liiii I iiiii iiiii?f

im.

1

u

CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA:

ILLUSTRATIONS

SHELLS OF MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS,

VOL. X.

CONTAINING MONOGEAPHS OF THE GENERA

AMPULLARIA. CAPSA.

GANCELLARIA. CAPSELLA.

LITTORINA. SANGUmOLARIA.

SOLETELLIIMA. PSAMMOBIA.

PSAMMOTELLA.

MYTIUJS.
MODIOLA.
LITHODOMUS.
AVICULA.

LOVELL AUGUSTUS REEVE, F.L.S., F.G.S.

COKKESPONDING

SOCIETY OF WUKTEMHEKG, AND OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL
HISTORY OF NEW YORK.

And never, since the middle summer's spring.

Met we on hill, in dale, forest, or mead,

By paved fountain, or by rushy brook.

Or on the beached margent of the sea.

To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind.

But with thy brawls thou hast disturbed our sport."

Shakesfeare

LONDON :
LOVELL REEVE, HENEIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

1858.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

A M P U L L A R I x\

' He looks abroad iuto the varied field
Of Natnre, and though poor perhaps, cunipared
With those whose mansions glitter in his sight,
Calls the delightful scenery all his own, —
His own the monntains, and the valleys his,
And the resplendent rivers." — Cowprr.

Ampiillffn^i, I^l. I-

\

>»T

oowerlry clrl, et. lith

"feicenc Brooka Imp.

AMPULLARIA.

Plate I.

Genus AMPULLARIA, Lamarck.
Testa glohom vel ovata, plus minus umbilicata, raro imper-
forata, epidermidc crassmsculd olivaced induta, spira
siUiira modo simplici, modo canaliculatd, anfradiius
plus minus veniricosis, lavigatis; aperturd sichampld,
lahro simplici. Operculum, nunc corneum nunc calca-
remn, aperturam claudens.
Shell globose or ovate, more or less umbilieated, rarely ita-
perforated, covered with a rather thick olive epider-
uais, suture of the spire sometimes simple, sometimes
channelled, whorls more or less ventricose, smooth ;
aperture rather large, lip simple. Operculum some-
times horny, sometimes calcareous, closing the aper-
ture.
The sombre hue and olndous similarity of form, desti-
tute of any indication of sculpture, of the shells of Avipul-
larla, have led to this genus beiug very much neglected
by the collector ; and their uuattiactive range of habita-
tion, in swampy marshes, ponds, and rivers, has not been
very inviting to the traveller. A few ardent naturalists,
including among the foremost M. D'Orbigny and Mr.
Bridges on the banks of the great rivers of Bolivia, Dr.
Spis iu Brazil, M. Caillaud in Africa, Mr. Yates and Mr.
>Vallace at the rivers Marafion and Amazon, MM. Salle
and Ghiesbrecht in Mexico, Mr. Dyson in Honduras, Mr.
Benson in India, and Mr. Layard and Mr. Templeman in
Ceylon, have directed their energies since Lamarck's time
to AmpullaiiaAimximg ; and the result is the following
ample series of a hundred and thirty species, nearly two-
thirds of which are new to science, and of which scarcely
a dozen were known to the author of the ' llistoire des
-Ynimaux sans Vertebres.' A monogTaph of the genus
was published by Dr. Philippi in 1851, in -M. Kuster's
edition of the ' Conchylien Cabinet' of Chemnitz, but it is
founded on very imperfect materials.

The species of Ampullaria are exceedingly well-defined,
though bearing great general resemblance, and, what is
not usual with moUuscs aflecting such habitats, many of
them are stained at the aperture with brilliant colour.
The animal, as is now sufficiently well known, is of an
amphibious nature, possessing a double system of respira-
tion, which adapts it to breathe either air or water, ac-
cording to the requirements of the place of its habitation,
which may be at one time flooded and at another dry.
This peculiarity, observed originally by Mr. Guilding at
the Caribbee Islands, was noticed first in dctnil bv M.

Caillaud on his return from his expedition to the Nile.
On placing some of his Ampullaria in a basin of water,
M. Caillaud unexpectedly found many of his specimens
come to life, and M. D'Oi-bigny discovered the existence
of a distinct pulmonary apparatus.

So many new species of Ampullaria have been collected
by recent travellers in comparatively few localities, that it
is more than probable the genus abounds to a much larger
extent than we have at present any idea of. It does not,
however, exist in the great rivers of North America or of
North-temperate Europe, and is peculiar to warm and
tropical latitudes.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

AMPULL.4.IIIA CUPRINA. Ariip. testd subquadrato-globosd,
tenuiculd, profundi angulato-umbilicatd, spird obtusi
exsertd, anfraciibus superne late planatis, ad angidimt
rotundatii, deinde plano-convexis ; lutescente, rnfo-
fusco tinctd et fasciatd ; aperturd ovatd, labro sim-
plici.

The copper A.mpullaria. Shell somewhat squarely
globose, rather thin, deeply angularly umbibcatcd,
spire obtusely exserted, whorls broadly flattened
round the upper part, rounded at the angle, then
flatly convex; yellowish, stained and banded with
red-brown ; aperture ovate, lip simple.

Hab. ?

A light, somewhat inflated species, with the whorls

broadly rotundately angled round the uppeif part.

Species 2. (ilus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Spixii. Amp. testd globoso-turbinatd, sui-
ampUter iimbilicatd, spird subobtusd, anfractibus ru-
tundatis, lavibus, subangustis, superne declivibus ;
lutescente, fasciis interne castaneis cingulatd; aperturd
circulari-ovaid, lahro simplici.

Spix's Ampullaria. Shell globosely turbinated, rather
largely umbilieated, spire rather obtuse, whorls
rounded, smooth, rather narrow, slanting round the
upper part; yellowish, encircled with dark chestnut
bands; aperture circular-ovate, lip simple.

D'Orbigny, Voy. dans I'Amer. Mci-id. p. 37(5. pi. 52. !'.
7, 8.

Hab. lliver Parana, South America.

December, 1S5G.

AMPULLAEIA.— Plate I.

A tine turbiuated species, of Cyclostoma-Vkt growth, I
conspicuously banded and lineated with dark chestnut !
upon a yellowish ground.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullatia gigas. Amp. tedd ventricoso-,

tm, angude umhilicatd, spird brevissimd, immersd, su-
turd angude profundi canalwulatd, mifractibua con-
vexis ; virescente-olivaeed, fascik angustis pallidi oli-
vaceia cingulatd; aperturd ohhngo-omtd, fauce auran-
tio-lutescente, cairulescente faaciatd, labro dmplici,
intus nigro-macwlato.

The giant Ampullabia. Shell ventricosely globose,
very large, narrowly umbilicaled, spire very short,
immersed, sutwe narrowly deeply channelled, whorls
convex ; greenish-olive, encircled with narrow faint-
olive bands ; aperture oblong-ovate, interior orange-
yellow, blue-banded, lip simple, black spotted within.

Spix, Testacea Fluviatilia Brasiliensia, p. 1. pi. 1. f. 1.

Hnh. Solomon's River, Brazil.
This truly fine species is quite remarkable for its bold

ventricose growth and immersed channelled spire.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

The coknccopia Ampullakia. Shell oblong-ovate, ob-
liquely produced, nan-owly umbilieated, spire short,
rather acuminated, whorls rounded, smooth, shining,
slanting round the upper part ; livid-brown, encircled
with naiTOW red bands and lines ; aperture ovate,
rather large, effused.

Eab. Columbia.

Of light substance, elegantly obliquely convoluted, with

the aperture boldly effused.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Vmplllaria cornucopia. Amp. tedd oblongo-ovatd,
oblique proimtd, anguste umbilicatd, spird brevi, aub-
acuminatd, mfractibus rotundatis, lavibtts, nitentibus,
superne decUvibus ; livido-fuscescente, lineis fasciisque
rufis angudis cingidaid; aperturd ovatd, mbampld,
effum.

Ampullakia crassa. Amp. tesld subquadrato-ghbosd,
crassd, imperforatd, spird breviusculd, obtusd, anfracti-
hm convexis, larciiw, superne decUvibus ; sordide luies-
cente, fasciis liiieisgue castaneis subdistatitiius cingu-
latd; aperturd ovatd, Mro eolutnellari calloso, ap-
presso, albo.
The thick Ampullakia. Shell somewhat squarely glo-
bose, thick, imperforated, spire rather short, obtuse,
whorls convex, smooth, slanting round the upper
part; dull yellowish, encircled with rather distant
chestnut bands and lines ; aperture ovate, columellar
lip callous, appressed, white.
SwAiNsoN, Zool. Illus. (First Series), vol. iii. pi. 101.
Helix crassa, Spix.
Ampullaria OUvieri, Deshayes.
Helicina exumbilicata, Spix.
I Ampullaria Brownii, .Tay.

Hab. Brazil.

Chiefly distinguished by its white, callous columellar
lip, which is appressed over the place of the umbilicus.

Ampu liana . FI. JI.

Sowerby del ctlitK ,

U-actait Brooka Tmrp

AMPULLARIA.

Species G. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria figclina. Amp. tedd ovatd, tenukuld,
spird brevi, anfractibtcs connexis, ad suiuram mtbde-
pressk, lavilius; mnbilico amplo ; aperturd ovatd;
pallide oUvaceo-ciiiered, Unek fasciiique ritfia cingu-
latd.
The clay Ampdllabia. Shell ovate, rather tliiu, spire
short, whorls convex, rather depressed at the suture,
smooth ; umbilicus large ; apertm-e ovate ; pale olive-
ash, encircled vvith red lines and bands.
Spix, Test. Fluv. Brasil. pi. 4. f. 4.
Ampullaria lineata, var., Spix.
Hub. BrazU.

SpLx appears to have figured this species under the
above name, and to have regarded it afterwards as a va-
riety of his A. lineata. It is well distinguished by its
light textui'e, largely umbilicated growth, and red-banded
colouring upon a pale olive-ash ground.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullahia rufilineata. Amp. tedd ovatd, spird stib-
prominuld, anfractUrm superiie subdepressis, deinde
convexis, Icevibus ; unibilico obtecto ; aperturd ovatd,
labro columellari reflexo ; albd, ftdvo-spadiced, lineis
rjifis varie eingulald.
The red-lined Ampullaria. Shell ovate, spire rather
prominent, whorls rather depressed at the upper
part, then convex, smooth ; umbilicus covered ; apei--
ture ovate, columeUar lip refiected ; white, fulvous-
fawn, variously encircled with red lines,

Hah. ?

Conspicuously encii-cled with red lines upon a fulvous-
fawn gTound, as in the preceding species, but distinguished
bv the absence of a visible umbilicus and by the more
prominent convolution of the spii-e.

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampvllaeia NoiiiLis. Amp. tedd subpyriformi-globosd,
spird depressiusculd, anfractibiiK supeme ventricosis,
lavibus ; iimhilico subprofundo ; aperturd pyriformi-
ovatd, perarn,pld; intense olivaced, extws corned, ob-
scure nigro fasciatd, labro intense nstulato-rufo.

The noble Ampullaria. Shell somewhat pyriformly
globose, spire rather depressed, whorls ventricose
round the upper part, smooth ; umbilicus rather deep ;
aperture pyriformly ovate, very large; dark olive,
externally horny, obscurely black-banded, lip deep
burnt red.

3ab. River Marafion ; Mr. Yates.

This fine species, of a pyriformly globose shape, with a

dark olive horny exterior, is painted within the lip with a

peculiar deep-toned burnt red.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Paludinoides. Amp. testa gloiiosa, spira
mediocri, anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturam subde-
pressis, Icevibm ; wnbilico subobtecto ; sordide olivaced,
labro flavicatite.

The Paludina-like Ampullaria. Shell globose, spire
middling, whoris rounded, a little depressed at the
suture, smooth ; umbilicus nearly covered ; dull olive,
lip yellowish.

Christofori and Jan, Mus. Berolin. Philippi in Kiister,
Conch. Cab. Amp. p. 27. pi 7. f. 4.

Hah. ?

Distinguished by its plump, rounded form and dark

olive colour, the lip being coloured in a characteristic

manner, with pale yellow.

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria conica. Amp. testd subglobosd, spird sub-
promimild, anfractibus eonvexis, leeviJiUs, nitentibus ;
nmbilico obtecto; aperturd ovatd, labro vix reflexo ;
fulvo-olivaeed, labro albicante.
The conical Ampullaria. Shell subglobose, spire
rather prominent, whorls convex, smooth, shining;
umbilicus covered; aperture ovate, lip scarcely re-
flected ; fulvous olive, lip whitish.
Wood,

Uab. ?

The spire has a more prominently convoluted aspect
than in the preceding species, from the last whori rather
more than usually descending next the aperture. In co-
lour the shell is of a lighter fulvous olive.

Ampul] arm, Pl.JII.

K m^

Scwerby cbi etiitk

"'^Ajicent iTTooka Imp.

AMPULLARIA.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria adusta. Amp. testa globoso-turhinatd,
spird mediocri, suturd canaliculatd, anfraciibus ro-
tundatu, lavigaik ; mnbilico suhamplo ; aperturd
ovatd ; Ittlescente-mridi, fasciis saturate olivaeeis un-
dique citiffulatd.

The adust Ampullaria. Shell globosely turbinated,
spire middling, suture clianneUed, whorls rounded,
smooth ; umbilicus rather large ; aperture ovate ;
yellowish-green, encircled throughout with dark olive
bands.

IM. ?

A rich dark-banded species, with channelled suture, of
globose form, ])robably from Borneo.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria pilula. Amp. testd globosd, spira brevi,
subimmersd, anfraciibus convexis, tumidis, siiperne de-
presse rottmdaiis, leevigatis ; mnbilico parviusculo ;
aperturd ovatd; luteseente-viridi, olivaceo fasciatd et
nubeculatd.

The ball Ampullaria. Shell globose, spire short, ra-
ther ilnmersed whorls convex, swollen, depressly
rounded at the upper part, smooth ; umbilicus rather
small ; aperture ovate ; yellowish-green, banded and
clouded with olive.

Eab. Borneo.

Of the same typical charactei- as the preceding species,

rounder, with the spire shorter and slightly immersed.

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria megastoma. Amp. testd globoso-ventri-
cosd, Naticaformi, spird plano-immersd, anfraciibus
convexis, tumidis, spiraliier obscure funieulatis, ru-
gose ; mnbilico obiecto ; aperinrd perampld, liinato-
ovatd ; intense fiisco-olivaced, inins purpvreo-fuscd,
lividd.

The labge-moutued Ampullaria. Shell globosely
ventricose, Natica- shaped, spire flatly immersed,
whorls convex, swollen, spirally obscurely corded,
rugose ; umbilicus covered over ; aperture very large.

lunar-ovate ; dark brown-olive, interior purple-brown,

livid.
SoWERBY, Tankerville Catalogue, App. p. 10.

Ampullaria Neriioides, D'Orbigny.
3ab. Mouth of the Rio Uruguay ; D'Orbigny.

Distinguished from all other species of the genus by
its remarkably expansive Natica-shaped growth and livid
purple-brown interior.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria sordida. Amp. testd gtoboso-iurbinaid,
spird subprominuld, suiurd canaliculatd, anfraciibus
rotundatis, .wperne impressis, liBvigaiis ; vmbilico pro-
funda ; apa-turd ovaid, labro vix reflexo ; rufo-oUoa-
ced, labro castaneo.

The dull Ampullaria. Shell globosely turbinated,
spire rather prominent, suture channelled, whorls
rounded, impressed at the upper part, smooth ; uni-
bOicus deep ; aperture ovate, lip scarcely reflected ;
reddish-olive, lip chestnut.

SwAlNSON, Zoological Illustrations, vol. iii. pi. 143.

Eab. Rio de la Plata.

Of regular rotundately turbinated growth, smooth, and

chestnut-rust-coloured.

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Hondurasensis. Amp. testa ovatd, ven-
tricosd, spird breviusculd, acuid, anfraciibus superne
plano-declivibus, deinde convexis, basin versus subat-
ieimaiis, corrugato-striatis ; nmbilico angnsio ; aper-
turd pyriformi-ovaid, labro subexpanso ; cinereo-oli-
vaccd, nitenie, fasciis linearibus obscure pictd.

The Honduras Ampullaria. Shell ovate, ventricose,
spire rather short, sharp, whorls flatly slanting round
the upper part, then convex, rather attenuated to-
wards the base, wrinkle-striated ; umbilicus narrow ;
aperture pyriforraly ovate, lip rather expanded ; ash-
olive, shining, obscurely painted with linear bands.

Hab. Honduras; Dyson.

A neatly convoluted species of a peculiar shining livid

ash-olive colour, obscurely painted with linear bands.

June, 1856.

Ampul /nria, Fl. B.

AMPULLARIA.

Plate IV.

Species 16. (Mus. Cumiug.)

Ampullakia autumnalis. Amp. testa turbinatd, spird
mbprominuld, anfrcwtibm rotundatis, ad suturam de-
presdmculis, obscure spiraliter funiculatis, funiculk
irregularibus, interstitiis maUeatis et atriatis ; wM-
lico mbamplo ; apertura rotundato-ovatd, labro sub-
expanso ; olivaced, castaneo-rufo tinctd.

The autumnal Ampullakia. Shell turbinated, spire
rather prominent, whorls rounded, rather depressed
at the suture, obscurely spirally corded, cords irre-
gular, with the interstices malleated and striated;
umbilicus rather large; aperture rotundately ovate,
lip rather expanded; olive, stained with chestnut-
red.

Hfth. ?

The whorls of this species are somewhat more than
usually rounded, whOe they are concentrically sculptured
with obscure cords, irregular and wrinkle-like in parts,
with the interstices malleated and striated. The outer
surface is partially covered on the olive ground with a
deciduous chestnut-red coating.

Species 17- (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullakia venetus. Amp. testa globosd, subventri-
cosd, spird breviusculd, acuta, anfractibus superrii de-
clivibus, deinde convexis. utidique malleatis et minute
cremdato-striatis ; umbilico mediocri; apertura lu-
nato-pyriformi, parviusculd, labro expamo ; luteo-
virescente, versus apicem pallidiore, labro lutescente.

The sea-green Ampullakia. Shell globose, subven-
tricose, spire rather short, sharp, whorls slanting
round the upper part, then convex, everywhere mal-
leated and minutely crenulately striated ; umbilicus
middling; aperture lunar-pyriform, rather small, lip
expanded ; yellowish-green, paler towards the apex,
lip yellowish.

H„b. ?

A pale sea-green species, witli the surface ratlier largely
malleated throughout and minutely crenulately striated
the lip and columella being of a rather conspicuous pale
yellow tone.

Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullakia urceus. Amp. testd globoso-turbinatd, so-
lidiusculd, spird brevi, plerumque plus minus erosd,
anfractibus compressi rotundatis, ad suturam depres-
siusculis, irregulariter corrugato-liratis, et rugoso-re-
ticulatis ; umbilico amplo, prof undo ; apertura pyri-
formi, labio columellari rejlexo ; lutescente-albd, epi-
dermide crassd earned olivaced indutd.

The pitcher Ampullakia. Shell globosely turbinated,
rather sobd, spire short, generally more or less

eroded, whorls compressly rounded, a little depressed
at the suture, irregularly wrinkle-ridged and ru-
gosely reticulated ; umbilicus large and deep; aper-
ture pyiiform, columellar bp reflected ; yellowish-
white, covered with a thick horny olive epidennis.

Merita urceus, Miiller, Hist. Verm. p. 174.
Ampullaria urceus, Deshayes.
Ampullaria rugosa, Lamarck.
An eadem. Ampullaria dolium, Philippi.
An testa junior. Ampullaria leucostoma, Swainson.

Hab. Trinidad; Cutler.

This well-known species is at once recognized by its
compressly rounded form and stout wrinkle-ridged horny
epidermis, mostly eroded at the apex.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)

A.mpullaria puncticulata. Amp. testd subpyriformi-
ovatd, ventricosd, spird mediocri, anfractibus superni
tumidis, versus basin attmiuatis, lavigatis, sub lente
punctulatis ; umbilico angusto ; apertura oblongo-
ovatd, labro columellari reflexo ; olivaceo-virescente,
fasciis angustis viridibus obscure pictd, labro aurantio-
rufo.

The punctured Ampullaria. Shell somewhat pyri-
formly ovate, ventricose, spire middling, whorls
swollen round the upper part, attenuated towards
the base, smooth, finely punctured beneath the lens ;
umbilicus narrow ; aperture oblong-ovate, columellar
lip reflected ; olive-green, obscurely painted with
narrow green bands, lip orange-red.

Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, vol. iii. p. 143.

Uah. ?

Of a very characteristic pear-bke ovate form, with a
warm orange-red lip.

Species 20. (Pig. a, b, Mus. Cumiug.)
Ampullaria vexilldm. Amp. testd ovatd, tenuiculd,
ventricosd, anfractibus convexis, superni subplanulatis,
Icevigatis, sub lente punctulatis; umbilico angusto;
apertura pyriformi-ovatd, expansd, labro columellari
reflexo ; olivaceo-virescente, fasciis saturate viridibus
cingulatd, labro rufescente.
The flag Ampullaria. Shell ovate, rather thin, ven-
tricose, whorls convex, rather flattened at the upper
part, smooth, finely punctured beneath the lens ;
umbiUcus narrow; aperture pyriformly ovate, ex-
panded, columellar lip reflected ; olive-green, encir-
cled with dark green bands, lip tinged with red.
IM. ?

Very closely allied to the preceding species, but of a
less pear-shaped form, with the whorls more flattened
round the upper part.

June, 1856.

Aiiipn/Jdrin. If. V.

. Brooks Imp.

AMPULLARIA,

Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullar! A livescens. Amp. testa globosd, suhvenlri-
cosd, spird irevi, anfractibus tumide decUvibus, deiude
convexis, Icevibus, nitentibiia ; umbilico profnndo, aub-
contracto ; aperturd pyriformi-ovatd ; Ikido-cinered,
juxta suluram fiilvescente, fasciis olivaceo-viridibus
cingulatd.
The livid Ampullaria. Shell globose, somewhat vcn-
tricose, spire short, whorls tumidly slanting round
the upper part, then convex, smooth, shining; umbi-
licus deep, rather contracted ; aperture pyriformly
ovate ; livid ash, fulvous next the suture, encircled
with narrow olive-greeu bands.

Hah. ?

A rather tumid species, with the whorls full and slant-
ing round the upper part, of a fulvous livid colour, en-
circled with narrow greenish bands. In substance rather
thin, with a smooth shining surface.

Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Lattuei. ylmp. testa globosd, solidiusculd,
npird bn'viuscnld, mifractibics rotundatis, lavibus ;
umbilico profnndo, subcontracto ; sordidi fulvd, fas-
ciis pallids olivaceo-viridibus cingulatd; aperturd
ovaid, lubro subreflexo.

Lattre's Ampullaria. Shell globose, rather solid,
spire rather short, whorls rounded, smooth ; umbi-
licus deep, rather contracted ; dull fulvous, encircled
with pale olive green bands ; aperture ovate, lip
slightly reflected.

Hnb. Coban, Guatemala; Lattre.

Of a less tumid form than the preceding species, and of

thicker substnuce, not shining exteriorly.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria haustrum. Amp. testa compresse ovatd,
ventricosissimd, vie umbilicatd, spird parvd, subim-
mersd, aitfraciibus ad suturam impresse canaliculatis,
delude convexis ; sordide olivaced, striata ei malleatd,
fasciis angustis palUde virescentibus citigulafd ; aper-
• turd pyrifornii-oblongd, perampld ; fauce livido-pur-
pured.

TuE scoop Ampullaria. Shell compressly ovate, very
vcntricose, scarcely umbilicated, spire small, rather

immersed, whorls impressly channelled at the suture,
then convex ; dull olive, striated and malleated, en-
circled with narrow faint green bands ; aperture py-
riformly oblong, very large ; livid purple in the
interior.
Hah. River Maranon, Brazil.

This fine species belongs to the same type as A. imii-
larnni, D'Oi'bigny, from La Plata. Its chief points of
difference consist in being less distinctly umbilicated, and
in having a much larger and more expanded aperture.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria melanocheila. Amp. testa globoso-tur-
binald, spird mediocri, anfractihts superne planatis,
deinde convexis ; umbilico amplo, profnndo ; aperturd
ovatd; olivaceo-virescente, fasciis angustis pallide ru-
fescente-fuscw cingulatd, labro nigro.

The black-lipped Ampullaria. Shell globosely tur-
binated, spire middling, whorls flattened round the
upper part, then convex ; umbilicus large, deep ;
aperture ovate, olive-green, encircled with narrow
faint reddish-brown bands, lip black.

Eab. ?

A very characteristic species, rather deiiressly flattened

next the suture, with the lip conspicuously black-stained

within tiie aperture.

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Columbiensis. Amp.testd globom, tenui-
culd, vmtricosd, spird subplanulatd, anfractibus con-
vexis, Icevibus, nitentibus ; iimbilico parvo, contralto ;
aperturd ovatd, subampld ; fulvescente-cinered,fascii.i
pallide olivaceo-viridibus cingulatd.

The Columbia Ampullaria. Shell globose, rather thin,
ventricose, spire rather flat, whorls convex, smooth,
shining ; umbilicus small, contracted ; aperture ovate,
rather large ; fulvous ash, encircled with faint olive-
green bands.

Sowerby, MS. Mus. Cuming.

Eab. Chiriqui, Veragua.

Of light globose structure, with only a small umbilicus,

fulvous in tone of colour, encircled with faint olive-greeu

bands.

August, 1856.

JmpuUarm B. VI.

Sowsrby dd Alith

AMPULLARIA.

Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.)

A.MPULL.\RIA LuzoNlCA. Amp. testd globosa, liimidius-
culd, tenui, anfractibns superne plano-mpressis, deinde
rotimdatis, lavibus, longitudinaliter obsolete mlcatk ;
umbilico parvo ; aperturd ovatd, subampld ; fidves-
cenfe-olivaced, obscure famatd.

The Luzon Ampullaria. Shell globose, rather swol-
len, thin, whorls flatly impressed round the upper
part, then rounded, smooth, longitudinally obsoletely
grooved ; umbilicus small ; aperture ovate, rather
large ; fulvous-olive, obscurely banded.

Hub. Calanang, Island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.
A light globosely turbinated shell, rather impressed

next the suture, obscurely longitudinally grooved on the

penultimate whorl.

Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.)

.Vmpullaria Layakdi. Amp. tesld subcompresse globosd,
anfractibm superne angtiste plano-impressis, deinde ro-
tiindaiis, lavibus, niteiitibus ; umbilico parvo, con-
tracto ; aperturd ovatd; albidd, epidermide corned
olivaced indutd.

Lavard's Ampullaria. Shell rather compressly glo-
bose, whorls narrowly flatly impressed round the
upper part, then rounded, smooth, shining ; umbili-
cus small, contracted; aperture ovate; whitish, co-
vered with an olive horny epidermis.

Httb. Colombo, Ceylon ; Layard, Templeman.

Of a more compressly globose form than the preceding

species, with a conspicuous horny epidermis.

Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.)
A.\iPULLARiA Yatesii. Amp. testa globosa, spird brevi,
parum exsertd, anfractibus superne subimpressis, deinde
plano-convexis, longitudinaliter irregulariter striatis ;
umbilico subangusto, profunda ; aperturd pyriformi-
ovttta, perompU, labro reflexo ; fulvo-ca.itanen, lineis

nigris incp.quidistantibus cingulatd, labro intus rufo-
aurantio tincto.

Yates's Ampullaria. Shell globose, spire short, but
little exserted, whorls rather impressed round the
upper part, then flatly convex, longitudinally irregu-
larly striated ; umbilicus rather narrow, deep ; aper-
ture pyriformly ovate, vei-y large, lip reflected ; ful-
vous-chestnut, encircled at unequal distances with
black lines, lip tinged within with reddish-orange.

Hab. Kiver Maraiion ; Yates.

This interesting species is of a peculiar fulvous-chestnut
colour, encircled at unequal distances with black lines.
The aperture is unusually large, tinged next the lip with
a warm reddish-orange.

Fig. 29. (Mus. Cuming.)

The specimen here figured is the Ceylon form of A.
Luzonica, represented above it at Fig. 26, from the
Philippine Islands. It is rather more flatly impressed
round the upper part of the whorls.

Species SO. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria porphyrostoma. Amp. testa oblongo-
globosd, spird subprominuld, anfractibus superne decli-
vibus, deinde convexis, lavibus, nitentibus ; mniilico
subangusto, prof undo ; aperturd ovatd, subeffusd ; ci-
nereo-olivaced, obscure muUifasciatd, aperturd nigri-
cante.

The purple-mouth Ampullaria. Shell oblong-glo-
bose, spire rather prominent, whorls slanting round
the upper part, then convex, smooth, shining ; um-
bilicus rather narrow, deep ; aperture ovate, rather
effused ; ash-olive, faintly many-banded, aperture
rather blackish.

Hab. ?

Of a rather oblong turbinated form, and shining ash-
olive hvie, the whorls being gently slanted next the suture.

.\ugus

Amjnilhuia. B. VU.

AMPULLARIA.

Plate VII.

Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampi:i,larh flatilis. Amip. lestd vix umbilicata, glo-
hosd, tumidd, spird brevimculd, anfractibm coiwexis,
lavlbna, longitudinalite-r striato-scalptis ; virescetite-
olkaced, atigude foiciatd ; aperturd pyriformi-ovatd,
lahro columellari subreJlexo,Jlavescente.

Thk blown Ampullaria. Shell scarcely umbilicated,
globose, lumid, spire rather short, whorls convex,
smooth, longitudinally striately scratched ; greenish-
olive, narrowly banded ; aperture pyriformly ovate,
columellar lip slightly reflected, yellowish.

Hob. Tabasco, Mexico.

Allied to J. Uvescens, but obviously distinct in form,
more rounded, with the spire less exserted, and more con-
tracted at the umbilicus.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria malleata. Amp. lestd ylobosd, tumidd,
vix umbilieatd, spird subacuminatd, anfractibv.s con-
vexis, undique conspicue malleatis ; livido-olivaced ,-
aperturd pyriformi-onatd, labro stibeffuso, iniiis fia-
vescente.
The hammered Ampullaria. Shell globose, tumid,
scarcely umbilicated, spire rather acuminated, whorls
convex, everywhere conspicuously maUeated ; livid
olive ; aperture pyriformly ovate, lip rather etTused,
yellowish within.
Jonas, Moll. Beitr. p. 22. pi. 10. f. 11.

Ampullaria reflexa, var., Philippi
Hab. Mexico.

This species is clearly not a variety of A. reflexa. Al-
though the malleated surface predominates in a manner to
render it a distinguishing character, the shell is distin-
guished otherwise by peculiarities of form.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria speciosa. Amp. testd globosd, profundi
umbilieatd, spird breviusculd, subimmersd, arifractibus
ad sutiiram caualiculaiia, deinde convexis ; glaucd,
lineato-fasciatd, epidermide olivaced corned indutd ;
aperturd pyriformi'oblougd, perampld, lahro iiitus in-
tense mitdato.

The handsome Ampullaria. Shell globose, deeply
umbilicated, spire rathtr sliort, somewhat immersed,

whorls channelled at the suture, then convex ; glau-
cous, banded with lines, covered with an olive horny
epidermis; aperture pyriformly oblong, very large,
lip deep vermilion within.

Philippi, Zeitsehrift fiu- Malac. 18-19, p. 18. Kuster.
Conch. Cab. Amp. p. 40. pi. 11. f. 3.

Ilab. Zanzibar.

A fine glaucous species, covered with a rather thin

olive-horny epidermis, deep vermilion-stained within the

lip, convoluted nearly on a vertical plane.

Species 34. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria h.emastoma. Amp. lestd globosd, soli-
diusculd, subprofunde umbilieatd, spird brevi, obtusd,
anfractibiis superne pluntdatis, deinde convexis, un-
dique peculiariler corrugato-malleatis ; livide oliva-
ceo-nigrd ; aperturd lunato-oblongd, labro intits in-
tense sanguineo.

The blood-mouthed Ampullaria. Shell globose,
rather solid, rather deeply umbilicated, spire short,
obtuse, whorls rather flat at the upper part, then
convex, everywhere peculiarly wrinkle-malleated ;
livid olive-black ; aperture lunar-oblong, lip deep
blood-red within.

Hab. Peru.

Of an intense dark livid colour, almost black, with the

surface peculiarly wrinkle-malleated, and the lip stained

within with deep blood-red.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria polita. Amp. testd oblongo-globosd, sub-
glayidiformi, subimperforatd, spird vix acuminatd, an-
fractibus convexis, pecuUariter nitentibus, olivaceo-
virerite ; aperturd pyriformi, subangustd.

The polished Ampullaria. Shell oblong-globose,
somewhat acorn-shaped, almost imperforated, spire
slightly acuminated, whorls convex, peculiarly shin-
ing ; olive-green ; aperture pyriform, rather narrow.

Deshayes, Encyclopedic Methodique, Vers, vol. ii. p. 31.
Eadem. Ampullaria virescem, Deshayes.

Hab. Port Jackson, Australia.

Of an oblong-globose glandiform shape, with a peculiar

dark, shining, olive-green surface.

AmpuUaria, Fl mi.

Smverby ddetTitb.

■Vmcenx Brocis Imp.

A M P U L L A R I A.

Fig. 36. (Mus. Cuming.)
The shell here figured proves to be a variety, of finer
growth, of A.pilula, represented at PI. III. Fig. 12.

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampull.'iria Turbinoides. Amp. testa obhngo-turbi-
itatd, soUdiusculd, subimperforatd, spird exserld, aii-
fractibus convexis, lavibu^ ; olivaceo-virente, obscure
fasciatd; aperturd ovatd, parviusculd, labro columd-
lari reflexo.

The TiKBO-LiKE Ampull.\ria. Shell oblong-turbi-
nated, rather solid, almost imperforated, spire ex-
serted, whorls convex, smooth ; olive -green, ob-
scurely banded ; aperture ovate, rather small, colu-
inellar lip reflected.

Hab. Australia.

A dull smooth olive-greeu species, faintly banded, of a
Turbo-Wke growth.

ture lunar-oblong, rather large, lip tinged with
orange-red within.
Spix, Test. Fluv. Brasiliensia, pi. 3. f. 1.

Hab. ?

Allied to A. urceus, but less roughly wrinkled, and of a
ligliter olive-horn colour, tinged in the mouth with a warm
orange-red.

Species 38 (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullakia olivacea. Amp. testa suboblotigo-glo-
bosd, vix umbdicat/i, sjiird mediocri, an/ractibiis ad
Sttturam canaliculatis, deinde convexis, lotitjiiudina-
Uter corrugato-striatis ; virente-olivaeed ; aperturd U-
nato-oblongd, suhampld, labro intus auraatio-rufo.

The olive Ampullakia. Shell somewhat oblong-glo-
bose, scarcely umbilicated, spire moderate, whorls
slightly channelled at the suture, then convex, longi-
tudinally corrugately striated ; greenish-olive ; aper-

I Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)

I Ampullakia Lymn^^foemis. Amp. testd compre-isi
I ovatd, subtus excavatd, subampUter umbiUcatd, spird

■fubimmersd, arifractibus superne plamdatis, deinde
plano-convexis ; sordid} glaucd, fasciis quatuor fuscu
distatitibus angustis cingulatd ; aperturd ovatd, late
expansd.
The Lymn.ea-shaped Ampullakia. Shell compressly
ovate, hollowed beneath, rather largely umbilicated,
spire slightly immersed, whorls flattened round the
top, then flatly convex ; dull glaucous, encircled with
four distant narrow brown bands ; aperture ovate,
largely expanded.
Hab. River Maranon.

This fine species is distinguished by its elegantly con-
voluted Lymnrea-Vkt form, and largely expanded aperture

Fig. 40. (Mus. Cuming.)

This shell, though differing so much in appearance from

A. Layardl, represented at PI. VI. Fig. 27, is identical

with it, and illustrates an example of the same species

with the surface raalleated.

August, 1856

AmpuUana. Th IX.

Vincent brooks Ira-p

AMPULLARIA.

Species 41. (Miis. Cuming.)
Ampullarla. fasci.^.ta. ^mp. testa ovato-globosd, tenui,
injlatd, umbilicatd, spird parvitisculd, subimmersd, an-
fractilms ad suturam impress^ canaliculatis, deinde
rotundatk, maUeatk, niientibus ; limdo-glaucd,fasciis
angnstis rufescenle-glaucis cingidatd ; aperlurd ovatd,
snbampM.

The banded Ampullaria. Shell ovately globose, thin,
inflated, umbilicated, spire rather small, slightly im-
mersed, whorls impressly channelled at the suture,
then rounded, malleated, shining; livid glaucous,
encircled with narrow reddish-glaucous bands ; aper-
ture ovate, rather large.

Hab. ?

A very characteristic elegantly convoluted species, deeply

impressed at tiie suture and conspicuously umbilicated, of

light texture and pale glaucous colour, encircled with

darker reddish-glaucous bands.

We select this out of the many that have been described

and figured by authors under the name of A.fasciata,

trusting it may henceforth be regarded as the fixed type

of that species.

Species 43. (Fig. 43 and 43, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria insularum. Amp. testa ovato-globosd,
tenuiculd, injlatd, augmte profunde umbilicatd, spird
brevissimd, immersd, anfractibus ad suturam impresse
canaliculatis, deinde convexis, undique dense reticulato-
striatis ; olivaceo-virente, pallide fasciata ; aperturd
circulari-ovatd, labro integro, intus rufo-aurantio
tinclo.
The island Ampdllaria. Shell ovately globose, rather
thin, inflated, narrowly deeply umbilicated, spire very

short, immersed, whorls impressly channelled at the
suture, then convex, everywhere closely reticulately
striated; olive-green, faintly banded; aperture cir-
cular-ovate, lip entire, tinged with reddish-orange.

D'ORBiONy,Voy. dans TAmer. Me'rid. Moll. p. 374. pi. ,51.
f. 1, 3.

Hab. Isles of Parana ; D'Orbigny. Rio Grande, Bolivia ;
Bridges.

The shells represented at Fig. 42 and 43 illustrate two
different states of this species ; one in which the surface
is finely indently striated, the other in which it is also
ridged and malleated. The suture is deeply impressed
and the aperture nearly circular and warmly tinged with
orange. M. D'Orbigny describes having found specimens
among the water-plants in the lakes and brooks of the
Isles of Parana, La Plata, which he kept alive for a twehv-
month afterwards without water.

Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria papyracea. Amp. testd globoso-turbinatd,
tenuissimd, imperforatd, s'pird exsertd, obsolete spira-
liter liratd, anfractibus convexis, lavibus, nitentibus,
undique interne riifo-nigrd ; aperturd pyriformi-ob-
longd, labro columellari tenue reflexo.
The paper Ampullaria. Shell globosely tm-binated,
very thin, imperforated, spire exserted, obsoletely
spirally ridged, whorls convex, smooth, shining,
everywhere intense red-black; aperture pyriformly
oblong, columellar lip thinly reflected.
Spix, Test. Fluv. Brasiliensia, p. 3. pi. 4. f. 1, 2.
Hab. Meobamba, Western Brazil.

Chiefly distinguished by its peculiarly light horny tex-
ture, and very dark shining ebony colour.

August, 1856.

iinjntlltdia . PI. A.

5(TV\'Brb\' (icl etllt}l.

^iti^ent Brook? I-mp

AMPULLARIA.

Plate X.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullauia Oronocensis. Amp. testa globosa, am-
pliter perspective umbilicata, spird ireviuscula, an-
fractibus mtperne impresso-planis, deinde rotundatk ;
intense olivaceo-virente, fasciis angustis nigris cingu-
latd ; aperturd pyriformi-ovatd, labro irdus intense
a urantiO'sangu ineo .
The Oronoco Ampullaria. Shell globose, largely per-
.spectively urabilioated, spire rather short, whorls
impressly flattened at the upper part, then rounded ;
dark olive-green, encircled with narrow black bands ;
aperture pyriformly ovate ; lip deep orange, blood-
red within.
ZiEGLER, Mus. Cuming.
Hab. River Oronoco.

Of very characteristic helicoid growth, forming a large
perspective umbilicus, distinguished by its vivid colour-
ing. The outer surface of the shell is painted with narrow
black bands upon a rich olive-green ground, whilst the
aperture is stained with blood-red passing into orange.

Ampullaria pachystonia, Benson.
Hab. Calcutta (in the Botanic Gardens) ; Benson.

Peculiarly distinguished by its shining, olive, malleated,
globular form and thickened peritreme. The specimens
being more or less smooth or wi'inkled, with Fig. 46 and
47, represent the extreme states of the species, the spire
more or less acuminated and the umbilicus larger or
smaller.

Species 46. (Fig. 46 and 47, Mus. Cuming.)
A.MPUELARIA GLOBOSA. Amp. testd rotundato-globosd,
aiiguste profundi umbilicatd, spird brevi, obtusd, in-
terdum sulexsertd, anfraclibtis rotundatis, lesvibus, ni-
tentibus, phis minus malleatis ; lutescente-olivaeed, vix
fasciati.i ; ajjerturd lunalo-oblongd, ampld, labro in-
crassato, Jlavesceitte.
The GLOBOSE Ampullaria. Shell rotundately globose,
narrowly deeply umbilicated, spire short, obtuse,
sometimes a little exserted, whorls rounded, smooth,
shining, more or less malleated; yellowish -olive,
scarcely banded; aperture lunar oblong, large, lip
thickened, yellowish.
Swainson, Zool. Illus. First Series, PI. 119.
Eadem var. Ampullaria eorrugata, Swainson.

Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampcllaria ampullacea. Amp. testd pyriformi-glo-
bosd, basin versus attenuatd, anguste compresse um-
bilicatd, spird brevi, obtusd, anfractibus superne decli-
vibus, deinde plano-convex is, lavibus ; castuneo-oli-
vaced, fasciis angustis nvmerosis cingulafd ; aperturd
pyriformi-oblongd, ampld, labro intus aurantio-rufu
plu^ minus tincto.

The jug Ampullakia. Shell pyriformly globose, at-
tenuated towards the base, narrowly compressly
umbilicated, spire short, obtuse, whorls slanting
round the upper part, then slightly conve.K, smooth ;
chestnut-olive, encircled with numerous narrow
bands ; aperture pyriformly oblong, large, lip more
or less tinged within with orange-red.

Helix ampullacea, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. p. 1244.
Nerita ampullacea, Miiller.
Ampullaria fasciata, Lamarck.
BuUmus ampullaceus, Bruguiere.
Ampullaria ampullacea, Ferussac.
Ampullaria magnifica, Dunker.
Ampullaria Sumatrensis, Philippi.
Ampullaria Celebensis, Quoy and Gaimard.

Hab. Borneo.

This appears to be the old Liunean type of the genus

so far as it is possible to determine it. The shell is chiefly

distinguished by a characteristic globosely pear-shaped

form.

August, 1856.

Ampidloria, PI. U.

\%icent Brooks

AMPULLARIA.

Plate XI.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampci-laria DifsoNi. Amp. testa globosd, profundi tem-
hilicatd, spird actminatd, anfractibus superm declim-
6m, deinde ttmido-rotmtdatk, compicue malleatis ;
livido-grised, ferrugineo tinctd ; aperturd pyriformi-
oblongd, fauce livido-purpured.

Dyson's Ampullaeia. Shell globose, deeply umbili-
cated, spire acuminated, whorls slanting at the upper
part, then tumidly rounded, conspicuously malleated ;
livid grev, tinged with rust ; aperture pyriformly ob-
long, livid purple within.

Hanley, Conch. Miscellany, No. 1. PI. 2. Fig. 7.

Hab. Honduras ; Dyson.

This species scarcely differs from A. nmlleuta, except in
being more umbilicated and more globosely acuminated
towards the spire.

Species 50. (Fig. 50 and 51, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampull.\bia Beidgesii. Amp. tedd oblongd, tenui, siib-
prqfundi umbilicatd, spird turritd, anfractibus auperne
late plmo-angulatis, deinde convexis, kevibus, suhnial-
leatis ; virente-oUvaced, inierdum sordide olivaceo-
brunned, fasciis angustis nunverosis cingulatd ; aper-
turd ovato-oblongd, luhro effuso.
Bridges's Ampullaria. Shell oblong, thin, rather

deeply umbilicated, spire lurreted, whorls broadly
flatly angled at the upper part, then convex, smooth,
faintly malleated; greenish-olive, sometimes dusky
olive-brown, encircled with numerous narrow bauds ;
aperture ovately oblong, lip effused.
Hai. Eio Grande, Bolivia ; Bridges.

This fine species, collected in the interior of Bolivia by
Mr. Bridges, is remarkably distinguished by the broad
spiral shelf which is formed by the angular structure of
ilie upper part of the whorls next the suture.

Species 52. (Mus. Cuming.)
AMPULLARIA immersa. Amp. testa ovatd, tenui, veutri-
cosd, spird brevi, peculiariter immersd, anfractibus ad
suturam profunde canaliculatis, deinde convexis, iam-
bus; viresceHte-olivaced, versus spira-in pallidd, fusciis
angudis cingulatd; aperturd ovatd, labro subeffuso.
The immersed Ampullaria. Shell ovate, thin, ven-
tricose, spire short, peculiarly immersed, whorls
deeply channelled at the suture, then convex, smooth ;
greenish-olive, pale towards the spire, encircled with
narrow bands ; aperture ovate, lip rather effused.
Hab. Rio Grande, Bolivia ; Bridges.

A light ventricose species, deeply channelled at the su-
ture, with the spire peculiarly rudely immersed.

August, 1856.

Avqni liana, Fl. III.

% M..

"Kncent Brooks

AMPULLARIA.

Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampillaria zonata. Amp. testa mbquadrato-ovatS ,
tenuiculd, infiatd, anc/usti pro/unde nmbilicatd, spird
brevi, acuminata, anfractibus supeme late rotundatis,
vltimo basin, versus attetmato ; luteo-olivaced, lineis
ritfis, nigricantibus, et viridibus promiscue cingulatd ;
nperturd ovatd, ampliter effmd,fauce auranlio-luted.

The zoned Ampullaria. Shell somewhat squarely
ovate, rather thin, inflated, narrowly deeply umbi-
licated, spire short, acuminated, whorls broadly
rounded at the upper part, the last whorl attenuated
towards the base ; yellowish-olive, promiscuously en-
circled with red, black, and green lines ; aperture
ovate, largely effused, interior oraugc-yellow.

Spix, Test. Flnv. Brasiliensia, p. 1. pi. 2. f. 1, 2.

Hah. Columbia.

The shell here figured, the only specimen we have been
able to refer to A. zonata, corresponds with the variety
figured by Dr. Spix with the name A. Archimedes.

Species 54. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria vermiformis. Amp. testd globoso-turbi-
natd, siibampliter miibilicatd, sjnrd mediocri, anfrac-
tibus ad suturam impresse canaliculatis, deinde rotun-
datis, snbrude striatic ; lutescente-olivaced, fasciis vi-
rescentibus atigustis cingulatd; aperturd circulari-
ovatd,fauce aurantio tinctd.
The vermiform Ampullaria. Shell globoscly turbi-
nated, rather largely umbilicated, spire middling,
whorls impressly channelled at the suture, then
rounded, rather roughly striated ; yellowish-olive, en-
circled with narrow faint green bands ; aperture cir-
cular-ovate, interior tinged with orange.
Hdb. Paraguay.

Distinguished from A. insulartim, to which it is closely
allied, by its more spirally turbinated growth, larger umbi-
licus, and painting of narrow green bands.

Species 55. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Amazonica. Amp. testd oblongo-omtd,
mbanguste profundi umbilicatd, spird exsertd, anfrac-
tibus ad suturam impressis, deinde eonvexis, longitu-
dinaliter striatis ; virescente-olivaced, obsctire fas-
cial a ; aperturd pyriformi-oUongd, fauce aurantio
tinctd.

The Amazon Ampullaria. Shell oblong-ovate, rather
narrowly deeply umbilicated, spire exserted, whorls
impressed at the suture, then convex, longitudinally
striated ; greeiiish-olive, obscurely banded ; aperture
pyriformly oblong, interior tinged with orange.

Hab. Eiver Amazon.

Closely resembling Mr. Swainson's drawing of A. re-
Jlexa, but of larger size and differently coloured in the
mouth.

Species 56. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullakia Cassidiformi. Amp. testd oblongd, ver-
sus basin attenuata, subanguste profundi umbilicatd,
spird breviusculd, conoided, anfractibus super?ee tu-
mido-declivibus, deinde plano-convexis ; lutescente-
viridi, nigricante obscure fasciatd ; apeiturd pyri-
formi-oblongd, fauce livido-pnrpured, labro columel-
lari interdum sanguineo Undo.

The Cassis-shaped Ampullaria. Shell oblong, at-
tenuated towards the base, rather narrowly deeply
umbilicated, spire rather short, conoid, whorls tu-
midly slanting at the upper part, then flatly convex ;
yellowish-green, obscurely banded with blackish-
brown; aperture pyriformly oblong, interior livid
purple, eolumellar lip sometimes tinged with liiood-
red.

Hab. Lake of Maraeaibo, Venezuela.

A fine species from Venezuela, distinguished by its ob-
long Cassis-like form.

August, 1856.

AfvpiiJkuia,TLim.

Scvra-V ad* til

^&icmt BrookB Imp

AMPULLARIA.

Species 57. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria MAURA. Amp. testd globosd, miguste wnibi-
licatd, spird hrevmsculd, anfractibns ad siituras planu-
latk, delude rotundatis, Iambus; saturate olivaced ;
apertiird ovatd, labro intus jmrpureo-nigro tincto.

The moor Ampullaria. Shell globose, narrowly um-
bilicated, spire rather short, whorls a little flattened
at the sutures, then rounded, smooth ; dark olive ;
aperture ovate, lip stained within with purple-black.

Hab. ?

Of a particularly globose form, the lip being character-
istically stained within with purple or chestnut-black.

Species 58. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampillaria carinata. Amp. testd globo.id, crassd, an-
yusti umbilicald, spird subobtusd, anfractilus siiperne
plaiw-angulatis, deinde cmivexis ; lutescente-oUvaced ;
aperturd ovatd, labro incrassato, luieo tincto.

The keeled Ampullaria. Shell globose, thick, nar-
rowly umbilicated, spire rather obtuse, whorls flatly
angled at the upper part, then convex; yellowish-
olive ; aperture ovate, lip thickened, tinged with
yellow.

SwAiNSOX (not of Lamarck), Zoological Illustrations.

Hab. India.

A round shell of soUd growth, wiili tbe whorls abruptly

angled lound tiie upper part, so as to present a narrow

shelf, not impressed as in the .-/. canaUculata, which

Lamarck further characterizes as having a pointed ape\.

Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria erythrostoma. Amp. testa globoso-furbi-
riatd, profunde wmbilicatd, spird acuminato-exsertd,
anfractibiis rotundatis, longitudinaliter corrugato-stri-
atis; intense olivaceo-castaned ; aperturd ovatd, sub-
limpid, labro inius intense sanguineo.

The red-mouthed Ampullaria. Shell globosely tur-
binated, deeply umbilicated, spire acuminately e.\-
serted, whorls roundeil, longitudinally wrinkle-stri-

ated ; dark olive-chestnut ; aperture ovate, rather

large, lip deep blood-red within.
Hab. Zanzibar; Mr. T. Thorn.

This fine dark species, with blood-red-stained mouth, is
perfectly distinct from any hitherto described.

Species 60. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria Hopetonensis. Amp. testd subtrigono-
globosd, tiimidiusculd, mediocriter nmbilicatd, anfrac-
tibns siiperne impresso-declivibus, deinde convexis, leevi-
bus ; virescente-olivaced, versus spiram pallidiore, fas-
ciis angustis saturatioribiis cinj/ulatd; aperturd ovatd,
faiice nigricante-pmpured.
The Hopetown Ampullaria. Shell somewhat trian-
gularly globose, rather swollen, moderately umbi-
licated, whorls impressly slanting round the upper
part, then convex, smooth ; greenish-olive, paler to-
wards the spire, encircled with narrow darker bands ;
aperture ovate, interior blackish-purple.
Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. v. pi. 19. f. 84.
Hub Darien, Georgia.

A tumid globose shell, inclined somewhat angularly to-
wards the base.

[ Species 61. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria lubrica. Amp. testd globoso-ovatd, an-
gnstiisime umiilicatd, spird subexsertd, apice obtusd,
anfractibiis convexis, longitudinaliter rugoso-striatis,
nitentibus quasi lubricatis; livido-olivaced, alro-tinctd;
aperturd ovatd, baM subeffnsd.
The glazed Ampullaria. Shell globosely ovate, very
I narrowly umbilicated, spire rather exserted, obtuse

I at the apex, whorls convex, longitudinally rugosely

striated, shining as if glazed; livid olive, black-
smeared ; aperture ovate, rather effused at the base.

Hah. ?

Of a peculiar glazed livid black-smeared olive-eoloiu-,
witii a narrow scarcely perceptible umbilicus, the aperture
being a little effused at the base.

October, 1856.

AmpuUaria.Pl.JIV

W^^^_

SciWerby ual.eLlftli

Brooks imp

AMPULLAR! A.

Species 62. (Miis. Cuming.)

AMPULL.iRiA COMPACTA. Amp. testd subgloboso-ovatd,
vix umblUcata, spird breviusculd, anfractihi,& cauvexis,
lavibus; fulvescmite-olwaced,fascHs viresce/idbus cin-
gtdatd; apertiird oblongo-ovatd, ad marginem mar-
moratd.

The compact Ampullaria. Shell somewhat glo-
bosely ovate, scarcely umbilicated, spire rather short,
whorls convex, smooth ; fulvous-olive, encircled with
greenish bands; aperture oblong-ovate, marbled at
the edge.

liab. Malacca.

A smooth dark olive species, scarcely umbilicated, with
rather a contracted aperture, the interior being purple-
brown, with a thickened rim of opake blue-white near the
edge.

convex, wave-striated ; greenish-olive ; aperture ovate,

columellar lip slightly recurved.
Olivier, Voy. dans I'Empire Ottoman, I'Egypte et la

Perse, vol. ii. p. .39. pi. ;51. f. 1.
Hab. Egypt.

Of a regularly tumid ovate form, characterized with
longitudinally waved strife.

Species 63. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
A>rpiLLARiA NOTABiLis. Amp. testa subquadrato-ovatd,
tenui, infiatd, umbilicald, spird brevissimd, aafractibus
rolundato-prodmtis, hxvibus, maUeatis ; fulvo-spadi-
ced, fasciis angustis, interrnptis, siibobsoletis cingu-
latd; aperturd mnpld, fauce conspicue fasclatd.
The remarkacleAmpullaria. Shell somewhat squarely
ovate, tliin, inflated, umbilicated, spire very short,
whoris rotundately produced round the upper part,
smooth, malleated ; fulvous-fawn, encircled with faint
narrow interrupted bands ; aperture large, with the
bands conspicuously marked in the interior.
Hub. ?

A light inflated species, having the upper part of the
whorls almost on a plane with the spire.

Species 64. (Mus. Cumiug.)
Ampullaria ovata. Amp. testa ovatd, tumidiusculd,

subaiigusle umbilicatd, spird exsertd, aitfractibus eon-

vexis, nndato-striatis ; virescente-olivaced ; aperturd

ovatd, labro cohanellari subrecitrvo.
The ovate Ampullaria. Shell ovate, rather swoUen,

rather narrowly umbilicated, spire e.\serted, whorls

Species 65. (Fig. «, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria nubila. Amp. testd conico-ovatd, Turhird-
formi, solidd, vix umbilicatd, spird acuminato-exsertd,
anfractibus rotmdatis, Irsvibus, hie illic varicosis ; lu-
tescente, olivaceo-viridi interrupte fasciatd et nebulatd ;
aperturd parviusculd, subcirculari, oblique effusd.
I The cloudy Ampullaria. Shell conically ovate. Turbo-
shaped, solid, scarcely umbilicated, spire acuminatelv
exserted, whoris rounded, smooth, here and there va-
ricose; yellowish, interruptedly banded and clouded
with olive-green; aperture rather small, nearly <Mr-
eular, obliquely efl"used.
Hab. Biver Salomoens ; Mr. Yates.

A solid Turbo-like species, unusually acuminately con-
voluted, clouded with olive-green upon a dull fulvous-
yellow ground.

Species 66. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria trochulus. Amp. testd globosd, subum-
pliter umbilicatd, spird breviusculd, acute acuminatd,
anfractibus superne declivibus, delude convexis ,- fulvo-
olivaced, fasciis anguslis virescentibus immerosis ciii-
gulatd; aperturd obloiigd, subangustd, fauce conspieui
fasciatd.

The top Ampullaria. Shell globose, rather largely
umbilicated, spire rather short, sharply acuminated,
whoris slanting round the upper part, then convex ;
fulvous-olive, encircled with numerous narrow green
bands; aperture oblong, rather narrow, bands con-
spicuous in the interior.

Hab. ?

A globose many -banded shell, with a characteristic
sharply acuminated spire.

October, 1856.

Anipullajia , Fh X\\

A

^

Scwerbv dd.etlitK

"Viicent. brooks jTc:p .

AMPULLARIA.

Plate XV.

Species 67. (Mus. Cuming.)

A.MPULL.\RI.\ M.\LABAElc.\. Amp. tesid ovatii, anguste
mnbilicatd; fitlvo-oUvaced, spird subexsertd, anfrac-
tibus superne decUvibus el miiinte rugosis, de'mde con-
vexis, lavibits, nitenlibus, vix tiiaXleatu ; aperiurd
ovatd, labro temd, intm incrassa/o.

The Malabar Ampullaria. Shell ovate, narrowly
umbilicated ; fulvous-olive, spire somewhat exserted,
whorls slanting at the upper part and minutely
wrinkled, then convex, smooth, shining, faintly mal-
leated ; aperture ovate, lip thin, thickened within.

Philippi, Kiister, Conch. Cab. Ampullayia, p. 29. pi. 7.
f. 8.

Uah. Malabar.

The outer surface of this species is -shinii
ijlive, with the umbilicus almo.st obsolete.

fulvous-

Species BS. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Ampcllakia pkodicta. Amp. ientd oblongo-ovali, ad
basin prodactd, anguste umbiUcatd, umbilico fere ob-
soleto, spird suboblusd, anfractibus sitperne declivibiis
et tenuirugosis, deinde plano-couvexis ; olivaced, rufo-
castaneo fasciatd ; aperiurd oblougd, ad basin effusd,
ad marginem maculatd.

The produced Ampullaria. Shell oblong-oval, pro-
duced at the base, narrowly umbilicated, umbilicus
almost obsolete, spire rather obtuse, whorls slanting,
and finely wrinkled at the upper part, then flatly
convex; olive, banded with reddish-chestnut; aper-
ture oblong, effused at the base, spotted at the edge.

Hab. ?

This species is chiefly characterized by its oblong-oval

ibnu, produced and eftused at the base.

corrugatis et nalleatis ; virenle-oUvaced, lineis fasci-
Uque angustis nigricantibus cingulatd ; aperiurd ovatd,
intus nigricante-purpured, labro inlus nigrescente.

The reflected Ampullaria. Shell globose, rather
deeply umbilicated, spire short, whorls somewhat im-
pressed at the suture, then rounded, smooth, shining,
obscurely wrinkled and raalleated ; greenish-olive,
encircled with dark lines and narrow bands ; aperture
ovate, interior blackish-purple, lip black within.

SwAiNSON, Zoological Illustrations, vol. iii. pi. 172.

Hab. ?

A globose shell, very symmetrically convoluted, chiefly

distinguished by its blackish-purple interior, the lip being

stained within darker.

Species 69. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria reflex a. Amp. testa globosd, snbprofunde
uiiibilicatd, spird brevi, anfractibus ad suturam sub-
inipressis, d<iitide rolundatis, lavibus, nitenlibus, obscure

Species 70. fFig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria oblonga. Amp. testa subtrigouo-oblongd,
soUdiusculd, angnste umbilicatd, spird subpyramidali,
anfractibus ad suturam plano-impressis, deinde rotun-
dato-atigulatis ; albidd, epidermide fulvd indutd, apice
earned; aperiurd anguste oblougd, labro columellari
reflexo.

The oblong Ampullaria. SheU somewhat triangularly
oblong, rather solid, narrowly umbilicated, spire sub-
pyramidal, whorls flatly impressed at the suture, then
rotundately angled ; whitish, covered with a fidvous
epidermis, flesh-tinged at the apex ; aperture nar-
rowly oblong, columellar lip reflected.

SwAlNSON, Zoological Illustrations, vol. iii. pi. 136.

Hab. ?

An interesting species, distinguished by its peculiarly

oblong form, and light fulvous external colouring.

Fig. 71. (Mus. Cuming.)
The shell here figured is a variety of ^. compacla, repre-
sented in the preceding Plate, of which there are several,
all distinguished by a peculiar narrow contracted umbi-
licus.

October, 1856.

Amjpullajia^ J^l. XVI.

■^^iicent Hroote Iikp

AM PULL ARIA.

Plate XVI.

Fig. 72. (Mus. Cuming.)
An interesting banded variety of A. sordida, represented
at PI. III. Y\g. 14, presenting a link with A. melanocheila,
•Sp. 24.

Species 73. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.)

A.vipuLLARiA SCALARIS. Amp. tedd pyriformi-ovatd,cras-
sittseuld, umbilicatd, spird declm-pyramidali, acuta,
anfractibtcs superne late plano-angidatis, deinde con-
vexh, ultimo antice descendente ; purpureo-fuscd, ad
angulu.M Iwido-albicante ; apertnrd ovali,fauce albidd.

The laddek Ampullaria. Shell pyriformly ovate,
rather thick, umbilicated, spire slantingly pyramidal,
sharp, whorls broadly flatly angled at the upper part,
then convex, last whorl descending in front ; purple-
brown, livid whitish at the angle; aperture oval, in-
terior whitish.

D'Orbigny, Voy. dans I'Amerique Merid. Moll. p. 374.
pi. 50. f. 1-3.

Hab. Bolivia; D'Orbigny. P.ridges.

Singularly distinguished from all other species of the
genus by its broad angularly turbinated spire.

Species 74. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria labiosa. ylmp. testa oblique globoid, sub-
anguste umbilicatd, spird exsertiusculd, acutd, anfrac-
tibus convexis, nitentibus, longitudinaliter striatis et
malleatis; fuho-stramined ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd,
expansd, labro columellari reJlexo,fauce ad tmrginem
fttlvo-aurantid.

The lipped Ampullaria. Shell obliquely globose,
rather narrowly umbilicated, spire somewhat ex-
serted, sharp, whorls convex, shining, longitudinally
striated and malleated ; fulvous straw-colour ; aper-
ture oblong-ovate, expanded, columellar lip reflected,
interior fulvous-orange at the edge.

Hab. India.

Of a peculiar obliquely expanded globose form, with a
characteristic shining fulvous straw-coloured exterior, the
aperture being edged within with fulvous-orange.

Species 75. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Dolioides. Amp. testd ovatd, tenui, ven-
tricosd, anguste umbilicatd, spird brevi, acuta, anfrac-
tibus convexis, nitentibus, ad suturas impressis, ultimo
ampliter tumido et expanse ; cinereo-olivaced, obscure
rufo-fa-sciatd, fasciis Unearibus, irregularibus ; aper-
turd perampld, apertd, labro columellari reflexo.

The Dolium-like Ampullaria. Shell ovate, thin,
ventricose, nareowly umbilicated, spire short, sharp,
whorls convex, shining, impressed at the sutures, last
whorl largely swollen and expanded ; ash-olive, ob-
scurely red-banded, bands linear, irregular ; aperture
very large, open, columellar lip reflected.

Hab. Bombay.

An elegantly convoluted species, of light semitrans-

parent substance, the last whorl being unusually larger

than the rest, and openly expanded.

Koch, Phi

ippi,

in Kiister, Conch. Cab. AmpnUuria,

p. 38. pi. 18. f. 5.

Species 76. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria kncaustica. Amp. lesld globosd, basin
versus obtuse atteuuatd, vix umbilicatd, teimi, pellu-
cidd, spird brevi, obtusd, anfractibus convexis, Icevibus,
nitentibus; virescente-olivaced ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd,
labro breviter rejlexo, carneolo-aurantio.

The enamelled Ampullaria. Shell globose, obtusely
attenuated towards the base, scarcely umbilicated,
thin, transparent, spire short, obtuse, whorls convex,
smooth, shining; greenish-olive; aperture oblong-
ovate, lip shortly reflected, carnelion-orange.

Hab. ?

An apparently solid globular species, but, in reality,

thin and semitransparent. The colour is a shining smooth

greenish-olive, with the lip bright carnelion-orange.

October, 1856.

Awffi^ihriw, n. ivn.

'fecent Brooks Itoti-

AMPULLARIA.

Species 77. (Mus. Cuming.)

A.MPULLARIA HEPATARl.v. Amp. testd subglobosd, tenui,
nubinfiatd, anguste umbilicatd, spird brevimculd, acu-
vi'matd, anfractibm siiperne decUvibus, ddnde couvexis,
nitentibiis, longitudinaliter striatu ; livido-spadiced,
versus apicem pellucido-carned ; aperturd ovatd, lahro
columellari tenue rejlexo.

The liver Ampullaeia. Shell subglobose, thin, rather
inflated, narrowly umbilicated, spire rather short,
pointed, whorls slanting round the upper part, then
convex, shining, longitudinally striated ; livid fawn-
colour, transparent flesh towards the apex ; aperture
ovate, columeDar lip thinly reflected.

Hub. ?

Of light inflated growth, thin in substance, characterized

by a peculiar livid-fawn or liver-colour, changing towards

the apex into a transparent flesh tint.

Species 78. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
AjiiULLARiA vittata. Amp. testd globoso-turbinatd,
sttbanguste umbilicatd, spird exsertd, anfractibus ro-
tundatis, lavibits, superne tenuissime plicato-striatis ;
fulveacente-oUvaced, fasciis brmmeis angusiis nmnerosis
cingulatd ; aperturd ovatd, fauce Uvido-purpurascente,
ad marginem maeidatd.
The filleted Ampullaeia. Shell globosely turbinated,
rather narrowly umbilicated, spire exserted, whorls
rounded, smooth, very finely plicately striated at the
upper part ; fulvous-olive, encircled with numerous
narrow brown bands ; aperture ovate, interior livid-
purple, blotched at the edge.
ffab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This species, which Mr. Cuming possesses in several
states, is characterized throughout by a uniform fulvous-
olive ground, encircled with narrow brown bands more
than usually numerous.

Species 79. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaeia canaliculata. Amp. testd

sd, sub-

ventricosd, suba>igiiste umbilieatd, spird brevi, acittd,
anfractibus eonvexis, longitudinaliter striatis, siiperne
concavo-canaliculatis; pallide cinered, saturate fasciatd,
sub epidermide tenui olivaced ; aperturd p^riformi-
ovatd, ccerulescente, prope colnmellam aurantio-rufd.
HE CHANNELLED AMPULLAEIA. Shell globose. Some-
what ventricose, rather narrowly umbilicated, .spire
short, sharp, whorls convex, longitudinally striated,
concavdy channelled at the upper ]iart ; pale ash,
dark banded beneath a thin olive epidermis ; aper-
ture pyriformly ovate, bluish, orange-red next the
columella.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. viii. p. .534.
Hab. Cashmere; Baron Hiigel.

Chiefly distinguished from A. immersa and other chan-
nelled species of the genus by its sharp-pointed, though
short, spire, u character specially noted by Lamarck.

Species 80. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaeia vitrea. Amp. testd ovato-turbinatd, tenuis-
simd, corned, injlatd, parum umbilicatd, spird exsertd,
anfractibus primis quatuor angulatis, ad angulum in-
distincte carinatis, anfractu ultimo superne declivi,
angulo evanido, deinde convexo ; pellucido-brmined,
flammis opaco - albidis longitudinaliter irregulariter
strigatd ; aperturd ovata, lahro columellari tenue re-
flexo, nitente-atro.
The glassy Ampullaeia. Shell ovately turbinated,
very thin, horny, inflated, but slightly umbilicated,
spire exserted, first four whorls angled, indistinctly
keeled at the angle, last whorl slanting round the
upper part, the angle gradually disappearing, then
rounded; transparent brown, longitudinally irregu-
larly streaked with opake-whitish flames ; aperture
ovate, columellar lip thinly reflected, shining black.
Helix vitrea. Born, Test. Mus. Viudobonensis, pi. 15. f.
15, 16. Chemn. Conch, vol. xi. p. 283. pi. 210.
f. 2072, 2073.
Bulimus vitreus, Bruguiere, Deshayes.

This extremely rare and curious shell, of transparent
light horny texture, variegated with opake epidermis-like
flakes, hitherto referred to the genus BuUraus, appears to
belong rather to Jmpullaria.

Species 81. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaeia Cumingii. Amp. testd subgloboso-ovatd,
soUdiusculd, profundi umbilicatd, spird brevi, anfrac-
tibus superne planiusculis, deinde convexis, subdiscoi-
deis ; fulvo-cinered, fasciis angustis el lineis paucis
rufescenlibus cingulatd; aperturd ovatd, effusd, labro
columellari subincrassato.

Cuming's Ampullaria. Shell subglobosely ovate, rather
solid, deeply umbilicated, spire short, whorls rather
flat at the upper part, then convex, somewhat dis-
coid ; fulvous-ash, encircled with a few reddish nar-
row bauds and lines ; aperture ovate, eifused, colu-
mellar lip rather thickened.

King, Zoological Journal, vol. v. p. 344.

Hal). Island of Taboga, Panama.

A solid shell, of somewhat discoid growth, with the

aperture thickened and much eff'used.

October, 1856.

Anipidlaruf,B.im.

Sowerly

"Vincent J&rooks Im^.

AMPULLARIA.

Plate XVIII.

Species 82. (Mus. Ciiniing.)
Ampullakia prdnulum. Amp. testa globosd, subdiscoi-
ded, profunde umbilicatd, spird breviusculd, acuminata,
anfraclibus sitperue impresso-planis, deinde convexis ;
livido-olivaced, lined fmcesceute obscure cingtdatd ;
aperturd ovatd, labro columellari subeffiiso,fauce pal-
lide aiirantid.
The little plum Ampullakia. Shell globose, sub-
discoid, deeply umbilicated, spii'e rather short, acu-
minated, whorls impressly flattened round the upper
part, then convex ; livid olive, obscurely encircled
with a faint brown line ; aperture ovate, coluraellar
lip rather effused, interior pale orange.
Ilab. Xew Granada.

Of the same typical outline as A. luteostoma, but less
effused, and having a narrower umbilicus, with little ex-
ternal painting except a fi\int line or two.

Species 83. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

.-Vmi'ULLaria Cubensis. Amp. testa subglobosd, suhpro-
funde umbilicatd, spird exsertd, anfractibus rotundatis,
lavibus; Uvido-cinered, fasciis angustis rufts regula-
riter citigulatd ; aperturd ovatd, subexpamd.

The Cuba Ampullakia. Shell subglobose, rather deeply
umbilicated, spire esserted, whorls rounded, smooth ;
livid ash, regularly encircled with narrow red bands ;
aperture ovate, rather expanded.

Hab. Cuba.

The regularity of the red banils with which this species

is striped, is rather a characteristic feature.

Species 84. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullakia luteostoma. Amp. testa orbiculato-veti-
tricosd, subdiscoided, perampliter umbilicatd, spird
breviusciild, acuminata, anfractibus superne subimpres-
sis, deiiide rotundatis ; flavescente-fuscd, lineis brunneis
duabiK vel tribus dislautibus cingulatd ; aperturd ovatd,
labro subeffiiso,faHce aurantid.

The yellow-mouth Ampullakia. Shell orbicularly
ventricose, somewhat discoid, very largely umbili-
cated, spire rather short, acuminated, whorls rather

impressed round the upper part, then rounded ; yel-
lowish-brown, encircled with tvvo or three distant
brown lines ; aperture ovate, lip somewhat effused,
interior orange.

SwAiNSON, Zoological Illustrations, vol. iii. pi. 157.
AmpullaritB pachjstoma and balteula, Philippi.

Hab. Venezuela.

ReadOy distinguished from the preceding species by its

larger size and rougher epidermis-clad texture, the colu-

mellar lip being less broadly reflected back.

Species 85. (Fig. «, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullakia glauca. Amp. testa orbiculato-veutricosd,
subdiscoided, ampliter umbilicatd, spird brevi, anfracti-
bus superne planulatis, deinde plano-eonvexis ; fusces-
cente, fasciis lineisqiie glauco-eastaneis dense cingulatd;
aperturd ovald, ampld, labro columellari late effuso,
fauce aurantid.
The GLAUCOUS Ampullakia. Shell orbicularly ventricose,
somewhat fiiscoid, largely umbilicated, spire short,
whorls flattened round the upper part, then flatly
convex ; pale brown, closely encircled with glaucous-
chestnut lines and bands ; aperture ovate, large, co-
lumellar lip broadly eft'used, interior orange.
Jlelix glauca, Linnaeus, Mus. Uric. p. 667.
Nerita effusa, Miiller.
Helix oculus communis, Gmelin.
Helix neritina, Gmelin.
Bulimus I'ffusus, Bruguiere.
.4mpullaria ejfusa, Swainson.
Ampullaria Guyanensis, Gue'rin.

Uab. ?

A very characteristic species, distinguished by its shin-
ing porcelain-like aspect and broadly effused reflection of
the columellar lip, which, with the interior, is enamelled
orange, the external surface of the shell being closely lined
and banded with glaucous-chestnut.

Fig. 86. (Mns. Cuming.)
A variety of A. Pahcdinoides, represented at PL II.
ig. 9, in which the whorls are more globosely convo-

October, 1856.

Ampidlaria., PI. XIX.

ViTicent Brooks Jrr.p ,

AMPULLARIA.

Fig. 87. (Mus. Cumiug.)

A variety of A. compacta, represented at PI. XIY.
Fio-. 02,

Species 88. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaeia filosa. Amp. testa ovatd, mperforatd ,
spird brevi, apice plus minus erosd, anfractibus iupernc
planx)-angulatis, striis elevatis undique filosk ; fulves-
cente-casianed, fasciis aiiffustis rujis numerosis cbigu-
l<itd ; aperturd oblongd, basi effusd, labro colnmellari
albo, plano-reflexo.
The threaded Ampullakia. Shell ovate, imperforated,
spire short, more or less eroded at the apex, whorls
flatly angled at the upper part, encircled throughout
with thread-like raised stria; ; fulvous-ohestnut, en-
circled with numerous narrow red bands; aperture
oblong, effused at the base, columellar lip white,
flatly reflected.
Hab. Madagascar.

This species is distinguished by a typical character of
its own, represented most conspicuously in the surfact^
being sculptured throughout with thread-like raised strim.

The contracted Ampullaria. Shell oblong-turbi-
nated, almost imperforated, spire exserted, whorls
convex, rather narrow, rounded ; yellowish-olive, en-
circled witii numerous irregular red-brown lines ;
aperture ovate, small, columellar lip white, reflected.

Hab. ?

A species well distinguished by its oblong turbinated
form, and contracted aperture. The irregular linear paint-
ing is also a characteristic feature.

Species 89. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullakia complicata. Amp. testa oblongo-turbi-
uald, subimperforatd, spird exsertd, anfractibus con-
vexis, subanffustis, rotundatis ; flaeescente-oUvaced, U-
neis rufo-fuscis, numerosis, irregularibns ; aperturd
ovatd, parvd, labro columellari albo, rejlexo

Species 90. (Fig. 90 a, b, and 91, Mus. Cumiug.)
Ampullakia apeeta. Amp. testa comideo-omtd, an-
guste nmbilicaid, spird breviusculd, aciiminatd, anfrac-
tibus comexis, Icevibus ; pallide cinered, lineis rufescen-
tibus eitigulatd, epidermide olivaced subcorned indwid ;
aperturd subcirculari, aubampld, conspicue oblique ef-
fusd, labro reflexo.
The open Ampullakia. Shell conoidly ovate, narrowly
umbUicated, spire rather short, acuminated, whorls
convex, smooth ; pale ash, encircled with red lines,
and covered with an olive subhorny epidermis ; aper-
ture nearly circular, i-ather large, conspicuously ob-
liquely effused, lip reflected.
Philippi, Zeitschrift fiir Malac. 1849, p. 18.

Characterized by a peculiarly expanded aperture, and a
light ash, red-lined colouring, covered by a thin shining
horny epidermis.

ArnpzMarta, Tl. XI.

Sowexby dd scHili -

■Wucent Brooks Imp.

AMPULLARIA.

Plate XX.

Species 93. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullakia mcesta. Amp. testa ovato-globosd, angnstfi
wnhilicata, spird subexsertd, anfractibus superne sub-
plamdatis, demde rotundatis, leevibus ; sordide oliva-
ced,/asciis angmtis saturatioribns cingulatd; aperturd
lunari-ovatd, labro intus lutescente-albo.

The mourning Ampullaria. Shell ovately globose,
narrowly umbilicated, spire rather exserted, whorls
slightly flattened at the upper part, then rounded,
smooth ; dull olive, encircled with narrow darker
bauds; aperture lunar-ovate, lip yellowish -white
within.

llab. Ceylon; F. Layard.

A dull greenish-olive species, of globose form, naiTOwly

corapressly umbilicated, encircled with numerous faint

bands, irregular in width, but mostly linear.

Species 93. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Gossei. Amp. testa ovato-globosd, solidi-
uscidd, compresse umbilieatd, spird subexsertd, anfrac-
tibus superne rotundato-angulatis, deinde convexis, ob-
solete liratis et malleatis ; castaneo-fiiscd, obscure fas-
ciald ; aperturd ovatd,fance rufescente-am-antid, labro
columellari incrassato, rejlexo.

Cjosse's Ampullakia. Shell ovately globose, rather
solid, compressly umbilicated, spire rather exserted,
whorls rotundately angled round the upper part, then
convex, obsoletely ridged and malleatcd ; chestnut-
brown, obscurely banded ; aperture ovate, interior
reddish-orange, columellar lip thickened, reflected.

Hab. Jamaica ; Gosse.

Allied to A. decmsala, but of more solid growth, with

the spire more exserted, and the columellar lip more

thickened.

Species 94. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria cinerea. Amp. testd globosd, tenui, sub-
injlatd, angiiste nnibilicatd, spird brevi, anfractibus
rotundatis, lavibus, ultimo antice descendente ; pallide
citiered, fasciis linearibus rufescente-fuscis tribus ad
quatuor cingulatd; aperturd pyriformi-ovatd, labro
colHmellari tenui reflexo.

The ash-coloured Ampullaria. Shell globose, thin,
rather inflated, narrowly umbilicated, spire short,
whorls rounded, smooth, the last ascending in front ;
pale ash, encircled with three to four linear reddish-
brown bands ; aperture pyriformly ovate, columellar
lip thinly reflected.

Hab. Ceylon.

A peculiarly rounded species, thin and somewhat in-
flated, of a light ash-colour, encircled with faint bands,
which, towards the apex, are like red-brown lines, of
which only the uppermost one is visible.

Species 95. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria electrina. Amp. testd ovatd, tenuissimd,
hflatd, profundi vmbilicatd, spird brevi, acuminatd,
atifractibus ad suturam angusie impressis, deinde con-
vexis, undique malleatis, niteutibtts ; rufescente-spa-
diced, obscure multifasciatd ; aperturd ovatd, subampld,
labro columellari tenue reflexo.
The amber Ampullaria. Shell ovate, very thiu, in-
flated, deeply umbilicated, spire short, acuminated,
whorls narrowly impressed at the suture, then con-
vex, everywhere malleated, shining ; reddish-fawn
colour, obscurely many-banded ; aperture ovate, rather
large, columellar lip thinly reflected.
Hab. ?

A very light inflated species, of a pale amber-tiuted
reddish-fawn colour.

Species 96. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Javanica. Amp. testd conico-oblongd, vix
umbilieatd, spird exsertd, anfractibus convexis, suban-
gtistis, lavibus ; intense olivaced ; aperturd ovatd, par-
viusculd, labro tenui.

The Java Ampullaria. Shell conically oblong, scarcely
umbilicated, spire exserted, whorls convex, rather
narrow, smooth; dark olive; aperture ovate, rather
small, lip thin.

fliib. Java.

A smooth olive species, scarcely umbilicated, chiefly

distinguished by its conically oblong form.

October, 1836.

Ampidliirici, jPI.JXI.

#

«

h

%

SowcrW ^ ■ et litK .

■VjicCTit Brooke Imp-

AMPIJLLARIA

I'l.AI

Spcnics !I7. v.Mils. Cuinii.j;-.)

Ami'UI.i.aiua teres. Amp. h'tld snhtjlubusu, mbamyUier
umlnUcala, spird brevi, anfractibm superiie mibplann-
latis, ikinde cmivexis, lavibus ; olivaced, fasc'ds qna-
tuor vd qiibique nifeHcimtibiia chigiilald ; apvrlurd
ovatd, labro columellari suhrcjlexo imrautio lincto.

Tub tapeking Ampullakia. Shell subglobosn, rather
largely uml)ilicated, spire short, whorls somewhat
flattened at the upper part, then convex, smooth ;
olive, encircled with four or five reddish bands ; aper-
ture ovate, cohuueUar lip slightly reflected, orange-
tinted.

PllIUPl'i, Zeitschrit'l fiir Malac. 18)9. p. 19. Kiisti-r,
Monog. p. «8. pi. 10. f. -l..

Ifah. ?

This is the nearest allied species to A. effma, which it

much resembles, but is uniformly of smaller size, with the

columellar lip less broadly expanded.

Species 98. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampdllaria simplex. Amp. testa ovatd, vix umbilicatd,
spird brevi, anfraetibus convesis, lavibus, ultimo sub-
expanso ; olivaced, fasciis a»(justh lineisque nunierosis
ttif/ricaute-rufis cingidatd; aperturd ovatd, labro co-
lumellari tenue rejlexo.
The simple Ampullaeia. Shell ovate, scarcely iimbili-
cated, spire short, whorls convex, smooth, the last
rather expanded; olive, encircled with numerous
blackish-red lines and narrow bands ; aperture ovate,
columellar lip thinly reflected.

Mab. ?

A thin, somewhat expanded shell, scarcely umbilicated
against the thinly reflected columellar lip, encircled with
numerous blackish-red pencil lines and narrow bands.

Species 99. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

.^MPL■LLABIA cerastjm. Amp. testd sttbglobosd, ■minute
umbilicatd, .npird parviusculd, acutd, anfractibm con-
texis, longitudiiialiter pUcato-striatis ; olivaceo-ciue-
red, pallidissime faseiatd ; aperturd rotnndato-ovatd,
labro rejlexo, vivide miniato.

The cuebry Ampullaria. Shell subglobose, minutely
umbilicated, spire rather small, shaqi, wiiorls con-
vex, longitudinally plicately striated ; ash-olive, very
faintly banded ; aperture rotundately ovate, lip re-
flected, bright scarlet.

Hanley, Conch. Miscellany.

lEab. Mexico.

100. ( iMi;-. (', //, Mus. Ci

Ampullaria vatula. .Imp. testa mburOindari, imper-
forald, tenui, spird brevissinid, obtusd, anfraetibus su-
perrie declivi-planulatis, deinde convexis, ultimo latis-
dm£. expanso ; virescente-olivaced, liiieis nigris irregu-
laribus cingulatd ; aperturd ampld, expausd.

The open-mouthed Ampullaria. Shell suborbicular,
imperforated, thin, spire very short, obtuse, whorLs
slantingly flattened round tiie upper part, then con-
vex, the last very widely exi)anded ; grcimish-olivc,
encircled with irrcoiilar black lines; aperture large,
expanded.

Ilab. ■ V

A thin open-mouthed species, belonging to the same

peculiar type of the genus as the large A. Neritoiden.

Species 101. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
.Ampullaria intropicta. Amp. testd oblique globosu.
subdepressd, anguste umbilicatd, spird brevi, obtusd.
plus minus erosd, anfraetibus angustis, superrie pla-
natis, longitudinaliter striatis ; rufescente-aurantid,
fasciis angustis olivaceis cingulatd ; aperturd fere cir-
culari, expansd, fauce viri.de coloratd, labro columellari
temce rejlexo.
The inner painted Ampullaria. Shell obliquely glo-
bose, rather depressed, narrowly umbilicated, spire
short, obtuse, more or less eroded, whorls narrow,
flattened at the upper part, longitudinally striated ;
reddish-orange, encu-cled with narrow oUve bands ;
aperture nearly circular, expanded, vividly colounul
within, columellar lip thinly reflected.

Hub. ?

A very distinct and beautiful species, of an obliquely
expanded depressed form, of a warm orange-colour, en-
circled with narrow olive bands, the colouring being par-
ticularly warm and bright in the interior of the shell.

Of an obscure
lierry-eoloured I

colour, with a striking, bright

Species 102. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria olea. Amp. testd subglobosd, vix uMbilicatd,
spird breviusculd, anfraetibus rotundatis, longitudina-
liter striatis ; nitenle-olivaced, fasciis duabus angustii
nigricante-riifis distantibus cingulatd; aperturd pyri-
formi-ovatd.

The olive Ampullaria. Shell subglobose, scarcely
umbilicated, spire rather short, whorls rounded, lon-
gitudinally striated ; shining olive, encircled with two
distant narrow blackish-red bands; aperture pyri-
formly ovale.

Hab. r

Of a peculiar compact subglobose form, with a shining

olive surface, encircled with two distant linear bands.

AmpiMarioy, Pl.JXH.

#

#

%

# %

AMPULLARIA.

Species 103. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampollahu rERN.\Miiucr.Nsls. Amp. testa ohtiqnv
orbiculari, imperforatd, iateraliter compressd, spirti
parvd, arifractibus cnnveris, ultinw peramplo, expanso ;
olivaced, lineh nigricantibici ciiujnlatd ; aperturd pa-
tiild, fauce nilente castaned, lahro tmtce reflexo.
'I'hf. Pernambuco Ampullaria. Shell obliquely orbi-
eular, imperforated, laterally compressed, spire small,
wliorls coavex, the last very large and expanded;
olive-ash, encircled with faint blackish lines ; aperture
wide open, interior shining chestnut, lip thinly re-
flected.
llab. Pernambuco.

K laterally compressed expanded shell, of light tcxtm-e,
richlv coloured with dark chestnut in the interior.

Species 104. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Amih'llaria hulla. Amp. testd mbgloboad, anguste iim-
liilicatd, spird suiobtusd, anfractibm rotundatis, lavi-
Ims ; fulvo-olivaced, linm rufescentibm dngtdatd;
aperturd rottindato-ovatd, lahro tenue reflexo.
The bubble Ampullaria. Shell subglobose, narrowly
umbilicated, spire rather obtuse, whorls rounded,
smooth; fulvous -olive, encircled with red lines;
aperture rotundately ovate, lip thinly reflected.
Hah. ?

Of simple character, encircled upon a fulvous-olive
groimd with red lines, which are seen more conspicuously
in the interior.

Species 105. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria Hoissyi. Amp. testa oblongo-conicd, soli-
diusculd, anguste profundi -umbilicatd, spird obtusd,
anfractibus rotundatis, supeme declivibus, exilissiirie
decussatim striatis; fulvo-albidd, fasciis angustis oli-
vaceo - nigricantibus cingulatd ; aperturd pyriformi-
ovatd, labro columellari subcalloso, subreflexo.
Eoissy's Ampullaria. Shell oblong -conical, rather
solid, narrowly deeply umbilicated, spire rather ob-
tuse, whorls rounded, slanting at the upper part,
very finely decussately striated ; fulvous-white, en-
circled with narrow olive-black bands ; aperture pyri-
forraly ovate, colnmellar lip rather callous, slightly
r.flected.

D'Orbigxy, Moll. Voy. dansTAmcr. .Mrri.l. \.. .-J?:, pi. r>2.

f. 1-3.
Tlab. Kio Parana, La Plata ; D'Orbigny.

The substance of this shell is rather more callous than
usual, typical of a distinct section of the genus.

Fig. 106. (Mus. Cuming.)
The shell here representeel proves to be an oblong con-
voluted variety o^ A. crassa, described at PI. I. Fig. .").

Species 107. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria Physoides. Amp. testd semiglubosd, tennis-
simd, vix umbilicatd, spird parvd, anfractibus convexis,
longitudinaliter eleganter impresae undato - striatis,
ultimo perinflato ; pallide fulvd, carneo tinctd, fasciis
paucis rnfis obscuris cingulatd; aperturd ampld, labro
tenue reflexo.
The Physa-like Ampullaria. Shell semiglobose, very
thin, scarcely umbilicated, spire small, whorls convex,
longitudinally elegantly imprcssly wave-striated, last
whorl much inflated ; light fulvous, flesh-tinged, en-
circled with a few obscure linear red bands ; aperture
large, lip thinly reflected.
Bab. Pernambuco.

Of the same typical form as A. Pernamb
thinner and more inflated, and of a pale flesh
vous colour.

:, but

Species 108. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria saxea. Amp. testd oblongo-ovatd, solidiiis-
culd, anguste obtecte mnlilicatd, spird subobtusd, an-
fractibus superne subdepressis, obsolete angulatis, deinde
rotundatis; olivaced; aperturd pyriformi, oblongd,
labro columellai'i tenue reflexo.

The stony Ampullaria. Shell oblong-ovate, rather
solid, with a narrow covered umbilicus, spire rather
obtuse, whorls a little depressed rouud the upper part,
obsoletely angled, then rounded ; olive ; aperture py-
rifornaly oblong, columellar lip thinly reflected.

Ilab. ?

An oblong-ovate shell, of rather solid texture, charac-
terized by a faint depression round the upper wiiorls,
causing a scarcely perceptible angle.

November, 1856.

AmpuOana.M.im.

^f#^.-

■fi

i^.

^*:

Sowei-Jjy rlfil.etltli^

'.'iriceiit "Etooks Imp^

AMPULLARIA.

Species 109. (Mus. Hanley.)

Ampullaria Lakgtllierti. Amj). lestd ovato-glohosd,
anguste umbiUcatd, tenuicula, spird obtmd, anfrac-
tibus rotundatis, concentrice plicato-striatis ; olivaceo-
vmdi,fascm Uneariius mgricantibm cingulatd; aper-
turd ovatd, subeffusd.

Largilliert's Ampullaria. Shell ovately globose, nar-
rowly umbilicated, rather thin, spire obtuse, whorls
rounded, concentrically plicately striated; olive-green,
encircled with blackish linear bands ; aperture ovate,
somewhat effused.

Philippi, Zeitschrift fiir Malac. 184S, p. 193.

Hab. Madagascar; Largilliert.

This shell, which we take to be Dr. Philippi's A. Lar-

gilUerti, is the nearest allied to A. Layardi from Ceylou.

Species 110. (Pig. «, h, Mus. Metcalfe.)
Ampullaria bilineata. Amp. testa globosd, teniii, snb-
inflatd, vix umbiUcatd, spird brevi, obtnsd, anfractibus
convexis, lievibus, nitentibus ; limdo-fidvesaente,fasciis
bilinearibus rufis duabus didantibus cingulatis ; aper-
tiird ovatd, labro subeffuso.
TuE two-lined Ampullaria. Shell globose, thin, ra-
ther inflated, scarcely umbilicated, spire short, obtuse,
whorls convex, smooth, shining ; livid-fulvous, en-
circled with two distant red bi-lincAr bauds; aper-
ture ovate, lip slightly effused.

Hab. ?

An interesting species from the collection of Mr. Met-
calfe, light and globose, with a smooth, shining, livid-
fulvous surface, encircled round the centre with a band of
two reddish lines, and the same at the base.

Species 41. (Fig. b, Mus. Hanley.)

A fine characteristic specimen of the shell which we

ventured to determine at PI. IX. Sp. 41, to represent A.

famiata.

Species 111. (Mus. Hanley.)

Ampullaria depressa. Amp. testd ovatd, snbventncosd,

iviperforatd, spird breviiisculd, anfractibus convexis,

superiie subplamdatis ; Infco-olivaced, lineis viridibtis

cingulatd; aperturd oblongo-ovatd, ad basin subsinuaid.

The depressed Ampullaria. Shell ovate, subventri-
cose, imperforated, spire rather short, whorls convex,
rather flattened at the upper part ; yellowish-olive,
encircled with green lines ; aperture oblong-ovate,
somewhat sinuatcd at the base.

Say, Exped. S. Peters, vol. ii. p. 264.

ffab. ?

This species differs from S. paludosa of the same author,

in being of a lighter and more inflated structure, rather

attenuated towards the base ; it is of a yellow-tinged olive

colour, encircled witli green lines.

Species 112. (Mus. Hanley.)

A.MPULLARIA BUSEA. Amp. testd ovatd, subventricosd, ad
basin attenuatd et effusd, imperforatd, spird brevius-
culd, anfractibus superne subdeclivibus, deinde plano-
convexis ; fmcescente-ftdvd, lineis numerosis rufo-oU-
vaceis cingulatd; aperturd oblongo-ovatd.

The box Ampullaria. Shell ovate, subventricose, at-
tenuated and effused at the base, imperforated, spire
rather short, whorls rather slanting at the upper
part, then flatly convex ; brownish-fulvous, encircled
with numerous reddish-olive lines ; aperture oblong-
ovate.

Hab. ?

Resemiiling the former species in the contour of the

aperture and absence of umbilicus, but more slanting ;md

inclined to angularity next the suture.

Species 113. (Mus. Hanley.)

Ampullaria Hanleyi. Amp. testd turbinatd, tenid,
pellucidd, anguste umbiUcatd, spird ampliter exsertd,
anfractibus rottindatis, subangustis, ItBvibus; livido-
fnlvd, lineis rufescente-fuscis cingulatd; aperturd par-
viusculd, snbcirculari, labro columellari rejlexo.

Hanley's Ampullaria. Shell turbinated, thin, trans-
parent, narrowly umbilicated, spire largely exserted,
whorls rounded, rather narrow, smooth ; livid-fulvous,
encircled with red-brown lines ; aperture rather small,
nearly circular, columeUar lip reflected.

Uab. ?

A semi-transparent turbinated species, quite distinct

from any that has preceded it.

Arnpullaria,M.JXIV.

Sowerty dd.etlith

Yincent Brooks Imp ■

AMPULLARIA.

Species Hi. (Mus. Hanley.)

Ampullakia testudinea. Jmp. testa, ovato-ventricosd,
teiiui, anguste umhilicatd, spird mediocri, anfractibvx
convexis, lavibus, niieiUibus ; fuhescente-citwred, fas-
ciis linehqueferrugineo-fuscescentibiis cingidatd ; aper-
turd ovatd, labro dmplici.

TuE TORTOISE-SHELL Ampullaria. Shell ovatcly ven-
tricose, thin, narrowly umbilicated, spire moderate,
whorls convex, smooth, shining; fiilvous-ash, en-
circled with rust-browu bands and lines ; aperture
ovate, lip simple.

Hub. ?

A shell of light substance, much painted with light
rust-brown bands and lines.

Species 115. (Fig. a, i, JIus. Hanley.)

Ampullaria Linn.«i. Amp. testa mhovato-turbinatd,
ventricosa, siibangude umbilicatd, spird exsertd, ati-
fractibus rotundatis, lavibus, nitentibtis, ad stcturam
rude hnpressis ; livldo-glaucd, fasciis angustis rosaceis
cingulatd; aperturd ovatd, labro subeffuso,

LiNNAUs's Ampullakia. Shell ovately turbinated,
ventricosc, ratlier narrowly umbilicated, spire ex-
serted, whorls rounded, smootli, shining, somewhat
rudely impressed at the suture; livid-glaucous, en-
circled with pinkish naiTow bands ; aperture ovate,
lip slightly efi'used.

Philippi, Kuster Conch. Cab. Ampullaria, p. 62. pi. 30.
f. 6.

Huh. ?

Of a livid-glaucous colour, smooth and shining, encircled

with pale pink linear bands.

Species 116. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Hanley.)
Ampullaeia citreum. Amp. testa oblongo-globosd, siib-
ampliter umbilicatd, spird mediocri, anfractibus ad
suturam impressis, deiiide convexis, obscure malleatis,
circa ■umUlicum- obttise angulatis ; pallide fulvd out
virescente, interdum olivaceo fasciatd; aperturd pyri-
formi-oblongd, intus aurantio-rufd.
The citron Ampullaria. Shell oblong-globose, rather
largely umbilicated, spire moderate, whorls impressed
at the suture, then convex, obscurely uialleated, ob-
tusely angled round the umbilicus ; pale-fulvous, or
greenish, sometimes banded with olive ; aperture
pyriformly oblong, orange-red within.

Uah. ?

A fine species, of very distinct character, peculiarly ob-
tusely angled ro\uid the umbilicus.

Species 117. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria picta. Amp. testa oblongo-ven-tricosd, am-
pliler prof mule umbilicatd, spird mediocri, anfractibus
ad suturam planulatis, deinde plano-convexis, circa
umbilicum obtuse angulatis; virescente, fasciis lineisque
olivaceis numerosis cingulatd ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd,
intus aurantio-miniaid.
The painted Ampullaria. Shell oblong-ventricose,
largely deeply umbilicated, spire moderate, whorls
rather flattened at the suture, then flatly convex, ob-
tusely angled round the umbilicus; gi-eenish, en-
circled with numerous olive bands and lines ; aperture
obloug-ovate, orange-vermilion within.

IM. ?

Closely allied to the preceding species, especially in the
peculiar obtusely angled structure of the whorl around the
umbilicus, but uniformly distinct in all its stages of growth
in general contour.

December, 1856.

AmpuUaria,Fl. XSY.

Sowoiry dd.eLMi

Vincent Biooks Iinp,

AMPULLARIA.

Species 118. (Mus. Metcalfe.)
Ampollaria calioinosa. Amp. testa globosa, subpro-
ftinde umbilicata, spird mediocri, anJractUms mperm
plano-declivibus, medio gibbodusculis, tenue plicato-
striatis et malleatk ; nigricante-olivaced, prope mtu-
ram fulvescente ; aperturd ovatd, labro vix rejlexo.
The gloomy Ampullaria. Shell globose, rather deeply
umbilicated, spire moderate, whorls flatly slanting
round the upper part, somewhat gibbous in the
middle, finely plicately striated and malleated ; dark
olive, yellowish next the suture ; aperture ovate, lip
scarcely reflected.
Uab. ?

The most characteristic feature of this species is the
gibbous expansion of the whorls, after flatly sloping from
the suture.

Species 119. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Metcalfe.)
Ampullakia Metcalfei. Amp. testa compresse ovatd,
subtus excavatd, vix umbilieatd, spird parvd, acumi-
nata, anfraclibus snperne obtuse angulatis, deinde
planO'Convexis, longitudinaliter striatis; fulvescente-
olivaced, nigra irregidariter faseiatd; aperturd am-
pliter expamd, labro columellari recurvo, aurantio-
tincto.
Metcalfe's Amptillaeia. Shell compressly ovate, ex-
cavated beneath, scarcely umbilicated, spire small,
acuminated, whorls obtusely angled round the upper
part, theu flatly convex, longitudinally striated ; yel-
lowish-olive, irregularly banded with black ; aperture

largely expanded, columellar lip recurved, orange-
tinted.

Hob. ?

The only species similar to this in form is the A. Lymnce-
(fformis, which differs, among other essential characters, in
being largely umbilicated.

Figs. 11 b, and 131. (Mus. Metcalfe.)

The shells here figured, and which should have been

numbered \i b and 13 c, are fine characteristic examples

of Sp. 13, A. pill/la, a species described at PI. III. from

an obscure specimen in an immature stage of growth.

Species 120. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullabia miltocheilus. Amp. testd globosd, solidd,
subampUter profunde umbilicata, spird parviuscald,
anfractibus rotundatis, spiraliter corrugatis et mallea-
tis, ad suturam declivibus ; olivaced, ferrugineo hie
illic tinctd et vittatd ; aperitird ovatd, labro solide
reflexo, i7ite>ise aurantio-miniato.
The bed-lipped Ampullabia. Shell globose, solid,
rather largely deeply umbilicated, spire rather small,
whorls romided, spirally wrinkled and malleated,
slanting at the suture ; olive, here and there stained
and filleted with rast ; aperture ovate, lip solidly re-
flected, deep orange-vermilion.
Hub. Province of Chiapes, Mexico ; Ghiesbrecht.

A fine solid rust-stained oKve shell, with a character-
istic orange-vermilion lip.

December, 1856.

Amjnillana.PI im.

^

Sov\Tscb\- M. et ixh

%

'fricant Sroob Imp.

AMPULLARIA.

Species 122. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampiu,l.\ria elegans. Amp. testa turbimtd, solidd, vu
umhilicatd, spird mbexmrtd, atifractibm convexis, sub-
an^ustis, prope suturam planatis, Icevibus ; lutescente-
aU)d,fa/icm lineisque rubido-fusch cingulnld ; apertura
Totundato-omtd, panimcnld, fauce alba.

The elegant Ampullaria. Shell turbinated, solid,
scarcely urabilicated, spire rather exserted, whorls
convex, rather nan-ow, flattened next the suture,
smooth; yellowish-white, encircled with red-brown
bauds and lines ; aperture rotundately ovate, rather
small, interior white.

D'Orbigny, Mag. de Zool. 183.5, p. 33, Moll. Voy. dans
I'Arae'r. Me'rid. p. 378. pi. .52. f. 4 to 6.

Hab. Rio Madeira, Tributary of the Amazon, Bolivia;
D'Orbigny.

This species chiefly differs from A. Roissyi, to which it
is nearest allied, by its broader form of convolution, and
in the more depressed growth of the whorLs next the

Species 123. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria Ghiesbrechtii. Amp. testa globosd, soli-
diusculd, profundi umbilicatd, spird parvhisculd, de-
pressd, ajiice acuta, atifractibm rolundatis, undique
deamatim ma/leatis ; intense olivaced ; apertura pyri-
formi-ovatd, labro ejfuso, vivide rubido-miniato.
Ghiesbeecht's Ampullaria. Shell globose, rather solid,
deeply umbilicated, spire rather small, depressed,
sharp at the apex, whorls rounded, everywhere de-
cussately malleated ; dark olive; aperture pyriformly
ovate, lip effused, deep ruddy vermilion.
llab. Province of Chiapes, Mexico ; Ghiesbrecht.

A remarkably fine species, of solid globose form, cha-

racteristically malleated throughout, and having
cuous deep red aperture.

Species 124. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria fumata. Amp. testa semiglolmd, obliqui
eff'iisd, angusfe umbilicatd, spird pared, acutd, anfrac-
tibus convexis, lavibtis, ultimo multo maxima ; olivaced,
adsuturamfulvescente, lineis nigricantibus cingitlatd ;
apertura ampld, labro plam-expanso, fauce fumm-
fusco tinctd et lintatd.
The smoked Ampullaria. Shell semiglobose, obliquely
effused, narrowly umbilicated, spire small, sharp,
whorls convex, smooth, the last one much the
largest ; olive, fulvous at the suture, encircled with
dark lines; aperture large, lip flatly expanded, in-
terior stained and lineated with smoky brown.
Hab. Province of Chiapes, Mexico ; Ghiesbrecht.

Peculiarly distinguished by the flat expanded formation
of the lip, and the painting of the interior, which is
stained with shining smoky brown lines and tint.

Species 125. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria dira. Amp. testa subglobosd, minute an-
gusfe umbilicatd, anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturam
plannlatis, rude striatis; olivaceo-nigricante ; aper-
turd ovatd, labro simplici.
The dismal Ampullaria. Shell subglobose, minutely
narrowly umbilicated, whorls rounded, rather flat-
tened at the suture, rudely striated: olive-black;
aperture ovate, lip simple.
Uab. ?

A dull rudely striated blackish-olive sjjecies, of the
simplest form.

December, 1856.

Ampiif/(m(i.PlJ\yn.

0

%

%

#

.Stwri'ljy- .Wl.rt .hiL

^

\'iiu'rnt jjioofo Imp

AMPULLARIA,

Plate XXVII.

Species 126. (Mus. Hanley.)

Ampvllaria Planoebula. Amp. testa dkcoided, am-
pliter nmbilicafd, spird Ireoi, sicbimmersd, mifractibus
aitffustis, couvexk, lavibus, ad mturam depressis ; lu-
tescente-albd, fasciis lineisque castaneis cingulatd ;
aperturd lunato-circulari, labro wnplici.

The little Planorbis Ampdllaeia. Shell discoid,
largely umbilicated, spire sliort, subimmersed, whorls
narrow, couvex, smooth, depressed at the suture;
yellowish-white, encircled with chestnut bands and
lines ; aperture lunar-circular, lip simple.

Philippi, Kuster, Conch. Cab. Jmp. p. 26. pi. 7. f. 3.

//„/,, . ?

A small species, distinguished from all others of the
sjenus by its discoid Fto/iorbii-Uke growth.

Species 127. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullabia decussata. Amp. testa mbglobosd, arujuste
profundi umbiUcatd, spird obtiisd, erosd, anfracUbus
angustis, converis, striis tenue decussatis, ad suturam
late planatis ; livido-oastaned, lineis fulvescentibus
cingulatd, ad svlttram. fulvescente ; aperturd ovatd,
parviusculd, labro simpliei.
The decussated Ampullaria. Shell subglobose, nar-
rowly deeply umbilicated, spire obtuse, eroded, whorls
narrow, convex, finely decussated with striae, broadly
flattened at the suture ; livid-chestnut, encircled with
fulvous lines, fulvous at the suture ; aperture ovate,
rather small, lip simple.
MoRiCAND, Mem. Soc. Phys. de Geneve, vol. vii. p. 41-5.

pi. 2. f. 26, 27.
riab. Brazil.

A rather narrowly convoluted shell, decussated through-
out with fine stria', especially characterized by a broad
flattened development of the whorls next the suture.

Species 12S. (]\Ius. Hanley.)
Ampullaria Swainsoni. Amp. testa oblongo-ova Id, an-
gusti profundi uMbilkatd, spird mibexsertd, anfracti-
bus convexis, undique minute pnncfulatis ; lutescente-
olivaced, fasciis numerosis angustis viridibns cingulatd;
aperturd jn/riformi-ovatd, labro efuso,fauce albicante.
Swainson's Ampullaria. Shell oblong-ovate, narrowly
deeply umbilicated, spire rather exserted, whorls con-
vex, minutely punctured throughout ; yellowish-olive,
encircled with numerous narrow green bands ; aper-
ture pyrifornily ovate, lip effused, interior whitish.

Ampullaria fasciata, Swainson, Zool. lllus. Second Series,

vol. ii. pi. 61..

Ampullaria Swainsoni, Philippi.

Hab. ?

Distinguished from its congeners by its bold oblong-
ovate form of convolution and continuous encircling of
narrow bands.

Species 129. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Hanley.)

AMPULi,ARi.i balanoidea. Amp. tesid ovatd, solidd, ob-
tecte umbilicatd, spird subexsertd, oblttsd, atifractibus
rotundatis, subangustis, tetiuissime granoso-striatis, ad
suturam plano-declivibus ; nigricante-castaned ; aper-
turd parviusculd, ovatd, labro effusd, columelld calloso-
reflexo, aurantio tinctd.

The acorn-like Ampullaria. Shell ovate, solid, with
a covered umbilicus, spire rather exserted, obtuse,
whorls rounded, rather narrow, very finely granosely
striated, flatly slanting at the suture ; blackish-chest-
nut ; aperture rather small, ovate, lip effused, colu-
mella callously reflected, orange-tinted. i t-J '' '

Gould, MS., Mus. Hanley. r- ■>'' 'it"-^-^'

Hab. Liberia, West Africa.

Very closely allied to A. Plata which follows, but of

a more obliquely effused form, with a more exserted spire.

Species 130. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Plat.*. Amp. testa ovatd, solidiusculd, im-
perforatd, spird obtuse exsertd, anfractibus subangustis,
convexis, minute granoso-striatis, ad suturam obtuse
planatis; lutescente-eastaned, fa-mis angustis fuscis
cingulatd ; aperturd ovatd, labro simpliei, columelld
calloso-reflexd, aurantio-tifictd.

The Plate Ampullaria. Shell ovate, rather solid, im-
perforated, spire obtusely exserted, whorls rather
naiTow, convex, minutely granosely striated, ob'
tusely flattened at the suture ; yellowish-chestnut
encircled with narrow brown bands ; aperture ovate
lip simple, columella callously reflected, orange-tinted

Helix Plata, Maton, Trans. Liim. Soc. 1809, vol. x. pi
24. f. 16, 17.

Ampullaria Plata, D'Orbigny.
Ampullaria Naticoides, D'Orbigny.
Ampullaria cyclostoma, Spix.

Hab. Eiver Plate.

Distinguished from the preceding species, from Liberia,

to which it is singularly closely allied, by its narrower

form of convolution and banded painting

December, 1856.

V^

.c^ V-

rf-'V

^.'V4

f:^:- - ^-:

^^fr-

%

■™py

JmpuUariaM.ZXYIII.

#

#

So;.-:Tir,- i-IrtM;

^ancrait. Bxoolu; Iiiip

AMPULLARIA.

Plate XXVIII.

Species 131. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.)

AMPULLARIA atjRostoma. Amp. testd globoso-turbinatd,
vix umhilicatd, spird stthexsertd, anfradihus rotunda-
tis, rugoso-striatis; nigricante-castaned ; aperttird ova-
td, lalro vifide aurmUio-rufo.

The golden-mouth Ampullauia. Shell globosely tur-
binated, scarcely umbilicated, spire somewliat ex-
serted, whorls rounded, roughly striated; blackish-
chestnut ; aperture ovate, lip bright orange-red.

Lea, MS., Mus. Cuming. ^ U
A globosely turbinated shell of solid structure and dark

chestnut colour, with a pretty bright orange-red lip.

132. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaeia nux. Amp. testd oblongo-conoided, solidd,
vix icmbilicatd, spird obtuse exsertd, m/fractibus con-
vexis, ad suturam- decUvibus et obsolete plicato-corru-
gatis ; ftdvo-castaued ; aperturd ovatd, parviusculd,
labro columellari calloso-reflexo.

The nut Ampullaria. SheU oblong-conoid, solid,
scarcely umbilicated, spire obtusely exserted, whorls
convex, slanting and obsoletcly plicatcly wrinkled at
the suture ; fulvous-chestnut ; aperture ovate, rather
small, colmneDar lip callously reflected.

Hab. Bombay.

A solid fulvous-chestnut shell of an oblong conoid form,

with the columellar lip rather unusually callously reflected.

Species 133. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Ampullaria aueifoemis. Amp. testd compresse ovatd,
oblique eontortd, Lymneeeeformi, tenui, pro/unde umhi-
licatd, spird parvd, anfraciibus convexis, striatis et
malleatis, superne obsolete obtuse angulatis, anfractu
ultimo conspicue effuso ; intense olivaced; aperturd
trigono-ovatd, basi rotundato-expansd, ccerulescente.

The eae-shaped Ampullaria. Shell compressly ovate,
obliquely twisted, iymj«<2>a-shaped, thin, deeply um-
bilicated, spire small, whorls convex, striated and
malleated, obsoletely and obtusely angled round the
upper part, last whorl conspicuously eft'used ; dark
olive; aperture triangularly ovate, rotundately ex-
panded at the base, bluish.

Hab. Honduras.

The form of this species is quite peculiar, the last
whorl being unusually obhquely eft'used, more particularly
towards the base.

Species 134. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Ampullaria Spkucei. Amp. testd oblongo-conoided, so-
lidd, imperforatd, spird plus minus erosd, anfractibus
declivi-convexis, lavibus, hand nitetitibus; fulvo-oli-
vaced, prope apertttram obscure riifo-fasciatd; aper-
txird ovatd, parviusculd, labro effuso, columella dense
callosd.

Spruce's Ampullaria. Shell oblong-conoid, solid, im-
perforated, spire more or less eroded, whorls slant-
ingly convex, smooth, not shining; fulvous-olive,
faiutly red-banded near the aperture ; aperture ovate,
rather small, lip efl'used, columella thickly callous.

Hab. Tarapoto, east side of the Andes ; Spruce.

This species has a peculiar solid Littorina-]ike aspect,
with the coluDjellar lip callously reflected over the place
of the umbihcus.

Fig. 13.5. (Mus. De Burgh.)
This interesting shell has been selected from the col-
lection of Mi-s. De Burgh, for the sake of giving a more
characteristic illustration of A. zonata of Spix than that
represented at Pi. XII.

December,

A M IMJ L L A K I A .

adusta, Rivvr III.

Amazonica, Rfieve XII.

ampullacen {Hdi.r), Linn X.

aperta, PhiUppi XIX.

aiiriformis, Reevi' XXVIII.

aurostoma, Jj-a XXVIII.

balanoidca, OonU XXVII.

balteata, Philippi XVIll

biliueata, Rccne XXIII.

bulla, Reme XXII,

Bridgesii, Reeve XI.

Brownii, Jay I.

buxea, Reeve XXIII.

caliginosa, Reeve XXV.

canaliculata, Lamarck XVII.

carinata, Simdnson XIII.

Cassidiformis, Reeve XII.

Celebensis, Quoy X.

cerasum, Hartley XXI.

cinerea, Reene XX.

citreum, Reeve XXIV.

Columbiensis, Sntverby V.

compacta, Reeve XIV.

complicata, Reeve XIX.

oonica, Wood II.

cornucopia, Reeve I.

corrugata, Svvainson X.

crassa, Swainson I.

Cubensis, Reeve XVIII.

Cumingii, King XVII.

cyclostonm, Spix XXVII.

cuprina, Reeve I.

decussata, Moricnnd XXVII.

depressa. Say XXIII.

dira. Reeve XXVI.

Dolioides, Reeve XVI.

doUum, Philippi IV.

Dysoni, Hanley . XI.

effusa, Swaiusori XVIII.

electrina. Reeve XX.

elegans, IfOrb'ujny XXVI.

encaustica, Reeve XVI.

orytlirostoma. Reeve XI J I.

fasciata, Reexe IX.

fasc'mta, Lamarck X.

/asc!a/!(7., Swainson XX VII.

ligulina, Spix II.

u

filosa, Reeve

.... XIX.

88

55

Ilalilis, Reeve

. . . VII.

31

48

fnniata. Reeve

. . . XXVI.

124

90

Gliiesbrechtii, Reeve

.... XXVI.

123

133

gigas, Spix

... I.

3

131

glauc<i {Helix), Linn. ...

... XVIH

85

129

globosa, Sioaimon.

. . X.

46

84

Gossei, Reeve

. . . XX.

93

110

(ruyauensis, Giierin

.... XVIII

85

104

hiBmastoma, Reeve

... VII.

34

50

liaiileyi, Reeve

... xxm.

113

5

haustnim, Reeve

.... V.

23

112

hcpataria, Reeve

. . . . XVII.

77

118

llondurascensis, Reeve . . . .

. . . . III.

15

79

Hopetonensis, Lea

. . . . XIII.

60

58

iuimersa, Reeve

.. XI.

53

56

insularum, UOrbigny . . .

.... IX.

42

48

iiitropicta, Reeve

.... XXL

101

99

Javanica, Reeve .

. . XX.

96

94

labiosa, KocA

. . XVI.

74

116

Largillierti, Philippi . . . .

... XXIII.

109

35

Lattrei, Reeve , , . .

... V.

23

62

Layardi, Reeve

. . VI.

37

89

feucostoma, Swainson . . . .

... IV.

18

10

Linnei, P/nlippi

... xxn .

115

4

livesL'ens, Reeve

.... V.

21

46

lubrica, Reeve

.... XIII.

61

5

luteostoma, Swainmn . . . .

... XVIII.

84

S3

Luzonica, Reeve

.... VI.

26

81

Lymnaefeformis, Reeve ... .

.... VIII.

39

130

moesta, Reeve .

... XX.

92

1

magu/Jica, Dunker

... X.

48

127

Malabarica, Philippi

... XV.

67

HI

malleata, Jonas

... VII.

33

125

niaura. Reeve

.... XIII.

57

75

megastoma, Sowerhy

.... 111.

13

18

melanochi^ila, Reeve

V.

24

49

Mctcalfei, Reeve

.... XXV.

119

85

niiltocheilus, Reeve

XXV.

120

95

Nalicoides, D'Orbigny . . .

... XXVII

130

122

tieritina, Graelin

... XVIII.

85

76

Neiiloides, D'Orbigny .. . .

HI.

13

59

nobilis. Reeve

.... 11.

8

41

notabilis, Reeve

.... XIV.

63

4S

uubila, Reeve

.... XIV.

65

128

nux, Reeve

. ... XXVILI.

132

G

oblonga, Swainson

.. . XV.

70

AMPULLA RIA- INDEX.

oXta'Reeve

Plate

XXL

102

olivacea, Spw

.... VIIL

38

Olivieri, Deshayes ....

L

5

Oronocensis, Ziegler. . . .

X.

-t.5

ovata, Olimer

XIV.

64

pachystoma, Philippi. . .

XVIII.

84

pachysto)m, Benson ...

X.

46

Paludinoides, Christofori

II.

9

papyracea, Spkc

IX.

44

patula, Reeve

XXI.

100

Pemambucensis, Reeve

XXII.

103

Phvsoides, Reeve

XXII.

107

picta, Reeve

XXIV.

117

pilula, Reeve

... III.

12

planorbula, Philippi

XXVII.

126

Plata; {Heliie), Maton . .

XXVII.

130

polita, Deshayes

VII.

35

porphyrostoma, Reeve . .

VL

30

producta, Reeve

XV.

68

prunulum, Reeve

XVIII.

83

puncticulata, Swainson . .

IV.

19

reflexa, Swainson

XV.

69

Roissyi, IfOrbigny

XXII.

105

rufilineata, Reeve

II.

7

riujosa, Lamarck IV. 18

saxea, Reeve XXII. 108

scalaris, D'Orbigny XVI. 73

simplex, Reeve XXI. 98

aordida, Swainson III. 14

speciosa, Philippi VII. 33

SpLxii, D'Orbigny I. 3

Sprucei, .ffisece XXVIIL 134

Sumairenm, Philippi X. 48

Swainsoni, PMJjwpe XXVII. 128

teres, Philippi XXI. 97

testudinea, Reeve XXIV. 1 1 4

trochulus. Reeve XIV. 66

Turbinoidcs, Reeve VIIL 37

urceus (Nerita), Miiller IV. 18

venetus. Reeve IV. 17

vermiformis. Reeve XII. 54

vesillum, Reeve IV. 20

virescens, Deshayes VII. 35

\\ii&ia, Reeve XVII. 78

vitrea {HelLx), Born XVII. 80

Yatesii, Reeve VI. 28

zonata, Spis XII. 53

ERRATi.
PI. rV. Sp. 10. For A. autumnalis read A. sordvta var.
PI. V. Sj). 24. For A. melanocheila read A. sordida var.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

CANCELLARIA.

' There is a pleasure in the pathless wooJs,
There is a rapture in the lonely shore,
There is society, where none intrudes,
By the deep Sea, and music in its roai- ;
I love not Man the less, but Nature mort

Cancellari^yPl' I-

xby ad. irtltti

Yniceut Brooks Iurp

CANCELLARIA

Genus CANCELTARIA, Lamarck.
Tmta ovata sete fiisiformis, interdum lavigata, sxpius dense
reticulata, interdum imperforata, plerumque ampliter
piv/undi umbilicata, spine suturd plerumque plus mi-
nus late angulato-excavatd ; columella bi-tri-plicatd,
plicis pkrumque valiclibus, versus basin minorUms,
basi nonnumquam postice recurvd ; aperturd ooatd,
fauce plus minus valide lirald, labro interdum serrato.
Operculum nullum,.
Shell ovate or fusiform, sometimes smooth, mostly ela-
borately reticulated, sometimes imperforated, geue-
rally largely deeply umbilicated, suture of the spire
generally more or less broadly angularly excavated ;
columella two-three-plaited, plaits mostly strong,
smaller towards the base, base sometimes recurved
posteriorly ; aperture ovate, interior more or less
strongly ridged, lip sometimes serrated. No oper-
culum.
This very beautiful genus, which has risen greatly iu
the estimation of connoisseurs during the last few years,
owing to the comparative rarity of the species aud to
their very elegant vanities of convolution and sculpture,
and our acquaintance with which is chiefly due to the
researches of Mr. Cuming and Sir Edward Belcher, and
to the beautiful monograph in the ' Thesaurus Conchy-
liorura' of Mr. Sowerby, occupies a somewhat anomalous
position in the system. The shells of the Gancellarire,
with all the characteristics of those of a carnivorous race
of molluscs, such as solid testaceous substance, enamelled
apertures, and elaborately latticed sculpture, allied, too,
in general aspect to the more voracious of the class, are
nevetheless, according to the observations of M. Deshayes
upon one of the most typical of the genus, the C. cancel-
lata of the Mediterranean, a tribe of vegetable feeders
uuprovided with any operculum.

Apart from the main generic character of the group,
namely, the plaits on the columella, the species are sin-
gularly unlike iu generic aspect. In C. bulbulus and pij-
rum, for example, we have a heavy subglobular shell with-
out any sculpture at all, while in C. crenifera, lamellosa,
and others ue have sculpture of the most elaborate kind ;
and whilst in the former of these the whorls are so closely
(■onvoluted as to leave the columella, or axial pillar, im-
perforated, iu the latter, aud especially in that marveUous
species the C. triyonostoma, the pillar is formed round an
umbilicus which penetrates inwardly nearly to the apex.

December

Little more than half-a-dozen species were known to
Lamarck. It is to the deep-sea dredgings of Mr. Cuming,
reaching from seven to forty fathoms off the shores of
Central America and the Philippine Islands, that we are
chiefly indebted to the magnificent series figured in this
monograph, forming the pride of his collection, and tliere
appears small probability of their being much added
to.

Species 1. (Fig. «, i, Mus. Cuming.)

Cakcell.^kia CuMlSGl-iNA. Can. testa oMongo-ovald,
ad basin attenuatd, subumbilicatd, spird breviusculd,
oblusd, rude oblique convolutd, anfractibus ad suiiiram
eanaliculatis, delude rotundatis, undique anguste sul-
catls et liratis ; spadiceo-fuscd ; aperturd ovatd, plicis
tribus, infimdfere obsoletd.

Cuming's C.\ncell.4.kia. Shell oblong-ovate, attenu-
ated at the base, slightly umbilicated, spire rather
short, obtuse, rudely obliquely convoluted, whorls
channelled at the suture, then rounded, everywhere
narrowly grooved and ridged ; fawn-brown ; aperture
ovate, plaits three, the lowest almost obsolete.

Petit, Guerin's Mag. de Zool.

Hab. ?

This remarkable species is chiefly distinguished by its
obtuse form and rude oblique plan of convolution ; the
surface is moreover sculptured throughout with narrow
excavated grooves, the intermediate ridges being ecjually
narrow, and sometimes faintly linearly grooved in the
centre.

Species 2. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria solida. Can. testa ovato-globosd, cra.ud,
solidd, ad basin concavo - canaliculatd, imperforata,
spird brevissimd, suturd impressd, anfractibus prope
apicem decussatim liratis, deinde lavibus; aperturd
subangusta, fauce liratd, plicis duabus, superiori an-
gustd, prominente ; aurantio-spadiced, inius albd.
The solid Cancellaria. Shell ovately globose, thick,
solid, concavely channelled at the base, imperforated,
spire very short, suture impressed, whorls decussately
ridged near the apex, then smooth ; aperture rather
narrow, interior ridged, plaits two, the upper narrow,
prominent ; orange-fawn, interior white.
, 1856.

CANCELLARIA.— Plate I.

SowEKBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S32, p. 52.
Hub. Eeal Llejos, Central America ; Cuming.

A very solid globose shell, concavely channelled round
the columella on a level with the upper plait, without any
indication of external sculpture except near the apex.

This fine old LinuEean species may be recoguized as the
riginal type of the genus.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellari.\ keticulata. Can. testa, oblomjo-turhinaid,
imperforatd, solidd, spird exsertd, anfractibm canvexh,
undique obtuse reticulatd ; albidd, rufo-fimco fasciatd,
variegatd; aperturd subangiiste ovatd, fauce valide
liratd, plicis duabus, valde prom'mentibtis.

The reticulated Cancellaria. Shell oblong-turbi-
nated, imperforated, solid, spire exserted, whorls
convex, everywhere obtusely reticulated; whitish,
banded and variegated with red-brown ; aperture
rather narrowly ovate, interior strongly ridged, plaits
two, very prominent.

I'oluta reticnlata, Linna;us, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p.
1190.
Cancellaria reticnlata, Lamarck.

Hob. West Indies.

Species 4. (Pig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria acuminata. Can. testa obhngo-ocatd, so-
lidd, imperforatd, spird exsertd, acutissimd, anfracti-
bus obsolete planiliratis, prope apicem decussatim cos-
talis ; albidd, rufo-fusco fasciatd et nebulatd; aper-
turd anguste oblongd, fauce valide liratd, plicis tribus,
supremu disiante, prominente.

The pointed Cancellaria. Shell oblong-ovate, solid,
imperforated, spire exserted, very sharp-pointed,
whorls convex, obsoletely flatly ridged, decussately
ribbed near the apex ; whitish, bauded and clouded
with red-brown ; aperture narrowly oblong, interior
strongly ridged, plaits three, the uppermost distant,
prominent.

SowEiiBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S32, p. 53.

Hab. Guacomayo, Central America (dredged in sandy mud
at a depth of twelve fathoms) ; Cuming.
Distinguished from the preceding species by its more

compact oblong form and acuminated spire, encircled with

flattened ridges which are almost obsolete.

St.

Cancellaria , Fl. If.

'■'\y'

€#>--

Sowxby aelfitlitli

TBncort aroob Imp

CANCELLARIA,

Species 5. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria bullata. Cati. testa ovato-conoided, tenui,
in/laid, ampliter 'profundi mibilicatd, spird exsertd,
turritd, mifractibm superne late impresso-canalietdaiis,
ad angidicm. rude oblique nodulatis, deinde convexis,
obtuse rttgoso-liratis et striatis ; sordide falvd ; aper-
turd ingono-ovatd, basi sinuatd, labro columeUari late
rejlexo, pUcis duabus, parvis.

The bubble-like Cancellaria. Shell ovately conoid,
thill, inflated, largely deeply umbilicated, spire ex-
serted, turreted, whorls broadly irapressly channelled
roimd the upper part, rudely obliquely noduled at
the angle, then convex, obtusely wrinkle-ridged and
striated; dirty fulvous; aperture triangular-ovate,
sinuated at the base, colunicllar lip broadly reflected,
plaits two, small.

SowERBi', Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 51.

Hal. Gulf of Nicoya, Central America (from a muddy
bottom in twelve fathoms) ; Cuming.
Distinguished chiefly by its light inflated growth and

large excavated umbilicus.

Species 6. (Fig. a, 5, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria nodxjlifera. Can. testa ovato-venirkosd,
subjn/riformi, imperforatd, basi contorto-recurm, spird
turritd, anfraciibus superne excavato-canaliciilatis,
deinde convexis, longitudinaliter oblique costatis, liris
angustis nodulatis confertim spiraliter decussatis ;
luteo-fulvescente, fa^cid angustd albidd versus basin
cingulatd ; aperturd pyriformi-ovatd, plicis duabus,
mittutis.

The noduled Cancellaria. Shell ovately ventricose,
somewhat pear-shaped, imperforated, twistedly re-
curved at the base, spire turreted, whorls excavately
channelled at the upper part, then convex, longitu-
dinally obliquely ribbed, closely spirally decussated
with narrow noduled ridges ; yellowish-brown, en-
circled with a naiTOw whitish band towards the base ;
aperture pyriformly ovate, plaits two, very small.

Sowebby, Tankerville Catalogue, Appendix, p. 15.
Cancellaria imperialis, Michelin.

Hab. Japan.

The whorls of this species are rather broadly excavately

channelled as in the preceding, but at the base they are

closely convoluted into a twisted recurved extremity,

leaving no trace of an umbilicus.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria obesa. Can. testa ovatd, erassd, ponderosd,
imperforatd, spird breviusculd, acuminatd, anfractibus
convexis, superne declivibus, lavibus, obscuri spiralitei-
striatis versus apicem, minute reticulatis ; albidd, au-
rantio-fmco pallide nebulatd; aperturd oblougd, sub-
angustd, superrie sinuatd, fauce validissime liratd, pli-
cis duabus, crassissimis, prominentibiis.
The stout Cancellaria. Shell ovate, thick, ponder-
ous, imperforated, spire rather short, acuminated,
whorls convex, slanting at the upper part, smooth,
obscurely spirally striated towards the apex, minutely
reticulated ; whitish, faintly clouded with orange-
brown ; aperture oblong, rather narrow, sinuated at
the upper part, interior very strongly ridged, plaits
two, very thick, prominent.
SoWERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 52.
Hab. Gulf of Dulce, Central America (dredged from the
depth of fifteen fathoms) ; Cuming.
This fine species, of which two specimens in a young
state were brought to Mr. Cuming from Puerto Potrero,
is distinguished by its obtuse growth and prominently
developed columellar plaits, the surface of the last whorl
being smooth, whilst the earlier whorls are finely reticu-
lated.

Species 8. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria Cassidiformis. Can. testd ovato-ventri-
cosd, pyriformi, imperforatd, spird brevi, acuminatd,
anfractibus spiraliter rugoso-striatis, ad suturam pro-
fundi anguste canaliculatis, deinde concavis et nodoso-
angulatis, nodis submuricatis ; aurantio-fulvd ; aper-
turd oblongo-ovatd, subampld, labro columeUari re-
curvo, late expamo, plicis duabus, acutis.
The Cassis-shaped Cancellaria. Shell ovately ven-
tricose, pear-shaped, imperforated, spire short, acu-
minated, whorls spirally wrinkle-ridged, deeply nar-
rowly channelled at the suture, then concave and
nodosely angled, nodules rather prickly ; orange-
fulvous; aperture oblong, rather large, columellar
lip recurved, widely spread, plaits two, sharp.
SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 53.
Hab. Panama (j'oung specimens dredged from a sandy
muddy bottom, at the depth of sixteen fathoms) ;
Curaing.
Allied to C nodulifera, but differing by its more bul-
bous inflated proportions, less twistedly recurved base,
and less exserted spire.

November, 1856.

^ffm

CcahrAlhaia-, PI. Ill-

.J^

w

Sowerly SeL-etith

^&lcen^ Ikooks Imp

CANCELLARIA.

Plati; til

Species 9. (Fig. a, b, .Miis. Cuming.)

('.4.NCELLARIA UNmiLAT.\. Cati. tesld subaiigusti tuiritd,
imperforatd, spird acute acuminaid, anfractibus spira-
Uter iinean-snlcatis, longitudinaliter cosiaiis, superne
planidatis, costis ad aitgnlum suhnodatk ; fulvo-spa-
diced, obscure fa^ciatd ; aperturd parvd, plicis duabus
mimttis.

Thk waved Cancellaria. Shell rather narrowly tur-
reted, imperforated, spire sharply acuminated, whorls
spirally linearly grooved, longitudinally ribbed, rather
flattened at the upper part, ribs foiully noduled at
the angle ; fulvous-fawn, obscurely banded ; aperture
small, plaits two, very small.

SowEUBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1818, p. 136.

Hab. Tasmania.

Of ail erect sharply turrcted form, ribbed throughout,

the ribs being somewhat distant and slightly obliquely

Species 10. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria similaris. Cati. tedd compresse ovald,
minuti umhiUcatd, bast contortd, spird brev'msculd,
acuminata, anfractibus subplanulato-convexis, hie illic
varicosis, obliqui midato-coslatis, funiculis spiralibm
eleganter cancellatis ; ccerulescente-alid, rufo-fusco
fasciutd; aperturd parvd, fauce valide liratd, plicis
tribus, acutis.

The similar Cancellaria. Shell compressly ovate,
minutely umbilicated, twisted at the base, spire short,
acuminated, whorls rather flatly convex, here and
there varicose, obliquely wave-ribbed, elegantly can-
cellated with spiral cords ; bluish-white, banded with
red-brown ; aperture small, interior strongly ridged,
plaits three, sharp.

SoTVERBY, Conehological Illustrations, No. 41. f. 38.

Jlab. Senegal.

Of precisely the same typical character as C. cancellata,

from which species it difi'ers specifically by its uniformly

smaller size antl finer sculpture.

slantingly angled at the upper part, ribs noduled

at the angle; fulvous, blotched with red; aperture

rather small, plaits three, moderate.
Deshayes, Encyclopedic Mcthodique, Vers, vol. ii. p. 185.

Cancellaria TrUouis, Sowerby.
Hab. Cagayan, Island of Mindanao, Philippines.

A fine solid angularly ribbed species, of bright fulvous
colour, splashed with red.

Species 12. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cumiug.)
Cancellaria elegans. Can. tesidfmiforml-omtd, eras-
sd, imperforatd, spird conoideo-acumiuatd, anfractibus
plano-convexis, undirjue eleganter granoso-retieulatis,
ad suturam anguste angulatis ; albidd, rifo-spadiceo
fasciatdet variegatd ; aperturd parviusculd, plicis tri-
bus, mediocribus.
The elegant C.\-NCELLaria. Shell fusifonuly ovate,
thick, imperforated, spire eonoidly acuminated, whorls
flatly convex, everywhere elegantly granosely reticu-
lated, narrowly angled at the suture ; whitish, banded
and variegated with reddish-fawn; aperture rather
small, plaits three, moderate.
Sowerby, Genera of Shells, f. 3.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (dredged from sandy
mud, at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.
This fine species differs from the G. asperella, to which
M. Deshayes refers it, in being of a more acuminately fusi-
form growth, more elegantly sculptured, and in not being
excavatclv cliaiiiielled at the suture.

Species 11. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria Spenoleuiana. Can. testa fusiformi-tur-
ritd, imperforatd, spird acute exsertd, anfractibus lon-
gitudinaliter oblique costaiis, spiraliter lineari-sulcatis,
supenie declim-atigulatis, costis ad angulmn nodatis ;
fulvd, rufo-maculatd ; aperturd parviusculd, plicis
tribus, mediocribus.
Spengler's Cancellaria. Shell fusiformly turreted,
imperforated, spire sharply exserted, whorls longi-
tudinally obliquely ribbed, spirally linearly grooved,

Species 13. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria cancellata. Can. testd compresse ovald,
subfusiformi, imperforatd, hie illic varicosd, basi con-
tortd, spird breviusculd, acutd, anfractibus convexis,
oblique costatis, liris angustis spiralibus cancellatis ;
albidd, fusco variegatd, fasciis duabus castaneis cin-
gnlatd ; aperturd pared, fauce valide liratd, plicis
tribus, prominentibus.
The cancellated Cancellaria. Shell compressly
ovate, somewhat fusiform, imperforated, here and
there varicose, twisted at the base, spire rather short,
sharp, whorls convex, obliquely ribbed, cancellated
with narrow spiral ridges ; whitish, variegated with
brown, encircled with two chestnut bands ; aperture
small, interior strongly ridged, plaits three, promi-
nent.
Foluta cancellata, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1191 .

Cancellaria cancellata, Lamarck.
Hab. Mouth of the Gambia, West Africa.

This well-known species partakes largely of the cha-
racter of certain species of Triton.

iber, 1836.

Canc^UciruVj TIW.

t\

Sovreriy da. «LliQi

lucent ftccoks imp,

CANCELLARIA,

Species 14. (Fig. a, b, ilus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria pyrum. Can. testa omto-pyriformi, solidd,
imperforata, spird hrevissima, subirmnersd, valide can-
cellald, anfractu idtimo rotundato, Icevi, ad basin stri-
ata; fako-fuscescente ; aperinrd oblongd, angmtd, co-
litmelld stiperne late callosd, ad basin granoso-corru-
gatd, plicis iribiis, supremd aculd, promin-eiUe.

The pear Cancellauia. Shell ovately pyriform, solid,
imperforated, spire very short, slightly immersed,
strongly cancellated, last whorl rounded, smooth,
striated at the base ; fulvous-brown ; aperture ob-
long, narrow, columella broadly callous at the upper
])art, granosely wrinkled at the base, plaits three, the
uppermost sharp and prominent.

Adams and Eeeve, Zool. Voy. Samarang, JIoU, p. 42.
pi. 10. f. 16.

Hab. China Sea.

A solid pear-shaped bulb-like species, closely allied to
C. bulbidus, but of a distinct general form.

Species 15. (Fig. 15 a, b, and 16 a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria Buccinoides. Can. testd fmiformi-ob-
lo/igd, imperforata, spird acute turritd, an/ractibits
coiwexis, siiperne anguste angulatis, coslis longitudina-
libus twdosis obliqiik lirisque latia spiralibus widique
rude decussatis ; Uvido-carned aut fused, obscure fas-
ciatd ; aperlurd ovala, fiupenie sinua/d, plicis duabus,
mediocribns.

The Buccinum-like Cancellauia. Shell fusiformly
oblong, imperforated, spire sharply turreted, whorls
convex, narrowly angled at the upper part, rudely
decussated throughout with oblique longitudinal no-
dose ribs, and broad spiral ridges ; livid tlesh-colour
or brown, obscurely banded ; aperture ovate, sinuated
at the upper part, plaits two, moderate.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 54.

Hab. Ileal Llejos, Iquiqui, Callao, Puerto Potrero, Central
America (dredged from a sandy muddy bottom, in
from seven to fifteen fathoms) ; Cuming.
This species varies considerably in colour, but is always

distinguished by the same characteristic rudely decussated

sculpture.

Species 17. (Fig. n, h, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria asperella. Can. testa oblongo-ovatd, im-
perforatd, spird exsertd, anfractibus convexis, ad •!;«-
turam anguste excavatis, liris strikque scabris, rude
decussatis; rufescente-fuscd, obscure fasciatd ; aper-
turd ovald, colitmelld arcuatd, plicis tribus, fortius-
culis.
The rasp Cancellauia. Shell oblong-ovate, imper-
forated, spire exserted, whorls convex, narrowly ex-
cavated at the suture, rudely decussated with rough
ridges and strise ; reddish-brown, obscurely banded ;
aperture ovate, columella arched, plaits three, rather
strong.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 402.
Hub. Baclayon, Island of Bohol, Philippines (dredged
from the depth of seventeen fathoms) ; Cuming,
[u external aspect this species reminds one of the Pur-
pura lapiUns, so far as regards its general form. The
surface is peculiarly fretted with scabrous striaj.

Species 18. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria ovata. Can. testd subgloboso-ovald, solidd,
ponderosd, imperforatd, spird brevissimd, acute acu-
minatd, anfractibus plano-convexis, spiraliter lineari-
sulcatis, superui subcorrugatis, versus apicem reticu-
latis ; rufescente-fuscd; aperturd suiangustd, fauce
valide liratd, plicis duabus, prominentibus.
The ovate Cancellaria. Shell subglobosely ovate,
solid, heavy, imperforated, spire very short, sharply
acuminated, whorls flatly convex, spirally linearly
grooved, somewhat wTinkled at the upper part, re-
ticulated towards the apex ; red-browu ; aperture
rather narrow, interior strongly ridged, plaits two,
prominent.
SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 53.
Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (dredged from a sandy
bottom, in eight to ten fathoms) ; Cuming.
Allied to C. reticulata and acuminata, but fully dis-
tinguished by its more solid obese form and smooth ex-
terior.

November, 1856.

CajweUarioy^ Ft. V.

'\

^%^-

%\

^

%

Scwsrby del f^ Irli .

\^ncent Brooks Imp

CANCELLARIA.

Species 19. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Curaiug.)

Cancell.^eia scalata. Can. testa subpyramidali, mi-
nute umhilkatd, spird exsertd, anfractibus ad suturam
mpresso-excavatis, undique dense concentrice costatis,
costU suUiliter nodulatis ; roseo-spadiced, uoduUs al-
bidis ; aperturd parvd, plicis tribtis, parvis.

The staiecase Cancellaria. Sliell subpyramidal, mi-
nutely umbilicated, spire exserterl, whorls impressly
excavated at the suture, closely concentrically ribbed
throughout, ribs finely noduled ; rose-fawn, nodules
whitish ; aperture small, plaits three, small.

SowEKBY, Conch. lUus. f. 27. Thesaurus Conch, vol. ii.
p. 4.55. pi. 93. f. 36.

Hub. Ceylon; Dr. Siebold.
Sculptured throughout with delicate close-set ribs, finely

noduled at distant intervals, the shell being of a subtrans-

parent pinkish-fawn colour, inclining more to rose towards

the apex.

Species 20. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria granosa. Can. testa subpyramidali, ob-
tecte umbilicatd, spird acuminato-turritd, anfractibus
superne anguste planatis, deindi longitudinaliter cos-
tatd, liris obtuse granatis spiraliter decussatis ; Jh-
vescente-spadiced, rufo sparsim macidatd ; aperturd
parviusculd, plicis tribua, parvis.

The grained Cancellaria. Shell subpyramidal, with
a convex umbilicus, spire acuminately turreted, whorls
naiTOwly flattened round the upper part, then longi-
tudinally ribbed, spirally decussated with obtusely
grained ridges ; yellowish-fawn, sparingly blotched
with red ; aperture rather small, plaits three, small.

Sowerby, Conch. lUus. f. 16, 17.

Hab. Peru.

The surface of this species is but indistinctly obtusely

grained, of a yellowish-fawn colour, sparsely blotched

round the angle of the whorls with reil.

Species 21. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria Eburnvepormis. Can. lestd oblongd, im-
perfoi-atd, spird acmninalo-exsertd, anfractibus superne
leviter concavo-impreasis, deinde convexis, striis im-
pressis undique decussatis; albidd, ferrugineo-nifo
tinctd et fasciatd; aperturd subangustd, fauce valide
lirald, plicis duabus, tenuibus, prominentibus.

The Eburna-shaped Cancellaria. Shell oblong, im-
perforated, spire acuminately exserted, whorls slightly
concavely impressed round the upper part, then con-

vex, decussated throughout with impressed striae ;

whitish, banded and stained with rust-red ; aperture

rather narrow, interior strongly ridged, plaits two,

thin, prominent.

Eab. ?

This species partakes of the characters of C. reticulata
and acuminata, but is distinctly characterized by the more
acuminated convolution of the spire, and more globose
form of the body-whorl.

Species 22. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria decussata. Can. iestd globoso-fusiformi,
oblecte umbilicatd, spird breviusculd, acuta, anfracti-
bus ad suturam subimpressis, liris funicnlatis undique
cancellatis ; fulvescente ; aperturd subangustd, plicis
trihus, mediocribus.

The decussated Cancellaria. Shell globosely fusi-
form, with a covered umbilicus, spire rather short,
sharp, whorls slightly impressed at the suture, can-
cellated throughout with corded ridges ; fulvous ;
aperture rather narrow, plaits three, moderate.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 55.

Rab. Panama (dredged from a sandy bottom, in ten to
thirteen fathoms) ; Cuming.
Of a somewhat Triton-Yike form, openly reticulated

throughout with rather distant narrow raised cords.

Species 23. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria urceolata. Can. testa subfusifurmi-tur-
ritd, solidiusculd, imperforatd, spird exsertd, anfrac-
tibus superne anguste obtuse angulatis, deinde piano-
convexis, oblique longitudinalitm- corrugato - liratis,
sulcis spiralibus linearibus decussatis ; fuleescente-
stramined ; aperturd parviusculd, pUcis duabus, an-
gustis, subprominentibus.
The urceolate Cancellaria. Shell somewhat fusi-
formly turreted, rather solid, imperforated, spire ex-
serted, whorls narrowly obtusely angled, then flatly
convex, obliquely longitudinally wrinkle-ridged, de-
cussated with spiral linear grooves ; fulvous straw-
colour; aperture rather small, plaits two, narrow,
rather prominent.
Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Moll. p. 41. pi. 12. f. 7, 8.
Hab. Gulf of Papagayo and San Bias (in seven to fourteen
fathoms); Hinds.
Of a solid fusiformly turreted growth, superficially can-
cellated with oblique longitudinal waved ridges and spiral
linear grooves.

November, 1856.

Caric^llarici, Fl. W.

»

^

k

Sowerb^ dd.etlitl..

♦

"VSncent. BrodkB Imj .

CANCELLARIA.

Species 21. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancell.\uia ckenifeka. Can. testa snbpyramidali,
profumle umiilicatd, spird acuminata, anfractibus ad
suturam plano-excavatis, deinde oblique ecstatic, costis
ad angulum, muricato-uncinaiis, spiraliter crenato-li-
ratis; iivido-spadieed, liris albidis ; aperturd parvd,
fance incrassatd, plicis tribu.% niediocribus.
The crenated Cancellaeia. Shell subpyramidal,
deeply umbilicated, spire acuminated, whorls flatly
excavated at the suture, then obliquely ribbed, the
ribs prickly hooked at the angle, spirally crenately
ridged; livid fawn, ridges white; aperture small,
thickened in the interior, plaits three, moderate.
jSowerby, Conch. Ulus. f. 29. Thesaurus Couch, vol. ii.

p. 453. pi. 96. f. 84 to 86.
Hab. Bay of Manila (in sandy mud at the depth of five
fathoms) ; Cuming,
This elegantly formed species is peculiarly characterized
by the prickly-hooked termination of the ribs, which are
crenated throughout with white cross-ridges.

Species 25. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria scalarina. Can. testa pyramidali, vix
umbilicatd, spird acuniiuato-turritd, anfractibus ad
suturam ampliter excavatis, acute angulalis, oblique
coslatis, costis angustis, disiantihis, ad angulum ele-
vatis; fulvo-spadiced, alio-faseiatd ; aperturd parvd,
plicis tribtts, parvis.
The LAUDER Cancellaria. Shell pyramidal, scarcely
umbilicated, spire acuminately turreted, whorls largely
excavated at the suture, sharply angled, oblicjuely
ribbed, ribs narrow, distant, raised at the angle ; ful-
vous-fawn, banded with white; apert\ire small, plaits
three, small.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. iv. p. 403.
Hab. West Indies.

It is not possible to determine, satisfactorily, which spe-
cies is the Lamarckian C. scalarina. The shell here figured
is that assigned to it by Mr. Sowerby.

Species 26. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria melanostoma. Can. te-Hd ocatd, siibpen-
tricosd, imperforald, spird brevimculd, acuminata, an-
fractibus convexis, liris subtilibm undique dense decus-
satis ; fulvescenfe-albd, rvfo-fusco linctd et faiciatd ;
aperturd ovatd, columelld subexcavatd, late encausticd,
purpureo-fuscd, plicis tribus, niediocribus.
The black-moutu Cancellaria. Shell ovate.

ventricose, imperforated, spire rather short, acumi-
nated, whoris convex, closely decussated throughout
with fine ridges ; fulvous-white, stained and banded
with red-brown ; aperture ovate, columella somewhat
excavated, broadly enamelled, purple-brown, plaits
three, moderate.
SowERisr, Pro. Zool. Soc. IS45, p. 137.

Hab. ?

Chiefly distinguished by its wide-spread enamelled la-
mina around the columella, of a dark purple-brown colour.

Species 27. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria bifasoiata. Can. testa fusiformi-obhngd,
ad basin attenuatd, imperforatd, spird exsertd, anfrac-
tibus plam-convexis, liris parvis confertis midique
dense decussatis ; rufescente-spadiced, faseiis duabus
pallidis cingulatd; aperturd oblongo-omtd, columelld
arcuatd, triplicatd.
The two-banded Cancellaria. Shell fusiformly ob-
long, attenuated at the base, imperforated, spire ex-
serted, whorls flatly convex, densely decussated with-
out with small close-set ridges; reddish-fawn, en-
circled with two faint bands ; aperture oblong-oval,
columella arched, three-plaited.
Deshayes, Enc. Meth. Vers, vol. ii. p. 181.

Cancellaria oblonga, Kiener.
Hab. Straits of Macassar (in coarse sand) ; Hinds.

The short description of C. oblonga in the Appendix to
the Tankerville Catalogue does not agree with this fusi-
form Mitre-\k.t species.

Species 28. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria textilis. Can. testa subpyramidaU, sub-
umbilicatd, spird aeuminato-turritd, aiifractibtts ad
suturam impresso-excavafis, deinde oblique longitudi-
naliter costatis, liris spiralibus subobscuris decussatis ;
rufo-castaned, super castas hie illic albipunctatd ; aper-
turd parvd, plicis tribus, niediocribus.

The textile Cancellaria. Shell subpyramidal, slightly
umbilicated, spire acuminately turreted, whorls im-
pressly excavated at the suture, then obliquely longi-
tudinally ribbed, decussated with faint spiral ridges ;
reddish-chestnut, here and there white-dotted on the
ribs ; aperture smaU, plaits three, moderate.

Kienek, Co(i\iilles Vivantes, Cancellaria, p. 10. pi. 7. f. 1-

Hab. Moluccas.

An elegant species, conspicuously distinguished by its

chestnut-red colour, sparsely dotted on the ribs with white.

November, 1856.

Cdncellaiiay Fl. Til.

Zumib} ad,a,"hOi

■WIlceQ^ Brooks Imp

CANCELLARIA.

Plate VII.

Species 29. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
CiNCELLARlA uiGOLOR. Call, tesld ovato-ventricosii, late
profundi umhilicatd, spird breviusculd, turritd, anfrac-
tibm ad suturam late, excavatis, acute angulatis, lon-
gUudituilifer remote eoatatis, tenue spiraliter liratis ;
mfo-castatwd, vermis apicem albd; aperturd trigono-
omtd, basi sinuatd, plicis iribus, mbprominentibus.
The Two-coLoiJUED Canceu.aeia. Shell ovately ven-
tricose, broadly deeply umbilicated, spire rather short,
turreted, whorls broadly excavated at the suture,
sharply angled, longitudinally distantly ribbed, faintly
spirally ridged ; reddish-chestnut, white towards the
apex. ; aperture triangularly ovate, sinuated at the
base, plaits three, rather prominent.
Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Moll. p. 43. pi. 12. f. 13, 14.
Hub. Island of Samar, Philippines ; Cuming.

A. sharply angled broadly turreted shell, with the longi-
tudinal ribs rather distant from each other.

Species 30. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria h J.MASTOMA. Can. testd pyramidali-ovatd,
solidd, subanguste umbilicatd, spird obtuse turritd, an-
fraciibus superne rude angulatis, longitudinaliter cras-
sicostatis, suleis linearibus spiralibus decussatis ; lutes-
cetde-albd, rufo-fusco maculatd et J'asciatd ; aperturd
parvd.fauce liratd et corrugatd, vivide sanguined, pli-
cis fribiis, angustis.

The ked-mouthed Cancellaria. Shell pyramidally
ovate, solid, rather narrowly umbilicated, spire ob-
tusely turreted, whorls rudely angled round the upper
part, longitudinally thickly ribbed, decussated with
spiral linear grooves ; yellowish-white, blotched and
banded with red-brown; aperture small, interior
ridged and wi-inkled, bright red, plaits three, narrow.

SowEEBY, Pro. Zobl. Soc. 1832, p. 54.

Hub. Gallapagos Islands (dredged from a sandy bottom,
at a depth of ten to sixteen fathoms) ; Cuming.
A solid rudely sculptured shell, with a characteristic

bright-red aperture.

Species 31. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria chrysostoma. Can. testd subglobosd, vix
umbilicatd, spird subpyramidali, superne parum angu-
latis, costis crassis et liris rude decussatis; carules-
cente-albd, castaneo sparsim lineatd et punctatd ; aper-
turd rotundato-expansd, fauce liratd et corrugatd, vi-
vide aurautio-sanguined, plicis tribus, prominentibus.
The golden-mouth Cancellaria. Shell subglobose,
scarcely umbilicated, spire subpyramidal, whorls but
little angled at the upper part, rudely decussated
with thick ribs and ridges; bluish-white, sparingly

dotted and lineated with chestnut ; aperture ro-
tundatcly expanded, interior ridged and wrinkled,
bright oraiige-red, plaits three, prominent.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 54,

Hab. Panama and St. Elena (dredged from a sandy bottom,

at the depth of from eight to ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

Obscurely rudely decussated with ribs and ridges, and

with a more expanded aperture than the preceding species.

Species 32. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria goniostoma. Can. testd subglobosd, am-
pliter profundi umbilicatd, spird turritd, anfractibus
superne latissime excavato-angulatis, longitudinaliter
costatis, costis distantibus, liris spiralibus clathratis ;
purpurascente-albd, castaneo-fusco hie illic lineatd;
aperturd parvd, trigond, plicis duabus, subobsoletis.

The angle-mouth Cancellaria. Shell subglobose,
largely deeply umbilicated, spire turreted, whorls
very broadly excavately angled at the upper part,
longitudinally ribbed, ribs distant, latticed- with spiral
ridges ; purple-white, here and there lineated with
cliestnut-brown ; apertm-e small, triangular, plaits
two, rather obsolete.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 51.

ffab. Conchagua and St. Salvador, Central America
(dredged from a sandy bottom, at a depth of about
eight fathoms) ; Cuming.
This fine species is characterized by its broadly angled

turreted growth and bold latticed sculpture.

Species 33. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria rigida. Can. testd ovatd, subavipliter pro-
funds umbilicatd, spird turritd, anfractibus supems
late excavato-angulatis, oblique costatis, costis tenuibus,
subdistantibus, liris subtilibus spiralibus decussatis;
luteo-spadiced, ad angulum purpureo-fuseo maculatd;
aperturd trigond, ad basin sinuatd, triplicatd.

The rigid Cancellaria. Shell ovate, rather largely
deeply umbilicated, spire turreted, whorls broadly
excavately angled at the upper part, obliquely ribbed,
ribs thin, rather distant, decussated with fine spiral
ridges; yellowish-fawn, spotted at the angle with
purple-brown; aperture triangular, sinuated at the
base, plaits three.

Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 53.
Cancellaria costata, Sowerby, Jun.

Rab. Puerto Portrero, Central America (from a sandy

bottom, at the depth of thirteen fathoms) ; Cuming.

This species comes near to C. goniostoma in form, but

is at once distinguished by its more delicate ribs.

November,

Cajt/xllarta., Fl. YUI.

-3 -i '-> \_<i/

. ^'^^M''

,.

47

#

"\^oent "Brooks Imp.

CANCELLARIA.

Plate

Species 34. (Fip,-. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria L/i:vigata. Can. tesld ovatd, imperforatd,
spird breviusculd, exserld, anfractibtis superm anr/nste
obtuse angidatis, ad angulum obsolete plicato-nodula-
Ik, deinde l/svigatk ; albd, carneo-fascescenie obscure
tinctd et ad angulum maculatd; aperturd ovatd, fauce
dense liratd, plicis tribus, prominentibus.

The smooth Cancellaeia. Shell ovate, imperforated,
spire rather short, exserted, whorls narrowly obtusely
angled at the upper part, obsoletely plicately noduled
at the angle, then smooth ; white, obscurely tinged
with flesh-brown and blotched at the angle ; aperture
ovate, closely ridged within, plaits three, prominent.

SowERBY, Conch. lUus. f. 24.

Jlab. Xew South Wales.

A smooth species, partaking, like C. spirata, of the

typical form of the little Ehurna arisfra/is.

VIII.

minated in the angle, (hen convex, striated and tu-
bercled; white; aperture rather large, triangularly
ovate, colnmellar lip bi-oadly reflected, plaits two,
moderate, oblique.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 51.

Ilab. Iquicjui, Peru (dredged from a sandy bottom, at the
depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.
Of a peculiar chalk-white aspect allied to C. hidbulus.

Species 35. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria Sinensis. Can. tesld subfusiformi-ovatd,
imperforatd, spird exserld, sulioblusd, anfradibv^ su-
pernc convexo-decUvibus, liris subtilibus granosis un-
dique decussatd ; albidd, rufo-fusco tinctd el fasciatd ;
aperturd ovatd, fauce valide liratd, columelld arcuatd,
plicis dualus, mediocribus.
The Chinese Cancellaria. Shell somewhat fusiformly
ovate, imperforated, spire exserted, somewhat obtuse,
whorls convexly slanting at the upper part, every-
wliere decussated with fiue granose ridges ; whitish,
stained and banded with red-brown ; aperture ovate,
interior strongly ridged, columella arclied, plaits two,
moderate.
Hab. China.

A simply convoluted fusiformly oblong shell, with the
surface closely decussated tliroughout with fine granose
linear ridg-es.

Species 36. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria tuberculosa. Can. lestd subgtobosd, pro-
fuuJe wnbilicald, spird brevi, subimmersd, anfractibus
SHperne concavo-angulatis, in angulmn serrato-lamina-
tis, deinde convexis, striatis et tuberculatis ; Candida ;
aperturd subampld, trigono-ovatd, labro columellari
late rejtexo, plicis duabns, mediocribus, obliquis.
The tubercled Cancellaria. Shell subglobose, deeply
umbilicated, spire short, somewhat immersed, whorls
coDcavely angled round the upper part, serrately la-

Species 37. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria obtusa. Can. tesld globoid, minute nmbi-
licald, spird brevissimd, obtusa, sulurd subimpressd,
anfractibus rolundalis, longitudinaliter subobsolete pli-
cutis, spiraliter regulariter sulcatis ; luteo-spadiced ;
aperturd ovatd, subampld, columelld arcuatd, plicis
duabus, parvis.

The obtuse Cancellaria. Shell globose, minutely
umbilicated, spire very short, obtuse, suture sUghtly
impressed, whorls rounded, longitudinally somewhat
obsoletely plicated, spirally regularly gi-ooved ; yel-
lowish-fawn ; aperture ovate, rather large, columella
arched, plaits two, small.

Deshayes, Enc. Meth. Fers, vol. ii. p. 187. Cuv. Efegne
Anim. nov. edit. Moll. pi. 53. f. 6.

IM. ?

This shell, formerly in the collection of M. Deshayes,

and the only example of the species known, is remarkably

distinguished by its very obtuse growth.

Species 38. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria pulchka. Can. lestd oi-ato-globosd, vix
umbilicatd, spird acute conoided, anfractibus convexis,
superne subangulatis, costis obliquis longitudinalibus
lirisque spiralibus spinosis midique clathratis ; albidd,
caslaneo-fusco fasciatd et lineatd ,- aperturd parvivs-
culd, fauce valide liratd, plicis tribus, mediocribus.
The beautiful Cancellaria. Shell ovately globose,
scarcely umbilicated, spire sharply conoid, whorls
convex, slightly angled at the upper part, latticed
throughout with oblique longitudinal ribs and spii-al
ridges ; whitish, banded and lineated with chestnut-
brown ; aperture rather small, strongly ridged witliin,
plaits three, moderate.
SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 50.
Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (from a sandy bottom,
at a depth of from eight to ten fathoms) ; Cuming.
Closely allied to C. similis, but conspicuously distin-
guished by the spiny processes upon the ribs.

November, 1856.

(hmxllcaiu , Fl. IX.

9)

#

Vinceni. liToi-is Inro

CANCELLARIA.

Species 39. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cumiug.)

Cancellaria affinis. Can. tesld fiisiformi-ovata, mi-
nute uniMlicata, spird mediocri, mtfractihus superne
a/iffulato-declivibiis, delude planulatis, liris obliqtm el
spiraUbu.% undique clathratis; fuhd. Urn rufescenti-
bus ; aperturd mbatigustd, plicis Iribus, mediocribus.

The allied Cancellaeia. Shell fusiformly ovate,
minutely umbilicated, spire middling, whorls angu-
larly slanting roimd the upper part, then rather flat,
latticed throughout with obli(pie nnd spiral ridges ;
fulvous, ridges reddish ; iiperture rather nan'ow,
plaits three, moderate.

Cmicellaria bulentata, var., Sowcrby.

Hab. ?

Of a characteristic fusiformly oblong form, neatly lat-
ticed throughout without any depression at the sutiu'e.
It differs from C. indentata in form and in not being in-
dented at t!ie lip, while the cohmiellar-plaits are finer.

Species 40. (Fig. «, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria bkevis. Can. testa subffloboid,subampUter
unibilicatd, spird ahbreviato-turritd, anfractibus su-
periie late excavato-angulatis, longitudinaliter oblique
rude costafis, spiraliler obsolete lemdliratis ; albidd,
circa augulum caslaneo-maculatd ; aperturd trigono-
ovatd, parvd, plicis duabus, parvi-s.

The short Cancellaria. Shell subglobose, rather
largely \irabilicated, spire shortly turrcted, whorls
broadly excavately angled round tiie upper part, lon-
gitudinally obliquely rudely ribbed, spirally obso-
letely finely ridged ; whitish, blotched with chestnut-
brown about the angle ; aperture triangularly ovate,
small, plaits two, small.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 52.

Hab. Puerto Portrero and St. Elena ; Cumiug.

Closely allied to C. goniostoma, of which it has the ap-

jjearance of being a small worn specimen.

Species 41. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
I'ancellaria indentata. Can. testa subquadrato-ob-
longd, vix umbilicatd, spird breoi, uciimiuatd, anfracti-
bus supenie declivibus, obscure aiujulatis, deinde piano-
coiivexis, liris longitudinalibus et spiralibus undiqne
clathralii ; rvfescente-fuscd ; aperturd angustc oblon-
gd, intus valide liratd, lahro versus basin indentato,
plicis duabus, rudibus, prominentibus.
I'he indented Cancellaria. Shell somewhat squarely
oblong, scarcely umbilicated, spire short, acuminated,
whorls slanting round the upper part, obscm'cly an-
gled, then flatly convex, latticed throughout with

longitudinal and spiral ridges ; rcddish-browu ; aper-
ture narrowly oblong, interior strongly ridged, lip
indented towards the base, plaits two, rude, pro-
minent.
SowEKBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 54.
Hab. Panama.

Distinguished by its oblong-square form, closely lat-
ticed sculpture, and indented lip.

Species 42. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria contabulata. Can. testa omtd, anguste
umbilicatd, spird turritd, anfractibus superne late ex-
cavato-angulatis, deinde convexis, longitudinaliter tenue
corrugato-costatis, costi^ sicbtiliter mdulatis, striis
spiralibus decussatis ; pallid!^ stramined, aurantio-rufo
ad angulum sparsim maculatd ; aperturd triyono-ovatd,
plicis tribus, parvis.

The barred Cancellaria. Shell ovate, narrowly um-
bilicated, spire turreted, whorls broadly excavately
angled at the upper part, then convex, longitudinally
finely wrinkle -ribbed, ribs finely noduled, decus-
sated witli spiral stria: ; pale straw-colour, sparingly
blotched at the angle with orange-red ; aperture tri-
angularly ovate, plaits three, small.

Sowerby, Conch. Illus. f. 28. Thesam-us Conch, vol. ii.
p. 455. pi. 93. f. 19, 23.
Cancellaria pusilla, Sowerby.

Ilab. Ceylon (on the sands) ; Ur. Sibbald.

Of elegant form, delicately sculptured and coloured.

Species 43. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria crispata. Can. testd ovatd, imperforatd,
spird acute exsertd, anfractibus superne anguste angu-
latis, oblique longitudinaliter costatis, costis crassis,
ad angulum muricato-uncinatis, striis spiralibus de-
cussatis ; albidd, lineis fasciisque castaneo-fuscis cin-
gnlatd; aperturd ovatd, parvd, fauce teiiuilirald, pli-
cis triius, parvis.

The crisp Cancellaria. Shell ovate, imperforated,
spire sharply exserted, whorls narrowly angled round
the upper part, obliquely longitudinally ribbed, ribs
thick, prickly hooked at the angle, decussated with
spiral stria; ; whitish, encircled with chestnut-brown
bands and lines ; aperture ovate, small, interior finely
ridged, plaits three, small.

Sowerby, Conch. Illus. f. 20. Thesaurus Conch, vol. ii.
p. 452. pi. 96. f. 89.

Hab. Island of Negros, Philippines (dredged in fine sand,
at the depth of five fathoms) ; Cuming.
Allied to C. crenifera, from which species it is chiefly

distinguished by its very thick ribs.

November, 1856.

(xmcellaria, Fl. X.

4

TM^ \

I

4

Scw^fby dal.<

l/iiicenx Ttodks imp ,

CANCELLARIA.

Plate X.

Species 4-4.. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaei.v AUSTRALis. Cayi. testa omld, imperforatd,
spirct acmnlnatd, mturd impressd, anfraciibus rolun-
datis, liris longitiidinalibus obliquis conferlis Urisque
tenuibus Sfiralibus; Candida; aperlurd parvimculd,
colmnelld arcuatd, plicis tribus, mediocribus.

The southern Cancellakia. Shell ovate, imperforated,
spire acuminated, suture impressed, whorls rounded,
decussated with close-set oblique longitudinal ribs,
and fine spiral ridges ; white ; aperture rather small,
columella arched, plaits three, moderate.

SowEKBY, Conch. Illus. sp. 24. f. 23. Thesaurus Couch,
vol. ii. p. 442. pi. 95. f. 72, 73.

Hab. New South Wales.

Of an ordinary BiiccmimAikc form, strongly decussated

throughout with close-set ribs and ridges.

Species 45. (Pig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria albida. Cati. testa subfusiformi-oblmgd,
solidd, imperforatd, basi contortd, spird acuminatd,
anfraclibm plano-convexia, ad suturam anguste pli-
caiis, deinde declivi-angulatis, liris fimiculatis imdigue
eieganter reliculatis ; Candida; uperturd parvd, an-
gustd, plicis duabus, subprominentibus.
The whitish Cancellakia. Shell somewhat fusiformly
oblong, solid, imperforated, twisted at the base, spire
acuminated, whorls flatly convex, narrowly puckered
at the suture, then slantingly angled, elegantly reti-
culated throughout with corded ridges ; white ; aper-
ture small, narrow, plaits two, rather prominent.
Hinds, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 47.
Hab. Bay of Guayaquil, Panama, andVeragua (at a depth
of from seven to twenty-three fathoms) ; Cuming.

This elegantly fusiform species, collected by Mr. Hinds
in the voyage of the ' Sulphur,' is most exquisitely latticed
throughout with equidistant raised cord-like ridges.

spire sharply acuminated, whorls rounded, but little
flattened at the suture, densely nodosely reticulated
throughout ; white ; aperture rather narrow, strongly
ridged within, plaits two, strong, very prominent.

SowERBY, Conch. Illus. sp. 2. f. 1.

Uab. Polynesia.

This species very closely resembles C. austraiis, but it

may be at once recognized by its stronger sculpture, and

more prominent columellar plaits.

Species 47. (Fig- a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellakia venteicosa. Can. testd fusiforMi-oblongd,
ventricosd, imperforatd, spird acute acuminatd, an-
fractibus superne plano-convexia, deinde rotundatis,
liris longitudinalibus et spiralibus undique decussatis ;
rufo-fuscd; plicis tribtcs, angustis.

The ventbicose Cancellakia. Shell fusiformly ob-
long, ventricose, imperforated, spire sharply acumi-
nated, whorls flatly convex at the upper part, then
rounded, decussated throughout with longitudinal
and spiral ridges ; red-brown ; plaits three, narrow.

TIiNDs, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 47.

Hab. Pvealejo, Central America (at a depth of from sixty
to seventy fathoms), and Gulf of Magdalena, Cali-
fornia (in sandy mud at seven fathoms) ; Hmds.
Not much unlike C. albida, but of a peculiar red-brown

colour, carved with a distinct pattern of sculpture.

Species 46. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancell.oia CANDIDA. Can. testd siibfusiformi-ovafd,
ventricosd, Ijad contortd, imperforatd, spird acute acu-
minata, anfraciibus rotundatis, ad suturam parum
planatis, mdique denae nodoso-reticulatis ; Candida;
aperlurd subangustd, fauce valide liratd, plicis duabus,
fortibus, valdi prominentibas.
The white Cancellakia. Shell somewhat fusiformly
ovate, swollen, imperforated, twisted at the base.

Species 48. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellakia gemmulata. Can. testd ghboso-ovatd, so-
lidd, imperforatd, spird brevi, acuta, anfraciibus su-
perne vix angulatis, plano-convexis, costis nodulatis^
Urisque dense conspicue decussatis; albd ; aperlurd
subexpansd, plicis tribus, mediocribus.

The gemmed Can cellabia. SheU globosely ovate, solid,
imperforated, spire short, sharp, whorls scarcely angled
at the upper part, flatly convex, closely prominently
decussated with noduled ridges; white; aperture
rather expanded, plaits three, moderate.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 55.

Hai. Bay of Nicoiya, Central America (from a sandy
muddy bottom) ; Cuming.
Distinguished from the preceding species chiefly by

its more contracted subglobose form and roughly noduled

sculpture.

November, 1856.

^

Cancellarui, 1*1. M.

I

%

%-

KV;.-

Sowecby dietlith

Yiricent, Brooks Imp

C A N C E L L A R I A.

Plate XI.

Species 49. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria Mitbiformis. Can. tedd fmiformi-elon-
(jaid, imperforatd, ad basin attenuaio-recurvd, sjiird
lurritd, anfractibiis supenie decUvi-anffidalis et cou-
cavis, liris nodulatis imdique dense decuuaiis, liris
spiraUhus ad labrum elevaiis et serratk ; rufo-fvml
aut nigricante; aperturd swbangmtd, colmnelld uni-
pUcald.

The Mitre-shaped Cancellaria. Shell fusiforraly
elongated, in:iperforate(l, attenuately recurved at the
base, spire turreted, whorls slantingly aiigulated and
concave at the upper part, closely decussated through-
out with noduled ridges, the spiral ridges raised and
.serrated at the lip ; red-brown or blackish ; apertuve
rather narrow, columella one-plaited.

SovvERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 18.32, p. 51.
Cancellaria tmipUcata, Sowerby.

Hah. Panama (dredged in sandy mud) ; Cuming.

Distinguished from all other species of the genus by its

elongated Mitra-WVe. form and serrated lip.

Species 50. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria macrospira. Can. testa acumiiiaio-lur-
ritd, semipellucidd, minute umbilicatd, spird elongald,
hie illic varicosd, anfractibus ad suturam angmte
pldno-excavatis, deinde convexis, liris subtilibus cre-
Hulatis decimaiis; pellucido-albd ; aperturd minutd,
labro varicose incrassato, labro coltmellari expanse,
plicis tribiis, (enuibus.
The large spire Cancellaria. Shell acuminately
turreted, semipellncid, minutely umbilicated, spire
elongated, here and there varicose, whorls narrowly
flatly excavated at the suture, then convex, decus-
sated with fine crenulated ridges ; transparent white ;
aperture very small, lip varicosely thickened, colu-
mellar lip expanded, plaits three, thin.
Ada,\is and Reeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, p. 41. pi. 10,

f. 2.
I/ab. Coast of Borneo, China Sea ; Belcher.

An extremely delicate transparent white shell, remark
al)le for its narrow elongated form of convolution.

Species 51. (Pig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria trigonostoma. Can. testa eleganter py-
ramidali-turbinatd, Scalariformi, perampliter perspec-
tive umbilicatd, spird perattenuatd, anfractibus acute
trigonis, spiraliter obsolete liratis, ad angulum exte-
riorem spinosis ; roseo-albd; aperturd pnrvd, trigmid,
columelld biplicatd, plicis tenidbas.
The triangular-mouth Cancellaria. Shell elegantly
pyramidally turbinated, Scalaria-shapcd, very largely
perspectively umbilicated, spire much attenuated,
whorls sharply triangular, spirally obsoletely ridged,
spined along the outer angle; pink-white; aperture
small, triangular, columella two-plaited, plaits three.
BelpUnula trigonostoma, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix.
p. 88.

Cancellaria trigonostoma, Deshayes.
Le Bordstrappe, Favanne.
Hai. Ceylon; Kiener.

This very remarkable species is convoluted with one
side of each triangular whorl so attached to that of the
preceding as to form a cone enclosing a large deep per-
spective umbilicus.

Species 52. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.)
I Cancellaria clavatula. Can. testa elongato-turritd,
\ ad basin recurvd, imperforatd, spird acuta, hie illic

valide irregulariter varicosd, anfractibus plano-con-
j vexis, obtiise longitudinaliter costatis, spiraliter stri-

atis; rufo-fiiscd, alio maculatd et fasciatd ; aperturd
parvd, columelld biplicatd.
The club Cancellaria. Shell elongately turreted, re-
curved at the base, imperforated, spire sharp, here
and there strongly irregularly varicose, whorls flatly
convex, obtusely longitudinally ribbed, spirally stri-
ated ; red-brown, blotched and banded with white ;
1 aperture small, columella two-plaited.

I Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 52.
1 Hab. Panama (dredged from a sandy muddy bottom, at
I seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

I Cliiefly distinguished, amongst other peculiarities, by
its strong irregular deposit of varices.

November, 1856.

CarweUariM, J^l. MI.

^

Sowsrby del d.li<K

^^c«nt. Brooks Imx.

CANCELLARIA.

Species 53. (Kig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria excavata. Cu)i. testa oblongo-ovald, teniii-
culd, minutissimi uvibilicatd, apird turritd, ncutd, an-
fractibus ad suturam late profunde excavatis, ad an-
gulum carinatis, deinde planulatis, leevibm, nitenlibus ,-
pellucido - alia ; aperturd subgicadrato - ovatd, ftmce
tenuiliratd, columelld arcuatd, tripUcatd.

The excavated Cancellaria. Shell oblong-ovate,
rather thin, very minutely umbilicatcd, spire turreted,
sharp, whorls broadly deeply excavated at the suture,
keeled at the angle, then flattened, smooth, shining ;
transparent white ; aperture somewhat squarely ovate,
finely ridged within, columella arched, three-plaited.

SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S48, p. 137.

Ilab. South Australia.

This very delicate transparent white Eljurna-\\\:.6 species
is remarkably characterized by its very broad and deeply
excavated sutiiral channel.

Species 54. (T'ig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria articularis. Can. testd ovato-coiwided,
anguste j)rofunde umbilicatd, spird acute exsertd, aii-
fractibus ad suturam anguste subprojunde excavatis,
deinde convexia, oblique longitudinaliter subtiliter cos-
tatis, spiraliter obscure liratis, costis minute nodula-
tis, nodulis ad unguium prominent ior ibus ; livido-
carned, nodulis albidis ; aperturd trigono-oviUd, sub-
expansdyfauce valide liratd, columelld tripUaiUi.

The articulated Cancellaria. Shell ovately conoid,
narrowly deeply umbilicated, spire sharply exserted,
whorls narrowly rather deeply excavated at the su-
ture, then convex, obliquely longitudinally finely
ribbed, spirally faintly ridged, ribs minutely noduled,
nodules more prominent at the angle ; livid flesh-
colour, nodules whitish ; aperture triangularly ovate,
rather expanded, interior strongly ridged, columella
three-plaited.

SoWERBY, Conch, lllust. sp. 34. f. 32.

flab. Ceylon; Dr. Sibbald.

,\. most elegantly sculptured species, with somewhat of
the general aspect of a Nassa.

Species 55. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

(Cancellaria piscatoria. Can. testd ovatd, oblecte
umbilicatd, ad basin avbcontortd, spird ultenuaid, an-
fractibus superne excavato-angidatia, ad angulum mu-
ricato-nodulatis, deinde convexli, liris muricatis, de-
cussatis ; cinereo-albd, livido-olivaceo tinctd et nebii-
laid, columelld arcuatd, obscure uniplicatd.

The fishermen's Cancellaria. Shell ovate, with a
covered umbilicus, somewhat twisted at the base,
spire sharply attenuated, whorls excavately angled at
the upper part, prickly noduled at the angle, then
convex, decussated with prickly ridges ; ash-white,
stained and clouded with livid olive, columella arched,
obscurely one-plaited.

Buccinum piscatorium, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 349G. no.
116.

Cancellaria piscatoria, Deshayes.
Cancellaria nodulosa, Lamarck.
Nassa nodosa. Martini.
Le Solat, Adanson.

/[ab. Mouth of the Gambia, ^Yest Africa.

A somewhat abnormal form of the genus, with only a

single indistinct plait on the columella.

Species 56. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria spirata. Can. testd ovatd, minute super-
ficialiter umbilicatd, spird breviusculd, acuta, anfrac-
tibus plano-convexis, ad suturam. profunde excavatis,
prope apicem longitudinaliter costatis, ad basin spira-
liter striatis ; albidd, oarneo-tinctd, ad angulum ma-
culis aurantio-rujis cingulatd ; aperturd ovatd, fauce
valide liratd, columelld arcuatd, tripUcatd.
The spiral Cancellaria. Shell ovate, minutely super-
ficially umbilicated, spire rather short, sharp, whorls
flatly convex, deeply excavated at the suture, longi-
tudinally ribbed near the apex, spirally striated at
the base ; white, flesh-tinged, encircled with orange-
red spots at the angle ; aperture ovate, strongly
ridged within, columella arched, three-plaited.
Lamarck, Aiiim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 408.
Ilab. Garden Island, Swan River.

This shell so nearly resembles the Eburna australis that,
as we have shown in speaking of that .species, it has been
confounded with it by very high authorities. The pre-

Novcmber, 1856.

CANCKLLAIllA.— Plate XII.

sence of the columellar plaits in the shell assigned to
Cancellaria is decisive.

Species 24. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria costifera. Can. testd ovatd, late super-
ficialiter umbilicata, spird turritd, anfractibus superne
late excavato-angulaUs, oblique longiludinaliler cos-
tatis, spiraliter substriatis ; Uvido-purpured, lineis
nifis interruptis cingulatu, angido fOs(isjt(e hie illic
albis ; apertnrd trigono-ovatd, colimelld nrcuald, tri-
plicatd.
The bibbed Cancellaria. Shell ovate, broadly super-

ficially umbilicated, spire turreted, whorls broadly e:
cavately angled at the upper part, obliquely longiti
dinally ribbed, spirally faintly striated ; livid-purple
encircled with interrupted red lines, angle and rib
here and there white; aperture triangularly ovate
columella arched, three-plaited.

SowEKBY, Conch. Elus. sp. 33. f. 31.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (in coarse sand at the
depth of nine fathoms) ; Cuming.
The most striking peculiarity of this species is its

painting of interrupted red lines upon a dull livid-purple

ground.

(huceUar7a.E:iIIl.

4

^

♦

%

CANCELLARIA.

Plate XIH.

Species 58. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellakia semi-disjuncta. Can. testa ovatd, latk-
sinie aperte umbilicatd, spird laxe exsertd, anfractibus
ad suturam latissumi excavate angulatis, angulo obtuso,
spiraUter liratk et excavate sulcatis, liris mlcisque
impresso-siriafis ; spadiced, aurantio-fmco tinctd et
maculatd ; aperturd Irigond, columelld biplicatd.
The half-disjoined Cancellaria. Shell ovate, very
broadly openly umbilicated, spire loosely exserted,
wliorls very broadly excavately angled at the su-
ture, angle obtuse, spirally ridged and excavately
grooved, ridges and grooves impressly striated; fawn-
colour, tinged and spotted with orange-brown ; aper-
ture triangular, columella two-plaited.
SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 137.
Hab. Cagayan, Island of Mindanao, Philippines (from
sandy mud at the depth of twenty-five fathoms) ;
Cuming.
Readily distinguished by its loose manner of convolu-
tion, the last whorl being nearly disjoined from the pre-
ceding.

Species 59. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria Verreauxii. Can. testd ovatd, minute um-
bilicatd, spird breviusculd, acutd, anfraclibus convexia,
ad suturam angusti obtuse excavatis, longitudinaliter
oblique costatis, striis elevatis spiralibus decimatis ;
caataneo-rufd ; aperturd ovatd, fauce liratd, pUcis tri-
bus parvis.

Vekreaux's Cancellaria. Shell ovate, minutely um-
bilicated, spire rather short, sharp, whorls convex,
narrowly olUusely excavated at the suture, longitudi-
nally obliquely ribbed, decussated with spiral raised
stria3 ; chestnut-red ; aperture ovate, interior ridged,
plaits three, small.

Kieneu, Coquilles Vivantes, ]). 17. 1)1. S. f. 3.

Hab. ?

Allied, both in respect of form and colour, to C. Litlo-

riiupfurmis, but more proniiueutly sculptured.

Species 60. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria rugosa. Cuii. testd subglohosd, solidd, im-
perforald, anfractibus rotundatis, supeme obtuse angu-
latis, oblique rude tuberculato-costaiis, spiraUter sul-
catis; pallide gfrandned, ad angulum aurantio-rufo
tinctd; aperturd ovatd, subexpansd, fauce valide liratd,
columelld triplicatd.
The wrinkled Cancellaria. Shell subglobose, solid,
imperforated, whorls rounded, obtusely angled round
the upper part, obliquely roughly tubercuiarly ribbed,
spirally grooved ; pale straw-culour, tinged with

orange-red at the angle; aperture ovate, rather ex-
panded, interior strongly ridged, columella three-

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 408.
Hab. China.

The form of this species is nearly globose, the shell
being expanded, so to speak, by its rude swollen tubercu-
lated ridges.

Species 61. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria OBLiaUATA. Can. testd oblique globosd,
ventricoso-expansd, angusie profundi umbilicatd, spird
parvd, acutd, anfractibus ad suturam sublate excavatis,
deinde rotundatis, oblique tenuicostatis, spiraUter ele-
vato-striatis, striis super castas nitide nodulatk, costis
ad angulum submuricatis ; fulvescente-albd, rufo-fus-
cescente tinctd et sparsim punctatd ; aperturd expan-
sd, fauce liratd, labro columellari tame reJle.co, plicit
tribus.

The oblique Cancellaria. Shell obliquely globose,
ventricosely expanded, narrowly deeply umbilicated,
spire small, sharp, whorls rather broadly excavated
at the suture, then rounded, obliquely thinly ribbed,
spirally elevately striated, stria? neatly noduled on
the ribs, ribs slightly prickled at the angle ; fulvous-
white, stained and sparingly dotted with red-brown ;
aperture expanded, interior vidged, columellar lip
thinly reflected, plaits three.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 408.

Hab. Bay of Manila (in sandy mud at the depth of eight
fathoms) ; Cuming.
A most elegantly-formed neatly sculptured species, of a

delicate, shining, fulvous-white colour, sparingly tinged

and dotted with reddish-brown.

Species 62. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria Littgrin^formis. Can. testd ovatd, pro-
fundi umbilicatd, tenuiculd, anfractibus supeme anguste
angulatis, deinde declivi-convexis, undique decussutim
strlatis ; rufescente-castaned ; aperturd subunguste
ovatd, columelld triplicatd.
The Littorina-likb Cancellaria. Shell ovate, deeply
umbUicated, rather thin, whorls narrowly angled at
the upper part, then slantingly convex, decussately
striated throughout; reddish - chestnut ; aperture
rather narrowly ovate, columella three-plaited.
SoWERBY, Conch. lUus. f. 14.
Hab. Ceylon.

Of precisely the typical form of Litlorina, faiutly sculp-
tured throughout with decussating stria;.

Novendjer, 1856.

Can cfUaria. M. AlV.

%

4

w

Sovrerby dd. ttlith -

VmcCTit EioqBs Imp-

CANCELLARIA.

Plate XIV.

Species 03. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cumiug.)
Cancellaeia sekuata. Can. testa ovaid, mffvste mi-
biUcatd, spird acnte turritd, avfradibus superru sub-
hie excavato-angulatu, teme longitudinaliter costatis,
costis acute fmbriato-mratis ; albidd, livido-olivaceo
iincid, medio albifasciata; aperturd trigono-ovatd,
fauce liratd, columelld triplicatd.
The serrated Cancellauia. Shell ovate, narrowly
urabilicated, spire sharply turreted, whorls rather
broadly excavately angled at the upper part, thinly
longitudinally ribbed, ribs sharply fimbriately ser-
rated ; whitish, stained with livid olive, white-banded
in the middle; aperture triangularly ovate, ridged
within, columella three-plaited.

IM. ?

Au elegantly sculptured species, the ribs being unusn-
aUy thin, erect, and sharply fimbriately striated.

Species 64. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
CANCELLARIA CORROSA. Can. testa subffloboso-ovatd,
crassiusculd, minute umbilicatd, spird acutd, anfrac-
tibus rotmdatis, ad mturam parum angulatis, liris
funiculatis nndique nitide clathratis ; fulvescente ;
aperturd parvimculd, plicis tribiis, forlibus.
The fretted Cancellaria. Shell subglobosely ovate,
rather thick, minutely umbilicated, spire sharp, whorls
rounded, but little angled at the suture, everywhere
neatly latticed with corded ridges ; light fulvous ;
aperture rather small, plaits three, strong.
Camellaria clathrata, Adams (not of Lamarck).

Hab. ?

A soUd shell, peculiarly neatly latticed throughout with
cord-bke ridges.

Species 65. (Fig. a, l>, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria laMELLOSa. Can. testa ovatd, sublate pro-
fundi nmbiUcatd, spird acute acuminatd, anfractd>m
supmCe anguste excavatis, oblique longitudinalder cos-
tatis costis pulcherrime seiraiis et lamellatu, ad an-
gttlum muricato-uncinatis; albida, ad angulum rufo-

fusco maculatd ; aperturd trigono-ovatu, fauce liratd,
columelld triplicatd.
The lamellose Cancellaria. Shell ovate, rather
broadly deeply umbilicated, spire sharply acumi-
nated, whoris narrowly excavated on the upper part,
obliquely longitudinally ribbed, ribs beautifully ser-
rated and lamellated, prickly-hooked at the angle;
whitish, spotted with red-brown at the angle ; aper-
ture triangularly ovate, ndgc^d within, columella
three-plaited.
Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Moll. p. 43. pi. 12. f. 15, 16.
Eab. Indian Archipelago.

A beautifully sculptured species, the ribs being ele-
gantly produced along the edge into lamellK.

Fig. 66. (Mus. Cuming.)
The shell here represented is in a very immature stage
of growth, and may be the young of C. Spengleriana. It
however has a finer pattern of sculpture than is usual with
that species.

Species 67. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria hystrix. Cati. testa globoso-ovatd, imper-
furatd, spird breviusculd, acute acuminatd, arifractilius
ad suturam anguste angulatis, oblique longitudinaliter
dense costatis, costis erectis, angustis, nndique pul-
chrrime muricato-serratis ; albidd, livido-fuscescente
palliM iinctd; aperturd ovatd, fauce rnfUineatd, co-
lumelld arcuatd, plicis tribus, irreguhribus.
The hedgehog Cancellaria. Shell globosely ovate
imperforated, spire rather short, sharply acuminated
whorls narrowly angled at the suture, obliquely Ion
-ritudinally closely ribbed, ribs erect, narrow, beauti
fully prickly serrated throughout; whitish, faintly
tino-ed with livid brown; aperture ovate, interior
marked with red lines, columella arched, plaits three,
irregular.
Ilab. Mauritius.

This is one of the most beautifully sculptured species
of the genus. The ribs are peculiariy serrated throughout
at the edge into short obtuse prickles.

November, 1856.

Cancellaji/iJPl.J\

I

%

Vjncent Srooks

CANCELLARIA.

Species G8. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria funiculata. Can. testa acuminalu-turn-
td, umbilicald, spird gracili, anfractibm ad suiuram
profmidi impressis, obinse angulatis, longitudinaliter
costatis, costis elevatis, compressis, dktantibua, liris
exilibus transversis sculptis, lined elevatd inlerveniente ;
pellucido-albd, ouraiitio jjallidi tiiictd ; aperturd tri-
gono-ovatd, lahro expatiso, colnmelld tripUcatd.
TiiF, CORDED Cancellakia. Shell acuminately tnr-
reted, umbiliciited, spire slender, whorls deeply im-
pressed at the suture, obtusely angled, longitudinnlly
ribbed, ribs raised, compressed, distant, sculptured
with delicate transverse ridges, with a raised line in-
tervening; transparent white, faintly tinged with
orange ; aperture triangularly ovate, lip expanded,
columella three-plaited.
Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, p. 43. pi. 12. f. 5, 6.

Cancellaria lyrata, Adams and lleeve.
Ilab. Gulf of Magdalena, California (in sandy mud, at
seven fathoms); Hinds.
Characterized by its exquisitely sculptured distant ribs,
which give the shell a Scalaria-WVe aspect. Although the
locality given by Sir Edward Belcher to C. lyrata of the
Voyage of the Samarang is China Sea, the species are evi-
dently the same.

Species G9. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancei,L.\ki.4. Mangelioides. Can. testa acimiinato-
turritd, impcrforatd, spird acuta, anfractibm superne
angulatis, longitudinalitef costatis, costis compressis,
disiantiJjas, transversini striatis ; candidd ; aperturd
trigono-ovatd, labro subexpamo, coltimelld tripUcatd.

The Makgelia-i.ike Cancellaria. Shell acuminately
turbinated, imperforated, spire sharp, whorls angled
round the upper part, longitudinally ribbed, ribs
compressed, distant, transversely striated ; white ;
aperture triangularly ovate, lip rather expatidcd, co-
lumella three-plaited. •

Hab. ?

Kesembling the ])rcccding species in some respects, but

more compactly convoluled, and more obtusely angled

round the upper pari of tiie whorls.

Species 70. (Fig. fi, h, Mus. Cuming.)
CaNcellaiua tlssellata. Can.' testa cylindraceo-ob-
longd, soUdimculd, imperforatd, spird brevi, conicd,
suturd parmti impressd, anfractUms plano-convexis,
granoso-decussatis ; albidd, purpureo-ferrugineo fas-
ciatd et interdum tessellatd ; aperturd anguste oblongd
fatice liratd, colunielld valide biplicatd, late e?icaus-
ticd.
The tessellatkd Cancellakia. Shell cylindrieally
oblong, rather solid, imperforated, spire short, coni-

cal, suture but little impressed, whorls flatly convex,
granosely decussated; -whitish, banded and some-
times tessellated with purple-rust ; aperture narrowly
oblong, ridged within, columella strongly two-plaited,
broadly enamelled.
SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. .")1.
Ilab. Bay of Caraccas, St. Elena, and Xipixapi, Central
America (dredged from a sandy nmddy bottom, at a
depth of from seven to ten fathoms) ; Cuming.
Quite unlike any other species of the genus in its gene-
ral typical form, as is sufficiently apparent in the figure.

Species 71. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria foveolata. Can. testa pyramidali-ovatd,
anguste umbilicatd, spird exsertd, anfractibus ad su-
iuram profunde declivi-excavatis, ad angulum obtuse
carinatis, deinde plano-convexis, lavibus; carneo-fulvd,
lineis pallide fuscescentibus cingulatd, aurantio-fusco
ad angulum cingulatd ; aperturd trigono-ovatd, labro
crasse varicoso, columelld arcuatd, tripUcatd.

The trenched Cancellaria. Shell pyramidally ovate,
narrowly umbilicated, spire exserted, whorls deeply
slantingly excavated at the suture, obtusely keeled at
the angle, then flatly convex, smooth ; flesh-fulvous,
encircled with faint brownish lines, blotched with
orange-brown at tlie angles ; aperture triangularly
ovate, lip thickly varicose, columella arched, three-
plaited.

SowEKBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 137.

Hab. Algoa Bay.

The excavated grooving of this species slants inward in
a peculiar manner, whilst the shell is characterized by a
faint linear pattern.

Species 73. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria corrugata. Can. testd oblcmgo-pyriformi,
imperforatd, spird cvsertd, subobtusd, anfractibus de-
clivi-convexis, longitudinaliter ob-iolete corrugatis, lineis
impressis decussatis ; fulvo-olivaced ; aperturd anguste
oblongd, fauce liratd, columelld subattenuatd, bipli-
catd.

The wrinkled Cancellaria. Shell oblong pear-shaped,
imperforated, spire exserted, rather obtuse, whorls
slantingly convex, longitudinally obsoletely wrinkled,
decussated with impressed lines ; fulvous-olive ; aper-
ture narrowly oblong, ridged within, columella rather
attenuated, two-plaited.

Hinds, I'ro. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 48.

Hab. Bay of Guayaquil (in mud, at the depth of seven
fathoms) ; Hinds.

Of a veiy distinct typical form, peculiarly attenuated
towards the base, and having no excavated indenture at
the suture.

December, 1856.

((mcdhma M-MI.

4

Sov^-crby del et hth .

"Vinccnv Brooks imp

CANCELLARIA.

Plate XYI.

Species 73. (Fig. a, b, c, d, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaeia semipelhicida. Can. testa, ovato-ventri-
cosd, ienuicida, mimitmmie vmbilicatd, spird h-evitm-
culd, acuta, suturd profundi impressd, anfractibus su-
periie rotundatis, longitvdinaliter oblique plicato-cos-
tatis, traimversim tenuiliratis ; fulvescente, subpellu-
cidd ; aperturd ovaid, ad basin ailenuatd, columella
triplicatd.

The semitransparent Cancellaeia. Shell ovately
veutricose, rather thin, very minutely umbilicated,
spire rather short, sharp, suture deeply impressed,
whorls rounded at the upper part, longitudinally ob-
liquely plieately ribbed, transversely finely ridged;
fulvous, subpellucid ; aperture ovate, attenuated at
the base, columella three-plaited.

Adams and Reeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, p. 43. pi. 10.
f. 3 and 3 a.

Hab. Sooloo Sea.

A light inflated shell, with the suture deeply impressed,

peculiarly attenuated at the base.

to the remarkable C. triffonostoma, the whorls being con-
voluted in the same peculiar maaaer.

Species 74. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaeia antiquata. Can. tedd ovatd, perampliter
et profunde umbilicatd, spird turritd, anfractibus ad
suturam late declivi-excavatis, ad awjtdum carinatis
et muricatis, deinde acute plicato-costatis, lavigatis ;
albd ; aperturd parvd, irlcjond, colmiwlld subobsolcie
bipUcald.

The axtiucated Cancellaeia. Shell ovate, very
largely and deeply umbilicated, spire turreted, whorls
broadly slantingly excavated at the suture, keeled
and prickled at the angle, then sharply plieately
ribbed, smooth ; white ; aperture small, triangular,
columella rather obsoletely two-plaited.

Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, p. 43. pi. 12. f. 17, IS.

Hab. New Guinea (di'edged from coarse sand, at the depth
of twenty-two fathoms) ; Hinds.

This elegant little species has the largest umbilicus next

Species 75. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaeia tenuis. Can. testa ovatd, tenuiculd, an-
ffuste profundi umbilicatd, spird subpyramidali, an-
fractibus ad suturam anguste declivi-excavatis, longi-
tudinaliter laminato-costatis, transversim tenuiliratis ;
fulvescente; aperturd ovatd, ad basin atlennatd, colu-
melld triplicatd.
The thin Cancellaeia. Shell ovate, rather tliin, nar-
rowly deeply umbilicated, spire subpyramidal, whorls
narrowly slantingly excavated at the suture, longitu-
dinally laminately ribbed, transversely finely ridged ;
fulvous ; aperture ovate, attenuated at the base, co-
lumella three-plaited. ,^
(Vdams, MS., Mus. Cuming. ' '

Hab. ■ ?

A light semitransparent fulvous sheU, chiefly distin-
guished by the thin laminar structure of the ribs.

Species 76. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaeia Puepueifoemis. Can. testd oblongo-
ovatd, imperforatd, spird exsertd, subobtusd, anfracti-
bus plano-convexis, longitudinaliter obsolete plicalis,
transversim liueari-sulcatis ; fuscescente-albu ; aper-
turd ovatd, columella arcuatd, triplicatd.

The Purpura-shaped Cancellaeia. Shell oblong-
ovate, impei-forated, spire exserted, rather obtuse,
whorls slightly convex, longitudinately obsoletely pli-
cated, transversely linearly grooved ; brownish-white ;
aperture ovate, columella arched, three-plaited.

Valenciennes, Kiener, Coquilles vivantes, Cancellaria,
No. 27.

Hab.- ?

A simple oblong-ovate shell, without umbilicus or any
depression at the suture.

December, 1856.

(\,mrlUmi,fl\Tn.

4

i

I

I

Soweriy da.ct. hvh

Vincent iitooka Irap

CAN CELL ARIA.

Plate XVII.

Species 77. (Fig. a, b, Mus. (lumiiig.)

("ancellaria minima. Can. testa mbfauformi, imper-
foratd, spird subelongatd, avfractibus rotundatk, ob-
lique costatis, costis mtperne obtuse nodosis, interstitm
nitide cancellatis ; alba, interdum fuscescenie ; colu-
mella obsolete biplicatd.

The veey small Cancbllaria. Shell subfusiform, im-
perfoi'ated, spire nitlier elongated, whorls rounded,
obliquely ribbed, ribs obtusely noduled at the upper
part, interstices neatly cancellated ; white, sometimes
brownish; columella obsoletely two-plaited.

IM. ?

A minute species, oblicjuely ribbed, with the interstices

neatly latticed with fine transverse ridges.

Species 78. (Fig. a, b, ilus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria nitida. Can. testa ovato-tiirritd, swperfi-
cialiter umbilicatd, spird acuta, aufractibus ad sutu-
ram anguste angiilatis, costatis, costis compressis, valde
promineniibm, acutis, interstitiis lavigatis ; alba, car-
neo-tinctd ; aperturd svhquadrato-ovatd, fauce liratd,
columelld conspicue triplicatd.
The neat Cancellaria. Shell ovately turrctod, super-
ficially umbilicated, spire sharp, whorls narrowly an-
gled at the suture, ribbed, ribs compressed and very
prominent, sharp, with the interstices smooth ; white,
flesh-tinged ; aperture somewhat squarely ovate,
ridged within, columella conspicuously three-plaited.
Adams, MS. Mus. Cuming.

Hab. ?

Distinguished by its sharply develo})cd ribs, which re-
semble those of Scalaria more than in any other species.

gii.dc profundi mnbilicald, spird breviusculd, acuta,
anfractibus tumidis, superne obtuse angiilatis, rude no-
doso-costatis, trausversim liratis ; rufescente ; aper-
turd subquadrato-ovatd, ad basin attenuatd, columella
triplicatd.

The baked Cancellaria. Sh.ell ovately globose, nar-
rowly deeply umbilicated, spire rather short, sharp,
whoris tumid, obtusely angled at the upper part,
rudely nodosely ribbed, transversely ridged ; reddish ;
aperture somewhat squarely ovate, attenuated at the
base, columella three-plaited.

Hab. ?

A shell of rather tumid growth, decussated with blunt

noduled ribs and ridges, of a peculiar reddish colour.

Fig. 80. (Mus. Cuming.)
The shell here figured pi-oves to be a variety of C. pisca-
toria described at PI. XII. Sp. 55.

Species 79. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Cancellaria coctilis. Can. testa ovato-globosd, an-

Speeies 81. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Cancellaria TiENiATA. Can. testa subfusiformi-turritd,
imperforatd, spird subgracili, anfractibus snperne pla-
no-angulatis, longitudinaliter anguste costatis, subob-
solete decussatim liratis ; fulvo-rufescente, fusco im-
niatd; columelld biplicatd.

The filleted Cancellaria. Shell somewhat fusiformly
turreted, imperforated, spire rather slender, whorls
flatly angled round the upper part, longitudinally
narrowly ribbed, faintly decussately ridged ; fulvous-
red, filleted with brown; columella two-plaited.

SotvERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 137.

Huh. ?

A slender turreted species, neatly filleted with narrow

brown bands upon a fulvous-red ground.

December, IS 5 6.

CanceUarm, PL MU.

\

£><m^ ddo.lith

%ic,ait Bl-nufc hnp

CANCELLARIA.

Species 82. ("Fig. Thesaurus Conch.)

Cancellaria lactea. Can. testa oblongo-ovatd, tenui,
pelluddd, imperforatdy spird subobtitsd, anfraetibus
mperne decUvi-convexis, leevigatis ; lactea ; aperturd
ovatd, fauce liratd, columelld valide triplicatd.

The cream-coloured Cancellaria. Shell oblong-
ovate, thin, transparent, imperforated, spire rather
obtuse, whorls slantingly convex round the upper
part, smooth; cream-coloured; aperture ovate, in-
terior ridged, columella strongly three-plaited.

Deshayes, Encyclopcdie Methodique, p. 180. Sovverby,
Thesaurus Conch, vol. ii. p. 4+8. pi. 9C. f. 105.

llab. ?

This species is unknown to me. The accompanying

tigure is from Mr. Sowerby's 'Thesaurus Conchyliorum.'

Species 83. (Fig. JIoU. Voy. Sulphur.)

Cancellaria elata. Can. testa ovatd, elongald, acumi-
nata, anfraetibus costatis, superne angulatia, lineis
elevatis decussatis, suturd profunda; aperturd ovali,
peritremate superne disjuncto, labro intiis sulcata, co-
lumelld triplicatd, plied inferiore maxima, umbilico
parvo, suboceulto, canali inflexo.

The raised Cancellaria. Shell ovate, elongated, acu-
minated, whorls ribbed, angulated at the upper part,
decussated with raised lines, suture deep ; aperture
oval, peritreme disjoined at the upper part, lip
grooved within, columella three-plaited, lower plait
the largest, umbdicus small, somewhat concealed,
canal inflected.

Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, p. 43. pi. 13. f. 3, 4.

Hub. Panama (at the depth of thirty fathoms) ; Hinds.
This species is also unknown to me. The description

and figure are Mr. Hinds' in the Mollusca of the Voyage

of the Sulphur.

I'ig. 15 c, (/, e. (Mus. Cuming.)
The specimens here represented are varieties, which it
seems desirable to figure, of C. Biiccinoides, described at
Plate IV.

Species 84. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

!ancellaria bulbulus. Can. testa oblongo-pyriformi,

subventricosd, solidd, imperforatd, bad anguste atte-

nuala, spird parvd, valide decussatim plicatd, suturd

rude impressd, anfractu tdlimo snpenie declivi, lavi-

gato ; fidvd; aperturd angusie ohhtiiiu, columelld tri-
plicatd, plied supremd validlsnimd.

The little bdlb Cancellaria. Shell oblong-pyri-
form, subventricose, solid, imperforated, narrowly
attenuated at the base, spire small, strongly decus-
sately plicated, suture rudely impressed, last whorl
slanting round the upper part, smooth; fulvous;
aperture naiTowly oblong, columella three-plaited,
uppermost plait very strong.

SowERBT, Pro. Zool. See. 1833, p. 55.

Eab. Real Llejos, Central America.

Very closely allied to C. pgrura, from which it differs iti

being of a more attenuately obloug form.

Species 85. (Fig. Thesaurus Conch.)

Cancellaria viridula. Can. testd oblongd, longitudina-
liter obscure eostatd, spiraliter costatd, spird acumi-
nata, anfraetibus rotundatis, mturd validd ; aperturd
brevi, lavi, colwnelld obsolete plicatd ; colore nullo,
epidermide pallide mrescente.

The greenish Cancellaria. Shell oblong, longitu-
dinally obscurely ribbed, spirally ribbed, spire acu-
minated, whorls rounded, suture strong ; aperture
short, smooth, columella obsoletely plaited ; colour
none, with a pale green epidermis.

Admete xiridula, Gould. Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch, vol.
ii. p. 449. pi. 96. f. 103.

Hub. ?

Unknown to me. Description and figure copied from

Mr. Sowerby's ' Thesaurus Conchyliorum.'

Species 86. (Fig. Gould Invert. Mass.)

Cancellaria Couthouyi. Can. testd ovato-conicd, alljd,
lineis rudibus spiralibus et concentricis deciissatd, co-
lumelld tripUeatd.

Couthouy's Cancellaria. Shell ovately conical; white,
reticulated with coarse revolving lines, and lines of
growth, columella three-plaited.

Jay, Catalogue, 1839.

Cancellaria Buccinoides, Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat.
Hist. vol. ii. p. 105. pi. 3. f. 3.

Eab. Massachusetts Bay, United States (found in fishes) ;
Gould.
This little shell Dr. Gould describes in his Report of

the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, as being somewhat

abundant, and usually occupied by a hermit crab.

December, 1856.

CANCELLARIA.

acuminata, Soicerby ^■

affinis, Beeve ^^■

albida, Uind^ ^\

antiquata, Hinds ^

articularis, Sowei-by ^"■

iisperella, Lamarck I^-

australis, Sowerby -^■

bicolor, Ilvids "^^I^-

hifasciata, Deshai/es '^'^■

brevis, Soioerhj ^^■

Buccinoides, Sowerby ^^■

Buccinoides, Couthouy XVIII.

bulbulus, Sowerby XVIII.

buUata, Sowerby ^^

oancellata (^Volula), Linn IH-

Candida, Sowerby ^■

Cassidiformis, Sowerby H-

chrysostoma, Sowerby ^'^^■

dathrata, Adams ^^ ■

olavatula, Sowerby ^^■

coclilis, Reeve WW-

,-ontabulata, Sowerby ^^■

corrosa, Beeve ^^^ ■

corrugata, Hinds ^^ ■

costala, Sowerby ^I^-

costifera, Sowerby ^^^-

Couthouyi, Jay \^n ■

crenifeva, Sowerby ^^•

ci-ispata, Sowerby ^^^

Ciimingiaua, PelU

(lecussata, Sowerby

Ebumffiformis, Beeve ^•

elata, Hinds ^'^^^^•

elegans, Sowerby ^^I-

oxcavata, Sowerby "^ ^•

fovcolata, Sowerby ^^•

I'uniculata, Hinds -^ •

gemmulata, Sowerby ^•

goniostoma, Sowerby ^ l^-

granosa, Sowerby "■

liwmastoma, Sowerby .... ^J^-

hystrix, Beeve ^* •

iliperialis, Micbelin II-

indentata, Sowerby '^

lactea, Deshayes in

hfvigata, Sowerby ^ I'J-

lamoUosa, //iW-" ^^^

31
64
.52
79
43
64
72
33
57
86
24
43
1
22
21
83
12
53
71

Littorinfeformis, Sowerby
lyrata, Adams andUeevc.

raacrospira,

Adams and Reeve

Mangelioides, Beeve

melanostoma, Sowerby

minima, Reeve

Mitriformis, Sowerby

nitida, Adams

nodulifera, Sowerby

mdulosa, Lamarck

obesa, Sowerby

obliquata, Lamarck

oblonga, Kieuer

obtusa, Deshayes

ovata, Sowerby

piscatoria {Buccinum), Grael.

pulchra, Sowerby • •

Purpuriformis, Valenc

pusilla, Sowerby

pyrum, Adams and Reeve

reticulata {Valuta), Linn

rigida, Sowerby

rugosa, iMmarck

scalarina, Lamarck

scalata, Sowerby ■

semi-disjuncta, Sowerby

seraipellucida, Adams and Reeve

serrata, Reeve

similaris, Smcerby

Sinensis, Reeve

solida, Sowerby

Spengleriana, Deshayes

spirata, Lamarck

tfeniata, Sowerby

tenuis, Adams

tessellata, Sowerby

textilis, Kiener

trigonostoma {Delphinida^, Lam

TrUonis, Sowerby

tuberculosa, Sowerby

undulata, Sowerby

uniplicata, Sowerby

urceolata, Hinds

ventricosa. Hinds

Veneauxii, Kiener

viridula (Admele), (Jould .

Plate
XIII.
XV.

XL

XV.

VI.

XVII.

XL

XVIl.

11.

XII.

n.

XIII.

VI.

VIII.

IV.

XII.

VIII.

XVI.

IX.

IV.

I.

VII.

XIII.

VI.

V.

XIII.

XVI.

XIV.

III.

VIII.

I.
III.

XII.
XVII.
XVI.
XV.
VI.
. XL

III.

VIII.

III.

XL
V.
X.
XIII.

XVIII.

77

49

78

6

7
01
27
37
18
55
38
76
42
14
3
33
60
25
19
58
73
63
10
35
3
11
5G
81
75
70
28
51
12
36
9
49
23
47
59
85

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

L I T T 0 R I N A.

' It sees the ocean to its bosom clasp

The rocks and sea-sand with the kiss of peace ;
It sees the w-ild winds lift it in their grasp,
And hold it up, and shake it like a fleece.

' The startled waves leap over it ; the storm

Smites it with all the scourges of the rain.
And steadily against its solid form

Press the great shoulders of the hurricane."

Longfellow.

LiUviiMM., J'l- I-

-Mm

m^y

^*

Sowerby- M dlith

Ifeicemt. Srooks Imp

L I T T 0 lU N A.

Plate I.

'y.

■VX

Gemis LITTORINA, Fenmac.
Ttsta turhinatu, conico-ovata, vel snbglobosa, plenimqno so-
Uda, raro umhilicaia ; spird sapissime hreviusculd,
acuta; anfractibus aut lavibus aut Uneari-sulcatk,
inferne interdum tenuicarinatis ; aperturd subcircu-
lari, columelld scepe plus minus lad excavatd. Oper-
culum corneum, pyriformi-circulare.
Shell turbinated, conically ovate, or subglobose, generally
solid, rarely urabilicated ; spire generally rather short,
sharp ; whorls either smooth or linear-grooved, some-
times thinly keeled at the lower part; aperture nearly
circular, columella often more or less broadly exca-
vated. Operculum horny, pyriformly circular.
The Littoriiue or Periwinkles are a group of turbinated
shells, mostly small, inhabiting the sea-shore in all parts of
the world between tide-marks, or living on the branches of
trees within range of the spray. The few species known
to Lamarck were referred to his genera Turbo, Monodotita,
and Phadandla. De Ferussac first collected them into a
genus, taking the old Linnaean Turbo Uttoreus, or common
edible Periwinkle of our shores, as the type ; and Deshayes
described it in detail in his notes to the new edition of
the 'Animaux sans Verlebres.' In 1845 Dr. Philippi
examined the LMorina in Mr. Cuming's collection, de-
scribing twenty-one new species in the 'Proceedings of
the Zoological Society,' and published subsequently a mo-
nograph of the group in his ' Abbildungen,' in which a
hundred and twelve species are enumerated ; more how-
ever are set down there as species than we feel justified in
adopting.

Of the genera into which the group has been further sub-
divided, the most natural is that section named Tectarius,
of which the LinuEean Turbo pagodus is the type. But we
have the authority of Deshayes and MM. Quoy and Gai-
raard for stating that its animal and horny operculum are
similar in all respects to the typical L. IMorea.

It would be in vain to attempt to show any speciality of
geographical range in the LiUorinre. From Sitka in the
north to New Zealand and Valparaiso in the south they
are distributed along the shores both of the eastern and
western intermediate continents and islands. In their
natural habitats they generally represent tidal zones on the
rocks, and in Borneo and such swampy localities they live
commonly on the branches of tlie Mangrove-trees.

Species 1. (Fig. a, b, c, d, Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTORlNA BUELATA. Lilt, testd oblique conic't, trockifor-
mi, crassd, imper/oratd, aurantio-lacted, fasciis fuscis
vel nigricante-griseis cingulatd, transversim rugoso-
striatd, el papillosd, papillis nunc oblongis et plus mi-
nus obsoletis, nunc ecMnatis, pi'ominentibus, et mnne-

The bubbled Littobina. Shell obliquely conical, tro-
chus-shaped, thick, imperforated, orange-eream-
colour, sometimes encircled with brown or blackish-
grey bands, transversely roughly striated and papil-
lose, papillae sometimes oblong, and more or less ob-
solete, sometimes prickly, prominent, and numerous.^
kErwhuHnillntus, Martyn, Universal Conchologist, pi. 38.
j _Tja)c}i.m grandi>uilus, Chemnitz.
Monodonta papillosa, Lamarck.
LMorina papillosa, Deshayes.
Tectarius papillosus, Adams.
Eab. Zanzibar, North Australia, and New Zealand.

The varieties of this extremely variable species are dis-
tinguished by Philippi in his ' Abbildungen ' as vars. ele-
gans, quadriseriata, rustica, subinermis, and vera. The
division is but an artificial one, though characteristic of as
mauy typical states of the species. The differences con-
sist mainly in the development of the papillae-like nodules
of the shell, which may be observed in all gradations, from
prickly protuberances, to oblong, more or less obsolete,
compressed tubercles. ^ ,^\.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) _, 'JT'^ (V't^
LiTTORiNA coronaria. Lilt, lestd pyramidali-conicd, L'
crassd, imperforaid, laded, anfractibus superne con-
cavo-declivibus, subangulalis, strialis et carinatis, ca-
rinis undique muricato-nodulalis, columelld subcon-
tortd, basi crenatd.
Tin; garland Littorina. Shell pyramidally conical,
thick, imperforated, cream-coloured, whorls coucavely
slanting at the upper part, slightly angled, striated
and keeled, keels everywhere prickly noduled, colu-
mella somewhat twisted, notched at the base.
Monodonta coronaria, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix.
p. 174. Enc. Me'th. pi. 447. f. 6.
Littorina coronaria, Philippi.
Echinella coronaria, Adams.

,1^^

Ilab. Philippine Isli
1857. '• .

lids ; Cuming. , . . \

LITTORIXA.— Plate I.

This species may be readily distinguished from all varie-
ties of the preceding by its more pyramidal forju, smaller,
prickly sculpture, and more concave growth at the suture.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTOBiNA tectum-Pebsicum. LM. testd obluiue conku,
crassa, hnperforatd, laded, Jitsco iiiictd ei Uneata,
tramversim striata, et tuberculatd, tuberculin rudiius,
promiruiitibns, declivibus, pins minus irreijularibm,
colmnelld basi cremdatd.

The Pbusian-koof Littorina. Shell obliquely conical,
thick, imperforated, cream-coloured, stained and li-
neated with brown, transversely striated and tnber-
cled, tubercles rude, prominent, slanting, more or
less irregular, columella slightly notched at the base.

Turbo tectum-Persicum, Linnneus, Syst. Nat. p. 123i.
Monodonta tectum-Persicum, Lamarck.
Littorina tectum-Persicum, Deshayes.

Hah. ?

Intermediate in its characters, between L. bvlla/a and

pagodus, and subject apparently to limited variation.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina pagodus. Litt. testd oblique conicd, actitd,
crassd, solidd, imperforatd, fuHcescente-lacied, fusco
tinctd et Uneata, anfractibus rugoso-striatis, et com-
presse uodulatis, superne declivibus, rude subpUcatis,
anfractu ultimo conspicue bittcberculato.

The pagoda Littorina. Shell obliquely conical, sharp,
thick, solid, imperforated, brownish cream-colour,
stained and lineated with brown, whorls roughly
striated and compressly noduled, slanting round the
upper part, rudely subplicated, last whorl conspicu-
ously bitubercled.

Turbo pagodus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. p. 1234.
Trochus pagodus, Chemnitz.
Monodonta pagodus, Lamarck.
Littorina pagodus, Deshayes.
Tectarius pagodus, Guerin.
This well-known species is chiefly remarkable for its

uniformly large size and more angular sharp growth, the

entire svirface being more or less plicately striated and tu-

bercled, the tubercles on the last whorl being developed

in a prominent double row.

liUonmi, Ft. II.

4

4

%

4

4

SevreiW ad etlitli

"i^Ticent Bioofc Irap.

LITTORIN A.

Species 5. (Mus. (Jiiming.)

LiTTORiNA spiNHLOSA. LM. tenia conicd, acuta, angwsti
profiinde umUlicata, itinbilico interdam oldecto, rufo-
carned, anfractibm rngoso-striatis, dKlixu-ancjnlatk,
seriatim ndntife nodidatis.

The spined Littorina. Shell broadly conical, sharp,
narrowly deeply umbiiicated, umbilicus sometimes
covered, reddish flesh-colour, whorls roughly striated,
slantingly angled, sculptured with rows of small no-
dules.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, vol. iii. p. 17. \A. 6.
f. 24.

Ilab. Singapore ; Cuming.

The reddish flesh-colouring of this species, as compared

with the uniform livid-grey that prevails in the group, is

not among the least characteristic of its peculiarities.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTOKiNA LEMNiscATA. Lift, testd a7iguste coiiicd, imper-
foratn, nigra, striis transversi-t et granulormn seriebus
tribm, basi obscure albifasciaid, columella concavo-
effusd.

The filleted Littokina. Shell narrowly conical, im-
perforated, black, sculptured with transverse striae
and three rows of granules, base obscurely white-
banded, columella concavely effused.

Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 139.

Hab. Cuba?

k small pyramidally conical shell, sculptured with

raised transverse lines and granules.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina Malaccana. Litt. testa sublate conicd, acutd,
nigricante-grised, anfractibus superne declimbus, irans-
versim striaiis, gramdis albicantibus biseriatim cingu-
latis.

The Malacca Littorina. Shell somewhat broadly co-
nical, sharp, blackish-grey, whorls slanting at the
upper part, transversely striated, encircled with two
rows of whitish granules.

Philippi, Abbild. und Eesch. Conch, vol. iii. p. 15. pi.
6. f. 17.

Ilab. I'ulo Penang, Malacca.

More tumid in the lower whorl than the preceding spe-
cies, with the granules whitish.

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina Cumingii. Litt. testa abbreviato-conicd, pro-
funde ■umbilicatd, acutd, carneo-cinered, anfractibm
superne plano-declivibiis, minute aquamulato-striatis,
squamis mnricatis prominentibus biseriatim cingutaiis,
basi mnlti-squamafd.
Cuming's Littorina. Shell shortly conical, deeply um-
biiicated, sharp, flesh-tinged ash-colour, whorls flatly
slanting at the upper part, minutely squamulately stri-
ated, encircled with two rows of prominent prickly
scales, base many-scaled.
Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, vol. iii. p. 17. pi.
6. f. 22.

Echindla Cumingii, Adams.
Hab. Island of Guimaras, Philippines.

This very beautiful species is prominently distinguished
by its winding periphery of prickly scales and deep umbi-
licus.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina dilatata. Litt. tesld subpyramidali-conicd,
crassiusculd, imperforatd, livido-grised, nodulis albi-i
cingulatd, anfractibus superne declivibus, columelld late
concavo-dilatatd, purpnrascen te-fuscd.
The dil.ated Littorina. Shell subpyramidally conical,
rather thick, imperforated, livid-grey, encircled with
white nodules, whorls slanting at the upper part, co-
lumella broadly coucavely dilated, purplish-brown.
D'Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, p. 307. pi. 14. f. 20-23.
Hab. Cuba.

Chiefly remarkable for the broadly excavated purple-
brown columella, and conspicuous white nodules upon a
livid-gi'ey ground.

Species 1 0. (Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina subnodosa. Litt. iestdovato-conicd, solidd.
imperforatd, yrised, purpureo-fusco iesscllatd, trans-
versim triliratd, liris distantibus tenne nodulatU ;
aperturd parviusculd, purpureo-fuscd.

May, 1857.

LITTORINA.— Plate II.

The subnodose Littorina. Shell ovately conical, solid,
imperforated, grey, tessellated with purple-brown,
transversely three-ridged, ridges distant, finely no-
dded ; aperture rather small, purple-brown.
Philippi, Abbild. und Bescb. Couch, vol. ii. p. 19. pi. 3.

f. 8 and 9.
Hab. Red Sea.

A solid, rather tumid species, encircled with three ra-
ther distant, finely noduled ridges, tessellated with rich
purple-brown, and having the columella and interior deeply
stained with the same colour.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina MURICATA. Lilt, testa ovato-conicd, acuta, an-
ffuste excavato-umiilicatd, violascente-cinered, anfrac-
tibus rotundatis, ad mtiiram subimpressis, driatis, no-
dulls granularibits undique seriatim sculptis.

TiiF. PRICKLY Littorina. Shell ovately conical, sharp,
narrowly excavately umbilicated, violet-ash, whorls
rounded, rather impressed at the suture, striated, en-
circled throughout with rows of granuled nodules.

Turbo muricatus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12th edit. p. 1232.
Z« Boson, Adanson.
Littorina muricata, Deshayes.

Hab. West Africa, Cuba, Honduras.

In this- species the whorls are more rounded and the

suture more impressed than in its congeners, and the

i;ranulated sculpture is more defined.

flab. New Zealand.

Distinguished from the allied species by its more slen-
der, sharply pyramidal form.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)

l>lTroRiNA viLls. Lilt, testa pyramidali-couied, acuta, im-
perforatd, transversitn elevato-striatd, virescenle-gr'ised,
anfractibus supenie plano-dedivibus, nodulis albidis
medio biseriatim cinctk, aperlitrd purpureo-fuscd.

The WORTHLESS Littorina. Shell pyramidally conical,
shai-p, imperforated, transversely elevately striated,
greenish-grey, whorls flatly slanting round the upper
part, encircled round the middle with two rows of
white nodules, aperture purple-brown.

-Menke, Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, vol. ii. p. 15.
pi. 2. f. 21,

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina nodosa. Litt. testd obovatd, tumidiuseuld, im-
perforatd, spird brevi, acuta, anfractihus superne de-
clivibus, delude convexls, liris linearibm et nodulis te-
nuibus muricatis cingulatis, fusco-grised, rufo tinctd,
columella late excavatd, apertura fauce fused.

The nodose Littorina. Shell broadly ovate, rather
swollen, imperforated, spire short, siiarp, whorls
slanting round the upper part, then convex, encircled
with linear ridges and fine prickly nodules, fuscous-
grey, stained with red, columella broadly excavated,
interior of aperture brown.

Gray, Zoology of Beechey's Voyage, p. 139.

Uab. North coast of Australia.

A shortly conoid swollen species, with a somewhat Pur-
/i«rfl-like aspect, sculptured with fine granose nodules.

14. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina pyramidalis. Lilt, testd pyramidali-ovatd,
imperforatd, spird turritd, anfractibus superiw concavo-
decUvibus, deinde angulatis, et tuberculorum seriebus
dtcabus cotispicue cingulatis, purpureo-adustd, apertura
parvd, columella latissime excavatd, purpurasceiile,
basi subproductd.

The pyramidal Littorina. Shell pyramidally ovale,
imperforated, spire turreted, whorls concavely slant-
ing at the upper part, then angled, and conspicuously
encircled with two rows of tubercles, purple-brown,
aperture small, columella very broadly excavated,
purplish, rather produced at the base.

QuoY and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, vol. ii. pi. 33.
f. 12-15.

Hah. New Zealand.

.A rather abnorii
its cliaracters.

form of the genus, quite peculiar in

littxn'iria, Till I.

Soweiiy 3eL si litK

Vincent Brooks Imp.

LITTORINA.

Species 15. (Fig. b, c, Mus. Cumiug.)
LiTTORlNA AHENEA. Litt. tcstd ovato-turbinatd, imper-
foratd, spira acuta, mttird impressd, anfractibua con-
vexis, dense scabroso-striatis ; albidd vel lutescenle, ci-
nereo-fmco et cteruleo varie oblique strigatd sen leti-
tiffinosd.
The bronzed Littoiiina. Shell ovately turbinated, im-
perforated, spire sharp, suture impressed, whorls con-
vex, densely scabrously striated ; whitish or yellow-
ish, variously obliquely streaked or freckled with ash-
brown and blue.
Hob. Senegal.

The two shells lieve represented, from Mr. Cuming's
collection, were figured by Dr. Philippi in his 'Abbildun-
gen,' pi. 5. fig. 13 and 14, as varieties of L. angulifera,
Lamarck. They appear to me, on further examination
and comparison, to belong to different species. Fig. 15 a
I take to be a variety of L. scabra, described at PI. 5. Sp.
21, while the shell Fig. 15 i and 15 c appears not to have
been described.

Species If). (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTOBiNA GRANDis. Litt. testd oblique turbiitatd,
crassd, solidd, imperforald, anjractibus superne con-
caviusculis, lavibm vel obsolete carinatis, versus api-
ceni striatis ; Cfsrulescente-grised, carinis interrupte
nigricante-ficscis, columella late callosd, albd, labro
fusco mucidato.
The LARGE LiTTORiNA. ShcU obliquely turbinated.

thick, solid, imperforated, whorls slightly concave
round the upper part, smooth or obsoletely keeled,
striated towards the apex ; bluish-grey, keels inter-
ruptedly blackish-brown, columella broadly callous,
white, lip spotted with brown.

MiDDENDORF, Beit. Malac. Rossica, part 2. p. 57.

Hab. Island of Schantar, Sea of Ochotsk ; Middendorf.

A fine species of solid massive growth, of a bluish-grey
colour, encircled with narrow interrupted black-brown
bands, indicating keels that with age have become obso-
lete.

Species 17. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

J''^

LiTTORiNA PULCHRA. Litt. testd ovato-turgidd, imp'er-
foratd, apice acutd, anfractibus dense lirato-striatis,
superne concavo-declivibus ; aurantio-rufescenle,flam-
mulis atratis obliquis strigatd, columelld late exca-
vatd.

The beautiful Littorina. Shell ovately turgid, im-
perforated, apex sharp, whorls densely ridge-striated,
concavely slanting at the upper part; orange-red,
streaked with oblique black flames, columella broadly
excavated.

SowERBY, Genera of Shells, Littorina, f. 2, 3.

Ilab. Panama.

Another fine species, better known to collectors than the
preceding, distinguished by its conspicuous pattern of ob-
liquely waved stripes upon a rich orange-red ground.

May, 1857.

Zittorma,Il.IV.

4

S

Sovferby del, etMii

LITTORINA.

Species 18. (Fig. a, b, c, d, Mus. Cuming.)
I.ITTORINA LITTOEEA. Litt. testd omto-turbinatd, im-
perforaid, crassd, leevigald vel spiraliter elevato-dri-
atd, anfractibus interdum superne concavo-impres»is ;
oUvaced, aut cinered, aid ntfd, nigricanU interdum
fasciatd et lineald ; coiumelld late caUosd,sii6excavaid,
alba.
The shore Littorina. Shell ovately turbinated, im-
perforated, thick, smooth or spirally elevately stri-
ated, whorls sometimes coiicavely impressed round
the upper part ; olive, or ash, or red, sometimes
banded and lineated with black ; columella broadly
callous, slightly excavated, white.
Turbo littoreus, Linnajus, Syst. Nat. p. 1232.
Turbo ustulatus, Lamarck.
Littorina vulgaris, Sowerby.
Littorina liltorea, Johnston.
Hab. Atlantic shores of Europe.

Of tliis species, the well-known eatable Periwinkle of
our market, we have selected four varieties, difl'ering in
colour and even in form, so far as regards the angular
depression of the upper portion of the whorls.

Species 19. (Tig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina varia. Litt. testd acuviinato-ovatd, imper-
forald, crassiusculd, dense irregularlter carinatd, prope
suturam canaliculatd ; lutescente-albd, lineis nigris

undique tessellato-lentiginosd ; coiumelld sublate exca-
vatd, margine nigro-lineato.

The varied Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate, im-
perforated, rather thick, densely irregularly keeled,
somewhat channelled next the suture; yellowish-
white, everywhere tessellately freckled with black
lines; columella rather broadly excavated, margin
black-lined.

Sowerby, Genera of Shells, No. 37.

Hab. Panama.

A prettily marked species, densely irregularly keeled

throughout.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina fasciata. Litt. testd ovato-turbinatd, sub-
ventricosd, iniperforatd, lavigatd; albidd, fasciis li-
neisque fusco-griseis oblique undatd ; aperturd subcon-
tractd, coiumelld late eicavatd, margine fusco-lineato.
The banded Littorina. Shell ovately turbinated,
somewhat ventrieose, imperforated, smooth ; whitish,
obliquely waved with brownish-grey bands and lines ;
aperture somewhat contracted, columella broadly ex-
cavated, margin brown-lined.
Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voyage, p. 139.
Hab. Tumbez, Peru ; Cuming.

A fine bold species, lineated and obliquely banded, cha-
racterized by a dark blotch upon the columellar area, which
is more than usually twisted.

May, 1S57.

LuiMriria , J^l. Y.

Ziu.

4

4

$

SowerW dfi etlith. .

"Vincent Brooks Imp

LITTORINA.

Plate V.

Species 21. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTORiNA scABRA. LM. testd acuminalo-ovaU'i, tenui-
culd, aiifraclibus declivi-convexis, spiraliter dense lira-
lis, stria elevatd s/epe inter liras decurrente, infertie
obsolete tinicarinatis ; lutescente aut rosed, nunc ob-
lique fiisco strigatd et pnnctatd, nunc immacwlatd ;
aperiurd sidicontractd, columella excavato-appressd.

The scabrous Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate,
rather tiiin, whorls slantingly convex, spirally densely
ridged, with a raised stria often running between the
ridges, obsoletely keeled towards the lower part;
yellowish or rose, sometimes obliquely streaked and
dotted with brown, sometimes unspotted ; aperture
rather contracted, columella excavately appressed.

Helix scabra, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. p. 1243.
Phasianella aiiffulifera, Lamarck.
Littorina scabra, Philippi.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Mostly characterized by a painting of oblique inter-
rupted dark-brown streaks, though it has varieties of
yellow or rose-colour entirely without marking.

Species 22. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina Philippiana. Litt. testd acvmiuato-ovatd,
lenui, anfractibus declivi-convexis, spiraliter regulari-
ter filoso-liraiis, interstitiis oblique longitudinaliter
striatis, in/erne obsolete carinatis ; purpuraacente-spa-
diced, obsctire punctata, versus apicem nfd; aperturd
subcontructd, columella appressd, purpurascentc.
Philippi's Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate, thin,
whorls slantingly convex, spirally regularly thread-
ridged, interstices obliquely longitudinally striated,
obsoletely keeled at the lower part; purple-fawu,
obscurely dotted, red towards the apex ; aperture
rather contracted, columella appressed, purplish.
Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This species very closely resembles the L. Sieboldii,
which immediately foUows, but the spiral ridges are of a

finer thread-like character, and there :
in the substance of the shell.

more transparency

Species 23. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina Sieboldii. Litt. testd acumiuato-ovatd, te-
nuiculd, anfractibus declivi-convexis, spiraliter eari-
nato-liratis, strid elevatd inter liras decurrente; lu-
tescente-spadiced, obscure punctatd ; aperturd subcon-
tractd, columelld excavato-appressd.
Siebold's Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate, rather
thin, whorls slantingly convex, spirally keel-ridged,
with a raised stria running between the ridges; yel-
lowish-fawn, obscurely dotted ; aperture rather con-
tracted, columella excavately appressed.
Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 142. Abbild. und

Besch. Conch, pi. 6. f. 3.
Hab. Japan.

A fine acuminated species, of rather solid growth, spi-
rally keel-ridged throughout with great regularity.

Species 24. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.)

Littokina pilosa. Litt. testd acuminato-otatd, tenui,
subventricosd, anfractibus convexis, spiraliter JUoso-
liratis, liris regularibiis, subdistantibus, strid elevatd
inter liras raro decurrente ; cinereo-grised aut rosed,
fitsco sape promiscuii punctatd ; aperturd subrotundatd,
columelld teiiue contortd.

The thread-bound Littokina. Shell acuminately
ovate, thin, somewhat ventricose, whorls convex, spi-
rally thread-ridged, ridges regular, rather distant,
with rarely a raised stria running between the ridges ;
ash-grey or rose, often promiscuously dotted with
brown ; aperture nearly round, columella thinly
twisted.

SowERBY, Genera of Shells, Littorina, f. 5.

Hab. Island of Zebu, Philippine Islands (on the rocks at
half-tide) ; Cuming.
Of light substance, with the thread-like ridges more

than usually distant, while the cohiuiella is peculiar in

beins: thiulv contorted.

May, 1S57.

lUUHna, M. VT.

*

4

«

^

^

4

>

4

Smvenbv ad etlith

Vinosm Brooks Imp.

LITTORIN A.

Plate VI.

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTORlNA ciNGULATA. Litt. testd conico-ovatd, soUd'ms-
culd, anfraclibus convexis, spiraliter filoso-costatis, in-
terstitiis dense elevato-striatis ; cinereo-rufd, cosiis
pallidis, obscure maculatis ; aperturd parviusculd, co-
lumelld subcallosd, alba.

The belted Littorina. Shell conically ovate, rather
solid, whorls convex, spirally thread-ribbed, inter-
stices densely elevately striated ; ash-red, ribs pale,
obscurely spotted ; aperture rather small, columella
rather callous, white.

Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. U2.

Hah. North coast of New Holland ; Driiig.

Distinguished by its strong spiral ridges, the interstices

between which are prominently excavated and of darker

colour.

Species 36. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTOKlNA castanea. Litl. tcstd siibgloboso-ovatd, solidi-
usculd, spird brevi, anfractibus superne depressiuscuUs,
deinde rolundatis et spiralUer carinatis, carinis regu-
laribus, subdistantibus ; intense rufo-castaned ; aper-
turd cireulari, columelld late callosd.

The chestnut Littorina. Shell somewhat globosely
ovate, rather solid, spire short, whorls somewhat de-
pressed at the upper part, then rounded and spirally
keeled, keels regular, rather distant ; deep reddish-
chestnut; aperture circular, columella broadly cal-
lous.

Adams and Reeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, p. 49. pi. 11.
f. 8.

Hab. Eastern Seas ; Belcher.

Of a dark reddish-chestnut colour, encircled throughout

witii stron<r, rather distant keels.

Species 27. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina arboricola. Litt. testd acumlnato-ovatd, le-
nuiculd, anfractibus declivi-convexis, spiraliter Jiloso-
liratis, liris scepe alternatim majoribus, interstitiis
striatis ; fiilvd, purpurea ad suturam tnaculatd et iri-
terdum oblique strigatd ; aperturd subcoutractd, colu-
tU'elld exfavato-appressd, interdum purpurea tinctd.
TiiE^TK^ Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate, rather
* tliiu, whorls slantingly convex, spirally thread-ridged,
^.^ ridges often alternately larger, interstices striated ;
*' fulvous, spotted at the suture and sometimes ob-
liquely streaked with purple; aperture rather con-
tracted, columella excavately appressed, sometimes
stained with purple.

Hab. Singapore (on the branches of the Mangrove-tree) ;
Cuming.
Of a peculiar opake fulvous cast, spotted beneath the
suture with purple, which is occasionally prolonged into
oblique streaks.

Species 28. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina Newcombi. Litt. testd pyramxdali-ovatd, soll-
diusculd, anfractibus ad sutaram rude marffinatis, de-
clivi-convexis, inferne obtuse angulatis, undique dense
irregulariter lineari-sulcatis ; carulescente, fulvo-ru/o
projnisciii tessellatd; aperturd parviusculd, columelld
excavato-appressd, intense purpured.

Newcombe's Littorina. Shell pyramidally ovate, rather
solid, whorls rudely margined at the suture, slant-
ingly convex, obtusely angled at the lower part,
densely irregularly linear-grooved throughout; bluish,
promiscuously tessellated with fulvous-red ; aperture
rather small, columella excavately appressed, deep
purple.

Hub. Sandwich Islands.

A very characteristic species, rather solid, inclined to

be angular at the base, closely linearly incised throughout.

The ground-colour is grey-blue, promiscuously tessellated

throughout with fulvous-red.

Species 29. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina carinipera. Litt. testd pyramidali-conicd, ver-
sus basin angulata-ventricosd, solidiusculd, anfractibus
plano-decUvibus, parum convexis, spiraliter carinato-
costatis, costis distantibus, lird obtusd inter castas de-
currente ; griseo-caruled, rufo-fmco punctata et lenti-
ginosd ; columelld late appressd,fulvd aut intense vio-
laced.

The keeled Littorina. Shell pyramidally conical, an-
gularly ventricose towards the base, rather solid,
whorls flatly slanting, but little convex, spirally keel-
ribbed, ribs distant, with an obtuse ridge running
between the ribs; grey-blue, dotted and freckled
with red-brown ; columella broadly appressed, ful-
vous or deep violet.

Phasianella carinifera, Menke, Synopsis, 2nd edit. p. 51.
Littorina perdix, King.
Littorina carinifera, Philip|)i.

Hab. Java, Philippine Islands, China, Borneo.

This species has a wide range in the Eastern Seas, and

varies materially in general form.

May, 1857.

LiUorinu^ FL W.

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Sowerby cki etMi .

Imce-nt Brooks Imp.

LITTORINA

Species 30. (Mus. Ciimiiif;.)
LiTTOKlNA TENEBB03A. LM. lesld conico-ovatd, ohtecte
perforata, aufractibus subangustis, rotundatis, nunc
Uevihm, nunc spiraliter liratis ; riifo-fmcd, velfulvd,
fiisco reticulata; aperturd eircidari, columella dila-
tato-simmtd.
The dingy Littorina. Shell conically ovate, with a
covered umbilicus, whorls rather narrow, rounded,
sometimes smooth, sometimes spirally ridged ; red-
dish-brown, or fulvous reticulated with brown ; aper-
ture circular, columella dilately sinuated.
Turbo tenebromis, Montagu, Test. Brit. vol. ii. p. 303.
Supp. pi. 20. f. 4.
Turbo vestitus, Say.
Littorina tenebrosa, Forbes.
Hab. Britain and United States.

Of this little species there are two very distinct varie-
ties ; one smooth and the other ridged. It is said to run
into L. rudis ; but it requires a considerable stretch of the
imagination to trace this specific relationship.

Species 31. (Pig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina palliata. Lilt, testa subgloboso-ovatd, soli-
diusculd, imperforaid, spird vix exsertd, anfractibus
converis, minutimmi granuloso-striatis, versus aper-
ttiram expansis ; caruleo-fuscd, purptireo-fasciatd, aut
fulvescente-olivaced; aperturd semicireulari, columelld
lat? callosd, interdum rufo-purpttred.

The clothed Littorina. Shell somewhat globosely
ovate, rather solid, imperforated, spire scarcely ex-
serted, whorls convex, very minutely granularly stri-
ated, expanded towards the aperture ; ash-brown,
banded with purple, or fulvous-olive ; aperture semi-
circular, columella broadly callous, sometimes red-
dish-purple.

Turbo palliat us. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. ii. p. 2 to.
Littorina palliata, Gould.

Hab. United States.

Although included in the British fauna, the existence

of this species upon our coast has not been satisfactorily

determined. It is abundant on the shores of the United

States.

Species 32. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina hugosa. Lift, testa ovato-ghbosd, solidd, im-
perforatd, spird parvd, acntd, anfractibus tumido-con-
vexis, longitudinaliter rude corrugatis, spiraliter li-
neari-sulcatis ; opaco-albd, carneo-fuscescente, obscure
pallidissime tinctd; columelld latinsime excavatd. car-
neo-fuscescente maculatd.

The wrinkled Littorina. Shell ovately globose, soUd,
imperforated, spire small, sharp, whorls tumidly con-
vex, longitudinally rudely wrinkled, spirally linearly
grooved ; opake-white, very faintly obscurely tinged
with flesh-purple, columella very broadly excavated,
spotted with flesh-purple.

Menke, Specim. Moll. New Holland, p. 9.

Hab. Mouth of the Swan River, New Holland.

A very solid opake-white globose shell, encircled with

linear grooves, curiously rudely wrinkled longitudinally,

and remarkably broadly excavated upon the columella.

Species 33. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina rudis. Litt. testa ovato-globosd, interdum
obtecte nmbilicatd, solidissimd, spird brevi, acuta, an-
fractibus convexis, lievibus aut spiraliter lineari-snl-
catis ; albidd, carneo-fusco fasciatd, aut luted, inter-
dum nigro-lineatd ; aperturd parvd, contractd, circu-
lari, columdld callosd.

The rude Littorina. Shell ovately globose, sometime.'?
with a covered umbilicus, very solid, spire short,
sharp, whorls convex, smooth or spirally linearly
grooved ; whitish, banded with flesh-brown, or yel-
low, sometimes black in the linear grooves ; aperture
small, contracted, circular, columella callous.

Turbo rudis, Donovan, Brit. Shells, vol. i. p. 33. f 3.
Turbo Uttoreus, Maton and Ilackett.
Littorina rudis, Johnston.
Littorina zonaria. Beau.
Littorina nigrolitieata. Gray.

Halt. Britain and United States.

The specimens figured in the accompanying Plate re-
present the most characteristic varieties of this well-
known species, the last, Fig. 33 c, being the L. nigru-
liiieata of Gray.

May, 1857.

LITTORINA.— Plate VII.

Species 34. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTORiNA LiTTOBALis. LM. testa semifflobosd, solidis-
simd, spird jilano-depreud, anfractibm oblique con-
vexis, leevibus aiit obscurmime slrialis ; luted, inter-
dum late fusco-fasclatd ; aperturd circular i, valde
contractd, columella late excavatd.
The littoral Littoeina. Shell semiglobose, very
solid, spire flatly depressed, whorls obliquely convex,
smooth, or very obscurely striated; yellow, some-
times broadly brown-banded ; aperture cii-cular, very
much contracted, columella broadly excavated.

Nerita liltoralis, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. p. 1253.

Turbo 1-etmus and obtusatus, Lamarck.

Turbo ustulatus, De Blainville.

Littorina obtusata, Menke.
Hab. Britain and North European shores.

Well distinguished by its oblique obtuse growth and
depressed spu-e, varying in colour from yellow, more or
less banded, to freckled brown.

im/'hna,n. mr.

4

4

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Sowerliy SsL eilLth.

YiTLC.ent Brooks Imp

L I T T 0 R I N A.

Plate VIII.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTORiNA TENUIS. LM. testa, ovato-oblongd, aciUd, im-
perforatd, anfractibus decUvi-convexis, concentrke te-
nue lineari-mlcatis ; carneo-albidd, opaco-albo obscure
lentiginosd ; aperturd parviuscnld, labro columellari
tenue rejlexo.

The thin Littobina. Shell ovately oblong, sliarp, im-
perforated, whorls shintingly convex, concentrically
finely linear-grooved ; flesh-white, obscurely freckled
with opake-white ; aperture rather small, columellar
lip thinly reflected.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, p. 18. pi. 6. f. S.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Phdippine Islands.

A light-drab freckled shell, having more the appearance

of a Bidimus than of a Littorina.

Species 36. (Tig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littokina conica. L'M. tedd subpyramidali-conicd, te-
tiuicidd, imperforatd, anfractibus plano-declivibns, pa-
rum convexis, spiraliter lineari-sulcatis, infirne an-
gulatis, ad angulum tenuicarinalis ; pellmidu-grhed,
fuscescente viltatd et lentiginosd, interdmn slramiiied ;
aperturd parviusculd, columelld apprensd, sulcata, la-
bro tenue refiexo, violaceo.

The conical Litorina. Shell somewhat pyramidally
conical, rather thin, imperforated, whorls flatly slant-
ing, but little convex, spirally linear-grooved, angled
round the lower part, finely keeled at the angle;
transparent-grey, filleted and freckled with light-
brown, sometimes straw-colour ; aperture rather
small, columella appressed, grooved, lip thinly re-
flected, violet.

Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. Ul.

Hab. Japan.

An extremely graceful and characteristic species, of a

pyramidally conical form, semitransparent, either yellow

or freckled with a neat filleted pattern, the columellar lip

being of a violet hue.

Species 37. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina Africana. Lilt, lestd ovato-conied, subventri-
cosd, solidiusculd, imperforatd, anfractibus convexis,

lavibus, spiraliter lineari-sulcatis, inferne angulatis,
tenuicarinalis; caruleo-albd ; columelld late excavatd,
cum aperturce fance intense purpureo-castaned.

The African Littorina. Shell ovately conical, some-
what ventricose, rather solid, imperforated, whorls
convex, smooth, spirally linear-grooved, angled and
finely keeled round the lower part ; bluish-white ;
columella broadly excavated, with the interior of the
aperture deep purple-chestnut.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, p. 31. pi. 4. f. 10.

Hab. Algoa Bay ; Krauss.

A solid, opake, blue-white shell, faintly linear-grooved,
neatly angled round the lower part, having the columella
and interior of the aperture richly stained with dark pur-
ple-chestnut.

Species 38. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina Planaxis. Lilt, lestd subgloboso-conicd, ven-
tricosd, imperforatd, anfractibus lavibus, superne siib-
impressis, deinde convexis ; olivaceo-fitscd, albo floc-
catd ; columelld latbssime excavatd.

The Planaxis Littorina. Shell somewhat globosely
conical, ventricose, imperforated, whorls smooth,
slightly impressed round the upper part, then con-
vex ; olive-brown, flaked with white ; columella very
broadly excavated.

NuTTALL, Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, p. 33. pi.
4. f. 10.

Uab. Upper California.

Of rather globose form, remarkably broadly excavated
at the columella against the body-whorl. Ilusty olive-
brown in colour, flaked with white.

Species 39. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina sclculosa. Litt. testa subacute conicd, tenui-
culd, soUdd, anfractibus plano-declivibus, regulariter
late sulcatis et obtuse costatis, inferne angulatis ; spa-
diced, coslis interdum livido-purpurascentibus, nitenti-
bus ; aperturd subcontractd.

The grooved Littorina. Shell rather sharply conical,
rather thin, solid, whorls flatly slanting, regularly
broadly grooved and obtusely ribbed, angled at the

May, 1857.

LITTOBINA.— Plate VIII.

lower part ; fawn-colour, ribs sometimes stained with
livid-pui-ple, shining ; aperture rather contracted.

Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soe. 1845, p. 142.

Hab. North coast of New Holland.

Characterized very distinctly by its broad, shining, flat-
tened ribs, which are sometimes of a purplish-Uvid hue,
and intervening grooves.

Species 40. (Miis. Cuming.)
LiTTORiNA STRIATA. Litt. testd Mreviato-conicS , venlri-
cosd, imperforatd, acuta, atifractibus (kclivi-cotivexis,

obesk, spiraliter sulcaiis ei liratis; sordide cinereo-
uigricante ; columella laiissime excavatd, fusco tinctd.

The striated Littorina. Shell shortly conical, ventri-
cose, imperforated, sharp, whorls slantingly convex,
stout, spirally grooved and ridged ; ash-black ; colu-
mella vei-y broadly excavated, stained with brown.

King, Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 34.5.
LMorirta Canariends, D'Orbigny.
Littorina arenica, Nuttall.

Hab. West Africa, Azores, and Canary Islands.

A stout, strongly linear-grooved, adust shell, with the

columella against the body-whorl very broadly excavated.

_LUt€rLrLa , PL IX.

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«

ASncCTit Brooks Itnt;

L I T T 0 R I N A.

Plate IX.

Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTOKiNA OBESA. Lilt, testd ovato-conoided, solidd,
subobesd, anfractibus declivi-convexis, tenuisdme spi-
raliter lineari-sulcatis, inferne obtuse angulatis; roseo-
spadtced; aperturd suhconlractd, fauce auraniid, colti-
■melld colloid, violaeed.

The stout Littorina. Shell ovately conoid, solid, ra-
ther stout, whorls slantingly convex, vei-y finely spi-
rally linearly grooved, obtusely angled at the lower
part ; pinkish fawn-colour ; aperture rather con-
tracted, orange in the interior, columella callous,
violet.

Sowerby, Genera of Shells, f. 6.

Hab. Society and Philippine Islands.

A smooth, stout species, of solid gi-owth, flesh-tinged
without, orange within, having the spiral linear grooves
rather distant.

Species 42. (Kg. a, b, JIus. Cuming.)

LiTTOBiNA Fortunei. Litt. testa su/jelonz/ato-turbmatd,
angustd, tenuiculd, anfractibus convexis, icndique spi-
ralitcr lineari-sulcatis ; pallide spadiced, rufo-fmco
oblique striyatd ; aperturd parvd, circulari, columelld
temie reflexd.

Fortune's Littorina. Shell somewhat elongately tur-
binated, naiTow, rather thin, whorls convex, spii-ally
linearly grooved throughout ; light fawn-colour, ob-
liquely streaked with red-brown ; aperture small, cir-
cular, columella thinly reflected.

Hah. China.

A slender acuminated shell, with a small aperture, hav-
ing more the appearance of a Turritella than a Littorina.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina pallescens. Litt. testd ovato-turbinatd,
spird acuta, anfraclibm rotundatis, spiraliter filoso-
costath, ad suturam itupresnis ; ojmco-albd ; aperturd
subcirculari, labro expanse, alio.
The pale Littorina. Shell ovately turbinated, spire
sharp, whorls rounded, spirally thread-ribbed, im-
pressed at the suture ; opake-white ; aperture nearly
circular, lip expanded, white.

June,

Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 142.
Hab. Cagayan, Island of Mindanao, Philippines ; Cuming.
An opake-white shell, of solid, elegantly convoluted
growth, encircled throughout with strongly defined thread-
like keels.

Species 44. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina albicans. Litt. testd acuminato-ovatd, ieuui,
seniipellucidd, spird acutd, anfractibus rotundatis, spi-
raliter lineari-sulcatis, ad suturam obtuse carinafis,
ultimo plicato-varicoso ; calcareo-albd, versus apicem-
Uvido-purpurascente, ad earinam rufo-fusco vittatd ;
aperturd subcirculari, labro tenue reflexo.

The whitish Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate,
thin, semi-transparent, spire sharp, whorls rounded,
spirally linearly grooved, obtusely keeled at the su-
ture, last whorl plieately varicose ; chalk-white, livid-
purple towards the apex, filleted with red-brown at
the keel; aperture nearly circular, lip thinly re-
flected.

Metcalfe, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1852.

Hab. Sarawak, Borneo ; Sir James Brooke.

A peculiarly delicate semi-transparent chalk-white shell,
irregularly varicose on the last whorl after the manner of

Species 45. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina melanostoma. Litt. testd pyramidali-ob-
loiujd, solidiusculd, spird acutd, anfractibus plano-de-
clivibns, obliqm rude striatis, spiraliter lineari-sulca-
tis ; stramined, purpureo-fiisco interdum oblique stri-
(jatd ; aperturd trifjono-ovatd, basi expansd, cohnielld
callosd, intense nigricante-violaced.

The black-mouth Littorina. Shell pyramidally ob-
long, rather solid, spire sharp, whorls flatly slanting,
obliquely roughly striated, spirally linearly grooved ;
straw-colour, sometimes obliquely streaked with pur-
ple-brown ; aperture triangularly ovate, expanded at
the base, columella callous, deep blackish-violet.

Gr.vy, Zoology of Beechey's Voyage, p. 140.

Hab. Singapore and Porneo.

An interesting species, distinguished from all otliers of
857.

LITTORINA.— Plate IX.

the genus by its oblong pyramidal form and deep purple-
violet columella.

Species 46. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTOiilNA FLAMMEA. LIU. testd elongato-ovatd, au-
gustd, tenui, subvmfricosd, spird aculd, anfractibus
declim-convexis, valide et con/ertim spiraliter lineari-
■■sulcatk ; ferrugiMO-spadiced, rufo-fusco oblique stri-
gatd ; aperturd parmisculd, basi dilatatd, columella
teittie reflexd.

The flamed Littokina. Shell elongately ovate, nar-
row, tiiin, slightly ventricose, spire sharp, whorls
slantingly convex, strongly and closely spirally li-
nearly grooved ; rust-fawn-colour, obliquely streaked
with red-brown; aperture rather small, dilated at
the base, columella reflected at the base.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, pi. 6. f. 21.

Ilab. Shanghai, China; Fortune.

A slight, elongated species, closely spirally grooved

throughout, and peculiarly marked with oblique flames.

Luterma,Fl; X.

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LITTORIN A.

Species i7. (Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTORiNA Fraseri. Lift, testa acuminato-ovatii, aii-
frfictibiis decUvi-convexis, subventricods, vaUde cre-
briliratis; livido-purpurascente, nitente, undique rvfo-
punctatd ; aperturd semicircular i, columella late ex-
cavatd.
Fhaser's Littorina. Shell acmuinately ovate, whorls
slantingly convex, subventricose, strongly closely
ridged ; livid-purple, shining, everywhere red-dotted ;
aperture semicircular, columella broadly excavated.
Hnh. Lagos, West Africa ; Fraser.

A thin but solid shell, deeply closely grooved, tbe in-
termediate ridges being tessellated with dark purple-red.

Species 48. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTORiNA tessellata. LM. testa acuminalo-ovatd,
anfractibus ad sutnram impressis, deinde ventricosis,
inferne obtuse aiiffulatis, nudigue tenue lineari-snlca-
tis ; virescente-albd, punctis pitrpureo-r/ifis undljue
dense tessellata; columella late excavatd.

The tessellated Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate,
whorls impressed at the suture, then ventricose, ob-
tusely angled at the lower part, everywhere finely
linearly grooved ; greenish-white, densely tessellated
throughout with dark purple-red dots ; columella
broadly excavated.

PniLiPPr, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, pi. .5. f. 26.
Littorina nndulata, D'Orbigny.

Hab. West Indies.

Neatly tessellated throughout uith dark purple-red, the

spots mostly forming oblique waved streaks.

Species 49. (:Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina Sitchana. Lilt, testa semiglobosd, injlatd,
spird parvd, ohltisd, anfractibus convexis, nunc lavi-
biis, nunc spiraliter liratis ; nigra, iirescente medio et
ad stduram fasciatd ; aperttvrd circulari, labro exca-
vato-dilataio.

The Sitka Littorina. Shell semiglobose, inflated, spire
small, obtuse, whorls convex, sometimes smooth,
sometimes spirally ridged ; black, banded in the
middle and at the suture with greenish-vvbitc'; aper-
ture circular, lip excavately dilated.

Philippi, Pro. Zool. See. 1845, p. 140.

Hab. Sitka.

A very characteristic semiglobose inflated shell, of solid

growth, more or less strongly keeled.

Species 50. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina carinata. Lilt, testa pyramidali-conoided.

anfractibus plano-declivibus, spiraliter lineari-sulcatis,
inferne cnrinatis, infra subconcavis ; albidd, intense
plumbeo-c^ruleo fasciatd, pmpureo-rufo oblique unda-
to-strigafd ; aperturd parvd, columelld late excavatd.

The keelkd Littorina. Shell pyramidally conoid,
whorls flatly slanting, spirally linearly grooved,
keeled at the lower part, slightly concave beneath ;
whitish, banded with deep leaden blue, obliciucly
wave-streaked with purple-red ; aperture small, colu-
mella broadly excavated.

D'Orbigny, Moli. de (;uba, p. 209. pi. 1."). f. 1-4.

Eab. Cuba.

A solid shell, of very eharactcrislio form and pattern of

colouring.

Species 51. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina brevicula. Litt. testa rjloboso-turbinatd,
soUdiusculd, spird brevi, acutd, anfractibus declivi-
aiigulatis, valide spiraliter carinatis, carinis distanti-
biis, interstitiis striatis ; albidd, nigro tinctd, riifo et
viridi macnlatd ; aperturd circulari, columelld liiti
excavatd et dilatatd.

The shout Littorina. Shell globosely turbinated, ra-
ther solid, spire short, sharp, whorls slantingly an-
gled, strongly spirally keeled, keels distant, inter-
stices striated ; whitish, stained with black, blotched
with red and green ; aperture circular, columella
broadly excavated and dilated.

Turbo brevirulus, Philippi, Zeitschrifl fiir Malac. 1844, p.
166.

Hab. North coast of China.

Of broad Turbo-Y\ka form, encircled with three strong

keels, and prettily variegated with colour upon a dark

"round.

S])ccies 52. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina Grucnlandica. Lilt, testa ovato-ventricosd,
fenuiculd, anfractiLua convexis, spiraliter obsolete li-
ratis; Uvido-castaned ; columelld dilatatd.

The (Jkeenland Littorina. Shell ovately ventricose,
rather thin, whorls convex, spirally obsoletely ridged ;
livid-chestnut ; columella broadly dilated.

Menke, Syn. Moll. 1830, p. 45.
Littorina sulcata, Menke.
Littorina castanea, Deshayes.
Nerita litorm, Fabricius.

Hab. Greenland.

Of rather light structure, sometimes banded, with tlu-
columellar lip conspicuously excavately dilated.

June, 1857.

Littoruia^^ Tl. M.

4

^

4

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4

4

4

Soweriv cLJ etlith

"ViTicexit firociks Iiiip

LITTORIN A.

Plate XI.

Species 53. (Mus. Cumiug.)

LiTTORiNA ciNCTA. LiM. testd acummaio-ovatd, anfrac-
liius deciivi-convexis, spiraliter lineari-sulcatis, in-
ferne obtuse carinatis, infra liratis ; purpurascente-
fiiscd, ferrugineo tinctd, inter liras iasales albd ;
aperturd parvd, columelld excavatd, callosd, livido-
purpnred.

The encircled Littorina. Sbell acuminately ovate,
wliorls slantingly convex, spirally linearly grooved,
obtusely keeled at the lower part, ridged beneath ;
pnrplish-brown, rust-tinged, white between the basal
ridges ; aperture small, columella excavated, callous,
livid-purple.

QiJOY and Gaimaru, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, vol. ii. p. -iSl.
pi. 33. f. 30-21.

Hal. New Zealand.

A dark ash-brown shell, simply linearly grooved, the
groove.« being wider at the base beneath the angle.

Species 54. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina Pintado. Lilt, tedd ac/mdnaio-ovatd, spird
peracutd, anfractibus convexi'i, dense spiraliter lineari-
sulcatis ; c<srulescente-albd, nndique minute rufo-pmic-
lata; aperturd parmusculd, fauce purpureo-violaced,
columelld luti.mme excavatd.

The Pintado Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate,
spire veiy sharp, whorls convex, closely spirally li-
nearly grooved ; bluish-white, everywhere minutely
red-dotted ; aperture rather small, interior purple-
violet, columella very broadly excavated.

Turbo Pintado, Wood, Lulex Test. Supp. pi. 0. f. 34.
Littorina Pintado, Philijipi.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Of a very characteristic asi)cct, bluish-grey, covered
with minute purple-red dots.

Species 55. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina nebulosa. Litt. testa acnminato-ovatd, te-
nuieuld, ventricosd, anfractibus deciivi-convexis, dense
impresso-striatis ; albidd, rufescente-fttsco oblique flatn-
matd ; columelld tenue reftexd.

The clouded Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate,
rather thin, ventricose, whorls slantingly convex,
densely inijiressly striated ; whitisli, obliquely flamed
with reddish-brown; columella thinly reflected.

Phasianella nebulosa, Lamarck, Anini. sans vert. vol. ix.
p. 244

Hab. Honduras.

Allied to L. imdulata, but of less solid growth, more

ventricose, and wanting the characteristic violet columella
of that species.

Species 56. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina irrorata. Litt. testa acicminato-ovatd, soli-
diusculd, anfractibus superne mbimpressis, deinde ro-
tundatis, undique valide spiraliter liratis, liris confer-
tis, interstitiis profundi excavatis ; livido-plumbed aid
nigricante, liris cceruleo-albidis, rufo puitctatis ; aper-
turd mbcontractd, fauce nigro-purpured, columelld ex-
cavato-dilatald.

The bedewed Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate,
rather solid, whorls slightly impressed round the
upper part, then rounded, everywhere strongly spi-
rally ridged, ridges close-set, interstices deeply exca-
vated ; livid lead-colour or blackish, ridges bluish-
white, dotted with red ; aperture rather contracted,
interior blackish-purple, columella excavately dilated.

Turbo irroratus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. ii. p. 239.
Littorina irrorata. Gray.
Phasianella sulcata, Lamarck.

Hab. Sitka.

Strongly ridged, of a grey colour, the ridges being

roughened with red granules.

Species 57. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina ziczac. lAii. testa acuminato-ovatd, anfrac-
tibus deciivi-convexis, tenuissime lineari-sulcatis, in-
fe-rne obsolete angulatis ; kciescenfe-albd, pallide cine-
reo-carulescente, lineis rufis undatis oblique strigatd ;
aperturd subcontractd, fauce purpureo-fasciatd, colu-
melld subcallosd.

The zigzag Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate, whorls
slantingly convex, very finely linearly grooved, obso-
letely angled at the lower part ; yellowish-white,
banded with pale ash-blue, obliquely streaked with
waved red lines ; aperture rather contracted, interior
purple-banded, columella slightly callous.

Troclms ziczac, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. v. p. fiH. pi.
166. f. 1599.

Hab. Monte Christi, West Columbia. Kangaroo Island,
South Australia.
Notwithstanding the discrepancy in the al)ove-(juoted

localities, the specimens bearing them, on good authority,

are certainly the same species, agreeing precisely with the

figure cited from Chemnitz.

Fig. 58. (Mus. Cuming.)
The shell here represented, L. ttnebrata of Nuttall,
proves, on examination, to be merely a worn L. Pintado.

ZitWrum, Fl. HI.

S 4

eob.

60a/

4

eia/

4 ^

eth.
etou

4

Sowerby M etHdi Tmcent Brooljs imp

LITTORINA.

Plate XII.

Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTOHiNA ABERRANs. Litt. testd acuminato-turritd,
teniti, gracUi, an/ractiius rotundatis, spiraUter mb-
tiliter liratis et striatis, striu longitudinalibns irre-
gulariter decmsatim striatis ; carneo-alhicante, liris
opacis ; aperiurd parvd, circulari, labro et columelld
tenui re/lexis, roseo-pnrpnreis.

The aberrant Littorina. Shell acuminately turreted,
tbin, slender, whorls rounded, spirally finely ridged
and striated, irregularly plicately decussated with
longitudinal striae ; flesh-white, ridges opake ; aper-
ture small, circular, lip and columella thinly reflected,
rose-purple.

Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 112.

Hab. Panama.

A slender acuminated shell, of light growth, having

very much the appearance of a Bulimus.

Fig. 60. (Mus. Cuming.)
A variety of L. Fraseri, of more attenuated form, from
Fernando Po.

Species 61. (Fig. «, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina zebra. Litt. testd acuminato-ovatd, spird
acuta, crassiusculd, anfractibm convexis, lavibiis ; ni-
gricante-purpiired,Jlammis albis latis undato-strigatd ;
columelld late excavatd, aperturis fauce nigricante-
piirpwed.

The zebra Littorina. Shell acuminately ovate, spire
sharp, rather thick, whorls convex, smooth ; blackish-
chestnut, streaked with broad waved white flames ;
columella broadly excavated, interior of aperture
blackish-purple.

Turbo zebra. Wood, Index Test. Supp. pi. G. f. 33.
Littorina zebra, Philippi.
Phasianella Peruviana, Lamarck.

Hab. Peru, ChiU.

A solid, conspicuously white-flamed shell, stained with

deep-purple in tiie aperture.

Species 63. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina glans. Litt. tesld ovato-conoided.

apice acuta, anfractibus (kclivi-convexis, rude plicato-
corrugatis et titberculato-granatis ; atrd, ad suturam
riifescente ; aperturd parvd, columelld callosd.

The acorn Littorina. Shell ovately conoid, thick,
sharp at the apex, whorls slantingly convex, rudely
plicately wrinkled, and tubercularly grained ; black,
reddish at the suture ; aperture small, columella cal-
lous.

Hab. ?

An obtusely conoid solid shell, cinder-black, rust-tinged
at the suture, largely grained throughout.

Species 63. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina simplex. Litt. testd ovato-turbiiiatd, tenui-
culd, anfractibus rotundatis, obsolete spiraUter liratis ;
sordide fnscescente-aurantid; aperturd subcirculari,
columelld excavato-expansd.
The simple Littorina. Shell ovately turbinated, ra-
ther thin, whorls rounded, obsoletely spirally ridged ;
dirty brownish-orange ; aperture nearly circular, co-
lumella excavately expanded.
Hab. St. Vincent, Cape de Verds.

Of simple form, the representative apparently of our
common L. vulgarU.

Species 6 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina ambigua. Litt. testd ticuminato-ocatd, cras-
siusculd, anfractibus superne declivi-impressis, deinde
convexis, spiraUter liratis, liris angustis, interdum
subobsoletis ; fuscescente, purpureo-castaneo tessellatd
aut proniiscue maculatd; columelld late excavatd, cal-
losd.
The doubtfcl littorina. Shell acuminately ovate,
rather thick, whorls slantingly impressed round the
upper part, then convex, spirally ridged, ridges nar-
row, sometimes nearly obsolete ; brownish, tessel-
lated or promiscuously blotched with purple-chest-
nut ; columella broadly excavated, callous.
Nuttall, MSS., Mus. Cuming.
Hab. Sandwich Islands.

A shell of rather solid growth, tessellated in a some-
what irregular blotched manner.

jAUorirw,TLIIII.

4

>

4

4

^

«

4

^

Sowcrby tkl AlitK .

ASncent Biooks Imp

LITTORIN A.

Plate XIII.

Species 63. (Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTORiNA LUCTUOSA. Litt. testd acuminato-ovatd, im-
perforatd, anfractihm decUvi-cotwexis, hngitudinali-
ter plicato-driath, infenie spiraliter sulcatis ; livido-
fmcd; aperturd parviuscicld, columella ptirpuroicente.
The sad Littorina. Shell acumiiinlely ovate, imper-
forated, wliorls slantingly convex, longitudinally pli-
cately striated, spirally grooved towards the lower
part; livid-brown; aperture rather small, columella
piu'plish.
Hab. New Zealand.

A rather light acuminated species, of a bluish livid-
brown colour, cliestnut in the aperture.

Species 6G. (Fig. a, 6, Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTORiNA punctata. ZM. testd ovato-veniricosd, spird
breviuscidd, acuta, anfractibtts convexis, regttlariter
Uneari-siilcatis ; olivaceo-fuscd, punctk albis quadra-
its midiqiie tessellatd ; aperturd subpaiuld, columelld
late appressd.

The dotted Littokina. Shell ovately ventricose, spire
rather short, sharp, whorls convex, regularly linearly
grooved ; olive-brown, tessellated throughout with
square white dots ; aperture rather open, columella
broadly appressed.

Turbo punctata, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3597.
Le Marnat, Adanson.

Hub. Senegal.

Mostly of ventricose growth, thickly tessellated with

small square white dots upon a dark-olive ground.

Species 67. (Fig. a, b, c, d, Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTORiNA UNDfLATA. Litt. tcstd ovato-conoided, imper-
foratd, soUdimculd, anfractibus superne subconcavo-
mpressis, deinde convexis, nunc lievibiis, nunc suleatis
et liratis; lutescente-albd, rufo-fusco seepe faseiatd
aut Jlammatd ; aperturd mbcontractd, columelld cal-
loso-appremd, intense violacea.
The waved Littorina. Shell ovately conoid, imper-
forated, rather solid, whorls slightly eoncavely im-

round the upper part, then convex, some-
times smooth, sometimes grooved and ridged ; yel-
lowish white, frequently banded or flamed with red-
brown ; aperture rather contracted, columella cal-
lously appressed, deep violet.
Gray, iiool. Beechey's Voyage, p. 140.
Hab. Society and Philippine Islands.

This is the most variable of all Littorina. Some spe-
cimens are smooth and marbled with chestnut-brown,
others pale and spirally ridge-striated ; but all are charac-
terized by a deep-violet enamelled columella.

Species 68. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina granularis. Litt. testd ovato-ventricosd,
spird pared, acutd, anfractibus convexis, dense irregu-
lariter granoso-liratis ; fulvd, cceruleo tinctd; coln-
>nelld late excavatd et dilatatd, carneo-fuscescente.
The grained Littorina. Shell ovately ventricose,
spire small, sharp, whorls convex, closely irregularly
granosely ridged ; fulvous, tinged with blue ; colu-
mella broadly excavated and dilated, flesh-brown.
Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voyage, p. 140.

Hab. ?

The grained ridges are on the middle and upper por-
tion of the whorls; on the lower part the ridges are
smooth, and more numerous and close-set.

Species 69. (Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina ARCTICA. Litt. testd subglobosd, spird breti-

usculd, anfractibus rotundatis, plus minus erosis ;

sordide fused; aperturd subcirculari, columella sub-

callosd.
The ARCTIC Littorina. Shell subglobose, spire rather

short, obtuse, whorls rounded, more or less eroded ;

dirty-brown; aperture nearly circular, columella

somewhat callous.
MbiiLER, Fauna Gronlandica, p. 9.
Hab. Kamtschatka, Nova Zembla.

A globose, rather light inflated species, of a dingy hue,
generally more or less eroded.

June, 1857.

Uttonna Fl. UV.

4

73 a-

( Mxiderately enlarged . )

So'-^^Br"byM.eLllth, Yinceat Ircoofc Imp.

L I T T 0 K, I N A.

Plate XIV.

Species 70. (Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTOKiNA DEBiLis. Litt. testd subpyramidali-conoiM,
solidiumild, anfractibus plano-convexU, infern^ ab-
rupte angnlatk, laviffata, nitenie, tenumini^ Uneari-
sulcatd; ceerulescente-albd, lineis carneia muMatis
paUidissmis longUudinaliter pictd ; aperturd parvms-
culd, columella callosd, violaceo-fmcescertfe.

The faint Littobina. SheU somewhat pyramidally
conoid, ratber solid, whorls flatly convex, abruptly
angled at the lower part ; smooth, shining, very finely
linearly gi-ooved ; bluish-white, painted longitudinally
with faint zigzag flesh-Unes ; aperture rather smaU,
columella callous, violet-brown.

Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 140.

Hab. ?

A solid subpyramidal shell, of a smooth, bluish aspect,

marked with faint zigzag flesh-lines.

the upper part, slanting, then stout, solid ; whitish,

banded with a livid-red; aperture small, columella

somewhat callous, red.
Turbo Neriloides, Linnffius, Syst. Nat. p. 1232.

Eelix petraa, Montagu.

Turbo petr tens, Maton and Rackett.

Turbo ccerulesceim, Lamarck.

Littorina Basieroti, Payraudeau.

Rissoa elegans, Kisso.

Paludina glabrata, Ziegler.

Liltorina cesrulea, Costa.

Littorina petraa, Gray.

Littorina Neritoides, Philippi.
Hab. Mediterranean and other seas of Europe.
To Dr. Philippi is due the merit of having rcc
this species the true Linn^an Turbo Neritoides.

Species 71. (Pig- a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina balteata. Litt. testa gioboso-turbinaid, spird
brevi, ttcutd, anfractibus superne declivibus, deinde
ventricosis, spiraliter fortiter earinatis, carinis subdis-^
tantibus obsolete granosis ; livido-plmnbed ; aperturd
parvd, columelld late excavatd et dilatatd.
The belted Littorina. Shell globosely turbinated,
spire short, sharp, whorls slanting round the upper
part, then ventrieose, spirally strongly keeled, keels
rather distant, obsoletely grained; livid lead-colour;
aperture smaU, columella broadly excavated and di-
lated.
Eah. China; Fortune.

Allied in form to L. brevicula, but of thinner substance,
with the ribs sharper and more distant.

Species 72. (Mus. Ciuning.)

Littorina Neritoides. Litt. testa ovato-conoided, spird
breviicsculd, anfractibits lavibus, superne subimpressis,
declivibus, deinde obesis, solidis ; albidd, Uvido-ru/es-
cente fasciatd; aperturd parvd, columella subcallosd,
rufd.

The Neritoid Littorina. Shell ovately conoid, spire
rather short, whorls smooth, slightly impressed round

Fig. 73. (Mus. Cuming.)
This sheU, L. Canariensis of D'Orbigny, is identi
vitli L. striata, King.

Species 74- (Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina NoviE-ZELANDi.E. Litt. testa subgloboso-
iurbinatd, spird breviuseuld, acutissimd, anfractibus ro-
tundatis, spiraliter irregulariter Uneari-sulcatis ; opa-
co-albd, obscure palMissime rufo-famviulaid ; aper-
turd subcirculariyfauce castaneo-fuscd, columelld latis-
sime excavatd, livido-castaned.
The New Zealand Littorina. Shell somewhat glo-
bosely turbinated, spire rather short, very sharp,
whorls rounded, spirally irregularly linearly grooved;
opake-white, obscurely very faintly red-flamed ; aper-
ture nearly rounded, chestnut-brown in tlie interior,
columella very broadly excavated, Uvid-clifistnut.
HaL New Zealand.

Curiously resembling L. Jfricana in colour and mark-
in'', but of lighter and rounder form.

Species 75. (Fig. a, b, ilus. Cuming.)
Littorina Knysnaensis. Litt. testa subgloboso-turbi-
natd, temiiculd, venlricosu, anfractibus declivi-convexis,
dense spiraliter elevato-striatis ; aM,ferrugineo-fusco

1857.

LITTORINA.— Plate XIV.

lentiginosd, inferne livido-tiigricante tinctd; apertura
fauce nigricante-castmied, colnmlld callosd, rufd, ml-

The Knysna Littorina. SheU somewhat globosely
turbinated, rather thin, ventrinose, whorls slantingly
convex, densely spirally elevately striated ; whitish,
freckled with rust-brown, tinged with livid-black to-
wards the lower part; interior of the aperture black-
ish-chestnut, columella callous, red, slightly exca-
vated.

Krauss, Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, pi. 4. f. 4.

Hob. Mouth of the Knysna, Cape of Good Hope.

There is a peculiarity in the freckled marking of this
species which renders it easily recognizable.

Species 76. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTOKiNA GUTTATA. Litt. testd subpyramidali-conoided,
solidd, anfractibm plano-convexis, inferne abrvpie an-
gulatis, lavigatis ; olivaceo-grised, punctis albis lenti-
ginosd et tcssellatd; aperturd parviusculd, columella
callosd, rufescente.

The spotted Littorina. SheU somewhat pyramidally
conoid, solid, whorls flatly convex, abruptly angled
at the lower part, smooth ; olive-grey, freckled and
tessellated with white dots ; aperture rather small,
columella callous, reddish.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, pi. 4. f. 7.
Phadanella punctata, Pfeiffer.

Uab. St. Vincent, Cape de Verds.

Of rather solid acuminated growth, freckled throughout

with whitish dots upon an olive-grey ground.

Littemm.Tl.lY.

#

%

4

^

4

( Consider abh' eaalaiiecl.)

Yinoent Brooks Imp

LTTTORINA.

Plate XV.

i 77. (Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTOUiN.^ MESPILUM. Litt. testd oUvM conoided, sub-
umhiUcatd, solidiusculd, anfractibus convexis, lavibus ;
fuscescente-rufd ; aperturd mhcirculari, cohmelld cal-
losd.
The medlar Littoeina. Shell obtusely conoid, slightly
umbilicated, rather solid, whorls convex, smooth;
brownish-red; aperture nearly circular, columella
callous.
HeUx vmpilum, MuhlfekU, Verh. Berl. Ges. Nat. vol. i.
p. 219. pi. 8. f. 8.
Littorinafusca, Pfeiffer.
LiUorina mespihmi, Philippi.
Littorina Naticoides, D'Orbigny.
Hab. Jamaica.

A small solid shell, of a characteristic brownish-red or
drab colour.

grained ril)s, which, in specimens of more mature growth,
become somewhat obsolete.

Species 7S. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina Thersites. Litt. testa obtuse ovata, soMius-
culd, spird brevi, acutd, anfractibus tenne linean-sul-
catis, plano-convexis, in/erne subangulatis ; attidd,
virescente-caruleo fasciatd ; cohmelld appresso-exca-
vatd ; apertum fauce purpttreo-fnscd.

The Theusites Littorina. Shell obtusely ovate, ra-
ther solid, spire short, sharp, whorls finely linearly
grooved, flatly convex, slightly angled at the lower
part; whitish, banded with greenish-blue; columella
appressly excavated; interior of aperture puqile-
brown.

Hab. Valparaiso.

A small, solid, humped shell, conspicuously linearly

grooved, of a pale ash-colour, banded with grey-blue.

Species 80. (Fig. 80 a, 4, and 81, Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina picta. Litt. testd ovato-turbinatd, anfractibus
convexis vel obsolete lineari-suleatii, inlerdim granu-
latis; olivaceo-nigricante, maculis grandibus amphs
irregular iter marmoratd ; columella excavatd, aper-
turafauce intense purpured.

The painted Littorina. Shell ovately turbinated,
whorls convex or obsoletely linearly grooved, .some-
times granulated; olive-black, irregularly marbled
with large white spots; columella excavated, inte-
rior of the aperture deep-purple.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, pi. 3. f. 36.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

The specimen of L. picta here represented is Dr. Phi-

lippi's var. marmorata.

Species 79. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina grano-costata. Litt. testd subglobosd, spird
brevi, acuta, anfractibus convexis, subventricom, spi-
raliler lineari-sulcatis, longitndinaliter granoso-cos-
tatis; carukscente-albd ; cohmelld appresso-excavatd ;
aperturm fauce purpureo-fmcd.

The grain-ribbed Littorina. Shell sub-globose,
spire short, sharp, whorls convex, sub-ventricose,
spirally linearly grooved, longitudinally granosely
ribbed ; bluish-white ; columella appressly excavated ;
interior of the aperture purple-brown.

Hab. Brisbane Water, Australia ; Strange.

A pretty little opake blue-white sheU, latticed with

Species 82. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina Feejeensis. Litt. testd ovato-conoided, tenui-
culd, spird brevi, acuta, anfractibus ventricosis, planu-
latis, inferne angulatis, undique irregulariter granoso-
liratis; nigricante, granulis pallidis ; columella exca-
vatd, apei-tura fauce purpureo-fuscd.

The Feejee Littorina. Shell ovately conoid, rather
thin, spire short, sharp, whorls ventricose, rather
flat, angled at the lower part, everywhere irregularly
granosely ridged ; blackish, granules pale ; columella
excavated, interior of the aperture purple-brown.

Hab. Feejee Islands ; Macgillivray.

A dull, angularly convoluted shell, encircled with small

chains of whitish grains.

Species 83. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina picea. Litt. testd obtuse conoided, anfracti-
bus plano-convexis, oblique striatis et interdum gram-^
latis, inferne angulatis ; intense piceo-nigrd ; aperturd
parvd, columelld excavatd, purpured.

The pitchy Littorina. Shell obtusely conoid, whorls
flatly convex, obliquely striated, sometimes granu-
lated, angled at the lower part ; dark pitch-black ;
aperture small, columella excavated, purplish.

Hab. ?

A solid, pitch-dark, berry-like shell, of a distinct typical

form from any other of the genus.

June, 1857.

lmmnxi,n.M[.

4

4

4

(Considerably eaalargecl.)

Sovrerby dil.dlitii.

^ncent Bxooks Ttsfi .

LITTORINA.

Plate X\I.

Species 84. (Mus. Cuming.)

TjITTORINa Paludinella. Litt. testa mbglobosd, tenid,
corned, spird parvd, acuta, anfractibus ad suturam
mbimpressis, rotutidalis, lavibus ; olivaceo-castaned ;
aperttird subcirculari, columella excavatd, callosd.

TuE LITTLE Paludina Littorina. Sliell subglobose,
tbin, horny, spire small, sharp, whorls rather im-
pressed at the suture, rounded, smooth ; olive-chest-
nut ; aperture nearly circular, columella excavated,
callous.

Hab. Tasmania.

A minute, dark-brown, horny-like shell, with the whorls

narrow and more than usually rounded.

Species 85. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

LiTTORiKA Adamsii. Litt. teUd ovato-turbimtd, subtnr-
rild, anfractibus Uiteari-sulcatis, superne et iti/ente au-
gulatis ; lutescente-albd, ptmctis fuscis vittatd, ptmc-
fis ad angulum inferum majoribiis ; aperturd subcir-
culari.

Adams's Littorina. Shell ovately turbinated, somewhat
turreted, whorls linearly grooved, angled above and
below; yellowish-white, filleted with brown dots,
dots larger at the lower angle ; aperture nearly cir-
cular.

Littorina pukheUa, C. B. Adams, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Hab. Jamaica.

A minute yellowish shell, of a peculiar turreted form,

filleted with brown dots.

Distinguished by a very characteristic clear pattern of
small, distiuct red dots upon a blue-white ground.

Species 8(1. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina minima. Litt. testa otatd, Natic(pformi, sub-
unibilicatd, spird parvd, acuta, anfractibus convexis,
tdtimo subexpanso; cartilescente-albd, punctis pur-
pureo-fmcis regulariter seriatim aspersd ; columella
plano-callosd, apertura fauce violaceo-purpured.

The very small Littorina. Shell ovate, Natica-
shaped, slightly umbilicated, spire small, sharp, whorls
convex, the last somewhat exiwnded; bluish-white,
sprinkled with regular rows of purple-brown dots;
columella flatly callous, interior of the aperture vio-
let-purple.

Tnrbo minimus. Wood, Index Test. Supp. pi. 6. f. 29.

Species 87. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina rufa. Litt. testd ovato-tiirbinatd, solidiim-
culd, minute wMlicatd, anfractibus declivi-eonvexis,
lavibus, politis; rufofuscescerite; aperturd parvd,
fauce callosd.

The red Littorina. Shell ovately turbiiuited, rather
solid, minutely umbilicated, whorls slantingly convex,
smooth, polished; red-brown; aperture small, inte-
rior callous.

Recluz, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Hab. ?

A minute, solid, bright red-brown shell, with a liright

polished surface.

Species 88. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina araucana. Litt. testd oblomjo-omtd, spirit
elevatd, anfractibus declivi-eonvexis, tavigatis ; pur-
pureo-castaned ; aperturd ovatd, parvinsculd, colu-
mella subexcavatd, ad extremitatem dilalatd, apertura-
fauce nigrican te-p nrp ured.

The slender Littorina. Shell oblong-ovate, spire
raised, whorls slantingly convex, smooth; purple-
chestnut; aperture ovate, rather small, columella
slightly excavated, dilated at the extremity, interior
of the aperture blackish-purple.

D'Orbigny, Voy. dans I'Ame'r. Mcrid. p. 393. pi. 58. f.
3, 4.
A dark, shining, chestnut shell, faintly banded, of a

slender acuminated form.

Si>ecie3 S9. (]\Ius. Cuming.)

Littorina porcata. Litt. testd globoso-ovatd, subveiitri-
cosd, profundi umbilicatd, spird parvd, anfractibus
declivi-eonvexis, inferni expansis, uttdique spiraliter
costal is; cierulesceute-alld ; columella excavatd, aper-
ture fance molaceo-ptirpured.

The ribbed Littorina. Shell globosely ovate, subven-
tricose, deeply umbilicated, spire small, whorls slant-
ingly convex, expanded towards the lower part, spi-

June, 1857.

LITTOEINA.— Plate XVI,

rally ribbed throughout; bluish-white; colmuelki
excavated, interior of the aperture violet-purple.
PuiLlPPi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 139.
Hah. Galapagos Islands (found on high exposed rocks) ;
Cuming.
A small, open, bluish-white shell, spirally ribbed, violet-
purple in the interior.

Species 90. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTORiNA TABALis. Litt. testd globosd, tenui, spird
brevissimd, minutd, anfractibus angudu, ultimo ex-
pamo ; castaneo-rufd, lineis obscure reticulata; aper-
iurd ampld, columella excavatd.
The little bean Littorina. Shell globose, thin, spire
very short, minute, whorls narrow, the last expanded ;
chestnut-red, obscurely reticulated with lines ; aper-
ture large, columella excavated.
Turbo fabalis. Zoological Journal, vol. ii. p. 366. pi. 13.
f. 10.
Littoritui Beanii, Macgillivrav.

Littorina fabalis, Thorpe.
Hub. Northern shores of England.

It is somewhat doubtful whether this little species is
uot an extreme variety of L. littoralis.

Species 91. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina saxatilis. Litt. testa ovato-turbinaid, spird
acuta, anfractibns rotundatis, spiraliter tenuissinw li-
neari-sulcatis ; olivaceo-fuscd, nitente ; aperturd cir-
eulari, columella tenue callosd.

The rock-inhabiting Littorina. Shell ovately turbi-
nated, spire sharp, whorls rounded, spirally very
finely linearly grooved ; olive-brown, shining ; aper-
ture circular, columella thinly callous.

Johnston, Berwick Club, vol. i. p. 268. •

Littorina neglecta. Bean.

Hab. Northern shores of England.

This also is referred by some authors to a typical Bri-
tish species, L. rudis.

Litlemm PI .rni

%

%

4

^

96 h

♦

;iiy, di:l,et^jtl'-

"ViTj; ent B r 3;)l!s ,in^ .

L I T T 0 R I N A.

Plate XVII.

Species 93. (Mus. Cuiuing.)

LiTTORiNA DECOLLATA. Litt. testcl ovatd, apice obtusd,
erosa, lavissimd, albidd, fascia lata carulescente cin-
gidatd ; anfractibus parum eonvexis, ultimo vix angu-
lato ; aperturd ovatd, nigro-fuscd, zonis duabiis albis,
columella excavato-depressd, nigro-fuscd.

The decollated Littorina. Shell ovate, obtuse and
eroded at the apex, very smooth, whitish, encircled
with a broad blue band ; whorls but little convex,
the last slightly angled ; aperture ovate, blackish-
brown, with two white zones, columella excavately
depressed, blackish-brown.

Krauss, Philippi, Alibild. und Besch. Conch, vol. ii.
p. 197. pi. 4. f. 3.

Hab. Natal.

A small patulate species, of a jjcculiar blue colour, white
at the sutures, with aperture and columella dark chestnut-
brown.

Species 93. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina ventricosa. Litt. testa ovatd, venin'cosn,
basi rotuniald, trunsversim sulcatd, snlcis nonnunquam
granulatis ; albidd, strigis undatis rufis pictd ; anfrac-
tibus eonvexis ; aperturd semiorbiculari, patuld, earned,
columelld excavato-depressd, stibcallosd, earned.

The ventbicose Littorina. Shell ovate, ventricose,
rounded at the base, transversely grooved, grooves
sometimes granulated ; whitish, painted with waved
red streaks ; whorls convex ; aperture semiorbicular,
patulate, flesh-colour, columella excavately (Kiu'cssed,
rather callous, flesh-colour.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, vol. iii. p. 15.
pi. 6. f. 19.

Hab. Pulo-Penang.

A liueai'ly grooved inflated shell, faintly red-streaked,
with the aperture and columella of a characteristic flesh-

Species 94. (Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina Diemenensis. Litt. testa ovato-oblovgd, btisi
subangulatd, transoersim tenuissinie striata, albido-
ccerulescente ; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo medio
carulescente vittato ; aperturd ovatd, parviusculd,
eastaneo-fuscd.
The Diemen Littorina. Siiell ovateiy oblong, .slightly
angled at the base, transversely very flnely striated,
whitish-blue ; whorls rather fiat, the last blue-banded

Oclobi

round the middle ; aperture ovate, rather small, chest-
nut-brown.
QuoY and Gaimard, Voy. de I'Astrolabe, vol. ii. p. 479.

pi. 33. f. 8-11.
Hab. New Zealand.

A rather solid oblong species, conspicuously blue-
banded, shining chestimt-brown in the aperture.

Species 95. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina l,evis. Litt. testa ovato-oblongd, acuta,
albidd, cinereo marmoratd, interdum caruleo fasciatd ;
anfractibus parum eonvexis, laoibus, sub lente spiraliter
striatis, ultimo basi angulaiv ; aperturd ovatd, fusco-
violaced, columelld excavato-depressd, fusco-violaced.

The smooth Littorina. Shell ovateiy oblong, sharp,
whitish, marbled with ash, sometimes blue-banded ;
whorls but little convex, smooth, beneath the lens
spirally striated, last whorl angled at the base ; aper-
ture ovate, brownish-violet, columella excavately de-
pressed, brownish-violet.

Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 140.

Hab. ?

A shell of rather solid growth, angled towards tlie base,

blue-banded or mottled, while the aperture and columella

are deep brownish-violet.

Species 96. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina Sayi. Litt. iestd ovatd, acutd, subventricosd,
Iraiisversim multimlcatd, alba, punctis pallid^ rufis
ornatd ; spird violascente, anfractibus convexiusculis,
superne declivibus ; aperturd ovato-orbiculari, colu-
melld riifd.

Say's Littorina. Shell ovate, sharp, rather ventricose,
tva\isversely many-grooved, white, ornamented with
l)ale red dots; spire violet, whorls rather convex,
slanting round the upper part ; aperture ovate-orbi-
cular, columella red.

Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 140.

Hab. Florida.

Of rather solid, ventricose growth, closely spirally

grooved throughout, with the columella characteristically

stained with red.

1-, 1858.

LITTORINA.— Plate XVII.

Species 97. (Mus. Cuming.)
LiTTORiNA coLUMELLABis. LUt. testd ovato-couicd, acu-
ta, subventricosd, dense striata, albidd, interdttm punc-
tis luteis ferruffineisve sape in strigis conflnentibus
pictd; anfraetibus convexis, mduris excamtis ; aper-
turd semiorbiculari, columella excavato-depressd,fusco-
violaceo tinctd.
The pillared Littorina. Shell ovately conical, sharp,
rather ventricose, densely striated, whitish, sometimes
painted with yellow or rust spots, often running into
streaks ; whorls convex, sutures excavated ; aperture
semiorbicular; columella excavately depressed, stained
with brownish-violet.
D'Orbigny, Voy. dans I'Amer. Merid. u. 284.
Hab. Pernambuco.

It is not without some doubt as to its correctness,
that I adopt this shell as M. D'Orbigny's L. columellaris,
from Pernambuco. It belongs, rather, to the eastern type
of the genus, represented by L. undulala, and approaches
closely to some colourless varieties of that species.

Species 98. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina obligata. Litt. testd globoso-tnrbinatd, (eniii,
ventricosd, spiraliter dense elevato-striatd, olivaced vel
rufo-castaned, fasciis luteolis interruptis interdum cin-
gulatd ; an/ractibus rotundalis ; aperturd orbicnlari.

The tied Littorina. Shell globosely turbinated, thin,
ventricose, spirally densely elevately striated, olive
or reddish-chestnut, sometimes encircled with inter-
rupted yellowish bands; whorls rounded; aperture
orbicular.

Turbo obligaius, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
vol. ii. p. 241.

Littorina rudis, Gould.

Hab. Maine, United States.

A light, turbinated shell, mostly of a bright reddish-
chestnut colour, more or less freckled with yellowish
interrupted bands.

Species 99. (Mus. Cuming.)

Littorina millegrana. Litt. testd ovato-conoided, ven-
tricosd, acuta, albidd; anfractihus convexis, spiraliter
dense grano-liratis ; aperturd suborbicnlari, carneo-fus-
cescente.

The thousand-grained Littorina. Shell ovately
conoid, ventricose, sharp, whitish ; whorls convex,
spirally densely grain-ridged ; aperture nearly orbicu-
lar, flesh-brown.

Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, vol. iii. p. 65. pi. 7.
f. 15.

Hab. Red Sea.

Allied to the group figured in Plate II., of which L. di-

latata is the type.

Species 100. (]\Ius. Cuming.)

Littorina Mauritian a. Litt. testd ovato-conicd, solidd,
ccei-ulescente-albd, transversim tenuissime striatd; an-
fraetibus parum convexis, ultimo subangulato ; aper-
turd purpureo-fuscd, fascid solitarid albd basalt.

The Mauritius Littorina. Shell ovately conical,
solid, bluish-white, transversely very finely striated ;
whorls but little convex, the last slightly angled;
aperture purple-brown, with a solitary white band at
the base.

Phasianella Mauritiana, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ii.
p. 244.
Littorina unifasciata, Gray.

Hab. Mauritius. New Holland.

Distinguished by its solid, sharply conical form, and

peculiarity of colouring.

LittoriimPlU'lH^

w

^iflfp

Sawerhy, del. et lith.

"Virxeni Brocks. I-mp.

LITTORINA.

Plate XVIII.

Species 101. (Mus. Brit.)
LiTToniN.\ TNTERMEDLi. Litt. t.est/i ohlongo-cordcd, hasi

ventricosd, ternd, colore vurid, lineis impresm exaratd;

apird acutd, an/raciiiua convexiuscidis, ultimo rotun-

dato ; columelld attd vel violaced.
The intermediate Littorina. Shell oblong, conical,

ventrieose at the base, thin, various in colour, grooved

with impressed lines , spire sharp, whorls convex, the

last rounded ; columella white or violet.
PuiLiPPi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 141.
Ilab. Eed Sea, Natal, New Holland, Philippine Islands,

Tahiti.
Closely allied to L. scabra, of which there are man}' forms
not always readily definable.

Species 102. (Mus. Brit.)
LiTTOEiXA Natalensis. Lilt, testdparvd, omto-conicd^

acutd, cinered, tratisversim striata, tuherculato-twdosd ;

apertiird ovali, columelld nigra, planimculd, infeme

productd et dilatatd.
The Natal Littorina. Shell small, ovately conical,

sharp, ash-coloured, transversely striated and tubercu-

larly nodose ; aperture oval, columella black, rather

flat, produced and dilated at the lower part.
Krauss, Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Couch, vol. ii.

p. 100. pi. 3. f. 4.
Ilab. Natal.

A small, solid species, belonging to that characteristic
group of the genus represented most conspicuously by
L. dilatata.

Fig. 103. (Mus. Brit.)

Having figured a transversely banded example of Litto-
rina fasciata. Gray, at Plate IV. fig. 20, which is not very
typical of its general character, a specimen is here repre-
seuted with longitudinally waved bands.

Species 104. (Mus. Brit.)
Littorina glabeata. Litt. testd ovato-oblongd, acidd,
albido-carned, strigis pallide fuscis obliquis pictd ; an-
fractibtis parnm convexis, laviius, ultimo basi angu-
lato ; apertiird ovatd, ri'feseeiUe, columelld depressd,
violaced.

The smooth Littorina." Shell ovately oblong, sharp,
whitish-flesh-colour, painted with oblique pale-brown
streaks ; whorls but little convex, smooth, the last
angled ; aperture ovate, reddish, columella depressed,
violet.

Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 140.

Hob. Payta, Peru ; Cuming.

Of a rather solid narrowly conical form, smooth, painted
in a characteristic manner with oblique brown hair-streaks.

Species 105. (Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina trochoides. Litt. testd ehngato-conicd,
subpyramidali, sordide grised ; anfractibus convexis,
valide tubercidato-nodosis, ad snturam impressis;
aperturd parvd, subcjuadrato-orbicidari, columelld
CTcavafo-depressd, idgrescente.
The trochoid Littorina. Shell elongately conical,
somewhat pyramidal, dull grey ; whorls convex,
strongly tubercularly nodose, impressed at the
suture ; aperture small, somewhat squarely orbicular,
columella excavately depressed, blackish.
Gray, Zoology of Beechey's Voyage, p. 140.

ffai. ? '

Cliiefly distinguished from its congeners by a more con-
tracted and pyramidal growth.

Species 106. (Mus. Cuming.)
Littorina granosa. Litt. testd ovato-ventricosd, crassd,

granoso-tuberculatd, sordide grised; aperturd parvd,

columelld arcuato-depressd, subcallosd.
The grained Littorina. Shell ovately ventrieose,

thick, granosely tubercled, dull grey ; aperture small,

columella arcuately depressed, rather callous.
Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, vol. iii. p. 65. pi. 7.

f 14.
Hab. Guinea, Liberia.

The growth of this species is quite the opposite to the
preceding, being broad and obese though belonging to
the same type.

Species 107. (Mus. Brit.)
Littorina modesta. Litt. testd ovato-oblongd, albidd.

October, 1858.

LITTORINA.— Plate XVIII.

rarius obsolete rufo-pmictatd, transveisim profundi
sulcata; anfractibus convexiusculis ; aperturd semi-
orbicularis columella latissimi excavato-depressd, au-
ranlio-fmcd, supertie purpureo-maculaid.
The modest Littorina. Shell ovately oblong, whitish,
rarely obsoletely dotted with red, transversely deeply
grooved ; whorls rather convex ; aperture semiorbi-
cular, columella very broadly excavately depressed,

orange-brown, blotched with purple at the upper

part.
Philippi, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. Ul.
Hab. Sitka,

A duU-white shell, sometimes speckled with red, chiefly
distinguished by the regularity with which it is spirally
grooved.

LITTORINA.

Plate.

aberrans, I'IdUppi XII.

Adamsii, Reeve XVI.

Africans, PhiUppi VIII.

ahenea, Reeve III.

albicans, Metcalfe IX.

ambigua, NuttaM XII.

araucana, B'Orhigny XVI.

arboricola. Reeve VI.

arctica, MUller XTII.

arenica, Nuttall VIII.

balteata, Reeoe XIV.

Baderoli, Payrautleau XIV.

Bi'uuii, MacgiUivray XV [.

brcvioula {Turbo), Philippi X.

Cfsrulea, Costa XIV.

buUata (Troehtis), Martyii .... I.

Canariensis, D'Orbigny \lll.

carinata, D'Orbiffiiy X.

carinifera {Phasianella), Menkc VI.
castanea, Adams and Reeve .... VI.

castaitea, Desliaycs X.

cincta, Qitoi/ : XI.

cingulata, PJtUippi. VI.

columellai'is, D'Orb'ujmj XVII.

coniea, Philippi VIII.

coronaria {Monodoiita), Lam. . . I.

Cumingii, Pldlippi II.

debilis, Philippi XIV.

decoUata, Erauss XVII

Diemenensis, Quay XVII.

dilatata, D'Orbigriy II.

fabaUs (3'«r5o) XVI.

fasciata, &ray IV.

Feejeensis, Reeve . ... XV,

filosa, Sowerby V.

flammea, Philippi IX.

Portunei, Reeve IX.

Frascri, Reeve X.

fusea, Pfeiffer XV.

glabrata, P/«7(>i)i XVIII.

glans. Reeve XII.

grandis, Middendorf III.

36

2

8

70

92

94

9

90

20

82

24

46

42

47

77

104

62

16

grano-costata, Reeve XV.

granosa, Philippi XVIII.

granulans, Gray XIII.

Grccnlandica, Meiilce X.

guttata, Philippi XIV.

intermedia, Oray XVIII.

irrorata {Turbo), Say XI.

Knysnaensis, Erauss XIV.

tevis, Philippi. . .1 XVII.

lemniscata, Philippi II.

littoralis {Nerita), Limi VII.

littorea {Turbo), Linn IV.

luctuosa, Reeve XIII.

Malaccana, Philippi II.

Manritiana (P/m4Ja»eWa), Lam. XVII.

melanostoma. Gray IX.

mespilum {Helix), Miiblfeldt . . XV.

millegrana, PhiUppi XVII.

minima {Tarbo), Wood XVI.

modesta, Philippi XVIII.

rauricata {Turbo), Linn 11.

Natalensis, Erauss XVIII.

Naticoides, D'Orbigny X^^

uebulosa {Phasianella) , Lam. . . XL

neglecta. Bean XVI.

Neritoides {Turbo), Linn XIV.

Newcoinbi, Reeve VI.

niijroliueata. Gray VII.

nodosa, Gray II.

Novse-Zelandiai, Reeve XIV.

obesa, Sowerby IX.

obligata {Turbo), Say XVII.

obtusata, Mcukc VII.

pagodus {Turbo), Linn I.

pallescciis, Philippi IX.

palliata {Tarbo), Say \il.

Paludinella, Reeve XVI.

papulosa, Deshayes I.

perdix. King VI.

pehva. Gray XIV.

Philippiana, Reeve V.

picea, Reeve XV.

7
100

LITTORINA.— INDEX.

picta, Philippi XV.

Pintado {Turbo), Wood XI.

Planaxis, Nitttall VIII.

porcata, Philippi XVI.

puMeUa, C. B. Adams XVI.

pulchra, Sowerlnj III.

punctata (r«r4o), Gmelin .. XIIl.

pyramidalis, Qiioy II.

i-udis {Turbo), Donovan VII.

rufa, Rechiz XVI.

rugosa, Menke VII.

saxatilis, Jolmston XVI.

Sayi, Fliilippi XVII.

scabra {Helix), Limi V.

Sieboldii, Philippi . V.

simplex, lieeve |XI1.

Sitchana, Philippi X.

spinulosa, Philippi II.

striata, Kinr/ VUl.

subnodosa, Philippi II.

mlcaia, Menke X. 52

sulculosa, Philippi VIII. 39

tectum-Persicura {Turbo), Linn. I. 3

teiiebrata, Nuttall XI. .58

tenebrosa {Turbo), Montagu . . . VII. 30

tenuis, Philippi VIII. 35

tesseUata, Philippi X. 48

Tbersites, TJeeoe XV. 78

trochoides. Gray XVIII. 105

undulata, Gray XIII. 67

undulata, D'Orbigny X. 48

unifasciata, Gxay XVII. 100

varia, Sowerby IV. 19

ventricosa, Philippi XVII. 93

v\^%, Menke II. 12

vulgaris, Sowerby IV. 18

zebra (T«rH Wood XII. 61

ziczac {Trochus), Chemnitz .... XI. 57

zonaria, Bezn VII. 33

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

SOLETELLINA,

•' My soul is full of longing
For the secret of tlie sea,
And the heart of the great ocean
Sends a thrilling pulse through me."

Lontjfellun

SoletdlmcLj IPL I.

^^%

f

Sowerty id etlitK^

%icen.t Brooks Ie

SOLETELLINA.

Plate I.

Gonus SOLETELLINA, Be Blahmille.
Testa oblougo-trausversa vel ovata, compressa, plerumqu

(eqidvalvk, mbaquilateralis, lavigata vel concentrice
striata, plerumqite purpurea, poslice sape biradiata,
epidennide corned inditta, latere atUico rotundato, pos-
tico vario, mine brevi, iruncato, nunc acuminato, um-
boiiibm parvis. Cardo dente unico parvo ereclo in
valvd sinistra, duobus in valvd sinistra interdum M-
farcaiis. Ligamentum subamplum, externum, sub cal-
lositate oblougd conspicud inte>'7id positutn. Impressio
mnscidarix palUi ampliter sinuata.
Shell oblong-transverse or ovate, compressed, generally
equivalve, nearly equilateral, smooth or concentri-
cally striated, generally purple and mostly two-rayed
posteriorly, covered with a horny epidermis, anterior
side rounded, posterior various, sometimes shortly
truncated, sometimes acuminated, umboes small.
Hinge with a single small erect tooth in the left
valve, two teeth in the right valve, sometimes bifur-
cated. Ligament rather large, external, placed upon
a conspicuous oblong internal callosity. Muscular
impression of the mantle largely sinuous.
The genus SoletelUna was founded by Dc Blainville in
his ' Manuel de Malacologie ' for the purpose of grouping
together " four or five species of Soleii of Lamarck." He
does not particularize the species, but takes Lamarck's
Solen rostratiis (Solen diphos, Linnaeus) as the type. The
genus, as lately arranged and named by M. Deshayes in
Mr. Cuming's cabinet, includes but this one Lamarckian
species. It includes also the Solen orbicitlatics of Wood,
In(.le,x. Test. Supplement, typical of another section ; and,
agreeing with these two very well-defined types, we intro-
duce a series of twenty-one characteristic species.

The species of large size allied to S. diphos are from
the Moluccas or Philippine Islands. Of the other division
of the geuus the finest and most characteristic example is
S. Nuttallii, from California, and an allied species, S. Ja-
ponica, which iuiiabits a nearly similar latitude in the
opposite hemisphere. An intermediate, represented by
J. uitida, appears in New Zealand.

1. (Mus. Cuming.)

SoLETELLiN.v coNsoBRiNA. Sol. testd ovato-transversS ,
jlexuoso-arcuald, sufixquilaterali, rugoso-striald, pur-

pnrascente-camled, epidermide corned olivaced indutd,
latere antico subangitste rotundato, postico oblique
truncato, compress!; rostrato.

The allied Soletellina. Shell ovatcly transverse,
flexnously arched, nearly equilateral, roughly striated,
purple-blue, covered with an olive horny epidermis,
anterior side rather narrowly rounded, posterior ob-
liquely truncated, compressly beaked.

Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Ilab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Distinguished by a compressed beak-like flexure on the

posterior side.

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)

Soletellina nymphalis. Sol. testd ovato-transversd,
snperne trigond, plam-compressd, vix aquilaterali,
Icevigatd, fulvescente-carned, nitente, versus umbones
roseo-tinctd, epidermide lutescente corned prope mar-
ginem indutd, latere antico late rotundato, postico
breviore, subattennato-rostrato.

The water Soletellina. Shell ovately transverse, tri-
angidar at the upper part, flatly compressed, scarcely
equilateral, smooth, fulvous-flesh, shining, stained
with rose towards the umboes, covered near the mar-
gin with a yellowish horny epidermis, anterior side
broadly rounded, posterior shorter, somewhat atte-
nuately beaked.

Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Ilab. Australia.

An Australian species, of a distinct typical character

from the preceding, flat and smooth, sloping triangidarly

on each side from the umboes.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Soletellina epidekmia. Sol. testd ovato-transversd,
convexiusculd, vix aquilaterali, rude plicato-striatd,
sordide calcareo-albd, versus umbones carneo-tinctd,
epidermide corned fulvd nitente indutd, latere antico
lata rotundato, postico breviore subattenuato-rostrato.

The epidermid Soletellina. Shell ovately transverse,
rather convex, scarcely equilateral, rudely plieately
striated, dull chalk-white, flesh-tinged towards the
umboes, covered wilh a fulvous shining horny epi-

1837.

SOLETELLINA.— Plate I.

dermis, anterior side broadly rounded, posterior side

shorter, somewhat attenuately beaked.
Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.
Hal. Port Adelaide, Australia.

More convex than the preceding species, and differing
also in being roughly plicately striated, covered with a
peculiarly glittering transparent deciduous horny epider-

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)
SoLETELLiNA CuMiNGiANA. Sol. testd oblongo-tratisversS,
compressiusculd, ceguilaierali, rugoso-striata, purpu-
rmcmtt-caruled, postice biradiatd, epidermlde oUvaced

indutd, lateribus superni subatjiiatiler reetis, autico
late rolmtdato, posdco oblique rotundato, subflexuoso-
impresno.

Cuming's Soletellina. Shell oblong-trausverse, rather
compressed, equilateral, roughly striated, purple-blue,
posteriorly two-rayed, covered with an olive epider-
mis, sides almost equally straight at the upper part,
anterior broadly rounded, posterior obliquely rounded,
slightly flexuously impressed.

Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Hab. Island of Negros, Pliilippines ; Cuming.

Tiie form of this elegaut species is simply oblong-ovate,

the anterior side being the broader, whilst the posterior is

but slightly flexuously impressed.

SoUtdUna.Il.II.

^

So-»vercy M «tlith

^fecent Brooks Imp

SOLETELLINA

Plate II.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

SoLETELLiNA Adamsii. Sol. testd elomjato-trattSKersd,
convexiusculd, inaquilaterali, cceruleo-purpured, pos-
tice birad'iaid, epidermide olivaced nitente indntd, la-
tere antico rotundato, postico paiilo lotigiore, oblique
compresso-truncato.

Adams'8 Soletellina. Shell elongately transverse, ra-
ther convex, inequilateral, bluish-purple, posteriorly
two-rayed, covered with a shining olive epidermis,
anterior side round, posterior a little the longer, ob-
liquely compressly truncated.

Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Hab. Island of Negros, Philippines.

Chiefly distinguished by the posterior end being slightly
obliquely truncated, and rather compressed.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)
Soletellina nitida. Sol. testd oblongo-ovatd, compres-
siusculd, subceguilaterali, purpuraxcente-albd, epider-
mide corned Itsvi translucidd nitente indutd, latere
antico rotundato, postico breviure, declivi-acuminato,
et concentrice rugosd.
The shining Soletellina. Shell rather compressed,
nearly equilateral, purplish-white, covered with a
smooth, shining, transparent, homy epidermis, an-
terior side rounded, posterior shorter, slopingly acu-
minated, and concentrically wrinkled.
Gray, MS., Mus. Brit.
Hah. New Zealand ; Strange.

Of an extremely delicate purple-white substance, co-
vered with a peculiarly clear, glittering, horny epidermis.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)
Soletellina biradiata. Sol. testd ovato-lramversd,
couve.vo-pland, aquilaterali, lavigatd, purpureo et

(jriseo trausvenim strigatd, postice biradiata, lateribus
superne arcuato-declimbiis, deinde subattenuato-rotmi-
datis.
The biradiate Soletellina. Shell ovatcly trans-
verse, conve.xly flattened, equilateral, smooth, trans-
versely streaked with purple and grey, posteriorally
two-rayed, sides areuately sloped at the upper part,
then somewhat attenuately rounded.
Solen biradlatus. Wood, Gen. Conch, pi. 33. f. 1, Index

Test. pl. 3. f. 26.
Hab. Port Adelaide, Australia.

Characterized on the posterior side with two conspicu-
ous narrow purple rays, on a fulvous halo-like ground,
breaking through the transverse blue and purple streaks.

Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.)

Soletellina diphos. Sol. testd elottgato-tran-sversd, stib-
eompressd, subcequilaterali, purpured, postice biradiata,
epidermide corned olivaced indutd, latere antico ro-
tundato, postico flexuose subacuminato-rostrato.

The two-bayed Soletellina. Shell elongately trans-
verse, rather compressed, nearly equilateral, purple,
posteriorally two-rayed, covered with an olive horny
epidermis, anterior side rounded, posterior flexuously
sub-acuminately beaked.

Solen diphos, Linnaeus, Mantissa, p. 554. ('hemnitz.
Conch. Cab. vol. vi. p. 68. pl. 7. f. 53, 54.
Solen rostratus, Lamarck.
Psammobia rostrata, Deshayes.,
Soletellina radiata, De Blainville.

Hab. Malacca.

Distinguished from its allied species by the flexuous
acuminately beaked form of the posterior extremity.

January, 1857.

MOeUmn^PLin.

Viment. Brooks Imp.

SOLETELLINA.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

SoLETELLiN.v TRUKCATA. Sol. testd ovalo-trmisversa,
peculiariier oblique conlortd, suiaqualiferali, inaequi-
valvi, valvd sinktrd ccmvexd, dextrd plana, nigricante-
purpured, epidermide olivaeed itidutd, latere aniico
rotundato, poslico brevi, laiissimi trnncato.

The truncated Soletellina. Shell ovaicly transverse,
peculiarly obliquely contorted, nearly equilateral, in-
equivalve, left valve convex, right flattened, blackish-
purple, covered with an olive epidermis, anterior side
rounded, posterior short, very broadly truncated.

Hab. Moluccas.

An interesting species, distinguished from all others by
the flattened growth of the right valve, and by its general
oblique contortion.

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)
Soletellina siliqva. Sol. testd anguaie tramversd,
tenui, aqwlateraU, lavi, carneo-albd, epidermide cor-
ned olivaeed translucidd nitente induld, postice pallide
biradiatd, latere antico rotundato, postico oblique acu-
minato-rotundato .
The pod Soletellina. Shell naiTowly transverse, thin,
equilateral, smooth, flesh-while, covered with a shin-
ing transparent olive horny epidermis, faintly two-
rayed on the posterior side, anterior side rounded,
posterior obliquely acuminatcly rounded.
Hab. New Zealand ; Hart.

A delicate flesh-tinged shell, covered with a thin trans-
parent shining horny epidermis, exhibiting the two pos-
terior rays so frequently characteristic of this genus.

This little species does not present the usual inequality
in the form of the lateral extremities, and it is enveloped
in an unusually thick transiwrent horny epidermis, re-
sembling that of Solemya.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)

Soletellina acuminata. f>ul. testd elongato-transverm.
inaquilaterali, carulescente-purpured, epidermide ni-
gricanle-olivaced indutd, ad umbones erosd, latere an-
tico rotundato, postico oblique Jlexuoso-acuminafo, nii-
gulum obtnsum rugosum formante.

The acuminated Soletellina. Shell elongately
transverse, inequilateral, bluish-purple, covered with
a blackish-olive epidermis, eroded at the umboes,
anterior side rounded, posterior obliquely flexuously
acuminated, forming an obtuse wrinkled angle.

Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

[lab. Philippine Islands.

Of rather more rough and solid structure than its allies,

with a darker epidermis, and conspicuous above all in

having the posterior extremity obliquely acuminated.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)

Soletellina Donacioides. Sol. testd oblongo-transversd,
tenui, incequilaterali, Irtvigatd, late castaneo-radiald,
epidermide crassd corned translucidd indutd, lateribu^
cBqualiter rotundatis, postico multo breviore.

The Donax-like Soletellina. Shell oblong-transverse,
thin, inequilateral, smootli, broadly chestnut-rayed,
covered with a thick, transparent, homy epidermis,
sides equally rounded, posterior much the shorter.

Ilab. Port Adelaide, Australia.

} Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)

1 Soletellina incerta. Sol. testd oblongo-transversd,
postice latiore, tenui, ineequilaterali, lavi, epidermide
\ tenui corned olivaeed indutd, postice obscure biradiatd,

latere antico rotundato, postico oblique truncate.
I The doubtful Soletellina. Shell oblong-transverse,
I broader posteriorly, thin, inequOateral, smooth, co-

j vered with a thin horny epidermis, obscurely two-

rayed posteriorly, anterior side rounded, posterior
obliquely truncated.
Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.
ITab. New Zealand ; Strange.

Of simple form, with the posterior side only very
slightly compressly truncated.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)
Soletellina atrata. Sol. testd ovato-transversd, pos-
tice latiore, tenui, concentrice striatd, atro-purpured,
epidermide corned olivaeed indutd, postice biradiatd,
latere aniico rotundato, postico tumidulo, rotundato-
triincalo.

SOLETELLINA.— Plate IJl

The dark Soletellika. Shell ovately transverse,
broader posteriorly, thin, concentrically striated,
dark pui-ple, covered with a horny olive epidermis,
two-rayed posteriorly, anterior side rounded, poste-
rior rather swollen, rotundately truncated.

Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Ilab. Catanauan, Island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.
Closely allied to the preceding species, but of a moi'c

_DowOT-like form, and darker-coloured.

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)
SOLETELLINA PLANULATA. Sol. testd oblougo-iransverii

jjlmio-couvexd, mbxqidlalerali, atro-purpured, epider-
mide olivaceo-fmcd indutd, latere antico rotundato,
postico oblique rotundato-truncato.

The ri-AT Soletellina. Shell oblong-transverse, flatly
convex, nearly e{[uilateral, dark purple, covered with
an olive-brown epidermis, anterior side rounded,
posterior obliquely rotundately truncated.

Hab. Moluccas.

Chiefly distinguished from the larger typical species of
the genus by its less elongately transverse growth and
darker colour.

SoletdUna^BJV.

Sowerby ddetith .

'\fiiicent brooks Imp

s()L^:telli na.

Species l(). (Mus. Cuiiunjj;.) *
SoLF.TELLlNA Japonica. Sol. li'sid orbiculari-trnnsversa,
plano-convexd, iruequilaterali, lamgatd, pnrpurascente-
albd, eximie radiatd, epidermide corned fn/vo-oiivaced
Iranducidd indutd, latere anlico Mi rotundnto, postieo
brevi, oblique subactiminato-truncalo.
'I'll K Japan Soletellina. Shell orbicularly transverse,
llatly convex, inequilateral, smooth, pur]ile-whitc, de-
licately rayed, covered witii a transparent, fulvons-
olive, horny epidermis, anterior side broadly rounded,
posterior short, obliquely subacuminat(^ly truncated.
Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.
Ilab. Japan; l>r. Siebold.

Delicately ])urple-rayed upon a white f^ronnd, beneath
a cliaractcristie, transparent, shining, fulvous-olive epi-
dermis.

Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.)

Soletellina beversa. Sol. tesld oblique orbicidari,
tenui, peUucidd, valde ituequilalerali, Imvigatd, caru-
lescenie-albd, epidermide tenui corned translucidd Jla-
vescente-corned indutd. Mere antico brevimitw, poslico
oblique Me expanso, mnbobm rotundalis.

The reversed Soletellina. Shell obliquely orbicular,
thin, transparent, very inequilateral, smooth, bluish-
white, covered with a thin, transparent, yellowish-
horny epidermis, anterior side very short, posterior
obliquely broadly expanded, l)oth rounded.

Hnb. Malacca ; Dr. Traill.

In this and the following species, l)oth very thin and

horny, the sides arc, as it were, reversed, the posterior

being much more broadly and more largely developed

ihan the anterior.

Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.)

Soletellina oiibiculata. Sol. ledd oblique orbiculari,
lenui, semipellucidd, valde intequilaterali, lavigatd, ni-
lente, cterulescenle, epidermide corned translucidd Jla-
vescente-corned indutd, Mere antico brevissimo, por-
tico lata mboblique expanso, ambubun rotimdalis.

TuE orbicular Soletellina. Shell obliquely orbicu-
lar, thin, semitransparent, very incciuilatcral, smooth,
shining, bluish-white, covered with a yellowish-olive,
transparent, horny epidermis, anterior side very short,
posterior side broad, rather obliquely e,xpanded, both
rounded.

Solen orbicuMus, Wood, Index Testaceologicus, Supp. p. 3.
pi. i. f. 4.

Hab. Sumatra; Captain Adolphe Martin.

This species scarcely differs from the preceding, yet it

is scarcely so obbquely expanded, and the diU'erencc,

though slight, is characteristic.

Specie? Ul. (Mus. Cinning.)

Soletellina Ndttallii. So/. Icstd oblique orrdd, nub-
(/■qnilatei-ali, inaqnivalvi, valvd dextrd pluniore, l.(evi-
(jal.d, ad mnrginem poiiticnm denni' Hriatd, albidd, pw-
purascmte exmu- lim-lii. <i<,slir? Wimdhiln, qtidermid^
corned fuhu-olimrra i„ll„r„l,.-.,,l,;,!r imhild. Mere
(iHticn rotun-dali), poshi-n bn-ri, (i/itiq/'r iriiiicnu).

Nuttall's Soletellina. Shell obliquely ovate, nearly
e(pnlateral, inequivalve, right valve the flatter, smooth,
densely striated at the posterior margin, white, deli-
cately tinged with purple, two-rayed posteriorally, co-
vered with a transparent, shining, fulvous-olive, honiy
epidermis, anterior side rounded, posterior short, oli-
li(picly truncated.

Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-

Hah. San Diego, California ; Nuttall.

This very beautiful species is highly distinguished h\

its remarkably transparent and richly coloured horny e])i-

dermis.

Species 20. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Soletellina tumens. Sol. ledd ovato-transversu, tu-
midd, inaquiMerali, tenui, irregulariter rugoso-stri-
j aid, atro-purpiired, postice hiradiatd, epidermide oU-

] vaced tenui decidud indutd, latere antico rotundnto,

I podico brevi, oblique subacuminatn-truncato.

! The swollen Soletellina. Shell ovately transverse,
swollen, inequilateral, thin, irregularly roughly stri-
ated, dark purple, posteriorally two-rayed, covered
with a thin, deciduous, olive epidermis, anterior side
rounded, posterior short, obliipn^ly snb-a(uiniinntely
truncated.
Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.
Ilah. Island of Negros, Philippines ; Cuming.

Of light tumid growth, still characterized by the two
light posterior rays.

Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.)
Soletellina obscurata. Sol. ledd Irigono-orbiculori,
.wbobliqmi, subeequiMerali, incequivolvi, vulm dextrd
■planiore, lavigatd, postice corrugata, purpureo-grited,
hie illic saturate fasciatd, Mere antico rotundato, pos-
tico breviore, oblique truncato.
The darkened Soletellina. Shell triangularly orbi-
cular, rather oblique, nearly equilateral, inequivalve,
right valve the flatter, smooth, wrinkled posteriorly,
purple-grey, here and there darker-bandeil, anterior
side rounded, posterior shorter, oblicpiely truncated.
Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Uab. ?

A very characteristic species, belonging to the same pe-
culiar type of the genus as 5". Japonica and Nuttallii, but
quite distinct specifically from either.

January, 1857.

SOLETELLIxNA.

acuminata, Deskayes

ril. 12

Adamsii, Beshayes ...

n. h

atrata, Deshayea . . .

III. 14

biradiata {Solen), Wood

11. 7

consobriaa, Beshayi-s . .

I. 1

Cumingiana, Deskayes

4

diplios (Solen), Liniia;us

[1 8

Donacioides, Reeve

III 11

epidermia, Deshayes .

I. 3

incerta, Deshayes

[11 13

Japonica, Deshayes

IV. Ifi

Plutc.

uitida, Gray . II.

Nuttallii, CoKra<^ IV

nymphalis, Deshayes 1.

orbiculata (SoUn), Wood lY.

obscurata, Deshayes IV.

planulata, Reeve III.

radiata, Pe Biainville ... II.

reversa, Reeve IV.

siliqua, Reeve III.

truncata, Reeve III.

tumens, Deshayes IV.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

C A P S A.

' Hu^e ocean shows within its yellow strand
A habitation marvellously ])lamicd
For life to occupy." — Soulhy.

Capsa jFl.L

\'$

'^l-ri-Hri

Sowaiy ddelMi.

"Vincent Brooks Irnp.

CAPSA

Plate I.

Genus CAPSA, Brngnutre.
Testa ohlongo-transwrsa, suhquadrata, vetitricosa, ad latera
paululmn Mans, irueqidlateralis, latere postico longiore,
Carclo, in ulrdque valvd dentibm duobua breviius cen-
tralibus, quorum, in valvd dextrd, postico majore, sub-
recurvo, in valvd sinistra, antico majore, trirjono, so-
lido, obtuse bifida. Ligamenium subamplum, externum.
Impressio pallii sinu magno, lato.
Shell oblong-transverse, somewhat square, a little gaping
at the sides, inequilateral, posterior side the longer.
Hinge with two central teeth in each valve, of which,
in the right valve, the posterior is the larger, a little
recurved, iu the left valve the anterior is the larger,
triangular, solid, and obtusely bifid. Ligament ra-
ther large, external. Impression of the mantle show-
ing a large broad sinus.
On reference to the ' Encyclopt'die Methodique,' PI.
231, it will be seen that the very characteristic bivalve
shell represented in the accompanying Plate, the old Ve-
nus deflorata of Linnaeus (Sanguinolaria rugosa, Lamarck,
Fsammobia riigosa, Sowerby) is there figured by Bruguiere
under the generic title of Cafsa. Nearly twenty years
afterwards the name was appropriated by Lamarck to dis-
tinguish two bivalves ( C. lasvigata and Brasiliensis') which
belong more properly to the genus Bonax. This misap-
propriation of the term Capsa obtained a wide circula-
tion ; it is now restored to the typical Vemis dejlorata of
Linnseus, inhabiting a wide range of latitude over tlie
Eastern seas, and to a closely allied species from Tahiti.

Species 1. (Pig. a to/, Mus. Cuming.)
Capsa deflokata. Cap. testa oblongo-tramversd, ventri-
cosd, radiatim densissime rngosa-striatd et lirald, liris
modo tenuibus, modo validioribus, postice semper vali-
dibus etplus minus nodoso-crenatis ; albidd, auf carneo-
rosaced, aut intense livido-violaced, obscure zonatd et
radiatd, intm scepissime lutescente, postice interne pnr-
pnreo-violaceo tinctd.

The DErLOM-ERED Cai'sa. Shell oblong-transverse, ven-
tricose, radiately very densely roughly striated and
ridged, ridges sometimes thin, sometimes stronger,
posteriorly always strong, and more or less nodosely
crenated ; whitish, or flesh-rose, or dark livid-violet,
obscurely zoned and rayed, interior often yellowish,
stained posteriorly with very deep purple-violet.

Venus dejlorata, Linnasus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.), p. 1133.
Capsa d(fiorata, Bruguiere, Deshayes.
Venus versicolor, Gmelin.
Venus purpurea, Gmelin.
Sanguinolaria riigosa, Lamarck.
Psammocola rngosa, De Blainville.
Fsammobia rugosa, Sowerby.

Ilab. Eastern Seas.

The figures 1 g to 1/ in the accompanying Plate repre-
sent lliis well-known species iu all its varieties of sculp-
ture and colour, in different stages of growth.

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsa Tahitensis. Cap. testa ovato-transversd, tenui-
culd, subventricosd, con/ertissime rugoso-liratd, liris
posticis tenuibus, elevaiis, svimuricato-squamaiis ; alba,
latere antico rotundato, postico, snboblique quadralo,
latiusculo, versus marginem compresso.

Tee Tahiti Capsa. Shell ovately transverse, rather thin,
somewhat ventricose, very closely roughly ridged,
posterior ridges thin, raised, rather priokly-scaled ;
white, anterior side rounded, posterior somewhat ob-
liquely square, rather broad, compressed towards the
margin.

Bernaudi, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hah. Tahiti.

Of lighter structure than the preceding species, more
delicately prickly sculptured on the posterior side, which
is broader and more S(|uarcly rompressed.

December, 1856.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

CAPSELLA,

" Sea-girt Isles
That, like the rich and various gems, inlay
The unadorned bosom of the deeii." — Milton's Comus.

Chpsida,M.I.

Scrwerby del o, lit}i .

'VLncent Brooks lurp.

CAPSELLA.

Genus CAPSELLA, Deshmjes.
Testa subelongato-tramvena, plerumque aquilateralis, Itsvi-
gata vel concentrice striata, epidermide sapissime cor-
ned olimced induta, latere antico rotundato, postico
paulo angulato-truttcato, angulo obtasissimo, interdum
vix nullo. Cardo dente unico in valvd sinistra, duo-
bus in valvd dextrd, bifurcatis. Ligatnenttim exter-
num, subamplum, sub callositate oblonga interna po-
situm. Iiiipressio nmscularis pallii ampUter sinuosa.
Shell rather elongately transverse, generally equilateral,
smooth or concentrically striated, covered with an
olive epidermis, which is mostly horny, anterior side
rounded, posterior slightly angularly truncated, angle
very obtuse, sometimes scarcely any. Hinge with
one tooth in the left valve, two teeth in the right
valve, bifurcated. Ligament external, rather large,
placed upon an internal oblong callosity. Muscular
impression of the mantle largely sinuous.
While lately arranging the Lamarckian family Nyni-
phacea in the collection of Mr. Cuming, M. Deshayes set
apart a characteristic series of thirteen species of shells col-
lected in the Eastern Seas, the only one of which hitherto
described was included by Lamarck in his genus Fsam-
mobia (P. elougaia). The remaining twelve M. Deshayes
described in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society '
for 1854, under the title of Capsella, taken subgenerically
as a section of the Lamarckian Capsa. To this genus,
better known to conchologists as Iphigmia of Schumacher,
the shells under consideration have less affinity than to
Soktellina. They partake materially of the characters
of the latter genus. The hinge scarcely differs except
in the teeth being more distinct and in the posterior
oblong callosity being less prominently developed, but
there is a very natural assimilation of external characters.
They are all of a uniform oblong-transverse growth, with
the posterior side uniformly simply truncated into a faintly
obtuse angle.

Twelve of the species are from the Philippine Islands.
The remainder are from China, Ceylon, and the Moluccas.

The Chinese Capsella. Shell elongately transverse,
compressed towards the margin, covered with a
bright yellowish-chestnut epidermis, inequilateral,
anterior side the longer, rounded, posterior slant-
ingly compressed, but little truncated.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 348.

Eab. China Seas.

Of an oblong-triangular form, compressed towards the

margin, and bright yellowish-chestnut colour.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.}

Capsella Chinensis. Caps, testa elougato-transversd,

versus marginem compressd, ejiidermide vivide luteo-

castaned induta, itiaquilaterali, latere antico longiore,

rotundato, postico declivi-compresso, paruni trnncato.

January

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)
Capsella dipficilis. Caps, testa elongato-transversa,
tumidtdd, tenui, aquilaterali, tenuistriatd, epidermide
lutescente-viridi induta, latere antico obtum, supeme
recto, postico oblique truncate, angulum obtusissimim
formaute.
The rugged Capsella. Shell elongately transverse,
rather swollen, thin, equilateral, finely striated, co-
vered with a yellowish-green epidermis, anterior side
obtuse, straight at the upper part, posterior obliquely
truncated, forming a very obtuse angle.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 347.
Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Of rugged growth, covered with a little dull yellowish-
green epidermis, partially eroded about the umboes.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsella hufa. Caps, testa elongato-transversa, tenui,
compressiusculd, subaquilaterali, arcuatd, rugoso-
striatd, epidermide castaneo-rufd induta, versus urn-
bones erosd, inius roseo-pnrpurascente, latere antico
subattenuato-rotwndato, postico oblique flexuoso-trun-
cato.

The ked Capsella. Shell elongately transverse, thin,
rather compressed, nearly equilateral, arched, roughly
striated, covered with a chestnut-red epidermis, eroded
towards the umboes, interior rose-purple, anterior
side rather attenuately rounded, posterior obliquely
fle.xuously truncated.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 347.

Eab. Bay of Manila ; Cuming.

Distinguished by a somewhat arched growth, clothed

1857.

CAPSELLA.— Plate I.

with a light ohestaut-red epidermis, not shining, as in C.
Chinensis.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsella elongata. Caps, testa oblongo-transversd,
compresso-convexd, suhaquilaterali, irregulariter ru-
goso-striata, fulvescente-albd, cameo tinctd, violaceo
radiatd, latere antico declivi-rotundato, postico late
truncato, angidum suiol/tusum formante.

The elongated Capsella. Shell oblong-transverse,
compressly convex, nearly equilateral, irregularly
roughly striated, fulvous-white, flesh-tinged, rayed
with violet, anterior side slantingly rounded, poste-
rior broadly truncated, forming a somewhat obtuse
angle.

Psammobia elongata, Lamarck, Auim. sans vert. vol. vi.
p. 176.

Hob. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This Lamarckian species of Psammobia may be regarded

as the type of the genus under consideration, all the species

of which, it will be seen, are well distinguished from the

true Psammobia.

Of solid roughly striated growth and compressly ob-
long-square form, tinged with fulvous-purple.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsella solida. Caps, testa elotigato-transversd, ver-
sus marginem compressd, crassiuscidd, irregulariter
rugoso-striatd, subcequilaterali, sordide alba, ad um-
hones fulvo-purpurascente, epidermide fibrosd prope
marginem indutd, latere antico rotundato, postico late
truncato, angulum obtusum formante.

The solid Capsella. Shell elongately transverse, com-
pressed towards the margin, rather thick, irregularly
roughly striated, nearly equilateral, dull white, ful-
vous-purple at the umboes, covered near the margin
with a fibrous epidermis, anterior side rounded, pos-
terior broadly truncated, forming an obtuse angle.

Hab. Malacca.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsella violacea. Caps, testa elongato-transversd,
gibbosiusculd, viueqnilaterali, tenuistriatd, intense pur-
pureo-violaced, epidermide fibrosa prope marginem in-
dutd, latere antico breviore, subattennaio-rotundato,
postico late oblique truncato, angulum obtusissimum
formante.

The violet Capsella. Shell elongately transverse,
rather gibbous, inequilateral, finely striated, deep
purjjle-violet, covered with a fibrous epidermis near
the margin, anterior side the shorter, rather attenu-
ately rounded, posterior broadly obliquely truncated,
forming a very obtuse angle.

Hab. Bay of Manila ; Cuming.

A rather solid gibbous shell, of a characteristic deep

purple-violet colour, covered near the margin with a very

decided fibrous epidermis.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsella radiata. Caps, testa elongato-tra/isversd, sub-
aiiguitd, postice gihbosd, subaiquilaterali, tenui, subti-
lissirne striata, Jlavescente-rosed, translucidd, umboni-
bus vivide roseis, latere antico attenuato-rotundato,
postico subampliter oblique truncato.

The rayed Capsella. Shell elongately transverse,
rather narrow, gibbous posteriorly, nearly equilateral,
thin, very finely striated, yellowish-rose, translucid,
umboes deep rose, anterior side attenuately rounded,
posterior side rather largely obliquely truncated.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 348.

Hab. Orion, Bay of Manila ; Cumiug.

An extremely delicate semi-transparent rose-tinted shell,

much more largely angularly developed on the posterior

than on the anterior side.

Capsida, PL n.

iT^'^

jowerb-y dd.alilli.

Vincent firooks Imp .

CAPSELLA.

Speoies 8. (Fi_<;. a, b, Mus. Cuniiup;.)

Capsella crassula. Caps, lesla ovato-tranmersd, mb-
triaagulari, ceqidlaterali, transversm inaqualiler utri-
aio-snlcatd, epidermide olivaceo-fiacd indutd, ad mii-
hoiies erom, latere antico obfMo, semleUiplico, postico
I'lle truncalo.flexurd obliqud blparlito.

The thick Capsella. Shell ovately transverse, sub-
triangular, equilateral, transversely unequally stri-
ately grooved, covered with an olive-brown epidermis,
eroded at the umboes, anterior side obtuse, semi-
elliptic, posterior broadly truncated, divided by an
oblique flexure.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 349.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

Of an oblong subtriangular form, covered with ;; dark

olive-brown epidermis, which is much eroded aluu; the

umboes.

Species 9. (^[us. Cuming.)

Capsella minor. Caps, testa ovato-tramversd, com-
pressd, tenid, subeequilaterali, irregularUer striato-
sulcatd, epidermide flavescente vestiid, violaced, obscure
radiatd, latere antico obttcso, parum attenuate, superne
convexiusculo, declivi, postico angnstiore, attenuato,
snbtrimcato,flexHrdvix manifesld hipartito.
-The lesser Capsella. Shell ovately transverse, com-
pressed, thin, nearly equilateral, irregularly striately
grooved, clothed with a yellowish epidermis, violet,
obscurely rayed, anterior side obtuse, but little at-
tenuated, rather convex and slanting at the upper
part, posterior side narrower, attenuated, slightly
truncated, divided by a scarcely perceptible flexure.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 34-7.

Hab. Bay of Manila ; Cuming.

A compressed violet-tinged species, somewhat flexu-
ously attenuated on the posterior side.

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsella virescens. Caps, testa- elongato-tra^isversd,
tenui, submquitaterali, lavigatd, albidd, versus urn-
bones rosacea, nigra radiatim strigatd et trigono-ma-
culatd, epidermide nitente olivaceo-viridi indutd, laie-
ribus rotiindaibi, postico subJlezuoso-truHcato.

The green Capsella. SheU elongately transverse, thin,

Januar

nearly equilateral, smooth, whitish, rose-tinted to-
wards the umboes, radiately streaked and triangu-
larly marked with black, covered with a shining olive-
green epidermis, sides rounded, posterior slightly
flexuosely truncated.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 349.

Uab. ?

A rather thin shell, of a ligiit watery olive-green colour,
tinged with rose towards the umboes, and obscurely
marked with triangular black marks and rays.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsella solenella. Caps, testa elongato-transversd,
eUipticd, tumiduld, subaquilaterali, tenuistriatd, epi-
dermide olivaced indutd', verms mnbones purpurea,
latere antico attenuato-rotundato, postico qnadrato-
truncato, gibboso, angulum obtusum formante.

The little Sulen Capsella. SheU elongately trans-
verse, elliptic, rather swoUen, nearly equilateral, finely
striated, covered with an olive epidermis, purple to-
wards the umboes, anterior side attenuately rounded,
posterior side quadrately truncated, gibbous, forming
an obtuse angle.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 350.

Ihb. Bay of Manila ; Cuming.

Chiefly distinguished by the more gibbous proportions

of the posterior end, which forms an obtuse angle.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsella lunulata. Caps, testa elongato-transversd,
sublrigond, trquilaterali, tenui, translucidd, lavi, epi-
dermide nitente olivaceo-corned indutd, griseo-nigri-
caiite obscure radiatd, margine superiore utroque latere
aqnaliter declivi, latere antico rotundalo, superrie an-
gusle lunulato, postico oblique obtuse truncato, angus-
tato.

The lunuled Capsella. Shell elongately transverse,
somewhat triangular, equilateral, thin, translucid,
smooth, covered with a shining olive horny epidermis,
obscurely rayed with greyish-black, upper margin on
each side equally slanting, anterior side rounded,
narrowly lunuled above, posterior obliquely and ob-
tusely truncated and narrowed.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 349.

1857.

CAPSELLA.— Plate II.

Hub. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Of a delicate transparent horny aspect, thougli .solid,
fnintly rayed, distinguished by a narrow lunule, which in
other species of the genus is either wanting or but slightly
indicated.

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)
Capsella CANDIDA. Caps, testa elongato-transversd, so-
lididd, gibbosd, sttbeBquilaterali, dense tenukiriatii,
alba, epidermide temd fibrosa versus viargiiiem indutd,
latere antico rotundato, postko paulo longiore, sub-
quadrato-lruncato, mtgulum obtummfornuinte.
The white Capsella. Shell elongately transverse,
rather solid, gibbous, nearly equilateral, densely
finely striated, white, covered towards the margins
with a slight fibrous epidermis, anterior side rounded,
posterior rather the longer, subquadrately truncated,
forming an obtuse angle.
llab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

A white squarely elongated species, of solid gibbous
growth, covered towards the margin with a slight deci-
duous fibrous epidermis.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsella tenuis. Caps, testa eloiigato-lransversd, con-
vexiusculd, subaguilaterali, teimi, striato-mdcatd, epi-
dermide corned nitenie indutd, ad mnbones svberosd,
lateribus rotundatis, postico subcomprenso.

The thin Capsella. Shell elongately transverse, rather
convex, nearly equilateral, thin, striately grooved,
covered with a shining horny epidermis, sligiitly
eroded at the umboes, sides rounded, the posterior
rather compressed.

Desuayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 349.

Hub. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Of a rather simple elongated form, with the sides al-
most equally rounded.

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)
Capsella eosacea. Caps, testa elongato-transversd, de-
pressiusculd, tenui, subeequilaterali, tenuutriatd, epi-
dermide rosaceo-stramined indutd, violaceo paucira-
diatd, latere antico rotundato, postico snhlongiore, ob-
lique compresso-trmicato.
The eose-tinted Capsella. Shell elongately trans-
verse, rather depressed, thin, nearly equilateral, finely
striated, covered with a rose-tinted straw-coloured
epidermis, with a few violet rays, anterior side
rounded, posterior rather the longer, obliquely com-
pressly truncated.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 348.
Hab. Philippine Islands.

Chiefly distinguished by its light rose-tinged straw-
colour, sparingly rayed with violet.

Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.)

Capsella Layaedi. Caps, tesld ovato-trattsversd, tenui,
fragili, convexinsculd, subaquilaterali, irregulariter
sfriafo-sulcald, epidermide nilente olicaceo-corned in-
dutd, obscure purpiireo radiatd, lateribus obtuse roluu-
datis, ab mnionibus decUvibus.

L.a.yaed's Capsella. Shell ovately transverse, thin,
fragile, rather convex, nearly equilateral, ii-regularly
striately grooved, covered with a shining olive-horny
epidermis, faintly purple - rayed, sides obtusely
rounded, sloping from the umboes.

Desh.^yes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 148.

Hab. Ceylon ; E. F. Layard.

A shell of very light structure, covered with a shining

horny epidermis, rayed with purple, which is best seen iu

the interior.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

S A N G U I N 0 L A R I A,

■ Ju hullovv uf the tide-woni reef.
Left at low water glistening in Ihe sun,
rellucid pools, and rocks in miniature,
Witli their small fry of fishes, crusted shells,
Kich mosses, tree-like seaweed, sjiai'kling pebbles,
Enchant the eyes, and tempt the eager hand
To violate the fain^ \mi\i\ie."— Montgomery.

Saiujuinvlana, MI.

L.owily-ifltjMi

"Vracciit Bioofe Ibij

SANGUINOLARIA.

Genus SANGUINOLAEIA, Lamarck.

Testa ovato-iramversa, convexiuscula, smpe peUiccida, ina-
quilaieralis, ienumime concenlrice striata, plerumque
plus mhrns sangidmo-rosea, latere aniico rotundato,
postico plus minus attenualo-producto, impressione
Jkxuosd ab umboniins ad marginem radiante. Cardo
dentibtts duobus parvis eredis subbifidis approxi-matis
in utrdque valvd. Impressio muscularis pallii sinn
Irigono fate ventrali.
Shell ovately transverse, rather convex, mostly transparent,
inequilateral, very finely concentrically striated, gene-
rally more or less blood-rose, anterior side rounded,
posterior more or less attenuately produced, with a
flexuous impression radiating from the umboes to the
margin. Hinge with two small erect sub-bifid teeth,
approximating, in each valve. Muscular impression
of the mantle with a broadly ventral triangular sinus.
Of the two species which Lamarck included under this
generic head only one, SanguinoLaria rosea (Solen sangui-
nokntiis, Gmelin), remains. To this are added in the ac-
companying Plate four other species of characteristic typi-
cal resemblance, one described by Mr. Arthur Adams in
the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' for 1849, two
described by M. Deshayes in the same journal for 1854,
and one which is apparently new. They differ little from
each other in form* or texture; and the colouring, where
any exists, though of a different intensity in each species,
is of the same uniform tone. The anterior side of the
shell in each species is regularly rounded, and the posterior
more or less attenuated or beaked, and characterized by a
faint depression radiating across the posterior area from
the umbo on each side to the margin.

The habitats of the species, so far as they are known,
are Ceylon, Central America, and California.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

Sanguinol.^uia vitrea. Sang, testa ovato-transversa,
convexiuscula, inaquilateraU, tenui, Candida, vitrea,
tenuissime et irregulariter striata, latere antico bre-
viore, circulari, postico superne recto, vix declivi, ex-
tremitate angustato, margine inferiore valde convexo.

The glassy Sanguinolakia. Shell ovately transverse,

rather convex, inequilateral, thin, white, glassy, very

finely and irregularly striated, anterior side shortei',

March

cii'cular, posterior straight at the upper part, a little
sloping, narrowed jit the extremity, lower margin
very convex.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 336.

Hab. ?

This sheD is of rather firm texture, though perfectly

transparent, without any tinge of the delicate sanguineous

rose-colour which characterizes the other species of the

genus.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Sanguinolakia ovalis. Sang, testa ovato-transversd,
convexiuscula, mbaquilaterali, tenui, minutissime de-
cussation striata, albidd, pitrpureo-roseo dilute tinctd,
latere antico late rotundato, postico subobtuse atteom-
ato, vuirgine inferiori convexo.

The oval Sanguinolakia. Shell ovately transverse,
rather convex, nearly equilateral, thin, very minutely
decussately striated, whitish, dilutely tinged witii
purple-rose, anterior side broadly rounded, posterior
side rather obtusely attenuated, lower margin convex.

Hab. Central America.

This little species is chiefly distinguished by its convex

swollen growth about the umboes.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)
Sanguikolaria Tellinoides. Sang, testa subaugusle
transversa, inaquilaterali, tenuiculd, minute decussa-
fmi striata, intense pellucido-rosed, latere antico hi-
tiore, rotundato, postico ab VMJbonibus jlexuoso-impres-
so, ad extremitatem attenuato-rostrato.
The Tellina-like Sanguinolakia. Shell rather nar-
rowly transverse, inequilateral, rather thin, minutely
decussately striated, deep transparent rose, anterior
side broader, rounded, posterior flexuously impressed
from the umboes, attenuately beaked at the extre-
mity.
Adams, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 170. pi. 6. f. G.
Hab. Gulf of California.

A pretty transparent rose-coloured species, with a flex-
uous depression sloping from the umbo to the margin on
the posterior side, which is somewhat attenuately beaked
at the extremity.

1857.

SANGUmOLAEIA.— Plate I.

4. (Mus. Cuming.)

Sanguinolaeia sanguinolenta. Sang, lestd ovato-
traiisversd, solidiusculd, inaquilaterali, convexiusculd,
deciissaiim striata, alba, circa umbones rosacea, latere
antico rotundato, acuniinato-producto, ab umboniius
fiexiioso-impresso .

The blood-stained Sanguinolabia. Shell ovately
transverse, rather solid, inequilateral, rather convex,
decussately striated, white, tinged with rose around
the umboes, anterior side rounded, posterior side
acuininately produced, flexuously impressed from the
umboes.

Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 13th edit. p. 3227.
Soleri sanffuinolentus, Dillwyn.
Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta, Deshayes.
Tellina rosea, Gmelin.
Sanguinolaria rosea, Sowerby.
Psammobia rosea, Deshayes.

Hab. Ceylon.

This fine species, the original type of the genus, well

figured by Lister and Chemnitz, is of a rather solid clear

opake-white texture, merely tinged with rose around the
umboes.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Sanguinolaria pdeptjrea. Sang, testa ovato-tran^vm-sd,
ternti, fragili, pellucidd, plano-convexd, ineeqtiilaterali,
transversim dense striata, intits intense nitente san-
guineo-purpured, latere antico rotundato, postico re-
gulariter attenuato-rotundato.

The purple Sanguinolaria. Shell ovately transverse,
thin, fragile, transparent, flatly convex, inequilateral,
transversely closely striated, interior deep shining
blood-purple, anterior side rounded, posterior regu-
larly attenuately rounded.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 346.

Uab. ?

The form of this species is very similar to that of the

preceding, but it is of semitransparent texture, mostly

deeply coloured from the interior throughout with shining

blood-purple.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

P S A M M 0 B I A.

' 1 took it for -d liiiry vision
Of some gay cicatares of the clciueut.
That in the colours of the rainbow live.
And play in the plifi-hlcd clouds." — Millun's Cumus.

^soTiunohicL, FLI.

i

'^^^

Sowerly iM. €t ]itli

"fecent Brocks Imp .

PSAMMOBIA.

Cxenus PSAMMOBIA, Lamarck.
Testa transversa, oblmga vel ehngato-ovata, ad latera paulo
hians, Icevigata vel concentrice striata, sapissime ince-
quilateralis, latere antico rotundato, postico plus minus
Jiexiwso-angulato et truHcato, uiterdum pulcherrime
sculpto ; colore vario, interdum cum epidermide oUva-
ced. Cardo in valvd altera dentibus duobus, plerum-
giie bifidis, in altera unico, ligamento externo. Im-
pressio miiscularis pallii sinu maximo.
Shell transverse, oblong or elongately ovate, a little gap-
ing at the sides, smooth or concentrically striated,
mostly inequilateral, the anterior side rounded, the
posterior more or less flexuously angled and trun-
cated, sometimes very beautifully sculptured ; colour
various, sometimes with an olive epidermis. Hinge
in one valve with two teeth, generally bifid, in the
other with one tooth, the ligament being external.
Muscular impression of the mantle with a very large
sinus.
In a recent investigation of the genera ranging in the
system between Solen and Tellina, M. Deshayes referred
to the Lamarckian genus Fsammobia, a beautiful series of
undescvibed species in the collection of Mr. Cuming that
had not hitherto found a resting-place, and displaced one
or two, as, for example, the Capsa riigosa, that bad been
referred to this genus in error. By far the most charac-
teristic forms of the group are those which were so de-
scribed, and are here for the first time figured. They
present a strong generic peculiarity in the flexuous angular
development of the posterior angle, which in most species
is elaborately sculptured with wrinkled ridges, and are re-
markable for their display of delicate colours, generally of
ii rosy hue.

The Psammobia are, with one or two abnormal excep-
tions, confined to the Eastern Hemisphere, the genus being
well represented on our own shores by the common F.
Fcrroensis, and ranging as far south as Tasmania.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia oriens. Fsam. testa ovato-transversd, sub-
quadratd, soliduld, inxquilaterali, transversim sub-
striatd,in latere postico inaqnaliter sulcata ; carneo-
rosed, radiis et lineis angulatis roseo-purpurascentiius
notatd, latere antico hreviore, late obtuso, postico ob-
lique truncato.

The kising-scn Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse,
somewhat square, rather solid, inequilateral, trans-
versely finely striated, unequally grooved on the pos-
terior side ; flesh-rose, marked with rose-purple rays
and angular lines, anterior side shorter, broadly ob-
tuse, posterior obliquely truncated.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 318.

Hab. Japan.

Of the same typical character as F. maxima, more equi-

valve and square-built, delicately rayed, and elegantly

mottled with violet triangular marks.

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia puella. Fsam. testa elongato-iransversd,
tenui, depressd, inaquilaterali, transversim striata,
striis in latere jMstico rugmformibus ; nitente-albd, au-
rantio-rufo pallide radiatd, umbonibus nitente-viola-
ceis; latere antico longiore, rotundato, postico brevi,
obtuse angulato.

The tender Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse,
thin, depressed, inequilateral, transversely striated,
stria; on the posterior side wrinkle-like; shining
white, faintly rayed with orange-red, umboes shining
violet; anterior side the longer, rounded, posterior
short, obtusely angled.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 320.

Hab. Australia.

Bluish-white, shining, faintly rayed with orange-red,

neatly sculptured on each side with raised stria;.

3. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia modesta. Fsam. testa elongato-transversd,
convexiusculd, subaquilaterali, medio substriatd; al-
bidd, pallide ru/escente sparsim radiatd; latere antico
rotundato, postico subangulato.
The modest Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse,
rather convex, neariy equilateral, faintly striated in
the middle ; whitish, sparsely rayed with faint red ;
anterior side rounded, posterior slightly angulated.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 319.
Hab. Australia.

More convex and less angularly formed than the pre-
ceding species.

June, 185

PSAMMOBIA.— Plate I.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

PsAMMOBiA MAXIMA. Psam. testd ovato-transversd, com-
pressiusculd, solidd, valde ituBquilaterali, rude concen-
trice liratd et striata, liris postice subundulatis ; lutes-
cente-albd, radiis carneo-roseis lineisqne angularibm
notatd; lateribus rotundalk, postico subobliqui trun-
cato.

The very large Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse,
rather compressed, solid, very inequilateral, rudely
concentrically ridged and striated, ridges slightly
waved on the posterior side ; yellowish-while, marked
with faiut flesh-rose rays and angular lines, sides
rounded, the posterior somewhat obliciuely truncated.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 317.

Ilab. Panama.

A very solid roughly-formed shell, of brownish chalk

substance, mottled throughout with faint-red triangular

marks.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia anomala. Psam. testa elongato-transversd,
tenui, fragili, tmniduld, sub/gquilaterali, transversim
oblique minute striata, striis ad latera evanidis; lu-
tescenle-carned, prope umicmem- aurantio tinctd; latere
antico paulo attenuato, postico suilaie angidato.

The anomalous Psammobia. Shell elongately trans-
verse, thin, fragile, rather swollen, nearly equilateral,
transversely obliquely minutely striated, striae disap-
pearing at the sides; yellowish flesh-colour, tinged
with orange near the umbo ; anterior side a little at-
tenuated, posterior rather broadly angled.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 320.

Hah. BrisbaneWater, east coast of New Holland; Strange.

A delicate orange-tinted shell, having the posterior
igle rather concavely impressed.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia Tellinella. Psam. testa elongato-transversd,
subaqtdlaterali, lavigatd; sordide carneo-a/bd, riifo
tinctd et interrupte radiatd, umbonibus vimde rufo
biradiatd.

The little Tellen Psammobia. Shell elongately
transverse, nearly equilateral, smooth ; dull flesh-
white, tinged and interruptedly rayed with red, um-
boes two-rayed with deep scarlet.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 177.
Psammobia floruJa, Turton.

Eab. Britain.

A pretty orange-tinted simply convex shell, with two

small bright pink rays darting from the umboes.

7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia lata. Psam. testa ovato-transversd, lata,
depressd, solidd, ituequilaterali, inaqtialiter transver-
sim striaid; purpurascente, epidermide lutescente-oli-
vaced indutd ; lateribus subtruncato-rotmidatis.

The broad Psammobia. Shell ovately transver.se, broad,
depressed, solid, inequilateral, unequally transversely
striated; purplish, covered with a yellowish-olive
epidermis ; sides somewhat truncately rounded.

Desh.\yes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 318.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia ; Curaiug.

A broad square shell, almost entirely enveloped in a
skin-like yellowish-olive epidermis.

Tsammohmy, FIJI.

J

)

P

Zm^hj M-.^'hXh

"Vmcent BrooTss Imp .

PSAMMOBIA

Species 8. (Mus. Cnming.)
I'sA.ii.MOBiA Lessoni. Psom. tesld oblongo-transversd,
depressiusculd, radiatim irregulariter minute striatd,
striis elevatis ohUqids decussatd, Uvido-caruled, ferru-
gineo tinctd, nitente, latere antico stibattenuate ro-
timdato, postico subtruncato, ab nmbone concavu-angu-
lato.
Lesson's Psammobia. Shell oblong-transverse, rather
depressed, radiately irregularly minutely striated, de-
cussated with oblique raised strife, livid-blue, rust-
tinged, shining, anterior side somewhat attenuately
rounded, posterior slightly truncated, concavely an-
gled from the umbo.
1)e Blainville, Deshayes, MS., in ilus. Cuming.
Hab. Island of Samar, Philippines ; Cuming.

A compressed sliell, characterized by a concave angular
slope ou the posterior side, the entire surface of the sheO
being of a bright livid rust-tinged blue, rayed with hair-
lines, crossed obliquely with raised striae.

quilateraU, mliduld, hmididd, antici oblusd, breviore,
postice subtruncatd, transversim obsolete striatd; albd,
pallidi violaceo muUiradiatd, radiis albo maculatis,
'liueoMs longitudinalibus irregularibus notatis, intni
albd.

The comely Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse,
nearly equilateral, rather solid, rather swollen, ante-
riorly obtuse, shorter, posteriorly slightly truncated,
transversely obsoletely striated; white, many-raved
wit!) pale violet, rays spotted with white, and marked
with irregular longitudinal lines, interior white.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854. p. 318.

Hab. Amboyna.

Of smooth, rather swollen aspect, delicately rayed on a

bluish-white ground, with interrupted violet-red pencilled

rays.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia corrug.^ta. Psam.. tesld ovato-transversd,
coiivemiiscidd, inaquilaterali ; rubro-violaced, albo ir-
regulariter maculatd, et rubro-violaceo saturatiore swb-
radiatd, transversim oblique dense striatd, in latere
postico late et irregulariter rugosd, rugis cum striis
cotttinuis, latere antico breviore, late rolundato, postico
parum dilatuto, superne recto.

The wkinki.ed Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse,
rather convex, inequilateral; reddish-violet, irregu-
larly spotted with white, and faintly rayed with
darker reddish-violet, transversely obliquely densely
striated, broadly aud irregularly wiinkled on the pos-
terior side, wrinkles continuous with the striee, ante-
rior side the shorter, broadly rounded, posterior a
little dilated, straight at the upper part.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 324.

Hab. Island of Zebu, Philippines ; Cuming.

A delicate reddish-violet mottled shell, with waved striae

passiug obliquely across the valve to the posterior side,

where they enlarge into ripple-like wrinkles.

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia grata. Psam. testa ovato-tranxcei-sd, sub

December

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia occidens. Psam. testd oblongo-transtersd,
siibellipticd, dense concentrice striatd, livido-roseo al-
boque radiatd et maculatd, latere postico longiore, ob-
lique late truncato, subcompresso, antico rotundalo.

The sun-set Psammobia. Shell oblong-transverse, sub-
elliptic, densely concentrically striated, rayed and
spotted with vivid rose and white, posterior side the
longer, obliquely broadly truncated, rather com-
pressed, anterior rounded.

Sokn occidens, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. vi. p. 74. pi. 7.
f. 61.

Sanguinolaria occidens, De Blainville.
Psammobia occidens, Deshayes.

Hab. Ceylon.

This beautifully painted and well-known species differs

materially in generic character from the type of the genus

Sanguinolaria, S. rosea, and is referred by M. Deshayes

to the genus under consideration.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia Stangeei. Psam. testd omto-traiuversd, so-
liduld, subtequilaterali, albidd, pallide violaceo mitl-
tiradiatd, lateralibus superne subdeclivibus, delude ro-
lundatis, postico breviore, vix truncato.

Stanger's Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse, rather

1850.

PSAMMOBIA.— Plate II.

solid, nearly equilateral, whitish, many-rayed with
pale violet, sides gently slanting at the upper part,
then rounded, posterior side the shorter, scarcely
truncated.
Gray, Dieffenbach's Travels in New Zealand ; Fauna,

p. 253.
Hab. New Zealand ; Strange.

A rather solid shell, with the sides gently sloping from
the umboes, and nearly equally rounded. The painting
appears in faint violet rays througliout upon a dull stone-
white ground.

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)

PsAMMOBiA TRiSTis. Psam. tedd ovato-transversa, de-
jiressiusculd, soliduld, subaquilaterali, tramvertim in-
aqualiler mdstriatd, albo-grised, obscure violaceo ra-
diatd, intus pallide violaced, latere antico paulo lon-
giore, lateribm superne declivibus, antico late obtuso,
postico late obtuse trmicaio, subaiifftilato.

The sad Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse, rather
depressed, rather solid, nearly equilateral, transversely
unequally finely striated, whitish-gi-ey, obscurely
violet-rayed, pale violet within, anterior side a little
the longer, sides slanting at the upper part, anterior
broadly obtuse, posterior broadly obtusely truncated,
slightly angled.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 185-t, p. 318.

Eai. Amboyna.

Painted with very obscure violet rays, with a thin deci-
duous epidermis more or less remaining along the margin
of the shell.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia togata. Psam. testa ovato-transversd, iu-
miduld, inaquilaterali, extremitatibus sensint attetiuatd,
attamen antice rotundatd et breviore, postice oblique
truncatd, epidermide fusco-virente, margines siiperante,
vestitd, ad umiones decidud vel erosd, valvis intus ex-
tusgwe albis.

The clothed Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse,
rather swollen, inequilateral, gradually attenuated at
the extremities, but rounded and shorter anteriorly,
and obliquely truncated posteriorly, cloilied with a
brownish-green epidermis passing over tlie margins,
deciduous or erode<l at the umboes, valves within
and without white.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 318.

Ilab. Port Essington, Australia ; Jukes. Bay of Manilla,
Philippines; Cuming.
Of quite a different typical character from any of the

preceding species, the shell being of a rough opake texture,

attenuated towards the extremities, covered with a thick

fibrous epidermis.

^sammobioy, FLM

Sowerty M . d. lith.

^Ticent Brooks Itnp.

PSAMMOBIA

Specie? 15. (Mus. Cumitig.)
PsAMMOBiA INSIGNIS. Psam. testa

compressd, miigquilaieraU, solidiusculd, violaceo-ru-
bescente, • rubro-ptirpurascente pauci-radiatd, radiis
inaculii irregidaribus interruptis, transvenim tenue
sulcato-striatd, siriis ad umbones tenuihus, versm mar-
ffines crassioribus et profimdioribHS, latere antico send-
elliptico, obtwso, superne infeitieqiie aqualiler convexo,
latere postko superne recto, paululum decllci, angulo
coitcavo bipartito.
The remakkable Psammobia. Shell elong-ately traus-
verse, compressed, nearly equilateral, rather solid,
violet-red, sparsely rayed with reddish-purple, ray
interrupted with regular spots, transversely finely
groove-striated, striae fine at the umboes, thicker and
deej>er towards the margins, anterior side serai-ellip-
tic, obtuse, equally convex above and below, poste-
rior side straight at the upper part, a little slanting,
with a bipartite concave augle.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. ISS*, p. 322.
Hab. Moluccas.

Eather elongate in form, with the ])Osterior end pro-
duced into a bipartito couKively angled beak, with the
stria; raised upon it in concentric wrinkles.

Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.)

PsASlMOBiA pr.estans. Psam. testa elomjato-trauHversd,
conveximcnld, tvmiL, iueegiiilaterali, intense molaceo,
albo niiidejloccald, transmrsim et oblique minute regu-
lariter striata, ad latm poslicum striis subito inter-
ruptis, latere antico breviore, superne convexiusculo,
obtmo, latere postico latiore, aiujulo ohtuso obliquo.

The surpassing Psammobia. Shell elongately trans-
verse, rather convex, thin, inequilateral, deep violet,
neatly flaked with white, transversely and obliquely
minutely regularly striated, stria; suddenly inter-
rupted on the posterior side, anterior side shorter,
rather convex and obtuse at the upper part, posterior
side broader, with an obtuse oblique angle.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 322.

Hab. Moluccas.

Very characteristic in its style of colouring, which

varies from rose-purple to very deep violet, prettily flaked

witli white.

Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia vespektina. Psam. testa ovato-transversd,
tKmidiusculd, subaqdlaterali, Imvi, nitente, tranwer-
sim striato-sulcatd, striis ad latus posticum conferti-
oribus, rufescente et caruleo-purpured, albo floceatd
et iriradiatd, extremitatibus rotundatis.

The evening Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse,
slightly swollen, nearly equilateral, smooth, shining,
transversely striately grooved, striae on the posterior
side closer, reddish and blue-purple, flaked and three-
rayed with white, extremities rounded.
Solen vespertinus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3228.
Lux vespertina, Chemnitz.
Tellina depressa, Pennant.
Tellina variabilis, Pulteney.
Tellina alhida, Dillwyn.
Psammobia vespertina, Lamarck.
Psammobia Jlorida, Lamarck.
Samjuiuolaria vespertina, Fleming.
Psammocola vesper tiualis, De Blaiuville.

Hab. Mediterranean.

This well-known species is mostly flaked and ihr..-

rayed with white upon a deep purple-blue rust-tingti!

ground.

Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia solida. Psam. testa late ovato-tramversu,
gibbosd, inaquilaterali, lateribus ad umbones decUvibus,
extremitatibus rotundatis; sordide alba, concmtrid-
rugoso-striatd, prope margines epidermide vestitd.
The solid Psammobia. Shell broadly ovately trans-
verse, gibbous, inequilateral, sides sloping from the
umboes, rounded at the extremities; dead-white,
concentrically roughly striated, covered near the mar-
gins with an epidermis.
Geay, MS., Brit. Mus.
Hab. Chili; Cuming.

A roughly-striated gibbous dead-white .l/yw-like species,
covered towards the margins with a brown fibrous epi-
dermis.

(Species 19. !Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia ametiiystls. Psam. tesld elongato-trans-
versd, compressd, suljtequUaterali, dense tenuistriatd.

December, 18f>5.

PSAMMOBIA.— Plate III.

strii3 ad latus posticum sulobliquis, elevatis ; Uvido-
purpurascente, purptireo-roseo pallide radiaid, latere
antico rotundato, posiico oblique angulato et trmicaio.

The amethyst Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse,
compressed, nearly equilateral, densely finely striated,
striae on the posterior side rather oblique and raised ;
livid-purple, faintly rayed with pnrple rose, interior
side rounded, posterior obliquely angled and trun-
cated.

Ha/j. Ceylon ; E. L. Layard.
Of a delicate livid-purple colour, rayed at rather distant

intervals with faint purple-rose.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia tripartita. Paam. testa elongato-transverad,
elUpsoided, compressd, aquilaterali, tnaculis minimis
albis canjlueidibus irregulariter sparsis notatd sen ob-
scure albo radiatd, tratisversim striata, striis antice
latis et planis, in medio Upartitis et duplo numerosi-
oribics, in latere subito lamellosis, imbricatis, acutis,
latere antico semi-elliptico, obtuse, latere postico paulo
latiore, obliqui truncato, angulo acutiuseulo in/erne
terminato, angulo obtuso obsoleto ab umhone decur-
rente.

The tripartite Psammobia. Shell elongately trans-
verse, ellipsoid, compressed, equilateral, violet, marked
with irregularly sprinkled confluent minute white
spots or obscurely white-rayed, transversely striated,
striae anteriorly broad and flat, bipartite and twice
as numerous in the middle, on the posterior side

suddenly lamellose, imbricated, and sharp, anterior
side semi-elliptic, obtuse, posterior side rather broader,
obliquely truncated, terminated at the lower part by
a rather sharp angle, an obsolete obtuse angle run-
ning from the umbo.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 3!)1.

Hab. San Nicolas, Island of Zebu, Philippines ; Cuming.
This interesting species may be readily recognized, by

its surface being curiously separated into three distinct

patterns of sculpture.

Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia nitosa. Psam. testa ovaio-tratisversa, soli-
duld, compressiusculd, utroque latere hiante, inarqiii-
laterali, tratisversim snbstriatd, roseo-purpurascente,
macitlis sparsis niveis irroratd, latere antico breviore,
late rotundato, postico latiore, supei-ne recto, non de-
clivi, liorizo7itali, late obtuse truncato.
The snowy Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse, rather
solid, somewhat compressed, gaping on both sides,
inequilateral, transversely faintly striated ; rose-pur-
ple, bedewed with scattered snowy spots, anterior
side shorter, broadly rounded, posterior side broader,
straight at the upper part, not sloping, horizontal,
broadly obtusely truncated.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 317.
Hah. Dumaguete, Island of Negros, Philippines ; Cuming.
Closely allied to P. occidens, but uniformly distinguished
by the various characters detailed in the foregoing de-
scription.

w

Jimmifwhi/i, M.IV.

0-

Si.ivraiiy (H 9Llith.

Vincent Brooks Itp

PSAMMOBIA.

Plate IV.

Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.)

Fs.\MMOBiA AFFiNis. PmM. testd ovato-transversd, (equi-
lalerali, transvenhn rude striata, striis in medio suli-
ubaoletis, antice distinciis, postici suhplicatis ; lutes-
cenie-albd, cartieo-roseo verms margines promisctie ra-
diatd, lateribm rotundatis, postico parum truncato.

The allied Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse, equi-
lateral, transversely rudely striated, strite almost ob-
solete iu the middle, distinct anteriorly, slightly pli-
cated posteriorly ; ycUovvish-white, promiscuously
rayed towards the margins with flesh-rose, sides
rounded, the posterior but little truncated.

Hah. New Zealand and the Philippine Islands.

A species intermediate in its character between v^. ^ro/a

and wspertina.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ps.^MMOBlA PULCHELLA. Psam. testd subaiiffuste trans-
versa, compressd, uiaquilaterali, oblique nitide elevato-
striatd, striis ad mari/iuem arece posticm abrnpte ter-
minatis ; c/eruleo-purpured, ferrtigineo tinctd, albo
nmltiradiaid, latere aiitico rotundato, postico declivi-
Iruncaio, ared snbl^vigatd, ab mnhone superfcialiter
impresso.
TnK PRETTY Psammobia. Shell rather narrowly trans-
ver.se, compressed, inequilateral, obliquely neatly ele-
vately striated, striEB abruptly terminated at the edge
of tlie posterior area ; blue-purple, tinged with rust,
many-rayed with white, anterior side rounded, pos-
terior slopingly truncated, impressed superficially
with a nearly smooth area from the umbo.
Lamaiick, Anini. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 177.
Ilab. Bay of ilanila, Philippines ; Cuming.

The sculpture of this species consists of numerous ob-
lique raised strisr, which terminate suddenly along the
edge of a superficially impressed area sloping posteriorly
from tlie uinl)o.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)

jAM.MoniA coMPTA. Psani. testd elongato-transversd ,

/equilaterali, compressd, temiiculd, leevigatd et pro-

miseue sulcato-striatd, striis posticl plicatis; livido-

c/enilescente, purpureo-viohiceo radiatd, latere antico

December,

rofmidato, postico decUvi-trnncato, aream concaram
ab iimbone furmante.
The neat Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse,
equilateral, compressed, rather thin, smooth or pro-
miscuously groove-striated, stria? posteriorly plicated .
livid-blue, rayed with purple violet, anterior side
roundcfl, posterior slopingly truncated, forming a
concave area from the umbo.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 321.
Hob. Catbalonga, Island of Samar, Philippines ; Cuming.
The striae are almost obsolete in the centre of the valves,
the surface of that part being smooth, crossed by inter-
rupted linear grooves.

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)

P.sammobia intermedia. I'sam. testd ovato-trumrersd,
coiivexiusculd, solidd, esquilaterali, albidd, roseo teniii-
radiatd, epiderinide luted partiin indutd, transversim
rugosd, rugis rudibus, solidiusculis, promisciie midu-
latis, postice crassioribits, valde irregularibns, latere
atitico rotundato, postico subattenuato, compresso, de-
clivi-trnncato.

The intermediate Psammobia. Siiell ovately trans-
verse, rather convex, solid, cciuilateral, whitish, finely
rayed with rose, partially covered with a yellow epi-
dermis, transversely wrinkled, wrinkles rude, rather
solid, promiscuously waved, posteriorly thicker and
very irregular, anterior side rounded, posterior rather
attenuated and compressed, slopingly truncated.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 319.

Ilab. Faro, coast of Portugal ; M'.\ncirew.

A fine species, chiefly distinguished by the boldness
and irregular waved development of its wrinkled sculpture.

Species 26. (Pig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia ornata. Psam. testd otato-transtersd, sub-
veiitricosd, subaquilalerali, lutescente-albd, purpureo-
caslaiieo et rufo-violaceo promi-scue maculatd et oljscuri
radiatd, oblique striato-rugosd, rugis postice irregu-
lariter undato-pUcatis, latere antico rotundato, postico
truncato-rotundato, ab umbone convexo-impresso.

The ornate Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse,
subventricose, nearly equilateral, yellowish -white,

18.56.

PSAMMOBIA.— Plate IV,

promiscuously blotcbed and obscurely rayed with
purple-cbestnut and reddish-violet, obliquely striately
wrinkled, wrinkles posteriorly irregularly wave-pli-
cated, anterior side rounded, posterior truncately
rounded, convexly impressed from the umbo.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 323.
Hah. Island of Ticao, Philippines ; Cuming.

The most obvious characteristic of this species is its
peculiarity of painting, the surface being more or less
ornamented with promiscuous blotches of purple-chestnut
and reddish-violet inclining towards the margins in rays.

Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.)

PsASiMOBiA MARMOUEA. Psum. testd ovato-transvend,

compresmisculd, soliduld, subwquilateraU, obligue stri-

ato-rugosd, ritgis postice Jlexitoso-plicatis, lufescente-

albd, ad itmbones hdescmite-violaced, pitrpureo-cas-

taneo internipte radiatd, latere antico rotundato, pos-
tico compresse truncato, ab umbcme obtuse mperfieia-
liter angulato.
The marbled Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse,
rather compressed, rather solid, nearly equilateral,
transversely obliquely striately wrinkled, wrinkles
flexuously plicated, yellowish-white, yellowish-violet
at the umboes, interruptedly rayed with purple-
chestnut, anterior side rounded, posterior compressly
truncated, obtusely superficially angled from the
umbo.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 824.
Hab. Moluccas and New Holland.

The painting of this species resembles that of the last
in colour, but it is differently disposed, whilst the sculp-
tured wrinkles are more obliquely pronounced, though
nearly obsolete in the middle.

l^sanurwhicL. PL V.

; >-. / h ^-^

Sowerby Ad eLlith

IfinceTLl brooks

PSAMMOBIA

Plate V.

Species 28. (Fig. 28 and 30, Mus. Cuming.)

PsAMMOBiA BiCARiNATA. I'sttm. testd elotigato-tratis-
versd, angustd, depressd, soUduld, cequilaterali, atro-
violaccu, obsolete saturniiore radiatd, ti'ansversim sul-
cata, S'ulcis versus manfmem ohliqiie pUeaiis, latere
antico Totundato, postico oUl/jue trimca/u et rostraio,
ah umbone bicarinato.

The two-keeled Psammobia. Shell elongately trans-
verse, narrow, depressed, rather solid, equilateral,
dark-violet, obsoletely darker rayed, transversely
grooved, grooves obliquely plicated towards the mar-
gin, anterior side rounded, posterior obliquely trun-
cated and beaked, two-keeled from the umbo.

DESH.4.YES, Pro. Zool. Soc. 185-t, p. 322.

Ilab. Zanzibar; T. Thome.

A dark purple shell, sometimes white, stained with
rose, as in Fig. 30, sculptured with obliquely sloping folds
near the margin, the posterior extremity being beaked,
with two-keeled angles running down from the umbo.

Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.)
PsAMSlOBiA ZONALIS. Psavi. ttstd miyuste tr,

compressd, siiba-qnilaterali, tennissime striata, uitente,
albidd, zonis transversis livido-roseis, latere antico ro-
tundato, postico ah wnhone subangulato, trtmcato.
The zoned Psammobia. Shell narrowly transverse,
compressed, nearly equilateral, very finely striated,
shining, whitish, with transverse livid-rose zones,
anterior side rounded, posterior slightly angled from
the umbo, and truncated.
I'samriiolaa zonalis, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vi. p.

183.
Hah. Tasmania; E. C. Gunn.

A smooth compressed species, very finely striated to-
wards the margin and extremities, painted with delicate
livid-rose zones.

Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia Tellin^formis. Psam. testd anguste trans-
versa, compressd, suhmiidlaterali, dense tenuistriatd,
nitente, striis ad latus posticum plicato-elevatis ; al-
bidd, livido-carneo pallide radiatd, latere antico rotun-
dato, postico rotimdato-truncato, ah umbone siiperf-
cialiter angulato.

The Tellina-shaped Psammobia. Shell narrowly
transverse, compressed, nearly equilateral, closely
finely striated, shining, strife plicately raised on the
posterior side ; whitish, faintly rayed with livid-flesh,
anterior side rounded, posterior rotundately trun-
cated, superficially angled from the umbo.
Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Hab. ?

Unusually compressed, with the posterior angular con-
cavity only superficially developed, the surface being faintly
rayed with a thin livid-tlesh tint.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia castrensis. Psam. testd ovato-trarisversd,
tenui, pellucidd, subaguilaterali, nitente, vix striata,
purpurascente-albd, maculis hieroglyphicis purpuras-
centibus picta, epiderinide tenui corned prope margines
indutd, lateribtis rotimdatis, postico tumidulo.
The camp-marked Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse,
thin, pellucid, nearly equilateral, shining, scarcely
striated, purplish-white, painted with obscure hiero-
glyphic purplish spots, covered with a thin horny
epidermis near the margins, sides rounded, posterior
slightly swollen.
Hanley, Species of Shells, p. 59.

Solen castrensis, Chemnitz.
Hab. Sorsogon, Island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.

A semipellucid smooth shell, covered towards the mar-
gin with a thin horny epidermis, not unlike a Soleit in
general aspect.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia Ferroensis. Psam. testd anguste transversa,
subcompressd, snheeguilaterali, striata, striis ad latus
posticutn subplicatis, ad angnlum striis radiantihus
decussatis ; albidd, roseo radiatd, ad margines epider-
mide vestitd, latere antico rotundato, postico attemiato-
truncalo ab umbonem angulato.

Tub Ferroe Psammobia. Shell narrowly transverse,
rather compressed, nearly equilateral, striated, stria>
subplicated on the posterior side, decussated on the
angle with radiating striffi ; whitish, rayed with pink,
clothed with an epidermis at the margins, anterior

December, 1856.

PSAMMOBIA.— Plate V.

side rounded, posterior attenuately truncated, angled

from tlie umbo.
Tdliiia Ferroensis, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. vi. p. 99.

pi. 10. f. 91.

Tellina incarnata. Pennant.

Tdlina radiata. Da Costa.

Tellina trifasciata, Donovan.

Tellina truncata, Spengler.

Psamnwbia Ferroetms, Lamarck.
Ilab. Ferroe and other Northern Isles, British Isles, and

throughout the European Seas.
There is not much variation in this widely distributed
species, the rose rays more or less predominating on a
stone-white ground.

Fig. 34. (Mus. De Burgh.)
Ps.AMMOBiA KUBICUNDA. Psam. testd ovato-transversd,
gibbosd, utroqiie latere panluluni hiante, sub(eqtiilate-
rali, oblique striata, striis postice plicatis et ahruple
interruptis, deinds superne contitmis, vivide sanguineo-
rosed, albo jloccatd, lateribm rotundatis superficialiter
ab umbone impresso.
The bright red Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse,
gibbous, a little gaping at both ends, nearly equi-
lateral, obliquely striated, striae posteriorly plicated
and abruptly interrupted, then continuous towards
the upper part, bright scarlet-rose flaked with white,
sides rounded, posterior superficially impressed from
the umbo.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 324.
Ildb. Island of Ticao, Philippines ; Cuming.

This beautifuDy painted species is remarkable for the
brightness and delicacy of its colour, the entire surface
being a deej) transparent blood-rose, flaked here and there
with white. The specimen here figured is from the choice
collection of Mrs. Do Burgh. Mr. Cuming also possesses
a fine and equally brilliantly painted specimen.

Species 35. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

PsAMMOBtA ELEGANS. Psam. testd elongato-transversd,
angustd, compressd, eequilalerali, tramversim rugoHO-
plicatd, plicis subundiilatis, latere antico rotnndato,
poslico atlemiato-rostrato, et ab umbone bicarinato,
fuscescetde-albd, fmco-purpureo promisaie radiatd.

The elegant Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse,
narrow, compressed, equilateral, transversely nigosely
plicated, slightly waved, anterior side rounded, pos-
terior attenuately beaked, and two-keeled from the
umbo, brownish -white, promiscuously rayed with
brown-purple.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 322.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

The posterior side of this species is developed in a

manner very similar to that of the P. bicarinata.

Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia amiena. Psam. testd elongato-transveisd,
depressd, tetmi, semipellucidd, aquilaierali, dense tram-
versim striata, striis antice lafwribus, in medio furca-
tis, striis posticis in valvd dextrd sidjobsoletis, in valvd
sinistra continuis ; alba, rufo-violascente palUdissime
maculatd et radiatd, nitente, latere antico rotundato,
poslico oblique truncato, ab umbone superficialiter an-
gulato-impressd.
The delicate Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse,
depressed, thin, semipellucid, equilateral, densely
transversely striated, strije broader anteriorly, forked
in the middle, posterior striae nearly obsolete in the
right valve, in the left valve continuous, white, faintly
rayed and spotted with reddish-violet, shining, an-
terior side rounded, posterior obliquely truncated,
faintly angularly impressed from the umbo.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 323.

Hab. ?

An extremely delicate shining species, with a charac-
teristic dift'erence, as above noted, in the sculpture of the
two valves.

JPsnmnu>bia,Fl.Y[.

m

c

tiwaibf MuiCh

^fccent iiroab Imp,

PSAMMOBIA.

Plate VI.

Species 37. (Fig. a, b, Miis. Cuming.)

PsAJiMOBiA TENUIS. Psam. testa elougato-transversd, con-
veximculd, termi, hjalina, huequilaterali, aliidd, in-
terdum roseo radiatd, oblique tenimsinie striata, striis
ad laitts posticum abrupte terminafis, latere antico sub-
attenuato, postico breviore, late truncato.

The thin Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse,
rather convex, thin, hyaline, inequilateral, whitish,
sometimes rayed with rose, obliquely very finely stri-
ated, striae abruptly terminated on the posterior side,
anterior side slightly attenuated, posterior shorter,
broadly truncated.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 330.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

The posterior side of this delicate hyaline species is

co'iipressly truncated and more angularly sloped in some

specimens than in others.

Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia costulata. Psam. testa elongato-transversd,
tenuicttld, inaquilaterali, concentrice sulcato-striatd,
albidd, intense roseo pauciradiatd, latere antico atte-
nuato-rotundato, postico breviore, rotundato, radiatim
tenui-costato.
The finely ribbed Psammobia. Shell elongately trans-
verse, rather thin, inequilateral, concentrically groove-
striated, whitish, marked with a few deep rose rays,
anterior side attenuately rounded, posterior shorter,
rounded, radiately finely ribbed.
TuRTON, Dithyra Brit. p. 87. pi. 6. f. 8.

Psammobia discors, Philippi.
Hab. Porto Santo, Madeiras, Sicily, British Isles.

A small elongately transverse species, sculptured in a
characteristic manner on the posterior side with fine ra-
diating ribs.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia abrupta. Psam. testa elongato-tramversd,
tenui, pellucidd, aquilaterali, compressd, 'albidd,
transversim costafd, cosfis obtusis, stibobliquis, postice
abrupte interruptis, latere postico compresso, costis
latis radiantibus sculpto, supernc recto, ad eitremita-
lem rotundato-trmicato.

The abrupt Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse,
thin, pellucid, equilateral, compressed, whitish,
transversely ribbed, ribs obtuse, rather oblique, poste-
riorly abruptly interrupted, posterior side compressed,
sculptured with broad radiating ribs, straight at the
upper part, rotundately truncated at the extremity.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 324.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.
The ribbed sculpture of this delicate little transparent

shell is very conspicuous.

Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia eburnea. Psam. testa oblongo-lransversd,
valde compressd, lavigatd, nitente, alba, inceqmlate-
rali, latere antico late rotundato, postico breviuscalo,
ad marginem superam anguste angulato-impresso, ad
extremitatem rotundato.

The ivory Psammobia. Shell oblong-transverse, very
compressed, smooth, shining, white, inequilateral,
anterior side broadly rounded, posterior rather short,
narrowly angularly impressed along the upper mar-
gin, rounded at the extremity.

Hab. Malacca.

A thin compressed smootii ivory-like shell, with a simple

narrowly impressed slope along the upper posterior edge.

Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia candidula. Psam. testa oblongo-transxersd,
imniduld, crassitiseuld, subaquilaterali, lavigatd, irre-
gulariter incremento mterruptd,fiavescente-albd, late-
ribus rottmdatis, ab umhonem declivibus, latere postico
paululum breviore, obtuse angulato.

The white Psammobia. Shell oblong-transverse, rather
swollen, somewhat thick, nearly equilateral, smooth,
irregularly interrupted with lines of growth, yellow-
ish-white, sides rounded, slanting from the umbo,
posterior side rather the shorter, obtusely angled.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 319.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Of a solid dead-white aspect, smooth throughout, with

only the faintest indication of an angle on the posterior

side.

PSAMMOBIA.— Plate VI.

Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.)

PsAMMOBiA Malaccana. Psam. testa ovato-transversd,
subcompressd, tenui, aquilaterali, nilente-albd, nilidi
obliqm sulcato-striatd, striis postice abrupte interrup-
t.k, latere anlico rotundaio, postico latiore, subangu-
lato-truncato et concentrice striata.

Thf. Malacca Psammobia, Shell ovately transverse,
somewhat eompiessed, thin, equilateral, shining
white, neatly obliquely groove-striated, striae abruptly
interrupted on the posterior side, anterior side
rounded, posterior broader, slightly angularly trun-
cated and concentrically striated.

Huh. Malacca.

A delicate shining white shell, neatly sculptured with
()bli((ue gi-ooved striae, which suddenly tenniuate on the
posterior side.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)
I'sAMMOBiA Menkeana. Psam. testa elongato-transversd,
angmtd, cBquilalerali, liris plicatis subirregularibus
concentrice sculptd, Jlavescente-albd, pallidissime vio-
laceo radiatd, latere antico late rotundaio, postico oh-
litse truncato obtmissime angulato.
Menke's Psammobia. Shell elougately transverse, nar-
row, equilateral, concentrically sculptured with irre-
gular plicated ridges, yellowish-white, very faintly
violet-rayed, interior side broadly rounded, posterior
obtusely truncated, very obtusely angled.
Ilttb. East coast of Australia.

A narrow species, sculptured concentrically with some-
what irregular plicated ridges.

subaquilaterali, tenui, fragili, transversim inaqualiter
plicato-striatd, striis posticc anguste elevatis, Jlaves-
cente-albd, lateribus rotundatis, postico obscure obtuse
angulato.

The naurow Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse,
nearly equilateral, thin, fragile, transversely some-
what plicately striated, strise posteriorly nan'owly
raised, yellowish-white, sides rounded, posterior ob-
scurely obtusely angled.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 320.

Ilab. Senegal.

The striae in this as in the preceding species incline to
be obliquely plicated, but are developed on the posterior
side in narrow ridges.

Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.)
Ps.\MMOBiA AKGUSTA. Psaiii. tesfd elongato-transversd.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia Layardi. Psam. testa elongato-tra7isversd,
depressd, aquilaterali, oblique minute sulcato-striatd,
striis ad latus posticum ahrupte terminatis, latere pos-
tico striis concentricis et radiantibiis fortiter decussate,
sublate obtuse angulato, rotundato-truncato ; flaves-
cente, albo et violaceo-fusco marmoratd.

Layakd's Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse, de-
pressed, equilateral, obliquely minutely groove-stri-
ated, strise abruptly terminated on the posterior side,
posterior side strongly decussated with concentric
and radiating striae, rather broadly obtusely angled,
rotundately truncated ; yellowish, mottled with white
and violet-brown.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 323.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Elegantly sculptured and mottled throughout with
violet-brown and white.

I'sammehia, PI. TU.

Sowsrbv dd.g. ith

"WxKjarit Brooks Imp

P S A M M 0 B I A

Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.)

I'sAM.MQBiA PDLCHEREIJIA. Psam. testd elonguto-trmu-
versa, compressd, ienui, mbaquilaterali, violaceo-
rosed, obsolete albo-radicdd, intns ro-ieo-purpurascente,
oblique tramverdm costatd, costis siniplicibns, de-
prems, superne acutiusculis, ad latus podicum subito
interriip(is, latere postieo panic Mante, costiilis radi-
antibus scabrosis, ad mar(jmem denticidatls.

The very beadtiful Psammobia. Shell elongately
transverse, compressed, thin, nearly equilateral, vio-
let-rose, obsoletely white-rayed, iuterior rose-purple,
obliquely transversely ribbed, ribs simple, depressed,
rather sharp at the upper part, suddenly interrupted
at the posterior side, posterior side a little gaping,
with small scabrous radiating ribs, denticulated at
the edge.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 335.

This beautiful little species is remarkable for its strongly
marked and strongly contrasted sculpture, the posterior
radiating ribs being obtusely prickly scaled.

Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia palmula. Psam. testd oblongo-transversd,
arcuatd, tenui, fragili, inaqvilaterali, oblique costu-
latd, costulis antice subtilibus, snbuiidvlatis, postice
continuis et radianfibus, lutescente-albd, maculis per-
paucis pallide rufesceiitibus aspersd, latere antico at-
tenuato-rotimdalo, postieo oblique trnncato el paulu-
lum liianle.

The little oar Psammobia. Shell oblong-transverse,
arched, thin, fragile, ineijuilateral, obliquely finely
ribbed, ribs auteriorly fine, slightly waved, posteriorly
continuous and radiating, yellowish-white, sprinkled
with a few faint red spots, anterior side attenuately
rounded, posterior obliquely truncated and a little
gaping.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 325.

Hab. Sydney, New Holland.

The obliquely sloping ribs in this species are not inter-
rupted on the posterior side, but become gradually open
and raved.

Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia uispar. Psam. testd ovato-transversd, tenui,
wcequilaierali, lutescente-albd, roseo-marmoratd, ob-
lique lirato-stiiatd, striis ad latus posticum interrup-
lis, latere antico latiusculo, atfenmto-rotundato, pos-
tieo brevi, subrostrato, paulo Mante, conspicue radia-
tim costato.
The unequal Psammobia. Siiell ovately transverse,
thin, inequilateral, yellowish-white, rose-mottled,
obliquely ridge-striated, strife interrupted at the pos-
terior side, anterior side rather broad, attenuately
rounded, posterior short, somewhat beaked, a little
gaping, conspicuously radiately ribbed.
Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 325.
Ilab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Chiefly distinguished by the posterior side being some-
what beaked and conspicuously cross-ribbed, in contrast
with the obliquely sloping stria.'.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia denticulata. Psam. testd elongato-trans-
versd, arcuatd, tenui, subaquilaterali, albidd, ad um-
bones roseo tinctd, oblique undato-liratd, postice ra-
diatim costatd, costis scabrosis, latere postieo oblique
truiicato, liianle, ad marginerii denticulato.
The toothed Psammobia. Shell elongately transverse,
arched, thin, nearly equilateral, whitish, tinged with
rose at the umboes, obliquely wave-ridged, posteriorly
radiately ribbed, ribs scabrous, posterior side ob-
liquely truncated, gaping, denticulated at the edge.
Adams and Reeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, p. 80. pi. 24.

f. 2.
ffab. China Sea.

The ribs on tlie posterior side are prickly-scaled, radia-
ting openly, so as to show the interstices deeply grooved.

50. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Psammobia squamosa. Psam. testd oblongo-transversd,
arcuatd, tenui, subaquilaterali, oblique undato-liratd,
postice radialim costatd, costis prominentibus, squamo-
sis, subdistantibus, cccrulescente-violaced, interdum al-
bidd, roseo marmoratd, latere antico rotundato, postieo
oblique truncato et kiante.

January, 1857

P5AMM0BIA.— Plate VII.

The scaled Psammobia. Shell oblong-transverse,
arched, thin, nearly equilateral, obliquely wave-
ridged, posteriorly radiately ribbed, ribs prominent,
scaled, rather distant, blue-violet, sometimes whit-
ish, mottled with rose, anterior side rounded, poste-
rior obliquely truncated and gaping.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 176.
Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines ; Cuming.

A delicate and beautifully sculptured species, chiefly
distinguished by the prominent openly spread develop-
ment of the posterior ribs and gaping extremity.

Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia bugulosa. Psam. testa elongato4ransverad,
subarctiatd, tenui, inaquilaterali, oblique rugulono-
Uratd, postice radiaiim cosialo, costk scabrosk, lules-
eente-albd, latere antico attenualo-rotundato, postico
ailenualo-rodraio et obliqui Inmcalo.

The -wrinkled Psammobia. Shell elongately trans-
verse, slightly arclied, thin, inequilateral, obliquely
wrinkle -ridged, posteriorly radiately ribbed, ribs
scabrous, yellowish-white, anterior side attenuately
rounded, posterior attenuately beaked and obliquely
truncated.

Adams and Eeeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, p. 81. pi. 24.
f. 4.

Hab. China Sea.

The posterior side of this species is more attenuately

beaked than in other examples of the genus.

rupted at the posterior side, posterior side rather
depressed, scarcely truncated, bipartite, divaricately
wrinkle-ribbed.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 18.54, p. 325.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.
The posterior side of this species is less distinguished

in form from the anterior than usual, and both sides gape

at the extremity.

(Species 52. Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia pennata. Psam. testa ovato-tra/tsversd, in-
aquilaterali, utrinqne hiante, albo-grised, albo et ru-
bescenie irregulariter minute maculatd, oblique tenuis-
sime striatd, striis ad latm posticum abrupte interrup-
tis, latere postico depressinsculo, vix truncato, bipar-
tito, divaricatim corrugato-coslato.

The winged Psammobia. Shell ovately transverse, in-
equilateral, gaping at each side, whitish-grey, irre-
gularly minutely spotted with white and pale red,
obliquely very finely striated, stria; abruptly inter-

species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia petalika. Psam. lesid oblongo-trailsversd,
tenuissimd, pelliicidd, valde inaquilaterali pallide
violascente, violaeeo quinqueradiatd, nitente, latere
antico elongato, postico brevi, ambobus rotundatis.

The little petal Psammobia. Shell oblong-trans-
verse, very thin, transparent, very inequilateral, pale-
violet, five-rayed with darker violet, shining, anterior
side elongated, posterior side short, both rounded.

Deshayes, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 320.

Hab. China Sea.

An extremely delicate, transparent, violet-rayed shell,

without any indication of the peculiar sloping sculpture

which is chiefly characteristic of this genus.

Species 54. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia suffusa. Psam. testd oblongo-transversd,
tenui, subcompressd, subaquilaterali, ubliqiie lirato-
striatd, striis ad latus posticum subitu interruptis,
purpurascente-violaced, albo tenuiradiatd, latere antico
rotwidato, postico latiore, lavigato, mbangulato-lrun-
cato.

The blushing Psammobia. Shell oblong-transverse,
thin, rather compressed, nearly equilateral, obliquely
ridge-striated, stria; suddenly interrupted on the pos-
terior side, purple-violet, finely rayed with white,
anterior side rounded, posterior broader, smooth,
somewhat angularly truncated.

Hab. Malacca.

A thin, purple-violet shell, delicately rayed with white,

conspicuously sculptured with obliquely sloping ridges.

1

T.uurtjrwMa.J^l. Wl.

ocwBrbv 1

'Vinoen.t Brooks Imi

PSAMMOBIA.

Plate VIII.

Species 55. (Mus. Hanley.)
PsAMMOBiA CASTA. Piam. tedd obJongo-ovatd, plano-
convexd, pellueido-albd, pallidi rosacea, postice jkxn-
oso-angulatd, sulcis linearibui femiissimis oblique sciilp-
td, ad angulum postiaim interruptis.
The chaste Psammobia. Shell oblong-ovate, flatly con-
vex, transparent white, faintly rose-tinted, poste-
riorly flexuously angled, obliquely sculptured with
very fine minute linear grooves, which are inteiTupted
at the posterior angle.
Hnb. Guatemala.

A very delicate semitransparent shell, sculptured ob-
liquely with very fine linear grooves, which terminate
some little distance before reaching the posterior flexu-
osity.

Species 56. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia parvula. Psam. testd oblongd, planiusculd,
posiwe impresso-Jlexuosd, tenuisdme decussatini striald,
nitente-albd, versus umbonein cameo tinctd.

The small Psammobia. Shell oblong, rather flat, pos-
teriorly impressly flexuous, finely decussately stri-
ated, shining-white, flesh-tinged towards the umbo.

Hab. ?

Of very simple form, but distinct from any hitherto

described species.

)7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia vaginoides. Psam. testd oblongo-ovatd,
convexiuseuld, cequilaterali, lateribus rotundatis, term-
issime decussatim striata^ sordide alba, versus umbonem
rosaced, epidermide siramined ad marghiem indutd.
The sheath-like Psammobia. Shell oblong-ovate,
rather convex, equilateral, sides rounded, very finely
decussately striated ; dull white, pink towards the
umbo, covered at the margin with a straw-coloured
epidermis.

Hab. ?

Equilateral, with the sides uniformly rounded, pink-
tinged about the umbo, with a pale straw-coloured epi-
dermis at the margin.

Species 58. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia lineolata. Psam. testd oblongd, ad latera
subacuminatd, plana, postice subattgulato-Jlexuosd ; car-
neo-rosaced, lifieis opaco-albis concentrice fasciatd.

The LiNEOLATED PsAMMOBiA. Shell oblong, somewhat
acuminated at the sides, flat, posteriorly, slightly
angularly flexuous ; flesh-pink, banded with irregular,
concentric, opake white lines.

Gray, MS., Mus. Brit.

Hab. New Zealand.

A rather flatly-compressed shell, of a deep flesh-pink

colour, peculiarly marked with wliitish concentric bands

and lines.

Species 59. fFig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia convexa. Psarrt. oblongo-ovatd, plano-con-
vexd, crassiuscitld, lateribus subagualibus, lavigatd,
nitente ; carneo-albd, rosacea varie radiatd el minu-
tissime marmoratd.

The convex Psammobia. Shell oblong-ovate, flatly con-
vex, rather thick, sides nearly equal, smooth, shining ;
flesh-white, variously rayed with pink, and very mi-
nutely mottled.

jfab. ?

Distinguished chiefly by its convex though flattened

form.

Fig. 60. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammobia cjirulescens. Psam. testd subelougalo-ob-
loiigd, depressd, postice late superficialiler Jlexuosd,
subangulaid, striis elevatis obliquis sculptd, striis ad
angulum posticum interrvptis ; pallide violaceo-creru-
lescente, umbonihis purpurea biradiatis.

The bluish Psammobia. Shell somewhat elongately
oblong, depressed, posteriorly broadly superficially
flexuous, slightly angled, sculptured with obhque
raised stria;, stria' interrupted at the posterior angle ;
pale violet-blue uraboes, two-rayed with purple.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vi. p. 170.
Psammobia bipartita, Philiiipi.

Hab. Ceylon.

Of a delicate violet-blue, with the sculpture suddenly

interrupted at the edge of the posterior angle.

June, 1857.

PS AMMO BI A.

abrupta, Deshayes VI.

affiuis, Reeve IV.

amethvstus, Wood III.

angusta^ Deshayes VI.

amcena, Deshayes V.

anomala, Deshayes I.

bicarinata, Deshayes V.

csrulesceus, Lamarck \lll.

hrpartUa, Philipi)! VIII.

candidula, Deshiiyei VI.

casta, Reeve VIII.

eastrensis {Solen), Chemnitz ... V.

compta, Deshayes IV.

convexa, Reeve VIII.

c'oiTugata, Deshayes II.

costulata, Turton VI.

(lenticulata, Adam and Reeve . . VII.

(ii.tcors, Philippi VI.

dispar, Deshayes VII.

eburnea, Reeve VI.

elegans, Deshayes \.

FeiToensis {Tellina), Chemnitz. . V.

florida, Lamarck III.

forida, Turton I.

grata, Deshayes II.

insignis, Deshayen III.

intermedia, Deshayes IV.

lata, Deshayes I.

Layardi, Deshayes \l.

Lessoni, De Blainville II.

lineolata, Gray VIII.

Malaccana, Reeve \'I.

maxima, Deshayes . I. 4

marmorea, Deshayes IV. 27

Menkeana, Reeve VI. 4:5

modesta, Deshayes I. 3

nivosa, Deshayes III. 21

occidens {Solen), Chemnitz II. 11

oriens, Deshayes I. 1

ornata, Deshayes IV. 26

palmula, Deshayes VII. 47

parvula, Reeve VIII .56

pennata, Deshayes VII. 52

petalina, Deshayes VII. 53

prsestans, Deshayes III. 16

puella, Deshayes I. 2

pidchella, Lamarck IV. 23

pulcherrima, Deshayes VII. 46

rubicunda, Deshayes V. 34

x\xg\Ao?,9., Adams and Reeve ... . VII. 51

solida, Philippi . III. is

squamosa, Lamarck VII. 50

Stangeri, Gray II. 12

suifusa, Reeve . . VII. 54

Tellinfeformis, Deshayes V. 31

Tellinella, Lamarck I. f5

tenuis, Deshayes VI. 37

togata, Deshayes II. 14

tripartita, Deshayes ... III. 20

tristis, Deshayes II. 13

vaginoides. Reeve VIII. 57

vespertina (&;«k), Gmelin .. III. 17

zonalis {Psammotaa), Laitiarek . V. 29

ERIt.VTUM.
Sp. 18, P. solida, for Gray read Philippi in Abbildungen.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE (lENUS

PSAMMOTELLA.

' Yet Nature's charms, the hills and woods,
The sweeping vales and foaming floods,
Are free alike to s!i."—J}urns.

]*.mmnwtfJla/. M. I.

^

.incor, sooHs imp

PSAMMOTELLA.

Genus PSAMMOTELLA, Bcshmjes.
Testa ovato - irmt-wena, couvexiusciila, subaquilateralis,
tttrinque hians, mike rotundata, podice longior, trun-
cata vel suhrostrata, concentrice striata, aut lutea aid
violacea, epidermide teniti decidud corned. Cardo
dentibits parvis centralibus erectis in valvd sinistra, in
valvd dextrd nnicd, callositate oblont/d in ambabiis.
Ligamentum externum. Impressio muscularis paltii
sinu oblongo peramplo.
Shell ovately transverse, rather convex, nearly equilateral,
gaping at botli ends, anteriorly rountled, posteriorly
longer, truncated or slightly beaked, concentrically
striated, yellowish or violet, with a thin horny deci-
duous epidermis. Hinge with two small erect cen-
iral teeth in the left valve, and one in the right, and
an oblong callosity in both valves. Ligament ex-
ternal. Muscular impression of the mantle distin-
guished by a very large oblong sinus.
This genus, of which we have here represented seven
species, was recently founded by M. Deshayes during an
examination of the family to which they belong, lately
made by that distinguished conchologist in the collection
of Sir. Cuming. While engaged in arranging the Psam-
moVuB and their allies, M. Deshayes recognized a distinct
generic type to which these were severally referable,
none of which had hitherto been descril)ed. They are
distinguished by. a pecularity of form, and they agree
especially in substance and tone of colouring. With a
convexly oblong nearly equilateral form, the posterior side
being rather the longer, they are all densely concentrically
striated, and either yellowish or deep violet, chiefly of the
latter colour, with a thin deciduous epidermis.

So far as the localities are known, two are from the
Philippine Islands, one from Malacca, one from Ceylon,
and one from the Red Sen.

irregularly plicatelj striated, whitish, covered towards
the margin with a fidvous epidermis, sides sloping at
the upper part, anterior rather narrowly rounded,
posterior obliquely attenuately truncated, lower mar-
gin semicircular.

Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Uab. San Nicolas, Island of Zebu, Philippines ; Cuming.
Of light swollen structure, nearly equilateral, and ovately

attenuated at each end.

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)

Ps.\MMOTELLA Malaccensis. Tsam. testa ovato-irans-
versd, tenui, cequilaterali, convexiuseuld, lavigatd vel
subtilissinie striata, pellitcido-albd, latere antico sub-
anguste rotundato, postieo subeompresso, truncato-ro-
tundato.

TUE Malacca Psammotella. Shell ovately transverse,
thin, equilateral, slightly convex, smooth or faintly
striated, transparent white, anterior side rather nar-
rowly rounded, posterior somewhat compressed, trun-
cately rounded.

Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Hab. Malacca.

A small species, of simple form and semitransparent

substance, the posterior side being rather i

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammotella Philippinensis. I'sam. testa ovato-trans-
versd, convexiuseuld, subcequilalerali, concentrice irre-
gidariter pUcato-striatd, albidd, epidennide fulvd ver-
ms marginem indtttd, lateribiis superne declivibus, an-
tico subanguste rotundato, postieo oblique attenuato-
truncato, margine inferiore semicirculari.

The Philippine Psammotella. Shell ovately trans-
verse, rather convex, nearly equilateral, concentrically
March,

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammotella Skinneri. Psam. testa oblongo-transversd,
minute impresso-striatd, temdssimd, subvitred, lineis
nigricantibus undatis, radiisque duobus, notald, epi-
dermide corned olivaced nitente indutd, lateribus sub-
attenuatis, postieo breviore, vix truncato.

Skinneii's Psammotella. Shell oblong transverse, mi-
nutely impressly striated, very thin, somewhat glassy,
marked with black zigzag lines and two rays, covered
with a shining olive horny epidermis, sides rather
attenuated, posterior rather shorter, scarcely trun-
cated.

Eab. Ceylon ; Major Skinner.

Of very distinct character from the rest of the genus,

the shell being exceedingly thin and transparent, marked

with bl-ickish zigzag lines, covered with a shining horny

epidermis.

PSAMMOTELLA.— Plate I.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

PsAMMOTELLA RupPELLIANA. Psani. testd elongato-
transversd, solidiusculd, suboblique contortd, inat/ui-
laterali, dense irregulariter striata, albidd, Uvido-mo-
laceo fasdatd, postice pallide biradiatd, epidermide
decidud prope marginem indutd, latere antico rolitn-
dato, postico oblongo-truncato.

Ruppell's Psammotella. Siiell elongately transverse,
rather solid, rather obliquely twisted, inequilateral,
densely irregularly striated, whitish, banded with
livid violet, posteriorly faintly two-rayed, covered
near the margin with a deciduous epidermis, anterior
side rounded, posterior oblong-truncated.

Hob. Red Sea; RuppeU.

A rather solid species, of oblong transverse growth,

rather contorted in the posterior direction.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammotella ambigua. Fsam. testa ovato-transversd,
inaquilateraU, irregulariter rugoso- striata, sordide
ciolaced, lateribus supenie declivibus, antico subanguste
rotuudato, postico snbcompresso producto, d<dtide trun-
cato-rotundato.

The doubtful Psammotella. Shell ovately transverse,
inequilateral, irregularly roughly striated, dull violet,
sides sloping at the upper part, anterior rather nar-
rowly rounded, posterior somewhat compressly re-
duced, then truncately rounded.

Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Hah. ?

Chiefly distinguished by the posterior side being con-
spicuously compressly produced.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammotella subkadiata, Fsam. testd ovato-trans-
versd, tenui, conveximciild, irregulariter riigoso-striatd,
molascente, pallide albo-radiatd, epidermide tenui ver-
sus marginem indutd, lateribus superne declivibus, an-
tico subanguste rotundato, postico subcompresso, trun-
cato-rotundato .

The faintly rayed Psammotella. Shell ovately
transverse, thin, rather convex, irregularly roughly
striated, pale violet, faintly white-rayed, covered with
a thin epidermis, sides sloping at the upper part,
anterior rather narrowly rounded, posterior a little
compressed, truncately rounded.

Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Hab. San Nicolas, Island of Zebu, Philippines ; Cuming.

Of lighter substance than the preceding species, with
the posterior side shorter.

Species 7- (Mus. Cuming.)

Psammotella oblonga. Fsam. testd elongato-trans-
vej'sd, tenui, subaquilaierali, irregulariter nide striata,
purpurascente-violaced, epidermide tenui decidud prope
marginem indutd, lateribus subaqunliter rotundatis.
The oblong Psammotella. Shell elongately transverse,
thin, nearly equilateral, irregularly rudely striated,
purplish-violet, covered towards the margin with a thin
deciduous epidermis, sides nearly equally rounded.
Deshayes, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Hab. ?

A light purple-violet shell, di.=tinguished by its elon-
gately oblong form, with the sides nearly equally rounded.

MONOGRAPH

OP THE GENUS

M Y T 1 L U S,

' What a beard hast thou got !"

Shakspeare.

]^tihis,M.L

Sowexby dd rf, litli.

^VinceTit Bxoakt; ItiiJ ^

M Y T I L U S .

Genus MYTILUS, Lmnaiis.
Tesla aqnivalvis, oblique flahelUformu, plm minus trigona,
hysso affixa, umbmibus acutis, subreciis, terminaU-
bus ; latere antico smpe contpresse expama, podico
siibconlracto ; epidermide plerutiique cornea, interdum
pilosd. Cardo edentulus, inderdnm. smbcrenulatvs, li-
gamenfo marginali, subintcrno. Impressio muscularis
composita, sublaleralis.
Shell equivalve, obliquely fan-shaped, more or less trian-
gular, affixed by a byssus, umboes sharp, nearly
straight, terminal ; anterior side often conipressly ex-
panded, posterior somewhat contracted ; epidermis
generally horny, sometimes hairy. Hinge toothless,
sometimes slightly crenulated, with the ligament
marginal and partially internal. Muscular impres-
sion compound, sublateral.
The Mi/tili are chiefly characterized by an elongately
fan-shaped growth, more or less beaked towards the um-
boes, having the interior side for the most part compressly
expanded and the posterior arcuately contracted. Some
species, distinguished by the presence of a thin shelf across
the interior of the umboes, are arranged by authors as a
separate genus under the name of Septifer ; and others,
characterizetl by a not unimportant diiferenee in the ani-
mal, have been separated under the name of Dreissena.
Neither of these forms iiave been however allowed to take
are rank of genera by Deshayes.

So much do the Mytili vary in appearance under diffe-
rent circumstances of habitation, as exemplified by the two
figures of M. Ualifornianus in the accompanying Plate,
that it has been impossible to identify many of the species
described by Continental conchologists. Sixty-one are

all that have been satisfactorily made out by procurable
specimens ; their range of habitation extends over the seas
of both hemispheres.

Fig. 1. (Mus. Cuming.)
This delicately-formed and exquisitely-coloured shell is
the Mytilus flams of Poll, now universally regarded as a
variety of M. edidis, for description of which see PI. VIII.
Sp. 33.

Species 2. (Fig. 2 a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus Californianus. Mijt. tesld pyriformi-elongatd,
snbarcuatd, solidd, radialim costatd, snick intermediii
conspiciie excavatis, concentrice rude comtgatd, area
posticd Icevigatd ; luteo-oUvaced, in (elate nigricante-
carnled.
The Californian Mytilcs. Shell pyriformly elon-
gated, slightly arched, solid, radiately ribbed, inter-
mediate grooves conspicuously excavated, concentri-
cally rudely wrinkled, posterior area smooth; yel-
lowish-olive, blackish-blue with age.
Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. vii.

p. 242.
Hab. California.

The examples here figured of this fine species represent
its extreme states. Young specimens, as Fig. 2 b, are
rayed with strongly excavated grooves, and the shell is of
a rich yellowish-olive eolonr. In a more advanced state,
the grooves become more and more obsolete, and the shell
assumes a rough blackish-blue tone.

January, 185S.

Mvf^liu^-.Fl.E

rijy M.ellith.

Vincent Brooks

MYTILUS.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus Afer. Myt. tedd trigono-ohlongu, posfice com-
pressd, vix angulatd, concentrice irregidariter striata,
aurantio-fmcd, lineis saturatioribiis acnte uiidatis ten-
tiginosd, extremitate posticd viridi.
The African Mytilus. Shell triangularly oblong, pos-
teriorly compressed, scarcely angled, concentrically
irregularly striated ; orange-brown, freckled with
darker zigzag lines, green at the posterior extremity.
(j.MELiN, Syst. Nat. p. 3358.

Mytilus Africanm, Chemnitz.
Hab. Algiers.

Readily distinguished by its orange-brown tone of co-
lour, freckled with zigzag markings.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus ungulatus. Myt. tedd elongato-oblongd, cras-

iimmild, concentrice slriatd, latere postico sitbangulato.

compresso, anlicl latiusculd, intense violaceo-nigrd.
The hooked Mytilus. Shell elougately oblong, rather

thick, concentrically striated, posterior side rather

angularly compressed, anteriorly rather broad ; dark

violet-black.
LiNN/EUS, Syst. Nat. (Gmel. edit.) No. 12.

Mytilus latus, pars ; Lamarck.
Hab. Conception, Chili ; Cuming.

Of very large size, rather flat, straight on the posterior
side, obtusely angled in front, covered with a rich glazed
violet-black epidermis.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus cojipressus. Myt. testa oblougo-ovatd, com-
pressd, concentrice irregulariter striata, latere postiri)
obtuse compresse angulato, intense olivaceo-castaned.

The compressed Mytilus. Shell oblong-ovate, com-
pressed, concentrically irregularly striated, posterior
side obtusely comprcssly angled ; dark olive-chestnut.

Philippi, MS., Mus. Cuming.

Uab. ?

A simple compressed species, of a bright olive-chestnut,

inclining at the margin to greenish-black.

3{ytihu, p/.m.

Sovreiiw dfletlith.

^VLacent Bruoks Ictcf ^

M Y T I L U S.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytii.us tortus. Myt. teda pyriformi-ovaUt, concen-
Irice striata, striis peculiariter oblique, decmsatis, latere
postico lata, pecidiariter contorto ; niteute-castaued,
epidermide fibrosa barbatd.

The twisted Mytilu.s. Shell pyrifoniily ovate, con-
centrically striated, striae obliquely decussated, poste-
rior side broad, peculiarly distorted ; shining-chest-
nut, bearded with a fibrous epidermis.

DuNCKKit, Pro. Zool. Soc. 185f). /^f< J"

Hab. Island of Mindanao, I'liilippines ; Cuming.

This tine species, with its handsome bearded epidermis,

is peculiarly distinguished by its strangely twisted growth.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

-Mvni.us llAMATUS. Myt. testa arcuato-jyriformi, sub-
quadratd, antice late inipressd, striis elevatis divari-
catis valide sculptd ; oUvaceo-virente.

The hooked Mytilus. Shell arcuately pyriform, some-
what square, anteriorly broadly impressed, strongly
sculptured with divaricated raised striie ; olive-green.

S.\Y, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. ii. p. 265. American
Conchology, pi. 50.
Mytilus striatus, Eaines.

Hab. Gulf of Mexico.

A shell of stout substance, sculptured throughout with

very strongly developed thick-set divaricating ridges.

Species S. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytills hirsutus. Myt. testa arcuato-oUongd, postice

hrmiter oblnse amjulatu, antice latlisimd et gibbusd,
medio hiante, louyitiiditialiter dense elevato-striatd ;
nitente-castaned, epidermide fibrosa barbatd.

The hatey Mytilus. Shell arcuately oblong, poste-
riorly shortly obtusely angled, antei'iorly very broad
and gibbous, gaping in the middle, longitudinally
densely elevately striated ; shining-chestnut, bearded
with a fibrous epidermis.

Lamarck, Amin. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 38.

Hab. New Zeah.nd.

Triangular, curved, and very gibbous on the posterior

side, with the valves gaping ratlitr largely for the passage

of the byssus.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus horuidus. Myt. testd pyriformi-ovatd, latere
postico iiupresso-ciirvato, conceutrice striatd, striis
obliijui decitssatis; niteute-castaned, epidermide fibrosa
barbatd.
The horrid Mytilus. Shell pyriformly ovate, poste-
rior side inipressly curved, concentrically striated,
strise obliquely decussated ; bright-chestnut, bearded
with a fibrous epidermis.
DuNcKER, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1856.
Ilab. Cape Capricorn, North Australia ; Macgillivray.

Very closely allied to M. tortus, figured above it, but of
a more truly pyriform curve, and destitute of any indica-
tion of the curious posterior distortion which is constant
in that species.

Mvtihis,B.JV.

Stw/siiry deletlith.

\nu r;.ii Brooks Im-p

M Y T I L U S.

Plate IV.

Species 10, (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytii.us ekustus, Myt. (eMd oblongo-JlabelUformi, an-

tice compreasd, longiludinaUter sulcata et bifttrcatim.

striata, latere postico obtuse aHgulatu ; fused, ockraceo

srppe radiatd.
The scoeched Mytiij's. Shell oblong fan-shaped,

anteriorly compressed, longitudinally grooved and bi-

furcately striated, posterior side obtusely angled ;

brown, often raj'ed with ochre.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 39.
Hab. West Indies.

A rather compressed, oblong fan-shaped species, strongly
longitudinally striated, the strias being here and there bi-
furcated, and inclined to pass off in the anterior direction.
In colour the shell is mostly of a swarthy-brown, tinged
and often rayed with ochre.

Species 11. (^Ins. Cuming.)
Mytilus atkopurpureus. Myt. testa oblongd, tenuiculd,
postice tumidd, mx angulatd, longitudinalifer tenui-
striatd, striis confertis, 'suhundulatis ; alro-purpwed.
The dark-purple Mytilus. Shell oblong, rather thin,
posteriorly swollen, scarcely angled, longitudinally
finely striated, striai close-set, slightly waved ; black-
purple. ^
1)UNKER,_M-S.' in Mus. Cuming. t { ">' >*
Hab. Guinea ; Dr. Tams.

Delicate in substance, verj' closely finely striated through-
out, and of a rich dark-purple colour ; collected by Dr.
Tams at Guinea.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus latus. Myt. testa ehngalo-ovatd, concentrice
irregulariter striata, olivaced, sub epidej-mide tenui
corned viridi vivide decussatim radiatd; latere postico
recto, obtuse declivi, antico arcuato, vix anyulato.

The broad Mytilus. Shell elongately ovate, concen-
trically irregularly striated, olive, decussated with
rays of bright-green beneath a thin horny epidermis;
posterior side straight, obtusely slanting, anterior
arched, scarcely angled.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. f. 4].

Hub. New Zealand.

Of a peculiar straight olilong form, swollen and bluntly
sloping on the posterior side, which is straight at the
margin, whilst the margin on the anterior side is only
slightly angularly curved.

Species 13. (Mus. Cumiug.)

Mytilus excisus. Myt. testa oblongo-ovatd, solidiusculd,
curvatd, valde gibbosd, longitiidinaliter sulcata et li-
ratd, liris confertis, crenidatis, hie illic bifurcatim
iJivergentihis, latere postico obtuse coniracto, antico
rutundato ; albidd, purpurascente-spadiceo titictd.

The engraved Mytilus. Shell oblong-ovate, rather
solid, curved, very gibbous, longitudinally grooved
and ridged, ridges close-set, crenulated, here and
there bifurcately diverging, posterior side obtusely
contracted, anterior rounded ; whitish, tinged with
purple-fawn.

Tichogonia excisa, Wiegman, Archives, 1837.

Mytilus fuscus, Kecluz.

Ffab. Madagascar.

Of very gibbous solid growth, with the diverging striae

enlarged into conspicuously crenulated ridges.

Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus ovalis. Myt. testa oblongo-ovali, plus minus
gibbosd, lotigitudinaliter liratd, liris parum crenulatis,
undatis, subdistantibua, interstitiis versus marginem
lira altera interveniente ; umbonibus tumidiusculis, in-
cumbentibus ; nigro-purpured, castaneo tinctd.
The oval Mytilus. Shell oblong-oval, more or less
gibbous, longitudinally ridged, ridges but little cre-
nulated, waved, rather distant, interstices towards
the margin with another ridge intervening ; umboes
rather swollen, incumbent ; blackish-purple, stained
with chestnut.
In this species, as Lamarck describes, the umboes are
compressly incumbent, presenting a link with the typical
growth of the umboes in Modiola. The sculpture con-
sists of slightly waved radiating ridges, with au alternate
ridge appearing in the interstices as they widen out
towards the margin. The colour is blackish-purple, pass-
ing beneath the umboes into thestnut.

August, 185^

mtau-sRy

cfby- M. et M^ .

"■Vincent 3xoolis Imp.

M Y T I HI S

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytiia's hostratus. Myt. testa mbelongatd, versus
umbones attenuatd el rostrata, longitudinaliter tenui-
striatd, striis imdalis, hie illic ohsoletis, latere postico
obtuse inciirw, antico rotnudato ; purpiireo-nigrd.
The beakeb Mytilus. Shell rather elongated, atte-
nuated towards the umboes and beaked, longitudi-
nally finely striated, striae waved, here and there
obsolete, posterior side obtusely incurved, anterior
rounded ; purple-blaek. .

DuNKER, W- in Mus. Cuming. 'i ^
Hab. Tasmania.

Of rather elongated form, attenuated towards the um-
boes, which are produced into a sharp beak. The strire
are very superfieial. The colouring is very dark, only
sliowing purple where bruised.

Species IG. (Mus. Cuming.)

MvTiLUS siNUATts. Myt. testa obloiii/o-flabelliformi,
peculiariter arcuatd, obtuse gibbosd, Ifevlgatd, anfice
cottcentrice striata, latere postico mtdio incurvo, antico
d^iclivi-rotundato ; nigricante-viridi, nigra obscure len-
tigittosd.

The sinuated Mytilus. Shell oblong fan-shaped, pe-
culiarly arched, obtusely gibbous, smooth, anteriorly
concenirically striated, posterior side much incurved,
anterior slopingly rounded ; very dark green, ob-
scurely freckled with black.

Dlwkeb, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Distinguished by its peculiarly arched gibbous growth,
and dark sreen freckled colouring.

Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus Dunkeri. Myt. testa trigmo-Jlabelliformi,
postice plano-incurvd et gibhosd, antice declivi-com-
pressd, versus umbones .iubanguste rostrata, radiatim
superfcialiter striata, striis concentricis decussatd ;
niteute-atrd.

Dunker's Mytilus. Shell triangularly fan-shaped, pos-
teriorly flatly incurved and gibbous, anteriorly slo-
pingly compressed, towards the umboes rather nar-
rowly beaked, radiately superficially striated, decus-
sated with concentric strife ; shining black.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

I have the pleasure of naming this fiue species after the
intelligent naturalist of Cassel, who has worked with so
much zeal on the specimens of Mytilacece in Mr. Cuming's
cabinet. It is a shining black shell, of a conspicuous fau-
siiape, broadly gibbous and incurved on the posterior side,
with the umboes coutracted and beaked.

Species IS. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus cuneifor.his. Myt. testa elongato-oblongd,
regulariter rotundato-trigoud, latere postico brevissimo,
versus um/jones peculiariter declivi-conlorto, latere an-
tico pralongo, compresso ; leeoigatd, vel obsolete decu/s-
satim striatd ; nitente-corned, intense viridi, postice
luteo-castaned.
The WEDGE-snAPED Mytilus. Shell elongately ob-
long, regularly rotuudately triangular, posterior sidt-
very short, peculiarly slopingly twisted towards the
umboes, anterior side very long, compressed ; smooth
or obsoletely decussately striated ; shining horuy,
very dark green, posteriorly yellowish-chestnut.
Hah. Bay of Guayaquil (on mud-banks); Cuming.

Of a dark shining horny-green, passing ou the posterior
side into chestnut, with the interior delicately purple-
stained. The curious posteriorly contorted attenuation of
this shell near the umboes renders it easily recognized.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus pallio-punctatus. Myt. testd elougato-flabet-
formi, solidd, gibbosd, versus umbones attemiato-ros-
tratd, latere postico late incurvo ; intense purpureo-
nigrd.
The mantle-dotted Mytilus. Shell elongately fan-
shaped, solid, gibbous, attcnuately beaked towards
the umboes, posterior side broadly incurved ; dee[)
purple-black. .

DuNKER,>IS. in Mus. Cuming. ' ^ ^
Hab. California and Mazutlan.

This species is always so much eroded it is not possible
to describe the sculpture. It appears however to be deve-
loped originally in fine radiating striae. Mr. Carpenter
describes it, in his Catalogue of the Reigen Collection in
the British Museum, as being abundant at Mazatlan, and
always similarly eroded.

August, 1857.

Mytihi^s. FT. TI.

:cbY c\d etHa-..

Ifl-ncent IiTookE Imp.

MYTILUS.

Species 20. (Mas. Cuming.)

Mytilus bokealis. Myt. lestd oblongo-ovald, .iuharctmtd,
temd, tumidiuscttld, lavigatd vel decicssatm striata,
antice snbplicatim corrttgatd, umbonibus paulo divari-
catis ; nitente olkaceo-nigrd, ad umbones violaced.

'I'liE NORTHEEN Mytilus. Shell oblong-oviite, somewhat
arched, thin, rather swollen, smooth or decussately
striated, faintly plicately wrinkled on the anterior
side, umboes a little divaricated ; shining olive-black,
violet at the umboes.

L.\M.\RCK, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 46.

Hab. Newfoundland.

A light, oval, swollen shell, of a dark shining olive-

bhick colour, tinged with violet at the umboes, which are

somewhat removed from each other.

Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus Chiloensis. Myt. testa oblongd, suhjlabetli-
formi, Imvigatd aid minute decussatim airiatd, latere
postico recto, aniico suhdepresso, ad ■niarginem rotun-
dato-angulato ; luteo-olivaced, versus marginem nitente-
olivaced, el obscure radialim lineatd.

The Chiloe Mytilus. Shell oblong, somewhat fan-
shaped, smooth, or minutely decussately striated,
posterior side straight, anterior slightly depressed,
rotundately angled at the margin; yellowish-olive,
towards the margin shining olive, and obscurely ra-
diately lineated.

Philippi, Dunker, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Ilab. Island of Chiloe.

Of rather light substance, of a rich shining olive-colour,

rayed with fine pencil lines.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus M.\gellanicus. Myt. testa elongato-jnjrifo.

compressiusadd, versus umbunes urcuatim attenuatti,
longitudinaliter radiutim costatd, costis tindato-corru-
gatis et crenatis, interdum prope marginem obsolelis ;
intense violaceo-uigrd.
The Magellan Mytilus. Shell elongately pear-shaped,
rather compressed, arched and attenuated towards
the umboes, longitudinally radiately ribbed, ribs wave-
wrinkled and crenated, sometimes obsolete near the
margin ; deep violet- black.
Chemnitz, Conch, vol. viii. pi. 8.3, f. 7i3.
Hab. Straits of Magellan.

A very characteristic flattened pear-shaped shell, of a
violet-black colour, covered with waved, wrinkle-like, cre-
nated ribs.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus Pekna. Myt. testa angusto-elongatd,

cidd, versus umbones gibbd et postice obtuse angulatd,
lavigatd vel decussatim striata; violascente, versus
marginem intense viridi.

The Perna Mytilus. Shell narrowly elongated, rather
thick, gibbous and posteriorly obtusely angled to-
wards the umboes, smooth or decussately striated ;
violet, stained with dark green towards the margin.

Mya Perna, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. p. 1113.
Mytilus elongatus, Chemnitz.

Hab. Newfoundland.

Of a narrow elongated form and solid structure, gib-

bously obtusely angled towards the umboes on the poste-

Fig. 24. (Mus. Cuming.)

A fine example in an early stage of growth of Mytilu-^
talus represented at PI. IV. Fig. 12. It is only in this
state that a characteristic dark horny band descending
posteriorly from the umboes is seen.

August, 18.57.

]i^ijus,n. w.

jowerby M. el Tiih

"Vrncent ^xookis It

M Y T I L U S.

Plate VII.

Species 25. (JIus. Cuming.)

Mytilus crassus. Myt. testa elongato-flabelUfornii, pos-
tice arcnatd, late gibbom, nndique radiatim undato-
striatd, striis cremdath ; intense rvfo-purpured.

Thk thick Mytilus. Shell elongately fan-shaped, pos-
teriorly arched, broadly gibbous, radiately wave-stri-
ated throughout, striio crenulated ; deep reddish-
purple.

Septifer crassus. Danker.

Uab. ?

A dark reddish-purple shell, wave-striated throughout,
with a characteristic septum across tiie interior of the um-
bonal extremity of each valve, and which is regarded by
authors as the type of a distinct genus, Septifer.

Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus Menkeanus. Mi/t. testa subtrigono-elonyaia,
solitld, valde gihbosS, radiatim valide corrugato-cos-
taid, costis antice divergentibiis, ared posticd lata, de-
pressd, creberrime crenulato-Uratd ; nitente luteo-cas-
taned, intiis intense purpurea.

Menke's Mytilus. Shell somewhat triangularly elon-
gated, solid, very gibbous, radiately strongly wrinkle-
ribbed, ribs diverging anteriorly, posterior area broad,
depressed, very closely crenulately ridged ; shining
yellowish-chestnut, deep purple in the interior.

Philippi, Dunker, MS. in Mtis. Cuming.

JM. New Holland.

The sculpture is curiously developed, on the same plan,
but in three different degrees. The posterior, anterior,
and middle areas present a striking contrast.

as representing Mytilus pictus. Born,
M. Afer, Gmelin, described at Plate II.

Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus smaragdinus. Myt. testa elongato-oblougd,
convexd, margine antico declivi-angulatd, lievigatd aut
decussatim striata, latere postico swbrecio, medio leviter
arcuato; nigro-olivaced, versus margitiem vivide sma-
ragdind.

The bkight-green Mytilus. Shell elongately oblong,
convex, slo])ingly angled at the anterior margin,
smooth or decussately striated, posterior side nearly
straight, slightly arched in the middle; very dark
olive, bright-green towards the margin.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. pi. 83. f 745.

Mytilus opalinus, Lamarck.

Hah. Borneo.
This well-known species, in an advanced stage of growth,

with the epidermis more or less worn oft' or eroded, shows

a pearly structure, and is in this state the M. opalinus of

Lamarck.

Fig. 27. (Mus. Cuming.)
This shell, here figured and which Mr. Cuming possesses

Species 29. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus Grunerianus. Myt. tesldelongato-Jlabelli/ormi,
postice late gibbosd, subrectd, antice ad margineni de-
clivi-arcnatd, lavigatd, nitente, concentrice corrugato-
striatd ; lutescente-spadiced, ad margineni purpureo-
nigrd, intus plumbeo-carnled.

Gruner's Mytilus. Shell elongately fan-shaped, pos-
teriorly broadly gibbous, nearly straight, anteriorly
slopingly arched at the margin, smooth, shining, con-
centrically wrinkle-striated; yellowish-fawn, purple-
black at the margin, lead-blue in the interior.

DuNKEK, }jiSCm Mus. Cuming. '< ij

Hab. Iceland.

A fine new species, of a peculiar yellowish-fawn-colour,

richly coloured towards the margin with purple-black,

while the interior is of a dull leaden-blue.

August, 1857-

MytdiAs, n. vm.

owate dtldlitii

■^ncsni Broiiks Imp.

M Y T I L U S

Species 30. (l\Ins. Ciiming.)

Mytilus obscurus. Myt. testa mbquadrato-ohlongd,
convexd, posttce hand impressd, concentrice striata;
albida, sordide olioaceo aut rvfescente tinctd.

The obscure Mytilus. Shell somewhat squarely ob-
oblong, convex, not impressed on the posterior side,
concentrically striated ; whitish, tinged with dull-
olive or green.

DuNKEK, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 360.

Halj. Sydney.

Distinguished liy an even convex growth, not impressed,
as is commonly the case in this genus, on the posterior
side.

Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus obesus. Myt. testa elongato-ovatd, soliduld,
versus umhoms sitbangulato-attenaatd, rosiratd, lavi-
gatd, plus minus rude erosd, obscure divaricatim pli-
catd ; intense purpureo-atrd.

The stout Mytilus. Shell elongately ovate, rather
solid, somewhat angularly attenuated towards the
umboes, beaked, smooth, more or less roughly eroded,
obscurely divaricately plicated ; deep purple-black.

DuNKER, MS. Mus. Cuming.

Hub. Van Diemen's Land ; R. C. Gunn.

A shell of solid structure and rough purple-black sur-
face ob.?curely divaricately waved with rude folds.

Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus gracilis. Myt. testa anguste elongald, tenia,
versus umbunes attenuate productd, postice vix im-
pressd, concentrice dense stria td ; albida, epidermide
corned olivaced et intense caruko-viridi indutd.

The slender Mytilus. Shell narrowly elongated, thin,
attenuately produced towards the umboes, posteriorly
but little impressed, concentrically densely striated ;
whitish, covered with an olive and dark blue-green
epidermis.

Hab. Mexico.

Distinguished in a conspicuous degree by its narrowly
elongated form.

Species 33. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus edulis. Myt. testa obligue trigond, concentrice

striatd, carulescente-nigrd, vel olivaced nigro-radiatd,

postice. subcompressd, antice arcuatim impressd.
The edible Mytilus. Shell obliquely triangular, con-
centrically striated, blue-black or olive, rayed with

black, rather compressed posteriorly, anteriorly arcu-

atcly impressed.
LiNN.«us, Syst. Nat. (13th edit.) p. 1157.
Mytilus pellucidus, Pennant.

Mytilus incurvatus, Pennant.

Mytilus vulgaris. Da Costa.

Mytilus Jlavus, Poll.

Mytilus sagittatns, Poli.

Mytilus abbreviatus, Lamarck.

Mytilus retusus, Lamarck.

Mytilus hesperianus, Lamarck.

Mytilus dilatatus. Gray.

Mytilus subsaxatilis, Williamson.
Hab. North Atlantic shores.

The numerous synonyms annexed to this well-known
species, evidence in a striking degree the many variations
it assumes under ditferent circumstances of habitation.

Fig. 34. (Mus. Cuming.)

This tine shell proves to be a dark full-grown variety of
M. Ifitifs, represented at Plate IV.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilds pilosus. Myt. iestd late trigond, versus urn-
bones valde (jibbosd, postice concavo-impressd, midique
forliter liratd, liris granulalo-scrralis ; liiteo-olivared,
sparsim pilosd.

The hairy Mytilus. Shell broadly triangular, very
gibbous towards the umboes, posterioriy concavely
impressed, everywhere strongly ridged, ridges granu-
larly serrated, yellowish-olive. s])aringly hairy.

Recluz, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hub. ?

A broadly triangular shell, very gibbous and contracted

towards the umboes, the surface being densely seirately

ridged throughout, covered with a yellowish-olive horny

epidermis, bearded with rather distant bristly hairs.

January, 1858.

MyUlus, R. JL

%

%

Vir:cer.T Bxoijlta lirrp.

MYTILUS

Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus angustands. Myt. testa angude oblongd, gib-
hosiusculd, nmbonibus subconiractis, tumidis, margari-
taceis, lavibus, exire7nitate concenirice striata, fidvo-
fmcd, rotundatd.

The narrow Mytilus. Shell narrowly oblong, rather
gibbous, umboes somewhat contracted, swollen,
pearly, smooth, extremity concentrically striated,
fulvous-brown, rounded.

Lamakck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 1(5.

Hub. Valparaiso.

Distinguished by its narrow prolonged growth, par-

taking somewhat of Modiola

form.

Species 37. (Mns. Cuming.)
Mytilus tenuistkiatus. Myt. lestd trigono-oblongd,
subcurvatd, postice gibbosd, antice compresse angulatd,
radiatini dense striata, striis medio plus minus obsolc-
tis ; olicaceo-fuscd, circa umbones alba, purpurascente
tittctd.
The pinely-sthiated Mytilus. Shell triangularly ob-
long, rather curved, posteriorly gibbous, anteriorly
comprcssly angled, radiately densely striated, striaj
more or less obsolete in tlie middle; olive-brown,
white, tinged with purple around the umboes.
DiiNKEK, MS. Mus. Cuming.

Hab. ?

A shell of light substance, pui-ple-brown in colour,
closely rayed with striae, which commence on the umboes,
and then become obsolete, reappearing more strongly de-
veloped at the margin.

Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus Morrisi. Myt. testd anguste curvatd, versus
umbones gibbosd, postice pecuUarifer concavd, undique
radiatim sulcata, liris angustis, hie ilUc bifurcatis ;
cairuleo-nigrd.

Morris's Mytilus. Shell narrowly curved, gibbous
towards the umboes, posteriorly peculiarly concave,
everywhere radiately grooved, ridges narrow, here
and there bifurcated ; blue-black.

DuNKER, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 3G0.

Hab. Guinea.

A narrow, peculiarly curved shell, bifurcately grooved

and ridged after the manner of M. Nicobaricus.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus Galloprovincialis. Myt. testd oblongd, pos-
tice subdepressd, gibbosd, antice compresse dilatatd,
undique lavi, cceruleo-nigrd, nitente.

The Provence Mytilus. Shell oblong, posteriorly ra-
ther depressed, gibbous, anteriorly compressly di-
lated, everywhere smooth, shining, blue-black.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 46.
Hab. Shores of Provence, Mediterranean.

This species may be nothing more than a local modifi-
cation of M. edulis ; it is, however, peculiarly compressly
dilated on the anterior side.

Fig. -10. (Mus. Cuming.)
The shell here represented, Mytilus Kraussii, Kuster, is
a characteristic orange-red variety of M. Nicobaricus, of
which species the dark bronze-green state, described and
figured at Sp. 43, is the type.

Species -l-l. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus bifurcatus. Myt. testd trigo?io-ovatd, postice
depressd, valdt' gibbosd, undique late conspicue sulcata,
sulcis hie dlic bifurcatis, liris obtuse granulatis ; in-
tense ceeruleo-nigrd.
The bifurcated Mytilus. Siiell triangularly ovate,
posteriorly depressed, very gibbous, everywhere con-
spicuously grooved, grooves here and there bifurcated,
ridges obtusely granuled ; deep blue-black.
Co.NKAD, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. vii. pi.
241.
A very .strongly grooved species, of a dark indigo blue-
black colour.

Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus Nicobaricus. lifyt. testd stibquadrato-oblongd,
crassiusculd, postice late concavo-depressd, valde gib-
bosd, ad umbones rostratd, antice Jlextwso-compressd,
undique dense sulcata, liris granulato-serratis, hie
illic bifurcatis ; intense cteruleo-viridi.
The Nicobau Mytilus. Shell somewhat squarely ob-
long, rather thick, posteriorly broadly concavely de-
pressed, very gibbous, beaked at the umboes, ante-
riorly flexuosely compressed, everywhere densely
grooved, the ridges being granulately serrated, and
here and there bifurcated; deep blue-green.
Chem.mtz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. 155-1 .57. pi. 82. f.

73G a, b, and 737 nos. 2 and 3.
Mytilus bilocularis, Lamarck.

Tichogonia bilocularis, Wiegman.
Septifer bilocularis, Dunker.
Hab. Eastern Archipelago,

A characteristic densely-grooved species, of dark bronze-
green colour, chambered within the umboes.

January, 1857.

Mtih.s. 11. X.

%

^

^

^

^

^

SowcrW dd ellith.

Vincent l&njots Imp

M Y T 1 L L S

Species V.i. (Mus. Cuming.)

MvTii.us Amkuican'us. Mi/f. ledd Irigono-ovala, k'uni,
convexd, conceiitrice striata; olivaced, subserieed.

The American Mytilus. SIicll triangularly ovate,
tliin, convex, concealrically striated ; olive, somewhat
silky.

Drcmma Amtrkaua, Kecluz, WS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hah. Florida.

A delicate silky olive shell, of thiu substaiur, rather

convex.

Species W. (Mus. Cuming.)
MvTii.i's Sallei. Mijt. testa Ingouo-flabeUatd, ciirmld,

postice impressa, umbonibus acute roslraiis ; sordide

fuscescente, strujis nigricantiJbus remotk concentrice

j)idd.
Salle's Mytilus. Shell triangularly fan-shaped, curved,

posteriorly impressed, umboes sharply beaked ; pale

dirty-brown, concentrically painted with distant

blackish streaks.
Dreissetm Sallei, Recluz, Revne de Zool. 1819, p. 6;);

Journ. de Conch, vol. iii. p. 2.55. pi. 10. f. 9.
JIab. Central America.

Of a (
neath thi
beaked.

I fan-shape, impressly nipped be-
uianner to render them sliarply

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)

Species -K;. (Mn<. Cuming.)

Mytilus tknebuosi.-s. Mt/t. tedd elongald, postice valde
tjibbosd, latissimd, plano-impressd, ad amjulum acuta ;
cmriduHcente-ulbd, nigra concentrice strigatd, epider-
mide Jibrosd olivaceo-nigricante indutd.

The dark Mytilus. Shell elongated, posteriorly very
gibbous, very broad, flatly impressed, sharp at the
angle ; bluish-white, eoucentrically streaked with
black, covered with an olive-black tibrous epidermis.

Dreisseua Cumingiana, llechiz, IMS. in Mus. Cuming.

Ilab. Mississippi.

Of elongated form, remarkably gibbuus, aiid broadly

flatly impressed on the posterior side.

Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.)

MYTlHiS AfeicanUS. Myl. testd sitbeloiigafd, postice vix
imprcssd ; sordide fused, epidermide Jibrosd concentrice
indutd.

TjiB African Mytilus. Shell rather elongated, poste-
riorly scarcely im])ressed ; dirty-browu, concentrically
invested with a fibrous epidermis.

Dreissena ///"Wfiowa, Vanbenedeu, Ann. de Sci. Nat. 1S35.

Hub. Senegal.

The peculiarity of this species consists in its simple

convexly elongated form, the posterior side showing

scarcely any of the depression commonly typical of the

Dreissena group.

Mytilus Rossmassleri. Myt. testd trigono-Jlabellatd,

subcurvatd, solidiasctdd, postice late impressa, gibiosd, \

albidd, epidermide tenui fiiscesceide concentrice Jtoc-

catd. j

Bossmassler's Mytilus. Shell triangularly fan-shaped, I

somewhat curved, rather solid, posteriorly broadly

impressed, gibbous; whitish, concentrically flaked [

with a thin light-brown epidermis. j

Dreissena Eossmassteri, Dunker, MS. in ,Mus. Cuming. '

Hab. United States. ,'

Chiefly distinguished by its broadly impressed gibbons I
growth on the posterior side, and characteristic epidermis,
which consists onlv of thin concentric flakes.

Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus Domingensis. Mgt. testd elongatd, subcurvatd,
versus umboues attenuatd el rostrald, postice subim-
pressd ; purpvreo-fuscd, subrude concentrice striata.

The Domingo Mytilus. Shell elongated, slightly
curved, attenuated and beaked towards the luuboes,
faintly impressed posteriorly ; purple-brown, some-
what rudely concentrically striated.

Drdssena Donungensis, Recluz, Journ. de Conch, vol. iii.
p. 255. pi. 10. f. 8.

J/ab. St. Domingo ; Salle.

Characterized by a ]
in the direction of the

nttenuatelv beaked contour

MYTILUS.— Plate X.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)

MvTiLDS POLYMOKPHUS. Mi/t. testd trigono-lrapezoidea,
postice valde gibbosd, latisdme concavo-imprensd, ad
angnhim acuta, concentrice striata; luted, strigis
acute midatis olivaceu concentrice variegatd.

The many-shaped Mytilus. Shell triangularly trape-
zoid, posteriorly very gibbous, very broadly coucavely
impressed, sharp at the angle, concentrically striated ;
yellow, concentrically variegated with zigzag olive
streaks.

Pallas, It. Russ. vol. i. p. 478 ; Chemn. Couch, fab.
vol. xi. p. 256. pi. 20.5, pi. 202S.

Mytilus Hagenii, De Baer.
Mytilus area, Kicks.
Dreissena polymorpha, Vanbeneden.

Hah. Rivers of Northern Europe.

This well-known species is distinguished from all others
of the Dreissena group by its extreme trapezoidal form
and variegated painting.

Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus cochleatus. Myt. testa elongalo-ohlongd,

tice snhangulatd, postice impressd, concentrice striata ;
sordide fnscescente, purpurea concentrice strigatd.

The spoon-shaped Mytilus. Shell elongately oblong,
anteriorly slightly angled, posteriorly impressed, con-
centrically striated ; dirty light-brown, concentrically
streaked with purple.

Dreissena cochleata, Kickx, Dunker, MS. in ilus. Cuming.

Hab. r

Of a rather oblong-produced form, streaked with a

characteristic pattern of concentric purple bands.

Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus Moechianus. Myt. testd trigond, subcurvald,
postice subimpressd, umhonibus rostratis ; eroso-albd,
vpidermide lutescente fibrosd partim indutd.

Morch's Mytilus. Shell triangular, slightly curved,
posteriorly faintly impressed, umboes beaked ; eroded-
«hite, partially covered with a yellowish fibrous epi-
dermis.

Dreissena Morchiana, Dunker.

Hab. Island of St. Thomas, West Indies.

Of paler substance than usual in the Dreissena group,

more or less invested with a yellowish fibrous epidermis.

M^ulu^s PI. IT.

^

•"%.

^

«rl-xdii dMi

Ymrent, Brooks Imp

M Y T I L U S .

PLATE Xr.

Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus Cumingianus. Myt. leUd trigono-Jlahellatii,
valde gibbosd, postice late subconcavo-impressd, nndiqw;
radiaiim dense granoso-Uratd, Uris versus marymem
plus minus diclmtomu ; pellucido-lutescente, riifo et
vivide virescente variegatd.

Cuming's Mytilus. Shell triangularly fan-shaped, very
gibbous, posteriorly broadly somewhat coucavely im-
pressed, radiately densely granosely ridged through-
out, ridges more or less dichotomous towards the
margin ; transparent-yellow, variegated with red and
bright-green.

Recluz, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hab. Panama.

A conve.v gibbously-eompressed shell, prettily varie-
gated with red or bright-green upon a light semitranspa-
rent ground.

Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus curvatus. Myt. testd anbtrigond, soUduld,
valde arcuatd, postice peculiariter impressd, v.mboni-
bus subrostraiis ; fusco-corned, costidis diclwlomis ra-
diatd.

The curved Mytilus. Shell somewhat triangular, ra-
ther solid, very much arched, posteriorly peculiariy
impressed, umboes rather beaked ; brownish-horny,
rayed with fine dichotomous ribs.

Du.N-KER, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856.

Hab. Island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.

A short curved shell, curiously compressed, or pinched,

as it were, beneath the umboes in the vicinity of the byssal

orifice.

Species 54. (Mus. Cuming.)

JIytilus Lavalleanus. Myt. testd oblongd, Modioli-
formi, valde gibbosd et tumidd, latere postico subtus
impresso, radiatim obsolete sulcatd ; castaneo-fuscd.

Lavalle's Mytilus. Shell oblong, l/o(/«o/a-shaped,
very gibbous and swollen, posterior side impressed
beneath, radiately obsoletely grooved ; chestnut-
brown.

D'Orbigny, Moll, de Cuba.

Hab. Cuba.

A short, swollen, gibbous species, partaking very much
of the character of Modiola.

Species 55. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus Adamsianus. Myt. testd ovato-trigond, valde
gibbosd, postice plano-compressd, ad umbones attenitulo-
rostratd, antice fiabellatd, undique nitide Jlexuoso-cos-
tellatd, costelUs granulato-serratis, versus marginem
dichotomis ; olivaced, nigra tinctd.
Adams's Mytilus. Shell ovately triangular, very gib-
bous, posteriorly flatly compressed, attenuately beaked
at the umboes, fan-.shaped anteriorly, everywhere
neatly flexuously ribbed, ribs granularly serrated,
dichotomous towards the margin ; olive, tinged with
black.
DuNKER, Pro. Zool. Soc. 185G, p. 300.
Hab. Panama; Cuming.

A very pretty species, rayed throughout with finely ser-
rated flexuous dichotomous riblets.

56. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus minimus. Myt. testd trigono-oblotigd, postice
gibbosd et concavo-impressd, utrinque subacute angu-
latd, dense conceiUrice striata ; albidd, fusco-piir-
pureo tinctd.

The VERY SMALL Mytilus. Shell triangularly oblong,
posteriorly gibbous and concavely impressed, rather
sharply angled on each side, densely concentrically
striated ; whitish, stained with fuscous-purple.

PoLi, Test. utr. Sicil. vol. ii. pi. 32. f. 1.

Hab. Mediterranean.

An unusually sharply-angled species, densely eoncentri

cally striated, and darkly stained with fuscous-purple.

Species 57. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus cubitus. Myt. testd Irigono-oblongd, subcur-
vatd, postice obtuse gibbosd, impressd, undique radia-
tim granoso-Uratd ; ulivaceo-luted.

TuE COUCH Mytilus. Shell triangularly oblong, some-
what curved, posteriorly obtusely gibbous, impressed,
radiately gi'anularly ridged ; olive-yellow.

Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. ii. p. 263.

January, 1858.

MYTILUS.-Pl.a,te XL

Hab. ?

Of simple, ratiK
throuo-lioiit.

gibbous form, graiiularly ridged

Species 58. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus Charpentieri. Myt. testa oblongd, pecidiari-
ter gibbosissimd, postice concavo-impressd et obtuse an-
(julatd, undique dense flexuono-Uratd ; fiisco-hdm.

Charpentier's Mytilus. Shell oblong, peculiarly very
gibbous, posteriorly concavely impressed and obtusely
angled, densely flcxuously ridged througbout ; fus-
cous-yellow.

Dunker, MS. in Mus. Cuming. ; s ^ -'

Hab. Guinea.

A densely-ridged fuscous-yellow species, remarkable for

its extremely gibbous growth.

Of rather narrow contracted growth, rayed with flexuous
ridges, which are rather more than commonly distant.

Species 60. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus glomeeatus. Myt. tesld oblongo-ovald, subob-
liqttd, concentrice rude rugosd ; intense cteruleo-nigrd.

The grouped Mytilus. Shell oblong-ovate, rather ob-
lique, concentrically rudely wrinkled ; deep blue-
black.

Gould, Ms. in Mus. Cuming. v ^ /

Hab. ?

Named glomcralus fro

such dense clusters.

its habit of attaching itself

Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mytilus ustulatus. Myt. testa angusfe oblongd, gib-
bosd, postice impressd, versus umbones subatlenuald,
radiatim liratd, Uris subdistantibus, flexuosis ; albidd,
nigricante-fnsco tinctd.

The scorched Mytilus. Shell narrowly oblong, gib-
bous, posteriorly impressed, rather attenuated towards
the umboes, radiately ridged, ridges rather distant,
flexuous ; whitish, stained with blackish-brown.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 40.

Hab. Borneo.

Species 61. (Mus. Cuming.)
Mytilus granulatcs. Myt. testa oblongd, gibbos,

! postice concavo-impressd, radiatim liratd, liris con-

j spicue granulatis ; olivaceo-luted.

The granulated Mytilus. Shell oblong, very gibbous,

j posteriorly concavely impressed, radiately ridged,

j ridges conspicuously granulated ; olive-yellow.

j IIanley, Recent Bivalve Shells, p. 246.

I Hab. South America.

This shell partakes so much of the form and colour of
M. Charpentieri, that it would seem to be a variety of
that species. It is however remarkable ibr its very de-
fined granulated sculpture.

MYTILUS.

Mreviaiu-i, Lamarck VI li.

Adarasiauus, Dunker XI.

Afer, Gmelin II.

Afrkanus, Chemnitz II.

Africaniis(/)rms«w),Vaiibeiieden. X.

Amcricaiuis (Dreissena), Recluz . X.

atropurpureus, Dunker IV.

angustus, PhiUppi IX.

bifurcatus, Conrad IX.

hilociilaris, Lamarck IX.

borealis, Lamarck VI.

Califoi-nianus, Conrad I.

Charpeiitieri, Bmikcr XI.

Chiloeiisis, PhiUppi VI.

cochleatiis (Dreissena), Kickz . . X.

oompressus, PhiUppi II.

crassus (^'cy^/z/w), Dunker .... VI i,

cubitus, Say XI.

Cumingianus, Reclus XI.

cuneiformis, Reeve V.

curvatus, Dunker XI.

dilalalus, Gray VIII.

Domingensis {Dreissena), Recluz. X.

Dunkeri, Reeve V.

edulis, Linnreus VIII.

elonr/atus, Ghemuitz VI.

excisus (jTic^oyoj/fo), Wiegman . IV.

exustus, Lamarck IV.

flavus,Vo\{ VIII.

Gallo-provincialis . IX.

gloraeratus, Gould XI.

gracilis, Reeve VIII.

granulatus, Hanley XI.

Grunerianus, Dunker A'll.

Ilagenii, De Baer X.

liamaUis, Say III.

Iifsperianus, Lamarck VIII.

PUte.

hirsutus, Lamarck III.

horridus, Dunker III.

incuroatus. Pennant VIII.

Kraussii, Kuster IX.

latus, Lamarck IV.

Lavalleanus, D' Orbitjny XI.

Magellanicus, Chemnitz VI.

Menkeanus, PhiUppi VII.

minimus, PoU XI.

Morchianus {Dreissena), Recluz . X.

Morrisi, Dunker IX.

Nicobaricus, Chemnitz IX.

obesus, Dunker VIII.

obscurus, Dunker VIII.

opaUnus, Lamarck VII.

ovalis, Lamarck IV.

pallio-puuctatus, Dunker V.

pellucidus, Pennant VIII.

Perna {Mya), Linnicus VI.

pilosus, Recluz VIII.

polymorphus, Pallas X.

retusus, Lamarck VIII.

Rossmasleri {Dreissena), Recluz . X.

rostratus, Dunker V.

sagittalus, Poli. VIII.

Sallei {Dreissena), Recluz X.

sinuatus, Dunker V.

smaragdinus, Chemnitz VII.

striatus, Baines III.

subsaxalilis, Williamson VIII.

tenebrosus, Reeve X.

tenuistriatus, Dunker IX.

tortus, Dunker III.

ungulatus, Linnaus II.

ustulatus, Lamarck XI.

vuhjaris. Da Cosla A'lII.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

M 0 D I 0 L A.

" Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise
(That last intirmity of uoble minds)
To scorn delights, and live laborious days."— J/itoi/.

MorhdaPlJ.

■owralw ■ofl.el.lith..

"\ilTiceiit -Bt(io> ■

M 0 D I 0 L A.

Plate I.

Genus MODIOLA, Lamarck:

Testa ohlonga, aquivalvis, plm minus ventricosa, umbombus
patris, tumidiusculis, haud terminalibus, latere antico
sape expanso, postico arcuato, coniracto. Cardo line-
aris, ligamento marginali, subinieriio. Impresuo mus-
cularis compodta, sublateralis.

Shell obloug, equivalve, more or less veutricose, witli the
iimboes small, rather swollen, not terminal, anterior
side often expanded, posterior arched, contracted.
Hinge linear, with the ligament marginal and par-
tiaUy internal. Muscular impression compound, sub-
lateral.

The typical distinction between Mylilm and Modiola
consists in the latter having a lighter and more cylindri-
cally oblong shell, with the umboes rounder and not ter-
minal, in consequence of the posterior extremity of the
sheU protruding beyond them. This generic form' is, how-
ever, subject to more decided variation than MytilL, and
excellent subdivisions have been established under the
names Modiolarca, Crenella or Lanistim.

Modiola is somewhat more numerous in species than
Mytilus, omitting even the Lithodond, which form an ex-
tremely characteristic group, and they are often beauti-
fully painted while less sculptin-ed. Their range of habi-
tation is equally widely spread.

dMlus. It is iiL-atJy ornamented throughout with raised
thread-like stria;, but they exist apparently only in the
epidermis.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola Philippinarum. Mod. testa oblongo-trapezi-
formi, ventricosa, aniice sniexpansd, conceutrice deme
filo-striald ; pnllide castanm, liiteo-radiatd.

The Philippine Modiola. Shell obloi>g-trapeziform,
ventricose, anteriorly somewhat expanded, concentri-
cally densely thread-striated ; light-chestnut, yellow-
rayed.

Hanley, lleccnt Bivalve Shells, p. 235.

Ilab. Philippine Islands.

This interesting species, from the Philippine Islands,
luLs very much the typical form of the European M. mo-

Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola modiolus. Mod. testa oblongd, subtrapeziformi,
versus umbones ventricosa, laevigata vet obsolete corru-
gato-striatd ; intense castaned.
The bushel Modiola. Shell oblong, somewhat trape-
ziform, ventricose towards the umboes, smooth or
obsoletely wrinkle-striated ; dark-chestnut.
Mytilus modiolus, Linn»us, Syst. Nat. p. U5S.
Mytilus icmbilicatus, Pennant.
Mytilus curtus. Pennant.
Mytilus curvirosfraius. Da Costa.
Modiola Papuana, Lamarck.
Modiola m.odiolus, Turton.
Modiola vulgaris, Fleming.
Ihb. North Atlantic shores of Europe and America.

This, the largest species of the genus, well known on our
own shores, is common throughout the whole of Northern
Europe and America.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola vagina. Mod. testa cylindraceo-oblonyd, recta,
lenui, aubdepressd, concentrice dense subiilisdmi striata,
radiatim linear i-striatu et obsolete undato-corrugatd]
nltente-castanea.

The sheath Modiola. Shell cyliudrically oblong,
straight, thm, rather depressed, concentrically densely
very fiiwly striated, radiately linearly striated and
obsoletely wave-wrinkled ; shining-chestnut.

Lamakck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 22.
Mytilus areuarius, Rumphius ?

IM. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

A peculiarly straight, cyliudrically oblong species, of

slight substance, with a delicate silky surface of a shinin.r-

chestnut colour. " '^

January, 1858.

ModioU.n.Ji.

So'A'erisv del d.lith

MODIOLA.

Plate II.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

MoDIOLA ELONGATA. Mod. tests, elongato-trapeziformi,
mbangmtd, tenui, latere postico subimpresso-arcuato,
antico carinato-produclo ; nU.eute-castaned, olivaceo-
luteo tinctd, imdique conceritrice striata.

The elongated Modiola. Shell elongately trapeziform,
rather narrow, thin, posterior side rather irapressly
arched, anterior produced into a compressed keel:
shining chestnut, stained with olive-yellow, concen-
trically striated throughout.

SwAiNsoN, Exotic Conchology, Second Edition, p. 81. f. S

Rab. Moluccas.

A delicate glossy fulvous-chestnut shell, of light sub-
stance, elegantly produced in form.

Fig. 5. (Mus. Cuming.)
This fine shell proves on examination to be a specimen
of very advanced growth of M. tulipa, described at PI. IV.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola nitida. Mod. testa elongato-oUoiigd, subcur-
mtd, tenuiculd, tiimidd, concentrice striata, nitente-
castaned, fulvo tinctd, latere postico recto, antico ver-
sus extremitalem subjlabelliformi.

The shining Modiola. Shell elongately oblong, some-

what curved, rather thin, swollen, concentrically stri-
ated, shining-chestnut, fulvous-tinged, posterior side
straight, anterior a little fan-shaped towards the ex-
tremity.

Hab. Port Essington, New Holland.

This pretty glossy species resembles M. elvngata, but

more foreshortened, with the anterior side less produced

into a keel.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola albicosta. Mod. testd subtrigono-oblongd, so-
lidiuscttld, valde tumidd, latere postico subimpresso-
arcuato, antico superne producto, Quasi alato ,- intense
castaned, obscure fulvo-radiatd.

The white-kibbed Modiola. Shell somewhat trian-
gularly oblong, rather solid, very much swollen, pos-
terior side rather impressly arched, anterior side pro-
duced at the upper part, as if winged ; dark-chestnut,
obscurely fulvous-rayed.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 19.

Hab. Tasmania.

We are indebted to the beautiful work of M. Delessert

for being able to identify this species. The character

which suggested to Lamarck the name " white-ribbed "

arose apparently from the epidermis beit)g worn off the

prominent central ridge of the shell.

August, 1857.

Mdw^^MM

^verl>Y oiLdlith

^feicaat IhrookB Inrp

M 0 1) 1 O L A .

Plate HI.

(Mus. Cuming.)
jDlOL.v I'LICATULA. Mod. tesld mbtrigono-obloHgd, pos-

iice impresso-cnrvatd, antice lonffiiiidinalUer productd
et flabellatim dilatatd, midique dense mlcald, liris, iti-
fermediis mbplmmlatis, caitaneo-nigrd, oUvaceo-hdeo
fiiictd.
Till! PLICATED MoDiOLA. Shell somewhat triangularly
oblong, posteriorly impressly curved, anteriorly lon-
gitudinally produced and fan-like dilated, everywhere
closely grooved, the intermediate ridges being rather
ilat, chestnut-black, tinged with olive-yellow.
Lamakck, Anira. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 22.
Myliltts demissus, Dillwyn.
MytiliiS pUcatulus, Deshayea,
Hah. United States.

An oblong gibbous species, closely sculptured through-
out with flattened ridges, excavately grooved in the inter-
stiees.

Species 9. (Fig. 9 and 10, Mus. Cuming.)
MoDU)l,.\ BAKBAT.\. Mod. leslu, Iriyono-Jlabelliformi,
subcompressd, concentrice nitide Jih-striatd, vivide cas-
(aned, piiis setaeeia versus marginem dense barbatd.
The bearded Modiola. Shell triangularly fan-shaped,
rather compressed, concentrically neatly thread-stri-
ated, bright chestnut, densely bearded towards the
niarpin with bristlv hairs.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 22.

Mytilus barbuliis, Liuna;us.

Mytilus modiolus, Brooks.
Hab. Seas of Europe.

A fan-shaped compressed species, partaking very mucli
nf the character of ifytiius, densely covered with a stifl
bristly b.'ard.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola capax. Mod. testa oblonga, subarcvatd, postice
late impressd, valde gibbosd, antice dedivi-compressd,
margine svperue obtuse angulato ; intense castaned, ver-
sus marginem pilis setaceis sparsim barbatd.

Thf, spacious Modiola. Shell oblong, slightly arched,
posteriorly broadly impressed, very gibbous, ante-
riorly slopingly compressed, margin obtusely angled
towards the upper part; dark chestnut, sparingly
bearded towards the margin with bristly hairs.

Conrad, Journ. .\cad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, vol. vii. p.
242.

Jfab. Galapagos Islands ; Cuming. California ; Nuttall.
Mazatlan ; Carpenter.

This chiefly differs from the preceding species in having
more the typical form of the genus, more oblong and gib-
bous, with the anterior margin more slopingly produced.
It a])pears also to be less densely bearded.

Mr/ip/r^.J'/./l.

Yin cent Brodi..- Imp

M 0 D I 0 L A.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)

MoDioL.v .4RATA. Mod. testd cylindraceo-obloiujd, suban-
i/iistd, rotundato-gibbosd, tenuiculd, fulco-castaned,
undique nilide coiwentrice fih-striatd, latere postico
contracto, antico carinato-producto, ad fxtremilatem
decUvi-angulato.

Thk furrowed Modiola. Shell cylindrically oblong,
ratlier narrow, rotundately gibbous, rather thin, ful-
vous-chestnut, neatly concentricaUy thread-striated
throughout, posterior side contracted, anterior pro-
duced into a keel, which is slopingly angled at the
extremity.

Dl'Nker, MS. in Mus. Cuming,

Hab. North Australia.

This interesting species is characterized by the homy

epidermis, forming a beautiful concentric series of raised

striae.

which, however, as in the specimen figured at PI. II.
Fig. 5, becomes more obscure with age.

Species 13. (Fig. 13 and 14, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola Traillii. Mod. testa obloyigo-JlabelUformi, mb-
rude concentrice striatd, latere postico plano-impresso,
lafusime gibboso, antico declki-eompresso, interdum
niargine angulalo-producto ; vivide castatted.

Traill's Modiola. Shell oblong fan-shaped, rather
roughly concentrically striated, posterior side flatly
impressed, very gibbous, anterior side slopingly com-
pressed, sometimes angularly produced at the margin ;
bright chestnut.

Bob. Malacca; Dr. Traill.

Remarkable for the very gibbous development of the

posterior side of the shell.

Species 15. (.Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola tdlipa. Mod. tentd obhngd, tenuiculd, ventri-
cosd, laterepostico .iubcoitracto, antico declim-producto,
undique subtilissimi concentrice striatd; aurantio-lu-
ted, rufo-ca-staneo plus niimi.f radiatd.

The tulip Modiola. Shell oblong, rather thin, ven-
tricosc, posterior side somewhat contracted, anterior
slopingly produced, everywhere very finely concentri-
cally striated ; orange-yellow, more or less rayed with
reddish-chestnut.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii., p. 18.

Hab. West Indies.

Generally distinguished by its prettily-rayed painting.

Species 16. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola Metcalfei. Mod. testa subtrigono-oblongd,
angustd, ventricosd, leevigatd aut subtilisgime striatd,
latere postico recto, paulo coarctato, antico in alam
compressam angulato-prodticlo ; luteo-castaned, fascia
cisruleo-purpurascente ab umbone radiatim descendente;
interdum epidermide pilosd versus margine-m indutd.
:Metcalfe's Modiola. SheD somewhat triangularly ob-
long, narrow, ventricose, smooth or very finely stri-
ated, posterior side straight, a little contracted, an-
terior angularly produced into a compressed wing ;
yellowish-chestnut, with a bluish-purple band, radi-
ately descending from the umbo ; sometimes covered
towards the margin with a hairy epidermis.
Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1844; Cat. Recent Bivalve

Shells, p. 235.
Ilab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

The elegant keel-winged form of this shell is peculiar,
but its chief characteristic is the presence of a conspicu-
ous broad purple band, radiating from each umbo.

Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola Brasiliensis. Mod. testd trigono-fiabelliformi,
latere postico subcontracto, Uevigato vel subtilisisime
striato, antico carinato, deinde late dilatato, et con-
centrice filo-striato ; ared posticd fulvo-castaned, an-
ticd vivide tsrugineo-viridi, punctis et lineis fexuosis
minutis lentiginosd.
The Brazilian Modiola. Shell triangularly fan-shaped,
posterior side somewhat contracted, smooth or very
finely striated, anterior keeled, then broadly dilated,
and concentrically thread-striated ; posterior area ful-
vous-chestnut, anterior bright metallic-green, freckled
with dots and minute flexuous lines.
Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. ii. pi. 205. f. 2020 and 2021.
Modiola Guyanensis, Lamarck.

Modiola semifusca, Sowerby.
Hab. Brazil.

This very pretty species may be readily distinguished
by its striking contrast of colour, the posterior area being
a glossy fulvous-chestnut, almost smooth, while the poste-
rior is a bright pale metaUic-green, with the striae raised
in thread-like ridges.

August, 1857.

Mcdioia n. y.

Scroraibs' ddetlith.

\/iiiceiix ^Brooks Imp.

MOD 10 LA

Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.)

MoDinLA I'NDULATA. Mo(l. testa oUongd, gibhosd, ienui,
latent pustico roluudalo, antico subflabelliformi, medio
obtuse angulatd, ad anyulum subobscure plicato-corru-
gatd ; lulemente-ficscd, iiUenle.

The waved Modiola. Shell oblong, gibbous, thin,
posterior side roundocl, anterior somewhat fan-shaped,
obtusely angled in the middle, rather obscurely pli-
cately wrinkled ; yellowish-brown, shining.

Fohella undiiLata, Dunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 18.56, p. .3<J3.

Hab. Moluccas.

.\ thin, shining, yellowish-brown shell, in which the an-
gular ridge, descending from the umboes, is faintly swollen
with waved folds.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola elegans. Mod. testa oblongd, tenui, lavigatd,
latere postico brevissimo, convexo, antico subjiabellalim
dilatato ; pellucido-viresceiite, antice purpureo tinctd
et transversim undald.

The elegant Modiola. Shell oblong, thin, smooth,
posterior side very short, convex, anterior somewhat
fan-like dilated ; transparent-greenish, stained and
transversely waved anteriorly with purple.

Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, pi. 6. f 14.
Modiola iiironstans, Dunker.

Hab. Gambia, West Africa.

A delicate transparent green shell, rayed with irregular

rose lines, crossed concentrically with purple-waved hands.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuniiug.)

Modiola setigera. J/orf. te.'ild oblongd, gihbosd, dense
radiatim liratd, liris ad latus posticum fascia lata
lavigatd nitente interruptd ; albidd, epidermide oliva-
ceo-luted indiitd, antice setigera.

The bristly Modiola. Shell oblong, gibbous, densely
rayed with ridges, ridges interrupted on the posterior
side with a broad, smooth, shining band ; whitish,
covered with an olive-yellow epidermis, bristled an-
teriorly.

rolsella setigera, Dmiker, Pro. Zool. Soc. IS.ifi, p. 361.

/lab. ■:■

Rayed throughout with elose-set ridges and
rather iiibbous in form, finely bristled anteriorly.

Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola x\dstralis. Mod. testa ovato-flabelli/ormi, la-
tere postico Irevissimo, antico late dilatato, medio con-
vexd, concentrice striata ; luteo-castaned, ad marginem
sparsim harbatd.

The Australian Modiola. Shell ovately fan-shaped,
posterior side very short, anterior broadly dilated,
convex in the middle, concentrically striated ; yellow-
ish-chestnut, sparingly bearded towards the margin.

(jRAY, Appendix to King's Voyage.

Hah. North Australia ; Jukes.

Remarkable for tiie very short contracted growth of the

posterior side, and convexly dilated form anteriorly.

Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola SenHAUSII. Mod. testa suboblongo-Jlabelliformi,
Ifevlgatd, tenui, latere postico brevi, subatlemiato, an-
tico compresse dilatato ; alba, rosacea radiatd et trans-
versim undulatd sub epidermide tenia lutescenie pellii-
cidd.

Senhals's Modiola. Shell somewhat oblong fan-
shaped, smooth, thin, posterior side short, rather at-
tenuated, anterior compressly dilated ; white, rayed
and transversely waved with pale rose beneath a thin
yellowish transparent epidermis.

Hub. Chusan; (Captain Benson.

An extremely delicate species, most l>eautirully sculp-

lunil and coloured.

Species 23. (Fig. 23 and 21, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola nitens. Mod. testa elongato-trapeziformi, an-
gustd,postice attenuato-titmidd, valide gibboso-dislorld,
angulatd; intense virescente-olivaced, nitente.

The shining Modiola. Shell elongately trapeziforni,
narrow, attenuately tumid posteriorly, gibbously dis-
torted, angled ; dark greenish-olive, shining.

('aui'ENTER, Cat. Reigen Coll. in Brit. Mus.

Jlab. California.

.\ dark, greenish-olive, narrow, boat-shaped shell, with

ilie posterior sides curiously gibbously distorted.

ModiolcL, PI. M.

^ 1^

^

Sowciiv iel.stltth,

T/mcent Brooks Itlj.

]M 0 D I 0 L A .

Plate VI.

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)
MoDioL.^ PLICATA. Mod. Ustd ohlongo-naviformi, tenui-
r.uld, latere postico brevi, tumidiusculo,rotundato, liris
brcvibus subdistantibus rugato, antico compresse dila-
lato, margine angulato-producto ; subpellucidd, epider-
mide tenui corned olivaceo-castaned nitente indutd.

The plicated Modiola. Shell oblong-boat-shaped, ra-
ther thin, posterior side short, rather swollen, rounded,
wrinkled with rather distant short ridges, anterior
side eompressly dilated, angularly produced at the
njargin; semitrausparent, covered with a shining,
olive-chestnut, horny epidermis.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 25.

M^/iliis piieatits, Gmelin.

Hab. West Africa.
A very light, broad, rather compressed shell, delicately

plicately wrinkled.

Species 26. (JVIus. Cuming.)

IVLodiola Japonica. Mod. testa cylindraceo-

gmta, tenui, lateribus roiundatis, postico brevissimo,
altenuato ; pellucido-virescente, roseo-pnrpureo concen-
trice undatd.

The Japan Modiola. Sliell cylindrically oblong, nar-
row, sides rounded, posterior very short, attenuated ;
transparent green, conceniiically waved with rose-
purple.

f'olsdta Japonica, Dunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S56, p. 363.

Hab. Japan.

A slender shell, very elegantly painted.

Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola akcuatula. Mod. testa arcuato-eloiigatd, sub-
angustd, 'medio valide gibboso-angulato, latere postico
parvo, antico subjlabellato ; pellucido-corned, purpureo
irregnlariter undatd.

The arched Modiola. Shell arouately elongated, ra-
ther narrow, strongly gibbously angled in the middle,
posterior side small, anterior somewhat fan-shaped ;
transparent horny, irregularly waved with purple.

Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S44.

Modiola varicosa, Gould.

Hub. Singapore and Philippine Islands.

Chiefly distinguished by its arched form and gibbously

angled growth. The painting consists of purple vein-like

stains of irregular |)attern, upon a semitrausparent horny

ground.

Fig. 28. (Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola rhomboidea. Mod. testa elongato-rhomboided,
tenuiculd, latei-e postico brevi, rotundato, antico valde
elongato, margine compresse angulato ; nitente luteo-
castaned, postice obscure saturate fasciatd.

The rhomboid Modiola. Shell elongately rhombo:
rather thin, posterior side short, rounded, anteri
very elongated, eompressly angled at the margi
shining yellowish-chestnut, obscurely darker banded
on the posterior side.

Hanley, Species Recent Shells.

Hab. The Gambia, West Africa.

An elegantly-formed species of very simple character,

beyond the concentric lines of growth inclining to become

corrugated on the median angular ridge and beneath the

umboes.

Fig. 29. (Mus. Cuming.)
The specimen here figured is a fine characteristic exam-
ple of M. elegans, represented in the preceding Plate.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola arborescens. Mod. testa subcglindraceo-ob-
longd, tenui, compresse comexd, IcBvigatd, lateribus
roiundatis; Ititescente-albd, ferrugineo-tinctd, antice
lineis tenuibus nigricantibm irregnlariter dense divari-
catim reticulata.

The arborescent Modiola. Shell somevyhat cvUn-
drically oblong, thin, eompressly convex, smooth, sides,
rounded; yellowish-white, stained with rust, ante-
riorly irregularly densely divaricately netted with fine
blackish lines.

Mytilus arborescens, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. ii. pi. 198.
f. 2016-17.
Modiola picta, Lamarck.

Hab. West Indies.

Peculiarly distinguished by its arborescent pattern of
network on the anterior side.

Fig. 31. (Mus. Cuming.)
This dark-coloured shell, tinged on the anterior side
with bronze-green, is the typical M. Brasiliensis from
Brazil. The light-coloured specimen represented at PI. IV.
Fig. 17, is a variety from Guayaquil.

}Iodiola, PL TIL

xTwarbv del ^i/iith

"feicervt Bicoks iTDp

M 0 D I 0 L A.

Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.)

MoDlOLA GUBERNACULDM. Mod. tesfd subquadrato-ob-
longd, arciiatd, latere postico brevisshm, mbroatrato,
antico late flabelliformi, undique dense concenlrice
striata; lutescente, radiis linearibits licido-nendeis
pictd, versus marginem fitsco tinctd.

The rdddkk Modiola. Shell somewhat squarely ob-
long, curved, posterior side very short, somewhat
beaked, anterior broadly fan-shaped, densely concen-
trically striated throughout ; yellowish, painted with
livid-blue linear rays, stained wiih brown towards
the margin.

Folsella ffiibeniacii/ urn, Jhmker, Pro. Zool. Sue. 1850, p.
361.

IJab. ?

Partaking very much of the typical character of Mi/ti-
lus, and especially distinguished by its painting of livid-
blue linear rays upon a yellowish ground.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola stei&ata. Mod. testa subeloiigatd, temii, gib-
hosd, postice attenuaid, antic? subangnste producld,
IrBvigatd, viridi eximie tiuctd et varit'gatd.

The streaked Modiola. Shell somewhat elongated,
thin, gibbous, posteriorly attenuated, anteriorly ra-
ther narrowly produced, smooth, prettily stained and
variegated with green.
Mytilas strigatus, Ilanley, Pro. Zool. See. 1844.

Hal. Philippine Islands.

A thin shell, of rather narrow gibbous growth, i)rettily
painted with rich green, which, on the anterior side, is
in oblique bands.

Species 34. (Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola TiusTis. Mod. testd sicbelovgatd, tenui, postice

trigojio-attenuatd, antice rectd, compressd, hevigatd ;

fulvo-castaned, nitente.
The sad JIodiola. Shell somewhat elongated, thin,

posteriorly triangularly attenuated, anteriorly straight,

compressed, smooth ; fulvous-chestnut, shining.

yohella tristis, Uunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S56, p. 302.
Ifab. Chusan ; Capt. Benson.

A light shell, of semitransparent substance, remarkablr
for its straightly-produced VolseUa-X\]ii& growth anteriorly.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola speciosa. Mod. testa longissimd, redd, laierf
postico brevi, rotundato, parum gibioso, antico clou-
gato, gradatim latiore, medio oblique obtuse angulato ;
pellucido-albd, epidermide corned decidud, postice ful-
vd, antice siiiaragdind indntd, intus margaritaced.

The beautiful Modiola. Shell veiT long, straight,
posterior side short, rounded, but little gibbous, an-
terior elongated, gradually broader, obliquely obtuse-
ly angled in the middle, covered with a deciduous
horny epidermis, which is fulvous on the posterior
area and bright green anteriorly, interior pearly.

I'olseUa speciosa, Dunker MS. in Mus. Cuming.

IJab. Tumbez, Peru ; Cuming.

A very rare and beautiful species, remarkable for its

elongated form and richly-coloured horny epidermis.

Fig. 30. (Mus. Cuming.)

This shell proves to be the young of M. nitidn, repre-
sented at Plate II. The anterior slope of the shell i.-
ciiaracterized by a peculiar rippled structure.

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola splendens. Mod. testd oblongo-ovatd, tenui-
culd, ntrinque rotundatd, latere postico gibboso, im-
dique lavigatd, nitente, vel miniUissime decussatim
striatd ; fulvd et intense hrunned, partim iridescente-
viridi.

The splendid Modiola. Shell oblong-ovate, rather
thin, rounded at both ends, posterior side gibbous,
smooth throughout, shining, or very minutely decus-
sately striated; fulvous and dark-brown, partially
iridescent-green.

Mylilus splendens, Dunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S5G. p. 358.

llab. Peru.

October, 1857.

MODIOLA.— Plate VII.

A shining, horny shell, the surface being elegantly
clouded with brown and fulvous intermixed with irides-
cent green.

Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.)

MopiOLA EECTA. Mod. testd elongatd, medio oblique gib-
boso-angnlatd, latere postico peculiariter compresse
producto, antico subalaformi ; albidd, epidermide cor-
ned fulvd nitente, antice sparsim pilosd indutd, poitice
late fusco-fasciatd.

The straight Modiola. Shell elongated, obliquely

gibbously angled in the middle, posterior side pecu-
liarly compressly produced, anterior somewhat wing-
shaped ; whitish, covered with a shining horny epi-
dermis, fulvous and sparsely hairy anteriorly, broadly
brown-banded posteriorly.

CoNEAD, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. vii. p.
245. pi. 19. f. 1.

Hab. ?

Distinguished by a strict peculiarity of form, the poste-
rior side being curiously compressly produced, whilst the
anterior side is wing-shaped, like some of the Avicula.

JlcdjrIaJ'lTni.

Sowerby M eLitii

Vincent Brooks iu])

M 0 D I 0 L A.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)

MouioLA opiFEX. Mod. teM oblongo-cuneiformi, gib-
hosa, radiaiim sulcosd, latere postico brevmimo, antico
angulaio-aitentmio ; caslaneo-corned, niteiUe, versus
exlremitateni anticam rude setigerd.
The .\etificer Modiola. Shell oblong wedge-shaped,
gibbous, radiately grooved, posterior side very short,
anterior angularly attenuated ; chestnut-homy, shin-
ing, rudely bristled towards the anterior extremity.
Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. iv. p. 369.
Hab. Eio Janeiro.

Unlike most Modiolis, this species is attenuated ante-
riorly, broadly gibbous, and roughly clothed at the extre-
mity with an epidermis of bristly liairs.

Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola vexillum. Mod. testa subtrigono-flabelUformi,
tend, pellucidd, latere postico subgibboso, antico angu-
lato-expanso ; jhvescente, olivaceo-viridi, nitide undu-
latini pictd.

The flag Modiola. Shell somewhat triangularly fan-
shaped, thin, transparent, posterior side rather gib-
bous, anterior ansularly expanded; yellowish, neatly
painted with waves of olive-green.

Vohella picta, Duuker (not M. picta, Lamarck).

Hab. Australia.

Of thin, transparent substance, prettily variegated with

concentric dark-green zigzag waves.

Species U. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola Mageixanica. Mod. testa oblongo-lrapezoided,
postice gibbosd, antice subexpansd, nndique radiatim
sulcata; fuhescente.
The Magellan Modiola. Shell oblong-trapezoid, pos-
teriorly gibbous, anteriorly rather expanded, radi-
ately grooved throughout ; light fulvous.
Vohella Magellanica, Duuker MS. in Mus. Cuming.
Hab. Straits of Magellan.

Of a light fulvous colour, rayed throughout with close-
set longitudinal grooves.

Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola perfeagilis. Mod. testa elongatd, lenui, iiii-
dique mitmtissime decussatim striata, striis posticii
longitudinalibus incisis, extremitate posticd parvn, ro-
tundatd, anticd obligud ; pellucido-albd, nitente, vires-
cente tinctd.
The very fragile Modiola. Shell elongated, thin,
very minutely decussately striated, posterior longitu-
dinal, stria? engraved, posterior end small, rounded,
anterior rather oblique; transparent-white, shining,
tinged with pale-green.
Volsella perfragilis, Dunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850, p.

362.
Hab. Moluccas.

In substance this shell is very thin, transparent-white,
tinged with sea-green, and on examination with a lens, the
surface will be found to be minutely decussately sculp-
tured, the longitudinal striae being irapressly engraved.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola scbramosa. Mod. testa subtrigono-oblongd.
ieniii, sem.ipellucidd, concentrice tenuistriatd, radiatim
ramoso-liratd, liris obtusis, subjlexuosis, latere postico
parvo, gibboso, antico trigono-flabelliformi ; lutescenle.
pitrpureo-rnfo tinctd.

The branched Modiola. Shell somewhat triangularly
oblong, thin, semitransparent, concentrically finely
striated, radiately branch-ridged, ridges somewhat
flexuous, posterior side small, gibbous, anterior tri-
angularly fan-shaped ; yellowish, stained with purple-
red.

Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 14.

Hab. Island of Mindanao, Philippines ; Cuming.

A somewhat fragile shell, neatly rayed with obtuse

ridges, which branch off in a flexuous manner, particularly

in the anterior direction.

Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola subpukpurea. Mod. testa elongatd, stibar-
cuatd, tenuicidd, gibbosd, Icevigatd, latere postico ob-
tuse rotmdato, antico compresse producto ; nitente-
olivaced, subpurpured.

The purplish Modiola. Shell elongated, somewhat

October, 18.57.

MODIOLA.— Plate VIII.

arched, ratber thin, gibbous, smooth, posterior side

obtusely rounded, anterior compressly produced ;

shining-olive, tinged with purple.
Vohella subpurptirea, Duuker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856, p.

362.
Hab. Senegal.

Of a somewhat horny substance, and dark shining pur-
plish-olive colour.

Fig. 45. (Mus. Cuming.)
A full-grown specimen of .¥. arcuatida, described at
Plate VI. Kg. 27.

Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.)
MoDiOLA Petagnj;. Mod. testa elongatd, tenuksimd,
postice longitudinaliter striata, nilente-corned, antice
concentrice striata, pulchre iridescente-aruginosd, li-
neis ru/escentibtts undique palUde reticulata.
Petagn's Modiola. Shell elongated, very thin, posteri-
orly longitudinally striated, shining horny, anteriorly
concentrically striated, beautifully iridescent-verdi-
gris, faintly reticulated throughout with reddish lines.
ScACCHi, Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 51.
Hab. Mediterranean, and Galveston, Texas.

A beautifully delicate transparent shell, having the pos-
terior side horny and shining, while the anterior is of a
delicate verdigris-colour and iridescent.

dio contractd, midique dense sulcata, lateribus rotunda-
tis, antico subangulato ; fulvo-castaned, postice niteiite-
corned, antice sparsim setigerd.

The geooved Modiola. Shell oblong, gibbous, con-
tracted in the middle, densely grooved throughout,
sides rounded, anterior slightly angled ; fulvous-chest-
nut, posteriorly shining horny, anteriorly sparsely
bristly.

Volsella submlcata, Duuker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 364.

Eab. Bay of Manila ; Cuming.

The form of this species is rather gibbous throughout,
the entire surface being closely finely grooved.

Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.)

Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola subsulcata. Mod. testa oblonga, gibbosd, me-

MoDioLA GLABEKKIMA. Mod. testd subtrigono-elongatd,
tenui, lavigafd, nitente, latere postico parvo, attenuate,
antico gradatim latiore, margine oblique rotundato ;
pallide olivaceo-comed, terugineo-purpurascente radia-
tim lineatd et concentrice strigatd.

The glossy Modiola. Shell somewhat triangularly
ovate, thin, smooth, shining, posterior side small,
attenuated, anterior gradually broader, obliquely
rounded at the margin ; pale olive-horny, radiately
lineated and concentrically streaked with light bronze-
purple.

Folsella glaberrima, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 363.

Hab. Sydney.

A very delicate horny shell, decussated with character-
istic lines and bands of red-bronze purple.

Modiola. II. IX

^

Sowerby del etlilh

Vincent Brooks Imp

M 0 D I 0 L A.

Plate IX.

Species 49. (Fig. 62, Mus. Cuming.)
MoDioi.A NIGRA. Mod. testa subquadrato-omtd, com-
jiresuiuculd, aniice dense tenuiitriata, medio leevigatd,
poslice ad extremitateiri liratd; purpureo-nigrd.
The black Modiola. Shell somewhat squarely ovate,
rather compressed, anteriorly densely finely striated,
smooth in the middle, posteriorly ridged at the extre-
mity; purple-black.
Hanley, Brit. Marine Couch., Eecent Bivalve Shells,

p. 242.
Lanisliua nigra, Gray, Conch. Syst. pi. 100. f. 3.
Hab. Orsund Bay, Sweden.

A rather compressed species, of deep purple-black co-
lour, belonging, together M'ith the rest of the species in
this Plate, to the genus Modiolarca, CretieUa, and Lank-
Una of authors.

Species 50. (Fig. 63, a, 6, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola Cumingiana. Mod. testd oblongo-ctmeiformi,
curimld, ienuiculd, aniice valde gibbosd, tumidd, temd-
siriatd, obtuse angulatd, medio lavigatd, postice ad
extremitatem obscure liratd; fulvescenle-cortied, rufes-
cente-fiisco interdum nndatd.

Cuming's Modiola. Shell oblong wedge-shaped, curved,
rather thin, very gibbous and swollen anteriorly, fine-
ly striated and obtusely angled, smooth in the middle,
posteriorly obscurely ridged at the extremity ; ful-
vous-horny, sometimes waved with reddish-brown.

DuNKER, MS. Mus. Cumiug.

Ilab. Moreton Bay, .Australia.

An extremely delicate species, of a characteristic swollen

wedge-shape.

Species 51. (Fig. 64, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola i.mpacta. Mod. testd ovato-eimeiformi, tumidd,
postice et antice radiatim liratd, liris angustis, sitbre-
motis, ittrinque excavatis, medio lavigatd; intense oli-
mced, corned, nitente.

The driven Modiola. Shell ovately wedge-shaped,
swollen, posteriorly and anteriorly ridged, ridges
narrow, rather distant, excavated on both sides,
smooth in the middle ; dark-olive, horny, shining.

Herman, Naturforscher, vol. xvii. pi. 3. f. 5-8.

Mytilus cor, Marty n.

Mytilus discors, Lamarck (not of Linnreus).

Hab. New Zealand (in sponge).

This, the finest species in the group, is not, as shown

by M. Deshayes, the Liunean Mytilus discors. It is

larger and more gibbous, j)carly and purple-rayed within.

Chemnitz gives a characteristic figure of the species
vol. viii. pi. S6. f 768.

Species 52. (Fig. 65, JIus. Cuming.)

Modiola discors. Mod. testd oblongd, subciineiformi,
tumidd, antice radiatim liratd, liris tenuibus, subob-
scuris, liris posticis fortioribus, remotis, medio lavi-
gatd; olivaeed, corned, nitente.

The differing Modiola. Shell oblong, somewhat
wedge-shaped, swollen, anteriorly radiately ridged,
ridges fine, rather obscure, posterior ridges stronger
and more distant, middle smooth ; olive, horny,
shining.

Mytilus discors, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. p. 1159.
Mytilus discrepans, Lamarck.

Hab. Massachusetts (found adhering to seaweed) ; Gould.
The anterior stria; in this species are fine and close-set.

Species 53. (Fig. 66, Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola laevigata. Mod. testd oblongo-ovatd, antice
latiore, subcompressd, undigue concentrice striata, me-
dio subexcavatd, extremitate posticd obscure sulcata;
olivaceo-castaned, corned, nitente.
The smooth Modiola. Shell oblong-ovate, broader an-
teriorly, rather compressed, everywhere concentrically
striated, slightly excavated in the middle, posterior
extremity obscurely grooved ; olive-chestnut, horny,
shining.
Lanistina lavigata. Gray.
Hab. Greenland.

The peculiarity of this species consists chiefly in the an-
terior area not being longitudinally ridged.

Species 54. (Fig. 67, Mus. Cuming.)

JMoDioLA nexa. Mod. testd oblongo-ovatd, convexo-com-
pressd, antice parum latiore, undique dense lineari-sul-
calls et liratis, liris medianis siibtilissimis, fere obso-
ktis ; castaneo-fnscd, mnbonibus plus minus ero-tis,
margaritaceis.

The tied Modiola. Shell oblong-ovate, convexly com-
pressed, anteriorly but little broader, everywhere
densely linearly grooved and ridged, middle ridges
very fine, almost obsolete ; chestnut-brown, umboes
more or less eroded, pearly.

Gould, Invert. Massachusetts.

Hab. Massachusetts Bay ; United States.

A rather compressed red -brown species, in which the

])osterior and anterior portions are sculptur(;d alike with
1 densely-set stria;.

December, 1857.

o

M<Hlu>hi, PL X.

m

Sw/erby (M-dlitlri

■^Bn-'^enT. Btooks Imp

MODIOLA.

Species 55. (Fig. 68, Mus. Cuming.)
MoDiOLA cosTDLATA. Mod. testa ovatd, subexpansd, pel-
lucido-corned, postice et antice minnte subobsolete cos-
tulatd, umbonilius parvis contractis.
The finely-ribbed Modiola. Shell ovate, rather ex-
panded, transparent horny, posteriorly and anteriorly
minutely rather obsoletely finely ribbed, uraboes
small, contracted.
Risso, Hist. Nat. d'Europe Mcrid. vol. iv. p. 324. f. Ifio.
Crenella costulaia, Forbes and llanley.
Sail. Southern Europe.

A small horny shell, with the umboes unusually con-
tracted.

Species 36. (Fig. 69, Mus. Cuming.)
MoDloi.A nana. Mod. testd 'iiiiimtd, oblique ovatd, tenui,

umboiubn» subroslratis ; pellncido-coriii'd, lineis riifes-

centibus variegatd.
TiiK PWARF Modiola. Shell minute, obliquely ovate,

thin, umboes somewhat beaked : transparent horny,

variegated with reddish lines.
Lanistina nana, Dunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 365.
Hab. Port Lincolu, Australia.

A very minute semitransparent bronze-horny shell, va-
I'iegated with fine zigzag reddish lines.

Species 57. (Fig. 70, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola subtokta. Mod. testd parvuld, siibtortd, oh-
luiigo-trapezind, versus mtiiones attenuatd, conceiitrice
riKjosd, postice albidd, antice nigricante-fuscd.

The twisted Modiola. Shell rather small, slightly
twisted, oblong-trapezoid, attenuated towards the
umboes, concentrically wrinkled, posteriorly whitish,
anteriorly blackish-brown.

Modiolarca subtorta, Dunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 365.

Hab. New Holland.

A narrow trapezoid shell, peculiarly sliirluly twisted.

The wood Modiola. Shell oblong, ventricose, rather
solid, shining chestnut, concentrically rudely striated,
narrowly contracted in the middle, umboes globosely
swollen.

Hab. ?

A rather solid ventricose shell, striated only concentri-
cally with a smooth shining-chestnut epidermis.

Species 59. (Fig. 72, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola striatula. Mod. testd elongato-trapezind, sub-
angnstd, medio gibbosd, tenuiculd, undique radiatim
dense tenuiliratd ; oUvaced, nigra radiatim fasciatd.

The striated Modiola. Shell elongately trapezoid,
rather narrow, gibbous in the middle, rather thin,
everywhere radiately densely finely ridged ; olive,
radiately banded with black.

Hanley, Recent Bivalve Shells, p. 241.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

Of a peculiarly elongated trapezoid form, densely finely
ridged throughout, the ridges radiating oflf wider and
rather more distinct on the anterior margin.

Species 60. (Fig. 73, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola emarginatus. Mod. testd oblongo-trapezind,
antice oblique subflabellatd, postice contractd, subcana-
Ucnlatd, radiatim tenuiliratd ; uigricante-olivaced.

The emarginated Modiola. Shell oblong-trapezoid,
anteriorly obliquely somewhat fan-shaped, posteriorly
contracted, rather channelled, radiately finely ridged ;
blackish-olive.

Benson, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hab. ?

Of more solid structure and less elongated form than

the preceding species, not so strongly and regularly ridged.

Species 58, (Fig. 71, Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola lignea. Mod. testd oblongd, ventricosd, so-
lidiusculd, nUente-castaned, concenirice rude striald.
medio angnste contractd, umbonibus globoso-tmnidis.

January

Species 61. (Fig. 74, Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola sulcata. Mod. testd elongatd, antice Jlabellatd,

margine sidiangulatd, compressd, radiatim dense Jlexu-

o-w-liratd, medio gibbosd, umbonibus prominentibus ;

virescente-olivaced, nigricante oh^cure fasciatd.
The grooved Modiola. Shell elongated, anteriorly

fan-shaped, slightly angled and compressed at the

1858.

MODIOLA.— Plate X.

margin, radiately densely flexuously ridged, gibbous
in the middle, uuiboes prominent ; greenish-olive,
obscurely dark-banded.

Lamakck, Anim. sans vert, vol.ix.

An elougately fan-shaped shell, agreeably coloured with

a livid-olive hue tinged with shining chestimt, the whole

surface being flexuously ridged.

Species 62. (Fig. 75, Mus. Cuming.)

MouioLA FoRTUNEi. Mod. testa panuld, ovato-oblongd,
sabtngond, utrinque obtuse carinald, concentrice ru-
(joso-striatd ; superne violaeed, inferne albidd, epider-
mids virente indutd.

FortUiNe's Modiola. Shell rather small, ovately oblong,
somewhat triangular, obtusely keeled on both sides,
concentrically roughly striated ; violet at the upper
part, whitish below, covered with a greenish epi-
dermis.

Volsella Fortiinei, Dunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 185(5, p. 361.

Hab. China Sea ; Fortune.

Of neat symmetrical form, richly coloured on the upper

part, pale at the lower.

Species 63. (Fig. 76, Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola phaseolina. Mod. testa pyrifonrii-ovatd, tu-

midiusculd, corned, concentrice striata, epidermide sub-

spinosd indutd.
The pease Modiola. Shell pyriformly ovate, rather

swoUen, horny, concentrically striated, covered with

a somewhat spinous epidermis.
Philippi, Enum. Mol. Sicil. vol. ii, p. 51. f li.
Hab. West coast of Scotland ; M'Andrew.

A spinously beaded homy shell, originally observed by
Philippi in Sicily in a fossil state, and lately found living
on the north-east and west coasts of Scotland.

Species 6i. (Fig. 77, Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola flavida. Mod. testa oblongd, tenui, injlatd,
Utiek concentricis tenuibus elecatis sculptd; Jlavidd,
lined ab umbonibus ad basin oblique decurrente colore
pallidiore signatd ; umbonibus tmnidis, margine ven-
trali postice sinuatd.
The yellowish Modiola. Shell oblong, thin, inflated,
sculptured with fine raised concentric lines ; yellow-
ish, with a line running down obliquely from the
uniboes to the base marked with a paler colour ;
umboes swollen, ventral margin posteriorly sinuated.
yotsellajlavida, Dunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 364.
Ilai. Bay of Manila ; Cuming.

A light inflated shell of yellowish-chestnut colour, deli-
cately sculptured with raised concentric lines.

UoJioln.FlJl.

M 0 D I 0 L A

Species 65. (Fig. 78 and 80, Mus. Cuming.)

MoDiOLA CICERCULA. Mod. testa oblique orbiculari,
convexd, umbonibus parvis, decusmtivi striata, striis
radiantibiis subdivaricatis ; albidd, luteo-fmcescente
tinctd.

The chick-pea Modiola. Shell obliquely orbicular,
convex, umboes small, decussately striated, radiating
strias rather divaricate ; whitish, tinged with yellow-
ish-brown.

MoLi/ER, Fauna Grocnlandica.

Mytilus decussatus, Montagu.
Crenella elliptica. Brown.

llab, Greenland ; Moller. Orkney ; M'Andrew.

A small pca-likc shell, with very much the aspect of a

little Cardium.

Species 66. (Fig. 79, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola kiiombba. Mod. tes/d oblique quadratd, aiitice
tatiore, subproductd, medio valde gibbosd, obtuse a/t-
gulatd, unJique radiatim l/tnuistriatd ; rosacco-albd,
subpellucidd.

The rhomboid Modiola. Shell obliquely quadrate,
anteriorly broader and somewhat produced, very gib-
bous in the middle, obtusely angled, everywhere
rayed with fine stria;; piukish-white, slightly trans-
parent.

Berkeley, Zool. Journ. vol. iii. ]). 329. Supp. pi. 18. f. I.

Bab. Tunis ; M'Andrew.

A rather solid, gibbous, rhomboid shell, of a pinkish

hue.

Species 67. (Fig. 81, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola marmobata. Mod. testa oblique rhomboided,
valde gibbosd, obtuse angulatd, postice et antice radi-
atim liratd et sulcata, medio Icemgatd ; viresccHle-ci-
nered, rosaceo tinctd.

The marbled Modiola. Shell obliquely rhomboid,
very gibbous, obtusely angled, rayed posteriorly and
anteriorly with grooves and ridges, smooth in the
middle ; greenish-ash, tinged with rose.

Forbes, Malacol. Monens. p. 40.

Modiola tumida, Hanley.

Modiola PoUana, Philippi.

Crenella marmorata, Forbes and Ilanley.
Ilab. Britain.

An interesting small species, of the characteristic Lanis-
tina group.

Species 69. (Fig. 82, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola glandula. Mod. testa suboblique orbiculari,
convexd, umbonibus parvis, decussatim striata, striis
l-ongitudinalibus fortioribus, subdivaricatis; sordidi
alba, epidermide luted induld.

The acorn Modiola. Shell somewhat obliquely orbi-
cular, convex, umboes small, decussately striated,
longitudinal striae the stronger, rather divaricate ;
dull white, covered with a yellow epidermis.

Totten, Silliman's American Journal of Science, vol.
xsvi. p. 367. f. 3.
A Corrfi«»«-shaped species, of the same typical form as

M. cicercula.

Fig. S3. (Mus. Cuming.)

A young specimen of M. strigata, Hanley, described at
PI. VII. Fig. 33.

Species 69. (Fig. 84, Mus. Cuming.)

Modiola peotinula. Mod. tesld obovatd, ventricosd,
antice laiiore, radiatim costatd, umbonibus subpromi-
iiulis ; luteo-fuscescente.

The little pecten Modiola. Shell obovate, ventri-
cose, broader anteriorly, radiately ribbed, umboes ra-
ther prominent; yellowish-brown.

Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 127. f. 85.

Mab. St. George's Bank, Bay of Massachusetts, United
States.
Of a rather solid obovate Carditim-Uke form.

Species 70. (Fig. 85, Mus. Cuming.)
Modiola bulla. Mod. testa oblique globosd, viireo-albd,
lavigaid, sub lente minutissiiiie radiatirn striata, gib-
iosissimd, umbonibus parvis, ineurvis.
The bubble Modiola. Shell obliquely globose, glassy-
white, smooth, beneath the lens very minutely ra-

, 1S5S.

MODIOLA.— Plate XI.

diately striated, very gibbous, umboes small, in-
curved.

Crmiella bulla, Dunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. ]856, p. 366.

Hai. Island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.

A delicate bubble-like glassy shell, of a very gibbous
Isocardia-like form.

Species 71. (Fig. 80, Mus. Cuming.)
MoDioLA FABA. Mod. testd obovaid, oblique compressd,

radiaUtn tenuicostatd ; Uvido-pnrpurascenie, epider-

mide corned niiente-ca-staiied hidutd.
The bean Modiola. Shell obovate, obliquely com-

pressed, radiately finely ribbed ; livid-purple, covered
with a shining chestnut horny epidermis.

Mytilus faba, Fabricius, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3359.
Modiola ardica. Leach.

Hab. Greenland.

Partaking very much of the character of Dr. Gould's

M. pectimda, but uniformly smaller and more

with a dark, shining, horny epidermis.

Fig. 87. (Mus. Cuming.)

The shell here figured proves to be a young transparent

example of M. marmorata, Forbes, represented above ai

Fig. SI.

MOD 10 LA.

albicosta, Lamarck II.

arata, Bunker IV.

arcuatula, Hanley VI.

arboresccns {Myiilus), Clieranitz VI.

Auslralis, Grai/ V.

barbata, Lamarck III.

Brasiliensis, Chemnitz IV.

bulla {Crenella), Dunker XI.

capax, Conrad III.

cicercula, MiJller XI.

costulata, Risso X.

Cumingiana, Bunker IX.

discors (Myiilus), Linn IX.

elegans, Oray V.

elongata, Swainson II.

emarginatus, Benson X.

faba {Myiilus), Fabricius XI.

flavida (Folsella), Dunker X.

Fortune! (Vohella), Dunker . . X.

glaberrima (Folsella), Dunker. . VIII.

glaudula, Tollen XI.

gubernaculuni (VoMla), Dunker VII.

Gnyanensls, Laniarck IV.

im]Kicta, Ihrman IX.

inconstans, Dunker V.

Japonica (Volsello), Dunker VI.

laevigata (Lanislina), Gra_v ... IX.

lignea, Reeve X.

Magellanica (Folsella), Dunker . VIII.

marmorata, Tories XI.

Metealfei, Hanley IV.

modiolus (Mytilus), Linn I.

modiolus, Turton 1.

nana (Lanislina), Dunker ... X.

nexa, Gould . IX.

nigra (Lanislina), Gray ..... IX.

nitens, CarpenU-r V.

nitida, Hanley II.

opifex, Say VIII.

Papuana, Lamarck I.

pectinula, Gould XI.

perfragilis (Folsella), Dunker. . VIII.

Pctagnaj, Scacchi VIII.

phaseolina, Philippi X.

Philippinarum, Hanley I.

picta, Lamarck . VI.

picla, Dunker VIII.

plicata (Mytilus), Gmelin . . VI.

plicatula, Lamarck III.

Poliana, Philippi XL

recta, Conrad VII.

rhombea, Berkeley XL

rhomboidea, Llanley VI.

semifusca, Sowerby IV.

Senhausii, Reeve V.

setigera (Folsella), Dunker ... V.

speciosa (FoUella), Dunker. . . VII.

splendens (Mytilus), Dunker . . VII.

Striatula, Hanley X.

strigata (Myiilus), llanley .... VII.

subpurpurea (Folsella), Dunker. VIII.

subramo.sa, Hanley . . VIII.

subsulcata (Folsella), Dunker . . VIII.

subtorta (Modiolarca), Dunker. . X.

sulcata, Lamarck X.

Traillii, Reeve IV.

tristis (Folsella), Dunker VII.

tulipa, Lamarck IV.

tumida, Hanley XL

undulata (Folsella), Dunker . V.

vagina, Lamarck I.

varicosa, Gould VI.

vexilluni, Reeoe VIII.

vulgaris, Fleming I.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

LITHODOMUS

" Farewell, farewell ! but this I tell
To thee, thou Wedding-Guest :
He prayeth well, who loveth well
Both mau, aud bird, and beast."

The Ancient Marin

lithodomus, PL J-

Sowerby (M etUth

VinceTit Bi'odks Imp

L I T 11 0 D 0 M U S

Genus LITHODOMUS, Cuvier.
Testa transversa, ctfUndraceo-oblonga, cequivalvis, epidermide
rufo-castaned induta, calce interdum incrustata ; extre-
mitatibus rotundatis ; latere postico hrevissimo ; umbo-
nibus parvis, incurvis. Cardo linearis, llgamento mar-
gimli. Impressio muscularis eomposita, indislincta.
Shell transverse, cylindrieally oblong, equivalve, covered
with a reddish-chestnut epidermis, sometimes in-
crusted with chalk ; extremities rounded ; posterior
side very short ; umbocs small, incurved. Tliiige li-
near, with the ligament marginal. Muscular impres-
sion compound, indistinct.
This very interesting genus, founded by Cuvier, is not
alone distinguished from Modiola by the boring habits of
its animal. The shell is always of a peculiarly oblong-
cylindrical or wedge-shaped form, and of a peculiar sub-
stance. It is found imbedded in stone, chalk, coral, and
in the valves of Spoiidgliis shells, though often extremely
delicate in structure. There is scarcely any species whicli
is not beautifully striated, and there are several curiously
sculptm-ed with feathery wrinkles or furrows. Another
peculiarity consists in the shell being frequently thickly
incrusted with a deposit of chalky matter, which is some-
times sculptured, and in some few instances produced be-
yond the extremity. Among the small species, a few arc
bearded with bristles.

The geographical range of this genus is partial, but
widely distributed. There are more species perhaps in
the West Indies than in any other locality, but the genus
is known to inhabit the Philippine Islands, New Zea-
land, Cliili, the Galapagos Islands, and Mazatlan.

Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTHODOMDS CORRUGATUS. Lithod. testd subcylliidraced,
Jlavidd, per totam superfickm striis arcuatis postice di-
varicatis corrugatd, extremitate anticd angustd, posticu
dilatatd, margine dorsali medio elevato, subangulalo.

The wrinkled Lithodomus. Shell somewhat cylin-
drical, yellowish, wrinkled over the entire surface
with posteriorly divaricated arched striffi, anterior ex-
tremity narrow, posterior dilated, dorsal margin raised
in the middle, slightly angled.

Modiola cornigata, Philippi, Abbikl. und Besch. Concli.
voi.ii. p. 147. pi. 1. f. 1-

Ila^. Island of St. Vincent, West Indies.

A yello^visli sliell, rather depressed, with the surface
diagonally crossed throughout with waved wrinkles.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lithodomus Malayanus. Lithod. testa subtereli, cas-
taned, striis perpend icularib us exaratd, area dorsali
leevigatii, margine sublrigono-producto, umbonibus in-
volutis, parte anticd rn-anifeste angnstiore.

The Malay Lithodomus. Shell somewhat slender,
chestnut, furrowed with perpendicular strise, dorsal
area smooth, margin rather angularly produced,
umboes involute, anterior portion of the shell mani-
festly nan'owed.

Modiola Malayana, Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch,
vol. iii. p. 21. pi. 2. f. 6.

Hub. Malay.

A short dark-chcstuut shell, grooved perpendicularly

over one-half of its surface, the dorsal margin being rather

angularly produced in the middle.

Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTHODO.MUS TRUNCATUS. Lithod. testd oblo7igd, ab um-
bonibus obtuse angulatd, antice attenuatd, postice tii-
midd, angulato-truncatd, medio subcontractd ; nigri-
cante-castaned, concentrice rude striata.

The TRUNCATED Lithodomus. Shell oblong, obtusely
angled from the umboes, attenuated anteriorly, pos-
teriorly swollen and angularly truncated, a little con-
tracted in the middle ; dark chestnut, concentrically
rudely striated.

Gray, Appendix to Dieffenbach's 'New Zealand.'

Peculiarly distinguished from all other species of the

genus by its truncated and angularly contracted form.

Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lithodomus gracilis. Lithod. testd elongato-a/lindra-
ced, rufo-castaned, in parte anticd striis perpendicula-
ribus exaratd, extremitate posticd sensim attenuatd,
unticam aquante, margine dorsali convexiusculo, haud
ungulato.

The slender Lithodomus. Shell elongately cylindri-
cal, reddish-chestnut, furrowed on the anterior por-
tion with perpendicular striae, posterior extremity

LITHODOMUS.— Plate 1.

gradually attenuated, equal in the anterior, dorsal

margin rather convex, not angled.
Modiola gracilis, Philippi, Zeitschrift fur Malac. 1847;

Abbildungen, pi. 2. f. 1.
Hab. China.

This fine species, the largest of the genus, is of a rich
dark chestnut colour, with the furrowed sculpture of the
anterior surface somewhat delicately indicated.

Species 5. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

LiTHODOMUS CINNAMOMINUS. LHhod. Ustd cj/Undraceo
cuneiformi, tumidd, sviarcuatd, undiqiie minuiissimi
decmsatim striata, cmtaned aid Jlavescenle-castatied,
niiente, quasi sericea, extremitate anticd abrupte Irun
caid, umionHms nilide involutis, posited subcompressd.

The cinnamon Lithodomus. Shell cylindrically wedge
shaped, swollen, rather arched, everywhere very mi
nutely decussately striated, chestnut or yellowish
chestnut, shining as though silky, anterior extremity
abruptly truncated, vvith the umboes neatly involuted,
posterior extremity rather compressed.

Mytilus ciriiiayiiominus, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p.
352. pi. 82. f. 731.

A/i/titm cmriamomem, Bruguiere.

Modiola cinnumonuia, Lamarck.

Hau. Philippine Islands, and Island of St. Thomas, West
Indies.
This species is peculiarly distinguished by its swollen,
wedge-shaped, ModiolaASkt form, and shining, silky ap-
pearance.

Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.)
Lithodomus obesus. Llthod. testa oblongd, medio obesd,
utrinque fere cequaliter rotundatd,Jlavescente; Itevi anl
concentrice striatd, margine ventraii arcuato, dorsali
declivi-angulato, angulo fere obsoleto, extremitate un-
tied stibattmuatd, umbonibus indistinctis.
The stout Lithodomus. Shell oblong, stout in the
middle, almost equally rounded at both ends, yel-
lowish, smooth or concentrically striated, ventral
margin arched, dorsal slopingly angled, with the angle
nearly obsolete, anterior extremity rather attenuated,
umboes distinct.
Modiola obesa, Philippi, Zeitschrift fiir Malac. 1847 ; Ab-
bildungen, pi. 2. f. 2.
Hab. China.

Well distinguished by its stout, nii>;iilni- form, and ab-
sence of furrowed sculpture.

littwclomus, Tl. II.

Sowaiy daefclith.

■ViiiCeTit 3rooks Imp

LITHODOMUS.

Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTHODOMUS Antillarum. Litkod. testa cylindraccii,
gracili, intense castaned, in parte posticd striis per-
pendicular ibus fere omnino exaratd, extremitate anticd
posticam eeguante, margine ventrali fere rectilineo in
extremitate posticd ascend<Mte, dorsali subangulato,
umlionibM involutis, ultra extremilatem posticam prv-
mi/iidis.

The West Indian Lithodomus. Shell eyiindviciil,
slender, dark chestnut, furrowed almost entirely on
the posterior portion with perpendicular strise, ante-
rior extremity equalling the posterior, dorsal slightly
angled, umboes involuted, rather protruding beyond
the posterior extremity.

Modiola (Litkophagus) Antillaritm, Philippi, Zeitschrift fiir
Malac. 1847.

Hab. West Indies.

Of a very dark chestnut colour, straight in form, gently

angularly sloping about three-fifths of the way down.

Species 8. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Lithodomus Cumingianus. Lithod. testa elongatd, pox-
tice snbglobosd, antice gradatim attenuatd, teimicid/i,
concentrici striatd, striis hie illic subcorruguto-plicatis ;
flavescente-olivaced.
The Cumingian Lithodomus. Shell elongated, poste-
riorly subglobose, anteriorly gradually attenuated,
rather thin, concentrically striated, stria' here and
there somewhat wrinkle-plicated ; yellowish-olive.
DuNKEE, MS. in Mus. Cuming.
Hab. North Australia, Mazatlan.

A shell of light substance and pale yellowish-olive co-
lour, globosely formed at the posterior end, and gradually
attenuated towards the anterior.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lithodomus lithophaous. lAlhod. testa cylindraced,
castaned, in parte posticd obsolete decussatim exaratd,
antice concentrice rude plicald, hand attenuatd, recti-
lined.

The sToNE-BoinN(i Lithodomus. Shell cylindrical,

chestnut, obsoletely decussately furrowed on the pos-
terior part, anteriorly concentrically rudely plicated,
not attenuated, rectilinear.
Mytilus litlmphagus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. p. 1156.

Modiola lithophaga, Deshayes.
Hab. Malta

This is the well-known typical species of the genus, de-
scribed by Linnseus as a Mylilm, and by earlier naturalists,
D'Argenville, Klein, Petiver, Rumphius, Lister, and Kon-
deletius, as a Fhola.%.

Species 10. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)

Lithodomus nasutus. Lithod. testa subcylindraced, temit,
kevigatd, antice concentnce plicato-striatd, margine
dorsali medio elevato, utrinqtie subeequaliter declivi ;
Jlavescente-castaned.

The nosed Lithodomus. Shell nearly cylindrical, thin,
smooth, anteriorly concentrically plicately striated,
dorsal margin raised in the middle, nearly equally
sloping on each side ; yellowish-chestnut.

Modiola udsiUa, Philippi, Abbild. und Besch. Conch, vol.
ii. p. 149. pi. 1. f. 2.

Hab. Island of St. Thomas, West Indies.

A comparatively smooth shell, frequently incrusted, as

in Fig. 10 b, with calcareous matter which on the anterior

side becomes decussately furrowed.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lithodomus stramineus. Lithod. testa cylindraced,
postice gibbd, antice latiore, rectilined, parte posticd
striis perpendictdaribus, hie illic divaricaiis, eximii
exaratd ; stramineo-caslaned.

The straw-coloured Lithodomus. Shell cylindrical,
posteriorly gibbous, anteriorly broader, rectilinear,
posterior part delicately furrowed with perpendi-
cular strife which are here and there divaricate; straw-
coloured chestnut.

DuxKEE, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hab. West Indies.
There is little to distinguish this species from L. lilko-

phagiis except its paler tone of colour, which is a character

insufficient from its variableness.

ZuhodmuLS, 71. m.

Tbj ckldTith

"\&nceat Isioote Ixflp

L I T H 0 D 0 M U S.

Spccios 12. (Mus. Cumiug.)

I.TTHODOMUS GnuNERi. LUhod. testa arcuato-elongatd,
circa vmhones peculiariler angulato-gibbosd, aniice at-
lenuatd, inietue castaned, uniique ohlique Jlexiioso-exa-
ratd.

Grlner's Lithodomus. Shell arcuately elongated, pe-
culiarly angularly gibbous about the umboes, atte-
nuated anterioily ; dark-chestnut, obliquely flexuously
furrowed throughout.

Philippi, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hab. New Zealand.

This species, it will be seeu, is distinguished by a very

remarkable shape. In other respects the characters are

much of the ordinary type.

Species 13. (Mus. Cumiug.)

Lithodomus teres. LUhod. testa subcylindraced, parte
posticd dense perpeudiciilariler exaratd, anlicd lavigatd;
intense castaned.

The slender Lithodomus. Shell somewhat cylindrical,
posterior part closely perpendicularly furrowed, ante-
rior smooth ; dark-che.stnut.

Philippi, Abbild. und Bcsch. Conch, vol. ii. p. 14S. pi. 1.
f. 3.

Hab. Mazatlan.

Of simple form and sculpture, uniformly of small size.

Species 14. (JMus. Cuming.)

IjITHODOMUS coarct.\ta. Litliod. testa oblongo-ciinei-
fonni, midique perpmdicrdariter exaratd, posliee glo-
boso-cordiformi, gibbosd, deinde antice attenuato-coarc-
tatd, tersm extremitatem epidermide fibrosa barbatd.

The contracted Lithodomus. Shell oblong wedge-
shaped, perpendicularly furrowed throughout, poste-
riorly globosely heart-shaped, gibbous, then anteriorly
attenuately contracted, bearded towards the extremity
with a fibrous epidermis.

Folsella coarciaca, Dutiker.

Hab. Gallapagos Islands ; Cuming.

Eminently distinguislied by its wedge-shaped ./;w-like

form, the posterior portion being prettily involuted like an

Isocardia, the anterior attenuated and bearded with a
fibrous epidermis.

Species 15. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
Lithodomus attenuatus. Lithod. testd cylindraced,

tenui, postice globosd, tumidiusculd, deinde coarctatd

et antice gradatim attenuatd, imdique lavigatd vet

obsolete malleatd ; flavescente-olivaced.
The attenuated Lithodomus. Shell cylindrical, thin,

posteriorly globose, then contracted and anteriorly

gradually attenuated, smooth or obsoletely malleated

throughout ; yellowish-olive.
Modiola attemiata, Deshayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii.

p. 28.
Hab. Chili and Peru.

A very characteristic species, of a yellowish-olive colour,
thin in substance, except when incrusted with calcareous
matter, as in Fig. 15 a, with no indication on its surface
of the perpendicular furrows frequent in this genus.

Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.)
Lithodomus caudigerus. Lithod. testd cylindraced,
tenui, IcBvigatd, extremitate anticd appendicibim calca-
reis angnstatis subcaudatd ; rvfescente-castaned.
The tail-bearing Lithodomus. Shell cylindrical,
thin, smooth, anterior extremity tailed with nairow
calcareous appendages ; reddish-chestnut.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 27.
Hab. West Indies.

We need scarcely remark that the calcareous incrusta-
tion protruding beyond the anterior extremity of this shell
is no specific characterisfic.

Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.)
Lithodomus castaneus. Lithod. testd cylindraced, tenui,

imdique gibbosimculd et lavigdta ; castaned.
The chestnut Lithodomus. Shell cylindrical, thin, ra-
ther gibbous throughout and smooth ; chestnut.
DuNKEE, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hab. ?

Of extremely simple character, without any appearance
of furrowed sculpture.

October, 1857.

litJiodvmiis. PI IV.

^-,

Swverby Ad. etlith

YiTicennt, ^looks Imj

L I T H 0 DO M U S.

Species 18. (Miis. Cuming.)

LiTHODOMUS EUGIFERUS. Litlwd. testd cylindraced, te-
nui, convexd, extremitalibus snhtequaliter rotimdatis ;
Jlavescenie-castaned, parte posticd crustd calcared d&tsi'
rugiferd.

The wrinkled Lithodomus. Shell cylindrical, thin,
convex, extremities nearly equally rounded ; yellow-
ish-chestnut, posterior part with the calcareous crust
densely wrinkled.

DuNKER, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hab. ^- ?

A shell of rather slight substance, incrustcd with a
wriiikk'-roughened calcareous coating.

Species 19. (Mas. Cuming.)
Lithodomus Hanleyanus. Lithod. kdd parvimculd,

rottmdato-cylindraced, ienuissimd, mdici subexcavald

et rngvlosd.
Hanley's Lithodomus. Shell rather small, rotundately

cylindrical, very thin, anteriorly slightly excavated

and rugidose.
DuNKER, MS. in Mus. Cuming.
JIah. Suez.

In this very slight species the wrinkled sculpture of the
calcareous coating is at the anterior end.

Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.)
Lithodomus appendiculatus. Lilhod. kdd mdjcyHn-
drucm, IrEvic/ald, postire ruhindidu, nnlirc nUninciti'i,

area superi.ore utrinqiip cxcavald, appfiidic/bm Mediu-
ms prominuUs.

The appendaged Lithodomus. Shell nearly cylindri-
cal, smooth, posteriorly rounded, anteriorly attenu-
ated, upper area excavated on both sides, the middle
appendages being rather prominent.

Modiola appendicidata, Philippi, Abbild. and Bcsch. Conch,
vol. ii. p. 150. pi. 1. f. 4.

Ilab. Cuba.

Characterized by an excavation running on each side,
from the ligamentary area to the anterior extremity, wliieh
produces a raised wing-like prominence in the centre.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lithodomus Malaccanus. Lithod. testd parviusculd,
lenui, angusie cylindraced, postice rotmulatd, antice
attenuatd et rugoso-exaratd.

The Malacca Lithodomus. Shell rather small, thin,
narrowly cylindrical, posteriorly rounded, anteriorly |
attenuated and wrinklc-furrnw<'(i. j

Hab. Malacca. i

Of rather narrower cylindrical form than the preceding

species, conspicuously attenuated and wrinkle-furrowed at

the anterior end.

Species 32. (I'ig. «, b, Mus. Cuming.)

JjIthodomus bi-excavatus. Lithod. testd cylindraced,
naviformi, postice convexd, Iceviijatd. antic}: hiradialim
angulato-excavatd, rugosd.
The doubly-excavated Lithodomus. Shell cylindri-
cal, boat-shaped, posteriorly convex, smooth, anteri-
orly biradiately angularly excavated, rough.
Hab. Island of St. Thomas, West Indies.

Very closely allied to the preceding species, but of ra-
ther different form, more decidedly excavated down each
anterior slope, though the upper middle portion of the
valves is less prominent.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)
Lithodomus plumula. Lithod. testd ehngato-ryUndra-
ced, postice rotundatd, leevigatd, antice attenuatd, pc-
cidiariter ngoso-plumulatd.
The fe.\ther Lithodomus. Shell elongately cylindri-
cal, posteriorly rounded, smooth, anteriorly attenu-
ated, peculiarly roughly feathered.
Hanley, Pro. Zooi. Soc. 1841, p. 17.
Hab. Panama (found imbedded in Spomlyli) ; Cuming.

This species is especially curious in showing the fea-
thery disposition of the incrustation on the anterior
slope.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)
)MUs pessulatus. Lithod. testd cylindraced, pos-

rolinidatd, ontice deciiri-ottennntu. parte pnslicd

()ctol)(

LITIIODOMUS.— I'l.ATE IV.

perpendicithiyili'r corriigatd, anlica svlmcdvatit et ru-
gose plmmdatd.

The bakked Litiiodomus. Shell cyliudrical, posteri-
orly rounded, anteriorly slopingly attenuated, poste-
rior part perpendicidarly wrinkled, anterior slightly
excavated and roughly feathered.

Ilah. ?

This little species is sharply attenuated, whilst the in-
crustation is roughly wrinkled on the posterior as well as
anterior side.

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTHouoMUS CANALIFERUS. Litliod. testa cyl'mdraced,
postice rotmidaid, antice bi-radiatim excavatd et an-
gmte multi-canaliculatd.

The channelled Lituodomus. Shell cylindrical, pos-
teriorly rounded, anteriorly biradiately excavated and
narrowly many-clianaelled.

Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. IG.
Hab. Island of Zebu, Philippines ; Cuming.

The calcareous crust in this species takes a very charne-
teristic form, being rayed on the anterior slope in deep
narrow ciiannels.

Pig. 26. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTHODOMUS SUBULA. Litliod. testd elongatd, postice glo-
bosd, antice subacute attenuatd, parte posticd lavigatd,
anticd anguste canaliculatd et riigoso-plumulatd.

The awl Lithodomxjs. Shell elongated, posteriorly
globose, anteriorly rather sharply attenuated, poste-
rior part smooth, anterior narrowly channelled aud
roughly feathered.

ffa/,, ■?

Allied to L. plumula, but more sharply attenuated, and
more narrowly channelled along the edge of the anterior
slope.

lidwJ^mj^s, It. v.

S!^

■VSntexil Bxcoks Imy

LITIIOUOMUS

spec

(M.H.Cn.ning.)

LlTHonoMUs BAiiBATUS. Lifh. tcntd ohUqm oMongii,
medio ohlme. angidald, lenvi, corned, minute ijrmin-
lato-airiatd, epidermirle vermis extremitatcvi hnrbatd
indutd.

The beakded Lithodomis. Sliell oliliquely oblong,
obtusely angled clown tlic middle, thin, horny, mi-
nutely grannlately striated, covered with an epider-
mis which towards the extremity is bearded.

Ifah. Sydney (in mnd at the depth of six fathoms) ;
Cuming.

The smallest species of the genus, of delicate liorny
substance, minutely grain-striated, covered towards the
extremity with a bearded epidermis.

grained sculpture on the hollow anterior area, while the
posterior is finely striated.

Species 28. (Fig. «, b, Mus. Cuming.)

LiTiioDOMCS SEMiGRANATUs. Lith. testd obUque orctt-
n/d, sttbirregulari, medio obtuse angulatd, pelhicido-
corned, pontice leevigatd, aniice graniilafo-striafd, epi-
derraide pilosd versiM extremitatem indiitd.

The HALF-GRAINED LiTHODOMUS. Shell obliquely arched,
rather irregular, obtusely angled down the middle,
transparent-horny, smooth posteriorly, gi'anularly stri-
ated anteriorly, covered towards the extremity with a
hairy epidermis.

//ab. ?

This differs from the preceding species in being of a

more irregular arched growth, grain-striated only on the

posterior area.

Species 39. (Fig. 29 and 32, Mus. Ci

LiTHODOMUS GossEi. Lit//, tf'sld elouffnto-cuneiformi,
umbojtibus abrupte angulato-compressis, area antica
concavd ; lutescente, postice crebristriatd, antice valide
grmiato-decassatd.

Gosse's LiTHODOMUS. Shell elongately wedge-shaped,
umboes abruptly angularly compressed, anterior area
concave ; yellowish, closely striated posteriorly,
strongly grauularly decussated anteriorly.

Hah. Jamaica ; G'osse.

A very characteristic species, fretted with decnssately-

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTHODOMUS LANIGER. Lith. testd elongatd, .loliduld,
aulice acuminato-contortd, medio gihbom, obtuse angu-
latd, conspicue ■ttriatd, epidermide tonui, corned, aniire
dense pilosd.

The woolly Lithodomus. Shell elongated, rather so-
lid, anteriorly acuminately twisted, gibbous in the
middle, obtusely angled, conspicuously striated, with
a thin horny epidermis, anteriorly densely hairy.

DuNKER, MS. in Mus. Cuming.

Hob. Australia.

A narrow angularly distorted shell, curiously attenuated

towards the anterior extremity, which is densely hairy.

Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.)
LiTHODOMUS SPLENDIDDS. Lith. testd oblongd, navi-
formi, utrinque injlatd, radiatim striatd, margine dor-
sali arcuato mibangulato, ventrali postice sinuato ; at-
bidd, epidermide nitente castaned indutd, antice sub-
pilosd.
The SPLENDID LiTHODOMUS. Shell oblong, boat-shaped,
inflated on each side, rad lately striated, dorsal margin
arched, slightly angled, ventral posteriorly sinuated ;
whitish, covered with a shining-chestnut epidermis,
rather hairy anteriorly.
Folsella splend'ida, Dunker, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 365.
Hab. Sydney.

Very broadly inflated, and covered with a beautiful shin-
ing-horny epidermis.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)

LiTHODOMUS ARGENTEUS. Lith. testd trigono-cuneiformi,
lateribns contractd, pellucido-corned, albicante, postice
elongato-striatd, antice radiatim striatd.

The silvery Lithodomus. Shell triangularly wedge-
shaped, contracted at the sides, transparent-horny ;
whitish, posteriorly elongately striated, anteriorly ra-
diatelv striated.

January, 1858.

LITHODOMUS.— Platr Y.

Eab. ?

More contiMcttdly angled than ai
species, and sculptured with fine threi
ing over each side in different directii

y of the preceding
d-likc striae, extend-

Species 34. (Mus. Cuming.)
LiTHODOMUS DIVARICATDS. Lilh. teat.li elongalo-trape-
dnd, anlice attenuata, margine dorsali concavo, medio
acute angulato, ventrali subcanaliculato, superficie an.
tied eoncmne divaricatim tenuktriatn, posticd lavigatd,
corned.

The 1)1V.\ricate Lithodomus. Shell elongately trape-
zoid, attenuated anteriorly, dorsal margins concave,
then sharply angled, ventral faintly channelled, ante-
rior surface neatly divaricately finely striated, poste-
rior smooth, horny.
I Fhilippi, Zeitschrift fiir Malae. 1847, p. 115.
Hah. West Indies.

Distinguished by a characteristic variation of sculpture,
tiie anterior portion of the shell being beautifully di-
varicately striated, vfhilst the posterior is smooth and
horny.

LITHODOMUS.

note.

Antillarum (_Mod.), Philippi . . II.

appendiculatus (Mod.), Philippi IV.

aigeuteus, lieeve V.

attenuatus {Mod.), Desbayes . . III.

barbatus, Heeve V.

bi-excavatus, J{eeve IV.

canaliferus, Hanley IV.

castaneus, Bunker III.

caudigerus, Lamarck III.

cinuamominus (Mt/L), Chemnitz I.

coarctatus {Vohclla), Duuker . . III.

corrugatus {Mod.), Pliilippi ... I.

Cumingiauus, Danker II.

divaricatus, Philippi V.

Gossei, Reeve V.

gracilis {Mod.), Philippi I.

Gnmeri, Philippi . HI.

Hanleyanus, Bunker IV.

laniger, Bunker V.

lithophagus {Myt.), Liunaeus . . II.

Malaccanus, Reeve IV.

Malayanus {Mod.), Philippi. ... I.

nasutus {Mod.), Philippi II.

obesus (Mod.), Philippi I.

pessulatus, Reeve IV.

plumula, Hanley IV.

rugiferus, Bunker IV.

semigranatus, Reeve V.

splendidus {Vohella), Duiiker. V.

straraineus, Bunker II.

siibula, Reeve IV .

teres, Philippi III.

truticatus, Gray I.

19
30

9
20

2
10

(i
24
28
IS

31
11

26

MONOGRAPH

OF THE GENUS

A V I C U L A.

" lie saw Ihc form of his promised bride,
Tlie sun sliouc on her golden hair.
And her ehcelc was gloiving fresh and fair
Willi till- breath of morn and the soft sea-air."

Longfellow.

Avimla ,Fl.I.

oowerby i

Vincent Brooks imp

A V I C U L A.

Genus AVICULA, Kld,i.
Tenia irregidaris, nunc orbiculuris 7umc oblique trigona,
latere antico plus minus elongato-alato, fibro-lamina-
ris, inajuivahis, lacuna pro bijsso, intus plerumque
margaritaced. Gardo edentulus, sed tuberculo obscuro
in uiraque valvd infra umbones plerumque instructus.
Ligamentum lineare, in medio plus minus dilatatum.
Impressio muscularis centralis.
Shell irregular, sometimes orbicular, sometimes obli(iMely
triangular, with the anterior side more or less elou-
gately winged, fibro-laminar, inequivalve, having an
opening for the byssus, interior iieuerally pearly.
Hinge toothless, but mostly furnished in each valve
beneath the umboes with an obscure tubercle. Liga-
ment linear, more or less dilated in the middle. Mus-
cular impression central.
Under this head are included the Lamarckian Avicula
represented by the characteristic A. macropfera and /mle-
roptera, and Mehagrina, of which the great Pearl Oyster,
A. margaritifera, is the type. Though differing materially
in shape, the animal is the same, and a close inspection of
the shell will show that even the roundest form of Melea-
grina possesses the rudiment of a winged process. Like
all shells that live attached to rocks by a byssus, the Avi-
cula vary greatly in general form, and the same species is
often so variable in growth that it is not easy to identify it
by description. In substance the Amculcs are fibro-lami-
nar like the Pinna, and many are remarkable for the beau-
tifully furbelowed scales which they develope, and for the
exquisitely festooned and serrated character of the epider-
mis. The external stria; are often deposited like concen-
tric silken ridges.

Many of the Avicula secrete pnaris iu addition to the
well-known A. luargaritifira . Mr. Cuming possesses fine

pearls taken from the A. macroplna, and some of a jjccu-
liarly delicate warm hue produced by the A. pica.

The Avicula are abundant in the tropical and sub-tem-
perate seas, and are handsomely represented on our own
shores by the A. Tarenlina of the Mediterranean. The
smaller species, some of which are extremely fragile, attach
themselves chiefly to bunches of Zoophytes.

Species L (Fig. 1 and 21, Mus. (Juming.)
Avicula margaritifeea. Avic. testa orbiculari, plano-
convexd, superne recta, postice subsinuatd, ubique con-
centrice laminatd, laminis versus marginem in seriebm
longitudinalibus squamarmn prodmtis, squamis plus
minus irregulariter contortis; grkeo-oUvaced, prope
uiubonem virescenle.
The pearly Avicula. Shell orbicular, flatly convex,
straight at the upper part, slightly sinuated on the
posterior side, everywhere concentrically laminated,
lamina; produced towards the margin into longitu-
dinal rows of scales, scales more or less irreonlarlv
twisted ; greyish-olive, green near the umbo.
Mytilus margariti/er, Limia;us, Syst. Nat. p. 1153.
Margarita Sinensis, Leach.
Avicula margarilifera, De Roissy.
Meleagrina mxirgaritiftra, Lamarck.
Avicula meleagrina, De Blainville.
Avicula radiata, Leach.
Hab. Tropical and sub-tropical seas iu both hemispheres.
Of this colossal species, the well-known Pearl Oyster
of the South Seas, we have figured a young specimen at
Plate VIII., to show the nature of its sculpture in an early
stage of growth. As the shell advances in age, and the
valves thicken, the sculpture becomes obsolete.

JyiadaFl.Jl,

Sowsriy del aliti

Vincent Biooks Imp .

AVICULA.

Plate II.

Species 2 (Mus. Cuming.)

AvicULA MACROPTERA. Avic. testd longUudinaliter mb-
quadrato-ohlonyd, obliqnd, plus minus gibbosd, fusco-
nigricante, soUde corned, pallide radiatd, sgitamulis
fuscis minute ctuipidatis verms tnarginem plus minus
indtttd; superne dense incequiMerali, extremitate an-
ticu in alam angustam Imgissimam prodnctd.

The long-winged Avicula. Shell longitudinally some-
what squarely oblong, oblique, more or less gibbous,
brown-black, solidly horny, faintly rayed, more or
less covered towards the margin with minutely cus-
pidate brown scales ; very inequilateral at the upper

part, anterior extremity produced into a ver\- long

nai'row wing.
Lamaeck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 97.
Ilab. Moluccas.

This fine species, besides being distinguished by the
long narrow winged prolongation of the anterior side, is
peculiarly rayed with pale longitudinal bands, showing
the places where minute cuspidate scales have been at-
tached. In well-preserved specimens these minute scales,
having the edges finely curled, cluster very densely about
the margin and in the arched hollow between the body
of the shell and the wing.

Aviml^i. PUD.

&,'si" Iiraols Imp .

A V I C U L A.

Species 3. (Mus. Brit.)

Avu'iJLA LOTORIUM. Avic. iestd longitudmaliter obhngd,
obliqud, solirlimcula, ampliter gibbosa, margaritiferd,
cupre.o-rufd, extus fusco-nigrd, corned, decmmtim stri-
ata, ■nipenie obtuse alatd.

The bath Avicula. Shell longitudinally oblong, ob-
lique, rather solid, largely gibbous, pearly, coppery-
red, externally brown-black, horny, decussately stri-
ated, obtusely winged at the upper part.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 97.

Lavacrum cupreum, Chemnitz
Hoi. ?

M. Deshaycs regards this species as a variety of A. ma-
crop/ern, with the anterior wing not produced. We en-
tirely coincide with Lamarck's view, that it is distinct.
The shell is of more solid growth, and more amply gib-
bous, while the pearly uacre, as remarked by Chemnitz, is
of a peculiar deep coppery-red.

March, 1857.

AvimU; PIJV.

uwnlij fld^ 'J Ml

ViHOTiv Broote Imp

^> r

A V I C U L A.

Species -i. (5Ius. Cuming.)

AvicULA FLEXUOSA. Avic. testa iubquadratd, tenuiculd,
compressa, suhdistorti, valde incsquilaterali, superni
recta, postice vix alatd, longitudinaliter Jiexuose squa-
matd, sqiianm partis, plants, cmpidatis, hie illic ohso-
letis, ref/ulariter descen-denlibm.

The flexuous Avicula. Shell somewhat square, rather
thin, compressed, somewhat distorted, very inequi-
lateral, straight at the upper part, scarcely winged
posteriorly, longitudinally flexuously scaled, scales
small, flat, cuspid, here and there obsolete, descend-
ing regularly.

Hal>. Cape Hillsborough, North Australia ; Jukes.

A shell of somewhat square growth, having rather a
distorted appearance, sculptured with small cuspid scales
descending in comparatively distant flexuous rays.

Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.)

.\viuuLA LATA. Avic. testa transverse oblongo-quadratd,
suddistortd, valde inaquilaterali, postice parum alatd,
late sinuatd, concentrice dense filo-striatd, intense rufo-
CMtaned, squamulis minutis, irregulariter curcatis,
versus marginem concentrice indutd.

The broad Avicula. Shell transversely oblong-square,
rather distorted, very inequilateral, but little winged
posteriorly, broadly sinuated, concentrically densely
thread-striated, dark reddish-chestnut, covered to-

wards the margin with close-set irregularly festooned

minute scales.
Gray, MS., Brit. Mus.
Hab. Port Essington and Raines' Island, Torres Straits,

Australia ; Lieutenant luce.
An extremely characteristic species, of a peculiar red-
dish-chestnut colour, sculptured throughout with close-set
thread-like concentric strife of growth, and covered to-
wards the margin with minute irregularly festooned scales,
which have the appearance of a dense pile.

Species G. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula Cumingii. Avic. testa orbiculari, piano-con-
vexd, superne recta, postice vix sinuatd, iibique concen-
trice et longitudinaliter sqiiamatd, squavm longitudi-
7ialibtts crispato-spathulatis, valde promiscuis, intense
virescente-olivaced, pallide radiatd.
Cuming's Avicula. Shell orbicular, flatly convex,
straight at the upper part, scarcely sinuated poste-
riorly, everywhere concentrically and longitudinally
scaled, longitudinal scales crispately spathulate, very
promiscuous, dark greenish-olive, faintly rayed.
Uab. Lord Hood's Island, Pacific Ocean (attached to
rocks, at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.
This fine species is quite remarkable for the dense forest
of scales with which it is sculptured throughout, the scales
being of an irregular crispately spathulate growth, deve-
loped in the most fantastic and promiscuous manner.

March, 1857.

Aviaf/u. M. \.

'%

A V I C U L A.

Plate V.

Species 7. (Fig. 7 and n, Mus. Cuming.)
AvicuLA FLABELLUM. Avic. tesid oblique siiborbiculari,
postice late subsinuatd, pellucido-corned, sqmmis lan-
ceolatis fragiliss'mis concentrice longitudinaliter ra-
diatd, pallide olivaced, piirpHreo-nigricante irregula-
ritiir radiaUm tinctd.
The fan Avicula. Shell obliquely suborbicular, slightly
broadly sinuated posteriorly, transparent horny, con-
centrically and longitudinally rayed with extremely
fragile spear-like scales, pale olive, irregularly radi-
ately smeared with purple-black.
Hub. Venezuela.

The characteristic sculpture of this species, which is of
a comparatively fragile horny texture, consists of a mass
of more fragile lanceolate scales, arranged for the most
part with tolerable regularity. The shell is more or less
radiately smeared with purple-black.

Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula barbata. Avic. testa orbiculari, supeme redd,
plano-convexd, olivaceo-Jlamcante, concentrice lami-
natd, versus marginem dense squamatis, squamis plano-
coclilemiformibus, regulariter seqnentibtis.

The bearded Avicula. Shell orbicular, straight at the
upper part, flatly convex, olive-yellow, concentrically
laminated, densely scaled towards the margin, scales
Hatly spoon-shaped, following regularly.

Hab. Panama (under stones at low water) ; Cuming.

Distinguished from A. Cumingii by the regular sequence
of the scales, which, so far as we have observed, are only
developed near the margin, and by its yellower tone of
colour. The species is also fi-om a different locality, and
possesses a distinct uniformity of character throughout.

March, 1857.

jAinila, PI. II.

^

A V I C U L A.

Plate VI.

Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.)

AvicDLA ALA-PEKDlcis. Avic. testd subquadrato-orbl-
culari, oblique convexd, superne redd, postice anffulaio-
sinuaid, semipellucido-corned, purpureo-nifescmte ra-
diatd, undique dense sqimmatd, squamis trigono-lanceo-
latis, fragilibus, peculia?iter marmoratd.

The paetridge-winq Avicula. Shell somewhat squarely
orbicular, obliquely convex, straight at the top, pos-
teriorly angularly siuuated, semitransparent, horny,
rayed with purple-red, densely scaled throughout,
scales triangularly lanceolate, fragile, peculiarly mot-
tled.

Hab. West Indies.

Of this horny species, delicately rayed with purple-red,
the scales are prominently festooned in their made of de-
velopment, whilst in substance and appearance they are
fragile and peculiarly mottled.

Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula imbricata. Avic. testa subquadratd, planius-
culd, postice angulato-prodnctd, parum simiatd, oU-
vaceo-flavicante, undique dense imbricato-squamatd,
squamis cuspidatis, appressis, regularibus.
The imbricated Avicula. Shell somewhat square,
rather flat, posteriorly angularly produced, but little
sinuated, olive-yellow, everywhere densely imbri-
cately scaled, scales cuspid, appressed, regidar.
Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

The scales of this species arc very numerous, flatly ap-
pressed, pointed, and of unusually regular growth.

Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula mubicata. Avic. testd suboblique quadratd,
solidiusculd, leviter convexd, postice arcuato-sinuatd,
flavicante, marmorato-nigro interrupte strigatd, versus
marginem dense squamatd, squamis angulato-lanceo-
latis, regularibus.
The prickly Avicula. Shell somewhat obliquely square,
rather solid, slightly convex, posteriorly arcuately
siuuated, pale yellow, inteiTuptedly streaked with
mottled black, densely scaled towards the margin,
scales angularly lanceolate, regular.
Hab. Philippine Islands.

The colouring of this species is characteristic, the sur-
face being of a yellowish cast, interruptedly rayed with
marbled-black, and the scales are prominently pointed.

Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula lentiginosa. Avic. testd subquadratd, postice
late brevi-alatd, parum sinuatd, planiusculd, spadiceo-
fuscescente, alho radiatim lentiginosa, irregnlariter
laminato-squamatd, squamis simplicibus, Jdc illic ob.su-
iHis.
The freckled Avicula. Shell somewhat square, pos-
teriorly broadly short-winged, but little sinuated,
rather flat, fawn-brown, radiately freckled with white,
irregularly laniinately scaled, scales simple, here and
there obsolete.
Hab. Moluccas.

In this species the scales are only obscurely developed
with the iiTegular lamina; of growth. The colour of the
shell is a pale fawn-brown, distinguished by a character-
istic pattern of mottled-white rays.

March, 1857.

Avimla, PI. W.

Miwaiiy rlel ttMi

"Vincent. Brooks Imp

AVICULA.

Plate VII.

Fig. 14. (Mus. Cuming.) I Fig. 16. (Mus. Cuming.)

The shell here figured is intended to represent luwther j A variety qI A.fiahdlmn, represented at PI. V. Fig. 7,

state of the curiously mottled species A. ala-perdick, de- j which it is necessary to give in illustration of its exquisite

ribed at Fig. 10 in the preceding Plate.

Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.)

-IvicULA PR.'ETEXTA. Aeic. testd mihqtmdratd, postice
late siimatd, lavigald, livido-spadiced, aiaculis pallidis
radiatd, maculis Uneis opaco-albis corrugatis.

The laced Avicula. Shell somewhat square, poste-
riorly broadly sinuatcd, smooth, livid-fawn, rayed
with pale blotches, blotches wrinkled with opake-
white lines.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines ; Cuming.

Of a peculiar livid-fawu colour, rayed with pale oblong

blotches, which are curiously wrinkled across with opake-

white lines.

variety of sculpture.

Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula teghlata. Avic. tedd mhqnadraid, poalice late
alatd, plana, tenui, suhcorned, spadiced, rufo-tinctd,
vel liiteo-virescente, allio radiatd, squamatd, squamis
tmuibus, planatis, subelonffatis, distantibus.

The tuatched Avicdla. Shell somewhat square, pos-
teriorly broadly winged, flat, thin, sub-horny, fawn,
tinged with red or yellowish-green, rayed with white,
scaled, scales thin, flattened, rather elongated and
distant.

Eab. Moreton Bay, Australia.

A thin broadly winged species, scarcely sinuated, of

rather horny substance, of a reddish or yellowish-green

hue, faintly white-rayed, armed in the rays with rather

distant, prolonged, thin, flattened scales.

March, 1857

Avimla^FLYm.

iliy id etliih

VmceBt Jruoks Imp

A V I C U L A.

Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.)
AvicULA HYSTiiix. Avic. testa suhglobosd, ienui, corned,
virescente, paUide radiald, spinis vitt(eformibus eloii-
gatis, promiscue curvatis, e Imninibus tennibus projectis,
induid.
The porcupine Avicula. Shell subglobose, thin, horny,
green, faintly rayed, covered with long ribbon-like
spines, promiscuously curved, projected from fine
laminae.

Hab. ?

This little species of thin globular form is distinguished
from all other species of the genus by its long promiscu-
ously curved ribbon-like spines.

Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.)
AvicuLA RUTILA. Acic. testa ohlique siibqiiadratd, tenui,

IcBvigatd, pellncidd, aneo-rufescente.
The ruddy Avicula. Shell obliquely subquadrate, thin,

smooth, transparent, coppery -red.
Hab. .-Vustralia ; Strange.

Of very simple structure, being of a thin transparent
coppery-red substance, somewhat rudely developed, with
out any indication of scales or over-lapping laminae.

Species ii. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula pulchella. Avic. testa peroblique ovatd, su-
perne awjmtiore, convexiusculd, teniiissmd, pellueido-
corned, Jiamniid'is rufis angustis radiatd,m.aculis nigris
linels stibtilibits opaco-albis commistis.

The pretty Avicula. Shell very obliquely ovate, nar-
rower at the upper part, rather convex, very thin,
transparent horny, rayed with narrow red flames, in-
termixed with black blotches and fine opake-white
lines.

Hub. riiilipplnc Islands ; Cuming.

An exceedingly transparent shell, curiously painted
with interrupted rays of black spots, narrow red flames
and fine opake-vvhile lines. The shell is of very oblique
growth, and broader at the base than at the upper part.

Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula perviuidis. Avic. testd oblique ovatd, convexi-
usculd, superne late alatd, corned, perviridi, paUide
radiatd, squamis paucis eximiis mucronatis prope
margvnem.

The green Avicula. Shell obliquely ovate, rather con-
vex, broadly winged at the upper part, horny, bright
green, faintly rayed, with a few delicate pointed scales
near the margin.

llab. Australia ; Strange.

Of an unusually bright-green horny substance, faintly

rayed, with a few flattened pointed scales in the rays near

the margin.

Fig. 21. (Mus. Cuming.)
The young state of the large Avicula margaritifcra, de-
scribed and figured at PI. I.

Species 23. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula radula. Avic. testa subquadratd, planiusculd,
irregulari, circa iimbones lavigatd, deinde squamulis
acvdis fimbriatis appressis armatd, albd, luteo-tinctd.

The rasp Avicula. Shell somewhat square, rather ap-
pressed, irregular, smooth around the umboes, then
armed with flat pointed frilled scales, white, tinged
with yellow.

Hab. '■:

A yellow-stained opake-white shell, of rude irregular

growth, beset with appressed sharp-pointed frilled scales.

Species 24. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula occa. Avic. testd oblique ovatd, convexiusculd,
preesertim valm dextrd, corned, solidimculd, olivaced,
nigra interrupte radiald, conspicue squamatd, squamis
planis, crispatis, mannoratis.

The harrow Avicula. Shell obliquely ovate, rather
convex, especially the right valve, horny, rather solid,
olive, rayed with interrupted black, conspicuously
scaled, scales flat, crisp, mottled.

Uab. lied Sea.

Allied to A. ala-perdicis, from which it differs chiefly in

the scales being larger and more regularly festooned.

March, 1857.

AMnda,T7.II.

Tbj M.etlttli .

"^finoetii !BioQkB Imp .

AVICULA.

Plate IX.

Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.)

AvicuLA FIMBRIATA. Avic. te.stu, subqiiodrato-ovatd, su-
perne lata, tcnui, planiusculd, Ifevigatd, irreyulari,
squamis laminaribus versus marginem late fimbriatd,
pallide spadked.
I'he fuebelowed Avicola. Shell somewhat squarely
ovate, broad at the upper part, thin, rather flat,
smooth, irregular, broadly furbelowcd towards the
margin with laminar scales, pale ftiwn-eolour.
Hab. North-west coast of Australia (uuder pieces of coral
at low water) ; J. E. Dring.
Of rather sliglit irregular structure, thin and flat, orna-
mented towards the margin with conspicuous rows of
brnadlv frilled lamina?.

Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avict'LA Anomioides. Avic. testa siibcirculari, siib-Pec-
tiniformi, tenui, lavigald, pelliicido-albd, vircsceide
pallide radiatd, ad marginem obsolete rugoso-laminatd.

The Anomia-like Avicula. Shell nearly circular, some-
what Pecten-shaped, thin, smooth, transparent-white,
faintly rayed with pale green, obsoletely roughly la-
minated at the margin.

Uab. ?

A very characteristic species, of semitransparent white

Anomia-like substance, rayed with pale green in a manner

very unusual in this genus, the edge being rudely jagged

with short broken laniiiiffi.

Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.)
ICULA SIGILLATA. Avic. iestd subquadrato-ovtttd, irre-

gulari, lavigatd, pelliwido-albd, purpureo-nigricante
circa umbones tinctd et radiatd, fasciis opaco-albis
prope marginem radiatd, ddnde laminis planis fim-
briatd.
The bruised Avicula. Shell somewhat squarely ovate,
irregular, smooth, transparent-white, rayed and
stained about the umboes with purple-black, rayed
near the margin with opake-white bands, then frilled
with flat laminse.
Hab. Cape Hillsborough, North Australia ; Jukes.

This shell is of the same transparent white Anomia-Hke
substance as the preceding species, but differs materially
in form, and is more or less stained with purple-black.
Near the margin it is curiously marked with opake-white
radiating bands, and at the edge is broadly flatly frilled.

Species 28. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula cetua. Avic. te.'itd subqitadratd, siipeme latis-
simd, Icevigatd, sordide spadiced, irregulariter obsolete
laminatd, versus marginem dense radiatim squamatd,
sqitamis minutis, plants, cuspidatis, subdistantibus, pe-
cidiariter marmoratis.

The shield Avicdla. Shell somewhat square, very
broad at the upper part, smooth, dirty fawn-colour,
irregularly obsoletely laminated, towards the margin
densely radiatcly scaled, scales minute, flat, cuspid,
rather distant, peculiarly mottled.

Eab. ?

The chief characteristic of this thin broadly square spe-
cies is its sculpture of minute flat cuspid mottled scales,
arranged in regular radiating rows.

March, 18.5 7.

J?i3^:^S3ri»

AHnda , Tl. X.

Wii

#

uowerty iM stM"

l/incenL Bioo^ imp.

A V I C U L A

Plate X.

Species 29. (Fi-. 29 and 31, Miis. Cuming.)
AviCDLA LACCNATA. Mic. kst/i mbquadrato-ovatd, cou-
vexittsciild, tenui, lutescente-corned, compicue dense
laminatd, laminis in spinis lacunatis Jimbriatis pro-
jects.
The guttered Avicula. Siicll somewhat squarely ovate,
rather convex, thin, yellowish-horny, conspicuously
densely laminated, the laminae projecting into fes-
tooned guttered spines.
Hah. Australia.

Tlie surface of this species is remarkable for its very
elaborate system of horny lamina;, projected into fes-
tooned guttered spines.

Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula irrasa. Avk. testa suicircular/., temnculd,
corned, concentrice lamlnato-striatd, deinde sjiiamis
angustis plants dense regulariter obsitd, pallide spa-
diceo-rufd.
The unshorn Avicula. Shell nearly circular, rather
thin, horny, concentrically laminately striated, then
densely regularly beset with flat narrow scales, light
fawu-red.
JM. ?

A light nearly circular species, of a delicate fawn-red
colour, thickly rayed with close-set flattened narrow scales.

Species 33. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula .-erata. Jvic. testa subquadratd, tenuicidn,
coHvexd, prasertim valvd dextrd, postice subsinmld,
areo-lutescente, obsolete tenuilamimtd, squamis tmui-
bus nunwrosis parvis plants marmoratis obsitd.

The bronze Avicula. Shell somewhat square, rather
thin, conve.x, especially the right valve, posteriorly
slightly siuuated, bronze - yellow, obsoletely finely

laminated, beset with numerous small thin Hat mot-
tled scales.
Ilab. Australia.

Chiefly distinguished by its yellowish-bronze hue, thin
in substance, and regularly beset with small flat mottled
scales.

Sjiecies 33. (Fig. 33 and 31, Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula NEBULOSA. Jvic. testa oblique quadratd, coii-
vexiusculd, prasertim valvd dextrd, soUdiuseuld, postice
subsinuatd, intus vivide margaritaced, extus rugosd,
muticd, sordide alba, nigro profuse uebulosd.

The clouded Avicula. Shell obliquely square, rather
convex, especially the right valve, rather solid, pos-
teriorly slightly sinuated, richly pearly in the interior,
externally rough, without sculpture, dull white, pro-
fusely clouded with black.

Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Soc. Philadelphia, vol. vii.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

A rather solid black clouded species, void of any ex-
ternal sculpture, remarkable for the rich delicate golden
hue of its internal nacre.

Species 35. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula irradians. Avic. testa sub-Pectiuiformi, irre-
gulari, planiusculd, lavigatd vel obsolete laminatd
circa umbones, deinde rude squamatis, squamis cris-
patis, valde irregularibus ; albidd, rufo-radiatd.
The R.4.YED Avicula. Shell somewhat Pecten-shaped,
irregidar, rather flat, smooth or obsoletely laminated
around the umboes, then rudely scaled, scales crisp,
very irregular; whitish, rayed with red.
Hab. Australia.

An irregularly formed species, of
a characteristic manner with red.

itish hue, rayed in

March, IS 57.

Arinrla, Fl. XT.

^W

SowBily (Ul et.lit1)

'^

Vincent. BTortr. Irap

AVICULA.

Plate XL

Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.)

AvicuL.\ ZEBK.4. jivic. testa perobli que trapezoidea, sii-
penii lata, recta, posfice vix simiala, medio elonyato-
convexa, Ifemgatd, peUiicido-cornett, llneis nigricante-
fiims didaidibM promiscne vmjaid.
The zebra Avicula. Shell very obliquely trapezoid,
broad and straight at the uj)per part, posteriorly
scarcely sinuated, elonpiately convex in the middle,
smooth, transparent horny, promiscuously striped
with distant black-brown lines.
Ihih. Jloreton Bay, Australia.

This little Avicula, of which three specimens are exhi-
bited in the accompanying figure, attached by their byssus
to a bunch of Sertnlari/e, is of a peculiarly oblique form
and bright transparent horny substance, promiscuously
striped with distant black-brown lines.

Species 37. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula flammata. Avic. tenia oblique quadratd, siib-

depressd, superne angustd, pellucido-corned, fiammia

rvfo-fmcis fasciatim radiald.
The flamed Avicula. Shell obliquely square, rather

depressed, narrow at the upper part, transparent

horny, rayed with bands of red-brown flames.
Hah. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

A small transparent horny species, of somewhat rude
oblique growth, rayed with bands of red-brown (lames,
and having a delicate tortcise-shell aspect.

Species 38. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula scalpta. Avic. testa oblique quadratd, supernii
angudiusculd, convexd ; pallide pellucido-corned, liiwis
capillaribus opaco-albis, promincue divergentibm, ra-
dial d.
The scratched Avicula. Shell obliquely square, ra-
ther narrow at the upper part, convex ; pale trans-
parent horny, rayed with opake-white hair-lines, pro-
miscuously diverging.
Ilah. Australia.

A rather convex shell, of a pale, horny texture, curi-
ously marked with opake-white hair-lines, promiscuouslv
divergi

■oft-.

Species 39. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula Pernoides. Avic. testa oblique circulari, sn-
periie subanyu.std, pland, solidiusculd, rugosd, mitticd,
ad marginem irregulariler crenatd ; lutescente-albd,
purpureo-nigro radiald et compicue marmoratd.

The Pekna-like Avicula. Shell obliquely circular, ra-
ther narrow at the upper part, flat, rather solid,
rough, without external sculpture, irregularly notched
at the margin; yellowish-white, rayed and conspicu-
ously mottled with purple-black.

IM. L ?

The most noticeable feature in this species is its bold,
purple-black marbled painting, which is particularly con-
spicuous in the marginal interior.

Species 40. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula assula. Avic. tesld aubquadrato-ovata, solidi-
usculd, poslice subsinuatd, prope umbones obsolete la-
minald, deinde squamis lanceolatis fragilibus fimbria-
tim obsitd ; subcori/ed, purpureo-rufo radiald et mar-
moratd.

The slab Avicula. Shell somewhat squarely ovate, ra-
ther solid, slightly sinuated posteriorly, obsoletely
laminated near the umboes, then beset with festoons
of fragile lanceolate scales ; somewhat homy, rayed
and mottled with purple-red.

Hab. West Indies.

A simple stout horny sIicU, rayed and mottled with

purple-red, densely beset towards the margin with festoons

of fragile lanceolate scales.

Species 41. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula Chamoides. Avic. tesld subquadrato-circulari,
tenni, corned, concentriee laminatd, laminis plus minus
ampliter ramosis ,- olivaced, undato-nigro maculatd.
The Chama-like Avicula. Shell somewhat squarely
circular, thin, horny, concentrically laminated, la-
miuic more or less largely branched ; olive, blotched
with waved black.

Hah. ?

A pretty horny species, of which a cluster of four spe-
cimens is represented within a valve of .'/. margaritifera,
remarkable for the bold Charaa-like branching out of the
eoncentric laminse.

March, 1857.

AruiJ^f, n.M.

f^pwcjliy ild fJ. lith

Vmcent. ilToiiks Imp ,

A V I C U L A.

Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.)

AviciL.^ PUNCTULATA. Jvic. tcstd ohUqw. ovatd, pos-
tice subsinuatd, corned, solidiiisculd, Itsvigatd, vivide
olivaceo-viridi, punctidis minutis opaco-albis radiatd.

The dotted Avioula. Shell obliquely ovate, slightly
sinuated posteriorly, horuy, rather stout, smooth,
bright olive-gi-een, rayed with minute opake-white
dots.

Hah. ?

A rather stout horny species, of a particularly bright
olive-gi-een colour, rayed throughout with minute opake-
white dots.

Species 43. (Tig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
AvicnLA ELECTKINA. Avic. testd oblotigd, plus minm
prodiictd, convexiusculd, lavigatd, vlvide rufo-auran-
tid, pallide radiatd, interdum punctulis opaco-albis as-
persd, valvd dexfrd prope umbonem plus minus nigra
maculatd.
The amber Avicula. Shell obliquely oblong, more or
less produced, rather convex, smooth, bright reddish-
orange, faintly rayed, sometimes sprinkled with
opake-white dots, right valve more or less blotched
with black near the umbo.
Hab. Moluccas.

A species of characteristic oblique oblong growth, re-
markable for its bright reddish-orange colour.

44. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.)
AvicuLA ala-corvi. Jvic. testd oblique oblonfjd, plana,
lingulatd, Icevigatd, irUense purpureo-nigro punctulis
opaco-albis interdma aspersd, sape albd prope itmbones,
purpureo-nigro maculaid.

The crow's-wing Avicula. Shell obliquely oblong,
flat. Ungulate, smooth, deep purple-black, sometimes
sprinkled with opake-white dots, often white near
the umboes, blotched with purple-black.
Ala corvi, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. 144. pi. SI.
f. 727.

Avicula lingulata, Deshayes.
IM. Red Sea.

An obliquely oblong depressed Ungulate form, of a cha-
racteristic deep purjile-black colour, sometimes sprinkled
with opake-white dots.

Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula smaragdina. Avic. testd elongato-oblongd, per-
obliqud, irregulari, convexd, lavigatd, intend smarag-
dina, valvd dextrd saturate maculatd.

The emerald-green Avicula. Shell elongately ob-
long, very oblique, irregular, convex, smooth, dark
emerald-green, right valve darker-blotched.

Hab. Moluccas?

This singular species is of a peculiar narrow oblique

oblong form, of a conspicuous uniform dark green colour.

Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula Malleoides. Avic. testd perobliqtu lingulatd,

depresso-pland, lavigatd, irregulari, virescente-albd.
The Malleus-like Avicula. Shell very obliquely Un-
gulate, depressly flattened, smooth, irregular, green-
ish-white.
Hab. Australia.

Very like a Malleus in form and want of colour, and
also in being void of sculpture.

AviaiU. R.m.

"fe'snt Ifeocife Imj

AVICULA.

Plate
Species 47. (Pig. «, 4, Mus. Cuming.) ,

AvicuLA Tarentina. Jvic. (es(d oMi//ue ovatd, postice
acute alatd, Icevigatd vel obsolete costald, coticentrici I
Jibroso-lamiiiatd, laminis sp'mk muricatis obsitd ; sor- I
(liJe olivaced, purpitrascente-fusco radiatd.

'i'HE Tabentum Avicula. Shell obliquely ovate, pos-
teriorly sharply winged, smooth or obsoletely ribbed,
concentrically fibrously laminated, laminae beset with
prickly spines ; dii-ty olive, rayed with purplish-brown.

Mytilus hirundo, pars, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12th edit. p.
1159.

Avicula hirundo, Tiirton.
Avicula Tarentina, Lamarck.
Amcula falcata, Lamarck.
Avicula aculeata, Sowerby.
Avicula Anglica, Brown.
Avicida Atlaidica, Brown.

}lab. Mediterranean.
This well-known species, which is not uncommon in

the Mediterranean, occurs with rarity on our own coast.

The prickly spines are projected from its fibrous epidermis.

Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.)
.'VvicuLA IRIDESCENS. Avic. lestd oblique trigond, con-
veximcnld, postice late simiafd, striis mimlis uudu-

XIIL

latis undique exsculptd, versus marginem fimbriatis ;
aurantio-rufd, suiiridesce/ile.

The iridescent Avicula. Shell obliquely triangular,
i-ather convex, posteriorly broadly sinuated, sculp-
tured throughout with fine waved stria;, festooned
towards the margin; orange-red, somewhat irides-
cent.

Hab. Moluccas.

Of very oblique growth, but not materially winged, of

a bright orange-red colour, having a bronze or iridescent

hue.

Species 49. (Mus. Cuming.)

AvicDLA castanea. Avic. testa subanguste trartwersd,
perobliqud, coHvexiusculd, postice subprodtcctd, minute
undato-striatd, striis versus margitiem fimbriatis ; in-
tense purpureo-castaned.

The chestnut Avicula. Shell somewhat narrowly
transverse, very oblique, rather convex, posteriorly
somewhat produced, finely wave-striated, striEe fes-
tooned towards the margin ; dark pui-ple-chestnut.

Hab. Island of Mindoro, Phibppines ; Cuming.

The form of this species is narrower transversely and

more winged than the preceding species, and in colour

it is of a very dark purple-chestnut. The sculptm-e is

similar.

March, 1857.

ATiat/^i^, FLUV.

Tfincent 'BroQks Imj.

AVICULA.

Plate XIV.

Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.)

.\viccLA FIBROSA, /hie. testa mbovatd, postice subpro-
dueta, tenuicuUI, convexd ; castaneo-rufd, epidermide
fibrosa dense fiiniriatd, quasi squamidis, indtitd.

The fibeous Avicula. Shell somewhat ovate, poste-
riorly rnther produced, rather thin, convex ; chestnut-
vert, covered with a fibrous epidermis, elaborately fes-
tooned like scales.

IJab. Catanaun, Island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.
A species of elegant form, moderately winged, covered

with a fibrous cpidermi.s, developed in scale-like festoons.

Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.)

AvicuLA TROCHILUS. Avic. testd elongato-trigond, ob-
liqnd, comeximculd, postice acute alatd, lavigatd ; vi-
vide aurantio-rttfd, supertii aureo-hitescenle.

The humming-bird Avicula. Shell elongately trian-
gular, oblique, rather convex, posteriorly sharply
winged, smooth; bright orange-red, golden-yellow
towards the upper part.

llab. Philippine Islands; Cuming.

This little winged species is remarkable for its bright

orange-red colouring, passing towards the upper part into

golden-yeUow, distinct in tone from that of A. crocea.

Species 52. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula aquatilis. Avic. testd elongato-transveisd, in-
tense pnrpureo-castaned, postice conspicue alatd, aid
longissimd, laid, fortiter plicato-midatd.

I'he rippled Avicula. Shell elongately transverse, deep
purjilc - chestnut, posteriorly conspicuously winged,
wing long, broad, strongly plicately waved.

Ilab. Moluccas.
The wing of this little dark purple-ehestnut species is

much elongated and broad in proportion to the body of

the shell, and strongly rippled in relief throughout.

Species 53. (Mus. Cuming.)

.Avicula Peruviana. Avic. testd ovatd, convexd, sub-
globosd, solidiusculd, superne latd, postice parnm si-
miatd; castaned, paUide radio td, epidermide fibroad
fim.bria.td indtitd.

The Peruvian Avicula. Shell ovate, convex, sub-glo-
bose, rather solid, broad at the upper part, but little
sinuated posteriorly ; chestnut, faintly rayed, covered
with a fibrous festooned epidermis.

Hab. Peru.

A large subglobose shell, of rather solid growth, broadly
developed along the hinge-margin, and but little sinuated
on the posterior side.

Species 54. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula scabriuscula. Avic. testd elongato-traniversd,
peramjustd, postice oonspicite alatd ; sordide alba, snb-
pellucido-corned, epidermide ptdcherrimd eximie sca-
brosd indutd, ad alam undatd.
The rough Avicula. Shell elongately transverse, very
narrow, posteriorly conspicuously winged ; dull white,
subtransparent horny, covered with a beautiful deli-
cately scaled epidermis, rippled on the wing.
Hab. Australia.

A characteristic elongately winged species, of a j)alc
sub-transparent texture, covered with a very peculiar sca-
brous epidermis.

Species 55. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula producta. Avic. testd subtrigond, convexd, ob-
lique elongalo-productd, pei-angustd, postice acute ala-
td, pecuUariter prof unde sinnatd; vivide purpureo-cas-
taned, epidermide eximie fibrosd versus marginem in-
dutd.

The produced Avicula. Shell somewhat triangular,
convex, obliquely elongately produced, very narrow,
posteriorly sharply winged, peculiarly deeply sinuated ;
bright purple-chestnut, covered towards the margin
with a fine fibrous epidermis.

Hab. Ked Sea.

This interesting species is chiefly remarkable for its pe-
culiarly narrow obliquely produced form, and sharp wing.

Species 56. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula signata. Avic. testd subtrigono-quadrald, ob-
lique productd, postice peratiguste elongato-alald, lati;
sinuatd ; nigrieante-castaned, epidermide dense fim-
briatd fibrosa indutd.

The remarkable Avicula. Shell somewhat triangu-
larly square, obliquely produced, posteriorly very
narrowly elongately winged, broadly sinuated ; black-
ish-chestnut, covered with an elaborately festooned
fibrous epidermis.

Hab. ?

A fine typical species of this winged section of the

genus, of very dark chestnut-colour, covered with a very

characteristic festooned fibrous epidermis

AvimJa,M.IV:

Scrwerby dalscl

^fincent Brooks Iinp.

A V I C U L A

Species 57- (Mus. Cuming.)

Aticula ckocea. Avic. testa subanguste obliqud, con-
vexd, lavigatd, striis dmplicibm increnienti, aid lon-
ffissimd, gracili ; vivide croceo-miniatd, fasciis casta-
neis angttstis radiatd.

The saffron Avicula. Shell rather narrowly oblique,
convex, smooth, with simple strise of growth, wing
very long and slender ; bright saffron-red, rayed with
narrow chestnut bands.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. xi. pi. 205. f. 2023, 2026.
Avicnla Chmensis, Leach.

HaA. Island of Mindoro, Philippines ; Cuming.

Conspicuously distinguished by its bright saffron-red

colour and very long slender wing.

Species 58. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula marmokata. Avic. tesid oblique mbquadratd,
margaritaced, epidermide tenui decidud indv.td, concen-
trice striatd, purpureo-rnfo utidique midato-marmo-
ratd, intemiore rvfd versus marginem, obscure pallide
radiatd, aid latiusculd.

The mottled Avicula. Shell obliquely somewhat
square, pearly, covered with a thin deciduous epider-
mis, concentrically striated, mottled throughout with
waved purple-red, towards the margin darker red,
obscurely light-rayed, wing rather broad.
Broadly winged, of a solid pearly texture, covered with

a rather thin epidermis, painted with a mottled character,
which becomes more and more obsolete towards the
margin.

Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula spectruji. Avic. lestd perobUqud, convexius-
culd, sithnmrgaritaced, epidermide pallide spadiced, in
striis concentrieis serratis iiidittd, aid suhproductd.
The ghost Avicula. Shell very oblique, rather convex,
somewhat pearly, covered with a light-drab epider-
mis, arranged in concentric striaj, serrated at the
edge, wing rather produced.
Hah. Island of Mindoro, Philippines ; Cuming.

Very oblique in form, and of a pale, ghastly drab-
colour.

Species 60. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula porjcosa. Avic. tesid oblongo-ovatd, convexd,
; solidiusculd, lavigatd, intense ru/d, livido-purpureo

I tinctd, concentrice sulcato-striatd, aid latiusculd, vix

I sinuatd.

The handsome Avicula. Shell oblong-ovate, convex,
rather soUd, smooth, dark-red, tinged with Uvid-
purple, concentrically groove-striated, wing rather
broad, scarcely sinuated.

ffab. ?

This fine species is allied to A. Iteteroptera, but the
wing is less elongated, and it differs in form.

June, 1857.

AvicitlcL, JPl. JTZ

■^owiaiy cfl etHth.

^feicent Broote

A V I C U L A.

Plate XVI.

Species 61. (Mus. Cuming.)

AvicuLA INQUINATA. Avic. tcstd angude obligm, con-
vexiuscula, leevigatd, viride castaneo-rufo iuquinaid,
epidermide liratd minute serratd versus marginem m-
dtdd, aid late superjicialiter canaliculatd.

The dyed Avicula. Shell narrowly oblique, rather
convex, smooth, stained with bright chestnut-red,
covered towards the margin with a minutely-serrated
ridged epidermis, wing broadly superficially chan-
nelled.

Hob. Singapore.

Very obliquely formed, with the wing unusually broadly

superficially channelled.

Species 62. (Mus. Cuming.)
AviCDLA EXIMIA. Avic. testd angmte elongatd, tenui,
castaneo-rufd, iridescente, epidermide minute serratd
versus marginem indutd, valvd dextrd eleganter marmo-
ratd et radiatd.
The delicate Avicula. Shell narrowly elongated,
thin, iridescent, chestnut-red, covered towards the
margin with a minutely-seixated epidermis, right
valve elegantly mottled and rayed.

Hab. ?

An extremely delicate elongately-winged shell, of a pe-
culiar iridescent chestnut-colour.

Species 63. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula gregata. Avic. testd oblique rotmtdatd, cou-
ve-xd, aid longissimd, gracili; pellncido-purpureo-rufd;
epidermide fibrosa foliatd minute serratd indutd.
The gregarious Avicula. Shell obliquely rounded,
convex, with a wing very long and slender ; transpa-
rent purple-red; covered with a minutely-serrated
festooned fibrous epidermis.
Hab. Tutudla, Samoa Islands.

A transparent purple-red shell, rather rounded and con-
vex, with a slender elongated wing, covered with a beauti-
fully-serrated, festooned, fibrous epidermis.

Species 64. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula semi-saggita. Avic. testd oblique subquadratd,

convexiiisculd, cinereo-grised vel nigricante, purpurea
undatd, epidermide fibrosa minute foliatd indutd in
liris confertis concentricis.
The half-arrow Avicula. Shell obliquely subquad-
rate, rather convex; ash-grey or blackish, purple
waved, covered with a minutely-festooned fibrous
e))idermis in close-set concentric ridges.
Lamarck, Anira. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 98.

Eab. ?

This is the nearest to agree with Lamarck's definition
of .-/. semi-sagitta. The identification is necessarily doubt-
ful.

65. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula argentea. Avic. testd suborbiculari, aid lata
productd, solidinsculd, argenteo-grised, purpureo un-
datd, pallide radiatd, epidermide via: nulla.

The silvery avicula. Shell suborbicular, with a broad
produced wing, rather solid, silvery-grey, rippled
with purple, faintly rayed, epidermis very slight.

Hab. ?

Of a peculiar silvery hue, prettily rayed, witli rippled

purple, having white rays passing through it.

This shell has all the appearance of a distinct species,
but it is entirely covered with a coating of coral.

Species 67. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula heteroptera. Avic. testd oblique orbiculari,

aid longissimd, convexd, lavigatd, margaritaced, vivide

rufo-caslaned, obscure anguste radiatd, valvis irujequa-

libus.
The dissimilarly-winged Avicula. Shell obliquely

orbicular, with a very long wing, convex, smooth,

pearly, blight reddish-chestnut, obscurely narrowly

rayed, valves unequal.
Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 98.

Avicula sterna, Gould.
Hab. New Holland.

There can be little doubt of this being the true La-
marckian A. heteroptera.

Ayimla.FI.im.

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AVICULA.

Species 68. (Mus. Cuming.)

AvicULA Placunoides. Jvic. testa longitudimliter
Qvuld, siiperne subquadrata, tenui, semipellucidd, plana,
mbconwa, lutescente-albd, fasciis angustis opaco-albis
midaiis radiata, nigricante-purpureo promiscue ma-
culaid.

The Placuna-like Avicula. Shell longitudinally ovate,
sonaewhat square at the upper part, thin, semitrans-
parent, flat, rather horny, yellowish-white, rayed
with narrow waved opake white bauds, promiscu-
ously blotched with blackish-purple.

ITab. Australia.

Remarkable for its thin Flaciim-like structure, rayed

irregularly with waved opake bauds, and promiscuously

blotched with purple-black.

Species 69. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula libella. jivic. testa oblique orbictdari, valde
convexd, aid gracili, elongatd ; lutescente-corned ; epi-
dermide serratd minute foliatd indutd.

The deagon-fly Avicula. Shell obliquely orbicular,
very convex, with a long slender wing; yellowish-
horny ; covered with an elaborately festooned serrated
epidermis.

Hab. China Seas.

A semitransparent, horny, clongately-winged shell, most

elaborately festooned with a minutely-sen-ated epidermis.

Species 70. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula vexillum. Avic. testa oblique quadratd, inar-

quivalvi, pellucido-corned, tenuissimd, sirigis amplis

purpureo-nfis marnioratd.
The flag Avicula. Shell obliquely square, inequivalve,

transparent horny, very thin, marbled with large

purple-red streaks.
Hab. Ceylon (in deep water) ; Gardner.

A shell of very transparent substance, boldly marked
with promiscuous dark stripes, destitute of any winged
appendage.

Species 71. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula pica. Avic. testa trigono-ovatd, crassd, convexd,
Icsvigatd, virescente-albd, radiis nigricante-purpureis
irregularibus marnioratd, margine laminari, intus con-
spiciie pica.

The pied Avicula. Shell triangularly ovate, thick, con-
vex, smooth, greeuish-white, marbled with irregular

blackish-purple rays, margin laminar, conspicuously

pied within.
Gould, Moll. U. S. Exploring Expedition, p. 443. pi. 39.

f. 599.

Avicula maeulata, Gould.
Hab. Pitcaim's Island.

A species of solid structure, inlaid with an extremely
delicate yellowish nacre, remarkable for its prolonged
laminar margin being conspicuously pied.

Species 72. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula maura. Avic. testa oblique oblongd, tenui, la-
vigatd, nitente-nigrd, alba sparsim vmrmoratd, epider-
mide decidud minute serratd, aid subproductd.

The moor Avicula. Shell obliquely oblong, thin,
smooth, shining-black, sparingly marbled with white,
minutely-serrated deciduous epidermis, wing rather
produced.

Hub. Sydney.

A thin, shining, jet-black shell, with a finely serrated

thick-set epidermis on the ear.

Species 73. (Mus. Cuming.)

Avicula cornea. Avk. testa oblique oblongd, convexius-

culd, olivaceo-corned, Icevigatd, aid laiiusculd.
The horny Avicula. Shell obliquely oblong, rather

convex, olive, horny, smooth, wing rather broad.
Ilab. Jamaica; Gosse.

A plain, olive, horny shell, moderately winged, attach-
ing itself to Gorgonia.

Species 74. (Mus. Cuming.)
Avicula fucata. Avic. testa longitudinaliter oblongd,

subquadrata, convexd, tenuiculd, purpureo-rufo dense

radiatd, laminis tenuibus planis concentricis nmpliter

serratis obsitd.
The stained Avicula. Shell longitudinally oblong,

somewhat square, convex, rather thin, closely rayed

with purple-red, beset with thin, largely seiTated,

flat, concentric laminse.
Gould, Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 309 ; Moll.

U. S. Exploring Expedition, p. 441. pi. 39. f. 551.
Hab. Japan.

Chiefly distinguished by its radiating pattern of red

June, 1857.

Jtncula^^M.im'

SiTiv-eili^r ii.et'j

~/incent Srooks Iiffp.

AVICULA.

Plate XVIII.

Species 72. (Fig. 68, Mus. Brit.)
AvicuLA viTEEA. Avic. testd oliUque curvatd, subspathu-
latd, aid late smiiatd, teiiid ; pellucido-albd ; param
conwxd, plano-gquamatd, sguamis fere obsohtk.
The glassy avicula. Shell obliquely curved, some-
what spathulate, with the win;^ broadly sinuated,
thill ; transparent-white ; but little convex, flatly
scaled, scales almost obsolete.
Hab. West Indies.

Flat and transparent, of thin PlacmiaAWt substance,
obliquely spathulate, with a few scarcely-developed fes-
tooned scales.

Species 73. (Fig. 69, Mus. Brit.)

Avicula Atlantica. Avic. testd oblique ovatd, solidi-
usculd, convexd, aid sublaie simiatd, laviffatd; purpureo-
fuscd, fasciis angustis pallidis rudiatd, fasciis maculis
fuscis ctispid-atis vittatis.

The Atlantic Avicula. Shell obliquely ovate, rather
solid, convex, wing rather broadly sinuated, smooth ;
jjurple-brown, rayed with light narrow bands, bands
filleted with brown arrow-headed spots.

Lamauck, Anira. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 98.
Mytilm amcula seu Mr undo, Chemnitz.

Hai. Australia; Jukes.
This species has doubtless a wide range of habitation.

Us most distinguishing characteristic is the rayed pattern

of narrow light bands, filleted with brown arrow-headed

marks.

Species 74. (Fig. 70, Mus. Brit.)

Avicula reticulata. Avic. testd trigono-ovatd, aid la-
tiusculd ; intense purpureo-castaned ; temte concentrice
striatd, epidermide minute reticulatd profe marginem
indutd.

The keticulated Avicula. Shell triangularly ovate,
with the wing rather broad ; dark rich purple-chest-
nut ; finely concentrically striated, covered near the
margin with minutely reticulated epidermis.

Hab. Australia.

Allied to A. lata, but rather different in form, and of

darker colour. The epidermis presents a most exquisite

example of finely tufted network.

Species 75. (Fig. 71, Mus. Brit.)
Avicula Savignyi. Avic. testd oblique oblongd, trigond,

aid late simiatd ; intense purpureo-nigrd, striis eleva-

tis concentricis reticulatim indutd.
Savigny's Avicula. Shell obliquely oblong, triangular,

with the wing broadly sinuated ; dark purple-black,

covered with a couceutric network of raised stria;.
Deshayes, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 102.

Avicula heteroplera, Sowerby, in Genera of Shells.

Mytilus morio ; Dillwyn.
Hab. Pulo Condore ; Mus. Brit.

A fine purple-black species, with a broad, expanded,
not elongated, wing, beautifully sculptured with fine con-
centric stria;.

June, 1857.

AVICULA

aculeala, Sovverby XIII.

aerata, Reeve X.

ala-corvi, Cliemniiz XII.

ala-perdicis, Reece VI.

Anglica, Brown XIII.

Auoaiioides, Reeve IX.

aquatilis, Reeve XIV.

argentea, Reeve XVI.

assula, Reeve XL

Allantica, Brown XIII.

Atlanticn, Lamarck XVIII.

barbata, Reeve V.

castanea, Reeve XIII.

cetra. Reeve ... IX.

Chamoides, Reeve XI.

Ckinensis, Leach XV.

cornea, Reeve XVII,

crocea, Chemnitz XV.

Cumingii, Reeve IV.

electrina. Reeve XII.

eximia, Reeve XVI.

falcata, Lamarck XIII.

fibrosa, Reeve XIV.

fimbriata. Reeve IX.

fiabellum. Reeve V.

flammata. Reeve XI.

flexuosa, Reeve IV.

formosa, Reeve XV.

fucata, Gould XVII.

gregata, Reeve XVI.

heteroptera, Lamarck XVI.

heteroptera, Sowerby XVIII.

hirundo, Turton XIII.

hystrix. Reeve VIII.

imbricata, Reeve VI.

inquinata, Reeve XVI.

iridescens. Reeve XIII.

irradians, Reeve X.

irrasa. Reeve X.

lacunata, Reeve X.

pecies.

Plate.

Specie

47

lata, Gray

IV.

5

32

lentiginosa, Reeve

. . VI.

13

u

libelJa, Reeve

.... XVII.

69

10

Ungulata, Deshayes

.... XII.

44

■17

lotorium, Lamarck

. . . III.

3

26

inacroptera, Lamarck . .

.... IL

2

52

maculata, Gould

. XVII.

71

65

Malleoides, Reeve

.... XII.

46

40

mannorata. Reeve

.... XV.

58

47

muricata, Reeve

... VI.

12

73

maura, Reeve

.... XVII.

72

9

nebulosa, Conrad

... X.

33

40

occa, Reeve .

. . VIII.

24

38

perviridis. Reeve

... vin.

20

41

Pernoides, Reeve

.... XL

39

57

Peruviana, Reeve

... XIV.

53

73

pica, Gould

.... XVII.

71

57

Placunoides, Reeve

. . XVII.

68

6

praetexta. Reeve

... VII.

15

43

producta. Reeve

... XIV.

55

62

pulchella. Reeve

... VIII.

22

47

punctulata. Reeve

.... XII.

42

50

radula, Reeve

.... VIII.

23

25

reticulata, Reeve

.... XVIII.

74

7

rutila. Reeve

.... VIII.

19

37

Savignyi, Deshayes

.... XVIII.

75

4

scabriuscula. Reeve

.... XIV.

54

60

scalpta. Reeve

.... XL

38

74

semi-sagitta, Lamarck . . .

.... XVI.

64

63

signata. Reeve

... XIV.

56

67

smai-agdina, Reeve

.... XII.

45

75

spectrum, Reeve

... XV.

59

47

sterna, Gould

.... XVI.

67

18

sugillata. Reeve

.... IX.

27

11

Tarentina, iMmarck

.... XIII.

47

61

tegulata, Reeve

.... VII.

17

48

trochilus. Reeve

.... XIV.

51

35

vexillum. Reeve

.... XVII.

70

30

vitrea, Reeve

.... XVIII.

72

29

zebra. Reeve

.... XL

36

5'

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