toe his ese beet Ernst Mayr Library Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University HARVARD UNIVERSITY eh U. ¢ LIBRARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS IN THE MuSsEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Gift of: RICHARD |. JOHNSON HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF IN THE Museum of Comparative Zoology Gift of: -. RICHARD I. JOHNSON “> December 1968 RICHARD 1, JOHNSON i i Wihy Hi) SA ae Be smh oe [erat ee, xe wt . Neel th ena Wl : ‘, - i yy Dit Gg : f ita 7 a A ne . v ? i Eo One ay } med Wh ait one i A a NY, ES) i) Ma PAD ey iu ON tte Pee ag a ie nay + Han ip i mIAmLIADI SLIKEC CYR RICHARD J, JOHNSON CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA: OR, ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SHELLS OF MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS. VOL. IV. CONTAINING MONOGRAPHS OF THE GENERA FICULA CHAMA FUSUS PYRULA f CHITON PALUDOMUS TURBINELLA CHITONELLUS . TURBO FASCIOLARIA BY LOVELL AUGUSTUS REEVE, F.L.S., F.Z.S. AUTHOR OF CONCHOLOGIA SYSTEMATICA, ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY, &c. “ Look on the frame Of this wyde universe, and therein read The endless kind of creatures which by name Thou can’st not count, much less their natures aime, All which are made with wondrous wise respect, And all with admirable beauty deckt.””—Spencer. LONDON: REEVE, BENHAM, AND REEVE, KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND. 1847. Mint Shiv wy Boa ie MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS “Here Nature multiplies Her fertile growth.” —Milton. RICHARD i, JOHNSON CHAMA. Puate I. Genus Chama, Linneeus. Testa orbicularis, vel oblongo-ovata, irreqularis, inequival- vis, spinis squamis lamellisve profuse ornatd ; valva inferiore plus minuse profundé concavi, superiore pla- niore ; umbonibus inequalibus, distantibus, nunc dex- trorsum, nune sinistrorsum, in eadem specie involutis. Cardo dente unico, crasso, obliquo, subcrenato, inserto. Tnpressiones musculares due, laterales,subample. Liga- mentum externum, post umbones divaricatum. Shell orbicular, ovate or oblong-ovate, irregular, inequi- valve, profusely ornamented with spines, scales or lamelle; lower valve more or less deeply convex, upper valve flatter; umbones unequal, distant, invo- luted sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left in the same species. Hinge composed of a single thick oblique slightly crenated tooth, inserted in a correspondingly grooved pit in the opposite valve. Muscular impressions two, lateral, rather large. Lig- ament external, divaricate behind the umbones. There is no genus of acephalous mollusks, excepting perhaps the Oysters, whose shells are liable to so much variation in form and general aspect, according to circum- stances of habitation, as the Chame ; it is easy to conceive that the growth of such parasitical genera would be more or less affected by irregularities in their place of attach- ment, but the Chame are more than usually distorted on account of their inhabiting the most confined situations, such as the crevices of rocks, and fissures of madrepore, without the power, possessed by most terebrating mol- lusks, of abrading or absorbing the obstacles to their natu- ral advancement. The species are thus extremely difficult to define, and the difficulty much increases in consequence of the dissimilitude frequently presented in the same species under different circumstances of habitation ; as for example between a specimen that has grown without interruption on a smooth surface, and one that has been formed within a very limited area, subject to external pressure; also between one that has had the opportunity of developing its luxuriant foliations undisturbed in calm and placid water, surrounded by food most favourable for the secretion of embellishment and colour, unaffected by exposure to light, and one which having to contend with the buffeting of the waves has become rude and stunted. Some species attach in groups one upon the other, others adhere by the ante- rior side only of the under valve, assuming the form of, as it were, a triangular cornucopia. Notwithstanding these irregularities, the Chame, di- vested of the Tridacne, Hippopi, Isocardie, Cardite ®&e., included with them by Linnus, constitute a very natural and extended genus, distinguished by colouring and ex- ternal sculpture in the form of spines, scales, lamelle &c., scarcely inferior in beauty and variety to the Spondyli. Lamarck divided the genus Chama into two sections, one including species with the umbones turned to the right, the other with them turned to the left; in which arrange- ment he has been followed by M. Rang; but it is clear from an examination of the magnificent series of from fifty to sixty species collected by Mr. Cuming, and which fur- nishes the whole of the material required for the present investigation, that this is merely a variation of growth com- mon to the same species. Mr. Broderip has already noticed this fact in a memoir in the ‘Transactions of the Zoological Society’ vol. 1. p. 301. containing descriptions of a few of the most striking species of Mr. Cuming’s col- lection, and it only remains to refer the reader for an illus- tration of it to Plate III. of the present monograph, in which I have represented two individuals of the same species, one at f. 10a, with the umbones turning from left to right, the other f. 10 4, with these processes di- rected from right to left. This is undoubtedly a feature of very rare occurrence, but it is nevertheless a condition of growth precisely analogous to what has been observed in the Lucina Childreni, and is so common, amongst uni- valves, in the Bulimus citrinus and others; the great majority of species are still, however, so far as we know at present, some constantly dextral, others constantly sinis- tral, as in the genus 47ca. Like all species of vivid colouring and luxuriant growth, the Chame are chiefly inhabitants of the tropical seas: they abound principally on the coast of Central America, Peru, Mexico, Honduras and the West Indies, some are found among the Pacific Islands, others in Australia, China, and the Philippine Islands, and their northern limit is in the Mediterranean. Species 1. (Fig. @ and 4, Mus. Cuming.) CHama FRONDOSA. Cham. testd ovatd, vel subquadrato- ovata, anticé plus minusve lobatd, creberrime irregula- riter lamellosd, lamellis subtiliter radiatim plicatis, sinuosis, in seriebus duabus, und posticd, und mediand, ab umbone radiantibus, multo majoribus, pulcherrimé Srondosis ; intus valvarum marginibus minutissime cre- nulatis et corrugato-striatis ; croced, purpureo hic illic tinctd, intus ceruleo-albidd, prope margines purpured. THE FRONDOSE CHaMA. Shell ovate, or somewhat squarely ovate, more or less lobed, very closely irregularly lamellose, lamellz finely radiately plaited, sinuous, in two rows, one posterior, the other medial, radiating from the umbone, the lamelle are much larger and very beautifully frondose ; interiorly the edges of the valves are very minutely crenulated and wrinkled with striae; bright saffron yellow, stained here and there with purple, interior blueish white, stained with rich crimson purple towards the edge. December, 1846. CHAMA.—Prats I. Variety 8. (Fig. 1 6.) Testa lamellis brevioribus, minus frondosis, numerosioribus, wregularibus sed magis equalibus ; omnino purpurea. Shell with the lamelle shorter, less frondose, more nume- rous, regular but more equally distributed ; purple. Broperip, Trans. Zool.Soc., vol.i. p.302. pl.38. f.1 and 2. Hab. Var. a, Island of La Plata, West Columbia (dredged up from a rock of coral to which it was adhering at a depth of seventeen fathoms) ; var. 8, Gulf of Tehuan- tepec, Mexico (dredged up from sandy mud attached to large Avicule) ; Cuming. It is impossible to do justice in a figure to this magni- ficent species; the bold and elegant structure of the frondose laminze, towering one over the other, coupled with their vivid colouring, render it eminently beautiful. Each lamella in the middle and posterior rows of Var. a, is formed like a broad expanded fan-shaped leaf, radiately plaited on the upper surface, and of a rich saffron colour, slightly tinged with purple; whilst the hollow surface beneath is smooth and peculiarly tinted, the ground colour being of a purer and brighter yellow, shaded at the base with a rich crimson purple, rising, as it were, out of the root. The Var. 8 is of an uniform purple-lake colour, still exhibiting sufficient indications of yellow in places to show its affinity in this respect; the lamellz, though broken and irregular, are nevertheless characterized by the plaited structure on the outer side. It is unnecessary to refer to the sculpture of the under valve in this genus, unless it presents, as in the Spondyli, a difference of structure ; that is by no means unfrequently the case, but in the species under consideration the cha- racter of the attached valve is the same, allowing for irre- gularities occasioned by circumstances of habitation. Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuama Broperipit. Cham. test oblongo-ovatd, subtri- gond, valvd superiore squamis fornicatis oblongis suban- gustis, valde wrregqularibus, inferiore lamellis imbricatis, subplicatis creberrimé ornatd, valvis ambabus umbones versus radiatim striatis, intus valvarum marginibus minutissime crenulatis ; valvd superiore purpureo-rubra squamis albidis, inferiore squamis aurantio-rubris, intus albidd, margines versus purpured.. Broperrp’s CuamMa. Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat tri- angular, upper valve very closely ornamented with very irregular narrow oblong vaulted spines, the lower with slightly plicated imbricated lamelle, both valves radiately striated towards the umbones; margins of the valves within very minutely crenulated; upper valve purple-red, scales whitish, lower with the scales uniform orange-red, interior white, margins purple. Chama Pacifica var., Broderip. Fiah. Lord Hood’s Island, Pacific Ocean (found attached to large Avicule at the depth of six fathoms); Cuming. I dedicate this species to the author of the admirable, though limited, paper on Chama in the Trans. Zool. Soc., who, I think, has erred in including this under the head of C. Pacifica; there appears to be an uniformity of cha- racter in this variety distinct from that species, which is of a more oblong crescent shape, with the spines fewer and more erect, and of a peculiar livid purple colour. Species 3. (Pl. 1. Fig. 3, and Pl. VI. Fig. 3 2.) CHamMa ImBricata. Cham. testé hemisphericé ovatd, circuiter trigond, valod superiore lamellis foliaceis im- bricatis, confertissimis, plano-declivibus,marginem versus ornatd, umbonem versus muticé aut subtiliter oblique liraté, postice squamarum minutarum seriebus trans- versis exculpté; valvd inferiore liris rudis undatis, oblique dispositis, ad extremitatem superiorem squa- matis, ornatd ; valvarum marginibus internis obsolete minutissime crenulatis ; alba, squamis lamellisque un- dique albis, interstitis inter series squamarum lirasque sanguineo-purpureis, intus alba, marginibus purpured. THE IMBRICATED CHaMA. Shell hemispherically ovate, circuitously triangular, upper valve ornamented to- wards the margin with imbricated foliaceous lamellee, very close-set and slanting forward one over the other, towards the wnbone smooth or finely obliquely ridged, posteriorly engraved with transverse rows of minute scales ; lower valve ornamented with rude undulating ridges, arranged obliquely and scaled at the upper extremity, internal ridges of the valves obsoletely very minutely crenulated; white, scales and lamellz ivory white throughout, interstices between the ridges and rows of scales deep blood-red purple, interior white, faintly stained with purple at the margins. Bropertp, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. 1. p. 304. pl. 39. f. 2. Hab. Lord Hood’s Islands, Pacific Ocean (found attached to large Avicule at depths ranging from three to seven fathoms) ; Cuming. Mr. Broderip includes a far wider range of varieties under this head than I can admit; the shell figured by him at Pl. 32. f. 3.-of the Trans. Zool. Soc. is in my opinion considerably removed from it. I incline rather to think, on the contrary, after the most patient investigation, that the present species is one in which the characters above described are more than usually permanent. For the sake of avoiding the imputation of having a desire to multiply species unnecessarily, I have represented at. Plate VI. Fig, 3 4. a specimen of Chama imbricata in a very immature state, from quite another locality (Mauri- tius) found under very different circumstances (attached to arough piece of madrepore), and yet possesing all the characteristics detailed above, both in regard to colour and arrangement of sculpture ; namely, the rude oblique ridges of the lower valve, and the snowy white imbricated lamelle, ‘with the transverse rows of minute white scales, deep purple in the interstices, on the posterior side of the upper. hn Chama Ll. Sowerby, del et Lith 1é CHAMA. Prater II. Species 4. (Fig. a and 4, Mus. Cuming. CHAMA LAZARUS. Cham.testé orbiculari, planiusculd, valvis ambabus pulcherrime lametlatis, lamellis conspicue folia- ceis et frondosis, supra et infra striatis, valvarum marginibus interne levibus; nived, rosco-purpureo interdum ab umbonibus tinctd et radiata. THE FOLIATED CHaMa. Shell orbicular, rather flattened, both valves very beautifully lamellated, lamelle con- spicuously foliaceous and frondose, striated above and beneath, margins of the valves smooth internally ; snowy white, sometimes stained and rayed from the wmbones with pink purple. Linnaus, Syst. Nat. (12th. edit.), p. 1139. Chama damecornis, Lamarck. Hab. Mauritius, Philippine Islands, &e. M. Deshayes has fully explained that Lamarck’s C. da- mecornis is the true C. lazarus of Linnzeus, according to the references given in the ‘Systema Nature’, and I have had the pleasure of verifying his statement by the original specimen in the collection of the Linnean Society. Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA SENEGALENSIS. Oham. testd suborbdiculari, ‘(pos- tice sublobatd, valud superiore minuté radiatim squa- matd, postice lamellarum seriebus duabus ornatd, infe- riore squamatd, sqguamis oblongis, irregularibus, adpres- sis, valvarum marginibus fortiter crenatis ; albidd, rubro- fusco uniradiatd, squamis lamellisque roseis, intus alba. Tue SenpGan Cuama. Shell somewhat orbicular, some- what lobed posteriorly, upper valve minutely radiately scaled, ornamented on the posterior side with two rows of lamellae, lower valve squamate, scales oblong, irregular, pressed down, margins of the valves strongly crenated ; whitish, with a single ray of reddish brown, scales and lamelle pink; interior white. Hab. Senegal. The umbones of this shell are very much produced, that of the attached valye being erected into a horn after the manner of the C. cornuta of Chemnitz, (C. unicornis, Lamarck), but I cannot identify it with the figure of the Conchylien Cabinet in respect of sculpture, and the pecu- larity of growth above noted is certainly, as M. Deshayes states, the force of accident. Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA MACROPHYLLA. Cham. testd ovatd, valvis ambabus undique lamellatis, lamellis imbricatis, grandis, wrre- gularibus, striatis, valvarum marginibus minutissimé crenulatis ; rosed aut vivide luted, intus albicante. THE LARGE-LEAVED Cuama. Shell ovate, both valves lamellated throughout, lamelle imbricated, large, irregular, striated, margins of the valves very mi- nutely crenulated; pink or bright yellow, interior whitish. Curmnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. vii. p. 149. pl. 52. f. 514, 515. Chama lazarus, Lamarck (not of Linneeus). Hab. West Indies. This prettily coloured and well-known species from the West Indies, was erroneously taken by Lamarck for the ancient C. lazarus of Linneus. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA IOSTOMA. babus laminis continuis adpressis concentricé ornatis, postice liris perpaucis brevibus transversis, valvarum marginibus levibus ; albidd, circa umbones purpurea, intus alba, margines versus undique vivide violaceo-pur- pured. THE VIOLET-MouUTH CHama. Shell somewhat orbicular, both valves concentrically ornamented with conti- nuous pressed down laminz, with a few short trans- verse ridges on the posterior side, margins of the valves smooth; whitish, purple about the umbones, interior white, coloured with deep purple towards the margins throughout. ConraD, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Chama producta, Broderip. Hab. Sandwich Islands. Distinguished by its concentric lamine, which look like a row of fine plaited frills, and by the rich purple colowing of the interior towards the margins. The C. producta of Broderip, (Pl. III. Fig. 13,) is an enormously produced example of this species. Cham. testd suborbiculari, valvis am- Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA FOLIACEA. Cham. testé ovatd, trigond, valvis am- babus divaricatin striatis, striis subundulatis rugosis, December, 1846. CHAMA.—Prate II. posticé sguamarum seriebus ab umbonibus undato-radian- tibus, anticée subsquamatis, valvarum marginibus intus minutissime crenulatis ; rufa, squamarum seriebus pos- ticis albis, intus albd, postice purpured. THE FOLIAcEOUs CHama. Shell ovate, triangular, both valves divaricately striated, strize slightly waved, rough, with rows of scales radiating in a waved manner from the umbones on the posterior side, and a few erect scales on the anterior, margins of the valves very minutely crenulated within; red, posterior rows of scales white, interior white, purple posteriorly. Quoy and Garmarp, Voyage de l’Astrol. Zool. Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (under stones); Cuming. The white radiating rows of scales have a very promi- nent aspect on the dark red ground of this shell. Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA CoRRUGATA. Cham. testé oblongo-ovatd, circuiter trigond, valved superiore rugoso-squamata, squamis parvis angustis, rregularibus, adpressis, inferiore trans- versim vel oblique corrugatd, valvarum marginibus levi- bus ; valvd superiore purpureo-rufd, albivariegatd, in- feriore albd purpureo-rufo oblique lineata ; intus vivide purpurea, ad margines lutescente. THE WRINKLED CHaMa. Shell oblong-ovate, circuitously three-sided, upper valve roughly squamate, scales small, narrow, irregular and pressed down, lower valve transversely or obliquely wrinkled, margins of the valves smooth ; upper valve purple-red, variegated with white, lower white, obliquely lineated with purple-red, interior very dark purple, yellowish at the margins. BropeEriP, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol 1. p. 305. pl. 31. f. 7. Hab. RealLlejos, Central America (under stones); Cuming. Another species of remarkably flattened circuitous growth of which finer and more characteristic specimens have come to hand since it was described and figured by Mr. Broderip. Sowerby, del et Tith (hamid FULL. Leeve, imp iitead meres “ae ces ts ee ng Pa | aie’ 20% ane tof : 7 Chama [1 11. Ieeve, imy cai) aie aes atv Se Pieces ehh. FPS Cd a Ber ay, side CHAMA. Puate III. Species 10. (Hig. a and 2 Mus. Cuming.) OHAMA PULCHELLA. Cham. testd suborbiculari, trigond, lateraliter affivd, valvd superiore, concentricé pulcher- rime laminatd, laminis striatis et serratis, posticé am- pliter foliacéis, inferiorelavigatdetirregulariter foliaced, foliis grandibus, valvarum marginibus levibus ; nived, Serruginco-fusco radiata. Tae prerry Cuama. Shell somewhat orbicular, three- sided, affixed by the side, upper valve concentrically very beautifully laminated, laminee striated and ser- rated, posteriorly largely foliated, lower valve smooth and irregularly foliated, foliations large, margins of the valves smooth; snowy white, rayed with rust- brown. Hab. Cape Upstart, New Holland (on coral reefs at low water); Jukes. In the examples of this beautiful species figured in the accompanying plate, it may be observed that the umbones are turned in one from left to right, and in the other from right to left. Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuama stnuosa. Cham. testd suborbiculari, posticé sinuaté, valvis ambabus concentricé laminatis, laminis in squamis tenuibus fornicatis eleganter productis, squamis postice ampliter foliaceis et striatis, valvarum marginibus levi- gatis; intus extusque nived, squamis basi pulcherrime purpureo-rosers. ‘YHE sINUOSE Cuama. Shell somewhat orbicular, sinuated posteriorly, both valves concentrically laminated, lamine elegantly produced into thin vaulted scales; the posterior of which are largely foliated and striated, margins of the valves smooth; white within and without, scales very beautifully coloured round the base with purple rose. Broperip, Trans, Zool. Soc. vol. 1. p. 3038. pl. 39. f. 11, Hab. Brazil; Miller. One of the most delicate and beautiful species of the genus; the shell is pure white, whilst the lamine of yaulted scales are coloured round the base in a very peculiar manner with rose-purple. Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA MULTISQUAMOSA. Cham, testé ovatd, planiusculd, valvis undique creberrime fortiter et irregulariter squa- matis, squamis valve superioris suberectis, inferioris plano-adpressis, valvarum marginibus internis subti- lissime crenulatis ; albidd, roseo-tinctd, squamis niveis, intus albd, roseo-tinctd. THE MANY-SCALED Cuama. Shell ovate, rather flattened, valves very closely strongly and irregularly scaled throughout, scales of the upper valve rather erect, of the lower flatly pressed down, internal margins of the valves very finely crenulated; whitish, tinged with rose, scales snowy white, interior white, tinged with rose. Hab. Matnog, Island of Luzon, Philippines (attached to coral); Cuming. The shell here figured offers another instance in which the lower umbone is erected into a horn, after the manner represented by Chemnitz in his C. cornuta, (C. unicornis, Bruguiére) ; it does not however agree in sculpture with that species. Fig. 13. represents the Chama producta of Broderip in Trans. Zool. Soc, vol. 1. p. 305. pl. 39. fig. 4. which I have perfectly identified as an enormously produced speci- men of the Chama iostoma of Conrad, figured in the pre- ceding plate. For Spcies 13 see Plate VI. Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA SULPHUREA. Cham. testdé subtrigono-ovatd, pla- niusculd, valvd superiore undique syuamatd, sgamis numerosis, regularibus, brevibus, appressis, prope mar- ginem longioribus et magis erectis, inferiore oblique liratis, liris latiusculis, ad marginem squamatis, valva- rum marginibus internis minutissime crenulatis ; pal- lide luted, purpurco ab umbonibus subindistincte radiata. THE stuLpHUR CHama. Shell somewhat triangularly ovate, rather flattened, upper valve squamate through- out, scales numerous, irregular, short, pressed down, near the margin longer and more erect, lower valve obliquely ridged, ridges rather broad, squamate at the margin ; internal margins of the valves very minutely crenulated ; pale yellow, somewhat indistinctly rayed from the umbones with purple. Hab. Calapan, Island of Mindoro, Philippines (attached to stones); Cuming. December, 1846. CHAMA.—Puarte III. A delicate sulphur-coloured shell, very irregularly scaled but extremely characteristic in its appearance. Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuama Pactrica. Cham, testa oblongo-ovatd, circuiter trigond, valvd superiore divaricatim striata, posticé sguamatd, squamis subdistantibus, fornicatis, erectis, inferiore oblique liratdé et squamatd, valvarum mar- ginibus internis minuté crenulatis ; purpureo-laced, aurantio tinctd, squamis pallidé livido-laccis. Tue paciric Cuama. Shell oblong-ovate, circuitously triangular, upper valve divaricately striate, posteriorly squamate, scales somewhat distant, erect, lower valve obliquely ridged and scaled, internal margins of the valves minutely crenulated ; purple-lake stained with orange, scales pale livid lake. Bropertp, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. 1. p. 308. pl. 39. f 1. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, Pacific Ocean (obtained by diving for the large Avicule to which it attaches) ; Cuming. This magnificent species is very peculiar in its colouring, being of a livid purple lake, besmeared as it were with a dark gamboge orange, but which latter colour does not appear on the scales. — rr OOo? ' Chana LT. Hf Reeve, imp ay i“ f a a pale of Coie mons? 1 Sr 2 Samm a VD eek A Chama Il. 1 é \ To a ite S tigi ® Sowerby, del. et ith Reeve, ing ae atti, CHAMA. Puate IV. Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA REFLEXA. Cham. testd orbiculari, planiusculd, valve inferiort margine reflexd, valvd superiore squa- mis brevibus fornicatis concentricé seriatim dispositis, inferiore lamellis irregularibus imbricatis ornatd ; val- varum marginibus internis minutissime crenulatis ; ru- bido-purpuredé umbones versus albd, squamis posticis tantum valve superioris albis aut pallidé stramineis ; intus alba, posticé vivide purpured. THE REFLECTED CuaAma. Shell orbicular, rather flat, margin of the lower valve reflected, upper valve orna- mented with concentric rows of short vaulted scales, the lower with irregular imbricated lamellee, internal margins of the valves very minutely crenulated ; reddish purple, white towards the umbones, posterior scales only of the upper valve white or straw-coloured, interior white, rich purple posteriorly. Hab. Darnley Island, North Australia; Jukes. The lower valve of this species is probably reflected on the anterior side from its having been attached in some confined situation; but I notice the character because it is also slightly reflected posteriorly, where there appears to have been no pressure to intercept the growth. Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.) CuaMa NivaLis. Cham. testd ovato-oblongd, valde tumidé - et globosa, valvis ambabus subobsolete radiatim corru- gato-plicatis, ad margines hic illic rudé squamatis aut lamellatis ; alba, purpureo-fusco concentrice tinctd. THE sNOW-BALL CuamA. Shell ovately oblong, very much swollen and gibbous, both valves rather obso- letely radiately plicated in a wrinkled manner, rudely scaled or lamellated here and there at the margins; white, concentrically stained with purple brown. Hab. North Australia ; Jukes. Of a peculiar subquadrate oblong form, sculptured with almost obsolete stunted plaits or immature scales which in the upper valve are to a considerable extent abraded in the specimen before me. Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA CORALLOIDES. Cham. testé crassiusculd, circuiter trigond, sublobatd, minuté rugoso-liratd, postice minu- tissimé rugoso-striatd ; albida, liris striisque purpureis, intus purpured, cardine vivide corallo-rubro. THE RED-coraL Cuama. Shell rather thick, circuitously triangular, somewhat lobed, minutely roughly ridged, very minutely roughly striated on the posterior side ; whitish, ridges and strie purple, hinge bright coral- red. Chama echinata (ztate provecta), Broderip, Trans. Zool. Soc. pl. 39. f. 6 and 7. Hab. Porto Portrero, Central America (found attached to rocks at low water); Cuming. T cannot trace the affinity which Mr. Broderip assumes for this species with C. echinata; it is true there is a strong indication of the deep coral-red colouring in the interior of that species, and it inhabits the same locality, but not only does it differ materially in form, but it is characterized by a different system of sculpture. No modifying force would, I conceive, bring the purple brown spines of the C. echi- nata into the two-fold arrangement of undulating ridges and striz which characterize the species under considera- tion. The interior is most richly coloured, being of an intensely dark purple, whilst the hinge-tooth is of a deep coral-red ; for illustration of this, I refer the reader to Mr. Broderip’s figures in the Trans. Zool. Soe. Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.) CHamMa RADIANS. Cham. testé semi-globosd, lateraliter affiad, valvis ambabus laminis tenuibus brevissimis nu- merosissimis plano-appressis, trigono-concentricis, com- positis ; albida, ferrugineo-fusco posticé radiatim tincta. THE RADIATING CHama. Shell semi-globose, affixed by the side, both valves composed of very numerous, thin, very short lamine, triangularly concentric and flatly pressed one upon the other; whitish, radiately stained on the posterior side with rusty brown. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. vi. p.515. Hab. To judge from the figures hitherto published of this species it appears to become attached in pairs; the speci- men before me, as well as those represented in the Encyclo- pédie Méthodique, and by Chemnitz, being severally dis- tinguished for this mode of attachment. ? December, 1846. CHAMA.—Ptats IV. Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA DivaRicatTa. Cham. testd orbiculari, subobliqua, prope umbones subtilissime divaricatim corrugato-stria- ta, deinde rugosa, squamis longiusculis fornicatis, spi- neformibus, erectis, profuse armatd ; valvarum margi- nibus interne crenulatis ; vivide ruft el purpureo-rufa, squamis eburneis, intus alba, margines versus purpureo- rufa. THE DivaricaTtE Cuama. Shell orbicular, somewhat oblique, very finely divaricately wrinkled with striz near the umbones, then rough and profusely armed with rather long spine-shaped erect vaulted scales ; margins of the valves crenulated internally; bright red and purple, scales ivory white, interior white, purple-red towards the margins. Hab. Catbalonga, Island of Samar, Philippines (attached to masses of coral) ; Cuming. This beautiful species may be recognized by the wrin- kled strize near the umbones; I cannot think that it is the result of accident, beg developed on that portion of the shell on which the sculpture deposited in an early stage of growth is most likely to be permanent. The spines which beard, as it were, the remainder of the valve are remarkably prominent and distinguished for their absence of colour. Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA FERRUGINEA. Cham. testé orbiculari, subobliqud, subrugosd, concentricée tenuilamellatd, lamellis appressis perpaucis anticis erecto-foliaceis, seriebus duabus pos- ticis ampliter foliaceis subappressis ; valvarum margi- nibus levibus ; albidd, ferrugineo-fusco hic illic pallide tinctd, lamellarum seriebus duabus posticis saturatioré Serrugineo-fuscis. Tur Rusty Cuama. Shell orbicular, somewhat oblique, concentrically finely lamellated, lamelle pressed down one upon the other, a few lamellz on the anterior side erectly foliaceous, two rows of lamelle on the posterior side, largely foliaceous and a little appressed ; margins of the valves smooth ; whitish, palely stained here and there with rust-brown, the two posterior rows of lamellee darker rust-brown. Hab. Bay of Honduras (attached to shells) ; Dyscn. An interesting new species recently collected by Mr. Dyson, which may be readily distinguished by the arrange- ment of its fine foliaceous lamelle and their peculiar rust- brown tint of colour. Species. 22. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA corNUcoPIA. Oham. testd crass, circuiter ovati, concentricé rude et irregulariter plicatd, mutica, valva- rum marginibus levigatis ; albidd, roseo pallide tinctd, intus intense purpured. THE CORNUCOPIA Cama. Shell thick, circuitously ovate, concentrically 1udely and irregularly plicated, free from scales or spines, margins of the valves smooth ; whitish, faintly tinged with rose, intense purple within. Hab. Red Sea. T cannot discover any trace of external sculpture in this species, it is of curious circuitous growth and from a locality which contributes very little to the genus under investigation. g vd Chama 1, [he é a ==, fae a e r a9 awerby, del et Ji ( > A" Ted ey ie IR aeay CHAMA. Puate V. Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.) CuaMa sorpIpA. Cham. testd ovatd, valod inferiore in atate valde converd, valvis ambabus undique creberrime striatis, striis elevatis, subundulatis, ab umbonibus radi- antibus, hine et hinc foliaceis, foliis postice seriatis, val- varum marginibus crenulatis ; corallo-rubescente, intus albidé. un MEAN Cuama. Shell ovate, lower valve increasing very much in convexity with age, both valves very ‘closely striated throughout, striz raised, slightly un- dulately radiating from the umbones, here and there foliaceous, the foliations on the posterior side in rows, margins of thevalve crenulated; light coral red, interior white. Broperip, Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. i. p. 309. pl. 39. f. 8, 9. Had. Isle of Cuna, Central America (dredged from a depth of eighteen fathoms attached to rocks); Cuming. The name awarded to this species by Mr. Broderip is rendered inapplicable by the circumstance of its having been found in much finer state of beautiful clear coral-red colour, sculptured throughout with fine undulating raised strize, radiating from the umbones. Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.) CHaMa ASPERSA. Cham. testi ovatd, valod superiore pla- nulatd, spinis parvis fornicatis marginem versus longi- usculis erectis profuse concentricée dispositis, inferiore subprofunde convena, squamis lamellatis ad marginem spineformibus confertissime ornatd, valvarum margini- bus levigatis; alba, ferrugineo-rubro radiata vel as- persia. THE sPRINKLED CHama. Shell ovate, upper valve flat- tish, ornamented with profuse concentric rows of small vaulted spines, rather long and erect towards the margin, lower valve rather deeply convex, with very close-set lamellated scales, spine-shaped at the margin, margins of the valves smooth; white, rayed or sprinkled with rust-red. Hab. Tacloban, Isle of Leyte, Philippines (attached to stones); Cuming. In this species, as in most of the genus, especially those that attach in groups, the spinous or squamate sculpture of the upper valve becomes modified into lamelle in the lower, for the purpose of gaining attachment. Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.) CAMA PLANATA. Cham. testd suboblongo-ovatd, planius- culd, valvd superiore profuse squamatd, squamis brevibus, minutis, subappressis, ab umbone seriatim radiantibus, inferiore levi, squamis grandibus rudis per basem, val- varum marginibus levibus; alba, ferrugineo-rufo ab umbonibus radiata. THE FLATTENED Cuama. Shell somewhat oblong-ovate, rather flattened, upper valve profusely scaled, scales short, minute, rather pressed forward, radiating in rows from the umbone, lower smooth, with large rude scales along the base, margins of the valves smooth; white, radiated from the umbones with rust-red. Hab. Island of Guimaras, Philippines (attached to stones) ; Cuming. The general aspect of this species is not much unlike that of the preceding, but it will be found on comparison to differ throughout; in form it appears naturally flatter, in colour more distinctly rayed, and the sculpture of the valves is of a different system and more than usually dis- similar. Species 26. (Fig. a and 6 Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA ARCINELLA. Cham. testd cordatd, antice lunuld ampld depressd infra umbones ; valvis ambabus, simi- libus, radiatim costatis, costis multispinosis, spinis inter- dum longissimis, tubulosis, spinarum interstitiis semper peculiariter excavato-punctatis, valvarum marginibus subtilissimé crenulatis ; albd aut lutescente, sepissime rosed, intus aurantid, interdum autem raro vivide pur- purea. THE LITTLE ARCHER Cuama. Shell heart-shaped, with a large depressed lunule beneath the umbones, both valves radiately ribbed, the ribs many-spined, spines sometimes very long, tubulous, interstices between the spines peculiarly excavately punctured, margins of the valves very finely crenulated; white or yel- lowish, most frequently stained with pmk-red, interior orange, sometimes, but very rarely, deep purple. Linnzus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1189. Hab. West Indies (attached to shells, particularly the Strombus pugilis.) This well-known species is extremely variable in size, December, 1846. CHAMA.—Ptrate V. frequently attaching in groups like a bunch of nuts; the long-spined variety is of a more free and unrestricted growth. Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA FIBULA. Cham. testé orbiculari, valvé superiore squamis brevibus lamellatis concentricé confertissime ex- sculpti, inferiore squamis paucioribus, elongatis, plano- appresis, crenulatis; nived, ferrugineo-fusco interdum pallidé tincté, umbonibus peculiariter violaceis ; intus albé, ab umbonibus violaceo-purpureo radiata. THE BUTTON CHama. Shell orbicular, upper valve very closely concentrically sculptured with short lamellated scales, lower valve with fewer scales elongated and flatly appressed, margins of the valves very minutely crenulated; snowy white, sometimes palely stained with rust-brown, umbones peculiarly tinged with violet ; interior white, rayed with violet purple from the umbones. Hab. Island of Luzon, Philippines (attached to coral); Cuming. A delicate rounded species, tinged with purple at the umbones both externally and internally. Species 28. (Mus. Cuming. Cuama optrquaTa. Cham. testé oblique ovatd, trigond, lateraliter affixd, valud superiore profuse minutissime squamatd, squamis ab umbone oblique radiantibus, ad marginem subspinosis, iuferiore compariter levigata, per basem rudé lamellaté, valvarum marginibus interne minutissine crenulatis; albo fusco-purpureoque fere omnino tincté et radiata, intus albida. THE oBLIQUE CHama. She'l obliquely ovate, triangular, affixed by the side, upper valve profusely very mi- nutely scaled, scales radiating obliquely from the umbone, spinous at the margin, lower comparatively smooth, rudely lamellated along the base, margins of the valves internally very minutely crenulated ; white, almost entirely stained and rayed with rust and brown and purple; interior white. Hab. Catbalonga, Isle of Samar, Philippines (attached to stones); Cuming. : Distinguished by its oblique triangular growth, darkly rayed and stained with colour and extremely minutely scaled. e- ny p RSRONTS CHAMA. Prater VI. Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMALOBATA. Cham. testd subrhomboided, anticé lobaté, utringue sinuosd, valvis ambabus ab umbonibus radiatim suleatis, concentricé laminatis, laminis valve superioris medio et postice appresso-foliaceis, inferioris anticé ap- presso-foliaceis, valvarum marginibus internis crenu- latis ; nived, fuscescente pallidissime radiata. Tur LOBED Cuama. Shell somewhat rhomboidal, lobed anteriorly, sinuous on each side, both valves radiately erooved from the umbones, concentrically laminated, laminze of the upper valve appressly foliated im the middle and posterior side, of the lower on the anterior side, imer margins of the valves crenulated; snowy white, faintly tinged with pale brown. Bropertp, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. 1. p. 303. pl. 38. f. 4, 5. Hab. China; Reeves. Mr. Broderip has recorded “Island of Nevis, West Indies” as the habitat of this very characteristic species ; this must surely be an error, for there are several well- authenticated specimens in the British Museum, brought from China by John Reeves Esq., F.R.S., and I cannot learn that it has been received from any other locality. Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuama Rupprtuit. Cham. testd suborbiculari, valud infe- rviovt valde productd, crassiusculd, levigatd, plus minusve erosd; albidd, valvarum marginibus internis vivide rufo-purpureis. Rupprry?s Cuama. Shell somewhat orbicular, lower valve very much produced, rather thick, smooth, more or less eroded; whitish, inner margins of the valves deep red-purple. Hab. Red Sea; Riippell. Approximating closely to the C. iostoma, but from so remote a locality that I venture to distinguished it as a new species. Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.) CHaMA BRASSICA. Cham. testé suborbiculari-ovatda, circui- ter trigond, valvis ambabus rugosis, profuse squamatis, squamis valve superioris subfoliaceis, inferioris brevi- bus, erectis ; albidda, squamis roseis. Tor capBaGe Cuama. Shell somewhat orbicularly ovate, circuitously triangular, both valves rough, pro- fusely, squamate, scales of the upper valves slightly foliaceous, of the lower short and erect; whitish, scales pink. Hab. Island of Cabul, Philippines (under stones at low water) ; Cuming. An interesting curiously scaled species of peculiarly cir- cuitous growth. Fig. 3,5. Chama imbricata, junior, described at Sp. 3. Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA PELLUCIDA. Cham. testd orbiculari, circuiter tri- gon, lateraliter affixd, valvis ambabus pulcherrime con- centricé lamellatis, lamellis parvis suberectis, valvarum marginibus minutissime crenulatis ; albidd, peculiariter pellucida, coccineo-roseo ab umbonibus radiata. THE TRANSPARENT Cuama. Shell orbicular circuitously triangular, affixed by the side, both valves very beauti- fully concentrically lamellated, lamellz small, some- what erect, margins of the valves very minutely crenu- lated; whitish, peculiarly transparent, rayed from the umbones with scarlet rose. BropeEriP, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. 1. p. 302. pl. 38. f. 3. Hab. Tquiqui, Peru (attached to stones and shells); Cuming. This beautiful and extremely interesting species is, I regret to say, very inadequately represented in the accom- panying figure; it is of the most delicate texture, and has the appearance of being formed of transparent white wax rayed with bright scarlet rosr. Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuama Carpir#rormis. Cham. testd ovata vel transversim oblongd, valvis ambabus radiatim minutissime squame- liratis, squamis appressis, posticis majoribus, valvarum marginibus crenulatis ; alba, lirarum interstitiis posticé coccineo-rufis. Tur CaRDITA-SHAPED CHAMA. Shell transversely oblong, both valves radiately very minutely ridged with ap- pressed scales, posteriorthe larger, margins of the valves crenulated; white, interstices between the ridges on the posterior side scarlet-red. Hab ? Easily distinguished by its peculiar oblong growth Which is not apparently accidental. January, 1847. Peed Raed hci Cauca AT. WY, ame Putaes sRey, Maye ee Mae ile ate Sie Pt SER Lys nlielynd one! Chama Ll V7 Sowerby. del. etlith . Reeve, imp Chama LL V1. ; : a 4 ; k ; 4 a — pea ree BL Ce ere ee Se q 4 ; howerby. del evlith CHAMA. Prats VII. Species 34. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA VENOSA. Cham. testé circuiter trigond, lateraliter afivd, valvis ambabus levibus, radiatim subobsolete tri- costatd, costis asperé nodulosis ; albd, Uineis purpureo- roseis obliquis undique venosd, intus alba. THE VEINED CHAMa. Shell circuitously triangular, affixed by the side, both valves smooth, radiately somewhat obsoletely three-ribbed, ribs roughly noduled ; white, obliquely veined throughout with purple-rose lines, interior white. Hab. ? (attached to shells.) The blood-red lines with which the entire surface of this shell is painted are not less characteristic than the three faint sharply noduled ribs. Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.) CHaMa ECHINATA. Cham. testé subtrigono-ovatd, latera- liter afixd, valvis ambabus spinis brevibus tubulosis erectis profuse echinatis, valvarum marginibus levibus ; albidd, ferrugineo- vel purpureo-fusco posticé tinctd, intus croceo-coccineo cardinem versus tinctd. THE PRICKLY CHama. Shell somewhat triangularly ovate, affixed by the side, both valves profusely prickled with short erect tubulous spines, margins of the valves smooth; white, stained on the posterior side with purple or rust-brown, interior tinged near the hinge with saffron-scarlet. Broperip, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. 1. p. 305. pl. 39. f. 5. Hab. Porto Portrero, Central America (attached to rocks at low water); Cuming. Profusely studded with small tubulous spiniform scales. Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuama Janus. Cham. testd circuiter trigond, valvé inferiore et dimidio postici superioris levibus vel obliqué obtusé liratis, squamarum brevium seriebus duabus ra- diantibus, valvé superiore undigque irregulariter ap- presso-squamata, valvarum marginibus levibus; pur- pureo-rufa, liris obliquis squamisque albis. THE TWO-FACED CHama. Shell circuitously triangular, lower valve and posterior half of the upper smooth or obliquely obtusely ridged, with two radiating rows of short scales, upper valve irregularly appressly squamate throughout, margins of the valves smooth ; purple-red, oblique ridges and scales white. Hab, Gallapagos Islands (attached to the large Avicule) ; Cuming. The general aspect of this shell is not much unlike that of C. venosa, but the difference may be easily detected on examination; instead of being veined with fine lines of colour upon a white ground, the oblique ridges are raised upon a red ground, besides which the upper valve is characterized by a double style of both colour and sculpture, the anterior half being of a dull brick red colour and appressly scaled, whilst the posterior half is similar to the under valve. Mr. Broderip has figured this shell as the young C. imbricata, but it is far removed from that species, an immature example of which I have specially represented in the preceding plate at Fig. 3, 6. Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.) CHaMA RUBEA. Cham. testi ovatd, circuiter trigond, valvis ambabus rudé flecuosis et appresso-laminatis, squamis perpaucis, valvarum marginibus subtilissime crenulatis ; purpureo-rubra, squamis albidis, intus alba, margine purpurea. THE RUDDY Cuama. Shell ovate, circuitously triangular, both valves rudely flexuous and appressly laminated, with avery few scales, margins of the valves very finely crenulated; purple-red, scales whitish, interior white, purple at the edge. Hab, Cagayan, Island of Mindanao, Philippines (attached to stones) ; Cuming. The under valve of the specimen here represented is more squamate, and the scales are more erect, than the upper. Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuama ExoGyRa. Cham. testd ovatd, circuiter trigond, valvis ambabus confertissime appresso-laminatis, laminis rugosis subsquamatis, valvarum marginibus levibus ; lutescente-albd, roseo tincta. THE OUTWARDLY-REVOLVED CHAMA. Shell ovate, circui- tously triangular, both valves very closely appressly laminated, laminze rough, somewhat scaled, margins of the valves smooth; yellowish-white, tinged with Tose. January, 1847. CHAMA.—Ptate VII. ConraD, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Hab. Upper California. There is nothing remarkable in this shell to characterize it particularly, though evidently distinct from any other. Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuama Juxesiz. Cham. testé ovatd, valvis ambabus profuse et confertissimé brevispinosis, spinis valve infe- rioris subsquamatis ; intus extusque nived, umbonibus apice pallidée purpureis. Jukns’ Cuama. - Shell ovate, both valves profusely and very closely short-spined, spines of the lower valve ‘somewhat squamate ; snowy white within and without, wmbones pale purple at the apex. Hab. Cape Upstart, North Australia (on the coral reefs at low water) ; Jukes. I dedicate this shell with a great deal of pleasure to Mr. Jukes, the zealous naturalist of H.M.S. ‘The Fly’, to whom this monograph is indebted through Mr. Cuming for several interesting species. Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA SARDA. Cham. testé suborbiculari, valvis ambabus peculiariter exiliter oblique striatis, squamis brevibus asperis remotis ; intus extusque vivide corallo-rubra. THE CORNELIAN Cuama. Shell somewhat orbicular, both valves peculiarly faintly obliquely striated, with sharp remote short. scales; bright coral-red within and without. Hab, Honduras (attached to coral) ; Dyson. Rich in colour and very characteristic in sculpture, being crossed in an oblique direction throughout with faint strie, and roughened here and there with short scales like the asperities of a coarse file. { \ \ \\ N \ \ 1 Chama Ll Vi, i 2 ¥ BD Sowerby, del et ith Reeve imp Ate ‘ - wae \ ‘ * e. ; ae Fee CHAMA. Prats VIII. Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.) CuaMA FrMBRIATA. Cham. testd suborbiculari, valvis ambabus concentricé fimbriato-lamellatis, valvarum mar- ginibus minuté crenulatis ; lutescente-albd. THE FIMBRIATED Cuama. Shell somewhat orbicular, both valves concentrically fimbriately lamellated ; margins of the valves minutely crenulated ; yellowish white. Hab. Point Cunningham, North Australia; Dring. A very distinct species though its characters are set forth in few words; the lamelle are not isolated as in most of the genus, but arranged in concentric continuous wavy frills. Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA CRISTELLA. Cham. testé semiorbiculari, circuiter trigond, lateraliter affiva, valvé superiore concentrice tenuissime laminatd, laminis appressis, squamulis minu- tis asperis subremotis, inferiore compariter levigati, squamulis minutis retusis subremotis, valvarum margi- nibus crenulatis; albé aut lutescente, corallo-roseo pulcherrime tincta, sqamulis albis. THE LITTLE crEsT Cuama. Shell semiorbicular, circui- tously triangular, affixed by the side, upper valve concentrically very finely laminated, laminze pressed down, with minute sharp rather remote scales, lower valve comparatively smooth, with rather remote blunted minute scales, margins of the valves crenu- lated; white or yellowish, very beautifully stained with coral-rose, scales white. Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. vi. p. 585. Hab. Batavia (attached to stones) ; Cuming. An extremely pretty and well-defined species, of which the example here figured has been satisfactorily indentified with Lamarck’s original specimen in the collection of M. Delessert. Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA GRYPHINA. Cham. testé semiorbiculari, circuiter trigond, lateraliter affivd, valvis ambabus concentricé laminatis, laminis appressis, antice fimbriatis erectis, valvarum marginibus levibus: albidd, lutescente anticé tinctda. THE crooknD Cama. Shell semiorbicular, circuitously triangular, affixed by the side, both valves concentri- cally laminated, lamin pressed down, fimbriated and erect on the anterior side. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. v. p. 587. Hab. Sicily, Corsica. Only known to Lamarck in a fossil state. Species 6. Variety B (Fig. 6 4. Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA MACROPHYLLA. Testa plerumque grandior, omnino purpureo-lacca. THE LARGE-LEAVED CHAMA. purple-lake throughout. Having already described this species at Plate IT. Sp. 6. it only remains to notice the purple-lake variety of which I have since thought it necessary to give a representation on account of its marked difference in colour; it is also mostly of larger size. Shell generally larger, Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.) CuaMa spinosa. Cham. testd@ orbiculari, planiusculd, valvd superiore profuse et minutissime squamatd, squa- mis umbonem versus laminiferis, marginem versus tubu- losis, spinosis, inferiore rudé squamatd, squamis imbri- catis et wregulariter fimbriatis, valvarum marginibus vie crenulatis ; albidd, spinis posticis plerumque ferru- gineo-fusco tinctis. Tue sprnous Cuama. Shell orbicular, rather flat, upper valve profusely and very minutely scaled, scales lami- niferous towards the umbone, tubulous and spinous towards the margin, lower valve rudely squamate, scales imbricated and irregularly fimbriated, margins ‘of the valves scarcely crenulated ; whitish, posterior spines mostly stained with rust-brown. Broperip, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. 1. p. 306. pl. 38. f. 8. and 9. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, Pacific Ocean (attached to coral and shells) ; Cuming. Distinguished by the narrow tubulous structure of the spines, which are appressed and range in fine lamine towards the umbone. Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.) CuamMa PanameEnsis. Cham. testd ovatd, circuiter trigond, lateraliter affivd, valvd superiore posticé levi, tenuis January, 1847. CHAMA.—P.ate VIII. simeé appresso-laminatd, anticé rugosa, rude fimbriatda, inferiore levi, per basem lamellatd, valvarum margini- bus levibus ; albida, ferrugineo- fusco hic illic tincté. THE Panama Cuama. Shell ovate, circuitously trian- gular, affixed by the side, upper valve smooth and very minutely appressly laminated on the posterior side, rough and rudely fimbriated on the anterior, lower valve smooth, lamellated along the base, margins of the valves smooth ; whitish, stained here and there with rust-brown. Hab. Panama (attached to stones) ; Cuming. The upper valve of this shell is distinguished in a peculiar manner by its two-fold style of sculpture. Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA PRETEXTA. Cham. testd ovata, valvis ambabus concentricé pulcherrimé fimbriatis, fimbriis tenuibus sub- pellucidis, grandibus, plus minusve erectis, valvarum marginibus levibus ; pallidé croced, fimbriis supra ru- Sescentibus. THE FLouNcED CHama. Shell ovate, both valves very beautifully concentrically fimbriated, frills thin, subpel- lucid, large, more or less erect, margins of the valves smooth ; pale yellow, frills reddish beneath. Hab. P This truly delicate and beautiful, shell was received by Mr. Cuming from a continental naturalist of some celebrity as the C. croceata of Lamarck, but it does not answer to the description. There are several Lamarckian species of this genus, and even the Linnean C. gryphoides, which it is quite impossible to indentify with the least degree of certainty. ay eet eT) bea ae Chama LF! VILL CHAMA. Prats IX, Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA ExiGua. Cham. testd parvd, tenui, subpellucidd, circuiter trigond, lateraliter affiad, valvé superiore minutissinme appresso-laminaté et radiatim striaté, subasperd, inferiore divaricatim excavato-punctatd, per basem lamellaté ; alba. THE LITTLE CoamMa. Shell small, thin, somewhat trans- parent, circuitously triangular, affixed by the side upper valve very minutely appressly laminated and radiately striated, rather rough, lower valve divari- cately excavately punctured, lamellated along the base ; white. Hab. Singapore (dredged from sandy mud at the depth of seven fathoms attached to fragments of shells) ; Cuming. A little transparent white shell of which Mr. Cuming collected several specimens; the lower valve is distin- guished by a peculiarity of punctured sculpture somewhat analogous to that of the C. arcinella, there is no trace of it, however, in the upper valve, as in that species. Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA FRAGUM. Cham. testdé suborbiculari, valvd supe- riore concentricé tenuissime fimbriato-laminatd, laminis marginem versus subtubulosis, inferiore rude tubuloso- squamatd, valvarum marginibus minute crenulatis ; alba, rufo-punctata, intus albidd. THE STRAWBERRY CHAMA. Shell somewhat orbicular, upper valve concentrically very finely fimbriately laminated, laminzee somewhat tubulous towards the margin, lower valve rudely tubulously squamate, margins of the valves minutely crenulated; white, dotted with red, mterior whitish. Hab. Island of Mindoro, Philippines (attached to coral ); Cuming. The sculpture of this species somewhat approaches that of the C. spinosa; it is of a more minute and delicate character and easily distinguished on comparison. Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA FLORIDA. Cham. testé suborbiculari, valvis amba- bus imbricatis, marginem versus eleganter jimbriato- laminatis, valvarum marginibus minute crenulatis ; pellucido-alba, punctis vivide roseis ab umbonibus pul- cherrime radiatd ; intus alba. THE FLORID CHAMA. Shell somewhat orbicular, valves imbricated, elegantly fimbriately laminated towards the margin, margins of the valves minutely crenu- lated; transparent white, very beautifully ranyed from the umbones with bright rose dots, interior white. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol.vi. p. 583. Hab. Honduras ; Dyson. I refer this very characteristic shell to the above La- marckian species solely on the authority of Mr. Hanley, who has no doubt of its being identical with the species known under that name in Paris; it does not agree very accurately with Lamarck’s description, but as the growth of this genus is so variable I trust to his judgment in the matter. Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA VARIEGATA. Cham. testé oblongo-ovatd, circuiter trigond, valvd superiore lamellatd, precipue in seriebus duabus posticis, lamellis latiusculis appressis, interstitiis oblique rugoso-liratis, sqguamis perpaucis brevibus remo- tis, valvarum marginibus levibus ; corallo-rubra, liris lamellis squamisque albis, intus albidd, rufo-fusco tinctd. THE sTRIPED CuaMma. Shell oblong-ovate, circuitously triangular, upper valve lamellated, especially in two rows on the posterior side, lamellz rather broad and appressed, interstices obliquely transversely ridged, lower valve obliquely roughly ridged with a very few short remote scales, margins of the valves smooth ; coral red, ridges lamelle and scales white, interior whitish, stained with red-brown. Hab Honduras ; Dyson. The colouring of this shell has a very pretty effect, the oblique ridges and other external sculpture being white upon a coral or orange-red ground. Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuama cistuLa. Cham. testd orbiculari, postice profundé sinuatd, valvis ambabus peculiariter rudé lamellaté et squamatd, squamis ad margines subproductis, appressis, ? valvarum marginibus levibus ; albidd, roseo-fuscescente varia, intus alba. January, 1847. CHAMA.—Puate IX. THE LITTLE Box CuHAmA. Shell orbicular, deeply sinu- ated on the posterior side, both valves peculiarly rudely lamellated and scaled, scales at the margin somewhat produced, but appressed, margins of the valves smooth; whitish, variegated with rose brown, ~ interior white. Hab. Honduras; Dyson. The upper valve of this shell is rather more convex than usual; the sculpture peculiarly rudely developed. Species 52. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA TUMULOSA. Cham. testd orbiculari, posticé subpro- fundé sinuatéd, valvis ambabus valde convewis, rude tumulosis et imbricatis, interstitiis posticé oblique lira- tis, liris minutissime squamatis, valvarum marginibus levibus ; aurantio rufoque varia, Uiris posticis albis, intus alba. THE TUMULOUS CHAMaA. Shell orbicular, somewhat deeply sinuated on the posterior side, both valves very convex, rudely tumulous and imbricated, posterior interstices obliquely ridged, ridges very minutely scaled, margins of the valves smooth; variegated with red and orange, posterior ridges white, interior white. Hab. Honduras (attached to coral); Dyson. A striking species though of rude growth; it is doubly sinuated on the posterior side, having round orange protu- berances along the summit, whilst the channelled inter- stices have a striped appearance from their being crossed by white ridges on a blood-red ground. Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA LINGUA-FELIS. Cham. testd orbiculari supra depressiusculd, valvis ambabus precipue inferiore minute retusé squamatis, superiore pulcherrime fimbriato-lami- naté, laminis appressis, postice concavo-planatd, ad angulos elongato-lamellatis, valvarum marginbus levi- bus ; nived, rosaceo hic illic tincté. THE cCaT’s-TONGUE CHamMa. Shell orbicular, rather depressed, both valves, especially the lower, covered with minute blunt scales, upper valve very beautifully fimbriately laminated, laminee appressed, posteriorly concavely flattened, elongately laminated along the angles, margins of the valves smooth ; snowy white, stained here and and there with rose-pink. Hab. Island of Guimaras, Philippimes (attached to stones) ; Cuming. An extremely delicate and characterstic species in which the upper valve is very finely laminated, whilst the ground sculpture of both that and the lower valves is of a curious roughened character somewhat similar to the Telline scobi- nata and lingua-felis. Species 54. (Mus. Cuming.) CHAMA PELLIS-PHOcE. Cham. testd suborbiculart, valva superiore undique minutissime squamatd, sqyuamis umbo- nem versus brevissime retusis, marginem versus longio- ribus subspiniferis, inferiore rude lamellatd, valvarum marginibus levibus; alba, squamis marginem versus rufo-fuscis, umbone roseo. THE SEAL-SKIN CHama. Shell scarcely orbicular, upper valve very minutely scaled throughout, scales very short and blunt near the wnbone, longer and some- what spinous towards the margin, lower valve roughly lamellated, margins of the valves smooth; white, scales towards the margin reddish brown, umbone pink. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (attached to stones); Cuming. The pink stain upon the umbone is probably a character which may help to distinguish this species. Species 55. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuama appressa. Cham. testa orbiculari, valvis amba- bus concentricé laminatis, laminis tenwbus plano-ap- pressis, inferiore posticé liris perpaucis minutis oblique exsculptd, valvarum marginibus levibus; alba, roseo- Sfuscescente sparsim tinct. Tur apPRESsED Cama. Shell orbicular, both valves concentrically laminated, laminz thin, flatly appressed, lower valve obliquely sculptured on the posterior side with a very few minute ridges; white, sparingly tinged with rose-brown. Hab. Honduras; Dyson. Distinguished by its concentric flatly appressed lamine- ma a , Sowerby, dol et hth Reeve, imp J A PUCSSay PALCEVEN eieee re ieee a= arcinellas lammaeus) os. .2...... ASPEUSa sw hLCCUCE ter teve tars sierra eer) a brassica, Reeve .............-- Broderipii, Reeve ............. Carditeeformis, Reeve.......... GIMME, [P20 5658 ca dnndnenoee coralloides, Reeve............. cornucopia, Reeve ............ corrugata, Broderip .......... cristella, Lamarck ............ damecornis, Lamarck .......... divaricata, Reeve ............. echinata, Broderip ............ Quai, JOM ooo canonacenoee exopyra, Conrad ............. ferruginea, Reeve ,.... OU, JI so voéonevensouec himbytatasweeren eee aa florida, Lamarck ....... foliacea, Quoy INET, 12a og os Bo BOOB ee ee frondosa, Broderip............ gryphina, Lamarck ........... imbricata, Broderip ........... hOsLoman Conrad ase else a: VANS, JRO oo be pe eae ee Ree MIKES MCCUE Hacc. =e sin sco = = lazarus, Linneus .......*...... I. VII. Tand VI. 1D, VIL. VII. Il. CHAMA. [Lemporary Index. | Species. 55 26 24 31 2 33 lazarus, Lamarck............. lingua-felis, Reeve ............ lobata, Broderip.............. macrophylla, Chemnitz ......... multisquamosa, Reeve ......... mivalisse/eccc eae etn obliquatasyecueleneyea reise). Pacifica, Broderip ........-... Panamensis, Reeve ............ pellis-phocee, Reeve ........-.- pellucida, Broderip planata; Peeves eee ce preetexta, Reeve .............. producta, Broderip............ pulchellaye/tcene meee radians, Lamarck ............. Teflexaspecue enter TUDCANPA CCDC er Ruppellii, Reeve........ sada, Reeve seer ae etc. Senegalensis, Reeve ........... sinuosa, Broderip ............ sordidas Brodenipmmnnemae ere spinosa, Broderip ............ sulphurea, Reeve ............- tumulosa, Reeve .....:....... VaLlep atayeCeuceemer irr racers venosa, Reeve Plate. I. IX. VI. II and VIII. TIL. Species. 53 29 ae “ake By a a soy ih vet ‘ig Dy teas | TNs RR te « SAR tg tft so SME alah egal «1 Neaitet leant ee-gil kai Soon ARR tatsdSto, Peco iP yaa pabmiial een or Aes ITE ‘ ) alginige mC 4 oe Th Suite yah TS peel pete cr Bh hy iseeatty fins OA aS ARO MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS Col ier ON. “ Hach on his rock transfixed, the sport and prey Of wracking whirlwinds.”—J/ton. He ney) He if yop inte i: ie a gue a” Ue aa aR RT Ra. Ait Ti peal Bsr Neate wh Ai Aes Peau a ee pemaDeN Aen shy lel ih SAU Wy Ve Wa CHITON. Puate I. Genus Curton, Linneus. Testa oblongo- vel elongato-ovatd, octovalvis, valvis inmvicem mobilibus, seepissime transversim angustioribus, convexis, medio umbonatis, lateraliter subalatis, in cute cartila- gined affixis, cute aut complanatd, aut squamatd, aut hispidd, aut spinosd, aut fasciculaté, interdum late ex- pansa, postice incisd, interdum valvis omnino obtegente. Shell oblong or elongately ovate, eight-valved, valves moving upon one another, most frequently the nar- rower transversely, convex, wnbonated in the middle, somewhat winged on each side, fixed in a cartila- ginous cuticle, which is smooth, squamate, hairy, spinous, or fasciculate, sometimes widely expanded, and cut at the posterior extremity, sometimes entirely covering the valves. No animals, among the retired inhabitants of the ocean, so long eluded the pursuit of the naturalist, as those which are the subject of the present monograph; dwelling in almost every sea short of the circumpolar temperature, yet very unevenly distributed throughout this extended range, the Chitons pass their sedentary existence in situations secure from displacement, and which it has been reserved to the zeal of recent travellers to penetrate. Little did it occur to the great reformer of the Linnean school when recording, so late as 1819, in the sixth volume of his ‘Ani- maux sans vertébres’, a list of only six species, that nearly ten times that number were dwelling in retirement on the western shores of the Pacific, that as many more were living secluded among the rocks of Australia and New Zealand, and that the sum of these united would in twenty years be nearly doubled, by the discovery of species in other localities; yet such are the fruits of recent voyages, and the spirit of research which has accompanied them. It must not be supposed that of probably two hundred, more or less, distinct species of Chiton, and nine or ten of Chitonellus, which I have now under investigation, only seven were known to Lamarck ; upwards of twenty distinct kinds were figured thirty years before by Chemnitz in the ‘Conchylien Cabinet’; some of these are indecipherable, but others, since left in obscurity, I have succeeded in identifying. As a proof that the cabinets of Paris were singularly meagre in their collections of this genus, it is worth re- marking that most of the species figured in the ‘ Encyclo- pédie Méthodique’, are copied from the ‘Conchylien Cabinet’, and rendered not the less ambiguous by the transfer. Lamarck, at the time of his occupation on the genus, was afflicted with blindness, and, touching the cir- cumstance of his only being able to identify five out of the five and twenty represented in the ‘ Encyclopédie’, ob- serves “Ce genre est fort nombreux en esptces, mais, malheureusement, privé de la vue, et hors d’etat de con- stater nous-mémes les caractéres des esptces, nous n’en citerons qu’un petit nombre parmi celles que nous possé- dons.” The first addition to the tropical species of the genus, was made through the researches of Mr. Frembly, on the coast of Chili, in 1825, recorded in the 3rd volume of the ‘Zoological Journal’; these were multiplied to an unpre- cedented extent by the indefatigable exertions of Mr. Cuming, in the same and adjacent localities, and subse- quently in the Philippine Islands; whilst the inventory of species has been increased to its present magnitude, through the zealous assiduity of M. Quoy, in the Sur- veying Expedition of the ‘Astrolabe’, of Captain Sir Edward Belcher in the several Surveying Expeditions of the ‘Blossom’, the ‘Sulphur’ and the ‘ Samarang’, of the Rev. W. V. Hennah, resident at the Cape of Good Hope, of Dr. Dieffenbach and Mr. Earl, in New Zealand, of Mr. Gunn, in Van Dieman’s Land, and of Capt. Ince, in Australia; it must not be forgotten also that some few contributions have been made to the genus by Dr. Gould, Mr. Courthouy, and other naturalists of the United States, as well as from the shores of our own coast through the dredging exertions of Professor Edward Forbes and Mr. Me’ Andrew. Regarding the soft parts of Chiton, two very opposite theories were advanced by contemporary authors; one by Linnzus, founded on the multivalve structure of the shell, in which he assigned the genus to a place among the Lepades ; the other by Adanson, drawn from observations made on the shores of the Mediterranean a few years sub- sequently, in which he transferred the Chitons to the im- mediate vicinity of the Patelle. The conclusions of the philosopher in the closet, were destined, however, to be overthrown by the observations of the naturalist in the field; the views of the illustrious traveller in Senegal having been confirmed many years after by Cuvier, not- withstanding the opposite opinions entertained by nume- rous intervening writers. ; March, 1847. CHITON.—Ptats I, The animal Chiton is an oblong hirudiniform mass with- out eyes, and possessing a thin membranous veil in place of tentacula over the mouth, which has a long spiral tongue fwmished with horny denticles. The respiratory organs, selected to characterize the subdivision of the Gas- tropods into Orders, consists of a series of pyramidal leaf- lets which encircle the body, as in Patella, within a de- pression between the edge of the mantle and the foot. The anal aperture is situated quite at the posterior ex- tremity; and the Chiton, possessing a double system of generation is hermaphroditic. The arrangement of the branchize is therefore similar to that in Patella, and the two genera were accordingly associated by M. Cuvier in a particular order with the title Cyclobranchiata, as the lowest form of the Gastropod type. The chief peculiarity of this mollusk, and in which it differs in a remarkable degree from Patella, consists in the circumstance of its secreting the shell in eight separate pieces, sustained in order by a horny expansion of the mantle, and moving upon each other, after the manner of plate armour, by the aid of three flexible muscles attaching crosswise to each plate or valve. This horny expansion of the mantle is sometimes only marginal, constituting a frame to the shell, sometimes partially or entirely spread over the shell ; and it is characterized by the following variety of orna- ment. In C. elegans the horny ligament appears in its simplest form, thin and transparent; in C. alatus it is covered with a rough arenaceous surface ; in C. Blainvillir with a few scattered very short bristles; in C. spiniger with thickly-set calcareous bristles ; in C. Perweianus with a dense growth of hair; in C. setiger with irregular strag- gling hairs; in C. Coguimbensis with curious oblong pro- cesses, peculiar to that species alone; in C. aculeatus with rude short cylindrical spines; in C. spinosus with sharp curved spines; in C. magnificus with close-set calcareous grains; in C. sguamosus with equally close-set scales; in C. fascicularis with a row of dense tufts of brittle glassy spicule ; and lastly, in the great C. Si¢kensis, in which the mantle entirely envelopes the shell, the surface is crowded with very close-set minute stars of glassy spiculz. The imbedded portion of each plate or valve in the shell of Chiton is more or less produced posteriorly in two pro- cesses according to the oblong tendency of its structure, and the greater power necessary to sustain them in com- parative order; in most species where the valves are con- siderably narrower transversely than longitudinally, these posterior processes, termed apophyses, from their analogy in action to the apophysis in the osteology of the vertebrate skeleton, are but slightly developed, and the sinus between them is finely irregularly serrated. In valves of a more oblong form, as in C. incisus the apophyses become more prominent, until in Chitonellus where the valves are longer longitudinally than transversely, and isolated from each other, the apophyses are produced to an extent which enables them to sustain the valves, each by itself, within the mantle without the superposition of any cartilaginous expansion. The exposed portion of each valve in the shell of Chiton, and that only which is characterized by any sculpture or design of colouring, has the appearance of a convex shield, supported on either side by a raised triangular wing-like growth, forming as it were the radii of a circular plate which meet together in the anterior terminal valve; so that the sculpture and colouring of the cephalic valve is almost invariably the same as in the lateral areas of the rest; and the design of the central areas is as invariably different. The Chitons live attached to stones and fragments of shells in deep water, sometimes on exposed rocks, but most frequently under stones at about low-water mark. They exist in abundance on the south west shores of America, of Australia and New Zealand, the Eastern Archipelago, the Pacific Islands, Cape of Good Hope, West Indies, Sitka, and the shores of Europe and Asia. The genus Chiton has been subdivided by the Rev. Lansdowne Guilding, into the genera Acanthopleura and Kapellopleura, distinguishing the spiny and hairy species, into the genera Acanthochetes and Amicula, by My. Gray, to distinguish the fasciculate species, and those in which the mantle is extended over the shell, and a subgenus, under the name of Helminthochiton, has been proposed by Mr. Salter for the reception of the elongated species ; all these, however, can only be estimated as sections of the genus Chiton, and of a rank much inferior to that of Chiton- ellus, to which genus I refer for further observations. Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.) Curton Barnesit. Chit. testd subabbreviato-ovata, valvis angustis, terminalibus radiatim granosis, granis solita- riis, subirregularibus, valvis ceteris areis centralibus ad umbones levibus, deinde striis decussatis, quarum longi- tudinalibus fortioribus, areis lateralibus radiatim stria- tis, striis irregulariter et subrudé granosis ; valvis ter- minalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus olivaceo-fuscis, centralibus castaneo-fuscis, umbonibus nigricantibus, maculé luteo-albidé utrinque subdistanter notatis ; ligamento latiusculo, fortiter granoso-coriaceo, viridi- olivaceo. ' CHITON.—Ptare I. Barnes’ Carton. Shell rather shortly ovate, valves nar- row, terminal ones radiately granose, grains isolated, somewhat irregular, remaining valves with the cen- tral areas smooth at the umbones, then decussated with strie, of which the longitudinal are the stronger, lateral areas radiately striated, strize irregularly and rather rudely granose; extreme valves and lateral areas chesnut-brown, umbones blackish, marked with a rather distant yellowish-white blotch on each side ; ligament rather broad, strongly granosely coriaceous, greenish olive. GRaY, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 5. Hab. Coquimbo, Chili (found under round stones at low water); Cuming. Ihave been minute in describing this species, because its characters are unusually constant; its abbreviated peculiarity of form renders it easy to be distinguished from any other yet discovered. Species 2. (Fig. a and 6. Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton Cuminert. Chit. testé oblongo-ovati, valvis ter- minalibus tenué fortiter et creberrime radiatim granoso- striatis, ceteris areis centralibus ad umbones levius- culis et tenuissimé longitudinaliter sulcatis, latera versus striis granosis oblique decussatis, areis lateralibus striis granosis divergentibus exsculptis ; @reo-olivaced, nigri- cante et spadiceo-luteo plus minusve varia ; ligamento fortiter granoso-coriaceo, ereo-olivaceo. Cumine’s Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves finely strongly and very closely radiately granosely striated, the rest with the central areas rather smooth towards the umbones, and very finely longitudinally grooved, obliquely decussated towards the sides with granose strie, lateral areas engraved with divergent granose strize; bronze-olive, more or less variegated with black and fawn yellow; ligament strongly gra- nosely coriaceous, bronze olive. FremBty, Zool. Journal, vol. ui. p. 198. pl. (sup.) 16. f.3. Hab. Valparaiso (under stones at low water); Frembly, Cuming. This well-known species is found abundantly in the neighbourhood of Valparaiso, and it is only surprising that it should have remained so long undiscovered. Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON MAGNIFICUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus radiatim creberrimé striatis, striis viv gronulatis, ceteris areis centralibus postice levibus, antice longitudinaliter tenuisulcatis, lateralibus radiatim elevato-striatis, striis vie granulatis ; undique atro- olivaced, punctis ceruleis sparsd; Vigamento fortiter granoso-coriaceo, atro. THE MaGNiFicENT Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, termi- nal valves radiately very closely striated, strize scarcely evanulated, the rest with the central areas smooth posteriorly, longitudinally finely grooved anteriorly, lateral areas radiately elevately striated, striz very slightly granulous; jet olive throughout, sprinkled with blue dots; ligament strongly granosely coria- ceous, jet-black. Desuayes, Dict. Class. des Sciences Nat. vol. xii. p 455. Chiton latus, Sowerby. Chiton olivaceus, Frembly. Hab. Valparaiso (under stones at low water); Frembly, Cuming. Mr. Sowerby appears to have confounded this species in his ‘Catalogue’ with the following, C. striatus of Barnes, in which there are no traces of the numerous blue dots, that should have been distinguished in the accompanying figure. Species 23. (Fig. 3, 6. Mus. Cuming.) Curron sTRiatus. Chit. testé oblongo-ovaté, valwis ter- minalibus creberrimé undulato-striatis, ceteris areis centralibus postice circa umbones levibus, anticé tenue, autem fortiter, longitudinaliter sulcatis, areis latera- libus striis peculiariter reticulatis radiatis ; @rario- viridi aut rufescente, atro plus minusve flammaté ; ligamento fortiter granoso-coriaceo, atro. THE sTRIATED Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal, valves very closely undulately striated, the rest with the central areas smooth posteriorly around the um- bones, anteriorly finely but strongly longitudinally grooved, the lateral areas peculiarly radiately reticu- lated ; copperas-green or reddish, more or less flamed with jet-black; ligament strongly coriaceous, jet black. Barnes, Amer. Journ. of Science, vol. vii. Hab. Chili. Chiton subfuscus, Sowerby. The difference between this and the preceding species is not one of colour only; upon examining the lateral areas of the valves, it will be found that the strie instead of being disposed in divergent rays, are so arranged as to form a delicate net-work. CHITON.—Ptatz I. Species 4. (Fig. a, and 6. Mus. Cuming.) Curron Sroxesi. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminalibus striis peculiariter interruptis, undulatis,radiatis, ceteris areis centralibus longitudinaliter fortiter tenuiliratis, areis lateralibus, fortiter elevato-striatis, striis subdis- tantibus undulatis, obliqué decussatim divergentibus ; olivaceo-nigricante, maculis perpaucis pallidis utrinque umbones; ligamento fortiter granoso-coriaceo, viridi- olivaceo, nigro-marmorato. Sroxes’ Curron. Shell ovate, terminal valves radiated with peculiarly interrupted waved strize, the rest with the central areas strongly longitudinally finely stri- ated, lateral areas strongly elevately striated strize rather distant, waved and obliquely diverging across ; olive-black, with a few pale blotches near the umbones; ligament strongly granosely coriaceous, greenish- olive, marbled with black. Variety B. Fig. 4, 0. Testa parva undique rufo varia. Shell small, variegated with red throughout. BropeErip, Pro. Zool. Soc.. 1832. Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (under stones at low water); Cuming. The style of the cross diverging strize of the lateral areas should be carefully noticed in order to distinguish this species from its congeners. CHITON. Puate II. Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron Stcunus. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminalibus radiatim striatis, striis planatis, basen versus gradatin latioribus, valvd posticd superne umbonata, ceteris areis centralibus medio levibus, utrinque fortiter longitudi- naliter liratis, areis lateralibus radiatim elevato-stria- tis, striis par paria divergentibus ; pallidé spadiced, arearum lateralium marginibus anticis albipunctatis ; ligamento subtiliter granoso-coriaceo, spadiceo-rufo exi- liter marmorato. Tur Srcrutan Curron. Shell ovate, terminal valves radiately striated, strie flattened, gradually broader towards the base, posterior valve umbonated, the rest with the central areas smooth in the middle, strongly longitudinally ridged on each side, lateral areas radiately elevately striated, striee diverging in pairs; light drab, anterior edges of the lateral areas dotted white ; ligament finely granosely coriaceous, drab, faintly marbled with dull red. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 5. Chiton squamosus, var. aactorum. Chiton Polit, Deshayes (not of Philippi). Hab. Sicily. Before the prolific discoveries of Chitons elicited the at- tention of naturalists to the minute, yet unerring distinctions of sculpture which are now presented to us, there were probably several species confounded under the old Lin- nean title sguwamosus. Amongst the number was that under consideration, an inhabitant of the Mediterranean, amply distinguished, notwithstanding its general resem- blance, from the original C. sguamosus of the West Indies. Lamarck, and even the expositor of the Mediterranean eonchology, Philippi, failed to discover the remarkable want of similarity in the detail of these species, and it is through the observations of Mr. Gray, whose secession from conchological pursuits, (in the elucidation of species, at least,) is to be deplored, that the difference was first noted, in his ‘ Spicilegia Zoologica’. M. Deshayes with his usual acumen appears to have made the same discovery, and, unacquainted with Mr. Gray’s researches, distinguished the Sicilian species by the new title of C. Polii; the honoured name of the Neapolitan anatomist, was, how- ever, already occupied by Philippi, in reference to another species. For particulars in which the C. Siculus and squa- mosus differ, see Sp. 16. Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON MaARMORAtUS. , Chit. testd ovaté vel oblongo- ovata, valvis omnibus levigatis aut minutissimé creber- rime puncturatis ; cinereo-albida, olivaceo-nigricante peculiariter variegaté et marmorata ; ligamento squa- mato-coriaceo, cinereo-albo, nigricante plus minusve marmorato. THE MARBLED Curron. Shell ovate or oblong-ovate, all the valves smooth or very minutely closely punc- tured; cinereous white, peouliarly variegated and marbled witholive-black; ligament squamately cori- aceous, cinereous white, more or less marbled with black. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3205. Hab. > Though a species of comparatively ancient date, it is not one of common occurrence ; the surface of the valves has a smooth polished appearance, but upon examining it with the assistance of the lens, it will be found to have a minute shagreen appearance, or studded with the finest and closest possible superficial punctures. The coriaceous grains of the ligament are of an oval squamate form. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON articuLatus. Chit. testd suborbiculari-ovata, valvis omnibus levibus aut minutissimé et creberrimée puncturatis ; olivaced, medio virescente, nigro ad wn- bones et utrinque maculata, arearum lateralium mar- ginibus posticis pallide olivaceo nigroque articulatis ; ligamento squamato-coriaceo, olivaceo-virescente, ma- culis grandibus saturatioribus marmorato. THE ARTICULATED CuiTon. Shell somewhat orbicularly ovate, all the valves smooth, or very minutely and closely punctured; olive, greenish in the middle, blotched at the umbones and on each side with black, posterior edges of the lateral areas articulated with black and pale olive; ligament squamately cori- aceous, olive-green, marbled with large blotches of a darker tint. SoweErsy, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832. p. 59. Hab. St. Blas, Bay of California (under stones at low water); Cuming. This species is perfectly distinct from the preceding, but partakes very much nevertheless of its characters; the valves are smooth yet alike distinguished by that minute February, 1847. CHITON.—Ptate II. punctured engraving which is not visible to the unassisted sight; it is yet more closely allied to the C. levigatus, but may be distinguished by its broader growth. Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton Goopatiit. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatié, subgquad- rata, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus punctis elevatis minutissimis subdistantibus aspersis, centralibus levibus, concentrice striatis ; olivaceo-nigra; ligamento squamato-coriaceo, squamis subumbonatis, nigro aut viridi-marmorato. Goopat.’s Carron. Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat square, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest sprinkled with very minute rather distant raised dots, central areas smooth, concentrically striated; olive-black ; ligament squamately coriaceous, scales slightly um- bonated, black or green-marbled. Bropverip, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832. p. 25. Hab. James Island, Gallapagos (in exposed situations, also under stones and ledges of rock); Cuming. This fine species, named after the late venerable Provost of Eton College, was the first newly described shell of Mr. Cuming’s collection. From C. magnificus, which it ap- proximates in general aspect, it may be at once distin- guished by its more oblong-square form, and want of lon- gitudinal grooves and divergent ridges ; in some specimens there is a series of faint blueish-green dashes on either side of the wmbonal eminence. Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton Bowernt. Chit. testd subelongato-ovatd, medio angulato-elevatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areis- que lateralibus radiatim ewiliter tenuisulcatis, centralibus levibus, concentricé striatis ; fusca, valvis spadiceo hic illic anticé flammulatis ; ligamento subtiliter granoso- coriaceo, nigro. Bowen’s Curron. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, an- gularly elevated in the middle, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest faintly finely grooved, central areas smooth, concentrically striated; brown, valves marked here and there on the anterior portion with fawn-coloured flames ; ligament finely granosely coria- ceous, black. Kine, Zool. Journal, vol. 5. p. 338. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens ; King. Of a curious elongated form, peculiarly elevated along the umbonal eminence. Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON AUSTRALIS. Chit. testé oblongo-ovaté, valvis ter- minalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim liratis, iris subgranosis, rude undulatis, hic illic bifa- riam divergentibus, areis centralibus rudé longitudina- liter granoso-liratis, umbonibus levibus ; viridi-nigri- cante, medio viridiore umbonibus roseis; ligamento fortiter granoso-coriaceo, nigricante. THE SOUTHERN CurTon. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately ridged, ridges subgranose, rudely undulated, here and there bifariously divergent, central areas rudely longitudi- nally granosely ridged, umbones smooth; greenish black, greener towards the middle, umbones pink; ligament strongly granosely coriaceous, blackish. Sowzrsy, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840; Conch. Illus. f. 46. An eadem? Chiton evanidus, Sowerby, Conch. Illus. f. 139. Hab. Australia. Raines’ Island, Torres Straits; Ince. The very dark green body and pink umboes of this shell afford a contrast of colour similar to that exhibited of lighter hue in the C. Magdalenensis. Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON ALBILINEATUS. Chit. testd subelongato-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areis lateralibus levibus, nigricantibus, lineis subelevatis undulatis, interruptis, rugisve subdistantibus, conspicué albis, radiatis, areis centralis levibus, aut hic illic nigricantibus aut omnino cinereo-albo pulcherrimé et minutissime concentricé un- datis, summitate umbonali nigricante, lird lata longi- tudinali albidé utringue notatd, ligamento granoso- coriaceo, cinereo-albo. THE WHITE-LINEATED CuHItTon. Shell somewhat elon- gately ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest smooth, blackish, radiated with rather distant con- spicuously white, interrupted, waved, slightly raised lines or wrinkles, central areas smooth, here and there black or altogether very beautifully minutely concentrically waved with ash-white, umbonal emi- nence black, marked with a broad longitudinal white line on each side; ligament granosely oriaceous, pale ash. Sowsrsy, Zool. Journal, vol. iv. p. 368. Hab, Guaymas, Gulf of Califormia. The white radiated painting of this species is remark- ably characteristic; on a black ground, it exhibits an un- usually effective contrast. Chitor [0.1 Y Reeve, imp Sowerby, del. et lith pa ae tiop 53 Sai need seRisbe iy CHITON. Puare III. Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton Lyrxii. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis sub- rotundatis, umbonibus rostratis, omnibus rugis tmpressis subtilibus oblique et concentricé decussatis ; valvis ad latera vivide viridibus, medio roseis, nigro per sum- mitatem umbonalem nitidé pictis; ligamento corneo, granoso-arenaceo, fusco-marmorato. Lyru’s Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, valves somewhat rounded, wmbones beaked, all obliquely and concen- trically decussated with fine impressed wrinkles ; valves bright green at the sides, rose pink in the middle and neatly painted with black along the um- bonal eminence; ligament horny, granosely arena- ceous, fawn colour, marbled with brown. SoweErsy, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832. p. 26. Hab, Pitcairn’s Island, Polynesian Group (in small round hollows formed by Hchini in exposed situations at low-water mark); Cuming. This exquisite little species, named in honour of our celebrated geologist, is the gem of the genus; the colours are bright and brilliant, and disposed with adventitious beauty. Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton Buatnvitiit. Chit. testd suborbiculari-ovatd, valvis latissimis angustis, posticis parvis, terminali minima, valvd anticd terminali obscuré radiata, ceteris lavibus, concentricé lineatis, areis lateralibus concavo- impressis ; roseo, albo, fusco viridique varia ; ligamento corneo, setis brevibus hinc et hine remote munito, pos- tice contracto, anticé enormiter producto. BLAINVILLE’s Corton. Shell somewhat orbicularly ovate, valves very broad transversely, and narrow longitu- dinally, posterior small, the terminal very small, an- terior terminal valve obscurely rayed, the rest smooth, concentrically lineated, lateral areas concavely im- pressed; variegated with pink, white, brown, and green; ligament horny, remotely furnished here and there with short bristles, contracted posteriorly, enor- mously produced anteriorly. Broperip, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832. p. 27. Hab. Toner Lobos Island, Peru (attached to a stone at the depth of seventeen fathoms); Cuming. This species, of which Mr. Cuming only collected a few examples, attached to one particular stone, at the above- named island, is chiefly remarkable on account of the extraordinary anterior extension of the ligament; extraor- dinary, because out of the vast amount of species forming the subject of this monograph, not one exhibits the least modification of such a condition. The shell is also re- markable, and widely distinct from any species hitherto discovered; together, they form a curious resemblance to the English coal-heavers’s cap. Species 14, (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton CuiLonnsis. Chit. testd oblongo-oratd, valvis elevatiusculis, levibus aut concentricé striatis ; wmbo- nibus subrostratis ; lurido-viridi, medium versus pallidi- ore, fusco-nigricante pone umbones tinctd ; ligamento corneo, translucido. THe Curton Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, valves rather elevated, smooth or concentrically striated, umbones a little beaked; lurid green, paler towards the mid- dle, stained with a brown-black dash behind the umbones ; ligament horny, transparent. Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 58. Hab. Island of Chiloe, west coast of South America (under stones); Cuming. I cannot detect the punctured striee which Mr. Sowerby describes as characteristic of this species; it has been regarded a variety of the C. elegans, but may be readily distinguished by the more elevated and beaked structure of the valves, and absence of raised granules; there is also a pecularity in the colouring which does not accord with any of the multifarious varieties of painting which that species is known to exhibit. Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron suncatus. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, valvis om- nibus fortiter sulcatis, liris valvarum terminalium arearumque lateralium radiatim dispositis, hic illic irregulariter bifariam divergentibus, centralium longitu- dinalibus, wmbones versus leviter curvatis ; undique anthracind ; ligamento granoso-coriaceo, olivaceo-nigro. Tur GrooveD Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, all the valves strongly grooved, ridges of the terminal valves and of the lateral areas radiately disposed, here and there irregularly bifariously divergent, of the central areas longitudinal, slightly curved towards the wn- boes; coal-black throughout; ligament granosely coriaceous, olive-black. Woop, General Conchology, p. 16. February, 1847. CHITON.—Puate IIT. Hab. Lord Hood’s and James Islands, Gallapagos (under stones); Cuming. This fine species is of one uniform intense shining black, its absence of colour bemg amply compensated by the boldness of its sculpture. Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron sauamosus. Chit. testi oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus decussatim granoso-radiatis, granis mar- ginem versus subprominentibus, valvis ceteris areis late- ralibus margine postico serratis, radiatim liratis, lives callositatibus parvis graniformibus, oblique interruptis, areis centralibus vertice levibus, utringue liratis, liris umbones versus concentricé curvatis ; olivaceo-cinered, hic illic saturatioré varia ; ligamento sqyuamato-coriaceo, olivaceo-cinereo, maculis grandibus olivaceis tessellato. THE scaLy Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves decussately granosely rayed, grains rather prominent towards the margin, the rest of the valves with the lateral areas serrated along the posterior edge, radiately ridged, ridges obliquely interrupted, with small grain-like callosities, central areas smooth along the top, ridged on both sides, ridges concentrically curved towards the umboes; olive-ash, here and there variegated of a darker tint; ligament squamately coriaceous, olive-ash, tessellated with large olive spots. Variety 8. (PI. IV. Fig. 23. Mus. Cuming.) Testa omnino nitide olivaceo-nigricans. Shell altogether shining olive-black. Linnaus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1107. Hab. West Indies. When we consider that corpore sguamuloso”’ was the sole diagnose which Linnzeus attached to this species, it is not to be wondered that more than one should have been confounded with it by subse- quent authors. Little did the profound author of the ‘ Sys- tema Nature’ think that the brief enumeration of characters just quoted, might be applied to some scores of species then abounding in their concealed places of attachment, along the shores of the South Pacific Ocean. It is only necessary, however, in the present instance to refer to the C. Sicudus, represented in Pl. 2; in that species which has been confounded with the C. sgwamosus by both Lamarck and Philippi, the longitudinal grooves of the central areas are straight, in this they are concentrically curved towards the umboes; the radiating ridges of the lateral areas are regular and smooth in the C. Siculus, in the C. sguamosus they range obliquely and are inter- rupted at intervals with small granular callosities, the posterior edge of the areas, too, are serrated; the terminal valves of the former species, like the lateral areas, are rayed with simple, smooth ridges, divided hemispherically “testa octovalvi semistriatd, crosswise into granules, like an engine-turned watch-case, and the ligament is much more coarsely coriaceous. Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.) CuiTon CHILENSIS. Chit. testd, oblongo-ovatd, antice sub- attenuata, valvis medio anticé tenuisulcatis, utringue striis concentricis et obliquis obscuré decussatis, umbo- nibus levibus, appressis ; intense castaned, fere nigra, umbonibus lutescentibus rufo exiliter pictis ; ligamento corneo, levi, translucido. Tue Cuiti Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, a little attenu- ated anteriorly, valves finely grooved in the middle anteriorly, obscurely decussated with concentric and oblique striz on either side, umboes smooth, short, appressed ; very dark red-chesnut, almost black, um- boes yellowish faintly painted with red: ligament horny, smooth, transparent. Hab. Valparaiso, Chili (in crevices of rocks and under stones); Frembly, Cuming. Distinguished from C. elegans, amongst other characters, by the absence of granules, and different style of painting ; and from C. Chiloensis by the broad appressed structure of the umboes, painting, &c. Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron cymBroLa. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, utringue attenuatd, precipue postice, medio angulato-elevatd, valois undique levibus, posticd terminali umbonaté ; spadiced, areis lateralibus lineis fuscescentibus, acute undatis, exiliter pictis, albo per marginem anticam arti- culatis, areis centralibus lineis fuscescentibus irregu- laribus longitudinatiter undulatis, ornatis, valvarum duarum anticarum (in hoc specimine) nigricante-casta- neis ; ligamento subtiliter granoso-coriaceo, spadiceo fuscoque tessellato. THE LITTLE Boat Cutton. Shell oblong-ovate, attenuated at both ends, especially at the posterior, angularly raised in the middle, valves smooth throughout, pos- terior terminal valve umbonated, light fawn-colour, lateral areas faintly painted with light brown zigzag lines, articulated with white along the anterior edge, central areas ornamented with irregular longitudinally waved light brown lines, of the two anterior valves (in this specimen) blackish-chesnut ; ligament finely granose, tessellated with brown and bay. Sowersy, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840. Conch. Illus. f. 45. (not f. 85 and 86). Hab. ° It should be observed that the articulated painting of this species is on the front edge of the lateral areas, not on the posterior, as in most species in which this design of painting occurs fm et Lith: Be, .s & iH ME gE Ne , Chitee f tl, fis CHITON. Puate LV. Species 19. (Fig. a, 6,c. Mus. Cuming.) CuHITON ELEGANS. Chit. test@ oblongo-ovatd, antice sub- attenuata, valvis medio lavibus, umbonibus subdepressis, deinde striis obliquis utringue obscuré decussatis, late- ribus granulatis, granulis minutis, regularibus, sub- distantibus ; lutescente, nigro, rufo viridique varié pictd, interdum omnino luteo-rufescente aut castaneo-nigri- cante ; ligamento corneo, translucido. THE ELEGANT Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat attenuated anteriorly, valves smooth towards the middle, umboes somewhat depressed, then decus- sated with oblique striz, sidgs granulated, granules minute, regular, somewhat distant ; yellowish, vari- ously painted with black, red, and green, sometimes entirely yellowish, red or chesnut black; ligament horny, transparent. Frems ty, Zool. Journ. vol. iii. p. 203. pl. (supp.) 17. f. 6. Hab. Valparaiso, Chili (under stones at low water); Frembly, Cuming. This beautiful and well-known species, found abun- dantly in the Bay of Valparaiso, is extremely variable in its general painting; its most constant distinguishing cha- racter consists in the lateral portions of the valves being minutely, yet conspicuously, granulated. Species 20. (Fig. a, and Fig. 6. in Pl. V. Mus. Cuming.) Curron MagpaLEneEnsis. Chit. testd elongato-ovatd, valva terminali posticdé latiusculd umbonata marginem ver- sus peculiariter compressd, anticé attenuata, declivi, ambabus rudé radiatim striatis, valvis ceteris areis lateralibus peculiariter Pinneformibus, rude striatis, centralibus striis rudibus subdistantibus longitudinaliter undulatis ; vitriolo-virescente, umbonibus roseis, liga- mento corneo, rugoso-arenaceo. Tue Macpatena Cuiton. Shell elongately ovate, the terminal posterior valve rather broad, umbo- nated, and peculiarly compressed towards the margin, anterior attenuated, standing forward, both rudely radiately striated, the rest of the valves with the lateral areas peculiarly Pinna-shaped, and rudely striated, the central areas with rude longitudinal strie, waved and rather distant; light copperas green, umbones pink; ligament horny, roughly arenaceous. Hrnps, Moll. Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur, p.54. pl. 19. f.1. Hab. Bay of Magdalena, California (in considerable num- bers on the rocks); Hinds. A very characteristic species ; though approaching closely in detail of sculpture to the C. australis, the peculiarities of form and structure above noted amply distinguish it. Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.) CuITON bissuNcTUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis peculiariter disjunctis, levibus aut concentricé striatis, terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus granulosis, granulis perpaucis, sparsis aut radiatim dispositis ; chocolato-fuscd, albido nigro-flammeo interdum solita- rius ornatd, granulis vivide sapphiro-ceruleis ; liga- mento corneo, translucido. THE DISJOINED CuITON. Shell oblong-ovate, the valves peculiarly disjoined, smooth or concentrically stri- ated, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest very finely granulated, granules very few in number, scat- tered or disposed in rays; chocolate-brown, some- times solitarily marked with white, curiously flamed with black, granules bright sapphire blue; ligament horny, somewhat transparent. Frems ty, Zool. Journal, vol. ii. p. 203. Hab. Valparaiso (under stones in mud at low water); Cuming. This is a remarkable species both in respect of form and painting; the valves are not disjoined in reality, but have that appearance outwardly, in consequence of being enveloped to a certain extent, by horny ligament. The chief peculiarity in the painting consists in the bright blue granules, but these are so minute as to be easily overlooked. Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton CoaQvIMBENSIS. valvd terminali anticad levigatd, posticd utringue cari- naté, caterarum areis lateralibus granoso-carinatis, centralibus medio sulcis duobus latiusculis punctatis radiatis, sulcis angustis arcuatis numerosis confertis prope laterum carinas; nigricante-chocolato-fuscé ; ligamento corneo, subarenaceo, nigricante, processibus longitudinaliter oblongis fuscescentibus undique munito. Chit. testa subelongato-ovatd, February, 1847. CHITON.—Puate IV. THe Coavimpo Cuiton. Shell somewhat eclongately ovate, anterior terminal valve smooth, posterior keeled on both sides, lateral areas of the rest granosely keeled, central areas rayed with two rather broad punctured grooves with numerous close-set arched narrow grooves near the keels of the sides; dark chocolate-brown; ligament horny, subarenaceous, blackish, furnished with light brown longitudinally oblong processes throughout. FREMBLY, Zool. Journal, vol. iti. p. 197. Hab. South side of Coquimbo Bay, Chil (in exposed situations on rocks); Frembly, Cuming. The ligament of this shell is quite peculiar, I am not aware that there is the least approximation in respect to its curious oblong processes in any other species. Living in exposed situations the valves are for the most part more or less eroded at the umbones. For description of Fig. 23, see Pl. 3. Sp. 16. Chaton squamosus, Var. B. Sowerby, del et Lith 79 gt? >) Chile [11h “ Cael TAOuNe Puate V. Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron GRANATUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis for- titer rugoso-granatis, presertim ad latera, wmbonibus levibus vel erosis ; sordidé cinerea, granis nigricantibus, summitate umbonali nigro-maculata ; ligamento corneo, atro. THE GRANITE CuITOoN. Shell oblong-ovate, valves strongly roughly grained, especially at the sides, umboes smooth; dirty ash or stone colour, grains blackish, umbonal eminence blotched with black; ligament horny, jet black. ITab. ? A new species so distinct in itself, that I am not aware of any hitherto collected with which a comparison can be instituted. Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON CASTANEUS. Chit. testé ovatd, valvis levibus aut minutissime puncturatis ; cinereo-spadiced, flammis al- bidis minutis, rufo-punctatis, varid, areis lateralibus margine postico articulatis valvis interdum duabus aut pluribus intense castaneis ; ligamento, corneo, arenaceo, sordidé fusco. THE cHESNUT CHITON. Shell ovate, valves smooth or very minutely punctured; ashy fawn colour, mottled with minute red-spotted whitish flames, posterior edges of the lateral areas articulated, sometimes two or more of the valves deep chesnut; ligament horny, arenaceous, dirty brown. Woop, General Conchology, p. 13. pl. 2 and 3. f. 2 and 3. (not C. castaneus, Quoy). Hab. Cape of Good Hope; Brown. The chief variation in the colour of this species consists in its beg more or less enveloped by a veil, as it were, of intense chesnut ; sometimes it covers it entirely, some- times, as in the specimen here figured, it appears on the terminal valves only. Species 26. (Fig. a, b,c. Mus. Cuming.) CHITON FASTIGIATUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, interdum medio subelevatd, valvis levibus, concentricée striatis, terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim puncturatis ; fuscd vel albidd, lineis concentricis satura- tioribus varie pictdé, summitate umbonali interdum fused ; ligamento, corneo, translucido. THE SHARP-ANGLED Cuiton. Shell oblong-ovate, some- times rather elevated in the middle, valves smooth, concentrically striated, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately punctured; brown or whitish, variously painted with concentric lines of a darker colour, wmbonal summit sometimes dark brown ; ligament horny, transparent. Gray, Sowerby, Conch. Illus. Cat. n. 76. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens. The chief distinguishing features of this species are the rays of minute punctures upon the terminal and lateral areas, and the concentric style of colowring which is the same, however variable the tint. Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON GRANOSUS. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis crassiusculis, terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim granulatis, granulis solitariis, subdistantibus, interdum irregularibus, areis centralibus tenwissime autem per- spicué longitudinaliter granoso-liratis; atrd, macula albidé rudi oblonga, utrinque umbones ornata ; liga- mento fortiter granoso-coriaceo, granis subadamantinis. THE GRANOSE CuiTon. Shell ovate, valves rather thick, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately granulated, granules solitary, rather distant, some- times irregular, central areas very finely but distinctly longitudinally granosely ridged; jet black, ornamented with a rude whitish oblong blotch on each side the unboes; ligament strongy granosely coriaceous, some- what diamond-shaped. FReMBLY, Zool. Journal, vol. iii. p. 200. pl. (supp.) 17. f.1. Hab. Valparaiso, Chili (in the fissures of rocks, generally out of reach of the breakers); Frembly, Cuming. Mr. Frembly observes that this species, like many Patelle, is sometimes found at such a distance from the water, that it must pass a considerable portion of its ex- istence apart from it. February, 1847. i th ify hae wv Chitow Ll LE4 L6 © Reeve imp Sowerby, del. et lith ee boot = Saray oe 6 Hhitow Ll h Sowerby, del et lith - Reeve im « 7 CHITON. Prats VI. Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITon FovEoLatus. Chit. testé ovatd, valvis utrinque peculiariter excavatis, terminalibus, posticd umbonatd, granoso-radiatis, granis solitariis, ceterarum areis late- ralibus solidis, elevatis, granoso-liratis, sulcis intersti- tialibus subexcavatis, arearum lateralium declivitatibus anticis aut levibus aut oblique corrugato-striatis ; viri- descente, olivaceo-fusco varia, vel olivaceo-nigricante, areis lateralibus hic illic pallidioribus ; ligamento squamato-coriaceo, olivaceo-viridt. THE PITTED CurToN. Shell ovate, valves peculiarly ex- cavated on each side, terminal valves, the posterior umbonated, granosely radiated, grains solitary, lateral areas of the rest solid, raised, granosely ridged, inter- stitial grooves somewhat hollowed, anterior declivities of the lateral areas either smooth or obliquely ridged, centrai areas smooth in the middle, obliquely corru- gately striated on both sides; greenish, variegated with olive-brown, or olive-black, the lateral areas being here and there paler; ligament squamately coriaceous, olive-green. SoweErsy, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840. Conch. Illus. f. 60. Eadem var. Chiton excavatus, Gray ? Sowerby, Conch. Ill. f. 131. Hab. Jamaica. This species is extremely variable in colour and general style of painting, though mostly of rather a sombre hue ; but it may be readily distinguished by the deeply exca- vated recesses between the lateral areas. Although the figures of C. foveolatus and excavatus in Mr. Sowerby’s ‘Conchological Illustrations,’ present such a different aspect, I have no doubt of their specific relation, the for- mer having been described and figured from an inferior example. Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON cRENULATUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, anticé subattenuatd, valvis terminalibus, posticd umbonatd, retusa, ceterarum areis lateralibus, rugoso-granulatis, granulis irregularibus, vix radiantibus, areis centralibus medio unicarinatis, utringue concentrice striatis, striis elevatis, undulatis, quasi corrugatis ; albido-rosed, u- trinque viridescente, lineis nigro-viridis undulatis, con- centricis ornatd ; ligamento corneo, translucido. THE CRENULATED CurTon. Shell oblong-ovate, a litle attenuated anteriorly, terminal valves, the posterior umbonated and retuse, and lateral areas of the rest roughly granuled, granules irregular, scarcely radi- ating, central areas with a single keel along the mid- dle, concentrically striated on both sides, strize raised, waved, as if wrinkled; whitish rose, greenish on each side, ornamented with very dark green concentric waved lines; ligament horny, transparent. Broperip, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832. p. 27. Hab. Panama, Central America (under stones below low water mark); Cuming. The concentric striz of this species form an oblique crenulated range, on each side the umbonal eminences, which is very characteristic. Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.) CuHIton patuLus. Chit. testé subabbreviato-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus liris brevi- bus interruptis decussatim reticulatis, areis centralibus tenuissime granuloso-liratis ; anthracind, maculd rudt oblonga albida utrinque summitatem umbonalem ; liga- mento granoso-coriaceo, granis grandibus, atro. THE WIDE CuiTon. Shell somewhat abbreviately ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest decus- sately reticulated with short interrupted ridges, cen- tral areas very finely granosely ridged; coal-black, with a rude oblong whitish blotch on each side the wmbonal eminence; ligament granosely coriaceous, grains large, jet black. SowerBy, Mag. Nat. Aist., 1840. Hab. ? Conch. Illus. f. 134. The difference between the C. patulus and granosus is sufficiently manifest, notwithstanding their identity of colour and general aspect; the terminal valves and lateral areas of the former are rayed with granules, whilst in the latter they are characterized by a distinct net-work; the C. patulus and Stokesii scarcely differ, except in form and obesity, and I very much doubt if they are more than local varieties of the same species. I have hesitated, how- ever, to adopt this opinion, because Mr. Cuming has specimens of each, easily to be recognized from the other without any intermediate state. February, 1847. CHITON.—Puate VI. Species 31. Mus. Cuming. Curron votvox. Chit. testé subelongato-ovatd, valvis un- dique tenuissimé liratis, liris angustis, vin undulatis, interstitiis peculiariter crenulato-clathratis, valvarum umbonibus vellicatis, acute erectis, valvé terminali pos- ticd parva, ad extremitatem umbonaté; albidd, lateribus viridibus, areis lateralibus nigro-viridi tessellatis, um- bonibus roseo-purpureis ; ligamento postice fissurato, arenaceo-coriaceo, fusco. THE CATERPILLAR Curron. Shell somewhat elongately -ovate, valves very finely ridged throughout, ridges narrow, slightly waved, interstices peculiarly crenu- lately latticed, umboes of the valves pinched and sharply erect, posterior terminal valve small, umbo- nated to the extremity ; ligament slit at the posterior end, arenaceously coriaceous, brown. Hab. Sydney, New Holland; Jukes. An extremely interesting species, in which the umboes have a pinched erect growth, and are prickly-pointed ; it is altogether a most distinct species. Species 32. (Fig. a, and 4. Mus. Cuming.) Curron Watsont. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis omni- bus levibus et subtilissimeé incisis, sulcis ab umbonibus radiantibus, areis lateralibus vix elevatis; olivaceo- ‘vel rufo-fuscd, viridescente interdum concentricé macu- latd, summitate umbonali nigricante-fuscd ; ligamento corneo, fusco, setis brevissimis, curris nigris ad inter- stitia lateralia valvarum, munito. Watson’s Carron. Shell oblong-ovate, all the valves smooth and finely engraved, the grooves radiating from the umboes, lateral areas but little raised ; olive or reddish-brown, sometimes concentrically splashed with pale green, umbonal eminence blackish-brown ; ligament horny, brown, furnished with very short bristles, with tufts of black curled hair at the lateral interstices of the valves. Sowersy, Mag. Nat. Hist.1840. Conch. Illus. f.81, 82,130. An eadem? Chiton castaneus, Quoy (not of Wood). Hab. Cape of Good Hope. This species varies in colour from a deep reddish mahog- any brown to an olive-brown, more or less variegated with concentric splashes of light green, the umbonal eminence being always darkened with a series of longitu- dinally triangular spots of much darker brown, nearly black ; the lateral interstices of the valves are mostly filled with rude tufts of harsh curled bristly hair. Lt, | Chili 290 Sowerk del ilove / Ye li VEE CHITON. Puarte VII. Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON LINEATUS., Chit. testd ovatd, valvis undique levi- bus, areis lateralibus vix elevatis ; aureo-lutescente, ad latera lineis rufis albimarginatis, longitudinaliter obli- quis, subundulatis, pulcherrime virgatd, summitate umbonali macula rufa trigond hic illic pictd ; ligamento corneo, translucido. THE LINEATED Curron. Shell ovate, valves smooth throughout, lateral areas scarcely raised ; orange yellow, beautifully striped at the sides with red white- edged lines longitudinally obliquely ranged and a little waved, umbonal eminence painted here and there with a triangular red blotch; ligament horny, trans- parent. Woop, General Conchology, p. 15. pl. 2. f. 4 and 5. Hab. Sitka, North California, Hinds. An exquisitely beautiful species, easily recognised by the accompanying figure showing its very peculiar style of painting. Species 34. (Fig. a, 6, and c. Mus. Cuming.) Cuiron LiNgoLatus. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, anticé attenuatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque late- ralibus minutissimé granulatis, centralibus levibus ; luteo-fulvd, lineis undulatis rufo-castaneis concentricis regulariter picté, maculis rufo-castaneis pluribus aut minoribus ; ligamento corneo, translucido. THE FINELY-LINEATED Curiron. Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat attenuated anteriorly, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest very minutely granulated, central areas smooth; yellowish-fulvous, regularly painted with reddish chesnut concentric waved lines, and more or less blotched with the same colour ; liga- ment horny, transparent. Frey, Zool. Journal, vol. ui. p. 204. pl. (supp.) 17. f.7. Hab. Valparaiso, Chili (in clefts of the rocks at low- water); Frembly, Cuming. The Chiton lineolatus was introduced by Mr. Frembly, with some anxiety as to the propriety of it being consi- dered a species distinct from C. elegans; and it is in truth a very questionable one. It was at one time thought to present a distinction, in having the lateral areas punctured instead of granulated, the dots impressed in place of being raised, but it is not so; and it only remains to determine whether its concentric lineated painting is of sufficient im- portance to constitute it a species. In taking a review of the genus I am inclined to think, that however variable the Chitons may be in colour, there is no great inconstancy in their style of painting; it is trne that this and one or two other species are more or less enveloped by a dark chesnut veil, but where the pattern is exposed to view the design is invariably permanent. Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.) CHiTon L&vIGatTUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovata, valvis om- nibus levibus aut minutissime et creberrime puncturatis ; olivaced, medio lutescente, maculis plurimis nigris ob- longis variegatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus lineis subtilibus nigricantibus radiatis ; ligamento squamato-coriaceo, squamis parvis, olivaceo- virescente, maculis grandibus saturatioribus marmorato. THE smMootH Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, all the valves smooth or very minutely and closely punctured ; olive, yellowish in the middle, variegated with several oblong black blotches, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest rayed with fine blackish lines ; hga- ment squamately coriaceous, scales small, olive-green, marbled with large spots of a darker hue. SowErBy, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832. Hab. Guaymas, Bay of California (under stones); Ealing, H.M.S. Sapphire. The sculpture of this species is precisely similar to that of the C. articulatus, and it differs little in colour and de- sign, except in having a series of fine black rays on the terminal and lateral valves, whilst the articulated pattern along the anterior edge of the valves of that species is wanting in this; in form it is more oblong, and this variation appears to be permanent. Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.) Cutton revs. Chit. testé oblongo-ovati, medio an- gulato-elevatd, valvis undique rudé impresso-striatis, summitate umbonali levi; sordidé viridi; ligamento granoso-coriaceo. THe copppr Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, angularly raised in the middle, valves rudely impressly striated throughout, umbonal eminence smooth; dull green ; ligament granosely coriaceous. Hab. New Zealand; Karl. February, 1847. CHITON.—Ptate VII. Very characteristic in appearance, though simple in detail; the colour is an nniform dull green, except along the rubbed umbonal summit, where it has a copperas hue. Species 37. (Fig. a, and 4. Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton Hennant. Chit. testd ovatd, subplanatd, valvis transversim latiusculis, longitudinaliter angustis, un- dique subtiliter granoso-striatis; fusco aut rubente, concentricé lineatd, maculd oblonga niyricante utringue umbones interdum picté ; ligamento corneo, setis bre- vissimis perpaucis asperso. Hennau’s Curron. Shell ovate, somewhat flattened, valves transversely rather broad, longitudinally nar- row, finely granosely striated throughout ; brown or reddish, concentrically lineated, sometimes painted with an oblong blackish spot on either side of the umboes ; ligament horny, sprinkled with a few very short bristles. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 5. Hab. Callao Bay, Peru (found attached to Pectens in sandy mud, at a depth of from five to seven fathoms); Cuming. The habits of this and the following species appear to differ from the generality, in living attached to shells; the C. Hennahii may be readily distinguished by its broad peculiarity of form. Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON Swarnsont. Chit. testd oblongo-ovaté, anticé sub- attenuata, valvis leviter rotundatis, crassiusculis, medio elevatis, terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus creberrime granoso-radiatis, centralibus longitudinaliter tenuissime sulcatis ; aurco-luted, lineis sanguineo-fuscis concentricis undulatis undique creberrimeé pictd, macula- que oblonga utringue wmbones; ligamento corneo, translucido. Swainson’s Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, a little attenu- ated anteriorly, valves slightly rounded, rather thick, raised in the middle, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest granosely rayed, central areas longitudi- nally finely grooved; golden yellow, very closely painted throughout with waved concentric red brown lines, and an oblong blotch of the same colour on either side of the umboes; ligament horny, transpa- rent. Sowersy, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832. p. 27. Hab, Iquiqui and Callao, Peru (found attached to Mussels and Pectens, at a depth of from seven to nine fathoms); Cuming. Neither of Mr. Sowerby’s figures in the ‘ Conchological Illustrations’, and the plate which accompanies this, give anything more than a general outline of this species; it is distinguished by characters which are too minute for pictorial display, and the chief of these consists in its style of painting. ‘The ground colour of the shell, which is grooved and granulated, is of a deep yellow, and it is painted throughout with deep morone lines, disposed con- centrically, and a little waved, after the design of the C. lineolatus, but finer and closer set. Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.) Curton FuLVuS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis termi- nalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus striis irregula- riter et superficialiter radiatis, centralibus longitudina- liter tenuissimeé striatis, striis elevatis, granosis ; livido- fulvco-fuscd, striis longitudinalibus et radiantibus opaco- ceruleo-albis ; ligamento corneo, translucido. THE FULVous CuiTon. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest irregularly and superficially rayed with striz, central areas very finely longitudinally striated, strice raised, granose; livid fulvous brown, longitudinal and radiating strize opake blueish white; ligament horny, transparent. Woop, General Conchology, p. 7. pl. 1. f. 2. Hab. Coasts of Spain and Portugal. This species presents a peculiarity of painting which cannot be adequately represented in an engraving ; a series of fine opal thread-like lines upon a dark fulvous brown ground, looking as if they were superadded by artificial means in body-colour. The central areas, as figured by Mr. Wood thirty years since, are sometimes inclined to yellow. thitov LL Vi. B60 3S 37? Sowerby, del. ct ith EVE, INE ua ou oy : ie ee hy ‘ Chit [1 VIL. : C pee Pre he e ~ == é a . ; Sowerby, del. et ath : | 7 ’ heeve, imp i i] Bete. 8 4d > mt f > . shih eet it ens eH CHITON. Prater VIII. Species 40. (Fig. a and 4, Mus. Cuming.) Curron ELoNGATUS. Chit. testd elongatd, valde angusta, valva terminali anticd octofariam carinata, interstitis inter carinas alternatim oblique sulcatis posticd ad eatremitatem umbonata, valvis ceteris creberrime tenui- sulcatis, areis centralibus sulcis longitudinalibus, late- ralibus antice carinatis, sulcis obliquis ; cinered aut purpureo-fuscd, carinis albo fuscoque undique articu- latis; ligamento lato, corneo, scabro, setis brevibus minutis obsito, postice fissurato. THE ELONGATED Curron. Shell elongated, very narrow, anterior terminal valve eight-keeled, interstices be- tween the keels alternately obliquely grooved, poste- rior umbonated to the extremity, the rest of the valves very closely finely grooved, central areas with the grooves longitudinal, lateral areas, keeled along the front, with the grooves oblique; ash or purple-brown, keels articulated throughout with white and brown; ligament broad, horny, rough, beset with very minute short bristles, slit at the posterior end. Hab. Raines’ Island, Torres Straits, New Holland; Ince. An interesting new species allied to the C. alatus, but of more diminutive proportions, with the valves more square. Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON vioLAcnus. Chit. testd subelongatd, valvis sub- cordiformibus, planiusculis, medio acutis, undique sub- tiliter et creberrime granulatis ; intens® purpureo-rufa ; ligamento lato, corneo, fasciculis subtilissimis albidis vitreis utrinque valvas munito. THE VIOLET Cuiron. Shell somewhat elongated, valves nearly cordiform, rather flattened, sharp in the middle, finely and very closely granulated throughout ; intense purple-red; ligament broad, horny, with nine very fine brittle whitish fascicles on either side of the valves. Quoy and Garmarp, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, vol. iii. p. 403. pl. 73. £.15 to 20. Hab. New Zealand; Quoy and Gaimard. The fascicles or tufts of glassy fibres appear so extremely brittle as to be difficult to preserve. Species 42. (Fig. @ and 4, Mus. Cuming.) CHITON LIMACIFoRMIS. Chit. testd elongato-ovatd, valvis convewis, terminalibus peculiariter concentrice granu- latis, ceteris undique tenuissimé longitudinaliter sul- catis ; viridi alboque multifariam variegatd ; ligamento corneo, arenaceo. THE sLUG-sHAPED CuTon. Sholl elongately ovate, valves convex, terminal valves peculiarly concentri- cally granulated, the rest very finely longitudinally grooved throughout; multifariously variegated with green and white; ligament horny, arenaceous. SoweErsy, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 26. Hab. Inner Lobos Island, Peru, and Guacamayo, Central America (under stones at low water); Cuming. The terminal valves of this species have a peculiar con- centric arrangement of the sculpture; the green and white appear in greater or less proportion in different specimens ; the ligament stripped of its arenaceous covering, as in fig. 4, is perfectly transparent. Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton iNctsus. Chit. testd vald? elongata, angustd, valvis oblongo-clypeiformibus, anticd terminali sexfariam cari- natd, carinis radiantibus, interstitiis alternatim oblique sulcatis, ceteris, posticd ad extremitatem umbonatd, longitudinaliter tenuisulcatis ; cinered aut viridescente, olivaceo-viridi variegaté et marmoratd; ligamento tenui corneo scabro, setis brevissimis obsito, utringue latissimé producto, postice fissurato. Tue cur Curron. Shell considerably elongated, narrow, valves oblong-shield-shaped, anterior terminal valve six-keeled, keels radiating, interstices alternately ob- liquely grooved, the rest of the valves, anterior ter- minal umbonated to the extremity, longitudinally finely grooved ; pale ash or greenish, variegated and marbled with olive green ; ligament thin, horny, rough, beset with very short bristles, very widely produced on either side, slit at the posterior end. Sowersy, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1841, p. 61. Hab. Daleguete, Island of Zebu, Philippines (under stones at low water); Cuming. Chiefly remarkable on account of the thin widely ex- panded growth of the ligament, and its posterior slit. February, 1847, CHITON.—Puate VIII. Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON DIVERGENS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis con- veais, terminalibus rudé radiatim striatis, ceterarum areis lateralibus quoque radiatim striatis, striis fortibus, undulatis, bifurcatim divergentibus, areis centralibus minutissime rugatis, rugis latera versus fortioribus ; albidd, viridi ad latera concinné variegaté ; ligamento corneo, subtilissimé granuloso-coriaceo. DIVERGENT Cuiton. Shell oblong-ovate, valves convex, the terminal rudely radiately striated, lateral areas of the rest also radiately striated, the striz strong, waved, and bifurcately divergent, central areas very minutely wrinkled, wrinkles stronger towards the sides; whitish, prettily variegated at the sides with bright green; ligament horny, very finely granulously coriaceous. Hab. New Holland; Jukes. It is important to notice the rudely waved divergent structure of the raised striee of the lateral areas, as there are one or two species from the same locality approximating in this respect. THE Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.) CuITon atatus. Chit. testé elongata, valvis anticé coarc- tatis, terminalibus et ceterarum areis lateralibus de- cussatim striatis, quasi granulatis, centralibus creber- rime elevato-striatis, striis acutis, subirregularibus, interstitiis excavatis ; lutescente, viridi per marginem anticam arearum lateralium albiarticulato, umbonibus pallidé roseis; ligamento corneo, arenaceo, utringue lato. THE WINGED CuiTon. Shell elongated, valves contracted anteriorly, the terminal and lateral areas of the rest decussately striated, as if granulated, central areas very closely elevately striated, striee sharp, somewhat irregular, interstices excavated ; yellowish, very beau- tifully variegated in a dotted manner with bright green, the green articulated with white along the anterior edge of the lateral areas, umbones faintly tinged with pink; ligament horny, arenaceous, broad on either side. SoweErsy, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1841, p. 61. Hab, Islands of Siquijor and Zebu, Philippines (under stones at low water); Cuming. Distinguished by its elongated form, the winged struc- ture of the valves, its capacious ligament and prettily variegated style of painting. Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON ACUTILIRATUS. Chit. testd subelongato-ovatd, valvd ‘posticd terminali ad extremitatem umbonatd et retusa, anticd rotundataé, ambabus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim et decussatim granoso-striatis, cen- tralibus acute et creberrimeé liratis, iris umbones versus convergentibus ; albidd, viridi per marginem anticam arearum lateralium albiarticulato, umbonibus roseo et purpureo tinctis; Ugamento corneo, arenaceo, granis peramplis. THE SHARPLY-RIDGED CuIToNn. Shell somewhat elon- gately ovate, the posterior terminal valve umbonated and retuse at the extremity, anterior rounded, and lateral areas of the rest radiately and decussately granosely striated, central areas sharply and very closely ridged, ridges converging towards the um- bones; whitish, variegated in a dotted manner with bright green, the green along the front edges of the lateral areas articulated with white, umboes tinged with pink and purple; ligament horny, arenaceous, the grains very large. Hab. Cuba, Barbadoes. The sculpture of this shell is, as it were, an exaggerated condition of that of the preceding species, and the painting, though coming from so widely remote a locality, is exactly sumilar; it may be at once distinguished, however, from the C.alatus by the retuse and umbonated structure of the posterior terminal valve. ny Sowerby, del, & Ith AER = ©, Imp Chitory PL VI ; Chitow PL VII a . z = Al Sowerby, del. z Reeve, imp Can a eae p % ne é ye CHITON. Prats IX. Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON SPICULOSA. semilunaribus, undique rugosis ; nigricante-fuscd, liga- mento corneo, spiculorum vitreorum cristis densis vivide olivaceis munito. THE sPIcuLOUS CHIToN. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, valves semilunar, rough throughout; blackish brown; ligament horny, furnished with thick tufts of bright olive glassy spicule. Hab. West Indies. T am not aware that this beautiful species has been des- cribed; the dense tufts of spiculee with which it is sur- rounded at the junction of the valves look like silk or spun glass. Chit. testé subelongato-ovatd, valvis Species 48. (Fig. a, and 4. Mus. Cuming.) CHITON SETIGER. Chit. testd ovatd, valvd anticd terminali radiatim carinatd, carinis subdistantibus, posticd umbo- natd, ceterarum areis lateralibus levibus aut transver- sim granulatis, margine anticd carinatd, centralibus aut levibus aut oblique granoso-rugulatis, presertim versus latera; rubescente, interdum flavidad, maculis nigris longitudinalibus varie pictd ; ligamento corneo, setis longiusculis palantibus irregularibus dense obsito. THE BRISTLY CurTron. Shell ovate, anterior terminal valve radiately keeled, keels rather distant, the pos- terior umbonated, lateral areas of the rest smooth or transversely granulated, anterior margin keeled, cen- tral areas either smooth or obliquely granosely wrinkled, especially towards the side; reddish, some- times yellowish, variously painted with longitudinal black blotches ; igament horny, densely beset with rather long irregular strageling bristles. Kine, Zool. Journal, vol. v. p. 338. Hab, Tierva del Fuego and Strait of Magalhaens ; King. Variety 8. (Fig. 48. 6.) Testa viridis, maculis nigris sepé undulatis, setis brevioribus numerosioribus. Shell green, black spots often waved, bristles shorter and more numerous. Chiton Fremblii, Broderip. An eadem? Chiton biramosus, Quoy. Hab. Valparaiso, Chili (found on one exposed rock only covered by a small sea-weed); Cuming. These are very characteristic varieties, and evidently states of the same species; the sides of the valves are angled and appressed, and there is a peculiarity in the irre- guar straggling bristles, which beset the ligament. Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON ACULEATUS. Chit. testd subelongato-ovatd, valvis terminalibus, posticéd wmbonatd, caterarum areisque lateralibus, granorum radiis irregularibus subdistanti- bus ornatis, granis solitariis, centralibus medio levibus, utringue densé oblique rugatis ; piceo-fuscd ; ligamento corneo, spinis numerosis, longitudine et crassitudine variantibus, obsito. THE PRICKLY CurTon. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, terminal valves, the posterior wmbonated, and the lateral areas of the rest ornamented with rather dis- tant irregular rays of solitary granules, central areas smooth in the middle, densely obliquely wrinkled on each side; pitch-brown, ligament horny, beset with numerous spines varying in length and thickness. Lixnaus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) pl. 1106. Chiton tuberculiferus, Sowerby. Chiton spiniferus, Frembly. Hab. Chili (on exposed rocks); Frembly, Cuming. There appears to me very little doubt but that the C. spiniferus of Frembly, though published as a distinct species by M. Deshayes in his new edition of Lamarck, is the old Linnzean C. aculeatus in fine conditon. It is an abundant species and inhabits very exposed situations on rocks assailed by the constant buffetings of the waves; the shell is consequently very difficult to pro- cure with its sculpture fairly developed. A figure of this species in Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. v. 10. pl. 173. f. 1692, is evidently drawn from a specimen mostly deprived of spines, with the surface of the valves, as is very com- monly the case, completely eroded; the figure in the Encyclopédie Méthodique is merely a copy of this, so that no authentic illustration of the species appeared, in its natural condition, until the publication of Mr. Frembly’s figure in the Zoological Jounal under the name C. spini- Serus. Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron Peruvianus. Chit. testé ovata, valvis undigue February, 1847. CHITON.—Prate IX. minute granoso-striatis, granis solitariis ; nigricante- viridi ; ligamento corneo, pilis aterrimis densissimé obsito, pilis quoque per interstitia valvarum intrudenti- bus. Tue Peruvian Curton. Shell ovate, valves minutely granosely striated throughout, grains solitary; blackish green ; ligament horny, very thickly beset with jet black hairs, with hairs also passing out through the interstices between the valves. Lamarck, Anim.sans. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol.vii.p.491. Hab. Valparaiso, Chiloe, Iquiqui &c., Peru (under stones at low water, and attached to shells in sandy mud at a depth of about nine or ten fathoms) ; Cuming. Easily distinguished by its profuse display of harsh vege- table-fibre-like hair which both crowds the ligament and passes out through the interstices between the valves. Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron spinosus. Chit. testd subelongato-ovatd, valvis ter- minalibus caeterarum areisque lateralibus irregulariter granoso-rugosis, centralibus levibus ; purpureo-nigra, ligamento corneo, spinis solidis, erectis, aterrimis, lon- gitudine variantibus, armato. Tur spinous Cuiron. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, terminal valves, and lateral areas of the rest irregu- larly granosely roughened, central areas smooth; pwrple-black ; ligament horny, armed with jet black erect solid spines of various lengths. BrvuGurereE, Journ. d’Hist. Nat. vol. i. p. 25. pl. 2.f. 1, 2. Hab. New Holland. The spines of this fine species are quite peculiar; smooth and black as ebony, they are of a horn-like tubular struc- ture, filled up with hard brownish calcareous matter. Species 52. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON BREVISPINOSUS. Chit. testd subabbreviato-ovata, valvis terminalibus, postica umbonatd, retusa, ceterarum areisque lateralibus concentricé granulatis centralibus, umbonibus peculiariter appressis, medio levibus, latera versus subtiliter granoso-rugulatis ; intense ceruleo- nigra ; Ugamento corneo, spinis solidis brevibus, ater- rimis, apice albis, densissimé armato. THE SHORT-SPINED CuIToN. Shell somewhat abbreviately ovate, terminal valves, the posterior umbonated and retuse, and lateral areas of the rest concentrically granulated, central areas, the umbones peculiarly ap- pressed, smooth in the middle, finely granosely wrinkled towards the sides ; intense blue-black ; liga- ment horny, very thickly armed with short solid spines, jet black but white at the top. SowErsy, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840. Conch. Illus. f. 136. Hab. Island of Johanna, East Africa (under stones); Rey. W. V. Hennah. Though abundantly distinguished from the C. spinosus in the form and sculpture of the valves, the posterior of which is abruptly umbonated, this species is more remark- ably characterized by the spines being invariably white at the apex; they are shorter and more thickly crowded than in the preceeding species, and look exactly as if they had been singed at the top. sel we ( hi Wi VE ib | Waele ae CHITON. Puate X. Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON FASCICULARIS. Chit. test@ oblongo-ovatd, valvis summitate levibus, postice subrostratis, utringue cre- berrimé minute granulatis ; cinereo-luted, interdum strigis undulatis fuscis concentricé pictd, summitate interdum nigra; Vigamento setoso, spicularum cristis ornato. THE FASCICLED Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, valves smooth along the summit, somewhat beaked poste- riorly, very closely minutely granulated on each side ; ashy yellow, sometimes concentrically painted with waved brown streaks, summit sometimes black; lig- ament bristly, ornamented with tufts of spicule. Linnzus, Syst. Nat. (12th. edit.) p. 1106; (not of Chemnitz). Chiton crinitus, Sowerby (not of Pennant). Hab. Mediterranean and Channel Islands. Naturalists are still somewhat divided in opinion as to whether the fasciculate Chitons of the seas of Europe are modifications of one and the same species, or whether they constitute two specifically distinct from each other. That Lamarck should have recorded them under one, after the manner of Linnzus, is not to be wondered at, considering his very limited knowledge of the genus; Philippi de- scribes but one, very significantly adding “‘varietates vel potius species due occurrent”, and details the characters of each precisely as I have observed them. Mr. Sowerby considers them as distinct species; he assigns the smaller, which is found the more abundantly on our own coast, and of which the granules are the larger, to the C. fascicularis of Linnzus, and that under consideration, chiefly inhabit- ing the Mediterranean and English Channel, to the C. cri- nitus of Pennant, After a careful investigation of the subject I am led to conclude, with Mr. Sowerby, that the C. fascicularis and cri- nitus are distinct species, but I think he has erred in his - identification of names. The larger species above de- scribed, inhabiting the Mediterranean and English Channel, and in England only the south coast, appears to be the original C. fascicularis of Linneus, “from the coast of Barbary ”, whilst the smaller, which inhabits our coasts throughout and as far north as the Shetland Islands, is the C. crinitus, figured on an enlarged scale by Pennant. The C. fascicularis of Chemnitz which Mr. Sowerby con- siders “beyond doubt ” identical with the Linnean species, answers to neither of those in question; it refers rather to the C. Zelandicus of Quoy, represented in the following plate at Fig. 58, which may be regarded as the tropical analogue of our British C. crinitus. The @. fascicularis is sometimes very prettily variegated with concentrice zigzag painting, sometimes pale, black and shining along the summit, and the surface is invariably more finely granulated than in the smaller C. crinitus. Species 54. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON HIRUDINIFOMIS. Chit. testd subelongatd, valvis medio levibus, subrostratis, utringue minute et creber- rime granulatis ; caruleo-aterrimd ; ligamento lato, valvarum latera obducto, dense brevisetoso, spicularum cristis parvis ornato. THE LEACH-SHAPED CHITON. Shell somewhat elongated, valves smooth in the middle, minutely and closely granulated on each side; very dark blue-black; ligament broad, spread over the sides of the valves, very thickly set with short bristles, and ornamented with small tufts of spicule. SoweErsy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832. p. 59. Hab. Gallapagos Islands and coast of Peru (under stones at low water); Cuming. Korean Archipelago; Sir Edward Belcher. There is very little variety of sculpture in the fasciculate species of Chiton; the present is perhaps most easily dis- tinguished by its very dark blue-black colouring. The specimens, of which the localities are recorded above, are from such very remote parts of the world that I hesitated to think they could be of the same species; those from the Korean Archipelago, collected by Sir Edward Belcher during the voyage of the ‘Samarang’ are broader, stouter, and more convex than the Pacific specimens. Species 55. (Pl. X and XI. Mus. Brit.) CuITON SITKENSIs. levibus, clypeiformibus, posticé utringue lobatis, posticd terminali ad extremitatem umbonatd, anticé parvé, margine incisuris senis subdistantibus notatd ; nived ; Chit. testa elongato-oblongd, valvis pallio amplo, super testam omnino obducto, spicular vitrearum asteriscis minutissimis pulcherrime ef den- sissime obsito. April, 1847. CHITON.—Puate X. Tne Srrxa Curron. Shell elongately oblong, valves smooth, shield-shaped, lobed posteriorly on each side, the posterior terminal valve umbonated at the extre- mity, the anterior small, distinguished at the margin by half a dozen rather distant notches ; snowy white ; mantle large, spread entirely over the shell, very beautifully and thickly beset with minute stars of glassy spicule. Hab. Sitka, New Archangel; Lady Katherine Douglas. The mantle of this gigantic species of the Amicula type, is studded with minute stars of glassy spicule, which appear to be radiately displayed or closed at the will of the animal; when displayed their appearance reminds one of the star-like pattern in the mineral Wavelite. The valves being entirely enveloped by the mantle, which is impermeable to light, are destitute of colour, and, as in the rest of the group, are produced on each side posteriorly into lobes. Species 56. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON PORPHYRETICUS. Chit. testd subelongato-ovatd, valvis medio punctatis, utringue verrucoso-scabris, costd unicd ad marginem arearum lateralium, valva terminali anticd radiatim quinquecostata, postica parva, retusd ; cinereo-purpured, macula conspicud luted, mar- gine nigro-punctaté, medio vivide purpured per summi- tatem umbonalem utriusque valve ; ligamento coriaceo, valvarum latera partim obducto, cristis parvis ornato. THE PURPLE Cuiton. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, valves punctured in the middle, verrucosely rough on each side, with a single ridge along the edge of the lateral areas, anterior terminal valve radiately five- ribbed, posterior small, blunt ; cinereous purple, with a conspicuous yellow spot, dotted with black at the edge and stained with bright purple in the middle, along the umbonal summit of each valve ; ligament coriaceous, spreading partially over the sides of the valves, and furnished with small tufts. Acanthochetes violaceus, Gray, Appendix to Dieffenbach’s New Zealand; (not C. violaceus, Quoy). Hab. New Zealand. A beautifully painted species easily distinguished by the bright purple colouring of the umbonal summit, which appears constant in all the specimens I have seen; the punctures of the central portion of the valves also afford an unusual contrast with the rest of the surface which is raised in small warts. Species 57. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON MONTICULARIS. Chit. testd elongato-ovaté, valvis levibus, medio carinatis, postice wmbonatis, utringue laté biradiatim costatis ; albé ; ligamento corneo, nigro, cristis brevibus munito, testam nisi umbones obducto. THE moNTIcULAR CuiTon. Shell elongately ovate, valves smooth, keeled down the middle, umbonated posteriorly, with two widely radiating ribs on each side; white; ligament horny, black, furnished with short tufts, spread over the shell except at the um- bones. Quoy and Garmarp, Voy. de |’Astrolabe, Zool. vol. 3. p. £06. pl. 73. £. 30-35. Hab. New Zealand. The shell of this species is enveloped by a thin expan- sion of the mantle after the manner of the C. amiculatus and Hmersonianus, a small compressed umbone only ap- pearing through it in place of the raised heart-shaped shield. T do not see, with M. Deshayes, that this proves the in_ utility of the genus Chitonellus; the valves are enframed within the ligament, and their arrangement is the same as in the typical form of Chiton. One peculiarity of this species is, that the row of short tufts are situated about midway between the umbonal summit and lateral margin of the shell. —- Chiton Sl Z . Sowerby, del et ith FY lente , os j ‘ o x r@® € % 6 NY "4 Feet =e hy 1 ee Aa Reeve im) CHITON. Prate XI. Species 58. (Mus. Cuming.) Curton ZELANDIcus. Chit. test@ subelongato-ovatd, valvis medio levibus, utrinque creberrimé granulatis ; nigri- cante-fuscd, lined conspicud luted utrinque summitatem umbonalem utriusque value ; ligamento corneo, laté expanso, valvarum latera partim obducto, setis perpaucis brevibus, spicularum vitrearum cristis densissimis viri- dibus munito. Tur Znatanp Carron. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, valves smooth in the middle, very closely granulated on each side; blackish brown, with a conspicuous yellow line on either side the umbonal summit of each valve; ligament horny, widely expanded, partially spread over the sides of the valves, furnished with a few short bristles and a row of very dense tufts of blueish-green glassy spicule. Qvoy and Garmarp, ‘ Voy de!’ Astrolabe,’ vol. iii. p. 400. pl. 72. f. 5-8. Chiton fascicularis, Chemnitz. Chitonellus Zelandicus, Gray. Acanthochetes Hookeri, Gray. Hab. New Zealand. This very striking fasciculate species may be regarded as the tropical analogue of the C. crinitus of our own shores, presenting an almost similar distribution of colour and sculpture more highly developed. Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON AMICULATUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis posticd utrinque rotundato-lobatis, medio emarginatis, umbonibus subrostratis ; alba; ligamento corneo testam tenuiter obducto, undique, nisi ad umbones, brevipiloso, setarum cristis parvis perpaucis asperso. Tr CLOAK-CLAD Cutron. Shell oblong-ovate, valves posteriorly rotundately lobed on each side, emargi- nated in the middle, with the umbones slightly beaked; white; ligament horny, thinly spread over the shell, covered with short hair, except at the um- bones, with afew small scattered tufts of bristles. Pautas, Nov. Act. Petrop. vol ii. p. 241. pl. 7. f. 26-30. Chiton vestitus, Sowerby. Hab. Arctic Ocean. This is without doubt the original species of the amicu- late tribe, inhabiting the shores of Northern Europe, de- scribed and figured by Pallas in the Transactions of the Academy of St. Petersburgh above referred to; the shell immediately following, hitherto assigned to this species by Mr. Sowerby, is of larger size and entirely enveloped by the mantle, of a thick coriaceous cellular structure. Species 60. (Mus. Cuming.) CuITon cuLamys. Chit. testi oblongo-ovaté, valvis levi- bus, posticé utringue rotundato-lobatis ; nived ; pallio coriaceo, super testam omnino obducto. THE cLoak Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, valves smooth, rotundately lobed posteriorly on each side; snowy- white, mantle coriaceous, spread entirely over the shell. Chiton amiculatus, Sowerby (not of Pallas) Tankerville Catalogue. Hab. ? The mantle of this species appears to be of a coarse cellular structure, the cells being mostly filled with flat- tened warts, as it were, of the same coriaceous substance. As shown in treating of the preceding species it is not the C. amiculatus of Pallas. Species 61. (Mus. Cuming.) CuITon TuNIcATUS. Chit. testd oblonyo-ovatd, anticé sub- attenuata, valvis medio lird plané latiusculé notatis, utringue superficialiter concentricé et radiatim sulcatis, et minutissimée punctato-reticulatis ; ligamento corneo, late expanso, valvarum latera obducto ; undique nigra. THE TUNICATED Cuiton. Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat attenuated anteriorly, valves with a rather broad flat- tened ridge along the middle, concentrically and ra- diately superficially grooved, and very minutely pune- tately reticulated on each side; ligament horny, widely expanded, spread over the sides of the valves ; black throughout. Woop, General Conchology, p. 11. pl. 2. f. 1. Hab. Sitka, New Archangel; Sir Edward Belcher. Several specimens of this interesting species were taken alive by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher at the above-mentioned place during the voyage of the Sulphur. April, 1847. CHITON.—Ptarte XI. Species 62. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron EmMErsonranus. Chit. testd ovati, valvis levibus, postice utringue rotundato-lobatis, utraque scutelld pared elevaté cordiformi, concentricé creberrimé gra- noso-striatd, medio notatd, valvd terminali antica super- ficialiter radiatim sulcatd, posticé parva, ad extremita- tem subeacavatd, retusd ; albd ; ligamento corneo, trans- lucido, marginem versus arenaceo, testum, nisi areas parvas centrales, obducto. Emerson’s Curton. Shell ovate, valves smooth, rotun- dately lobed posteriorly on each side, with a small raised heart-shaped shield in the centre, which is very closely concentrically granosely striated ; ante- rior terminal valve superficially radiately grooved, posterior small, slightly excavated at the extremity, blunt; white; ligament horny, transparent, arena- ceous towards the margin, spread over all the shell except the small central raised shields. Cournovy; Boston, Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 83. pl. 3. f. 10. Hab. Massachusetts Bay, United States (found in the stomachs of fishes) ; Gould. The ligament in this curious species is spread over the valves as far as the small heart-shaped shields in the centre, like a thin layer of parchment; it is closely allied to the C. amiculatus, of Northern Europe, but may be distin- guished by its broader growth, lighter colour, and absence of hair. | Port 4 6 powerby de cette bigeea, iee sae Peel Chiton PL XT Reeve imp P| CHITON. Prater XII. Species 63. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON CERASINUS. Chit. lestd ovatd, utrinque subatten- uatd, valvis undique minutissime creberrime puncturatis, areis lateralibus vix elevatis ; fusco-rubente ; ligamento corneo, translucido. THE CHERRY-COLOURED Curtton. Shell ovate, a little at- tenuated at each end, valves very minutely and closely punctured throughout, lateral areas scarcely raised ; brownish red; ligament horny, transparent. Curmnirz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. 272. pl. 94. f. 796. Hab. ? The valves of this species are apparently smooth, but on examination with the lens, they will be found to be covered throughout with the minutest and closest possible punc- tures, as represented in Chemnitz’s figure, published in 1785; since which time it does not appear to have been noticed. Species 64. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON MARMOREUS. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim granulatis, granulis solitariis, subirregularibus, centralibus con- vexis, levibus umbonibus subappressis ; lutescente-albd, maculis virescentibus oblongis lauté pictd ; ligamento squamato-coriaceo, virescente-albd, maculis grandibus virescentibus tessellato. THE MARBLE CurTon. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately minutely granulated, granules solitary, somewhat irregular, central areas convex, smooth, umboes a little appressed ; yellowish white, showily painted with oblong light green blotches; ligament squamately coriaceous, greenish- white, tessellated with large light green spots. Curemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. 282. pl. 95. f. 808. Hab. Savannah-le-mer, West Indies. A pretty light-green painted shell, which might be confounded with the C. marmoratus, though amply distin- guished both in form and sculpture. Species 65. (Fig. a and 4. Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton oGicas. Chit. testé ovatéd, valvis crassiusculis et ponderosis, medio in juventute carinatis, posticé sinuatis, terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus creberrimeé tenuiliratis, liris irregularibus interstitis minutissime reticulatis, centralibus undique minutissimé reticulatis, valvis senectute erosis, levibus ; sordidé virescente-alba, piceo-nigro hic illic plus minusve tinctd et punctaté ; ligamento corneo, setis brevibus sparsim obsito. THE GREAT CuHiToN, Shell ovate, valves rather thick and ponderous, keeled along the middle when young, posteriorly sinuated, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest very closely finely ridged, ridges irregular and very minutely reticulated in the interstices, cen- tral areas very minutely reticulated throughout, valves eroded with age, smooth; dull greenish white, more or less stained and dotted here and there with pitch black; ligament horny, sparingly beset with short bristles. Cuemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. 222. pl. 96. f. 819. Hab. Cape of Good Hope; Rev. W. V. Hennah. The elaborate sculpture of this species in its primitive growth, has not been hitherto noticed; it is only to be discerned in young specimens, and they are very rarely met with. In the beautiful little shell from Mr. Cuming’s collection, represented at fig. a, the entire surface is most elaborately reticulated, but so minutely, that it almost requires the assistance of a lens to observe its complicated sculpture; the lateral areas are very closely ridged with the minute reticulated pattern still appearing in the inter- stices. As the shell advances in growth, the sculpture becomes gradually worn away by its exposure to the fury of the waves, and when it reaches the size of the specimen at fig. 6, it is not often found in so good a state of preser- vation as there represented. Species 66. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON scaRraBzuUS. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, valvis levibus aut obscuré concentricé striatis, sub lente minu- tissimé et creberrimé puncturatis ; fusco-nigré ; liga- mento squamato-coriaceo, virescente-albo, maculis nigris subdistantibus conspicueé tessellato. THE BEETLE CurtTon. Shell oblong-ovate, valves smooth or obscurely concentrically striated, very minutely and closely punctured under the lens; brownish- black; ligament pale sea-green conspicuously tessel- lated with rather distant black spots. 2 Hab. March, 1847. CHITON.—Puate XII. Easily recognised by the marked contrast between the colouring of the shell and the scales of the ligament; a character which I take to be permanent. Species 67. Fig. a and 6. Mus. Cuming.). Curton Hinpsti. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, anticé sub- attenuatd, valvd anticd terminali nonafariam carinatd, conspicué granato-clathratd, posticd pared, umbonata, retusa, ceteris undique diversimodo granato-clathratis, areis lateralibus non elevatis, margine antico tenuica- rinato; olivaceo-viridi, interdum luteo-albido variegata ; ligamento corneo, setis brevibus sparsim obsito. Hinp’s Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, a little attenuated anteriorly, anterior terminal valve nine-keeled, con- spicuously granosely latticed, the posterior small, umbonated, retuse, the rest diversely granosely lat- ticed throughout, lateral areas not raised, distinguished by a fine keel along the front margin; olive green, sometimes variegated with yellowish white ; ligament horny, sparingly beset with short bristles. SowErsy, MSS. (Mr. Cuming’s cabinet). Hab. . This very interesting species, the valves of which have somewhat the form of those of C. setiger, is distinguished by a most elaborate close-grained latticed style of sculpture, perfectly distinct from any that I have yet met with. Mr. Sowerby’s name exists only in manuscript, but I have much pleasure in giving publicity to it, for the sake of honouring one of the most intelligent conchological travel-. lers recorded in the history of our scientific Expeditions. eee pup Bae # ; Chiton Pl. All CHITON. Puate XIII. Species 68. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron Quoi. Chit. testé oblongd, valvis undique tenuis- simé et creberrimé liratis, umbonibus subprominulis, levibus ; aut viridi, aut nigricante-olivaced, aut rubidé ; ligamento granoso-coriaceo. Quoy’s Curron. Shell oblong, valves very finely and closely ridged throughout, umboes rather prominent, smooth; green, or blackish olive, or dull coppery red; ligament granosely coriaceous. Dzsuayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. vil. p. 509. Chiton viridis, Quoy. Hab. New Zealand. The colour of this species appears to be of one uniform tint, without any indication of pattern, varying from green to dull red. It has been dedicated to the zealous naturalist of the ship ‘Astrolabe’ by M. Deshayes in consequence of the name viridis given to it by M. Quoy having already oc- cured in Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. pl. 94. f. 794. (not vol. x. pl. 178. f. 1689.) ; this is scarcely allowable, however, as the word is only used in the diagnose, not as a specific name, “ Chiton extus viridis intus candidus’’, a variety probably of the C. Chiloensis. Species 69. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON PUNCTICULATUS. Chit. testdé oblongd, anticé sub- attenuata, valvis subrotundatis, levibus aut concentricé striatis, peculiariter puncticulatis, presertim ad latera, puneticulis wregularibus ; subdistantibus, albidd, san- guineo lauté undatd, ad latera fusca, interdum omnino nigra ; ligamento corneo. THE FINELY PUNCTURED CuIToNn. Shell oblong, a little attenuated anteriorly, valves somewhat rounded, smooth or concentrically striated, peculiarly punc- tured, especially at the sides, punctures irregular, somewhat distant; whitish, showily waved with blood-red, brown at the sides, sometimes entirely black; ligament horny. Hab. P Tt will be seen by the examples of this species figured how much it varies in colour; the punctured character which I have selected to distinguish it is constant, though generally more or less obscured by erosion. Species 70. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON PICEUS. Chit. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, valvis con- centricé planiliratis, lirarum interstitis elevato-striatis et interdum granatis, umbonibus subrostratis ; piceo- nigra, virescente utrinque summitatem wmbonalem ; ligamento corneo, processibus brevibus calcareis sete- formibus albidis profuse obsito. THE prtcH Curton. Shell ovate, rather thick, valves concentrically flatly ridged, interstices between the ridges elevately striated and sometimes grained, umboes a little beaked ; pitch black, greenish on each side the umbonal summit ; ligament horny, profusely beset with whitish short calcareous bristle-like pro- cesses. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3204. Hab. New Holland (on the rocks) ; Cunningham. This I believe to be the true C. piceus; it is a thick ponderous, shell, of which the ligament when in a good state of preservation, is covered with calcareous bristle-like processes as in C. spiniger, but much finer. Species 71. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON FULGETRUM. Chit. testd ovatd, anticé subattenuatd, undique, sub lente, minutissime et creberrimé decussatin puncturatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus subobscuré radiatim sulcatis ; rubido-fusca, undulis luteis nigrisque longitudinalibus peculiariter picté ; ligamento-corneo. THE LIGHTENING CHITON. Shell ovate, a little attenuated anteriorly, very minutely and closely decussately punctured, under the lens, throughout, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest somewhat ob- scurely radiately grooved ; reddish-brown, peculiarly painted with longitudinal yellow and black zigzag waves ; ligament horny. Hab. ? This species, it will be observed, is distinguished by a very peculiar style of painting, which in the absence of sculpture, may be regarded of specific importance. Species 72. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON LINTER. Chit. testd oblongd, anticé subattenuatd, valvis medio tumidis, undique levibus, aut minutissimée March, 1847. CHITON.—Puare XIII. impresso-striatis ; luteo-fuscd, maculd fuscd trigond insigni, utrinque lutescente, in utrdque valvé medio pictd ; ligamento. corneo, translucido, granis rugosis corneis subdistantibus obsito. THE FISHER-BoAT Cutton. Shell oblong, a little atten- uated anteriorly, valves swollen in the middle, smooth or very minutely impressly striated through- out; yellowish brown, painted along the middle of each valve with a remarkable triangular brown spot yellowish on each side; ligament horny, transparent, beset with rather distant rough horny grains. Cuemnttz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. 279. pl. 95. f. 799. Hab. Hast Indies. This is another interesting species of Chiton which I have the pleasure of restoring from the obscurity in which it has remained since the publication of the ‘ Conchylien Cabinet’, in 1785. Species 73. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON aQuaTILis. Chit. testé ovatd, valvis undique THE Hab, A creberrimé elevato-striatis, striis hic illic autem raro bifurcatim divergentibus, interstitiis subeacavatis ; eru- ginoso- viridi, medio luteo tinctd, fasciis viridibus an- gustis transversis ; Uigamento squamis albido-virescen- tibus. RIPPLED Curton. Shell ovate, valves very closely elevately striated throughout, strie here and there, but rarely, bifurcately divergent, interstices rather ex- cavated ; bronze-green, yellowish in the middle with narrow transverse green bands; ligament squamately coriaceous, scales pale sea-green. “ P) peculiar smoothly bronzed shell, painted across the middle with narrow bands or ripples of green. DOW Gis ” “9a a GE ( vy the tf ur Trt rel. Atlt “Ve rho ao? we CHITON. Prater XIV. Fig. 48. ¢ and d (Mus. Cuming.) Curton seticeR. Figured inadvertently under an impression that they were distinct species. Species 74. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON PETHOLATUS. Chit. testé ovata, valvis, terminali posticé minima, striis elevatis, subretusis, creberrimis, undulatis, undique concentricé rugatis ; nigra, virescen- te-albo variegatd, macula oblongd regulari utrinque summitatem umbonalem ; ligamento corneo, setis brevi- bus obsito. THE SERPENT’s SKIN CurTon. Shell ovate, valves con- centrically wrinkled throughout with very close, waved, rather blunt, raised strie ; black, variegated with pale greenish white, having a regular oblong spot down each side the umbonal summit ; ligament horny, beset with short bristles. Sowrrsy, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, Conch. Illus. f. 59, 64,65. Hab > Allied to C. setiger but more highly sculptured; the keels are wanting on the terminal valves, and the style of painting is different. Species 75. (Mus. Cuming.) CuITon sPINIGER. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis sub- appressis, undique rugulatis et granatis, granarum in- terstitiis arearum terminalium et lateralium plus minusve peculiariter puncturatis ; olivaceo flavidoque varia ; ligamento corneo, latiusculo, spinis calcareis flavidis, nunc brevibus subcylindraceis, nunc lanceolatis arcuatis, densissimé obsito. THE THoRNY Carron. Shell oblong-ovate, valves a little appressed, wrinkled and granulated throughout, in- terstices between the grains of the terminal and lateral areas more or less punctured; variegated with olive and yellow; ligament horny, very thickly beset with yellow calcareous spines, sometimes short and some- what cylindrical, sometimes lanceolate and curved. Sowersy, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, and Pro. Zool. Soc. 1841. Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming. It is important to notice that the terminal and lateral areas of this species are curiously punctured; a character which with the assistance of a lens may be detected without difficulty. The singular calcareous processes of the ligament, for they are hardly to be called spines, defer materially in the extent of their development; in one variety in Mr. Cuming’s possession they are of a curved lanceolate form, like miniature Dentalia. Species 76. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON OCCIDENTALIS. Chit test@ oblongo-ovatd, valvis, posticé terminali umbonaté et retusd, undique granatis, granis solitariis, conspicuis ; valcarum lateribus oliva- ceis, medio albido, maculd fuscd oblonga latiusculd per summitatem umbonalem ; ligamento setis calcareis mi- nutis densissime obsito. THE WESTERN CuiTon. Shell oblong-ovate, valves, the posterior terminal one umbonated and retuse, grained throughout, the grains solitary and conspicuous ; sides of the valves olive, middle whitish with a rather broad oblong brown blotch along the umbonal summit ; ligament very thickly crowded with minute calcareous bristles. Hab. Savannah-le-mer, West Indies. Were it not for the unusual occurrence of the same mol- lusk inhabiting the West Indies and the Philippine Islands, I should have been tempted to regard the species under consideration as a remarkable modification of the C. spini- ger; there being a great similarity in colour and sculpture, whilst the calcareous processes of the ligament are here represented by nearly the same structure on the minutest possible scale. There is, however, a character in the C. spiniger, namely, the punctures of the terminal and lateral areas of which I find no trace in the species before me. Species 77. (Fig. a and 6 Mus. Cuming.) CHITON asstMILis. Chit. testa oblongo-ovatd, valvis ter- minalibus decussatim granoso-radiatis, ceteris areis lateralibus margine postico serratis, radiatim liatis, liris callositatibus oblongis, oblique interruptis, areis centralibus vertice levibus, utrinque confertim tenui- liratis ; olivaceo-cinered, hic illic saturatiore varia ; ligamento squamato-coriaceo, maculis grandibns oliva- ceis tessellato. THE ASSIMILATING CuiTon. Shell oblong-ovate, ter- minal valves decussately granosely rayed, lateral March, 1847. CHITON.—Puate XIV. areas of the rest serrated along the posterior edge, radiately ridged, obliquely interrupted with oblong callosities, central areas smooth at the top, closely finely ridged on each side; olive-ash, variegated here and there of a darker tint; ligament squamately cori- aceous, tessellated with large olive spots. Variety 8. (Fig. 77 4.) Testa omnino nitide olivaceo-nigricans. Shell altogether shining olive-black. Hab. West Indies. The difference between this and the C. squamosus, is only to be detected by observing that the longitudinal ridges of the central areas are finer, closer, and not curved ; | each species has its dark bronze variety, and this variation * | of sculpture though apparently trifling is constant in both. see ‘e (hiton Ml. NW “_ 77 b - JUWEPUY .-01 vi Ce prise , rea Gay Sa ahs CHITON. Puate XV. (Figures slightly magnified.) Species 78. (Mus. Cuming.) Curton contractus. Chit. testd oblonga, ad extremitates, precipue antica, peculiariter contractd, valvis termina- libus ceterarum areisque lateralibus concentricée granu- latis, granulis solitariis, centralibus minutissime et cre- berrime liratis, liris latera versus arcuatis, conspicuis, medium versus tenuioribus et oblique decussatim stria- tis; spadiceo-albd, fusco medio flammatd ; ligamento granoso-coriaceo, fusco. THE CONTRACTED Curton. Shell oblong, peculiarly con- tracted at the extremities, especially the anterior, ter- minal valves and lateral areas of the rest concentri- cally granulated, granules solitary, central areas very minutely and closely ridged, ridges curved and con- spicuous towards the sides, finer towards the middle and decussated with oblique striz ; light bay, flamed in the middle with brown; ligament granosely coria- ceous, dark brown. Hab. New Zealand. The chief peculiarity in this species consists in the at- tenuated contraction of the extremities; the sculpture is most elaborate, and the colouring unique. Species 79. (Mus. Cuming.) Curton pictus. Chit testé ovaté, valvis, posticd terminali truncata, rugis brevibus acute undulatis, interstitiis puncturatis, ornatis, arearum lateralium margine antico carinato ; roseo-albidd, maculis viridibus coccineisque lauté picté ; ligamento corneo, translucido. THE PAINTED Carron. Shell ovate, valves, the posterior terminal truncated, ornamented with short sharply undulated wrinkles, the interstices between which are punctured, anterior edge of the lateral areas keeled ; pinkish white, showily painted with green and scarlet spots ; ligament horny, transparent. Hab, Raines’ Island, Torres Straits; Capt. Ince. ° Another striking species, allied to C. truncatus, distin- guished by its sculpture and more flattened growth, Species 80. (Mus. Cuming.) CuiTon JANEIRENSIS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis, areis lateralibus conspicué elevatis, undique granoso- hiratis, liris arearum centralium valde tenuioribus ; sordide luteo-fuscd, macula trigond albicante per sum- mitatem umbonalem utriusgue valve ; ligamento corneo. Tue Janeiro Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, valves, the lateral areas being conspicuously elevated, granosely ridged throughout, ridges of the central areas much the finer; dull yellowish brown, with a triangular whitish spot along the umbonal summit of each valve ; ligament horny. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 6. f. 8. Hab. Rio Janeiro. The lateral areas are more than usually elevated in this species. Species 81. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON scaBRicuLus. Chit. testd ovatd, planiusculd, valvis undique scabré granoso-lineatis ; lineis arearum centralium tenuioribus; cinered et nigricante-viridi, albido variegata ; ligamento corneo, pilis brevibus per- paucis munito. THE RoUGH CurTon. Shell ovate, rather flattened, valves roughly granosely-lineated throughout, lines of the central areas the finer ; ash or blackish green, varie- gated with white; ligament horny, furnished with a few short hairs. Sowersy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832. p. 28. Hab. Guacomayo and Puerto Portrero, Central America (under stones) ; Cuming. The light variegated colouring appears in the form of curved sharply zigzag flames in the specimen here figured. Species 82. (Mus. Cuming:) Cuiton ConumBrensis. Chit. testd ovatd, depressiusculd, valois terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus gra- nulis asperis solitaris irregulariter aspersis, arearum lateralium margine postico denticulato, areis centrali- bus tenuissime granoso-striatis ; sordidé rubente-fuscd, denticulis albis ; ligamento corneo, translucido. Tur CotumBian Curron. Shell ovate, rather depressed, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest irregularly March, 1847. CHITON.—Ptate XV. sprinkled with sharp solitary granules, posterior edge of the lateral areas denticulated, central areas very finely granosely striated; dull reddish-brown, den- ticles white, ligament horny, transparent. Sowersy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 58. Hab. Bay of Panama. The sculpture of this species is very similar to that of C. luridus; it may, however, be readily distinguished by the denticulated posterior edge of the lateral areas. Species 83. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron RETICULATUS Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim liratis, centralibus rudé et creberrime reticulatis ; sor- didé fuscé ; ligamento corneo, rugoso. THE RETICULATED Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately ridged, central areas rudely and closely reticulated ; dull brown; ligament horny, rough. Chiton textilis, var. Sowerby, Conch. Illus. f. 61. Hab. West Indies. The lateral areas are rather more than usually elevated in this species, whilst the central areas are peculiarly reti- culated; it has no affinity whatever with C. teatilis. Species 84. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON PELLIS-SERPENTIS. Chit. testd ovatd, valdé con- ved, valvis subrotundatis, terminalibus, posticd umbo- natd, radiatim granatis, ceterarum areis lateralibus triradiatim granatis, granis grandibus, solitariis, arets centralibus tenuissimé sulcatis ; albidd, caruleo-viridi variegatd, maculd trigond nigricante per summitatem umbonalem utriusque valve ; ligamento squamato-co- riaceo, squamis grandibus, albicante ceruleo-viridique tessellato. THE SNAKE'S SKIN CHITON. Shell ovate, very convex, valves somewhat rounded, the terminal, posterior umbonated, radiately grained, lateral areas of the rest with three rays of grains, the grains large and solitary, central areas very finely grooved ; whitish, variegated with dark blueish green or verdigris colour, with a triangular blackish spot on the umbonal eminence of each valve; ligament squamately coriaceous, scales large, whitish, tessellated with blueish-green. Quoy and Gartmarp, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Zool. v. 3. p. 381. pl. 74. £17 to 22. Hab. New Zealand. Distinguished in all respects from any other species but especially by the bold solitary character of the grains. Species 85. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron Luripus. Chit. testéd ovata, depressiusculd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus granulatis, granulis irregularibus stipatis, ares centralibus subtili- ter granoso-striatis ; sordidé fusca aut rubente ; liga- mento corneo, rUugoso. THE LURID CuHrITon. Shell ovate, rather depressed, ter- minal valves and lateral areas of the rest granulated, granules irregular, crowded, central areas finely gra- nosely striated; dull brown or reddish; lhgament horny, rough. SowErsBy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832. Hab. Santa Elena, West Columbia (found attached to stones at a depth of five fathoms) ; Cuming. Mostly delicately granulated throughout, the granules on the terminal and lateral areas beng crowded miscella- neously, whilst those on the central areas are arranged in longitudinal lines. Species 86. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON GRANIFERUS. Chit. testa ovatd, convexiusculd,valvis terminalibus ceterarum lateribus granatis, umbonibus subrostratis, levibus, antice utringue subtiliter sulcatis ; rubente, nigro maculata ; ligamento corneo, translucido. THE GRAINED CuITON. Shell ovate, rather convex, terminal valves and sides of the rest grained, umbones some- what beaked, smooth, anteriorly finely grooved on each side; reddish, spotted with black; ligament horny, transparent. Sowrrsy, Pro, Zool. Soc. 1832. p. 104. Hab. Conception, Chili (a single specimen found attached to a Mytilus at the depth of nine fathoms), Cuming. This species correctly described in the Proceedings of the Zool. Soc. appears to have been confounded in Mr. Sowerby’s ‘ Conchological Illustrations’ with the C. Gray?. Chaton Pl XV (Specimens slightly magraticd ) Reeve imp 4 ms \ eae ates CHITON. Puate XVI. (Figures slightly magnified.) Species 87. (Fig 87 and 90. Mus. Cuming.) CHITON UNDULATUS. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis transverse subangustis, medio rostratis, levibus, areis lateralibus interdum obscuré liratis ; albidd aut rubido-lutescente, valvis lineis concentricis viridibus conspicue ornatis, ligamento corneo, subarenaceo. THE waved Curton. Shell ovate, valves transversely rather narrow, beaked in the middle, smooth, lateral areas sometimes obscurely ridged; whitish or reddish yellow, valves conspicuously ornamented with green concentric lines, ligament horny, subarenaceous. Quoy and Gaimarp, Zool. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, v. 3. p. 393. pl. 75. Extremely variable in respect to colour, but the general design of the painting is characterised by a waved concen- tric arrangement, mostly green. Species 88. (Mus. Cuming.) CuITon PERTUSUs. Chit. testd oblongo-ovaté, valvis medio elevatis, undique creberrimé sulcatis, liris arearum cen- tralium tenuibus, umbones versus convergentibus, sulcis interstitialibus pertusis, valvarum margine postico ser- rato; rubidd, punctis paucis minutis albis aspersd ; ligamento corneo, setis brevibus perpaucis obsito. THE PRICKED Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, valves ele- vated in the middle, very closely grooved throughout, ridges of the central areas thin, converging towards the umbones, interstitial grooves pricked, posterior edge of the valves serrated; dark red, sprinkled with a few minute white dots; ligament horny, very sparingly beset with short bristles. Hab. Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope; W. V. Hennah. The pricked interstices between the close-set ridges which constitute one of the distinguishing features of this species are scarcely discernible without the lens. Species 89. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron Catirornicus. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, valvis medio subrostratis, undique subtilissimé corrugato-cre- nulatis, terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus laticostatis ; fusco-viridi, ligamento corneo, pilis setis- que densé obsito. Tue CaLirorntan Cuiron. Shell oblong ovate, valves somewhat beaked in the middle, very finely corrugately granulated throughout, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest broad-ribbed ; brownish green, liga- ment horny, thickly beset with hairs and bristles. Nurratt, MSS. Hab. California. Distinguished by its broad though somewhat obscure ribs. Species 91. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON TEXTILIS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd planiusculd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus ra- diatim liratis, liris planatis, sulcis concentricis perpau- cis decussatis, areis centralibus minutissime et pulcher- rime, cellulosis cellulis subprofundé excavatis ; sordidé alba ; ligamento minuté granoso-coriaceo, quoque sor- didé albo. THE TEXTILE Curton. Shell oblong ovate, rather flat- tened, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately ridged, ridges flattened, crossed with a few concentric grooves, central areas very minutely and beautifully celluled, cellules rather deeply excavated ; dead white; ligament minutely granosely coriaceous, also dead white. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 5. pl. 6. f. 20. Hab. Cape of Good Hope (under stones at low water). Of an uniform dead white, remarkably distinguished by the very minute elaborate cellular honey-comb sculpture of the central areas. Species 92. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON PALLIDUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovata, valvis undi- que levibus ; sordidé alba ; ligamento corneo, arenaceo, Susco. THE PALE CurIton. Shell oblong-ovate, valves smooth throughout ; dead white ; ligament horny, arenaceous, brown. ? Hab. Perfectly distinguished from the preceding species by its smooth surface and dark brown ligament. March, 1847. CHITON.—Piats XVI. Species 93. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON TRUNCATUS. Chit. testd subelongato-ovati, valvis convexis, posticd terminali fortiter umbonatd et trun- catd, subasperis, sulcis superficiariis undulatis concen- tricé incisis ; luteo-albicante, viridi pulcherrimé varie- gatd, summitate umbonali plus minusve rosea ; liga- mento corneo, translucido. THE TRUNCATED Curton. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, valves convex, the posterior terminal being strongly umbonated and truncated, little rough, con- centrically carved with superficial waved grooves; yellowish-white, very beautifully variegated with green, unbonal summit, more or less rose; ligament horny, transparent. Sowersy, Pro, Zool. Soc., 1841. p. 61. Hab. Catbalonga, Island of Samar, Philippines (under stones at low water); Cuming. An extremely pretty species, having somewhat the ap- pearance of the C. crenulatus, from which it may be dis- tinguished by its different style of sculpture and prominent wumbonated growth of the posterior terminal valve. Species 94. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron Incrt. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis termina- libus, posticd parva declivi, ceterarum areis lateralibus punctis perpaucis radiatis, centralibus sulcis longitudi- naliter arcuatis et undulatis exsculptis, summitate levibus ; lutescente, roseo nigricante-viridi viridique variegaté ; ligamento corneo, subarenaceo. Ince’s Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves, the posterior being small and slanting, and the lateral areas of the rest radiated with a few punctures, cen- tral areas engraved with longitudinally curved grooves, smooth along the summit ; yellowish, variegated with pink, blackish green and light green; ligament horny, little arenaceous. Hab. Raines’ Island, Torres Straits (under stones at low water); Capt. Ince. Partaking in colour and more or less in other respects of the character of the preceding species, from which it differs in the absence of the umbonated truncated growth of the posterior terminal valve, whilst the sculpture, though approximating in design, is distinct, and the lateral areas are slightly punctured. Species 95. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON concENTRIcUS. Chit. testé oblongo-ovati, umbo- nibus subrostratis, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areis- que lateralibus concentricé sulcatis, centralibus longitu- dinaliter liratis, liris subdistantibus interstitiis exca- vatis, valvd terminali posticéd umbonatd, ared parva trigond pland medio notaté; eruginosd ; ligamento, granoso-coriaceo, fusco tessellato. THE CONCENTRIC CuTTon. Shell oblong-ovate, umbones somewhat beaked, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest concentrically grooved, central areas lon- gitudinally ridged, ridges rather distant, interstices hollowed, posterior terminal valve umbonated and distinguished in the middle by a small smooth trian- gular shield; bronzed; ligament granosely coriaceous, tessellated with brown. Hab. New Zealand; Harl. The arrangement of the sculpture of the terminal and lateral areas, present a rare exception, in this species, to the general rule, the grooves being transversely concentric instead of longitudinally radiate. Fig. 96. (Mus. Cuming.) The shell here represented proves to be merely a dark variety of the C. Siculus. For Species 96, see Pl. XVIII. (oo f vi > Specunens slightly magnatied) Chiton PY XVI Reeve imp. bs CHITON. Puate XVII. (Figures slightly magnified.) Species 97. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton PRopuctus. Chit. testé elongato-ovaté, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus concentricé undulatim striatis, centralibus longitudinaliter sulcatis ; pallidé cinereo-albd, valoarum margine postico rufo- punctato ; ligamento corneo. THE LENGTHENED Cuiton. Shell elongately ovate, ter- minal valves and lateral areas of the rest concentri- cally undulately striated, central areas longitudinally grooved ; pale ash-white, posterior edge of the valves dotted with red; ligament horny. 3 Hab. The posterior terminal valve of this elongated species is unusually large. Species 98. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON SANGUINEUS. Chit. testé elongato-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus concentricé undulatim striatis, centralibus longitudinaliter crebri- striatis ; cinered, viridi-fusco variegatd, maculd grandi sanguined utringue umbonem utriusque valve conspicue tinctis ; ligamento corneo, arenaceo. THE BLOOD-STAINED CuITon. Shell elongately ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest concen- trically undulately striated, central areas very closely longitudinally striated; ash-colour variegated with greenish brown, with a large blood-red stain on each side the umbo of each valve; ligament horny. Ha. St. Vincents, West Indies ; Guilding. The red blotches of painting which characterize this species are constant in all the examples I have seen; in sculpture it is allied to C. limaciformis Species 99. (Mus. Cuming.) CurTon RETUsUs. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis termi- nalibus, posticé peculiariter producté et retusi, cate- rarum areisque lateralibus turgidis elevatis radiatin sulcatis, sulcis distantibus, centralibus longitudinaliter liratis, liris postic? convergentibus ; pallescente, fusco strigatd ; ligamento corneo. THE BLUNT CurTon. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves, of which the posterior is peculiarly produced and blunted, and lateral areas of the rest swollen, elevated, and radiately grooved, grooves rather distant, central areas longitudinally ridged, ridges converging pos- teriorly ; pale, streaked with brown; ligament horny. Sowersy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832., p. 28. Hab. Guacomayo and Puerto Portrero, Central America (under stones on the shore); Cuming. Distinguished from all other species by the curious blunted structure of the posterior terminal valve. Species 100. (Mus. Cuming.) CuITON sETosus. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, valvis utrinque laticostatis, medio levibus; virescente-cinered, rufo viri- dique lauté variegatd ; ligamento corneo, setis obsito. THE BRISTLY CuIToNn. Shell oblong-ovate, valves broadly ribbed on each side, smooth in the middle; greenish ash-colonr, showily variegated with red and green, ligament horny, beset with bristles. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1832. Hab. Guacomayo, Central America (on exposed rocks); Cuming. The lateral areas are scarcely distinguished, except by a pair of ribs, the interstices on either side of which are broadly grooved. Species 101. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON c#LATUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, anticé sub- attenuatd, valvis terminalibus, posticd parvd, declivi, ceterarum areisque lateralibus laticostatis, laminis cre- berrimis undulatis nitide calatis, centralibus minutissime reticulatis ; pulcherrimé viridi roseoque ornata ; liga- mento corneo, hic illic setoso. THE curvED Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat attenuated anteriorly, terminal valves, the posterior of which is small and slanting, and lateral areas of the rest broad-ribbed and neatly curved with close-set waved laminz, central areas very minutely reticulated; beautifully ornamented with green and pink; liga- ment horny, here and there bristly. Hab. New Zealand; Earl. Care must be taken not to confound this beautiful spe- cies with the C. setosus. March, 1847. CHITON.—Ptate XVII. Species 102. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON ustuLatus. Chit. testé elongato-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim liratis, liris corrugatis, hic illic granatis et bifurcatis, centralibus minutissimé reticulatis; ustulato-fusca ; ligamento granoso-coriaceo. THE SCORCHED Cu1Ton. Shell elongately ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately ridged, ridges wrinkled, here and there grained and bifur- cated, central areas very minutely reticulated; burnt brown ; ligament granosely coriaceous. Hab. Australia; Jukes. A very distinct species, whether as respects form, colour, or sculpture. Species 103. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON atTratus. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, valvis lavi- bus, terminalibus, posticd truncata, ceterarum areisque lateralibus granulis perpaucis obscuré radiatis ; fuscd, lineis lutescentibus radiatd, macula trigond atrata per summitatem umbonalem utriusque valve; ligamento corneo, translucido, Tur paRK CHIToN. Shell oblong-ovate, valves smooth, the terminal, posterior truncated, and lateral areas of the rest obscurely rayed with a very few granules ; brown, rayed with yellowish lines, with a dark trian- gular spot on the umbonal summit of each valve ; ligament horny, transparent. SoweErsy, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840; Conch. Illus. f. 57, 58. Hab. 2 Mr. Sowerby quotes the Falkland Islands as the habitat of this species ; I cannot, however, imagine it to belong to so cold a region. Species 104. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON METALLICUS. Chit. test@ oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim liratis, liris granatis, posticis bifurcatis, centralibus medio levibus, latera versus longitudinaliter crebrili- ratis ; olivaceo-nigricante ; ligamento granoso-coriaceo. THE METALLIC Carron. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately ridged, ridges grained, the posterior bifurcated, central areas of the rest radiately ridged, ridges grained, the pos- terior bifurcated, central areas smooth in the middle, longitudinally closely ridged towards the sides ; olive- black ; ligament granosely coriaceous. Hab. Australia. Not unlike the dark bronze variety of C. sguamosus, but upon examination will be found to differ materially. Species 105. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton Grayr. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim granatis, granis solitariis, distantibus, centralibus obscuré ewilissimé convergentibus, sulco conspicuo utringue summitatem umbonalem utriusque valve nisi ultime et penultime ; lutescente-rosed, ad latera albivariegaté ; ligamento corneo, translucido. Gray’s Cuiton. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas radiately grained, grains solitary, distant, cen- tral areas obscurely very faintly ridged, ridges con- verging posteriorly, with a conspicuous groove on either side the umbonal summit of each valve, ex- cept the last and last but one ; yellowish rose-colour, variegated at the sides with white; ligament horny, transparent. SowErBy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832. p. 57. Hab. Island of St. Laurence, Bay of Callao, Peru (found attached to shells at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming. Having somewhat the aspect of C. crenulatus, but quite distinct. Species 106. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON scaBER. Chit. testé subelongato-ovatd, valvis undique creberrimé minuté granoso-scabris, costatis, costis solitariis, distantibus ; viridi-fusco roseoque varia ; ligamento corneo, setoso. THE ROUGH CHITON. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, valves very closely minutely granosely rough, radia- tely ribbed, ribs solitary, distant; variegated with greenish brown and pink; ligament horny, bristly. Hab. Central America. Allied to C. se¢osus, but amply distinguished as above characterized. er inw.s Pty eae +s & \ 3 -\ WO . Sow 2 . min Moy, del et itis Specimens sugnily: magaitied , CHITON. Prats XVIII. Species 96. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON pispaR. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus creberrimé planigra- natis, centralibus levibus, aut, sub lente, minutissime reticulatis, ad latera corrugato-striatis ; einered, nigro- olivaceo et interdum albo varid ; ligamento granoso- coriaceo, tessellato. THE UNEQUAL Curton. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest very closely flatly grained, central areas smooth, or, under the lens, very minutely reticulated, striated in a wrinkled manner at the sides ; ash colour, variegated with blackish olive and some- times white; ligament granosely coriaceous, tessel- lated. Sowersy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832. p. 58. Hab. Island of Saboga, Panama (under stones) ; Cuming. The specimen here figured is characterized by a sprinkle of white specks, which does not occur in the example figured by Mr. Sowerby in the ‘Conchological Illustrations’. Species 107. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton pEcussatus. Chit. testd oblongo-ovaté, posticé subattenuatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus granatis, granis subobtusis numerosis irregu laribus interstitiis scabris, areis centralibus striis subcor- rugatis creberrimé decussatis ; pallidé luteo-virescente, fusco per summitatem flammata. THE DECUssATED Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, a little attenuated posteriorly, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest grained, grains rather obtuse, nume- rous, irregular, interstices rough, central areas decus- sated with very close slightly wrinkled strie; pale yellowish green, flamed along the summit with brown. Hab. Australia; Jukes. The sculpture of the central and lateral areas affords a pleasing contrast in this species. Species 108. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON LABECULATUS. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis termina- hibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim sulcatis et obscuré granulatis, valod terminali posticd umbonatd, areis centralibus creberrimé elevato-striatis ; cinerea, Susco interdum variegatd ; ligamento subtilissimé gra- noso-coriaceo. THE BLEMISHED Curron. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately grooved and obscurely granulated, posterior terminal valve umbo- nated, central areas very closely elevately striated ; ash-colour, sometimes variegated with brown; liga- ment very minutely granosely coriaceous. ) Hab. The lateral areas of this species are scarcely raised, with the radiating grooves developed about the middle of them only ; it approximates the C. Rissoi. Species 109. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON ASTRIGER. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, valvis parvis, summitate levibus, utringue creberrimé striolatis ; viri- di ; ligamento corneo, spicularum sericarum cristis densis grandibus albis ornato. THE STAR-ENCIRCLED CuiTon. Shell oblong-ovate, valves small, smooth along the summit, very closely finely striated on each side; green; ligament horny, ornamented with large dense tufts of white silky spi- cule. Hab. Barbadoes. One of the most beautiful of the fasciculate tribe I have met with. Species 110. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON LyRATUS. Chit. testi ovatd, medio elevatiusculd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus levi- bus, centralibus medio levibus, ad latera longitudina- liter sulcatis ; cinereo-virescente, macula trigoni fusces- cente per summitatem hic illic tincté : ligamento squa- . mato-coriaceo, exiliter tessellato. THE HARP-STRINGED CuITOoN. Shell ovate, rather elevated in the middle, terminal valves and lateral areas smooth, central areas smooth in the middle, longitudinally grooved at the sides; ash-green, stained with a brown triangular spot here and there along the summit; ligament squamately coriaceous, faintly tessellated. SoweErry, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840. Conch. Illus. f. 126. Hab. Prince Island, West Africa (under stones) Rev, W. V. Hennah. April, 1847. CHITON.—P.ate XVIII. Tt not unfrequently happens that the central areas of a | species are smooth, whilst the terminal and lateral areas are sculptured, but rarely the reverse of this as in the present instance. Species 111. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron Prorzus. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis termi- nalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim liratis, liris subnodulosis, hic illic bifurcatis, posticis numerosis brevibus postic® divergentibus, areis centralibus minute reticulatis, ad latera elevato-striatis ; olivaceo-viridi aurantio-coccineoque variegata ; ligamento squamato- coriaceo, tessellato. Tue Prorgan Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately ridged, ridges slightly nodulous, here and there bifurcated, the posterior numerous, short, diverging posteriorly, central areas minutely reticulated, elevately striated at the sides; variegated with olive green and orange- scarlet ; ligament squamately coriaceous, tessellated. Hab. Newcastle, Australia; Dr. Dieffenbach. This very pretty species of which there are numerous examples in the British Museum is closely allied to C. lon- gicymba, and presents the same picturesque varieties of colouring ; its sculpture is more forcibly developed, and on the lateral areas, exhibits a bifurcated divergent character. Species 112. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON FORTILIRATUS. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis medio sub- rostratis, posticd terminalt umbonata, retusa, areis late- ralibus concaviusculis, anticé granulatis, centralibus fortiter arcuate liratis; lutescente, viridi variegaté, medio rufescente tincta ; tigamento corneo. THE STRONG-RIDGED CurIton. Shell ovate, valves some- what beaked in the middle, posterior terminal valve umbonated, blunt, lateral areas rather concave, granu- lated anteriorly, central areas strongly arcuately ridged; yellowish, variegated with green, stained with red in the middle; ligament horny. Hab. Raines’ Island, Torres Straits; Capt. Ince, The ridges of the central areas of the valves are curved in a somewhat concentric style from the umbonal summit ; another peculiarity in the species is that only an anterior slip of the lateral areas are granulated. Species 113. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON cLaTHRATUS. Chit. testd ovatd, elevatiusculd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus ra- diatim rugoso-granatis, centralibus peculiariter crebri- clathratis ; nigricante-viridi ; Vigamento subtiliter gra- noso-coriaceo, obscure tessellato. THE LaTTicED Curton. Shell ovate, rather elevated, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately roughly grained, central areas peculiarly closely latticed; blackish green; ligament finely granosely coriaceous, obscurely tessellated. Hab. p Distinguished by the closely latticed sculpture of the central areas. Fig. 114. (Mus. Cuming.) The shell here represented is somewhat peculiar in form, and the surface appears to be very minutely reticulated ; being eroded, however, and the character much obscured, I must hesitate to describe it as new. For Sp. 114 see Plate XXV. Species 115. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON RUGOsUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovaté, valvis utrin- que biradiatim costatis et obseuré corrugatis, medio levibus, depressiusculis, valvd anticdé terminali decem- costatd, posticé parvd, declivi; albidi aut lutescente, rufescente viridique marmoratd, macula parvit nigra hic illic notaté; ligamento corneo, setis duris brevibus sparsim obsito. THE RouGH CurTon. Shell oblong ovate, valves with two radiating ribs, and obscurely wrinkled, on each side, smooth and rather depressed in the middle, anterior terminal valve ten-ribbed, posterior small, slanting ; whitish or yellowish, marbled with faint red or green and marked here and there with a small black spot; ligament horny, sparingly beset with hard short bristles. Gray, Sowerby Conch. Illus. Cat. no. 6. f. 49. Chiton bicolor, Adams. Hab. St. Vincents and Trinidad, West Indies (on exposed rocks ); Guilding. So closely allied in colour and sculpture to the C. setosus of Guacomayo, it is important to notice that in that species the posterior terminal valve is umbonated and abruptly retuse whilst in this it is slanting. Chiton Pl XVIT 108 Sowerhy delet !ith Specimens magnilied. twe turds EVE. ILD ae Sethe t Sawerhy delet [ih LO7 Spee C- \ Spur cf. LITLCILS of al a 4102 Chiton Pl XVI 408 2 ary * CHITON. Puate XIX. (Figures moderately magnified.) Species 116. (Mus. Cuming.) Cu1ton Janzrrensis. Chit. testa oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus fortiter granato-costatis, areis lateralibus elevatis, bi-tri-costatis, centralibus tenuiter granulato- liratis, interstitiis excavatis ; sordidé albé aut fusces- cente ; ligamento corneo. Tur Janerro Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves strongly granately ribbed, lateral areas ele-- vated, two-three-ribbed, central areas finely granu- lately ridged, interstices excavated; dull white or brownish; ligament horny. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 6.f. 8. Chiton Elenensis, Sowerby. Hab. Rio Janeiro. St. Elena, West Columbia; Cuming. Having discovered this to be the C..Janeirensis of Gray, and not the shell figured by Mr. Sowerby in his Conch. Illustrations, and by myself at Plate XV. of this Mono- graph, I propose to substitute the name C. Sowerbianus, for that species, which is of larger size and differently sculptured. Species 117. (Mus. Cuming.) CuiTon rLoccatus. Chit. testd ovati, valvis undique con- spicué seriatim granatis, granis arearum centralium tenuioribus, areis lateralibus subangustis, obscure bi-tri- liratis, valvd terminali posticd umbonaté, abrupte re- tusd ; purpureo-rufo. viridique vivide variegata ; liga- mento corneo, subarenaceo: THE WooLLy Cuiton. Shell ovate, valves conspicuously granate in rows throughout, grains of the central areas the finer, lateral areas rather narrow, obscurely two-three-ridged, posterior terminal valve umbonated and abruptly retuse ; brightly variegated with purple- red and green, ligament horny, subarenaceous. SoweErsy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1841.p..104. Hab. Cagayan, Island of Mindanao, Philippines (under stones) ; Calapan, Island of Mindoro, Philippines (on small stones at. the depth of fifteen fathoms); Cuming. All the examples I have seen of this species are remark-- able for their richness of colouring. Species 118. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON RUGULATUS.. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, medio levi, ‘THE CRISPED CHITON. ad extremitates lateraque concentricé corrugato-incisd viridi aut rubraé, maculis albidis parvis interspersis ; ligamento corneo, arenaceo ; albido, rubro aut viridi ; tessellato. THE FINELY WRINKLED CuiTon. Shell oblong, smooth in the middle, concentrically engraved’ in a wrinkled manner at the sides and extremities; green or red, interspersed with small white spots; ligament horny, arenaceous, whitish, tessellated with red or green. SoweErsy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1833. Hab. Puerto: Portrero and Inner Lobos Island, Central America (under stones at low water); Cuming. Chiefly distinguished by its concentric style of en- eraving, the wrinkled strie of the lateral areas being parallel, in a manner, with those of the central. Fig. 119. (Mus. Cuming.) The:shell here figured proves on further examination to, be astate of the C. fascicularis. For Sp. 112. see Plate XXVI. Species 120. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton crispus. Chit. testd subelongato-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus subtiliter decussatim granulato-crispis, centralibus levibus, aut, sub lente, minutissimé reticulatis ; olivaceo-viridi, satu- rvatiore multipunctaté ; ligamento minute granuloso- coriaceo, obscure tessellato. Shell rather elongately ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest finely decussately granulately crisped, central areas smooth, or, under the lens, very minutely reticulated ; olive- green, thickly painted with dots of a darker colour ; ligament minutely granulously coriaceous, obscurely tessellated. Hab. Australia. Allied to C. longicymba, but distinguished from that species by the minute decussated character. of the sculpture of the lateral areas. Fig, 121. (Mus. Cuming.). An obscure state of the C. Siculus ; for species 121 see Plate XX VI. May, 1847. CHITON.—Prats XIX. ‘Species 122. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton Rissor. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus tenué granoso-striatis, obscure concentricé corrugatis, centralibus creberrimée striolatis ; cinered; saturatioré variegati'; ligamento minutissime granuloso-coriaceo. Risso’s Curron. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest finely granosely striated, obscurely concentrically wrinkled, central areas very closely striated; ash colour, variegated with darker ash; ligament very minutely granosely coriaceous. PAYRAUDEAU, Cat. Moll. de Corse, p. 87. pl. 3. f. 4-5. Hab. Mediterranean. Coast of Sicily; Philippi. The specimen here figured has rather a gigantic appear- ance from the circumstance of its being unusually large, and further magnified to the scale of the species which accompany it. Species 123. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron ADELAIDENSIS. Chit. testd subabbreviato-ovatd, undique, sub lente, minutissime reticulata, valvis termi- nalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus tenuiliratis, liris undulatis, centralibus levibus, areis lateralibus non elevatis; livido-olivaced lutedque, medio fusco flam- mata, valvarum marginibus posticis fusco articulatis ; ligamento granato-coriaceo, granis peramplis. Tue ADELAIDE CuiTon. Shell somewhat shortly ovate, yery minutely reticulated throughout, under the lens, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest finely ridged, ridges waved, central areas smooth, lateral areas not raised ; livid olive and yellow, flamed with brown in the middle, posterior edges of the valves arti- culatedwith brown; ligament granately coriaceous, erains very large. Hab. Port Adelaide, New Holland; Harvey. A very characteristic species which there is no fear of confounding with any other. Species 124. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON cILIATUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valved anticd terminali radiatim octo-liratd, ‘interstitiis undatim granoso-striatis, parvd, retusa, areis lateralibus anticé uniliratis, decussatim granoso-striatis, centralibus longi- tudinaliter granoso-striatis, granis undique obtusis ; cinereo-viridi, medio lutescente sparsim tincté; liga- mento corneo, setis perpaucis obsito. THE CILIATED CuHIToN. Shell oblong ovate, anterior terminal valve radiately eight-ridged, interstices un- dately granosely striated, posterior small retuse, lateral areas anteriorly decussately granosely striated, grains obtuse throughout; ash-green, sparingly stained with yellow towards the middle; ligament horny, beset with a few bristles. SowErsy, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840. Conch. Illus. f. 76. Hab. New Zealand ; Earl. This shell approaches so nearly to the C. Hindsi, that it might almost be regarded as a variety ; upon comparing it, however, with the young of that species it will be found that the grains of the central areas are arranged with more longitudinal precision, whilst the posterior terminal area is more retuse. Fig. 125. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON LONGICYMBA. For this species see Plate XXV. Being an extremely variable one, I have thought it necessary to give repre. sentations of further varieties. For Sp. 125 see Pl. XXVI. Chiton PLXIX VG L427 es = ree Piz awe Sowerby dei et hth Spectinensqiagnitied te ards Ree ane VG 1m Aine Sey be Chiton PAIX Zee 6 Spectinensmiagqnitied ti thirds Resve imp CHITON. Puate XX. (Figures moderately magnified.) Species 126. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON VIRESCENS. Chit. testa ovatd, valvis levibus, mar- gine postico crenulatis ; vivide virescente ; ligamento corneo. THE GREEN CuiToNn, Shell ovate, valves smooth, crenu- lated along the posterior edge; bright pale green; ligament horny. Chiton stramineus, var. Sowerby. Hab. ? Sufficiently distinguished in form from the C. stramineus. Species 127. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron coarcratvs. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis medio levibus, subrostratis, ared reniformi utringue minute granuloso-aspera, deinde levigatd, valvd posticé termi- nali umbonatd, brevi, retusd; rubescente ; ligamento corneo. THE CONTRACTED CuiToNn. Shell oblong-ovate, valves smooth in the middle, somewhat beaked, with a reniform area on each side, minutely granulously rough, then smooth, posterior terminal valve umbo- nated, short retuse; reddish ; ligament horny. SowErsy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1841. Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines; Cuming. The sculpture of this shell is very similar to that of the fasciculate species of the Mediterranean. Fig. 128 and 133. (Mus. Cuming.) Notwithstanding the apparent dissimilitude in these shells, Iam forced to the conclusion that they are both varieties of the C. rugulatus, Sp. 118, For Sp. 128 and 133, see Plate XX VI. Species 129. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON PUNCTULATISSIMUS. Chit. testd ovatd, levi aut, sub lente, minutissime reticulata, et obscure puncturata ; luteo-rufescente, concinné lentiginosd, interdum hic illic intense rubido-castaned ; ligamento minutissimé squa- muato-coriaceo. THE FINELY PUNCTURED CurIToNn. Shell ovate, smooth, or, under the lens, very minutely reticulated, and obscurely punctured ; yellowish-red, prettily speckled, sometimes stained in parts with deep reddish chesnut ; ligament very minutely squamately coriaceous. SoweErsy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1847. Hab. Shores of Peru, (found on dead shells at a depth of from six to ten fathoms) ; Cuming. Obscurely punctured and neatly freckled in colour throughout. Species 130. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON CATENULATUS. Chit. testd subelongato-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus striis concentricé rugulatis, centralibus creberrime minute liratis ; virescente-flavd ; ligamento corneo. THE CaTENULATE Carton. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest wrinkled with concentric strie, central areas very closely minutely ridged; greenish yellow, ligament horny. SowErBy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832. Hab. Inner Lobos Island, coast of Peru (under stones at low water) ; Cuming. Partaking rather of the character of C. rugulatus. Species 131. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron PALLIDULUS. Chit. testd elongata, valvis termi~ nalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus concentricé undulato-rugatis, centralibus minute asperis ; undique albidé ; Uigamento corneo, arenaceo, albido. THE PALE Curron. Shell elongated, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest concentrically undulately wrinkled, central areas minutely rough; whitish throughout ; ligament horny, arenaceous whitish. By Hab. In detail of sculpture, this shell is not much unlike the C. rugulatus, from which however it may be distinguished by the semilunar form of the valves. Species 132. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON PULCHERRIMUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, medio subangulatim elevato, valvis terminalibus conspicué tricostatis, costis nodulosis, ceterarum areis lateralibus tricostatis, costis quoque nodulosis, areis centralibus May, 1847. CHITON.—Ptuatr XX. subprofundé sulcatis, sulcis clathratis, valvd posticd terminali umbonatd ; viridi-fuscescente, rubido tincta ; ligamento granato-coriaceo. THE VERY BEAUTIFUL CurTon. Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat angularly raised in the middle, terminal valves conspicuously ribbed, ribs nodulous, central areas somewhat. deeply grooved, grooves latticed, posterior terminal valve umbonated ; greenish brown, stained with red; ligament granately coriaceous. “SowErsy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1841. p. 103. Hab. Gindulman, Island of Bohol, Philippines (in the crevices of rocks at low water) ; Cuming. The sculpture of this species is very elaborate and de- veloped with peculiar force. Species 134. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron Sunziensis. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis ad latera creberrimé concentricé undulato-rugatis, rugis medium versus obliquis, umbonibus subrostratis depres- sis; lutescente, pallide coccineo viridique eximie tincté, ligamento corneo. Tue Suez Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, valves very closely concentrically wrinkled at the sides, with oblique wrinkles towards the middle ; yellowish, deli- cately stained with pale scarlet and green ; ligament horny. Hab. Gulf of Suez. A very interesting and well-defined species, from the collection of W. Metcalfe, Esq. Species 135. (Mus. Cuming.) CuiTon LaQueatus. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis obtuse rugoso-granatis, anticd terminali quinque-costatd, costis depressiusculis, posticd terminali vix umbonatd, concavo-depressi, ecostatd, ceterarum areis lateralibus unicostatis, centralibus medio subcarinatis; violaceo- purpurea, albo viridique notaté ; ligamento corneo. THE FLUTED CuiTon. Shell oblong-ovate, valves obtusely roughly grained, anterior terminal valve five-ribbed, ribs rather depressed, posterior terminal valve scarcely umbonated, concavely depressed, not ribbed, lateral areas of the rest one-ribbed, central areas slightly keeled in the middle; violet purple, marked with white and green; ligament horny. Hab. Calapan, Island of Mindoro, Philippines (found in coarse sand among small stones at the depth of nine fathoms) ; Cuming. The umbonal ridge of this very characteristic species is marked in each valve with a triangular spot. /umn- 49 Chiton PL XX Sowerby del.ct ith, Specumens magiitied we uirds heeve ny : } aed as x aS Mae a a owerby delet Tith Specunens magnitied wwe Yusds Chiton Pl XX. ‘ eas SE NOU CHITON. Pirate XXI. Species 136. (Mus. Gray.) Cuiron Coutrer. Chit. testd ovatd, valud anticé termi- nali octo-radiatd, posticd parvd, umbonatd, areis late- ralibus granatis, marginibus conspicué elevatis, fortiter granatis, areis centralibus longitudinaliter tenuiliratis, iris minute granulatis, subundulatis, interstitiis exca- vatis ; olivaceo-nigricante ; ligamento corneo, densissimé longisetoso. CouLurg’s Curton. Shell ovate, anterior terminal valve eight-rayed, the posterior small, umbonated, lateral areas grained, edges conspicuously raised, strongly grained, central areas longitudinally finely ridged, ridges minutely granulated, a little waved, interstices excavated ; olive-black, igament horny, very thickly beset with long bristles. Gray, MSS. (private cabinet.) Hab. ? A most elaborately sculptured species, chiefly remarkable on account of the lateral areas being depressely flattened, whilst their strongly granulated edges are conspicuously raised, in the form of diverging ridges. It appears to have been collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Blos- som, and is extremely well figured by Mr. Sowerby in Capt. Beechey’s volume of the Zoology (Pl. 41. fig. 17); having been named, however, C. se¢osus in error, Mr. Gray pro- poses that it be dedicated to the memory of the late Mr. Collie, assistant-surgeon of the Expedition. Fig. 137. (Mus. Gray.) The specimen here represented proves to be a state of the C. Barnesii, in which the ligament is stripped of its calcareous grains, and the valves contracted one upon the other. For Species 137, see Pl. XX VI. Species 138. (Mus. Brit.) Cuiton Guripinew. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis medio levi- bus aut striatis, ad latera unicostatis et nitidé undato- corrugatis, posticé terminali retusd ; lateribus viridi- bus, medio albd, nigro flammaté ; ligamento corneo, translucido, densé setoso. GuILpING’s Cuiton. Shell ovate, valves smooth, or striated in the middle, with a single rib at the sides, the ground sculpture being neatly waved-wrinkled, posterior terminal valve retuse; sides green, white in the middle, flamed with black; ligament horny, transparent, densely bristled. Chiton setosus, Wood, Ind. Test. Supp. Hab. St. Vincents, West Indies. I dedicate this interesting and apparently rare species, to the memory of the Rev. Lansdowne Guilding, to whom science is much indebted for his investigation of the natural history of the island of which it is an inhabitant. Species 139. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON NOBILIS. Chit. testd ovati, levigatd aut puncti- unculis minutis elevatis undique creberrimée notaté, areis lateralibus eailiter radiatim sulcatis ; rufescente- chocolato-fusca, immaculatd ; ligamento corneo, setis duris brevissimis obsito. THE NOBLE CurITon. Shell ovate, smooth or very closely marked throughout with minute raised dots, lateral areas faintly radiately grooved; reddish chocolate- brown, unspotted ; ligament horny, beset with very short hard bristles. Gray, MSS. British Museum. Hab. 2 A fine species, of simple character yet perfectly distinct ; indeed it has no similitude with any hitherto described. Species 140. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON vIRGULATUS. Chit. testa oblongo- vel subelongato- ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus creberrime radiatin striatis, striis elevatis, crassiusculis deinde tenuioribus et undulatis, areis centralibus pul- cherrime longitudinaliter arcuatim elevato-striatis ; oli- vaced, medio lutescente olivaceo variegata ; ligamento granoso-coriaceo, tessellato. THE stRipeD CuiTon. Shell oblong or subelongately ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest very closely radiately striated, striz raised, rather thick, then thin, and little waved, central areas very beautifully arcuately elevately striated; dark olive, yellowish in the middle, variegated with olive; liga- ment granosely coriaceous, tessellated. Sowzrsy, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840. Hab. ? The form of this species varies considerably from oblong- May, 1847. CHITON.—Ptatr XXI. ovate to somewhat elongately ovate; it is characterized by a particularly neat style of sculpture. Species 141. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON cImMoLIus. Chit. testi oblongo-ovatd, valvis termi- nalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim gra- natis, granis solitarius, subirregularibus, peculiariter decumbentibus, valudé anticé terminali umbonem versus retrorsum inflexd, posticdé conspicue wmbonata, areis centralibus medio levibus, utringue liratis, liris tenui- bus, viv granulatis subdistantibus interstitis excavatis ; lutescente-fusca ; ligamento squamato-coriaceo, tessel- lato. THE FULLER’S-EARTH Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, ter- minal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately grained, grains solitary, somewhat irregular, pecu- liarly decumbent, anterior terminal valve reflected back towards the umbo, posterior conspicuously um- bonated, central areas smooth in the middle, ridged on each side, ridges thin, scarcely granulated, rather distant, interstices hollowed ; yellowish-brown ; liga- ment squamately coriaceous, tessellated. Hab. Australia. Allied in form, but not in sculpture, to the C. volvoz ; ata loss for a name, I have distinguished its resemblance in colour to the common fuller’s clay. Species 142. (Mus. Brit.) Curton Nova#-Hottanpia. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus ob- scuré radiatim verrucoso-liratis et concentricé irregu- lariter sulcatis, areis centralibus levibus, aut, sub lente, minutissime reticulatis; viridi, olivaceo maculatéd ; ligamento granoso-coriaceo, nigricante. Tue New Hottanp Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, ter- minal valves and lateral areas of the rest obscurely radiately verrucosely ridged and concentrically irre- gularly grooved, central areas smooth, or, under the lens, very minutely reticulated ; green, blotched with olive; ligament granosely coriaceous, blackish. Gray, MSS. British Museum. Hab. New Holland. The general aspect of this shell is not much unlike that of the C. australis, from the same locality; it is, however, amply distinguished by its smooth central areas, the ob- scurely wart-like character of the radiating ridges of the lateral areas and its olive-blotched style of painting. Sowerby del. et ith Reeve imp. Chitin FPU_XXT. 140 * Tye < Sowerby del et hth Reeve mp. : Se CHITON. Prats XXII. (Specimens moderately magnified.) Species 143. (Mus. Cuming.) Garton Sincnarri. Chit. testé ovati, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus granis amplis depressius- culis conspicue radiatis, centralibus medio levibus, utringue corrugato-striatis ; ligamento squamato-cori- aceo ; olivaceo-viridi, albi-lentiginosé. Sinciarr’s Curtron. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest conspicuously rayed with large rather depressed grains, central areas smooth in the middle, wrinkled on each side; ligament squamately coriaceous ; olive-green, speckled with white. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica. Hab. Van Dieman’s Land; Dr. Sinclair R.N. Very closely allied to the C. Capensis and pellis-serpentis, but distinguished from both by the peculiar structure of the granules, which, to use a mournful comparison, have an appearance like the nails on a coffin. Species 144. (Fig. a and 6. Mus. Brit.) Curton stRiouatus. Chit. oblongo-ovatd, valvis medio levibus, aut, sub lente, minutissimé reticulatis, latera versus concentricé undulato-striatis ; viridescente aut rosacea ; ligamento squamato-coriaceo, squamis parvis, sub lente minutissime striolatis. THE FINELY STRIATED Cuiron. Shell oblong-ovate, valves smooth, or, under the lens, very minutely reticulated, in the middle, concentrically undulately striated towards the sides; greenish or pinkish ; liga- ment squamately coriaceous, scales small, very mi- nutely striated under the lens. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica. Hab. Rio de Janeiro. The fine transverse striae which characterize the scales of the ligament, are only to be discerned with the aid of a powerful lens. Species 145. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON castus. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, undique con- spicué granulatis, granulis solitariis, arearum centra- lium seriatim longitudinaliter ordinatis, lateralium pro- miscuis; subrosaced et lutescente ; ligamento corneo, setigero. Tue cHAsTE Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, conspicuously granulated throughout, granules solitary, arranged on the central areas in longitudinal rows, on the lateral areas promiscuously; pinkish and yellowish; liga- ment horny, bristly. Hab. P A very delicate and neatly sculptured species, distin- guished by the character and arrangement of the granules. Species 146. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON cRocINUs. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus rugis undulatis concen- tricé exculptis, superficie minutissime puncturatd, cen- tralibus liris minutis obliquis undulato-decussatis ; cro- cing, medio purpurascente tinctéd ; ligamento corneo, tessellato. THE SAFFRON Curton. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest concentrically sculptured with waved wrinkles, the surface being most minutely punctured, central areas undulately decussated with minute ridges; saffron yellow, stained in the middle with light purple; ligament horny, tessellated. Hab. ——? A species most peculiar in colour, and not less in sculp- ture; the surface of the central areas having the appearance of coarse cloth or canvas. Species 147. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON ILLUMINATUS. Chit. testa ovatd, valvis terminali- bus ceterarum areisque lateralibus minute granoso- scabris, centralibus subtilissimé liratis, liris subgranu- latis, interstitiis excavatis, minutissimé reticulatis ; ligamento corneo, arenaceo; undique rufi, ligdamento maculis albis ornato. THE ILLUMINATED CHITON. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest minutely granosely rough, central areas very finely ridged, ridges slightly gra- nulated, interstices hollow and very minutely reticu- lated; ligament horny, arenaceous; red throughout, ligament marked with white spots. Hab. Straits of Magalhaens. The shell and ligament are all of an uniform red colour, May, 1847. CHITON.—Puate XXII. the latter being marked with a white light exactly in the places occupied, in the fasciculate species, by the tufts of spiculee. Species 148. (Mus. Brit.) Curron DiEFFENBACHII. Chit. test subelongato-ovatd, valvis punctis minutissimis elevatis obsitis, areis latera~ libus via elevatis, valod posticd terminali umbonata ; rubro, viridi luteogue variegatd; ligamento corneo, arenaceo. DierFENBACH’s Curton. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, valves covered with very minute raised dots, lateral areas scarcely raised, posterior terminal valve umbonated ; variegated with red green and yellow , ligament horny, arenaceous. Hab. Newcastle, Australia; Dr. Dieffenbach. Named in honour of the eminent traveller in New Zea- land and Australia, to whom we are indebted for much interesting information on the physical and natural history of those countries. Species 149. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON INSIGNIS. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis levibus, areis lateralibus. viz elevatis ; flavescente-rubra, areis centra- libus rubidis, lineis albidis transversis, acute undulatis, peculiariter notatis, valoarum margine postico albiarti- culato ; ligamento. corneo, arenaceo. THE MARKED CuIToN. Shell ovate, valves smooth, lateral areas scarcely raised; yellowish red, central areas darker red, peculiarly marked with fine sharp zigzag white transverse lines, posterior edge of the valves articulated with white ; ligament horny, arenaceous. Hab. Sitka, New Archangel; Hinds. A striking species, collected by Mr. Hinds at the above- mentioned locality, during the expedition of the ‘ Sulphur,’ but omitted in his ‘ Mollusca’ of that voyage. Species 150. (Mus. Brit.) Curiton Stanceri. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus granis subquadratis ap- pressis, densé compactis, radiatis, centralibus medio levibus, utringue crebriliratis, interstitiis subprofun- dis ; luted viridique, maculis viridibus tessellatd; liga- mento squamato-coriaceo. StaneEr’s Carron. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest rayed with rows of closely packed square appressed granules, central areas smooth in the middle, closely ridged on each side, interstices rather deep; yellow and green, tessellated with green spots; lgament squamately coriaceous. Hab. New Zealand; Dr. Stanger. Dedicated to the honour of another eminent traveller in New Zealand, whose name is worthy of bemg recorded. under the present genus. Species 151. (Mus. Brit.) CuIton CapEnsis. Chit. testé ovata, valvis terminalibus- caterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim multiseriatis, striis granulatis, centralibus levibus aut latera versus leviter striatis; olivaced et viridescente ; ligamento squamato-coriaceo, squamis grandibus . Tur Capp Curron. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately many-striated, strize granulated, central areas smooth or slightly striated towards the sides; olive and green, ligament squa- mately coriaceous, scales large. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica. Hab. Cape of Good Hope; Capt. Carmichael. The general aspect of this shell is not much unlike that of the C. pellis-serpentis ; it is, however, uniformly smaller, and there is a considerable modification of the sculpture. T/T. Ja hited FLA 150 a7 dy, del ot Lith e OOWEer! ito LU AX, % S GEA» Siete CHITON. Puate XXIII, (Specimens moderately magnified.) Species 152. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON CANCELLATUS. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus creberrimé granulatis, posticé terminali conspicue umbonatd, areis centralibus longitudinaliter minute sulcatis, sulcis latera versus subprofundis ; albicante ; ligamento corneo are- naceo. THE CANCELLATED CHITON. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest very closely granu- lated, posterior terminal valve conspicuously umbo- nated, central areas longitudinally minutely grooved, with the interstices cancellated, grooves rather deep towards the sides; whitish; ligament horny, arena- ceous. Leacu? Sowerby, Conch. Illus. f. 104. @ and 6. Hab. Coast of Scotland. This shell, with the aid of a good lens, will be found to have a very neat arrangement of sculpture, the central areas being curved with finely cancellated grooves, whilst the lateral are crowded with minute granules. It is perfectly distinct from the white variety of C. cinereus which has been confounded with it. Species 153. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON PULCHELLUS. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminali- bus radiatim nodoso-costatis, costis amplis areis latera- libus bicostatis, centralibus peculiariter minute foveo- latis ; ligamento corneo ; undique luteo-albidd. THE PRETTY CHITON. Shell ovate, terminal valves radi- ately nodosely ribbed, ribs large, lateral areas two- ribbed, central areas peculiarly minutely pitted ; liga- ment horny; yellowish white throughout. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica. Hab. Arica, Peru; Rev. W. V. Hennah. The central areas of this pretty species are distinguished by a peculiarly indented or honey-comb style of sculpture. Species 154. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON INauINATUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovaté, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus concentricé subobscureé costatis, tenué radiatim sulcatis, areis cen- tralibus longitudinaliter tenuiliratis ; ligamento corneo, arenaceo ; albidd, macula fuscescente per summitatem umbonalem utriusque valve tinctd. THE SOILED Cuiton. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest concentrically somewhat obscurely ribbed, finely radiately grooved, central areas longitudinally finely ridged; ligament horny, arenaceous ; whitish, stained with a light brown spot along the summit of each valve. "Hab. Van Dieman’s Land; Dr. Sinclair. This shell is sometimes partially stained throughout with the faint brown colour which appears on the umbonal summit. Species 155. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON SEGMENTATUS. Chit. testd suboblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus nodis gran- dibus solitariis radiatim ordinatis pulcherrimé celatis, areis centralibus longitudinaliter tenuiliratis, liris an- gustis, subgranulatis, interstitiis excavatis ; ligamento corneo, granoso-coriaceo ; albicante, lateribus rufescen- tibus, maculé albé, fusco-marginaté, per summitatem utviusque valve. THE EMBROIDERED CuirTon. Shell somewhat oblong ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest very beau- tifully carved with rays of large isolated nodules, cen- tral areas longitudinally finely ridged, ridges narrow, slightly granulated, interstices hollowed; ligament horny, granosely coriaceous; whitish, sides reddish, with a brown-edged white spot along the summit of each valve, 9 Hab. A truly interesting species, amply distinguished from any other. Fig. 156. (Mus. Gray.) CuIton MiLLERI. Chit. testd ovatd, levigatd, areis cen- tralibus, sub lente, minutissimé reticulatis, lateralibus tenuissimé striatis ; olivaced vel interdum albd, nigro maculaté aut punctatéd ; ligamento granoso-coriaceo, nigro luteoque tessellato. May, 1847. CHITON.—Ptate XXIII. Mituer’s Curron. Shell ovate, smooth, central areas, under the lens, most minutely reticulated, lateral areas very finely striated; olive or sometimes white, blotched and dotted with black; ligament granosely coriaceous, tessellated with black and yellow. Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica. Hab. Hastern Seas. Extremely variable in colour, as may be seen in the further varieties figured in Pl. XXIV. Species 157. (Mus. Gray.) Curton Mupiterranevs. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus concentrice undulato-scabris, centralibus longitudinaliter sulcatis ; albicante ; ligamento granoso-coriaceo, fuscescente. Tur MepITerRaNnzaN Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, ter- minal valves and lateral areas of the rest undu- lately scabrous, central areas longitudinally grooved ; whitish ; ligament granosely coriaceous, pale brown. Gray, MSS. (private cabinet). Hab. Mediterranean. In order not to confound this shell with the C. Rissoz, it may be observed that the lateral areas. in that species are granulated. The central figure, without number, represents the young of C. Hennahi. Species 158. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON CARINULATUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus concentricé et radiatim subobscuré liratis, granulis obtusis corru- gato-ordinatis creberrimeé exculptis, areis centralibus quoque granulatis, medio levibus, summitate peculiariter carinatis ; rubicundd ; ligamento subtiliter squamato- coriaceo. THE FINELY KEELED Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, ter- minal valves and lateral areas of the rest concentrically and radiately somewhat obscurely ridged, and sculp- tured with obtuse granules arranged in wrinkles, central areas also granulated, smooth in the middle, peculiarly keeled at the summit; ruddy rose; liga- ment finely squamately coriaceous. Hab. Van Dieman’s Land; Dr. Sinclair, R.N.° An extremely interesting species keeled in a peculiar manner along the umbonal summit. Species 159. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON caTILLus. Chit. testd ovatd, anticé attenuaté, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus con- centricé liratis, granulis minutis radiatis, centralibus subtilissimé sulcatis et cancellatis ; albidd ; ligamento corneo, arenaceo. Tue pisH Curton. Shell ovate, attenuated anteriorly, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest concen- trically ridged, radiated with minute granules, central areas very finely grooved and cancellated; whitish, ligament horny, arenaceous. Hab. > Distinguished by its anteriorly attenuated form, and general arrangement of sculpture. } Species 160. (Mus. Gray.) CHITON CINGILLATUS. Chit. testd ovati, valvis levibus, liris duabus tribusve concentricis prope marginem cir- cumdaté ; olivaceé ; ligamento granoso-coriaceo. THE GIRDLED CuITOoN. Shell ovate, valves smooth, sur- rounded near the margin with two or three concentric ridges; olive; ligament granosely coriaceous. Hab. South America; Capt. Forbes Young. The ridges at the end of the lateral areas form rows of concentric circles round the shell which are very charac- | teristic. hitow LL AVI. 165 458 160 Sowerby, del et Tith Reeve, imp on TOI TAG 458 Sowe rb del et Jath ee DY VII Chitow Lt AEM. te 407, FAL ees pats CHITON. Puate XXIV. (Figures of the natural size.) Species 161. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON PROPRIUS. Chit. testé ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus liris brevibus transversis, irregularibus solitariis peculiariter eusculptis, centra- libus minutissime reticulatis, valvd posticd terminal, umbonaté ; cinereo-olivaced ; ligamento squamato-cori- aceo, tessellato. THE PECULIAR Cur1Ton. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest peculiarly sculptured with irregular solitary short transverse ridges, central areas very minutely reticulated, posterior terminal valve umbonated; ash-olive; ligament squamately coria- ceous, tessellated. ITab. West coast of Central America; Dr. Sinclair, R.N. This is certainly a very characteristic species; there is a peculiarity in the sculpture of the terminal and lateral areas, which I find it difficult to convey by description. . Species 162. (Mus. Brit.) CHITON ARBUTUM. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus striis granatis, posticé divergentibus, reticulatim decussatis, areis centralibus granulis obtusis subquadratis creberrimé exculptis ; viridi aut rufescente, nigripunctatd ; ligamento squa- mato-coriaceo, tessellato. THE STRAWBERRY CHITON. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest reticulately decussated with grained strie diverging off posteriorly, central areas very closely sculptured with blunt squarish granules; green or reddish, dotted with black; liga- ment squamately coriaceous, tessellated. Hab. ? An interesting species of which there are several exam- ples in the British Museum, but without any information attached. Species 163. (Fig. a to d Mus. Brit.) CHITON LoNGIcyMBA. Chit. test@ oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus tenuiter liratis, liris subgranatis irregulariter radiatim diver- gentibus, areis centralibus minute reticulatis ; colore varia ; ligamento corneo, arenaceo. THE CANOE Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest finely ridged, ridges slightly grained and irregularly radiately diverging, central areas minutely reticulated; colow: variable ; ligament horny, arenaceous. Der Buartnvitye, Dict. des Sci. Nat. vol. xxxvi. pl. 542. Hab. New Holland. It would be vain to attempt to describe the variation which this species exhibits in colour and design of painting ; in this respect, it is of all Chitons the most variable, but the sculpture is uniform throughout. Species 164. (Mus. Brit.) CHITon Muscarius Chit. testé ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus subrugosis, radiatin sulcatis, centralibus levibus et minute creberrime punc- turatis ; olivaceo-viridi, medio rufescente, punctis nigris ceruleo-marginatis undique picté ; ligamento granato- coriaceo, granis amplis. THE FLY spoT Curron. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest roughish and radiately grooved, central areas smooth and minutely very closely punc- tured ; olive-green, reddish in the middle, painted throughout with black dots ; ligament granosely cori- aceous, grains large. Hab. 2 Allied to the C. punctulatissimus, but easily distinguished on comparison. Species 165. (Mus. Brit.), CHITON LENTIGINOSUS. Chit. testd ovatd, undique minu- tissime reticulata, areis lateralibus subobscuré concen- tricé sulcatis; aurantio-luted vel olivaceé, punctis livido-ceruleis aspersé ; ligamento squamato-coriaceo, tessellato. THE SPECKLED Carron. Shell ovate, very minutely reticulated throughout, lateral areas somewhat ob- scurely concentrically grooved; orange-yellow or olive, sprinkled with livid blue dots; ligament squamately coriaceous. SoweErsy, Conch. Illus. f. 120. Hab. Newcastle, Australia; Dr. Dieffenbach. Variable in the ground colour; but constantly charac- terized by a sprinkling of livid blue dots. May, 1847. Pea Ailow FLAN 162 8 S 163” J Reeve im Kite Lt. AX . 167 162, , 168 @ | e #0¢ Ge Bowetby. del et Lt Reeve im CHITON. Puate XXV. Species 166. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron HAsTatus. Chit. testd lanceolato-ovatd, valvit posticé terminali peculiariter acuminata, valvis sum- mitate levibus, utrinque minute granoso-scabris ; cinereo- albidd, medio nigricante ; ligamento corneo, fasciculis parvis munito. THE spEaRED Curron. Shell lanceolately ovate, pos- terior terminal valve peculiarly acuminated, valves smooth at the summit, minutely granulously roughened on each side; ashy white, blackish in the middle; ligament horny, furnished with small fasciculi. Sowrrsy, Conch. Illus. f. 127. Hab. ——? The acuminated growth of the valves constitutes a re- markable feature in this species ; in sculpture it approaches the C. hirudiniformis. Species 167. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton Luzonicus. Chit. testéd ovata, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim granulato- liratis, centralibus longitudinaliter liratis, liris subdis- tantibus ; albidd, viridi longitudinaliter fammatd ; lig- amento corned. THE Luzon Cuiton. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately granulously ridged, central areas longitudinally ridged, ridges rather distant; whitish, longitudinally flamed with green ; ligament horny. Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1841. Hab. Sorsogon, Island of Luzon, Philippines (found at- tached to dead shells at the depth of fifteen fathoms) ; Cuming. Apparently distinct, though it has the appearance of being an immature shell. Fig. 168. (Mus. Cuming.) This appears to be identical with Mr. Gray’s C. pul- chellus. For Sp. 168. see Pl. XX VII. Species 169. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON ANTIQUUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis ter- minalibus radiatim costatis, areis lateralibus bicostatis, costis grandibus, tumidis, subnodosis, areis centralibus longitudinaliter tenuiliratis, lirarum interstitiis minute clathratis ; olivaceo-viridi ; ligamento corneo, squamato- coriaceo. THE ANTIQUE CHITON. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves radiately ribbed, lateral areas two-ribbed, ribs large, swollen, subnodose, central areas longitudinally finely ridged, interstices between the ridges minutely lat- ticed; olive-green; ligament horny, squamately co- riaceous. Hab. Australia. In the specimen of this beautifully carved species here represented, the ligament is unfortunately denuded of its scales; it approaches the C. pudchellus but differs in the sculpture of the central areas. Species 170. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON DIsSIMILIs. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus levibus, areis centralibus longitudinaliter sulcatis, medio levibus ; rufo-fuscescente, alboque varid; ligamento granoso- coriaceo, tessellato. THE DISSIMILAR Carton. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas longitudinally grooved, smooth in the middle; variegated with reddish brown; liga- ment granosely coriaceous, tessellated. Hab. ? Approximating in some measure to the C. tulipa. Species 171. (Mus. Cuming.) Curton Casnranus. Chit. testd subelongtato-ovata, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus concen- tricé costatis, costis grossis, areis centralibus longitu- dinaliter striatis ; opaceo-albd ; ligamento corneo. Tue Caserta Curron. Shell somewhat elongately ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest concen- trically ribbed, ribs stout, central areas longitudinally striated ; opake-white ; ligament horny. Port, Test. utr. Sicil. pl. 4. f. 1. Hab. Mediterranean. A solid shell remarkable for the bold concentric sculpture. of its terminal and lateral areas. May, 1847. CHITON.—Ptate XXV. Species 172. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON CALIGINOSUS. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis termina- libus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim striatis, striis hic illic bifurcatis, areis centralibus minute reti- culatis ; olivaced, nigricante varid, valvarum margi- nibus posticis nigro-articulatis, ligamento granoso- cortaceo Tur GLoomy Curron. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately striated, strize here and there bifurcated, central areas. minutely reticu- lated; olive, variegated with black, posterior margins of the valves articulated with black ; ligament gra- nosely coriaceous. Hab. Island of Negros, Philippines (under stones at low water); Cuming. The articulated painting along the posterior edges of the valves is rather a conspicuous feature in this species. Fig. 114. The shell here figured has been unfortunately mislaid since the drawing was executed. For Sp. 114 see Pl. XXVIT. Species 119. (Mus. Cuming.) CurTon RosEus. Chit testé subelongato-ovatd, valvis om- nibus pulcherrimé concentricé sulcatis, sulcis leviter undulatis, valvd posticd terminali conspicuée umbonata ; purpureo-rosed. THE ROSE Curton. Shell somewhat eclongately ovate, all the valves very beautifully concentrically grooved, grooves a little waved, posterior terminal valve con- spicuously umbonated ; purple-rose Sowersy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832. p. 58. Hab. Island of Plata, West Columbia (found attached to dead shells at the depth of seventeen fathoms) ; Cuming. A very peculiarly sculptured species of an uniform semitransparent purple-rose hue. Species 121. (Mus. Cuming,) Cuiton prcus. Chit. testé ovaté, anticé subattenuatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus gra- nulatis, granulis obtusis, confertis, areis centralibus minute reticulatis; nigro alboque varidé; ligamento granoso-coriaceo. : THE MAGPIE CuHiTON. Shell ovate, a little attenuated anteriorly, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest granulated, granules obtuse, close-set; central -areas minutely reticulated; variegated with black and white; ligament granosely coriaceous, Hab. ? Certainly distinct from any other species that as come under my notice. » on Hite Chitow PUATK Wye J Sowerby, del with iat Be ¥ FS \ = 166 Chitow PLALV 169 i790 Ve ‘ 472 Z 4 127 5 Sowerby, del Tath x ‘ . F - = : < 5 y CHITON. Pirate XXVI. (Specimens slightly magnified.) Species 114. (Mus. Belcher.) Curton prrasus. Chit. testd parvd, subabbreviato-ovatd, valvis medio ared trigond subrostratd politd, utrinque rugoso-yranatis ; vivide coccined ; ligamento latissimo, precipue antic’, quoque vivide coccineo, setis pilisve brevibus hic illic obsito. THE COAL-PORTER’S CAP Curron. Shell small, somewhat abbreviately ovate, valves with a polished slightly beaked triangular area in the centre, roughly granu- lated on each side; bright scarlet; ligament very broad, especially in front, also bright scarlet, beset here and there with short hairs and bristles. Hab. Cape Rivers; Belcher. A beautiful little bright scarlet shell enframed within a broad swollen ligament of the same very striking colour ; in the form of the ligament it is the nearest approach I have seen to that remarkable species the C. Blainvillit. For this and other interesting species represented in the accompanying plate, I am indebted to the kindness and liberality of Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, by whom they were collected during his recent voyage in H.M.S. Samarang. Species 177. (Mus. Metcalfe.) Curron scunprus. Chit. testd oblongd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus rugis granosis amplis postice divergentibus conspicue sculptis, areis centralibus striis acute undulatis minuté reticulatis ; ligamento minutissime squamato-coriaceo. Tun scutprurpp Curron. Shell oblong, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest conspicuously sculptured with large granose wrinkles diverging posteriorly, central areas minutely reticulated with sharply undulated strie; ligament very minutely squamately coriaceous. Sowerby, Conch. Illus. Cat. no. 44. f. 66. Hab. ? Approximating in character to the C. Proteus, of which there is suck a beautiful suite of specimens in the British Museum. Should it prove to be one of the states of that species the name sculptus must be applied to the whole. Species 125. (Mus. Metcalfe.) OCurron Levis. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis concentrice striatis, undique minutissime reticulato-granulosis ; rubra, viri- descente hic illic marmoratd ; ligamento minutissimé granoso-coriaceo. Tuer smMootH Curron. Shell ovate, valves concentrically striated, very minutely reticulately granulated throughout ; ‘red, marbled here and there with light green ; ligament very minutely granosely coriaceous. Pennant, British Zoology, vol. iv. pl. 36. f. 3. Hab. Shores of Britain. Apparently smooth, but in reality very minutely reticu- lately granulated. Found by Mr. Metcalfe at Guernsey, but of rare occurrence in that locality. Species 128. (Mus. Belcher.) Cuiton Cornanicus. Chit. testd ovatd, elevatiusculd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus ra- diatim suicatis, interstitiis convexis peculiariter granatis, granis prominentibus, rotundatis, solitariis, valva ter- minali posticd umbonatd, eatremitate radiaté pared, brevi; areis centralibus longitudinaliter tenuissime gronato-liratis, lirarum interstitiis excavatis ; areis lateralibus nigricante-viridibus, grants lutescentibus, areis centralibus lutescentibus nigro maculatis et varie- gatis ; ligamento tenuiter granoso-coriaceo, nigricante- viridi et virescente concinne tessellato. Tue Korean Curron. Shell ovate, rather elevated, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately grooved, interstices convex, peculiarly grained, grains prominent, round, solitary, posterior terminal valve umbonated, extremity radiate, small, short; central areas longitudinally very finely granosely ridged, interstices between the ridges hollowed; lateral areas blackish green, grains yellowish, central areas yellowish blotched and variegated with black; ligament finely granosely coriaceous, tessellated dark and pale green. Hab. Korean Archipelago (under stones) ; Belcher. The sculpture of this species is not much unlike that of the C. luridus; still it is distinct, and accompanied with a very characteristic style of painting. The central areas of the shell are of a yellowish ground, blotched and vari- egated with black. The terminal and lateral areas are very dark green, with the prominent granules conspicuously tinged here and there with yellow. The ligament is strik- ingly tessellated with dark and pale sea-green. Species 133. (Mus. Metcalfe.) Cuiton pEctinatus. Chit. testi subelongatd, valoé extrema posticd fortiter umbonatd et retusa, areis la- teralibus elevatis, rude sulcatis, centralibus conspicue creberrimée liratis, liris umbones versus peculiariter July, 1847. CHITON.—Ptuate XXVI. convergentibus ; viridi fusco rufoque variegatd, area- rum lateralium marginibus anticis nigro articulatis. THE PECTINATED CuitTon. Shell somewhat elongated, extreme posterior valve strongly umbonated and retuse, lateral areas elevated, rudely grooved, central areas conspicuously very closely ridged, ridges con- verging in a peculiar manner towards the umbones ; variegated red-brown and green, front edges of the lateral areas articulated with black dots. Sowrrsy, Conch. Illus. Cat. no. 8. f. 146. Hab. 2 This species is apparently one of great rarity; I have not had the good fortune to meet with any other specimen than that here represented from the collection of W. Metcalfe Hsq., and the ligament is not in sufficiently good condition, to enable me to make out the character repre- sented in the ‘Conchological Illustrations ’ by Mr. Sowerby, of short calcareous processes like those of C. spinager. Species 137. (Mus. Belcher.) CHITON AcUTIROsTRATUS. Chit. testd elongatd, medio elevatd, lateraliter subcompressé, valvis suimmitate obtuso-carinatis, levibus, utringue creberrimé plani- granatis, umbonibus productis, acute rostratis, valvarum areis lateralibus parvis, subindistinctis, concavis; albidd, summitate nigro hic illic inquinatd ; ligamento corneo, spiculorum cristé parva ad latus utriusque value munito. THE SHARPLY BEAKED Carron. Shell elongated, ele- vated in the middle, somewhat compressed at the sides, valves obtusely keeled at the summit, smooth, very closely flatly grained on each side, wmbones produced, sharply beaked, lateral areas of the valves small, rather indistinct, concave ; whitish, stained here and there along the summit with black; ligament horny, furnished at the side of each valve with a small crest of spicula. Hab. Cape Rivers; Belcher. An elongated species, of somewhat compressed growth, remarkably distinguished by the sharply beaked structure of the umbones; the flat-grained sculpture of the valves approaches that of C. hirudiniformis, to which it offers a singular contrast of colour. Species 173. (Mus. Belcher.) CHITON FoRMOsSUS. Chit. testé oblongd, subangustd, valvis summitate subtilissime longitudinaliter striatis, ad latera granulatis ; vivide coccined ; ligamento corneo, spiculis vitreis nitidé albis dense obsito, spiculorum cristd densa erecté ad latus utriusque valve. THE BEAUTIFUL Curron. Shell oblong, rather narrow, valves very finely longitudinally striated at the summit, granulated at the sides; bright scarlet ; lig- ament horny, thickly beset with shining white spicula, at the side of each valve. Hab. Cape Rivers; Belcher. A most exquisite little species of a bright scarlet colour, surrounded with dense tufts of white shining glassy spicula. Of this and the C. petasus and acutirostratus, only a single specimen of each was obtained. Species 174. (Mus. Belcher.) CHITON FULIGINATUS. Chit. testé oblonga, valde elevati, valois terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus sub- irregulariter concentrice striatis, prope marginem incisis, areis centralibus levibus, sub lente minutissimé reti- culatis ; sordidé albd, nigro plus minusve sparsim fuli- ginaté ; ligamento corneo, angusto, fusco. THE sooteD Cuiton. Shell oblong, very elevated, ter- minal valves and lateral areas of the rest somewhat irregularly concentrically striated, strie engraved near the margin, central areas smooth or, under the lens, minutely reticulated; dead white, more or less sparingly smeared with black; ligament horny, narrow, brown. Hab. Korean Archipelago; Belcher. Of numerous specimens collected at the above-mentioned islands, all are of an uniform dull white, more or less sparingly besooted with black. Species 175. (Mus. Metcalfe.) CHITON RUBER. Chit. testé ovatd, valvis concentricé striatis, levibus, umbonibus subdepresso-rostratis ; lu- tescente, rufo undique maculatd ; ligamento granoso- coriaceo, rufo-marmorato. Tue RED Curron. Shell ovate, valves concentrically striated, smooth, umbones somewhat depressly beaked; yellowish, blotched throughout with red; ligament granosely coriaceous, marbled with red. Lowe (not of Linneus), Zool. Journ. vol. u. pl. 5. f. 2. Hab. Shores of Britain. Collected by Mr. Metcalfe at Guernsey, but rare. Species 176. (Mus. Metcalfe.) Cuiton crinitus. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis summitate levibus, subcarinatis,ad latera granatis, granis grandibus 5 J planulatis ; ligamento corneo crinito, spiculorum cristis munito. THE HAIRY Curron. Shell ovate, valves smooth along the summit, slightly keeled, grained at the sides grains large, flattened; ligament horny, hairy, furnished with tufts of spicula. Pennant, British Zoology vol. iv. pl. 39. f. 1. Chiton fascicularis, Sowerby (not of Linnzus). Hab. Britain. Weymouth, Lynn, Broadstairs &c.; Metcalfe. Shetland and Orkney Islands; Forbes and M’c Andrew. The C. crinitus is abundantly distributed throughout the shores of the British Isles, whilst the C. fascicularis is only found on the south coast and among the Channel Islands. Both occur equally in the Mediterranean. Chileon PI XXVL Fi Le —S _— Sowerby-clel et hth a Sowerby-del et Ith Cl toy ee ‘ Mien ci CHITON. Pratt XXVII. Species 168. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron crrecumvaLLatus. Chit. testdé oblongo-ovatd, valvis terminalibus caterarum areisque lateralibus liris concentricis eaculptis, centralibus minutissime reticu- latis, valved terminali posticd wmbonatd ; nigricante rufa, nigro maculata, ligamento arenaceo, tessellato. THE INTRENCHED Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest sculptured with concentric ridges, central areas very minutely reticu- lated, posterior terminal valve umbonated; blackish red, spotted with black, ligament arenaceous, tessel- lated. Hab. New Zealand. Approaching C. longicymba, but distinguished from that species by the conspicuous concentric ridges with which it is encircled. Species 178. (Mus. Belcher.) CHITON scuTIGER. Chit. testd elongata, subangustd, valvis medio levi-carinatis, subrostratis, utrinque minute et ereberrime granulatis ; peculiariter ustulato-rufa ; liga- mento dense setoso, valvarum latera obducto, spiculorum cristis parvis munito. THE SHIELD-BEARING Curton. Shell elongated, narrow, valves smoothly keeled in the middle, slightly beaked, minutely and very closely granulated; peculiarly burnt-red colour; ligament densely bristled, spread over the sides of the valves, and furnished with small tufts of spicula. Apams and REEvE, Moll. Voy. Samarang. Hab. Island of Quelpart ; Korean Archipelago; Adams. It is somewhat difficult to discriminate between this and the C. hirudiniformis beyond noting a difference of colour, except by comparison of specimens in good condi- tion, before the ligamentary portion of the mantle has become dried and contracted: they are, however, distinct, and the simple difference of colour is, in this instance, a character to be relied on. Species 179. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON LAvIGATUS Chit. testd ovatd, latiusculd, levi aut concentrice striatd, areis lateralibus vix distinctis, val- varum marginibus posticis minute denticulatis ; albidd, coccineo-rufo variegatd et maculata ; ligamento corneo. THE smootH Curron. Shell ovate, rather broad, smooth or concentrically striated, lateral areas scarcely dis- tinguished, posterior edges of the valves minutely denticulated ; whitish, blotched and variegated with scarlet red, ligament horny. Frumine, Edin. Ency. v. 7. p. 103. Chiton latus. Lowe. Hab. Britain; Lowe. West coast of Sweden; Lovan. Easily distinguished by its scarlet red painting, the denticulated edges of the valves being articulated red and white, whilst the valves are richly tinged with rose-red posteriorly in the interior. Species 180. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron crrceLtatus. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis postice subproductis, levibus, sulcis circularibus pecu- liariter exsculptis ; atrd ; ligamento dense brevisetoso, valearum latera obsito, spiculorum cristis parvis munito. THE CIRCLED CurTon, Shell oblong-ovate, valves some- what produced posteriorly, smooth, peculiarly sculp- tured with circular grooves; jet black; ligament densely beset with short bristles, spreading over the sides of the valves and furnished with small tufts of spicula. Apams and Rexve, Moll. Voy. Samarang. Hab. Island of Quelpart ; Korean Archipelego; Adams. This is the largest of the tufted species, and quite pecu- liar in its style of sculpture ; the valves in all others of this group are minutely granulated, but in this they are smooth, and characterized by a number of fine grooves radiating in concentric order from the umbones. Species 181. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron Cunnincuamtit. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, valvis crassiusculis, undique concentricé liratis, striis elevatis ab umbonibus radiatis, posticd terminali, retuso-wmbo- natd, areis lateralibus via distinctis; viridi-nigrd, valvis medio fascid fuscd longitudinaliter pictd ; liga- mento corned. CunntneHam’s Curron. Shell oblong-ovate, valves rather thick, concentrically ridged throughout, radi- ated from the umbones with raised striz, posterior October, 1847. CHITON.—PuatEe XXVII. terminal valve retusely umbonated, lateral areas scarcely distinguished ; greenish-black, valves longi- tudinally painted in the middle with a brown band ; ligament horny. Hab. Australia, on the rocks; Cunningham. This fine shell which I at first thought to be a variety of the C. piceus, is certainly distinct from that species ; on comparing the descriptions and figures the valves may be observed to differ both in form and sculpture. Tt was collected in Australia by the late Mr. Allan Cunningham, a most indefatigable traveller, who has contributed largely to our stores both of zoological and botanical specimens, and I gladly adopt his name already attached to the specimen in manuscript. Species 90. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON sPINULOSUS. Chit. testé ovata, valvis granulorum liris eximiis undique-nitidé eaculptis, terminali posticad umbonata ; fulvo-spadiced, macula trigond rufa sum- mitate umbonali utriusque valve, valvarum marginibus posticis rufo alboque pulcherrimé articulatis ; liga- mento corneo, subarenaceo. THE SPINULOSE Cuiton. Shell ovate, valves neatly sculp- tured throughout with delicate ridges of granules, posterior terminal valve umbonated; fulvous bay colour, with a triangular dark red spot on the umbo- nal summit of each valve, posterior edges of the valves very prettily articulated red and white ; liga- ment horny, subarenaceous. Sowersy, Conch. Illus. f. 84 and 84 @, (not f. 70 and 71). Hab. 2 Well characterized by its neatly defined rows of delicate granules and peculiar style of painting. Species 182. (Fig. 182 and 183, Mus. Cuming.) CHITON MARGINATUS. Chit. test@ ovatd, latiusculd, sub lente undique minutissimé reticulatd, areis lateralibus vie distinctis, valvarum marginibus posticis obsolete minute denticulatis ; albidd, nigro aut viridi promiscué variegaté ; ligamento arenaceo, tessellato. THE MARGINED CurTon. Shell ovate, rather broad, under the lens very minutely reticulated, lateral areas scarcely distinguished, posterior edges of the valves obsoletely minutely denticulated; whitish, promis- cuously variegated with black or green; ligament arenaceous, tessellated. Pennant, Brit. Zool. vol. iv. p. 71. pl. 36. f. 2. Hab. Britian. The commonest and most variable of the British species. Figure 154. Probably a variety only of C. ongicymba. XV// vi Chiton, PL X 178. a Cy aN 183. 182. > ao) aks he aS Osa \\yy7 ~ SS Chiton, PL XXV/1 ; Sowerby, del ev ith Reeve, imp s * : as “Se. i> - CHITON. Prats XXVIII. (Figures considerably magnified.) Species 185. (Mus. Cuming.) Curron corrueatus. Chit. testé ovati, valvis terminali- bus radiatim costatis, posticd pared, retusa, areis la- teralibus bicostatis, valvis omnibus undique granulato- corrugatis; viridi, nigricante maculatd ; ligamento arenaceo, tessellato. THE WRINKLED CHITON. Shell ovate, terminal valves radiately ribbed, posterior small, retuse, lateral areas two-ribbed, all the valves granulosely wrinkled throughout; green, blotched with black; ligament arenaceous, tessellated. Hab. ? Distinguished by a beautiful surface of minutely wrinkled sculpture, the posterior terminal valve being unusally small whilst the anterior is large and broadly radiately ribbed. Species 186. (Mus. Cuming.) Cuiton Exicuus. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, subangusti, valvis levibus, sulco utrinque summitatem umbonalem ; rufescente, albimaculaté. THE MINUTE CurTon. Shell oblong-ovate, rather narrow, very minute, valves smooth, with a groove on each side the umbonal summit; pale red, mottled with white. Sowersy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island. An extremely minute species of which the characters are only to be detected with the aid of a lens of consi- derable power. Species 187. (Fig. 187. Mus. Hanley, Fig. 190. Mus. Forbes.) Cuiton Hanutyi. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, medio eleva- tiusculd, valvis granulis minutis conspicuis, in seriebus longitudinalibus ordinatis, pulcherrimé exculptis, circa umbones levibus ; albidé aut nigricante tinctd. Hanuey’s Cuiron. Shell oblong-ovate, rather elevated in the middle, valves very beautifully sculptured with conspicuous minute granules arranged in longitudinal rows; whitish or stained with black. Bran, Thorpe, Brit. Marine Conch. Supp. p. 263. f. 57. Hab. Britain. Remarkably distinguished from any of the British Chz- tons by its conspicuous longitudinal rows of granules, which rather approximate in character to those of some of the larger exotic species, C. luridus e.g. Species 188. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON COLUBRIFER. Chit. testa oblongo-ovatd, medio elevatiusculd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus peculiariter plano-granulatis, centralibus strius circularibus et obliquis subtilissime reticulatis ; albidd, nigro maculatd ; Uigamento squamoso. THE SNAKE-MARKED Cuiton. Shell oblong-ovate, some- what elevated in the middle, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest peculiarly flatly grained, central areas very finely reticulated with circular and oblique strize; whitish, blotched with black; liga- ment scaly. Hab. iy Approximating somewhat in the style of its sculpture to the C. rugulatus. Species 189. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON PusILLUs. Chit. testé oblongo-ovatd, subangusté, minima, medio elevatiusculd, valvis levibus, areis cen- tralibus minutissimée punctulatis, valvd posticd terminali conspicue umbonatdé ; albidd, rufescente subindistincté tincta. THE sMALL Curton. Shell oblong-ovate, rather narrow, very small, somewhat elevated in the middle, valves smooth, central areas very minutely punctured, pos- terior terminal valve conspicuously umbonated ; whitish, rather indistinctly tinged with light red. Sowerrsy, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832. Hab. Pacasmayo, coast of Peru (found on a coral reef in seventeen fathoms water, nine miles from land) ; Cuming. The umbonated summit of the posterior terminal valve is somewhat unusually inclined backwards in this little species. January, 1848. CHITON.—Puater XXVIII. Species 191. (Mus. Hanley.) CHITON CINEREUS. Chit. testd ovatd, valvis terminalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus decussatim striatis et basem versus concentricé sulcatis areis centralibus sub lente subtilissimé reticulatis ; albidd, cinereo nebulosé et lineata ; ligamento minuté squamoso. Tur asHy Curton. Shell ovate, terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest decussately striated and con- centrically grooved towards the base, central areas very minutely reticulated under the lens; whitish, clouded and lineated with ash colour; ligament mi- nutely scaled. Linn £us, Syst. Nat. p. 1106. Chiton cimex, Chemnitz. Var. C. albus, Montagu. C. asellus and aselloides, Lowe. Hab. Britain. The most marked variety of this species appears to be that in which the dark painting is disposed in longitu- dinal lines or stripes. THE STRIPED Cuiton. Shell oblong-ovate, minute, valves smooth or, under the lens, very finely reticu- lated; beautifully mottled and striped with blueish green and yellow; ligament very minutely scaly, marbled. Hab. Port Lincoln, Australia. A very minute species distinguished by the same rich ‘display of colours which usually characterizes those of Australian birth. Species 194. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITON INCARNATUS. Chit. testdé ovatd, valvis levibus, umbonibus subrostratis, areis lateralibus subobscureé concentrice striatis, valvd terminali posticd subretusd ; incarnato-rosaced ; ligamento squamuloso, rufescente alboque marmorato. THE FLESH-TINTED CuIToN. Shell ovate, valves smooth, umbones slightly beaked, lateral areas somewhat obscurely concentrically striated, posterior terminal valve rather blunt ; fleshy pink, ligament finely scaled, marbled with pale red and white. ? Species 192. (Mus. Cuming.) Hab. CHITON viIRGATUS. Chit. testd oblongo-ovatd, minuté, valvis levibus aut sub lente subtilissimé reticulatis ; ceruleo-viridi et luteo pulcherrimé maculata et virgata ; ligamento minutissimé sqguamoso, marmorato. Not being able to refer this shell to any of the previous ° species, I venture to describe it as new. Note. During the progress of this monograph, a Paper has appeared in the Proceedings Zool. Soc. May, 1847, by Mr. J. E. Gray, in which the author proposes to divide Chzton and Chztonellus into fifteen genera, according to variations of form, colour, and sculpture, and the length and position of the gills; the same characters indicated by De Blainville for the sectional arrangement of the species in Dict. Sci. Nat., 1825. The vast number of species since acquired enabling Mr. Gray to enlarge upon the plan of subdivision of the learned author of the ‘ Traité de Malacologie,’ he proposes to elevate each section there notified to the rank of a genus, with the following names :—Chiton, Tonicia, Acanthopleura, Schizochiton, Corephium, Plaxiphora, Onithochiton, Enoplochiton, Mopalia, Katharina, Cryptochiton, Crypto- conchus, Amicula, Acanthochites, and Chitonellus. None of these genera, which, it will be observed, are of very unequal rank, can be said to be founded on any new consideration of the animal, or upon any other character, than that exhibited in the dried specimens represented in this monograph. It has long been decided that variations of colour and sculpture are quite inadequate to the formation of genera, and, as our knowledge of “the length and position of the gills” is still limited to the observations of De Blainville on the Lamarckian types of Chiton and Chitonellus, any disturbance of the nomen- clature should be avoided. It is much to be regretted that a desire to taste prematurely of the pleasures of generalization should so frequently elicite the sudden appre- hension of characters for generic purposes, which, in reality, are no more than the simplest modifications of specific affinity. Chiton Pt. XXVITT 188 . 189 | 190. ) po) vr aoe os 193 Sowerby, delet lith. Reeve ,im P austh Lh ah gt % Chiton PL. XXVITT. 186 . 188 . 190. 192. 193. é Sowerby, del etlith : a samp Species. 1. . Cuming, Premdly. eo Co & oO FE WwW ww i cecil = ee OnrI Der Pw wH so Barnesii, Gray. . magnificus, Deshayes. . Stokesii, Broderip. . Siculus, Gray. : marmoratus, Gmelin. . articulatus, Sowerby. . Goodallii, Broderip. . Bowenti, King. . australis, Sowerby. . albilineatus, Sowerby. . Lyellii, Sowerby. . Blainvillii, Broderip. . Chiloensis, Sowerby. . suleatus, Wood. . squamosus, Linneus. . Chilensis, Frembly. . tulipa, Quoy. CHITON. Detail of sculpture. (variously magnified.) Species. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, elegans, Frembly. Magdalenensis, Hinds. disjunctus, Frembly. Coquimbensis, Frembly- striatus, Barnes. egranatus, Reeve. castaneus, Wood. fastigiatus, Gray. granosus, Frembly. foveolatus, Sowerby. crenulatus, Broderip. patulus, Sowerby. volvox, Reeve. Watsoni, Sowerby. lineatus, Wood. lineolatus, Frembly. 35. levigatus, Sowerby. Way iH fi " Wy * ie SSC ESiay A A Gaay SAtea Ay Species. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 4]. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. 47, 48. 49, 50. 51. 52. 53. zreus, Leeve. Hennahii, Gray. Swainsoni, Sowerby. fulvus, Wood. elongatus, Reeve. violaceus, Quoy. limaciformis, Sowerby. incisus, Soverby. divergens, Leeve. alatus, Sowerby. acutiliratus, Meeve. spiculosa, Reeve. setiger, King. aculeatus, Linneus. Peruvianus, Lamarck. spinosus, Bruguiére. brevispinosus, Sowerby. fascicularis. Linneus. CHITON. Detait of sculpture. (variously magnified.) Species. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. hirudiniformis, Sowerby. Sitkensis, Reeve. porphyreticus, Reeve. monticularis, Quoy. Zelandicus, Quoy. amiculatus, Pallas. chlamys, Meeve. tunicatus, Wood. Emersonianus, Couthouy. cerasinus, Chemnitz. marmoreus, Chemnitz. gigas, Chemnitz. scarabeeus, Reeve. Hindsii, Sowerby. glaucus, Gray. puncticulatus, Reeve. piceus, Gmelin. ak i peel crt AER i itetaee ah + ie usa fh LIN f ted a Viva Pia reste: BAe. Seve ea Wad ah Leal As BG Ses Oe ’ ji a EAE, pS | SAAC aN 13 ; f PAN gel ; h A) bake Gas Fat ha Chitan Spl-35 os Chaton Sp36-70. Se sa aM a ne at Pl S ‘ =~ /\ Se 4% \ Sowerky del ot scudpt. oe ee het i Ne eat, vy ; iy Wa i ety, t Day ase i i i Decent OS Dey ane yoy, ait ab 0 { Ayes rt Pi) oo i i i i ‘ { ni ze : ‘ % a u ul i 1, o i + ve y 4 i : 1, 1 ‘ i i 1 i ‘| 7 oN i rT tt 7 . i i v : fv : " i) mews ats elt A AG iG ; 1 . ft 7 ; ‘ ie a i : 7 oe : f Aa q ‘ a a : i mm ; L a 7 rn : 1 i mM is , i 7 A : A : uy tT y t i i. nol iy t 1 ay - 1 is i ‘ ; ; ; 4 A 7 : i f t i mn : ' & : a ; Tan ar. 1 co ‘ 7 f i can - ea - ; i h =e 7 , if " : : yh ny ' ; f : ; ‘ 0 t 5 i / : : , ' o. . 1 rae ; ' J ‘ om } ' i oe i i i ‘ : ey 0 iy 4, ve oe i i 3 1 Can Pty ‘. f ay a ie Nt : ay i i 7 Y . oF ie i i i : ; { i ‘ i } f i A : : ) t a \ i © Leek i 4 f ye ee : F } : i t are ce ye ” hab yee =o eae weed t f i > Ti ; ley 7 d _ ; 7 : - Ce i i eo, oe 7 fl ] et ci ar 1 ; i : 5 : ‘ { t ott ' 1 ni q i : = f ¥ 1 ” a 1 u rf s Yi is u 1, 7 a i i i : i x ’ 7 t t - ' i , 7 ‘\ S ~ j a i #. r t i i Ne i : ; fot ; Sraie! 1 : Aa : le = : 1 iy : f y 1 y y yim i \ i I con ‘ : ie . i i ti 1 Mt i} : i Nae : ha en) ba H : ed, anes un _ i ee ‘ : A t We: f : “ii 5 ee ' ere. ( yy oe vir r hu Tl i ; call i i 4 f es ed ! r i - ; t i fo) 7 . ty) ui Teer i > 1 A Waly ' , : \ ; j ji 1 { : i . ans, i ; 1 f , % fe th ) : 7 { A th ek ' f , D : a and b r Toa 5 ca ra rey vu = r rn f ae t 1 Pais FA ms i 15 ad : = : ; s 4 i © i ; 4 etal £4) vr f mo " H 7 eat a H p ae \ iL i t ( v AN i ye Mats ’ ae hea , I { { i : : j i } ) F f ; i ; ' , " , f Lie i mM ; t ys at rie i " a ac, ut if eine ' . R , y : ; : Jn! ‘ : i U 7 uP 40) : : = Pera ey We j ees : i ¥ y t yi ay t M Cebit hy 17 ‘ ) FAN u 4 Di ri ’ y s) vot : Mia j ¥ i y cali : “ al 1 an ‘ a) os A MN a i Pree 1 tt ‘i i ' 7 \ { i W i) a Mi Jay ian ‘ % s, t yi . i f i yearn ‘ H ae : . * i 7 . i i ; : mM q : yy i | en i ‘i > iy ce aah it ; i i #phe 4 : ees ’ o YA bint an I yf i ‘ , f ’ A 4 H PRA CVn : ui wid i 2 any) Hi , ‘ ; : TAC i joes A { i i i r ' Se RS sp 1 i : i} mm! i i ‘ i f i a : . a ; vl, F , ty, i If 1 i i mm , : 7 7 ; At hh Hi on i 7 f Vi i) i iy Rare 5 Fe ‘ J mi i” h i iy : Fy i i : aie te y - ied cu , UN ead : y oo 1 i 1 ae ot i A 7 fay, ! ipa ; on 3 j : ji Hes ; : ‘ : ue ia vl A r y ci > ? J ren u r i : u . i ‘i ay ry Rs : ee ie i i i pb " " me ‘ Y : (ea ‘ y i hay i : : 7 : ’ it 7 , a i i ; io hinged feu : m : De ee 4 ‘ f a 3 . i J eral J y 0 n a iv age M Species. 71. 72. 73. . petholatus, Sowerby. fulgetrum, Reeve. linter, Chemnitz. aquatilis, Reeve. 5. spiniger, Sowerby. . occidentalis, Reeve. . assimilis, Reeve. . contractus, Reeve. . pictus, Reeve. . Sowerbyi, Reeve. . seabrieulus, Sowerby. . Columbiensis, Sowerby. . reticulatus, Reeve. . pellis-serpentis, Quoy. . luridus, Sowerby. . graniferus, Sowerby. . undulatus, Quoy. . pertusus, Reeve. CHITON. Detail of sculpture. (variously magnified.) Species. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. Californicus, Nuttall. spinulosus, Gray. textilis, Gray. pallidus, Reeve. truncatus, Sowerby. Incii, Reeve. concentricus, Reeve. dispar, Sowerby. produetus, Reeve. sanguineus, Reeve. retusus, Sowerby. setosus, Sowerby. celatus, Reeve. ustulatus, Reeve. atratus, Sowerby. metallicus, Reeve. Grayi, Sowerby. (canteen tien ith Miva Ny de ei) Bin Ve te eae) re) (eek 7 ' a ay iad S y APSA. vr is) sities een) Dey aL Le mn Fy haat Detar pie, UT ; onan ce t ; i Mevaven ee) KS r MU ei, Sid (ye eae AAS RENE: : é , ea j Real faite ae A ; ah 4 4 oie ve eae : } re > Wen teu ieey| clues OK! i ae cos Shiton Sp.71-105 7 Sowerby del. et: sculp. iA re Species. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. scaber, Reeve. decussatus, Reeve. labeculatus, Reeve. astriger, Reeve. lyratus, Sowerby. Proteus, Reeve. fortiliratus, Reeve. clathratus, Reeve. petasus, Reeve. rugosus, Gray. Janeirensis, Gray. floccatus, Sowerby. . rugulatus, Sowerby. . roseus, Sowerby. . crispus, Reeve. 1. picus, Reeve. 122. Rissoi, Payraudeau. 23. Adelaidensis, Reeve. CHITON. ee Detait of sculpture. (variously magnified.) Species. 124. ciliatus, Sowerdy. 125. levis, Pennant. 126. virescens, Reeve. 127. coarctatus, Sowerby. 128. Coreanicus, Reeve. 129. punctulatissimus, Sowerby. 130. catenulatus, Sowerby. 131. pallidulus, Reeve. 132. pulcherrimus, Sowerby. 133. pectinatus, Sowerby. 134. Sueziensis, Reeve. 135. laqueatus, Reeve. 136. Collei, Gray. 137. acutirostratus, Reeve. 138. Guildingii, Reeve. 139. nobilis, Gray. 140. virgulatus, Sowerby. Faghelin hina ge yee in Api ‘Uh Chitore SplO6 I40. 128 Sowerby del. et scudp. ONG Rah Pr lh Wer ie Cay Vat w re Fre mys! aay F ie SAN, Meee StF § fede AT fee: AN i caus Species. 141, 142. 143. 144, 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. cimolius, Reeve. Novee-Hollandie, Gray. Sinclairi, Gray. striolatus, Gray. castus, Reeve. crocinus, Reeve. illuminatus, Reeve. Dieffenbachii, Reeve. insignis, Reeve. Stangeri, Reeve. Capensis, Gray. cancellatus, Leach. pulchellus, Gray. inquinatus, Reeve. segmentatus, Reeve. Milleri, Gray. Mediterraneus, Gray. carinulatus, Reeve. catillus, Reeve. cingillatus, Reeve. proprius, Reeve. arbutum, Reeve. longicymba, De Blainville. muscarius, Reeve. . lentigmosus, Sowerby. CHITON. Detail of sculpture. (Variously magnified.) Species. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. si ple 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 192. 194. hastatus, Sowerby. Luzonicus, Sowerby. circumvallatus, Reeve. antiquus, Reeve. dissimilis, Reeve. : Cajetanus, Polt. caliginosus, Reeve. formosus, Adams § Reeve. fuliginatus, ddams § Reeve. ruber, Lowe. crinitus, Pennant. scutiger, ddams 5 Reeve. levigatus, Fleming. circellatus, ddams §° Reeve. Cunninghamii, Reeve. marginatus, Pennant. corrugatus, Reeve. exiguus, Sowerby. Hanleyi, Bean. colubrifer, Reeve. pusillus, Sowerby. cinereus, Linnaeus. virgatus, Reeve. incarnatus, Reeve. SUL} Toy : seal! * react) ii) ~ sip ERI Saaen ‘ trenton sith tnlh iy inca aculeatus, Linn@us .........4- acutiliratus, Reeve ....... acutirostratus, Adams § Reeve... . Adelaidensis, Reeve ........... SPLCUSACEDE nae whi hays acienecs ie aie eee GEV, SOG) 3550005850005 0% albilienatus, Sowerby ........... amiculatusss2allas). .. ee oss EVVGO UES, JUG? 355 nels os boone AQUAUIMS RCEvE nme ree ser ‘arbutum, Reeve .............. articulatus, Sowerby............ AgaMINS, WGA o 55000000 eb056 ASHI, AAD 54 6a oo5d dane Ked0 atratus, Sowerby ............. australis, Sowerby ............ IShYENGSL, (CR)a 5 ao ae on bono Gees GicolorwAWams setae i ieioererl: biramosus, QUOY ............. Blainvilli, Broderip ......... 1XOMEMN, KO on pan en eeond eae brevispinosus, Sowerby ......... CREM, JRA? oo so dc oubauo0es Chyeuaming, JAW a5 30006 0c ocouune Californicus, Nuttall .......... CalioimoOsUS; ECUEl eis 1-1 = cancellatuss each +a... oe CapensiswGyay/nae ee oe Ganmiulatusseteeve: = ers ce COSLAMEUSS| QUOY: ese) ol-te el eicrstsl «)=5)- castaneus, ood Chilensis, Frembly......... Chiloensis, Sowerby ............ chlamyste ceva nyse) ciliatus, Sowerby ............. CIMONUSIRRCCUCEA Ren eerie cinereus, Linne@us ............. cingillatus, Reeve... 2. a. eircellatus, ddams § Reeve ..... circumvallatus, Reeve .......... GEVIMENAS, HARE o506 506006000 coarctatus, Sowerby ............ COM CHOP doen ina oneenooues colubrifer, Reeve .............. Columbiensis, Sowerby ........ concentricus, Reeve ........... icontractus, Reever .........--- CASTUSMPLLCCUE PAA re ee ei ab ee: catenulatus, Sowerby ........... Caisllusweicecen a een nee cerasinus, Chemnitz ..+........ Vv. XXII. XX. XXIII. XII. Il. Il. XI. XIX. XXI XXVIII. XXIII. XXVII. XXVII. XVIII. XX. XXI. XXVIIE: XV. XVI. XV. CHITON. Species. 49 46 137 123 36 45 124 141 191 160 180 168 113 127 136 188 82 95 78 Coreanicus, Addams § Reeve ... corrugatus, Reeve ........... Coquimbensis, Frembly erenulatus, Broderip crinitus, Pennant erispus, Reeve ...... crocinus, Reeve . cymbiola, Sowerby decussatus, Reeve Dieffenbachii, Reeve disjunctus, Frembly dissimilis, Reeve Elenensis, Sowerby elongatus, Reeve evanidus, Sowerby excavatus Gray exiguus, Sowerby fasciatus, Gmelin fastigiatus, Gray fortiliratus, Reeve fulgetrum, Reeve fulvus, Wood glaucus, Gray granatus, Reeve Guildingii, Reeve Hanleyi, Bean hastatus, Sowerby hirudiniformis, Sowerby illuminatus, Reeve Cumingii, Frembly .......... Cunninghamii, Reeve......... dispar, Sowerby ............. divergens, Reeve ............ elegans, Hrembly ............ Emersonianus, Couthouy ...... fascicularis, Iinn@us ......... floccatus, Sowerby ........... formosus, ddams § Reeve .... foveolatus, Sowerby .......... Fremblii, Broderip .......... fuliginatus, ddams § Reeve.... gigas, Chemnitz ............. Goodallii, Broderip ......... graniferus, Sowerby ......... granosus, Frembly .......... Gravis Sowerby Mewes. wate iEfennabiiseG7:a7/epaaee ere Hindsii, Sowerby ........... incarnatus, Reece........... MG, LIER 35 565ccn cen cue MOTE, SOTERY co dopo cc00 4" Plate. XXVI. XXVIII. IV. V. XVII. XXI. XXVIII. X. XXIL. XXVIII. XVI. VIII. Species. 128 185 22 inquinatus, Reeve ......... ANSIOMIS, MCCUE! lelepeyelaets1 2 = Janeirensis, Gray ........- labeculatus, Reeze ........... levigatus, Meming .......... leevigatus, Sowerby ........ levis, Pennant... .......--- Jaqueatus, Reeve... 22.2... acusmlbowCaeu eit cr latus, Sowerby ..........-- lentiginosus, Sowerby ...... limaciformis, Sowerby ...... ieee, UAO0G! sogo0cc bounds lineolatus, Frembly ........ linter, Chemnitz ......:. longicymba, De Blainville luridus, Sowerby . ........ Luzonicus, Sowerby ........ Lyellii, Sowerby ........... lyratus, Sowerby .......... Magdalenensis, Hinds ...... magnificus, Deshayes......... marginatus, Pennant......... marmoratus, Gimelin........ marmoreus, Chemnitz ........ Mediterraneus, Gray....... metallicus, Reeve............ Willen, CR so ose0ccceenes monticularis, Quoy ........-- mouscarius, Reevel..........-.- MOONS, CR) on oacosccsoocs Novee-Hollandiz, Gray .... occidentalis, Reeve......... olivaceus, Frembly......... pallidulus, Reeve .......... pallidus; Reeve) celyei ysl patulus, Sowerby .........- pectinatus, Sowerby ........ pellis-serpentis, Quoy ........ pertusus, Reeve ........... Peruvianus, Lamarch......... petasus, ddams 5 Reeve .... petholatus, Sowerby .. piceus, Gmelin ........... PICKUSPACCUCR AM seri teereley-l te TOROUE, JAG oosb 640640008 LRU IIGIENES “8545 5.4 debe porphyreticus, Reeve ......... productus, Reeve........... PLOPLIUSAeeevel evr latterly [PROMO JAG c dons oo oo neo pulchellss'Gragpee rene bneyanete pulcherrimus, Sowerby ........ puncticulatus, Reeve........ punctulatissimus, Sowerby Plate. XXIII. XXII. XIX. XVIII. XXVII. Wile XXVI XX XXVII. I. XXIV. VIII. VII. VIL. XIII. XXIV. XV. XXV. III. XVIII. XII. XXIII. XVII. XXII. X. XXIV. XXI. X. XVII. XXIV. XVIIL. XXIII. CHITON. Species. 154 149 116 108 178 pusillus, Sowerby ............ Quoyii, Deshayes............ reticulatus, Reeve............ retusus, Sowerby .. Rissoi, Payraudeau ..... roseus, Sowerby ........ Tuberselowee anita sels WSO CH? 5b odn0oe%0000 rugulatus, Sowerby .......... sanguineus, Reeve. .......... scaber picevele mee eee scabriculus, Sowerby.......... scarabeeus, Reeve ............ sculptus, Sowerby............ scutiger, ddams § Reeve . . segmentatus, Reeve .......... SANT ACM ocgooaabossoccs setosus, Sowerby ............ Setosuss WiOOdm eee SGM, CRY scocsacsnooonc SinclalnijuG7:07 Aenea nee Sitkensis, Reeve ............ Sowerbyanus, spiculosa, Reeve............. spiniferus, Frembly .......... spiniger, Sowerby............ spinosus, Brugwiére.......... spinulosus, Sowerby .......... squamosus, Linneus ......... Stangeri, Reeve .. Stokes, Broderip stramineus, Sowerby ......... SPRUE, JHA ooh ecnogecacs striolatus, Gray ....... subfuscus, Sowerby .......... Sueziensis, Reeve............ Silents 77s 6 cadsbobo05600 Swainsoni, Sowerby .......... Vardi, (C7)a do ccaa condos 00 truncatus, Sowerby ........... tuberculiferus, Sowerby . . GUE, QM) bsssosokoosodc0 tunicatus, Wood ....... undulatus, Quoy ............ UStUl AtUSs WLCCCCINe wel Neleienatene ners vestitus, Sowerby ...........- violaceus, Quoy....... virescens, Reeve..........55. virgatus, Reeve ........ virgulatus, Sowerby .......... WUTLds, GUOY eae aie obs WOO JI coolbooseabo0cn0 Watsoni, Sowerby............ Zelandicus, Quoy ........... Plate. XXVIII. XIII. XV. XVII. XIX. XVI. XVII. XI. VIII. XX. XXVIII. XXI. XIII. VI. VI. XI. Species. 189 68 102 126 192 140 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS CHITONELLUS. “Or under rocks their food In jointed armour watch.” —Jhlton. CHITONELLUS. Prats I, Genus CuitonrLivus, Lamarck. Testa octovalvis, valvis longitudinaliter oblongis, sejunctis, ‘apophysibus valdé productis, medio pallii elongati in- crassati infivis, valvis antice apropinguantibus, postice remotis. Shell eight-valved, valves longitudinally oblong, isolated, with the apophyses very much produced, infixed along the middle of the mantle which is very thick and elongated, valves approximating anteriorly, remote posteriorly. The Chitonelli says M. Deshayes “differ in no respect from the Chitons, and the characters which serve to dis- tinguish them are so lightly estimated by naturalists, that they are only admitted by the majority as a subgenus or section of the parent genus.” The Chitonelli may resemble the Chitons in their internal organization, but in the con- dition of the mantle, the structure and disposition of the shell, and in habit, they differ materially. The mantle is very thick and fleshy, peculiarly elongated, sometimes covered with a harsh down, but mostly tough and leathery; it is invariably destitute of any horny cartilaginous part and is never furnished with any spines, bristles, or calcareous armature. The valves of the shell are of a longitudinally oblong form, with the inner posteriorly projecting plates or apophyses very much produced and firmly imbedded within the substance of the mantle; sustained by these alone they are perfectly isolated from one another, far removed posteriorly, but approximating towards the head, where they are often much crowded by the friction arising from the animal’s propensity for thrusting itself into holes and crevices. The Chitonelli are very singular in their habits and are rarely found to associate with Chitons; in Chili and along the whole south-west coast of America, abounding with that genus to the extent of some fifty or sixty species, not asingle Chitonellus is known to exist ; and in the Philippine Islands where there are but few Chitons, Mr. Cuming collected the C. fasciatus in plenty and of extraordinary dimensions. They were found dwelling in holes and cavities either of natural formation or bored by other mollusks, into which they force themselves by attenuating their bodies in a manner truly surprising. At the Island of Zebu, where Mr. Cuming collected a considerable number, they live partially or entirely imbedded in holes and circuitous crevices in the coral rocks, sometimes turning completely at right angles and at angles again; those that were only partially imbedded having attenuated and forced themselves into a smaller hole than was adequate to contain them, the posterior part of the body hung down fat and swollen, and invariably separated from the anterior half whenever any force was used to draw the animal from its hiding place. Mr. Cuming did not find the Chitonelli under any other circumstances, and could only obtain specimens entire by splitting the masses of coral in which they were imbedded, attenuated in many instances to a foot or more in length. Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, and his Assistant Surgeon, Mr. Adams, collected the same species of smaller size in the Korean Archipelago in the Yellow Sea; it was found by these zealous travellers in company with Chitons but noticed to be of locomotive habits; on lifting a stone to which a Chitonellus might be attached, it was observed to crawl away at about the pace of the common Garden Snail in search of retirement. Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITONELLUS La&vIS. Chit. testd valvis latiusculis, posticé productis, approximatis, undique reclinantibus, levibus, ad latera subtiliter granulatis ; albidd, rufo triradiaté ; pallio scabro. THE sMOOTH CHITONELLUS. Shell with the valves rather broad, produced, approximating, reclining one upon the other throughout, smooth, finely granulated at the sides; whitish, with three red rays, mantle rough, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’s edit.) vol. vii. p. 481. (not of De Blainville). Chitonellus strigatus, Sowerby. Hab. Australia. It is impossible to indentify Lamarck’s species of Chiton- ellus with any certainty, but this assuredly accords better with his description of C. /evis than any that I have met with. Species 2. (Fig. a and 6. Mus. Cuming.) CHITONELLUS FascraTus. Chit. testé valvis posticis remotis, oblongo-ovatis, concentricé sulcatis, anticis approximan- tibus, levibus ; lutescente-albidé rufo medio tinct ; pailio valde incrassato, elongato, tunudo, lutescente- viridi, fusco-nigricante varie fasciato. THE BANDED CHITONELLUS. Shell with the posterior valves remote, oblong-ovate, concentrically grooved, the an- terior approximating, smooth ; yellowish white, stained in the middle with red; mantle very thick, elon- gated, swollen, yellowish green variously banded with brownish black. Quoy and GarmarpD, ‘ Voy. de!’ Astrolabe,’ Zool. vol. iii. p. 408, pl. 73. f. 21 to 29. Chitonellus levis, De Blainville. Hab. Tonga-Taboo, Friendly Islands; Quoy and Gaimard. April, 1847. CHITONELLUS.—Prart I. Dalaguete, Zebu, Philippine Islands; Cuming. Cape Rivers, Straits of Macassar; Sir Hdward Belcher. This noble species of which Mr. Cuming collected magnificent examples at the above-mentioned island, is distinguished by its extraordinary dimensions, by the con- centric grooving of the valves, and by their rich crimson colouring. The habits of this mollusk as observed by Mr. Cuming, and by Mr. Adams, in company with Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, are noticed with the introductory remarks to the genus. Species 3, (Mus. Cuming.) CHITONELLUS LARVEFORMIS. Chit. testé valvis minutis, posticé subremotis, oblongo-ovatis, medio elevatis, levibus, utringue subprofunde sulcatis, rufo tinctis ; pallio bre- vivilloso, roseo viridique marmorato. THE LARVA-SHAPED CHITONELLUS. Shell with the valves verysmall, rather remote posteriorly, oblong-ovate, eleva-ed in the middle, smooth, somewhat deeply grooved on each side, stained with red; mantle short-villous, marbled with red and green. De BuarnvitzE, Malacologie, p. 603. pl. 87. f. 6. Hab. Port Adelaide, Australia. Cape Rivers, Straits of Macassar ; Sir Edward Belcher. The delicate rose-tinted specimen here figured from Port Adelaide, appears identical with a handsome green- mottled specimen collected by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, during the Surveying Expedition of H.M.S. Samarang, brought home in spirits and probably destined to be figured in the Zoology of that voyage ; both answering to the above recorded species of De Blainville. Species 4. (Fig. a and 6. Mus. Cuming.) CHITONELLUS STRIATUS. Chit. testd valvis trigono-clypei- formibus, anticée peculiariter acuminatis, medio levibus, utrinque suleatis, liris mtermediis granoso-scabris ; oli- vaceo-viridi, summitate obscure albipunctata ; pallio vil- loso, ferrugineo-fusco. THE STRIATED CHITONELLUS. Shell with the valves triangularly shield-shaped, peculiarly acuminated an- teriorly, smooth in the middle, grooved on each side, intermediate ridges granosely scabrous, olive-green, summit obscurely dotted with white; mantle villous, rusty-brown. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. vii.p. 481. Hab. Raines’ Island, Torres Straits; Capt. Ince. In this species which I take to be the C. striatus of Lamarck, the valves are somewhat flattened and more strictly triangular then in any other. Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITONELLUS GUNNII. Chit. testa valvis elongatis, angus- tis, convewis, postice productis, longitudinaliter liratis, liris peculiariter subundatis, ustulato-rufis; allio scabro, nigricante-fusco. Gunn’s Curronetius. Shell with the valves elongated, narrow, convex, produced posteriorly, ridged longi- tudinally, ridges peculiarly slightly waved, burnt red ; mantle rough, blackish-brown. Hab. Van Dieman’s Land; Gunn. Easily distinguished by the narrow prolonged rounded structure of the valves. Besides the specimen here figured from Mr. Cuming’s collection, there are some in the British Museum, collected by R. Gunn, Hsq., a gentleman much attached to Natural History, resident at Van Dieman’s Land, in honour of whom I have the pleasure of naming it. Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.) CHITONELLUS RosTRATUS. Chit. testi valvis trigono- oblongis, posticé rostratis, summitate levibus, utringue sulcatis, liris intermediis subgranosis ; olivaced, vires- cente punctatd ; ligamento densé brevivilloso, fusces- cente, fusco fasciato et punctato. THE BEAKED CHITONELLUS. Shell with the valves trian- gularly oblong, beaked posteriorly, smooth along the summit, grooved on either side, intermediate ridges somewhat grained, olive, dotted with light green ; ligament thickly short-villous, brown, dotted and banded with darker brown. Hab. Raines’ Island, Torres Straits; Capt. Ince. Distinguished by its style of colouring and the beaked structure of the valves. Species (Fig. 7. a and 6. Mus. Cuming.) CHITONELLUS OCULATUS. Chit. testd valuis trigono-oblongis, summitate levibus, utringue creberrime granoso-striatis; cinereo-virescente, fusco varid, summitate albo-articula- tai; ligamento scabro. THE EYED CHITONELLUS. Shell with the valves triangularly oblong, smooth along the summit, very closely gra- nosely striated on either side; ash-green, variegated with brown, summit articulated with white; ligament rough. Quoy and GarmarpD, ‘ Voy. de l’Astrolabe,’ Zool. vol. iii. p. 410. pl. 72. £37, 38. Hab. Australia. The articulated painting along the summit of the valves seems constant, whilst the sculpture is of a finer character than any of the preceding species; I venture to refer it to the C. oculatus of Quoy and Gaimard, but am unable to identify it on any other testimony than that afforded by a comparison with the figure above referred to. Chitonellus PI. gle MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS Cra, 2Ae “By the Almighty’s ever during care Her procreant vigils Nature keeps Amid the unfathomable deeps.”— Wordsworth. FICULA. Puate I. Genus Frcvura, Swainson. Testa pyriformis vel ficiformis, tenuis, ventricosa, basi late canaliculata, canali plus minusve elongato, spird bre- vissimad ; columellé tenui; aperturé ampli, usque ad spiram extensd; labro tenui, integro. Operculum nullum. Shell pyriform or fig-shaped, thin, ventricose, broadly canaliculated at the base, canal more or less pro- longed, spire very short; columella thin; aperture large, extending as far as the spire; lip thin, entire. No operculum. The Lamarckian species of Pyrwla, commonly known as ‘The Figs’ were first distinguished as a genus by Mr. Swainson in his ‘ Malacology ’, a volume of Lardner’s ‘Cyclopedia’; founded, not, however, upon any knowledge of the soft parts, but upon the uniform generic affinity of the shells. Only four species are known, and three have been lately taken alive; the F. reticulata and Dussumieri were collected by M. Rousseau, a zealous naturalist attached to the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, during a voyage to Madagascar and the Seychelle Islands, and the #. /evi- gata was dredged, together with the J. reticulata, by My. Arthur Adams, Assistant Surgeon, R.N., in the Sooloo Sea during the recent voyage of H.M.S., Samarang. The. generic importance which Mr. Swainson attached to this limited group, has been fully confirmed by the pecu- liarities of the animal; although a canaliculated shell and so closely allied in form to the Pyrule carica, spirata and others, as to induce Martini to distinguish them. respec- tively, as the Light Figs, “Fici denues”, and the Heavy Figs, ‘“ Fict ponderosi”’, the animal approaches rather to Dolium and Harpa, having an elongated proboscis with the front portion of the disc rounded and lobed. The F. Dussumieri and reticulata have been beautifully illustrated by M. Rousseau under the new generic name Ficus, in M. Chenu’s handsome publication, ‘ Illustra- tions Conchyliologiques’; the tentacula are partially with- drawn, and the disc and mantle somewhat contracted, but the species are represented in an excellent manner. Mr. Adams possesses a drawing of the F. levigata, taken from the living animal, which will probably appear in the ‘Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang’; in the mean time he has kindly furnished me with the following from his note book :— “The Ficula is a very lively animal when observed in its native element, crawling along with considerable velocity, and, owing probably to the lightness of its shell, able to ascend the sides of a glass vessel, in which I had it captive, with facility. The disc is very extensive, broad and rounded in front and acuminated behind, and not provided with an operculum, like the Pyrule; the mantle is thin and extends in two lateral lobes covering a great portion of the sides of the shell, and much more in the water, than is represented in the handsome figures of M. Rousseau. The proboscis is rarely exserted when the-animal is in motion, but the long tapering tentacles are stretched out to their full extent. The eyes are rather large and black. “Tn the species I observed (Ficula levigata, Reeve) the mantle was bright pink spotted with white and lighter pink, the under surface of the disc being of a dark chocolate colour with yellow scattered spots; the head and neck were pink and also covered with yellow spots. The specimen was dredged from thirty-five fathoms in the Sooloo Sea”. Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.) FIcuLA RETICULATA. plano-depressi, liris striisque longitudinalibus et trans- Fic. testa oblongo-ventricosd, spird -versis reticulatim cancellata, liris transversis plerumque alternatim majoribus ; albidé et violascente, rufo-fusco wregulariter et fasciatim maculatd, aperture fauce violaceo-albidda. THE RETICULATED Fre. Shell oblong-ventricose, flatly de- pressed at the spire, reticulately cancellated through- out with longitudinal and transverse ridges, transverse ridges generally larger alternately ; whitish and pale violet, spotted irregularly and in bands with reddish brown, interior of the aperture violet-white. Pyrule reticulata and ficoides, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. pp. 510, 511. Hab. Sooloo Sea, northern extremity of Borneo; Adams. The cancellated sculpture of this species is subject to con- siderable modification ; after an examination of numerous specimens it is obvious that the P. reticulata and ficoides, of Lamarck, are merely different states of the same. May, 1847. FICULA.—Ptiatr I. Species 2. (Mus. Cuming., Ficuta Dussumiert. Fic. testd elongato-pyriformi, gra- cili, spird subexsertd, liris transversis plano-depressis undique cingulatd, lirarum interstitiis striis longitudi- _ nalibus cancellatis ; pallidé spadiced, strigis rufo-fus- cescentibus undulatis longitudinaliter pictd, aperture fauce spadiceo-fuscescente. DussumieEr’s Frcuta. Shell elongately pyriform, slender, with the spire little exserted, encircled throughout with flatly depressed transverse ridges, the interstices between which are cancellated with longitudinal strie ; pale fawn colour, painted longitudinally with waved light rufous brown streaks, interior of the aperture fawn-brown. VALENCIENNES, Kiener, Iconographie coq. viv. p. 25. pl. 11. Hab. China. Chiefly distinguished by its elongated and slender growth ; its longitudinally streaked style of painting is also peculiar. Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) Ficuta pecussata. Fic. testd ventricoso-pyriformi, sub- ampli, conspicue transversim costatd, costis subdistan- tibus, lird parvaé interveniente, interstitiis striis nitide cancellatis ; luteo-spadiced, costis lirisque rufo-fusco subirregulariter articulatis, aperture fauce vivide violaced. THE DEcUSsATED Ficuta. Shell ventricosely pyriform, rather large, conspicuously transversely ribbed, ribs rather distant, with a fine intervening ridge, the in- terstices being neatly cancellated with strie; yel- lowish fawn colour, ribs and ridges somewhat irre- gularly articulated with red-brown, interior of the- aperture rich violet. Bulla decussata, Wood, Ind. Test. Supp. Pyrula ventricosa, Sowerby, Kiener. Hab. ? Well characterized by its ventricose growth and con- spicuous spotted ribs. Though unknown to Lamarck, and’ comparatively new to modern conchologists, this species was figured seventy years since by Martini in the ‘Conchylien Cabinet’ under the title Ficus tenuis magna cancellata. Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.) Ficuta tavieata. Fic. testa abbreviato-pyriformi, ven- tricosd, liris superficiaris compresso-planatis undique creberrime cingulaté; ccrulescente-grised, interdum obscure albifasciatd, maculis punctisque violaceis rufis et albis aspersd, aperture fauce vivide violaced. Tue smootH Frcvta. Shell abbreviately pyriform, ven- tricose, very closely encircled throughout with com- pressly flattened superficial ridges, blueish-grey, some- times obscurely white-banded, sprinkled with violet, white and red dots and blotches, interior of the aperture rich violet. Bulla ficus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (12th. edit.) p. 1184. Pyrula ficus, Lamarck. Hab. Wastern, Seas. This species: may be recognised’ by its short pyriform growth and smoothness; although assigned to the Bulla ficus of Linnzeus, it is clear that he included the F. reticu- lata also under this head. To avoid tautology I am under the necessity of introducing a new specific name. Ficula Ply. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS fee rac AY “QO, how canst thou renounce the boundless store Of charms which Nature to her votary yields.” — Beattie. A Magthep e | PYRULA. Puate I. Genus Pyruna, Lamarck. Testa subpyriformis, spirdé nunc exsertd, nunc plano-depressd, columellé levi, canali plus minusve elongaté; labro simplici, aperture fauce interdum levi, interdum ra- diatim liraté aut striatd. Operculum corneum. Shell somewhat pyriform, spire sometimes exserted, some- ‘times flatly depressed; columella smooth, canal more or less elongated; lip simple, interior of the aperture sometimes smooth, sometimes rayed with ridges or strie. Operculum horny. The Pyrule were separated from the genus Fusus of Bruguiére by Lamarck, with no other distinction of cha- racter than that of form, hence there are several species on the confines of the group, which may be referred to either genera with almost equal propriety. Such are the P. pugi- lina and cochlidium, referred one to each genus by the founder of the present, though generically the same; the typical species, such as the P. carica, canaliculata and spirata, are nevertheless characteristic in their peculiar pear-shaped growth. One division of the Lamarckian Pyrule commonly known as the ‘Figs’, were distinguished as a genus by Swainson under the name of Ficula, and the animal has since been found to be distinct, allied rather to Harpa and Dotium. The Pyrule thus restricted are somewhat limited in number; they inhabit chiefly the Eastern Seas, with one or two from Mexico, the West Indies and California. Species 1. (Fig a Mus. Cuming, Fig 6 Mus. Adamson.) PyruLa puGiLina. Pyr. testd ovato-pyriformi, crassa, tumidé, anfractibus apicem versus spiraliter liratis, superné concavo-angulatis, ad angulum nunc levibus, rotundatis, nunc tuberculatis, tuberculis compressis, prominentibus, erectis ; castaneo-fuscd, aperture fauce aurantio-luted. THE CHAMPION PyruLa. Shell ovately pyriform, thick, swollen, whorls spirally ridged towards the apex, concavely angulated round the upper part, some- times smooth and rounded at the angle, sometimes tubercled, the tubercles being compressed, prominent and erect; chesnut-brown, interior of the aperture orange-yellow. Murex pugilinus, Born, Mus. p. 315. ‘PYRULA COCHLIDIUM. Fusus crassus carnarius, Martini. Murex vespertilio, Gmelin. Pyrula vespertilio, Lamarck. Pyrula carnaria, Ene. Méth. Eadem var. Pyrula fulva, Deshayes. Hab. Kastern Seas. The specimens selected for the illustration of this well- known species, show that the tubercled structure of the whorls, as in the genus Voluta, is very inconstant. Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyr. testé fusiformi-pyriformi, spira elevatiusculd, suturis peculiariter excavatis, an- fractibus apicem versus spiraliter tenuiliratis, conspicue depresso-angulatis, ad angulum tuberculatis, tuberculis compressis, fortibus, subdistantibus ; intense castaneo- fusca, aperture fauce aurantio-luted. THE WINDING-sTAIR PyruLa. Shell fusiformly pear- shaped, spire rather elevated, sutures peculiarly ex- cavated, spirally finely ridged towards the apex, conspicuously depressly angulated, tubercled_at the angle, tubercles compressed,.strong, somewhat distant; deep chesnut-brown, interior of the aperture orange- yellow. Pyrula cochlidium, Enc. Méth. pl. 434. f. 2. Murex cochlidium, Linneus. Fusus cochlidium, Lamarck. Hab. Raines’ Island, Torres Straits (on the reefs); Capt. Ince. This species is of a more fusiform growth than the pre- ceding, but should certainly be referred to the same genus, as represented in the ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique’; it is amply distinguished by the indented character of the sutures, and by its stronger and more widely separated tubercles. Species 3. (Mus. Adamson.) Pyruta Morio. Pyr. testé subfusiformi, spiraliter sulcatad et striatd, apicem versus tenuiliratd, anfractibus superneé concavo-depressis, nunc angulatis et conspicue compresso- tuberculatis, nunc rotundatis, levibus aut obsolete no- dosis ; nigricante-castaned, fascia luteo-albida unica ayt pluribus cingulata. May, 1847. PYRULA.—Piate I. THE DARK PyruLa. Shell somewhat fusiform, spirally ; Had. Island of Trinidad, West Indies, (on mud banks) . grooved and striated, finely ridged towards the apex, J. Cuming. whorls concavely depressed round the upper part, The generic character of this species appears to be so sometimes angulated and conspicuously compressly nearly identical with the former, that I venture to include tubercled, sometimes rounded and smooth or obso- | i+ under the head of Pyrula. Tt is subject to the same letely noduled; blackish-chesnut encircled with one | yayiation of growth as illustrated in the accompanying or more yellowish-white bands. representations of P. pugilina, the tubercled variety, here Murex morio, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (12th. edit.) p. 1221, figured, having been erroneously distinguished by Lamarck Fusi morio and coronatus, Lamarck. as a new species with the name Fusus coronatus. ower Lyrula VALS. Lyrula Jit Se PYRULA. Puate IT. Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruua BreLcueri. Pyr. testa subpyriformi, basem versus contracté, anfractibus superné angulato-declivibus, squamis grandibus elongatis erectis ad angulum con- spicué coronatis; columellé subumbilicaté; labro simplict, inferné unidentato ; albidd, carneo-fuscescente tincta. BELcHer’s Pyruta. Shell somewhat pear-shaped, con- tracted towards the base, whorls angularly slanting round the upper part, conspicuously coronated at the angle with large, elongated erect scales; columella slightly umbilicated; lip simple, furnished with a tooth towards the lower part; whitish, stained with flesh-brown. Murex Belcheri, Winds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, p. 8. pl. 2. f. 1-3. Hab. San Diego, California (from a bank of mud near the head of the harbour) ; Sir Edward Belcher. I think Mr. Hinds has erred in referring this re- markable species to the genus Murex ; its beautiful diadem of scales cannot be technically regarded as varices. The generic peculiarities of the shell approximate those of P. corona represented at Fig. 7. Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.) PyRULA ELONGATA. Pyr. testi elongato-pyriformi, an- gusta, anfractibus superné plicatis, ultimo leviusculo, plicis conspicué nodosis, ceteris liris tenuibus cingulatis, plicis levibus, canali spiraliter sulcato ; luteo-rufescente. THE ELONGATED PyruLa. Shell elongately pyriform, whorls plicated round the upper part, last whorl smooth, with the plaits conspicuously noduled, the rest encircled with fine ridges, the plaits being smooth; canal spirally grooved; yellowish-red. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p- 513. Fusus elongatus, Kiener. Hab. Eastern Seas. One of those species equally allied in form to the Pyrula Ternatana and Fusus colosseus, and might be referred to either genus. It is distinguished from the following species by its smooth surface and by the more rounded growth of the whorls, Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.) PyruLa TERNaTANA. Pyr. testd elongato-pyriformi, an- fractibus superné angulatis, ad angulum acute nodosis, nodis erectis prominentibus, anfractibus spiraliter lira- tis, iris subobtusis, irreqularibus, supra angulun tenuibus, infra latiusculis ; castaneo-fuscd, aperture Sauce, lutescente-carned. Toe TERNaTE Pyruxa. Shell elongately pyriform, whorls angulated round the upper part, sharply noduled at the angle, nodules erect, prominent, whorls spirally ridged, ridges somewhat obtuse, irregular, fine above the angle, rather broad beneath ; chesnut brown, interior yellowish-flesh colour. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix.p. 513. “Murex Ternatanus, Gmelin. Had. Island of Guimaras, Philippines (found on mud banks) ; Cuming. Although there is no mention of this species in the ‘Systema Nature’, it was known to several writers on Natural History anterior to Linneus; and appears to have been named the ‘Ternate Spindle’ after one of the Molucca or Spice Islands, by a Dutch missionary resi- dent at Amboyna of the name of Valentyn, in a work published in Amsterdam about the year 1725. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) PyruLa conona. Pyr, testd ovato-pyriformi, anfractibus superné concavo-angulatis, squamis fornicatis erectis creberrimé et irregulariter ordinatis ad angulum coro- natis, squamarum serie unicd prope ad basem ; albidd, ceruleo et rufo-fusco fasciatd. THE crown Pyruza. Shell ovately pyriform, whorls concavely angulated round the upper part, coronated at the angle with erect vaulted scales, arranged very closely and irregularly, with also a single row of scales near the base; whitish, banded with blue and red-brown. Corona Mewicana, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. p- 243. pl. 161. f. 1526, 1527. Murex corona, Gmelin. Fusus corona, Lamarck. Hab. Mexico. This well-known and characteristic species hitherto referred to Fusus, belongs to the present group. May, 1847. isa Sowerby del. et lth. Pyrula. PLT. Reeve. uinp ‘ Pyrula. PL AL Sowerby del. et Irth. é 5 Reeve, unp a a8) at ie 4a) PYRULA. Prate III. Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruta LactEa. Pyrul. testd subfusiformi, anfractibus transversim tenuiter liratis et striatis, superné angulatis, ad angulum nodoso-tuberculatis aperture fauce radiatim tenuiliratis ; intus eatusque flavescente-lacted. THE CREAM-COLOURED Pyruna. Shell somewhat fusi- form, whorls transversely finely ridged and striated, angulated round the upper part, nodosely tubercled at the angle; interior of the aperture radiately finely ridged; yellowish-cream colour within and without. Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming, Belcher. Although partaking very much of the form of P. pugilina, it is nevertheless distinct, and apparently constant in colour; care must be taken not to confound it also with young specimens of Fusus colosseus. Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruta aNnomaLa. Pyrul. testd solidd, subfusiformi, an- fractibus transversim sulcatis et striatis, medio tumidis, longitudinaliter plicatis et nodosis ; columella umbi- licaté ; labro serrato ; lutescente-alba. THE ANOMALOUS PyruLA. Shell solid, somewhat fusi- form, whorls transversely grooved and striated, swollen in the middle, longitudinally plicated and noduled ; columella umbilicated ; lip serrated ; yellowish-white. Hab. ? This is one of those anomalous forms which has no genus exactly suited for its reception, and I merely include it under the head of Pyrula on account of its generic affinity with the P. subrostrata. Resembling some species of Turbinella in general appearance, it wants the columellar plaits, by which that genus is characterized. Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.) PYRULA CLAVELLA. Pyrul. testd oblongo-pyriformi, canali subelongato, anfractibus rotundatis, liris tenuibus undique creberrime cingulatis, interstitiis striatis ; aperture fauce radiatim sulcata ; albidd, liris aurantio- fusco multiarticulatis, intus albd. THE LITTLE cLUB PyruLa. Shell eclongately pyriform, canal somewhat elongated, whorls rounded, very closely encircled throughout with fine ridges, the interstices between which are striated; interior of the aperture radiately grooved; whitish, ridges pro- fusely articulated with orange-brown, interior white. Hab, China. An interesting species not included in M. Kiener’s mono- graph nor hitherto described; it is figured in Griffith’s Cuvier Pl. 37. Fig. 4. under the name of P. striata from which, it is scarcely necessary to add, it is quite distinct. Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruta suprostrata. Pyrul. testd ovato-pyriformi, crassa, solidd, basi subrecurvd, transversim striata, prope basem sulcaté, deinde contracti, spird apicem versus fortiter nodulosé ; columella excavatd ; aperture fauce profundé sulcaté; eburned, epidermide luted levigaté induta. THE SLIGHTLY BEAKED PyruLa. Shell ovately pyriform, thick, solid, recurved at the base, transversely striated, grooved near the base, then contracted ; spire strongly noduled towards the apex; columella excavated ; interior of the aperture deeply grooved ; ivory-white, covered. with a smooth yellow epidermis. Gray, Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 115. pl. 36. f. 15. Buccinum subrostratum, Wood. Fusus lapillus, Broderip and Sowerby. Hab, Bay of Montija, West Columbia (in sandy mud at the depth of twelve fathoms); Cuming. A solid heavy shell having more the appearance of a plait-less Turbinella than a Pyrula. Fig. 12. (Mus. Cuming.) The shell represented at Fig. 9 is, I think, merely an elongated growth of the typical form figured in this place. The same name therefore applies to the present which is the more characteristic illustration of the species. For Sp. 13 see Plate IX. Species .13 (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruta peRversa. Pyrul. test sinistral, pyriformt, ventricosd, canali elongato ; anfractibus stris subdis- tantibus leviter undulatis cingulatis, superné angulatis, ad angulum tuberculis coronatis, plicis quasi varicibus planatis e tuberculis usque ad basem ; luteo-albida vel cerulescente, fusco longitudinaliter fasciatd et nebulata, intus alba. June, 1847. PYRULA.—Prate III. JHE REVERSED PyruLa. Shell sinistral, pyriform, ven- tricose, canal elongated, whorls encircled with slightly waved rather distant strie, angulated round the upper part, coronated at the angle with tubercles, a fold like a flattened varix extendmg from each tubercle down to the base ; yellowish-white or blueish, longitu- dinally banded and clouded with brown, interior white. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 506. Murex perversus, Linneeus. An eadem distorta? Pyrula candelabrum, Lamarck. Hab. Gulf of Mexico. I have every reason to think that the P. candelabrum of Lamarck, is merely a mis-shapen growth of the species under consideration, if not of the P. arauna. & Lat ‘ 3 ~~ = ~s > a BY E an al ia 5 a ‘4 z i>) } s 4 ze vo a (7) a = = 8 5 Vp} = aa = — is : i ~> . 2 ~> 5 o Be pS ~ del et ith. ao y- Sowerb PYRULA. Prate IV. Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruta BuLBosa. Pyrul. testé pyriformi, ventricosissind, spire suturis impressis, anfractibus transversim striatis, bifariam vel trifariam squamato-tuberculatis ; columella ampliter umbilicaté ; canali brevissimo; aperture Sauce radiatim sulcaté ; extus rufescente-fuscd, intus carned. THE BULBOUS Pyruza. Shell pyriform extremely ven- tricose, sutures of the spire impressed, whorls trans- versely striated, encircled with two or three rows of squamate tubercles; columella very largely umbili- cated; canal very short; interior of the aperture ra- diately grooved; exterior reddish-brown, interior flesh colour. SotanpER, MSS., Dillwyn, Cat. of Shells vol. ii. p. 631. Murex rapa, Gmelin (not of Linneus). Pyrula rapa, Lamarck. Murex rapiformis, var. a. Born. Hab. Eastern Seas. The Pyrula papyracea Lamarck, and not the species under consideration, is Murex rapa of Linneus; hence the necessity for an alteration of names. I do not how- ever agree with the learned editor of the ‘Anim. sans vert.’ in adopting Born’s specific title, xapiformis, whilst there is already a P. rapa. Species 15. (Fig @ and ¢ Mus. Belcher, Fig 6 Mus. Cuming.) PyR ULA BEZOAR. Pyrul. testd abbreviato-pyriformi, ven- tricosissimd, crassiusculd, transversim striata, trifariam vel quadrifariam squamato-tuberculatd, anfractibus su- perné angulatis, supra angulum interdum concentrice Jimbriato-plicatis ; columelldé subumbilicaté ; aperture fauce radiatim sulcaté; albido-fuscescente, cingulis angustis nigris plus minusve articulatd, intus rufo- aurantia. THE BEZOAR Pyrvta. Shell abbreviately pyriform, very ventricose, rather thick, transversely striated, encir- cled with three or four rows of squamate tubercles ; whorls angulated round the upper part, sometimes concentrically fimbriately plicated above the angle ; columella moderately umbilicated ; aperture radiately grooved; whitish brown, more or less articulated with narrow black zones, interior reddish orange. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 514. Buccinum bezoar, Linneus. Purpura bezoar, Kiener. Murex rapiformis, var. 8 Born. Hab. Eastern Seas. To illustrate this extremely variable species in an ade- quate manner, I have selected three specimens exhibiting its most distinct phases of growth. In Fig 15 3. which is that of most common occurrence, the upper part of the whorl is crowded with fimbriated plaits ; Fig 15 a. is chiefly characteristic of the narrow articulated zones of dark painting, of which there are indications more or less in all specimens ; and Fig 15 c. represents a magnificent example of finely expanded growth richly coloured in the interior, June, 1847. Ot RMN Me ye L: tL te. he dl Sowerby PYRULA. Prater V. Species 16. (Mus. Brit.) PYRULA ARUANA. tumidd, crassiusculd, transversim striata, anfractibus Pyrul. testéd pyriformi, ventricosé, superne depresso-angulatis, tuberculis grandibus pro- minentibus squamatis ad angulum armatis, aperture fauce striatd; albidd, rubido-fusco longitudinaliter strigatd et transversim fasciatd, colunelld awrantio- rufa. Tur tarcp Fia Pyrruta. Shell pyriform, ventricosely swollen, rather thick, transversely striated, whorls depressly angled round the upper part, armed at the angle with large prominent squamate tubercles ; in- terior of the aperture striated ; whitish, longitudinally streaked and transversely banded with reddish brown ; columella orange-red. Murex aruanus, Linneeus, Mus. Ulric. p. 641. Murex carica, Gmelin. Pyrula carica, Lamarck. ? Hab. This species may be distinguished from the P. perversa by its stouter and broader growth, and by the orange red colouring of the columella. It grows to a larger size and I am not aware that it is ever found reversed. Species 17. (Fig. a and 6, Mus. Cuming. Fig. ¢. Mus. Brit.) Pyruta Parapistaca. Pyrul. testd ovato-pyriformi, crassa, solidd, basi abbreviatd et umbilicatd ; anfrac- tibus superne angulatis, nunc rotundatis levibus, nunc concavis, conspicueé nodosis, basi et supra angulum spiraliter sulcatis ; albidaé aut vivide aurantio-fulva, in testd juniore fasciis numerosis angustis purpureo- Suscis undique spiraliter cingulata. Tur Parapisp Pyruta. Shell ovately pyriform, thick, solid, abbreviated and umbilicated at the base; whorls angulated round the upper part, sometimes concave and conspicuously nodose, spirally grooved at the base and above the angle; whitish or bright orange-yellow, encircled in the young shell with numerous narrow purple-brown bands. Pyrum Paradisiacum, Martini, Conch. Cab. vol. iii. p. 202. pl. 94. £909, 910. Murex ficus nodosa, Chemnitz. Buccinum pyrum, Gmelin. Pyrule nodosa and citrina, Lamarck. Hab. Ceylon, Mozambique, &e. Few species exhibit a wider variation of growth than the present, some examples being rounded and smooth at the top (properly speaking, the base) whilst others are strongly noduled. The difference in the style of painting appears rather to indicate a difference in age ; not that every specimen in an early stage of growth exhibits the bright purple brown bands represented at Fig. 17 a, but all that have this character are found of lighter growth, and traces of it may be observed in the rich orange yellow specimens of maturer age. Lamarck notices the circumstance of this shell being vulgarly called ‘The Orange-mouth Pear’, Poire a bouche orangée; it was, however, originally called the ‘ Pear of Paradise’, Poire du Paradis, Oranjiemondige Paradyspeer, and I think Martini’s name above quoted should certainly be retained.. July, 1847. ity ile, ih Hah miter t 2 Pin RRM ahi NSO KMAG Pyralall hh ‘ Reeve. imp evhy delet lith Pyrulall bh chy: delet bith 17° chy Bs & PYRULA. Puate VI. Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.) PYRULA MELONGENA. Pyrul. testi ovatd, ventricosa, superné tumidd, spird parvd, peculiariter demersd, bast emarginatd et recurvd ; spire anfractibus transversim tenuiliratis, concentricé plicatis, ultimo levigato, nunc mutico, nunc tuberculis squamatis prominentibus bi- triseriatim armato, apertura perampld, superné cana- liculaté ; rubido-fuscd aut cerulescente fasciis angustis luteis irregulariter cingulatd, intus alba. THE WELL-ARMED PyruLa. Shell ovate, ventricose, swollen round the upper part, spire small, peculiarly sunk; whorls of the spire transversely finely ridged, concentrically plaited, last whorl smooth, sometimes armed with two or three rows of prominent squamate tubercles, sometimes without ;~aperture very large, canaliculated at the upper part; reddish brown or blueish, encircled with irregular narrow yellowish bands, interior white. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 509. Murex melongena, Linneus. Hab. Kastern Seas. This well-known species, like the P. Paradisiaca, is as frequently found without tubercles as with. Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruta Bispinosa. Pyrul. testa ovato-fusiformi, trans- versim undigue subrugoso-liratd, spire anfractibus con- centricé plicato-costatis, suturis squamatis, ultimo su- perne angulato, squamarum seriebus duabus ad angulum armato, squamarum serie unica prope basin; alba, intus aurantio-lutescente. THE DOUBLE-SPINED Pyruxa. Shell ovately fusiform, transversely rather roughly ridged throughout, whorls of the spire concentrically plicately ribbed, sutures squamate, last whorl angulated round the upper part, armed with two rows of scales at the angle, also with a single row of scales near the base; white, orange-yellow within. Puiuirrr, Abb. und Besch. Conch. Pyrula, Pl. I. f. 7, 8. Hab. > The leading feature of this species appears to consist in the body-whorl being surmounted by a double row of scales; a character not observed by Lamarck in his des- cription of P. angulata, which it seems most to approxi- mate. The specimen here represented from Mr. Cuming’s collection, the only one I have seen, does not exhibit the brown band represented by Philippi. Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruna patuLta. Pyrul. testé ovata, subpyriformi, ven- tricosd, superné tumidd, spird parva, acuta, peculiariter demersa ; spire anfractibus concentricé plicato-costatis, ultimo levigato, basin versus sulcato, superné concavo- depresso, plerumque rotundato, mutico, interdum tuber- culorum serie unicd coronato; apertura peramplé, superné canaliculatd ; castaneo-fuscd, fasciis lineisque luteis cingulatis epidermide crassa fibrosd indutd, aper- turd pallidé aurantio-carned. THE WIDE-OPEN Pyruxa. Shell ovate, somewhat pyri- form, ventricose, swollen round the upper part, spire small, acute, peculiarly sunk, whorls of the spire concentrically plicately ribbed, the last whorl smooth, grooved towards the base, concavely depressed round the upper part, generally rounded, and free from tubercles, sometimes coronated with a single row; aperture very large, canaliculated at the upper part ; chesnut brown, encircled with yellow bands and lines, covered with a thick fibrous epidermis; aperture pale orange flesh-colour. Broperip, and Sowerby, Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 377. Hab. Bay of Caraccas (on mud banks); Cuming. So closely does this species approximate to the P. me- longena, that it might almost be regarded as a variety of that species. It appears, however, distinct, and is from a very different locality. July, 1847. ns RAY Ane Fs | | nen heeirys Rh mosh tht hens , : ati ‘a a reps “anya aes a F ha aN ee ais Wen) Tybee wh | ‘i aie et hha ek mir a ket Der \ we itey Sah a, Tati i an Gaui rest eines trial F i want Oh fe rent ARs ‘e te sri He Lyru la PL V0. | Sowerby. del bith. Reeve.amp. Lyru la PL VT [See sere eS ee ee Soverby dele lith PYRULA. Puare VII. Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruta rapa. Pyrul. testa pyriformi, ventricosissimd, tenui, subpellucidd, spird plano-depressd, anfractibus rotundatis, transversim liratis, liris rotundatis, obsolete squamatis ; canali plus minusve elongato ; luteo-albidd. THE RAPE PyruLa. Shell pyriform, very ventricose, thin, somewhat transparent, spire flatly depressed, whorls rounded, transversely ridged, ridges rounded, obso- letely squamate ; canal more or less elongated; yel- _lowish white. Bulla rapa, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1184. Pyrula papyracea, Lamarck. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (among coral sand) ; Cuming. The chief variation in the growth of this species con- sists, in some specimens being closely spirally ridged throughout, whilst others are smooth or ridged only at the base. Species 22. (Fig. 22 and 23, Mus. Cuming.) PyruLa GALEODES. Pyrul. testé ovato-pyriformi, subven- tricosd, undique spiraliter liratdé basin versus contract, spird acutd, compresso-tuberculatd, suturis profundis, erecto-squamatis, anfractu ultimo vel rotundato mutico, vel angulato squamarum seriebus duabus tribusve armato ; fuscd, liris saturatioribus, apertura lutescente. THE HELMET-LIKE PyruLa. Shell ovately pyriform, somewhat ventricose, spirally obtusely ridged through- out, contracted towards the base, spire sharp, com- pressly tuberculated, sutures deep, erectly squamate, last whorl either rounded and free from scales, or armed with two or three rows; pale brown, ridges of a darker brown, aperture yellowish. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 517. Varietates, Pyrule angulata and squamosa, Lamarck. Pyrula hippocastanum, Enc. Méth. Murex calcaratus, Dillwyn. Hab. Island of Samar, Philippines (at roots of Mango trees); Cuming. There is little doubt but that the P. galeodes, angulata and sguamosa of Lamarck are varieties of the same species, illustrative of different growth as already noticed in the P. melongena and Paradisiaca. For fig. 23, see Plate IX. Species 24. (Mus. Brit.) PyrvuLa BUCEPHALA. Pyrul. test ovato-pyriformt, trans- versim spiraliter liratd, liris anfractis ultimi plus minusve obsoletis, anfractibus superne angulatis, seriebus duabus tuberculorum fortium prominentium armatis, tuberculis seriet superioris multo majoribus ; luteo- aurantid, epidermide fibrosd induta. THE BUCEPHALOUS Pyruxa. Shell ovately pyriform, transversely spirally ridged, ridges of the last whorl more or less obsolete; whorls angulated round the upper part, armed with two rows of prominent tuber- cles, of which the lower row is much the larger; yellowish orange, covered with a fibrous epidermis. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 508. Hab. Mexico. Chemnitz figures this species in the ‘Conchylien Cabinet’ with the title Murex carnarius, apparently con- founding it with the species described under that name by his predecessor Martini, which is an orange-tinted variety of the Pyrula pugilina; and Dillwyn followed the same mistake by calling the species under consideration Murex pugilinus, var. July, 1847. hin im ca i a me sued FHteE ; wine.” t uly fey a AY ee at ee Pyrulalt 411. Rees Cc. Sowerby.del et Lith, Reeve.imp aie ea yt a ries ve UNA hi Lys wlale VU, 4 a Sow erby.del et lith. PYRULA. Puate VIII. Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruta Maw. Pyrul. testé pyriformi, ampliter umbi- licatd, plus minusve evolutd, anfractibus spiraliter striatis, superné latissimé plano-depressis, acute angu- latis, ad angulum compresso-squamatis, squamis inflexis, anfractibus inferné contractis, basi extrema squamatis ; albé aut pallidé rosacea. Mawen’s Pyruta. Shell pyriform, largely umbilicated, more or less unrolled, whorls spirally striated, very broadly flatly depressed round the upper part, sharply angulated, compressely squamate at the angle, scales bent inwards, whorls contracted at the lower part, squamate at the extreme base; white or pinkish. Gray, in Griffith’s Cuvier, An. King. pl. xxv. f. 3, 4. Hab. China. Cagayan, Province of Misamis, Island of Mindanao, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the depth of twenty-five fathoms); Cuming. The growth of this remarkable shell, is similar to that of the P. buléosa on an exaggerated scale. Species 26. (Mus. Brit.) PYRULA cANALIcULATA. Pyrul. testé pyriformi, basi elongata, tenui, superne ventricosd, anfractibus spira- liter obsoleté obtuse liratis, superné plano-decliwibus et angulatis, ad angulum margine incrassato, interdum eximié noduloso, spire suturis peculiariter profunde canaliculatis ; fulvo-cinered, epidermide setosd indutd. THE CHANNELLED Pyruza. Shell pyriform, elongated at the base, thin, ventricose at the upper part, whorls spirally obtusely ridged, flatly slanting and angulated at the upper part, edge at the angle thickened, some- times delicately noduled, sutures of the spire pecu- liarly deeply channelled; fulvous ash-colour, covered with a fine bristly epidermis. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 504. Murex canaliculatus, Linneus. Hab. Massachusetts, United States; Gould. The nodules which characterize the angle of the whorls of this species, in an early stage of growth, mostly become obsolete with age. The broad excavated canal passing round the sutures of the spire is curious, and so also is the epidermis, which consists of a number of fine erect bristles, sprouting up from the spiral ridges with the utmost regularity. M.M. Schubert and Wagner, in their Supplement to Chemnitz, confounds this and the Pyrula spirata together ; likewise M. Kiener, with the following observations,— “the P. spirata and canaliculata of Lamarck, are so closely allied, that I cannot discover any character sufficiently constant to distinguish them; the differences which have been remarked by authors are only due to sex or locality”! Whatever doubt may exist as to which of the two is the original Murex canaliculatus of Linneus, there can be none as to their being distinct from each other; the P. spirata is a tropical species inhabiting the coast of Mexico. Dr. Gould observes, in reference to the locality, Canada and the Arctic Seas, usually cited for this species, that “Cape Cod is probably its northernmost limit.” Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruta sprrata. Pyrul. testé oblongo-pyriformi, basi elongatd, spird depressd, suturis declivi-canaliculatis, anfractibus spiraliter undigue creberrimé striatis, superné rotundatis, vie angulatis; aperture fauce superné radiatim liratd, cerulescente-alba, fasciis rufo- fuscis longitudinalibus et transversis vivide pictd. THE sPIRAL Pyruta. Shell oblong-pyriform, elongated at the base, spire much depressed, sutures channelled in a slanting manner, whorls very closely spirally striated throughout, rounded and scarcely angulated round the upper part; interior of the aperture radiately ridged at the upper part; blueish white, richly painted with transverse and longitudinal red- dish brown bands. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 512. Murex pyrum, Dillwyn. Hab. Gulf of Mexico. This interesting species approaches in form to the Ficule. From P. canaliculata, it may be discriminated by the commonest observer. Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruta tineatTa. Pyrul. testé abbreviato-pyriformi, valdé inflata, spird parva, depressd, feré occulta ; columella excavatd, basi contortd; albidé, strigis rufo-fuscis notatd, prope columellam pulcherrimé violaced. THE LINEATED Pyruxa. Shell abbreviately pyriform, very inflated, spire small, depressed, nearly hid ; colu- mella excavated, twisted at the base; whitish, marked longitudinally with red brown streaks, beautifully violet next the columella. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 520. Buccinum bulbus, Wood. Pyrula elata, Schubert and Wagner. Hab. 2 An extremely rare, beautiful, and very characteristic species, which cannot well be confounded with any other. July, 1847. A Noel bE ebieawn fi ' : Be SAR UGE PON . va bag aye ley ane Ohio ; FD tal eh ait we TTA OTOL baie ut ‘ ane ae Mi RA ee a erat Tee DLE A CT Weal, ahaa Rh a, bed i Dp faxed 4 Kae eS Une ae Satay Ae th ; Th H Hea f BY ce te b = Sy Lyrita lt LiL Reeve unp. Sowerby delet hth. Ie 2 wha PLETE : Sowerby deletlith. at SeSwos Aaa PYRULA. Prats IX, Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.) PYRULA LIGNARTA. Pyrul. testé ovata, subfusiformi, basi recurvd, spird subturritd ; anfractibus undique trans- versim liratis, medio angulato-ventricosis, ad angulum subindistincté plicato-nodosis, nodis compressis ; fusca. THE woopEN Pyruta. Shell ovate, somewhat fusiform, recurved at the base, spire slightly turreted ; whorls transversely ridged throughout, angularly ventricose in the middle, rather indistinctly plicately noduled at the angle, nodules compressed ; brown. Hab. P Partaking rather of the character of Fusus, but equally referable to the present genus. Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruza TuBA. Pyrul. testé subfusiformi, spird turritd, anfractibus undique transversim sulcatis, superné angu- latis, ad angulum tuberculatis, tuberculis prominentibus acutis ; pallide fulvd. THE TRUMPET PyruLa. Shell somewhat fusiform, spire turreted, whorls transversely grooved throughout, angulated round the upper part, tuberculated at the angle, tubercles sharp and prominent; pale fulvous colour. Lamarck, Anim.sans vert.(Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 507. Murex tuba, Gmelin. Fusus tuba, Ene. Méth., Kiener. Hab. China; Lamarck. This species ranges also on the limits of the genera Pyrula and Fusus, and is so nearly allied in form, colour, and general aspect to the F. colosseus, that it might easily be mistaken for that species ; it is, however, distinguished by its shorter and more pyriform growth, and by its pro- minent diadem of tubercles. Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.) Pyruia spirittus. Pyrul. testa pyriformi, ventricosd, spird plano-depressd, apice papillosd, erecta, bast in canalem gracilem elongatd ; anfractibus transversim eviliter sulcatis, superné acute angulatis, ad anguluin © carinatis et compresso-nodosis, nodis solitariis inferne uniseriatim armatis, labro columellari late expansd, aperture fauce sulcatd ; fulvd, punctis rufo-fuscis hic illic aspersd. THU LITTLE sprRE Pyruta. Shell pyriform, ventricose, spire flatly depressed, apex papillary and erect, base elongated into a slender canal; whorls transversely faintly grooved, sharply angulated round the upper part, keeled and compressly noduled at the angle, with a row of solitary nodules round the lower part ; columellar lip broadly expanded, interior of the aper- ture grooved; fulvous colour, sprinkled here and there with red-brown dots. Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol.ix. p. 518. Murex spirillus, Linneus. Turbinellus spirillus, Swainson. Haustellum carinatum, Schumacher. Hab. Eastern Seas. The Pyrula spirillus is a very peculiar species, and so far removed in its general character from any other, either of this or the neighbouring genera, that some idea has been entertained of erecting it into a genus after the manner of Schumacher, who connects with it the Murex haustellum. July, 1847. LA Xa ye iy a Tt ENT ULATED MENG: oe je OE ne ee Le ee yy. del. et ith. nib Sow Wy, VT Ee } ar angulata, Lamarck ............ MNO, JAAS ssooconseaccoce aruana (Murex), Linn. ......... Belcheri (AZwrer), Hinds........ bezoar (Buccinwm), Linn. bispinosa, Philippi ...........- bucephala, Zamarck...........-. bulbosa (Afwrex), Soland. ....... canaliculata (AZuwrew), Limn. ..... candelabrum, Lamarck .........- Conicommbamar keer renee carnaria, Ene. Méth............ GU WEEN. 5 o.506000000900 clavella, Reeve . SerUMaanOro cochlidium es) iefiem, poo S aoe corona (Murex), Gmelin ........ elata, Schubert and Wagner ..... elongata, Lamarck............. didi, WERWENES 6 c65acasdencuue galeodes, Lamarch............. hippocastanum, Enc. Méth. ...... PYRULA. Species. 22 9 16 4 15 19 24 14 26 13 16 1 17 10 2 7 28 lacheaAeeveacte sce eee eres lnkeanerabey, JAG 56 aq oc accanesacc INGEN, IOP coonaccosc0000 Wee, GRA 6 coe0c0ca0dcenccc melongena (Murer), Linn........ morio (Murex), Linn. .......... HHO UEKI. SG on egcaccacue papyracea, Lamarck............ Paradisiaca, Reeve............- patula, Brod. and Sow. ......... ENGI, IMIR 565 caacancece pugilina (Murex), Born. ........ yapa (Bulla), Linn............. FOP WMTENIR 55 66 Go6600006006 spirata, Lamarck ............-. spirillus (Mwrea), Lim. ....,... squamosa, Lamarck . subrostrata, Gray. . eo 6 Ternatana (Murex), Gael Be one tuba (Murer), Gmel............ vespertilio, Lamarck............ Species. 8 12 28 25 18 3 17 21 Wi 20 13 1 21 14 27 29 22 11 6 23 1 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS PURBINEL LA. “Those gay creatwres of the element That in the colours of the rainbow live.” — Shakspere. TURBINELLA. Puate I. Genus TURBINELLA, Lamarck. Testa ovata vel fusiformis, solidiuscula, sepé ponderosa, spird nunc brevi nune elongata, canali interdum bre- vissimo recurvo, interdum elongato erecto, anfractibus plerumque liratis et tuberculatis, raro levigatis ; colu- mela plicatd, plicis unicé ad quinque compressis ; epidermide corned aut fibrosé. Operculum parvum, corneum, acuminatum. Shell ovate or fusiform, rather solid, often ponderous, spire sometimes short, sometimes elongated, canal now very short and recurved, now elongated and straight ; whorls generally ridged and tubercled, rarely smooth; columella plaited, plaits compressed, one to five in number; epidermis horny or fibrous. Operculum small, horny, acuminated. Apart from any consideration of the animal, the Turbi- nelle appear at first sight to be a compound of Voluta and Murex, hence the species known to Linnzus were referred, some to the former, some to the latter genus; it is, however, to the Murices, through Fusus and Fascio- laria, that the subjects of the present monograph are strictly allied, and, though verging into these genera, con- stitute a very natural and interesting group. The Turbinelle, comparatively limited in species, are yet widely dissimilar in aspect, and may be distributed into four, if not five, sections, of which the several types are the 7. pyrum, cornigera, infundibulum, polygona and nassatula. The species are characterized by considerable variety and force of sculpture, and great brilliancy of colour; the plaits are very irregular both in number and developement, and are particularly transverse and com- pressed, ranging into the oblique growth which may be observed in Fusciolaria, the more elongated the shell, the more oblique the plaits. There are few species to add to this genus that have not been already described, but they are well-defined, and of interest. The Turbinelle are tolerably widely distri- buted, though I am not aware of any being found in New Holland; the principal localities, so far as they can be obtained, are the Philippine Islands, Gallapagos and other islands of the Pacific, Mauritius, Zanzibar, Gambia, Panama, Ceylon, Acapulco, Rio Janeiro, and the West Indies; I have also two species from the Marquesas and Feejee Islands. Species 1. (Fig. a, 4, c, Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA POLYGONA. Turd. testd fusiformi, liris an- gustis obtusis undique cingulatd ; anfractibus superné concavo-depressis, infra biseriatim tuberculatis ; aper- ture fauce exiliter liraté ; aurantio-fulvd, tuberculis albidis, nigricante-fuscd, undique peculiariter maculata. THE MANY-ANGLED TURBINELLA. Shell fusiform, en- circled with somewhat obtuse narrow ridges, whorls concavely depressed round the upper part, encircled beneath with two rows of blunt tubercles; interior of the aperture faintly ridged; orange fulvous colour, tubercles whitish, peculiarly blotched through- out with blackish brown. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 385. Murex polygonus, Gmelin. Fusus polygonus, Enc. Méth. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (on the reefs); Cuming. The ground colour of this species, orange-fulvous with the tubercles white, is seemingly constant, but the dark blackish brown painting, with which it is more or less embellished, is sometimes disposed merely in dots, most frequently in irregular transverse blotches, and sometimes altogether absent. Another species, of which a very excellent representa- tion may be found in ‘ Les Delices des Yeux’ of Knorr, Pt. vi. pl. 15. f. 5, and which has been confounded with this, I propose to distinguish in the following plate, Sp. 9, by the name of 7’. candelabrum. Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA CONCENTRICA. Turb. testd angusto-fusi- Sormi, spird acute turritd, liris elevatis, subdistantibus undique funiculatd, costis concentricis solidis latius- culis confertis, canali subelongato; aperture fauce liratd, liris interruptis subdistantibus ; rufo-aurantid, epidermide pellucido-fuscd indutd, aperturd lutescente. THE CONCENTRIC TURBINELLA. Shell narrow-fusiform, spire sharply turreted, corded throughout with rather broad close-set concentric ribs, canal a little elon- gated; interior of the aperture ridged, ridges inter- rupted and rather distant; reddish orange, covered with a transparent brown epidermis, aperture yel- lowish. July, 1847. TURBINELLA.—P tate I. Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (in sandy mud at the depth of seven fathoms); Cuming. Perfectly distinct from the preceding species, though similar in general aspect; the canal is shorter, the ridges, with which it is forcibly corded throughout, are equal, more distant from each other, and more elevated in the interstices between the ribs, which are closer. The shell has, moreover, a transparent orange-red hue, which is somewhat characteristic. Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA INFUNDIBULUM. Turd, testé elongato-tur- ritd, Uiris angustis conspicué elevatis, alternatim majo- ribus, undique funiculatd, costis fortibus latiusculis longitudinalibus ; aperture fauce liratd, liris subre- motis; aurantio-fuscd epidermide castaned indutd, apertura lutescente. THE FUNNEL TURBINELLA. Shell elongately turreted, corded throughout with conspicuously raised narrow ridges, alternately larger, with rather broad strong longitudinal ribs; interior of the aperture ridged, ridges rather distant; orange brown, covered with a chesnut epidermis, aperture yellowish. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 386. Murex infundibulum, Gmelin. Fusus infundibulum, Enc. Méth. Polygona fusiformis, Schumacher. Hab. West Indies (in deep water); Goss. Distinguished by its straight elongated spindle-like form and solid structure, closely corded throughout with fine ridges, which are alternately larger. Species 4. (Mus. Brit.) TURBINELLA scoLymos. Turb. testé solidé, fusiformi, medio ventricosd, hexagonali, spird pyramidali-turrita ; anfractibus spiraliter sulcatis, medio levibus, superné angulatis, ad angulum usque ad apicem fortiter tuber- culatis, utroque tuberculo im costam latam solidam descendente ; luteo-albidd, columella carneo-rosaceda. THE ARTICHOKE TURBINELLA. Shell solid, fusiform, ven- tricose in the middle, six-sided, spire pyramidally turreted; whorls spirally grooved, smooth in the middle, angulated round the upper part, strongly tubercled at the angle to the apex, each tubercle descending in a broad solid rib; yellowish-white, columella flesh-pink. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 376. Murex scolymos, Gmelin. Hab. ? This is the only species which assumes such a distinct hexagonal form; it is found of much larger size than re- presented in the accompanying plate, / hincllay Pl. Tur IC. ith. t Sowerby,del.s d e. thug a, ¥ Leeve mm LTurbinclal PLT . R ir = Sowerby, delethth. TURBINELLA. Puate II. Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA GEMMATA. Twrb. testd ovaté, crassd, obesd, spird subacuminatd ; anfractibus levigatis aut subtiliter striatis, nodulis elevatis irregularibus undique seriatim cinctis ; lutescente, nodulis partim eburneis partim purpureo-atris, intus vivide croced. THE JEWELLED TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, thick, stout, spire somewhat acuminated; whorls smooth or very finely striated, encircled throughout with rows of elevated irregular nodules; yellowish, nodules partly black, and in part opal white, interior bright saffron yellow. Hab. Entirely beset with conspicuously coloured nodules. ? Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA vaRicosa. Twurb. testé elongato-fusiformi, canali breviusculo, anfractibus spiraliter tenuiliratis, costis longitudinalibus confertis concentricé decussatis ; aurantio-albidé, costis conspicué castaneo-fuscis. THE VARICOSE TURBINELLA. Shell elongately fusiform, canal rather short, whorls spirally finely ridged, con- centrically crossed with close-set longitudinal ribs ; orange-white, ribs conspicuously chesnut-brown. Hab. Gallapagos Islands (in crevices of rocks) ; Cuming. A well-defined and very characteristic species, the chief peculiarity of which is exhibited in the unusually close-set concentric ribs and their dark contrast of colour. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA CRATICULATA. Turd. testd cylindraceo-elon- gatd, crass, canali breviusculo, spire suturis subtilis- simé squamosis, anfractibus longitudinaliter obscuré plicato-costatis, liris subdistantibus acutis spiraliter cingulatis ; luteo-albidd, costis vivide ustulato-rubris. THE BARRED TuRBINELLA. Shell cylindrically elongated, thick, canal rather short, sutures of the spire very finely scaled, whorls longitudinally obscurely plicately ribbed, spirally encircled with rather distant sharp ridges ; yellowish-white, ribs of a deep burnt red colour. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol.ix. p.386. Murex craticulatus, Linnzeus. Hab. Island of Masbate (on the reefs) ; Cuming. Easily distinguished by the peculiar blood-stained co- louring of the ribs, which in sculpture are of very super- ficial character. Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA RAPA. Turd. testd pyriformi, crassa, ponde- rosd, rotundatd ; inflatd, spire suturis impressis ; anfractibus medio levibus supra et infra spiraliter striatis, superné obsolete uni- vel pluriseriatim nodu- losis ; albd, immaculatd, epidermide peculiariter rugosd induté ; apertura aurantio-rufescente. THE RAPE TURBINELLA. Shell pyriform, thick, ponderous, rounded and inflated, sutures of the spire impressed ; whorls smooth in the middle, spirally striated above and below, encircled round the upper part with one or two rows of obsolete nodules; white, unspotted, covered with a peculiarly rough epidermis ; aperture orange-red. Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol.ix. p.377. Hab. 5 Lamarck appears to have been the first to distinguish this shell from the Z. pyrum, with which it had been previously confounded; it may be easily distinguished from that species by its rounded and more inflated growth and white unspotted aspect. Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA CANDELABRUM. Turd. test fusiformi-ovatd, spira subturrité ; anfractibus liris angustis subacutis cingulatis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, superné con- cavis, medio tuberculis compressis prominentibus bise- riatim armatis ; fusco strigatd, liris albidis. THE CHANDELIER TURBINELLA. Shell fusiformly ovate, spire somewhat turreted; whorls encircled throughout with rather sharp narrow ridges, longitudinally pli- cately ribbed, concave round the upper part, armed with two rows of ‘compressed tubercles round the middle; brown-streaked, ridges whitish. Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (in sandy mud at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming. The 7. candelabrum has been confounded hitherto with the 7. polygona, a most characteristic figure of it in Knorr July, 1847. TURBINELLA.—Ptrate II. Vergn. Part VI. pl. 15. f.5, being included in Lamarck’s synonymy of that species. Though next allied to the T. polygona in form, it is uniformly distinct from it, and does not approximate to its varieties, three of which are represented in the preceding plate. Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA RECURVIROSTRA. Turd. testd fusiformi, spird turritd, basi profundée umbilicatd et leviter recurvi, anfractibus transversim rude costatis, medio fortiter plicato-tuberculatis, supra declivibus, levigatis ; pallidé aurantio-spadiced, costarum interstitiis castaneo tinctis et maculatis, apertura luteo-aurantia. THE RECURVED BEAK 'TURBINELLA. Shell fusiform, spire turreted, deeply wmbilicated and slightly recurved at the base; whorls transversely rudely ribbed, strongly plicately tubercled in the middle, slanting and smooth above; pale orange-bay, interstices be- ‘tween the ribs stained and spotted with chesnut- brown, aperture orange-yellow. ScHuBeErt and Waenmr, Conchylien. Cab. Supp. p. 100. pl. 227. f. 4021. a, 4. Hab. Matnog, Island of Luzon, Philippines (in deep water); Cuming. M. Deshayes quotes this species amongst the synomymes of 7. carinifera but it is quite distinct ; I have seen several . specimens all equally characteristic. Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA GLOBULUS. Turd. testd globosd, ventricosd, spird brevi, suturis subimpressis ; anfractibus oblique concentrice plicato-costatis, superné concavis, deinde costis squamatis cingulatis, costarum interstitiis liris subtilibus minute squamatis exsculptis ; ferrugineo-fuscd, costis transversis albidis, apertura carneo-rosed. THE GLOBULAR TURBINELLA. Shell globose, ventricose, spire short, sutures somewhat impressed; whorls obliquely concentrically plicately ribbed, concave round the upper part, then encircled with squamate ribs, the interstices being sculptured with fine minutely squamate ridges; rusty-brown, transverse ribs whitish, aperture flesh-pink. Hab. Africa. A peculiar and well known species, though not one of very common occurrence. Sowerby, del.et hth wane LTurbinelly, PULL. Ws) x CS vm ee, ~~ ia ag we yee TURBINELLA. Puate III. Species 12. (Mus. Belcher.) TURBINELLA LANCEOLATA. Turd. testé lanceolato-fusi- formi, hexagonali, levigatd, basem versus rude liraté ; anfractibus tuberculis grandibus costeformibus continuis undique longitudinaliter decussatis ; aperture fauce tenuistriatd ; luteo-fuscescente, aperturd vivide vio- laced. THE LANCEOLATE TURBINELLA. Shell lanceolately fusi- form, hexagonal, smooth, rudely ridged towards the base; whorls longitudinally crossed with large con- tinuous rib-like tubercles; interior of the aperture finely striated ; yellowish brown, aperture deep violet. Hab. Philippine Islands (on the sands); Cuming, Belcher. This interesting species is allied to the 7. nodata, but quite distinct ; it is of a more sharply lanceolate growth, and the rib-like tubercles follow continuously one under the other, imparting an hexagonal form to the shell, whilst the whorls are less rounded. The deep violet colouring of the aperture is also characteristic; in the 7. nodata it is constantly of a pinker hue. Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA LyRaTa. Turd. testdé subelongato-fusiformi, liris subtilibus elevatis nitidé cingulatd, anfractibus superne concavis, infra concentricé tuberculato-costatis ; rufo-fusci. THE HARP-STRUNG TURBINELLA. Shell somewhat elon- gately fusiform, neatly encircled with fine elevated ridges, whorls concave round the upper part, con- centrically tubercularly ribbed beneath; rufous brown. Hab. Philippine Islands (on the sands); Cuming, Belcher. A well-defined species, of a characteristic rufous-brown colour, encircled throughout with fine cords. Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA CARINIFERA. Turd. testa fusiformi, anfrac- tibus longitudinaliter laticostatis, superné angulato- declivibus, medio tuberculis carinatis compressis biseria- tim cingulatis ; infra contractis et spiraliter liratis ; aurantio-fuscd. THE KEELED TURBINELLA, Shell fusiform, whorls Jon- gitudinally broadly ribbed, angularly slanting round the upper part, encircled in the middle with two rows of compressed keeled tubercles, contracted and spirally ridged beneath; orange-brown. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 385. Hab. ? Easily recognised by its two rows of prominent com- pressly keeled tubercles. The shell which M. Deshayes quotes as a synonyme of of this, under the name Z. recurvirostra, Schubert and Wagner, is a distinct species, for which see the preceding plate, Fig. 10. Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA pyrum. Turb. testd superné ventricoso- clavatd, pyriformi, spird depresso-convexd, apice papil- lari, elevato, anfractibus superné rotundatis, levibus, interdum nodis parvis uniseriatim cingulatis ; colu- melle plicis fortibus ; albido-fulvd, maculis spadiceis rotundis aspersd, epidermide crassé fibrosd induta ; apertura interdum aurantio-rufescente. THE PEAR TURBINELLA. Shell ventricosely club-shaped, pyriform, spire depressly convex, apex papillary, elevated; whorls rounded at the upper part, smooth, sometimes encircled with a row of small nodules; plaits of the columella strong; whitish or fulvous, sprinkled with round brown-bay spots, and covered by a thick fibrous epidermis; aperture sometimes orange-red. Lamarck, Anim. s. vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 378. Voluta pyrum, Linneeus. Hab. Ceylon. This. well-known species, the next allied in character to T. rapa, may be readily distinguished from it by its less swolled growth, and by the brown-spotted style of colouring, which is most conspicuous in young specimens. Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA APLUSTRE. Turd. testé ovato-fusiformi, crassi, solidé ; anfractibus superné concavo-angulatis ad angulum subcarinatis et compresso-tuberculatis, colu- melle plicis duabus, raro pluribus, tenuibus subobso- letis ; apertura liris verrucisque exsculptd ; alba, fusco July, 1847. TURBINELLA.—Ptare III. concinné angusté et creberrime vittatd, epidermide tenut luted indutd, intus eburned. FLAG TURBINELLA. Shell ovately fusiform, thick, solid: whorls concavely angulated round the upper part, slightly keeled and compressly tubercled at the angle, plaits of the columella two, rarely more, thin, rather obsolete ; aperture sculptured with ridges and warts ; white, narrowly and very closely filleted with brown, covered by a yellowish epidermis, interior ivory white. Krzner, Icon. coq. viv. p. 37. pl. 20. f. 2. Buccinum aplustre, Martyn. Murex aplustre, Chemnitz. Hab. Isle of Annaa (on the reefs) ; Cuming. It is to this species that the Monoceros cingulatum is so nearly allied in every character save the tooth, that M. Kiener was induced to place it here. THE Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA cINGULIFERA. Turd. testd ovato-fusiformi, transversim striata, spird turritd ; anfractibus superne declivibus, medio ventricosis, subcarinatis et Sortiter tuberculatis, deinde cingulo calloso notabili ad limbum in dente erecto desinente ; aperture fauce striatd ; castaneo-fusci, cingulo albo, intus albd. THE GIRDLED TuRBINELLA. Shell ovately fusiform, transversely striated, spire turreted; whorls slanting round the upper part, ventricose in the middle, slightly keeled and strongly tubercled, then encircled with a remarkable callous girdle ending at the lip in an erect tooth; interior of the aperture striated; chesnut- brown, girdle white, interior white. Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol.ix. p. 384. Murex nassa (pars), Gmelin. ' THE PRECIOUS STONE TURBINELLA. Fasciolaria cingulifera, Enc. Méth. Hab. Mouth of the Gambia, Africa. I think there are several reasons for retaining the name given to this species by Lamarck, in preference to that originally used by Gmelin ;—it is by far the more appro- priate title, there is another species with a name very similar, 7. nassatula, and under the head of Murex nassa, Gmelin included with it the 7. lewcozonalis. Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA SMARAGDULUS. Turb. testé globoso-ovatd, crassa, solidd, basi leviter recurvd, spird brevi ; anfrac- tibus convewis levibus aut obsolete creberrimé plani- liratis, liris angustis interstitis longitudinaliter stria- tis; castaneo-fuscd, lineis albis undique cingulaté, intus eburned. Shell globosely ovate, thick, solid, slightly recurved at the base, spire short; whorls convex, smooth or obsoletely very closely flatly ridged, ridges narrow, interstices longitudinally striated; chesnut brown, encircled throughout with white lines, interior ivory white. Desuayes, Anim. sans vert. p. 383 note. Buccinum smaragdulus, Linneus. Turbinella rustica, Lamarck. Lagena crassa, Schumacher. Hab. Island of Mindanao, Philippines (under stones at low water); Cuming. To Mr. Dillwyn and M. Deshayes are we alike indebted for the restoration of the Linnean name to this well- known species; an almost solitary instance of a Turbinella without any indication of nodules or tubercles. Turbinella, PL TH 16. LTurbinclla, PLL. — etre tp Oe cami ties & TURBINELLA. Puate IV, Species 19.. (Mus. Belcher.) TURBINELLA PrcTa. Turd. testa ovato-fusiformi, medio ventricosd, anfractibus transversim sulcatis, longitu- dinaliter obtuse plicato-costatis, superné concavis, deinde tuberculis compressis, quorum supremis majoribus cingulatis; aperture fauce striaté ; albé, maculis numerosis nigricante-fuscis, lineisgue transversis coc- cineis et luteis pulcherrime picté, columella fusco- rosacea. THE PAINTED TURBINELLA. Shell ovately fusiform, ventricose in the middle, whorls transversely grooved, longitudinally obtusely plicately ribbed, concave round the upper part, then encircled with rows of compressed tubercles of which the uppermost are the largest ; interior of the aperture striated; white, very beau- tifully painted with scarlet tinged and yellow lines, columella brownish-pink. Hab. Feejee Islands; Belcher. An extremely prettily painted species collected by Sir Edward Belcher, at the above-named group of Islands. Mr. Cuming possesses equally characteristic specimens from other sources. Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA Barcuayt. Turd. testa fusiformi, anfractibus liris acutis subdistantibus spiraliter cingulatis, superné concavis, deinde ventricosis et longitudinaliter plicato- costatis, costis latissimis, ad angulum compresso-tuber- culatis ; aperture fauce striaté ; albd, aurantio-rufo fasciaté et saturatioré lineata. Barcuay’s TURBINELLA. Shell fusiform, whorls spirally encircled with sharp rather distant ridges, concave round the upper part, then ventricose and longitu- dinally plicately ribbed, ribs very broad, compressly tubercled at the angle; interior of the aperture striated; white, banded with pale orange-red and lineated here and there with the same colour of a darker tint. Hab. (sland of Mauritius; Barclay. A very distinct and interesting new species of Turbinella, received by Mr. Cuming from Sir David Barelay, a gentle- man much attached to Natural History, and zealous collector of shells, resident at the Island of Mauritius, in honour of whom I have the pleasure of naming it. It is a white shell, encircled with broad pale rufous- orange bands and interrupted reddish lines, ventricose in the middle, broadly tubercularly ribbed and sharply spirally ridged throughout. Species 21. (Mus, Belcher.) TURBINELLA Tuersites. Turd. testd fusiformi, basi gracili, elongatd, anfractibus transversim subtilissime et creberrimé corrugato-striatis, turberculis promi- nentibus peculiariter elongatis concentricé armatis ; eburned, epidermide tenui flavicante indutd. THE HUMPED TURBINELLA. Shell fusiform, slender and elongated at the base, whorls transversely very finely and closely striated in a wrinkled manner, concen- trically armed with prominent peculiarly elongated tubercles ; ivory-white, covered with a thin yellowish epidermis. Hab. China; Belcher. This remarkable shell collected by Captain Sir Edward Belcher at the above-named locality, is in an immature state of growth and belongs probably to a species of larger size. In its present elongated form it partakes rather of the character of Fasciolaria. The most striking feature of the species consists in the whorls being furnished at intervals by very peculiarly elongated bean-shaped tuber- cles, arranged concentrically and extremely prominent throughout. Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA BetcuErt. Turd. testa fusiformi, spira subturritd, anfractibus transversim subtiliter striatis, superneé concavis, medio ventricosis, serie duplici tuber- culorum, deinde serie unicd nodulorum cinctis ; aperture fauce striatd ; albd, maculis flammisque nigris conspicue picté, epidermide luted induta. : BrtcueEr’s TURBINELLA. Shell fusiform, spire somewhat turreted, whorls transversely finely striated, concave round the upper part, ventricose in the middle, en- circled with a duplicate series of tubercles, then with a row of nodules; interior of the aperture striated ; white, conspicuously painted with black flames and blotches, covered with a yellow epidermis. Hab. Cargados Garajos (coral bottom), Indian Ocean ; Belcher. July, 1847. TURBINELLA.—Ptate IV. I have much pleasure in dedicating this richly painted ‘species to Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., Commander of the Expedition of H.M.S. Samarang, to whom I am indebted for many valuable and interesting new species of shells collected during the voyage. Species 23. (Mus. Belcher.) TURBINFLLA OvoIDEA. Turd. testd oblonyo-ovatd, crassi, solidd, spird subacuminaté ; anfractibus levibus aut obsoleté sulcatis et striatis, columellé fortiter triplicata ; rosaceo-alba, epidermide tenui corned levigatd indutié. THE OVAL TURBINELLA. Shell oblong-ovate, thick, solid, spire somewhat acuminated ; whorls smooth or obso- letely grooved and striated, columella strongly three- plaited; pinkish-white, covered with a thin smooth horny epidermis. Kiener, Icon. coq. viv. p. 7. pl. 17. f. 1. Hab. Coast of Bahia; Kiener. This is beyond doubt a very characteristic species, easily distinguished from the 7. pyrum or rapa, by its oblong form, shorter canal, acuminately conical spire and thin horny epidermis. Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA CRENULATA. Turd. testd ovaté, bast con- tractd, et leviter recurvd, spire suturis impressis ; an- Sractibus rotundatis, longitudinaliter subobsoleté plicato- costatis, medio carinatis, liris acutis undique cingulatis ; aperture fauce lirata ; ferrugineo-fulvd, maculis ferru- gineo-fuscis conspicuis medio intra costas cingulata. THE CRENULATED TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, contracted and slightly recurved at the base, sutures of the spire impressed ; whorls rounded, longitudinally somewhat obsoletely plicately ribbed, keeled in the middle and encircled throughout with sharp ridges, interior of the aperture ridged; rusty fulvous colour, encircled round the middle with a row of rusty brown blotches between the ribs. KiEner, Icon. coq. viv. p. 43. pl. 9. f. 2. Hab. Isle of Capul, Philippmes (on the reefs at low water); Cuming. A very characteristic example of this species is figured erroneously by Schubert and Wagner, in their supplement to the ‘ Conchylien Cabinet’ for the 7. craticulata. M. Kiener’s figure is not a very intelligible one. lirbinella, PUIV. Avi 523 Pate Turbinella , PITT. TURBINELLA. PLATE V. Species 25. (Mus, Taylor.) TURBINELLA pPRiIsMaTIcA. Turd. testé ovato-turritd, crassi, basi in canalem brevem subrecurvum terminata ; anfractibus longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, transversim subtilissimé striatis, liris brevibus elevatis conspicuis super costas; albidd, liris interruptis nigricantibus, plus minusve irridescentibus, intus crocata. THE PRISMATIC TURBINELLA. Shell ovately turreted, thick, terminating at the base in a short slightly recurved canal; whorls longitudinally plicately ribbed, transversely very finely striated, with short conspi- cuous elevated ridges upon the ribs; whitish, inter- rupted ridges blackish, more or less irridescent, interior saffron yellow. Buccinum prismaticum, Martyn, Univ. Conch. vol. i. pl. 2. Hab. Friendly Islands; Martyn. The Turbinella prismatica has been singularly overlooked by modern authors, I find no mention of it by Lamarck, Deshayes, or Kiener, nor is there any representation of it in the ‘Conchylien Cabinet’ or ‘Encyclopédie Méthodique’; it is, however, a shell of great rarity, and the species may possibly now have become altogether extinct. The exquisite drawing published by our countryman, Martyn, in 1784, is taken from a much finer example of the species than I have had the pleasure of seeing, and it is not improbable but that the irridescent hue is somewhat exaggerated for the sake of making this peculiarity mani- fest ; still, in the specimens before me from Mr. Taylor’s and Mr. Cuming’s collections, particularly in one from the former, a beautiful prismatic display of colours appears both on the transverse ridges and in the interstices next the sutures. Without reference to this peculiarity, the T. prismatica is amply distinguished from any other species by its black interrupted transverse ridges. Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA CAsTANEA. Turd. testi lanceolato-fusiformi, anfractibus longitudinaliter peculiariter rude plicato- costatis, costis obliquis levibus vel obsolete striatis, canali spiraliter lirato ; rufescente-aurantid, epider- mide corned vivide castaned polité induti. THE CHESNUT TURBINELLA. Shell lanceolately fusi- form, whorls longitudinally peculiarly rudely plicately ribbed, ribs oblique, smooth or obsoletely striated, canal spirally ridged; reddish-orange, covered with a polished horny bright chesnut epidermis. Hab. Panama (in the crevices of rocks); Cuming. Tn the ‘ Conchologia Systematica’ I figured this species as the Turbinella acuminata, Gray, in Supplement to Wood’s ‘Index Testaceologicus, but in making a more extended comparison of specimens for the present monograph, I find it to be uniformly distinct and not a modification of that species. The 7. castanea is mainly distinguished by the peculiar rude oblique growth of the longitudinal ribs, smooth surface, and deep chesnut epidermis; whilst in the 7. acuminata the plicated ribs are straighter, and the shell is neatly corded throughout with fine ridges. Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA NopATA. Twurb. testd elongato-fusiformi, spird turritd, levigatd, canali spiraliter lirato, liris distantibus ; anfractibus superne impressis, medio tuber- culis grandibus levibus tumidis obtusis cingulatis ; aurantio-fulvd, epidermide tenui corned induté, intus pulcherrime rosea. THE KNOBBED TURBINELLA. Shell elongately fusiform, spire turreted, smooth, canal spirally ridged, ridges distant ; whorls impressed round the upper part, encircled round the middle with large smooth obtuse swollen tubercles; orange-fulvous, covered with a thin horny epidermis, interior beautifully rose-tinted. Desnayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. iv. p. 389. Buccinum nodatum, Martyn. Murex nodatus, Gmelin, Dillwyn. Turbinella rigida, Gray. Murex rigidus, Wood. Hab. Panama (in crevices of rocks at low water); Cuming. An interesting and well-defined species from the same locality as the preceding, unknown to Lamarck, though figured long before the publication of the ‘ Animaux sans vertébres’, by Martyn, in his beautiful portfolio of drawings entitled ‘Universal Conchology’. The great scarcity of this work may afford some allowance for Mr. Gray having overlooked the figure referred to when introducing this species under a new name, both in the Supplement to Wood’s ‘Index Testaceologicus’ and in the ‘ Zoology of Beechey’s Voyage of the Blossom’; and the same excuse may be offered for my having repeated the error when naming this shell in the ‘ Conchologia Systematica.’ July, 1847. TURBINELLA.—Puate V. Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA IMPERIALIS. Turd. testd ovaté, crassé, superne ventricosd, spird brevi ; anfractibus transversim liratis, liris acutis distantibus, supernée subangulatis, ad angulum tuberculis grandibus squamatis, erectis, sub- recurvis conspicue coronatis, tuberculorum seriebus duabus prope basin quarum superiore majore ; albidd, fusco ustulatd, tuberculis nigricantibus, epidermide jibrosd indutd ; columelld purpureo-fusco tincta. THE IMPERIAL TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, thick, ven- tricose round the upper part, spire short, whorls transversely ridged, ridges sharp and distant, suban- eulated round the upper part, conspicuously coro- nated at the angle with large erect slightly recurved squamate tubercles, with two rows of tubercles near the base, of which the upper is the larger; whitish, scorched with brown, tubercles blackish, interior white, columella stained with rich purple brown. Reeve, Conch, Systematica, vol. ii. pl. 229. f. 4. Hab. Cagayan, Island of Mindanao, Philippines (on the reefs); Cuming. This species is still confounded in the British Museum with the 7. cornigera, although well figured m the ‘ Con- chologia Systematica’, and described in detail by M. Deshayes in his edition of the ‘Animaux sans vertébres’; it is scarcely necessary to enter into any comparison as the difference may be detected at a glance. It is much to be regretted that the shells in our national museum are so imperfectly named, of this genus in parti- cular; the collection, instead of manifesting a critical knowledge of species, enabling us to consult it as an authority, is full of misnomers, and (as this work testifies) of little service for the purposes of study Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA ARMATA. urd. testi oblongo-ovatd, crassa, ponderosa, spird subewsertd ; anfractibus medio wregu- lariter acuté liratis et striatis, superné concavo-im- pressis, tuberculis fortibus squamatis coronatis, anfractu ultimo tuberculorum serie duplici supra et infra ; colu- melld. quinqueplicatd, plicis alternatim majoribus ; allidd, nigro fasciatdé et maculatd, ceruleoque pecu- liariter tinctd, intus luteo-albidd. Tur arMED TuRBINELLA. Shell oblong-ovate, - thick, ponderous, spire somewhat exserted ; whorls irregu- larly sharply ridged and striated in the middle, concavely impressed round the upper part, coronated with strong squamate tubercles, last whorl encircled by a double row of tubercles above and below ; colu- mella five-plaited, plaits alternately larger ; whitish, banded and blotched with black, and peculiarly stained with blue, interior yellowish-white. Broperip, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1833. Hab. Blizabeth Islands, Pacific Ocean (on the reefs) ; Cuming. One distinguishing feature of this species is its peculiar blue-stained colouring. Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA caprreLtuM. Turb. oblongo-ovatd, longi- tudinaliter varicoso-costatd, anfractibus superné con- cavo-angulatis, deinde liris squamatis, suberectis, inter- stitiis profunde excavatis, cingulatis, squamis ad angu- lum prominentibus erectis ; albidd. THs CHAPITER TURBINELLA. Shell oblong-ovate, longi- tudinally varicosely ribbed, whorls concavely angulated round the upper part, then encircled with partially erect squamate ridges, the interstices between which are deeply excavated, scales upon the angle erect and prominent ; whitish. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes edit.) vol.ix. p.381. Voluta capitellum, Linneus. Turbinella muricata, Buc. Méth. Variety 8. Testa squamis decumbentibus. Shell with the scales decumbent. Turbinella mitis, Lamarck. ? Hab. There is no doubt but that M. Kiener is correct in uniting the Z. capitellum and mitis of Lamarck; they are merely different states of the same species. Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA VEXILLULUM. Turd. testd ovatd, utrinque acute attenuatd, anfractibus liris acutis confertis, alter- natim majoribus undique cingulatis, medio angulatis, ad angulum tuberculis mucronatis armatis ; nigricante- caruled, liris alternatim roseis et albis ; intus cerules- cente-albi. THE LITTLE FLAG TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, sharply attenuated at each end, whorls encircled throughout with sharp ridges alternately larger, angled in the middle, armed at the angle with pointed tubercles ; very dark blue, ridges alternately pmk and white, blueish white within. Reeve, Conch. Systematica, vol. ii. pl. 229. f. 1. Hab. P An extremely pretty species, offering so formal and gay a display of colour as to look artificially painted. oy Tees SS y ~ is S & S x aS SN ¢ | | » et pe t 4 o cl ro % is E ~. A UW). lig, sia aes BOS i oi us ¥. ae By N on Pees ? 3 oe + en ve eb LR Spc h Std re pies mgm ea, aaa Wea : Turbinella , P17. 1V Sowerby, del. ethith TURBINELLA. Puate VI. Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA CasstpIForMIs. Twurb. testé ovato-tur- binatd, superne ventricosd, depresso-angulatd, spird brevissimd, basi attenuata ; anfractibus superné planis, liris rotundatis multisquamatis undique cingulatis, in- terstitiis excavatis, quoque syuamatis, squamis ad angu- lum tubercularibus, compressis, basem versus subpromi- nentibus ; columellé concaviusculd, triplicatd, apertura elongatd, expansd ; albidd, ferrugineo tincté et fasciatd, columella et aperture fauce rosaceis et fuscis. Tut CassIs-SHAPED TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, ven- tricose at the upper part, depressly angulated, spire very short, base attenuated; whorls flattened above, encircled throughout with rounded many-scaled ridges, interstices excavated, also scaled, scales tubercular and compressed at the angle, somewhat prominent towards the base; columella rather concave, three- plaited, aperture elongated, expanded; whitish, stained and banded with light rusty brown, columella and interior of the aperture pink and brown. Hab. West Indies. Bahia; Kiener. Approaching nearest in form to the following species, T. rhinoceros, but easily distinguished by the beautiful succession of squamate ridges with which it is encircled throughout. Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA RHINOCEROS. Turd. testd ovato-turbinatd, crassd, superné ventricosd, basi attenuatd, spird brevi, acutd; anfractibus transversim striatis, tuberculis tumidis grandibus subdistantibus superné armatis, tu- berculorum squamatorum seriebus duabus prope basin ; columellé triplicatd, apertura elongata, subexpansa ; albidd, castaneo-fusco variegatd, columella fuscd, plicis albis. 4 THE RHINOCEROS TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, turbinated, thick, ventricose round the upper part, attenuated at the base, spire short, acute; whorls transversely striated, armed round the upper part with rather distant large swollen tubercles, and two rows of squa- mate tubercles near the base ; columella three-plaited, aperture elongated, somewhat expanded; whitish, variegated with chesnut-brown, columella brown, plaits white. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 397. Hab. Zanzibar ; Thorne. Characterized by its large swollen rather distant tubercles. Species 34. (Fig. a and 6. Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA CHsTUS. Turb. testd ovato-turbinatd, crassa, ponderosa, spird brevi, acute acuminatd, anfractibus longitudinaliter subplicatis, transversim sulcatis, su- perné angulatis, ad angulum fortiter tuberculatis, tuberculis rudis, obtusis, tuberculorum seriebus duabus prope basin; columelld quadriplicaté ; albé, epider- mide crassa fibrosa induta. THE BOXING-CLUB TURBINELLA. Shell ovately turbina- ted, thick, ponderous, spire short, sharply acuminated, whorls longitudinally slightly plicated, transversely grooved, angulated round the upper part, strongly tuberculated at the angle, tubercles rude, obtuse, with two rows of tubercles near the base; columella four-plaited; white, covered with a thick fibrous epidermis. BroperiP, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1833. Hab. Bay of Caraccas (in soft mud among the rocks); Cuming. The adult example of this species has so much the appearance of a monstrously developed specimen of the T. muricata, that I have considered it necessary to figure the young in both instances to exhibit the difference, which though slight appears constant. The furrows are broader in this species, the tubercles larger and more swollen, whilst there is an important variation in the plaits of the columella ;—in the 7. cestus they consist of four nearly equal plaits, in the 7. muricata there are five, three large, and two intermediate small; and this distinction occurs in each species throughout all stages of growth. August, 1847. apr a sil hues i aie oo WaT me A eh ; io re hs ae) ae 7 i i, es ae ee apihs bi os, tli LU VI Turby 4 * el ith. Ee Bai % ¥ : — Deen Se TURBINELLA. Prats VIL. Species 35. (Fig. a and 6. Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA MURICATA. Turd. testd ovato-turbinatd, spira brevi, acuminaté, anfractibus transversim sulcatis, supernée angulatis, ad angulum squamato-tuberculatis, tuberculorum seriebus tribus ad basin; columellé quinqueplicatd, plicis duabus interstitialibus minoribus ; albd, epidermide crassiusculd fibrosé induté. THE PRICKLY TURBINELLA. Shell ovately turbinated, spire short, acuminated, whorls transversely grooved, angulated round the upper part, squamately tubercled at the angle, with three rows of tubercles at the base ; columella five-plaited, two interstitial plaits smaller ; white, covered with a rather thick fibrous epidermis. Desuayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 397. note. Foluta muricata, Born. Turbinella pugillaris, Lamarck. Hab. P The tubercles in this species are more compressed squamate and prickly than in the 7. cestus of the preceding plate, the furrows are more numerous and less deeply excavated, the plaits of the columella are more in number, alternately larger and smaller, and the epidermis is of a lighter brown. Species 36 (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA GIBBULA. Turd. testd fusiformi-turbinatd, crassa, solidd, levigaté, ampliter umbilicata ; anfractibus superne concavo-depressis, tuberculis rotundatis obtusis ad angulum ; columellé obscuré plicaté, apertura brevi, fauce punctato-striatd ; lutescente, fasciis castaneis angustis undique creberrime cingulata. THE SLIGHTLY GIBBOUS TURBINELLA. Shell fusiform, turbinated, thick, solid, smooth, largely umbilicated ; whorls concavely depressed round the upper part, with obtuse rounded tubercles at the angle; columella obscurely plaited, aperture short, interior striated with raised dots; yellowish, very closely encircled throughout with narrow chesnut brown bands. Dersuayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 454. note. Murex gibbulus, Gmelin. Fusus filosus, Lamarck. Hab. New Holland; Lamarck. I have always considered, with M. Deshayes, that this species belongs properly to Turbinelia ; the columella plaits are discernible though somewhat obscure. Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA CERATA. Turb. testd fusiformi-turbinaté, undique transversim striata, anfractibus superné concavis, medio angulatis, tuberculis prominentibus compressis ad angulum armatis ; alba, ferrugineo tincté et macu- lata, epidermide subcorned induté THE WAXED TURBINELLA. Shell fusiformly turbinated, transversely striated throughout, whorls concave round the upper part, angulated in the middle, armed at the angle with prominent compressed tubercles ; white, stained and spotted with rusty brown, and covered with a somewhat horny epidermis. Gray, Wood’s Index Test. Supp. pl. 5. f. 15. Hab. Gallapagos Islands (under stones at low water); Cuming. The accompanying figure of this species has a much darker appearance than that in Wood’s Catalogue from its being represented with the epidermis. August, 1847. ovine aye ae y ; pected ET Ratha hs wae cual bee , Sree ot, ‘who Praate Levarh itis) Mra qtntyt ‘oly ae lene ve! i ‘nua ay bnanbin’ iytit. | ine cept: H thy a aiianls ) Fahriptal Loin Meine « meen I halin a Feu absee eRe hide Line Le" en | A iia fin ah evita a Aihihiea Dy nt wa! tall Lat aie ihe ae sake HPAII AAD F TMOHSD: hate, HAAN MOA Mins aes ' AMEND 8 eg uve rey et AMET re A ‘abate fpr Sadan g we Mt ¥ Nahe CAM du wy At Dane } bind p : Gia a rity iiih HER RYE 2p Hehe Pawrih a PURE aN | Sh teak. fiewnntt ry Hepa ie rnb Hi Si ne Wee ah Fpentt ly te deine it Ao els hs Das Resid) ashy sa VAG, Hy en: Fn ene a he | Hor sven thats iat aT ay div i oMasiery: a is. ar cealue) walt) Prihane sri hi a sie ony ix Hap ve sind io ewe tae Malet See ay nt ; : Oa sD ay ‘ 1a) au Ws ‘oS 7 be pee Re, ‘ Say Bh | Rei Si saith met sit stad ak Gent eo ty, ST anlanton sari" rae aeons: a lhc. Py as Scie wiihtaeuny Qa te" te Cr ay ae a Pau tit 5 aed a Ali fralcetye PA boris, # i ak FT Ae | MAGE nth UN, \ VA IY ; OC Pee ee yl P fa | ind } « BN nf Hy eae ee Ol hd ae ne Si id «OM See hs AVERY Wranin ei ce ant ROMY whith \ ; Hyg Seb ve ke aa aaa Pata. b\ rae Te Ree Oe Ce } y Rt ie ; , % ‘ f } PEE eis Wor buck a FesyaR be tic eect) ARV RA UTS CRAT ORE Jo SPIRO RE Ri Sa Soe y Turbinelld PLL. Sowerby, deLetlith. Turbinella’ Plo hl, re) Sowerby, deLetlith. o, eee sah : TURBINELLA. Puate VIII. Species 38. (Fig. 38. a, Mus. Cuming. 38 4, Mus. Taylor.) TURBINELLA OCELLATA. Turd. testd ovatd, spird acutd, anfractibus medio subventricosis, supra angulatis, trans- versim striatis et subtiliter liratis, ad angulum obtuse nodosis ; nigricante, albo undique ocellatd, apertura cerulescente-albd, THE OCELLATED TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, spire sharp, whorls somewhat ventricose in the middle, angulated above, transversely striated and finely ridged, obtusely noduled at the angle; blackish, ocellated throughout with white, aperture blueish-white. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p.388. Hab. ——? The white parts of the shell are nodulous or raised and have an enamel-like appearence. Species 39. (Mus. Hanley.) TURBINELLA TRISERIALIS. Turd. testé subfusiformi ovata, crassiusculd, basi subcontractd, anfractibus superneé concavo-angulatis, transversim subtiliter striatis, tri- seriatim fortiter nodosis ; castaneo-fuscd, nodis albis. THE TRISERIAL TURBINELLA. Shell somewhat fusiformly ovate, rather thick, shghtly contracted at the base, whorls concavely angulated round the upper part, transversely finely striated, encircled with three rows of strong nodules; chesnut-brown, nodules white. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol.ix. p. 388. Hab. ——? This is a very characteristic species and apparently one of rare occurrence; the specimen here figured from Mr. Hanley’s collection being the only one I remember to have seen. It has somewhat the general form of Fusus raphanus, but is of much more solid structure. Species 40. (Mus. Hanley.) TURBINELLA CoRNIGERA. Turd. testé ovato-turbinatd, subtrigond, spird brevi ; anfractibus transversim striatis et rude obtuse liratis, tuberculis fortibus superné et inferné bi- tri-seriatim cingulatis, quorum superioribus elongatis, erecto-curvatis ; columella quinqueplicatd, plicis duabus intermediis parvis ; albidd et cerulescente- albé, castaneo-nigricante tincté et fasciatd, apertura pallidé aurantio-lutescente. THE HORNED TuRBINELLA. Shell ovately turbinated, somewhat triangular, spire short ; whorls transversely striated and rudely obtusely ridged, encircled round the upper and lower parts, with two or three rows of strong tubercles, of which the upper are elongated and erectly recurved ; columella five-plaited, two in- termediate plaits small; whitish and blueish-white, stained and banded with chesnut-black, aperture pale orange-vellow. Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol.ix. p. 380. Voluta turbinella, Linneus. Testa juvenis. Turbinella variolaris, Lamarck. Hab. Moluccas, &e. The tubercles of this species in an immature stage of their developement, have a rounded wart-like appearance, in which state it is the 7. variolaris, Lamarck. Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA TECTUM. urd. testd ovaté, medio angulatd, utrinque attenuata, basi umbilicaté ; anfractibus trans- versim undique profundée excavato-sulcatis, medio ad angulum nodoso-tuberculatis ; columella fortiter uni- plicatd, apertura labrum versus conspicue sulcatd ; pur- pureo-fusca vel rufescente-lacted. THE GUTTERED-ROOF TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, angu- lated in the middle, attenuated at both ends, umbi- licated at the base; whorls transversely deeply excavately grooved throughout, nodosely tubercled at the angle; columella strongly one-plaited, aperture conspicuously grooved towards the lip, purple-brown or orange-cream colour. Buccinum tectum, Gray, Wood Index Test. Supp. Pyrula tectum, Kiener. Hab. Bay of Panama (in ten fathoms, sandy mud); Cuming. This species, it will be observed, is about intermediate in its characters between Pyrula and Turbinella; I think, however, it should be referred to the latter genus on account of the strong winding plait upon the columella, It exhibits two very distinct varieties in colour, one a deep purple or chocolate-brown, the other a clear warm cream-colour. August, 1847. TURBINELLA—Piatz. VIII. Species 42. (Mus. Hanley.) TURBINELLA TUBERCULATA. Turd. testa fusiformi- turritd, anfractibus superné concavo-angulatis, ad an- gulum et infra liris compresso-tuberculatis cingulatis ; albidd, tuberculis nigricantibus. ‘THE TUBERCLED TURBINELLA. Shell fusiformly turreted, whorls concavely angulated round the upper part, encircled with compressly tubercled ridges at the angle and beneath ; whitish, tubercules blueish. Bropertp, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1833. p. 7. Hab. Gallapagos Islands (under stones at low water) ; Cuming. The tubercles in this species are formed upon ridges and have a peculiarly compressed character. Turbinedla PY VI Reeve Brothers. iS) owexby, del. et hth, bee aie is ROR, ¢ : eee q ret : 4 ‘ Ny . , } , 5 a ; ; Z iS = . - y % + Turbinella, Pt, V//7. TURBINELLA. Prats IX. Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA spinosa. Turd. testé ovato-turbinatd, spird acuminata, anfractibus longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, superné angulatis, medio bicarinatis, carinis compresso- spinosis, anfractiis ultimi parte inferiore basin versus contractd, liris brevibus obtusis costas super notata ; albida, fusco fasciatd, liris interruptis albidis, aperture fauce roseo-violaced. THE sPINOUS TURBINELLA. Shell ovately turbinated, spire acuminated, whorls longitudinally _ plicately ribbed, angulated round the upper part, keeled in the middle, keels compressly spinous, lower part of the last whorl contracted towards the base, marked across the ribs with short obtuse ridges; whitish, banded with brown, interrupted ridges whitish, inte- rior of the aperture pinkish violet. Desuayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 390. Buccinum spinosum, Martyn. Murex colombarium, Chemnitz. Turbinella fasciata, Sowerby. Hab. Friendly Islands; Martyn. This interesting species approximates somewhat in character to the 7’. carinifera, but may be readily distin- guished by its colours and more ovate prickly sculpture. Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA SPADICEA. Turb. testd fusiformi, spird acuminata, anfractibus rotundatis, longitudinaliter laticostatis, transversim liratis, interstitiis inciso-stria- tis ; spadiced, apertura albidd. THE BAY-COLOURED TURBINELLA. Shell fusiform, spire acuminated, whorls rounded, longitudinally broadly ribbed, transversely ridged, interstices indently striated; bay-coloured, aperture whitish. Hab. ? Regularly corded throughout, the interstices being deeply striated, whilst the shell is of a peculiar colour. Species 45, (Fig. a, Mus. Taylor. Fig. 4, Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA NASSATULA. Turd. testéi ovato-oblongd, spird subturritd, anfractibus superné declivibus, longitudina- liter costatis, transversim acute liratis, liras interstitios super prominentibus, costas super compresso-mucro- natis; albidé aut spadiceo-lutescente, costarum inter- stitiis saturatioribus, interdum rufo-fuscis, apice rosacea, apertura vivide violaced. THE FINE-NET TURBINELLA. Shell ovately oblong, spire somewhat turreted, whorls slanting round the upper part, longitudinally ribbed, transversely sharply ridged, ridges prominent across the interstices, com- pressly pointed upon the ribs ; white or fawn yellow, deeper and sometimes reddish brown in the inter- stices between the ribs, apex pink, aperture deep violet. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol.ix. p.387. Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming. It will be seen by the accompanying figures that this beautiful species is somewhat variable in colour and even in sculpture, but the differences are trifling. Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA CrrRamica. Turb. testé oblongo-ovatd, utringue attenuata, anfractibus transversim sulcatis et striatis, superné concavis, infra tuberculis longis erectis triseriatim armatis, serid unicd prope basin ; columella quinque-plicatd, plicis duabus interstitialibus parvis ; lutescente-albé, fusco-nigro tincta et fasciaté. THE Ceram TURBINELLA. Shell oblong-ovate, attenuated at both ends, whorls transversely grooved and striated, concave round the upper part, armed with three rows of long erect tubercles beneath, with a single row near the base ; columella five-plaited, two interstitial plaits small; yellowish white, stained and banded with brown-black. Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p.381. Voluta Ceramica, Linneus. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines; Cuming. This well-known species is extremely constant in its general character; the only variation of growth worth noticing is that the tubercles, instead of being sharp and erect in all specimens are sometimes short and stunted. Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA ACUMINATA. Turd. testd fusiformi, crassius- culd, anfractibus liris conspicuis undique regulariter August, 1847. TURBINELLA.—Ptarte IX. Sumculatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis latis obtusis, subobliquis, aperture fauce liratd ; albd, epidermide nigricante-fuscd induta. THE ACUMINATED TURBINELLA. Shell fusiform, rather thick, whorls regularly corded throughout with con- spicuous ridges, longitudinally ribbed, ribs broad and obtuse, somewhat oblique, interior of the aper- ture ridged; white, covered with a very dark browu epidermis. Kiener, Icon. coq. viv. p. 28. pl. 15. f. 2. Hob. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. A solid somewhat rudely formed shell very neatly and distinctly corded throughout. Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA LEUCOZONALIS. Turd. testé oblongo-ovatd, | crassa, solid, basi contractd, spird breviusculd, sub_ acutaé, anfractibus plano-convewis, transversim subti- lissimé striatis ; nigricante-castaned, epidermide oli- vaceo-fuscd indutd, zonulé albidd basin versus sepissimé cingulatd, zonulé elevatiusculd, labri limbo denticulata. THE WHITE-ZONED TURBINELLA. Shell oblong ovate, thick, solid, contracted at the base, spire rather short and somewhat acute, whorls flatly convex, transversely very finely striated; very dark chesnut, covered with an olive-brown epidermis, most frequently encircled towards the base with a narrow white zone which is slightly elevated and denticulated at the lip. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol.ix. p.385. | Hab. Honduras ; Dyson. This species, like the 7. Knorrii and angularis, may also be traced into the 7’. cingulifera, from which it may be distinguished with equal propriety. Xx. 4 CMa, Fl 1 TH . Tur y 483 W, Sowerby, del. Turbinella, PL1LX - i 4 x y- TURBINELLA. PLATE X. Species 49. (Mus, Cuming.) TURBINELLA ANGULARIS. Turd. testd ovatd, utringue attenuatd, anfractibus transversim striatis et subtiliter liratis, medio ventricosis et acute angulatis, ad angulum compresso-tuberculatis ; castaneo-fuscd, liris tuberculos super albidis. THE ANGULAR TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, attenuated at both ends, whorls transversely striated and finely ridged, ventricose and sharply angled in the middle, compressly tubercled at the angle; chesnut-brown, ridges across the tubercles whitish. 2 Hab. This species may be traced into the 7. cingulifera, but is constantly distinguished by its sharp angular growth and compressed tubercles. Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA BREVIcAUDATA. Turb. testd elongato-tur- binatd, canali brevi, spird elongaté, anfractibus rotun- datis, fortiter plicato-nodatis, superné juata suturas peculiariter longitudinaliter plicato-striatis, liris con- spicuis regularibus cingulatis, interstitiis excavatis, strid unicd elevata interveniente ; albidd, fusco tinctd, liris striisque vivide castaneis. THE SHORT-TAILED TURBINELLA. Shell elongately tur- binated somewhat fusiform, canal short, spire elon- gated, whorls rounded, strongly plicately noduled, peculiarly longitudinally plicately striated round the upper part, next the sutures, encircled with conspi- cuous regular ridges, the interstices between which are excavated and have a single raised stria inter- vening; whitish, stained with brown, ridges and strie rich chesnut-brown. Hab. ? A very characteristic sharply corded species, having somewhat the form of the 7. lineata but not the colour. rn Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA RUDIS. Twurb. testé oblongo-ovatd, soli- diusculd, transversim rude lirata et striata, anfractibus superne concavis, medio compresso-nodatis, nodis basin versus evanidis; albd, epidermide crassé castaneo- nigricante induta. THE RUDE TuRBINELLA. Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, transversely rudely ridged and striated, whorls concave round the upper part, compressly noduled in the middle, nodules gradually disappearing towards the base; whitish, covered with a thick chesnut-black epidermis. 2 Hab. Approaching the 7. twberculata in form, but readily distinguished from that species. Species 52. (Mus. Metcalfe.) TuRBINELLA Kwnorriut. Turd. elongato-turbinatd, sub- fusiformi, transversim striaté, anfractibus superné concavo-depressis, medio conveais, nodorum serie unicd cingulatis, aperture fauce liraté ; rufo-castaned, intus albida. Kworr’s ‘TuRBINELLA. Shell elongately turbinated, somewhat fusiform, transversely striated, whorls con- cavely depressed round the upper part, convex in the middle, with a single row of rounded nodules, interior of the aperture ridged; reddish-chesnut, interior white, Hab. Honduras ; Dyson. This species like the Z. angularis just spoken of may also be traced into 7. cingulifera, from which it is distin- guished by its more elongated growth and series of rounded nodules. Species 53. (Mus. Metcalfe.) TURBINELLA GRACILIS. Turd. testa subelongato-fusiformi, anfractibus superné concavis, longitudinaliter oblique rude plicato-costatis, liris obtusis wregularibus cin- gulatis ; rufescente-fuscd. THE SLENDER TURBINELLA. Shell somewhat elongately fusiform, whorls concave round the upper part, longi- tudinally obliquely rudely plicately ribbed, encircled with irregular obtuse ridges ; reddish-brown. Hab. ? Though closely allied to the 7. castanea and acuminata it is clearly irreferable to either of those species August, 1847. TURBINELLA.—Puate X. Species 54. (Mus. Brit.) TURBINELLA Fusus. Turd. testd oblongo-fusiformi, crassa, ponderosd, levigatd, anfractibus superné concavo-angu- latis, ad angulum subobsoleté nodosis ; columellé quin- queplicatd ; albé, epidermide crassa fibrosd seriatim cristata induta. THE SPINDLE TURBINELLA. Shell oblong-fusiform, thick, ponderous, smooth, whorls concavely angulated round the upper part, somewhat obsoletely nodose at the angle; columella five-plaited; white, covered with a thick fibrous epidermis tufted in rows. Sowersy, Tank. Cat. App. p. 15. Hab. g A very remarkable species, partaking of the characters T. rapa and scolymos, but too far removed from either species in form to be regarded as a variety. a ° he : 5 SQ : x F : é s S S SS Ss aS - 8 de . a i» ra rd 15 5 5 =~ 9° = : “ : Lurbnedla Pu X, — ry a Sowerby, del. ethth 4 Bs 4 * 5 wh TURBINELLA. Prate XI. Species 55. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA INCARNATA. Turd. testd fusiformi, spire suturis subprofundis, anfractibus longitudinaliter costa- tis, transversim elevato-striatis, striis intra costas peculiariter fortibus, aperturd parviusculd, fauce striatd ; rufescente-fulvd, costarum interstitiis fuscis, apertura vivide violaced, apice pallide violaceo. THE FLESH-COLOURED TURBINELLA. Shell fusiform, sutures of the spire rather deep, whorls longitudinally ribbed, transversely elevately striated, strize peculiarly strong between the ribs, aperture rather small, interior striated; reddish fulvous colour, brown between the ribs, aperture rich violet, apex pale violet. Dersuayes, Kiener, Icon. Coq. viv. p. 45. pl. 18. f. 5. Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming. May be recognized by the peculiarly latticed sculpture of the interstices between the ribs, and rich contrast of colouring. Species 56. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA AUSTRALIENSIS. Turb. testd ovatd, medio ventricosd, anfractibus longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis tumidis, subdistantibus, liris conspicuis acutis creberrime cingulatis ; alba, maculis grandibus quadratis purpureo-nigris inter costas ornatd, apertura rosaceo- Suscesente. 3 THE AUSTRALIAN TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, ventricose in the middle, whorls longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs swollen, rather distant, very closely encircled with sharp conspicuous ridges ; white, ornamented between the ribs with square purple-black blotches, aperture pinkish-brown, Hub. Port Essington, New Holland. A most striking and characteristic species, far removed | from any hitherto described, and forming an interesting addition to the genus. | Species 57. (Mus. Taylor.) TURBINELLA TURRITA. Turd. testd subelongato-turritd, solidiusculd, basi leviter recurvd, anfractibus suboblique obtuse plicato-costatis, liris transversis conspicuis sub- distantibus undique funiculatis ; aperturd pared, bre- | Tur vioLET TURBINELLA. viusculd ; rufescente-luted, liris castaneo-nigris. THE TURRETED TURBINELLA. Shell somewhat elongately turreted, rather solid, slightly recurved at the base, whorls somewhat obliquely obtusely plicately ribbed, corded throughout with rather distant conspicuous transverse ridges; aperture small, rather short ; reddish-yellow, ridges chesnut-black. Dzsnayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 385. note. Turbinella lineata, Lamarck. Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (on the reefs) ; Cuming. Easily distinguished by the dark equi-distant mdges with which it is spirally corded throughout. Species 58. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA SANGUIFLUA. Turb. testé subelongato-fusi- formi, anfractibus longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis latis, subdistantibus, transversim undigque sulcatis ; alba sulcis longitudinalibus et transversis aurantio- vel san- guineo-rufis. THE BLOOD-FLOWING TuRBINELLA. Shell somewhat elongately fusiform, whorls longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs broad, rather distant, transversely grooved throughout; white, longitudinal and transverse grooves orange or blood-red. Hab. ? Distinguished in form, and by the peculiar disposition of its orange or red colouring which flows as it were among the interstices between the ribs. Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA viotacEa. Turd. testd subfusiformi, spiré acuminatd, anfractibus medio tuberculato-costatis, liris subtilibus striisque undique cingulatis, violaceo-alba, basi nigricante-castaned, apertura rosaceo-violaced. Shell somewhat fusiform, spire acuminated, whorls tubercularly ribbed in the middle, encircled throughout with fine ridges and striee ; violet-white, stained at the base with blackish- chesnut, aperture pinkish-violet. Hab. ? A delicately voilet-tinged shell distinguished by a dark chesnut stain at the base. August, 1847. al, Lurbincella, ws ie SN ahs I8 a. JIC b. Lurbincla PUAXT. eee CEs TO w. eth! él. et hth Sowerby, di TURBINELLA. Puate XII. Species 60. (Mus. Metcalfe.) TURBINELLA scaBrosa. Turd. testd ovato-fusiformi, an- fractibus longitudinaliter forticostatis, transversim liris angustis scabrosis, alternatim minoribus, creberrimé cingulatis ; lutescente-lacted. THE scaBrous TURBINELLA. Shell ovately fusiform, whorls longitudinally strongly ribbed, transversely very closely encircled with narrow scabrous ridges, alternately smaller ; yellowish cream-colour. Hab. ? Peculiar in sculpture, being very closely corded through- out with fine scabrous ridges alternately larger and smaller. Fig. 61 a and @ represents a specimen of 7. gemmata, figured at Pl. II. Fig.5, in finer condition, the smoothness of which there described, proves to have arisen from the shell being worn. The whorls of 7. gemmata are concentrically stoutly ribbed, whilst they are closely encircled throughout with nodulous ridges and fine strie. The colour is a deep orange-yellow, with an irregularly waved streak of black, dotted here and there with pure opal-white, passing behind the ribs from the sutures to the base. Hab. Marquesas Islands ; Capt, Rohr. Species 62. (Mus. Taylor.) TURBINELLA UstuLata. Turb. testd fusiformi, spire suturis subimpressis, anfractibus subrotundatis, longi- tudinaliter laticostatis, transversim subtiliter rugoso- liratis, medio carinatis ; lutescente, ustulato-fusco tinctd et fasciatd, maculis fuscis ad suturas inter costas, basi nigro tinct THE scoRCcHED TuRBINELLA. Shell fusiform, sutures of the spire rather impressed, whorls somewhat rounded, longitudinally broadly ribbed, transversely finely roughly ridged, keeled in the middle ; yellowish, tinged and banded with bumt-brown spots at the ribs, base stained with black, Fab. > Distinguished in some measure by the black stain at the base, and dark spots between the ribs which occur only next the sutures. Species 63. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA PHILBERTI. anfractibus superné plano-declivibus, transversim liratis Turb. testé ovato-fusiformi, et striatis, longitudinaliter subobtusé costatis, costis novenis confertis, ad angulum plicato-tuberculatis ; rufo-fuscd, liris et interdum costis hic illic albis, apertura roseo-violaced. PHILBERT’s TURBINELLA. Shell ovately fusiform, whorls flatly slanting round the upper part, transversely ridged and striated, longitudinally somewhat obtusely ribbed, ribs nine in number, close-set, plicately tubereled at the angle; reddish-brown, ridges and sometimes the ribs here and there white, aperture pinkish violet. Recivuz, Revue Zool. Soc. Cuvierienne, 1844, p. 48. An eadem var. 7". tessellata Recluz, 1. c. Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. It is not improbable, so far as may be gathered from de- scriptions, that the 7. Philberti and tessellata of M. Recluz are varieties of the very interesting species here figured, collected by Mr. Cuming in the Philippine Islands. In some specimens a dark chesnut-brown appears to be the ground colour of the shell, which is encircled here and there with sharp white lines and ridges; in others the longitudinal ribs are also white, and the chesnut-brown only appears in tessellated patches in the interstices. Species 64. (Mus. Brit.) TURBINELLA FILOsA. urb. testa subelongato-fusiformi, anfractibus rotundatis, longitudinaliter fortiter costatis, liris prominentibus transversim undique funiculatis, aperture fauce liratd ; albida, liris transversis sum- mitate castaneis. THE THREADED TURBINELLA. Shell somewhat elongately fusiform, whorls rounded, longitudinally stoutlyribbed, corded throughout with prominent transverse ridges, interior of the aperture ridged; whitish, transverse ridges chesnut-brown along the summit. Scouspnrt and WaGner, Conch. Cab. Supp. p. 100. pl. 227. f. 4019, 4020. Hab. Prince Island; Kiener. Easily distinguished by the thread-like style of pattern, arising from the summit of the ridges being sharply stained with chesnut-brown upon a light ground. Senegal; Deshayes. August, 1847. TURBINELLA.—Ptare XII. Species 65. (Mus. Taylor.) TURBINELLA PULCHELLA. urd, testé fusiformi, anfrac- tibus obliqué costatis, costis latiusculis, solidis, trans- versim carinatis et striatis, carinis striisque inter costas multo prominentibus ; fulvo-fuscd, aperturd vivide violaced. Tur pretTry TURBINELLA. Shell fusiform, whorls obli- quely ribbed, ribs rather broad, solid, transversely | keeled and striated, keels and strie much more prominent between the ribs, fulvous-brown, aperture | rich violet. Hab. ? A bright coloured species of very solid growth. Species 66. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBINELLA cRrocra, Turb. testd subfusiformi-ovatd: anfractibus subabbreviatis, rotundatis, transversim sub- tiliter liratis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis obtusis, numerosis, undecenis; albidd, nigro suturis basique tinctd, maculis castaneo-nigris medio wniseriatim pictd, apertura croced. TH SAFFRON TURBINELLA. Shell somewhat fusiformly ovate, whorls rather short and rounded, transversely finely ridged, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs obtuse, numerous, eleven in number; whitish, stained with black at the base and sutures, and painted with a single row of chesnut-black spots round the middle, aperture bright saffron.yellow. Gray, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage of the ‘ Blossom’, p. 113. Hab. Sandwich Islands ; Nuttall. Distinguished amongst other characters from the 7. cre- nulata, by its more numerous and less prominently deve- loped ribs and saffron-coloured aperture. = Turbincla, PUXTI. Gb. , é , > 2. an t fi * rN Ft as. had ; f \ YAO 4 - Vir f 7] / 4 yo Fs P= KA Sowerby, del. etlith. “SN ~ PS < ; ~ : g QQ x f S NS | S YQ ™_ & sS S ~ J. 2 & : \ $ aie NG) y iT = ine < 4 S ro f @ ES ie} vp} Bees oats Me ; TURBINELLA. Puate XIII. (Figures somewhat enlarged.) Species 67. (Mus. Taylor.) TURBINELLA NANA. Turd. testd gracili-fusiformi, anfrac- tibus rotundatis, longitudinaliter fortiter costatis, liris parvis conspicuis regulariter cingulatd, spadiceo-fuscd, columella pallide rosacea. THE DWARF TURBINELLA. Shell slenderly fusiform, whorls rounded, longitudinally strongly ribbed, regu- larly encircled with small conspicuous ridges; bay- brown, columella pinkish. 2 Hab. There are faint indications of a light band about the middle of the ribs. Species 68. (Mus. Metcalfe.) TURBINELLA CINEREA. Turb. testé gracili-fusiformi, an- fractibus subangulato-convexis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis, distantibus, compresso-nodatis, interstitirs stris distantibus decussatis ; nigricante-cinered, costis albidis nigricante-fusco maculatis. THE ASH-COLOURED TURBINELLA. Shell slenderly fusi- form, whorls somewhat angularly convex, longi- tudinally ribbed, ribs distant, compressly noduled, interstices crossed with distant strize ; dark ash-colour, ribs whitish, spotted with blackish-brown. ? Hab. Very peculiar in character both with respect to colour and sculpture. Species 69. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA ATTENUATA. Turb. testé subelongato-fusi- formi, anfractibus striis prominentibus regulariter funi- culatis, longitudinaliter fortiter tuberculato-costatis ; lutescente-alba, epidermide pallidé olivaced indutd. THE ATTENUATED TURBINELLA. Shell somewhat elon- gately fusiform, whorls regularly corded with pro- minent striz, longitudinally strongly tubercularly ribbed; yellowish-white, covered with a pale olive epidermis. P) Hab. Rather more narrowly attenuated than represented in the figure. Species 70. (Mus. Metcalfe.) TURBINELLA MACULATA. Turb. testa fusiformi-turbinatd, canali breviusculd, leviter recurvd, anfractibus rotun- datis, longitudinaliter costatis, striis elevatis undique creberrimé cingulatis, aperturd parva ; albidd, maculis rubidis irregulariter tincté et variegata. THE BLOTCHED TURBINELLA. Shell fusiformly turbinated, canal rather short, slightly recurved, whorls rounded, longitudinally ribbed, very closely encircled through- out with raised strie, aperture small; whitish, irre- gularly stained and variegated with red blotches. ? Hab. A rather solid shell, tessellated in a manner with dull red. Species 71. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA NassorpeEs. Turd. testd subfusiformi-ovatd, anfractibus rotundatis longitudinaliter conspicué cos- tatis, liris subtilibus creberrime funiculatis ; rufescente- Suscd, zonuld albd medio cingulatd, apice rosaced, colu- mellé pallidé rosacea. Tue Nassa-L1kE TURBINELLA. Shell somewhat fusi- formly ovate, whorls rounded, longitudinally conspi- cuously ribbed, very closely corded throughout with fine ridges; light reddish brown, encircled round the middle with a white zone, apex pink, columella pale pink. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (on the reefs); Cuming. The plaits are very obscure in this species, but I still think it should be referred to the present genus. Species 72. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBINELLA FastTIGIuM. Turd. testé lanceolato-fusiformi, striis elevatis undiqué nitidé cingulatd ; anfractibus subhexagonis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis distantibus, rudis, subirregularibus ; rubido-fuscescente. THE PINNACLE TURBINELLA. Shell lanceolately fusi- form, neatly encircled throughout with raised strie ; whorls nearly hexagonal, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs distant, rude, somewhat irregular ; light reddish brown. 9 Hab. A very characteristic lanceolate shell, apparently of August, 1847. TURBINELLA.—Ptate XIII. . immature growth; in an adult state the canal would be probably longer. Species 73. (Mus. Taylor.) TURBINELLA LAUTA. Turd. testd ovatd, subobesa, canali brevi, leviter recurvd; anfractibus longitudinaliter subobsoleté plicato-costatis, transversim undique sulcatis ; coccineo-rufa, sulcis fuscis, costis hic illic albis, apertura aurantia. THE GAY TURBINELLA. Shell ovate, rather stout, canal short, slightly recurved; whorls longitudinally some- what obsoletely plicately ribbed, transversely grooved throughout; scarlet-red, grooves brown, ribs here and there white, aperture orange. Hab. ° A very pretty species most distinctly characterized. on stone by-Reers Br Un PUXHT, TNL Turb OS aa | L 2) ae} : : g x 2 8 owerby, del. et ith Turbiacla, PUNT, i : Sowerby, del. ethith , on stons by Reeve Brothers ine acuminata, Kiener.....'...... angularis, Reeve............. aplustre (Buccinum), Martyn . . . armata, Broderip.:.........- attenuataswieeuein ss) 1s) 12 )eieielete Barclay, Reeve)... 22... . Belcheri, Reeve ............. brevicaudata, Reeve .......... cestus, Broderip .....-...-.-. candelabrum, Reeve .......... capitellum (Vo/uia), Linn. .... carinifera, Lamarck .........- Cassidiformis, Valenc......... castanea, Reeve ..........-.. Ceramica (Voluta), Linn. ..... GueNE, CRB) Beoacoceeceoe ce cinerea, Reeve .......2..000- concentrica, Reeve ..........- cornigera, Lamarck .......... craticulata (AZurer), Limn...... erenulata, Kiener.........2-. GOR, GR) casonceeaooadas fasciata, Sowerby ........... fastigium, Reeve ............ TIOSASISCHUDETE 2% 6 < cic osecns 6s ISTE, SEDER) ao ao goo ne naee gemmata, Reeve............. gibbula (Murer), Gmelin ..... globulus (Voluta), Chemn. .... pracilispAeeve ......-.....-- imperialis, Reeve ............ incarnata, Deshayes . og 00 infundibulum (Murea), Gain : Knorrii, Deshayes ........-+- lanceolata, Reeve ............ Wautasehcengirsis fc s.2 ci as ose leucozonalis, Lamarck .......- lineata, Lamarck ...........- lyratarelceveMeparysic. cs vs o's sess TURBINELLA. Species. 47 49 16 29 69 56 maculata, feeve...........-- mitisyuamanck |e se sleet muricata (Voluta), Born...... muricata, Ene. Méth.......... MAN APLCEVE WE cin ehe sick sporenenetcrs nassatula, Lamarck .......... Nassoides, Reeve ............ nodata (Buccinum), Martyn ... occellata, Lamarck .......... ovoidea, Kiener . eh; elon : epsteaye polygona (Mur A) Ganalin Rt prismatica (Buc.), Martyn .... pugillaris, Lamarck .......... pulchella, Reewe............. pyrum (Voluta), Linn. ....... Tapa, AMOK tei 2s) el) recurvirostris, Schubert ....... rhinoceros, Lamarck.......... Tpit, Ent aaooocsdasoeeno MONE JPA bos oo ppaseocuaT rustica, Lamarck ............ sanguiflua, Reeve ............ scabrosa, Reeve . Asters scolymos (Murex), Gain Sas smaragdulus (Buc.), Linn. .... spadicea, Reeve ............. spinosa (Buccinum), Martyn . .. tectum (Buccinum), Gray ..... tessellata, Recluz............ Thersites, Reeve ............ triserialis, Lamarck .......... tuberculata, Broderip ........ turrita (Voluta), Gmelin...... ustulata, Reeve ..........+-. varicosa, Reeve ............- variolaris, Lamarck .........- vexillulum, Reeve ..........- violacea, Reeve ...... 0. ee eee Species. 70 30 35 30 67 45 71 27 38 Q MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS FASCIOLARIA. “ Admiring Their shape, their colour, and attractive grace. °—Milton. Te ae ie oe | | ‘M i 7 3 FASCIOLARIA. Puate I. Genus Fascronarra, Lamarck. Testa fusiformis vel pyriformis, interdum magnitudine per- ampld, basi plus minusve canaliculati, anfractibus sepissimé tuberculatis, nunguam varicosis ; columellé plus minusve arcuatd, basi oblique plicaté, plicis inferi- oribus majoribus ; aperture fauce striis prominentibus elevatis creberrimé radiaté. Operculum corneum. Shell fusiform or pear-shaped, sometimes of very large size, more or less channelled at the base, whorls most frequently tuberculated, never varicose; columella more or less arched, obliquely plaited at the base, lower plates the larger, interior of the aperture very closely rayed with prominent elevated striae. Oper- culum horny. The Fasciolarie though limited in species, appear to constitute a very natural genus, easily distinguished from the Fusi by their larger and more solid tubercular growth and brilliancy of colour; there are also characters in the style of marking, which are not unimportant. In most of the species the shell is encircled by fine blackish lines en- graved on the surface, arranged two and two throughout, and the interior of the aperture is generally radiated with strong elevated red lines. Another character by which Fasciolaria may be distinguished from Fusws, consists in the columella being always distinctly obliquely plaited at the base, mostly very strongly so; according to M. Quoy, the animals are nearly similar, and it is this affinity which has induced that eminent naturalist to connect the two genera in one. The Fasciolarie ave few in number but pretty generally distributed; among the localities noted in the following monograph are Ceylon and the Philippine Islands, Australia, Western Africa, Panama, Mexico and West Columbia, Honduras and the West Indies, Mediterranean and the Cape de Verd Islands. Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.) FASCIOLARIA PAPILLOSA, young. For description of this species see Plate VII. Species 2. (Mus. Hanley.) FAascIOLARIA LUGUBRIS. versim irregulariter sulcatd, anfractibus superne angu- lato-declivibus, leviter concavis, ad angulum obtuse carinatis, apicem versus obsolet2 nodatis; columella subexcavatd, lird callosdé superné munitd ; carneo-fus- cescente, epidermide olivaceo-fuscd induta. THE MOURNFUL Fascrontarta. Shell fusiform, trans- versely irregularly grooved, whorls angularly slanting and slightly concave round the upper part, keeled at the angle, obsoletely noduled towards the apex; columella somewhat excavated, furnished at the upper part with a strong callous ridge; fleshy-brown, covered with a dark olive-brown epidermis. Apams, and Renve, Moll. Voy. Samarang. Hab. Cape of Good Hope (found at low water among loose stones); Adams. A well-marked species, quite unlike any of this limited genus hitherto described, though of very simple character ; in young specimens the interior is of a chesnut-brown colour and the upper portion of the whorls less angulated. Three specimens were collected during the voyage of the ‘Samarang’, but the one here figured from Mr. Hanley’s collection, formerly in the possession of the Rev. F. J. Stainforth, is in finer condition and the only other example I have seen. Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) Fascronaria princnps. Luasce. testd fusiformi, subampld, spiraliter liratd, liris subdistantibus compresso-nodosis, interstitiis regulariter concavis ; anfractibus prope su- turas concavis, deinde ventricosis, vix angulatis, nodis lire mediane prominentibus, apicem versus conspicuis et rotundatis ; aurantio-lacted, epidermide rufo-castaned crassa indutd, columella vivide aurantio-rufd, apertura peculiariter rufo-lineata. Tue cuter Fascronarrta. Shell fusiform, rather large, spirally ridged, ridges somewhat distant, compressly nodose, interstices regularly concave ; whorls concave near the sutures, then ventricose, scarcely angulated, nodules of the middle ridge more prominent, conspi- cuous and rounded towards the apex ; orange cream- colour, covered with a thick red-chesnut epidermis, columella bright orange-red, aperture peculiarly marked with red lines. Sowersy, Tankerville Cat. App. p. xvi. Fasciolaria aurantiaca, Sowerby (not of Lamarck) by mistake in Genera of Shells. | Hab. Coast of Peru; Cuming. Fase. testé fusiformi, trans- | It is scarcely necessary to observe that this magnificent species is remarkable for the richness of its colouring, the columella a deep orange-red, the epidermis a fine dark red-chesnut. October, 1847. sinlnes bible seus’ a 2 Nike enters WW file thea Bina aN saan: Waele 4a bene®, oe uae a alg penitence dasie jhaver ; Bee Na fenkobik Shy sells 48 hanes a3) ie dine ace acoiawed biliter ‘yaya nat i Le Saget Min th 19 aidectiN ihataiis sete: Ae fii A casei shee: “esr SOA = achasiohlngs weolunil sviles Wish ihe ieshesigigts ; ip len : 5 Blah aie Lee . (ie rah, 4 ae Dein “wpe: havnt hai iv Pe er eee ho) ee hee are Hh. ioe om f e i fy) oe . en ak oii te. Spall cirglite: helenae i Age ty Bee ee ae : pblanl A ia a si]yars hd ut ile ai a) ie i Git. EAS fue ears ait Ms Ne ane fons ca isl Tis * pil ries eLethth Sowerby, d 7 > Fascetolaria ,P1 1. FASCIOLARIA. Prats II. Species 4. (Fig. a and 4, Mus. Cuming.) FASCLOLARIA FILAMENTOSA. Flasc. testd fusiformi, spiré subacuminatd, anfractibus undique spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis binis, superné declivibus, medio subangulatis, ad angulum plus minusve tuberculatis; ceruleo-allida, rufo, fusco, cinereove variegaté et striatd, sulcis spira- libus nigricantibus ; aperturé fortiter rufo-lineata. THE THREADED Fascrouarta. Shell fusiform, spire somewhat acuminated, whorls spirally grooved throughout, grooves in pairs, slanting round the upper part, slightly angulated in the middle, more or less tubercled at the angle; blueish-white, variegated and streaked with red, brown, or ash-colour, spiral grooves blackish, aperture strongly marked with red lines. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 434. Fusus filamentosus, Martini. Hab. Ceylon. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. It is a peculiarity in the colouring of this well known species, that the darker tints of red or ash-brown pass in a waved longitudinal direction over the tubercles. Species 5. (Fig. a and 4, Mus. Cuming.) FascIoLARIA AURANTIACA. asc. testd fusiformi, sub- ventricosd, anfractibus spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis binis distantibus, superné declivibus, medio angulatis, ad an- gulum tuberculatis, tuberculis minoribus tumidiusculis, hic illic, presertim basin versus, notatis ; cinereo- vel ‘rufo-aurantiad maculis irregularibus albis variegata, intus nived. THE ORANGE Fascronarta. Shell fusiform, somewhat ventricose, whorls spirally grooved, grooves distant, arranged in pairs, slanting at the upper part, angu- lated round the middle, tuberculated at the angle, marked here and there, especially towards the base, with swollen tubercles; ash-coloured or reddish- orange, mottled with irregular white blotches, interior pure white. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 435. Hab. Ip This beautiful species described by Lamarck as being vulgarly called the ‘Persian vest’ is still one of great” rarity ; it is of a buff or reddish-orange mottled with white, and the interstices between the grooves are more or less marked with obtuse swollen tubercles. October, 1847. D4 Kasctolaria, PLM. - Reeve amp Sowerby, del. et th, z Fasciolarta, PF! H1. AA 127 fo & | ae 7) cS) rd > ore Ee 6 n FASCIOLARIA. Puate III. Species 6. (Mus, Hankey.) FASCIOLARIA GRANOSA. Fasc. testd subpyriformi, spird acuminatd, apice papillari ; anfractibus spiraliter irre- gulariter striatis et sulcatis, superné concavo-depressis, ad angulum tumidiusculis et fortiter tuberculatis, labro margine plicato-dentato ; luteo-fuscescente, epidermide fuscé crassé, peculiariter granosd, indutd, columella et aperture limbo aurantio-rufescentibus. THE GRANOSE Fascrouaria. Shell somewhat pyriform, spire acuminated, papillary at the apex; whorls irre- gularly spirally striated and grooved, concavely de- pressed round the upper part, slightly swollen and strongly tuberculated at the angle, lip plicately toothed at the margin; yellowish-brown, covered with a thick peculiarly granose brown epidermis, columella and edge of the aperture orange-red. Broperip, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1834. p. 32. Hab. Panama; Cuming, Hankey. The F. granosa is chiefly remarkable, as its name indicates, on account of the epidermis being raised through- out in fine solid conspicuous grains, a peculiarity which I do not remember to have observed in any other shell; they are developed in a prominent degree in all stages of growth, and have almost the appearance of some extraneous coralline deposite. The magnificent specimen here figured, far exceeding in size and richness of colour any of those originally described, was recently collected by Capt. Hankey R.N., during the voyage of H.M.S. Collingwood. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) Fascrouaria satmo. Fase. testd pyriformi, apice papil- lari, anfractibus ventricosis, superné concavo-depressis et spiraliter striatis, ad angulum acute tuberculatis, inferné contractis; columella peculiariter excavatd, labro margine dentato; albicante, epidermide corned olivaced indutd, columellé et aperture limbo eximie colore salmonis. THE SALMON Fasctozaria. Shell pyriform, papillary at the apex, whorls ventricose, concavely depressed and spirally striated round the upper part, sharply tuber- culated at the angle, contracted at the lower ; columella peculiarly excavated, edge of the lip toothed ; whitish, covered with an olive horny epidermis, columella and edge of the aperture delicate salmon-colour. Desuayes, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) v. ix. p. 438. Pyrula salmo, Gray. Murex salmo, Wood, Fasciolaria Valenciennesit, Kiener. Hab. Real Lejos, Central America; Cuming. An extremely interesting species distinguished by its complete pyriform growth, excavated delicate salmon- coloured columella and rich olive horny epidermis. This and the preceding species, deprived of epidermis, are often confused the one for the other, they will, however, be found, from the accompanying figures and descriptions, to differ abundantly, October, 1847. Mh aie Spay, Wiis ia eet ine Rats oH i ‘a ae > sab. “ham ; a ne ae uate, ree : Cher gH By eal sik: cicetewe $ ‘ i =I ah Yvert : a I a) ai faci ar es) ‘eae nae Kalen ote asa: ie . re ak 1 i eeaaleh i Re its fat Ey jigs (See Hain feel re a \a Sneie i { f ' Fasctolarta,Pl [1 , iS) owerby, del. et lith. Kasctolaria, PMT. id 28 roy, del. et ith FASCIOLARIA. Puate LV. Species 8. (Mus. Brit.) FascroLaRia FUsIFoRMIs. ase. testé fusiformi, spird subacuminatd, anfractibus undique spiraliter sulcatis, apicem versus rudé plicato-costatis, columella arcuata, liré callosé superné munitd ; fuscescente, epidermide rufescente-fuscd induté, apertura albida. Tue Fusirorm Fascrouarta. Shell fusiform, spire somewhat acuminated, whorls spirally grooved throughout, rudely plicately ribbed towards the apex, columella arched, furnished with a callous ridge at the upper part; pale brown, covered with a reddish- brown epidermis, aperture whitish. VALENCIENNES, Kiener, Icon. coq. viv. p. 13. pl. 4. f. 2. Hab. New Holland; Kiener. Not distinguished by any peculiarity of marking, but well characterized in form. . Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.) FascIoLaRia TULIPA. asc. testd fusiformi, medio ven- tricosd, spiraliter sulcatd, suleis irregularibus, anfrac- tibus valdé convevis, margine juata suturas crenatis ; cerulescente-alba, cinereo-olivaceo aut rufescente ma- culaté et variegatd, lineis nigris interdum spiraliter cingulatd, aperture fauce cinereo-albicante vel roseo- incarnato. THe TULIP FascrtoLarta. Shell fusiform, ventricose in the middle, spirally grooved, grooves irregular, whorls very convex, crenated along the margin next the sutures ; blueish-white, blotched and variegated with ash-olive or reddish, sometimes spirally encircled with black lines, interior of the aperture ash-white or pinkish flesh-colour. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 432. Murex tulipa, Linneeus. Hab. St. Thomas, West Indies ; Dyson. Gruner. Honduras ; Tt is scarcely necessary to observe that this ancient and well-known species is exceedingly variable in colour ; most frequently it is found of a blueish or ash-white, variegated and blotched with olive or red, with or without black spiral lines; sometimes it is of a pure smooth mahogany- red, conspicuously painted with black spiral lines without any spots or blotches of colour. Species 10. (Fig. a and 4, Mus. Cuming.) Fasciotarta pistans. Luse. testd fusiformi, solidiusculd, medio subventricosd, anfractibus convexis,lavibus, politis, basi spiraliter liratis ; albida, maculis ceruleo-viridibus . vel aurantio-rufis pulcherrimé pictd, lineis nigris lati- usculis distantibus conspicue cingulata. THE Distant Fascronarta. Shell fusiform, rather solid, slightly ventricose in the middle, whorls convex, smooth, polished, spirally ridged at the base ; whitish, beautifully painted with blueish-green, or orange-red blotches, conspicuously encircled with rather broad distant black lines. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 433. Hab. Gulf of Mexico. Although this species approximates very closely to the preceding in general aspect, it differs from it iz toto; it is uniformly smaller in size, is of a peculiar smooth porcelain texture, extremely delicately painted and always spirally ruled, as it were, with strong black lines situated rather distant from each other. Another important feature of the F. distans, consists in the columella having only a single oblique plaitat the extreme base. : October, 1847. WARE TOTO RET MEMES * i . Jewett wath { it rae! , * Anan t (BEN tC panty : ; I / 7 iS As y ¥ i ut ib “7 % He ery, BS ‘ Vee) Prec ce, Wit Eh Soros Me RTO STE GR TERY ey ‘ ; Pa (fe GRR. ¥ me Tis Lou. yf ar tak ‘ 4 WOKE 1 iain ie 7 j aye Ly on 6s BA fe di eins ‘ i gic RAN! SOGLE A } Oo Oe BAe ia: bv } : j iy Sea ee ie ey Ve te q ah + i ’ a ‘ 5 t € V5 POE, PAE : ¥ ‘ | a 5 rie. At. te Peon 88) ET eo : “ats yy oe : : a Di ig ee eRe | fe Pas ney bet ten i That eat Ny . Pies, 9 a ' \ ye Bramteniiers ys aru i ce ; ie [EAP uebhirer te Qniitecee “inde ai he eae ete : 2 oe ‘ bel " * ae’. ae phn ct, ; = i Resi AV es th oto bavi Seog 2 . ret a aun % A « \ f vit ) xh ve) 4 ¢ hs ! i, aa ; i \ is é i a 4) tal at : i y = ’ . + : ire 4 g ¥ é } ‘ Cy uy by , @ yD innate } iia ; EAs Gas ; Se) A ‘ i a: ‘ ; . ik i if S ; : 7 + * : Teme v J i t i ; { ayn gd i t 4 Pie 5 iad ‘ ‘ fy ‘ » : 2 ' Bie: Y 4 i ‘ ; r] i Pe; r ’ Fasctolaria, Pl 1h aa ae eee Reeve amp. S owerby, del. et hth. WIV. U, E € Fasciolari TO w. , del, eE Hth, Owerby Es FASCIOLARIA. Puate V. Species 11. (Mus. Belcher.) FascIoLARIA PORPHYROSToMA. asc. testé pyriformi, basi attenuato-canaliculatd et recurvd, spird breviusculdé acuta ; anfractibus superné concavo-depressis ad angu- lum crebrinodatis, basem versus acute spiraliter sulcatis ; columellé arcuatd, inferné biplicatd, liré parvié callosd superne munitd, labro intus brevilirato ; albidd, epider- mide lutescente indutd, columella vivide purpured, aper- ture fauce purpurascente. THE PURPLE-MoUTH Fascronaria. Shell pear-shaped, attenuately channelled and recurved at the base, spire rather short and sharp; whorls concavely depressed round the upper part, closely noduled at the angle, sharply spirally grooved towards the base; columella arched, two-plaited at the lower part, furnished with a small callous ridge at the upper, lip marked within with short ridges; whitish, covered with a yellowish epidermis, columella rich-purple, interior pale-purple. Apams, and Rrrve, Moll. Voy. Samarang. Hab. Wastern Seas. This interesting little shell has very much the form of Fusus afer, i might also be referred with equal propriety to the genus Pyruda, still it has an oblique plait at the base of the columella, sufficiently developed to entitle it to a place among the Fusciolarig. As a prominent specific character may be mentioned the rich purple colouring of the columella. Species 12. (Mus. Brit.) (Fig. considerably reduced). FASCIOLARIA GIGANTEA. Fasc. testé symmetrice fusiformi, spird acuminato-turritd, anfractibus undique subobsolete obtuse liratis, superné vin angulatis, tuberculis gran- dibus tumidis armatis; tnearnato-albidd, epidermide | corned luteo-castaned, subpellucidd, indutd, columella et aperture fauce rufescentibus. Tue GiGantic Fascrouaria. Shell symmetrically fusi- form, spire acuminately turreted, whorls somewhat obsoletely obtusely ridged throughout, scarcely angu- lated round the upper part, armed with large swollen tubercles ; fleshy-white, covered with a subtransparent yellowish-chesnut horny epidermis, columella and interior of the aperture reddish. KiENER, Icon. coq. viv. Fasciolaria. p. 5. pl. 10. and 11. Hab. South Seas; Brit. Mus. Pacific Ocean? Kiener This gigantic species of which there is a specimen in the British Museum nearly two feet im length, approxi- mates in general aspect to the /. princeps; the aperture is distinguished by the same warm orange-red tone of colour but is not lineated, the epidermis is more of a yel- lowish-olive horny character, and the tubercles more swollen and prominent. Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.) FascIoLARIA LIGNARIA. asc. testd fusiformi, spird turritd, anfractibus superné angulatis, infra tubercu- lato-costatis, costis tumidis ; cerulescente-albida, fasciis olivaceis interdum cingulata. THE woopEN Fascrozarta. Shell fusiform, spire tur- reted, whorls angulated round the upper part, tuber- cularly ribbed beneath, ribs swollen; blueish-white, sometimes encircled with olive bands. Murex lignarius Linneeus, fide Philippi, Enum. Moll, Sicil. vol. u. p. 177. Fasciolaria Tarentina, Lamarck. Hab. Mediterranean. This, according to Philippi, is the Murew lignarius of Linneus. October, 1847. Kascotarwuw, Pl. V, 11 w. Kascwolarw, Pl. V, A\\| FASCIOLARIA. Puate VI. Species 14. (Fig. a and 4, Mus. Cuming ; e and d, Mus. Hanley.) FAscIOLARIA coronaTa. asc testd fusiformi, nunc abbreviaté, nunc elongati, anfractibus undique spiraliter obtuso-liratis, superné concavo-declivibus, ad angulum nodosis, nodis tumidiusculis ; spadiced aut cinereo-grised, zonulis duabus albidis angustis plus minusve obscuris infra angulum cingulatis. THE CORONATED Fascrtonarta. Shell fusiform, some- times abbreviated, sometimes elongated, whorls spi- rally obtusely ridged throughout, concavely slanting round the upper part, nodose at the angle, nodules rather swollen; fawn or ashy-grey, encircled with two more or less obscure whitish narrow zones. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 435. Hab. Australia and the Philippine Islands. Of all the Fasciolaria this is the most variable in respect to growth, whilst on the other hand, it is, perhaps, the most constant in regard to colour. Some specimens are of a pyriform spindle-shape as represented at Fig. 14, c and d, others are of a slender and more elongated growth as at Fig. 14, @ and 6; the colour is an uniform grey or fawn distinguished throughout by one or two narrow whitish zones encircling the shell beneath the nodules, to which, though often much obscured, some importance should be attached. Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.) Fascronarta Persica. Fuse. testd obeso-fusiformi, solidd, rudi, spird breviusculd, acutd, turritd, anfractibus tu- midis, fortiter tuberculato-costatis, margine juata su- turas plicato-crenatis ; columellé crenata, basi conspi- cue triplicatd ; rosaceo-albidd, voseo et purpureo-fer- rugineo tincté et variegatd, lineis fuscis binis undique cingulatd, aperturé rufo-lineata. Tue Prrstan Fascrozarra. Shell stoutly fusiform, solid, rude, spire rather short, sharp, turreted, whorls swollen, strongly tubercularly ribbed, plicately crenated at the margin next the sutures; columella arched, conspicuously three-plaited; pinkish-white, stained and variegated with pink and purple-rust, encircled throughout with brown lines in pairs, aperture marked with red-lines. ? Hab. A fine and rare species approximating in some measure to the £. aurantiaca, though perfectly distinguished by its short rude tumid growth and stout tubercular ribs. October, 1847. N < x aS SN S 8 S S Sowerby, del. et Lith. a “Sowerby, del.et Lith. FASCIOLARIA. Prats VII. Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.) FASCIOLARIA TRAPEZIUM. Fase. testdé fusiformi, crassd, ponderosa, anfractibus superné declivibus, tuberculis grandibus obesis armatis ; ceruleo-albidd, epidermide corned luteo-olivaced indutd, lineis nigricantibus binis undique cingulatd, columella purpureo-fuscd, aperture fauce vivide rufo-lineata. THE QUADRANGLE Fasctonaria. Shell fusiform, thick, ponderous, whorls slanting round the upper part, armed with large stout tubercles; blueish-white, covered with a yellowish-olive horny epidermis, en- circled throughout with blueish lines in pairs, colu- mella purple-brown, interior of the aperture rayed with strong red-lines. LaMAnck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 433. Murex trapezium, Linnzeus. Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. An extremely common species from the Hastern World, distinguished above all others of the genus by its solid ponderous growth. Species 1. (Mus. Brit.) | Fascronaria, paprnnosa. Fuse. testd fusiformi, spird acuminato-turritd, anfractibus undique conspicue obtuse liratis, superne angulato-declivibus, ad angulum fortiter nodatis, imferné contractis ; incarnato-lacted, epider- mide luteo-fuscd indutd. THE PAPILLOSE Fasctonaria. Shell fusiform, spire acuminately turreted, whorls conspicuously obtusely ridged throughout, angularly slanting round the upper part, strongly noduled at the angle, contracted round the lower part; fleshy cream-colowr, covered with a yellowish-brown epidermis. Sowersy, Tankerville Cat. App. p. 16. Hab. ? A species of rare occurrence peculiar in form and sculp- ture but not distinguished by any pattern of colouring. October, 1847. Fasctolariw PU.VI1, ny le Kkascioluria PU. V1. aurantiaca, Lamarck coronata, Lamarck distanss/iamarch eee ne filamentosa (Fwsus), Martini fusiformis, Valenciennes......... gigantea, Kiener .. granosa, Broderip lignaria (Murex), Linneus ... . lugubris, 4dams and Reeve FASCIOLARIA. Species. 14 10 papillosa, Sowerby Persica, Reeve ..... porphyrostoma, ddams and Reeve . princeps, Sowerby salmo (Pyrula), Tarentina, Lamarck Grayia aaigoce trapezinum (Murer), Linneus... . tulipa, Lamarck Valenciennesii, Kiener....... Plate. Species. I. and VIL. VI. 15 Wie 1) 1. 3 Ii. 6 Vv. 13 VII. 16 IV. 9 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS FE Uese WU os. “The minutest throb ‘That through their frame diffuses The slightest, faintest motion, Is fixed and indispensable.” — She//ey. FUSUS. Prate I. Genus Fusus, Lamarck. Testa ovato- vel elongato-fusiformis, nunquam varicosa, basi canaliculata, canali nunc longissimo, nunc brevissimo ; columella levi; aperture labro plerumque denticulato. Operculum corneum. Shell ovately or elongately fusiform, never varicose, canali- culated at the base, canal sometimes very long, some- times very short ; columella smooth ; lip of the aper- ture generally denticulated. Operculum horny. The genus Fusus is considered one of somewhat doubtful importance owing to the slight variation in the character of the animal, but it is nevertheless of particular value in the distribution of the great canaliferous series in respect of the shell. M. Deshayes does not, however, participate in this opinion. “Take away the columellar plaits from the greater portion of the Turbinelli,” says the learned editor of the ‘Animaux sans vertébres’ “and you make Fusi of them; deprive the Zritons of their varices and they become Fusi”. Lamarck, it is true, mainly characterized the genera of this extensive family by the disposition of the varices and columellar plaits, but each is distinguished by an association of peculiarities apart from these. The Tritons are peculiar in their form, sculpture and colouring irrespective of the varices; the Fasciolarie in their size, development and style of painting without reference to the columellar plaits, and so also the Tur- binelli in their solid tubercular growth. The Fusi under consideration are not less remarkable on account of the beautifully elongated spindle growth, which constitutes the typical character of the genus ; and there is no form in Triton or Turbinellus which can be said to be generically the same. The character of Fusus appears to be ill- understood by authors; Philippi, for example, in his * Ab- bildungen’ refers the Triton Chemunitzti (truly a Triton if we look only so far as the epidermis) to this genus, and several other species belonging most unequivocally to Buc- cinum and Turbinellus. If any subdivision of the genus Fusus be admitted, it may be made in favour of that division including the F. antiquus, despectus, &e. ; these have been already con- nected by Muller, under the title of Tritoniwm, with the Buccinum undatum, but their affinity with that species appears to be one equally remote with the former. The F. Nifat, buccinatus and aculeiformis have also a character peculiar to them, and might with the same propriety be united under a distinct sub-generic head. Having spoken of the typical forms of Fusus, it remains to notice that there are several species referred to this genus which touch closely upon Pyruda and Murex ; these, as with all species on the confines of systematic, groups, may be referred to either genus. The spindle-shaped Fusi are principally from the Eastern World, and are either white or variegated with an uniform brown; in none of them is there any display of colour like that of Fusciolaria or Turbinellus. The ovate species are from a colder region aud mostly European, if not British. Species 1. (Fig. a and 4, Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Marmoratvus. Sus. testé fusiformi, via abbreviata, spird subturrité, anfractibus undique fortiter liratis et striatis, superné peculiariter declivibus, medio angulato- tumidis, subcarinatis et plicato-nodosis ; Jauce creberrimeé acute liratd ; alba, rufo-fusco profuse picld et variegata. THE MARBLED Fusus. Shell fusiform, slightly abbre- viated, spire somewhat turreted, whorls strongly ridged and striated throughout, peculiarly slanting round the upper part, angularly swollen in the middle, slightly keeled and plicately nodose ; interior of the aperture very closely sharply ridged ; white, profusely painted and variegated with red-brown. Puruiprr, Abbild. and Besch. Conch. Fusus, Pl. 3. f. 7. Hab. Australia; Jukes. The whorls of this species are peculiarly angularly tumid in the middle, and the shell is very profusely stained throughout with dark red-brown. aperture Fig. 2. (Mus. Taylor.) Another state of the F. marmoratus which appears at first sight to have all the characteristics of a distinct species, and should be therefore figured. For Species 2. see Pl. IV. Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Ltonersstmus. us. testa elongato-fusiformi, spird acuminato-turritd, anfractibus undique spiraliter sul- catis et acute liratis, superne declivibus, medio nodosis ; intus extusque nived. November, 1847. FUSUS.—Puate I. Tur VERY LONG Fusus. Shell elongately. fusiform, spire acuminately turreted, whorls spirally grooved and sharply ridged throughout, slanting round the upper part, nodose in the middle ; snowy-white within and without. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 443. Murex longissimus and candidus, Gmelin. Hab. Ceylon. This is the largest of the spindle-shaped species and may be known in all stages by its straight elongated growth; it has never any indication of colour, being pure white within and without. Species 3. (Mus. Hanley.) Fusus ocELLirerus. Fus. testd subabbreviato-fusiformi, tenuiculd, ventricosd, spire suturis profundis, anfrac- tibus superneé concavo-declivibus, undique spiraliter sul- catis et striatis, liris intermediis latiusculis, verrucosis ; albidd, aurantio-fusco pallidé tinctd et variegatd, lira- yum verrucis conspicue aurantio-fuscrs. THE EYED Fusvs. Shell somewhat fusiform, rather thin, ventricose, sutures of the spire deep, whorls concavely slanting round the upper part, spirally grooved and striated throughout, intermediate ridges rather broad, warty; whitish, palely stained and variegated with orange-brown, warts of the ridges conspicuously orange-brown. Bory, Encyclopédie Méthodique, pl. 429. f. 7. Fusus verruculatus, Lamarck. Hab, P Presuming M. Bory to be the author responsible for the names attached to the figures of shells in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, I adopt the above as being anterior to that of Lamarck. The Fusus ocelliferus is a very distinct species but not one of common occurrence; it is of rather light swollen growth, encircled throughout by broad obtuse rather distant ridges of which the two central ones are marked with tumid nodules or warts most conspicuously developed on the middle whorls. Reeve Amp Fusus,PLtd, | Z o Pe od 5 re i 5 7) FUSUS. Puate II. Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus LieNarius. Pus. testé ovato-fusiformi, canali bre- viusculo et recurvo, anfractibus levibus, obscure plani- liratis, ad apicem leviter nodosis, concavo-depressis ; cinered aut cerulescente, fusco varie pictd, aperture fauce intense purpureo-fusca. Tur wooprn Fusus. Shell ovately fusiform, canal rather short and recurved, whorls smooth, obscurely flatly ridged, slightly nodose at the apex, concavely depressed round the upper part; ash or blueish, variously painted with brown, interior of the aperture rich purple-brown. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p.455. Murex lignarius, Linneus. Hab. Mediterranean. A shell of rather solid growth in which the brown painting is inclined to be disposed in streaks from the sutures. Species 6. (Mus. ‘Taylor.) Fusus aLTernatus. us. testé ovato-fusiformi, canali subrecurvo, anfractibus rotundatis, superné peculiariter plicatis, transversim undique conspicué liratis, liris dis- tantibus, alteris minutis filosis intervenientibus ; griseo- albicante, liris vividé purpureo-nigris. THE INTERLACED Fusus. Shell ovately fusiform, canal slightly recurved, whorls rounded, peculiarly plicated round the upper part, transversely conspicuously ridged, ridges distant, with others minute and thread-like intervening ; greyish-white, ridges deep purple-black. Puriiprr, Abbild. und Besch. Conch. Fusus, Pl. 4. f. 6. Hab. Bay of Mexillones. The sculpture of this species is very similar in detail to that of the F. Zelandicus, still, out of many specimens I find no closer approximation in form than that exhibited by the accompanying figures. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus tuperosus. us. testé fusiformi, spird turritd, canali breviusculo, leviter contorto, anfractibus undique spiraliter irregulariter liratis et striatis, superné con- cavo-declivibus, medio fortiter nodosis et bicarinatis ; aperture fauce acute liratd ; albd, castaneo-fusco pro- fuse tincta. TuE TUBEROUS Fusus. Shell fusiform, spire turreted, canal rather short, slightly twisted; whorls spirally irregularly ridged and striated throughout, concavely slanting round the upper part, strongly nodose and two-keeled ; interior of the aperture sharply ridged ; white, profusely stained with chesnut-brown. Hab. ? A new and very characteristic species amply distin- cuished from any hitherto described both in form and sculpture. Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Manparints. us. testé ovato-fusiformi, subven- tricosd, anfractibus rotundatis, apicem versus plicato- costatis, liris conspicuis undique funiculatis, liris minutis filosis intervenientibus ; albidd, vel pallidé ferrugined, liris purpureo-nigris. Tue Manparin Fusvs. Shell ovately fusiform, some- what ventricose, whorls rounded, plicately ribbed towards the apex, corded throughout with conspicuous ridges, with minute thread-like ones intervening ; white, or pale rust-colour, ridges purple-black. Ductos, Mag. de Zool. 1838. pl. 8. Fusus Zelandicus, Quoy. Hab. New Zealand; Earl. I publish this species as the #. Mandarinus of Duclos, on the authority of MM. Deshayes and Kiener; the shell does not very well accord with the figure in the Magasin de Zoologie, nor is it from the same locality. Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Dupntit-THovarsi. us. testé elongato-fusi- formi, canali leviter contorto, anfractibus rotundatis, apicem versus longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, trans- versim undique acute liratis ; candida, labro aurantio- Susco tincto. Dupetit-THovars’ Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, canal slightly twisted, whorls rounded, longitudinally plicately ribbed towards the apex, transversely sharply ridged throughout; pure white, lip edged with orange-brown. Krenzer, Icon. coq. viv. p. 5. pl. 11. Hab. Gallapagos Islands; Cuming. A fine species with little or no indication of colour. November, 1847. ee | Fusus, PLL. Sowerby, del. et ith . NS S Sy = > a s yy ee Se hr el. et werby, d Sow FUSUS. Prats III. Species 10. (Fig. a to d, Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Syracusanus. us. testd fusiformi-turritd, an- fractibus transversim liratis et striatis, superné plus minusve angulatis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, nunc latiusculis, nunc angustis, ad angulum nodosis ; ferrugineo-rufa, plerumque albizonata. Tur Syracuse Fusus. Shell fusiformly turreted, whorls transversely ridged and striated, more or less angu- lated round the upper part, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs sometimes rather broad, sometimes narrow, nodose at the angle; rusty-red, generally zoned with white. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 456. Murex Syracusanus, Linnezus. Hab. Mediterranean. A common inhabitant of the Mediterranean, varying considerably in the development of the ribs. Species 11. (Mus. Taylor.) Fusus conus. Fus. testé elongato-fusiformi, gracillimd, spird lanceolato-acuminatd, canali subcontorto, anfrac- tibus undique acute et creberrime tenuiliratis, superné angulato-declivibus, medio carinatis et compresso-nodo- sis; alba, rufo-castaneo ad apicem basinque tinctd, lined rufo-castaned interrupta inter nodos. Tue pistarr Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, very slender, spire lanceolately acuminated, canal slightly twisted, whorls sharply and very closely finely ridged throughout, angularly slanting round the upper part, keeled and compressly noduled round the middle; white, stained with chesnut-red at the base and apex, with an interrupted reddish chesnut line between the nodules. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 443. Murex colus, Linneeus. | Hab. Ceylon. Distinguished by its slender elongated growth, whilst the periphery of the whorls are characterized by a row of nodules with an interrupted brown line between each, after the manner of the F. tuberculatus. Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus unpatus. us. testd elongato-fusiformi, crassa, solidd, undique superficialiter sulcatis, iris apicem ver- sus acutioribus spird acuminata, anfractibus superne declivibus, medio fortiter tuberculatis, tuberculis grandi- bus, distantibus ; aperture fauce acute liratd; intus extusque eburned. Tue wavep Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, thick, solid, superficially grooved throughout, ridges sharper towards the apex, spire acuminated, whorls slanting round the upper part, strongly tubercled in the middle, tubercles large, distant; interior of the aperture sharply ridged; ivory-white within and without. Desuayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 446. noe. Murex undatus, Gmelin. Fusus incrassatus, Lamarck. Hab. Island of Taheite; Cuming. This and the F. longissimus are extremely well figured by Martini in the same plate (Conch. Cab. vol. iv. pl. 145.) and the diagnose of each commences “ Fusus longissimus” &e.; they are, however, described as separate species, the term “longissimus” not being intended as a specific title in the sense adopted by the present form of nomenclature. Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus bonaicaupa. Fus. testd tenuiculd, elongato-fusi- formi, gracillimd, canali subcontorto, spird subtiliter acuminatd, anfractibus rotundatis, apicem versus longi- tudinaliter sulcatis, liris reqularibus acutis, alternatim majoribus, undique spiraliter carinatis ; intus extusque nived, ad apicem basinque pallidé castaneo tincta. Tue LonG-rarL Fusus. Shell rather thin, elongately fusiform, very slender, canal somewhat twisted, spire finely acuminated, sutures excavated, whorls rounded, longitudinally grooved towards the apex, spirally keeled throughout with sharp regular ridges which are alternately larger ; snowy white within and with- out, tinged with chesnut-brown at the base and apex. Bory, Encyclopédie Méthodique, pl. 423. f. 2. Hab. Ceylon. No two individuals exhibiting such a positive distinction of growth, as that presented by the F. cols and longicauda should be admitted under one specific head. The species under consideration may be recognized by the excavated character of the sutures, the sharper and less crowded development of the ridges, the slightest possible indication of nodules round the periphery of the whorls, and by the absence of any intermediate colouring. November, 1847. iy Fusus, PULL. Sowerby, del. et Lith. ome Fusus, PUL. 0b. Se j : - : : ‘ ee , S thy, del.et hth. FUSUS. Prater IV. Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Gxversranus. us. testi subpyriformi-ovaté, spird breviusculd, anfractibus superné depresso-planis, lamellis conspicuis confertis erectis concentrice fim- briatis, quarum interstitiis nitidé clathratis ; cerules- cente-alba, aperture fauce intense rufo-castaned. Guvers’ Fusus. Shell somewhat pyriformly ovate, spire rather short, whorls depressly flattened round the upper part, concentrically fimbriated with conspicuous erect close-set lamellae, the interstices between which are neatly latticed ; blueish-white, interior of the aper- ture deep reddish-chesnut. Desuayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 590. note. Buccinum Geversianum, Pallas. Buccinum fimbriatum, Martyn. Murex Magellanicus, Gmelin. Murex foliatus, Schumacher. Murex Peruvianus, Enc. Méth. Murex lamellosus, pars, Dillwyn. Hab. Strait of Magalhaens. Chiefly distinguished from the following species by having the interstices between the lamin more or less distinctly latticed. Species 14. (Fig. a, 6, and c, Mus. Cuming.) Fusus tacrniarus. us. testd ovata vel fusiformi-ovata, anfractibus superne depresso-planis, lamellis grandibus subdistantibus erectis concentricé jfimbriatis, quarum interstitiis levibus ; cerulescente-albd, aperture fauce intense rufo-castaned. Tue LacintatTeD Fusus. Shell ovate or fusiformly ovate, whorls depressly flattened round the upper part, con- centrically fimbriated with large rather distant lamellz, the interstices between which are smooth; blueish-white, interior of the aperture deep reddish chesnut. Dusuayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 591. note. Buccinum laciniatum, Martyn. Murex lamellosus, Gmelin. Murex foliaceus minor, Chemnitz. Hab. Chonos Archipelago ; Capt. Graves, R.N. Easily distinguished from the preceding species by the more distant and stronger development of the lamine, and by the absence of any latticed sculpture in the interstices. Both are characterized by a rich reddish-chesnut deposite of colouring in the interior. Species 15. (Mus. Brit.) (Figure considerably reduced). Fusus proposcrpirervs. Ls. testd perampld, fusiformi, anfractibus spiraliter sulcatis, superné concavo-decli- vibus, medio ventricosis, angulatis, conspicue carinatis, caring apicem versus nodatis ; spadiceo-fulva, epider- mide sericed induta. THE PROBoscIDIFEROUS Fusus. Shell very large, fusi- form, whorls spirally grooved, concavely slanting round the upper part, ventricose in the middle, angu- lated, conspicuously keeled, keel nodose towards the apex; fawn-yellow, covered with a beautiful silky epidermis. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) v. ix. p. 449. Hab. Port Essington, New Holland. This gigantic species presents two very distinct varieties, one in which the whorls are rounded, the central keel scarcely nodulous, and the general growth more contracted ; another in which the whorls become more sharply angled and concave round the upper part, the keel being rather prominent, and the shell altogether more elongated. November, 1847. ae = . Fusus ,PULV Ub. eve jmp BR v Sowerby, del. et hth FUSUS. Prats V. Species 16. (Mus. Taylor.) Fusus crnnamomevus. us. testé fusiformi, tenuiculéd, anfractibus subventricosis rotundatis, liris alternatim latiusculis, obsolete verrucosis, cingulatis ; cinnamomeo- fusca. THE CINNAMON Fusus. Shell fusiform, rather thin, whorls rather ventricose, rounded, encircled with obsoletely warty ridges, alternately wider; cimnamon-brown. Hab. ? Allied to the Fusus ocelliferus from which it is distin- guished by the light rounded growth of the whorls and less acuminated spire. The colour of this specimen is peculiar, an uniform cinnamon-brown, though it cannot be estimated of value as a specific character. Species 17. (Mus. Hanley.) Fusts aursus. us. testé fusiformi, spire suturis sub- excavatis, anfractibus undique spiraliter suicatis et stri- atis, superne rotundatis, longitudinaliler plicato-nodosis, nodis aperturam versus evanidis ; semipellucido-fuscd, intus alba. THE GOLDEN Fusus. Shell fusiform, sutures of the spire somewhat excavated, whorls spirally grooved and striated throughout, rounded at the upper part, longi- tudinally plicately noduled, nodules fading towards the aperture ; semitransparent-brown, interior white. Hab. ? The ridges formed by the spiral grooves of this shell seem rather disposed to range in pairs. Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus puxeus. us. testd subobeso-fusiformi, crassa, sub- ponderosi, spire suturis rudis, anfractibus rotundatis, spiraliter sulcatis et inciso-striatis, longitudinaliter subplicatis ; spadiceo-fuscescente, intus alba. THE Box-woop Fusus. Shell somewhat stoutly fusi- form, thick, rather ponderous, sutures of the spire rude, whorls rounded, spirally grooved and deeply striated, longitudinally faintly plicated ; light fawn- brown, interior white. Hab. ? A shell of peculiarly solid growth, of which the sculp- ture, refined with neatness in the first few whorls, becomes gradually more and more obsolete towards the aperture. T have not seen any other specimen. Species 19. (Mus. Brit.) Fusus cotossrus. us. testé perampld, elongato-pyri- Sorma, anfractibus undique spiraliter sulcatis et striatis, superne angulatis, ad angulum nodosis, nodis submucro- natis, longitudinaliter subobscurée plicatis; apertura elongatd, canali latiusculo, patulo; pallidé spadiceo- fulva. THE CoLossaL Fusus. Shell very large, elongately pyri- form, whorls spirally grooved and striated throughout, angulated round the upper part, nodose at the angle, nodules somewhat pointed, longitudinally rather ob- scurely plicated ; aperture elongated, rather wide and open; pale fawn-yellow. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 442. Hab. Kastern Seas. This well-known species is very similar to the Pyrwla tuber ; indeed it is scarcely to be distinguished from that shell except by the more elongated fusiform growth which affects its generic arrangement. Species 20. (Mus. Taylor.) Fusts cresritirnatus. Dus. testé fusiformi, spire suturis - rudis, anfractibus undique spiraliter acute crebriliratis, rotundatis aut vix angulatis, medio subobsoleté plicato- nodatis ; ustulato-fuscd, longitudinaliter indistincté flammulaté, intus albidéa. THE CLOSELY-RIDGED Fusus. Shell fusiform, sutures of the spire rude, whorls spirally sharply closely ridged throughout, rounded or scarcely angulated, somewhat obsoletely plicately noduled; burmnt-brown, longitu- dinally indistinctly flamed, interior white. Hab. Australia. Though not of very original aspect, I have no hesitation in pronouncing this to be a new species, having seen two or three specimens in each of which the peculiarities noted above are very characteristic. November, 1847. Fusus, PUV., FUSUS. Prate VI. Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Arer. Fus. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, medio gibbosd, subpyriformi, anfractibus liris parvis muricatis undique cingulatis, superne concavo-declivibus, medio plicato- nodosis; albild, aurantio-fusco longitudinaliter strigata. Tur Arrican Fusus. Shell shortly fusiform, gibbous in the middle, somewhat pear-shaped, whorls con- cavely slanting round the upper part, plicately noduled round the middle; whitish, longitudinally streaked with orange-brown. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 458. Murex Afer, Gmelin. Hab. Senegal. Rather an aberrant form of the genus verging on Pyrula, first described by Adanson in his ‘ Voyage en Senegal’, under the name Le Lipin. Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus munricarinatus. Fus. testd fusiformi, solidius- culd, anfractibus transversim undique liratis et striatis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis latis confertis ; intus extusque nived, labro interdum ferrugineo tincto. HE MANY-KEELED Fusus. Shell fusiform, rather solid, whorls transversely ridged and striated throughout, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs broad, close-set ; snow-white within and without, lip sometimes tinged with rust-brown. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 446. Hab. > Very like the F. éwrricula in general aspect, but easily distinguished from that species on comparison. Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus turricuta. Fus. testé elongato-fusiformi, rectd, anfractibus transversim undique acute liratis, longitu- dinaliter costatis, costis subdistantibus ; intus extusque albé. THE LITTLE-TURRET Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, straight, whorls transversely sharply ridged through- out, longitudinally ribbed, ribs rather distant ; white within and without. KiEnER, Icon. coq. viv. p. 6. pl. 5. f. 1. Hab. China. A species of comparatively common occwrrence, named F. forceps by M. Deshayes after Mr. Perry, whose ‘ Con- chology’ is not acknowledged by English writers. Species 24. (Mus. Taylor.) Fusus torunosus. us. testé obeso-fusiformi, ventricosd, anfractibus rotundatis, liris obtusis subdistantibus cin- gulatis, medio carinatis et plicato-nodatis ; castanco- fusca, nodis albidis, carind inter nodos saturatiore castaned. THE CORDED Fusus. Shell stoutly fusiform, ventricose, whorls rounded, encircled with obtuse rather distant ridges, keeled and plicately noduled in the middle ; chesnut-brown, nodules whitish, keel between the nodules darker chesnut-brown. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) v. ix. p. 446. Tab. ? A fine large richly-coloured shell of bold and rather tumid growth. Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Buosvituer. Fus. testi oblongo-pyriformi, uan- fractibus transversim subtilissimé liratis et striatis, superné declivibus, aculé angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis ad angulum mucronatis, aperture fauce fortiter lirala ; livido-fuscd aut caerulescente, lineis perpaucis nigricantibus interdum cingulatd, apertura lutescente. BuosviLue’s Fusus. Shell oblong-pyriform, whorls trans- versely very finely ridged and striated, slanting round the upper part and sharply angled, longitudi- nally ribbed, ribs sharp-pointed at the angle; livid brown or blueish, sometimes encircled with a very few blackish lines, aperture pale yellow. Drsuayes, Enc. Méth., Vers, vol. ii. p. 155., and Mag. de Zool. Fusus lividus, Philippi. Hab. Bay of Manila (in rocky places at low water; Cuming. An interesting species of an elongated pyriform shape, and pale yellow colour, more or less tinged externally with a livid brown or blue. November, 1847. jJ hall Wotan) At Ra ie Th ee Oh Gee: Fes A 2 Amp S U : — SS i) S SE, S < = : 2 a 3 : as oe S a hie ia TA ~ Pad g = g Sowerby, del. at li FUSUS. Puate VII. Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusts HEPTAGONALIS Fus. testa fusiformi-ovatd, anfrac- tibus superné declivibus, medio angulatis, supra subtiliter striatis, infra subdistanter liratis, longitudinaliter for- titer costatis, costis remotis, ad angulum acute tubercu- latis ; fusca, apertura albidd. THE SEVEN-SIDED Fusus. Shell fusiformly ovate, whorls slanting round the upper part, angulated in the middle, finely striated above, rather distantly ridged below, longitudinally strongly ribbed, ribs distant, sharply tubercled at the angle ; brown, aperture white. my) Hab. Alhed somewhat in form to the F. Blosvillei but widely distinct from it in specific character. Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusts torpuma. us. testd elongato-fusiformi, gracili, anfractibus undique spiraliter sulcatis et striatis, medio angulalis, et tuberculatis ; albidd, castaneo-fusco tincté et strigatd, maculis conspicuis intense castaneis inter tuberculos. THE EMBOSSED Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, slender, whorls spirally grooved and striated throughout, an- gulated and tubercled in the middle; whitish, stained and streaked with chesnut-brown, with conspicuous dark chesnut blotches between the tubercles. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p.444. Hab. Ceylon. This and the Ff. tuberculatus (for which see Pl. IX.), differ from each other to about the same extent that F. colus differs from F. longicauda, and F. turricula from F. multicarinatus, so shghtly as to be, to all appearance, merely the result of difference of locality. Whether such variations as these are sufficient to constitute species is, perhaps, a matter of opinion; their claim to that consi- deration is founded in these instances on their permanence and uniformity. Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus pistans. us. tetd fusiformi, anfractibus ventri- cosis, liris distantibus subundatis undique cingulatis, medio nodoso-carinatis, nodis-compressis ; albidd, cas- taneo-fusco hic illic tinctd, carind intense castaned inter nodos. THE DISTANT Fusus. Shell fusiform, whorls ventricose, encircled throughout with distant slightly waved ridges, nodosely keeled in the middle, nodules com- pressed; whitish, stained here and there with chesnut brown, keel deep chesnut between the nodules. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 445. Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming. Unable to determine satisfactorily the question submitted by M. Deshayes as to this being the Murex ansatus of Gmelin, I follow M. Kiener as the ostensible authority for the species of Lamarck, in calling it the F. distans of that author. Species 29. (Mus. Taylor.) Fusus opiitus. us. testi elongato-fusiformi, gracillind, anfractibus margine jucta suturas corrugatis, medio tuberculatis, undique spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis irregu- lariter distantibus ; albidd, rufo-spadiceo peculiariter tinctit, sulcis rufo-spadiceis. THE sMEARED Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, very slender, whorls wrinkled at the margin next the sutures, tubercled throughout the middle, spirally grooved, grooves irregularly distant ; whitish, pecu- arly stained with reddish fawn colour, grooves reddish-fawn. Fusus Nicobaricus, Kiener (not of Lamarck). Hab. ? An interesting and very characteristic species not hitherto described, but extremely well figured by M. Kiener as an example of Lamarck’s Fusus Nicobaricus, for which see Pl. IX. Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Nirart. Fus. testd ovato-turritd, solidiusculd, polita, canal brevissimo, recurvo, anfractibus superne depresso- planis, interdum autem raro convewis ; albidd, maculis nigricante-fuscis oblongo-quadratis seriatim pictd, epi- dermide tenui lutescente indutd. THE SPECKLED Fusts. Shell ovately turreted, rather solid, polished, canal very short and recurved ; whorls depressly flattened round the upper part, sometimes, November, 1847. FUSUS.—Puate VII. but rarely, convex; whitish, painted with rows of oblong-square spots, covered with a thin yellowish epidermis. Lamarck, Anim.sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p.449. Buccinum pusio, Born. Buceinum Nifat, Bruguiére. Le Nifat, Adanson. Hab. Senegal. A well-known species, partaking very much of the cha- racter of Buccinum. Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus LinEatus Fus. testd oblongo-ovata, canali brevis- simo, subrecurvo; anfractibus convexis, levigatis ; albidd, lineis castaneis equidistantibus regulariter cin- guata. THE LINEATED Fusus. Shell oblong-ovate, canal very short, little recurved ; whorls convex, smooth; whitish, regularly encircled with equi-distant chesnut lines. Quoy, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, vol. p. 501. pl. 34. f. 6 to 8. Buccinum linea, Martyn. Murex lineatus, Chemnitz. Hab. New Zealand; Karl. The specific title of this species may be more correctly rendered lineatus, without altogether depriving Martyn of the priority of the name. Fusus, PL VI. a ee th ’ Reeve. imp . Owerby, del. et lith. FUSUS. Pirate VIII. Species 32. (Mus. Belcher.) Fusus pacopa. us. testd fusiformi, spird turritd, apice papillari, canali valde elongato, gracillimo, anfractibus supernée depresso-angulatis, syuamis grandibus erectis tenuibus planatis ad angulum elegantissimé coronatis, anfractu ultimo inferné serrato-carinato, canali liris parvis serratis aut brevispinosis undique spiraliter cin- gulato ; apertura parva, intus extusque fulvo-spadiced. Tue pacopa Fusus. Shell fusiform, spire turreted, apex papillary, canal very elongated and slender, whorls depressly angulated round the upper part, very elon- gately coronated at the angle with large erect thin flattened scales, last whorl serrately keeled round the lower part, canal spirally encircled throughout with small serrated or short-spined ridges ; aperture small; fulvous-bay within and without. Lesson, Ilustrations de Zoologie, pl. 40. Hab. Near the shores of Kiusu, Straits of Korea (obtained by the dredge in about fourteen fathoms from a hard muddy or stony bottom); Belcher, Adams. The specimen here figured of this very remarkable shell, collected by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher near the above- mentioned island of the Japanese Group, during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, is the only one I have seen; it does not exhibit the violet colouring of the mouth des- cribed by M. Lesson, but has the elegant diadem of scales very beautifully developed. Species 33. (Mus. Hanley.) Fusus taricosratus, Fus. testé elongato-fusiformi, sub- obesd, anfractibus superne concavo-angulatis, ad angu- lum verrucosis, liris planis latis, interstitiis subpro- fundeé sulcatis, cingulatis ; alba, aurantio-castaneo ma- ceulaté et strigaté. THE BROAD-RIBBED Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, rather stout, whorls concavely angulated round the upper part, warty at the angle, encircled with broad flat ridges, the interstices between which are some- what deeply grooved ; white, streaked and spotted with orange-chesnut. Drsuayes, Magasin de Zool. 1881. pl. 31. Hab. Ceylon. Care must be taken not to confound this species with the F. Nicobaricus, from which it is constantly distin- guished by its broader and stouter growth, flattened ridges and light transparent orange-chesnut painting. M. Deshayes has adopted the title of Fusus varieyatus for this species in his edition of the Anim. sans vert., owing to its having been so named under the head of Murex by My. Perry; the labours of that author are, however, unworthy of credit, and have long ceased to be acknowledged in this country. Species 34. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus ventricosus. us. testé elongato-fusiformi, medio tumidd, utringue gracili, attenuata ; anfractibus rotun- datis, undique spiraliter sulcatis, medio nodoso-carinatis et plicatis; aperture fauce acute liratd; intus eatusque nivet. THE VENTRICOSE Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, swollen in the middle, slender and attenuated at each end; whorls rounded, spirally grooved throughout, nodosely keeled and plicated in the middle; interior of the aperture sharply ridged ; snowy white within and without. Beck, MSS. Mus. King of Denmark. Hab. ? A very characteristic and distinct species, named, in manuscript only, by Dr. Beck of Copenhagen, of which there is also a specimen in Mr. Taylor’s collection. Species 35. (Fig. a and 4. Mus. Cuming.) Fusus cmiatus. Fus. testd subelongato-fusiformi, anfrac- tibus longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, transversim sub- tiliter liratis, liris minute squamuloso-serratis, inter- stitiis profundis, anfractuum medio. liris alternatim valdé majoribus, costas super acute productis ; intus extusque alba. THE CARVED Fusus. Shell somewhat elongately fusiform, whorls longitudinally plicately ribbed, transversely finely ridged, ridges minutely squamulously serrated, interstices deep, middle of the whorls with the ridges alternately very much the larger, sharply produced across the ribs; white within and without. Hab. -——? The sculpture of this species exhibits all the ingenuity and delicacy of a piece of Chinese ivory carving. November, 1847. Fusus, PLVIT.- Hit Reeve, Sowerby, del. et lith. Fusus, PLVTH Sowenby, del. et hth. FUSUS. Prater IX. Species 36. (Fig. a and 4, Mus. Taylor, Fig. ¢ and d, Mus. Belcher.) Fusus potyGonorpEs. us. testé subelongato-fusiformt, anfractibus liris conspicuis subrudis cingulatis, superné angulatis, longitudinaliter plicato-tuberculatis, tuber- culis ad angulum valde prominentibus ; albida, rufo- fusco sparsim maculaté et flammata. THE MANY-ANGLED Fusus. Shell somewhat elongately fusiform, whorls encircled with conspicuous rather rude ridges, angulated round the upper part, longi- tudinally plicately tubercled, tubercles very prominent at the angle; whitish, sparingly blotched and flamed with red-brown. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 455. Fusus biangulatus ? Deshayes (fide Kiener). Hab. Yastern Seas; Belcher. The two examples of this species here figured are re- markable for their difference of growth, one being elongated and spindle-shaped, whilst the other, and more common variety, is short and contracted. Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Nricoparicus. us. testé elongato-fusiformi, an- fractibus liris grandibus rotundatis, interstitiis subexca- vatis undique cingulatis, superne angulatis, ad angulum nodatis ; albidd, nigricante-castaneo profuse flammatd. Tue Nrcopar Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, whorls encircled throughout with large rounded ridges, the interstices between which are somewhat excavated, angulated round the upper part, noduled at the angle ; whitish, profusely flamed with blackish-chesnut. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 445. Murex Nicobaricus, Chemnitz. Hab. P This, and not the shell figured by Kiener, is the true Murex Nicobaricus of Chemnitz; it approaches nearest to Deshayes’ Fusus laticostatus but is of more slender growth, whilst the transverse ridges are more elevated and rounded and the coloured flames darker. Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus tupercunatus. us. testd elongato-fusiformi, ventricosa, anfractibus spiraliter sulcatis, superné angu- lato-declivibus, medio nodatis ; albd@, maculis castaneo- Suscis inter nodis. THE TUBERCULATED Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, ventricose, whorls spirally grooved, angularly slanting round the upper part, noduled in the middle; white, with chesnut-brown blotches between the nodules. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 444. Hab. Eastern Seas. Mainly distinguished from its nearest ally the 7. torewma by its more ventricose growth and absence of colour, ex- cepting in the interstices between the nodules. December, 1847. i ee epee yee ee Fusus, PULIX. Reeve imp. EES eS, ee Fusus, PLIX. Reeve amp - Sowenby, del. et ith, re & FUSUS. Puarte X. Species 39. (Fig. a and 4, Mus. Taylor. Fig. ce, Mus. Cuming.) Fusus pespectus. us. testd ovato-turritd, subfusiformi, ventricosd, basi abbreviatd ; anfractibus spiraliter stri- atis et carinatis, superné angulato declivibus, interdum peculiariter plicatis, carind ad angulum subprominente, tuberculato-nodosd, ceteris plus minusve obscuris ; spa- diceo-fusca. THE DESPISED Fusus. Shell ovately turreted, somewhat fusiform, ventricose, shortened at the base; whorls spirally striated and keeled, angularly slanting round the upper part, sometimes peculiarly plicated, keel at the angle rather prominent, tubercularly nodose, the rest more or less obscure ; fawn-brown. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 448. Murex despectus, Linnzus. Tritonium despectum, Muller. Testa junior, Murex carinatus, Pennant. Fusus carinatus, Lamarck. Hab. Northern Seas, Spitzbergen, &c. There is little doubt but the shells figured by Pennant in his British Zoology vol. iv. Pl. 77, and Frontispiece, under the name of Murew carinatus are different states of the Linnean Murea despectus, in which the spire is un- usually produced and keeled; and M. Kiener’s illustration of Lamarck’s Fusws carinatus is evidently the same species in an early stage of growth, similar to that represented in the accompanying plate at Fig. 39, a. Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus tyratus. Fus. testd ovatd, ventricosd, anfractibus superné concavo-angulatis, costis rotundatis distantibus conspicue spiraliter cingulatis, superioribus majoribus interstitiis levibus, excavatis ; albido-spadiced, costis pellucido-fuscescentibus. THE HARP-STRUNG Fusus. Shell ovate, ventricose, whorls concavely angulated round the upper part, conspi- cuously spirally encircled with distant rounded ribs, of which the upper are the larger, and the interstices smooth and excavated; whitish fawn-colour, ribs light transparent-brown. Desuayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 478. Buecinum lyratum, Martyn. Murex lyratus, Gmelin. Murex glomus cereus, Chemnitz. Hab. King George’s Sound, New Holland; Chemnitz. I have never seen so large and perfect a specimen of this species as that represented by Chemnitz; it is one of ex- tremely rare occurrence, and the example here figured from Mr. Cuming’s collection is the most complete that I am aware of. December, 1847. Fusus, Pt. X. * ‘ Reeve , amp : eee F , p > 3 | S Ay > = ES Ry ? ~ J NN 7 a a ma re. r E> ta : im oo = - x gh yA Roe > fc) FUSUS. Puate XI> Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus novosus. us. testd fusiformi-ovatd, subturrita, anfractibus transversim spiraliter striatis, medio angu- lato-carinatis, ultimo bicarinatis, carinis acute nodosis ; lutescente-albidd, ferrugineo-rufo plus minusve tincta. THe NoposE Fusus. Shell fusiformly ovate, somewhat turreted, whorls transversely spirally striated, angu- larly keeled round the middle, last whorl two-keeled, keels sharply noduled ; yellowish-white, more or less stained with rust-red. DusHayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 454. note. Buccinum nodosum, Martyn. Murex raphanus, Chemnitz. Fusus raphanus, Lamarck. Hab. New Zealand. A light ovate species, encircled with rows of sharp nodules. Species 42. (Fig. a and 4, Mus. Taylor.) Fusus striatus. us. testd fusiformi-ovatd, columella peculiariter contorté, anfractibus rotundatis, levibus, undique spiraliter striatis, sordidé alba, epidermide tenui corned indutd. THE STRIATED Fusus. Shell fusiformly ovate, columella peculiarly twisted, whorls rounded, smooth, spirally striated throughout, dull white, covered with a thin horny epidermis. Fusus Islandicus var., Kiener, Icon. Coq. viv. p. 37. pl. 15. f. 1. and 2. Hab. ? Having examined the Fusus Islandicus (F. corneus, Linn.) in different stages of growth I am inclined to accord with the opinion expressed by M. Deshayes (Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 450. ote) that the species under consideration is distinct. Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus cornevs. us. testa fusiformi-turritd, basi breviter contortd, anfractibus convexis, undique spiraliter stria- tis ; sordidé alba, epidermide corned indutd. THE sTRiaTED Fusus. Shell fusiformly turreted, shortly twisted at the base, whorls convex, dull white, covered with a horny epidermis. Dzsuayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 450. note. Murex corneus, Linneeus, Gmelin, Dillwyn. Murex Islandicus, Gmelin. Fusus Islandicus, Lamarck. Hab. Northern Seas. An extremely variable species, being often of a large and more distorted growth. Species 44, (Mus. Cuming.) Fusts antiauus. Fus. testé ovato-fusiformi, basi abbre- viata, anfractibus rotundatis, ventricosis, undique spi- raliter elevato-striatis et obscure carinatis ; alba, aper- ture fauce croceo-aurantia. Tue ancrent Fusus. Shell ovately fusiform, shortened at the base, whorls rounded and ventricose, spirally elevately striated and obscurely keeled throughout : white, interior of the aperture saffron-orange. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 447. Murex antiquus, Linnzus. Tritonium antiqguum, Muller. Hab. Northern Seas. Obscurely keeled towards the apex, somewhat after the manner of the F. despectus. December, 184.7. Sowerby, del. et hth. Busus , PU, XT. Fusus , PU XT. Reeve , imp. Sowerby, del. et lith FUSUS. Piate XII. Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus perormis. Fus. testd ovatd, tenuiculd, ventricosd, sinistrali, spird papillari, depressd ; anfractibus trans- versim subtilissime striatis, superné infra suturas oblique tuberculato-tumidis, apertura peramplé ; rufescente- spadiced. THE DEFORMED Fusus. Shell ovate, rather thin, ventri- cose, sinistral, spire papillary, depressed; whorls transversely very finely striated, obliquely tubercu- larly swollen beneath the sutures, aperture very large. Hab. Spitzbergen. I cannot refer this species to any hitherto described ; the summits of the whorls are remarkable in being alter- nately tubercularly swollen and indented. Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus contrarius. us. testd ovato-fusiformi, sinistral, anfractibus convexis, undique subconspicue spiraliter striatis et sulcatis, sulcis alternatim majoribus ; fulves- cente, intus albidd. THE LEFT-HANDED Fusus. Shell ovately fusiform, sinis- tral, whorls convex, somewhat conspicuously grooved and striated throughout, grooves alternately larger ; pale fulvous-brown, interior white. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 462. An eadem var. ? Hab. Malta. Notwithstanding the severe reprimand which M. Des- hayes has given M. Kiener on the subject of his F. sinis- trorsus, I see no reason to believe that it is anything more than a variety of the F. contrarius. Fusus sinistrorsus, Deshayes. Species 47. (Mus. Brit.) Fusus Norveeicus. us. testd ovato-fusiformi, crassius- culd, spird brevi, apice papillari ; anfractibus levibus, glabratis, vix striatis, ultimo ventricoso, peramplo ; apertura ampld, labro incrassato ; rosaceo-lacted. THe Norwecian Fusus. Shell ovately fusiform, rather thick, spire short, apex papillary; whorls smooth, polished, scarcely striated, last whorl ventricose, very large ; aperture large, lip thickened; pinkish cream- colour. Strombus Norvegicus, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. p. 218. pl. 157. f. 1497-8. Hab. Coast of Norway. Britain, coast of Yorkshire, Dur- ham, and Northumberland. For a more detailed account of this interesting and rare species, the reader may be referred to a paper “On some Shells found on the coast of Northumberland” by Mr. W. King, of Newcastle. December, 1847. \ Fusus, Pl. XI, ‘Keeve imp, Fusus, P71. XEL, eeve imp, Sowerby , del.etlith. FUSUS. PLATE. Species 48. (Fig. a, Mus. Cuming. Fig. 6, Mus. Taylor.) Fusus cretaceus. Fus. testd fusiformi-ovatd, solidius- culd, abbreviaté et leviter contortd, anfractibus rotun- datis subventricosis, undique spiraliter sulcatis, labro intus seriatim noduloso; intus extusque peculiariter cretaceo-albd. THE CHALK Fusus. Shell fusiformly ovate, rather solid, abbreviated and slightly twisted at the base, whorls rounded, somewhat ventricose, spirally grooved throughout, lip distinguished in the interior by a row of nodules; pecularly chalk-white within and without. py Fab. This species appears to have been mistaken for a solidi- fied state of the 2. Magellanicus in which the latticed sculpture is obsolete; an examination of specimens in different stages of growth will, however, sufficiently show that it is distinct. Species 49. (Fig. a, 6, Mus. Taylor. Fig. c, Mus. Cuming.) Fusus pizatatus. Fus. testd oblongo-fusiformi, anfracti- bus undique conspicué sulcatis et tenuissime striatis, superne angulatis, ad angulum plicato-tuberculatis, tu- berculis interdum subcompressis ; fuscescente, liris in- tensé castaneis, intus albd. THE DILATE Fusus. Shell oblong-fusiform, whorls con- spicuously grooved and finely striated throughout, angulated round the upper part, plicately tuberculated at the angle, tubercles sometimes slightly compressed ; pale brown, ridges deep chesnut, interior white. XIII. Quoy and Garmarp, Voy. de lAstrolabe, Zool. vol. ii. p- 498. pl. 34. £15 to 17. Fusus adustus, Philippi. Hab. New Zealand; Hooker. A fine species of comparatively rare occurrence collected by M.M. Quoy and Gaimard at New Zealand; also by Dr. J. D. Hooker during the voyage of H.M.SS. Erebus and Terror to the Antarctic Regions. It is extremely variable in growth, the tubercles on the angle of the whorls being compressed in some specimens, whilst in others they are disposed in numerous folds; and I think it not improbable that the Lwsus Mandarinus of Duclos may prove to be a state of the species in which the tuberculated angularity of the whorls is altogether wanting. Species 50. (Mus. Taylor.) Fusts pyrutatus. Fus. testé elongato-pyriformi, anfrac- tibus rotundatis, subventricosis, costis tumidis longitu- dinalibus et transversis subdistantibus nitide clathratis ; lutescente, rufo-fuscescente hic illic pallide tincta. THE PEAR-SHAPED Fusus. Shell elongately pyriform, whorls rounded, somewhat ventricose, neatly latticed with longitudinal and transverse swollen ribs; yel- lowish, faintly stained here and there with reddish- brown. Hab. Van Dieman’s Land. Of light growth, amply distinguished from any other species both in form and sculpture. December, 1847. XH, / Fusus, PL Reeve amp Sowerby , del. et ith. Fusus, PLXVT- Reeve,imp eens: Has Br FUSUS. PLATE. Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus vaginatus. us. testé fusiformi, anfractibus medio angulato-ventricosis, ad peripheriam muricato- squamosis, squamis longis erectis, in laminas tenues desinentibus ; intus extusque alba. THE SHEATHED Fusus. Shell fusiform, whorls angularly ventricose in the middle, prickly squamose at the periphery, scales long erect, ending in thin lamine ; white within and without. Desuayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 464. Murex vaginatus, Philippi. Fusus echinatus, Kiener. Hab. Mediterranean. Distinguished by the elevated prickly scales which en- circle the whorls, each terminating longitudinally in a fine lamina. Species 52. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Lanceoua. us. testd lanceolato-fusiformi, spira acuminata, anfractibus numerossimis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis subdistantibus, interstitiis excavatis, liris subtilibus angustis pulcherrimé clathratis, liris costas super subnodiferis ; cinereo-spadiced, costarum intersti- tits castaneo-fuscis. THE LITTLE-LANCE Fusus. Shell lanceolately fusiform, spire acuminated, whorls very numerous, longitudi- nally ribbed, ribs somewhat distant, interstices exca- vated, beautifully latticed with fine narrow ridges, ridges somewhat nodose over the ribs; ashy-fawn colour, interstices between the ribs deep chesnut- brown. ReEEve, Conch. Syst. vol. 1. pl. 232. f. 2. Lanceola, Martini. Murex lancea and angustus, Gmelin. Fusus aculeiformis, Sowerby. Fusus ligula, Kiener. Fusus lancea, Deshayes. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines; Cuming. This very elegant species was so accurately described and figured, for the first time, by Martini, that his specific name, though not agreeable to the present form of nomen- clature, should have priority. XIV. I retain this species in the genus Fusus to avoid any further confusion of names, but believe it belongs rather to Turbinetlus; the columella being characterized by two minute winding plaits. Species 53. (Fig. Kiener.) Fusus TESSELLATUS. us. testd ovato-fusiformi, trans- versim tenuissime striata, flavicante, maculis fulvis sub- quadratis seriatim tessellatd ; anfractibus superne longi- tudinaliter subplicatis ; spire apice papillari, columella levi. THE TESSELLATED Fusvs. Shell ovately fusiform, trans- versely very finely striated, yellowish, tessellated with rows of somewhat square fulvous spots; whorls slightly plicated longitudinally at the upper part ; apex of the spire papillary, columella smooth. ScuuBert and WaGner, Conch. Cab. Supp. pl. 219. f. 3048-9. Hab. > Not having seen this species, I insert a copy of M. Kiener’s figure which he represents as being taken from a specimen in the collection of the Prince Massena now, I presume, that of the late Baron Delessert. Species 54. (Mus. Belcher.) Fusts ciavustcaupatus. Fus. testa elongato-fusiforia, crassiusculd, spird apicem versus plicato-tuberculatis, anfractibus lineis spiraliter ewaratis ; apertura pared, callositate superné munitd, labro peculiariter incurvo, canali feré clauso ; olivaceo-fusca. THE CLOSED-TAIL Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, rather thick, spire plicately tubercled towards the apex, whorls spirally ploughed with lines; aperture small, fwnished at the upper part with a callosity, lip peculiarly bent inwards, canal almost closed ; olive-brown. Hinps, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, p. 13. pl. 1. f. 10, and 11. Hab. UL’ Agulhas Bank. Distinguished from all other species by the peculiar in- curved growth of the lip, which prevails throughout the canal. December, 1847. FUSUS.—Puats XIV. Species 55. (Mus. Taylor.) Fusus rostratus. us. testé fusiformi, anfractibus ro- tundatis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, liris angustis acutis undique spiraliter funiculatis, liris costas super submuricatis ; rufo-fulvescente. THE BEAKED Fusus. Shell fusiform, whorls rounded, longitudinally plicately ribbed, spirally corded throughout with sharp narrow ridges, ridges slightly prickly on the ribs; reddish fulvous-colour. Dersuayss, Enc. Méth. vers. vol. ii. p. 151. Murex rostratus, Olivi. Fusus strigosus, Lamarck. Fusus aciculatus, Delle Chiaje. Fusus provincialis, De Blainville. Hab. Mediterranean. A most delicate and beautifully sculptured species, not of frequent occurrence. Fusus, PU, XIV Reeve amp. Sowerby, del. ethth. Ay # = o PA = \ | | | \ \\ \ y 3 \ AX \) ; S anh bB F B [Jp} fine Deg on kage CAnaA Tere) HPs Seas aa es FUSUS. Pate XV. Species 56. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus TurBinetiores. Fus. testé oblongo-ovatd, basi recurvd, anfractibus spiraliter sulcatis et striatis, medio acute angulatis et tuberculatis, tuberculis compressis, mucronatis ; alba, epidermide sericed lutescente indutd. THE TURBINELLA-LIKE Fusus. Shell oblong-ovate, re- curved at the base, whorls spirally grooved and stri- ated, sharply angled and tuberculated in the middle, tubercles compressed, sharp-pointed ; white, covered with a yellowish silken epidermis. Hab. Africa ? A delicate species of light growth, partaking of the typical form of Turdinella. Species 57. (Mus. Metcalfe.) Fusus myristicus. us. testd subgloboso-ovatd, anfrac- tibus rotundatis, liris conspicuis longitudinalibus et transversis clathratis ; luteo-rufescente. Tup NurmMEG Fusus. Shell somewhat globose, whorls rounded, latticed with conspicuous longitudinal and transverse ridges; yellowish-red. Hab. ? The ridges are slightly nodulous where crossing each other. Species 58. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus rurus. Fus. testd oblongo-fusiformi, spird turrité, anfractibus superné declivibus, medio angulatis et pli- cato-nodosis, nodis prominulis, liris parvis decussatis ; ustulato-rufa, intus albd. Tue RED Fusus. Shell oblong-fusiform, spire turreted, whorls slanting round the upper part, angulated and plicately noduled in the middle, nodules prominent, erossed with small ridges; burnt red colour, interior white. Hab. Philippines ; Cuming. ‘The ridges which may be supposed to encircle this spe- cies appear on the tubercles, but are obsolete in the inter- stices. ‘ Species 59. (Mus. Hanley.) Fusus Cancettariorpes. Fus. testd ovata, solidiusculd, basi contortd et recurvd, spire suturis peculiariter im- pressis, anfractibus transversim fortiter liratis, longitu- dinaliter plicato-costatis, costis latiusculis, labrum versus gradatim evanidis ; albidd, liris rufo-fuscescentibus. THE CANCELLARTA-LIKE Fusus. Shell ovate, solid, twisted and recurved at the base, sutures of the spire pecu- larly impressed, whorls transversely strongly ridged, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs rather wide, gra- dually disappearing towards the lip; whitish, ridges reddish brown. Hab. China? A shell of rather anomalous structure, being very like a Cancellaria wanting the columella plaits, whilst it par- takes of the character of Buccinum, though not wnaptly referred to Fusus. Species 60. (Mus. Metcalfe.) Fusus Nosruis. us. testd giganted, elongato-fusiformi, anfractibus rotundatis, spiraliter creberrimé acute lira- tis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis latiusculis, anfractis ultimi et penultimi labrum versus gradatim evanidis ; albd, lirarum interstitiis pallidissimé rufes- centibus. THE Noste Fusus. Shell very large, eclongately fusi- form, whorls rounded, spirally very closely sharply ridged, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs rather broad, of the last and penultimate whorl gradually fading away towards the lip; white, interstices of the ridges very faintly tinged with reddish-brown. Hab, ——? Unlike the large species which precede this, the whorls exhibit no indication of any spiral row or keel of nodules. The accompanying figure is reduced, the specimen from which it is drawn being ten inches and a half in length and three inches and a half in width. January, 1848. “£ + tusus. LL A} Liss. LI AF. : fo am FUSUS. Prats XVI. Species 61. (Fig. a, Mus. Belcher. Fig. 6, Mus. Metcalfe.) Fusus Orsgonensis. Fus. testd oblongo-ovata, tenui, ven- tricosd, anfractibus rotundatis, longitudinaliter costatis, liris transversis angustis binis peculiariter clathratis ; alba, epidermide setosd cristatd indutéa. Tur Oregon Fusus. Shell oblong-ovate, thin, ventri- cose, whorls rounded, longitudinally ribbed, peculiarly latticed with narrow transverse ridges arranged two and two; white, covered with a tufted bristly epi- dermis. Triton Oregonense, Say, Aun. Lyc. Nat. Hist. v. iv. p. 165. pl. 11. f. 2. Hab. North America. Distinguished from the following well-known species by the latticed sculpture being of a much larger and wider character, with the transverse ridges ranging in pairs. Species 62. (Mus. Cuming.) Pusus canceLiatus. Fus. testé subfusiformi, ovata, tent, ventricosd, anfractibus costis parvis longitudinalibus et transversis undique cancellatis, costis labrum versus evanidis ; columelld callositate superné munitd ; albd, epidermide fibrosd induta. THE CANCELLATED Fusus. Shell somewhat fusiformly ovate, thin, ventricose, whorls cancellated through- out with small longitudinal and transverse ridges, ribs becoming fainter towards the lip; columella furnished at the upper part with a callosity ; white, covered with a fibrous epidermis. Triton cancellatum, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. (Deshayes’ edit.) vol. ix. p. 638. Hab. Unalaska, Kamtschatka. Although this shell is uniformly of larger size than the preceding, the cancellated sculpture is of a smaller cha- racter and the epidermis less bristly or tufted. Species 63. (Mus. Metcalfe.) Fusus rornicatus. us. testd ovatd, ventricosissimd, anfractibus superné peculiariter declivibus, deinde angu- latis, ad angulum carinatis, carind labrum versus in nodis tumidis mutatd, colunelld basi contortd ; fusco- rufescente. THE VAULTED Fusus. Shell ovate, extremely ventricose, whorls peculiarly slanting round the upper part, then angulated, keeled at the angle, keel changed towards the hp into swollen nodules, columella twisted at the base ; reddish-brown. Gray, Beechey’s Voy. Blossom, p. 117. Murex fornicatus, Gmelin. 2 Hab. Of a more smooth horny character than £. despectus, whilst the whorls slant round the upper part in a peculiar manner, and the angular keel becomes changed towards the lip, into one or two large swollen nodules. Species 64. (Mus. Metcalfe.) Fusus pastinaca. us. testd fusiformi, tenui, tumidius- culd, anfractibus superné leviter concavis, deinde obsolete nodosis, undique spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis subirregula- riter undulatis, binis ; alba, epidermide tenui lutescente indutd. THE PARSNIP Fusus. Shell fusiform, thin, rather swollen, whorls slightly concave round the upper part, then obsoletely nodose, spirally grooved throughout, grooves somewhat irregularly waved, two and two; white, covered with a thin yellowish epidermis. Hab. Australia. A shell of very delicate structure quite unlike any former species. January, 1848. i. Lt, Ad FUSUS . | erby, del. et Jith Sow oa Te "? hen eo — 4 LIT. Luss: LO } Sowerby, del. et itt FUSUS. Puate XVII. Species 65. (Mus. Taylor.) Fusus crapatus. Fus. testd fusiformi, canali longiusculo, anfractibus transversim undique liratis, medio ventri- cosis, oblique plicato-costatis ; lutescente-albd, ferru- gineo-fusco tinctd. THE GRADUATED Fusus. Shell fusiform, canal rather long, whorls transversely ridged throughout, ventri- cose in the middle, obliquely plicately ribbed; yel- lowish-white, stained with rust-brown. Hab. ? This specimen appears to be of somewhat immature growth, but I cannot, after the most careful examination, refer it to any species hitherto described. Species 66. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus ustunatus. Fus. testd subobeso-fusiformi, anfrac- tibus superne rotundatis et ventricosis, transversim liratis, longitudinaliter subobsolete plicatis ; ferrugineo- Suscescente. THE scorcHED Fusus. Shell somewhat stoutly fusiform, whorls rounded and ventricose, transversely ridged, longitudinally rather obsoletely plicated ; rust-brown. Hab. P The whorls of this species are peculiarly rounded at the upper part, and the faint plicated sculpture is distinguished by its darker colour. Species 34. (Fig. 34, 6. Mus. Metcalfe.) Fusus Brcxr. The accompanying figure is a front view of the species represented at Pl. VIII., under the name ventricosus, Beck, which being already occupied by Mr. Gray, I propose to change to Bechkii. The specimen is a more characteristic one, and shows more distinctly in what its peculiarities consist. Species 67. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Cuminet. us. testd oblongo-fusiformi, medio ven- tricosd, anfractibus transversim sulcatis, medio acute angulatis, ad angulum tuberculatis, tuberculis com- pressis, mucronatis ; columellé basi uniplicatéd ; albi- dd, rufo-fusco hic illic flammulaté. Cumine’s Fusus. Shell oblong-fusiform, ventricose in the middle, whorls transversely grooved, sharply angled, tubercled at the base, tubercles compressed, sharp-pointed ; columella with a single plait at the base; whitish, flamed here and there with reddish brown. Jonas, MSS. Hab. China. This striking new species having been named in manu- script after Mr.Cuming by Dr. Jonas of Hamburgh, I have much pleasure in giving it publicity. January, 1848. HUSUS, FY. AVIE, . by, del et Lith. oower € eo ke ae ash ‘ ee si) bse i ee ° aah cat he *S Prema AC s Y > S oe . = ; i iS . . $4 * e a é ‘ fried 2 ‘i os a3 ; ‘ sf § Mer ¥ = ‘ fae Se Ria a : oi oe ea Be an ne . FUSUS. Puatse XVIII. Species 68. (Mus. Belcher.). Fusus spectrum. us. testé elongato-fusiformi, anfrac- tibus convexis, transversim subtilissime striatis, longi- tudinaliter tuberculatis, tuberculis apicem versus pecu- liariter fortibus et conspicuis, anfractiis ultimi fere evanidis, nisi in carinam, acute compressam; alba, epidermide tenui lutescente induta. Tue spectre Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, whorls convex, transversely very finely striated, longitudi- nally tuberculated, tubercles peculiarly strong and conspicuous towards the apex, of the last whorl faded away except in showing a sharply compressed keel; white, covered with a thin yellowish epidermis. Apams and Rexrve, Moll. Voy. Samarang. Hab. Eastern Seas; Belcher. A curious species, distinguished by the forcible manner in which the tubercles are developed towards the apex, whilst in the last whorl they become resolved into a faintly nodulous keel. Species 69. (Mus. Belcher.) Fusus Gracttiimus. us. testé gracillimo-fusiformi, un- dique spiraliter suleata et liratd, anfractibus rotundatis, longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis latiusculis, medio unicarinatis, labrum versus evanidis ; castaneo-fusces- cente. Tue VERY sLENDER Fusus. Shell very slenderly fusi- form, spirally grooved and ridged throughout, whorls rounded, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs rather broad, keeled round the middle, fading towards the lip; light chesnut-red. Apams and Resve, Moll. Voy. Samarang. Hab. Fastern Seas; Belcher. This delicate little species approximates closely to the F. longicaudatus, but is clearly distinct. Species 70. (Mus. Metcalfe.) Fusus Novw Hotianpim. us. testa elongato-fusiform, anfractibus rotundatis, liris fortibus transversis cos- tisque longitudinalibus nitidé clathratis ; alba, epi- dermide fibrosd induta. Tue New Houttanp Fusus. Shell elongately fusiform, whorls rounded, neatly latticed with strong trans- verse ridges and longitudinal ribs ; white, covered with a fibrous epidermis. Hab. New Holland. A very characteristic new species, for which I am in- debted to the kindness of Wm. Metcalfe, Esq. January, 1848. Lhusus, Fl, AVM, FUSUS. Puatr XIX. Species 71. (Mus. Metcalfe.) Fusus rracosus. us. testa gracili-fusiformi, spire suturis tmpressis, anfractibus rotundatis, longitudi- naliter plicato-costatis, carinis numerosis, costas super leviter nodulosis, cingulatis ; albidd. Tue rouGH Fusus. Shell slenderly fusiform, sutures of the spire impressed, whorls rounded, longitudi- nally plicately ribbed, encircled by numerous keels which are slightly nodulous upon the ribs ; whitish. ? Hab. A delicately sculptured species with the keels very dis- tinetly and neatly carved. Species 72. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Maroccanus. us. testa fusiformi-turritd, sinis- trali, canali subcontorto, anfractibus rotundatis, concen- tricé plicato-costatis, liris angustis subconfertis cingu- latis, interstitiis excavatis, lird minutissind interve- niente ; ferrugineo-fusca. Tue Morocco Fusus. Shell fusiformly turreted, sinis- tral, canal somewhat twisted, whorls rounded, con- centrically plicately ribbed, encircled with narrow rather close-set ridges, the interstices being excavated with a very minute ridge intervening ; rust-brown. Murex Maroccanus, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. iv. p. 62. pl. 105. f. 896. Fusus sinistralis, Lamarck. Hab. P The name given to this species by Chemnitz must have priority. Species 73. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus rrouta. Fus. testd subpyriformi, spird breviusculd, anfractibus longitudinaliter costatis, costis subdistan- tibus, superné obtuse carinatis, deinde concavis, infra lineis elevatis funiculatis ; fuscescente, lineis rufo-fus- cescentibus. Tue LITTLE FI@ Fusus. Shell somewhat pyriform, spire rather short, whorls longitudinally ribbed, ribs some- what distant, obtusely keeled round the upper part, then hollow, and corded beneath with raised lines ; light brown, lines reddish-brown. Hab. Manila; Cuming. Besides the raised lines noticed above as encircling the shell, a very minute one may be discerned in the interstices between each. Species 74. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus craticunatus. Fus. testd Muriciformi, anfracti- bus medio ventricosis, infra planulatis, undique sca- broso-lineatis, infra angulum liratis, longitudinaliter plicatis, ad angulum compresso-nodosis ; rufo-fusces- cente, intus albida. THe Grarep Fusus. Shell Murex-shaped, whorls ven- tricose in the middle, flattened above, scabrously lineated throughout, ridged beneath the angle, longi- tudinally plicated, compressly noduled at the angle ; reddish brown, interior whitish. Dz Buarnvite, Faun. Francaise, p. 87. pl. 4. D. f. 3. Hab. Mediterranean. An extremely delicate and pretty species of compara- tively rare occurrence. Species 75. (Mus. Belcher.) Fusus acus. us. testé lanceolato-fusiformi, gracillimi, solidiusculd, anfractibus longitudinaliter plicato-costa- tis, spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis subtilibus, confertis, pecu- liariter plano-excavatis ; aperturé pared, canali fere clauso ; rufo-ferrugined. THE NEEDLE Fusus. Shell lanceolately fusiform, very slender, rather solid, whorls longitudinally plicately ribbed, spirally grooved, grooves fine, close-set, peculiarly flatly excavated; aperture small, canal almost closed; reddish rust-colour. Apams and Rrnve, Moll. Voy. Samarang. Hab. China Sea off Borneo; Adams. A very narrow lanceolate shell of peculiar solid growth. Species 76. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus ciaturatus. us. testa oblongo-fusiformi, canali subcontorto, anfractibus rotundatis, levibus, undique concentricé lamellatis ; alba. Tue tarricep Fusus. Shell oblong-fusiform, canal slightly twisted, whorls rounded, smooth, concentri- cally lamellated throughout; white. Tritonium clathratum, Miller, Zool. Danica. February, 1848. FUSUS.—Ptate XIX. Hab. Greenland. A species, quite unknown to me, described and figured in the Zoology of Beechey’s Voyage, p. 118. pl. 86. f. 13, has very much the character of this, but is of a more pyri- form shape with a shorter spire. Species 77. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Mextcanus. us. testd ovato-fusiformi, anfractibus superne plano-concavis, infra angulum plicato-costatis, liris transversis, conspicuis nitide clathratis ; purpureo- Suscescente, liris luteo-albidis. Tur Mextcan Fusus. Shell ovately fusiform, whorls flatly convex round the upper part, plicately ribbed beneath, neatly latticed with conspicuous transverse ridges ; light purple-brown, ridges yellowish-white. Hab. Mexico. A neatly-sculptured species, distinguished by the light yellowish colour of the ridges upon a purple brown ground. Species 78. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus cinpreus. Fus. testé ovato-fusiformi, anfractibus superné tumidiusculis longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, lineis elevatis transversis nitidé clathratis, cinereo- cerulescente, costis lineisque albidis, aperture fauce castaneo-fuscd. Tue asHy Fusus. Shell ovately fusiform, whorls rather swollen round the upper part, longitudinally plicately ribbed, neatly latticed with transverse raised lines ; ashy-blue, ribs and lines whitish, interior of the aperture chesnut-brown. Say, Amer. Conch. pl. 29. Hab. United States. Distinguished by its ash-blue ground colour and dark chocolate-brown interior. Species 79. (Mus. Belcher.). Fusus canpELABRUM. us. testé tenui, subpyriformi, anfractibus levibus, superne excavato-impressis, longi- tudinaliter plicato-lamellatis, lamellis distantibus, su- perne mucronatis, suberectis ; aurantio-fuscescente. THE CHANDELIER Fusus. Shell thin, somewhat pyn- form, whorls smooth, excavately impressed round the upper part, longitudinally plicately lamellated, la- melle distant, pointed and erect at the top; light orange-brown. Apams and Reeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang. Hab. P This curious little shell is of somewhat immature growth and might easily be taken for the young of Pyrula Belcheri. £9. by del et ith. Wer So nner! i) { Lists, PLATE . 4 ‘s Sowersy dal eb ith FUSUS. Puatre XX. Species 80. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus Minurisauamosus. Fus.testd subelongato-fusiformi, canali breviusculd, anfractibus rotundis, longitudinaliter rudé plicato-costatis, spiraliter subtiliter crebriliratis, liris undique minuté squamatis ; fuscescente-albd. THE MINUTELY-SCALED Fusus. Shell somewhat elon- gately fusiform, canal rather short, whorls round, longitudinally rudely plicately ribbed, spirally finely ridged, ridges minutely scaled throughout ; brownish white. Hab. The sculpture of this species is truly exquisite, the entire surface being elaborately carved with rows of minute scales, after the manner of the F. sguamudosus of Philippi, a different shell, for which see Murew, Pl. XXXV. Sp. 184. ? Species 81. (Mus. Cuming.) Fusus PULCHELLUS. us. testd subelongato-fusiformi, anfractibus rotundis, medio tumidiusculis, longitudi- naliter costatis, costis subdistantibus, spiraliter crebri- liratis, liris acutiusculis, duabus centralibus promi- nentioribus, carinaformibus ; fulvo-spadiced, costarum parte superiori intensé castaneo-rufa. Tue pretty Fusus. Shell somewhat elongately fusiform, whorls round, rather swollen in the middle, longitu- dinally ribbed, ribs somewhat distant, spirally closely ridged, ridges rather sharp, the two central ones more prominent, keel-like ; fulvous fawn-colour, upper part of the ribs deep chesnut-red. Puitiert1, Enum. Moll. Sicil., vol. ii. p. 178. pl. 25. f. 28. Hab. Mediterranean. An interesting species, peculiarly characterized by the dark chesnut-red colouring of the upper portion of the ribs. Fig 82. (Mus. Hanley.) The shell here represented has been kindly handed to me by Mr. Hanley, with an opinion that it is distinct from the F. corneus, in company with which species it has been frequently taken on our shores. I refrain, however, from describing or naming it, as the subject will, no doubt, be better treated in the valuable work on the British Shells and Mollusca now in course of publication by himself and Professor Edward Forbes. Species 83. (Mus. Howse.) Fusus Turtoni. Jus. testé ovato-turritd, crassiusculd, spird enormiter acuminato-producta, apice papillari ; anfractibus spiraliter striatis, superné concavis, vix angulatis ; apertura ampld, labro incrassato, subreflexo ; albida. Turton’s Fusus. Shell ovately turreted, rather thick, spire enormously acuminately produced, with a pa- pillary apex ; whorls spirally striated, concave round the upper part, slightly angulated, aperture large, lip thickened, a little reflected ; whitish. Bean, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 493; and vol. xix. pl. x. Hab. Coast of Northumberland, Britain ; Howse. This shell, of which two or three specimens have been taken by the fishermen off the coast of Northumberland and Durham, has all the appearance of being an extra- ordinary state of the F. Norvegicus, with the spire long drawn out; and I much doubt whether it is strictly en- titled to the specific importance which has been attached to it. In a very interesting paper by Mr. Richard Howse (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xix. p. 160), descriptive of the result of a dredging excursion off the coast of Durham, a comparison is instituted between the ova- capsules of the F. Turtoni and Norvegicus, showing the difference in their form and in that of their contents; it is obvious, however, that the shortened or prolonged state of the spire would be the same in its proportion in all stages of growth, and that these different conditions of the species would in like manner influence the form of the capsules. Species 84. (Mus. Taylor.) Fusus corrucatus. Fus. testd ovato-fusiformi, tenuiculd, columellé subintortd, canali brevi; anfractibus quinis senisve, superne depressiusculis, deinde convexis, plicis longitudinalious frequentibus wrregularibus, liris angus- tis rotundis undique creberrime clathratis ; fulvescente- albi. Tur CRUMPLED Fusus. Shell ovately fusiform, rather thin, columella slightly twisted, canal short; whorls five or six in number, rather depressed round the upper part, then convex, very closely latticed through- out with frequent irregular longitudinal folds and narrow round ridges; pale fulvous white. Apmil, 1848. FUSUS.—Puate XX. Hab. A rather light shell, approaching some of the Buccina in form, most elaborately sculptured throughout with a closely latticed pattern. 2) Species 85. (Mus. Taylor.) Fusus Taynorranus. us. testd pyramidali-fusiformi, canali brevi, anfractibus medio tumidis et subangulatis, longitudinaliter fortiter costatis, spiraliter striatis, striis elevatis, costas super prominentioribus ; luteo- fuscescente, anfractuum parte inferiort castaneo-fusco conspicue maculatd, costis albidis, interstitiis obscure fusco-punctatis. Taytor’s Fusus. Shell pyramidally fusiform, canal short, whorls swollen and somewhat angled in the middle, longitudinally strongly ribbed, spirally striated, strie raised, more prominent upon the ribs; yellowish brown, lower part of the whorls conspicuously blotched with chesnut brown, ribs whitish, interstices obscurely dotted with brown. Hab. > An extremely interesting species, of which Mr. Taylor possesses the only two specimens I have seen, one of which is reversed. Though resembling Philippi’s 7. pud- chellus in general aspect, it will be found to differ mate- rially on comparison. It has all the appearance of being a more exotic species, the whorls are more ventricose, the ribs more robust, and the dark colouring, it will be ob- served, is not on the ribs, which, on the contrary, are white, but in the interstices. Fuss. Fi. XK. Sowerby, del et Tith Reeve, Bersham & Reeve, imp lists. Fl. XK. Reeve Bonham & Reeve, imp iy) Sowerky, del. et Tith ~ Pees . Seth Sowerby, del. et lith. ‘¢ = SSeS Turbo, FM. jigedtls a Turbo, PLM, SA ANSON RSS w e TURBO, Puate. IV. Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.) TuRBO sMaRAGDUS. Turd. testd imperforatd, suborbiculari, anfractibus rotundatis, levibus, concentricé striatis ; ceruleo-viridi, intus argented ; operculo testaceo, crasso. THE EMERALD TurBo. Shell imperforated, nearly orbi- cular, whorls rounded, smooth, concentrically striated ; blueish-green, interior silvered ; operculum testaceous, thick. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3595. Turbo helicinus, Born. Hab. New Zealand. This shell has very much the form of a Helix, as indi- cated by the name above quoted from Born. It may be as well to mention that the specimen here figured is of rather small size. Species 14. (Fig. a and 6, Mus. Cuming.) Turso saxosus. Turb. testd imperforatd, ovata, spire suturis subprofundé impressis; anfractibus superné concavo-declivibus, medio angulatis, transversim obscure liratis, tuberculis juxta suturas coronatis, infra nunc muticis, nunc tuberculis bi-triseriatim armatis, laminis subtilibus, longitudinaliter obliquis, peculiariter exsculp- tis; viridi albimaculatd, intus argented ; operculo testaceo, crasso. THE stony Turso. Shell imperforated, ovate, sutures of the spire rather deeply impressed ; whorls con- cavely slanting round the upper part, angulated in the middle, transversely obscurely ridged, coronated with tubercles next the sutures, beneath either free or armed with two or three tubercles, peculiarly engraved with fine longitudinally oblique lamine ; green, blotched with white, interior silvered; oper- culum testaceous, thick. Hab. West Columbia; Cuming. Having observed this species in a private collection, under the name saxosus in manuscript, I adopt it, though not a very appropriate one, lest it may have been pub- lished and escaped my observation. The rows of tubercles are extremely variable, being even more prominently de- veloped in specimens of smaller growth than is here represented. Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.) TuRBo sarmaticus. Turd. testd imperforatd, suborbicu- lari, ventricosd, spird brevissimad, anfractibus levibus, superne depressiusculis, infra triseriatim nodatis ; au- rantio-flavicante nigro et fusco-rubro radiata et fasciata, intus margaritaced, prope marginem intense nigra ; operculo testaceo, cristato. THE RED-BROWN TuRBOo. Shell imperforated, nearly orbicular, ventricose, spire very short, whorls smooth, rather depressed round the upper part, encircled with three rows of nodules beneath; orange-yellow, radiated and banded with black and red-brown, pearly within, intensely black near the edge; oper- culum testaceous, tufted. Linn avs, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1235. Hab. Cape of Good Hope. The operculum of this well-known species is composed of a dense tuft of erect club-shaped particles. Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.) Turso maqniricus. Turd. testd imperforatd ovata, ven- tricosd, spird brevi ; anfractibus levibus, obscuré sub- tilissimé liratis, superné infra suturas leviter canalicu- latis ; albidd aut viridescente, fusco nigroque profuse variegaté et maculatd, intus margaritaced ; operculo testaceo, crasso. THE MAGNIFICENT TuRBO. Shell imperforated, ovate, ventricose, spire short; whorls smooth, obscurely very finely ridged, slightly channelled round the upper part beneath the sutures; whitish or pale green, pro- fusely blotched and variegated with black and brown, interior pearly ; operculum thick, solid. Jonas, Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch. Turbo. Hab. Bay of Sechura, Peru (dredged from a depth of fourteen fathoms); Cuming. A new species, described by Dr. Jonas of Hamburgh, of which this is the only specimen I have seen; it is certainly a very characteristic one, and claims especial attention. Species 17. (Mus. Cuming, Turbo LamInirprus. Turd. testa umbilicatd, ovatd, spire January, 1848. TURBO.—Puate IV. suturis canaliculatis ; anfractibus subtubulosis, spira- liter costatis, costis distantibus, et, cum interstitis, pul- cherrime concentrice laminatis, apertura rotunda ; vi- ridi, nigro longitudinaliter undaté, intus argented. THE LAMINIFEROUS TuRBO. Shell umbilicated, ovate, sutures of the spire channelled; whorls somewhat tubulous, spirally ribbed, ribs distant and, with the interstices, very beautifully concentrically laminated, aperture round; green, longitudinally waved with black, interior silver. Hab. Mouth of Victoria River, New Holland. A very beautifully sculptured species, allied to the T. Ticaonicus, but perfectly distinguished from it in being of uniformly smaller size, more distinctly and remotely ribbed, and in being concentrically frilled throughout with a close succession of delicate laminz. : 3 LUTl0, LLY Ps ~ ~ Sowerby, del. eb dith ; seve yao MLECVE v& imt ae LUO FT, 17 ‘2 , del. eb Lith TURBO. Puate V. Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBO TESSELLATUS. Turd. testd ovatd, imperforatd, an- fractibus rotundatis, juxta suturas depressis, deinde obtusé carinatis, carinis superioribus obscure nodosis ; columellé subexcavatd ; virescente-albad, anfractuum parte superiore strigis longitudinalibus viridibus, infe- riore zonis angustis spiralibus viridi-articulatis nitide pictd, intus margaritacea. THE TESSELLATED TurBo. Shell ovate, imperforated, whorls rounded, depressed next the sutures, then ob- tusely keeled, upper keels obscurely nodose ; columella slightly excavated ; greenish white, upper part of the whorls neatly painted with green longitudinal stripes, lower with narrow spiral green-articulated zones, interior pearly. Kuener, Icon. coq. viv. pl. 9. f. 2. Hab. California. The difference in the style of painting of the upper and lower portions of the whorls presents a singular contrast. It proves not to be the Cochlea Moltkiana of Chemnitz, which I have identified with another species. Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBo verstcotor. Turd. testd orbiculari, subglobosd, conspicue umbilicatd, spird brevissimad depressd, anfrac- tibus liris parvis retusis undique spiraliter exsculptis ; albidd, liris maculis punctisque viridibus nitidé articu- lutis, intus argented, operculo testaceo, solido. THE VARY-COLOURED TURBO. Shell orbicular, subglobose, conspicuously umbilicated, spire short, depressed, whorls spirally sculptured throughout with small blunt ridges; whitish, neatly articulated with green dots and blotches, interior silvered ; operculum testa- ceous, solid. Hab. Baclayon, Island of Bohol, Philippines ; Cuming. Allied to the 7. porphyrites in form, but easily distin- guished by its ridged sculpture and articulated painting. I separate these species, although the names have been treated as synonymes. Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBO SPENGLERIANUS. Turd. testd ovatd, imperforatd, spird exsertiusculd, anfractibus rotundatis, levibus, re- gulariter spiraliter sulcatis, jueta suturas peculiariter excavato-depressis ; rosaceo-spadiced, maculis punctisque fuscescentibus nebulosd, intus argented. SPencLER’s Turso. Shell ovate, imperforated, spire rather exserted, whorls rounded, smooth, regularly spirally grooved, peculiarly excavately depressed next the sutures ; pinkish fawn-colour, clouded with light brown dots and blotches, interior silvered. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3595. Cochlea Spengleriana, Chemnitz. Hab. Gulf of Mexico. Easily distinguished by its pinkish fawn colour, and peculiar excavated channel round the top of the whorls. Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.) Turgo sauamicer. Turd. testa globoso-ovatd, imperforatd, spire suturis subexcavatis, anfractibus subtumidis, squa- mis ubique spiraliter armatis, superioribus et inferiori- bus multo majoribus ; viridescente, rufo-fusco punctata et variegatad, intus argented ; operculo testaceo, crasso. Tur scaty Turso. Shell globosely ovate, imperforated, sutures of the spire slightly excavated, whorls rather swollen, spirally armed throughout with scales, upper and lower scales much the larger; pale green, dotted and variegated with red-brown, interior silver ; oper- culum testaceous, thick. Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1842. p, 186. Hab. Gallapagos Islands (dredged from a depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming. A very prettily marbled species, distinguished by its sealy sculpture. Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.) TursBo coronarus. wb. testd globosi, spird depressd, anfractibus obsoleté squamatis, syuamarum crassarum grandium seriebus tribus spiraliter armatis, columella excavaté ; albidd, viridi tinctd, intus margaritaced. THE CoRONATED TuRBO. Shell globose, spire depressed, whorls obsoletely squamate, spirally armed with three rows of large thickened scales or tubercles, columella excavated ; whitish, stained with green, pearly within. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3594. Hab. Y The scales of this species are all of a thickened stunted growth, assuming the character of tubercles. Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.) Turso Ticaonicus. urd. testé ovatd, via umbilicata, anfractibus subventricosis, multicostatis, costis irregu- laribus hic illic crispato-laminatis ; viridescente, strigis latis nigris undatis conspicue pictd, intus argented. Tar Trcao Turpo. Shell ovate, scarcely umbilicated, whorls somewhat ventricose, many-ribbed, ribs irre- gular, here and there crisply laminated; greenish, conspicuously painted with broad waved black stripes, interior silvered. Rexvy, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1842. p. 185. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (on the reefs); Cuming. The surface of this species is crisply laminated ; but, unlike the 7, pulcher, it is extremely irregular and uneven. January, 1848. Turbo, PLY. = . Sowerby, del et lith M oO! verby, del e& Lith Turbo, PLY. TURBO. Prate VI. Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.) Turgzo pica. Turd. testé orbiculari-conoided, crassa, pon- derosd, latissimé et profundé umbilicatd, anfractibus levibus, superné vix depressis ; intense nigra, maculis albis undatis strigatd, basi albd, intus margaritacea ; operculo corneo, tenui, spiraliter lineari-sulcato. Tue mMaGpic Turso. Shell orbicularly conoid, thick, ponderous, very broadly and deeply umbilicated, whorls smooth, slightly depressed round the upper part; intensely black, streaked with white waved blotches, white at the base, pearly within; operculum horny, thin, spirally linear-grooved. Linnaus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1235. Hab. Trinidad (on mud banks in rocky places); J. Cuming. This well-known species is chiefly remarkable from the circumstance of its having a thin horny operculum, on which account it is referred by some authors to the genus Trochus. In form it may be said to be intermediate between the two genera, having more particular affinity with the Zurbo Norrisii, which has been described as a new genus under the name Trochiscus. Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.) Turgpo ruGosus. Turd. testé orbiculari-conoided, imper- foraté, anfractibus spiraliter scabroso-striatis, superné plicis prominentibus coronatis, deinde carinatis, carind noduliferd, aut plane squamatd, squamis mucronatis ; sordidé ceeruleo-viridescente, intus argented, labro colu- mellari conspicue aurantio-rubente ; operculo crasso. Tue roucH TurBo. Shell orbicularly conoid, imper- forated, whorls spirally scabrously striated, coronated with prominent folds, then keeled, the keel being no- duliferous or flatly scaled, scales sharp-pointed ; dull bluish green, interior silvered, columellar lip conspi- cuously orange-red ; operculum thick. Linnaus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1234. Hab. Mediterranean ; Philippi. This species may easily be recognized by the deep orange-red colouring of its widely expanded columellar lip; the same colour is also imparted to the operculum. Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.) Turso toravatus. Turd. testd orbiculari, depressiusculd, late et profundé umbilicatd, anfractibus spiraliter lira- tis, longitudinaliter creberrimé lamellatd, superné api- cem versus peculiariter plano-excavatis, deinde nodula- tis, fossé etate labrum versus evanidd ; olivacedé et viridescente ; operculo testaceo, circulariter sulcato. THE COLLARED TuRBO. Shell orbicular, rather depressed, widely and deeply umbilicated, whorls spirally ridged, longitudinally very closely lamellated, peculiarly flatly excavated round the upper part towards the apex ; then noduled, the excavated trench disappearing towards the lip with age ; olive and greenish ; oper- culum testaceous circularly grooved. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3597. Var. sulcata. Turbo lamellosus, Broderip. Hab. Isle of Budche, West Coast of New Holland; Scott. New Zealand ; Earl. A careful observation of this species has convinced me that the circular trench which is so strongly developed in some varieties, and by which Mr. Broderip characterized his T. lamellosus (Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 331. supp. plate xliv. f. 2.), varies with circumstances. In the most purely convex state of 7’. torguatus there is some faint indication of this grooved structure about the apex, and it is a uni- versal law in the growth of spiral shells, especially in individuals of the genus under consideration, that sculp- ture, however precise and forcibly developed in the first few whorls, becomes gradually fainter and more diffuse towards maturity. February, 1848. 0G {isl \ 0 a) Baril iii, LBW ARE Lifiven efit : ‘ BHAA hz ihe 8 Raye IPS GION a A Wi A Patter ean \ Rae its f\ If Miner t Lite A 0 , +) | Ard by al } b hh t Nu. i, q 4 A 1 . , 5 t H if . 1 is re Wi He ; » ’ cy r ; P : { Bi 3 i ‘ ay i ‘ ; . i i f {he ; ‘ \ i or a ta pp ee ee Turbo, Pl. 17. Ss EET riche mae SG eee ea ys ae Sowerby, del. et HEh eve , Imp rt Turbo, Pl. Vl. Reeve Benham & Reeve ,imp TURBO. Prare VII. Species 27. (Mus. Saul.) TurBo cANALIcULATUS. Twurb. testd ovatd, imperforata, spird subelatd, anfractibus spiraliter sulcatis, superné declivibus, liris spiralibus depressiusculis, und centrali, in anfractu ultimo duabus, vel partem inferiorem versus tribus, prominentibus, omnibus oblique striatis ; aper- ture fauce sulcato, viridi vivide variegata et nebulatd, nigricante alboque hic illic marmoratd, intus argented. THE CHANNELLED TuRBo. Shell ovate, imperforated, spire somewhat raised, whorls spirally grooved, slanting round the upper part, spiral grooves rather depressed, one central, in the last whorl two, and towards the lower part three, more prominent than the rest, all obliquely striated, interior of the aperture grooved ; brightly variegated and clouded with green, | marbled here and there with black and white, interior silvered. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3594. Hab. ? An excellent species which requires careful observation on account of its rarity and peculiar resemblance to the equally rare Turbo crassus. Like that species the last whorl presents two ridges more prominently developed than the rest and distinguished by a very similar style of marking ; they will, however, be found to differ in their convexity and general character throughout. In the 7. canaliculatus the ridges are more elevated and obliquely striated across, the colouring is of another character, and the interior of T. crassus is not grooved, as in this species. For the specimen here figured I am indebted to the collection of Miss Saul. Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBo curysostoma. Turb. testd ovaté, imperforatd, anfractibus superne angulatis, undique spiraliter subti- liter costatis, costis interdum minutissimé et creberrime squamatis, squamis ad angulum et infra prominentioribus interdum peramplis ; lutescente, castaneo plus ininusve tinctaé et marmoratd, intus aureo-margaritacea., THE GOLDEN-MouTH TuRBO. Shell ovate, imperforated, whorls angulated round the upper part, spirally ribbed throughout, ribs sometimes very minutely and closely scaled, scales at the angle and beneath more prominent, sometimes very large; yellowish, more or less stained or marbled with chesnut brown, interior golden pearl. Linnzus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1237. Hab. Santa Cruz, Island of Luzon, Philippines; Cuming. There appear to be two very distinct varieties of this well-known and abundant species, one of larger size in which the spiral ribs are more prominent and all distinctly minutely scaled, whilst the larger scales upon the angle are in some measure obsolete. In the smaller variety this condition of the sculpture is reversed, the ribs being very small and only marked by fine ripples of laminze, whilst the scales on the angle are of a large tubercular structure. Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBO MaRGARITACEUS. Turd. testd ovatd, umbilicatd, anfractibus superné concavis, spiraliter costatis, costis rotundatis, distantibus, interstitiis profundé eacavatis, liré parva crenatd interveniente ; lutescente, castaneo maculata et variegatd, intus argented. Tue PEARLY TurBo. Shell ovate, umbilicated, whorls concave round the upper part, spirally ribbed, ribs rounded, distant, interstices deeply excavated, with a small beaded ridge intervening; yellowish, spotted and variegated with chesnut brown, interior silvered. Linnazus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1236. Hab. Eastern Seas. The ribs of this species are rather distant with the interstices between them characterized by the presence of a minute beaded ridge which becomes gradually obsolete towards the apex. Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBO sPARVERIUS. Turd. testd ovatd, imperforatd, sub- ventricosd ; anfractibus superne vix declivibus spiraliter lineari-sulcatis, costis intermediis plano-convexis, me- diano ceteris prominentiore ; fuscescente-albd, nigri- cante-fusco peculiariter tessellaté et maculata, intus argented. THE SPARROW-HAWK TurBo. Shell ovate, imperforated, slightly ventricose, whorls little slanting round the upper part, spirally lmear-grooved, intermediate ribs flatly convex, the middle one more prominent than the rest; brownish white, peculiarly tessellated and spotted with blackish brown, interior silvered. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3594. Hab. Isle of Luzon, Philippines; Cuming. This species which is one of very rare occurrence is somewhat intermediate in character between the 7’. setosus and crassus, though sufficiently distinguished from the former by the depression and closer proximity of the ribs. The most characteristic feature of the species is, perhaps, to be found in its very peculiar dull brown tone and style of colouring. February, 1848. uk Pacey ice Let Turbo, Lt. Va. Reeve Benham & Reeve amp- Sowerby, del eG lth aD Turbo , Ft. Va. Sowerby, del et th Ranyveehenlenne. Reccebimr _ ¥e, TURBO. Pruate VIII. Species 31, (Mus. Cuming.) TursBo rapIatus. Turd. testd ovato-turbinatd, umbilicatd, subtubulosd, anfractibus rotundatis, spiraliter liratis, liris obtusis, nune angustis, minutis, nunc grandibus, latiusculis, interstitiis oblique striatis ; luted aut vires- cente, castaneo-fusco superné conspicue radiata, basin versus spiraliter articulata. THE RAYED TurBOo. Shell ovately turbinated, umbilicated, somewhat tubulous, whorls rounded, spirally ridged, ridges obtuse, here narrow and minute, there large and rather broad, the interstices being obliquely striated ; yellowish or greenish, conspicuously rayed at the upper part with chesnut brown, and spirally articulated at the lower. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3594. Hab. ——? This species may be recognized by its tubular growth and dark colouring, the brown being disposed in marked broad rays from the sutures; the figure in Chemnitz, quoted by Lamarck for the illustration, of this species, is quite a distinct thing, for which see Sp. 36. Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.) Turso urstrio. Turd. testd subglobosd, tumida, imper- foratd, spire suturis excavato-canaliculatis, spiraliter liratis, liris subtilissimé laminiferis, squamatis, squamis fortibus, erectis ; nived, aurantio-ferrugineo latiradiata, intus argented. THE HARLEQUIN TuRBO. Shell somewhat globose, swollen, imperforated, sutures of the spire excavately chan- nelled, spirally ridged, ridges very finely laminiferous, squamate, scales strong, erect ; snowy white, broadly rayed with orange-rust colour, interior silvered. Hab. ? A shell of ventricose growth, strongly scaled, whilst the entire surface is very minutely laminated. Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBO JAPONICUS. Fig. 33 0. For description see next Plate, Species 34. (Mus. nobis.) Turzso FLuctuatus. Turd. testa transverse ovata, crassius- culd, subventricosd, imperforatd ; anfractibus levibus, superne rude angulatis, ad angulum obsolete nodosis, infra liris plano-obtusis, hic illic fere evanidis, eingu- latis ; columelldé concavd ; olivaced, lineis niveis viridi- umbratis, acute undatis, conspicue longitudinaliter pictd, intus argented ; operculo testaceo, spiraliter sulcato, medio subtilissime granuloso, marginem versus multi- serrato. THE wavep TurBo. Shell transversely ovate, rather thick, somewhat ventricose, imperforated; whorls smooth, rudely angled round the upper part, obso- letely nodose at the angle, encircled below with flatly obtuse ridges, heve and there faintly developed ; columella concave ; olive, painted longitudinally with conspicuous, zig-zag, white lines, shadowed with dark green, interior silvered ; operculum testaceous, spirally grooved, very finely granulated in the middle, minutely serrated towards the edge. Hab. Punta, St. Elena, West Columbia; Cuming. An extremely interesting species, which, though of rare occurrence, has long been known to me by the above name ; from whom it received that appellation, which is a very characteristic one, I cannot, however, learn. It is a shell of solid growth, somewhat rudely noduled, and obscurely flatly ridged. The ground colour is that of a livid olive, very conspicuously marked with numerous zig-zag lightning-like streaks of bright body-white, shaded with dark green. The operculum is remarkable; testaceous and strongly spirally grooved, the innermost groove is broadly exca- vated, and the central mass is solid and minutely granu- lated, whilst the portion without the broad groove is arranged in numerous concentric, finely serrated lamine. For a variety of this species, in which the zig-zag streaks are broken up into small ripple-like waves, see Plate XI. Fig. 3 ¢. Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.) Turso speciosus. Lurb. testd ovald, viz umbilicatd, spird subelatd, anfractibus rotundatis, liris pulcherrimé cre- berrimé squamatis undique cingulatis ; lutescente, liris hie illic viride viridibus, intus argented. THE BEAUTIFUL TURBO. Shell ovate, scarcely umbilicated, spire somewhat raised; whorls rounded, encircled throughout with very beautifully closely scaled ridges ; March, 1848. TURBO.—Ptate VIII. yellowish, ridges here and there bright green, interior silver. Hab. New Holland; Dring. This beautiful new species is remarkable for the deli- cacy and singularity of its painting, the spiral rows of scales showing each a fine narrow bright green band upon a pale orange-yellow ground, faintly stained with brown. Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBo Cuumnitzianus. Turd. testd ovaté, imperforatd, anfractibus subangulatis, liris parvis, squamarum seriebus cingulatis, interstitiis minutissimé laminiferis ; albidd, strigis parvis fuscescentibus oblique undatd, intus ar- gented. CuEmMnNttz’s TurBo. Shell ovate, imperforated, whorls slightly angular, encircled with small ridges and rows of scales, interstices very minutely laminiferous ; whitish, obliquely waved with small, light brown streaks, interior silvered. Argyrostomus maris rubri, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. v. p- 199. pl. 180. f. 1788-9. Hab. Red Sea; Forshael, fide Cuming. This species does not appear to have been identified by any author since its publication in the Conchylien Cabinet in the year 1781. Chemmnitz’s admirable figure of it was referred to by Lamarck for the 7. radiatus, but it will be found to differ very materially from that species. It is a larger shell, not imperforated, and of lighter growth, whilst the last whorl is more ventricose and has a somewhat an- gular appearance from its being encircled with three ridges of scales. The colouring is peculiar; the ground is a soft greyish cream colour, the pattern consisting of delicate brown zigzag streaks darting from the sutures. The locality which Mr. Cuming has on good authority with this interesting shell, agrees precisely with that recorded by Chemnitz. Species 37. (Mus. Saul.) TuRBo sETosus. urd. testd ovati, imperforatd, anfractu ultimo ventricosissimo, anfractibus undique spiraliter costatis, costis rotundis, regularibus, interstituis eaca- vatis, apertura ampli, basi effusd, fauce sulcata ; albidé, viridi et fusco-viridi tessellata, intus argented ; oper- culo testaceo, crasso. THE RouGH TuRBO. Shell ovate, imperforated, last whorl very ventricose; whorls spirally ribbed throughout, ribs round, regular, interstices excavated, aperture large, effused at the base, interior grooved; whitish, tessellated with green and brown-green, interior sil- vered ; operculum testaceous, thick. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3594. Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, Pacific Ocean (on the reefs) ; Cuming. This species is amply distinguished from any other of the genus by its deeply carved spiral ribs, whilst the aper- ture is large and peculiarly effused at the base. Turbo, PL VE. A S\ SO) ¢ re > : : Turbo, PLVY. Sowerby, del et ith - R e, Senham & Reove ump TURBO. Puate IX. Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBO CRENULATUS. Turd. testa ovatd, imperforata, spire suturis excavatis, anfractibus nodulis papillosis obtectis, convexis, aut medio subangulatis et liratis, liris ple- rumgue squamosis, squamis superioribus prominentibus ; alba aut virescente-albd, aurantio-rufo, spadiceo viridive radiata, intus argented ; operculo testaceo, crasso. CRENULATED TuRBo. Shell ovate, imperforated, sutures of the spire excavated, whorls covered with papillose nodules, convex or slightly angulated in the middle and ridged, ridges generally squamose, the upper scales being prominent and erect; white or pale greenish white, rayed with fawn colour, orange or green, interior silvered; operculum thick, tes- THE taceous. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3575. Fab. West Indies. An extremely variable species of which two further varieties are represented at Pl. X. Fig. 42., and Pl. XI. Fig. 50. The entire shell is covered with small papillose nodules, the centre of the whorls being sometimes smooth, but mostly adorned with numerous sharp erect scales. In colour the 7. crenulatus varies from a bright green to a light fawn and orange, and I have every reason to believe that the T. castaneus, Gmelin (7. hippocastanum, Lamarck) is a worn specimen of an orange-chesnut variety of this species. Species 39. (Fig. 39. Mus. Taylor, and Fig. 41. Mus. Saul.) TurBo articuLatTus Turd. testd ovatd, vix umbilicatd, spiré acuminata, anfractibus subtubulosis, spiraliter obtuse costatis, costis irregularibus, longitudinaliter creberrimé serrato-striatis ; viridi purpureo-nigricante marmorata et variegata, intus argented. THE ARTICULATED TurBo. Shell ovate, slightly umbi- licated, spire acuminated, whorls somewhat tubular, spirally obtusely ribbed, ribs irregular, longitudinally very closely serrately striated; green, marbled and variegated with purple-black, interior silvered. Hab. i Alhed to the 7. vadiatus in form, but peculiar in its articulated style of painting. Fig. 3. ¢. (Mus. Taylor.) TurBOo FLUCTUATUS. An interesting variety of the species described under this name in the preceding plate in which the waves are broken up into small ripples. Species 33. (Pl. VIII. Fig. 33. and Pl. IX. Fig. 33 6. Mus. Cuming.) TursBo Japonicus. Turd. testa ovata, imperforata, tenui- culd, subinflatd, anfractibus levibus, spiraliter costatis, costis nunc prominentibus, regularibus, nunc planius- culis, valde irregularibus ; spadiceo-luted, rufo varie tincta et maculata, intus argented. Tue Japan Turso. Shell ovate, imperforated, rather thin, somewhat inflated, whorls smooth, spirally ribbed, ribs sometimes prominent and regular, some- times rather flattened and very irregular ; fawn yellow, variously stained and blotched with red, interior silvered. Hab. Japan; Siebold. Like most shells from the Japanese Islands, this is of very peculiar character, and quite different from any of the tropical species of the genus. Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBo miILiTaRIs. Turd. testa ovata, imperforata, tenui- culd, subventricosd, anfractibus levibus, ‘superne decli- vibus ; rufescente-albidd, maculis lineisque rufis nitide pictd ; columelle margine livido-cinereo, intus argented. Tue MILITARY TuRBO. Shell ovate, imperforated, rather thin, somewhat ventricose, whorls smooth, slanting round the upper part; reddish-white, neatly painted with red lines and blotches; edge of the columella livid ash-colour, interior silvered. Hab. Isle of Annaa, (on the reefs); Cuming. An interesting species of rather ight growth exhibiting a very distinct and characteristic style of painting. March, 1848. ae ge i, aa in . 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Coed «A ahs hgh e sin vi gies : ; : ido ean) i } WAVER UTR yh ero Seat Waals) is x : “ Ath re Titi wa : efternnis'y: wftenrt phe cuncinet AOk, DAN Wey % ioe remem) LA Frit Wilde Oi Westal ideas tte) Wiettgas ith Bulinn4 ; . i fh tie ear Satta Bb eh, niin al hat Ee | ¢ : I i b iy <: a ; 1 hi ALD TE 2” oF , Hoe ey (> ee ’ - i Ay na al ah b ti: pL: al i rt ‘hhteng ane : =. ; CN ee Be Aan rte ‘i ‘taht - sie} ? esi be a ; a, * >. afr at a a: naa ; x x " . , i ia | ae ? 4 vl Turbo, Pl IX. a Sowerby, del ob lith. imp Sowerby del et lith mn & Reeve imp As wets ys. TURBO. Pate X. Fig. 42. (Mus. Saul.) TURBO CRENULATUS var. B. Turd. testé ovato-turbinata, imperforata, spire suturis canaliculatis, anfractibus superné concavo-angulatis, spiraliter nodulosis, medio squamarum liris tribus aut pluribus cingulatd, syuamis ad angulum prominentioribus erectis; albido spadi- ceoque nitide radiatd et nebulatd, intus argented. THE CRENULATED TurBo. Shell ovately turbinated, im- perforated, sutures of the spire channelled, whorls concavely angled round the upper part, spirally no- dulous, encircled round the middle with three or more ridges of scales, the scales on the angle being more prominent and erect ; neatly rayed and clouded with white and fawn colour. Hab. ? A most elegant and delicately sculptured variety, rayed and tessellated with a peculiar fawn colour, of the 7. crenu- latus described in the preceding plate, Sp. 38. Species 43. (Fig. 43 and 44. Mus. Cuming.) Turso nivosus. Turd. testé oblongo-turbinatd, imperfo- ratd, spird subexsertd, anfractibus spiraliter liratis, liris obtusis, irregularibus, duabus prominentibus sub- squamosis ; vivide virescente, fusco hic illic maculaté, liris prominentibus et inferioribus fusco niveoque arti- culatis, intus argented. Tue snowy Turso. Shell oblong-turbinated, imper- forated, spire somewhat exserted, whorls spirally ridged, ridges obtuse, irregular, two prominent and slightly scaly ; bright green, spotted here and there with brown, the prominent and lower ridges articu- lated with brown and snowy white, interior silvered. Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming. A prettily painted species, not apparently described before. Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBo TUMIDULUS. Turd. testé ovaté, imperforatd, spird subacuminatd, anfractu ultimo amplo, tumidiusculo ; anfractibus undique spiraliter liratis, liris angustis, confertis, valde irregularibus, oblique serratis ; lutes- cente, intensé castaneo nebulata. THE SWOLLEN TurBO. Shell ovate, imperforated, spire somewhat acuminated, last whorl large and swollen : whorls spirally ridged throughout, ridges narrow, close set, very irregular, obliquely serrated; yellowish, clouded with deep chesnut. Hab. ? This species merges into the 7. spinosus, but is very remotely connected with it. Species 46. (Mus. Taylor.) TurgBo crrcuuaris. Turd. testd suborbiculari, tnperfo- rata, spirdé breviusculd, anfractibus superne depressis, liris obtusé nodiferis, alternatim majoribus, cingulatis : rosaceo-fusco alboque marmoratd, columella plano- concavd, alba, intus margaritacea. THE CIRCULAR TurRBo. Shell somewhat orbicular, im- perforated, spire rather short, whorls depressed round the upper part, encircled with obtusely nodiferous ridges, alternately larger; pinkish brown, marbled with white, columella flatly concave, white, interior pearly. Hab. ? Very nearly allied in form and general aspect to the first species of this monograph, 7. Natalensis, but readily distinguished on comparison. Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBo spinosus. Turd. pyramidali-turbinatd, imper- foratd, spire suturis subrudis, anfractibus conveuis, minute obtuse liratis, liris subtilissime oblique striatis, hic illic conspicué seriatim squamatis, squamis erectis, muricatis ; luteo et virescente, castaneo plus iminusve tincté et punctatd, intus argented. spiny TurBo. Shell pyramidally turbinated, imperforated, sutures of the spire somewhat rude, whorls convex, minutely obtusely ridged, ridges very finely obliquely striated, here and there conspicuously scaled, scales in rows, erect, prickly; yellowish and greenish, more or less faintly dotted and stained with chesnut, interior silvered. spiny Silvermouth, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. v. p- 204. pl. 181. f. 1797. Turbo tuberculosa, Quoy, Kiener. Hab. Nicobar Island. THE The An extremely variable species, which ought in courtesy to be designated by the name applied to it so many years since by Chemmitz; it would, however, be difficult to identify were it not that Mr. Cuming possesses a specimen agreeing precisely with the figure in the Conchylien Cabinet, and of which I have thought it necessary to give a repre- sentation at PJ. XIII. March, 1848. LUTrD OY FL Ae Sowerby, dél ot Jith. ) Turbo, FL, Sowmrby, del et Lith Aw Sates ‘si rabies TURBO. Puate XI. Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.) Turso Nicosaricus. Turd. testd subglobosd, solidiusculd, imperforatd, spird brevissimd, obtusd ; anfractibus su- perne subobscurée depresso-canaliculatis, undique levi- bus; spadiceo-albicante, reticuld minutd maculisque grandibus sanguineis ornatd, apertura intense rufo- aurantid ; operculo corneo. Tue Nicopar Turbo. Shell somewhat globose, rather solid, imperforated, spire rather short, obtuse ; whorls somewhat obscurely depressly channelled round the upper part, smooth throughout; fawn-white, orna- mented with large deep blood spots and a very minute net-work of the same colour, aperture in- tensely reddish orange; operculum horny. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3596. Helix paradoxa, Born. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines ; Cuming. Peculiarly distinguished by its obtuse, solid growth and forcible display of colour, consisting of large, scattered, blood-red blotches, and deep golden-orange aperture. Species 49. (Mus. Metcalfe.) Turpo NIGER. Turd. testd subglobosd, solidiusculd, Litto- rineformi, spiraliter creberrimée sulcatd; purpureo- nigra, intus argented. THE BLACK TurBo. Shell somewhat globose, rather solid, Littorina-shaped, spirally very closely grooved ; purple black, interior silver. Gray, Beechey’s Voyage, p. 143. pl. 36. f. 1. Hab. Valparaiso (under stones at low water); Cuming. A solid, purple-black species, approximating somewhat in form to Littorina vulgaris, the common Periwinkle of our shores. It has a bright silvered interior. Fig. 50. (Mus. Cuming.) TURBO CRENULATUS, var. y. Turd. testd ovatd, imperforata, spire suturis canaliculatis ; anfractibus rotundatis, undique spiraliter eximié nodoso-liratis, quarum tribus centralibus subprominentioribus ; virescente-albd, viridi nitide radiata et marmoratd, intus argented. THE CRENULATED TURBO, var. y. Shell ovate, imper- forated, sutures of the spire channelled; whorls rounded, spirally delicately nodosely ridged through- out, the three central ribs being rather more promi- nent; greenish-white, neatly rayed and marbled with light green, interior silvered. Hab. 2 This extremely delicate species described at Plate IX., merges into the 7. castaneus, of Gmelin and Lamarck in a manner which does not admit of their being separated. Species 51. (Mus. Taylor.) Turso ciparis. Turd. testd suborbiculari, vie imperforata, anfractibus rotundatis, levibus ; superné rufo-fusces- cente, maculis albidis peculiariter radiatis, infra zo- nulis angustis, rufo-articulatis cingulatd, intus marga- ritaced ; operculo testaceo, crasso. THE TURBAN TuRBO. Shell somewhat orbicular, slightly imperforated, whorls rounded, smooth ; reddish brown round the upper part, peculiarly rayed with whitish spots, encircled beneath with narrow, red-articulated, little zones, interior pearly; operculum testaceous, thick. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3596. Hab. ? This pretty species exhibits a great peculiarity in its display of colouring, the upper portion of the whorls being always more or less distinctly rayed from the sutures with pale irregular blotches. Species 52. (Mus. Cuming.) TurBo porcatus. Turd. testd orbiculari, spiraé depressius- culd, suturis excavatis, subtus concavd, profundé um- bilicata, anfractibus fortiter spiraliter costatis, costis rotundatis, lird minut interveniente; viridi, rufo- olivaceo nitidé marmorata, intus argented. THE RIBBED TurBOo. Shell orbicular, spire somewhat depressed, sutures excavated, concave beneath, deeply umbilicated; whorls rounded, with a minute ridge coming between; green, neatly marbled with reddish- olive, interior silvered. Hab. Point Swan, North Australia; Dring. Allied in form to the 7. versicolor and porphyrites, from both of which species it is sufficiently distinguished by its strongly ribbed growth. March, 1848, TURBO.—Ptate XI. Species 53. (Mus. Saul.) TURBO PORPHYRITES. Turd. testé globosd, subdepressa, solidiusculd levigatd, aut obsolete minute sulcatd, pro- Sundé umbilicaté ; virescente, olivaceo nebulosé et mi- nute articulatd, fascia angustd lutescente medio cingu- lata, apice roseo, aperture fauce argented. THE PporpHYRY TurBo. Shell globose, somewhat de- pressed, rather solid, smooth, or obsoletely minutely grooved, deeply umbilicated; greenish, clouded and minutely articulated with olive-green, and encircled round the middle with a yellowish band, interior of the aperture silvered. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3602. Hab. ? Distinguished by its smooth, polished exterior, and minute articulated painting. Species 54. (Mus. Taylor). Turzo Norrisit. Turd. testa depresso-orbiculari, levigaté, Rotellaformi, subtus convexiusculd profunde et ampliter umbilicatd ; rufescente-castaned, umbilicorum margine nigro, intus margaritaced ; operculo corneo. Norris’s Turso. Shell depressly orbicular, smooth, Rotella-shaped, rather concave beneath, largely and deeply umbilicated; reddish chesnut, margin of the umbilicus jet black; operculum horny. Trochiscus Norrisit, Sowerby, Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd. Series. Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, pl. 34. f. 14. Turbo Rotelleformis, Jay. 9 Hab. This remarkable species, which has been not unaptly regarded by Mr. Sowerby as the type of a new genus, approaches the form of 7. versicolor, whilst it has almost the depressed growth of a Roéella. Mirada, JE IVE. he SEs ow aN, 7 Sh Oe Ss aCe ne Sowerby, del et ith Reeve, Benham & Reeve imp — ee a i Sowerby, del et Lith” Turbo FL AL. ee | TURBO. Puate XIT. Species 54. (Mus. Metcalfe.) TurBo mMuRREUS. Turd. testd minutd, suborbiculari, vix umbilicatd, levigatd, politi ; alba, roseo nitidé macu- lati. THE PORCELAIN TurBO. Shell minute, somewhat orbi- cular, slightly umbilicated, smooth, polished ; white, neatly blotched with pale rose. Hab. ? A minute delicately coloured porcelain shell. Species 55. (Mus. Metcalfe.) TURBO SANGUINEUS. Turd. testé parva, subglobosd, um- bilicatd, spiraliter sulcaté; alba, maculis sanguineis interruptis cingulata. THE BLOOD-STAINED TuRBO. Shell small, somewhat globose, umbilicated, spirally grooved; white, en- circled with blood-red interrupted spots. Linn avs, Syst. Nat., 12th edit. p. 1235. Globulus roseus, Chemnitz. Turbo coccineus, Deshayes. Hab. Mediterranean. I am not quite sure that this is the 7. sanguineus of Limneeus, but have every reason to believe it is. Species 56. (Mus. Metcalfe.) TURBO CORALLINUS. Turd. testd parvd, suborbiculari- ovata, imperforatd, conspicue spiraliter sulcaté ; roseo- purpured, intus margaritaced. THE corAL TurBo. Shell small, somewhat orbicularly ovate, imperforated, conspicuously spirally grooved ; rose-purple, pearly within. Hab. P Another interesting small species,.of a dull livid rose- purple hue, strongly spirally grooved. Species 57. (Mus. Cuming.) Turpo MarGiINatus. Turd. testé ovatd, solidiusculd, im- perforata, spiraliter striata, subsuleatd, apertura parvd ; albidd, livido-olivaceo tinctd et maculata. THE MARGINED TurBo. Shell ovate, rather solid, im- perforated, spirally striated, slightly grooved, aper- ture small; whitish, stained and blotched with livid- olive. Nurratt, MSS. Hab. Upper California. A solid shell with a peculiarly contracted aperture ; externally it is white, with large livid olive blotches here and there, having the appearance of so many bruises. Species 58. (Mus. Taylor.) TurBo Trocnorpss. Turd. testd subpyramidali-ovata, perforata ; anfractibus spiraliter sulcatis, superne con- cavis, deinde obsolete nodosis ; luteo-albicante, olivaceo radiatim maculata, lineolis minutissimis aurantio-fuscis oblique reticulatis. Tur Trocnorp Turso. Shell somewhat pyramidally ovate, perforated; whorls spirally grooved, concave round the upper part, then obsoletely nodose ; yel- lowish-white, radiately blotched with olive and ob- liquely reticulated with very minute orange-brown lines. Hab. A species of peculiar sculpture and marking, partaking very much of the generic character of Trochus. P Species 59. (Mus. Belcher.) TurBo pustuLatus. Turb. testd@ ovaté, subventricosé, imperforatd, nodis grandibus papillosis undique notatd, aperture fauce argented ; albida, olivaceo-fusco luteo- que maculata. THE BLISTERED TurBO. Shell ovate, somewhat ventri- cose, imperforated, marked throughout with large papillose nodules, interior of the aperture silvered ; whitish, blotched with yellow and olive-brown. Hab. ? An interesting species covered with swollen nodules, collected by Sir Edward Belcher during the voyage of the Sulphur. Species 60. (Mus. Cuming.) Turso Tursicus. Turb. testd subpyramidali-ovatd, im- perforata, spire suturis eacavatis, anfractibus spiraliter squamato-liratis, superné declivibus, acute angulatis, April, 1848. TURBO.—Puate XII. ad angulum erecto-squamatis, apertura parvd ; lutes- cente, coccineo-rufo pulcherrimé radiata. Tur mosq@uE TurBo. Shell somewhat pyramidally ovate, imperforated, sutures of the spire excavated, whorls spirally squamately ridged, slanting round the upper part, sharply angled, erectly squamate at the angle, aperture small; yellowish, beautifully rayed with scarlet red. Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming. A prettily painted species, encircled by a diadem of erect scales. Species 61. (Mus. Taylor.) Turso pyropus. Turb. testi subdepresso-ovatd, imper- foratd, spire suturis simplicibus, anfractibus levibus striisve spiraliter cingulatis ; albidé, striis vividé ru- bris, intus argented. THe ruBy TurBo. Shell somewhat depressly ovate, imperforated, sutures of the spire simple, whorls smooth, spirally encircled with striz ; whitish, lines bright red, interior silvered. Hab. 1p Of a deep blood-red colour, with the margins of the aperture united beyond the columella. Species 62. (Mus. Taylor.) Turbo cemmatus. Turd. testé subdepresso-ovatd, spire suturis subprofunde canaliculatis, anfractibus nodulis parvis undique gemmatis; corallo-rufescente, intus argented THE BEADED TurBo. Shell somewhat depressly ovate, imperforated, sutures of the spire somewhat deeply channelled, whorls beaded throughout with small . nodules ; light coral red, interior silvered. Hab. 5 Very similar in form to the preceding species, and partaking, in some measure, of the colour; the spire differs in having the sutures deeply channelled and the entire surface in being beaded with small papillose nodules. In the former species the margins of the aper- ture are entire, and it is the striz that are coloured upon a white ground. Species 63. (Mus. Belcher.) TURBO LUGUBRIS. depressd, anfractibus superné declivibus, deinde nodulis papillosis cingulatis, columellé concavd ; albidd, epi- dermide crassé nigricante indutd, columella et apertura argenteis. THE MoURNFUL TuRBO. Shell somewhat orbicularly ovate, spire depressed, whorls slanting round the upper part, then encircled with papillose nodules, columella concave ; dark epidermis, columella and aperture silvered. ? Turb. testé suborbiculari-ovatd, spira Hab. Another species collected by Capt. Sir E. Belcher in the Sulphur, not hitherto described. whitish, covered with a thick a Sowerby, del et Lth 2 “a Gy Lurbo, Pl. AM. 4 Sowerby, del ot Lith. Turbo, P!_AU. TURBO. Prats XIII. Species 47. (Fig. 6 and c. Mus. Cuming.) Turso sprnosus. I have already described this ex- tremely variable species at Plate X., and there remarked the necessity of figuring the present specimen to assist in identifying it with Zhe Spiny Silvermouth of Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. v. p. 204. pl. 181. f.1797. Externally it has a very similar aspect to certain varieties of the T. chrysostoma, it may, however, be readily distinguished from that species by its more tubular aperture, of which the interior is delicately silvered. Species 41. (Mus. Brit.) TurBo JoURDANI. turbinatd, imperforatd, anfractibus primis spiraliter tricostatis, costis subangustis, prominentibus, distantibus, ultimo ventricoso, multicostato, costis latiusculis, ob- columella subcylindraced, superné callosé ; aperturé ampla, circulari ; castaneo-rubente, intus mar- Turb. testd subampla, ovaté, conico- scures ; garitaced. Jourpan’s Turbo. Shell rather large, ovate, conically turbinated, imperforated, the first whorls three-ribbed, ribs rather narrow, prominent, distant, last whorl ventricose, many-ribbed, ribs rather wide, and ob- secure; columella rather cylindrical, callous at the upper part; aperture large, circular ; chesnut-red, interior pearly. Krener, Revue Zool. Soc. Cuv., 1839, p. 324. Zool., 1840, Moll. pl. 9. Hab. New Holland. Of this fine species there are two examples in the British Museum, remarkably distinguished from any other of the genus. The specimen represented is the smaller of the two. The first few whorls are characterized by three prominent spiral ribs, but they gradually become extinct as the shell approaches maturity, leaving the last whorl encircled throughout with a succession of obscure broad ribs, scarcely elevated above the surface. Mag. de Species 4 (Fig. c and d. Mus. Saul.) TurBo saxosus. The specimen here represented is a more frequent state of the species than either of those figured in Plate IV., and deserves illustration on account of the peculiar aspect of its colouring and additional tubercles. It is uniformly smaller in size, and of a white silvery ground, with the green sparingly distributed in rather distant waved stripes. \ April, 1848. e WY OA pat i ey Lrrbe Ll -xXr0¢ Turbo, Fl. XM. Sowerby, del et Lith Reeve, Benham. & Reeve imp Plate. Species. Plate. argyrostoma, Linngus ........ Il. 7 GD, CHU oo cavocebuanooss 2h articulatus, Reeve............ IX. 39 MIVOSUSSPACELE Mee st ee ene en nN canaliculatus, Gmelin ........ VII. 27 Norrisii, Reeve.............. XI. Chemnitzianus, Reeve ........ VIII. 36 olearius, Linmneus............ OL. chrysostoma, Linneus........ VII. 28 petholatus, Linneus.......... TLL. cidaris, Gmelin ............. XI. 51 pica, Linnaeus .............. VI. cinculamisswiceveriats ee) | OX 46 poreatus, Reeve ............. XI. coccineus, Deshayes .......... XII. 55 porphyrites, Gmelin.......... XI. corallinus, Reeve ............ XII. 56 pulcherseltceve ermine? Ii. Cormutus, Gael -.62..224.. Ll: 4 pustulatus, Reeve............ XII. coronatus, Gmelin........... V. 22 pyropus, Meee. ..22....--..4 9 XE GEESE, GH) cbeoct ocon cece II. 10 radiatus, Gmelin ............ VIII. crenulatus, Gmelin .. ape, ml Dk 38 Rotelleformis, Jay........... XL. crenulatuswea7y es =. ese ees X. 42 rubicundus, Reeve ........... Ii. GHIMIENTE, CHE boascacoson Ath 50 rugosus, Linn@us...........- VI. fluctuatus, Reeve ............ VIII. 34 sanguineus, Linneus ......... XII. gemmatus, Reeve............ XII. 62 sarmaticus, Linneus ......... IV. HELICINUS POOL Mee eine ena nave 13 saxosus, Reeve.............. IV. & XIII. lish) OQ senabancnneacce NHORE 32 setosus, Gmelin ............. VIIL. imperialis, Gmelin. .... -- Settee Le 6 smaragdus, Gmelin .......... IV. Japonicus, Reeve ............ VIII. & IX. 33 sparverius, Gmelin........... VIE. Jourdani, Kiener ............ XIII. 41 speciosus, Reeve............. VIII. Lajonkairii, (Delphinula), Desh. II. 5 Spenglerianus, Gmelin ........ AN lamellosus, Broderip.......... VI. 26 spinosus, Reeve ............. X. & XII. laminiferus, Reeve ........... IV. 17 squamiger, Reeve............ We lugubriswitceucr ert r eerie Ls 63 tessellatus, Kiener........... V. magnificus, Jonus............ IV. 16 Ticaonicus, Reeve............ We margaritaceus, Linneus....... Vil. 29 torquatus, Gmelin........... VI. marginatus, Nuttall ......... XII. 57 Trochoides, Reeve........ meee XTi marmoratus, Linneus ........ L. 2 tuberculatus, Quoy, Kiener.... X. rivers), LAA oeoaseouaunke IX. 40'. | ‘Dursicus; Reeve. o. 5.0.22... XIE MOUTLEUS, Meebo as ele esis XI. 4A undulatus, Chemnitz ......... I. Natalensis, Reeve............ IL, 1 WEMAIOUING, JUL scbascocaseco © IWUL Nicobaricus, Gmelin.......... XI. 48 versicolor, Reeve ............ We ERRATA. TURBO. Sp. 26. 7. torquatus. Add as synonyme 7. heteroclitus, Kiener. Sp. 45. 7. tumidulus. Cancel this species and read 7, spinosus var. Sp. 47. For synonyme 7. tuberculosa, read T. tuberculatus. Species. 49 43 54 MS fe rs en (bans Aaa ine vt, i Wiis ly has oe Bo ) a) ‘his gai aM any 232 gap a: ote ain ately ye a ola ica ie AAG) \ bs : Pd oy REN Achitowedte, 4 ga aoe OO ha ' , i A p Ba! 2) a Oral ¥y yeh we x. A ae i ‘i a aah = pani ahs f Ki y nh iy ie re 1 i ‘ 4 ead Il TTT LIMWINNI Ill | HT HH | PIN AIIIT || II II Ii wl mn | Hill | Hit ! III I Hh WTI ATI tHe eit Etsy eiayes eye 523), yf8hy. rhe)