female, fertile, tubes
pilose, swollen; limbs oblong, 8-20 < 4-8 mm, persistent, yellow. Disc corolla
yellow, c. 3.5 mm long, pilose, inflated below in fruit, deciduous. Cypselas
subcylindrical, + angular, distinctly tuberculate, inner ones somewhat oblique, bald,
outermost tipped with persistent ray coroilas.

Flowering period: March—May.
Specimens Examined:

Mesopotamia, Biredjik, in campis ad kefre, 1888, SintENis 347 (F!, G!, K!); FI:
Kirkuk, c. 350 m, 1929, F. A. Rocers 203 (K!, G!), s. n. (K!); Col. CHESNEY’s Expedi-
tion to Euphrates, 140 (K!); MAM: In deserte Chabur (Khabur), 1867,
C. HAuSSKNECHT 529 (JE!); FUJ: Albaiyder, 78 km S of Sinjar, 260 m, 1962,
CHAKRAVARTY, AL-RAwI & ALizzI 32079 (K!).

Distribution: Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey.

Habitat: Silty depressions in steppes and fields in upper plains and foothills; 250—
350 m.

This species can be introduced as a garden ornamental for its medium to large showy
yellow heads.

3. A. hyalina DC., Prodr. 6: 4 (1838); Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 307 (1875); Ei, op. cit. 161;
GRIERSON & YAVIN, op. cit. 199; FEINBRUN-DOTHAN, op. cit. 329. Pl. 549; MouTERDE,
Nouv. Fl. Lib. Syr. 3: 410. Pl. CCXXV, n. 4 (1983); GHaFoor & AL-TurRKI in
Candollea 52: 467. Fig. 4, L-O (1997). Type: Iraq, near Baghdad, Roussgau s.n. (G-
DC holo.).

Annual, up to 35 cm tall, densely to sparsely greyish hairy herb with suberect,
divaricate branches from near the base. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, 2—3 cm long, 2—
3-pinnatisect into ovate-oblong or oblanceolate, acute lobules. Capitula 2.5—3.5 cm
across, on thickened, arcuate fruiting peduncles. Phyllaries S—7 mm long, all obtuse,
inner with broad, hyaline margins and brown, shiny obtuse appendage, nearly as long
as or longer than the lower hairy part. Receptacle broadly conical, 5-7 mm long.
Paleae lanceolate to oblanceolate, 3—3.5 mm long, + keeled, abruptly and short
acuminate, persistent. Ray florets female, 14—16, fertile, tube glabrous; limbs 7—12 x
3—5 mm, white. Disc corollas terete in fruit. Cypselas obpyramidate, 2—2.5 mm long,
smooth, obscurely ribbed to ribless, auricle unilateral, short, opaque.

Flowering period: March—April.
Specimens Examined:

FUJ: Jazireh Derek, 1933, C. EpMonpDs Rustam No. 2800 (K!); Balad Singar-Tal
Afor, c. 350 m, 1933, EvAN Guest Rustam No. 4139A (K!); Midway between Tal Afar

10 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

& Sinjar, 1969, S. OMar & H. Hamp 36465 (K!); Ain Ghazal (Mosul province), 400
m, 1933, E. Guest Rustam No. 4096 (K!); 5 km S of Mosul, Mosul Liwa, 1963, FRED
A. BarKLEY 331 (K!); DWD: Wadi Massad Al-Rutba, 22 km SE of Rutba, Ramadi
Liwa, 1962, FRED A. BARKLEY & Hikmat ABsas 991 (K!); Between Baghdad & Syrian
desert, 1930, F. R. Jackson A-240/1930 (K!); Mesopotamia, 1888, P. SinTENIs 577
(G-Botss); Mesopotamia, 60 miles W of Euphrates, 1955, H. HELBAEK 290 (K!).

Distribution: Turkey, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran.

It can be easily recognised by appendage of the inner phyllaries which is as long as or
longer than the lower hairy part.

4. A. haussknechtii Botss. & Reut. in Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 310 (1875); Eic in Palest. J.
Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 170 (1938); Grizrson & YAvin in Davis, Fl. Turk. 5: 204 (1975);
FEINBRUN-DOTHAN, Fl. Pal. 3: 330. Pl. 551 (1978); MourTerpbe, op. cit. 410. PI.
CCXXV, n. 1 & 2 (1983); GHaFoor & AL-TurKI in Candollea 52: 461. Fig. 1, E-L
(1997). Type: Syria, ad Aleppo, HAUSSKNECHT S. n. (Syntype, n.v.); Iraq ad Tscharmelik
(Cermelik) atque in deserto inter fl. Chabur et Montem Sindjar, HAUSSKNECHT s. n. (K!
syn.; W iso.).

Annual, silvery to greyish, up to 25 cm tall herb with divaricate, erect or ascending
branches from near the base. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, 1.5—-4.5 x 1—2.5 cm, 2-3-
pinnatisect into linear-oblanceolate, 1.5—3 x c. 0.5 mm, acute lobules. Capitula 1.5—
2.5 cm across, on 4—5 cm long, slightly thickened fruiting peduncles. Phyllaries with
pale-brown scarious margins, hairy, outer triangular-lanceolate, c. 4-5 mm, acute, in-
ner oblong-oblanceolate, 6-7 x 1.5—2 mm, obtuse. Receptacle conical, 6-8 mm long.
Paleae oblanceolate, c. 4 mm long, + keeled, eroded-fimbriate to sometimes lacerate,
abruptly mucronate. Ray florets female, fertile, 15—20, with indurated, glabrous, per-
sistent corolla tube; limbs elliptic-oblong, 5-8 x 3.5—5 mm, deciduous. Disc corollas
glabrous, globose inflated in its lower part. Cypselas cylindrical, 1.75—2 mm, white,
finely striate, tuberculate, straight or outer ones curved and bald, inner cypselas
crowned by a unilateral, erose-dentate auricle as long as or nearly half the size of
cypselas.

Flowering period: March—April.
Specimens Examined:

FUJ: In deserto inter Chabur (Khabur) & Sindshar (Sinjar), 1867, C. HAUSSKNECHT
528 (G!; JE!); DWD: 20 km WNW of Rutba, c. 600 m, 1957, AL-Rawi 21131 (K!);
MRO: Gali Ali Beg, 1973, F. Karim, H. Hamip & M. Jasmin 40892 (K!); FPF: Kani
Kirmaj, c. 460 m, 1958, M. E. D. Moore 317 (K!); FUJ: NW Iraq, 2 km N of Abu
Wajnam, 34° 52'N 45° 40'E, c.400 m, 1933, Eic & Zonary s. n. (HUJ!); FNI: N Iraq,
35 km S of Khanagq (N of Mosul), ca. 450 m,1933, Eic & Zouary s. n. (HUJ!); MJS:
Jebel Sindjar, 600 m, 1933, Eic & Zonary s. n. (HUJ!); MRO: Sultan Dagh (moun-

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 11

tain), N of Koi Sanjaq, 850 m, 7.5.1959, AL-Rawi & Nuri 28200 (K!); MSU: 1 km S
of Durbandikan, Sulaimaniya Liwa, 1964, FRED A. BARKLEY & IHSAN ALI SHEHBAZ
7717 (K!); FKI: 31 km N of Kirkuk to Kori Sanjaq, near Schwan village, 740 m, AL-
Raw1, Nuri & AL Kass 27962 (K!); Acra, c. 500-1000 m, Qaimqam of Acra, 1932,
Rustam No. 3093A (K!); FUJ: Ain Al Hassan (near Sinjar), 330 m, 1933, EvAN GUEST
Rustam No. 4237 (K!); FUJ: Tel Kotchek, 400 m, steppe, frequent, 1948, GmLetT
10836 (K!).

Distribution: Turkey, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran.

Habitat: Gravel soil; mountainside steppe on conglomerate hill; fallow fields; fine
gravelly hills with grey soil; decomposed limestone hills; red-clay or stony-clay hill-
sides; red-clay hillside; open steppe; 400-1000 m.

Eic (1938) has recognized several infraspecific taxa in this species which can be
easily distinguished from all the others in Iraq by its 6-7 mm long inner phyllaries and
+ indurated ray floret tubes.

5. A. marismartui Eic, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 181 (1938); FEINBRUN-DOTHAN, FI.
Pal. 3: 331. Pl. 554 (1978). Type: ’ca. Hebron”, Korscuy s.n. (G-Boiss holo.).

Syn.: A. kurdica TRANSHAHR in PI. Syst. Evol. 139: 160 (1981) — synon. nov. Type:
FUJ: Kurd.: Jabal Khantur, in saxosis calc. N Zakho prope Sharanish, 1200 m,
RECHINGER 12096 (W! holo.).

A glabrescent, branched annual herb, up to 25 cm tall, branches ascending from near
the base. Leaves ovate-oblong, bipinnatisect or nearly so into remote, linear, acute-
mucronate ultimate segments. Peduncles slender, 4-10 cm long, unthickened in fruit.
Capitula radiate or discoid, 1—2.5 cm across. Involucre 6-8 mm wide. Phyllaries
lanceolate, outer 3-4 mm long, membranous margined, inner ones c. 5 mm long,
broadly hyaline at the apices, nearly glabrous. Receptacle conical, c. 46 mm long,
chaffy all over. Paleae narrowly oblong-spathulate, c. 3—3.5 mm long, membranous, +
keeled, acuminate-mucronate, deciduous. Ray florets fertile, tubes compressed,
pilose; limbs oblong, 7-8 x 4—5 mm, white. Disc florets yellow, c. 3 mm long, tube
pilose, inflated below and subcompressed above, lobes somewhat patent, terminated
by a mucro half to twice the size of lobes. Cypselas + obconical, 1.75—2.25 mm long,
outer somewhat curved, indistinctly striate, shortly auriculate or with an
inconspicuous unilateral rim at the apices.

Flowering period: April—May.
Specimens Examined:

FPF: Bus Kaya (Bagsaya), 150-190 m, 1958, AL-Rawi & SH. HADDAD 25591 (K!);
LCA: Near Baghdad, 1933, Yusur Lazar 239 (F!); MAM: Zawita mountain,
between Ramia & Shaglaura, 1973, F. Karim, H. HAMp & M. JAsmin 40853 (K!).

12 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Distribution: Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, (Syria ?).
Habitat: Gravelly hillside, calcareous rocks; 150-1200 m.

Although considered an east Saharo-Arabian species by FEINBRUN-DOTHAN (1978),
the authors regard it as a biregional element due to its extension into Irano-Turanian
territory. This is a new record from Iraq and may also be found in Syria.

It is distinguished from all the other species by its long apiculate corolla lobes of disc
florets.

6. A. melanacme Boiss. & HAussKN. in Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 315 (1875); GrieRSON &
Yavin in Davis, Fl. Turk. 5: 207 (1975). Type: Turkey, Mardin, Supra Terek (Derik),
HAUSSKNECHT 524 (G holo.).

A low growing, 10—15 cm tall, greyish-pubescent, annual herb with decumbent
branches from near the base. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, c. 2 cm long,
bipinnatisect into oblong-oblanceolate, c. 2 mm long, acute ultimate segments.
Peduncles small, apparently remaining unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, c. 2 cm
across. Involucre c. 10 mm wide. Phyllaries all + triangular-lanceolate, densely hirs-
ute outside, acute with dark brown narrow margins. Receptacle convex, chaffy all
over. Paleae lanceolate, keeled, with broad, dark brown margins, acuminate at the
apices. Ray florets fertile, with basally pilose corolla tube; limbs oblong-spathulate,
7.5-10 mm long, white. Disc florets yellow, c. 3 mm long, corolla tube pilose,
seemingly not inflated below. Cypselas immature, c. 1 mm long, apparently shortly
auriculate.

Flowering period: May—June.

Specimen Examined:

Mesopotamia, 1920, R. J. D. GRAHAM s. n. (K!).
Distribution: Iraq, Syria (?), Turkey.

Habitat: Fallow fields and limestone hillsides.

The only specimen seen, although young, definitely belongs here. This Irano-
Turanian species is probably undercollected or rare in Iraq.

7. A. microlepis Ec, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 185 (1938); Recu. f., Fl. Lowland Iraq
620 (1964). Type: Northern Iraq, 7 km W of Tel-Afar, 1933, Eic & Zonary s.n. (HUJ!
holo.).

Syn.: A. singarensis Ec, op. cit. 186 (1938). Type: NW Iraq, 30 km W of Balad
Sindjar, 465 m, 28.4.1933, Eic & Zouary Relev 3 (HU! holo.).

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 13

Annual, 7—20 cm tall, appressed hairy herb with ascending or erect branches. Leaves
petiolate, + patulous hairy to glabrous, ovate to oblong-ovate, (1—) 1.5—2 cm long, 8—
10 mm wide, bipinnatisect into narrowly linear, + remote, mucronulate segments.
Peduncles 3—S cm long, + thickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, (1.5—) 2.5—3 cm across.
Involucre 6—9 mm wide. Phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 3.5—4 x c. 1 mm, greenish, hairy
outside, narrowly scarious margined. Receptacle conical, 5—6 x c. 2.5 mm, chaffy all
over. Paleae narrowly oblong-spathulate, c. 2.5 mm long, slightly keeled, 3-dentate
and mucronate at the apices, not persistent. Ray florets female, fertile, 8—10, tubes
glabrous; limbs obovate-oblong, 12—15 (—20) x 4—5 mm, white. Disc florets c. 3 mm
long, corolla tubes basally pilose and + inflated in fruit. Cypselas obconical, some-
what curved, nearly as long as paleae, whitish, striate, obscurely tuberculate, auricles
unilateral, short, denticulate.

Flowering period: April—May.
Specimens Examined:

FUJ: 7 km W of Tel-Afar, c. 400 m, 1933, Eic & Zouary s.n. (HUJ, isotype of A.
microlepis); FKI: 9 km N of Taug (between Bakuba & Kirkuk), 1933, Eic & ZOHARY
s. n. (HUJ, syntype of A. microlepis var. leiantha Ec); FUJ: 53 km W of Balad
Sindjar, 460 m, 1933, Eic & Zonary s. n. (HUJ); FKI: 14 km NW of Kirkuk, 1933,
Ec & Zouary s.n. (HUJ); FUJ: Jazira, N of Sinjar, field, c. 400 m, 1954, EvAN Guest
13344 (K!); Jazira (Nr. Tslafugq), c. 350 m, 1954, E. Guest 13414 (K!).

Distribution: Endemic to Iraq.

Habitat: Fallow fields, grey stoneless soil; hill with projecting rocks; sandy soil in low
bushy steppe; 400-500 m.

8. Anthemis micrantha Boiss. & HAusskn. in Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 300 (1875); IRANSHAHR
in Recu. f., Fl. Iran. 158 (4): 31, tab. 224, fig. 2 (1986). Type: Iraq, Pir Omar Gudrum,
June 1867, C. HAUSSKNECHT 532 (G ! holo.).

Appressedly greyish hairy, low growing, basally branched annual herb with erect, fili-
form stems. Leaves sessile, oblong to lanceolate, 10-15 mm long, 5-10 mm broad;
lower pinnatipartite into short, linear-lanceolate, acute, remote ultimate segments,
uppermost simple. Peduncles filiform, 1.5—2 cm long, thickened in fruit. Capitula
radiate, c. 6-8 mm across, few-flowered. Involucre c. 5 mm wide. Phyllaries acute,
outer triangular-ovate, 2.5—3.5 x 1.5—2 mm, inner lanceolate, whitish scarious margi-
ned. Receptacle convex, 3-4 mm long, chaffy all over. Paleae lanceolate, 2.5—3 mm
long, acuminate. Ray florets female, fertile, c. 6, tubes compressed, glabrous; limbs
ovate, c. 3 x 2 mm, white. Disc florets yellow, c. 2.5 mm long, glabrous. Cypselas
(juvenile) smooth, unilaterally narrowly marginate.

Flowering period: May—June.

14 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Specimen Examined:

MSU: Pir Omar Gudrum, 35° 46’N, 45° 14’E, 1867, Haussknecut 531 (G!).
Distribution: Endemic to Iraq.

Habitat: High mountain peaks; above 2500 m.

Known only from type locality and might have become extinct.

9. Anthemis leptophylla Etc, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 162 (1938); Recn. f., FI.
Lowland Irag 616 (1964); IRANSHAHR in RECH. f., op. cit. 29. tab. 21 (1986); GHAFooR
& At-TurKI in CHAUDHARY, FI. Kingd. Saudi Arabia 2 (3): 174 (2000). Type: Iraq, N.
W. Qalat Shergat (ad Tigridem infra urbem a Mosul quatuor horas in circuiter, sub-
strata calcareo, c. 170-300 m), 1912, P. MarREsH (sub A. hyalina DC. det. HANp.-
MazzetT! in Herb. Vindobon.).

Annual, erect, up to 40 cm tall, appressed hairy, unbranched or basally few-branched
herb. Lower leaves with pectinate-dentate short petiole, median and upper ones
sessile, broadly lanceolate-oblong to oblong-ovate, 1-4 cm long, 0.8—1.8 (-2) cm
wide, finely bi- or + tripinnatisect, lobes remote, ultimate segments linear, shortly
acuminate. Peduncles 5—8 cm long, gradually thickened upwards in fruit. Capitula
radiate, 2.54.5 cm across. Involucre 10—12 mm wide. Phyllaries smooth or nearly so,
outermost narrowly triangular, c. 3 x 2 mm, hyaline margined, inner oblong-
spathulate, c. 5-6 x 3-4 mm, obtuse, broadly hyaline and + lacerate margined.
Receptacle hemispherical, c. 3-4 <x 4-5 mm, chaffy all over. Paleae oblong-
spathulate, 3—3.5 x 1.5—2 mm, almost flat, membranous with a whitish nerve running
through and forming a short mucro at the + erose obtuse-truncate apices. Ray florets
female, 15-20, tubes glabrous, + winged at the base; limbs oblong-obovate to
oblanceolate, 10—16 x 5—8 mm, white. Disc corollas glabrous, basally not swollen in
fruit. Cypselas oblong-cylindrical, 1.5-2 mm long, 10-ribbed, smooth, straw
coloured, shortly unilaterally marginate at the apices.

Flowering period: April—May.
Specimens Examined:

DWD/DLJ: Nr. Haditha, 1972, H. Hamip 39149 (K!); DLJ: 20 km E of Ana to Al
Qaim, 1976, S. Omar, AL Kaisi, K. & H. Hamip 44422 (K!); DLJ: Between Ana & Al
Qaim, 1972, H. Hamp 39178 (K!); DLJ: Rawa, 34°28’'N, 41°51’E, 1972, H. HAM
39120 (K!); DLJ: 50 km from Haditha to Boji, 1974, S. OMar, M. Noort, H. Hamp,
KH. MuHammanp & M. Jasim 41478 (K!); FUJ: Qaiyarah, Mosul, 215 m, BAYLIN 93a
(K!); DSD: 50 km N by W of Aidaha (Al-Aida: c. 80 km SSW of Salman, c. 370 m,
1957, Guest, AL-RAw! & RECHINGER 19192 (K!).

Distribution: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 15

Habitat: Sandy clay soil; gravelly silty plain; disturbed ground, sandy washes on
stony plain; 200-370 m.

10. Anthemis deserti Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 305 (1875); Recu. f., Fl. Lowland Iraq 618
(1964); AL-Rawi, Fl. Kuwait 2: 240 (1987); GHAFoor & AL-Turki in Candollea 52:
467. Fig. 4, I-K (1997); in CHAUDHARY, op. cit. 172, Pl. Comp. 52, I-K. Type: Habitat
in arenosis desertorum Arabiae Petreae, SCHIMPER 399 (sub A. peregrina Boiss.) (G-
BOISS holo. photo !).

Syn.: A. melampodina DELLE ssp. deserti (Botss.) Eic in Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 177
(1938); TAcKHOLM, Stud. Fl. Egypt, ed. 2. 574 (1974); FEINBRUN-DOTHAN, FI. Pal. 3:
332 (1978).

Annual, greyish-tomentose herb with ascending branches from near the base. Leaves
with 3-6 (-8) mm long petiole, oblong or linear-oblong, 2-3 < 1—1.5 cm,
pinnatipartite into linear or oblong, entire or 3-fid ultimate segments. Peduncles
slender, unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, 2—-2.5 (3) cm across. Involucre 8-10
mm wide. Phyllaries lanceolate, narrowly scarious margined, acute. Receptacle
hemispherical, 2.5—3 mm long, chaffy all over. Paleae oblong-lanceolate, c. 3 mm
long, carinate, acute. Ray florets female, 10—15, fertile, tubes glabrous; limbs 4-6
(7) x 2.5-3.5 mm, white. Disc corollas glabrous, c. 3 mm long and inflated at the
base in fruit. Cypselas + obpyramidate, slightly curved or not, 1.5—1.75 mm long,
longitudinally tubercled on ridges, exauriculate.

Flowering period: March—May.
Vernacular: Qahwiyan, Rebyan.
Specimens Examined:

LEA: Rustam Farm, near Baghdad, 1933, Yusur Lazar 36 (F!, K! ); DSD: Faihat Um
al Minaikhar Nr. Salman, 1973, F. Karim, M. Noort, H. Hamp & H. Kyapim 40216
(K!); Al-Maaniya, c. 95 km W of Shabicha, 1961, Karis & Hazim, 30561 (K!);
Shabicha al-Salman, 1953, Rami & A. At-JaB 21430 (K!); Al-Samah, 29° 45’N, 45°
50’E, 1968, Auizzi & S. OMER 35748 (K!); Khadar al-mai, 29° 45’N, 46° 50’E, c. 190
m, 1960, AL-Raw1, M. AL-Kuatp & H. Tixriry 29109 (K!); 10 km SE of Jiraibiyat, c.
125 km S of Basra, c. 175 m, 1957, Guest, AL-Raw! & RECHINGER 17155 (K!); DSD:
Khadar Almai, c. 180 m, 1963, KHaATIB & ALizzm 32686 & 32728 (K!); DSD: c. 30 km
S by E of Rumailla station (c. 55 km W by S of Basra), 1957, Guest, AL-RAwI &
RECHINGER 17332 (K!); DSD: 20 km NW of Salman, 1972, Fauzi, HAziM & H. HAMID
38697 (K!); DSD: 23 km SE by S of Zubair, c.10 m, 1957, E. Guest, AL-Rawi &
RECHINGER 16853 (K!); LBA:Al-Batin Nr. (WNW) Jarishan, c. 85 km SW of Basra, c.
80 m, Guest, AL-Raw! & RECHINGER 17092 (K!); DSD: Near Al-Baniya, 30° 12’'N,
47° 15’E, c. 65 km WSW of Basra, c. 70 m, Guest, AL-Raw! & RECHINGER 17311 (K!);
LCA: 16 km W of Falluja, 1961, CHAKRAvaRTY & AL-Rawi 30282 (K!); DSD: Near

16 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Safai al-Maghif (NE of Ghazlani), c.100 km WSW of Basra, c. 130 m, Guest, AL-
Raw & RECHINGER, 17259 (K!); DSD: Southern desert, Al-Ishrishi (c. 35 km E by N
Bwaiya), c. 115 m, 1955, Guest & AL-Rawi 14187 ( K!); DSD: Southern Desert, 60
km SW by W of Zubair, c. 70 m, 1955, Guest & AL-Raw 14307 (K!); DSD: Nr. Al-
Aidha (Al-Aida) (c. 110 km SW of Salman, c. 35 km NW of Jumaima ), 1957, Guest,
AL-RaAwi & RECHINGER 19130 (K!); DSD: Southern desert, c. 80 km ESE Buraiga, c.
140 m, 1955, Guest & AL-Rawi s. n. (K!).

Distribution: E Egypt (rare), Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria (?).

Habitat: Sandy gravelly soil, depauperate *haswa’ plains and subdesert, ’haswa’ ridge
with large pebbles, plains with low flat dunes and sand ridges, sandy open wadis; 10—
410 m.

A. deserti has often been treated as a subspecies of A. melampodina. The authors have
observed that the latter species is much more frequent in Palestine, Jordan, Saudi
Arabia and Egypt, where the former is comparatively less frequent. These two species
are probably sympatric in Palestine, Jordan and Egypt but A. deserti seems to exist in
pure populations in the present study area.

Unthickened peduncles, acute outer phyllaries and exauriculate cypselas separate
A. deserti from A. melampodina which is very rare in Iraq.

11. Anthemis gillettii IRANSHAHR in Pl. Syst. Evol. 139: 159 (1982); in Recu. f., FI.
Iran. 158 (4): 33. Tab. 32 (1986). Type: LEA: E. Badra in collibus ad confines
Persiae, 200 m, J. B. GLetr 6706 (K! holo.).

Annual, up to 10 cm tall, hairy, simple or branched herb. Leaves petiolate, ovate, 1.5—
2.5 cm long, 5—10 mm broad, bipinnatisect into linear, acute segments. Peduncles
short, 24 cm long, thickened upwards in fruit. Capitula radiate, 1.5—2 cm across.
Involucre 8—10 mm wide. Phyllaries hairy outside, outer oblong, c. 3 mm long, acute,
inner obovate, 5—5.5 x c. 3 mm, broadly hyaline margined, obtuse. Receptacle ovoid-
hemispherical, c. 5 mm long, chaffy all over. Paleae oblong, 3—3.5 mm long, carinate,
apically short mucronate. Ray florets female, fertile, 8-10, tubes glabrous; limbs
oblong, white. Disc florets yellow, as long as paleae, not inflated in fruit. Cypselas
cylindrical, 1.5—1.8 mm long, faintly striate, smooth, almost bald or inconspicuously
denticulate at the apices.

Flowering period: March—May.
Specimens Examined:

LEA: Badra, 1947, GiLetr 6657 (K!); Mountains on Persian border, E of Badra,
1947, GLLeTr 6706 (K! iso); FPF: W of Khanagqin, 1929, Cowan & DarLincTON 164
(K!); FKI: 12 km E of Kirkuk, 1948, AL-Rawi & GiLtetr 10579 (K!).

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 17

Distribution: Iraq, Lran.
Habitat: Dry to moist steppe on gypsaceous soils and eroded slopes; 200-400 m.

12. Anthemis hamrinensis IRANSHAHR in P]. Syst. Evol. 139: 161 (1982); in Recu. f.,
op. cit. 43. Tab. 45 (1986). Type: Iraq, Baghdad, inter Tigris flumen et Monte Jabal
Hamrin, 24 km ab oppido Samarra Orientem versus, ca. 34° 15’N, 44°E, 4.5.1957,
RECHINGER 9580 (W! holo.).

Annual, 10-20 cm tall, whitish-tomentose, much branched herb with patent to
suberect branches. Leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, 1-2 cm long, 5—10 mm wide,
bipinnatisect into linear-oblanceolate ultimate segments. Peduncles slender, 4-7 cm
long, unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, 1.52 cm across. Involucre 7-10 mm
wide. Phyllaries dimorphic, outer ovate-oblong, 1.5—2 mm long, + obtuse, inner
narrowly obovate, 3-4 x 1.5—2 mm, scarious margined, obtuse. Receptacle conical,
chaffy all over. Paleae oblong, flat, c. 2.5 mm long, mucronate. Ray florets female,
fertile, 12-15, tubes glabrous; limbs oblong, c. 6 mm long, white. Disc corollas
yellow above, purplish below, c. 2—2.5 mm long, + compressed. Cypselas cylindrical,
c. 1.5 mm long, striate, smooth, very shortly auriculed.

Flowering period: May—June.
Specimens Examined:

DGA: Baghdad, inter Tigris flumen et Monte Jabal Hamrin, 24 km ab oppido Sam-
arra Orientem versus, ca. 34°15’N, 44°E, 1957, RECHINGER 9580 (W!); DGA: 26 km E
Samarra, c. 60 m, gravel soil, 1957, AL-RAw1 20376 (K!).

Distribution: Endemic to Iraq.
Habitat: Gravel mixed sandy soil; 50-400 m.

13. Anthemis wettsteiniana HAND.-Mazz.. in Ann. Nat. Hofmus. Wien 27: 433. Tab.
16. Fig. 7 (1913); Recu. f., Fl. Lowland Iraq 617 (1964); MouterbDE, Nouv. FI. Lib.
Syr. 3: 409. Pl. CCXXIV, n. 3 (1983); IRANSHAHR in REcH. f., Fl. Iran. 158 (4): 30. Tab.
27 (1986). Type: Ad ripam destram Tigridis ad septentriones oppidi Tekrit, HANDEL-
Mazzett1 1008 (W! holo.).

Syn.: A. desertisyriaci E1c, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 174. P1.10, fig.19 & PI. 11A, fig.
18 (1938). Type: Syrian desert, 560 km E of Damascus, 320 km W of Baghdad, 530
m, 1933, Eic & Zonary s. n. (HUJ para.) A. deltawensis Ec, op. cit. 172. Pl. VII, f. 12;
PIXE Ay £5: PIX £16 (1938).

Annual, greyish-green, appressedly lanate, up to 25 cm tall herb with ascending
branches from the base. Leaves petiolate, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, 2.54.5 x
1.5—2.5 cm, bipinnatisect into linear-lanceolate, remote, obtuse, mucronate ultimate
segments. Peduncles (3—) 4-6 cm long, gradually thickened upwards in fruit. Capitula

18 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

radiate, (1.5—) 22.5 (-3) cm across. Involucre 8-10 mm wide. Phyllaries densely
hairy outside, dimorphic, white membranous on margins; outer narrowly triangular-
lanceolate to lanceolate, 4-5 x 1—1.5 mm; inner oblong-lanceolate, 6-7 x 1.5—2 mm,
white membranous at the apices. Receptacle + convex-conical, chaffy all over. Paleae
spathulate or oblong-spathulate, 2.5—-3 mm long, slightly carinate, membranous,
shortly mucronate, deciduous. Ray florets female, fertile, 12-15, tubes glabrous,
unindurated; limbs oblong, 7-12 x 4—5 mm, white. Disc florets pale-yellow, as long as
or shorter than the paleae, glabrous. Cypselas + curved, obconical-turbinate, c. 2 mm
long, tuberculate; inner with 0.5—1 mm long auricle; outer nearly smooth,
exauriculate.

Flowering period: March—April.
Specimens Examined:

DGA: N Iraq, foothills of Jebel Hamrin, 1933, Eic & Zonary s. n. (HUJ!); LCA: N
Iraq, 35 km NE of Deltawah (N of Baghdad), 1933, Eic & Zonary s. n. (HUJ!);
DWD: 60 km from Qaim, 1974, Botany Staff 41713 (K!); DWD: Rutba, 1955, At-
Raw 640 (K!); DWD: E of Shitatha, 200 m, 1947, AL-Raw & GILLETT 6432 (K!);
DWD: 30 km S of Shanawa (probably Shanana), 200 m, 1955, At-Raw1 15603 (K!);
DWD: Nr. Rutba wells, 1933, H. R. P. Dickson iv (K!); LCA: 3 km N of Garma,
bridge on Falluja-Baghdad canal, 1960, AGNew 278 (E!); DGA: Sammara, Baghdad
Liwa, 1961, AGNEw 5240 (E!); DLJ: Falluja desert-by cement works, 1960, AGNEW
345 (E!); DLJ: Jezira, 20 km W of Sumaicha-Belad line, Baghdad Liwa,1960, AGNEw
212 (E').

Distribution: Iran, Iraq, Syria.

Habitat: Foothills plains, sandy or clay soil or stony desert, cultivated fields; 200-550
m.

14. Anthemis susiana NABELEK in Pub. Fac. Sci. Univ. Masaryk, Brn. 52: 161 (1925);
IRANSHARR , Op. Cit. 34. Tab. 31 (1986). Type: F. NABELEK 3622, 3623 and 3635 (SAV
syn. photo. ! ).

Annual, 5—15 cm tall, appressed whitish-pubescent herb with ascending branches
from near the base. Leaves petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, 1.5—2.5 cm long, 5—10 mm
wide, bipinnatisect into remote, linear, callose mucronulate segments. Peduncles up
to 5 cm long, upwardly thickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, 1.8—2 cm across. Involucre
6~-9 mm wide. Phyllaries dimorphic, outer triangular-ovate, 2.5—3 mm long, inner
oblong-spathulate, 4-5 x c. 2 mm, hyaline margined, obtuse. Receptacle conical, c. 5
mm long, chaffy all over. Paleae obovate-spathulate, c. 2.5 mm long, membranous, +
carinate, inconspicuously mucronate. Ray florets female, fertile, 8-10, tube
compressed, glabrous; limbs ovate-oblong, 8-10 mm long, white. Disc florets yellow,
slightly longer than paleae, terete in fruit. Cypselas cylindrical, oblong-turbinate, 1.5—

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 19

2 mm long, striate, smooth, unilaterally minutely auriculate.
Flowering period: April—May.

Distribution: Iran, Iraq.

Habitat: Alluvial plain; 10-20 m.

No specimens from Iraq have been seen by the authors and it is included here on the
authority of IRANSHAHR (1986), who has cited a specimen (Shatt at-Tib, c. 60-70 km N
of Amarah).

15. Anthemis arvensis L., Sp. Pl.: 894 (1753); DC., Prodr. 6: 10 (1838); Boiss., FI.
Or. 3: 301 (1875); FEDorov in SCHISCHKIN & Bosrov, Fl. SSSR 26: 36 (1961); TAck-
HOLM, Stud. Fl. Egypt, ed. 2. 574 (1974); Grierson & Yavin in Davis, Fl. Turk. 5: 198.
Fig. 9 (1975); FERNANDES in TuTIN et al., Fl. Europ. 4: 153 (1976); GHAFooR & AL-
Turk1 in Candollea 52: 465. Fig. 2, G-K (1997). Type: “Habitat in Europae praesertim
Sueciae agris”, Herb. Linn. 1016.15 (LINN !).

Annual or biennial, sometimes perennating, up to 50 cm tall, sparsely to densely hairy
herb. Leaves obovate-oblong, 1—3-pinnatisect into linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate
to elliptic, acute-mucronate ultimate lobules. Capitula 14 cm across, on slender, not
or slightly to distinctly thickened fruiting peduncles. Involucre 5-10 mm wide.
Phyllaries oblong or oblong-obovate; outer acute; inner subacute to subobtuse,
hyaline to pale-brown scarious on margins and apex. Receptacle convex, becoming
shortly to elongate conical in fruit, 2-10 mm long. Paleae lanceolate-oblanceolate,
broadening toward + stiffly acuminate apex, sub-persistent. Ray florets fertile, with
glabrous tube, deciduous; limbs elliptic-oblong, 4-8 x 34 mm, white. Disc corolla
basally not or slightly inflated, glabrous. Cypselas obconical, 1.5—2.5 mm long,
smooth, with an undulate rim or lacerate hyaline auricle.

Flowering period: March—April.
Specimens Examined:

FUJ: Disintegrating marble inside of inner wall of old Hatra, Al-Jezira desert,
23.3.1964, E. D. BARKLEY & F. A. BARKLEY 6574 (K!); FPF: 3 km N of Saadya, 1975,
At-Kaisi 42544 (K!); FUJ: Midway between Tal-Afar & Sinjar, 1969, S. OMER & H.
Hamp 36478 (K!); FKI: Tur Shermati dist. Kirkuk, 1910, NABELEK 3632 (SAV!);
LCA: Babylon, 32° 33'N, 44° 25’E, REUTER 3631 (SAV!).

Distribution: Egypt, Iran, Iraq, most of Europe, Saudi Arabia, Turkey; introduced into
the New World, Australia, New Zealand.

Habitat: Clay soil, roadsides in upper plains and foothills; 200-300 m.

An excessively variable species in size of capitula, receptacle, limb size and cypsela

20 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

features. It is often confused with A. cotula from which it differs in its obtuse inner
phyllaries with pale-brown or hyaline margins and lanceolate to oblanceolate, not
bristle-like, paleae having + abrupt acuminate apices.

16. Anthemis plebeia Boiss. & Noé in Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 313 (1875); IRANSHAHR in
Recu. f., Fl. Iran. 158 (4): 41. Tab. 42 (1986). Type: Iraq, Kurdistan, No& 228 (G-
BOISS holo.).

Annual, 5—10 (-15) cm tall, densely appressed greyish-hairy, unbranched herb.
Leaves subsessile, narrowly oblong, 1—1.5 cm long, S—10 mm wide, bipinnatisect into
linear-oblong, c. 1.5 x 0.5 mm, acute ultimate segments. Peduncles 2.5—3 cm long,
unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, 1.5—2 cm across. Involucre 8-10 mm wide.
Phyllaries ovate-oblong, outer small, inner 3-4 <x 1—1.5 mm, all membranous,
fimbriate margined. Receptacle hemispherical, c. 3 x 2 mm, chaffy all over. Paleae
oblong, 3—3.5 x c. 1 mm, transparent, slightly keeled, irregularly fimbriate, shortly
mucronate. Ray florets female, fertile, 10-12, tubes compressed, pilose; limbs
oblong-obovate, 6-8 x 3-4 mm, white. Disc corollas yellow, glabrous, inflated below
in fruit. Cypselas obpyramidate, smooth, sulcate-striate, truncate or with a very short
unilateral rim.

Flowering period: March—April.
Specimens Examined:

FPF: 18 km SE of Baksaya, 100 m, 1958, AL-Rawi & SH. HADDAD 25627 (K!); DSD:
20 km W of Subaicha, 1961, Hanes, E. HADAC, WALEED-EL-HASHMI & AGNEW 5549
(E!); DWD: North End of Habbaniya Lake, Ramadi Liwa, 1960, A. D. Q. & S. AGNEw
237 (E!).

Distribution: Endemic to Iraq.
Habitat: Foothills, gravel wadis, fine silt depressions and sandy desert; 100—150 m.

It is a close relative of A. gayana which it resembles in shape of paleae and short
peduncles.

17. Anthemis melampodina DELILE, Descr. Egypte Hist. Nat.: 268, tab. 45, fig. 11
(1813-1814); Etc, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 176 (1938), pro parte; Recu. f., FI.
Lowland Iraq 618 (1964); FEINBRUN-DoTHAN, Fl. Pal. 3: 332. Pl. 557 (1978), pro
parte; GHAFOoR & AL-TurRKI in Candollea 52: 469. Fig. 4, A-D (1997). Type: Egypt,
DELILE (MPU! holo.).

Annual, 15—25 cm tall, densely appressed canescent herb with ascending branches
from near the base. Leaves shortly petiolate, oblong to ovate-oblong, 1.5—3 cm long,
1 (-2)-pinnatisect into linear-oblong, mucronate lobules. Capitula 2—3 cm across, on
gradually slightly thickened fruiting peduncles. Involucre S—8 mm wide. Phyllaries

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 21

lanceolate to ovate-oblong, hairy outside, scarious on margins and apex, subobtuse to
obtuse. Receptacle ovate-conical. Paleae oblong-oblanceolate, c. 3 mm long, +
keeled, usually mucronate. Ray florets female, 9-15, fertile; limbs elliptic, 8-12 x 4—
6 mm, white, deciduous. Disc corollas inflated and dark brown in lower half. Cypselas
obpyramidate, c. 1.5—1.75 mm long, auricle scarious, unilateral, 1/6 to as long or
longer than the cypselas.

Specimen Examined:

DWD.: Iraq, 15 km W of Ramadi, 100 m, AL-RAw! & GILLETT 6783 (K!).
Distribution: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Iraq.
Habitat: Sub-desert; 100 m.

An east Saharo-Arabian species; very rare in Iraq where it is replaced by its much
more common ally, A. deserti, in which outer phyllaries are acute and cypselas are
bald.

18. Anthemis zoharyana Eic, Palest. Journ. Bot., Jer. ser. 1: 178 (1938); TACKHOLM,
Stud. Fl. Egypt, ed. 2. 575 (1974); FEINBRUN-DOTHAN, op. cit. 333. PI. 558; GHaFoor &
AL-TurKI, op. cit. 465. Fig. 2, L-P (1997). Type: Palestine, Negeb, 10 km S of
Beersheba, 15.V. 1928, E1c, FEINBRUN & Zouary Ss. n. (HUJ holo.; S iso.).

A sparsely tomentose to almost glabrous, up to 20 cm tall, greyish-green annual herb
with rigid, + upright branches from near the base. Leaves shortly petioled, oblong, 3—
5 x 1-2 cm, 1—2-pinnatisect into remote, linear, 3—8 c. 1 mm, mucronulate ultimate
segments. Peduncles slender, hardly thickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, 2-3 cm
across. Involucre c. 1 cm wide. Phyllaries sparsely hairy, dimorphic, outer lanceolate-
oblanceolate, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, narrowly scarious margined, inner ones oblong-
spathulate, almost twice as long as outer ones, broadly scarious margined towards
obtuse apices. Receptacle conical, 4-5 mm long, chaffy all over. Paleae narrowly
oblong-spathulate, 3-3.5 x 1—-1.5 mm, + carinate, membranous, nerve greenish,
mucronate. Ray florets female, fertile, 10-15, tube glabrous, compressed; limbs
elliptic-oblong, 8-12 x 3-5 mm, white. Disc florets yellow, as long as paleae, tubes
glabrous, inflated below in fruit. Cypselas obpyramidate, 1.5—2 x c. 0.75 mm, slightly
compressed and curved, conspicuously tuberculate on dorsal side, ventrally + ribbed,
unilateral auricle deeply lacerate into acute, triangular lobes, as long as to slightly
longer or shorter than cypselas.

Flowering period: April—June.
Distribution: Iraq, Palestine, Saudi Arabia.
Specimens Examined:

LEA: Uod al-Sada (2 km SW of Hz.) 550 m, 1962, CHAKRAVARTY, AL-RAWI, ALIZzI &

22 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Kuatis 31471 (K!); FKI: Injana 34° 29’'N, 44° 38’E, (Jabal Hamrin), 1971, S. Omar
& F. Karim 37835 (K!).

Habitat: Depressions with silty soil or near water; 100—550 m.

This species is similar to A. melampodina DELILE in general appearance and habit but
can be easily distinguished by its rigid leaves with much narrower and longer acute,
remote ultimate segments, by the broad and long scarious apices of the inner
phyllaries, and the cypselas crowned by a unilateral auricle deeply lacerated into acute
triangular lobes. The other nearest relative seems to be A. eliezeri E1c, cypselas of
which are apically truncate, concave toothed-margined and smooth.

19. Anthemis handel-mazzettii E1c, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 162 (1938); Recn. f., Fl.
Lowland Iraq 616 (1964). Type: Iraq: Ad confines Mesopotamiae et Arabiae borealis
ad Euphratem medium inter Abukemal, et Ramadi, in desertis glareosis prope Kaijim
infra Abukemal, ca. 120-180 m, 4. iv. 1910, HANDEL-MazzetT! 646 (W ! holo.).

Syn.: A. melampodina DELILE var. truncata E\c, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 176 (1938).

Annual, appressed pubescent, erect, 10-15 cm tall herb with ascending branches.
Leaves sessile, oblong, 2-3.5 cm long, 1.5—-2 cm wide, unipinnatisect to +
bipinnatisect into linear-oblanceolate or + spathulate, entire or shallowly dissected, up
to 5 x 2 mm, obtuse, spinulose ultimate segments. Peduncles 5—6 cm long,
unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, 2.5—3 cm across. Involucre 6-8 mm wide.
Phyllaries appressed hairy, obtuse, outer oblong, c. 3 x 1.5 mm, scarious margined,
inner ones oblong-spathulate, c. 5 <x 2 mm, with margins and apices broadly
membranous. Receptacle hemispherical, c. 4-5 mm across, chaffy all over. Paleae
natrowly ovate, 2.5—3 x c. 1 mm, acute-acuminate at the apices, hyaline. Ray florets
8-12, female, fertile, tubes glabrous; limbs oblong, 8-10 x 4-5 mm, white. Disc
florets yellow, c. 4 mm long, tube glabrous, basally uninflated in fruit. Cypselas
obpyramidate, mostly curved, c. 1.25 mm long, tuberculate, truncate and exauriculate
at the apices.

Flowering period: March—April.
Specimens Examined:

DSD: Between Aidaha and Ansab, 1968, Atizz1 & S. Omar 35655 (K!); DSD: Al-
Batin, c. 65 km SW of Basra, c. 70 m, Guest, AL-RAw! & RECHINGER 17086 (K!);
DSD: Between Kuwaibda and Ar Rumail (40 km SW of Basra), 1933, Eic & ZOHARY
s. n. (HUJ!); DSD: c. 92 km W of Basra, 40 m, 1933, Eic & Zonary s.n. (HUJ!,
syntype of A. melampodina var. truncata Ec); DSD: Nr. Jumaima (c. 140 km SW of
Salman), c. 390 m, 1957, GuEst, AL-RAwI & RECHINGER 19122 (K!); DSD: 65 km W
of Basra (Petrol Resource), 1975, Botany Staff 42403 (K!); DSD: Tumela, Toba
Railway Station, 20 km W of Ghubaishiya Basra, Basra Liwa, 1965, SHARIFF Y

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 23

Happab 9537 (K!); DSD: Khaidar el Mai, Southern desert near Kuwait, 1960, AGNEW
& Haines 259 (E!); DSD: E of Ghazlani, c. 105 km SW of Basra, c. 120 m, 1957,
Guest, AL-RAWI & RECHINGER 17239 (K!); DWD: 5 km W of Ramadi, on road to Hit,
60 m, 1947, AL-Raw! & GILLETT 6791 (K!); DSD: 65 km NW of Subaicha, Hames,
WALEED AL-HasHMI & AGNEW 5560 (E!).

Distribution: Endemic to Iraq.
Habitat: Sandy gravelly soil; stony desert with sand; hard sandy plain; 40-400 m.

This species bears much similarity to A. melampodina DELILE in general appearance
but can be easily distinguished by its bald, truncate cypselas and narrowly ovate
paleae.

Sect. Rascheyana Y avin in Israel J. Bot. 21: 176 (1972).

Annual herbs. Paleae oblong to lanceolate, cuspidate or mucronate, persistent.
Cypselas cylindrical, slightly compressed dorsiventrally, 4-5 times as long as broad.

Type: A. rascheyana Boiss.
In Iraq, this section is represented by three species.

20. Anthemis schizostephana Boiss. & HAUussKN. in Borss., Fl. Or. 3: 314 (1875);
IRANSHAHR in RECH. f., Fl. Iran. 158 (4): 40. Tab. 39 (1986). Type: Hab. in graminosis
montis Pir Omar Gudrum Kurdistaniae Persiae, 1300 m, C. HAUSSKNECHT s.n. (W
holo.; G! JE! iso.).

Annual, up to 10 cm tall, low growing, appressed hairy herb with spreading branches
from the base. Leaves petiolate, oblong, 1.5—-2.5 cm long, 8-15 mm wide,
bipinnatisect into linear, 1-3 mm long, mucronulate ultimate segments. Peduncles
1.5—2.5 (-3.5) cm long, slightly thickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, mediocre, 1.5—2
cm across. Involucre 8-10 mm wide. Phyllaries hairy outside, oblong-ovate, 4—5 =
2-3 mm, green in middle, with scarious whitish margins and apices. Receptacle
conical, S—6 mm long, chaffy all over. Paleae oblong-lanceolate, c. 3.5 mm long, +
keeled, abruptly short mucronate, persistent. Ray florets fertile, 15—20; tubes hairy,
inflated, purplish; limbs elliptic, 8-10 x 5-6 mm, white. Disc florets yellow, as long
as to slightly longer than the paleae, corolla tubes pilose, inflated and purplish below
in fruit. Cypselas finely cylindrical, 2—2.5 mm long, whitish, sulcate, smooth, with a
unilateral, acutely fimbriate, c. 1 mm long auricle.

Specimens Examined:

DSD: Nageib, Northern desert province, 25 m, 1955, Guest, AL-Rawi & Lone 14038
(K !); DSD: c. 95 km SSE of Salman (nr. Bakur well or Jalib Bakur), c. 310 m, GuEst,
AL-Raw! & RECHINGER 18890 (K!); Galzarda mountain, 1973, F. Kari, H. Hamp &
M. JAsMIN 40676 (K!); DSD: c. 40 km WNW of Shabicha, 1957, Guest, AL-RAw1 &

24 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

RECHINGER 19297 (K!); DWD: Lake Tharthar, Ramadi Liwa, 1964, HasHim & Marti
384 (K!); DWD: 55 km W of Ramadi (Ramadi-Rutba highway), 1957, AL-Rawi
20863 (K!).

Distribution: Iran, Iraq.
Habitat: Hard sandy gravel desert and hard silty plains; 250—350 m.

This species is characterized by short, slightly thickened peduncles, pilose corolla
tubes and smooth, cylindric, shortly coronate cypselas.

21. Anthemis homalolepis Ec , Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 175. pl. 10, fig. 20 & pl. 11,
fig. 19 (1938); Recu. f., Fl. Lowland Iraq 619 (1964). Type: Iraq, Syrian desert, 20 km
W of Ramadi on the way to Baghdad, soil intermixed with little stones, 170 m, plain,
2.iv.1933, Eic & Zonary s. n. (HUI! iso.).

Erect, appressed tomentose, 6-25 cm tall annual herb with diffuse, divaricate,
ascending branches. Leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, 1—2.5 cm long, (5—) 8-12 mm
wide, finely and deeply bipinnatisect into linear-oblong, 1—-1.5 < ca. 0.5 mm,
apiculate ultimate segments. Peduncles 6-9 cm long, slender or filiform, remaining
unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, 1-2.5 cm across. Involucre 8-10 mm wide.
Phyllaries: outer oblong-lanceolate, 3.5—4.5 x c. 2 mm, with broad hyaline margins;
inner oblong-spathulate, 4.5—5.5 x c. 2.5 mm, broadly scarious and erose lacerate on
margins and apices, all hairy outside, obtuse. Receptacle convex-hemispherical, c. 5—
6 mm across, chaffy all over. Paleae flat, oblong-lanceolate, 3-3.5 x c. 1.5 mm,
abruptly shortly mucronate, persistent. Ray florets 10-12, female, fertile, tubes
glabrous; limbs oblong, 6—10 x c. 4.5 mm, white. Disc florets yellow, tubes glabrous,
slightly longer than the paleae. Cypselas thin, cylindrical, + curved, c. 2 mm long,
sulcate, smooth, unilateral auricle very small.

Flowering period: February—May.
Specimens Examined:

DWD.: Syrian desert, 20 km W of Ramadi on the way to Baghdad, 170 m, 1933, Eic
& Zouary s.n. (HUJ!); DWD: Syrian desert, wadi Muhammadi, 32° 22’N, 42° 40’E,
70 km W of Ramadi (190 km W of Baghdad), 220 m, 1933, Eic & M. Zonary s. n.
(HUJ!); DWD: 180 km W of Ramadi to Rutba, c. 450 m, 1962, CHAKRAVARTY, AL-
Rawt, Kuatip & Auizzi 31416 (K!); DLJ: 40 km NW of Falluja, 75 m, 1961, AL-Rawi
30191 (K!); DWD: 140 km W of Karbala, 200 m, 18.4.61, CHAKRAVARTY & AL-RAWI
30973 (K!); DWD: 20 km W of Nukhaib, 1961, AL-Rawi 30999 (K!); DWD: Swab,
N of Rutba, 1967, Axizz1 35210 (K!); DWD: 70 km W of Nukhaib, 1961, AL-Rawi
31019 (K!); DWD: c. 160 km E of Rutba, 440 m, CHakravarty, AL-RAWI, KHATIB &
Auizzi1 31591(K!); DWD: Syrian desert (c. 15 km W of Ramadi), c. 40 m, 1955, Guest
& Au-Rawi 13917 (K!); DWD: 80 km NW of Nukhaib, 1954, AL-Raw1 23707 (K!);

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 jaa)

DWD: 20 km S of Nukhaib, Auizzi & S. Omar 35522 (K!).
Distribution: Endemic to Iraq.

Habitat: Wadi banks, sandy gravelly or loamy clay soils; dry grypsum soil with small
gravel; 75-440 m.

22. Anthemis rascheyana Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. Ser. 1, 11: 8 (1849); Eic in
Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 166 (1938); FEINBRUN-DoTHAN, FI. Pal. 3: 334. Pl. 562
(1978); MoutTErDE, Nouv. FI. Lib. Syr. 3: 412. Pl. CCXXIV, n. 1 (1986); GHAFooR &
AL-TurkKI in Candollea 52: 469. Fig. 4, E-H (1997); in CHaupuary, Fl. Kingd. Saudi
Arabia 2 (3): 173. Pl. Comp. 52, E-H (2000). Type: Syria, Inter Rascheya et
Damascum, BoissiEr s. n. (G-BOISS holo.).

Annual, up to 15 cm tall, ash-grey, appressed hairy herb with upright or ascending
branches from near the base. Leaves oblong with pectinate petiole, somewhat
bipinnatisect into linear-oblong, acute ultimate segments. Peduncles slender, not or
only slightly thickened in fruit. Capitula small, radiate, 10-15 mm across. Involucre c.
6-8 mm wide. Phyllaries ovate-oblong, almost glabrous, obtuse with broad, scarious,
+ lacerate margins. Receptacle hemispherical, c. 3-4 mm in diam., chaffy all over.
Paleae oblong-lanceolate, carinate, obtusely denticulate and mucronate-acuminate at
the apex, persistent. Ray florets female, tube + compressed, glabrous and basally
inflated; limbs, ovate-oblong, white. Disc florets yellow, with glabrous, basally
inflated, + compressed corolla tube. Cypselas thin, cylindrical, 1.5-2 mm long,
dorsiventrally slightly compressed, striate, smooth, truncate to minutely auricled at
the apex.

Flowering period: April-May.
Specimens Examined:

DSD: 8 km N by W of Aidaha (Al-Aida) (c. 95 km W of Salman), c. 410 m, 1957,
Guest, AL-Raw! & RECHINGER 19153 (K!); DWD: 7 miles south of T-1 station, Iraq,
1935,. R. L. Artryau s. n. (F!); DWD: Iraq Petroleum Co., Station T-4, collector
unknown (probably Yousur Lazar) 33 (F!).

Distribution: Iraq, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria.
Habitat: Slight depressions on open stony plain, compact silty soil; up to 450 m.

A west Irano-Turanian element, recorded for the first time from Iraq, extending its
distribution to middle Saharo-Sindian phytogeographic subregion of Iraq.

The remark of Eic (1938) as to the hairy or glabrous nature of corolla tube of ray
florets is quite justified. Our specimens also do not exhibit hairs and similarly we
could not find hairs on the tube of co-type (K!) of this species.

26 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Sect. Cota (J. Gay) Rupr., Fl. Ingr. 1: 586 (1860).
Syn.: Cota J. Gay in Guss., Fl. Sic. Syn. 2: 866 (1849) pro gen.

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Paleae oblong to spathulate, acuminate, more or
less rigid, persistent. Cypselas strongly compressed dorsiventrally, rhombic in cross-
section, twice or two and a half times as long as broad.

Type: A. tinctoria L.
Represented in Iraq by five species.

23. Anthemis tinctoria L., Sp. Pl.: 896 (1753); Botss., Fl. Or. 3: 280 (1875) - pro
parte; FEDOROV in SCHISCHKIN & Bosrov, Fl. SSSR 26: 41 (1961); Grierson & YAVIN
in Davis, Fl. Turk. 5: 211. Fig. 10 (1975); FERNANDES in TUTIN et al., Fl. Europ. 4: 155
(1976); FEINBRUN-DOTHAN, op. cit. 335. PI. 565; MouTERDE, op. cit. 404. Pl. CCXX, n.
1 (1983); IRANSHAHR in REcH. f., Fl. Iran. 158 (4): 18. Tab. 9 (1986). Type: Europe,
Herb. Cliff. 414.2 (BM-CLIFF).

Perennial, erect, 30-50 (—70) cm tall, stiff, sparsely to densely tomentose-canescent,
rarely almost glabrous, greyish-green herb with branches from near the base. Leaves
obovate-oblanceolate, 1-5 cm long, 0.6—2.5 (-3) cm wide, 2 (—3) pinnatisect into
triangular-lanceolate, 1.5—2.5 x c. 1 mm, cuspidate segments. Peduncles 2.5—5 cm
long, unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate or discoid, (2—) 2.54.5 cm across.
Involucre 1—1.5 cm wide. Phyllaries: outer triangular-lanceolate, smaller than inner
ones, acute; inner phyllaries oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 x 2—3 mm, obtuse to
subacute at the ciliate, pale or dark brown to diffuse brown apex, all sparsely or
densely whitish-lanate in lower part. Receptacle hemispherical, 4—5 mm long, 10—15
mm across, chaffy all over. Paleae oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 x c. 1-1.5 mm, + keeled,
sharply cuspidate or attenuate acuminate at the apices. Ray florets when present
fertile, 18-20, tube compressed; limbs oblong, 4-8 (—10) x c. 2 mm, white or creamy
to golden yellow. Disc florets yellow, 3-4 mm long, tube basally not inflated at
maturity. Cypselas + dorsally compressed, 4-angled, rhombic in cross section, 1.75—
2.25 mm long, faintly ribbed on each side, smooth, auricle less than 0.5 mm long,
membranous, entire.

Flowering period: April—July.
Specimens Examined:

MRO: Iraqi Kurdistan: Env. of Rayat, 1280 m, near the bridge, 1933, Zouary s.n.
(HUJ); MRO: Hoz (Kurdistaniae) Turc., alt. ca. 1900 m, in graminosis, 1910, FR.
NABELEK 3602 (SAV!); MRO: Al-Gird Dagh (nr. Nawauda) by a stream, 2000 m,
1932, Evan Guest Rustam No. 2868 (F!, K!); FUJ: Pl. Mesopotameae & Mosul,
1841, Korscuy 177 (K!); Kurdistan (herb. Hookerianum 1867), K-141 (K!); MRO:
Kurdistan, J. BRANDT & W. H. F. StrANGEways 1840 (herb. Benthamianum ), K-140

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 27

(K!); MAM: Daimka village, 35 km NE of Zakho, 1976, S. OMAR & K. AL-DaBBAGH
45373-A (K!); MRO: Hawara Blinder Mountain, NE of Haji Omran, 1700-1900 m,
1959, AL-Rawi, Nuri & AL-Kass 27797 (K!); MRO: Haji Omran, 1650 m, 1959,
Nuri & AL-Kass 27779 (K!); MRO: Between Kujar & Kani Grawl region, E.
Karoukh, 1959, 1500-1700 m, At-Kass, Nuri SARHANK 27649 (K!); MRO: Haji
Omran, 1971, S. OMAR, SAHIRA, F. KARIM & H. Hamip 38459 (K!); MSU: Azmir, on
mountain, 1972, F. Karim 39342 (K!).

Distribution: Throughout Europe, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Turkey and
Central Asia.

Habitat: Stony or muddy soil, mountain slopes, stream banks; stony soil; 1250—
2000 m.

An extremely variable species in which a number of infraspecific taxa have been
recognised in Europe. All the material seen by the authors belongs to var. tinctoria
which differs from other radiate varieties in its erect or ascending habit, oblong leaves,
yellow rays and deeply divided leaf segments with flat teeth.

24. Anthemis melanolepis Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Suppl.: 297 (1888); Grierson &
YAVIN, op. cit. 219; MouTERDE, op. cit. 405. Pl. CCXX, n. 3 (1983); IRANSHARR, op. cit.
21 (1986). Type: Cyprus, Prope Larenaca, P. SInTENIs & G Rico 804 (G holo.).

Syn.: Cota palestina Reut. in UNGER & Korscny, Ins. Cypern 240 (1865), pro parte;
Anthemis palestina Revut. in Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 283 (1875), pro parte; A. syriaca
Borno. in Feddes Repert. 10: 470 (1912); A. melanolepis var. macrocarpa Eic in
Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 207 (1838).

Annual, + glabrous, up to 30 cm tall herb with procumbent, divaricate branches.
Leaves subsessile, oblong-obovate, 2—3-pinnatisect into triangular, callose-spinulose
ultimate segments. Peduncles thickened upwardly. Capitula radiate, 2—2.5 cm across.
Involucre 10—15 mm wide, outer phyllaries ovate, + scarious at the apices, inner ones
oblong, acute. Receptacle convex, chaffy all over. Paleae thick, leathery, brownish
purple, apically cuneate, mostly shorter than cypselas, outer long cuspidate,
occasionally all cuspidate and shorter than disc florets. Ray florets female, c. 15, tube
glabrous; limbs oblong, c. 7.5 mm long, white. Disc florets yellow, c. 4 mm long,
hardly inflated at the base in fruit. Cypselas tetragonous, compressed, c. 2.5 mm long,
8—10-ribbed on each side, + winged on margins, auricle undulate, minute.

Flowering period: March—April.
Distribution: Cyprus, Turkey, Palestine, Iraq.

Included here on a report from Iraq (Diyala: ad confines Persiae in collibus conglom.,
10 km E Mandali, ad ripam dextram fluvi, RECHINGER 12789) by IRANSHAHR (1986).
The authors have not seen any material from the flora of Iraq area.

28 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

25. Anthemis coelopoda Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. Ser. 1, 11: 12 (1849); Fl. Or. 3:
283 (1875); FEDoROV in SCHISCHKIN & Bosrov, Fl. SSSR 26: 64 (1961); Grierson &
Yavin in Davis, Fl. Turk. 5: 217. Fig. 10 (1975); FERNANDES in TUTIN et al., Fl. Europ.
4: 157 (1976); IRANSHAHR in REcu. f., Fl. Iran. 158 (4): 25 (1986). Type: Turkey,
Anatolia, E. Boissier s. n. (G-BOISS holo.).

Syn.: A. rigida NABELEK in Publ. Fac. Sci. Univ. Masaryk 52: 14. t. 2. fig. 2 (1925)
(non Boiss. ex HELDR. 1857); A. coelopoda var. (8) bourgaei Botss., Fl. Or. 3: 284
(1875), non A. bourgaei Boiss. & ReuT. (1852).

Erect, 20-60 cm tall, sparsely pubescent to glabrescent, annual herb with divaricate
suberect branches. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 2.5—-7 cm long, 1.5—3 cm broad, bi- or
tripinnatisect into oblong or oblanceolate, 2~8 mm long, 0.5—1.5 mm wide, acute-
mucronulate ultimate segments. Peduncles 5-8 cm long, hollow and upwardly
thickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, 2—3 cm across. Involucre 1—2 cm wide. Phyllaries:
outer ovate to oblong-linear, + acute; inner oblong, 46 x 2—2.5 mm, + obtuse,
scarious at the apices. Receptacle hemispherical, c. 5-6 mm across, chaffy all over.
Paleae + oblong-spathulate, 3.54.5 x c. 2 mm, gradually narrowed above, persistent,
somewhat truncate and abruptly acuminate, acumen nearly as long as basal part or
slightly shorter. Ray florets female, c. 20, fertile, tube glabrous; limb 10-15 x 3-4
mm, white. Disc florets yellow, c. 4 mm long, tube glabrous, basally not inflated in
fruit. Cypselas oblong, c. 2 mm long, compressed, faintly (2—) 3-ribbed on each side,
with minute, entire or crenulate auricle.

Flowering period.: March—May.
Specimens Examined:

MAM: Sakho (Zakho) to Sharanish, 1973, F. Karim, H. Hamp & M. Jasm 41135
(K!); MSU: Sulaimania, 1930, D. W. PETERSON 820 (K!); MAM: Sarsang to Hillside,
1973, F. Karim, H. Hamip & M. Jasim 41012 (K!); MAM: Surdor, nr. Dohuk, 1960,
coll. ignot., W-187 (K!); MSU: Bakraja, 1971, S. Omar & F. Karim 37994 (K!);
MRO: Kurdistan Turcicae districtu Serijur, Hondran Dar supra pagum Rewanduj dit
Erbil (Arbela), in graminosis alt. ca. 900 m, 23.5.1910, NABELEK 3625 (SAV! Type of
A. rigida NABELEK).

Distribution: Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan.
Habitat: Mountainside; bank of irrigation ditch ; clay soil in field; 800-1000 m.

26. Anthemis altissima L., Sp. Pl.: 893 (1753), emend. SpRENG., Syst. Veg. 3: 594
(1826); Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 282 (1875); FEDoROV, op. cit. 64; GRIERSON & YAVIN, op. cit.
216. Fig. 10; FERNANDES, op. cit. 157; MOUTERDE, FI. Lib. Syr. 3: 405. Pl. CCXX, n. 2
(1983); IRANSHAHR, op. cit. 23. Tab. 14 (1986). Type: Italy, Herb. Linn. 1016.3
(LINN!).

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 29

Syn.: Cota altissima (L.) J. Gay in Guss., Fl. Sic. Syn. 2: 867 (1844); A. cota L., Sp.
Pl. 893 (1753) emen. Vis., Fl. Salm. 2: 78 (1847); Post, Fl. Syr. Palest. & Sinai ed. 2,
2: 50 (1933); A. cota L. var. brevicuspidata Eic in Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 204
(1938); A. cota var. longicuspidata Ec, op. cit.

Annual, erect, up to 120 cm tall, hairy to nearly glabrous robust herb with branches
from above the base. Leaves ovate-oblong, 2—3-pinnatisect into linear-lanceolate, 3—
6 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, spinulose-mucronate ultimate segments. Peduncles
upwardly thickened in fruit, up to 7.5 cm long. Capitula radiate, (2—) 2.5—4 (-5) cm
across. Involucre 1—2 cm wide. Phyllaries: outer ovate, acute, not scarious margined;
inner oblong-lanceolate, to + elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with hyaline or scarious margins
and tips. Receptacle hemispherical, becoming umbonate, c. 10-15 mm in diam.,
chaffy all over. Paleae oblong-spathulate, + keeled, c. 3.54 x 1.5 mm, straw
coloured, abruptly contracted at the apices with c. 3.5—-4 mm long, slender acumen.
Ray florets female, 18-20, mostly fertile, tube glabrous; limbs elliptic-linear, 7.5—
12.5 x c. 3 mm, white. Disc florets yellow, as long as the paleae, tube glabrous, not
inflated in fruits. Cypselas + compressed, obpyramidate, 2—2.5 mm long, 4-angled
and rhombic in cross section, usually 10-ribbed on each face, smooth, with a very
short, entire auricle at the apices.

Flowering period: May—July.
Specimens Examined:

MSU: Sulaimaniya, 1934, Field Museum Near East Expedition, HENry FIELD &
YousuF Lazar 952 (F!); MJS: Jebel Sinjar, above Kursi, 1100 m, 1948, GILLETT
11055 (K!); MRO: Kurdistan, Herb. Hookerianum, Kew No. 204 (K!); MAM: Ain
Nume, 37° 13’'N, 43° 21’E, inter Aradan et Hasitha, 1910, NABELEK 3621 (SAV!);
DLJ: Jazira (south of Sinjar near Baiji), c. 300 m, 1954, Evan Guest 13390 (K!).

Distribution: Spain, Italy, Germany, Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey,
Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan.

Habitat: Limestone soil, cultivated fields; 300—1100 m.

27. Anthemis brevicuspis Borno. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 32 (2): 397 (1914);
IRANSHARR , Op. cit. 22. Tab. 13 (1986). Type: Nahavand “Koh-i-Garru”, To. STRAUSS
s. n. (JE).

Syn.: A. feinbruniae Ei, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 204 (1938); A. rayatensis EIc , op.
cit. 205.

Erect, up to 35 cm tall, sparsely patulous hairy herb with divaricate, ascending
branches. Lower leaves with dentate petiole, upper sessile, oblong to ovate-oblong,
bipinnatisect to + tripinnatisect into remote, linear-oblong to narrowly lanceolate,
acute, mucronate ultimate segments. Peduncles up to 10 (—12) cm long, remaining

30 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, c. 2.5 cm across. Involucre 8-10 mm wide.
Phyllaries ovate to oblong-lanceolate, hairy, brown membranous margined, lacerate-
fimbriate in upper half and at the acute apex. Receptacle hemispherical, S—6 mm long,
chaffy all over. Paleae oblong-spathulate, 3—3.5 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide, slightly
carinate, truncate to subcordate-emarginate, with 1—1.5 mm long mucro. Ray florets
female, fertile, tube glabrous; limbs oblong, 9-12 mm long, 4—5 mm broad, white.
Disc florets slightly longer than paleae, yellow, tube glabrous. Cypselas tetragonal,
compressed, c. 3 x 1.25 mm, smooth, inconspicuously 10-striate, with 0.25—0.5 mm
long, denticulate auricle at the apex.

Flowering period: April—October.
Specimens Examined:

MJS: Northern Iraq, Jebel Sindjar, 800 m, 1933, Eic & Zonary s. n. (type of A.
feinbruniae E1c; HUJ! holo.; S iso.); MRO: Iraqi Kurdistan, Env. of Rayat, 1280 m,
1933, Eic & Zonary s. n. (HUJ!, isotype of A. rayatensis Ec).

Distribution: Iran, Iraq.

Habitat: Near cultivated moist lands in the mountainous region.

Sect. Maruta (Cass.) REICHENB., Deutsch. Botaniker ed. 2, 2: 139 (1844);
Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 280 (1875).

Syn.: Maruta Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat. 29: 174 (1823) pro gen.

Annual herbs. Paleae subulate to bristle-like, more or less persistent. Cypselas
obconical or turbinate, round or somewhat quadrangular in cross-section, not
compressed, 2—3 times as long as broad.

Type: A. cotula L.
In Iraq, this section is represented by three species.

28. Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. Ser. 1, 6: 86 (1846), emend.
Eic, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 196 (1938); Recu. f., Fl. Lowland Iraq 621 (1964);
TACKHOLM, Stud. Fl. Egypt 2nd ed. 574 (1974); Grierson & YAvIN in Davis, FI. Turk.
5: 209. Figs. 8 & 10 (1975); FemINBRUN-DoTHAN, FI. Pal. 3: 338. Pl. 570 (1978);
IRANSHARR in RECH. f., Fl. Iran. 158 (4): 16. Tab. 8 (1986); AL-Rawi, Fl. Kuwait 2: 240
(1987); GHaFoor & AL-TurKI in Candollea 52: 472. Fig. 6, A-G (1997); in
CHAUDHARY, FI. Kingd. Saudi Arabia 2 (3): 174. Pl. Comp. 53, A-G. (2000).

Annual, (10—)15—S0 cm tall, appressed hairy or glabrescent herb with erect or
ascending branches from near the base. Leaves shortly petiolate, ovate-oblong, 1.5—3
x 1-1.5 cm, 2 (—3)-pinnatisect into linear-oblanceolate, 1-3 x ca. 0.5 mm, acute
ultimate segments. Peduncles 3-6 cm long, gradually thickened upwards and strongly

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 31

arcuate in fruit. Capitula radiate, 1.5-2.5 cm across. Involucre 5-8 mm wide.
Phyllaries ovate-oblong, 3-4 x 1-2 mm, pubescent, scarious margined, subacute.
Receptacle elongate-conical, 6-8 x 3-4 mm, chaffy in the upper half only. Paleae
linear-subulate, 2.5—3 mm long, cuspidate, persistent. Ray florets female, 10—12,
fertile, tube glabrous, compressed; limbs oblong, 3—7 x 2.5-3.5 mm, white. Disc
florets yellow, as long as paleae, tube glabrous, somewhat swollen at the base in fruit.
Cypselas turbinate-obpyramidate, + tetragonous, 1—-1.5 mm long, distinctly 10-
ribbed, occasionally + tuberculate, oblique, truncate or rounded at the apices, auricle
absent or nearly up to half as long as cypselas.

Flowering period: March—July.

Mature fruits are essentially needed to confirm as to the infra-specific taxa and the
following specimens lacking mature fruits could not be assigned to their respective
subspecies or varieties.

Specimens Examined:

MAM ?: Dhruk, 1932, Micke BEE 3281 (K!); Dhruk, 500 m, 1951, E. Guest Rustam
No. 1309 (K!); FPF: Qizil Robat, 1932, E. Guest Rustam No. 1768 (K!); DWD: Al-
Masad, 15 km S of Rutba, 650 m, CHAKRAVARTY & AL-RaAwi et al. 32839 & 32875
(K!); FUJ: 40 km E of Sinjar, CHAKRAVARTY, AL-Rawl, KHATIB & ALizzI 33137 (K!);
FUJ: Roadside weed near Hamman AI-Alil, c. 30 km S of Mosul, 1974, M. Hussain
511 (K!); MRO: 2 kmN of Darband, 650 m, 1975, Botany Staff 43207 (K!); LSM:
Chalat Police Station, near Persian border, c. 150 km, 1958, AL-Raw! & SH. HaDAD
25676 (K!); DWD: 45 km NW of Rutba, Nr. H3, c. 710 m, 1957, AL-Rawi 211611
(K!); FAR: Arbil Province, 1933, M. AL-RApDHI Rustam No. 3865 (K!); LEA: Fakkia,
70 km E of Amara, c. 40 m, 1958, AL-Rawi 25790 (K!); MSU: Qaradagh Moutain,
Timara village, 1973, F. Karim, H. Hamp & M. Jas 40590 (K!); DWD: Jadida, W.
of Nukhaib, 350 m, 1961, AL-Rawi 31047 (K!); DWD: 15 km S of Rutba, 620 m,
Kuatip & NAziM 32453 (K!); DSD: Southern desert, 30 km W by N , Butiaya, 1955,
150 m, E. Guest, AL-Raw & G. Lone 14153 (K!); DGA: Khorgin, 1957, valleys of
Jebel Hamrin, Hanes W93 (K!); LEA: Tarmiya, Baghdad, 1955, Haines W113 (K!);
DWD: 5 km S of H3 (Nr. Rutba), c. 710 m, 1957, AL-Rawi 21207 (K!); LCA: Sudur,
1976, S. Omar, AL-Kaisi & M. Noort 44298 (K!); MSU: Between Sasar & Dokan,
510 m, 1975, Botany Staff 43059 (K!); DLG: Balad, AL-Rawi & GILLett 6508 (K!);
DLJ: Telegraph pole M30, Between Baiji & Mosul, 1925, Henry FIELD & YOUSUF
Lazar R 389 (K!); MSU: Just E of Durbendikan, Sulaimaniya Liwa, 1964, F. A.
BaARKELY & SHARIFF Y. HADDAD 7750 (K!); FPF: E of Badra, 1949, 180 m, AL-Rawl &
GuteTr 7253 (K!); DLJ: Rawah-Sinjar, 115 km SW of Sinjar, 250 m, 1962,
CHAKRAVARTY, AL-RAWI, KHATIB & ALIzzI 31989 (K!); LEA: Shimal (Sinjar), 1932,
near Baghdad, Yousur Lazar 129 (K!); DWD: 75 km W of Rutba (Wadi Al-Walaj ),
c. 710 m, 1957, AL-Rawi 21190 (K!); DGA: Baghdad, 12 km, inter Tigris flumen et

32 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Monte Jabal Hamrin, ad oppido Samara Orientem versus, ca. 34° 15’N, 44°E, 1957,
RECHINGER 9558 (G!, K!); DWD.: In arenosis 10 km N of Sheikh Mohammad, 1957,
RECHINGER 9593 (G!); Western desert, c. 700 m, 1957, RECHINGER 9944 (G!, K!);
DWD: 35 km W of Rutba, ca. 600 m, 1957, RECHINGER 9920 (G!, K!); LGA:
Diwaniya, Southern desert, Wadi Al-Khirr, 15 km W of Lusuf (c. 100 km NNW of
Shabicha), 32 m, 1957, RECHINGER 9489 (G!, K!); DWD: Western desert, Wadi Al-
Walaj, 75 km SW of Rutba, ca. 700 m, 1957, RECHINGER 9931 (G!); LEA: Baghdad,
1920, R. J.D. GRAHAM s.n. (K!); DSD: Takhadid, 330 m, 1978, AL-Kaisi, K. HAMID
& H. Hamp 48084 (K!); DLJ: Tharthar Dam, 1965, Hikmat Appas AL-ANnI & Y.
HappaD 9659 (K!); LCA/LEA: Al-Sudor, Diyala Liwa, 1964, W. SuLEmaN 215
(K!); DSD: Southern desert, Shabicha, 1947, At-Rawi & GiLLett 6283 (K!); FUJ:
Road to Sinjar, 1969, S. OMar & H. Hamp 36421 (K!); Between Baghdad and Syrian
desert, F. K. Jackson H 240/1930 (K!); LEA: Near Baghdad, 1933, Yousur LAZAR
198 (F!); Mosul, R. G Bayuiss 93 (K!); DWD: Shabicha, Southern desert, c. 300 m,
1955, Guest, AL-RAwi & G Lona 14060 (K!); DSD: Southern desert, 52 km E by
Salman, 1955, Guest, AL-Rawi & G Lonc 14126 (K!); FPF: 25 km SE of Buksaya,
Khatima Police Station, AL-RAw! & SH. HADDAD 25639 (K!); DWD: Wadi Al-Khirr,
15 km N of Lussuf (c. 100 km NNW of Shabicha), 1957, Guest, AL-Rawl &
RECHINGER 19442 (K!); FPF: Pilkana, near Khaniqin Chehale, near Amara, 1928, H.
FIELD & YousuF Lazar H. 35 (F!, K!).

Distribution: Cyprus, Turkey, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran.

Habitat (of sp.): Fine sandy-clay to light clay gravelly soils or silty soil or moist black
loam in depressions; sometimes in heavy silt; 30-750 m.

The following infra-specific taxa have been recognized on the basis of availability of
mature fruits.

ssp. pseudocotula
Cypselas auriculate.

(a) ssp. pseudocotula var. pseudocotula. Type: Persia australi ad Shiraz et prope
pagos Dalechi et Gere, TH. Kotscuy 75 (G-BOISS holo.).

Auricle 1/3 to 1/2 as long as cypselas, triangular, entire or obscurely lobed.
Flowering period: April—June.
Specimens Examined:

MSU: Derbandi Khan, mountain, 1971, S. OMar & F. Karim 38138 (K!); DSD:
Desert Province, c. 55 km NW of Shabicha, c. 210 m, 1955, Guest, AL-Rawi & H.
Lone 14050 (K!); FUJ: Tell Kotchek, c. 400 m, 1948, GiLetr 10836 (K!); LCA:

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 38

Near Baghdad, 1933, Y. Lazar 197 (F!); LCA: Baghdad, 1933, Y. LAzar Rustam No.
3897 (K!).

Distribution: Egypt (Sinai), Turkey, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Iran.
Habitat: Silty depressions; 150-400 m.

(b) ssp. pseudocotula var. radiata Eic, Palest. J. Bot., Jer. ser. 1: 197 (1938). Type:
Palestine Coastal plain, Atlith, 1935, Eic, Grizi & Zouary s.n. (HUJ holo.).

Auricle very short, divided into a few lobes.
Flowering period: April—June.
Specimens Examined:

DWD: 75 km W of Rutba (Wadi Al-Walaj), c. 710 m, 1957, AL-Rawi 21189 (K!);
MRO: Gali Warta, c. 30 km NW by N of Rania, 950 m, 1959, AL-Rawi, Nuri & AL-
Kass 28861 (K!); MRO: Koi Sanjaq, 590 m, 1959, AL-Raw1, AL-Kass & Nuri 28117
(K!); MSU: Qara Chulam, between Sula & Chuwarta, 1971, S. OMAR & F. Kari
38094 (K!); MRO: Plingan village, c. 17 km NW of Rania, 900 m, 1959,AL-Rawi,
Nuri & AL-Kass 28663 (K!); MRO: Kalala Junction, 1958, At-Kass 18584 (K!);
DWD: 35 km NW of Rutba, c. 600 m, 1957, AL-Rawi 21145 (K!); MRO: Qara vil-
lage, on road to Koi Sanjag, c. 440 m, 1959, AL-Rawi, Nuri & AL-Kass 28035 (K!);
MAM: 8 km S of Dohuke, 590 m, 1975, Botany Staff 43370 (K!); DLJ: Telegraph
pole M 90, between Baiji & Mosul, May 1925, H. Fietp & Y. Lazar 389 (K!); FKI:
30 km from Kirkuk to Sulaimaniya, hillside, 1973, F. KARIM, H. HAMID & M. JASMIN
4514 (K!); FAR: Arbil Province, 1933, M. W. AL-RapHI Rustam No. 3865 (K!);
FPF: 38 km SE of Mandali, c. 127 m, 1957, AL-RAw! 20698 (K!).

Distribution: Iraq, Jordan, Syria.
Habitat: Clayey sand or sandy silty soils in low depressions; 100-950 m.

(c ) ssp. pseudocotula var. massadensis Y avin, Israel Journ. Bot., 19: 146 (1970).
Type: Judean Desert, Arad-Mezada road, gravelly ground, 6.4.1966, YAvIN s. n. (HUJ
holo.).

Auricle 1/3 to 1/2 as long as cypselas, divided into a few triangular lobes.
Flowering period: March—April.
Specimens Examined:

Inside the castle of Hodos, 230 m, 1964, CHAKRAVARTY & AL-Raw1 33043 (K!); DWD:
70 km W of Nukheib, 300 m, 1961, AL-Rawi 31394 (K!); FUJ: Near Baaj, roadside,
1969, S. Omar & H. Hamp 36529 (K!): FUJ: Balad Sinjar-Tal Afar, 1100 ft., 1933,

34 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Guest Rustam No. 4139 (K!); DLJ: Falluja-Ain-Ehwrait Etal, 1930, Guest Rustam
No. 1120 (K!); DGA: 13 km E of Samarra, c. 65 m, AL-Rawi 20359 (K!).

Distribution: Iraq, Palestine.
Habitat: loamy clay soils in depressions; 50-400 m.
ssp. rotata (Boiss.) Eic, |. c. 197, t. 8. figs. 44 & 46 (1938).

Syn.: Anthemis rotata Botss., Fl. Or. 3: 318 (1875). Type: Arabia Petraea, March,
1846, Boissier s. n. (G-BOISS holo.).

Auricle absent.

(d) ssp. rotata var. rotata

Apex of cypselas oblique, slanting outwards.
Flowering period: March—July.

Specimens Examined:

MSU: Sulaimaniya Arbat, 1971, S. OMar & F. Karim 38115 (K!); MSU: 5 km from
Ranjawin, 1160 m, 1973, M. Noor! & K. Hamp 41244 (K!); DGA: Between Samara
& Tekrit, 1974, SanmRA, RAJA & KHALIDA 41807 (K!); FPF: 10 km N of Khanigin,
hillside, 1977, H. Hamp 46605 (K!).

Distribution: Egypt (Sinai), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Palestine.
Habitat: Gravelly soils by roadsides and hillside; 800-1160 m.

(e) ssp. rotata var. rotundata Eic, |. c. Pl. 8. f. 46 (1938). Type: Palestine, Judean
desert, env. of Wadi Sikieh (Sigive) 29.3.1930, FEINBRUN & Zouary s. n. (HUJ holo.).

Cypselas rounded at the apex, not slanting outwards.
Flowering period: March—May.
Specimens Examined:

MSU: Tainal, 1971, S. OMar & F. Karim 37925 (K!); LCA: Work- ground, near irri-
gation ditch, Baghdad, 1955, Hames 113 (K!); DGA: 50 km E of Samara, Asila vil-
lage (10 km N Shaikh Mohammad), c. 50 m, 1957, AL-RAw1 20439 (K!); LEA: 13 km
E of Baquba, 1929, Cowan & DaRLINGTON 184 (K!).

Distribution: Iraq, Israel, Palestine.

Habitat: Sandy soil near irrigation ditches; 50-100 m.

29. Anthemis cotula L., Sp. P1.: 894 (1753); Boss., Fl. Or. 3: 315. (1875); Feporov in
SCHISCHKIN & Bosrov, Fl. SSSR 26: 67. Pl. 4, fig. 1 (1961); Recu. f., Fl. Lowland Iraq

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 a5

621 (1964); Grierson & Yavin in Davis, Fl. Turk. 5: 208. Fig. 10 (1975); FERNANDES
in TuTwN et al., Fl. Europ. 4: 155 (1976); FeInBRUN-DoTHAN, FI. Pal. 3: 337. Pl. 569
(1978); MouTERDE, Nouv. FI. Lib. Syr. 3: 413. Pl. CCXXX, n. 1 (1983); GHAFooR &
At-TurKI, loc. cit. 473. Fig. 6, P-S (1997). Type: "Habitat in Europae ruderatis,
praecipue in Ucrania’ Herb. Linn. 1016.16 (LINN!).

Syn.: Cotula foetida S. G. GMEL., Reise Russl. 1: 137 (1774).

Annual, up to 60 (—70) cm tall, sparsely hairy to almost glabrous, foetid herb with
erect or ascending basal branches and corymbosely branched above. Leaves shortly
petioled or subsessile, sometimes fleshy, obovate-oblong or ovate-oblong, 1.5—6.5
cm long, 0.5—3 cm wide, finely 2—3-pinnatisect into narrowly linear, 1—3 = ca. 1 mm,
entire or 2—3-dentate, acute-mucronate ultimate segments. Peduncles slender, up to
15 cm long, unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, occasionally discoid, 1.2—-3 cm
across. Involucre 6-10 mm wide. Phyllaries ovate-oblong, 3-4 mm long, whitish
hairy, margins narrowly scarious, + obtuse at the apices. Receptacle oblong-conical,
5-8 x 34 mm, chaffy in the upper half only. Paleae linear-subulate, c. 2.5—3 mm long,
bristly, persistent. Ray florets female, 14-16, sterile, tube glabrous; limbs oblong-
elliptic, 5-14 x 3-6 mm, white. Disc florets yellow, as long as to slightly longer than
the paleae, tube terete, glabrous, + inflated below in fruit. Cypselas subcylindrical-
turbinate, 1-1.5 mm long, obscurely 8—10-ribbed, tuberculate, light brown,
exauriculate to rarely crenulate-rimmed.

Flowering period: March—May.
Specimen Examined:

FUJ: Mosul, in silvulis salicum ad ripam Tigridis, 10.5.1910, Fr. NABELEK 3639
(SAV!).

Distribution: SW Asia, common in almost all European countries and North Africa;
introduced into N & S America, Australia and New Zealand.

Habitat: Rare in Iraq in clay and alluvial damp soil in upper plains and foothills re-
gion; 250-300 m.

An excessively variable species which can be easily confused with A. pseudocotula
and A. arvensis. Differs from the former by its more stiffly erect stems, more or less
glabrous, linear leaf lobules, reflexed limbs and exauriculate, tuberculate cypselas,
and from the latter in its readily deciduous cypselas, neither thickened nor arcuate
fruiting peduncles and sterile ray florets.

30. Anthemis corymbulosa Boiss. & Hausskn.. in Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 316 (1875); RECH.
f., Fl. Lowland Iraq 621 (1964). Type: Hab. in deserto ad fluviam Chabur
Mesopotamiae, HAUSSsKNECHT Ss. n. (G-BOISS holo.).

36 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Annual, erect or ascending, up to 45 cm tall, unbranched below, somewhat
corymbosely branched above upper half, glabrous or glabrescent herb. Leaves shortly
petioled or somewhat sessile, linear-oblong, 1.5—3 cm long, 1—1.5 cm wide, uni- or
bipinnatisect into small, remote, finely filiform, + obtuse ultimate segments.
Peduncles slender, 2.54 cm long, unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate, 1.2—-1.6 cm
across. Involucre 4-6 mm wide. Phyllaries ovate, c. 2—-2.5 x 1.5 mm, glabrous,
obtuse, broadly membranous at the apices and margins. Receptacle conical, 3-4 mm
long, pitted in the lower and chaffy in the upper half. Paleae narrowly lanceolate, c. 2
mm long, keeled. Ray florets female, sterile; limbs narrowly oblong-ovate, 6—7 x 2.5—
3 mm, white. Disc florets yellow, with glabrous, punctate-glandular, + compressed
corolla tube. Cypselas deciduous, turbinate, c. 1.5 mm long, somewhat tuberculate by
sessile glands, with nearly half as long or shorter unilateral auricles.

Flowering period: May—September.
Specimens Examined:

FUJ: In deserte ad fluviam Chabur Mesopotamiae, HausskNECHT 527 (G-BOISS;
JE!); LEA: P.4. NE of Baquba, (Shatvaban road), 1957, Hunting Technical Services
Limited 8 (K!); LEA: Iraq, lower Diyala, 1957, V.C. R. 161 (K!).

Distribution: Endemic to Iraq.
Habitat: In shallow depressions in the vicinity of irrigated lands; 100-200 m.

Yavin (1970) reported this species as endemic to Turkey. This appears to be based on
misidentification as it was not reported by GRIERSON & YAvIN (1975) from that coun-
try. IRANSHAHR (1986) did not include this species in Flora Iranica.

Sect. Rumata A. FEDoroV, Fl. SSSR 26: 865 (1961).

Perennial herbs with woody rhizomatous rootstock. Phyllaries usually black or pale
margined. Paleae lanceolate, more or less carinate, often subulate. Cypselas obconical
or obpyramidate, angular in cross section, not compressed.

Type: A. saportana ALB.
Two species of this section occur in Iraq.

31. Anthemis pauciloba Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. Ser. 1, 6: 83 (1845); GRIERSON &
Yavin in Davis, Fl. Turk. 5: 195. Fig. 9 (1975); MouTERDE, Fl. Nouv. Lib. Syr. 3: 408.
Pl. CCXXIL, n. 3 (1983); IRANSHAHR in REcH. f., FI. Iran. 158 (4): 12. Tab. 3 (1986).
Type: Anatolia, Diarbekir, TH. Kotscuy 272 (K! holo.; W iso.).

Syn.: A. argentea Eic in Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 192 (1938); A. pauciloba var.
brachysperma Ei, |. c. 190.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 a

Perennial, upright, up to 45 cm tall, basally + woody, appressedly greyish or pale
pubescent herb with branches from near the base. Leaves long petioled, lower leaves
ovate or oblong-spathulate, up to 10 cm long (incl. petiole), pinnatipartite or
incompletely 2-pinnatisect into linear-oblanceolate or cuneate segments, upper leaves
cuneate-spathulate, entire or shallowly 2—3-toothed. Peduncles up to 30 cm long,
unthickened in fruit. Capitula radiate or discoid, 1.5—2.2 cm across. Involucre 10—15
mm wide. Phyllaries ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, sparsely to densely lanate-
tomentose, acute. Receptacle depressed hemispherical, c. 5 mm long, chaffy all over.
Paleae oblanceolate, c. 2.5 mm long, keeled, acuminate. Ray florets 10-30 when pre-
sent, tube glabrous; limbs 2.5—7 mm long, yellow. Cypselas angular, 2-3 mm long,
incurved, obscurely ribbed, whitish, with unilateral, 0.5—1 mm long, + dentate auricle.

Flowering period: April—July.
Distribution: Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq.
Habitat: Limestone steppes; 1300-2000 m.

Included here on a report from Iraq by IRANSHAHR (1986) who has cited RECHINGER
10968 (W) and RECHINGER 10874 (W) from Sharanish area of Iraqi Kurdistan. The
authors, however, have not examined any material.

32. Anthemis kotschyana Botss., Diagn. Pl. Or. Nov. Ser. 2, 3: 23 (1856) var.
discoidea (BorNM.) GRIERSON, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 33: 428 (1975); GrirR-
SON & YAVIN, op. cit. 196. Fig. 9 (1975). Type: Anatolia, Egin, Salachlu, P. SINTENIS
2725 (W holo.).

Syn.: A. kotschyana f. discoidea Born. in Feddes Rep. Beih. 89: 331 (1944);
A. warburgii Eic in Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 189 (1938); A. bulgardaghica Ec, op.
cit. 192; A. rotundifolia Ec, op. cit.

Perennial, appressed greyish hairy herb with suberect, up to 25 (40) cm tall, basally
woody branches. Leaves long petiolate, lamina ovate or oblong, 0.8—2 cm long (excl.
equally long petiole), bipinnatisect into linear-oblanceolate, 2-5 mm long ultimate
segments; upper leaves becoming 1-pinnatisect. Peduncles up to 15 cm long, leafless.
Capitula discoid, 1-1.5 cm across. Involucre 7-12 mm wide. Phyllaries oblong to
ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 mm long, sparsely appressed pubescent, slightly scarious at the
apices, pale or dark margined, acute or + acute. Receptacle hemispherical. Paleae lin-
ear-oblong to + spathulate, 3-4 mm long, membranous, mucronate. Disc florets
yellow, 2.5—3.5 mm long, inflated basally in fruit. Cypselas obconical, 1.5—2.5 mm
long, pale-whitish, obscurely striate, exauriculate or unilaterally shortly auricled.

Flowering period: May —August.
Distribution: Iran, Iraq, Turkey.

38 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Habitat: Quercus woods, on steppe and cultivated slopes; 1800-2060 m.

Of this highly polymorphic species only var. discoidea (BORNM.) GRIERSON has been
reported from Iraq by IRANSHAHR (1986) who cites AL-RAw1 23604 from Iraqi Kurdi-
stan. It is very difficult to separate this variety from discoid forms of A. cretica.

Sect. Odontostephana Eic, Palest. J. Bot. Jer. ser. 1: 203 (1938).
Syn.: Sect. Maruta (Cass.) Botss., Fl. Or. 3: 280 (1875) pro parte (excl. typo).

Annual herbs. Phyllaries deciduous. Paleae subulate, on upper part of receptacle,
deciduous. Disc cypselas long cylindric, dilated to the base and apex; ray cypselas
deciduous.

Type: A. odontostephana Boiss.
Two species are found in Iraq.

33. Anthemis tubicina Botss. & HAUuSSsKN. in Botss., Fl. Or. 3: 319 (1875); GRIERSON &
Yavin in Davis, Fl. Turk. 5: 211 (1975) Type: Iraq: In rupestribus calcareis montis
Sindjar Mesopotamiae, 1867 HausskNEcuT 539, Montis Pir Omar Gudrum, 915-1220
m, HAUSSKNECHT 534 (G-BOISS syn; JE! syn).

Syn.: A. odontostephana Boiss. var. tubicina (Boiss. & HAUSSKN.) BOoRNM., Beih. Bot.
Centrbl. 28 (2): 247 (1911); IRANSHAHR in Recu. f., Fl. Iran. 158 (4): 11. Tab. 2 (1986).

Annual, 10-25 cm tall, greyish hairy herb with decumbent branches from near the
base. Leaves small, petiolate, ovate-oblong, 1.5—-2.5 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide,
bipinnatisect into linear-oblong, 1-3 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, acute ultimate
segments. Peduncles filiform, 2-4 cm long, becoming much (3-4 mm wide)
thickened in fruit. Capitula small, radiate, 8-12 mm across. Involucre 4-5 mm wide.
Phyllaries oblong-ovate or inner obovate, 3-4 mm long, broadly scarious margined,
hairy in the midrib region, obtuse, deciduous. Receptacle convex, 34 mm in diam.,
chaffy in the upper part. Paleae narrowly linear-lanceolate, shorter than to equalling
the cypselas, hyaline, deciduous. Ray florets 5—6, sterile; limbs + obovate, 4-5 mm
long, white. Disc florets yellow, tube glabrous, not inflated at the base in fruit.
Cypselas cylindrical, 3-4 mm long, slightly dilated to the base, 10-ribbed, all prickly
tuberculate, persistent and + patent on receptacle at maturity, truncate with acutely 10-
lobed or dentate radiating crown at the apex.

Flowering period: March—June.
Specimens Examined:

MJS: Sinjar, 650-700 m, 1948, Grtetr 10883 (K!); MJS: Mesopotamia, 1867,
calcareous rocks, Mt. Singare, HAUssKNEcHT 539 (G!, JE!); MSU: Pir Omar Gudrum,
in rupestris calc., 34000 ft., June 1867, HAusskNEcHT 534 (G-BOISS!, JE!).

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 39

Distribution: Turkey, Syria (?), Iraq, Iran.
Habitat: Calcareous rocks; 650—1300 m.

34. Anthemis odontostephana Botss., Diagn. P1. Or. Nov. Ser. 1, 6: 85 (1846); Boiss.,
FI. Orient. 3: 319 (1875); Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 312 (1882); FEDorov in SCHISCHKIN
& Bosrov, Fl. SSSR 26: 70 (1961); Stewart, Ann. Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pak. & Kashm.
714 (1972); IRANSHAHR in REcH.. f., Fl. Iran. 158 (4): 10. Tab. 1 (1986) excl. var.
tubicina (Boiss. & HAUSSKN.) BoRNM. Type: Persiae australis ca. Persepolin et prope
Gere, Tu. Kotscuy 51 (G-BOISS holo.; LE iso.).

A dwarf annual, up to 15 cm tall, appressedly greyish hairy, simple or branched and
leafy in lower half only, branches upright, leafy only up to middle. Leaves shortly
petiolate, ovate, 1.5—2 cm long, 6-10 mm wide, uni- or bipinnatisect into 2-3 = c. 1.5,
acute ultimate segments. Peduncles filiform, 8—10 cm long, gradually thickened in
fruit. Capitula radiate, 1—-1.2 cm across. Involucre 6-7 mm wide. Phyllaries oblong,
2-3 mm long, appressedly hairy, broadly membranous margined, obtuse, deciduous.
Receptacle conical, 2 mm long, chaffy in the upper half. Paleae few, setaceous-
subulate, 2.5—-3 mm long, very narrow, deciduous. Ray florets few, female , sterile;
limbs elliptic, c. 5 x 4 mm, white. Disc florets yellow, with a glabrous, terete corolla
tube. Cypselas cylindrical, + curved, 2.5—3 mm long, dilated at the bases and apices,
10-15-ribbed, outer ones tuberculate-muricate, truncate, with a 10—15-dentate rim,
the inner ones with a unilateral, oblique, + lacerate auricle.

Flowering period: March—May.
Specimens Examined:

LBA: Basrah, 1957, Haines s. n. (E!); DGA: Jabal Hamrin, 1917, SUTHERLAND 111
(BM!); MRO: Deibrun ad fontem naphtae in rad. mont. Siah Kuh (Suriana), 1909-10,
NABELEK 3624 (SAV!); FPF: Kuh-Beijat inter Deibrun et Amara, 1909-10, NABELEK
3634 (SAV!).

Distribution: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Oman.
Habitat: Red soil; 50-1500 m.

The material from Iran is less robust, the peduncles are less thickened and number of
cypselas are less in this species as compared with A. tubicina which is more robust in
all aspects. A. odontostephana seems more common in Iran and other areas of its
eastern range of distribution.

40 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Discussion

From the Orient which included Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and
Turkey, Eic (1938) had described 40 new species and 60 new varieties and subspecies
of Anthemis L. He had recorded ca. 15 new species besides a number of new varieties
and subspecies from Iraq alone. A. deserti-syriaci, described by Ec (1938) from Iraq,
however, is not acceptable to us as a good species as the characters on which it is
based are very much similar to those of A. wettsteiniana. This species subsequently
was recognised by BREMER & HumPHRIES (1993). RECHINGER (1964) gave an account
of 12 species of Anthemis L. including a key to their identification from the Lowlands
of Iraq. For Flora Iranica, IRANSHAHR (1982) described 12 new species, including two
endemic species from Iraq (viz., A. hamrinensis, A. kurdica) and one occurring in
both Iran and Iraq (viz., A. gillettii). We have reduced A. kurdica TRANSHAHR to the
synonymy of A. marismartui E\c after scrutiny of the holotype.

Through our work on Anthemis of Iraq (recognizing 34 species), we have tried to
document, as far possible, the true identity of species found in the area. Recent work
by GHaFoor & AL-TurKI (1997) shows an extension in the range of distribution of
some of the species from the Orient to SW and Central Saudi Arabia. Further work on
Anthemis L. of the Orient and distribution patterns of its various taxa coupled with
biosystematic studies (as done by Yavin, 1970, 1972) is desirable.

References

AL-Rawi, A. 1964. Wild plants of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture Technical Bulletin
number 14. Baghdad, Government Press. Pp. 232 + 18 (Arabic).

BotssiER, E. 1875. Flora Orientalis Vol. 3. Basilaea, Genevae, Lugduni.

BrEMER, K. 1994. Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland,
Oregon.

Bremer, K. & C. J. Humpuries 1993. Generic Monograph of the Asteraceae-
Anthemideae. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London (Bot.) 23: 71-177.

Eic, A. 1938. Taxonomic studies on the Oriental species of the genus Anthemis.
Palest. J. Bot. Jerusalem Ser. 1: 161-224.

FEINBRUN-DOTHAN, N. 1978. Flora Palaestina. Vol. 3. The Israel Academy of
Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem.

Guaroor, A. & T. A. AL-TurKI 1997. A Synopsis of the genus Anthemis L.
(Compositae-Anthemideae) in Saudi Arabia. Candollea 52: 457-474.

Guest, E. 1966. Flora of Iraq. Vol. 1. Introduction. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 41

Howmcrern, P. K., HoLMGREN, N. H. & L. C. Barnett 1990. Index Herbariorum.
Part 1. The Herbaria of the World. ed. 8. New York: Botanical Garden.

IRANSHAHR, M. 1981. Fiinf neve Arten der Gattung Anthemis (Compositae) aus Iraq
und Afghanistan. P/. Syst. Evol. 139: 159-162.

IRANSHAHR, M. 1982. Acht neue Arten der Gattung Anthemis (Compositae) aus Per-
sien. Pl. Syst. Evol. 139: 313-317.

IRANSHAHR, M. 1986. Anthemis L. In: RECHINGER, K. H. (ed.). Flora Iranica.
Compositae 158/iv. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz.

RECHINGER, K. H. 1964. Flora of Lowland Iraq. J. Cramer: Weinham.

STEARN, W. T. 1992. Botanical Latin ed. 4. David & Charles, Newton Abbott &
London.

Yavin, Z. 1970. A biosystematic study of Anthemis sect. Maruta (Compositae). Js-
rael J. Bot. 19: 137-154.

Yavin, Z. 1972. New taxa of Anthemis from the Mediterranean and SW Asia. Israel J.
Bot. 21: 168-178.

Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to Mr P. S. GREEN (former keeper of K) and Mr C. C. TownsEND (K)
for suggesting this study and providing facilities during authors’ visit to the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew. The authors express their gratitude to Dr D. J. N. Hinp and Dr
HENK BEENTJE (K) and Professor BERTI. NoRDENSTAM for constructive criticism that
helped us to improve the manuscript.

42 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

A new annual species of Senecio from Iran

B. NORDENSTAM*, M. Moussavi* & B. Dyavapi*
*Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History
P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
*Department of Botany, Plant Pest & Diseases Research Institute
P.O. Box 1454, 19395 Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The new annual species Senecio eligulatus B. Norp., Moussavi & DJAVvADI
(Compositae-Senecioneae) is described from southern Iran. Distinctive characters are
the disciform capitula with shortly tubular marginal female florets and the purplish
involucral and calyculus bracts without black tips.

Introduction

In the Flora Iranica area annual or biennial species of Senecio L. sect. Senecio are
represented with eight species, seven of which have hitherto been recorded from Iran
(NorDENSTAM 1989). Three of these are endemic to Iran, apparently rare and with a
restricted distribution, viz. S. vulcanicus Botss., S. iranicus B. Norp. and
S. kotschyanus Boiss. The two former are known from mountain regions of north and
central Iran, both growing on the volcano Damavand in the Elburz Mountains.
S. kotschyanus was recently rediscovered in south Iran, previously only known from
the type collection (Moussavi et al. 2001).

In this paper we describe a new annual species, which so far has been collected only
once in southern Iran.

Description and Discussion

Senecio eligulatus B. Norv., Moussavi & DJAVADI, sp. nov. (sect. Senecio)

Type: Persia, Kerman: Jiroft, Baft, Hanza Bondar Takht-e Sar-Tashtak, 3200-3600
m, 10.1X.1994, FareHt 15586-IRAN (IRAN holotype, S isotype). — Figs. 1-2.

Herba annua 10—25 cm alta ramosa pilis multicellularibus articulatis imprimis in
pedunculis et in involucris obsita. Folia caulina sessilia ambitu oblonga vel
oblanceolata pinnatilobata, lobis utrinque 2—3 oblongis dentatis; folia margine saepe
+ revoluta. Capitula pauca vel plura brevi-pedunculata corymbosa heterogama

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 43

disciformia, floribus flavis. Involucri phylla uniseriata 11—13 lineari-lanceolata acuta
vel acuminata; calyculi phylla S—9 subulata viridia vel purpurascentia. Flores marg-
inales pauci feminei; corolla brevis tubulosa anguste cylindrica glanduloso-puberula,
apice truncata et minute 2—3-fida. Flores disci numerosi hermaphroditi, corolla
anguste campanulata 5-loba, lobi triangulari-ovati. Antherae appendice anguste
oblonga obtusa incluso c. 1 mm longae, basi obtusae ecaudatae. Styli rami lineares,
apice truncati minute papillati, pilis everrentibus paucis breves. Cypselae anguste
elliptico-oblongae costatae puberulae. Pappi setae numerosae albae caducae.

Annual branching herb 10—25 cm high, erect or branches somewhat ascending, laxly
pubescent with articulate multicellular hairs especially on involucre and peduncles.
Leaves cauline, alternate, sessile, oblong or oblanceolate in outline, 2—5 cm long, 1—
2 cm wide, pinnatilobate with dentate lobes, herbaceous, flat, basally half-clasping
and somewhat auriculate with dentate auricles; margins somewhat revolute. Capitula
several, corymbose, heterogamous, disciform; peduncles 5-12 mm long. Involucre
cup-shaped; phyllaries uniseriate, 11—13, linear-lanceolate, S—8 mm long, c. 1 mm
wide, 2—3-veined, acute—acuminate, with a purple tinge at least on veins; calyculus
bracts 5—9, subulate or narrowly linear-filiform, acuminate, 1-2 mm long, greenish-
purplish. Marginal female florets few; corolla reduced to a narrowly cylindrical tube
c. 1.5 mm long, sparsely glandular-puberulous with short hairs, apically truncate and
minutely 2—3-fid. Style c. 3.5 mm long with branches linear, c. 1 mm long, obtuse.
Cypsela narrowly elliptic-oblong, c. 2 mm long, c. 10-nerved or -ribbed, greenish or
light brownish, glandular-puberulous with short appressed hairs. Pappus bristles
numerous, c. 4 mm long, very fine and slender, only minutely barbellate, white,
caducous. Disc florets numerous, perfect, yellow. Corolla basally tubular, becoming
narrowly campanulate upwards, c. 4 mm long, 5-lobed; lobes deltoid-ovate, 0.50.6
mm long, apically subcucullate and minutely papillate, with faint traces of median
resin ducts and fine lateral veins continuing down the corolla from the sinuses.
Anthers small, c. 1 mm long incl. the narrowly-oblong obtuse appendage, base
obtuse, ecaudate; filament collar narrowly ‘balusterform’. Style branches linear, 0.8—
1 mm long, apically truncate and minutely papillate and with only few short lateral
sweeping-hairs; stigmatic areas narrowly separated. Cypselas narrowly elliptic-
oblong, c. 2 mm long, c. 10-ribbed, brownish, puberulous with subappressed short
hairs. Pappus bristles numerous, equalling corolla in length, white, slender, caducous.

Only known from the type collection.

This new species has somewhat the looks of S. sy/vaticus, an annual species
widespread in Europe and West Asia although not known from Iran. In S. sylvaticus
the marginal female florets are ligulate with short rays more or less rolled back. The
disciform capitula of our new species, with shortly tubular pistillate marginal florets,
inspired the epithet ‘e/igulatus’ and serve to characterize the species as distinct from

44 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

other members of sect. Senecio. A possible relative is S. dubitabilis C. JEFFREY & Y. L.
Cuen, which has not yet been recorded from Iran but occurs in adjacent countries. The
latter is however truly discoid, lacking female marginal florets. S. eligulatus seems to
be another locally endemic Iranian species of Senecio, clearly distinct from those
previously known, i.e., S. vulcanicus, iranicus and kotschyanus.

Acknowledgement

We thank Mr. M. MEHRANFARD, artist of the IRAN Herbarium, for the drawings of
habit, capitulum and cypsela (Fig. 1 A, B, H).

References

Moussavi, M., Dsavapi, B. & B. NorDENSTAM 2001. Rediscovery of Senecio
kotschyanus in tran. Comp. Newsl. 36: 77-80.

NorbENSTAM, B. 1989. Senecio L. In: K. H. RECHINGER (ed.), Flora Iranica 164: 59—
95. Akad. Druck- u. Verlagsanst., Wien.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 45

\ " Q Mi pe
114 (/ Ly. Wij
Y A f 3

Fig. 1. Senecio eligulatus B. Norp., Moussavi & Dsavani (holotype).

A. Habit, x 4.
B. Capitulum, ~ 2.
C. Marginal female floret, = 5.
D. Hermaphroditic disc floret , x 5.

E. Corolla of disc floret, laid out, x 8.
F. Anthers, x 12.

G.. Style branches of disc floret, x 12.

H. Cypsela with pappus, ~ 3.
Del. M. MEHRANFARD (A, B, H) and B. NorDENSTAM (C-—G).

46

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Distribution Map

Tehran
Kerman
Baft

Hanza (collecting locality)

XPH @

Fig. 2. Location of Senecio eligulatus B. Norp., Moussavi & DJAVADI.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 47

Holoschkuhria, a new genus of the
Hymenopappinae (Helenieae) from Peru

HAROLD ROBINSON
Botany, National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D. C., 20560-0166, USA

Abstract

A new genus and species, Holoschkuhria tetramera H. Ros., is described from
northern Peru.

Introduction and Discussion

Over the years, northern Peru has proven to be one of the most floristically interesting
areas for collections of Asteraceae. It is not unusual to receive material of rarely
collected older species and material of new species or genera. Examples of such
recently recollected rarities from the same lot as the new genus are Ayapanopsis
mathewsii (B. L. Ros.) R. M. Kinc & H. Ros. (Campos et al. 4286; RopRIGUEZ &
Campos 1822), Badilloa procera (B. L. Ros.) R. M. Kinc & H. Ros. (Campos 5204),
Mutisia wurdackii CABRERA (VASQUEZ & Campos 25359, 25410), Paranephelius
jelski (Hteron.) H.Ros. & BReTTELL (Campos 5020), Pentacalia tilletii H.Ros. &
Cuatrec. (Diaz 8813; VASQuEz & Campos 25481) and Schizotrichia eupatorioides
BENTH. (VAN DER WerrFF et al. 14816), all at MO and US.

The genus and species described in the present paper represents a particularly interes-
ting novelty. While some novelties are not unexpected, the present example is odd
because of the group of the Heliantheae—Helenieae to which it belongs and the
combination of characteristics that it shows. The subtribe Hymenopappinae is
concentrated in drier parts of the western United States and Mexico. The only
significant element in South America is the genus Villanova Lac. with triangular
achenes and deeply divided leaves. Even allowing for possible artificiality of the non-
striated achene distinction of the Hymenopappinae, possible relatives in the
Chaenactidinae are limited. Schkuhria Rotu, with striations in the achene walls, has
similar corolla form and often a similar pappus with only scales, but the leaves are
dissected and not always opposite. The new plant has leaves superficially like Flore-
stina Cass. and Palafoxia Lac.; the leaves of the latter are strictly alternate and the
corollas are larger, fleshier, and with deeply cut lobes. One further problem is the 4

48 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

corolla lobes and anthers. That number is characteristic of the related subtribe
Peritylinae, and is usually used as a key character for that subtribe. The new genus has
the number, but it also has few very broad obovate involucral bracts as in the
Hymenopappinae and many Chaenactidinae, and it is definitely not a member of the
Peritylinae.

The plant recently received from Peru seems to belong to a group mostly found in arid
or waste places, but it is cited from primary forest. It relates to mostly North American
genera, but has apparently been established in a restricted part of northern Peru for
long enough to be totally distinct. Finally, the entity is rare enough or sufficiently
natrowly endemic to have gone unnoticed until now. It is with some uneasiness that
the plant is named here as a new genus and species.

The name of the genus reflects the limited resemblance in floret structure and opposite
leaves to the widely distributed Schkuhria. The prefix “holo” refers to the large entire
undissected leaf blades. The species name refers to the 4-merous florets.

Because of recent DNA results (JANSEN & Kim 1996), the Helenieae has been
resurrected at the tribal level. The concept of the resurrected Helenieae accepted here
is of the distinctive group envisioned within the Heliantheae in RoBInson (1981). The
included subtribes are Madiinae, Hymenopappinae, Peritylinae (including the
Lycapsinae), Baeriinae, Chaenactidinae and Gaillardiinae.

Description

Holoschkuhria tetramera H. Ros., gen. et sp. nov.

Type: Peru. Dpto. Amazonas: Prov. Luya. Camporredondo, Localidad Jaipe, bosque
primario, 06°09°07"S, 78°21’05"W, 2050 m, 26 Mar 1997, Campos, Campos &
SEMBRERA 3654 (holotype US, isotype MO). — Fig. 1.

Herbaceae 0.5 m altae pauce ramosae; caules brunnescentes teretes costatae in pilis
minutis stipitate glanduliferis dense obtectae. Folia opposita, petiolis plerumque 1.3—
2.5 cm longis dense stipitate glanduliferis; laminae oblongo-ovatae 4—6 cm longae
1.2—2.2 cm latae base breviter acutae vel vix acuminatae margine integrae minute
stipitate glanduliferae apice obtusae supra et subtus dense velutine puberulae et
distincte glandulo-punctatae, nervis subtrinervatis, nervis secundariis ascendentibus
in binis duplicitis prope basem et prope mediam. Inflorescentiae late thyrsoideae in
ramis et ramulis oppositae; bracteis inferioribus foliiformibus; ramis et ramulis in
glandulis stipitatis minutis dense obtectis, pedunculis 4-11 mm longis puberulis vel
stipitato-glanduliferis. Capitula ca 6 mm alta 7-9 mm lata; bracteae involucri ca. 7
obovatae ca. 4.5 mm longae ca. 3 mm latae, 1 aut 2 exteriores oblongae angustiores,
bracteae interiores apice obtusae pallidiores tenuiores extus dense puberulae et min

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 49

ute glandulo-punctatae; receptacula epaleacea glabra. Flores ca. 25 in capitulo;
corollae albae 3.5 mm longae, tubis ca. 1.3 mm longis constrictis base latioribus, tubis
supra basem et faucibus base in glandulis stipitatis puberulis, faucibus abrupte late
campanulatis ca. 0.7 mm longis, lobis 4 laxe patentibus ca. 1 mm longis et 0.8 mm
latis intus leniter mamillosis extus laevibus dense glandulo-punctatis subapice saepe
unipilosis, ductis resiniferis flavidis in faucibus secus nervum solitariis in lobis
distincte intramarginalibus; antherae 4, thecae obscure brunnescentes ca. 1 mm
longae, base breviter hastatae, cellulis endothecialibus in parietibus tranversalibus
binodatis; appendices antherarum pallidae ovatae extus concavae multo
glanduliferae; basi stylorum glabri; rami stylorum in lineis stigmaticis binis, apice
acute sensim anguste acuminatae antrorse pilosulis. Achenia anguste cuneata ca. 3
mm longa 4-costata dense setulifera base attenuata in pleuribus non striata, setulis
apice leniter clavatis; squamae pappi 8 oblongae ca. 2 mm longae et 0.7 mm latae ad
medio late costatae margine irregulariter fimbriatae. Grana pollinis ca. 25 ym in dia-
metro.

Herbs 0.5 m high, sparingly branched; stems brownish, terete, costate, densely
covered with felt of minute stipitate glands. Leaves opposite, petioles narrow, mostly
1.32.5 cm long, covered with stipitate glands; leaf blades oblong-ovate, 4-6 cm
long, 1.2—2.5 cm wide, base shortly acute to scarcely acuminate, margins entire, with
fringe of stipitate glands, upper and lower surfaces densely velutinous, with distinct
glandular punctations, with 2 pairs of ascending secondary veins, near base and near
middle. Inflorescence broadly thyrsoid, with opposite branches and branchlets,
branches covered with stipitate glands; peduncles 4-11 mm long, puberulous or with
stipitate glands. Heads broadly campanulate, ca. 6 mm high, 7~9 mm wide;
involucral bracts ca. 7, mostly obovate, ca. 4.5 mm long, ca. 3 mm wide, apices
obtuse, with narrow, thin, pale apical margin, outside densely puberulous with minute
glandular dots, 1 or 2 outer bracts oblong, narrower; receptacle flat or slightly convex,
without pales, glabrous. Florets ca. 25 in a head; corollas white, 3.5 mm long, basal
tube ca. 1.3 mm long, broad at base, constricted above, tube above base and base of
throat puberulous with stipitate glands, throat broadly and rather abruptly
campanulate, ca. 0.7 mm long, lobes 4, oblong-ovate, laxly spreading, ca. 1 mm long
and 0.8 mm wide, slightly mamillose inside, outside smooth, densely covered with
sessile glands, often with short non-glandular hair near apex, resin ducts mostly
yellowish, solitary along veins of throat, distinctly intramarginal in lobes; anthers 4,
thecae slightly brownish, short hastate at base, endothecial cells with tranverse walls
binodate; apical appendage ovate, yellowish, concave outer surface with cluster of
many glands; style base glabrous, branches with paired stigmatic lines, apices acute
and abruptly narrowly acuminate, with brush of hairs near tip on margins and back.
Achenes narrowly cuneate, ca. 3 mm long, 4-costate, sides densely setuliferous,
setulae with shortly divided and usually slightly broadened clavulate tips, sides

50 Comp. News]. 38, 2002

weakly blackened without striae, base narrow and attenuate. Pappus of 8 oblong
squamae, each squama ca. 2 mm long and 0.7 mm wide, with broad yellowish median
costa and pale irregularly fringed margins. Pollen grains ca. 25 um in diameter.

Holoschkuhria peruviana is presently known only from the type collection. It is
always possible that other specimens have been seen by other botanists and have been
put aside because of the confusing mixture of characteristics. It is also possible that
the taxon has been named as a member of some genus in which it does not belong, but
nothing likely was seen in a reading of the recent catalogue of the Flowering Plants
and Gymnosperms of Peru (BRAKO & ZaruccH! 1993) nor in the Catalogue of the
Vascular Plants of Ecuador (JORGENSEN & LEON-YANEZ 1999).

Acknowledgement

ALICE TANGERINI of the Botany Department, Smithsonian Institution, is thanked for the
illustration of the new genus and species.

References

Brako, L. & J. L. ZARuccui 1993. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and
Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany, Missouri Botanical
Garden 45:i-xlii, 1-1286.

JANSEN, R. K. & K.-J. Kim 1996. Jmplications of chloroplast DNA data for the
classification and phylogeny of the Asteraceae. In: Hinp, D. J. N. & H. J.
BEENTJE (eds.), Compositae: systematics. Proceedings of the International
Compositae Conference, Kew, 1994. Vol. 1, pp. 317-339. Royal Botanic Gard-
ens, Kew.

JORGENSEN, P. M. & S. LEON-YANEZ 1999. Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of
Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany, Missouri Botanical Garden
75:i-vili, 1-1181.

Rosinson, H. 1981. A revision of the tribal and subtribal limits of the Heliantheae
(Asteraceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 51:i~iv, 1—102.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Fig. 1. Holoschkuhria tetramera H. Ros.
A. Habit.
B. Head.
C. Achene with four angles.
D. Setulae or biseriate hairs of achene.
E. Corolla with four lobes.

51

52 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Symphyopappus uncinatus,
a new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil
(Asteraceae: Eupatorieae: Disynaphiinae)

HAROLD ROBINSON
Botany, National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D.C., 20560-0166, USA

Abstract

Symphyopappus uncinatus H. Ros., with widely spaced and apically hooked pappus
setae, is described as a new species from Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Introduction

A 1985 HatscHBAcH collection from Trinta Reis in Minas Gerais has been held for
many years as an unknown member of the Eupatorieae with unusual hooked pappus
bristles. It was not certain if the hooked setae were an artifact. A new specimen by
HATSCHBACH from Barao do Guacui in Minas Gerais confirms the validity of the
character and shows that the species is properly placed in the genus Symphyopappus.
The plant has partially glutinous glabrous leaves with the midvein prominent on both
surfaces, a leaf type common in Symphyopappus, and the species also has the
ascending branches of the inflorescence with decurrent ridges, glabrous involucral
bracts with dark longitudinal lines and the five florets in a head that are characteristic
of the genus as defined in the most recent studies (KING & Rosinson 1971, 1978,
1987).

Description

The new species is described as follows.

Symphyopappus uncinatus H. Ros., sp. nov. — Type: Brazil. Minas Gerais: Mun.
Diamantina, Baraéo do Guacui, cerrado, margem do cérrego, 24 Oct. 1999, Hatscu-
BACH, SPICHIGER, CERVI & BARBOSA 69675 (holotype MBM, isotype US).

A speciebus omnino in setis pappi uncinatis differt.

Shrubs ca. 1.5 m tall, moderately branched; stems brownish, hexagonal, becoming
terete, glabrous. Leaves opposite, petioles 0.5—1.2 cm long; blades thinly coriaceous,

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 53

narrowly elliptical, 5-10 cm long, 1.1—-2.3 cm wide, base cuneate, margins above
middle serrulate or serrate with 10-18 teeth, apex narrowly acute, surfaces glabrous,
upper surface slightly darker and sometimes glutinous; venation trinervate with weak
strongly ascending secondary veins near base and parallel with basal margins,
pinnately veined above with ca. 4 pairs of weak veins ascending at ca. 40° angles,
midrib prominent on both surfaces, veins slightly prominulous below, smallest
veinlets rather insulcate adaxially. Inflorescence terminal, densely corymbiform, with
strongly ascending, decurrent opposite branches, with mostly alternate branchlets;
bracteoles narrowly linear, 8-14 mm long, branchlets ending in clusters of sessile
heads. Heads 7-8 mm high, ca. 4 mm wide; involucral bracts ca. 15, stiffly
chartaceous, brownish to stramineous, oblong to narrowly oblong, 4-6 mm long, 0.8—
1.3 mm wide, apices rounded, glabrous and with 3 dark lines outside. Florets 5 ina
head; corollas whitish or pink, 4.5—-4.7 mm long, with very few sessile glands outside
mostly on lobes, basal tube broadly cylindrical, ca. 1.2 mm long, throat more broadly
cylindrical, ca. 2.2 mm long, lobes triangular, ca. 0.7 mm long; anther thecae pale, ca.
1.5 mm long; apical appendage oblong, ca. 0.38 mm long. Achenes prismatic, 5-
costate, ca. 1.8 mm long, narrowed at base to small carpopodium, with short setulae
near base and distally along costae; pappus of 6-10 pale bristles, mostly well-
separated at base, some short but most ca. 4.5 mm long, straight when young but
longer bristles becoming hooked at tips. Pollen grains ca. 25 um in diam.

Paratype: Brazil. Minas Gerais: Mun. Pres. Kubitchek, Trinta Reis, campo rupestre,
margens corrego, 27 Nov. 1985, HATSCHBACH & ZELMA 50255 (MBM, US).

Symphyopappus uncinatus is most distinct in the reduced number of setae of the
pappus and by the hooked tips of the longer setae. The heads are described on the
labels as “alva’” in the type and “rosados” in the paratype.

References

Kina, R. M. & H. Rosinson 1971. Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). LIV. The
genus, Symphyopappus. Phytologia 22: 115-117.

Kinc, R. M. & H. Rosinson 1978. Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae).
CLXXIX. Notes on the genus Symphyopappus. Phytologia 39: 132-135.

Kinc, R. M. & H. Rosinson 1987. The genera of the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae).
Monographs in Systematic Botany, Missouri Bot. Gard. 22: i-x, 1-581.

54 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Biogeographic area relationships of Cuba with the
rest of the Neotropical region based on the
distributions of genus Gochnatia KUNTH

JACQUELINE PEREZ CAMACHO & IRALYS VENTOSA RODRIGUEZ !
Department of Vascular Plants, Institute of Ecology and Systematics
Carretera de Varona, Km 3’4, Capdevilla, Boyeros, A.P. 8029
C.P. 10800, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
e-mail: botanica.ies@ama.cu / ecologia@ceniai.inf.cu

Abstract

Hypotheses of the historic biogeography of Neotropical Gochnatia were generated
using Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity. Cladistic analysis of the distribution of 38
Gochnatia species at 11 areas showed two regions that form a basal dichotomy: (I)
South Bolivia + Northwestern Argentina and (II) Caribbean Region + Amazonian
Peru + Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The application of a cladistic analysis to the
biogeographical information gathered, enabled us to establish relations among the
several distribution areas of Gochnatia section Gochnatia and also allowed us to
represent the graphical confirmation of the existing, unmistakable disjunction within
this genus.

Introduction

The genus Gochnatia Kunth, placed by all synantherologists in the tribe Mutisieae
subtribe Mutisiinae, is a challenging subject for researchers due to its 68 species and
disjunct geographic distribution. Current knowledge shows it has two Paleotropical
species in Southeast Asia from Northern India to Laos and Vietnam, whereas most
species are found in the Neotropics and in the south of the United States of America.
Gochnatia was first described by KuntH in “Nova Genera and Species Plantarum”
(1818), the type species being Gochnatia vernonioides KuNTH from Peru.

Several taxonomic treatments, either considering two, three or five sections, have
been applied to the genus. Among the studies on the family (and to a certain extent on
Gochnatia) during the 19th century, those of Cassini (1824), Lessinc (1830, 1832),
DE CANDOLLE (1836) and BENTHAM & Hooker (1873) are classics.

* Temporary address: Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 5)5)

During the 20th century, the most complete papers including many innovations and
changes are those of ANGEL CABRERA (1971) and an unpublished thesis by Roy N.
Jervis (1954); the latter made a study of the genus with strong emphasis on Caribbean
species, which up to that time had been included in the genus Anastraphia D. Don.
CaBRERA (1971) published a monograph of the genus proposing the infrageneric
classification currently accepted (6 sections and 68 species):

Sect.I. | Gochnatia: 38 species; 30 in the Caribbean and 8 in South America.
Sect. II. | Pentaphorus: 2 species in South America.

Sect. III. Moquiniastrum: 18 species in South America.

Sect. IV. Leucomeris: 2 species in East Asia.

Sect. V. Hedraiophyllum: 7 species in North America.

Sect. VI. Discoseris: 3 species in Brazil.

There are 30 Caribbean and eight South American species in Section Gochnatia.
They are monoecious shrubs or small trees; capitula solitary or in small number,
sessile at the end of branches.

Section Gochnatia has three disjunct areas of distribution:

1. Thirty species are endemic to the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles, mainly in
Cuba, a few in the Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

2. Seven species are scattered all along the eastern slopes and intermountain valleys
of the Andes from northern Peru to northwestern Argentina.

3. Assingle species is endemic to southeastern Brazil.

The present investigation analyses the distributional patterns of Neotropical
Gochnatia by cladistic parsimony techniques. The purpose of this analysis is to gene-
rate hypotheses of the historical biogeography of the group.

Materials and Methods

A technique that uses cladistic parsimony to infer historic relationships among areas is
Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE). This procedure, proposed by RosEN (1988)
and Rosen & SMITH (1988), has been applied increasingly in several biogeographic
studies to a variety of taxa and regions.

PAE was applied to the distribution of 38 species of Gochnatia in 11 areas of
Neotropical regions in the Caribbean Region and South America (Table 1). The
circumscriptions of the areas sampled were defined by the present authors (Fig.1).

For the PAE, the presence or absence of species was coded in a matrix of taxa versus
areas (0 for absence, | for presence). A hypothetical “empty locality’(RA) where no

56 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

species occur was used to root area cladograms (ROSEN 1988, CracrarFT 1991).

The analysis was carried out using the program WINCLADA vers. 0.9.9 (Nixon
1999) and applying heuristic methods for searching, implicit in the program. The
reliability of results was determined by means of consistency (CI) and retention (RI)
indices also implicit in the program calculations.

Results were compared to the available information on the paleogeography of the
area.

Results and Discussion

One most parsimonious area cladogram (CI = 100, RI = 100, tree length = 38) was
obtained (Fig. 1) from cladistic analysis on the distribution of 38 Gochnatia species at
11 areas. Two regions form a basal dichotomy: (I) South Bolivia + Northwestern Ar-
gentina and (II) Caribbean Region + Amazonian Peru + Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

The topology of this cladogram (Fig. 1) reveals the existence of a large group (II),
where the Caribbean Region is divided in two subgroups: Ila and IIb2. Subgroup Ila
is supported by Gochnatia microcephala var. buchii (9), Gochnatia microcephala
var. rosei (10), Gochnatia oligantha (13) and Gochnatia sessilis (15), all of which are
widely distributed in Hispaniola. In that island there are eight species, three of which
are endemic to Haiti and only one is endemic to the Dominican Republic.

The Subgroup IIb2 is supported by Gochnatia ilicifolia (17), a species widely
distributed in Cuba and also found in some islands of the Bahamas. It all seems to
point at a Cuban origin followed by further dispersal into the Bahamas. In this sub-
group, four distinctive clusters were defined and represent Cuban floristic sectors
sensu SAMEK (1973), having a large number of endemics, and the Bahamas with just a
single endemic, Gochnatia pauciflosculosa (18).

In regard to Cuban species, there is a center of diversification in each Cuban
phytogeographic sector. The western and central centers are very related and have 4
endemics each: Gochnatia mantuensis (20), Gochnatia ekmanii (24), Gochnatia
montana (26) and Gochnatia intertexta (29) in Western Cuba, and Gochnatia
sagraeana (22), Gochnatia wilsonii (25), Gochnatia cowellii (28) and Gochnatia
parvifolia (32) in Central Cuba. However, the most important center of diversification
is in Eastern Cuba, which is the sister area of the rest of the clade and has 12 endemics
(60 % of all Cuban endemic species of Gochnatia). This result agrees with those of
other workers recognizing Eastern Cuba as the most endemic-rich sector.

The high percentage of endemism is a natural consequence of various factors
including environmental heterogeneity and wide diversity of habitats and soils which

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 S17

are traits inherent to islands, opposing the characteristic homogeneity of continents.

Ecological vicariance among the species of Gochnatia is another interesting aspect:
ten are restricted to limestone, nine thrive on serpentine habitats exclusively and only
one is able to live in the white sand of Pinar del Rio, Gochnatia mantuensis (20).
Analysis of dispersal patterns of each of these ecologic groups shows a total
coincidence with the dispersal patterns of limestone and serpentine floras (BORHIDI
1991, 1996).

According to BorHp!'s patterns, limestone vegetation had its primary evolution cen-
ters in Pinar del Rio (Western Cuba) and in the mountains of Eastern Cuba. In both
centers Gochnatia has characteristic species such as Gochnatia ekmanii (24) and
Gochnatia montana (26) in Pinar del Rio and Gochnatia microcephala var.
microcephala (11), Gochnatia elliptica (27), Gochnatia calcicola (30), Gochnatia
maisiana var. maisiana (33) and Gochnatia maisiana var. parviflora (34) in Eastern
limestones.

Centers of evolution on serpentine are the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains (eight
species), Moa being the primary center and Nipe the secondary one. Species have
migrated from Eastern to Western Cuba along the serpentine axis (Holguin-
Guanabacoa). Species restricted to serpentine can be found in almost every serpentine
area from Baracoa (easternmost Cuba) to Pinar del Rio (westernmost Cuba) where
the Cajalbana mountains are a terciary evolution center. Gochnatia intertexta (29) is
the westernmost species of Gochnatia in Cuba that lives in serpentine soil.

The species of Gochnatia have evolved in old rocky limestone and serpentines, at an
altitude of 0-1000 m though the limit is 1250 m in Sierra Cristal (Eastern Cuba). They
thrive in the following vegetation units: 1) littoral dry scrub, 2) dry evergreen forest, 3)
humid evergreen forest, 4) rainforest, 5) thorny dry scrub on serpentine, 6) subthorny
dry scrub on serpentine, 7) mountain scrub and 8) semideciduous forest. They can
sometimes be found in gallery forest in the above mentioned units.

On the other hand, in Subgroup IIb one clade is formed by the Bolivian center and
Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Both of them appear in the cladogram as a unique unit but
they do not have any species in common, the two areas only presenting strictly
endemic species.

Peru is an independent area belonging to the Subgroup II. It has a considerable
percentage of endemism and its taxa are not shared with any other region.

Subgroup I supported by Gochnatia curviflora (4) joined two areas, viz., South Boli-
via and Northwestern Argentina.

This high endemism in continental species might be due to the isolation of South
America during nearly all of the Cenozoic. The elevation of the Andes as a geographic

58 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

barrier between lowland forests has been decisive for the patterns of endemism of
Neotropical forest (Ron 2000); also, the extreme ecological conditions under which
the species live. Most of them are high mountain dwellers, found above 2000 m,
where the climate is hard and forces them to create adaptative mechanisms, which
ultimately restrict their distribution areas.

According to our cladogram, it is obvious that continental (I, IIb and an independent
area) and insular (IIa and IIb2) groups are well defined and in general the biotic and
abiotic conditions are important forces determining the distribution of Gochnatia
species in the Neotropics.

Biogeographical considerations in Gochnatia resulting from
available information on the paleogeography of the area

The genus Gochnatia and section Gochnatia have a disjunct geographical distribu-
tion (Fig.2). There are eight continental species restricted to South America and 30
species in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Boruipi (1991, 1996) claimed that
the origin of the genus is Gondwanian with Andean species playing a leading role.
Gochnatia was first thought to have originated in the Northern Andes with subsequent
dispersal along the Pacific coast and Beringia and a Neogene arrival to Paleotropical
Asia. However, BREMER (1994) suggests that it could have arisen in the whole Pacific
area during the Oligocene. Likewise, the lack of species in the Holartic tends to imply
that they became extinct during the Miocene-Pleistocene climatic changes, that is,
Northernmost American and Northeastern Asiatic species disappeared during the
Late Tertiary and Early Quaternary, thus rendering the present disjunct tropical distri-
bution of the genus.

The disjunct distribution of Gochnatia section Gochnatia can be assessed on the
ground of the Cuban floristic evolution (BorHipi 1996). According to this hypothesis
there were three phases: 1) The plate phase between the Upper Jurassic and Early
Cretaceous when the Antillean plate was located to the north of the African and South
American continents, having contact with the Macaronesian plate and hence
receiving floristic influence from the Pacific coasts. However, there is no evidence of
the existence of Asteraceae in those Mesozoic periods. 2) The land-bridge phase
between the Eocene and the Pliocene when Gochnatia had already arisen in the
Pacific area and had all the conditions for further dispersal from the continent to the
Greater Antilles. Though not continuous, this phase has the greatest probability of
being the time during which Gochnatia arrived to the Macroantilles since these
islands had a direct connection with South America via Andes-Aves crests, and Cen-
tral America-Nicaragua and Cayman crests. 3) During the archipelago phase the
connections between the islands and the continents ceased and isolation among the

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 39

Greater Antilles began to increase, thus contributing to the formation of endemic
species.

Conclusions

The continental (I, [Ib1) and insular (IIa, IIb2) groups are well defined in the
cladogram.

Topology in the cladogram shows that the closest relations and affinities are those
between the Bahamas and Cuban areas and between the Haiti and Dominican
Republic areas.

The Western Cuba and Central Cuba centers are closely related and have 4
endemics each.

The Eastern Cuba center (12 endemics) is the most important source of
diversification within the Cuban archipelago.

Cuba and Hispaniola are centers of evolution of Gochnatia in the Greater
Antilles.

The genus Gochnatia and Section Gochnatia have a disjunct geographical distri-
bution between the Greater Antilles and Central Western South America (though
one taxon is found in Southeastern Brazil).

The biotic and abiotic conditions are important forces determining the distribu-
tion of Gochnatia species in the Neotropics.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to PEDRO PABLO HERRERA OLIVER of the Ecology and Systematics Insti-
tute for revising the English text, to HERIBERTO RODRIGUEZ for drawing of figure and to
BertTIL NorDENSTAM for the critical review of the manuscript. We also want to thank the
Department of Phanerogamic Botany at the Swedish Museum of Natural History and
the Swedish Institute for supporting these studies.

60 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Table 1. Species of Gochnatia in the cladogram. No. = number of a species
in the tree.

G. rotundifolia Less.

G. cardenasi S.F. BLAKE

G. recurva (BritT.) Jervis et
ALAIN

G. mantuensis (W RIGHT ex
GriseB.) Jervis et ALAIN

s ; G. attenuata (Britt.) Jervis et
G. arequipensis SANDWITH 2
ALAIN
G. vargasi CABRERA 3. |G. sagraeana Jervis et ALAIN

G curvifiova (Gmsus) Horr. 4 G. crassifolia (Britt.) JERVIS et
ALAIN
G. boliviana S.F. BLAKE 5 G. ekmanii (UrB.) JERvis et ALAIN

ALAIN

G. enneantha (BLAKE) ALAIN ieee G. elliptica (LEON) ALAIN

G. microcephala var. buchii G. wilsonii (BritT.) Jervis et
(Urs.) ALAIN

Oo

N

No

24

Ww —_

No
loa)

ALAIN

z=

N

ALAIN

G. microcephala var. rosei G. intertexta (WRIGHT ex GRISEB.)
(Britt.) ALAIN JERVIS et ALAIN

\o

N N
oo I Nn

i=)

G. microcephala (GrisEB.) JERVIS G. calcicola (Britt.) Jervis et
et ALAIN var. microcephala

ALAIN

G. obovata (UrsB.et EkM.) JIMENEZ G. gomezii (LEON) Jervis et ALAIN

G. parvifolia (BritT.) Jervis et
ALAIN

3

G. oligantha (UrB.) Howarp

G. maisiana (LEON) Jervis et
ALAIN

oF G. maisiana var. parviflora
G. tortuensis (URB.) JIMENEZ 6 | eee (C ARABIA

Ww
Ww

Ww Ww
N —

G. picardae (URB.) JIMENEZ

Ww

G. ilicifalia. Less G. obtusifolia (Britt.) Jervis et
G. pauciflosculosa (W RIGHT ex
Hitcuc.) Jervis ex CABRERA

37

Q

>
=
2
Zz
w Ww
rom n +

. Shaferi (Britt.) JERvis et ALAIN

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 61

one | Boliv Sur

I
items Argent Noroeste

(oa
l2 14 16

Haiti
IIa
, Rep Dom

Boliv Cen
- « | IIb,
Brasil Sudeste bi
:

i
Il 19 2) 23 27 303133 34 % 36 37
Cub Ori

! [Ps 2 ie as St Ui fet Ce a 1 IIb
Bahamas
20 24 26 29
Cub Occ IIb,
®@— CubCen

Fig. 1. Most parsimonious area cladogram (tree length = 38, CI = 100, RI= 100) for
Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity applied to presence/absence of 38 species of Gochnatia
at 11 areas. An empty locality (no species) was used to root the cladogram (RA).

¢ Existence of taxa; the number above the dot is the taxon’s number.

BolivSur: South Bolivia; ArgentNoroeste: Northwestern Argentina, RepDom: Dominican
Republic; BolivCen: Central Bolivia; CubCen: Central Cuba; CubOcc: Western Cuba;
CubOri: Eastern Cuba.

62 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Fig. 2. The disjunct geographical distribution of Gochnatia, section Gochnatia.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 63

References

BENTHAM, G & J. D. HOOKER 1873. Compositae in Genera Plantarum. vol.2, no. 1:
163—533. London, Lovell Reeve.

BreMeR, K. 1994. Asteraceae. Cladistics & Classification. Timber Press, Portland,
Oregon.

Boru, A. 1991. Phytogeography and Vegetation. Ecology of Cuba. Akadémiai
Kiado, Budapest.

Boruipt, A. 1996. Phytogeography and Vegetation Ecology of Cuba. Second revised
and enlarged edition. Akadémiai Kiad6, Budapest.

CasreERA, A. L. 1971. Revision del Género Gochnatia (Compositae). Rev. Museo La
Plata, Bot. 12: 1-160.

CracraFT, J. 1991. Patterns of diversification within continental biotas: hierarchical
congruence among the areas of endemism of Australian vertebrates. Australian
Systematic Botany 1991: 211-227.

Cassini, H. 1824. Mutisiées, in: Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, vol.33. Ed. G.
Cuvier. 2" ed. Paris: Le Normant. 462-480.

DE CANDOLLE, A. P. 1836. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, vol. 5.
Paris.

JERVIS, R. N. 1954. A summary of the genus Gochnatia, including a revision of the
West Indian species which comprise the Section Anastraphiodes. Diss.,
Michigan Univ. (unpublished).

Kunth, C. S. 1818. Jn: HUMBOLDT, A., BONPLAND, A. & C. S. KUNTH (eds.), Voyage de
HumBOLpT et BonPLAND. Sixiéme Partie. Botanique. Nova genera et species
plantarum. Ed. folio. Maze, Paris. Vol.4, pp. 247 & tabs. 301-412.

LEssING, C. F. 1830. De Synanthereis herbarii regii berolinensis dissertatio secunda.
Linnaea 5: 26.

LEssING, C. F. 1832. Synopsis Generum Compositarum. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

Nixon, K. C. 1999. WINCLADA vers. 0.9.9 + (BETA) Preliminary Documentation.

Ron, B. R. 2000. Biogeographic area relationship of lowland Neotropical rainforest
based on raw distributions of vertebrate groups. Biol. J. Linn. Soc.71: 379-402.

Rosen, B. R. 1988. From fossils to earth history: Applied historical biogeography. Jn:
Myers, A. & P. GILLER (eds.), Analytical biogeography: An integrated ap-
proach to the study of animal and plant distribution, pp. 437-481. Chapman &
Hall, London.

64 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002
Rosen, B. R. & A. B. SmitH 1988. Tectonics from fossils? Analysis of reef-coral and
sea- urchin distributions from late Cretaceous to Recent, suing a new method.

In: AUDLEY-CHARLES M. G. & A. HALLMAN (eds.), Gondwana and Tethys.
Special Publication of the Geological Society of London 37: 275-306.

SAMEK, V. 1973. Regiones fitogeograficas de Cuba. Ser. Forest. Acad. Cien. Cuba, La
Habana. No. 15, 50 pp.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 65

Oldfeltia, a new genus of the
Compositae-Senecioneae from Cuba

BERTIL NORDENSTAM & ROGER LUNDIN

Department of Phanerogamic Botany

Swedish Museum of Natural History
Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract

The new monotypic genus Oldfeltia B. Norp. & LuNDIN (Compositae-Senecioneae)
is described from the Oriente of Cuba, based on Senecio polyphlebius GRIsEB., a spe-
cies which has hitherto been misplaced in Senecio and Pentacalia.

Introduction

The large and almost cosmopolitan tribe Senecioneae is represented in Cuba by about
25 species, most of which have in the past been placed in the over-expanded genus
Senecio (e.g., GRISEBACH 1862, GREENMAN 1912, ALAIN 1962). A few species are
firmly placed in Erechtites, Emilia and Shafera, which are clearcut genera with no
problems of delimitation. Those still remaining in Senecio (or transferred to
Pentacalia, cf. below) present more serious problems as regards generic position.

We have studied some of the species on field trips to Cuba in 1995 as well as material
in Cuban herbaria (HAC, HAJB; abbreviations in accordance with HoLmcren et al.
1990).

In Flora de Cuba vol. 5 (ALAIN 1962) 21 species of Senecio are listed, all shrubs or
small trees plus a few vines, and in addition the widespread weed S. vulgaris, which is
an annual herb and the type of the genus. The latter is the only Cuban species which
can be retained in Senecio. Of the others, 13 species have been tentatively transferred
to Pentacalia Cass. (Proctor 1982, BorHipi 1992), where they are not well placed.
Instead, they will have to be referred to a couple of different genera in need of
description. This work is ongoing by one of us (B.N.). In the present paper we only
deal with one species, which we distinguish as a new monotypic genus. We propose
the name Oldfeltia, in appreciation of the dedicated work of Mrs. KARIN OLDFELT as
Swedish Ambassador to Cuba in 1991 to 1995. Her love for Cuban nature is
manifested in her works of art as well as her encouragement and assistance to natural
scientists visiting the island during her sejour on the island.

66 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Senecio polyphlebius GrisEB. was one of several species transferred by BorHIDI
(1992) to Pentacalia. The latter is a large Andean genus of lianescent or epiphytic
shrubs with scattered alternate or opposite leaves. As understood by some authors in a
wider sense, Pentacalia includes subgenus Microchaete, a large group of erect shrubs
or shrublets with usually closely set and often small leaves, and a characteristic ele-
ment of the paramo vegetation, reaching its northern limit in the small paramo refuges
of Costa Rica. However, this group is often separated as genus Monticalia C. JEFFREY.
The Cuban species are not sufficiently allied to these two genera to be included in any
of them.

In ALAIN’s key to the species of Senecio (ALAIN 1962), S. polyphlebius is wrongly
characterized as having radiate capitula. In the text, however, the florets are correctly
described as ’’flores 5—6, todas tubulares”’, in other words the capitula are discoid.
This species has a number of other characteristics suggesting the status of a separate
genus. It is a shrub with large undivided leaves with distinctly serrate or denticulate
margins. The discoid capitula are numerous and massed in terminal paniculate-
corymbose synflorescences. The involucre is unusual, being cylindrical and pale
whitish-green with closely connivent phyllaries. The anthers are shortly caudate. The
style branches have conical or triangular tips with clavate papillae and sometimes a
minute apical tuft of a few longer trichomes.

Description

Oldfeltia B. Norv. & LuNDIN, gen. nov. (Compositae-Senecioneae)

Syn.: Senecio L. Sect. Syllepis GriseB., Mem. Acad. Amer. Scient. et Artium, N. Ser.
8: 515, 1862.

Type: O. polyphlebia (GriseB.) B. Norp. & Lunpin; Senecio polyphlebius GRIsEB.,
Le:

Frutex erectus ramosus glaber. Folia alterna basi sensim in petiolum attenuata integra
oblanceolata vel oblongo-obovata herbacea acuminata arcte pinnativenosa venis
divaricatis, margine distincte serrulato-denticulata. Capitula numerosa homogama
discoidea cymosa, cymis in synflorescentiam terminalem corymbiformem dispositis.
Involucrum cylindricum viridi-album glabrum minute paucicalyculata; bracteis 5
uniseriatis lanceolatis praeter apices deltoideos arcte conniventibus sed post anthesin
divergentibus. Receptaculum planum breviter fimbrillato-denticulatum. Flosculi disci
hermaphroditi 5—6; corolla flava tubulosa sensim ampliata quinquelobata, lobis
lanceolatis canalibus resiniferis medianis instructis apice minute papillatis. Antherae
basi caudatae; cellulae endothecii parietibus verticalibus noduliferis; filamenti collum
basi dilatatum. Styli rami apice obtuse conici papillati, dorso hirsutuli, areis
stigmaticis separatis. Cypselae oblongae glabrae decemcostatae, carpopodio

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 67

distincto. Pappi setae numerosae pluriseriatae albae vel fulvae minute barbellatae basi
connatae persistentes.

When describing the species GRISEBACH (1862) placed it in a section of its own, which
he named Senecio sect. Syllepis, stressing the discoid capitula and the “involucri
squamis connatis”. The single species is described in some more detail below.

Oldfeltia polyphlebia (GrisEB.) B. Norv. & LuNnDIN , comb. nov. — Fig. 1.

Basionym: Senecio polyphlebius Grises., Mem. Acad. Amer. Scient. et Artium, N.
Ser. 8 : 515, 1862.

Syn.: Pentacalia polyphlebia (GriseB.) Boruii, Acta Bot. Hung. 37: 89, 1992.
Type: WRIGHT 329, prope Monte Verde, secus ripas rivulorum in sylvis opacas

(n.v.).

Erect branching glabrous shrub or small tree 2-6 m high. Stems ribbed or angular, up
to 20 cm in diam. Leaves alternate, crowded toward the branch ends, undivided,
oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, petiolate or tapering to a petioliform narrow base
(petiole 1-5 cm long), 10-50 cm long, 4-8 cm wide, flat, herbaceous, distinctly
midribbed and with numerous lateral pinnate veins, margins distinctly serrate to
serrulate—denticulate. Capitula numerous, cymose-corymbose in_ terminal
synflorescences, homogamous, discoid. Involucre cylindrical, glabrous, minutely
calyculate; involucral bracts uniseriate, 5, closely connivent but separating after
anthesis, narrowly oblong, 5.5-9 mm long, 1.5—2.5 mm wide, 5—7-veined, pale
yellowish or whitish-green with thinner pellucid margins, somewhat thickened
basally, tips deltoid, obtuse or subacute and minutely puberulous-fimbriate. Calyculus
bracts 3—5, ovate-deltoid, 1—1.5 mm long, 0.5—1 mm wide. Receptacle flat, shortly
fimbrillate-denticulate. Florets 5-6; corolla yellow, tubular below, gradually
widening above, 5-6 mm long, glabrous, 5—lobed, tube basally somewhat dilated,
lobes narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 1.5—2 mm long, with marginal veins and a distinct
to faint midline, apically thickened (subcucullate) and minutely papillate. Anthers ca.
2 mm long incl. the oblong-ovate obtuse apical appendage; endothecial tissue radial
(with thickenings on longitudinal walls); base shortly caudate (tails ca. 1/2 collar
length); filament collar somewhat dilated towards the base with larger cells. Style
branches linear, ca. 2 mm long, with separated stigmatic areas inside, outside minutely
scabrid-papillate, apex obtusely conical with clavate papillae and sometimes a small
apical tuft centrally; style base placed on a short stylopodium. Cypsela narrowly
oblong, 4-7 mm long, glabrous, with 10 nerves and 10 resiniferous ducts;
carpopodium distinct, of 5—7 cell layers. Pappus bristles numerous, pluriseriate, 5—7
mm long, slender, white or tawny, minutely barbellate, basally connate, persistent.

Flowering period: Febr.—May.

68 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Collections examined:

Cuba. Prov. Holguin, Moa, in disturbed montane evergreen forest, along road Moa—
Melba, 30 km from Moa, alt. 450 m, 1995, NoRDENSTAM & LUNDIN 337 (HAC, NY, S),
NorDENSTAM & LunpIn 340 (HAC, HAJB, K, NY, S), NorDENSTAM & LUNDIN 341
(HAC, HAJB, K, NY, S); Prov. Holguin; Moa, Sierra de Moa, along road Moa—
Toldo, 400-500 m, 1987, A. CLaro, HAJB 62122 (HAJB); Prov. Holguin, Frank
Pais, Alto de Mono 1987, M. BAssLer et al. HAJB 60766 (HAJB); Prov. Holguin,
Moa, La Melba, 450-500 m, 1980, A. ALvarez et al. HAJB 42403 (HAJB); Prov.
Holguin, Moa, Cayo Guan, 1975, J. AcuNA HAC 12776 (HAC); Prov. Oriente, Sierra
de Cristal, Valle del Rio Lebisa, Fea del Alcéa, 850 m, 1976, Boruipi & VALEZ HAC
14496 (HAC); Prov. Oriente, Southern part of Sierra del Cristal, Mayari, 1956,
H. Avain, J. ACUNA & M. Lopez Ficuziras HAC 5509 (HAC); Prov. Oriente, Sierra de
Cristal, gulch of Rio Lebisa, 600 m, 1922, E. L. ExMAN 15941 (S, NY); Prov. Oriente,
Palenque: Cuchillas de Toa, Cayo Fortuna, 1972, J. Bisse, R. BERAZAIN & H. LippoLD
HAJB 22811 (HAJB); Prov. Oriente, Sierra de la Iberia, Taco Bay, O. de Baracoa,
1960, M. Lopez Ficuetras 604 U. O, 622 U. O. (HAC); Prov. Guantanamo, Baracoa,
Meseta de la Iberira, 700 m, 1985, A. ALvarEz et al. HAJB 55911 (HAJB); Prov.
Guantanamo, Imias, La Yamagua, 750-850 m, 1984, J. Bisse et al. HAJB 52849
(HAJB); Prov. Santiago de Cuba, Segundo Frente, between el Halcon and Batista,
1985, A. ALvarez et al. HAJB 57424 (HAJB).

Oldfeltia is apparently endemic to eastern Cuba (Oriente), where it is found in
submontane and montane habitats such as evergreen forest, ’pluvisilva’ or bosque
humedo’, on lateritic soil according to some collectors, and at altitudes between 400
and 850 m s.m. We noted that the flowerheads emit a distinct honey-like scent.

Discussion

The new genus resembles some other large-leaved erect shrubby Senecioneae of the
Neotropics, such as Dendrophorbium C. Jerrrey, Jessea H. Ros. & CUATREC.,
Odontocline B. Norb. and Jacmaia B. Norv. Oldfeltia is however distinct from all of
these by the combination of characters such as the pale greenish involucre with
initially connate phyllaries, the discoid capitula, the conical papillate tips of style
branches, the caudate anthers, and the 10-costate cypselas also provided with 10
resiniferous ducts.

Dendrophorbium is a South American genus with ca. 75 species in the Andean
regions. Typically its members have radiate capitula, truncate style branches with
apical sweeping-hairs, ecaudate anther base, and 5—ribbed or 5—angled cypselas.
Such cypselas also characterize the genera Pentacalia and Monticalia, which are both
Andean, the latter reaching its northern limit in the paramo refuges of Costa Rica.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

IEA Te
44 ‘ ¥ OO Fincnn
f 7} eos ba a * >
|) os {LEP REL ROSS
PRE SAI ; ‘ = vy me
; - \ Y a \
KO : ‘ eae == \/ TM
a ae ZN \ a eae ae
YF \ ate <i oe
oa , “ ~ RK 3
| \~ =
3 4 ~ i rs
Vi A BSA eee
7 AE Pay eeg tpn EO
jf / * 1) Yc oN
Me vera) Pt QQ
i \ (4 a fs fa | Sees a
' a ore.
: OF abs } x 19 ~
Pa | h . Pe Se ' N
FA \ tA a / | > ; m~ : f ;
Th ( Aas |
4 Is’ we ‘ iff Wa
YL \/ ¥

Fig. 1. Oldfeltia polyphlebia (GrisrB.) B. Norp. & LUNDIN.

A. Habit, x %.

B. Involucre, = 2.

C. Floret, x 2.
D. Stamen, x 10.
E. Style branches, x 8.
F. Style branch, inside, x 8.
G. Cypsela, x 1.5.
K. OLDFELT pinx., B. NORDENSTAM del. (NORDENSTAM & LUNDIN 340 in S).

70 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Both differ considerably in habit from Oldfeltia, the former comprising epiphytes and
vines, the latter erect shrubs or shrublets with small and closely set leaves.

Jessea with four species is confined to Costa Rica and Panama (NorDENSTAM 1996).
They all resemble Oldfeltia in habit, but have radiate capitula very densely massed,
conical style branches with sweeping-hairs and a distinct central hair tuft, ecaudate
anthers, and different cypselas (see further NoRDENSTAM 1996).

Odontocline and Jacmaia are both endemic to Jamaica (NORDENSTAM 1978). They
have radiate capitula, continuous stigmatic areas of style branches, and distinct
processes on the receptacle. Both differ significantly in style morphology from Old-
feltia. In the monotypic Jacmaia the style branch has an elongated acuminate
appendage (which caused some authors in the past to refer it to Gynoxys). Styles of
Odontocline have an obtuse nude appendage laterally surrounded by sweeping-hairs
(see further NORDENSTAM 1978).

Acknowledgements

We thank the Curators of HAC and HAJB for their courtesy during our study visits
and the loan of herbarium material. Mrs. KARIN OLDFELT is heartily thanked for her
watercolour of Oldfeltia.

References

Auain, H. 1962. Flora de Cuba, Tomo V. Univ. de Puerto Rico, Rio Pedras.

Boruipl, A. 1992. New names and new species in the flora of Cuba and Antilles, IV.
Acta Bot. Hung. 37: 75-90. (Probably printed in 1994).

GREENMAN, J. M. 1912. New species of Cuban Senecioneae. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Bot. Ser. 2: 323-328.

GrisEBACH, A. 1862. Plantae Wrightianae, e Cuba Orientali, Pars II. Mem. Acad.
Amer. Scient. et Artium, N. Ser. 8: 503-536.

Hotmcren, P.K., HOLMGREN, N.H. & L.C. Barnetr 1990. Index Herbariorum.
Part I, The Herbaria of the World, 8th ed. Regnum Veg. 120.

NorDENSTAM, B. 1978. Taxonomic studies in the tribe Senecioneae (Compositae).
Opera Bot. 44: 1-83.

NorRDENSTAM, B. 1996. Jessea gunillae B. Norp. (Compositae-Senecioneae), a new
species from Costa Rica. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 118: 147-152.

Proctor, G. R. 1982. More additions to the flora of Jamaica. J. Arnold Arbor. 63:
199-315.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 71

Capelio B. Norb., a new name for a
South African genus of the Senecioneae,
and the description of a new species

BErTIL NORDENSTAM
Department of Phanerogamic Botany
Swedish Museum of Natural History
P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
e-mail: bertil.nordenstam@nrm.se

Abstract

Capelio B. Nor. is introduced as a new generic name for A/ciope DC., nom. rej.
(Compositae-Senecioneae). The genus is endemic to the Cape Province of South
Africa and has three species, one of which is here described as new, viz. C. caledonica
B. Norp. The other two species are C. tabularis (THUNB.) B. NorD., comb. nov. and C.
tomentosa (BurM. f.) B. Norp., comb. nov. The latter has up to now been known as
Alciope lanata (THuNB.) DC. A key to the species is provided.

Introduction

The genus Alciope DC. is a small and well defined genus of the tribe Senecioneae.
Among the subtribes sometimes distinguished it fits best in the Tussilagininae
although it has some unusual features.

The generic name Alciope has been commonly used since its introduction in 1836,
usually cited as DC. (1836), although some authors (e.g., BREMER 1994) give the
author citation DC. ex LinpL. (1836). De CANDOLLE’s Prodromus vol. 5 was published
in 1-10 Oct. 1836 (STAFLEU & Cowan 1976) and the genus Alciope DC. described with
two species from the Cape Province. DE CANDOLLE cited as a synonym “Celmisia
Cass. dict. v. 7. p. 357 (non vol. 37)”. Although De CANDOLLE retained the genus
Celmisia with a narrower circumscription, his citation makes the name Alciope
illegitimate as being superfluous and a nomen rejiciendum according to present
nomenclatural rules. The slightly earlier A/ciope DC. ex LINDL. was published in July
1836 (StAFLEU & Cowan 1981), but is a nomen nudum. LinbLey (1836) merely gives
a list of genera with no descriptions.

De CANDOLLE’s two species of Alciope, based on species published under Arnica by
THUNBERG, were named A. tabularis (THUNB.) DC. and A. Janata (THuNB.) DC. These
are the accepted names in herbaria and literature (e.g., HARVEY 1865, Bonp &

72 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

GoLpBLaTT 1984, ARNOLD & De Wert 1993, LEISTNER 2000). It has been known for
some time that a third species exists; e.g. BOND & GOLDBLATT (1984) and BREMER
(1994) account for three species. The third species, which has remained undescribed
until now, is described below. Also, an earlier epithet is introduced for the species
previously called Alciope lanata, which now becomes Capelio tomentosa (Burs. f.)
B. Norp.

Herbarium abbreviations are in accordance with HoLmcren et al. (1990).

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Capelio B. Norp., nom. nov. (Compositae-Senecioneae)
Syn.: Alciope DC., Prodr. 5: 209, 1836, nom. rej.

Type: C. tabularis (THUNB.) B. Norp.

3 spp., Cape Province, South Africa.

Key to the species of Capelio:

1. Leaves petiolate, ovate to rounded or elliptic-oblong, densely white- or greyish-
woolly beneath ..)....0s0c. leclsinans, a. otbie on!.ct iol. 3. Lee 2

- Leaves sessile, oblong-obovate, laxly greyish—-brownish-woolly beneath
Tis ck sade seocou vascttees cotn auedestes dd oy apc aaa Mite iE Ss 3. C. caledonica

2. Leaves 2-7 cm long, 1.5—4 cm wide. Involucre sparsely tomentose, glabrescent
aac iiiags anpihcle ui deptic nena tenes eee soa epee eakinn ines ace eee 1. C. tabularis

- Leaves larger, 6-14 cm long, 3-8 cm wide. Involucre densely and persistently
CY a ee ee Nr UE PRE SEP EOI AAR 2. C. tomentosa

1. Capelio tabularis (THuns.) B.NORD., comb. nov.

Basionym: Arnica tabularis THUNB., Fl. Cap. (ed. SCHULTEs): 668, 1823.

Syn.: Alciope tabularis (THuNB.) DC., Prodr. 5: 209, 1836. Type: Cap, THUNBERG
(UPS-THUNB holotype; S isotypes!).

Distribution: SW Cape: Cape Peninsula, Caledon, Worcester, Ladismith Divisions.
Interestingly, it is partly sympatric with the new species C. caledonica. There are two
records from Betty’s Bay (M. Voats 6 in K, and H. Porter s.n. in NBG), a locality
where C. caledonica is also found. C. tabularis is also recorded from Palmietberg
foothills near Kleinmond, where C. caledonica likewise occurs.

C. tabularis is recognized by its petiolate leaves with a persistent tomentum on the
lower side and the loosely wolly and glabrescent involucre.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 U3.

2. Capelio tomentosa (Bur. f.) B. Norb., comb. nov.

Basionym: Conyza tomentosa Bur. f., Fl. Cap. Prodr. 26,1768. Type: BURMAN
(G? non vidi).

Syn.: Arnica lanata THUNB., Fl. Cap.(ed. SCHULTES): 667, 1823; Alciope lanata
(THuns.) DC., Prodr. 5: 209, 1836. Type: In montibus Rode Sand prope Winterhoek
in Cap, THUNBERG (UPS-THUNB lectotype).

Distribution: SW Cape: Piketberg, Tulbagh, Ceres Divisions.

Nomenclatural note: THUNBERG’s specific epithet Janata has been adopted and used
since its introduction. However, there is an earlier legitimate epithet, because of
Conyza tomentosa Burn. f. (1768). This was published between 1 March and 6 April,
1768, according to TL2 (StaFLEu & Cowan 1976), and clearly describes this plant.
The homonym Conyza tomentosa Mit. (1768) is a Mexican plant, still bearing this
name, but the date of MILLER’s publication is thought to be 16 April, 1768 (StaFLeu &
Cowan 1981). There are two later homonyms as well (by ForssKAHL and WALLICH,
resp.), but of no concern for priority here. My conclusion is that BURMAN’s epithet
should be adopted for the species known as Alciope lanata, and consequently, the
Mexican species will have to find another name, which is beyond the scope of this

paper.
C. tomentosa is a stout subshrub with large petiolate leaves (petioles stout, 2—3 cm
long), very densely and permanently tomentose except for the upper leafsides which
are glabrescent. The large involucre is permanently tomentose with acuminate
sericeous tips to the phyllaries.

3. Capelio caledonica B. Norb., sp. nov. - Fig. 1.

Type: NorDENSTAM 3116, South Africa, Cape Prov.: Caledon Div.: Betty’s Bay,
Oubos, 23.[X.1963, (S holotype!, MO isotype!).

Capelio caledonica B. Norb., sp. nov., a C. tabulari et C. tomentosa foliis sessilibus
oblongo-obovatis subtus plerumque laxe tomentosis glabrescentibus differt.

Erect subshrub 0.3—1 m tall, little-branched, often coppicing from the base. Stems
fairly stout, with age up to 1 cm thick near the base, thinly and loosely to somewhat
densely grey- or brownish-tomentose especially above and when young, glabrescent
with age, ribbed-sulcate when old, often brownish, apically pedunculoid with reduced
bract-like leaves, simple or few-branched and terminated by solitary or few-
corymbose capitula. Leaves alternate, fairly closely set, sessile, entire, elliptic-oblong
to oblong-obovate, broadest above the middle and tapering to the base, 2-11 cm long,
1.5—3.5 cm wide, subcoriaceous or subsucculent, glabrescent or glabrous above,
thinly to somewhat densely tomentose beneath but glabrescent, with a prominent
midrib on the lower side; margins distantly callous-denticulate with small brownish
mucros and somewhat revolute; apex rounded-obtuse to subacute and often shortly

74 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

mucronulate; uppermost leaves smaller, + bract-like, distant. Capitula radiate, yellow-
flowered. Involucre cupshaped-hemispherical, 2-4 cm wide, 1.5—2.5 cm high;
involucral bracts ca. 3-seriate, 15—35, linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.2—2.5 cm long, 2—
3 mm wide, loosely white—greyish-tomentose, midveined or 3-veined, acute to
subacuminate, often purplish towards the apex; outermost phyllaries shorter and
narrower, ca. 1/2 the size. Receptacle flat, glabrous, alveolate. Ray florets (8—)11-21;
tube cylindrical, 5—10 mm long, glabrous; lamina oblong-oblanceolate, 15-30 mm
long, 4-9 mm wide, many (7—18)-veined, minutely 3(—4)-fid at the apex. Staminodes
usually present, usually 5, narrowly linear—filiform. Style branches 2.5—3 mm long,
obtuse. Disc florets numerous (>50). Corolla 10-14 mm long, lower half tubular, up-
per half narrowly campanulate, 5-lobed; lobes lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, ca. 1 mm
wide, with lateral and central resin ducts continuing down the limb, glabrous but
minutely papillate at the acute subcucullate tip. Anthers 3-4.5 mm long incl.
appendage, shortly caudate; apical appendage ovate-oblong, obtuse; endothecial
tissue polarized with 1—2 thickenings on the transverse (horizontal) walls only; fila-
ment collar straight and uniform, basal cells not enlarged. Style branches linear-
oblong, 2—3.5 mm long, obtuse-rounded at the apex, densely shortly hirsute on the
entire outside, with continuous stigmatic area inside. Cypsela narrowly oblong, 5—7
mm long, 1—-2.5 mm wide, densely white-hirsute-villous with duplex hairs, with a
distinct carpopodium of 8—10 cell layers, distinctly closely many(15)-ribbed. Pappus
bristles numerous, pluriseriate, 7-12 mm long, + straight, minutely barbellate, white—
tawny or light brownish, basally connate, persistent.

Flowering period: Sept—Jan. (May), especially after fires.
Distribution: Coastal areas of Caledon Div., SW Cape Prov. (Fig. 2).
Collections other than the type:

S. Africa, Cape Prov., Caledon Div.: Grabouw Distr., Kogelberg, N slopes of main
peak, 490 m, 21.X1.1990, E.GH. Otiver 9793 (NBG, STE); SE of the Kogelberg,
IX.1939, StoKoE 7540 (K); Kogelberg Forest Reserve, 34°17’S, 18°55’E, Dwars Ri-
ver, 400 ft., 23.X.1969, C. BoucHER 779 (NBG 2 sheets, STE); Kogelberg Forest
Reserve, Platberg, SE steep ascent, 2000 ft., 20.XII.1968, C. BoucHEr 184 (NBG
STE); Stalberg near Rooiels, lower slopes, S aspect, 16.1.1971, ESTERHUYSEN 32563
(BOL, S); Inland from Pringle Bay, 15.[X.1953, R.N. PARKER 4909 (NBG); Buffels
River Valley, Hangklip, 20.X1.1945, W.F. Barker 3915 (NBG); Harold Porter
Botanic Garden, Betty’s Bay, slopes of Voorberg, 600-800 ft., 3.XI.1970, W.
EBERSOHN s.n. (NBG); Oudebosch turn-off between Betty’s Bay and Kleinmond, 50
ft., 20.V.1970, C. BoucHEr 1269 (NBG STE); Honeyklip Kloof above Kleinmond,
2500 ft., XI.1948, Stoxo—E SAM 69623 (NBG). Doubtful locality: Tulbagh Div.:
Witzenberg, X.1939, Stokoe s.n., SAM 57109 (NBG).

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 75

The new species is characterized by the sessile leaves, which are broadest above the
middle and more glabrescent than those of the other two species. The capitula are
generally larger and with more numerous rays than in C. tabularis, but there is
overlapping variation in these respects. The cypsela hairs are of the normal 3-celled
type called twin or duplex hairs, with two elongate parallel cells and one small lateral
basal cell.

C. caledonica inhabits fynbos on flats and mountain sides, sometimes swamps,
mostly on sandy soil of Table Mountain Sandstone formation, often in burnt areas,
from near sea level to about 750 m s.m. It is probably endemic to southwestern
Caledon Division, a region renowned for its rich endemism, probably the foremost
centre of endemism in the Cape Flora. The record from Witzenberg in Tulbagh Divi-
sion is probably a mistake, perhaps due to a confusion of labels.

The genus Capelio has no apparent close relatives. It is unique among the South
African Senecioneae by its tussilaginoid characters such as polarized endothecium,
uniform straight filament collars, and unusual style of disc florets. The style branches
are apically rounded and lack sweeping-hairs, instead carrying densely set small
trichomes dorsally. The stigmatic areas on the inside are continuous. The more or less
triseriate involucre is also an unusual feature in the tribe and especially in the subtribe
Tussilagininae, although not unique. In a subtribal scheme Capelio would fit best in
the Tussilagininae, which is otherwise poorly represented in Africa, having its centres
of diversity in Central and South America and eastern Asia.

Acknowledgements

CHARLES JEFFREY is thanked for pointing out the generic nomenclatural problem, JoHN
Rourke for sending fine material from the Compton Herbarium (NBG) on loan, and
POLLYANNA VON KNorRING for the fine illustration.

76

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Fig. 1. Capelio caledonica B. Norb.

A. Habit, = '.
B. Ray floret, x 2.
C. Disc floret, 2.
D. Corolla of disc floret laid out, x 4.
E. Stamen, * 8.
F. Style branches of disc floret, = 12.
Drawn from isotype (NorDENSTAM 3116, MO) by PoLLYANNA VON KNORRING.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 2)

[_] below 1000 feet
1000—3000 _,, 0 10 20 Km.
above 3000 _, ——_ aa Le

Fig. 2. Distribution of Capelio caledonica B. Norv.
The doubtful locality in Tulbagh Div. is outside the map area.

78 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

References

ARNOLD, T. H. & B. C. DE Wet 1993. Plants of southern Africa: names and distribu-
tion. (Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr. 62). Nat. Bot. Inst., Pretoria.

Bonp, P. & P. Gotpsiatr 1984. Plants of the Cape Flora. (J. S. Afr. Bot. Suppl. 13).
Nat. Bot.Gardens, Kirstenbosch.

Bremer, K. 1994. Asteraceae. Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland,
Oregon.

BurMaAn, N. L. 1768. Flora indica...nec non prodromus florae capensis. C. Haak,
Leiden; J. Schreuder, Amsterdam.

De CANDOLLE, A. P. 1836. Prodromus systematis regni vegetabilis 5. Treuttel et
Wiirtz, Parisiis.

Harvey, W. H. 1865. Compositae. Jn: Harvey, W. H. & O. W. Sonper (eds.), Flora
capensis 3. L. Reeve, London.

HouMGREN, P.K., HoLMGREN, N.H. & L.C. Barnett 1990. /ndex Herbariorum.
Part I, The Herbaria of the World, 8th ed. Regnum Veg. 120.

LEIsTNER, O. A. (ed.) 2000. Seed plants of southern Africa: families and genera.
(Strelitzia 10). Nat. Bot. Inst., Pretoria.

LINDLEY, J. 1836. A natural system of botany. 2nd ed. Longman etc., London.

STAFLEU, F. A. & R. S. Cowan 1976. Taxonomic literature, Vol. 1: A-G. 2nd ed. Bohn,
Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht. (Regnum Veg. 94).

STAFLEU, F. A. & R. S. Cowan 1981. Taxonomic literature, Vol. 3: Lh-O. 2nd ed.
Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht; W. Junk, The Hague. (Regnum Veg.
105).

THUNBERG, C. P. 1823. Flora capensis (ed. J. A. SCHULTES). J. G. Cottae, Stuttgardtiae.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 79

Conservation and ethnobotanical exploration
of Compositae in Ekiti State, Nigeria

JOSHUA KAYODE
Department of Plant Science and Forestry
University of Ado-Ekiti
P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

Abstract

A combination of social surveys and direct field observations was used to identify
Compositae species found in Ekiti State, Nigeria.

The ethnobotanical usage of these species was valued and the ten most widely utilized
among these species were ranked. The most widely used is Chromolaena odorata,
which effectively cures malaria. Further exophysiological studies which identify the
germination requirements of these species are recommended as a sustainable strategy
towards removing them from the wild and subsequently conserve them.

Introduction

Ekiti State (7°25’ — 8°20'N, 5°00’ — 6°00’E) is located in the southwestern part of Ni-
geria. The state is extremely rich in weed species most of which are members of the
family Compositae (KAYoDE 1999). At present, there is a gross paucity of studies
conducted on members of this family in the study area. Studies so far reported were
concentrated on their allelopathic potentials (e.g., TUANI-ENIOLA & Fawusi 1989, GILL
et al. 1993, OaE et al. 1994, Ibu & Git 1997), some aspects of their reproductive
biology (e.g., AYODELE 1987, 1992, 1994a & b, and 1997) and the nature of their
ergastic substances (e.g., Ibu & Git 1997).

The present study was undertaken to compile ethnobotanical information on members
of this family and propose strategies for their conservation.

Methods

A combination of social surveys and direct field observations (KayopE et al. 1997)
was used in this study. The entire state was divided into four regions based on the
defunct political classification of the state. The regions are Ekiti West, Ekiti North,
Ekiti South and Ekiti Central.

80 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

In each region, five rural communities (villages) were selected, the major criterion for
selection being that they were far from urban influence. In each community, the
Compositae species found and their ethnobotanical usage were valued and recorded
during interviews with the local people.

The climatic and edaphic factors of each community were also recorded. Soil samples
were collected from each village. The samples were mixed with deionised water in the
ratio 1:2 v/v (soil: water) and stirred thoroughly. The pH of the suspensions was
determined with a pH meter (after CHAPMAN 1976). Similarly, the soil organic matter
and moisture holding capacities of the soils were determined using the methods of
CHAPMAN (1976) and Misra (1984) respectively.

Results and Discussion

The rural communities were dominated mostly by the resource-poor farmers who
depend mostly on the natural environment for the maintenance of their health. The
most prevalent health problems in these communities include malaria, foot rot, worms
and hypertension.

The prevalence of malaria, foot rot and worms could be attributed to the humid
climate of the study area while that of hypertension could be attributed to the current
rise in money economy. Most of the rural farmers are involved in cash crops
production. Thus, there is now an increasing urge to make more profits from the
farms.

A total of ten Compositae species which were found to be widely utilized for
medicinal purposes in the study area were ranked in Table 1. The species were ranked
in order of their utilization by number of respondents. The major sources of these spe-
cies were homesteads, household farms, and forest where considerable time is spent
in searching for some of the species growing in the wild.

The leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata are drunk and found to be an excellent
remedy to malaria. Drops of the leaf extracts of Tridax procumbens are applied to the
affected foot to cure foot rot. Vernonia amygdalina when added to solid food or soup,
after its foam must have been removed, suppressed hypertension. Further, the seeds
of Artemisia cina and Artemisia nilgarica are used as vermifuge for expelling worms.

The soil samples in the study area are forest soils and their contents of organic matter,
which ranged from 5.6 % to 7.6 %, are obviously low, thereby suggesting that these
Compositae species thrive very well on soils of low organic content. The soil pH,
which ranged from 6.22 to 7.06, implies ready availability of nutrients in the soil
(DAUBENMIRE 1959, KAYODE & AKANDE 1998).

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 81

Despite the medicinal and socio-economic importance of these plant species, they are
still not cultivated in the study area. Thus, dependency is still limited to those growing
in the wild. There is therefore an obvious need for further investigation into the eco-
physiology of these species. Such investigations should define the germination
requirements and the phytosociology of the species. It is hoped that this will also
constitute a benign way to the conservation of these important plant species.

References

AYODELE, M. S. 1987. Cytological and morphological studies on some species of
Vernonia Scures. in Nigeria. M.Sc. Thesis. Obafemi Awolowo University,
Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 98 pp.

AYODELE, M. S. 1992. Cytogenetic and reproductive studies on some species of
Vernonia Scures. (Asteraceae) in Nigeria. Ph. D. Thesis. Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 290 pp.

AYODELE, M. S. 1994a. Studies on the reproductive biology of Vernonia SCHREB.
(Asteraceae): 1. Types of inflorescence among different growth habits. Comp.
Newsl. 25: 15-23.

AYOopDELE, M. S. 1994b. Studies on the reproductive biology of Vernonia SCHREB.
(Asteraceae): II. Flowering and post-pollination developments in the
capitulum. Comp. Newsl. 25: 24-30.

AYODELE, M. S. 1997. Studies on the reproductive biology of Vernonia SCHREB.
(Asteraceae): IV. Seasonal flowering sequence among plant forms of Vernonia
in Nigeria. Comp. Newsl. 30: 5—14.

CHAPMAN, S. B. 1976. Methods in Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford, London. 266 pp.

DAUBENMIRE, R. F. 1959. Plant and Environment: A textbook of plant autecology.
422 pp.

Gut, L. S., ANOLIEFO, G. O. & U. V. IpNoze 1993. Allelopathic effect of aqueous
extraxt of Siam weed on growth of cowpea. Chromolaena Newsletter 8: 1-4.

Ipu, M. & L. S. Git 1997. Nature of ergastic substances in some West African
Asteraceae seeds - VIII. Comp. Newsl. 30: 50-56.

Kayopk, J., Isrroy, O. A. & O. OLurayo 1997. Private participation in taungya
agroforestry system in Ondo Ekiti region: Problems and prospects. /nt. Jour.
Urb. and Reg. Affairs | (1): 54-57.

82 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Kayopk, J. & O. A. AKANDE 1998. Eco-physiological studies on Hyptis suaveolens
Pior and Ocium gratissimum Linn. Global Jour. of Pure and Applied Sciences
4 (4): 339-342.

KayopE, J. 1999. Phytosociological investigation of Compositae weeds in
abandoned farmlands in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Comp. Newsl. 34: 62-68.

Misra, R. 1984. Ecology Workbook. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, Calcutta,
New Delhi.

Ocsz, F. M. D., GiLt, L. S. & E. O. O. ISERHIEN 1994. Effect of aqueous extracts of
Chromolaena odorata (L.) K. & R. on radicle and plumule growth and seedling
height of maize, Zea mays L. Comp. Newsl. 25: 31-38.

TWANI-ENIOLA, H. A. & O. A. Fawusi 1989. Allelopathic activities of crude methanol
extract of Siam weed and wild poinsettia on seed germination and seedling
growth of tomato. Nigerian Journal of Weed Science 2: 15-20.

83

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

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Growth promotion of Tagetes erecta LINN.
by three species of Glomus in field environment

MIAHENDRA Ral
Department of Biotechnology
Amravati University
Amravati-444602, Maharashtra, India
email: mkrail23@rediffmail.com

Abstract

We report significant growth promotion in Jagetes erecta after application of Glomus
caledonium, G intraradices, and G mosseae. All the treatments were significantly
superior to the uninoculated plants. G caledonium was found to be superior to G
intraradices and G mosseae when inoculated singly. The mixture of the test fungi
exhibited the maximum percentage colonization (57.08 %) followed by G
caledonium (44.13 %), G intraradices (42.58 %), and G mosseae (37.84 %),
whereas the minimum infectivity and colonization of AMF was recorded in
uninoculated control (20.67 %). The dry-weight of 7 erecta inoculated plants was
greater than that of uninoculated plants.

Introduction

Tagetes erecta L. (Common name: Marigold; Family: Asteraceae) is grown for pro-
duction of essential oil and also for ornamental purposes. The flowers are sold in the
market for worship and preparation of garlands. A dye is also produced from flowers
of T: erecta. In traditional system, the extract of leaves is used in case of earache.
Essential oil present in leaves and flowers is known to possess antimycotic potential
(Rai & AcHaryYA 2000). Due to its high demand in the market, rapid growth of T erecta
is necessary, which can be achieved by early inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi.

The positive influcence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been realized by various
workers in recent past (BAyLis 1975, MENGE 1977, PLENCHETTE et al. 1983, GEDDEDA et
al. 1984, Doup MILLer et al. 1985, Lin 1986, ScHUBERT & CAMMARATA 1986, Lior &
GIOVANNETTI 1987, RAVOLANIRINA et al. 1989, GIANINAZzzI et al. 1990, ForTUNA et al.
1992, Dixon et al. 1993, Azcon-AQuILar et al. 1994, Bosan et al. 1995, Morte et al.
1996, RappaRINi et al. 1996, VARMA et al. 1999). There has been a growing trend to use
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in combination in the recent past to obtain better

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 85

results as compared to using AMF singly (Doup MILer et al. 1985, SCHUBERT &
CAMMARATA 1986, SIEVERDING 1989, ForTUNA et al. 1992, VERMA & JAMALUDDIN
1994).

The influence of Glomus mosseae, G intraradices and G caledonium on
morphology and growth of T erecta was investigated individually and also by
application of mixture of species of Glomus.

The study was aimed to screen three species of Glomus, viz., G mosseae,
G intraradices, G. caledonium to search for their efficiency for the growth and
development of T. erecta.

Materials and Methods

The experiments were laid out at Danielson College garden, Chhindwara. In rainy
season (July 2000) the seeds of 7 erecta were germinated on pot soil containing
mixture of soil: sand: farm-yard-mannure (3:1:1). Seedlings (2 cm) were transferred
to the beds containing mixture of soil: sand: farm-yard-mannure (3:1:1). In August,
12 nursery beds (5 < 1 metre) were prepared.

About 2 gm seeds of Tagetes erecta were sterilized in 2 % sodium-hypochlorite for 10
minutes. Thereafter, the sterilized seeds were sown in pots. Later, the seedlings were
transferred to field beds. The plants were irrigated every day and weeds were
eradicated every week.

After 3 weeks, the seedlings of similar height were randomly removed from each
nursery beds and adhered soil was washed from the roots. The roots of seedlings were
dipped in fresh water containers for transplantation to field beds of 5 x 1 m size.
Triplicates were maintained for each test AMF. Fifteen gm inoculum of each test
AMF was mixed in diluted slurry of biogas plant (cow-dung slurry) in order to make
the mixture sticky. The plants were dipped in this mixture and were transplanted in
field-beds already prepared for plantation. A distance of 30 cm was maintained
between two plants.

The parameters used in the present studies were height of the plants, and percentage
root colonization in inoculated and uninoculated plants after 90 days of maturity of
the plants. The fresh and dry weights of above ground and underground parts were
also measured. The samples were collected randomly and shade-dried. Harvest
method (Opum 1960) was followed to determine the biomass. The harvested plant
material was washed gently with water in wire-cage avoiding root breaking as far as
possible. The productivity was calculated on dry-weight basis and expressed in terms
of g/plant/day.

86 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Mycorrhizal Dependency of Tagetes erecta was determined as per following
formula given by GERDEMANN (1975):

MD = LY weight of inoculated plants x 100
Dry weight of uninoculated plants

For staining of roots method suggested by PHituirs & HAYMAN (1970) was followed.
Fine feeder roots of 7 erecta were washed thoroughly in running tap water and cut
into 1 cm pieces. The latter were treated with 10 % KOH solution for overnight.
Thereafter, the root-pieces were washed 3—5 times with sterilized distilled water and
treated with 1 % HCl for 3-4 minutes to make the sample acidic. The root-pieces
thus obtained were stained with 0.05 % trypan blue. The infected root-pieces were
examined under dissecting microscope at 10-40 x magnification.

For assessment of root colonization, slide method proposed by GIOVANNETTI &
Mosse (1980) was followed. The root-pieces (1 cm long) were selected at random
from the stained samples and mounted on microscopic slide in groups of 10.
Presence of infection was recorded in each of the 10-pieces, and percentage
infection was calculated as:

No. of root segments colonized
Total no. of root segments observed

% Colonization = x 100

The data were statistically analysed using general linear model ANOVA (BAILEY
1995).

Results and Discussion

Tables 1-3 provide evidence that Glomus caledonium, G intraradices, and
G mosseae exhibited significant growth promotion in T. erecta. All the treatments
were significantly superior to the uninoculated plants (controls). ScHuBERT et al.
(1990) stated that G caledonium proved to be an efficient endophyte for the promo-
tion of growth of micropropagated vine. Similarly, we found G caledonium to be
superior to G intraradices and G mosseae when inoculated singly. In contrast, Fort-
UNA et al. (1992) reported G mosseae as the most infective AM fungus when
inoculated in plum root stocks. This provides evidence that the endophytes vary in
their efficiency and behaviour (CLARKE & Mosse 1981, PLENCHETTE et al. 1982,
1983)

The mixture of AMF is reported to be more efficacious as compared to individual
effect of AMF (SiEvVERDING 1989). The combination (mixture) was found to be

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 87

superior in terms of infectivity and effectiveness. The mixture of the test fungi
exhibited the maximum percentage colonization (57.08 %) followed by
G caledonium (44.13 %), G intraradices (42.58 %), and G mosseae (37.84 %),
whereas the minimum infectivity and colonization of AMF was recorded in
uninoculated control (20.67 %) due to colonization of native spores of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi.

The microscopic examination of root-samples vouch that there was abundant
colonization in roots of 7: erecta. Colonization of T erecta with G caledonium, G
intraradices and G mosseae is hitherto unreported. Therefore, this forms a new host-
biotroph combination, and provides more opportunities to study host-symbiont-soil
interactions.

A significant growth response due to inoculation of Glomus caledonium,
G intraradices and G mosseae was observed in T. erecta. It is obvious from Tables
1 and 2 that height and biomass markedly increased due to infectivity and
effectiveness of the test AMF in 7 erecta. The data from Table 1 provide evidence
that inoculated plants of 7. erecta were taller than uninoculated plants. There was a
significant enhancement in height of 7° erecta. The height reached the maximum by
use of mixed inoculum followed by G caledonium, G intraradices and G mosseae
with the minimum in uninoculated plants.

The dry-weight of 7 erecta inoculated plants was greater than that of uninoculated
plants (Table 2). AM fungi are known to improve root formation (Morte et al. 1996).
Similarly, in the present investigation, fresh weight of roots of inoculated plants was
increased as compared to uninoculated plants. The increase in fresh and dry-weight in
T. erecta inoculated plants must be positively correlated to shoot and root P uptake.

The test arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, viz, G caledonium, G intraradices and
G mosseae remarkably increased the shoot-root ratio in plants treated with mixed
culture followed by G caledonium. There was a moderate increase in shoot-root ratio
of T. erecta when treated with G mosseae, and G intraradices (Table 1).

Mycorrhizal Dependency is used as an index to compare receptivity of different plant
species to AM fungi (GERDEMANN 1975, RAJAPAKSE & MILLER 1988). It varies from
none to complete dependency. In the present study, MD of T. erecta varied from 170
to 621.45. The maximum value (621.45) of MD was recorded when mixed culture
was used followed by G caledonium, G intraradices, and G mosseae. The MD of a
host can be altered by a number of factors such as soil-type, soil P content,
mycorrhizal species, etc. (MENGE et al. 1978, Azcon & Ocampo 1981). A number of
studies were conducted to find out the reasons for differences in MD in different
plants or varieties of the same species. BAYLIs (1975) reported that the length of root-
hairs and thickness of roots can determine the MD level of plant species.

88 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

References

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mycorrhizal infection and mycorrhizal dependency of thirteen wheat cultivars.
New Phytol. 87: 677-685.

AZCON-AGUILAR, C., ENCINA, C. L., AZCON, R. & J. M. BareaA 1994. Effect of
arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth and development of Annona cherimola
micropropagated plants. Agri. Sci. Finl. 3: 281-288.

BalLey, N. T. J. 1995. Statistical Methods in Biology. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam-
bridge, pp. 251.

Bayis, G T. S. 1975. The magnoloid mycorrhiza and mycotrophy in root systems
derived from it. Jn: SANDERS, F.E. et al. (eds.), Endomycorrhizas. Academic
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BoJAN, C. R., RAMESH, C. & A. MAHADEVAN 1995. Outplanting performance of VAM
inoculated Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) seedlings raised through
tissue culture. Biology and Biotechnology of Mycorrhizae 56: 57 —-65.

CLARKE, C. & B. Mosse 1981. Plant growth responses to Vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizae. XII. Field inoculation responses of barley at two soil P levels.
New Phytol. 87: 695-703.

Dixon, R. K., Gara, V. K. & M. V. Rao 1993. Inoculation of Leucaena and Proposis
seedlings with Glomus and Rhizobium species in saline soil: Rhizosphere rela-
tions and seedling growth. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 7: 133-144.

Doup MIL-er, D., Domoro, P. A. & C. WALKER 1985. Colonization and efficacy of
different mycorrhizal fungi with apple seedlings and two phosphorus levels.
New Phytol. 100: 393-402.

Fortuna, P., CITERNESI, S., Morini, S., GIOVANNETTI, M. & F. Loreti 1992.
Infectivity and effectiveness of different species of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi in micropropagated plants of Mr S 2/5 plum rootstock. Agronomie 12:
825-829.

GEDDEDA, Y. I., TRAPPE, J. M. & R. L. STeBBins 1984. Effect of vesicular-arbuscular
mycorthizae and phosphorus on apple seedlings. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 109:
24-27.

GERDEMANN, J. W. 1975. Vesicular-arbuscular-mycorrhizae. /n: TorrEY J. G. & D. T.
CLARKSON (eds.), The development and function of roots. Academic Press, Lon-
don, pp. 618.

GIANINAZZI, S., TROUVELOT, A. & V. GIANINAZZI-PEARSON 1990. Role and use of
mycorrhizas in horticultural crop production. Adv. Hort. Sci. 4: 25-30.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 89

GIOVANNETTI, M. & B. Mosse 1980. An evaluation of techniques for measuring
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol. 84: 489-500.

Lin, C. H. 1986. Effect of three Glomus endomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of
micropropagated banans and asparagus plantlets. M. Sc. thesis, Horticulture
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Lio1, L. & M. GIovannetTI 1987. Variable effectivity of three vesicular-arbuscular
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MEncE, J. A. 1977. Utilization of mycorrhizal fungi in Citrus nurseries. Proc. Int.
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MENGE, J. A., JOHNSON, E. L. V. & R. G Piatt 1978. Mycorrhizal dependency of
several citrus cultivars under three nutrient regimes. New Phytol. 81: 553-559.

Morte, A., Diaz, G & M. Honrusia 1996. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal
inoculation on micropropagated Tetraclinis articulata growth and survival.
Agronomie 16: 633-637.

Ovum, E. P. 1960. Organic production and turn-over in old-field succession. Ecol.
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Prius, J. M. & D. S. HayMAn 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and
staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid
assessment of infection. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 55: 158-161.

PLENCHETTE, C., FURLAN, V. & J. A. ForTIN 1982. Effects on different mycorrhizal
fungi on five host plants grown on calcinated montmorillonite clay. J. Am. Soc.
Hortic. Sci. 107: 535-538.

PLENCHETTE, C., FURLAN, V. & J. A. ForTIN 1983. Responses of endomycorrhizal
plants grown in a calcined montmorillonite clay to different levels of soil
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Ral, M. K. & D. Acnarya 2000. Search for fungitoxic potential in essential oils of
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RAJAPAKSE, S. & J. C. MILLER, JR. 1988. Relationship between cowpea root systems
and mycorrhizal dependency. Hort. Sci. 23: 568-570.

RapPARINI, F., BARALDI, R. & G BERTAZZA 1996. Growth and carbohydrate status of
Pyrus communis L. plantlets inoculated with Glomus sp. Agronomie 16: 653-
661.

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RAVOLANIRINA, F., BLAL, B., GIANINAZZI, S. & V. GIANINAZZI-PEARSON 1989. Mise
au point d’une methode rapide d’endomycorhization de vitroplant. Fruit 44:
165-170.

SCHUBERT, A. & S. CAMMARATA 1986. Effect of inoculation with different endophytes
on growth and P nutrition of grapevine plants grown in pots. /n: GIANINAZZI-
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INRA, Paris, pp. 327-331.

SCHUBERT, A., MAZZITELLI, M., Artusso, O. & I. EYNARD 1990. Effects of vesicular-

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on micropropagated grapevines: Influence of
endophyte strain, P fertilization and growth medium. Vitis 29: 5-13.

SIEVERDING, E. 1989. Should VAM inocula contain single or several fungal
species? Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 29: 391-396.

VaRMA, A., SUDHA, SAHAY, N. & P. FRANKEN 1999. Piriformospora indica —
a cultivable plant growth promoting root endophyte with similarities to
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, USA.
65: 2741-2744.

VeRMA, R. K. & JAMALUDDIN 1994. Effect of VAM fungi on growth of some
Bamboos in nursery. Indian J. of Tropical Biodiversity 2: 377-379.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 91

Table 1. Growth response of Tagetes erecta after inoculation of Glomus mosseae,
G. intraradices and G. caledonium in field

Treatiieat Shoot Root Shoot: Colonization
length (cm) | length (cm) Root (%)
29.05 8.39 20.67
43.58 10.16 37.84
; : 48.83 10.43 42.58
enanieens 37.75 9.46 44.13
i at aasavtdcr ionl; wie VOL A. i040) (+ 1.48)
: 60.17 9.06 57.08

Note: Mix =A mixture (1:1:1) of G mosseae, G intraradices and
G. caledonium.
Control = Uninoculated plants
All values are Mean + S. D.
Data significant at P<0.05

92 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Table 2. Effect of Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices and G. caledonium on fresh
and dry weight of 7. erecta in field

apniale Fresh Weight | Dry Weight
(gm) (gm)
Cone 26.33 8.81
(0.71) (+ 0.27)

" i 47.33
ORE (+ 0.95) (¢ % a

71.33 35.78
100.16
111.66 54.75

Note: Mix =A mixture (1:1:1) of G mosseae, G intraradices and
G caledonium.
Control = Uninoculated plants
MD = Mycorrhizal Dependency
All values are Mean + S. D.
Data significant at P<0.05

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 93

Effect of sodium fluoride on pollen germination in
Gaillardia pulchella

B. S. RasitHa, S. GANGADHAR Rao, Y. B. NARSING RAO & DEENA SINGH
Department of Botany
University College of Science, Osmania University
Hyderabad, A. P., India

Abstract

Pollen germination studies in Gaillardia pulchella were carried out in three different
media (BREWBAKER’S, ROBERT’s & HopcKIN’s). Germination percentage was best in
BREWBAKER’S medium. This medium was modified with boric acid (200 mg/l, 300 mg/
1 and 500 mg/l), sucrose 5 % and 8 %; calcium 150 mg/l and 450 mg/] and their
combinations. The percentage of germination was good with boric acid (200 mg/l),
sucrose 8 % and calcium 450 mg/l. Pollen germination was inhibited in all three
concentrations of sodium fluoride (25, 50 and 100 ppm) with maximum inhibition i.e.
(9 %) of germination with 100 ppm of NaF.

Introduction

Fluoride causes metabolic, biochemical, physiological and anatomical disturbances
in plants (MILLER 1993, GANGADHAR Rao 1992). In vitro germination technique is
widely used to find out the physiological and biological effects on pollen germination
in different plants (SHIVANNA & RANGASWAMY 1992). Type of culture media influences
the germination and pollen tube growth (BREWBAKER 1963, RoBerT et al. 1983,
HopckIn & Lyon 1986). Constituents of the culture media, such as calcium (K wack
1967), boron (DuGGER 1973), mineral ions (CAPKOV-BALATKOV et al. 1980), sucrose
(SEEMA & SUDHIR 1993) calcium and boron (VISHWANTHAN 1995), also influence the
germination of pollen. For these reasons various concentrations of boric acid,
calcium, and sucrose were used to optimize the culture conditions. After optimizing
the culture conditions, sodium fluoride at three concentrations was used to observe if
there is any effect on percentage of germination in Gaillardia pulchella pollen grain.
Gaillardia pulchella flowers were used because of its growing popularity in large-
scale cultivation and high marketable properties.

94 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Material and Methods

Three different culture media were used (BREWBAKER’S, ROBERT’s and HopGKIN’s) for
study of in vitro germination in Gaillardia pulchella pollen grains, collected from the
Botanical Garden of the Osmania University. BREWBAKER’s medium was modified
with boric acid (200 mg/l, 300 mg/l and 500 mg/1). To this medium sodium fluoride in
three different concentrations (25, 50 and 100 ppm) was added. Boric acid concent-
ration was kept constant and the level of sucrose and calcium was modified as: (1)
sucrose 5 % and calcium 150 mg/J; (II) sucrose 5 % and calcium 450 mg/I; (III)
sucrose 8 % and calcium 150 mg/l and (IV) sucrose 8 % and calcium 450 mg/l. Out of
these media no. IV was selected and the three concentrations of sodium fluoride (25,
50 and 100 ppm) were added to find out if and how much the germination of pollen
grains was inhibited.

Results

Among the three different culture media used for the germination studies in
Gaillardia pulchella good results were obtained in BREWBAKER’s medium. This me-
dium was modified with three concentrations of boric acid (200 mg/l, 300 mg/l and
500 mg/l). About 64 % germination was observed with concentration of boric acid
200 mg/l (Fig. 1). To this medium three concentrations of sodium fluoride (25, 50 and
100 ppm) were added. Least germination (6 %) was seen with 100 ppm of NaF (Table
1 a).

Sucrose and calcium concentrations were modified with four different combinations.
With sucrose 8 % and calcium 450 mg/l along with boric acid 200 mg/l a germination
of 65.6 % was seen (Table 2). Germination of Gaillardia pulchella pollen grains was
inhibited with sodium fluoride, very low germination was seen with 100 ppm of NaF.
(Table 1).

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 95

Table 1. Effect of sodium fluoride on the germination of Gaillardia pulchella

Germination percentage

Concentration of
sodium fluoride

*a Culture medium containing boric acid 200 mg/l; sucrose 10 %, calcium 300 mg/I.

*b Culture medium containing boric acid 200 mg/l; sucrose 8 %, calcium 450 mg/I.

Table 2. Effect of sucrose, calcium, on the germination of Gaillardia pulchella

Calcium
percentage

Sucrose
percentage

96 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

100
80
Sb
= G
5 60
5
2 C O 6)
c
2
: G
E 40
5
At HA ~ cas m
20
eer Ed Fs =
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time in hours

Fig. 1 Effect of boric acid concentration on the germination of Gaillardia pulchella.

Concentration of boric acid:

© 200 mg/1
300 mg/l
[e | 500 mg/1

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 97

References

BREWBAKER, J. L. & B. G Kwack 1963. The essential role of calcium in pollen
germination and pollen tube growth. Am. J. Bot. 50: 859-865.

CaPKOV-BALATKOV, V., HRABETOVA, E., & J. Tupy 1980. Effect of some mineral ions
on pollen tube growth and release of proteins in culture. Biol. Plant. 22: 294—
302.

SEEMA, D. & CHANDA SupHIR 1993. Effect of sucrose and pH on germination of
Roscoea. Advances in plant sciences 6 (2): 366-369.

Duccer, W. M. 1973. Functional aspect of boron in plants. Jn: Kotury E. L. (ed.),
Trace elements in the environment, pp. 112-129. Advances in chemistry
series. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.

GANGADHAR Rao, I. S. 1992. Ph. D. thesis. Osmania University.

Hopckin & Lyon 1986. The effect of Brassica oleracea stigma extracts in
germination of B. oleracea pollen in a thin layer chromatographic Bio assay.
J. Exp. Bot. 37: 406-411.

MILLER, C. W. 1993. Effect of fluoride on higher plants with special emphasis on
early physiological and biochemical disorder. Fluoride 26: 3-22.

Rosert, I. N., GANDE, T. C., HARROD, G & H. G Dickson 1983. Pollen stigma
interaction in Brassica oleracea. A new pollen germination medium and its use
in elucidating the mechanism of self-compatibility. Theor. Appl. Genet. 65:
1131-1138.

SHIVANNA, K. R. & N.S. RANGAswamy 1992. Pollen Biology, a Laboratory Manual.
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

VISHWANTHAN 1995. Effect of calcium and boron in in vitro pollen germination and
pollen tube growth in Asclepias curassavica LINN. Advances in Plant Sciences
8 (2): 293-296.

98 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

In vitro susceptibility of
Trichophyton mentagrophytes to different
concentrations of three Asteraceous essential oils

MAHENDRA Ral & DEEPAK ACHARYA *
Department of Biotechnology, Amaravati University
Amaravati-444602, Maharastra state
India;
e-mail: mkrail23@rediffmail.com

* Microbiology Research Laboratory, Danielson College
Chhindwara, 480001,MP, India
e-mail: deepak@chhindwaraonline.com

Abstract

Different concentrations of Asteraceous oils, viz. from Tagetes erecta, Tagetes patula
and Eupatorium triplinerve, were evaluated for their antifungal property against
Trichophyton mentagrophytes. All the essential oils tested showed high degree of
antimycotic activity.

Introduction

Numerous diseases of serious concern in humans are caused by fungi. Now, there are
several synthetic antimycotics available in market which are used against mycotic
infections. But, natural plant products are fast attracting the attention of scientists for
their use as antimycotics to control fungal infection in human beings. They do not
cause undesired side-effects on human body. There has been much work done in the
recent years for finding herbal antimycotics (GorDon et al. 1980, Manoro et al. 1982,
GUERIN & REVEILLERE 1985, Zurita & ZOLLA 1986, Oxunmi et al. 1990, Kue 1992,
Lozoya et al. 1992, GANESHAN & GANESHAN 1993, AHMAD & ALAM 1995, VILLAREAL et
al. 1997, AL-SALEH et al. 1997, Lis-BALCHIN 2000, Kiprono et al. 2000, Karma 2001,
SRIVASTAVA et al. 2001).

Studies on some highly important antifungal Asteraceous plants have been done by
various workers (Rao 1976, CHANDRA & DiksHit 1981, DiksHir & Hussain 1984,
SAXENA et al. 1984, Bare et al. 1991, KisHorE & Dwivepi 1991, Bourret et al. 1993,
MeEnroTrRA et al. 1993, HAMMERSCHMIDT et al. 1993, ACHENBAKH & BENIRSCHKE 1994,
ABBASOGLU & KUSMENOGLU 1994, ACHOLA et al. 1996, CHARCHARI et al. 1996,
CASTANEDA et al. 1996, Rat & ACHARYA 1999, 2000, Esr 2001).

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 99

In the present investigation, different concentrations of Asteraceous oils, viz. from
Tagetes erecta, T. patula and Eupatorium triplinerve have been evaluated for their
antifungal efficacy against a human pathogen, Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

Materials and Methods

Preparation of essential oils

The plants growing around Chhindwara were collected during 2000, and shade dried
at room temperature. Voucher specimens of the plants were deposited at the Depart-
ment of Botany, Danielson College, Chhindwara, M.P.

About 200 g of each of the dried samples were subjected to hydrodistillation for 4 hrs
using a Clavenger apparatus in order to obtain the essential oils.

The test species

Trichophyton mentagrophytes, a potential human pathogen was selected from the
locally isolated human-pathogenic fungi. The pure cultures of test fungus were
maintained on Sabouraud Glucose Agar (SGA) at 28°C. One-week old culture was
washed with sterile saline water and the spore suspension was prepared by using
glasswool filtration. The rate of the colony-forming units was determined and the test
inoculum was adjusted to 1.5 x 105 spores per ml.

The paper disc technique

Petri dishes were filled with 10 ml of SDA in sterile conditions, and 1 ml of the spore
suspension was added per plate after the medium was solidified. Sterile discs (5 mm
diameter, Whatman filter paper no. 42) were soaked in different concentrations of
essential oils up to saturation. These saturated discs were placed in the centre of the
petri dishes, which were then incubated at 37°C for 48 h. For each oil, triplicates were
maintained. The clear inhibition zones were measured and noted.

The serial dilution technique

One millilitre of each of the essential oils was mixed with | ml of Sabouraud glucose
broth containing 1.5 x 105 spores per ml, constituting the first dilution step. Further
serial dilutions were prepared down to 0.39 ml oil ml-1. This test assay was incubated
at 28°C for 5 days. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by
visual readings.

Concentration of essential oils

Dimethyl Sulphate solution (DMS) was added in pure essential oils (100%) for ma-
king different concentrations, viz., 50%, 25% and 12.5%. Oxyconazole nitrate was
taken as control. Different concentrations of control were also prepared.

100 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Results and Discussion

Results of serial dilution results are summarized in Table 1. It is evident from the disc
diffusion tests that pure oil of Tagetes erecta completely checked the vegetative
growth of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes followed by Eupatorium triplinerve and
T. patula (38 mm, 37.2 mm and 36.5 mm respectively). All the essential oils tested
were more efficaceous than oxyconazole nitrate at all concentrations. It is interesting
to note that 50% concentration of Jagetes erecta oil was more effective than 100%
concentration of oxyconazole nitrate. The 50% concentration of oils of Tagetes erecta
and Eupatorium triplinerve fully inhibited the growth of test fungi (36.5 mm and 35.5
mm) while at the same concentration less inhibition was shown by the oxyconazole
nitrate (35 mm). At 12.5% concentration, oil of Tagetes erecta showed the maximum
inhibition (34.7 mm) followed by Eupatorium triplinerve (34.3 mm), T: patula (31.5
mm) and oxyconazole nitrate (31.4 mm).

Data in Table 1 provide evidence that all the drugs/oils inhibited fungal growth at
100% concentration (0.39 pg/ml). At 50% concentration, maximum efficacy was
observed in Jagetes erecta and Eupatorium triplinerve (0.39 g/ml) followed by 7°
patula and control (0.781 pg/ml).

It can be concluded that the essential oils of Tagetes erecta, T. patula and Eupatorium
triplinerve can be used as natural antimycotics. Even at the low concentration,
essential oils of these plants showed very significant antimycotic activity against
Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Saui et al. (1999) compared the efficacy of Eucalyp-
tus citriodora with commercial antifungal drugs and reported that minimal concent-
ration of the oil inhibited all the tested pathogens, viz., Microsporum nanum,
Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum completely with fungistatic activity.
CHANDHOKE & GHATAK (1969) observed some pharmacological actions of the essential
oil of Tagetes minuta. RomaGna et al. (1994) reported antifungal effects of alpha-
terthienyl from TJagetes patula on five dermatophytes. ZyGADLO et al. (1994) observed
antifungal properties in the leaf oils of Tagetes spp. Ral & ACHARYA (2000) reported
the highest antifungal efficacy of Tagetes erecta oil among the 11 tested plant
fractions. BANDARA et al. (1988, 1989, 1992) reported antimycotic potential in
Eupatorium riparium. GarG (1974) reported that the leaf oil of Eupatorium
triplinerve was toxic to species of Aspergillus, Curvularia, Fusarium, Paecilomyces,
Trichurus, Helminthosporium. Y apav & Saini (1990) recorded antifungal activity in
the oil obtained from the leaves of Eupatorium triplinerve.

It is concluded that combination of the extracts and essential oils of these plants can be
prepared for developing plant derived antifungal drugs.

Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002 101

Ina nutshell, Tagetes erecta, T. patula and Eupatorium triplinerve, can be utilized for
the preparation of topical antimycotics. However, a detailed biochemical and in vivo
studies are needed on experimental animals before their utilization as antimycotic
drugs.

Table 1. Effect of different concentrations of Asteraceous essential
oils on Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Dilution pg/ml

ei ese Pv ice Pte EH 9
: Drug

100 | 50 | 25 | 125 | 625 | 312 | 16 | 078 | 0.39 |
| 1. | Tagetes patula (100 %) acta sellenaalsaeeh

2. | Tagetes patula (50 %) =
Tagetes patula (25 %) i Sol

6 9 eles
[7 [rowreeeeese | -|-]-]-|-]- |=

Seeeiay Spas tea sea
ey ese reetencoron 18))- |= |= [asi inah eel
ay Se Sa ESA ee eat gy
i eesti) Ame rd |
i ni enh | a a ela a
Be aa i ee
Pcfemwre —|-P-|-P--[
Hi (3S! ial il oooh
il rs 5 daly xe i thy ali

Dilution Note: Oxyconazole nitrate was used as control

102 Comp. Newsl. 38, 2002

Acknowledgement

Authors wish to acknowledge Prof. S. A. Brown, Principal, Danielson College, for
providing laboratory facility.

References

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AcCHOLA, S., Kunz, B. & M. WEIDENBORNER 1996. Mycelial deformations of
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AumabD, V. U. & N. ALAM 1995. New antifungal bithienylacetylenes from Blumea
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New taxa and combinations
published in this issue

Capelio B. Norb., nom. nov.: p. 72
Capelio caledonica B. NorD., sp. nov.: p. 73
Capelio tabularis (Tuuns.) B. Norp., comb. nov.: p. 72

Capelio tomentosa (Buro. f.) B. NorD., comb. nov.: p. 73

Holoschkuhria tetramera H. Rob., gen. et sp. nov.: p. 48

Oldfeltia B. Norv. & LUNDIN, gen. nov.: p. 66
Oldfeltia polyphlebia (GrisEB.) B. Norp. & LUNDIN, comb. nov.: p. 67

Senecio eligulatus B. Norp., Moussavi & DJAVADI, sp. nov.: p. 42

Symphyopappus uncinatus H. Ros., sp. nov.: p. 52

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