COMPOSITAE & # NEWSLETTER Number 45 31 May 2007 Scientific Editor: BERTI. NoRDENSTAM Technical Editor: GUNNEL WiRENIUS NOHLIN Published and distributed by The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Phanerogamic Botany, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden ISSN 0284-8422 CONTENTS NorDENSTAM, B. & G. V. Cron: The identities of Cineraria microglossa DC. and C. spinulosa Lam. (Compositae-Senecioneae) from South Africa 1 NorbDENSTAM, B.: Senecio varicosus, a Linnaean name for the Balearic taxon known as Senecio rodriguezii (Compositae-Senecioneae) 8 Tortosa, R.D. & A. Bartout: Validity of the varieties of Senecio patagonicus (Asteraceae) 16 ~ ANDERBERG, A., GHAHREMANINEJAD, F. & M. KALLERSJO: The enigmatic genus Dipterocome 25 NorDeENsTAM, B.: Validation of Nesampelos B. Norp. (Compositae-Senecioneae) 37 o ADEDEu, O.: Studies on the reproductive biology of Emilia (Asteraceae-Senecioneae). Sf 2. Floret number, reproductive propagules and seed germination 39 The International Cichorieae Network 49 New taxa and combinations published in this issue ao HER T. MER LIBRARY un nN? 2007 NEW YOK BOTANICAL GARDEN Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 | The identities of Cineraria microglossa DC. and C. spinulosa Lam. (Compositae-Senecioneae) from South Africa BertiL NORDENSTAM! & GLynis V. CRON? ‘Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History P. O. Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden bertil.nordenstam @nrm.se School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa glynis @ biology.wits.ac.za Abstract Cineraria microglossa DC., a South African taxon known only from the type collection by Dré&GE, is shown to be conspecific with Mesogramma apiifolium DC., until recently better known as Senecio apiifolius (DC.) BENTH. & Hook. f. ex O. HOFFM. Mesogramma DC. is a monotypic genus with a wide distribution from south Angola through Namibia and Botswana to northern Cape Province and the Orange Free State. Cineraria spinulosa Lam. is shown to be a synonym of Othonna parviflora BERGIus, a species distributed in the southwestern Western Cape Province including the Cape Peninsula. Introduction Recent monographic work on the African genus Cineraria L. (Compositae- Senecioneae) has refined the circumscription of the genus as a monophyletic and well characterized genus with 35 species (CRON 2005, Cron et al. 2006a). Fourteen species had to be removed from the genus, four to the new genera Bolandia CRON (CRON et al. 2006b) and Oresbia Cron & B. Norp. (CRON & NorRDENSTAM 2006), three transferred to Senecio (CRON 2005, Cron et al. 2006a), whereas seven names remained unresolved as to identity and generic affiliation. Two of these will be discussed here. One of the species with unresolved affinity was C. microglossa DC., described by De CANDOLLE in 1838 and known only from the type collection by J. F. Dr&ce from the Gariep (i.e. the lower Orange River) region in the Northern Cape Province. HARVEY p: Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 (1865) accepted the species in his section (§) Eu-Cineraria although with the remark, “Unknown to me”. He cited DE CANDOLLE’s description including the notion that the ray achenes are compressed. This observation needs qualification, however, as will be discussed below. A second species of unknown affinity was C. spinulosa Lam., which was not cited by Harvey (1865) or any subsequent authors. Its identity has remained obscure until now. Discussion 1) Cineraria microglossa DC., Prodr. 6: 305 (1838). —Type: South Africa, Northern Cape, in the Gariep region, DREGE 5926 (G-DC! holo., K! P! iso.). Fig. 1. An examination of the type material of C. microglossa DC. suggested that it might be conspecific with Mesogramma apiifolium DC., a widespread annual herb from southern Africa. Until recently this taxon has been known in literature and herbaria as Senecio aptifolius (DC.) BENTH. & Hook. f. ex O. HorrM., but it has now been restored as a monotypic genus only distantly related to Senecio s. str. (NORDENSTAM & PELSER 2005). Among the characteristics of Mesogramma are the resiniferous capitula with black- lined involucral bracts and midlined disc-floret corolla lobes, and the black cypselas with distinct lines of white hairs. NoRDENSTAM & PELSER (2005) stated the number of such lines to be three, but our examination of fully ripe cypselas revealed the number to vary between three and four. The cypselar hairs are short and obtuse duplex trichomes, which become mucilaginous when wet. The cypselas are often triquetrous or nearly quadrangular, often slightly curved and a little compressed, but quite unlike the distinctly compressed cypselas of true Cinerarias. The original material of C. microglossa agrees in all essential details with Mesogramma apiifolium and they are clearly the same species. Both names were published in DE CANDOLLE’s Prodromus vol. 6, and their types were collected by J. F DrécE in the same area, viz. the lower Orange River, forming the border between Namibia and Namaqualand in South Africa. Since the names were published simultaneously, Mesogramma apiifolium remains the correct name for this taxon, and C. microglossa DC. goes into synonymy. Mesogramma apiifolium has a rather wide and scattered distribution range from southern Angola and Botswana through Namibia to the northern parts of South Africa (Map in NorDENSTAM & PELsER 2005, Fig. 4). The closest relative of Mesogramma is no doubt the recently described genus Bolandia CRON (CRON et al. 2006b), which shares the herbaceous habit, the Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 3 resiniferous capitula, and the black cypselas with white myxogenic duplex trichomes. This relationship is also strongly supported by molecular (ITS) data, which also place a closely linked Mesogramma-Bolandia subclade as sister to Cineraria. The Mesogramma-Cineraria clade in turn relates to a clade comprising Pericallis, Emilia and Packera, quite distant from Senecio s. str. in the phylogenetic tree (NORDENSTAM & PELSER 2005, PELSER et al. in press.). 2) Cineraria spinulosa Lam ., Encycl. 2: 9 (1786). —Lectotype (designated here): Africa, SONNERAT , Herb. LAMARCK No. P342408(P-LA!). Fig. 2.— Note. The original material in P consists of two specimens in Herb. LAMARCK and one specimen in Herb. Jussieu (Cat. No. 8989), all annotated by LAMarck . One of the former specimens is annotated “D’ Afrique” and “‘S.” (= SONNERAT), and is selected as lectotype. LAMARCK in his description refers to SONNERAT as purveyor of material. This is clearly a species of Othonna, and we regard it as conspecific with O. parviflora BERGIUS, a species from the southwestern region of the Western Cape Province, including the Cape Peninsula. The type specimen of Cineraria spinulosa has sessile and amplexicaul leaves, which are obovate to spathulate with denticulate margins. The capitula are numerous and small, with involucral bracts ca. 8 and basally connate. These characters agree well with the original material of O. parviflora in the BERGIUS Herbarium: “e Cap. b. spei, GruBB, Othonna mihi parviflora” /BERGtus scripsit/ (SBT! no. 4.3.9.99, holo.). Othonna parviflora BERGIUS was published in the Plantae capenses: Descriptiones plantarum ex Capite bonae spei in Sept. 1767 and thus antedates O. parviflora L., Mant. 1: 89 (Nov. 1767). The latter illegitimate name is a synonym of O. quinquedentata THUNB., a species closely related to O. parviflora Beratus, but regarded as distinct. Confusion regarding the synonymy of Othonna parviflora Beratus and O. rigens (L.) LeEvyns ex ADAMSON & SALTER (1950) has been perpetuated in the literature (see BonD & Gotpsiatt 1984, ARNOLD & DE Wet 1993, GoLpBLaATT & MANNING 2000, HERMAN 2003). Othonna rigens (L.) LEvyNs was published without a basionym citation, but even if regarded as validly published (based on Senecio rigens L.), the name is illegitimate as a later homonym (of O. rigens L., syn. Gorteria rigens L., now Gazania rigens (L.) GAERTN.; cf. NORDENSTAM 1961), and O. amplexicaulis THUNB . is the useful name for the taxon intended. The confusion may have arisen due to Levyns’ (1941: 143) referral to both homonyms for O. parviflora in a single paragraph, despite the correct use of names/identities in NORDENSTAM (1967). 4 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 Acknowledgements We thank the Herbarium P of the Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle de Paris and Herbarium G-DC of the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Geneve for permission to view, photograph and publish the photographs of the types of Cineraria spinulosa and C. microglossa respectively, and Lars GUNNAR REINHAMMaAR for kindly sending us high resolution pictures of the type of Othonna parviflora Berctus from the Beraius Herbarium in Stockholm. This work was in part supported by the Univer- sity of the Witwatersrand Research Committee and the National Research Foundation of South Africa. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 5 References ADAMSON, R.S. & T. M. SALTER 1950. Flora of the Cape Peninsula. Juta & Co., Cape Town, Johannesburg. ARNOLD, T. H. & B. C. DE Wer (eds.) 1993. Plants of southern Africa: Names and distribution. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 62. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. Bonp P. & P. GoLpsuatt 1984. Plants of the Cape Flora. J. S$. Afr Bot., Suppl. Vol. 13. Cron, G. V. 2005. Cineraria L. (Senecioneae, Asteraceae) - its Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Phytogeography and Conservation. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Cron, G. V., BALKWILL, K. & E. B. KNox 2006a. A revision of Cineraria (Asteraceae, Senecioneae). Kew Bull. 61: 449-535. Cron, G. V., BALKWILL, K. & E. B. KNox 2006b. Bolandia (Senecioneae, Asteraceae): A new genus endemic to southern Africa. Novon 16: 224-230. Cron, G. V. & B. NorDENSTAM 2006. Oresbia, a new South African genus of the Asteraceae-Senecioneae. Novon 16: 216-223. Govps att, P. & J. MANNING 2000. Cape Plants: A conspectus of the Cape Flora of South Africa. Strelitzia 9. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria; MBG Press, Missouri Botanical Garden, St.Louis. Harvey, V. H. 1865. Compositae, Juss. In: HARvEy, W. H. & O. W. SONDER (eds.), Flora Capensis 3(1): 44-530. Hodges, Smith & Co., Dublin; I.-C. Juta, Capetown. HERMAN, P. P. H. 2003. Othonna L. In: GERMISHUIZEN, G. & N. L. MEYER (eds.), Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 267-271. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. Levyns, M.R. 1941. Notes on some species of Othonna. J. S. Afr. Bot. 7: 139-143. NorDENSTAM, B. 1961. Notes on some Linnaean dissertations. Bot. Notiser 114: 276— 280. NorDENSTAM, B. 1967. Chromosome numbers in Othonna (Compositae). Bot. Notiser 120: 297-304. NorpbENsTAM, B. & P. PELSER 2005. Dauresia and Mesogramma: one new and one resurrected genus of the Asteraceae-Senecioneae from Southern Africa. Comp. Newsl. 42: 74-88. PELSER, P., NORDENSTAM, B., KADEREIT, J. W. & L. E. Watson in press. An ITS phylogeny of tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) and a new delimitation of Senecio L. Taxon. 6 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 Fig. 1. Types of Cineraria microglossa DC. DREGE 5926 (A) isotype P; (B, C) holotype G- DC, (B) portion of specimen, (C) detail of label. Scale bars: A. 7.5 mm; B.9 mm. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 a Fig. 2. Lectotype of Cineraria spinulosa LaM ., D’ Afrique, SONNERAT s.n. (P-LA, P342408); Inset: details of label. Scale bar: 16.5 mm. 8 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 Senecio varicosus, a Linnaean name for the Balearic taxon known as Senecio rodriguezii (Compositae-Senecioneae) BeERTIL NORDENSTAM Department of Phanerogamic Botany Swedish Museum of Natural History P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden bertil.nordenstam @nrm.se Abstract Senecio varicosus L. fil. (Compositae-Senecioneae) is an early name for a taxon endemic to Mallorca and Menorca known as S. rodriguezii WILLK. ex J. J. Rope. or S. leucanthemifolius subsp. rodriguezii (WILLK. ex J. J.;Ropr.) O. BoLos & Vico. Since Senecio varicosus (1762) antedates both S. leucanthemifolius Porr. (1789) and S. rodriguezii (1874), the correct name of the latter will be S. varicosus L. fil., and the name S. leucanthemifolius has been proposed for conservation against S. varicosus. Introduction The first botanical publication by the younger Linnaeus is Decas prima plantarum rariorum horti upsaliensis (1762, Fig. 1). In this small folio volume ten plants cultivated in the Botanical Garden at Uppsala were described and illustrated by uncoloured copper prints. Although only the first plate is signed “A. AKERMAN Sculpsit”, they were certainly all produced by this well-known engraver. Anders Akerman (1721-1778) held since 1758 the position as engraver for ’Kungl. Vetenskapssocieteten’ (The Royal Society of Sciences) in Uppsala, and he contributed to many works also by Linnaeus pater (HULTMARK & al. 1944). One of the new species described and depicted in Decas prima is Senecio varicosus L. fil., an annual grown from seeds provided by a Dr. Rogvé. The origin is stated as Egypt, a statement which has caused some confusion, since later authors have been unable to identify the plant with any taxon known from Egypt. The same person, Dr. Rogve, also provided in 1760 the seeds of Zygophyllum album L. fil. from Egypt, another species described in the same publication (LInnE fil. 1762). Senecio varicosus was adopted in the second edition of Species plantarum (LinNAEuS 1763) and the 12th edition of the Systema naturae (LINNAEUS 1767), and citations continued up to WILLDENOW’s Species plantarum (WILLDENOW 1803). Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 9 DE CANDOLLE (1838) listed it among insufficiently known Senecio spp. and the name was not used thereafter. Discussion Linne fil. (1762) provided an exhaustive description and a fair illustration of S. varicosus (Fig. 3), the details of which made me associate it with a well-known annual species endemic to the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca known as S. rodriguezii WILLK. ex J. J. Ropr. (RODRIGUEZ y FEMENiAS 1874). In the *Lectori’ preceding the descriptions of the Decas, Linne fil. characterizes S. varicosus as *singularis rugis paginae superioris & colore rubro inferioris foliorum”’. These leaf characters are indeed characteristic of the Balearic taxon, and the rugose-bullate upper leaf surface obviously inspired Linn fil. to the specific epithet, varicosus. The exhaustive description of S. varicosus agrees perfectly with S. rodriguezii, except that the ovaries are described as glabrous. The cypsela pubescence was obviously overlooked by LINNE, no doubt because he only saw immature fruits (““semina vero non maturuerunt’). His descriptions of the florets are very accurate, however. The rayflorets are said to have ’corollulis revolutis, apice trilobis, albido-purpurascenti- bus, subtus violaceis”, and the disc florets are described as “dilute purpureis”. The only Senecio, at least in the northern hemisphere, matching these specifications is S. rodriguezii (Figs. 4, 5). Pink or purplish rays occur in two montane Senecio species, viz. S. hoggariensis Batt. & TRAB. from the mountains of Hoggar, Tibesti, Gebel Elba and Sinai, and S. rosinae GAMISANS, a rare and local taxon endemic to Corsica. Occasional specimens of the widespread S. /eucanthemifolius Poir. may possess pink or purplish rays, but the disc florets in these three taxa are constantly yellow. Fortunately there is also an unequivocal type specimen of S. varicosus, viz. LINN 996:25 in the Linnaean Herbarium in London (lectotype, selected by NoRDENSTAM 2005). The sheet is annotated “HU”, which means Hortus upsaliensis, and * Senecio varicosus”’ in the handwriting of Linne fil. (Fig. 2). The specimen represents without any doubt the same taxon as S. rodriguezii. In consequence Senecio varicosus substitutes S. rodriguezii as the name of the well- known endemic species of Mallorca and Menorca, easily recognized and readily observed especially in coastal habitats. WILLKomM provided a fine illustration in the Illustrationes Florae Hispaniae insularumque Balearium (1881), part of which is reproduced here (Fig. 4). If S. varicosus (syn. S. rodriguezii) is accepted as a species distinct from S. leucanthemifolius Potr., as I do and some other authors (ALEXANDER 1979, BONAFE BarcELO 1980, BONNER 1985) there are no other complications than the simple name shift. 10 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 However, nomenclatural complications will arise if this taxon is included in the polymorphic S. leucanthemifolius as with many authors (CHATER & WALTERS 1976, BeckeTr 1988 & 1993, BoLos & al. 1990, BoLos & Vico 1996). In the commonly accepted rank as a subspecies the name is S. leucanthemifolius subsp. rodriguezii (WiLLK. ex J. J. Ropr.) O. Boros & Vico. For obvious reasons of priority S. leucanthemifolius would then have to go into the synonymy of S. varicosus. Further complications arise since S. leucanthemifolius also includes a large number of further infraspecific taxa on subspecific or varietal level, depending on taxonomic opi- nion. For these reasons I have proposed the name S. leucanthemifolius for conservation against S. varicosus (NORDENSTAM 2005). However, ongoing phylogenetic studies (PELSER et al., in progress) indicate that S. varicosus and S. leucanthemifolius are distinct species. Conclusions Senecio varicosus L. fil., lectotypified by Herb. Linnaeus 996: 25 (LINN), is taxonomically identical to S. rodriguezii WiLLK. ex J. J. Ropr., which goes into synonymy. This is a species endemic to the Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca. Since the related §$. leucanthemifolius Potr. is by some authors regarded as conspecific, it has been proposed for conservation against S. varicosus in the interest of nomenclatural stability. References ALEXANDER, J. C. M. 1979. The Mediterranean species of Senecio sections Senecio and Delphinifolius. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37: 387-428. Beckett, E. 1988. Wild Flowers of Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza. Balkema; Rotterdam, Brookfield. BeckeETT, E. 1993. Illustrated Flora of Mallorca. Ed. Moll, Mallorca. Bo os, O. bE, Vico, J., MASALLES, R. M. & J. N. Ninor 1990. Flora Manual dels paisos Catalans. Ed. Portic, Barcelona. Bo os, O. DE & J. Vico 1996 [1995]. Flora dels Paisos Catalans 3. Ed. Barcino, Barcelona. BonaFE BarcELo, F. 1980. Flora de Mallorca 4. Ed. Moll, Mallorca. Bonner, A. 1985. Plants of the Balearic Islands, ed. 2. Ed. Moll, Palma de Mallorca. CANDOLLE, A. P. DE 1838. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 6. Treuttel et Wiirtz, Paris. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 1] Cuater, A. O. & S. M. Watters 1976. Senecio L. In: Tutin, T. G., HEywoop, V. H., Bur- GES, N. A., Moore, D. M., VALENTINE, D. H., WALTERS, S. M. & D. A. WEBB (eds.), Flora Europaea 4: 191-205. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Hutrmark, E., Hutrmark, C. & C. D. Mosettus 1944. Svenska kopparstickare och etsare 1500-1944. Almqvist & Wiksell, Uppsala. Linnaeus, C. 1763. Species plantarum, ed. 2, Imp. L. Salvii, Holmiae. Linnaeus, C. 1767. Systema naturae, ed. 12,2. Imp. L. Salvii, Holmiae. Linng, C. von (fil.) 1762. Decas prima plantarum rariorum horti upsaliensis. Dir. L. Salvi, Stockholmiae. NorDENSTAM, B. 2005. (1696) Proposal to conserve the name Senecio leucanthemifolius against S. varicosus (Compositae). Taxon 54(2): 551-552. RODRIGUEZ Y FEMENiAS, J. J. 1874. Catalogo razonado de las plantas vasculares de Menorca, Suplemento. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 3: 5-68. SavaGE, S. 1945. A Catalogue of the Linnaean Herbarium. Linn. Soc. London. WILLDENOw, C. L. 1803. Species plantarum, ed. 4, 3(3). Imp. G. C. Nauk, Berolini. WILLKomo, M. 1881. ///ustrationes Florae Hispaniae insularumque Balearium. Livt. 1. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. 12 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 CAROLI LINNAT Ft. Ix Horr. Acap. Upsac. DEMONSTRATORIS DECAS PRIMA PLANTARUM RARIORUM HORTI UPSALIENSIS SISTENS DESCRIPTIONES & FIGURAS PLANTARUM MINUS COGNITARUM. AA x oS SS aK SERRCOOORGLRRE EO RORESLEREE RES DORQRORRELQECERRRsEReEERneses STOCKHOLMIZ, Sumtu & Literis Direct. LAURENTII SALVII, 1762. Fig. 1. Title-page of Decas prima plantarum rariorum horti upsaliensis (LINNE 1762). Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 13 996: 25 Se VO LEO ware SLY Fig. 2. Lectotype of Senecio varicosus L. fil., Herb. Linn. 996: 25 (LINN). "Senecio varicosus” written by Linn fil. By permission of the Linnean Society of London. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 llustration of Senecio varicosus in Decas prima plantarum rariorum horti upsaliensis (LINNE 1762). Plate 6 (1762). WILLKoMM’s illustration (p. p.) of S. rodriguezii in Illustrationes Florae Hispaniae insularumque Balearium | (1881 tab. 3). Senecio varicosus in habitat, Cabo Formentor, Mallorca. Photo B. NORDENSTAM. Specimen of S. varicosus (syn. S. rodriguezii), Mallorca, leg. B. NorDENSTAM 7968 (S). Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 i) 16 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 Validity of the varieties of Senecio patagonicus (Asteraceae) Roserto D. Torrosa!? & ADRIANA BARTOLE 'Laboratorios de Botanica ”’Lorenzo R. Parodi’, Facultad de Agronomia Universidad de Buenos Aires Av. San Martin 4453, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina tortosa @agro.uba.ar; cbartoli@agro.uba.ar ?Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina Abstract The validity of the varieties of Senecio patagonicus Hook. & ARN. described by CABRERA is discussed. It is concluded that S. patagonicus var. alyssoides sensu CABRERA and S. patagonicus var. lobatifolius (HoMBR. & JACQUINOT) CABRERA are synonyms of Senecio floccidus Hompr. & JAcQuinot, and S$. patagonicus vat. andersonii (Hook. f..) CABRERA 1s synonym of Senecio arnottii Hook. f. Kew words: Senecio patagonicus, Asteraceae, taxonomy. Resumen Se discute la validez de las variedades de Senecio patagonicus Hook. & ARN. descriptas por CABRERA. Se concluye que S. patagonicus var. alyssoides sensu CABRERA y S. patagonicus var. lobatifolius (HomBR. & JACQUINOT) CABRERA son sindnimos de Senecio floccidus Hompr. & JACQUINOT, y que S. patagonicus vat. andersonii (Hook. f.) CABRERA es sindnimo de Senecio arnottii Hook. f. Palabras clave: Senecio patagonicus, Asteraceae, taxonomia. Introduction Senecio patagonicus described by W. J. Hooker & G. A. W. Arnott (1841) was based upon a plant collected by Captain PARKER KiNG at Pot Famine (Puerto Hambre) in the Strait of Magellan (Chile). The members of this species constitute lanuginose shrubs, 15—50 cm tall, with sessile, entire or few-toothed leaves, and discoid heads arranged in corymbs. According to these characters CABRERA & al. (1999) placed this species in the series Xerosenecio Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 17 (CABRERA) CABRERA & S. E. FREIRE of the genus Senecio. CABRERA (1949) included S. andersonii Hook . f. (the type collected by LECHLER also at Port Famine), S. danyausii Hompr. & Jacquinot var. alyssoides Scu. Bip. (from Sandy Point), and S. danyausii var lobatifolia Hompr. & JAcQuinot (from Pecket Bay, next to Sandy Point), as varieties of S. patagonicus. During the revision of the series Xerosenecio, we conclude that S. patagonicus Hook. & Arn. var. alyssoides sensu CABRERA and S. patagonicus var. lobatifolius (HoMBR. & JACQUINOT) CABRERA belong to a species whose valid name is Senecio floccidus Homer. & JAcQuiNoT, and that S. hookeri Horr. & JACQuINOT, included by CABRERA in the synonymy of the typical variety, also belongs to this species. On the other hand, the variety described by C. H. Scuuttz (S. danyausii_ var. alyssoides Scu. Bip.) does not belong to S. floccidus, but is a synonym of S. laseguei Hompr. & JACQUINOT, a species of the series Suffruticosi CABRERA. As regards §. andersonii Hook. f., basionym of S. patagonicus var. andersonii (Hook. f.) CABRERA, and S. forsteri PHIL. (included by CaBrerA in its synonymy), both are synonyms of Senecio arnottii Hook. f. Taxonomy Key to the species A. Involucre broadly campanulate, with 18—24 phyllaries ..................00 S. arnottii AA. Involucre with 8—14 phyllaries B. Involucre globose, 4.5—5.5 mm high. Dwarf shrubs less than 0.3 m high, with stems and leaves densely lanuginose. Leaves 0).7—1(—2) ce 0.1-0.2 cm ................ Ore ee teeta ten) oui MLS NL, eee ae, a eee S. floccidus BB. Involucre campanulate, 6-8(—9) mm high. Shrubs 0.4—0.7 m high, with stems and leaves loosely lanuginose. Leaves 1.5—6 c¢ 0.15—0.45 cm. ...... S. patagonicus Description of species Senecio arnottii Hook f., Fl. antarct. 2: 314. 1846. Based on S. limbardioides Hook. & Arn. but J. D. Hooker selected a new name after realizing that W. J. Hooker & G. A. W. Arnott utilized the epithet /imbardioides for another species of Senecio with radiate heads (J. Bot. (HooKER) 3 : 333.1841). S. limbardioides Hook. & Arn., J. Bot. (HOOKER ) 3: 347. 1841. Type: Chile: Port Gregory, Capt. Kinc (holotype K; digital image of holotype [K 9046]!). 18 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 Synonyms: S. limbardioides var. major Hook. & ArRN., J. Bot. (HOOKER) 3: 347. 1841. Type: Chile: Chiloe, Darwin 388 (holotype K; digital image of holotype [K 9046]!). S. andersonii Hook. f. (var. & 8 y). Fl. antarct. 2: 312. 1846. Type: Chile: Strait of Magallanes, Port Famine, J. ANDERSON (holotype K; digital image of holotype [K 9038]!). S. forsteri PutL., Anales Univ. Chile 43: 494. 1873. Type: Chile: Magallanes aestate, 1864-65, PHiLipPi s. n. (holotype SGO; digital image of holotype!; photo and fragment of isotype, ex B, in LP!). S. pelquensis DusEN , Rep. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, Botany 8, suppl.: 276, plate 2. 1914. Type: not seen. S. patagonicus var. andersonii (Hook. f.) CABRERA. Lilloa 15: 270. 1949. Icon.: P. DusEN, op. cit. plate 2; A. L. CaBrerA, Lilloa 15: 288, fig. 102. 1949; A. L. CaBrerA, 1n M.N. Correa , Fl. patagonica, 7: pag. 245, fig. 249 and pag. 248, fig. 250 (sub. nom. S. pelquensis).1971. Shrubs 0.20 m, lanuginose to almost glabrous, sometimes with glandular hairs. Leaves ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 1.3—3 cm long, 1.54.5 mm wide, acute, entire or with 2 or more broad irregular teeth on both sides. Heads 2—6 together, sometimes solitary. Involucre broadly campanulate, 9-10 mm high, 8—9 mm wide. Phyllaries 18—24, lanuginose to subglabrous. Flowers 32—60, yellow. Achenes glabrous or papillose. Distribution: Argentina, from Neuquén Province to Tierra del Fuego Province and S of Chile, in the Provinces of Chiloe and Magallanes. Additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA. Neuquén: Dep. Aluminé: Bajada del Rahue, 20.1.1948, G. Dawson & E. SCHWABE 2106, 2108 and 2109 (BAA). Rio Negro: Dep. Bariloche, Verano de De Vooch, 22.1.1983, L. Cusato 2393 (BAA). Santa Cruz: Dep. Giier Aike: Laguna Condor, 15.1.1967, O. BogLcke 12432 (BAA); Ea. Sofia, 3 km W del casco, 350 m s.m., 8.11.1978, TBPA 2995 (BAB); Valle superior del rio Turbio, 511.1978, TBPA 3726 (BAB); Rio Gallegos, | .II.1962, C. VALLERINI 105 (BAA). Dep. Lago Argentino, Rio Santa Cruz, 1.1902, HAuTHAL (LP). Tierra del Fuego: 12.11.1902, E. L. HOLMBERG & CALCAGNINI (BAB). Dep. Ushuaia, Alrededores de Puerto Brown, 20.1.1955, E. GRONDONA 4310 (BAA); Ea. Fique, 16.11.1953, A. Ruiz Lear 15100 (LP). CHILE. Magallanes. Laguna Blanca, II.1927, J. R. GuiNazv 204 and 204a (BAA). Senecio floccidus Hompr. & JACQUINOT, in Dum. D’ URv., Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, tab. 12. 1845. Type: Chile: Havre Pecket, 1841, Hompron (holotype P; digital image of holotype!). Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 iPS) Synonyms: S. albicaulis var. lobulatus Hook. & ArRN., J. Bot. (HooKErR) 3: 344. 1841. Pro parte, syntype: Argentina: Santa Cruz, C. DARWIN 380 (holotype K; digital image of holotype [K 9049]!). S. exilis Hompr. & JACQUINOT, in Dum. D’ URv., Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, tab. 13 C. 1846. Type: Chile, Havre Pecket, 1841, Homsron (holotype P; digital image of holotype!). S. danyausii Horr. & JACQUINOT, in Dum. D’ URv., Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, tab. 13 B. 1846. Type: Chile, Havre Pecket, 1841, Hompron (holotype P; digital image of holotype!). S. danyausii var. lobatifolia Hompr. & JACcQuINoT, in Dum. D’ URv., Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, tab. 13 B*. 1846. Type: Chile, Havre Pecket, 1841, Hompron (holotype P; digital image of holotype!). S. hookeri Hompr. & JACQUINOT, in DuM. D’ URv., Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, tab. 13 A. 1846. Type: Chile, Port Franquis, in montibus, 1841, Hompron (holotype P; digital image of holotype!). S. xanthoxylon Pu., Anales Univ. Chile 88: 7 1894. Type: Argentina: Rio Santa Cruz, VIDAL. Not seen. S. quenselii Skortss., Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 56 (5): 323. 1916. Type: Argentina: Lago Buenos Aires, 12.XII.1908, SkorrsBerG 696 (holotype, S; digital image of holotype!). This species was included by CABRERA (1971) and CABRERA & al. (1999) as synonym of S. filaginoides DC. var. filaginoides. S. patagonicus var. alyssoides sensu CABRERA, Lilloa 15: 270. 1949. Non S. danyausii var. alyssoides Scu. Bip., Flora 38: 118. 1855 (Type: Chile: Sandy Point, Pampas, LECHLER 1056 (holotype, P, digital image of holotype!), synonym of S. laseguei Hompr. & JACQUINOT). S. patagonicus var. lobatifolius (Hompr. & JACQUINOT) CABRERA , Lilloa 15: 271. 1949. Icon.: J. S.C. Dum. D’ URVILLE, op. cit. tab 13, A (sub nom. S. hookeri), B (sub nom. S. danyausii) and C (sub nom. S. exilis). Dwarf shrubs, 0.20—0.30 m, silvery-lanuginose. Leaves elliptic, entire or toothed, fleshy, margins involute, 0.7—1(—2) cm long, 1-2 mm wide. Heads numerous. Involucre globose, 4.5—5.5 mm x 4-5 mm. Phyllaries 12—14, densely lanuginose. Flowers 22-40, yellow. Achenes pubescent or glabrous. Distribution: Argentina, from the SW of Chubut Province to Tierra del Fuego Province, and S of Chile in the Province of Magallanes. 20 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 Additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA. Chubut: Dep. Rio Senguer, Rio Mayo, Est. Zootécnica, 29.1.1954, E. Gronpona 3527 (BAA); 3.11.1954, E. Gronbona 3549 (BAA, BAB) and 3550 (BAA), 8.11.1954, A. Soriano 4579 (BAB). Santa Cruz: Dep. Corpen Aike, Ruta 3, cruce del rio Chico, 11.1.1967, O. BoELCKE 12318 (BAA, BAB). Dep. Deseado: Puerto Deseado, 10.1.1967, O. BoeLcke 12194 (BAA, BAB); Caleta Olivia, 29.XII.1928, A. Donar 100 (SI). Dep. Giier Aike, Rio Gallegos, 3.1.1962, C. VALLERINI 28 (BAA). Dep. Lago Argentino: Ruta 40, entre El Calafate y Lago Viedma, 21.1.1967, O. BoELckE 12636 (BAA, BAB); Lago San Martin, 23.1.1967, O. BogLcKkE 12729 p.p. (BAA, SI); Lago Argentino, Pnla. Magallanes, Ea. Cerro Buenos Aires, 500 m s. m., 17.11.1975, O. BoELCKE 16499 (BAA). Dep.Lago Buenos Aires, 20 km de Bajo Caracoles a Perito Moreno, 28.1.1967, O. BorLckE 12908, 12910, 12911 (BAA, BAB). Dep. Magallanes, San Julian, 14.V.1914, C. Hicken 225 (SI). Dep. Rio Chico, Gobernador Gregores, borde Rio Chico, 30.1.1965, E. ANCIBOR & A. VICINIS (BAA). S. patagonicus Hook. & Arn., J. Bot. (HOOKER ) 3: 344. 1841. Type: Chile: Port. Famine, Capt. Kina (holotype K; digital image of holotype [K 9037]!). Synonyms: S. neaei var. incisus DC., Prodr. 6: 414. 1838. Type: Argentina: Portum Deseado et Coloniam del Sacramento, NEE (holotype G; fragment of holotype in LP!; photo of holotype in SI!). S. albicaulis var. lobulatus Hook & Arn., J. Bot. (HOOKER ) 3: 344. 1841, pro parte, syntype: Argentina: Santa Cruz, Port Desire, C. Darwin 398 (holotype K; digital image of holotype [K 9041 ]!). S. albicaulis var. subglaber Hook. & Arn., J. Bot. (HOOKER) 3: 344. 1841. Type: Argentina: East coast of Patagonia, Eicuts 50 (holotype K; digital image of holotype [K9049]!). S. patagonicus var. integrifolius Scu. Bir., Flora 38: 117. 1855. Type: Chile: In arenosis pr. Sandy Point, Oct., LECHLER 1055 (holotype W; isotype NY; digital image of isotype [NY 259328 and 259329)]!) S. lechleri Putt., Anales Univ. Chile 43: 494. 1873. Type: Chile: Estrecho de Magallanes, 1864-65, Puiippi (holotype SGO, photo and fragment of holotype in LP!). S. palenae Put., Anales Univ. Chile 88: 14. 1894. Type: Chile: Rio Palena, 1.11.1887, F. DELFIN (holotype SGO; photo of holotype in LP!). S. sericeus var. incisus (DC.) KUNTZE , Revis. Gen. pl. 3 (2): 177. 1898. Based on S. neaei var. incisus DC. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 Pa S. danyausii var. pinnatifidus MAcLoskig, Rep. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, Botany 8 (2) 843. 1906. Type: Argentina: Rio Santa Cruz, 1.1897, HatrcHEr 152 (holotype NY, digital image of holotype [NY 259155]!). Considered by CABRERA (1949) synonym of S. patagonicus var. lobatifolius. S. choiquelahuensis Spec., Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 53: 16. 1902. Type: Argentina: Choique-lahuen, VIII. 1899, C. SpeGAzzini (holotype LP!). Icon.: A. L. CaBrera , Lilloa 15: 268, fig. 96. 1949; A. L. CABRERA , in M. N. Correa FI. Patagonica 7: 240, fig. 243 and fig. 245 (sub nom. S. neaei). 1971. Shrubs 0).40—0.70 m, lanuginose or sublanuginose. Leaves elliptic, acute, entire or toothed, 1.5—6 cm long, 1.5—4.5 mm wide. Heads numerous. Involucre campanulate, 6—8(—9) mm x 4-6 mm. Phyllaries 10—14, sublanuginose to glabrous. Flowers 25-50, yellow. Achenes pubescent or glabrous. Distribution: Argentina from Neuquén Province to Santa Cruz Province, and Chile in the Provinces of Aysen and Magallanes. Additional specimens examined: ARGENTINA: Chubut: Dep. Futaleuft: Esquel, La Hoya, 26.11.1975, A. L. CABRERA 25963 (SI); Esquel, 26.11.1926, C. HickEN 19 (SI). Dep. Languifieo: Tecka, 12.XII.1985, A. L. CaBrera 33102 (SI). Dep. Tehuelches: Gobernador Costa, 13.XII.1981, A. L. CaBrera 33137 (SI); Lago Vintter, 9.11.1988, E. Nicora 9424 (SI). Dep. Sarmiento, ruta 20, a 33 km de W de Sarmiento, 4.XII. 1976, S. Arroyo 287 (SI). Neuquén: Dep. Aluminé, PN Lanin, Ea Los Helechos, 17.11.1983, L. Cusato 2833 (BAA); P. N. Lanin, Cerro Bandurria, 4.[11.1985, L. Cusato 3818 (BAA); P.N. Lanin, Malalco-Quillén, 26.11.1985, L. Cusato 3893 (BAA). Dep. Chos-Malal, Chos Malal, 15.X1I.1969, E. Ancipor & al. (BAA); Cerro de la Virgen, 16.X1.1969, E. Ancripor & al. (BAA, BAB 90189, LP). Dep. Huiliches: Entre lagos Paimtuin y Huechulafquen, 5.1I.1948, G. Dawson & E. ScHwaBeE 2495 (BAA); Ea Mamuil Malal, 20.01.1952, J. Diem 2064 and 2066 (BAA). Dep. Lacar: Pampa de Alicura, 9.IV.1955, O. BoELCKE 7603 (BAA). Dep. Zapala; Bajada del Manzano, 20 km S de Zapala, ruta 40, 19.X1.1969, E. ANciBor & AL. (BAA, BAB 90247). Rio Negro: Dep. Bariloche: Faldeos Cerro Santa Elena, 31.1.1952,O. BoELcKE 6175 (BAA); Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, 1.1952, O. BOELCKE 6827 (BAA); San Carlos de Bariloche, 1.1V.1961,M. HAVRYLENKO 5 (BAA); Rio Limay, 1.IV.1961,M. HavryLeNnko 8 (BAA). Dep. Norquinco: Norquinco, 3.11.1944, E. Nicora 3801 (SI). Santa Cruz: Dep. Corpen Aike, 10 km W de Cafiadon de Piedra Buena, 13.11.1975, CABRERA 25848 (LP). Dep. Deseado, Caleta Olivia, 8.XII.1970, S. Crespo & N. TRoncoso 1673 (SI). Dep. Lago Argentino: Lago San Martin, Ea. La Federica, 23.1.1967, O. BogLcKE 12710 (BAA); Pla. Magallanes, laderas SW Sa. Buenos Aires, 14.]1.1975, O. BoeLcKe 16388 (BAA, LP). Dep. Lago Buenos Aires, Los Antiguos, camino a Perito Moreno, 24.X1.1965, E. Nicora & M. N. Correa 3637 (BAA). Dep. Rio Chico, Lago Posadas, 30.XII.1964, M. CLEMENs (BA). Dep. Rio bho bho Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 Gallegos, Rio Gallegos, 6.1.1960, M. N. Correa 1805 (BAA). CHILE. Aysen: Regién del Lago Buenos Aires, Valle Ibafiez, 29.1.1939, I. Renrzett (SI 6169). Magallanes: Ultima Esperanza, Lago Sofia, 14.1.1977, P. Sewert, TBPA 2288 (BAA). Acknowledgements We thank the curators of the Herbaria BA, BAB, LP, and SI for making available the material, and the curators of P, S, SGO and the Board of Trustees of RBG Kew (K) for supplying digital images of types. Financial support was provided by the Universidad de Buenos Aires. References CasrerA,A. L. 1949. El género Senecio en Chile. Lilloa 15: 27-501. Casrera, A. L. 1971. Compositae. Jn: M. N. Correa (ed.), Flora patagénica, parte 7. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires. CaBrerRA, A. L., S. FREIRE & L. Ariza Espinar 1999. Asteraceae, Senecioneae y Liabeaeae. In: A. T. HUNzIKER (ed.), Flora Fanerogdmica Argentina, fasc. 62. Proflora, Conicet. Cordoba. Hooker, W. J. & G. A. W. Arnott 1841. Flora of South America and islands of the Pacific. J. Bot. (HOOKER ) 3: 1-348. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 23 The enigmatic genus Dipterocome ARNE A. ANDERBERG!, FARROKH GHAHREMANINEJAD? & MARI KALLERSJO® ‘Department of Phanerogamic Botany Swedish Museum of Natural History P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden "Department of Biology, Faculty of Science University of Tarbiat-Moaallem 49 Dr. Mofatteh Avenue, 15614 Tehran, Iran Head of research Swedish Museum of Natural History P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Abstract The systematic position of the enigmatic genus Dipterocome, which has either been placed in the Calenduleae, or treated as Asteraceae incertae sedis is investigated by jackknife analysis of DNA sequence data from the plastid gene ndhF, and from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear genome. It is concluded that the genus is a member of the tribe Cardueae, but that its exact relationships within that tribe remain to be found. Introduction The genus Dipterocome was described 1835 by F. E. L. von FiscHerR and C. A. von MEYER (FISCHER & MEYER 1835) on material from Azerbaidjan, but they could not place their new genus. They concluded: “Genus sane distinctissimum in nulla ex tribubus a cl. Cassini conditis, apte collocandum; quoad fructus structuram ad Koelpinia accedit, sed ab omnibus Lactuceis tota flosculorum et stylorum conformatione abhorret, neque melius inter Calenduleaes vel inter Adenostyleas collocari potest.” [A genus that clearly does not fit into any of the tribes which the celebrated CassINI surrected; with respect to the structure of the fruit it approaches Koelpinia, but it differs entirely from all the Lactuceae in the shape of florets and styles, neither is it possible to place it better among the Calenduleae or the Adenostyleae. | 24 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 Also CANDOLLE (1838) looked with disbelief on the strange morphological features in Dipterocome hence leaving it unplaced among "Genera compositarum incertae sedis”. BENTHAM (1873) included Dipterocome in his tribe Calenduleae but referred to it as a “genus anomalum”. HorFMANN (1892) followed BENTHAM and included Dipterocome in the Calenduleae where its male central florets and curved spiny cypselas seemed to be in agreement with the situation in the majority of taxa of the Calenduleae. However, members of the Calenduleae do not have a pappus, and Dipterocome with its florets provided with up to 5 or10 flattened bristles differs. The fact that the bristles readily fall off could have been interpreted as a stage in a reduction trend, from ancestors of the Calenduleae with a persistent pappus, via Dipterocome with caducous bristles, to a total lack of pappus elements in the other members of the tribe. In most flora treatments, Dipterocome is mentioned together with the genera of the Calenduleae (e. g. RECHINGER 1989, TAKHTAJAN 1995). In his treatment of the Calenduleae, NorRLINDH (1977) included Dipterocome in his taxonomic review, although also he described the genus as deviating in morphology and as a satellite” genus only remotely related to the Calenduleae proper. NoRLINDH described the differences in Dipterocome as: 1) ray-florets sub-bilabiate; 2) anther fila- ments connate; 3) different pollen morphology (based on then unpublished data provided by PRAGLOwskKI), and in summary, he considered the tribal placement of Dipterocome was uncertain and in need of further study. Later, PRAGLowsKI & GRAFSTROM (1980) published their palynological investigations in the Calenduleae, where they had found that pollen of Dipterocome differed from that of other Calenduleae by having supratectal spines being reduced to minute solid spinules, by presence of well-developed infratectal baculae, lack of caveae, and a comparatively thick nexine (Fig. 2). The authors proposed a position of Dipterocome in the Cardueae or the Anthemideae, but NoRDENSTAM (1994) presented several arguments against the Anthemideae alternative. He included Dipterocome in his cladistic analysis of the Calenduleae but stated that it with certainty did not belong to that tribe. The 4— or 5— veined cypselas of the central male florets were found to be plesiomorphic in contrast to the 2—veined cypselas of other Calenduleae. Other plesiomorphic features were presence of pappus bristles and elongated prismatic cypsela crystals (pappus absent and crystals druse-shaped in Calenduleae s. str.). NORDENSTAM concluded that the genus should be excluded entirely from the Calenduleae. As noted already in the protologue (FiscHER & MEYER 1835), the minute rays in Dipterocome are somewhat bilabiate, a feature that is otherwise characteristic of taxa in the Mutisieae. This had earlier led BREMER (1987) to suggest that it belonged there. Later, BREMER (1994) moved the genus back to the Asteroideae including it among genera of the subfamily with uncertain systematic position. In a preliminary molecular study of the phylogeny of the Calenduleae, NorDENSTAM et al. (2006), omitted Dipterocome, in consequence with his earlier work. It seems clear that morphological characters argue against a position Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 DS of Dipterocome in Calenduleae, but there is no prevailing modern view of where it belongs, although JEFFREY (2007) had it as an isolated carduoid genus of the Cichorioideae. In connection with ongoing research in the Asteraceae based on sequence data it became interesting to test the systematic position of the enigmatic Dipterocome also ina molecular framework. Material and methods DNA was extracted from leaves taken from a herbarium specimen of Dipterocome pusilla [Voucher: Iran, JoHarccut & ZANGoorRI 19925 (S)]. To test the systematic position of Dipterocome in the Calenduleae, a ndhF sequence was analysed together with the data set (184 taxa) from ANDERBERG et al. (2005) and with an additional number of unpublished sequences, mainly from the Inuleae, and included 253 taxa representing all Asteraceae tribes. Based on the results of that analysis, an ITS sequence was subsequently included in a smaller data set together with 128 ITS sequences retrieved from GenBank (AY826222-AY 826349). Molecular methods. DNA extraction was carried out with QLIAGENs DNeasy Plant Mini Kit using the manufacturer’s protocol. For ndhF, PCR reactions were performed with PuReTaq Ready-To-Go PCR Beads, 95°C 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C 30 sec, 50°C 30 sec, 72°C 1 min 30 sec, and finally 72° 8 min. For ITS the same protocol was followed with the exception that the annealing temperature was raised to 55°C. Purification of PCR products was done with Omega Bio-Tek, Inc. E. Z. N. A. Cycle-pure Kit following the manufacturer’ s protocol. Sequencing reactions were made using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit and unincorporated dye terminators were removed using QIAGEN’s DyeEx 96 Kit. Fragments were separated and analysed on an ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyser. Primers used for PCR and sequencing of ndhF are presented in Table 1. Primers used for PCR and sequencing of ITS are presented in Table 2. The ITS sequence, as well as a sequence of trmL-F which we did use in any analysis were compared to other deposited sequences in GenBank using BLAST. Alignment. Alignment of ndhF was unproblematic and performed with the BioEdit software (HALL 1999) ver. 6.0.5. The aligned ndhF data set included 253 taxa with several representatives of each tribe of the Asteraceae. Alignment of ITS was partly difficult and therefore performed with the ClustalW function included in the BioEdit package. Two different alignments were analysed. The first alignment was performed with default gap opening or gap extension penalties. The second alignment used gap opening penalty 2, and gap extension penalty 5 and was also somewhat adjusted manually. The first alignment of the ITS data set included 683 characters. The second 26 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 alignment included 717 characters. Phylogenetic analyses. The aligned sequences were analysed with parsimony jackknifing using the software XAC (Farris 1997) with the following settings: 1000 replications, each with branch-swapping and 10 random-additions of sequences. For the analysis of ndhF, Boopis of the Calyceraceae was used as outgroup (FARRIS 1972). The analysis of ITS included sequences from 129 taxa and used Tarchonanthus as outgroup. Results The aligned ndhF data set contained 2286 characters of which 693 were informative. The results of the XAC analysis placed Dipterocome with taxa of one of the three Cardueae clades (70 % jackknife support), together with genera such as Saussurea, Synurus, Carthamus, Centaurea, two species of Cirsium. In that analysis, the taxa from the Cardueae form three clades with unresolved relationships. The two other clades comprise Echinops in one clade and Atractylodes together with Carlina (98 % jackknife support) respectively (Fig. 3). In the subsequent analysis of ITS, the first alignment had 365 informative characters, and gave a tree with Dipterocome in an unresolved position in a well supported clade (94 %) comprising most of the genera of Cardueae, a clade which has Atractylodes, Atractylis, and Carlina as its sister group. Sister to both these is a clade comprising the two genera Cardopatium and Cousiniopsis (Fig. 4). The second alignment with 357 informative characters of ITS (using the gap penalties mentioned above) also gave a tree with included Dipterocome in the large Cardueae clade that excluded the Atractylodes, Atractylis and Carlina clade as well as the Cardopatium, Cousiniopsis clade. Although Dipterocome was again found to be within the Carduinae/ Centaureinae its position this time was not unresolved but instead with very low support at the base of the Xeranthemum, Siebera, Amphoricarpos clade that also included Echinops and Acantholepis (Fig. 5). The BLAST search in GenBank gave one single ITS sequence with the highest similar- ity score, viz. a species of Atractylodes (Cardueae). The BLAST of the trnL-F sequence gave six sequences with the highest score, 2 spp. of Centaurea, and four species of Saussurea, all Cardueae. Discussion We conclude that Dipterocome has been misplaced in Calenduleae, as previously noted by several authors. Its true systematic position is apparently in the Cardueae. This may seem surprising, as Dipterocome does not share any obvious Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 27 synapomorphies with taxa of that tribe. On the other hand, Dipterocome is strongly derived in morphology and does not share any obvious diagnostic characters with taxa of any tribe. Only the pollen wall morphology described by PRaGLowski & GRAFSTROM (1980) indicated a position in the Cardueae. Our molecular data obtained from ndhF and ITS DNA sequences unequivocally place Dipterocome within the Cardueae, probably somewhere at the base of the Carduinae/ Centaureinae complex as defined by SusANNA et al. (2006). In the tree from a combined analysis of ITS, trnL-F and matK, as well as in the tree from a Bayesian analysis of ITS alone, SUSANNA et al. (2006) found that there are a few major groups of the Cardueae, but with poorly supported basal relationships.They identified a Cardopatiinae, Carlininae, and Echinopinae in an unresolved basal complex together with the Carduinae/Centaureinae that comprise the majority of Cardueae genera. At the lowermost node of the Carduinae/Centaureinae in their ITS tree, there is a group called the Xeranthemum group with Xeranthemum, Siebera, Chardinia, and Amphoricarpos. The first two have a somewhat bilabiate corolla, like Dipterocome, whereas the florets in latter two are actinomorphic. Members of the Carlininae and Echinopinae have a basal attachment point for the cypselas in contrast to many ge- nera of Carduinae/Centaureinae, which have an oblique scar. The anthers in Dipterocome are very small but the base seems to be somewhat calcarate, i.e. the attachment point of the filament is above the lowest fertile point of the thecae. This is not a feature characteristic of the Cardueae but rather a plesiomorphic character state that is not present in the vast majority of species of the Asteroideae tribes. As noted already by FiscHER & MEYER (1835), Dipterocome has mature cypselas that much resemble the ones in Koelpinia linearis, a plant that belongs in the Lactuceae and therefore differs in many other respects. However, the two inhabit the same kind of environment and are partly sympatric. Apart from their obvious differences they display some interesting similarities. Also in Koelpinia linearis the stems are sometimes prostrate, the leaves linear-lanceolate and the flowering capitulum small, becoming much enlarged when the fruits mature. Both species have dorsally spiny fruits that enlarge very much during maturity. The fruits seem to be adapted to zoochory and the two plants are good examples of convergent evolution in plants inhabiting similar climatological and geographical conditions. Dipterocome pusilla Fiscu. & C. A. MEy. Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. i. 26 (1835). Type: In collibus salsis ad Ulabanli rarissimus. Distr. Khoi, Provinz Aderbeidschan 3.V.1828. Leg. Szovirs 174 (LE, lecto-, selected by G. MENrTsky 1999). Digital images of 28 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 lectotype and isolectotypes seen. Syn.: Jaubertia koelpinioides Spacu , Ill. Pl. Orient. 3: 131, (1850) (n. v.); Koelpinia sessilis Botss ., Diagn. Pl. Orient. Ser. 1, 11: 34 (1853) (n. v.). Illustr.: Fig. 1. Small, glabrous, annual herb, often more or less prostrate. Leaves alternate, linear- lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Capitula axillary, heterogamous, disciform, few-flowered, very small, 3-4 mm long and 1—2 mm wide, later larger due to the growth of the cypselas. Receptacle epaleate. Involucral bracts arranged in two-three rows, herbaceous with whitish margins. Outer florets 4-7, c. 2 mm long, female, radiate, two- lipped; upper lip 2—3-dentate, longer than the very small lower lip. Fruits much larger than corolla, curved outwards, dorsally spiny, with two protruding horn-shaped spiny appendages apically; pappus of a few, soon caducous, flattened bristles. Central florets, 2—3, functonally male, c. 2 mm long, 5-lobed; corolla-lobes shortly triangular. Anther filaments connate. Anthers ecaudate but probably somewhat calcarate; anther appendage well developed, acute; endothecial tissue polarized. Style undivided or shortly divided but with branches not separating, with elongated, apically rounded sweeping hairs distally. Pappus of a few caducous, flattened bristles. Fruit not developing. Geographic range: Dipterocome pusilla grows in desert and semi-deserts, in the Middle East from Jordan, Syria, to Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Iran and Afghanistan. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Bopm CronHoLM for laboratory assistance, and to Dr. Ivan Tatanoy, St. Petersburg (LE) for sending digital images of the type material of Dipterocome pusilla and of the protologue. Financial support was received as a Swedish Research Council grant (to A.A.) for Angiosperm phylogeny. References ANDERBERG, A. & U. SWENSON 2003. Evolutionary lineages in Sapotaceae (Ericales): a cladistic analysis based on ndhF sequence data. Int. J. Plant Sci. 164: 763-773. BentTHAM, G. 1873. Compositae. /n: BENTHAM, G. & J. D. HOOKER Genera plantarum 2 (1). Lovell Reeve & Co., London. Pp. 162-533. Bremer, K. 1987. Tribal interrelationships of the Asteraceae. Cladistics 3: 210-253. CANDOLLE, A. P. DE 1838. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 7. Treuttel & Wiirtz, Paris. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 29 ELbENAS, P., KALLERSJO, M. & A. A. ANDERBERG 1999. Phylogenetic placement and circumscription of tribes Inuleae s. str. and Plucheeae (Asteraceae): evidence from sequences of chloroplast gene ndhF. Molec. Phyl. Evol. 13: 50-58. Farris, J. S. 1972. Estimating phylogentic trees from distance matrices. Am. Naturalist 106: 645—658. Farris, J. S. 1997. “Xac”. Computer program and manual. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. FiscHer, F. E. L., von & C. A. vON Meyer 1835. Index Seminum Hortus Petropolitanus 1. St. Petersburg. Hatt, T. A. 1999 (ed.). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucl. Acids Symp. Ser. 41: 95-98. HOoFFMANN, O. 1892. Tubuliflorae-Calenduleae. Jn: ENGLER, A. & K. PRANTL (eds.), Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Engelmann, Leipzig. Pp. 303-307. JEFFREY, C. 2007. Carduoid genera of uncertain placement. /n: KADEREIT, J. & C. JEFFREY (eds.), Families and genera of vascular plants 8. Springer. Pp. 146-147. KALLERSJO, M., BerGovist, G. & A. A. ANDERBERG 2000. Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s.].: A phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology. Am. J. Bot. 87: 1325— 1341. MAnuKIAN, L. K. 1995. Calenduleae. Jn: TAkuTasAN, A. L. (ed.), Flora Armenii 9. Koeltz Scientific Books. Pp. 485-488. NorDENSTAM, B. 1994. Tribe Calenduleae. /n: BREMER, K., Asteraceae, cladistics and classification. Timber Press. Pp. 365-376. NorDENSTAM, B., KALLERSJO, M. & P. ELDENAS 2006. Nephrotheca, anew monotypic genus of the Compositae-Calenduleae from the southwestern Cape province. Comp. Newsl. 44: 32-37. Nor inpu, T. 1977. Calenduleae - systematic review. In: HEywoop, W. H., HARBORNE, J. B. & B. L. Turner (eds.), The biology and chemistry of the Compositae 2. Academic Press. Pp. 961-987. PraG.Lowskl, J. & E. Grarstr6M 1980.The pollen morphology of the tribe Calenduleae with reference to taxonomy. Bot. Notiser 133: 177-188. Susanna, A., GARCIA-JACA, N., HIDALGO, O., VILATERSANA, R. & T. GARNATJE 2006. The Cardueae (Compositae) revisited: insights from ITS, trnL-F, and matK nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 93: 150-171. 30 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 Table 1. Primer sequences (5'-3') for ndhF. F = forward, R = reverse. Name Direction Primer sequence Rt AGG TAA GAT CCG GTGAAT CGG AAA C TGGGACTTICTICTITITCEe GAT ACA AAT TTA TAT TTT TTG GG CAA ATGCTT TIT GACAAG CAT TTG CCG C GTCTCAATT GGGTTA TAT GATG GGA GCTACT TTA GCTCTITG GTT AAA CCT CCC ATA AGC ACCATA TTC TGA C TCT TAA TGA TAG TTG GTT GTA TTC ACC CAT AGT ATT ATC TGA TTC ATA AGGATA ACT GAA AAA ATT GCA TCT TTT CCC CCT AYA TAT TTGATA CCT TCT CC CCT ACT CCA TTT GGAATT CCA TC RJl4_ R ACC AAG TTCAAT GTT AGC GAGATT AGT C ex 7 afte gua Gade NS Pip Oime lk tee ak pe ag her ea All primers were published in KALLERSIO et al. (2000), except for primers 520 and 1750 that were published by ANDERBERG & SWENSON (2003). Primers RJ1 and RJ14 were designed by Ki-Joonc Kim and Rosert JANSEN. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 Table 2. Primer sequences (5'-3') for ITS. F= forward, R = reverse. Name Direction 18SF n oo WN Z rol isi nal irs] feof ft Io) bee) tool WS2 SE Primer sequence GAA CCT TAT CGT TTA GAG GAA GG CCG CCA GAT TTT CAC GCT GGGC AAG TCG TAA CAA GGT TTC CGT AGG TG TRE TICerecccr ATC GAG TCT TTGAAC GCA TGC GTT CAA AGA CTC GAT GGA AGT AAA AGT CGT AACAAGG TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC GCATCGATGAAGAACGCAGC GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC 31 18SF and 26SR were designed by Catarina Rypin. N18L,C26A, 5.8SN, and 5.8SC were designed by YOUNGBAE SuH. ITS2-ITSS are designed by Wuite et al. We N Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 Fig. 1. Dipterocome pusilla. Scanned herbarium specimen. - JOHARCCHI & ZANGOORI 19925 (S). Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 38 Fig. 2. Pollen of Dipterocome pusilla - GRossHEIM & GurRvVITSH Ss. n. (S). 34 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 Boopis Barnadesia Dasyphyllum $6 001 Chuquiraga 86 Doniophyton £8 Schlechtendahlia Mutisia Adenocaulon Gochnatia Onoseris Sufftia Leibnitzia Gerbera 00 6 Piloselloides Nassauvia 66 Trixis Perezial Perezia2 oot Ainsliaea Tarchonanthus Echinops Atractylodes Carlina avonpie9 Saussurea DIPTEROCOME PUSILLA g Synurus Carthamus Centaurea UXEL ECT - YYUpu Crsium1 Cirsium2 Gymnarrhena Lactuceae/Arctoteae/ Liabeae/Vernonieae (15 taxa) avoovsa|sy Ul uoTIsod sulos019}dIC] Senecioneae/Anthemideae/Astereae/ Calenduleae/Gnaphalieae/ Callilepis/Z outpansbergia/Inuleae/ Athroismeae/Heliantheae s. lat. (207 taxa) 86 Fig. 3. Parsimony jackknife tree based on ndhF sequence data showing the position of Dipterocome among the Asteraceae tribes. Support values > 50 % are shown for each clade. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 PXE1 6TI - | WewUsITY ST] evonpieD ut uoNtIsod sutoso019\d1q 8s ss OOT] 06 oor bl 09 Zé €s8 66 Oot +6 66 18 66[ Zs bl br Tarchonanthus Brachylaena Oldenburgia Cousiniopsis Cardopatium Atretylodes Atractylis (2 spp.) Carlina (5 spp.) g 5 2 6 09} Zs ool w6} OOL OT 0! Berardia Ptilostemon (2 spp.) Saussurea p. p/Polytaxis (4 spp.) Staehelina (4 spp.) Cousinia/Arctium/Schmalhausenia/Hypacanthium(15 spp.) Saussurea p. p. /Jurinea (9 spp.) DIPTEROCOME PUSILLA Echinops \ Acantholepis Amphoricarpos (2 spp.) Chardinia Xeranthemum Siebera (5 spp.) Tynmus/Silybum Cirsium Picnomon/Notobasis/Carduus (9 spp.) Cynara (2 spp.) Lamyropsis Galactites Onopordum Syreitschikovia/Synurus/Olgea/Lamyropappus/Al fredia (10 s} Schischkinia Stizolophus 2 spp.) Zoegea/ Volutana/Tricholepis/Serratula/P sephellus/Phonus/ Klasea/Femniasia/Crupina/Centaurothammus/Carduncellus/ Rhaponticoides/Centaurea/K arvandanina/Callicephalus/ Cheirolophus/Russ owia/P lagi obasis/Crocodylium/ Carthamus/ Stemmacantha/Acroptilon/Leuzea/Myopordon/Oligochaeta (43 spp.) Fig. 4. Pasimony jackknife tree based on analysis of ITS sequence data. Alignment using default gap penalties. Support values > 50 % are shown for each clade. 35 36 EXE] 6TI— J SWMUSITY ST] ovonpieg ut uoTIsod awoso1aydiq, 00T Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 Tarchonanthus Oldenburgia Brachylaena Cousiniopsis oot Cardopatium Atractylodes £8 Atractylis (2 spp.) +8 Carlina (5 spp.) oor Tuganinovia Schischkinia oor Berardia Ptilostemon (2 sp.) 0or Saussurea/P olytaxis (4 spp.) $6 Staehelina (4 spp.) 001 Cousinia p. p. (6 spp.) PL Cousinia p. p. /Arctium/Schmalhausenia/Hypacanthium(9 spp.) (6) Saussurea p. p. /Junnea (9 spp.) ss (a) Onopordum Syreitschikovia/SynurusOlgea/Lamyropappus/ A fredia (10 spp.) 16 DIPTEROCOME PUSILLA Echinops ~~ Acantholepis iS 00T Amphonicarpos (2 spp.) 00T 66 Chardinia oor ws Siebera S | Xeranthemmm(4 spp.) Lamyropsis/Galactites/Cynara/Tynmmnus/Silybum Cirsium’ /Picnomon/N otobasis/ Carduus (13 spp.) Zoegea/Volutaria/Tricholepis/Serratula/P sephellus/Phonus/ Klasea/Femeniasia/Crupina/Centaurothamnus/Carduncellus/ Rhaponticoides/Stizolophus/Centaurea/K arvandarina/ Callicephalus/ a Cheirolophus/Russowia/ Plagiobasis/CrocodyliunyCarthamus/ Stemmacantha/A croptil on/Leuzea/Myopordon/Oligochaeta (45 spp.) Fig. 5. Pasimony jackknife tree based on analysis of ITS sequence data. Alignment using non-default gap penalties. Support values > 50 % are shown for each clade. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 a7 Validation of Nesampelos B. Norp. (Compositae-Senecioneae) BERTIL NORDENSTAM Department of Phanerogamic Botany Swedish Museum of Natural History P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden bertil.nordenstam @nrm.se Abstract The genus Nesampelos B. Norp. (Compositae-Senecioneae) is validly published by citation of the type, which was omitted in the original publication by NoRDENSTAM (2006). New combinations are published for the three species referred to the genus. Nomenclature of Nesampelos The new genus Nesampelos B. Norb. was described among other novel genera from the Greater Antilles by NorpENSTAM (2006). By a technical mistake the line stating the type of the genus disappeared in the printing, and accordingly the new genus and its constituent taxa were not validly published (ICBN Art. 37.1, 43.1). This mistake will be rectified here. Nesampelos B. Norb., gen. nov. Nesampelos B. Norb., Compositae Newsletter 44: 58 (2006), nom. inval. (typus non designatus). Typus: N. lucens (Porr.) B. Norb. Species 3, Hispaniola: 1. Nesampelos lucens (Poir.) B. Norb., comb. nov. Basionym: Conyza lucens Porr., Encycl. (LAMARCK) Suppl. 2: 341 (1811). Syn.: Senecio lucens (Potr.) URBAN, Symb. Antill. 3: 413 (1903). Typus: NEcToux s.n., Haiti (P). 2. Nesampelos hotteana (Urs. & EKMAN) B. Norp., comb. nov. Basionym: Senecio hotteanus Urs. & EKMAN, Arkiv f. Bot. 23A(11): 93 (1931). Typus: E. L. EkMAN H7430, Hispaniola, Haiti, Massif de la Hotte, western group, Torbec, Morne Formon, 1400-1500 m, 27.XII.1926 (S holo.!, iso.!, EHH iso., NY iSO.). 38 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 When collecting the type material EKMAN was accompanied by Henry D. BARKER (label information from isotype in herb. EHH, Damien, Haiti). 3. Nesampelos alainii (J. JIMENEZ ALM.) B. Norb., comb. nov. Basionym: Herodotia alainii J. JIMENEZ ALM., Coleccion Conferencias Acad. Sci. Rep. Domin. 2(11): 15 (1977). Syn.: Ekmaniopappus alainii (J. JIMENEZ ALM.) Boruipi, Acta Bot. Hung. 37: 111(7°1992”, prob. publ. 1994). Typus: Liocier 22276, Rep. Domin., Prov. De La Vega, Constanza, El Convento, 10.1.1975 (Herb. Jiménez holo., JBSD iso.!). Acknowledgements I wish to thank KaNcHt GANDHI, WERNER GREUTER and GEA ZIJLSTRA for correspondence on matters of nomenclature. Reference NorbDENSTAM, B. 2006. New genera and combinations in the Senecioneae of the Greater Antilles. Comp. Newsl. 44: 50-73. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 39 Studies on the reproductive biology of Emilia (Asteraceae - Senecioneae) 2. Floret number, reproductive propagules and seed germination O.ADEDEJI Botany Department, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria oadedeji @ oauife.edu.ng Abstract Floret number displayed low variability within each species and is statistically species-specific, and thus considered of great diagnostic value in taxonomic evaluation within the genus Emilia Cass. (Asteraceae-Senecioneae). Two reproductive propagules were identified in the genus Emilia, viz. the seeds and the adventitious roots. The incidence of production of adventitious roots was highest in E. coccinea. E. praetermissa MiLne-Repu., the allotetraploid hybrid of E. coccinea (Sims) G. Don and E. sonchifolia (L.) DC., had the shortest number of days to germination and the highest percentage germination performance. The compensatory balance between the two reproductive propagules in the genus is highlighted. Introduction The attributes of the florets are emphasized by plant taxonomists in classification and identification of the Asteraceae (Burtt 1977). The constancy of the characteristics of florets, in spite of variation occurring in capitulum character, was one reason for the outstanding success of the Asteraceae (Burtr 1977). AYoDELE (1995) used floret number to differentiate and separate some species in the genus Vernonia SCHREB. The features of sexual reproduction dominate flowering plant life cycles. But many species can also reproduce asexually by various modes of vegetative growth (STARR & TaGGartT 1998). OLoRopDE (1984) reported exceptional cases of reproduction by vegetative (asexual) means in the genus Vernonia. SALISBURY (1961) had earlier identified the variability in the mode of seed germination even if conditions are favourable. E. praetermissa MILNE-REDH. is an allotetraploid 40 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 hybrid (a hybrid and a polyploid) of E. coccinea (Sims) G. Don and E. sonchifolia (L.) DC. (OLoRoDE & OLORUNFEM!I 1973). The absence of highly widespread populations in the two diploid relatives of E. praetermissa, calls for an investigation on the efficiency or otherwise, of the seed germination performance among the species of the genus. The objectives of this paper are, to document the reproductive propagules observed in the species of the genus Emilia, to dermine the importance or otherwise of floret number in the taxonomy of the genus, and also to document the seed germination performance of the genus in Nigeria. These data will enhance useful deductions on certain aspects of reproductive efficiency in the genus Emilia. Materials and Methods Capitula at anthesis were harvested randomly from Emilia plants among field populations, garden and screen-house plants. At least twenty-five capitula from twenty plants of each speices were used during each investigation for assessment of number of florets per capitulum. Each capitulum was dissected by means of a pair of forceps and a mounted needle to detach the florets from the receptacle. Floret counts were taken, using a tally-counter. Floret numbers were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for significant differences among the species. Observations were made regularly on the field, garden and screen-house plants to establish the propagules for reproduction. One hundred plants of each species in the garden and screen-house carried labels on which regular entries were recorded. A bar diagram illustrating the percentage incidence of adventitious roots production in the species of Emilia was prepared. For the germination studies, ripe capitula were harvested from field plant populations and bagged in sachets labelled according to their species numbers. The fruits (achenes) were separated from each capitulum by manual threshing. This also detached the pappus from the achenes. The threshed material was then winnowed to separate the seeds from the chaffs of involucral bracts and detached pappus. Three disposable plastic petri dishes were cleaned and the inside lined with moist filter paper. Fifty seeds were put on the moist filter paper in each petri dish. This was done for each of the species investigated. The dishes were kept on laboratory benches at room temperature for germination. The filter paper was kept moist (but not wet) regularly by adding more distilled water using a wash bottle. Germination observations were recorded for up to thirty days. The experiment was repeated five times at different intervals of the study. A bar diagram illustrating the mean percentage germination performance in the species of Emilia was prepared. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 4] Observations/Results There were significant differences among the species in the number of florets contained in each capitulum (Tables | & 2). E. coccinea and E. praetermissa are species with large-size capitula compared with E. sonchifolia and they were found to have higher number of florets; however, the variability in floret counts within each species was observed to be low (Table 1). The study of the reproductive propagules in the species of the genus Emilia revealed two reproductive propagules, the seed (Fig. 1B & C) and the adventitious roots (Fig. 2A & B). It was observed that adventitious roots protruded out of the leaf nodes of lodged stems in the three species but the incidence of adventitious roots varied from one species to the other (Fig. 3). It was observed to be highest in E. coccinea and lowest in E. sonchifolia, with E. praetermissa, the tetraploid hybrid of the other two species, being intermediate. A ripe capitulum is usually dry and crowned with pappus (Fig. 1A). This gives the capitulum the appearance of a full bloom flower. The colour of the pappus in the three species is usually white to dirty white (Fig. !A—C). All the species have small-sized seeds. Germination performance studies reveal that E. praetermissa seeds were quick in germination (2—3 days after sowing) and had the highest mean germination performance of 94 %. E. sonchifolia and E. coccinea follow closely with 3—5 days to germination and mean percentage germination performance values of 91 % and 80 %, respectively (Fig. 4). Seed germination period for the germinated seeds in the three species ranges from 7 to 10 days. Discussion The low variability trend in the number of florets per capitulum within each species is noteworthy. Statistical analysis reveals that floret numbers in the genus are significantly different and species-specific and thus can be used to identify, separate and classify each species of the genus (Tables 1 & 2). Two reproductive propagules, the seed and the adventitious roots were observed in the genus Emilia. The seed (Fig. 1) is the propagule of sexual reproduction while adventitious root (Fig. 2) is the propagule for vegetative or asexual reproduction. According to STARR & TAGGarT (1998), asexual reproduction proceeds by way of mitosis, so offspring are genetically identical to the parent, they are a clone. E. praetermissa had the shortest number of days to germination and the highest percentage germination performance. According to SWANSON (1968), the increased size of seeds which accompanies polyploidy increases seed and seedling vigour and hence helps in the process of stabilization and establishment in new habitats. 42 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 Generally in the genus, the seeds germinated within 2—5 days and completed the process of germination for germinated seeds within 7 to 10 days. This is an advantage for species that produce small fruits, which have very limited food stored in them (SALISBURY 1942). This stored food must be utilized as soon as the seeds find a favourable environment. Finding a favourable environment is an important determinant of the germination performance of these small-seeded species of Emilia. It was observed that despite the fact that E. sonchifolia and E. coccinea had considerably high seed germination performance, they still lack relatively large and widespread populations in the natural habitats. This could be due to two reasons, firstly, the seeds of these species may not readily find suitable favourable sites for germination in the wild and hence lose the viability. Secondly, even where the seeds germinate, not many of the seedlings reach adult stage because of the slow rate of growth of the seedlings, and other plants in the community soon overtake them and they get smothered. We can see the compensatory balance between the reproductive propagules in the genus. E. coccinea with the highest incidence of adventitious roots (Fig. 3) has the lowest percentage germination performance of seeds (Fig. 4), while E. praetermissa and E. sonchifolia with the highest percentage germination performance have the lowest incidence of adventitious roots. In the genus, dispersal of achenes is largely with the aid of wind because of the pappus (Fig. 1A & B). The combined strategies of seed dispersal and germination in Emilia species serve more of a colonization function than escape from pests. No significant or noticeable insect pests or any plant diseases of the seeds (fruits) were observed during this study. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 43 References AYODELE, M. S. 1995. Studies on the reproductive biology of Vernonia ScuREB. (Asteraceae). III. Floret shapes/number, pappus types and surface structure among different growth habits. Comp. News!. 26: 26-39. Burtt, B. L. 1977. Aspects of diversification in the capitulum. Jn: HEywoop, V. H., Harporng, J. B. & B. L. Turner (eds.), The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae 1, pp. 41-59. Academic Press, London and New York. OLorobE, O. 1984. Taxonomy of West African Flowering Plants. Longman Group Ltd., London and New York. 158 pp. OLorobE O. & A. E. OLORUNFEMI 1973. The hybrid origin of Emilia praetermissa (Senecioneae: Compositae). Ann. Bot. 37: 185-191. Sauispury, E. 1942. The reproductive capacity of plants. Studies in quantitative biology. G. Bell and Sons Ltd., London. 244 pp. Sa isBury, F. 1961. Weeds and Aliens. Collins, London. 384 pp. Starr, C. & R. Taccart 1998. Plant Structure and Function. Biology: the unity and diversity of life. 8" ed. Wadsworth Co., New York. Swanson, C. P. 1968. Cytology and Cytogenetics, 2": ed. Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey. 44 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 Table 1. Number of florets per capitulum in the species of Emilia Species grouping* from Duncan's multiple range test E. sonchifolia Note: * Means with the same letter are not significantly different (conversely, means with different letters are significantly different). ** Coefficient of variation of attribute. Table 2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in number of florets per capitulum of Emilia Sums of Squares (SS) Source of Character ms variation Number of florets per capitulum in Emilia 38050.03 1646.15 39696.18 Corrected total * Significant at 0.05% level. Degree of freedom F-value (DF) 19025.02 | 658.76* Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 45 Fig. 1. Ripe capitula in Emilia. A: Capitulum with pappus and seeds. B: Capitulum with few seeds and their attached pappus (arrow head indicates seed). C: Capitulum with seeds and pappus (arrow head indicates seed). 46 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 Deer ed 0.3cm Fig.2. Asexual reproduction in Emilia. A & B: Adventitious roots (arrow head) on the stem. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 Percentage Incidence of Adventitious Roots Per Plant (%) plc SARE A sate Mo i AE c ” no] oO oO) ® a” oO = m 2 = iT) $}001 Jo aouasaid % snonueApe Jo eouesge % snonjueape Fig. 3. Incidence of adventitious roots per plant in the species of Emilia. Key to speceis numerals: 1. E. coccinea 2. E. praetermissa 3. E. sonchifolia 47 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2006 Mean Percentage Germination Performance Per Plant (%) n GS @ = © @ ° = m 2 = Lt) jo poueseld % eoUasge % uoneuiuweb Fig. 4. Mean percentage germination performance in the species of Emilia. Key to species numerals: 1. E. coccinea 2. E. praetermissa 3. E. sonchifolia Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 49 The International Cichorieae Network This letter is to inform you about a new project that will provide a web-distributed revision of the Compositae tribe Cichorieae (= Lactuceae). We would like to invite you, as an expert in this field, to participate in building a global network of Cichorieae specialists (tentatively called The International Cichorieae Network). This project is part of Work Package 6 (WP6), an important component of EDIT (European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy), a network of excellence funded by the European Union over the next four years (see background information attached). Within WP6, we are planning to build a web revision of a core of the Cichorieae, and to set the ground for the remainder by providing the basic data as well as providing the structure for continuous expansion and updating. At the BGBM Berlin-Dahlem we have been starting with the subtribes Crepidinae (c. 440 species, microspecies excluded) and Lactucinae (c. 230 species), while Scorzonera s.1. of the Scorzonerinae (c. 175 species) is co-centred in Bratislava (Slovakia) with the working group of KARoL MaruHoLp.The first results of this project will be available shortly, once the extant taxonomic data sets have been fully integrated (e.g. the taxonomic backbone and distribution data for Europe and the Mediterranean from the Euro+Med Plantbase) and expanded. We invite you to participate in building The International Cichorieae Network: — By treating taxa of whatever rank in the web based taxonomic revision of the Cichorieae, worldwide or on a national or regional scale. — By providing data (e.g., phylogenetic, distributional, matters regarding typification) and documentation (e.g., illustrations, photos) that will be included in the above mentioned treatments. — By building co-operative structures for the treatment of further subtribes or entities (e.g., Hieracium and Taraxacum). — By giving bibliographical, nomenclatural and taxonomic advice, or acting as a referee for contributions to the web revision. — By testing tools for the working platform on the web. This project is meant to initiate the building of a large network of researchers working on Cichorieae. The project also aims to collect distributed data and to display them on the web. Beyond that, it is intended to contribute to a fundamental change and improvement of the way taxonomic research is done worldwide. The International Cichorieae Network will make full use of the advantages that the web provides for taxonomists as well as for the public. The revisionary web platform will make the taxonomic work process more efficient by enabling the taxonomist to access scattered data from protologues and type images to phylogenetic, cytological, palynological 50 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 and molecular data (to name only a few). The web platform will also benefit those without easy access to libraries and herbaria within larger institutions. As part of the working platform, a community tool (currently under construction) will facilitate communication and data exchange within the network. We would be delighted to welcome your participation at any stage of the project. If you are interested in any kind of co-operation, please do not hesitate to contact us and specify your interest. If you, for the time being, would appreciate just to be kept informed about the progress of the Cichorieae Group’s work, please inform us correspondingly. Please find the preliminary concept of the web revision below, as well as a reference to the background of the EDIT project for further detailed information. We will be happy to answer any further questions you might have concerning the project. Please feel free to forward this information to any of your colleagues who might be interested in this project. The Berlin EDIT WP6 Cichorieae Team, e-mail: edit-wp6-cichorieae @bgbm.org Norbert KILIAN (co-ordinator), BirGrr GEMEINHOLZER, RALF HAND, ECKHARD VON RAAB- STRAUBE. Preliminary concept for the web revision of the Compositae tribe Cichorieae By initiating The International Cichorieae Network and providing a web revision platform for its participants, we want to encourage taxonomic specialists to present their different groups on ONE cyber platform. This will also allow for a combination of different types of data and characters, compiled by different methodological specialists, i.e. micromorphology, anatomy, cytology, phytochemistry, phylogeny, chorology, typification, nomenclature, etc. Setting links to already existing databases are as welcome as the contribution of new data. It is also envisaged to produce an antology of descriptive terms to optimize communication. We consider the following elements to be most important for the user interface, which is the Open Access web site presenting the results to the taxonomic community as well as to the general public. (1) Taxa list and synonymies. — This will comprise: - names of accepted taxa, full bibliographical citations, type information; - a full list of synonyms; - links to images of protologues and type illustrations; - data on infrageneric classifications; - data on hybrids and cultivars. Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 hl (2) Descriptions. — This involves: - choosing a detailed (macro)morphological taxon description as basis, developing a standard description scheme for characters (applicable to the Cichorieae) and the grammatical structure of the character descriptions; - information on the variability of taxa; - harmonization of terminology; - developing an antology of descriptive terms by building a defined and illustrated glossary integrating alternative terms. (3) References. - all data will be comprehensive and referenced; allowing for the generation of full bibliographies for individual taxa. (4) Identification keys. - Implementation of illustrated multi-access keys. (5) Additional data. - micromorphology, anatomy; - palynology (links to databases); - cytology (links to databases); - phytochemistry; - phylogeny (links to, e.g., Tree Base); - links to DNA sequence data (EMBL/GenBank accessions); - specimen specific DNA data; - chorology with occurrence and status information (preferably by maps), - ecology; - use and conservation (at least IUCN status); - etymology and indigenous names (Unicode); - illustrations (habit, details of flower heads, flowers, achenes [REM], photograph of one characteristic herbarium specimen as minimum standard). Background On 1 March 2006 the European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT) has been launched. EDIT is a European Union funded so-called * Network of Excellence”. Further basic information on EDIT and on its Work Package 6 is available on the homepage at http://www.e-taxonomy.eu/index.php. 2 Comp. Newsl. 45, 2007 New taxa and combinations published in this issue Nesampelos B. Norb., gen. nov.: p. 38 Nesampelos alainii (J. JIMENEZ ALM.) B. Norb., comb. nov.: p. 39 Nesampelos hotteana (Urs. & Ek.) B. Norb., comb. nov.: p. 38 Nesampelos lucens (Porr.) B. Norb., comb. nov.: p. 38