BIOLOGY
LIBRAE;

G

A

CONCHOLOGICAL
DICTIONARY

OF

BY

WILLIAM TURTON, M.D.

ASSISTED BY

HIS DAUGHTER.

tf Haec studia adolescentiam alunt, ?ereciuiem oble^tant. secundaa
res ornant, adversis solatium et perfugium prasbent."

HcrnUon :

PRINTED FOR JOHN BOOTH,

DUKE STREET, PORTLAND PLACE.

1819.

BIOLOGY
LIBRARY

G

PREFACE.

i HE elegance and simplicity in the contour or
shape of shells, the richness and variety of their
colors, and the singularity in many of their forms,
have ever excited attention to this confined but in-
teresting department of created nature : and the
comparative facility with which they may be col-
lected and arranged, together with the durability of
their structure, make them peculiarly adapted for-
the display of a cabinet. Their uses, however, have
not been entirely confined to the gaze of curiosity,
or to fanciful embellishment. The inhabitants of
many of them give a rich and nutritious food. The
greater part of the lime used in America, for agri-
cultural and architectural purposes, is made of cal-
cined shells : the public streets of Christianstadt
and Santa Cruz, are paved with the Strombus
Gigas ; and the town of Conehylioa is entirely
built of marine shells. The blue and white belts
of the Indians of North America, as sy;nbols of
peace and amity, in opposition to the war hatchet,
and by which the fate of nations is often decided,
are made of the Venus mercenaria; and the gorget
of the chieftain's war-dress is formed of the Myti»
lus margaritiferus. The military horn of many
African tribes is the Murex Tritonis ; the rare va-
riety of which, with the volutions reversed, is held
b sacred,

VI PREFACE.

sacred, and used only by the high-priests. The
highest order of dignity, among the Friendly
Islands, is the permission to wear the Cypraea Au-
rantium, or orange cowry. And Lister relates,
that the inhabitants of the province of Nicaragua
fasten the Ostreavirginicatoa handle of wood, and
use it as aspade to dig up the ground. As matter of
traffic they bear a nominal value and appreciation,
proportionate to their supposed scarcity or beauty.
Rumphius is said to have given nearly a thousand
pounds for one of the first discovered specimens of
the Venus Dione. The Conus Cedonulli, so very
rarely offered for sale, is valued at three hundred
guineas. The Turbo Scalaris, if large and perfect,
is worth a hundred guineas : the Cypraea Auranti-
um, without a hole beaten through it, is worth
fifty : and it has been calculated, that a complete
collection of the British Conchology is worth its
weight in pure silver. In an economical and po-
litical view, they are of no inconsiderable import.
Pearls, the diseased excrescences of mussels and
oysters, form a portion of the revenues of these and
some other kingdoms; and constitute, with jewels,
the rich and costly ornaments, by which the high
and wealthy ranks of polished society are distin-
guished. The Cypraea Moneta, or money cowry,
forms the current coin of many nations of India
and Africa; and this covering or coat of an incon-
siderable worm, stands at this day as the medium
of barter for the liberty of man ; a certain weight
of them being given in exchange for a slave. The
scholar needs not the reminiscence, that the
suffrages of the ancient Athenians were delivered

in

PREFACE. Vll

in, marked upon a shell ; the record of which is still
commemorated in the derivation of our terms, tes-
tament, and attestation. As one of the principal
agents of decomposition and gradual dissolution,
the geologist will find his researches assisted by an
examination into their rapid and astonishing powers
of perforating and disuniting rocks of calcareous
sandstone, limestone, marble, and even the hardest
masses of granite and porphyry, wherever they
come in contact with the ocean : and by a compa-
rative examination of the different stratifications of
marine testaceous depositions, he may eventually
be led to some important conclusions as to the
probable elevation of the general deluge.

But the systematical conchologist has a loftier
and more noble object in his pursuit ; to unfold a
leaf from the great book of Nature : that portion
of which, respecting the treasures of our own
islands, it has been our study to contemplate, and
our wish to explain. Although we have not been
honored by the use of the library of the venerable
patriarch of natural history, Sir Joseph Banks,
without which, we are informed by a modern com-
piler on this subject*, " no writer can hope to at-
tain any tolerable degree of perfection ;" we have
not been entirely without the means by which this
study can be best understood and most faithfully
displayed. The whole of what is described, our-
selves have seen and accurately examined, with the
exception of such as are indistinct and not to be
found in cabinets, a few of the rarer and nearly
unique species, and some microscopic objects, the

* Dittwyn (Advertisement).

b 2 number

Viil PREFACE*

number of which is daily lessening. We may also
hope to escape a sort of sneer by another modern
writer *, of " indulging ourselves in a conjecture
only on plates."

Such as we have examined in a living state, are
marked v . v. (vidimus vivam) ; and those which
have been examined in a dead state only, v. m.
(vidimus mortucmi)*

In the figures which accompany this work, it was
our wish to have presented all which we had con-
sidered as new acquisitions ; but the nature of the
intention would in some measure have been frus-
trated, by the representation of minute objects; as
our design, in this respect, was chiefly explanatory.

Every species which has hitherto been found in
the British Islands, we have thought it proper to
record, leaving to individual collectors their own
ideas of purity as to patriotal adoption.

The practical conchologist will make himself
acquainted with all the most probable habitats of
his object. With dredgers and trawlers he will
carefully examine the produce of their toils, even
the pieces of perforated rocks or timber which may
be brought up. The sea shores ; the under surfaces
of loose stones ; the minutest crevices of rocks
which may be uncovered at low water; the mouths
of rivers and their soils, especially when laid bare
by the recess of the tide ; sandy coves and inlets of
the ocean ; fine or drifted sand ; sea weeds, with
their roots ; all marine refuse ; floating timber,
and the bottom of vessels ; and even the stomachs
of fish.

* Maton, Descriptive Catalogue, p. 56.

The

PREFACE. IX

The land and fresh-water kinds will in all situ-
ations present themselves. In hedges and ditches;
in streams and stagnant waters ; in the crevices of
rocks and old walls ; in the clefts of the bark and
at the roots of trees; in arid plains and upland
meadows, after the grass has been mown ; in woods
and marshes, and on mountains ; under stones and
fallen timber ; on the leaves and at the roots of
plants ; and under the top stones of the loftiest
buildings.

To assist his pursuits in the accomplishment of
these ends, it will be necessary to be provided with
a small conchological apparatus, easily portable.
A chisel and hammer ; a knife and a saw ; boxes
and bags for the preservation of minute species ;
a pocket magnifier, with two or three powers ; a
spoon, such as is described in Brown's Elements,
five inches long and three and a half wide, of an
oval shape, with a rim about an inch in height,
and a hollow handle by which it may be put on
and taken off the end of a stick or umbrella: this
implement is well adapted for the collection of
fresh-water shells, and sifting fine sand.

Live shells are always preferable to dead ones :
and the animals of the spiral kind may be easily
removed, by putting them first into hot water and
afterwards into cold to diminish their bulk, when
they may be carefully removed by a pin or other
pointed instrument. Sea shells may be soaked in
fresh water for a night,, to dissolve any salt particles
which might corrode them. Before they are placed
in the cabinet, wash them well with a small brush
in soap and water } and if a polish be necessary,
b 3 two

two drachms of gum arable or glim mastieh, did*
solved in two ounces of spirits of wine, will make
a light transparent varnish, easily to be washed
off. And to remove the outer coat of theTrochi,
or such as it may be the wish to preserve in an
uncoated state, the muriatic acid, diluted with
water according to the strength of the shell, may
be used ; and afterwards to give the highest lustre,
the manual operation of rubbing with pumice
stone, tripoli, or rotten-stone. Specimens should
also be collected in their different stages of growth ;
for the young of many shells have so different an
appearance from their full-grown state, as to be
often mistaken for distinct species.

The more minute ones, as soon as they are
ascertained, may be fixed by gum water on blacH
or white cards, according to the opposition of their
colors, labelled with their generic and specific
names, and their exact habitats, with the addition
of v. or m. to signify whether they have been pro-
cured in a living or a dead state.

It has also been our habit to place a mark in
the margin of the descriptive work we generally
use, against the species as it first occurred to us,
by which, at one view, we distinguish such as we
possess^ and such as are among our desiderata.

CONCHO.

CONCHOLOGICAL AUTHORS.

JL HE following works, to which we have generally and
almost exclusively referred, and of which we will endeavour
to give a short account, will probably furnish a library fully
competent to all the purposes of a complete knowledge of
British Conchology, both in description and delineation, as
far as it has hitherto been illustrated. The learner may also
avail himself of the Elementary Introductions qf Brooks,
Brown, or Burrow.

Broun, JVern. Soc. Account of the Irish Testacea; by
Thomas Brown, Esq. F.L.S.— M.W.S.— M. K. S. &c. in
vol. ii. part 2. of The Memoirs of the Wernerian Society,
with a plate of some new and rare subjects.

We are anxious to correct an error, for which, as it may
have originated in our own carelessness, we cannot but con-
sider ourselves in a great measure responsible. Among a
parcel of shells which we transmitted to Captain Brown,
as collected on the Irish coasts, there was by accident in-
cluded the spiral termination of Serpula lumbricalis, which
he has figured and described under the name of Turbo pen*
tangularis.

Da Costa. The British Conchology, by Emanuel Da
Costa, quarto, 1778, with 17 colored plates. One of the
truly original works on this subject. One hundred and
twenty-seven species are well delineated, and many more
faithfully and minutely described, both in English and
French, all from the subjects themselves. The arrange-
ment is not according to the Linnean system : but it pos-
sesses the rare, and we believe unique, excellence of giving
the whole of the synonyms in the words of the respective
authors themselves.

To the student who may wish to compare his specimens
the figures of this author, it may be proper to remark,

thai

Xll CONCHOLOGICAL AUTHORS.

that in the eighth plate, the figures 1 and 3, of Turbo Pul»
lus — 2, of Voluta tornatilis — 4, of Murex costatus — 5, of
Buccinum lineatum — 6 and 9, of Turbo Cimex — 7, of Mu-
rex Erinaceus — 10, of Turbo striatulus — 12, of Turbo La-
cuna— 13, of Murex reticulatus — and 14, of Strombus cos-
tatus, are erroneously represented as having the volutions
reversed : and that all these errors have been copied in,
the fourteenth plate of the Dorset Catalogue.

Dillwyn. A Descriptive Catalogue of recent Shells, ar-
ranged according to the Linnean method, by Lewis Weston
Dillwyn, F.R.S. and F.L.S. in two vols. octavo, 1817-

Of a forcible and comprehensive intellect, Mr. Dillwyn
has already given sufficient proofs. In his present work,
however, we cannot resist the suspicion, that he has yielded
much to conjecture, and formed his specific characters,
more in accommodation to his own opinions than strict pre-
cision will justify.

Tellina Radula and Venus spuria are united, with the
specific characters of each combined together. Both the
species are before us. The former is dull brownish white,
with numerous rough rasp-like transverse ridges, without
the longitudinal groove or flexure on the anterior side,
where the margin runs in a straight direction from the
beaks ; the inside is slightly striate longitudinally, with two
primary teeth only in each valve. The latter is glossy-
white, with a few transverse wrinkles, and a longitudinal
groove down the anterior side, where the margin is rounded
from the beaks ; and the inside has no longitudinal striae,
with three primary teeth in each valve. The Solen vesper-
tinus of modern authors, is referred to the Tellina albida of
Linne, with the observation that it answers to the descrip-
tion in the Systema Naturae ; a correspondence which we
cannot exactly acknowledge. The T. albida is described as
smooth, and having three teeth in each valve. The Solen
vespertinus is transversely striate, and has a single tooth
in one valve and two in the other. Our Tellina tenuis,
which has a single cloven tooth in one valve, and two in
the other, with a minute lateral tooth in one valve only, is
referred to the T. balaustina of Linne, omitting to observe,
that this last is described as having lateral teeth in one
valve 5 valvuld altera dentibus lateralibus. • His" Venus ri-

gida,

CONCHOLOGICAL AUTHORS. Xlil

gida, and the V. Casina, we believe to be the same species^
and also the Trochus papillosus, and Tr. Granatum.

These and some other circumstances have inclined us to
forbear the adoption of his numerous alterations, in many
of which we have conviction he is in error.,

For a future edition of his work, we will venture to give
Mr. Dillwyn a few hints ; and they are meant as friendly
ones. Conus Thomas should be C. O^iae, or after Bru-
guiere, C. Omaicus : St. Thomas being a corruption of St.
Oma's, or of the island from whence it is procured. See
Calonne's Catalogue, p. 15. n. 239, whom Mr. Dillwyn has
misnamed Cullone through his work. In the description of
Murex scriptus, we think the words strias and stripes are
used as synonymous. Atp.999,the reference to Da Costa's
British Conchology for a figure of Nerita ple*xa, should pro-
bably be to Da Costa's Elements. And it is among the er-
rors which have been copied from Maton and Rackett's De-
scriptive Catalogue, to affix the letter A in the quotations
from Lister's figures, as at p. 8.95. It has no relation what-
ever to the plate or the figure, but merely Mgnifies that
Lister knew it to be English, Anglca.

In his attempts to criticise the characters as established
by Linne, we do not think Mr. Dillwyn has been very for-
tunate. The Buccinum Glans he considers as incorrectly
described with two teeth on the pillar-lip, observing that
he has never been able to find more than one. In the spe-
cimens now before us, and in all which we have examined,
there are evidently and visibly two teeth at the upper angle
of the pillar, the lower of which is much smaller j besides
a strong tooth-like projection pointing outwards near the
base. He doubts the propriety of the term, aplce spirali
acuto, as applied to the Serpula lumbricalis, suspecting
that the spiral end is the part by which it is affixed. A
slight glance at any one specimen would have satisfied Mr.
D. that the larger and open end is attached at the different
points of contact, caused by its undulating surface, and that
the spiral part is detached and nearly erect, as is well re-
presented in Lister's plate. The closed and pointed end
of a taper univalve shell is its proper apex. And had
Mr. Dillwyn well examined the Helix stagnalis, one of the
most common of our fresh-water shells, he would not have

expressed

XIV COXCHOLOGICAL AUTHORS.

expressed his wonder at the exquisitely finished character
by Lirme, who describes it as being somewhat angular.
We shall also feel pleasure in convincing Mr. D. that some
species which he has thought proper to expunge from the
system, as unworthy of his notice, although they may be
of great rarity, have actual existence in our cabinet.

In the transfusion from one language to another, Mr.
Dillvryn is often so entirely mistaken, as to destroy all spe-
cific identity. Thus, in the character of Solen Ensis, cardine
altero bhientato, is rendered " hinge with a double tooth in
each valve." In Solen amethystus, cardine altero bidentato,
is translated, " hinge with two teeth in each valve." In
Chiton Gigas, valvdprimd crenata, postremd dentatd, mcdils
emarginatis, is% rendered, "the first valve crenate, the last
toothed, and the intermediate ones entire." And we differ
both from Mr. D. and Mr. Wood, in their interpretation of
the character in Solen minimus, cardinibus later alibus, bi~
dentatis, alterius bifido, "hinge lateral, with two teeth, one.
of which is bifid," rather supposing the meaning to be, that
there is a bifid tooth in one valve only.

Mr. Dillwyn's work offering nothing more than a colla-
tion of different authorities, arranged upon his sole judge-
ment, must claim a credit in proportion to the diligence and
the fidelity with which these powers have been exercised.
\Vith means and facilities which can' fall to the lot of very
few writers upon natural history, and without the possession
of which, this compiler has condemned all others to igno-
rant obscurity, we were something surprised at his neglect
of the fine work on American cone hology, by Mr. Jay, in
the Philadelphia Encyclopaedia ; the beautiful plates of
Perry j and even the latter volumes of the Linnean So-
ciety.

Of the celebrated manuscripts left by Dr. Solander, we
learn little more than what we have long known from the
Portland and Calonnian Catalogues.

We will likewise venture to remark, that the diligence
was not well awakened, when it referred to Lister's plates
667. f. 11, and 670. f. luVbothforCypraeacinerea, and the
young of C. Vanelli; the plate 825. f.45, for Voluta rustics,
and also for V. Tringa ; the plate 852. f. 8, for Strombus
sulcatus, and again for Str. vittatus; the plate 1012. f. 7^>

for

CONCHOLOGICAL AUTHORS. XV

for Buccinum Areola, and B. Saburon; the plate 1 16. f. 1 1,
for the young of Strombus ater, and also for Helix fuscata ;
and the plate 121. f. 16, both for Strombus auritus, and
Murex torulosus : when, of our native catalogue alone, it
obliterated from the system the following species, all of
them well known to and described by Montagu, and most
of them figured. Lepas cornuta ; Myastriata; Donax ru-
bra ; Venus substriata ; Nautilus inflatus 3 N. concamera-
tus ; Bulla membranacea, B. tentaculata, B. flexilis ; Vo-
luta hyalina, V. bulloides, V. heteroclyta ; Murex accinc-
tus ; Turbo dispar, T. Zetlandicus, T. disjunctus, T. niti-
dissimus, T. trunc.atus, T. subtruncatus, and T. Margarita *
besides a whole division of the most curious and remark-
able subjects in the natural history of the British Islands,
giving it as a reason for their exclusion, that they are
little ones. More, much more we could add ; but we trust
that enough has been said to induce a strict revision of the
whole work, before it can be received with any degree of
confidence, or admitted as of any authority.

Donovan. A Natural History of British Shells, by Ed-
ward Donovan, 7 vols. octavo, 1799, &c.

Beautiful and correct colored portraits of nearly the
whole of the British shells, which may be examined with-
out the assistance of glasses. A work well adapted for a
school library.

Dorset Catalogue. A Catalogue of the Birds, Shells, and
some of the more rare Plants of Dorsetshire, from Pulte-
ney's edition of Hutchins's History of that County : with
additions by the Rev.W. Rackett. Folio, with twenty-three
quarto plates of shells, 1813.

A republication of Da Costa's plates, with six additional
ones, omitting some of Da Costa's figures, and inserting
others, corresponding with the locality of the subject. The
plates contain about 230 figures of British shells, and the
letter-press gives a brief description of them.

Laskey, TFern. Soc. A Catalogue of the Shells of North
Britain, with a colored plate representing 17 rare sp' ,
by Captain Laskey, in the first volume of the Mem;,
the Wernerian Society.

Linn. Trans. Transactions of the Linnean Society^
Quarto. In these volumes are to be found some scattered

papers

XVI COXCHOLOGICAL AUTHORS.

papers on the British Testacea ; especially the excellent
observations on the hinges of bivalve shells, in the sixth
volume, by Mr. Wood. Maton and Rackett's Descriptive
Catalogue, in the e'ghth volume, is subsequently men-
tioned.

Lister. Huddesford's edition of Lister'^ Historia Con-
chyliorum. Folio, 1770.

The basis and ancient foundation of all good Conchology.
This admirable volume contains one thousand and fifty-five
plates, besides twenty-one of anatomical figures, all drawn
from original specimens by his two daughters, Susanna and
Anna. Considering the state of natural science at the time
this work was first issued, one hundred and thirty-three
years since, it is impossible to contemplate this stupendous
effort of genius and industry, without admiration at the
grandeur of the design, and the correctness of its execution.
(Some of the plates, especially the anatomical ones, are of
matchless excellence. And it is gratifying to recollect, that
the original drawings are preserved among the archives of
the University of Oxford. His Historia Animalium Angliae,
and its appendix, are now of rare occurrence.

Maton and Rackett. A descriptive Catalogue of the Bri-
tish Testacea, by W. G. Maton, M.D.V. P.L. S. &c. and
the Rev. Thomas Rackett, M. A. F. L. S. &c. in the eighth
volume of the JLinnean Transactions ; with six colored
plates.

A transcription of the words of Linne, with an attempt
at a translation of the words of Montagu. Of a production
which for ten years has been considered as possessing the
rare value of decisive authority, we will adventure to exa-
mine the merits, as it may prevent the frequent repetition
of our own remarks, and exhibit a memorable caution to
future writers against too much dependence upon confident
pretensions,

It is probable that the whole art of typography cannot
produce so gross a mass of errors. This is the more re-
markable, as their paper was subjected to the usual exami-
nation of a committee of science, and was publicly read be-
fore the Society by the principal author himself. The list of
corrigenda also, though unusually voluminous, and bearing
marks of an anxious amendment of their work in

its

XV111 CONCH OLOGICAL AUTHORS.

Da Costa has evidently been collated through subsequent
writers. His figures of Lepas anatifera, and Turbo Lacuna
are omitted. Turbo labkitus, and T. nigricans are both re-
ferred to the same description, omitting his figure. His Ve-
nus verrueosa, and V. Casimi, are confounded together.
And it may possibly be an error of transcription, that the
figure of Mactra truncata is referred to for Mactra solida, of
MyaPictorum for Pholas crispata, and of Lepas anatifera
for Solen Siliqua.

la looking casually over their references to Lister, whose
noble volume we have been in the habit of examining for
nearly thirty years, we were something puzzled to know
what was meant at p. 86, of the Descriptive Catalogue, bv
a reference to Lister's Conchology, p. 11 13 ; till turning td
the Systema Naturae, we found that the subject under de-
scription was at p. 1113, and 1114 of Linne, one of which
pages they had given in its place, and had transferred the
other to Lister's Conchology. The figure they refer to for
Lepas Scalpellum is L. pollicipes : the figure quoted for
Mya Pictorum is M. Batava ; and the same plate is refer-
red to for Area pilosa, and A. Glycymeris. Such is also
their most strange misconception and perversion of Lister's
numbers, that the plate referred to for Pholas Candida is
Venus Dysera ; the plate referred to for Pholas crispata is
Venus Paphia ; and to complete this climax of ridiculous
blunders, the plate referred to for Donax complanata is
Chama Gigas.

Montagu. Testacea Bntannica, or a Natural History of
British Shells, and Supplement, by George Montagu,
F.L.S. in 3 vols. quarto, with thirty plates, 1803.

To this laborious and lyncean naturalist, who that of late
has studied this elegant department of the Fauna of these
islands, is not indebted for the greater part of his know-
ledge ! The pages of the present work, as well as the pages
of all who have written on the subject since his publica-
tions, bear large testimony of his diligence and accuracy.
In the thirty plates and vignettes are figured about 230 spe-
cies of the more rare and minute shells, all drawn and en-
graved under his immediate inspection, from original sub-
jects in his own possession, and generally of his own coU
lection.. His cabinet of the natural history of the British

islands

COXCHOLOG1CAL AUTHORS. XIX

islands is now very properly placed in the British Museum :
and we may venture to predict, that a fine paper copy of
his work, with the plates colored, will in no long lapse of
time bear a great price.

Pennant. British Zoology, by Thomas Pennant, Esq.
4 vols. octavo, with plates, 1812.

A new edition by his son. The fourth volume contains
the Testacea, with fifty-nine plates of shells, and specific
descriptions of each species, interspersed with those stores
of erudition with which the venerable and respectable au-
thor occasionally enriched the subjects of his contempla-
tion. Pennant was the first who reduced the British
Conchology to the Linncan classification, and reformed the
language : and it is an anecdote not generally known, but
justly deserving of record, that the original edition of this
work, in folio, was undertaken and completed at his sole
expense, for the benevolent purpose of assisting the Welsh
Charitable Institution in London.

Walker. Testacea minuta rariora. By G. Walker. Quarto;
with three plates, 1787-

We are first indebted to the researches of this author,
assisted by Mr. Boys, for an inquiry into the diminutive but
singularly elegant and beautiful species of shells, which
had been before considered either as unimportant, or be-
neath the trouble of collection and arrangement. In his
work are figured eighty-seven microscopic subjects, with
short descriptions. His eighty-eighth and eighty-ninth
figures represent two new species of Echinus, which we
have collected both on the English and Irish coasts. Mr.
Pennant the younger, at p. 140. pi. 38. f. 1, 2, 3. of his
fourth volume, has described and figured the former of
these, under the name of Echinus Pulvinulus, as a new
discovery, not aware of Walker's previous claim. But the
scattered fragments of general science it is not always easy
to gather together. The excellent Montagu could have no
remote suspicion, that the Fasciola Trachea, or poultry-
worm, described by him in the Transactions of the Werne-
rian Society, had been known to us for nearly twenty years,
and is described and figured in the Gentleman's Magazine.
It might not have been known to Curtis, that the natural
history of the Aphis and the honey-dew was the discovery
c2 of

*X CONGHOtOGICAL AUTHORS.

of a French naturalist, a translation of whose paper on this
suhject is printed in one of the early volumes of the Annual
Register. And when Sir Joseph Banks gave his history of
the^ introduction of the Potatoe, in the Transactions of the
Horticultural Society, from the notes of Dryander, he was
not aware that the same matter had been detailed in Thral-
keld's Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum.

Wood. General Conchology, by VV. Wood, F. H. S. and
F. L. S. Volume the first, octavo," 1815.

This excellent and scientific volume contains sixty colored
plates, explanatory of the Genera Chiton, Lepas, I'holas,
Mya, Solen, Tellina, and Cardium, with descriptions at
large, besides much useful and explanatory matter. Mr.
Wood possesses a clear and comprehensive knowledge of the
subject, with a peculiar felicity of delineation and descrip-
tion. And we will not abandon the hope, that this respect-
able author will be eventually induced to a continuation and
completion of so great and desirable a design.

If in the foregone short examination and appreciation of
individual merit, it shall be objected to us that we have in-
dulged ourselves in asperity of censure, let it not be for-
gotten, that it is our duty, as far as we are able, to purify
the polluted sources of intelligence and record, to point out
gross and indesinent error, and to give every bird his pro-
per feather. Our reverence for truth, and regard for accu-
racy, will at all times supersede our persona) respect, per-
haps our courtesy. To such discipline we cheerfully sub-
mit our own labours, and shall thankfully acknowledge the
correction of our errors ; solicitous only for that %<*£»$ pi-
x£onri which the dignity of sound learning can alone bestow.

One word more to the strict disciples of the Linnean
school. It does not as yet seem decided in what manner
to write the denomination of this mighty Coryphaeus of
natural history. In Sweden the termination us is an affix
to plebeian names only. After his enrolment therefore,
among the ranks of nobility, it was consequently exchanged
for Von Linne, or a Linne, exchanging the diphthong. In
strict propriety then, it should be Linn£ for his name ; Lin-
ne"an for what appertains to his name 3 and Linne'a borealis
for his plant,

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Depressed lines, placed at irregular di-
stances across some of the bivalve shells, to mark their yearly
growth ; as in the common cockle.

Annulate. Marked with circular rings.

Anterior &ide> or slope. That side of bivalve shells to which
the cartilage, connecting the valves, is attached.

Antiquated. Marked with the lines or furrows of annual
growth.

Aperture. The mouth or opening of univalve, and some
multivalve shells.

Auricles. Small ear-like appendages placed at the sides of
the hinge of some bivalve shells ; as the Scallops.

Bise. The bottom of the shell. It must be observed, that
the base of a spiral shell supposes it to be placed with the
mouth downwards, and the point or tip upwards.

Beak. The points above the hinge in bivalve shells are in
this work called the beaks. In general it means any point or
projection.

Bivalve. A shell with two valves only.

Breadth. The distance from one side of a shell to the other,
and not from the hinge to the margin : as in some of the So-
lenes the breadth is three or four times as much as the length,

Cawa1. An elongated hollow projection from the mouth,
as in most of the Murex tribe ; or an excavated groove down
the pillar-lip.

Carinnle. Furnished with a keel-like elevated ridge.

Cartilage. The tough membrane which connects the valves
of the shell together.

Cartilage, szr/e, or sl<pe. That side of the shell where the car-
tilage is placed.

Ciliaie, Furnished with a kind of fringe.

Complicated. Folded together in an irregular manner.

Compressed. Flattened in the valves.

Concentric. Running parallel from one side to the other,
but not longitudinally, or from the hinge to the margin.

c 3 Confluent.

XX11 EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Confluent. Running- into each other.

Convolute. Rolling regularly over each other.

Coriaceous. Of a tough leather like substance,

Crenatf. Notched in a rather undulating manner.

Croivn. The top of the shell.

Cylindrical. Elongated and rounded, and of equal diameter
throughout.

Decorticated. Worn down, as if by accident or design.

Decussate. Furnished with fine lines both lengthways and
Across.

f)enticles. Small tooth-like protuberances.

Denticulate. Furnished with denticles.

Dorsal. Appertaining to the outer-surface, or back part of
the shell.

Duplicature. A fold tending backwards.

Ears. Appendages on the sides of the hinge, as in most of
the Scallops.

Effuse. Having the aperture emending from one end of the
shell to the other, and open at both extremities.

Emarginate. Notched.

Ferruginous. The color of rust or iron-mould.

Flexuous. Running in a waved or indented manner.

Fusiform. Shaped like a spindle; swollen in the middle,
and tapering to each end.

Gape. '1 he opening in some of the bivalve shells, when the
valves are closed.

Genus. A separate family, distinguished from all others by-
certain permanent marks, called generic characters, and to
which all such belong as are furnished with these characters ;
as the bivalves are known by the hinge and the teeth.

Glabrous. Quite smooth, and without wrinkles, lines or
ridges.

Granular, or Granulate. Covered with pimples or small
wart-like protuberances.

Gutter. The elongated projection beyond the mouth in
some of the Murex tribe.

Habitat. The natural local habitation of a shell, or the place
where it is generally found

Hmge. The upper part of bivalve shells, where the teeth
find connecting cartilage are placed.

Hyaline. Transparent like glass or water.

Inflected. Bending inwards.

Imbricate. Lying over one another, like the tiles of a house.

Involute, Turning or rolling inwards.

J/reguiar,

EXPLANATION OF TERMS. XX1U

Irregular. With the spires reversed, or turning from left to
right when the shell is placed with its mouth downwards.

Juncture, Junction. The circular line, where one volution
or turn of a spire meets another.

Lamina?. Small thin layers, or plate-like teeth.

Lanceolate. Shaped like the head of a spear.

Lateral. Placed on one or both sides.

Length. Extending from the hinge to the opposite margin ;
as in some of the Solenes the length is not one-third of the
breadth.

Linear. Extremely narrow in proportion to its breadth, and
of nearly equal diameter throughout.

Lip. A projection or extension : the margin of the mouth
of a spiral shell.

Lobe. A rounded division.

Longitudinal. Extending from the hinge towards the front
margin, or from the tip to the base.

Memlranaceous. Extremely thin, like a membrane.

Multivalve. Having more than two valves.

Nacred. Highly polished and lustrous, like mother of pearl.

Ob In construction means reversed : as obconic is the re*,
semblance of a cone reversed ; oboval a reversed oval.

Opake. Not in the smallest degree transparent.

Orbicular. Quite round or circular.

Pillar. The support which passes through the centre of a
spiral shell, and round which the volutions turn.

Posterior. The hinder slope or margin of a bivalve shjell, is
the side opposite to that where the cartilage is placed.

Radiate. Furnished with rays, proceeding either from the
centre, or the hin ^e to the margin.

Reflected. Turned backwards.

Regular. With the volutions turning from the right to the
left when the shell is placed with its mouth downwards.

Reversed. Applied to a spiral shell whose volutions turn in
a contrary direction to the generality of shells ; that is, whose
volutions turn from the left hand to the right. Hold up a
spiral shell with the tip or smaller end upwards, and the aper-
ture towards you : if the mouth or aperture be placed on the
right hand of the pillar, and the volutions wind round in that
direction, it is called a regular spire; but if the mouth be
placed on the left hand of the pillar, and the volutions follow
that direction, it is a reversed or irregular shell.

Re'ic .lite. Ribbed or marked both lengthways and across,
so as to form a kind of network.

Rctuse,

XXIV EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Retuse. Bending a little backwards.

Revolute. Folded or rolled a little outwards.

Semitransparent. Not perfectly transparent, nor quite opake.

Serrate. Notched like the teeth of a saw.

Spatulate. Shaped like a spatula or battledore.

Species. The individual of a family or genus, and distin-
guished from all others of its tribe by permanent marks, called
specific characters.

Spire. The body of a shell which consists of separate turns
or volutions connected by a spiral line. In this work it is used
for the separate and several volutions themselves.

Since. Fine concave or raised lines.

Stnate. Furnished with strise or fine lines.

Sub. In composition means inclining to, but not quite d'«
stinctly marked : as subopake means almost opake ; subcylm-
drical, somewhat or nearly cylindrical.

Subulate. Tapering to a very fine point, like an awl.

Summits. The points above the hinges in bivalve shells : the
beaks.

Synonym, Synonymous. Names applied by different authors
to the same thing : as the Cardium rub rum of Montagu is a
synonym or synonymous with our Tellina rubra.

Testaceous. Consisting of shelly matter : composed of the
materials which form shells.

Transverse. Marks which run across the shell, or from one
side to the other; in opposition to longitudinal ones.

Truncate. Appearing as if abruptly cut off.

Tulercled. Covered with small wart -like knobs or protu-
berances.

Tubular. Perforated all through, and open at both ends.

Tumid. Swelling or bulging out

Umbilicate. Furnished with a hollow indentation or perfo-
ration.

Undulate. Proceeding in an irregular or wave- like line.

Uiivalve. Consisting of a single valve or piece.

halves. The several compartments or pieces of which the
whole shell is composed.

Solutions. The distinct turns of a spire, each of which is
defined by the line of beparation or junction.
The same as volution,

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTERS.

A. Wiih more than two valves.

1. CHITON. Shell boat-shaped, with several valves disposed
in a transverse manner along the back, and incumbent on each
other at their front margin.

2. LEPAS. Shell attached to other substances, with several
erect unequal valves.

3. PIIOLAS. Shell with two larger primary valves, gaping
at both extremities, and one or more lesser valves about the
hinge : teeth long, curving inwards, one in each valve on the
inside.

4. TEREDO. Shell with two primary hemispherical valyes,
attached at the posterior end to a cylindrical testaceous tube :
teeth long, curving inwards, one in each valve on the inside.

B. With two valves.

5. MYA. Shell generally gaping at one end : hinge with
mostly a single strong broad tooth, not inserted into the op-
posite valve.

6. SOL EN. Shell oblong, open at both ends : hinge with a
reflected subulate tooth or two, not inserted into a groove of
the ot:pOt'-te valve.

7. TELLINA. Shell with the cartilage side generally sloping,
or curved to one side : hinge with usually three teeth ; the la-
teral tooth in one of the valves flat, or nearly obsolete.

8. CARDIUM. Shell xvith the valves equal, mostly ribbed
longitudinally and toothed round the margin : hinge with two
teeth near the beaks, ami a lesser remote one on each side,
locking into the opposite valve.

9. MACTRA. Shell with equal valves, generally unequal at
the sides : middle tooth of the hinge complicated, with a small
hollow on each side ; the lateral teeth remote, and locking
into the opposite valve.

10. DONAX. Shell with the cartilage side very obtuse and
abrupt: hinge with two teeJi in the middle^ and a single re-
mote lateral one.

11. VENUS.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTERS.

11. VENUS. Hinge with three teeth, all near together ; one
of them placed longitudinally, and inclining outwards.

12. CHAMA. Hinge rugged and gibbous, with the teeth
locking obliquely into the opposite valves.

13. ARCA. Hinge with numerous teeth, alternately locking
within each other.

14. OSTREA. Shell with the valves generally unequal : hinge
without teeth, but furnished with a cavity in the middle, and
generally lateral grooves.

15. ANOMIA. Shell with unequal valves; one of them
usually flat and perforated near the hinge, through which it
is fixed to other substances : hinge without teeth ; an oblong
transverse projection on the flat valve connecting them by a
strong cartilage under the beak.

16. MYTILUS. Shell generally fixed by a mass of silky fila-
ments : hinge without teeth, marked by a longitudinal groove
which is sometimes finely notched.

17. PINNA. Shell brittle, gaping at the larger end, and fixed
at the other by a mass of silky filaments : hinge without teeth ;
the valves connected by the cartilage nearly the whole breadth.

C. With a single valve,

1 . More or less spiral.

18. NAUTILUS. Shell "with several compartments or cells,
communicating with each other by means of a small tube or
perforation.

19 CYPRJEA. Shell involute, oval, obtuse at both ends :
aperture very narrow, reaching the whole length of the shell,
and toothed on both its edges.

20. BULLA. Shell convolute, without teeth : aperture con-
tracted, oblong, reaching nearly or entirely the whole length
of the shell, without beak, entire at the base: pillar oblique,
smooth,

21. VOLUTA. Shell more or less spiral: aperture narrow,
extending much down the shell, without beak: pillar plaited
or toothed.

22. BUCCJNUM. Shell spiral, gibbous : aperture oval, ending'
in a canal leaning to the right hand.

23. STROMBUS. Shell spiral : aperture ending in a canal
leaning to the left ; the outer-lip more or less expanded.

24. MUREX. Shell spiral, often rough with folds or protu-
berances : aperture oval, ending in a straight canal, which is
sometimes a little reflected.

25. TROCIIUS. Shell spiral, more or le^s conic: aperture

a little

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTERS. XXVll

a little angular or rounded, and contracted transversely : pillar
placed obliquely.

26. TURBO. Shell spiral, solid : aperture contracted, entire,
more or less orbicular.

27. HELIX Shell spiral, more or less transparent and brittle :
aperture contracted, roundish or crescent-shaped.

28. NERITA. Shell spiral, gibbous, flattish underneath :
aperture half orbicular; the pillar-lip transverse, flattish and
truncate.

29. HALIOTIS. Shell ear- shaped, almost entirely open, with
a longitudinal row of orifices towards the outer margin : spire
lateral, flat upon the back.

2. Without spire.

30. PATELLA. Shell shaped like a bason, more or less conic,
generally without spire.

31. DENTALIUM. Shell linear, tubular, not divided into
chambers, open at one or both ends.

32.SERPULA. Shell tubular, variously shaped, sometimes se-
parated by internal divisions at irregular distances,

ENGLISH

* ENGLISH AND LATIN NAMES OF THE
GENERA.

Acorn-shell Lepcu.

Ark-shell Area.

Barnacle Lfpas.

Bowl-shell Avomi.a.

Canoe-shell ..Chiton.

Cockle Cardiu'm.

Cowry Cypr&a.

Creeper .... Serpula.

PTpper Bulla*

Gaper My a.

Heart-cockle Chamt^

Limpet , Patella.

Mactra „ ., . .Mactra*

Alussel Mytiius.

Nacre , . . Pinna.

Nautilus NautUus.

Nerite Nerita^

Oyster Ostrea.

, Piddock ^ . . Pholas.

Razor-shell. ^ Solen.

Rock shell » . Murex.

Scallop-shell Ostrea.

Screw-shell Stromlust

Sea-ear Halioti*.

Ship-worm Teredo,

Snail-shell Helix.

Tellen ^. . , ., Tellina.

Tooth-shell , Dentaiium.

Top-shell , Trvchus.

Turban , , Turbo.

V«;nus Ft-nus.

Volute ., R>l*ta.

A

CONCHOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

OF

THE BRITISH ISLANDS.

ANOMIA. BOIFL-SHELL.

SHELL with two unequal valves ; one of them
usually flat and perforated near the hinge, through
which it is fixed to other substances : hinge with-
out teeth ; a transverse oblong projection on the
fiat valve connecting the convex one by a strong
cartilage under the beak.

1 . Anomia electrica. Ambev Boiul-shelL Fig. 67-

Lister, pi. 205. f. 39.

Anonria pellucida. Broum, JF'ern. Soc. p. 514.

Shell thin, brittle, transparent, glassy round the edges,
somewhat orbicular, a little distorted but not undulated
round the circumference ; the upper-valve convex, and
something rugged or irregularly wrinkled on the outer sur-
face ; under-valve fiat and scaly, with a large perforation
near the hinge : color bright yellow, or amber, with more
or less of a greenish tinge, and becoming yellowish-white
after much exposure to the air : beaks pointed, hardly reach-
ing to the margin, which is rounded : inside bright glossy
yellow : diameter an inch and a quarter.

It differs from A. Ephippium in color, in having the up-
per valve much more convex, and not so irregular round
the circumference.

West of Ireland, and England, and Dublin bay. v. n.

B 2. Anomia

2 'A'NOMIA. BOWL-SHELL.

1 . Aivjmia;Eph5ppkmv Twinkled Boicl-shelL

Lister, pi. 204. f. 38— Pennant, pi. 65. upper fig. — Da
Costa, pi. 11. f. 3— Linn. Tram.vi.pl 18. f. 11, 12— Dono-
van, pi. 26— Domtf Cert, pi. 11. f.3.

Shell thin, more or less transparent, rather convex,
rounded, irregularly wrinkled and plaited, and often in-
dented on the margin ; the outside dirty white, or of a
brownish cast j inside perlaeeous ; beak small pointed,
curved, and reaching to the end of the margin : the flat
valve with an oblong rather oblique perforation close to
the hinge, which is generally cut off by the margin of the
upper valve, and often taking the impression of shells and
other substances to which it may be attached : diameter
hardly three inches.

Variety A. Reversed, or with the convex valve perforated.

Variety B. Thick, strong, somewhat orbicular, but a
little produced on one side, quite even round the circum-
ference and not wrinkled nor plaited ; the upper-valve a
little rugged on the outside, and scaly towards the margin :.
color dull white with a slight tinge of purple, and of a
most rich pearly lustre when the outer coat is removed :
beak reaching close to the margin, which is rather rounded ;
inside finely polished, of the most splendid perlaeeous
lustre, 'with a tinge of dark green towards the produced
side : lower valve a little concave, thin, transparent, per-
laeeous except round the margin of the aperture, which is
large oval and extending to the hinge : length two inches
and a quarter ; breadth two and a half.

This most beautiful shell, by far exceeding the finest
pearls we have ever seen in the richness and splendor of
its iridescent gleams, was brought to us from Torbay in
the autumn of 1817. Beneath the cartilage impression
are two oblong cavities, about a quarter of an inch in length,
evidently the lodgement of pearls : and it is probable, that
ir the larger species of this family could be procured from
the deeps of the ocean, the most valuable pearls might be
obtained from them. Our knowledge of this shell being
confined to this single specimen, we can for the present
only consider it as a variety.

Variety C. Of a triangular shape, appearing as if regu-
larly

ANOMIA. KOlVL-SHELLs 3

larly cut down the sides and leaving the front margin a
mere ohtuse point, rough on the outside but not irregular
nor undulate, white with a tinge of pale purple: upper
valve convex, slightly inflected both at the beak and front
margin: beak a little projecting, and curved over the lower
valve, which is rugged with a large perforation near the
summit : length an inch and a quarter ; breadth at the
hinge an inch.

This singular variety, if it be only a variety, we have
found both in Dublin bay and the soutli of Devon; and it may
be remarked, that the oval perforation of the under valve
points in an opposite, direction to that of A. Ephippium.

On most rocky coasts, v. v.

3. Anomia Squamula. Scaly BowLsliell.

Walker, f. 80— Dorset Cat. pi. 13. f. 4.

Shell rounded, smooth, regular and entire at the margin;
the upper-valve nearly fiat, with a small beak projecting
beyond the margin, very thin, transparent, dirty white or
horn color ; inside silvery, or tinged with green ; under
valve extremely thin and filmy, like the scale of a fish,
,often wrinkled or ribbed and a little concave, perforated
near the hinge : diameter about half an inch.
• We have found this shell full an inch in diameter, and
with the surface quite smooth : on the ether hand we have
the A. Ephippium from two-tenths of an inch to more than
three inches in diameter, all of them preserving the irre-
gular undulations of the margin. These circumstances, to-
gether with the different appearance of the beak, which
always projects beyond the margin, make us consider it
as a distinct species.

On stony or rocky coasts, v. v.

4. Anomia Cepa. Onion-peel Bowl-shell.

Shell with the upper-valve very convex or semiglobular,
sometimes inclining to oval, very slightly wrinkled, of a
glossy reddish-violet color, not unlike the coat of an onion,;
lower-valve nearly fiat, and perforated near the hinge ; in-
side glossy pale violet : diameter about an inch.

On the English and Irish coasts, v. m.

B 2 5, Anomia

4 ANOMIA. BQJ?rL-SHELL.

5. Anomia aculeata. Prickly Bowl-shell.
Montagu, pi. 4. f. 5.

Shell roundish, or inclining to oblong, sometimes
wrinkled, thin, transparent ; the upper valve flat, covered
with concave scales disposed in longitudinal rows, which
enlarge towards the margin, with a small and somewhat
inflected beak ; lower-valve scaly, smooth, or a little spi-
nous towards the margin : color dirty white, brownish
or yellowish, silvery within ; the perforation near the
hinge : diameter about a quarter of an inch.

In the many specimens which we have examined from
the English and Irish coasts, both loose and attached to
the roots of Fuci, we have never been able to observe the
numerous rows of concentric pores on the under-valve
mentioned by Mr. Dillwyn, but have often found this valve
prickly for the greater part of its surface.

Southern coasts of England and Ireland, v. v.

6. Anomia undulata. Striated Bowl-shell.

Lister ,pl. 202. f. 36, and pi. 203. f. 37— Montagu, pi. 4.
f. 6— DorsetCat.pl. ll.f. 4.

Ostrea striata. Da Costa, pi. 11. f. 4 — Donovan,
pi. 45.

Shell roundish, more or less inclining to oblong, rather
flat, thin and transparent , the upper valve somewhat
fiexuous and produced on one side under the hinge, like the
valves of the Tellina flexuosa, with longitudinal ribs, which
in the young shells are regular and quite straight, but in
the older ones more or less undulated and branching into
each other or divided, especially towards the front, giving
the margin a notched appearance j the interstices trans-
versely rugged or striate : beak small, pointed, scarcely
reaching to the margin ; under-valve thin, flat, scaly, and
ribbed, with an oval perforation under the hinge : color
whitish or brownish, with more or less of a purple red or
yellow cast, and iridescent when the outer coat is rubbed
off; inside ribbed, glossy, with usually a dull oblong chalky
patch below the hinge : length an inch or more ; breadth
not so much.

On the English and Irish coasts, v. v.

7- AiiQinia

ANOMIA. BOWL-SHELL. 5

7. Anoniia Psittacea. Parrot-beak Bowl-shell Fig. 42,
.43, 44.

JW*ter, pi. 211.f. 46.

Shell blackish horn-color, semitransparent, oval, rather
convex, with numerous very fine regular longitudinal ribs ;
the sides abruptly turned in anjl flattened, without the ribs,
but marked with a few irregular striae ; the front margin a
little indented on each side and projecting in the middle z
one valve produced into an elongated incurved and pointed
beak, like a parrot's bill; the other oval and rather flat ;
the perforation somewhat triangular : inside dull greyish-
white, with a strong tooth-like projection each side a little
below the beak, and which reaches down the incurvature
of the sides in a strong rib-like form : length nearly an incrj.
and a quarter ; breadth an inch.

A specimen of this very rare shell we found on the shore
about a mile to the east of Teignmouth, after a severe gale,
and have since seen several broken fragments : but we suspect
they come from very great depths, v. m.

8. Anomia Terebratula. Pierced Boul-shell

Da Costa s Elements, p. 292. pi. 6- f. 3.

Shell somewhat oval, thin, brittle, transparent, dirty
white, nearly smooth ; one valve tumid, truncate, and per-
forated at the summit, and inflected over the other; the
other valve not quite so tumid, and something smaller :
length an inch ; breadth about three quarters.

A single specimen of this rare shell was dredged up alive
in Dublin bay, and was placed in the {tluseum of the Dublin
Society, v. v. .

9. Anomia Cranium. Death's-head Bowl-shell
Terebratula Cranium. L,inn. Tram, xi. pi. 13. f. 2— B.
Shell oval, convex, equivalve, thin, brittle, sernitranspa-

rent, whitish-brown, minutely striatc both longitudinally
and transversely, giving it a very fine shagreeneil appear-
ance, with a few irregular concentric wrinkles ; the upper*
valve projecting beyond the lower, nearly rouqjded in front,
where there is a small perforation j inside thickened about
the beaks, forming in the larger valve a process on cucli
side for the connecting hinge ; under which there is a de-
ft 3 precision

6 ARCA. ARK.

pression roughened by two or three slight longitudinal
ridges, and in the smaller valve forming a raised transverse
ridge, which is grooved along the middle, and reflecting at
the sides for the purpose of receiving the processes of the
opposite valve, with two small reflected tooth-like projec-
tions near the middle of the shell, and a small erect one at
the hase of each : length about an inch , breadth seven-
eighths of an inch.

Found by Mr. Fleming in the Shetland Islands: very rare.

10. Anomia cylindrica. Cylindrical Boat-shell.

Anomia cymbiformis. Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 3. f. 6.

S'.iell oblong-oval, thin, semitransparent, brownish*
wlii.e, strongly wrinkled or striate transversely, the wrin-
kles often rising into thin membranaceous scales which
turn downwards and are nearly incumbent on each other ;
the upper-valve convex, more or less cylindrical according
to the substances on which it is fixed, narrowed towards the
top, tumid and turned in at the beak over the under valve,
which is flat and perforated near the top ; inside glossy-
white : length nearly half an inch ; breadth about a third
of its length.

We find this shell frequently on the Devonshire coast,
attached to Fuci, consequently of a less cylindrical form
than when it adheres to Sertularise, or the spines of the
Echinus, v. v.

ARCA. ARK.

Shell of two equal valves : hinge with numerous
teethj alternately locking within each other,

A. With the margin notched. 1, to 4.

B. With the margin very entire. 5, to 11.

1. Area pilosa. Downy Ark.

Lister, pi. 247- f. 82— Pennant, pi. 61. f. 1— Da Costa,
pi. 11. f. 2— Dorset Cat. pi. 11. f. 2-^Linn. Trans. vi?
pi. 18. f. 1, 2, and viii. pi. 3. f. 4. ^

Area Glycymeris. Donovan, pi, 37?

Shell thick, convex,with the sides exactly equal or rarely
a little flexuous on one side^ covered with a dark-brown
downy skin, particularly round the margin, with obscure
bruad rounded remote ribs, minutely striate both longitiif

dimilly

ARCA. ARK. 7

d'mally and across, and marked with a few transverse
wrinkles ; under the skin whitish, yellowish, or dusky-
brown, with angular zigzag chesnut or orange-yellow
stripes or lines, which in the younger shells are of a car-
nation color, often spotted with red ; inside white, with
sometimes a purplish-brown tinge on one side, and marked
with fine longitudinal lines which extend as far as the po-
lished area round the margin: beaks quite central, promi-
nent, not curved to either side nor quite close together at
their points : teeth in a curved line, placed obliquely, about
twelve on each side the beaks : diameter sometimes nearly
three inches.

Southern and western coasts, and Dublin bay. v. v.

2. Area Glycymeris. Large Ark.

Lister, pi. 240. f. 77 — Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 3. f. 3.

Shell much resembling the last, but the sides are not
quite equal, one of them being a little produced; in conse-
quence the circumference is not exactly orbicular, nor the
beaks quite central.

Specimens of these two species, if they are really distinct,
we have examined, from a quarter of an inch in diameter,
to three inches and a half long, and three and a quarter
wide. In the number of teeth, markings, and external
coat they exactly correspond ; and we think we can per-
ceive a gradual tendency to a deviation from their exact
circular form as they enlarge to the fullest growth, and
thus consequently causing the beaks to lose their central
position, a circumstance by no means uncommon in many
bivalve shells. If our conjecture should turn out eventually
to be correct, the A. pilosa must be considered as the
younger shell of A. Glycymeris, which latter is of very rare
occurrence in these climates. The finest and most perfect
series which we have seen are in the cabinet of Mrs. C.
\V. Loscombe of Exmouth, and were taken on the Devqn
arid Cornish coasts, v. m.

3. Area reticulata. Reticulated Ark.
Lister, pi. 233. f. 6/.

Area barbata. Brown, Wern. Soc. p!. 24. f. 3.

jSbell oblong, somewhat rhombic, rather $at, strong-,

8 ARCA. ARK.

white, rounded at the posterior end, elongated and a little
angular at the other, covered with an olive-brown skin,
and beset with a marginal beard of strong brown hair-like
byssus, with numerous nearly equidistant flat longitudinal
ridges which are covered with fine short thickset brown
hair, and crossed with numerous fine lines giving it a retir-
culate appearance ; the hollows at the anterior and poste-
rior slopes are also covered with bristles of a dark umber
color: beaks nearer one end, pointed and close together ;
inside rather glossy, with pale rays, and clouded with pale
chesnut ; the margin finely notched : teeth in a straight
line, rather small, but increasing in size as they recede from
the centre : length half an inch ; breadth rather more than
an inch.

It differs from A. barbata, in having the margin notched,
and in being a little angular on the anterior side.

A perfect specimen was found alive, adhering to an
oyster, from Killinchy in Lough Strangford, Ireland, by
Dr. Macgee of Belfast.

4. Area Nucleus. Silvery Ark. Fig. 1, 2.

Da Costa, pi. 15. f. 6. right hand fig. — Linn. Trans, vi.
pi. IS. f. 3 to 6— Donovan,^ pL 63— Dorset CM,' pi. 12. f. G.
right-hand fig.

"Shell somewhat triangular, slightly convex, produced on
one side, covered with a smooth olive-green skin, under
which it is white with generally some yellowish rays from
the beak to the margin, and mostly marked with flesh- co-
lor or blueish transverse bands and a few coarse ridges,
finely and regularly striate longitudinally : beaks small,
turning towards the shorter side, beneath which is an oval
depression; inside bright silvery : teeth in a curved line,
,-ibout twenty on the elongated side, and half the number on
the other, separated by a triangular cavity : length half an
inch or more ; breadth not so much.

On most sandy shores, v. v.

B. With the margin very entire. 5, to 11.

5. Area minima. Least Ark.

Shell somewhat globular, a little produced on one side,
transparent, glossy, smooth or so minutely striate longitu-
dinally

ARCA. ARK.

dinally as hardly to be visible with the highest magnifying
powers : beaks not quite central, prominent, pointed, close
together ; teeth in a curved line, three or four on each
side j inside glossy, with the margin thin and very entire :
diameter the eighth of an inch.

Specimens of this minute Area were first presented to
us by the Rev. Dr. Goodall, who we believe obtained them
from the Devonshire coast. They seem to differ from th«
very young of A. pilosa, in their transparency, total want
of colored markings, in the circumference not being circu-
lar, and in not having the slightest appearance of teeth or
crenatures on the margin, v. m.

6. Area Nose. Noah's Ark. Fig. 58.

Lister, pi. 368. f. 2QS— Donovan, pi. 158. f. 1, 2.

Shell oblong, inclining to rhombic, rounded at one end,
elongated, narrower, and somewhat angular at the other,
the smaller end of each valve turning in to meet the other,
forming a sharp angle and a gape at the margin, regularly
and strongly ribbed longitudinally, and crossed with fine
transverse lines giving it a punctured appearance, and
sometimes marked with a few concentric ridges : beaks
nearer to one end, much separated by a deep rhombic space
which is smooth : color pale rufous-brown, with deeper
chesnut bands crossing the valves diagonally ; inside whit-
ish or tinged with brown ; the teeth placed in a straight
line : length about half an inch ; breadth rather more.

Sam shores of Devon and Cornwall, Duubar, and Lelth
roads in Scotland, and Dublin bay : rare. v. m.

7- Area perforans. P erf Grating Ark.

Lister, pi. 235. f. 69.

Area lactea. Pennant, pi. Gl. f. 2 — Da Costa, pi. 11.
f. 5 — Donovan, pi. 135— Dorset Cat. pi. 11. f. 5.

Shell thin, convex, rhombic oval, generally rounded at
one end and more or less angular at the other, but varying
much in its depth and figure, with numerous close-set re-
gular raised longitudinal lines, which are finely beaded by
minute transverse stria?., and marked with deeper trans-
verse ridges ; covered when fresh with a dark-brown silky
skin which fringes the margin, under which it is of a rusty-
brown

10 ARCA. ARK.

brown color, becoming white by exposure to the air: beaks
nearly central, incurved, rather remote, with the interme-
diate space rhombic black and finely but regularly striate
longitudinally; inside white, entire at the margin, with
about twenty teeth each side the beak placed in a straight
line : length nearly an inch ; breadth something more.

However averse we may be to the alteration of establish-
ed specific names, the uncertainty in which this shell has
hitherto stood, and the discovery of its peculiar habitat and
history, will we trust hold us justified in this instance. The
Linnean Area lactea is described as having the margin
toothed, a circumstance which has never been found subject
to variation in any shell ; nor on the contrary has any shell
with the margin usually plain been found toothed : and
from A. barbata and A. reticulata it differs, in having the
points of the beaks remote from each other.

In the summer of 1817, a large mass of very hard calca-
reous sandstone, dredged up in Teignmouth harbour, was
brought to us, perforated all over the surface, and filled
with these shells only, so compactly imbedded that it was
necessary to break the stone in order to extricate them,
mostly in a living state ; since which they have been found
inclosed in rocks about Teignmouth and Dawlish, firmly
attached at the front margin by a strong broad deep green
film ', and within some of them were found the Tellina sub-
orbicularis. This singular habitat may account for the ob-
scurity in which this specie/5 has remained, its rarity in a
living state, and the variations in its figure ; being some-
times angular, sometimes-bounded at both ends, often a lit-
tle elongated on one side, sometimes flat, and sometimes
very deep and as it were truncated at the front margin :
length half an inch j breadth nearly an inch. v. v.

8. Area fusca. Brown Ark.

Lister, pi. 367. f. 207— Donovan, pi. 158. f. 3, 4.

Area Nose. Montagu, pi. 4. f. 3.

Shell purplish-brown, elongated on one side, finely reti-
culate, much resembling Area Noae, but is longer in pro-
portion to the breadth, and the longitudinal striae are much
finer, except between the angles of the longer end ; and the
upper angle of this end is considerably shorter than the

lower

ARC A. ARK. 11

lower angle, which is the reverse in A. Nose : it is also en-
tirely destitute of the zigzag diagonal brown markings :.
length half an inch ; breadth an inch.

West of England, and Scotland : rare. v. v.

9. Area minuta. Minute Ark.
Walker, f. 81— Dorset Cat. pi. 1. f. 16.
Area caudata. Donovan, pi. 78.

Shell oblong, much produced at one end which is angular
sloping and truncate, the other end rounded, finely striate
transversely, with three or four strong concentric ridges :
beaks small, turning a little to the longer side, with a smooth
cavity between them : teeth in a curved line, separated
by a hollow : length hardly three lines ; breadth about
four.

Sandwich, Scotland, West of Ireland : rare. v. m.

1 0. Area rostrata. Elongated Ark.
Montagu, pi. 27- f. 7-

Shell somewhat oval, the smaller end sloping and elon-
gated into a lip which is turned up, the other rounded,
wrought with extremely fine regular slightly reflected
transverse.ridges, which are angularly turned across a few
slight longitudinal ribs from the beaks to the smaller end :
beaks small, nearly central, almost close together : teeth in
a curved line, angular, numerous on each side the beak, and
separated by a hollow : color pale horny, glossy, some-
times covered with a greenish skin, inside semitransparent
and finely polished : length half an inch -9 breadth three
quarters.

St. Abb's Head, Scotland : very rare.

11. Area tennis. Thin Ark.
Montagu, pi. 29. f. 1.

Shell somewhat heart-shaped, produced on one side and
rounded at the margin, white or covered with an olive
j skin : beaks small, not central, slightly inflected towards
! the shorter side ; inside smooth, white, and somewhat per-
I laceous ; the margin thin : hinge with about fifteen teeth
placed in a curved line within the margin, six on one side
and nine on the other, divided by u small concave plate pro-
jecting

12 BUCCINUM. WHELK.

jecting inwards : length not a quarter of an inch ; breadth
reither more.

D unbar, and Leitli roads : very rare.

BUCCINUM. WHELK.

Shell with a single spiral gibbous valve : aper-
ture oval, ending in a short canal leaning to the
right.

1. Buccmiim Perdix. Partridge Whelk.

Lifter, pi. 984. f. 43 — Montagu, pi. 8. f. 5 — Dorset Cat.
pi. 15. f. 14.

Shell somewhat oval, thin, inflated, with five or six
spires ending in a fine point, the first very large and tu-
mid, with about twenty flat circular ridges which are
broader than the interstices between them : color greyish
or yellowish-brown irregularly marbled and spotted with
white : aperture large, oval ; the outer lip thin and without
teeth ; pillar-lip a little folding back on the lower part,
and forming a slight elongated h olio w behind it : length an
inch and a half; breadth an inch.

On the Devon and Dorset coasts : rare. v. m.

2. Buccinum undatum. Waved Whelk.

Lister, pi. 962. f. \4—Pefinant,pl. 76— Da Costa, pi. G.
f. 6—- Donovan, pi. 104— Dorset Cat. pi. 17. f. 6.

Shell oblong, coarse, tapering to a fine point : spires
seven or eight, inflated and deeply defined, with numerous
rather remote rounded longitudinal ribs which are rather
undulated, strongly striate transversely, and again crossed
with finer longitudinal lines : outer-lip a little undulated
in its circumference, sometimes thick and a little reflected,
sometimes thin: pillar-lip forming a slight projection below
the canal which is reflected, rugged on the outside to-
wards the top : color whitish or pale carnation, covered
with a brown skin, sometimes marked with rufous blotches
or bands, and sometimes there are three or four strong fo-
liations near the outer lip on the larger volution : length
four or five inches ; breadth nearly two.

The young, soon after they &r<? excluded frcm the cells,

have

BUCCINUM. 1F11ELK. 13

have an obtnse globular tip j and in a more advanced state
are thin and transparent.

Variety. With the undulated ribs nearly obliterated, the
striae, more distinct and elevated, the larger volution more
swollen, the outer-lip thin and much expanded, and the
shell much thinner.

Buccinum striatum. Pennant, p. 2/2. pi. 77. Lister,
pi. 962. f. 15.

Common on most coasts, v. v.

3. Buccinum glaciale. Northern Whzlk.
Donovan, pi. 154.

Shell oblong-oval, taper thin, of a livid-brown color :
spires eight or nine, a little swollen, finely striate in a cir-
cular manner, and sloping rather suddenly to the line of
junction, the larger one with a raised circular rib round
the top, which disappears towards the next, giving it a
slightly carinated appearance ; they are also slightly ribbed
longitudinally a little way only beyond the line of separation :
aperture oval", sometimes u little spread and thickish, finely
striate : length about two inches.

Found at the Orkney Islands : very rare. v. m.

4. Buccinum carinatum. Carinated Whelk.

Shell oblong-oval, thin, inflated, marked with very line
and regular circular lines, every eighth or tenth of which is
a little more raised, and crossed by minute irregular longi-
tudinal ones, with a faint appearance of numerous longitu-
dinal rib-like elevations, which however appear only a little
way beyond the line of separation : spires six or seven, with
an elevated circular rib at the top of each, from which they
suddenly slope to the line of junction, appearing as if cari-
nate at the edges of them all, and giving them a very di-
stinct and turrited appearance, not unlike the Murex Tur-
ricula : the first volution is swollen and rounded on the body
till it meets the carinated line ; but the rest are flattened,
or not more tumid in the middle than at the ends : aper-
ture dilated; the outer-lip thick at the edge; inner-lip
smooth and spread on the pillar : beak short, somewhat
truncate, and hardly reflected, behind which it is a little
iugi>«.-d, with two raided oblique longitudinal ribs : color
c whitish

14 BUCCINUM. WHELK.

whitish with a rufous mixture,, and a broad pale rufous
band round the middle of the volutions : length four inches
and a quarter ; breadth two and a half.

The principal differences between this species and the
last, consist in the lesser number of volutions, the cari-
nated rib which winds round the top of them all, and the
consequent flattened appearance of their surface. The
above description was taken from a specimen in the cabinet
of Mr. O'Kelly, of Dublin, who found it on the strand of
Port mar nock, in Dublin bay : another was dredged up at
Bray, in Ireland, and is we believe in the possession of
Mr. Sower by : and our friend Mr. O'Kelly has lately in-
formed us that it has been found by Mr. Tardy, at Bullock,
in Ireland. It has also been taken at Exmoutk v. m.

5. Buccinum Lapillus. Reck Whelk.

Lister, pi. 965. f. 18 and 19— Pennant, pi. 75. f. 1— Da
Costa, pi. 7. f. 1, 2, 3, 4. 9. 12— Donovan, pi. 11— Z)<
Cat. pi. 15. f. 1—4. 9. 1^.

Shell oval, thick, with five or six spires ending in a fine
point, the first very large, all spirally ribbed and crossed
with fine .irregular striae; when young rough with raised
hollow membra naceous scales, which disappear in its ad-
vanced stage of growth ; when old covered with scales dis-
posed longitudinally, and sometimes nearly smooth : aper-
ture oval, the outer-lip with a very thin edge, more or less
indented, with often four or five tooth-like protuberances on
the inside ; pillar-lip transversely rugged on the outside,
with a slight hollow near the end, and projecting into an
angle withinside: color white, yellowish, or greenish, with
often a broad band or two of chesnut brown or deep yellow,
rarely of light blue : length from an inch to one and a half ;
Breadth a third of its length.

Common on most rocky coasts, v. v.

(L Buccinum reticulatum. Reticulated JTHielk. Fig. 7-5.

Lister, pi. 966. f. 21— Pennant , pi. 75. f. 2— Da Costa,
pi. 7. f. 10— Donovan, pi. 7 &— Dorset Cat. pi. 15. f. 10.

Shell oblong-oval, pointed, with seven or eight spires,
which hardly rise above the line of separation, strongly
ribbed longitudinally, and crossed with fmer transverse

BUCCINUM. WHELK. 15

lines, forming small tubercles all over the shell : aperture
nearly oval, the outer-lip not thickened at the hack, with
mostly a few fine teeth on the inside ; inner-lip folding back,
and forming a hollow behind it : color yellowish-brown,
with generally a pule chesuut band round the end of the
volutions : length above an inch ; breadth not half an inch.
Common on many sandy beaches, v. v.

7. Buccinum Macula. Thick-lipped JFhelk.
Pennant, pi. 82. f. 6 — Montagu, pi. 8. f. 4 — Linn. Trans.

viii. pi. 4. f/4— Dorset Cat. pi. 15. f. 8.

Shell oval, pointed, with seven spires, strongly reticu-
lated like the last ; but the longitudinal ribs are more waved,
"and the spires are better denned and more distinctly sepa-
rated by the line of junction : aperture nearly orbicular, with
a small dark purplish spot at the outer edge or back of the
canal ; outer-lip thickened by a strong rib at the back, and
slightly toothed on the inside ; inner-lip faintly toothed, a
little folding back, but not forming a. hollow behind it : co-
lor various shades of brown, chesnut, white, purple, or
pink, and often covered with a polished livid skin : length
about half an inch; breadth not a quarter.

Variety A. Larger, with the outer-lip thin, and not
toothed on the inside.

Variety B. With a notch or cut at the upper angle of
the outer-lip, separating it from its attachment to the body
volution, similar to that which is found in the Murex gra-
ciiis.

On most sandy shores : the variety B. we observed in the
cabinet of Mrs. C. W. Loscombe, of Exmouth. v. v.

8. Buccinum arnbiguum. Ambiguous JFhelk.
Montagu, pi. 9. f. 7 — Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 4. f. 5 — Dorset

Cat. pi. 18. f. 19*.

Shell somewhat conic, thick, with six or seven spires,
which terminate rather abruptly at their tops, and are deeply
divided by the line of separation, marked with strong di-
stant longitudinal ribs, from eleven to fifteen in number, a
little swelling into tubercles at the junctures, and reticu-
lated by finer transverse lines : aperture nearly orbicular ;
the outer-rlip thickened by a rib at the back, and very
c 2 slightly

1 tf B UCCINUM. WHELK.

.slightly toothed within ; inner-lip slightly reflected with
generally two faint distant folds : color whitish, or pale
ochre : length about half an inch ; breadth hardly three-
e.ghths.

it differs from the last, and from the young of B. reticu-
latum, in being broader in proportion to its length, in the
volutions being a little flattened at their tops, and in the
ribs being more distant and a little swelling at the junctures :
it wants also the colored spot at the back of the canal.
. Maton and Hackett, and consequently Mr. Dillwyn, in re-
ferring to the tig. 19. in the Dorset Catalogue, not consider-
ing that there are two numbers of this denomination, have
directed us to that without the star, which is Helix succinea.
The former authors, in their corrigenda, have strangely
desired us to erase 19, and substitute 23, a number not to
be found.

About Weymouth and Poole, and at Portmarnock In
Dublin bay : rare. v. nt.

9. Buccinum tuberculatum. Tnbercled Whelk.

ShelJ. taper, white but not glossy : spires six, rounded
and well denned by the line of junction, with numerous
strong longitudinal ribs crossed by fine transverse lines,
giving them a tubercled appearance : aperture oval ; the
outer-lip thin and toothed within ; inner-lip strongly marked
with oblique striae, and ending in a short reflected rather
cloven canal : length six-tenths of an inch j breadth not a
third of its length.

It differs from B. reticulatum in its elongated and taper
shape, and in the inner-lip and canal ; from B. ambiguuni,
m having the ribs more numerous and closer together, and
in wanting the stronger tubercles at the junctions of the
volutions ; from B. hepatioum, in not having the volutions
entirely covered wicu tubercles; and from all, in the strong
oblique strife on the pillar.

Found in the sand at Exmouth, and is in the cabinet of
Mrs. C. W. Loscombe : very rare. v. m.

10. Buccinum hepaticum. Liver-colored Whelk.
Montagu, pi. 8. f. 1— Dorset Cat. pi. 15. f. 13.

Shell oblong-oval, pointed, with seven or eight swollen

and

BUCCINUM. WHELK. 17

and strongly divided spires, ribbed longitudinally, and each
of them crossed by a transverse depressed line near the
junction, cutting that part into tubercles ; the larger volu-
tion a little striate at the base : outer-lip thick, turning in-
wards to an edge, faintly toothed or striate on the inside ;
inner-lip reflected, with a single tooth-like ridge on the up-
per part : color liver-brown, with sometimes a few rufous
spots, and sometimes there is a white band on the inside
of the inner-lip : length hardly an inch 3 breadth about a
quarter.

Weymouth, and Dublin bay : rare. v. m.

11. Buccinum lineatum. Liiieated Whelk.

Da Costa, pi. 8. f. 5 — Donovan, pi. 15 — Dorset Cat.
pi. 14. f. 5.

Shell conic, pointed, smooth, with five or six volutions
regularly banded with alternate spiral lines of chocolate-
brown and white, giving them a striated appearance ; some-
times quite white : aperture oval, the outer-lip a little
spread, marked with the brown lines at the margin, giving
it the appearance of being slightly notched : length a quar-
^er of an inch ; breadth an eighth.

Dorset and Devon coasts, on Fuci : rare. v. m.

12. Buccinum bilineatum. Bllincatcd Whelk.

Lister, pi. 998. f. 63 ?— Pennant, pi. 82. f. 9— Dorset Cat:
pi. 17.f.8.

Shell oval, tumid, whitish, with from two to four bands
of brown spots on the body volution: spires five or six,
smooth except two rows of tubercles close to the junctions
of the largest volutions, which disappear on the smaller
ones : aperture large, somewhat oval, with the canal
slightly recurved; the outer-lip slightly toothed ; pillar-lip
rugged and granular : length hardly an inch 3 breadth
three quarters.

In Lister's figure, the larger volution appears to be stri?
ate transversely.

Weyinouth and Dunbar : very rare.

13. Buccinum cinctum. Girdled Whelk.
M>ntogT*,pLl5rf. 1. Dorset Cat. pi. 14. f. 1J.

Shell conic, pointed, white, with a line threud-liko ru-
c 3 fous-

18 BUCCINUM. WHELK.

fous-brown line round the middle of each volution : Aspires
six or seven, very little raised, finely and closely ribbed
longitudinally, and obscurely striate transversely in the
depressions between the ribs : aperture narrow, the outer-
lip thickened at the back, and slightly toothed within, with
a small rufous spot on the edge, and another at the upper
angle of the aperture, and from these two spots may be traced
two obscure broken lines round the base of the shell ; in-
ner-lip slightly notched by the transverse stride of the base :
length barely a quarter of an inch ; breadth about a third
of its length.
Found at Weymouth by Mr. Bryer : very rare.

14. Buccinum minimum. Minute Whelk.
Montagu, pi. 8. f. 2— Donovan, pi. 179. f. 2.

Shell strong, conic, taper : spires five, rounded and well
defined, ribbed longitudinally, and reticulate by finer trans-
verse lines : color from light to dark chesnut brown :
aperture oval, a little elongated at the base, with both the
lips smooth : length hardly two-tenths of an inch.

Western coasts, and Dunbar : rare. v. m.

15. Buccinum terrestre. Land Whelk.
Montagu, pi. 8. f. 3— Walker, f. 60.

Shell very slender, smooth, glossy, transparent, obtusely
pointed, white: spires six, a little raised, and very obliquely
separated by the line of junction; the first more than twice
as long as the second : aperture oblong, somewhat oval ;
the lips without teeth, the outer-one thin and even, the in-
ner-one thickened and forming a small canal : length about
a quarter of an inch; breadth a line.

On the top of Barham Downs, in moss and at the roots
of grass ; and brought down by the floods into the Avon,
at Lackham in Wiltshire: Eton, and Dunbar : rare. v. vn.

The following species are very obscure and imperfectly
described, not having been ascertained since the time of
their respective discoverers.

16. Buccinum obtusulum.
Walker, f. 59.

Shell qpake, white, with three tumid spires : aperture
pval.

At Faversham creek ; minute, 17- Buc-

BULL A. DIPPER. 19

17. Buccinum breve.

Linn. Trans, iii. pi. 13. f. 3, 4.

Shell opake, white, with five spires, ribbed longKuii-
nally, and striate transversely : canal very short.
On the Pembrokeshire coast : minute.

18. Buccinum minutum.
Linn. Trans, iii. pi. 13. f. 5, 6.

Shell opake, white, with three spires ribbed longitudinally.
On the Pembrokeshire coast : minute.

19. Buccinum Iseve.

Linn. Trans, iii. pi. 13. f. 78.

Shell opake, white, smooth, with three spires ; the first
more inflated than the next : aperture oval, with a long beak.
On the Pembrokeshire coast : minute.

20. Buccinum obtusissimum.
Linn. Trans, iii. pi. 13. f. 9, 10.

Shell opake,white, smooth, with three spires ; the first not
more tumid than the next : beak longitudinally contracted.
On the Pembrokeshire coast : minute.

BULLA. DIPPER.

Shell with a single convolute valve, without
teeth: aperture mostly contracted, reaching nearly
or the whole length of the shell, without a canal,
and entire at the base ; pillar-lip oblique, smooth.

1. Bulla lignaria. Wood Dipper.

Lister, pi. 714. f. 71 — Pennant, pi. 73, middle fig. — Da
Costa, pi. 1. f. 9 — Donovan, pi. 27 — Dorset Cat. pi. 23. f. 9.

Shell oblong-oval, thin, brittle, semitransparent, yel-
lowish or chesnut brown, with numerous fine pale trans-
verse lines which run rather obliquely, and a few obscure
longitudinal ridges, sometimes with one or two white ob-
lique long tudinul bands ; inside white, glossy, with a very
thin outer margin : aperture wide, oval, narrowed towards
the crown which is slightly concave at top : pillar-lip
smooth, spreading on the body of the shell, white with

01 1 C 11

20 BULLA. DIPPER.

often a cliesnut shade, and visible all the way clown : length
two inches or more ; breadth one and a quarter.

The animal is furnished with a strong gizzard, consisting
of two somewhat triangular thin smooth white testaceous
plates, nearly an inch in diameter, placed upon each other,
with an intervening thick tough yellowish ligament con-
necting them together : and within one of the lateral angles
placed on the ligament, is an elongated testaceous semi-
cylindrical hollow white additional plate. Fig. 3, 4.

On the Devon and Cornish coasts $ and Dublin bay. i\ v.

2. Bulla Hydatis. Paper Dipper.

Montagu, Vignette 1. f. I, 2— Da Costa, pi. 1. f. 10—
Donovan, pi. 88 — Linn. Trans, ix. pi. 6. f. 1 — Dorset Cat.
pi. 23. f. 10.

Shell oval, thin, brittle, semitransparent, tumid, green
or yellowish, often covered with a thin chesnut-colored
skin, irregularly wrinkled transversely, and very finely and
Closely striate longitudinally, when young glossy and nearly
smooth : aperture large, contracting near the crown, which
is concave and without external volution : outer-lip very
thin and extending beyond the crown : inner-lip spread, a
little thickened, and whitish or chesnut-colored: length an
inch; breadth three quarters.

The inhabitant of this shell is also furnished with a
Strong coriaceous blackish gizzard, of a triangular form, pr
consisting of three oval petal-like divisions, each with a
strong raised longitudinal rib down the middle, and about
twelve transverse ones. Montagu, Vignette 1. f. 5, 6.

On the western coasts, Dunbar in Scotland, and the
strand at Balbriggan in Ireland, v. v.

3. Bulla Akera. Elastic Dipper.

Dorset Cat. pi. 22. fig. 13.

Bulla resiliens. Donovan, pi. 79.

Shell oval, transparent, membranaceous, elastic, pale
horn-color, often marked with brown spots or patches,
slightly striate longitudinally, whitish within: aperture
large, much contracted at top, which is obtuse, convolute
and channelled round the circumference, the volutions not
produced but fiat and even with the body ; outer-lip ex-
tremely

BULL A. DIPPER. 21

trcmcly thin, often a mere film, the upper part lying close
to the body volution, but not attached till it has taken
nearly one turn ; pillar visible to the end, the lip a little
thickened and white : length about three quarters of an
inch ; breadth not half an inch.

In the plates to the Dorset Catalogue, the figure, which
is a very indifferent one, of this shell, is marked 13 : but in
the description and the index fig. 12 is referred to. This
error has been copied by Mr. Dillwyn. And Maton and
Rackett, having first quoted fig. 13, have in their corri-
genda directed us to amend it, by altering it to 12.

On the western coasts, North Britain, and the strand at
Balbriggan in Ireland : rare. v. m.

4. Bulla Ampulla. Bubble Dipper.

Lister, pi. 713. f. 69, and pi. 1056. f. 8— Montagu, pi. 7-

Shell oblong-oval, smooth, glossy, opake, whitish mar-
bled and veined with light chesnut-brown generally in
waves, glossy white within: aperture moderately wide,
open all down, contracting towards the crown which is
slightly concave at top ; outer-lip thin ; pillar-lip thickened,
opake white, not spreading on the body of the shell, nor is
the pillar visible all the way down as in B. lignaria : length
about three-eighths of an inch ; breadth a quarter of an
inch.

On the western coasts, and North Britain : very rare.
v. m.

b. Bulla patula. Patutous Dipper. Fig. 27,23.

Pennan'r, pi. 73, two figures under the uppermost — Do-
novan, pi. 142 — Dorset Cat. pi. 12. fig. 8.

Shell oblong, or rather fusiform, transparent, very mi-
nutely striate longitudinally, glossy white or with a pale
rosy tinge, involute and open all the way, both the ends
lengthened into a canal ; one of which is shorter and trun-
cate, a little leaning to the left, with a twist or fold on the
pillar, and furnished with a few transverse stria? ; the other
end more open and lengthened, with a slight indenture or
furrow on the pillar-lip, and obliquely striate ; aperture
arched, the outer-lip very thin and plain : length an inch ;
breadth nearly half as much.

On

22 BULLA. DIPPER.

On the South Devon coasts, and North Britain : very
rare. v. v.

Cy. Bulla diapliana. Transparent Dipper.

Pennant, pi. 74. f. 2 — Montagu, pi. 7- f. 8.

Shell oval, extremely thin and fragile, smooth, transpa-
rent, glossy white : spires three, very little produced and
ending rather obtusely, the first occupying three-fourths of
the shell, the others rather rounded and well denned : aper-
• ture dilated, somewhat oval, extending to the termination
of the body volution ; outer-lip extremely thin and plain ;
pillar-lip smooth and not reflected: length four tenths of
an inch ; breadth hardly three tenths.

Having carefully examined a specimen of this very rare
shell, from the cabinet of Mrs.C.W.Loscombe,of Exmouth,
and compared it with the Cyprasa europsea in its various
stages of growth, we are strongly and decidedly of opinion
that it is distinctly a Bulla, much resembling in its outline
some of the short-spired fresh-water species of this family.
Independently of the animal inhabitant being of a totally
different construction, as was observed by Montagu ; its
general dissimilarity, comparative size, extreme tenuity,
and the total absence of the least appearance of incipient
ribs or teeth, induce us to strengthen this opinion.

Salcomb bay, Falmouth, and Exmouth. v. m.

7- Bulla cylindracea. Cylindrical Dipper.

Lister, pi. 7H...f. 70, two middle figures — Pennant,
pi. 73, two lowest figures — Montagu, pi. 7. f- 2 — -Donovan,
pi. 120. f. 2~ Dorset Cat. pi, 18. f. 22.

Shell cylindrical, slender, of nearly equal diameter at
both ends, smooth, glossy white : aperture very narrow, a
little dilated at one end, reaching the whole length; the
crown without external volution, but impressed with a deep
cavity; outer-lip thin, 'sharp, straight; inner-lip thickened,
opake white, the pillar a little indented : length about five
lines ; breadth not two.

On the western coasts, Scotland, and Dublin bay* v. v«

8. Bulla umbilicata. Indented Dipper.
Montagu, pi. 7- fig- 4.

{Shell oblong, smooth, white, rounded and concave at the

crown.

BULLA. DIPPER. 23

crown, without external volutions : aperture very narrow,
reaching the whole length of the shell, dilated into an oval
at the base : resembles the last, but is not so cylindrical,
and the length, which is about a quarter of an inch,* is
double its breadth.

Western coasts, Scotland, and Dublin hay. v. v,

9. Bulla retusa, Truncate Dipper.

Bulia truncata. Montagu, pi. 7- f. 5 — Linn. Trans, v.
pi. 1. f. 1, 2— JFflflter, f. 62.

Shell somewhat cylindrical, white, rather opake, finely
and regularly striate longitudinally on the upper halt' only,
the lower part keing nearly smooth : crown abrupt, with a
large perforation in which the volutions are visible : aper-
ture reaching the whole length of the shell, very narrow,
something contracted about the middle and dilated into an
oval at the base, where the outer-lip is a little spread over
the pillar: length hardly two lines ; breadth more than half
as much.

Western coasts, Dublin bay, and North Britain, v. v.

10. Bulla obtusa. Obtuse Dipper.

Montagu, pi. 7- f- 3— Dorset Cat. pi. 18. f. 14—IFalker,
f. 61.

Shell somewhat cylindrical, opake, white or covered with
a chesnut-brown skin, longitudinally wrinkled ; crown ob-
tuse, with four or five very slightly produced volutions :
aperture extending nearly but not quite to the whole length
ot the shell, narrow, a little compressed in the middle, and
dilated into an oval at the base ; inner-lip thickened, smooth,
white : length about two-tenths of an inch j breadth half its
length.

Walker's figure is an excellent representation of this
shell : but Mr. Jacobs, who furnished the author with the
descriptions, mistaking it for aVoluta, it has hitherto been
quoted for the V. alba, tov which it has no resemblance.

Western coasts, Dublin bay, and Scotland, v. m.

1 11. Bulla aperta. Wide Dipper.

Da Costa, pi. 2.f.'3 — Montagu, Vignette 2. f. 1— Dowo-
van, pi. 120. f. [—Dorset Cat.^pl 22! f. o.

Shell somewhat orbicular, extremely thin and brittle,

transparent,

24 BULLA. DIPPER.

transparent, clear white, irregularly wrinkled transversely
but glossy on the outside, almost entirely open, rounded
and dilated at the base, a little narrowed at the crown
which has a slight indenture ; outer-lip extending beyond
the crown ; inner-lip slightly turned in, rendering the pillar
or involution quite visible to the end : length more thau
half an inch ; breadth rather leas.

The animal also possesses a gizzard something resem-
bling that of the B. lignaria, but it is of a more regularly
triangular form, with the base elongated ; and the supple-
mental plate, which is placed within the base of the triaa-
g'ulur ones, is of a lozenge shape, or quadrangular, with the
points of two of the angles elongated. Fig. 5, 6.

Western coasts, Dublin bay, Scotland, v. v.

12. Bulla Catena. Chain Dipper.
Moniagu, pi. 7- fig- 1 •

Bulla -punctsita. Linn. Trans, v. pi. 1. f. 6, 7, 3.

Shell somewhat oval, white, transparent, glossy, with
numerous fine transverse striae which run rather obliquely
and with the assistance of a magnifier seem to be connect-
ed and interwoven in a chain-like manner : aperture very
large, almost entirely open like B. aperta, but closing at
the crown, which is obtuse and turned in so as to form a
single volution 5 inside glossy, the pillar-lip a little spread:
length about the tenth of an inch ; breadth not so much.

Variety, with a more transparent single zone round it,
taking in eight or tea of the chain-like stria?, the othei*
parts appearing frosted and not so glossy; the crown £
little concave, and the outer margin of the aperture close
to the body reflecting a little and forming a depression on
that part.

Western coasts, and North Britain : rare. v. m.

13. Bulla haliotoidea. Ear-shaped Dipper.
Montagu, pi. 7- f. 6— Dorset Cat. pi. 22. f. 5 *.

Shell somewhat oval, white, extremely thin, transparent,
very slightly wrinkled on the outside : aperture broad oval,
not quite extending to the crown, which is small, obtuse,
and twisted sideways into about two volutions : inner-lip a
little turned in ; the made visible to the end. It differs

from

BULLA. DIPPER. 25

from B. aporta, in its elongated and ear-shaped form :
length three quarters of an inch ; breadth half an inch.

When alive, the animal completely envelops the shell,
from which circumstance it naturally falls into this fc...

Western coasts, Dublin bay, Scotland, v. v.

14. Bulla tentaculata. Armed Dipper.
Linn. Trans, xi. pi. 12. f- 5, 6.

Shell so extremely similar to the B. haliotoidea, that
Montagu observes no distinction can be conveyed by de-
scription or figure, except that it is rather more depressed
and opake. To the animal alone, therefore, must we refer
for the actual identity of each, which in their structure i^
materially and essentially different. The animal of B. ha-
liotoidea is represented at fig. 6, in the Vignette to the se-
cond part of Montagu's Testacea Brit&nnica ; and that cf
B. tentacuiata as above quoted.

At the salt-rock, in the estuary of Kingsbridge, Devon :
rare.

15. Bulla fiexilis. Flexible Dipper.
Laskey, Wern. See. i. pi. 8. fig. 6.

Shell oval, transparent, horn-color, flexible when \p?t,
very brittle when dry, white and opake at the crowr,
where there is a single oblique volution. In shape and the
form of the involution it exactly resembles B. haliotoidc »,
but is much more distinctly wrinkled : length half an inclx.

Found by Captain Laskey, at Dunbar : very rare.

16. Bulla Plumula. Feather Dipper.
Montagu, pi. 15. f. 9, and Vignette 2. f. 5.

Shell oblong-oval, fiat, thin, transparent, concentrically
wrinkled, with two or three ray-like impressions from the
base to the crown : color yellowish-white, tinged with
brown at the base, the other end folded into a single veiy
minute volution : aperture extending over the whole shell,
slightly turned in at the crown to form the very minute vo»
lutSon : length half an inch ; breadth nearly a quarter.

On Milton sands, Devon : very rare. v. m.

\7. Bulla membranacea. Membranous Dipper.

Linn. Trans, xi. pi. 12. f. 4.

lchcll oval, flat, extremely thin and delicate and some-
D what

26 BULLA, DIPPER.

what membranaceous, especially about the margin, with a
single minute lateral volution which is a little prominent,
transversely wrinkled, and covered with a silvery skin
tinged with pink, changeable in different positions of light,
and occasionally appearing nacred or with a metallic lus-
tre : aperture extending over the whole shell : length
nearly an inch and 'a half ; breadth an inch.

It much resembles B. Plumula, but is more membrana-
ceons, rather more convex, with the volution more promi-
nent, and not placed so laterally.

Found by Montagu, at the salt rock, in the estuary of
Kingsbridge, Devon : rare.

18. Bulla fontinalis. Stream Dipper.

Lister, pi. 134. f. 34— Da Costa, pi. 5. f. 6— Dorset Cat.
pi. 21. f. 6— Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 4 . f . 1.

Shell oval, swelling, transparent, glossy, pale horn-color :
spires four or five, rounded and well defined, reversed, very
little produced ; the first very large, the others small, obtuse
at the point : aperture oval-oblong, reaching three-fourths
of the length of the shell ; the outer-lip reaching beyond
the base Old ones are a little wrinkled longitudinally, with
two or three faint transverse ridges on the body volution :
length half an inch 3 breadth a quarter.

In stagnant and slow running waters, under the leaves
and on the stalks of plants, v. v.

19. Bulla rivalis. River Dipper.
Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 4. f. 2.

Shell oval-oblong, transparent, smooth, glossy, horn-
color, with five or six reversed volutions ending in a very
fine point : aperture oblong. It differs from B. fontinalis,
in being more elongated and pointed, in having the first
volution not so proportionately large nor tumid, and w
being more contracted at one end of the aperture ; and
from the next, in being of a more conic shape, and more
sharply pointed : size of the last.

Slow streams in Hampshire, and near Nans in Ireland ;
rare. v. v.

20. B.ulla Hypnorum. Slender Dipper.

Lister, pi. 1059. f. 5—JVal;ier, f. 54— Linn. Trans, viii.
pi. 4. f. 3— Dorset Cat. pi. 18. f. 20.

Shell

BULLA. DIPPER. 27

Shell oblong, taper, transparent, glossy, smooth, horn-
color, with five or six reversed pointed volutions, the first
half as long as the shell '. aperture narrow-oval, spreading
a little at the base; outer-lip very thin; inner-lip a little
thickened and slightly indented. It differs from B. fonti-
nalis, in being more taper and produced, in having the
aperture more narrow and contracted, and in its darker
color : length half an inch ; breadth not a quarter.

Stagnant waters, and slow, streams, v. v.

21. Bulia fluviatilis. Rivulet Dipper.

Helix Bulhcoides. Donovan, pi. 168. f. 2.

Shell oval, smooth, glossy, brittle, horn-color, with two
reversed volutions which are hardly raised or extending
beyond the body of the shell : aperture oval-oblong, nearly
as long as the body volution : length a quarter of an inch ;
breadth three tenths.

Two specimens of this rare shell were found, by Captain
Brown, in a stream near Clonoony Barracks, hi Ireland, by
which we are enabled to clear up the doubts which have as
yet existed respecting this very obscure species. In. every
respect they corresponded with the shell iigi ••.<.>•' hy Dono-
van. They were undoubtedly full grown, and oth in the
'number of volutions, and other specific mark.s, materially
differed from B. fontinalis. And we cannot but concur with
this respectable conchologist, that it has no more reason
to be placed among the Helices, than Bulla fontinalis,
Hypnorum, orrivalis. v. m.

- 22. Bulla emarginata.

Linn. Trans, v. pi. 1. f. 9, 10, 11.

Shell gibbous, transparent, smooth, with the aperture
notched, and the. lip slightly arched.

On the Pembrokeshire coast : minute.

23. Bulla denticulata.
Linn. Trans, v. pi. 1. f. 3, 4, 5.

Shell oblong, smooth, white, transparent, obtuse, nearly
equal : aperture with a very sharp tooth at the top.
On the Pembrokeshire coast : minute.

CARDIUM.

23 CARDIUM. COCKLE.

CARDIUM. COCKLE.

Shell with two equal convex valves, mostly rib-
bed longitudinally, and toothed round the "mar-
gins: hinge with two primary teeth, and a larger
remote one on eaeh side, all locking into the op-
posite valve.

1. Cardium aculeatum. Spinous Cockle.

Lister, pi. 321. f. \5S-Pennant, pi. 53. f. I—Donovan,
pi. 6— JFood, pi. 51. f. 1.

Shell very convex, thin and light in proportion to its
size, with about twenty-one ribs which have a groove down
the middle of each, produced, rather straight, and a little
angular on the cartilage side, clothed with pointed and
straight or somewhat curved spines which increase in size
towards the flattened margin ; the anterior side rounded
and covered with flattened tubercles which enlarge towards
the margin : color yellowish-brown, with darker bands
and blotches, and sometimes pale or whitish markings ;
inside white, glossy, often tinged with purple or flesh-co-
lor, grooved in the middle up to the very hinge : length,
when full grown, nearly four inches ; circumference about
eleven.

Cardium spinosum. Sowerby, Brit. Miscell. pi. 32.

The half-grown shell.

Western coasts, and North Britain, v. v.

2. Cardium tuberculatum. Tuberded Cockle. Fig. 12.
Lister, pi. 328. f. 165 -Donovan, pi. 107. f. 2 — Dorset

Cat. pi. 2. f. 2— Wood, pi. 50. f. 1, 2.

Shell very convex, thick, ponderous, and rounded, with
about twenty-two very prominent and rounded ribs, which
are not grooved down the middle, covered with obtuse tu-
bercles which form very rugged wrinkles on the posterior
side, and roughly striate in the interstices; the anterior side
elongated, flattened, and sligh.ly prominent in the middle,
presenting a broad heart-shaped front, with about seven
cord-like ribs on each side, and a little gaping below the
cartilage -y the posterior side remarkably prominent and

rounded,

CARDIUM. COCKLE. 29

rounded, very rugged with tubercular wrinkles : color
yellowish-brown, with often pale and chocolate-brown bands
and markings, generally of a deep chocolate-brawn about
the margin and anterior side, and of a milky whiteness
about the posterior protuberance : beaks very prominent
.find nearly central ; inside glossy, with a fawn-color or
fleshy tinge ; the grooves on the inside reaching only about
half way up the shell : diameter sometimes above three
inches.

It is much larger than C. echinatum, and so ponderous
that one of them will outweigh three of the latter of the
same size ; the tubercles are never produced into spines,
and the anterior slope, when viewed in front, is remarkably
flattened and regularly ribbed, in which state it is repre-
sented in our figure, v. v.

Cardinal nodosum. Montagu, p. 81. The young shell.

Shell flatter than the young of C. echinatum, more re-
gularly orbicular, of a reddish colour, with often darker
bands ; the tubercles are closer and more obtuse ; the ribs
are more rounded ; and it is thicker and stronger. We have
this species in all its gradations of size, and can therefore
have no hesitation in combining them together.

On the South Devon coast, v. v.

3. Cardium echinatum. TJiorny Cockle.

Lister, pi. 324. f. 161— Da Costa, pi. 14. f. 2— Donovan,
pi. 107-f. \ -Dorset Cat. pi, 6. f. 2-JVood, pi. 49. f. 1, 2.

Shell very convex, a little produced but not flattened on
the cartilage side, rounded on the other, with from eighteen
to twenty ribs clothed with sharp white enamelled spines,
which when viewed sideways resemble fine teeth ; these
are often much curved towards the produced side, while
those near the hinge are of a longitudinally lance-shaped
form : color dull rusty brown more or less mixed with
white, with often deeper belts ; inside, glossy white : dia-
meter about two inches and a half.

Cardium ciliare. Pennant, pi. 53. f. 2 — Donovan, pi. 32.
f. 2— Dorset Cat. pi. 4. f. \—fPood^ pL 49. f. 3, 4. The
young shell.

Shell nearly globular^ not produced on the cartilage side,
^ very thin and transparent, with the spines ajl flat
jj 3, and

30 CARDIUM. COCKLE.

and longitudinally lance-shaped, like the upper ones of the
full grown shell.

Variety. With the spines somewhat spatulate or flat-
tened, and rather longer and more distant. We have in our
cabinet specimens, where some of the spines are lanceolate,
some of them pointed and curved, and others spatulate,
thick, and very obtuse.

Cardium Spatula. Laskey, JVern. Soc. p. 381.

Common on most sandy coasts, v. v.

4. Cardium edule. Common Cockle.

Lister, 334. f . 1 7 1 —Pennant, pi. 53. f. 3— Da Costa, pi. 1 1 .
f. 1— Dorset Cat. pi. 11. f. 1— Donovan, pi. 124— Wood,
pi. 55. f. 4.

Shell convex, a little produced on one side, with about
twenty-six ribs, which are flattened in the middle and a
little rounded at the sides, mostly marked w th concentric
rings and ridges, and somewhat roughened near the cir-
cumference with obsolete recurved scales, which are
stronger on the shorter side : color white or yellowish-
white with often a blueish cast, generally dark red at the
elongated end and towards the hinge ; inside white, with a
large dark red blotch on the produced side. The very young
are globular, semitransparent, and clear white. Length
about an inch and a half j breadth a little more.

Variety A. Cardium rusticuni. Lister, pi. 329. f. 166.
Donovan, pi. 124. f. 2. Wood, pi. 55. f. 2, 3.

Shell larger, with about eighteen or twenty ribs, which
are more elevated and rugged in the interstices, of a fer-
ruginous or livid color, with often narrow chocolate-
brown zones.

Variety}^. Very much elongated and flattened on one side.

Variety C. Globular, with all the ribs rounded, rather
polished, of a pale reddish white, with a rose-colored
tinge about the projection below the hinge on the poste-
rior side, and about half the size.

These two last are found imbedded in blue clay at the
mouths of rivers, in Dublin bay : but all the varieties may
be distinguished by the obscure transverse scales .

Common on all coasts, v. v.

CARDIUM. COCKLE. 2\

5. Cardium Icevigatum. Smooth Cockle.

Lister, pi. 332. f. 169— Pennant, pi. 54, lower fig.-* Da
Costa, pi. 13. f. 6— Dorset Cat. pi. 7- f. 6 — Donovan, pi. 54 —
fFoorf, pi. 54. f. 1,2.

Shell somewhat oval, much produced at one end, with
very numerous faint flat ribs, between which it is obscurely
striate longitudinally, and crossed by distant obscure
raised transverse lines, quite smooth at the anterior side,
covered with a yellowish-brown skin almost concealing the
markings, under which it is of a pale flesh-color 5 the
younger ones finely polished and marbled with whitish, and
pink or dull red ; inside smooth, glossy, with more or lets
of a pink hue, the margin strongly toothed : length two
inches and a half ; breadth two inches.

Sandy shores of England and Ireland, v. v.

6. Cardium elongatum. Lengthened Cockle.

Montagu, p. 82.

Shell flattish, somewhat oval, a little angular and elon-
gated on one side, with twenty-one faintly wrinkled c.rd
rounded ribs : color yellowish-white or pale rufous, with
sometimes red blotches on the elongated side which sre
vbible within ; inside yellowish-white 5 beaks not quite
central : diameter a quarter of an inch.

In Salcomb bay, Devon : rare. v. ni.

7- Cardium exiguum. Pigmy Cockle.

Dorset Cat. pi. 2. f. 11.

Cardium pygmaeum. Donovan, pi. 32. f. 3.

Shell coarse, sometimes rather flattened and sometime,?
•very convex, somewhat heart-shaped and produced at one
• a, with about twenty ribs, which are tubercled to \vards
the shorter end and wrinkled towards the .margin; the
elder ones wrinkled all over ; strongly striate transverse!/
5n the interstices : color dirty white or brown, often co-
vered with a dark skin : under the beaks a strong her/it -
(1 impression : inside smooth, white, often rafour, ^.t
tvie angular side : length about half an inch; breadth nearly
63 much.

V,'esteni coasts, and Dublin buy and Cove in Irelaiv.l. ;. y.

S. Ca

32 CHAMA. HEART-COCKLE.

8. Carclium medium. Marbled Cockle.

Lister, pi. 316. f. 153— Donovan, pi. 32. f. I—Wood,
pi. 50. f. 3—tFalker, f. 83, 84.

Shell somewhat triangular and heart-shaped, a little ab-
rupt on one side, and running into an angle at the front
margin, the other side shorter and rounded, with from
thirty-six to forty smooth ribs : color white ; the inside
with mostly a ferruginous or chesniit hue about the ab-
rupt side : teeth one in each valve, and together with the
lateral ones strong and prominent ; the margin notched :
length about an inch ; breadth the same.
• On the coast of Durham : very rare. v. in.

9. Cardium fasciatum, Banded Cockle.

Montagu, $.27. f. 6.

Shell nearly orbicular, semitransparent, with about
twenty-seven smooth glossy flattened ribs, slightly tuber-
cled at the shorter side, and sometimes round the margin :
color rufous white, with three or four darker transverse
bands, more strongly marked at the longer end and on the
inside, where the ribs are also obvious : length hardly three-
eighths of an inch ; breadth rather more.

Sandy coasts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, v. v.

CHAMA. HEART-COCKLE.

Shell with two strong valves : hinge nigged and
gibbous, with the teeth obliquely locking into the
opposite valves.

1. Chama Cor. Ox-heart Cockle. Fig. 17-

Lister, pi. 275. f. 1 1 1 — Donovan, pi. 134 — Laskey, pi. 8.

f. 7-

Shell nearly globular, a little produced and fiexuous on
the anterior side, heart-shaped, strong, thick, covered with
a yellowish-brown skin, under which it is whitish or pale
ferruginous, with sometimes a few brovynish blotches, very
finely striate transversely with several coarser ridges; the
cartilage prominent and rounded : beaks large, prominent,
much curved inwards towards the posterior slope so as to"
form a single flat volution,, and inclining outwards, very re-
mote.

CHITON. CANOE-SHELL. 23

mots from each other; inside smooth, white, with often
'•t-h tinge, the margin thin and plain : teeth natti?h,
two in each valve, with a very remote pointed lateral one
in each valve on the cartilage side, ail locking into each
other ; the cavities of 'die primary ones very deep.

The specimen before us of this rare and noble shell,

taken in Dublin bay, is full four inches long, and mere

/tree and a half wide. It has also been found near

int's Causeway, at Belfast, in Bantry bay, ar,d at

Abb's Head in Scotland : very rare. v. 7n.

CHITON. CANOE-SHELL.

Shell boat-shaped, with several valves or plates
disposed along the back in a transverse manner,
and incumbent on each other at their front margin.

1. Chiton marginat us. Bordered CanGe-shell.

Pennant, pi. 39. f. 2 — Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 1. f. 2 —
Dorset Cat. pi. 1. f. 2— Wood, pi. 3. f. 4.

Shell with eight valves, finely punctured like shagreen,
the seven hinder ones with a small ridge on the back which
ends in a small beak pointing forwards over the next ; the
margin coriaceous and coarsely serrate; inside covered
with a tough skin under which it is polished with the mar-
gin finely notched : color dusky, grey, greenish, or in-
clining to red, often spotted or marbled : length half an inch
or more ; breadth a quarter. In Scotland they appear to
grow of a large size, as the separate valves have been
found half an inch wide.

Variety. Chiton septemvalvis. Montagu, p. 3.

With seven valves, the five middle ones dark grey, trans-
versely divided, rough on the hinder part and nearly
smooth in front ; the beaks and the two ends rufous brovni,
and the margin faintly reticulate.

Rocky coasts, on stones and shells, v. v.

2. Chiton laevis. Smooth Canoe-shell.
Pennant, pi. 39. f. 3.

Shell with eight valves, smooth or very faintly striate
transversely, raised and beaked on the-b&ck like the last ;

the

34 CHITON. 'CANOE-SHELL.

the margin finely reticulate : color deep rufous-brown, often
variegated and marked with a yellowish line down the
back : smaller, narrower, and more convex than the last.
Scotland, West of England, and Dublin bay. v. v. »

3. Chiton cinereus. Ash-colored Canoe-shell.
'Dorset Cat. pi. 1. f. 4 — Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 1. f. 3—

'Wood, pi. 3. f. 5.

Shell with eight valves, nearly smooth, ridged down the
back and beaked, finely fringed round the margin, a little
reflected on the hinder angle at the base: color grey or
with a reddish tinge - length a quarter of an inch.

It differs from the last principally in the margin, which
is not reticulate, but furnished with a fine frirnge. 'The
color is also of an uniform grey wTith occasionally a faint
reddish tinge. The color of the Oh. Isevis is of a dark
-dusky red, which does not change after it is dead, as is evi-
dent from the specimens in our own cabinet, which have
been preserved for some years. Mr. Dillwyn, however,
has united the two species into one, under the assertion
that the Ch. laevis is red when alive, and grey when d'cad.

Western coasts, and Dublin bay. v. v.

4. Chiton punctatus. Punctured Canoe-shell. Fig. 10.
Shell with eight valves, raised, beaked, and margined,

very convex, deep red, finely and distinctly punctured all
over. The valves being distinctly punctured in this spe-
cies seem to mark the only difference between it and the
Ch. Isevis, in which they are faintly but evidently striate
i only : size of the last.

It is probable that the Chiton ruber, so very slightly
mentioned by Laskey in the Memoirs of the Wernerian
Society, as being transversely striate, is only the Ch. laevis
of a deeper color.

Found by Mr. O'Kelly, at Portrnarnock, Ireland, v. m.

5. Chiton, fascicukris. Tufted Canoc-sholl. Fig. 9.
Mvrtfagu, pi. 27. f. B— Dorset Cat. pi. 1 . f. l—Llnn. Traits.

viii. pi. 1. f. 1— Wood, pi. 2. f. (J.

Shell with ei^ht valves, finely shagreened but not di-
stinctly punctured, slightly ridged and beaked down the
back, the margin surrounded with tufts of whitish hairs,

one

CYPRJEA. COWRY. 35

one at the juncture of each valve and two in the front,
making eighteen in all : color brown or dark grey, often
mottled :. length more than half an inch.
On shells and under stones. v. v.

6. Chiton allms. White Canoe-shell.

Dorset Cat. pi. l.f. 3 — L'mu. Trans, vm. pi. 1. f. 4.

Shell with eight valves, smooth, not ridged nor beaked
down the hack, pure white 5 the first valve notched on- the
hinder edge : length not a quarter of an inch.

On shells and sea-weed : rare. v. v.

7. Chiton crinitus. Hairy Canoe-shell.
Pennant, pi. 3.9. f. 1, and A. 1. magnified.

Shell with seven valves, thickly clothed with short hairs :
length five lines.

It is probable that this obscure species may, like the Ch.
septemvalvis of Montagu, be only an accidental variety of
Ch. marginatus or some other. The short hairs might,
upon examination, have been a Conferva, young Fucus, or
marine substance, such as is often seen on shells, particu-
larly Nerites.

At Aberdeen and Sandwich.

CYPR/EA. C01FRY.

Shell with a single valve^ oval, involute, obtuse
at the ends : aperture very narrow, reaching the
whole length of the shell, toothed along both the
lips.

]. Cyprcea Pediculus. Nun Cowry. Fig. 14, IS,

Da Costa, pi. 2. f. b'— • Donovan, pi. 43,

Shell polished, tumid, without the longitudinal groove
on the back, surrounded with numerous transverse ribs
which terminate within the lips and give them a notched'
appearance, some of them forked, or div'ded by interme-
diate «horter ones': color white, yellowish, pir&, or cheo-
r-Mt biovrri: the inner-lip at th? more protruded end is
broad, with a depression which narrows and lc.-; ens as it
j:i trvvards the aiiddk- wt'the shi-'l.

36 CYPRyEA. C

In most specimens there may be also observed ;i slight
tendency to protrusion at the more obtuse end or crown,
which in some forms a very visible point, or, as it were, the
incipient rudiment of a spire ; and in the smooth variety,
the faint lines of two volutions may be evidently discovered,
which in the still more transparent C. bullata of Montagu
are elongated into manifest spires : length about half an
inch.

The following are the known British varieties : the fo-
reign one, with the groove down the back^ we can only
consider as a variety.

A. strongly ribbed, with from two to four colored spots
on the back. v. v.

B. smaller, ribbed, and without spots, v. v.

Cypraea arctica. Lister, pi. 707- f- 57—- Pennant, pi. 73,
uppermost fig. — Dorset Cat. pi. 22. f. 6.

C. smooth, white, polished, much smaller, semitranspa-
rent, with clear transparent lines in the place of the ribs.
v. m.

These are found in the West of Ireland, and, except for
the highly polished surface, appear to be worn down.

D. Very thin and semitransparent, glossy white or with
a pal ey purplish tinge, sometimes faintly striate halfway
from tire back to the inner lip, the other half with ex-
tremely thin longitudinal striae; the outer-lip not thickened
at the edge -which is finely crenate ; inner-lip faintly
toothed: crown slightly produced, and forming two or
three small volutions, v. m.

For t&is rare and beautiful variety, which from its size,
apparent volutions, and general appearance, may create a
lie ixso liable suspicion of its being a distinct species^ but is
at present considered as merely a young and unformed
ishell, we are indebted to Miss Lawless of Dublin, a natu-
ralist of rare and excellent discrimination and industry,
who in a single excursion on the celebrated .strand of Port-
inarnock has been known to collect more than a hundred
different species*

Cypraia bullaU. Montagu, pi. 6. f. I.

DENTAL! UM.

DENTALIUM. TOOTH-SHELL. 37

DENTALIUM. TOOTH-SHELL.

Shell with a single valve, linear^ tubular, not
divided into chambers, open at one or both ends.

1. Dentalium Entails. Common Tooth-shell.

Lister, pi. 547. f. 2, and pi. 1056. f. 4— Pennant, pi. 93.
f. 6— Da Costa, pi. 2. f. I0--Donovan, pi. 48 — Dorset Cat.
pi. 22. f. 10.

Shell slender, tapering, a little curved, opake, glossy,
open at both ends, smooth or marked with a few circular
striae or obscure annulations : color white or yeilowi$h-
white, with mostly a rufous tinge towards the smaller end :
length an inch and a half ; diameter at the larger end two-
tenths of an inch, and one-fourth as much at the smaller.

Sandy shores of England and Ireland, v. m.

2. Dentalium Dentalis. Small Tooth-shell.

Shell slender, tapering to a fine point, slightly curved,
opuke, open at both ends, regularly and closely striate the
whole length, the strias thirty or more in number, with
often a few faint annulations at the larger end: color
white or brownish-white, mostly rufous at the smaller end :
length about half an inch.

On the western coasts : often found in the stomach of the
Gurnard, v. m.

3. Dentalium eburneum. Ivory Tooth-shell.

Shell a little taper and slightly bent, open at l*oth end?,
semitransparent, ivory white but not glossy, often marked
with obscure dark purple spots disposed in longitudinal
rows, with regular fine raised longitudinal ribs, eighteen or
twenty in number, and generally a smaller one between
each of them ; the lower end not pointed, with a roundish-
oval aperture : length seven eighths of an inch ; breadth at
the larger end the eighth of an inch, at the smaller end
about half as much.

This species has been possibly mistaken for the D. Den-

talis, but may be distinguished at a single glance. The

latter shell is of a brownish color, and conLal or funnel-

$ shape

33 DENTALIUM. TOOTH-SHELL.

shape form, being full two tenths of an inch wide at the
larger end, and tapering to hardly the twentieth part of an
inch at the smaller end, which terminates in a small circu-
lar perforation; the striae are also much finer, double the
number of our present species, and stronger at the pointed
end, whence they gradually lessen, so as to become hardly
visible at the larger end. Our present shell, which is hot
uncommon on the western coast, tapers very little, and has
the striae equally strong throughout, v. v.

4. Dentalium striatulum. Striated Tooth-shell
Lister, pi. 547. f. 1, lower fig.

Dentalium octangulum. Donovan, pi. 162.

Shell slender, tapering to a fine point, slightly Curved,
semitransparent, open at both ends, with eight longitudinal
angular ribs, between each of which are three or four very
obtuse longitudinal striae : color greyish-white, pale rufous,
or green with a white tip : length about two inches.

Cornish and Devon coasts : very rare. v. m.

5. Dentalium labiatum. Proboscis Tooth-sfall.

Shell nearly cylindrical, very slightly tapering and
curved, semitransparent, ivory white, covered when fresh
tilth a black glossy skin, most finely and minutely striate
longitudinally, open at the larger extremity, the smaller
end truncate, with the flattened surface somewhat undu^
lated in a radiate manner and finely striate circularly, from
the centre of which projects an oval transparent process
or lip terminating in an oval aperture, one side of which is
cloven half way down : length an inch or rather more j
breadth at the open end two tenths of an inch.

A few specimens of this species have very lately been
brought to us alive, taken by the trawl at Torbay : the anir
mal is cylindrical, white, with a small central tube at the
larger end, and a spoon-shaped mouth at the other, v. u.

6. Dentalium politum. Polished Tooth~shell.

Shell somewhat cylindrical, slightly tapering and a little
curved, semitransparent, quite smooth and finely polished^
white with generally some irregular grey circular bands
which* grow darker and more combined together towards
the narrower extremity, open at both ends $ the smaller end

very

DENTALIUM. TOOTH-SHELL. S&

very obtuse, not truncate, but rounded, with an oval per-
foration : length an inch; breadth at the larger, extremity
two tenths of an inch ; at the smaller end one eighth.

The outline of this shell very much resembles that of
the D.-labiatum.; but its polished surface, rounded termi-
nation at the smaller end, and the want of the projecting
lip, strongly mark its distinction. We believe it to be very
rare, as we have yet been able to obtain two living speci-
mens only, both of them dredged up at Torbay. v. v.

7- Dentalium semistriatum. Semistriated Tooth-shell.
Fig. 68.

Shell very slender, tapering to a very fine point, glossy,
transparent, a little curved, open at both ends, quite smooth
on the upper part, the 'lower part marked with numerous
fine longitudinal striae, which are very distinct at the point,
but grow fainter towards the middle and at length totally
disappear : color clear white, with a pale rufous tinge at the
smaller end : length more than an inch ; diameter at the
larger end not the twentieth part.

Two specimens of this new and very delicate species
were found near the Pigeon-house, in Dublin bay. They
are much more transparent than the last, much thinner in
substance, mueh longer in proportion to the breadth, and
are faintly but evidently striate on the lower part only.
v. m.

$. Dentalium imperfqratuia. Imperforated Tooth-sh£ll.

Walker, fr 15.

Shell slender, slightly curved, whitish, transversely stri-
ate j the larger end a little contracted at the margin ; the
smaller end closed, and furnished with a small round pro-
tuberance : length the eighth of an inch.

In Falmouth harbour : very rare.

9. Dentalium clausum. Closed Tooth-shell.

Shell slender, slightly tapering, nearly straight, semi-
transparent, horn -color or yellowish-white, irregularly stri-
ate longitudinally, open at the larger end, with the oppo-
site end closed and obtuse : length an inch ; diameter at the
open end the eighth of an inch.

£2 Two

40 DENTALIUM. TOOTH-SHELL.

Two specimens only of this species have as yet occurred
to us, both of them collected on the Calves Islands, in the
west of Ireland. The size, the longitudinal striae, and the
want of the contraction at one end and the knob at the
other, sufficiently distinguish it from D. imperforatum. v. m.

The difficulty of procuring living or very perfect speci-
mens of the several species of this family, has no doubt
contributed much to their obscurity. In all our specimens
o( what we consider to be the true D. Entalis, the aperture
at the pointed extremity is oval, with a small slit down the
back or convex side ; and in our most perfect specimen,
just below the orifice at the smaller end, is a circular
groove, as if it had been indented by a tight ligature.

10. Dentalium glabrum. Smooth Tooth-shell.

Montagu,}). 497-

Shell curved, of equal diameter at both ends, glossy
white, quite smooth ; one end open, the other closed
rounded and slightly margined : length hardly a line.

On the Devonshire coast, and North Britain : rare. v. m..

11. Dentalium Gadus. Hakes Tooth-shell.

Montagu, pi. 14. f. 7.

Shell slender, tapering to a fine point, slightly curved,
open at both ends, narrowed at the larger end beneath
which it is inflated : color white, glossy, and quite smooth ;
length about three eighths of an inch.

In the ocean, brought up with the sounding lead. v.-v.

12. Dentalium Trachea. Windpipe Tooth-sheH.
Montagu, pi. 14. f. 10.

Shell a little tapering, curved, marked with regular
strong rounded transverse ribs or annulations, not con-
tracted at the larger end j the smaller end closed, truncate,
and furnished with a small round protuberance : color
rusty-brown, paler towards the smaller end : length above
the eighth of an inch.

It differs from the last, in being more curved., in its COT
lor and strong ribs, and in having no contraction at the top.

On Milton sands ; very rare.

BONAX,

^>.

X

DONAX. WEDGE-SHELL. 4 1

DONAX. WEDGE-SHELL.
Shell with two valves, with the cartilage side
very obtuse and abrupt : hinge with two primary
teeth, and a single remote lateral-one on the poste-
rior side.

1. Donax Trunculus. Smooth Wedge-shell.

Lister, pi. 376. f. 217— Pennant, pi. 58. f. I—Da Costa,
pi. 14. f. 3— Limi. Trails, vi. pi. 1§. f. 13, 14, 15, 16— Do-
iywan, pi. 29. f. 1— Dorset Cat. pi. 6. f. 3. •

Shell oblong, rounded at "one end and a little produced at.
the .other, glossy, covered witli a thin pale ' chesimt or
olive-green skin, finely striate longitudinally with often a
few irregular transverse striae near the pointed end, a little
contracted at the margin near tke pointed end : color yel-
lowish-white, with a few faint rays from the beak, to the
margin, and generally a few jbrmvn. and purple transverse
bands ; the margin finely toothed :. beaks small, near the
abrupt end ; inside rich purple : length more than half an
inch ; breadth an, inch and a half.

Sandy coasts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, v. v.

2. Donax denticulata. Toothed Wedge-Shell. Fig.19.
Lister, pi. 376. f. 218— Dorset Cat. pi. 5. f. 12— Pen-

nant, pi. 58. f. 2. . .

Donax crenulata. Donovan, pi. 24.

Shell strong, thick, somewhat wedge-form, abruptly
sloped at the larger end, where i.t is truncate and much
more convex, with a prominent ridge from-. the beak to the
«*argin, dividing the slope in the middle ; finely striate lon-
gitudinally, and punctured in the interstices ; on the parfc
jof the slope next the margin, towards the hinge, the striae
become transverse and undulated : colpr whitish, brown-
ish, yellowish or purple, with mostly a few longitudinal
purple rays from the beak ; inside white, the margin finely
•notched : beaks near the larger end ; teeth strong, with a
lateral one on each side the middle ones : length seven
•lines ; breadth an inch.

On Weymouth and Dawlish sands ; .very Tare- .v. m. :

E3 3. Donax

42 DONAX. WEDGE-SHELL.

3. Donax complanata. Flat Wedge-shell

Lister, pi. 384. f. 227— Montagu, pi. 5. f. 4.

Shell oblong, smooth, glossy, with often a few faint &•*
stant transverse striae, but no longitudinal ones : color
yellowish or purplish, often covered with a polished skin,
with white streaks or spots, and a single broad white lon-
gitudinal ray from the beaks to the margin, the edges of
which are ferruginous; inside purple, with the margin
plain: teeth small; beaks nearer one end: length five
eighths of an inch ; breadth an inch and a quarter.

From D. Trunculus it may be readily distinguished, by
the more flattened form, the single white ray, and more
especially by the plain and smooth margin.

Devon, Dorset, and Cornish coasts : very rare. ». «..

4. Donas plebeia. Plebeian Wedge-shell.

Lister, pi. 389. f. 228— Montagu, pi. 5. f. 2— Dorset Cat.
pi. 5, f. 13.

Shell oblong, somewhat oval, thick, strong, smooth,
glossy, with a few distant transverse furrows, dull yellow-
ish horn-color, rarely white, with generally two longitu-
dinal brown rays from the beaks to the margin; inside
glossy and paler, with the margin smooth : beaks near one
encj ; teeth remarkably large and strong, with a single la^
teral one : length hardly half an inch; breadth three quar-
ters.

Weymouth, and North Britain : very rare. v. m.

5. Donas castanea. Chesnut Wedge-shell.
Montagu, pi. 17. f. 2.

Shell strong, glossy, smooth, with a few irregular
transverse wrinkles : color chesnut, with a single darker
longitudinal ray, curving from the back to the larger end,
and dividing each valve into two nearly equal parts, the CXH
lor becoming paler towards the posterior end ; inside the
same color, with a slight trace of the ray at the margin,
which is smooth : beaks obtuse, rather inclining to the
longer side, with one of the teetH very large, the other
jsmall, without lateral ones.

It differs from the last, in the obliquity of the teeth, which
p.re bent jn a repurved manner anc| are not furnished with,

HALIOTIS. SEA-EAR. 43

lateral ones, and in the beaks inclining a little to the longer
end : length a quarter of an inch ; breadth three eighths.
Devonshire, and North Britain : very rare. w. «i«

6. Donax rubra. Red Wedge-shell.

Montagu, Suppl. p. 38.

Shell wedge-form, smooth, truncate at one end, of an
uniform reddish > color, inside the same, with the margin
smooth : beaks obtuse : hinge with two teeth in each valve,
placed angularly, and approaching each other at their sum-
mits : breadth not a line.

Devonshire coasts, among Corallines : very rare.

7« Donax Irus. Piercer Wedge-shell,

Da Costa, pi. 15, f, 6, left hand ftg,-*~Donovanf pi. 29.
ff 2— Dorset Cat. pi. 12. f. 6, left hand fig.

Shell somewhat oval, rugged, varying much in shape,
sometimes nearly as long as it is broad, sometimes twice
as broad as it is long, sometimes nearly flat, and often very
convex, brownish white, with numerous rather close-set
transverse-broken or undulated membranaceous ridges
which reflect upwards and are stronger towards one end,
the interstices finely striate longitudinally ; inside white or
flesh-color, with more or less of a purple tinge, the mar*
gin plain and smooth : beaks small, nearer one end, much
curved ; teeth small, often three together giving it the ap-
pearance of a Venus, two of them cloven ? length about a
quarter of an inch.

Western coasts, and Howth in Ireland, imbedded in the
Hardest limestone, v. v.

HALIOTIS. SEA-EAR.

Shell with a single valve, ear-shaped, almost
entirely open, with a longitudinal row of orifices
towards the outer margin ; spire lateral, and flat
ppon the shell.
-1, Haliotis tuberculata. Tuberoled Sea^ear. Fig. 66.

Lister, pi. 611. f. 2— Pennant, pi. 91— Da Costa, pi. 2,
f. 1, 2— Donovan, pi. 5—Dorsst Cat. p\. 22. f. 1, 2.

Shell thick,, strong, opa}ie; rough^ flat> oval, stride Ion.*

44 HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL.

gitudinally, ribbed or wrinkled transversely, with a longi-
tudinal ridge near the thicker margin beset with tubercles,
which towards the thinner end become larger flat and con-
cave, the last six or eight of them perforated ; the other
end with a single slightly raised spire, surrounded circu-
larly with a continuation of the gradually decreasing tuber-
cles, and ending in an obtuse point j below the ridge is a
furrow and a small rib, behind which the margin is rounded
and turned in ; the outer margin very thin and plain '. color
reddish-brown, sometimes spotted or marbled ; inside cpn-
cave, glossy and richly perlaceous : length sometimes four
inches, and three in breadth.

Guernsey and Jersey, on rocks at low-water mark ;
rarely thrown up on the western coasts, Bullock in Ire-
land, and North Britain, v. m.

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL,

Shell with a single valve^ spiral, more or less
transparent and brittle : aperture contracted,
roundish or crescent- shaped.

Obs. There ever has been, and probably ever will be, &
difficulty in making precise and definite limits between this
family and that of the Turbo. It may therefore be neces-
sary to understand, that all which have an orbicular aper-
ture, however transparent and brittle they may be, are
ranged with the latter genus. The student who finds ar*y
difficulties on this point, will, by turning to the proper di-
vision of each family, easily have his difficulties removed.

A. Flattened, with an acute keel*liker ridge. 1 to 5.

B. Not keeled, but perforated or concave. .6 to 3,7 •

C. Tlie volutions rounded : imperforated at the bpse. 38

to 43.

IX Sfiell tvpwing. 44 to 51.
E. Shell oval, without perforation. 52 to 65.

A. Flattened, with an acute keel-like ri4ge. I*toi5.
1. Helix lapicida. Rock Snail-nheU. Fig. 59, 60.
Lister, pi. 69. f. 68— Pennant, pi. 86. f. 1— £>« Costa,
pi. 4. f. 9—Donovan, ,pl, 39. f. 2-rZtamtf CM. pi. 20. f. 9.

Shell

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL. 45

Shell flattish, a little convex on both sides, semitrans-
parent, with a wide and deep perforation on the underside,
strongly and irregularly wrinkled, and crossed in an oppo-
site direction with very fine and minute strise, giving it a
kind of shagreened roughness : spires six, the larger one
sloping down on each side so as to form a sharp ridge on
the margin, which runs spirally throughout the upper vo-
lutions and marks their separation by a fine line, the edges
of which appear slightly toothed or crenate by the wrin-
kles : color dark horny, with deeper blotches : aperture
transverse, nearly oval, narrowed to a kind of angle where
it meets the keel, a little dilated in the middle, and round-
ed beneath with a thin sharp white margin which is slightly
reflected, and. dilated and a little spreading towards the
perforation : diameter three quarters of an inch j height
about three eighths.

Woods, clefts of rocks, and old walls, v. v.

2. Helix subcai inata. Subcannated Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. 7. f. $— Walker, f. 22.

Trochus rugosus. Brown, Wern. Soc. pi. 24. f. 5.

Shell rather convex, semitransparent, white or pale
rust-color, sometimes glossy, but generally appearing as if
frosted : spires four, well denned and finely striate longi-
tudinally, with two fine circular raised lines round the base
of the body volution and one on the upper part, which last
continues round the middle of the second volution, and .i
obliterated in the line of junction towards the top : from the
lower ridge at the base commences a semicircular channel
which terminates in a large and deep perforation : aperture
roundish oval ; the outer-lip projecting atid tlvn; inner-lip
reflected, spreading into a sharp angle, and raised on the
body of the volution : diameter one tenth of an inch ; height
more than half as much.

In fine sand, on the western coasts, Kent, and Dublin
bay. v. m.

3. Helix planorbis. Bordered Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. 25. f. 1.

Helix planata, Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 5. f. 14 — Dorset Cat.
pl. 20. f. 18.

Shell

46 HELIX. SNML-SHELL.

Shell flat, seraitransparent, pale horn-color with some-
times a rufous tinge, concave on both sides : spires four or
five, a little sloping on each of the sides, finely striate
across ; the largest with a slight prominent ridge placed
exactly in the middle of the margin : aperture compressed,
with a rather acute termination at the upper end ; the
lower end oblique, one side being more elongated than the
other : diameter about half an inch.

It differs from the next, in having the circular ridge
round the margin of the body volution placed exactly in th€
middle, giving the shell a more convex appearance ; in the
paler color and greater fragility 3 and in the aperture being
pval.

Stagnant waters, and slow streams, v. v.

4. Helix complanata. Flattened Snail-shell.

Lister, pi. 138. f. 42— Montage pi. 25. f. 4.

Helix limbata. J)a Costa, pi. 4. f. 10, and pi. 8. f. 8.

Helix planorbis. Pennant, pi. 86. f. 2 — Linn. Trans, viii.
pi. 5. f. 13— Dorset Cat. pi. 14. f. 8, and pi. 20. f. 10.

Shell flat, semitransparent, brown, chesnut, or nearly
black, concave on both sides : spires four or five, rather
rounded, slightly striate across ; the largest with a faint
prominent circular ridge round the margin and placed at
the base, and all well defined by the line of separation :
aperture oblique, one lip reaching further down the volu-
tion than the other, rather rounded at the top : diameter
more than half an inch.

In consequence of the keel or ridge being placed not in
the middle of the margin but at the base, the under side of
the volution does not slope so much down to the edge as
the upper, giving the shell a flatter appearance ; and con-
sequently the upper edge of the lip is not so acute.

Ponds, ditches, and stagnant waters, v. v.

5. Helix Vortex. Whirled Snail-shell.

Lister, pi. 138. f. 43— Pennant, pi. 86, f. 4— Da (?o»ta,
pl. 4. f. 12— Donovan, pi. 75— Dorset Cat. pi. 20. f. 12,

Shell very flat, semitransparent, horn-color, concave on
one side, with six or seven close-set and well denned
ppires, the largest one with a slight ridge round the mar-
gin

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL. 47

gin near the base : aperture nearly oval, compressed, rather
acute towards the top : diameter hardly half an inch.

It differs from the two last in the number and compact*
ness of the volutions.

In ponds and ditches, v. v.

B. Without keel; perforated or concave. 6 to 36.
6. Helix cornea. Horn Snail-shell. Fig. 52.

Lister, pi. 137. f. 41— Pennant, pi. 86. f. 3— Da Costa,
pi. 4. f. 13— Donovan, pi. 39. f. I— Dorset Cat. pi. 20..f. 13.

Shell flattish, semitwnsparent, reddish or blackish horn-
color, becoming white with age, concave on one side aind a
little depressed on the other : spires four or five, separated
by a deep line, the first large and well rounded, wrinkled
across, with often a larger transverse ridge or two not far
from the aperture : aperture somewhat crescent-shaped, a
ftttle oblique downwards ; inner lip slightly spread on the
body, whitish at the angles and round the inner-margin :
"diameter an inch or father more.

Ponds and old water-courses, v. v.

' 7- Helix spirorbis. Spiral Snail-sheH.

Montagu, pi. 25. f. 2— Dorset Cat. pi. 20. f. 17-

Shellflat, brown horn-color, concave on both sides : spires
six, rounded and close-set, finely striate across : aperture
bval, sometimes inclining to circular, but always attached
to the body volution at the sides, a little oblique : diameter
about a quarter of an inch.

It differs from H. Vortex, in not having any ridge or keel
.en the body volution.

Ponds and still waters, v. v. .

8. Helix rhombea. RhomMc Snatt-shett.

Shell flat, semitransparent, a little concave on both sides,
whitish or tinged with rufous, often covered with a rough
brown ,skin : spires four, smooth, well denned by the line
of separation, the larger volution compressed or flattened
on the back so as to give it a slightly carinated appearance
at the edge on both sides, which however is muqh -stronger
underneath : aperture obliquely rhombic, in consequence

of

48 HELIX. SNJIL-SHELL.

of the flattened surface of the outer volution, ami some-
times produced into an oblique angle at the upper and
outer end, the margin thin, and slightly embracing the next
volution at the sides : diameter the tenth of an inch.

This new species, sufficiently distinct from any of its di-
vision by the mouth, which forms an oblique parallelo-
gram, resembles the H. albina of Gmelin, except that it is
nearly equally concave on both sides : we have as yet only
found it, attached to the cases of the Phryganeae, in its InrVa
state, in the pond at Glasnevin botanic garden, near Dublin,
where they are met within tolerable abundance. These cases
are chiefly clothed with this shell, the H. planorbis and
planata ; Turbo fontinaiis, and the young of Tellina cor-
nea, v. v.

9. Helix contorta. Coiled Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. 25. f. 6-~Da Costa, pi. 4. f. 11 — Donovan,
pi. 99— Dorset Cat. pi. 20. f. 11.

Shell fiat, horn-color, sometimes rufous or whitish, con-
cave in the very centre only on one side, but largely and
deeply so on the other : spires six, rounded, finely striatc,
deeply divided by the line of separation : aperture narrow
crescent-shaped, like the moon in its first quarter, painted
at the sides : diameter hardly two tenths of an inch.

It differs from H. spirorbis, in the deep cavity on one
side, the narrow aperture, and the number and compactness
of the volutions.

Ponds and wet ditches, v. v.

10. Helix alba. White Snail-sheU. .

Montagu, pi. 25. f. 7— Dorset Cat. pi. 19. f. 18— [Patten,
f. 19.

Shell flattish, pale horn-color, semitransparent, often co-
vered with a brown skin, slightly concave on. one side &nd
more deeply so on the other : spires four, finely rounded,
very closely but distinctly striate both across and Circu-
larly j the larger volution very faintly inclining to an edge
or keel : aperture somewhat orbicular or crescent-shaped,
a little oblique and clasping the spire : diameter a quarter
of an inch.

Ponds and slow streams, v. v.

11. Helix

* :--V\

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL. 49

11. Helix fontanz. Fountain Snail-shell.
Montqgu, pi. G. f. 6 — Dorset Cat. pi. 1<). f. 19.

Shell very flat, horn-color, transparent, smooth, a little
concave in. the centre on both sides, but more deeply and
.distinctly so on one side : spires four, a little concave in the
centre on both sides, but more distinctly soon one ; the outer
volution with a faint ridge-like appearance, formed by the
gradual slope of the primary volution on each side : aperture
contracted, half oval, a little pointed at the top, oblique, the
edges very thin and taking in half the body volution at their
point of contact : diameter hardly two tenths of an inch.

In fresh waters : not common, v. v.

12. Helix Ericctorum. Heath Snail-shell.

Lister, pi. 78. f. 78 — Pennant, pi. 88. f. 5 — Montagu,
pL24. f, 2— Donovan, pi. 151. f. 2— Dorset Cat. pi. 20. f. 8.

Shell svmitransparent, a little convex on one side, with
a large and deep perforation on the other: spires six or
seven, well deimed, the primary one large and finely
rounded, striate across : color whitish or grey, often pale
ftffous, with mostly a brown band on the upper part of the1
larger volution which continues round the edge of the
smaller ones, and frequently several small girdles at the
base; sometimes it is vaiiegated with brown, the bands
-often lighter and more transparent, and sometimes they are
hardly discernible : the tip or termination of the spires
dark polished brown : aperture somewhat orbicular, slight-
ly crescent-shaped, attached half way down the body volu-
tion : diameter nearly an inch.

Dry sunny banks, arid warm walls, v. v.

13. Helix cingenda. Banded Snail-shell.

Lister, pi. ?8. f. 79 — Montagu, pi. 24. f. 4 — Pennant,
pi. 88. f. 2— Linn. Trans.viii. pi. 5. f. 6— Dorset Cat. pi. 18.
f. 5.

Shell Sjemitransparent, rather convex, reddish or yel-
lowish-white, with numerous narrow spiral zones of a ches-
nut or chocolate-brown color placed at irregular distances,
btit generally divided into sets of three or four each by
broader whitish bands, and often interrupted so as t6 form
short streaks, especially towards the top, where they be-

50 HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL.

come obsolete : spires five or six, the larger ones rounded,
but a little flattened near the line of separation, irregularly
wrinkled longitudinally, and crossed by very fine obsolete
circular lines, so as to give them a minutely reticulate ap*
pearance when examined by a glass ; the tip a little flat*
tened, and defined by a black spiral line ; the base slightly
but deeply perforated, whitish, with generally a band in
the middle composed of two or three narrow chocolate
zones, the interstices of which are of a reddish color : aper-
ture crescent-shaped, inclining to oblong, the margin thiri
and reflected over the perforation, with usually a raised line
round it on the inside near the edge, as in H. virgata.

Sometimes it is found nearly plain, or with only a few
faint girdles on the body volution ; but may always be di-
stinguished from H. virgata, by its larger size and propor-
tional breadth, the flattened top and slightly flattened vo-
lutions, and its numerous but very narrow zones' : breadth
three quarters of an inch ; height half an inch.

Dry sandy heaths near the sea. v. v.1

14. Helix virgata. Zoned Snail-shell.

Lister, pi. 59. f. 56— Montagu, pi. 24. f. 1— Da Costa,
pi. 4. f. 7— Dorset Cat. pi. 20. f. I—Pennant, pi. 88. f. 3.

Helix zonaria. Donovan, pi. 65.

Shell convex at top, semitransparent, irregularly wrin*
kled across, with a deep but narrow perforation ; spires six,
rounded and well defined, white with a rufous tinge ; the
body volution with a single purplish-brown band winding
round the middle and continuing at the base of the rest
quite up to th6 top, beneath which is generally a smaller
white one ; at the under part are three or four veiy fine-
circular zones-, and often two or three broader ones *at the
base, sometimes interrupted with white spots, none of them
however close "to the perforation : aperture somewhat orbi?
cular, oblique, the margin reddish and reflecting overj( the
perforation, within pale purplish-brown, with a white or
purplish thread-like raised line round the margin and a >
little within it : length about half an inch ; height liardly a$
much.

Variety A. Pale rufous-brown or greyish, with an ob-
scure

HELIX. SNAIL-SHtiLL. Si

scure narrow whitish band on the middle of the body volu-
tion.

This variety might be mistaken for the H. mfescens,
but for its much greater convexity, and the raised line
within the lip of the aperture.

Variety B. Dark chocolate brown and somewhat glossy,
with sometimes a few whitish marks, and a milk-white
band round the middle of the body volution, and continued
at the base of the rest to the top.

Maritime pastures and dry banks, v. v.

15. Helix caperata. Blacktlpped Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. 1 1. f. 11— Dorset Cat. pi. 19. f. 20.

Shell rather flattened at top, semitransparent, with a
large and deep perforation : spires six, closely and regu-
larly striate across, the larger one appearing as if slightly
ridged by the flatness of the volutions : color white or
blueish-white with purplish brown bands, generally one on
the body volution, continuing up the lower part of the
rest; at the base are several zones, often broken, and ap-
pearing like chains of spots ; sometimes it is dark choco-
late brown, or grey, with a white belt and spots, and some-
times inclining to rufous ; the tip black or dark brown ;
aperture somewhat orbicular, the inner lip a little reflected
over the perforation : diameter rarely half an inch 5 height
a quarter.

From all the varieties of H. virgata it may be distin-
guished, in not being so much produced, in the strong and
regular striae, in the subcarinated appearance of the outer
volution, and in wanting the thread-like rib round the in-
side of the lip.

Upon the examination of numerous living specimens,
we could never perceive the crenulations which Mr. Dill-
wyn says are formed by the junction of the striae at the
subcarinated margin of the outer volution, and from which
he has assimilated it with the H. crenulata of Gmelin.
This ridge is, in fact, hardly to be discerned, and the striae
are continued regularly and without interruption round it.

Dry hedge banks in the west of England, and Bullock in
Ireland : rather rare. v. v.

F 2 16. Helix

52 HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL.

1(3. Helix rufescens. Rufous Snail-shell.

Lister, pi. 71, lower fig. — Montagu, pi. 23.. f. 2 — Pen-
«a;tf, pi. 88. f. () — Da Costa, pi. 4. f. 6 — Donovan, pi. 157.
f. 1— Dorset Cat. pi. 20. f. 6.

Helix hispida. Donovan, pi. 151. f. 1.

Shell a little raised at top, semitransparent, rather ob-
tuse, irregularly stiiate across, with a rather large and
deep perforation : color rufous or onmge brown with some-
times a chocolate tinge, often dull ash-color, and frequently
mottled or marbled with paler or darker blotches, rarely
appearing as if faintly zoned underneath : spires six, the
larger volution a little compressed, forming a slight kind
of keel, where it is marked by a narrow pale band, under
which it is rather convex : aperture crescent-shaped,
slightly compressed in the middle, purplish at the angle
near the perforation over which it is something spread :
diameter half an inch.

When young it is often clothed with short hairs, and in
thia state mistaken for H. hispida, from which it may be
easily distinguished by the subordinated ridge accompa-
nied by the pale band.
. In woods, and under stones, v. v.

1 7- Helix Cantiana. Kentish Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. 23. f. 1— Dorset Cat. pi. 19. f. 21.

Helix pallida. Donovan, pi. 157. f- 2.

Shell semitransparent, slightly depressed and striate, o
a pale blueish or lead color tinge, especially towards the
top, very much resembling the last, but is larger and with-
out the subcarinated edge, but has often a faint white
band, Math the base and round the mouth rufous, and the
perforation is smaller: diameter about three quarters ofari
inch.

Woods and hedges, especially in Kent, and Cork. v. v.

18. Helix nitens. Glossy Snail-shell,
Linn, Trmvt. v"ri. pi. 5. f. 7— Dorset Cat, pi. 19. f. 22.
Helix luciria. Montagu, pi. 23. f. 4.
Shell flattish at top, thin, transparent, glossy, very
faintly striate, fulvous honv»color or whitish, more opake

and

HELIX. SXAIL-SHELL. 53

and generally with a greenish cast at the base, with a large
and deep perforation : spires five or six, the body volution
finely rounded at the margin: aperture crescent-shaped,
with the margin thin and not reflecting over the perfora-
tion : diameter nearly half an inch, and about two tenths in
height.

Wet woods, and under stones, v. v.

19. Helix hispida. Bristly Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. 23. f. 3— Da Costa, pi. 5, f. 10— Donovan,
pi. 151. f. 1— Dorset Cat. pi. 21. f. 10.

Shell very convex, thin, transparent, finely striate
(across, with a small perforation : spires five, rounded, co-
vered with fine short hairs which give it a whitish downy
cast : aperture roundish crescent-shaped, reflected at the
angle near the perforation : diameter a quarter of an inch.

Shady places, and under stones, v. v.

20. Helix radiata. Radiated Snaitehell.

Lister, pi. 1058. f. 1 1— -Montagu, pi. 24. f. 3— Da Costa,
pi. 4.f. 15, 16— Dorset Cat. pi. 20. f. 15, 16.

Shell flattish, a little raised on the upper side and con-
vex beneath, chesnut-brown with paler rays from the
-centre to the margin, with a very large and deep perfora-
tion exhibiting the internal volutions : spires six, well de-
fined by the line of separation, crossed with regular close-
set fine and rather curved raised lines ; the body volution a
little flattened, with a very faint keel-like ridge in conse-
quence of the convexity underneath : aperture roundish
crescent-shaped, not reflected over the perforation : diame-
ter a quarter of an inch,

Variety, of a greenish-White color, without rays, and se-
mitransparent.

This very beautiful variety has, we believe, hitherto been
only found at Dinton, in Buckinghamshire.

Moist places, and under stones, t?. v.

21. Helix rotundata. Roujtded Snaxl-shcU.

Shell quite fiat and level on both sides, dark horn-color

-with transverse chesnut marks or blotches, which however

F 3 are

54 HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL.

nre not disposed in a regular radiate manner, with the per-
foration rather large, but not exhibiting the internal volu-
tions : spires six, rounded and well defined, crossed with
regular close-set fine rather oblique raised lines ; the larger
volution rounded at the margin and without the faint keel-
like appearance : aperture large roundish crescent-shaped,
the margin thin and not reflected over the perforation :
diameter not a quarter of an inch.

This species, sufficiently distinguished from H. radiata,
in being quite flat on both sides, and in not having the
slightest keel-like appearance on the margin of the outer
volution, was found by the author in the woods near Brecon.
Mr. Dillwyn thinks that our former species, H. radiata, is
the H. rotundata of Gmelin and Muller, observing that it
is different from H. radiata, which latter species however
he has not described, v, v,

22. Helix umbilicata. Open Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. 13. f. 2— Dorset Cat. pi. 19. f. 24.

Shell raised and obtuse on the upper side, a little con-
vex at the base, semitransparent, dark horn-color or chocc-
late brown, finely striate across, with a large and deep per-
foration : spires five, much rounded and deeply divided by
the line of separation : aperture roundish crescent-shaped,
not reflected over the perforation : diameter the tenth of an
inch.

It differs from the young of H. radiata, in being much
more convex, of an uniform dark chocolate brown color,
and in not having the least trace of the subcarinated edge
cm the margin of the body volution.

Under loose stones on the tops of walls and the loftiest
bmlding.s, and the crevices of high rocks, in various parts
of England and Ireland, v. v.

23. tjelix trochiformis. Top-shaped Snail-shell.
Montagu, pi. 11. f. 9.

Shell produced at top, thin, transparent, smooth, glossy,
born-color with sometimes a rufous tinge, with a very
small perforation xvhich is hardly distinguishable in young
j? hells : spires six, rounded and deeply divided by the line
fcj' separation : aperture compressed, somewhat cresceni-
i . shaped,

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL. 55

shaped, the pillar-lip a little reflected over the perfora-
tion : diameter about the tenth of an inch ; nearly as much
high.

On decayed wood : very rare. v. m.

24. Helix elegans. Elegant Snail-shell.

Gmelin, p. 3642— Lister, pi. 61. f. 68.

Trochus terrestris. Pennant, pi. 83. f. 5* — Donovan,
pi. 111.

Shell thin, conic but rather obtuse at the top, finely
striate longitudinally : spires five or six, flattish, divided
by a fine depressed line, and marked with a prominent
ridge round the base of each : color livid white, with some-
times a brown line round the middle of the volutions ; the
base flattened, with a strong carinated edge round it, and
striate in a radiate manner from the centre : aperture much
compressed, with a small perforation behind the pillar :
diameter more than a quarter of an inch ; height not quite
so much. *

This species has a much greater resemblance to a Tro-
chus than the last, from which it is distinguished by its
more conical shape, the flat volutions, and the carinated
ridge that winds round their base. It is not uncommon ou
the continent, but we believe has only been found as Bri-
tish on the mountains of Cumberland and Northumbeiv
land. v. m.

25, Helix spinulosa. Prickly Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. U. f, 10— Dorset Cat. pi. 19, f. 23,
Shell produced at top, thin, semitransparent, with a
small perforation : spires five, rounded and distinctly di-
vided by the line of separation, brown horn-color, covered
with a tough skin which rises into thin flat membrane
ceous bristly striate folds or processes, especially round
the middle of each volution, giving it the appearance of
being ridged with small spines, and which may be easily
rubbed off leaving a smooth surface : aperture narrow
crescent-shaped : diameter the tenth of an inch, and about
as much high.

Ou decayed wood, and among moss : very rare. v. v.

26, Helix

56 HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL.

26. Helix Pomatia. Edible Snail-shell

Lister, pi. 48. f. 46— Pennant, pi. 87. f. 1— Da Cosfa,
pi. 4. f. 14— Donovan, pi. 84— Dorset Cat. pi. 20. f. 14.

Shell nearly globular, semitransparent, longitudinally
wrinkled, reddish-brown with whitish bands, sometimes
nearly white with the bands hardly discernible : spires five,
the first very large and tumid, with generally four whitish
bands, the two lower of which are close together and con-
tinue round the next volution, the upper ones dull white ;
the remaining volutions small and a little produced : aper-
ture large, roundish crescent-shaped ; the inner margin a
little thickened and white, and spreading over the perfora-
tion, which is small : diameter about two inches.

Variety, with the volutions reversed.

Lister, pi. 33. f. 32.

Woods of the southern counties. Dr. Rutty, in his
Natural History of the County of Dublin, gives this as an
Irish shell, not uncommon in his time 5 but it has not been
found of late. Mr. Dillwyn remarks that the margin of
the aperture is slightly margined, which we have not ob-
served in the many specimens under our examination, alt
of which were, however, dead. v. m.

27. Helix Arbustorum. Shrub Snail-shell

Lister, pi. 56. f. 53— Pennant, pi. 88. f. 4— Da Coste,
pi. 17. f. 6— Donovan, pi. 136— Dorset Cat. pi. 2. f. 6.

Shell nearly globular, semitransparent, glossy, rather
pointed at the top, slightly wrinkled, with a very smull
perforation which is almost obliterated in the old shells :
spires five, rounded and well defined, beautifully marbled
with chesnut brown and yellowish white ; the larger volu-
tion with a darker narrow band round the middle, and con-
tinuing along the base of the next: aperture crescent-
shaped, produced on the fore-part, with a reflected rim
round it, and a pure white broad margin within ; the pillar
white, and spread over the perforation. The dark band on
the body volution is sometimes either very faint, or wanting.
Diameter more than half an inch ; height as much.

Mo?.st boggy woods : not common, v. v.

28. Helix

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL. 57

28. Helix resupinata. Walker, f. 24.

Shell semitransparent, glossy, horn-color, with the two
terminal top spires reversed.
At Sandwich : minute.

29. Helix globosa. Walker, f. 25.

Shell globular, opakc, white, smooth, glossy, with two
volutions : aperture roundish.
At Sandwich : minute.

30. Helix reticulata. Walker, f. 26.

Shell white, transparent, elegantly reticulate, slightly
perforated, with a single volution : aperture rounded and
margined.

At Reculver : minute.

31. Helix unispiralis. Walker, f. 27.

Shell white, opake, glossy, concave on both sides, with
a single volution : aperture rounded.
At Sandwich : minute.

32. Helix striata. Walker, f. 29.

Shell transparent, greenish-white, striate : spires three,
reflected on the back : aperture somewhat oval.
At Sandwich : minute.

33. Helix coarctata. Walker, i. 30.

Shell white, transparent, with two volutions : aperture
roundish, contracted at the perforation.
At Sandwich : minute.

34. Helix tubulata. Linn. Trans, iii. pi. 13. f. 35, 36.

Shell longitudinally striate, with three volutions : a mar-
gined tube extending beyond the surface of the shell, in
the place of a perforation.

At Pembroke : minute.

35. Helix fasciata. Linn. Trans, v. pL l.f. 20, 21.
Shell whit-e, transparent, slightly perforated, with three

volutions ; the first tumid, and marked with three belts of
a i*ich marone color : aperture dilated.
Pembroke. shirs const : minute,

36. Helix

58 HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL.

36. Helix nitidissima. Linn. Trans, v. pi. 1. f. 22 to 24,
Shell horn-color, beautifully glossed, with two volutions,

very finely striate transversely.
Pembrokeshire coast : minute.

37. Helix bicolor. Linn. Trans, v. pi. 1 . f. 25 to 27-
Shell horn-color, opake, white within, quite smooth,

two volutions, and slightly perforated.
Pembrokeshire coast : minute.

These ten last species are very obscure and indistinct;
jsome of them probably the young of other species.

C. With the volutions rounded ; imperf orate at the base*
38 to 42.

38. Helix ianthina. Blue Snail-shell
Lister, pi. 572. f. 24.

Shell somewhat orbicular, obtuse, thin, brittle, transpa-
rent, of a whitish color more or less tinged with violet blue
or pale purple : spires four, a little rounded and well de-
frned by the line of separation, slightly striate longitudinally
jn an oblique direction; the first very large, slightly cari-
nate at the base which is of a deeper violet color, and
striate both circularly and longitudinally ; inside pale vio-
let: aperture dilated; the outer-lip very thin; pillar-lip
extending in a straight direction beyond the body rrqm the
Ibase, so as to give the aperture a somewhat triangular ap-
pearance on that side> and a little curled back so as to form
an incipient perforation; breadth half an inch; height
about as much.

The following observations, extracted from Cook's Voy-
ages, p. 14, will satisfactorily account for their occasional
appearance, wafted by waves and tides, and driven by
storms, on the British shores. " We also took several of
the shell-fishes, or testaceous animals, which are always
found floating Upon the water, particularly the Helix ian-
thina and yiolacea ; they are about the size of a snail, and
are supported upon the sut face of the water by a small clus-
ter of bubbles which are filled with air, and consist of a
tenacious slimy substance that will not easily part with its
contents : the animal is oviparous, and these bubbles seem
^Iso as a nidus for the eggs. It is probable that it never

goes

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL. 59

goes down to the bottom, nor willingly approaches any
shore ; for the shell is exceedingly brittle, and that of
few freshwater snails is so thin: every shell contains about
a tea-spoonful of liquor which is easily discharged upon
being touched, and which is of the most beautiful red-pur-
ple that can be conceived : it dies linen cloth, and it may
perhaps be worth enquiry, as the shell is certainly found
in the Mediterranean, whether it be not the Purpuraof the
ancients."

North of Ireland ; Bantry bay ; Le Hinch in the county
of Clare ; Portrush ; near Kenmare harbour in the county
of Kerry ; Dunmore ; Waterford ; Barnstaple ; the warren
between Dawlish and Exmouth ; and Oxwich bay, near
Swansea, v. v.

39. Helix vivipara. Viviparous Snail-shell

Lister, pi. 1055. f. 6, and Anat. pi. 6. f. 5— Pennant*
p\. 87. f. 2, and pi. 88. f. 1, the young— Da Costa, pi. 6;
f. 2— Donovan, p\. 87— Dorset Cat. pi. 17. f. 2.

The young, before and after exclusion. Lister, pi. 1054*
f. 30.

Shell thin, transparent, somewhat oval, tapering to a
•point, slightly striate longitudinally, and generally more
strongly wrinkled near the lip : spires five or six, much
rounded and separated by a deep line : color olive green,
with three dark brown bands on the larger volution, and
two on the rest, which grow fainter and become obliterated
towards the point : aperture round-oval, contracted a; little
at the upper pat't, reflected at the pillar, with sometimes a
small perforation behind it j outer lip thin, projecting and
rounded in the middle 5 inside smooth, greenish^white,
banded like the outside : length nearly an inch and a half;
breadth an inch. . -

Still waters, and slow rivers, v. v. . . v.

40. -Helix tremor alls*- Girdled Snail-shell.- '•''
Lister', pi. 57. f. 54 — Da Costa, pi. 5. f. 1 to 5; ;ahd8,
14, 19— Dorset Cut. pi. 21. f: 1 to 5; 8, 14, and 19— Do-
Tzowm, pi. 13.

Shell somewhat globular, semitransparent, glossy, finely
wrinkled, with .five rounded volutions, ending rather ob-
tusely : color and markings extremely various ; yellow,

greenish,

60 HEUX. SNAIL-SHELL.

greenish, purple of various shades, pale pjiik, whitish,
rarely clear white, like the H. Cartusiana ; sometimes with-
out bands, or with from one to five broader or narrower
ones : aperture roundish crescent-shaped, produced on the
front part, slightly reflected, with the margin on the inside
brown or clear white, and rarely with intermediate shades
or furnished with an elevated rim round it : diameter hardly
an inch ; height about three quarters.

Those which have the white inside margin are usually
smaller : and when young there are only three volutions
which are placed quite flat upon the larger one, distin-
guishable only by the circular line, as in the Nerita littoralis.
In this very young state we think Mr. Brown has figured it
in the Wernerian Transactions, pi. 24. f. 8, under the name
of H. elliptica.

Much confusion has been spread in the careless quota-
tions of DaCosta's figures of this shell. Maton and Rackett,
in attempting to arrange the varieties, have included that
with the white lip among those which are banded and have
a brotfn lip, omitting it in its proper place. Mr. Rackett,
in his Dorset Catalogue, has omitted some of the figures
in his own plate, substituting the fig. 6. of Da Costa, which
is the Bulla fontinalis. Mr. Dillwyn has omhted the figure
of Da Costa with the white lip, and copied Mr. Rackett's
error in the reference to the plates of the Dorset Cata-
logue, including also the Bulla fontinalis.

Common in hedges and gardens, v. v.

4 1 . Helix hortensis. Garden Smil-skeU.

Lister, pi. 49. f. 47— -Pennant, pi. 87. f. 3— Da Costa,
pi. 4. f. 1— Dorset Cat. pi. 20. f. 1— Donovan, pi. 131.

Shell somewhat globular, semitransparent, covered with
an irregularly creased and wrinkled skin : spires four, the
upper-one placed a little on one side, more or less distinctly
but obscurel^striate circularly : color dirty white or yel-
lowish with generally four tawny bands, often variously
interrupted and presenting a marbled appearance : apertur*
roundish crescent-shaped, produced in front, with a clear
white slightly reflected margin extending over tne pillar,
where it sometimes forms a small perforation: diameter

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL. 61

Variety, dull yellowish-brown, of a more oval form, and
without bands.

Before the lip is fully formed, the shell is very light and
brittle^ with the margin extremely thin and membrana-
ceous, not protruding in front, but perfectly crescent-
shaped, and without any appearance of the white edge ;
and there is generally a deep perforation behind the pillar-
lip, which gradually closes as the shell arrives at matu-
rity.

A variety was found by Dr. Latham, at Dartford, with
the spires reversed ; and another by Mr. Swainson, with
the volutions much extended and detached from each other,
like the worm of a corkscrew.

Common in gardens and hedges, v. v.

42. Helix fusca< Brown Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. 13. f. 1.

Shell thin, transparent, rufous horn-color, very faintly
wrinkled, with five or six rather raised and well denned
volutions ; the first very large : aperture crescent-shaped ;
the lip thin and reflected a little at the lower margin only,
where it forms a small depression or incipient perforation :
diameter three eighths of an inch, and hardly a quarter of
an inch high.

Variety, clear white, transparent, and highly polished.
The neighbourhood of London; woods in Dublin; and
the variety from Scotland, v. v.

43. Helix variegata. Linn. Trans, iii. p. 67-

Shell semitransrjarent, smooth, with red lires : spires
four, the first more tumid : margrn of the aperture very
much spread.

Pembrokeshire : minute.

D. Shell tapering tea point. 44 to 51.

44. Helix disjuncta. Disjointed Snail-shell &g. 63.
Helix elegans. Brown, Wern. Soc. pi. 24. f. 9.

Shell transparent, with seven much rounded voltftions,
loosely set together, but very deeply divided so fts to ap-
pear almost detached from each other, slightly striate <#•
G wrinkled

62 HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL.

wrinkled across, and ending in an obtuse point : color pale
horny, with five brownish bands, the four first close toge'-
ther and narrow, the fifth veiy narrow and surrounding the
bottom of the volution ; the four upper-ones are marbled
with white, with a white band roiind the middle, giving
them a slightly carinated appearance ; aperture large,
oval, attached to the body at the narrow or pointed end
Only ; the margin very thin, slightly reflected at the inner
angle, behind which is a deep perforation : length some<-
thing more than half an inch j breadth not quite half an
inch.

This very beautiful and curious shell was found in the
neighbourhood of Dublin, by Mr. Stephens ; and in its ge-
neral contour has much the -resemblance of the Turbo sca-
laris, or Wentletrap, both in the compactness, and ,the
deeply rounded divisions of the volutions. From the simi-
larity of its markings, we should have been almost per-
suaded to have considered it as a much produced variety
of H. Arbustoriun; but the number of volutions.is seven ;
the aperture is oval j and it has a large and deep perfora-
tion, v.'vn.'.-

45. Helix Terebra. Screw Snail-shell Fig. 55.

Helix Cochlea. Brown, JFcrn. Soc. pi. 24. f. 10.;

Shell blackish horn-GQloiy covered with a greenish skin,
pyramidal, deeply perforated : spires seven, rather rounded
and well defined; the larger volution with a prominent keej-
like ridge at the fcaie, 'whieR continuing ronncf'the two r?ex?t
forms a strcmg .se^atrafciftg line ; the other volutions are
with out Ihi^ ridge,- rwhieh: gives them the appearance of
being much more rounded ; the small&r or terminal spire-
appears detached or separated from its junction with the
next, like the turn of a\ corks c,rew., and ends rather ob-
tusely : aperture oval, with a thin margin, attached at the
pointed ,entl;tp the* -body . volution, and , slightly angulated
by the keel pvjib : length somewhat: more than half art.
inch ; breadth three, eighths of an in ph.

Fbun^"by Mr. Stephens, in the botanic garden of Trinity
Colloj>:e, ! 'Dublin, It has something the appearance of H.
compianata, bo'thinthe mouth and the raised terminal rib,
supposing that shell to have been accidentally produced

into

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL. 63

into a pyramidal form ; but its diameter is much less, and
there are seven volutions.

Although we can hardly venture to offer these two last
extraordinary shells as distinct and permanent species,
their singular excentricity, nevertheless, deserves a deter-
minate record. In the number of volutions, and in many
othtr respects, they both differ from the H. scalaris of
Muller and other authors, v. m.
. 46. Helix bifasciata. Double-banded Snail-shell.

Lister, pi. 19. f. 14— Dorset Cat. pi. 18. f. 8 and 10—
Pennant, pi. 85. f. 5.

Turbo fasciatus. Donovan, pi. 18. f. 1 — Montagu, pi. 22.
f. 1.

Shell taper, thin, semitransparent, coarse, wrinkled lon-
gitudinally, greenish-white, with longitudinal brown or
chesnut stripes, which are generally broken so as to ap-

Eear like interrupted bands, and are often confluent on the
irger volution, forming a band or two, and sometimes they
are almost entirely obliterated: spiresnine, a little rounded,
and terminating in a rather acute point : aperture nearly
oval, the margin thin, reflected a little on the pillar and
forming a small hollow behind it : length nearly three
quarters of an inch ; breadth not two lines.
" Sandy maritime pastures, v. v.

47. Helix octona. Taper Snail^shell

Lister, pi. 20. f. 15— Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 5. f. 10.

Shell very slender, ending in an obtuse point, glossy
white or very light horn-color : spires eight, a little
rounded and well defined, smooth or very obscurely striate
longitudinally : aperture somewhat orbicular, thin and not
reflected ; the pillar-lip a little reflected and producing a
very obscure and hardly perceptible hollow behind it :
length five eighths of an inch ; breadth about one eighth.

From the next it differs in color, in being of a more taper
form and ending more obtusely, in the form of the aperture
and slight reflexion of the pillar-lip. From H. Lackhamen-
sis it is immediately discriminated, by having no trace of a
reflected or margined aperture.

Supposed, by Dr. Pulteney, to have been found.in Dor-
setshire.

G 2 48. Helix

64 HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL.

48. Helix octanfracta. Eight-spired Snail-shell
Pennant, pi. 89.^. 5, not sufficiently taper nor elongated.

—Montagu, pi. 11. f. 8— Dorset Cat. pi. 18. f. 11.

Shell finely tapering to a point, semitransparent, covered
with a tenacious blackish skin, under which it is whitish
horn-color and polished : spires eight or nine, rather flat
but well denned, obscurely striate or wrinkled longitudi-
nally ; the larger volution with a few transverse ridges :
aperture narrow-oval, contracted to a point at top; the
outer-lip very thin ; inner-lip forming a ridge-like projec-
tion near the base, without the least trace of reflexion or
perforation : length five eighths of an inch; breadth barely
two eighths.

Cornwall and Devonshire, in still waters : rare. v. m.

49. Helix Lackhamensis. Wiltshire Snail-shell
Montagu, pi. 11. f. 3.

Shell oval-oblong, semitransparent, dull rusty-brown,
varying to horn-color and grey : spires seven, nearly flat,
but well defined, the first three or four of which are tu-
mid, the rest suddenly tapering to an obtuse point, longitu-
dinally wrinkled : aperture whitish or with a purple tinge,
somewhat oval, margined and reflected; the inner-lip
turned back so as to form a linear cavity behind it : length
five eighths of an inch ; breadth a quarter.

Lackham and Bow woods, Wiltshire : rare. v. m.

50. Helix obscura. Dusky Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. 22. f. 5 — Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 5. f. 1 1— •
Walker, f. 41— Dorset Cat. pi. 19. f. 27.

Shell oval-oblong, rather obtuse, opake, brown horn-co-
lor : spires from five to seven, a little rounded and very well
defined, obliquely wrinkled : aperture nearly oval, with a
white polished reflected margin, forming a groove behind
the pillar: length half an inch; breadth about a third of
its length.

Woods, and under stones, v. v.

51. Helix lubrica. Varnished Snail-shell

Pennant, pi. 85. f. 4— Da Costa, pi. 5. f. 18— Montagu.
pi. 22. f. 6— Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 5. f. 12— Dorset Cat.
pi. 21. f, 18.

Shell

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL. 65

Shell dark horn-color, with often a yellowish or reddish
tinge, smooth, rinely polished, transparent : spires six, a
little taper and rounded, ending somewhat obtusely : aper-
ture oval, with a thick margin, not reflected nor forming
any perforation: length about a quarter of an inch; breadth
the third of its length.

\Ve cannot agree with Mr. Dilhvyn, that this shell and
the H. subcylindrica are individually the same. In ditches
or watery places we have never found them, nor, accord-
ing to our own experiments, will they live longer in fresh
water than other ' similar inhabitants of dry situations.
Their favourite habitats are at the roo'.s of trees which are
generally carpeted with fine moss ; 'under stones, where
they retire for shelter in the autumn ; but more especially
in dry elevated pastures above the sea, where we have col-
lected them in abundance after the hay has been carried
off the fields, and whence they are washed down into the
bands. When first gathered they are of a blackish horn-
color, with a reddish gloss about the lip; but after much
exposure to the weather, when dead, they become dull
white and opake. v. v.

E. Shell oval, ivithout perforation, 52 to 65.

52. Helix stagnalis. Lake Snail-shell Fig. 69. .

Lister, pi. 123. f. 21— Pennant, pi. 89. f. 1— Da Costa,
pi. 5. f. 11— Montagu, pi. 16. f. 8— Donovan, pi. 51. f. 2—
Dorset Caf. pi. 21. f. 11.

Shell very thin and brittle, transparent, horn-color, often
covered with a rough greenish coat, and varying to whitish
or dusky, tapering to a fine point : spires six or seven ;
the first very large and tumid, striate longitudinally, and
crossed by a few faint distant transverse ribs, giving it a
rather angular appearance, or as if pieces here and there had
been lightly shorn off; theother volutions rounded but sud-
denly tapering: aperture very large, oval ; the inner-lip
folding and forming a kind of rib down the pillar on the hv»
side : length nearly two inches 3 breadth about one.

Stagnant waters, v. v.

53. Helix f^agilis. Bnttk Snail-shell

u, pi. 16. f. 7.

G 3 Shell

66 HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL.

Shell horn-color, extremely thin brittle and transparent,
very much resembling the last, but is of a more regularly
slender form in consequence of the larger volution not be-
ing so much larger in proportion to the others, and the
line of separation runs more obliquely ; the aperture is
also smaller and more oblong ; about a fourth less.

In the Kennet and Avon Canal, Wiltshire • and the
Grand Canal, near Dublin, v. v.

54. Helix palustris. Marsh Snail-shell.

Pennant, pi. 89. f. 2. A. B.— -Montagu, pi. 16. f. 10—
Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 5. f. 8 — Donovan, pi. 175. f. 1, 2 —
Dorset Cat. pi. 18. f. 18.

Shell brown horn-color, semitransparent, sometimes co-
vered with a greyish or brown skin, oftentimes almost
black with the inside glossy and dark chocolate brown :
spires six, tapering to a fine point, rather rounded, wrinkled
longitudinally, and often crossed with a few faint ridges :
aperture oval, nearly half as long as the shell; the inner-
lip a little reflected, so as to form a slight cavity behind it :
length more than half an inch ; breadth one third of its
length.

Watery places : not common, v. v.

55. Helix fossaria. Ditch Snail-shell.

Montagu, pi. 16. f, 9 — Linn. Trans, viii.pl. 5. f. 9 — Dor-
set Cat. pi. 18. f. 17.

Shell horn-color, thin, brittle, transparent, very finely
striate longitudinally, but rarely with any transverse lines :
spires five or six, tapering to a fine point, much rounded
and deeply divided : aperture oval ; the inner-lip hardly
reflected, and not forming a cavity behind it. Differs from
the last, in not being above half the size, in the volutions
being more tumid and deeply divided, and in the aperture
being more regularly oval, without the reflexion of the in-
ner-lip.

Wet and muddy places, v. v.

56. Helix detrita. Three-banded Snail-shell.

Lister, pi. 108. f. 1— Montagu, pi. 11. f. 1— Dorset Cat.
pi, I9.f 26.

HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL. 67

Shell conic-oval, semitransparent, somewhat glossy,
slightly wrinkled longitudinally : spires six, whitish, with
sometimes a rufous spiral band round the middle of the
larger volution, which continues round the edge of the
other, but growing fainter and becoming indistinct in the
fourth volution ; sometimes there are three bands, the
middle one narrower, with one or two on the second volu-
tion, the rest being covered over with the band, except at
the junction ; and in some the bands are broken into lon-
gitudinal streaks ; but in British specimens all these mark-
ings are generally wanting : aperture oval ; the inner-lip
a little reflected over the pillar and forming a slight hollow
behind it : length three quarters ; breadth half an inch.

Weymouth and Dublin, in fresh water : rare. v. v.

57. Helix succinea. Amber Snail-shell,
Dorset Cat. pi. 18. f. 19,

Helix putris. Montagu, pi. 16. f. 4 — Donovan, pi. 168-

Shell extremely thin and brittle, transparent, glossy, ob-
long, pointed, amber-color or reddish-yellow : spires three,
the first very large, oblong but not tumid, covering four
fifths of the shell, and the next much larger than the ter-
minal one which is rather obtuse : aperture wide oval,
reaching down two-thirds of the shell, the inner-1'p thick-
ened and rounded, but not reflected nor forming the least
perforation ; the outer-lip extremely thin, often membra?
naceous and elastic : length about half an inch, and a quar«
ter wide.

On aquatic plants, v v.

58. Helix putris. Puddle Snail-shell.

Lister, pi. 123. f. 23— Pennant, pi. 89. f. 3-~Qa Costa,
pi. 5, f. 13— Dorset Cat. pi. 21. f. 13.

Helix peregra. Montagu, pi. 16. f. 3.

Shell thin, semitransparennt, oval, rather obtuse, longi-
tudinally wrinkled, yellowish or hornrcqlor, often covered
with a '^dark-brown skin : spires four, rounded, the first
very large and tumid aperture very large, oval, reaching
down three-fourths of the shell j guter-lip thin; inner-lip

thickened,

68 HELIX. SNAIL-SHELL.

thickened, often with, a kind of silvery cast, not the least
reflected: length usually an inch ; breadth five-eighths.

Variety, with the lip white and somewhat expanded.

Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 5. f. 8*-— Dorset Cafc.pl/ 19. f. 30,

Muddy places and ditches, v. v.

59. Helix auricularia. Wide-mouthed Snail-shell.
Lister, pi. 123. f. 22— -Pennant, pi. 89. f. 4— Da Costa,
pi. 5. f. 17— Montagu, pi. 16. f. 2— Donovan, pi. 51. f. 1—
17.

Cat. pi. 21. f. 1

Shell thin, brittle, semitransparent, rather conic and
obtuse, light yellow, often covered with a darkish of rust-
color skin : spires four, the first extremely large and co-
vering nearly the whole of the shell, a little -wrinkled lon-
gitudinally, and often marked with a single deep impres-
sion : aperture somewhat oval, vastly large ; the outer-lip
much expanded ; pillar-lip folded back and forming a slight
hollow behind it : length about an inch -3 breadth three-
quarters of an inch.

Stagnant waters, v. v.

60. Helix limosa.

. Montagu, pi. 16. f. 1 — Brown, Wvm. Soc,$l. 24. f. 11.

•Shell thin, transparent, glossy, reddish-brown or horn-
color : spires four, the first very large. In appearance it
so much resembles the last, as to be considered a mere
var'ety, or the young shell : but it is of a more oblong and
tapering form, the first volution not so much swelling over
the next at the junction, the volutions all more prominent
and rounded, and deeply defined by the line of separation,
and the aperture is narrower.

Ditches, and muddy places, v. v.

61. Helix tentaculata. Coverlid Snail-shell.

Lister, pi. 132. f. 32— Pennant, pi. 89. f. 6— Da Costa,
pi. 5. f. 12— Donovan, pi. 93— Dorset Cut. pi. 21. f. 12.

The young shell. Walker, f. 33.

Shell somewhat conic, rather obtuse, semitransparent,
yellowish- white, often covered with a dark skin, nearly
smooth: spires five or six, rounded and deeply divided,
flowed when alive with a strong concentrically stiiate lid :

aperture

HELIX. SNML-SHELL. 69

aperture roundish oval ; the outer-lip rather strong ; inner-
lip reflected and forming a slight groove behind it : length
half an inuh ; breadth a quarter.
Ponds and stagnant waters, v. v.

62. Helix lutea. Yellow Snail-shell
Montagu, pi. 16. f. 6.

Shell somewhat oval, semitrans parent, strong, smooth,
dull orange-yellow, obtuse at the point : spires three, the
first very large : aperture oval, very wide ; the outer-lip
rather thick ; inner-lip a little thickened, but not reflected
or forming a hollow. It much resembles H. succinea, but
is less, not so tumid, thicker and stronger, and an inhabi-
tant of the ocean : length nearly half an inch ; breadth al-
most a quarter.

Sea coasts of South Devon, v. w,

63. Helix glutinosa. Glutinous Snail-shell.
Montagu, pi. 16. f. 5.

Shell nearly orbicular, transparent, extremely thin and
brittle, and finely glossed, smooth or very faintly wrinkled,
often covered with a glutinous skin : spires three, the body-
one vastly large, occupying almost the whole of the shell,
so as nearly to conceal the rest when it is lying with its
mouth upwards : aperture oval, extremely large, reaching
almost to the very tip , the inner-lip not reflected nor
forming any kind of cavity : length more than half an inch ;
breadth three eighths.

In quite still waters, v. v.

64. Helix Isevigata. Ventricose Snail-shell.
Pennant, pi. 89. f. 8 — Donovan, pi. 105 — Dorset Cat.

pi. 18. f. 9.

Shell nearly orbicular, very thin and brittle, transparent,
veiy obtuse, faintly but regularly striate longitudinally,
often covered with a brownish wrinkled skin, under which
it is pale flesh-color : spires four, the first very la: ge and
wide, the others minute, obtuse, and placed nearly flat on
the larger volution ; inside light purplish-brown or whitish :
aperture nearly orbicular, vastly extended ; the margin
thin, not reflected at the pillar nor forming a cavity : length
half an inch or more ; breadth something less.

Variety^

70 LEPAS.

Variety, much stronger and thicker, of a deeper red co-
lor, with the second volution much protruded and well
rounded, without the longitudinal striae, and a full inch in
diameter,

Sandy coves of the southern and western coasts, and
various parts of Ireland, v. v.

65. Helix Otis. Ear-shaped Snail-shell.

Walker, fig. 17.

Shell oblong, very convex, ear-shaped, semitransparent,
pale horn-color or covered with a dark purplish-brown
skin, smooth or very faintly wrinkled transversely, some*
what glossy : spires three, the first roundish-oblong, very
large and covering nearly the whole shell, the others spi-
rally turning on one side, like the crown of the Turbo pal-
lidulus, well defined by the line of separation, but rather
flat and obtuse; inside glossy, horn-color or purplish: aper-
ture very large, extending over nearly the whole shell,
roundish-oblong ; outer-lip thin ; pillar-lip a little thickened
and flattish, but without any groove or cavity : length
hardly a line ; breadth somewhat less.

This minute and elegant species, for the first knowledge
of which we are indebted to the Rev. Dr. Goodall, is found
among the interstices of rocks which are covered at high
water, on the Devonshire coast. It has something the
contour of the Turbo pallidulus ; but the primary volu-
tion is more convex, and the lateral ones not so closely'
pressed to the body ; the aperture is of a more regularly
oblong shape ; the pillar-lip is not placed so transversely,
and it has no groove nor perforation.

We have been informed that it was known to the late
Mr. Montagu, who had intended to denominate it H. Auri-
cula ; but as this name approaches too near to auricularia,
we have called it Otis. Walker's figure is a very good
representation, who justly remarks, that it differs from the
H. Icevigata, in not being striate. v. v.

LEPAS.

Shell of several erect unequal valves, firmly at-
tached to other substances.

A.

.LEPA£. 71

A. With tne valves connected by a cartilage, and at*
tached to ajlesky stalk. Barnacle, 1 tp 7-

B. Firmly fi^ea, without stalk, conical, icith an inter-
nal lid. Acorn-shell, 8 to 20.

1. Lepas anatifera. Duck Barnacle.
Pennant, -pi. 41, upper figures — Da Costa, pi. 17- f. 3— •
Donovan, pi. 7—JVood, pi. 1 1— Dorset Cat. pi. 2. f. 3.

Shell flattish, with five blueish valves connected by a
yellow membrane ; the two lower-ones large, somewhat
triangular, slightly wrinkled longitudinally, and obscurely
striate in a radiate manner from the lower angle on the
anterior side ; the two top ones not half the size, long and
tapering down to a rather obtuse point, angular on each
side towards the upper part, and longitudinally striate;
the back-valve long, narrow, rounded on the back, tapering
towards the ends, curved, striate longitudinally, and ter-
minating towards the bottom in a kind of ridge : stalk long,
transparent, horn-color, growing darker and more opake
^and wrinkled towards the shell, rarely red : length above
•an inch and a half; breadth an inch.

Variety A. The back valve appearing as if separated into
jsevcral distinct joints.

Variety B. The back valve strongly ribbed longitudi-
nally at the sides on the lower part, and the ribs closely
tubercled.

Variety Q. The back valve, with a longitudinal row of
obtuse tubercular denticles.

Lister, pi. 439. f. 282, left hand figure.
Variety D. The back valve deeply and sharply serrated.
Fig. 22.

Lepas dentata. JVood, p. 67 — Dittwyn, p. 32. , •
Theseseveral varieties presented themselves to us among
the vast mass which floated into the river Ex, in Devon-
shire, in the summer of 1817. And as the other parts of
the shell and its appendages were in every respect similar
to L. anatifera, we cannot consider any of them as entitled
to specific distinction.

On drifted timber, and the bottoms of ships,

2. Lepas

72 LEPAS.

2. Lepas anserifera. Striated Barnacle.
Lister, pi. 440. f. 283— Donovan, pi. 166. f.

pi. 10. f. 5.

Shell flat, of five valves, much resembling the former
species ; but is strongly striate in a radiate manner from
the lower angle, and crossed by very fine lines ; the angles
and points of the valves are more sharp ; and the back
valve is flattened on the sides, and brought all the way down
to a sharp keel-like edge : it is also smaller, and much
more flattened on the upper part, giving the lower end
a rather tumid appearance : stalk short, orange red.

Drifted timber, and the bottoms of ships, v. v.

3. Lepas sulcata. Furrowed Barnacle.
Montagu, pi. 1. f. 6—tfood, pi. 12. f. 1.

Shell flattish, dirty white or brownish, with five valves j
the lower-ones with fifteen strong ribs radiating from the
lower front angle, that which runs along the front larger
than the rest and forming a margin ; the two upper valves
forming an oblique parallelogram, being pointed at both
ends, like a card placed sideways, and furnished with seven
or eight ribs besides intermediate smaller ones ; the back
valve flattish, strongly striate longitudinally, wit^a smooth
and rather acute edge : stalk very short and dusky : length
nearly a quarter of an inch ; breadth nearly as much.

Found by Montagu, near Portland Island, on theGorgo-
nia flabelliformis ; and by Mr. O'Kelly, near Kenmare har-,
bour, in Ireland, on a piece of oak bark : we have also
taken it on floating timber : very rare. v. v.

4. Lepas fascicularis. Bladder Barnacle.
Lxter, pi. 439. f. 280. Wood, pi. 10. f. 4.
Lepas dilatata. Donovan, pi. 164.

Shell flat, extremely thin and membranaceous, transpa-
rent, of a light horn-color, exactly resembling thin scales
of isinglass, strongly wrinkled in an undulate or somewhat
angular manner : valves five, the two upper ones narrow and
of a long triangular form, a little reflected or slightly hooked
at the points ; the two lower-ones obtusely triangular, with
the margins at the base rounded and reflected ; the front
margin is also, in common with that of the upper-ones, re.

fleeted ;

LEPA9. 73

fleeted ; back valve strongly carinate or ribbed longitudi-
nally at the sides, and rather rounded in the middle, form-
ing an obtuse angle towards the bottom, the outer point of
which is produced and blunt, whence it becomes gradually
dilated to the end, which extends to the termination of the
Other valves arid is rounded and a little reflected, the tip-
per end or point reaching a little more than half w ay up
the shell : stalk very short, and almost entirely covered
with the reflected ends of the lower valves : length three
quarters of an inch ; breadth more than half an inch.
Coast, of Devonshire : very rare. v. m.

5. Lepas cornuta. Horned Barnacle.

Linn. Trans, xi. pi. 12. f. 1.

Shell oval, fleshy, very slightly compressed, rounded at
• tap, 'vvith five small testaceous white valves ; a linear-one
" on each side below the mouth or aperture, two small ap-
proximate linear curved ones above the mouth, and a very
.minute doraal one : on the top are seated two large erect
'tubular .projections, convex and mottled with brown ia
front, and channelled behind : stalk longer than the body,
,. enlarging. to wards the base : color white, irregularly mark-
ed or clouded with three purplish-brown broken ionghu-
cmal stripes on each side, and which extend do ,vn a part of
the stalk : length of the body three quarters of an inch ; of
the tubular processes, three eighths 3 of the stalk, an inch

a quarter.
From the bottom of a transport stranded on the Devon

6. Lepas membranacea. Membranous Barnacle.
Linn. Trans, xi. pi. 12. f. 2. '
.kapas victata. Wood> pi. 12. f. 2, 3.

.oil somewhat oblong, gradually sloping into the stalk,
, obliquely truncate, at top, fleshy, tiattish, with live small
.•wliiie testaceous valves 5 the two upper ones linear, run-
rather obliquely ; the two lower ones linear, with a
:->• hook-like process in the middle of each, projecting
• inwardly, and curving a little upwards to a point ; the back
ar, gibbous in the middle, extending at top to the
^nation of the upper-pair, w^sre they meet and fornxr.
"

7-1 LEPAS.

projecting angle, and reaching below nearly to UK
mencement of the stalk, which is as long as the hody : co-
lor pale blue, with three broad dark -blue stripes each side
reaching all the way down : length of the body nearly an
inch -, breadth about half as much.

Fariety. Of a dark horn-color, without stripes, not gra-
dually sloping into the stalk, but terminating abruptly arid
somewhat angularly at the bottom : it is about half the
size. When dry, these fleshy species become Hat, wrinkled,
horny, and transparent.

On the bottom of a transport stranded on the Devon
coast. A cluster of the variety was dredged up at Ex-
raouth, and is in the cabinet of Mrs. W. C. Loscombe. v. m.

6*. Lepas Scalpellum. Penknife Barnacle.

Montagu, pi. 1. f. 3 — Wood, pi. 10. f. 3 — Donovan,
pi. 166. f. 1— Dorset Cat. pi. 2. f. 8.

Shell flat, thin, light brown, rather rough and wrinkled
in some parts but without distinct striae, and covered with
short hairs, obliquely truncate at top : valves thirteen ; the
three next the stalk on each side small ; the next two pair
longer 5 the uppermost pair largest, placed a little ob-
liquely, with the points slightly recurved ; the back valve
with transverse rows of short hairs, longer than the rest,
fiat, diverging into a sharp beak half way up, and thence
turning back^to cover the edge of the two upper valves :
stalk rather large, light brown, annulate and hairy : length
five eighths of an inch ; breadth three eighths.

Sandwich, and Exmouth, on Gorgonia : rare. v. m.

7. Lepas pollicipcs. Cornucopia Barnacle.

Lister, pi. 439. f. 281— Montagu, pi. 28. f. 5-— Wood,
pi. 10. f. 2.

Shell smooth, glossy, with numerous valves ; those at
the base very small, mostly of a triangular form, to the
amount of twenty or more ; the primary ones are five, the
larger pair of which are rather concave, conic at the upper
part, with an obtuse and quite straight summit ; the front
pair oval, very convex and rounded ; the back valve rather
oval, thick, convex, and rounded : stalk about double the
length of the shell, rather compressed, ctothed with a vast

number.

LEPAS. 75

number of small grey-brown glossy scales placed in an im-
bricate manner, "and concealing the skin : length nearly
three quarters of an inch ; breadth about half an inch.
Drifted wood : very rare. v. v.

B. Fixed without stalk, conical, and furnished with an
internal lid. Acorn-shell. 8, to 20.

8. Lepas Diadema. Turban Acorn-shell.

Lister, pi. 445. f. 238— Da Costa, pi. 17. f. 2— Dono-
van, pi. 56. f. 1, 2— JFoorf, pi. 4.

Shell roundish, hemispherical, a little compressed, with
six valves, which with the intermediate spaces form twelve
triangular compartments ; the six raised ones with about
four strong rounded wrinkled longitudinal ribs, with their
pointed ends at the top of the shell j the other six are
sunken and finely seriate transversely, with their points at
the bottom of the shell : color dirty white or grey, rather
polished : the mouth or aperture funnel-shaped and six-
sided : the base concave, divided into eighteen striate par-
titions, projecting a little within the opening of the shell,
and finely toothed : lid membrana^ceous, ending in two
valves : diameter at the base about two inches, and half as
much in height.

On the back of whales : rare. v. m.

9. Lepas Tintinnabulum. Bell Acorn-shell. Fig. 31.

Lister, pi. 443. f. 285 — Donovan, pi. 148 — Dorset Cat.
pi. 1. f. b.—JFood, pi. 6. f. 1, 2.

Shell more or less conic, a little angular, divided into
twelve triangular compartments ; the raised ones finely
striate longitudinally, and the sunken ones transversely :
lid of four valves, two of them large, strongly striate trans-
versely, a longitudinal furrow dividing them from each,
other : color dull white, often with a mixture of purple :
length nearly two inches ; diameter of the base hardly
one.

On the bottoms of ships ; and in Dublin bay it has been
found affixed to the Ostrea opercularis, from which circum-
stance it is clearly identified as a British production, v. v.

H 2 10. Lepas

JO* LE?AS.

10. Lepas Scotica. Scotch Acorn-shcU.
Wood, pi. 6. f. 3.

Shell with six raised unequal triangular valves, ribbed
longitudinally and striate transversely at the base : color
dirty white, with a greenish tinge : lid like that of the last :
hardly an inch long, and half as much broad.

Scotland, on the Mytilus Modiolus : rare.

11. Lepas rugosa. Wrinkled Acorn-shell '.

.Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 1. f. 5 — Dorset Cat. pi. 2. f. 10 —
Wood, pi. 6. f. 4.

Lepqs borealis. Donovan, pi. 160.

Shell somewhat rhombic, with six triangular valves, the
hinder ones broader than the rest, smooth or ribbed and
wrinkled longitudinally, with strong longitudinal grooves
within, of a whitish or pale purple color : aperture large,
oval, often nearly as wide as the base, and a little angular,
the upper part of the inside ribbed transversely : lid of four
rough valves, not striated, angular, and terminating in
four distinct sharp points which are a little reflected :
length above half an incli ; breadth a quarter.

In Dublin bay they are found fixed to the Ostrea oper-
cularis, often ribbed across in an oblique or undulate man-
ner, as if they had taken by reflexion the markings of the
shells on which they grew : the sunken triangles are also
finely striate transversely, and crossed by a few longitudi-
nal ribs. v. v.

12. Lepas Alcyonii. Sta-mat Acorn-shell

Shell somewhat conic ; white or brownish white, with six
valves of very unequal and irregular size, terminating in
rather sharp points : aperture large, oval or roundish : lid
of four valves, the two uppermost smooth, pointed, gaping
a little at top, and protruding in the middle into a kind of
keel : diameter and height about the eighth of an inch.

For the discovery of this species we are indebted to
Dr. Leach, as we are informed. On the Devonshire coast
it is dredged up3 attached to the Alcyomurn and Fiustra:
V. w,

13. Lepas

LEPA9. 77

13. Lepas conoides. Conic Acorn-shell.
Donovan, pi. 30. f. 3— Dorset Cat. pi. 2. f. 9.

Shell conic, with the aperture very narrow, of six un-
equal valves, surrounded with numerous nearly equidistant
thia raised striae from the bottom to the top ; the tip of the
valves rather fiat and rounded : aperture narrow ; the lid of
tbur valves : coloi- purplish- white : diameter not half an

Western coasts, on shells and stones. «. v.

14. Lepas Balanus. Common Acorn-shell.

Lister, pi. 443. f. 236— Pennant, pi. 40. f. I— Donovan,
pi. 30. f. 1— Wood, pi. 7. f. 3— Dorset Cat. pi. 2. f. 12.

Shell of six raised valves, rugged at their edges, more or
less ribbed longitudinally, spreading at the base, of a grey-
ish-brown or purplish color; the depressed triangles striate
or rugged transversely : aperture moderately large : lid of
four valves, all of them striate transversely ; the shorter or
front pair often smooth at the top, and serrate or tubercled
by the striae down the outer margin ; the back pair longer,
curving over the others, with a longitudinal groove down
the middle of each : length nearly an inch ; breadth at the
base about half as much.

Rocks, piles, and other substances, v. v.

15. Lepas balanoides. Smooth Acorn-shell

Lister, pi. 444. f. 287— Pennant, pi. 40. f. 2— Donovan,
pi. 36. f. 2— Da Costa, pi. 17- f. 7— Wood, pi. 7- f. 1—
Dorset Cat. pi. 2. f. 7.

Shell white, smooth, often deeply grooved at the base :
valves six, mostly directed one way and ending in a beak,
divided by a longitudinal furrow : lid of four valves ; the
two upper ones slightly striate transversely ; the others
quite smooth : about half the size of the former, and often
much spread at the base.

Rocks, and other substances, v. v.

16. Lepas elongata. Club-shaped Acorn-shell.
Pennant, pi. 40. f. 4— Donovan, pi. 36. f. 3— Dorset Cat.
pl.l.f.6.
Lepas clavata. Wood, pi. 7- f. 2.

H'3. jShclI

7& LEPAS.

Shell tubular, elongated, slender at the "base and grow-
ing thicker towards the top but a little contracted at the
aperture, striate longitudinally, rough and sometimes tu-
bercled : valves six, three wide and three narrow, wrinkled
longitudinally and faintly striate transversely : aperture
Wide and gaping ; lid obtuse, of tour valves, obliquely stri-
ate : color white, with more or less of a greenish cast :
length from one to two inches ; diameter at the base not a
quarter of an inch.

Weymouth, Tenby, and the West of Ireland : rare. v. v.

17. Lepas pqrtctata. Punctured Acorn-shell.

Montagu, pi. }. f. 5 — Dorset Cat. pi. 1. f. 10.

Lepas cornubiensis. Pennant, pi. 40. f. 3.

Shell very rugged, dull brown, with obtuse longitudinal
and somewhat undulate ribs, a little spread at the base,
generally covered with minute black punctures : lid of four
valves, mostly punctured all over ; the upper-ones with a
few longitudinal ridges, and near the top on the outer edge
of each is a deep notch or groove, giving them a cruciate
appearance : length about r<* quarter of an inch 5 breadth
more than half as much.

Lepas convexula. Pennant, pi. 38, middle fig. The
young shell.

We have examined this shell in all, its stages of growth,
and perceive that in its~very young state it exactly answers
to the description given by Mr. Pennant, v. v.

18. Lepas costata. Ribbed Acorn-shell.

Donovan, pi. 30. f. 2. Balanus.

Shell' white, somewhat conic, nearly closed at the top
and rather spreading at the base, with numerous nearly
equidistant strong rounded ribs radiating from the top to
the base : diarrjeter about half an inch.

Western coasts of England, Wales, and Ireland : on
shells, v. v.

19. Lepas spongiosa. Sponge Acorn-shell.

Montagu, pi. !/• f. 4, 5, 6.

Shell oval, with six angular wrinkled valves, covered
with small spines, the summits of the valves much raised

and

MACTRA. 73

and pointed ; the three anterior ones broader and shorter ;
the base fiat, concentrically wrinkled, seated in a kind of
obconic hollo w cup much resembling the Patella Mitrula
reversed, to which the shell is connected by a ligament,
but with which it has no internal communication : lid of
four valves ; the front pair rough with decussate striae; the
hinder pair longer, and a little hooked forwards : color livid
brown, purplish towards the pointed ends : length half an
inch ; diameter rather less.

Devon and Dorset coasts, so imbedded in a blackish re-
ticulate kind of sponge, that only the points of the valves
are exposed, and in which they may be detected, by run-
ning the fingers over the sponge and feeling the prickly
points : rare. v. u.

20. Lepas Verruca. Wart-shaped Acorn-shell.
Lepas Verruca. Wood, pi. 9. f. t>— Walker, f. 87-
Lepas intertexta. Pennant, pi. 4 1 , lower figures.
Balanus intertextus. Donovan, pi. 36. f. 1 — Dorset Cat.

pi. l.f.9.

Shell white or brown, flat or compressed, with four
valves ; two of them larger, interlacing with each other
like the fingers of the hands when pectinated, and strongly
ribbed in a direction obliquely to each other ; two of them
very minute : aperture oblique, closed by the lid, which has
two very obscure valves ; the base irregularly serrate at the
margin : length at the base hardly a quarter of an inch.

On shells and stones, and in the roots of Fuci. v. v.

21. Lepas radiata. Radiated Acorn-shell.
Wood, pi. 7. f. 7.

Shell thick, smooth, marked with longitudinal violet
rays : valves six, triangular, with the rays close together at
the points, but more open at the base ; the. intermediate
spaces highly polished, and very finely striate transversely :
Ungth a quarter of an inch ; breadth at the base five eighths.

Found by Mr. Sowerby fixed to the bottom of a ship.

MACTRA.

Shell with two equal valves, unequal at the
$ides : hinge with the middle tooth complicated or

angular^

80 MACTRA.

angular, and a small cavity each side ; the lateral
teeth remote^ and locking into the opposite valves.

1. Mactra dealbata. Pellucid Mactra.

Montagu, pi. 5. f. 1 — Linn. Trans, vm. pi. 1. f. 10 — Dor-
set Cat. pi. 7. f. 7.

Shell oval, thin, brittle, transparent, white, very finely
striate transversely, with a few coarser wrinkles, gaping
and very slightly produced at the smaller end, but well
vounded at both ; within glossy-white, a little concave, with
a plain sharp margin : beaks a little oblique, not quite cen-
tral ; the middle tooth in one valve broad, forked, angular
close to the beak : length an inch and a half j breadth nearly
two.

At the mouths of rivers : rare. v. m.

2. Mactra glauca. Glaucous Mactra.
Donovan, pi. 125.

Sbell oval, dirty white, thin, semi transparent, finely
striate transversely and wrinkled at the anterior end, mark-
ed with broad and narrow longitudinal glaucous IT :
beaks reflecting backwards, with a narrow gape between
them : length nearly two inches and a half ; breadth three
and a half.

Found by Miss Pocock, in Cornwall : very rare.

3. Mactra radiata. Radiated Mactra.
Donovan, pi. 161.

Cardium edentulum. Montagu, Suppl p. 29.

Shell thin, brittle, somewhat triangular and produced at
0ns end, ash-color, paler and with a light flesh-color tinge
beneath the skin, very faintly and obscurely striate longi-
tudinally, with a few broad faint distant transverse wrinkles,
and marked with numerous equidistant narrow pale testa-
ceous longitudinal rays ; inside smooth, white, with a plain
margin, the outer striae being visible in the thin part : beaks
pointed, nearly central ; turning a little to one side ; pri-
mary teeth none, but immediately under the beaks is a
small depression, with the rudiment of a small denticle, and
a little remote on each side is a small laminar tooth : length
two inches and a half; breadth three inches.

Found by. Captain Laskey, at Portsmouth : very rare.

4. Mactra

.

Xf- ^^ t^

/
X'

-A^

MACTRA. 81

4. Mactra Stultorum. Simpletons Mactra.

Lister, pi. 251. f. 85— Pennant, pi. 52. f. 1— Da Costa,
pi. 12. f. 3— Donovan, pi. 106 — Dorset Cat. pi. 8. f. 3.

Shell somewhat triangular, very thin, brittle, and semi-
transparent ; covered with a thin skin, very convex, faintly
striate transversely, grey or pale rufous brown, more or
less distinctly radiate longitudinally with broader and nar-
rower whitish stripes ; the posterior slope produced in the
middle into an acute keel-like ridge : beaks central, large,
prominent, frequently of a purplish hue ; the lateral teetli
of one valve double : length an inch and a half; breadth an
inch and three quarters.

Variety. Of a greyish color, more or less tinged with
purple both inside and out, rather wider in proportion to its
length, without the longitudinal rays, but very roughly
wrinkled and bi'Qvvn on the anterior slope, not so large, and
of a more glossy appearance.

Mactra cinerea. Montagu, SuppL p. 35.

On most sandy shores : the variety very common in the
north of Devon, v. v.

5. Mactra solida. Solid Mactra.

Pennant, pi. 55. f. 2 — Da Costa, pi. 15. f. 1 — Donovan^
pi. 61— Dorset Cat. pi. 12. f. 1.

Shell strong and solid, opake, convex, roundish, equal at
the sides, nearly smooth, with a few antiquated transverse
ridges ; yellowish-white, with often yellowish or blueish
transverse bands ; within glossy white : beaks central ;
primary teeth small ; lateral-teeth strong, striate within, in
one valve a deep groove behind the lateral ones, bilt not di-
stinctly double as in the last : length an inch and a half 5
breadth two inches.

Sandy and gravelly shores, v. v.

6. Mactra truncata. Wedge-shaped Mactra.

Lister, pi. 253. f. 87— -Da Costa, pi. 14. f. 6— Dorset
Cat. pi. 6. f. G.

Mactra subtruncata. Donovan, pi. 126.

Shell strong, thick, opake, very convex, triangular,
nearly smooth, but mostly marked with a few faint distant

transverse

?2 MACTRA.

transverse furrows, yellowish-white : beaks large, promi-
nent, quite central ; the sides equal, much flattened and
truncate, and the front margin rounded : beaks very promi-
nent and strong, quite central ; teeth as in the last : length
an inch and a half j breadth a little more.

It is difficult to appropriate accurately the figures to this
species and the last : so difficult that Mr. Dillwyn has re-
ferred to Da Costa's figure of M. solida for M. truncata,
and to the copy of the same figure in the Dorset Catalogue
for M. solida.

Northern and western coasts, and Dublin bay. v. v.

7. Mactra subtruncata. Oval Mactra.

Pennant, pi. 55. f. 1 — Montagu, pi. 27- f. 1 — Linn. Trans.
viii. pi. 1. f. 11— Dorset Cat. pi. 5. f. 10— Lister, pi. 252.
f. 86 ?

Shell convex, thin, semitransparent, yellowish horn-color
covered with a pale brown skin, rather glossy, very rough
and brown at the anterior side, a little truncate both sides,
one of which is rounded, the other elongated and rather
angular at the end, the edges of both ot them prominent
and much turned inwards, particularly on the shorter side
where a heart-shaped depression is formed, faintly but re-*
gularly striate transversely, and more strongly so towards
the rounded end : beaks not central, pointed anfl very pro-
minent ; inside glossy, white or with a yellowish cast , la-
teral teeth large and prominent, double in one valve, the
double ones strongly striate internally only, the single ones
striate on both sides : length three quarters of an inch ^
breadth an inch.

Variety. Stronger, opake, more convex, of a more trian-
gular shape, and not so much produced at one end, regu-
larly and strongly striate transversely.

Western coasts, Dublin bay, and North Britain, v. v,

8. Mactra triangularis. Triangular Mactra.
Montagu, pi. 3. f. 5.

Shell strong, smooth, somewhat triangular, a little pro-
duced on one side, opake, white ; within white, but not
much glossed, and strongly notched at the margin : beaks
prominent; the primary tooth in one valve large and cloven ;
iu the other valve two small teeth,, with a triangular cavity

between

MACTRA. 83

between them ; the lateral ones depressed : length two
lines ; breadth three.

The internal toothed margin distinguishes this species
from all its tribe.

Devonshire coast : very rare. v. m.

9. Mactra Listen. Lister s Mactra.

Lister, pi. 253. f. 88— Da Costa, pi. 13. f. 1— Dorset Cat,
pi. 7. f. 1.

Tellina plana. Donovan, pi. 64. f. 1.

Shell oval-oblong, slightly triangular, thin, fiat, semi-
transparent, not polished, finely wrinkled transversely,
somewhat sloping to the cartilage edge where it gapes a
little : color pale russet-brown, sometimes dirty white,
blueish, or inclining to black, often marked with transverse
bands ; inside smooth, white, glossy, with a plain margin :
beaks small, central ; hinge with a large triangular cavity ;
the primary teeth small, a single one in one valve locking
into a cloven one in the other ; lateral teeth none : length
about an inch and a half $ breadth nearly two inches.

Whether the M. Listeri and M. piperata of Gmelin be in-
dividually the same, as Mr. Dillwyn supposes, we are un-
able to determine ; but have chosen to retain the former
denomination, as being so well known and so unexception-
ably appropriate, in preference to the uncouth name adopt-
ed by Mr. Dillwyn from M. Poiret, whose Travels he has
quoted, but not admitted into his catalogue of authors.

At the mouths of rivers, v. v.

10. Mactra minutissima. Minute Mactra.

Montagu, Svppl. p. 37-

Shell white, nearly smooth, somewhat triangular, smooth
within with a plain margin : beaks prominent, strong ;
hinge with two primary teeth in one valve, separated by a
cavity for the reception of a single tooth in the other.

Except for its triangular outline this species has a close
alliance to the genus "Tellina. It differs from M. triangu-
laris, in its size, which is little more than a line long and
two broad, in the teeth, and in the want of the notched
ni-M'sin.

Devon coa^t. and Dublin bay. v, v,

11. Mactra

84 MACTRA.

11. Mactra tenuis. Thin M'actra.
Montagu, pi. ,17. f. 7.

Shell thin, flattish, somewhat triangular, semitranspa-
rent, white, transversely wrinkled : beaks small, central,
Straight ; in one valve a forked tooth and a narrow cavity,
with a single remote lateral one on each side ; in the other
a plain tooth and corresponding cavity, but no lateral ones :
length a quarter of an inch ; breadth rather more.

It resembles the young of M. Listeri ; but is distinguish-
ed by the lateral laminar teeth in one of its valves.

Western coast : rare. v. v.

12. Mactra Boysii. Boyses Mactra.

Montagu, pi. 3. f. 7 — Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 1. f. 12 —
Dorset Cat. pi. 12. f. J.

Mactra alba. Linn* Trans, vi. pi. 18. f. 9 to 12.

Shell oval, rounded at both ends, thin, rather flat, trans-
parent, giossy white, nearly smooth or with a few distant
transverse striae ; inside smooth, glossy white.; with a plain
margin : beaks small, a little turned at the points; placed
nearer to the smaller end : hinge with a single small tooth
in each valve, and a broad cavity ; and broad lateral teeth
in one valve only : length more than half an inch $ breadth
three quarters.

A very good figure of this shell is given in the plates
which accompany Maton and Rackett's descriptive cata-
logue; but as they have omitted to refer to it, Mr. Dillwyn
has also neglected it.

Western coasts, and Dublin bay. v. v.

13. Mactra Lutraria. Otters Mactra;

Lister, pi. 415. f; 259— Pennant, pi. 55. f. 3— Linn..
Trans, vi. pi. 16. f. 3, 4— Donovan, pi. 58 — Dorset Cat.
pi. 6.f. 11.

Shell oblong, thin, brittle, semitransparent, gaping and
nearly equally rounded at both ends, whitish with a reddish
tinge towards the beaks, covered with a thin glossy green-
ish or dusky wrinkled skia which often extends beyond the
margin, faintly and irregularly wrinkled transversely :
beaks pointed, incurved, nearer one end, without slope or
groove ajeugpthe anterior edge; inside glossv white, vjiti

the

MACTRA. 85

the front margin thin and plain, the upper edges on each
side the hinge thick and flattened, and gradually curving on
both sides : hinge with a spoon-shaped cavity in one valve,
and a thin oblique tooth each side ; in the other a similar
cavity, with a triangular tooth on one side, and a thin ob-
lique one on the other, without lateral ones : in young
shells are two prominent sharp transverse teeth in one
valve, receiving the triangular tooth of the other between
them : length two inches and a half; breadth four and a
half.

Variety. Of a more oblong shape, being three times as
wide as it is long, with the margins forming nearly a
straight line, and about half the size. The specimen under
our examination was dredged up at Cove, near Cork, and
in the teeth and general appearance exactly resembles a
more produced variety of this species.

At the mouths of rivers, w. •».

14. Mactra hya-ns. Oblong Macira. Fig. 41.

Da Costa, pi. 17- f. 4 — Donovan, pi. 140 — Dorset Cat.
pi. 2. f. 4— •- Linn. Trans, vi. pi. 16. f. 5, 6.

Shell oblong-oval, thick, strong, nearly opake, rounded
and somewhat gaping at the larger end; the anterior side
elongated, a little contracting and curving in a somewhat
scymetar-shaped form, the end considerably gaping, with a
slight angular tendency : color dull white, with a reddish
yellow tinge towards the hinge : beaks near one end,
pointed and incurved, from which there is a considerable
slope or indenture towards tbc smaller end, and a strong
groove which runs along the margin on the outside ; from
the beaks is also a depressed line on the outside extending
to the lower end of the front margin ; inside dull white,
with a ferruginous patch under the hinge on the broader
side, the margin plain and thin : hinge with a spoon-shaped
cavity and two plain laminar teeth behind it in one valve ;
in the other two teeth behind the cavity, one of which is
thick and cloven, the other thin and plain ; lateral teeth
none : length, of the specimen before us, two inches and
three quarters ; breadth five inches and a half.

This elegant shell is readily distinguished from M. Lu-

traria, by its elongated and rather &cymetar-shaped form ;

I by

86 MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.

by the curvature and groove along the upper and anterior
margin ; by the diagonal depressed line from the hinge to
the anterior front margin ; by its coarse and thick texture ;
and by the teeth.

Da Costa's figure, from which that in the Dorset Cata-
logue is copied and most descriptions drawn, is a very in-
correct one ; and his text and all his references apply only
to M. Lutraria. Mr. Dillwyn, in his careless manner, gives
the length as about two inches, and the breadth rather
more than half as much.

At the mouths of rivers : very rare. v. m.

MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.

Shell with a single valve, spiral, often rough
with membranaceous folds or protuberances: aper-
ture oval, ending in a straight entire canal, which
is sometimes a little reflected.

1. Murex Carica. Date Rock-shsll. Fig. 26.

Lister, pi. 880. f. 3. b.

Shell pyramidal, coarse, thick, dull reddish-grey with a
few chocolate-brown longitudinal marks near the inner-lip,
irregularly striate and somewhat scaly lengthways ; about
the canal are a few transverse striae, on which there is a
broad raised rounded protuberance running a little ob-
liquely : spires six, hardly raised, with a row of seven or
eight pointed protuberances round the top of the two first
volutions, which on the body-one are concave and triangu-
lar, and about half an inch long ; these, however, become
gradually closed and . smaller, decreasing at length into
raised tubercles which become indistinct towards the
point ; the lesser volutions are finely striate circularly :
aperture triangular, large, extending to four-fifths of the
shell, and reaching to the second row of protuberances :
inside white, polished ; the outer-lip broad and thin, with a
few faint striae near the smaller end, which give the mar-
gin a slightly toothed appearance ; near the larger end the
margin protrudes into an angular hollow, in consequence
of its junction with one of the concave protuberance* : pi!-

MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. 87

lar polished, with a keel-like ridge along the canal, and
rugged on the outside : length six inches 5 breadth, inclu-
ding the protuberances, four inches.

We had frequently heard it remarked, that the fisher-
men of the northern coasts of Ireland occasionally saw,
what they called the great rock-shell, in calm weather, and
deep in the water. Our attention was naturally awakened
by this relation, not however being able to ascertain what
degree of credit was due to it. At length we were favoured
with a pair of these magnificent shells, which were thrown
up on the sands at Warren's-point, after a severe thunder
storm. They were at the time covered with the Lepas Ba-
lanus, Serpula triquetra, and Cellepora spinosa ; and in
one of them were found the putrid remains of the animal
inhabitant.

It may also be observed, that no foreign vessels touch on
that coast, that no collector of shells lives in that part of
Ireland, and that the person who found them and present-
ed them to us knew not one shell from another, and won-
dered at our exact examination into their history, v. m.

2. Murex Erinaceus. Hedge-hog Rock-shell.

Pennant, pi. 79. f. 1— Da Costa, pi. 8. f. 7— Donovan,
pi. 35— Dorset Cat. pi. 1-1. f. 7-

Shell strong, rough, angular, brown or whitish : spires
seven or eight, abruptly sloping at the junctions, ending in
a fine point ; the primary volution with numerous raised
transverse lines ; the rest with generally two strong raised
warty circular ribs ; all of them mostly clothed with small
concave arched scales placed in an imbricate manner, and
furnished with about seven strong longitudinal ribs : aper-
ture oval, ending in a short closed tubular canal which is
reflected ; outer-lip thick, toothed within; pillar-lip smooth,
glossy-white : length nearly two inches ; breadth about one.

Old shells have the outer-lip very thick, fiat and angu-
lar : young shells have the canal open, with the outer-lip
thin and striate transversely on the inside, often marked
with transverse brown bands : they may be distinguished
from the young of Buccinum Lapillus, by the longitudinal
ribsj and the abrupt sloping of the volutions to the line of
i 2 junction.

S$ MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.

junction. A variety is sometimes found with ferruginous
marks or zones.
On most rocky shores, v. v.

3. Murex carinatus. Carinated Rock-shell.

Pennant, pi. 80, and frontispiece to vol. iv. — Donovan,
pi. WJ—Laskey, Wern. Soc. i. pi. 8. f. 9.

Shell strong, oval, dull yellowish white : spires seven,
the first very much inflated and covering more than half
the shell, faintly striate transversely, with a few irregular
longitudinal lines, giving them an imperfectly reticulate
appearance ; the upper part of each rather suddenly sloping
to the next, causing them to be very distinctly defined by
the line of separation j the four first with two distinct ele-
vated ridges winding round the middle, and which gradu-
ally disappear in the smaller volutions : aperture wide oval,
ending in a slightly reflected open canal ; inside pale yel-
lowish-white -3 the outer-lip very thin and slightly notched
by the striae on the back , inner-lip smooth, folding back on
the body volution, rugged on the outside: length nearly
three inches : breadth one and a half,

The description was taken from a fine specimen, in the
cabinet of Mr. O'Kelly of Dublin, who found it at Portmar-*
nock, in Dublin bay. v. m,

4. Murex subantiquatus. Lesser smooth Rock-shell.
Murex antiquus. Donovan, pi. 119.

Shell oblong, pale brown, coarse, rugged and somewhat
angular : spires eight, strongly striate transversely, and
faintly in a longitudinal direction, with one or two strong
undulate or slightly tubercled transverse ridges, which dis-
appear on the terminal volutions : aperture oval ; the outer-
lip dilated ; pillar-lip a little reflected ; inside livid white ;
the canal elongated : length nearly four inches ; breadth
&bout two.

In Scotland : very rare.

5. Murex antiquus. Greater smooth Rock-shelL
Lister, pi. 913. f. 4— Da Costa, pi. 6. f. 4— Pennant,

pi. 81-— Dom* Cat. pi. 17- f. 4.

Murex

vi.

MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.

Murex despectus. Donovan, pi. 31.

Shell strong, thick, semltransparent, yellowish-white,
finely striate transversely, and very faintly so in a longitu-
dinal direction : spires seven or eight, much rounded and
swelling : aperture oval, dilated ; the outer lip thin, often
slightly notched by the outward striae; pillar rugged, and
a little twisted at the base ; canal reflected, open ; inside
yellowish-white : length sometimes six inches, and three
broad.

Variety. With the volutions reversed.

Lister, pi. 950. f. 44. b, and c.

Lister marks this variety as English, observing that it
was found on the sea shore at Harwich, by Dr. Dale.

The young shell, with the small end very abrupt and
rounded.

Murex decollatus. Pennant, pi. 82. f. 3.

A singular variety is in our cabinet, in which the volu-
tions are divided down to the very pillar by the line of se-
paration, as in the Turbo Clathrus : and at the junction be-
tween the first and second volutions, commencing from the
outer angle of the aperture, are three or four thin raised
longitudinal partitions, crossing the line of separation, and
forming distinct cells.

In another variety the shell is strongly reticulated, of ^
more taper shape, and furnished with six or seven much
raised and rounded longitudinal ribs, giving it a somewhat
angular appearance : probably the JM. fornicatus of Gme-»
lin. v. v.

6. Murex corneus. Horny Rock-shell.

Lister, pi. 913. f. 5— Pennant, pi. 79. f. 2— Da Costa,
pi. 6. f. 5— Dorset Cat. pi. 17- f. 5 — Donovan, pi. 38.

Shell strong, elegantly taper, semitransparent, white,
"* mostly covered with a brown skin : spires eight or nine,
fiat and hardly raised, separated by a fine line ; finely and
regularly striate in a spiral direction, with a few obscure
longitudinal wrinkles on the body volution, and ending in
a fine point : aperture oblong-oval, terminating in a long
reflected canal, which together occupy about half the shell ;
outer lip thin ; inner lip spread on the pillar : length nearly
three inches j breadth one and a quarter.

i 3 The

00 MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.

The young are very obtuse at the point, as if broken off;
and are known from the young of M. antiquus, by the elon-
gated beak, and the more regular transverse striae.

On most sandy shores, v. v.

7- Murex gracilis. Slender Rock-shett.

Montagu, pi. 15. f. 5.

Murex sinuosus. Montagu, pi. 9. f. 8 — Dorset Cat.
pi. 14. f. 18.

Murex emarginatus. Donovan, pi. 169. f. 2.

Shell slender, tapering to a fine point, with ten well de-
fined spires, ribbed longitudinally, and finely but regularly
striate transversely : on the body volution are fifteen ribs,
tumid in the middle and placed a little obliquely, not con-
tinuing through the whole length of the shell, but inter-
rupted at the junctures by a flat space which commences
at the upper angle of the outer-lip and running spirally up
the whole shell j this flat space is broader or narrower, but
always sufficiently distinct, and marked with fine thread-
like lines following its direction round the volutions : aper-
ture oblong-oval, narrow, and with its canal occupying
about half the length of the shell 5 at the upper angle of
'the outer-lip is a cut or sinuosity, which separates it from
its attachment to the body volution ; outer-lip a little
spreading, thickened by a rib at the back, with a thin edge,
slightly crenate or denticulate within ; pillar-lip smooth,
white, but not polished : color yellowish-white, sometimes
a little glossy, with a tinge of pink, and a pale red band
commencing half-way up the outer-lip and spirally winding
round the base of each volution, forming two upon the
larger one, but growing indistinct, and at last disappearing
near the tip : length more than an inch , breadth about a
quarter of an inch.

This description drawn from many specimens now before
tis, and which were collected in Dublin bay and the south
of Devon, seem to combine together the characters both of
M. gracilis and M. sinuatus, as described by Montagu. All
that we possess, and all that we have seen, have both the
sinuosity and the flat striated space between the volutions,
although in some the latter is very narrow : the ribs on the
frcdy volution are from six or eight to fifteen or more, and

the

MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. 91

the volutions from six to ten ; when the spires are few the
• shell has a more conical appearance, and the aperture is
often a little dilated or more rounded, and the canal shorter
and more or less truncate at the end ; and when the outer-
lip has the back rib close to the edge, it is thicker, and the
internal crenatures are not visible.

The gradations of these varieties are so clear and appa-
rent, that at present we have no doubt of their being the
same species. In his description of M. gracilis, Montagu
has not noticed the notch on the lip ; but in his Supple-
ment, at p. 1 14, he has particularly pointed out this mark
as its essential distinction from M. accinctus. w. v,

8. Murex accinctus. Girdled Rock-shell.

Laskey, Wern. Soc. i. pi. 8. f. 14.

Shell taper, with six or seven ribbed volutions ; the ribs
slightly angulated or elevated in the middle of each volu-
tion, and crossed by fine spiral thread-like lines : color yel-
lowish-white, with an obsolete brown band on the middle of
the larger volution, which continues up the shell at the
base of the smaller ones ; this band, by the help of a glass,
is observed to be formed of four or five contiguous thread-
like lines of that color : aperture oblong, with a short ca-
nal, the outer-angle of which is entire.

Montagu observes that it differs from M. gracilis in the
aperture and the canal, and in wanting the notch at the
upper angle of the outer-lip : it however so exactly cor-
responds with the smaller species of that shell, where the
aperture is proportionately wider, the canal shorter, and
the notch hardly formed or not very visible, that there is
much doubt of its being specifically distinct : length four
lines ; breadth one.

In the Firth of Forth, where only one specimen seems to
have been taken, by Captain Laskey.

9. Murex attenuatus. Taper Rock-shell.

Montagu, pi. 9. f. 6.

Shell slender, tapering to a very fine point, yellowish-
white : spires eight, with nine equidistant strong ribs,
which are rather undulated, but not striate across; the volu-
tions hardly raised, and separated by a very fine line only :

aperture

82 MUREX. KOCK-SHELL.

aperture narrow-oblong, contracting a little at the canal,
which is moderately long and nearly straight ; outer-lip
thickened by a rib at the back ; inner-lip plain : length half
an inch ; breadth an eighth or more.
Western coasts, and Dublin bay. v. m.

10. Murex Nebula. Gauze Rock-shell.

Montagu, pi. 15. f. 6— Pennant, pi. 82. f. 7— Dorset Cat.
pi. 14. f/16.

: Shell slender, tapering to a fine point : spires eight or
nine, scarcely raised, and separated by a very fine line, with
eight or nine longitudinal ribs, and crossed transversely in
the interstices by very fine faint lines: color yellowish-
white or brownish, sometimes pale rose-color, with the
transverse stria? white : aperture oval-oblong, narrow ;
outer-lip thin and plain ; inner-lip a little rugged on the
outside ; canal rather short, turning a little to one side :
length balf an inch ; breadth two tenths.

On many fine sandy shores, v. v.

11. Murex septangularis. Septangular Rock-shclL

Montagu, pi. 9. f. 5 — Donovan, pi. 179. f. 4.

Shell strong, taper, pale brown, rather glossy : spires seven
pr eight, with seven longitudinal ribs which are scarcely
interrupted by the line of separation, the spaces between
the ribs smooth and but slightly concave, giving the shell a,
septangular appearance ; outer-lip thin, contracted to an
angle at the upper part, where the margin is a little in-
dented ; pillar-lip a little folded back : length half an inch,
pr rather more ; breadth a quarter.

Western coasts, and Dublin bay : rare. v. m.

12. Murex costatus. Ribbed Rock-shell.

Pennant, pi. 82. f. 2— Da Costa, pi. 8. f. 4— Donovan,
pi. 91— Dorset Cat. pi. 14. f. 4.

Shell oblong, taper, rather glossy : spires six, flat and
divided by the line of separation only, with seven or eight
elevated ribs, placed rather remotely, and not striate trans-
versely : color chocolate-brown,* with often white bands3 or
entirely white at the base ; sometimes yellowish-white \vitii
& dark brown band or two : aperture very narrow, not

much

MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. 93

much contracted at the canal, which is short; the outer-lip
thickened by a rib, with the margin thin : length about a
quarter of an inch ; breadth hardly an eighth.
Western coasts, and Dublin bay, on Fuci. v. v.

13. Murex proximus. Proximate Rock-shell.
Montagu, pi. 30. f. 8,

Shell thick, white, moderately pointed : spires six, ra-
ther abrupt at the tops, rounded and well defined, with
about eleven strong ribs, not striate transversely : aperture
oval-oblong; the canal short and rather spreading at tlie
end ; outer-lip extremely broad and reflected : length
nearly half an inch.

Near D unbar : very rare.

14. Murex Turricula. Turret Rock-shell
Montagu, pi. 9. f. 1— Dorset Cat. pi. 14. f. 15.
Murex angulatus. Donovan, pi. 156.

Shell tapering to a veryfine point, clear white, yellowish,
or with a rosy t jnge, and rather glossy : spires eight or
nine, with numerous longitudinal ribs, crossed by very fine
transverse striae; the volutions strongly defined, and flat-
tened at their junctures on the top, giving them a remark-
ably turreted appearance : aperture oblong, ending in a
broad canal : the outer-lip a little angular on the upper
part : pillar-lip smooth : length three quarters of an inch $
breadth a quarter.

Western coasts, and Dublin bay. v. v.

15. Murex rufus. Rufous Rock-shell,
Montagu, pi. 263.

Shell oblong, taper, rufous-brown or cheanut : spires six
or seven, with about twelve longitudinal ribs, prominent in
the middle, and very faintly striate across : aperture ob-
long, narrow, ending in a short canal ; the outer-lip thick-
ened by a rib ; inner-lip smooth, much turned back, and
forming a very small indenture at the end of the canal :
length three tenths of an inch ; breadth an eighth.

In old shells the transverse striae are obliterated, so as to
jnake the interstices of the ribs appear quite smooth.

Western coast?, and Dublin bay. v. m*

J6,

94 MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.

-• 16. Murex Chordula. Twine Rock-shell.

Shell conic, a little tapering to a rather obtuse point,
pale chesnut-brown : spires five, rounded and well denned,
the first occupying more than half the length, with about
fifteen raised rounded wire-like ribs of equal diameter
throughout, which continue over the junctions of the volu-
tions, and curve in the middle towards the outer-lip ; they
are also crossed by very fine spiral striae : aperture narrow
oval, ending in a short canal 5 the outer-lip thickened by a
rib on the back ; inner-lip a little spread : length not two
lines ; breadth the third of its length.

This delicate species differs from M. rufus, in having
fewer volutions, in the ribs not being protuberant in the
middle, and in their curvature in the middle of each voUu
tion $ it is also never half the size.

Drifted sand, in Dublin bay. v. m.

17. Murex linearis. • Linear Rock-shelL

Montagu, pi. 9. f. 4.

Murex elegans. Donovan, pi. 179. f. 3.

Shell rugged, taper, glossy, light brown with generally
a purple tip : spires seven or eight, with about ten strong
ribs, crossed by numerous thread-like raised spiral lines,
the summits of which are often purple : aperture oval,
ending in a straight short, very open canal ; the outer-lip
thickened by a rib, the margin crenate by the incurvations
of the spiral lines, and toothed within ; pillar-lip smooth :
length a quarter of an inch or more ; breadth about a line*

Western coasts, and Dublin bay. v. v.

18. Murex purpureus. Purple Rock-shell.

Montagu, pi. 9. f. 3.

Shell very rugged, tapering to a very fine point, dark
purple with often white blotches : spires nine or ten,
rounded, with about twenty ribs running a little obliquely
to the right, and crossed by numerous sharp raised trans-
verse ridges, which rise into angles on the ribs, and give
the shell a very rough or cancelled appearance : aperture
oval, ending in a short straight canal ; the outer-lip thin
a wiiite margin,, crenate by the outward striae ; inside

purple^

MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. .95

purple, marked by the outer-ribs ; pillar striate transversely
in an oblique direction, to the end of the canal : length five-
eighths of an inch ; breadth a quarter.

Salcombe bay, and Dublin bay : rare. v. m.

Variety, with a notch on the upper angle of the outer-
lip, like that on M. gracilis.

19. Murex muricatus. Prickly Eock-shelL

Montagu, pi. 9. f. 2.

Shell strong, rough, taper, white with a reddish or
greenish tinge, often covered with an orange-red skin :
spires six or seven, swelling and deeply defined, rather
fattened at their tops, with about ten prominent ribs, and
crossed by very strong raised lines, giving it a tubercled
iappearance: aperture roundish, ending in a long straight
narrow canal, which is nearly smooth, and with the aper-
nlmost as long as the rest of the shell ; outer-lip
ad, toothed at the edge, and slightly crenate within ;
pillar smooth : length more than half an inch ; breadth not
a quarter.

Western coasts, and Dublin bay. v. m.

£0. Murex Bamifius. Scotch Rock-shell.
Donovan, pi. 159. f. \— Pennant, pi. 82. f. 5.
Shell conic, tapering to a line point, yellowish-white :
•piies six, swelling and rounded, with from twelve to twenty
raised ribs, which are sometimes spread into thin
longitudinal foliations, sometimes fiat and irregular,
ten curved towards the aperture, not striate trans-
•y : aperture roundish, suddenly sloping at the outer
Kbd lower angle into a rather straight and elongated canal ;
the outer-lip thin : pillar rugged, with an indentation near
the canal : length three-quarters of an inch ; breadth more
than a quarter. The young shells are often rufous-brown.
Scotch and western coasts, Dublin bay : rare. v. m.

£1. Murex Gyrinus. Screw Hock-shell.

Lazkeij, W*?n. Soc. i. pi. 8. f. 10.

Shell strong, conic, short, tumid, brown : spires four,
regularly covered with dark chssnut turbercles, eight rows
on the larger volutions, including the canal, and three.

rows

96 MURE*. ROCK-SHELL.

rows on the next : length hardly a quarter of an inch ;
breadth one eighth.

On the Scotch coast : very rare.

22. Murex reticulatus. Reticulated Rock-shell.
Da Costa, pi. 8. f. 13— Dorset Cat, pi. 14. f. 13.

Shell long, slender, tapering to a very fine point, rufous-
brown : spires eleven or twelve, hardly raised, reticulate
by longitudinal and transverse striae, giving them a tuber-
cled appearance ; each volution with four rows, and the
body volution four other strong transverse lines at the base
which are not cut across by longitudinal ones : aperture
roundish*oval, ending in a very slight canal : outer-lip a
little crenate by the spiral ridges : length about half an
inch ; breadth hardly an eighth.

Dredged and drifted sand. v. v.

23. Murex tubercularis. Tubercled Rock-sheU.
Montagu, p. 270.

Shell slender, taper, pointed, chesnut-brown: spires nine,
or ten, hardly raised, each with three rows of tubercles,
which are equal in size throughout the shell : aperture
small, oval, ending in a canal, somewhat closed by the pil-
lar turning inwards : length a quarter of an inch.

Variety. Quite white and semitransparent.
Drifted sand : rare. v. m.

24. Murex subulatus. Needle Rock-shell.
Montagu, pi. 30. f. 6.

Shell very slender, white : spires about fifteen, hardly
raised, defined by a purplish-brown line, each marked with '
two rows of bead-like tubercles divided by a depressed line, !
in which are observed minute raised lines in a contrary di-j
rection : aperture small, with a short canal turning to the
left; the base without tubercles and dark-brown: length j
three-eighths of an inch.

In the sound of Mull : very rare.

25. Murex fuscatus. Brown Rock-shell.
Pennant, pi. 85. f. \-Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 4. f. 6. "

Shell tapering to a fine point, yellowish-brown : spires

ten

MYA. GAPER. 97

ten or twelve, very short, wrought with tubercled spiral
ridges, between which are three or four series of crenate
striee ; the base spirally striate : aperture small, oval, end-
ing in a slight canal: length an inch and a half j breadth
half an inch.

In large shells the tubercles extend into long conic
spines on the larger volution, and sometimes run together
into a sharp spiral screw-like ridge.

Weymouth, and northern coasts : very rare.

26. Murex ad versus. Reversed Roclt-shsll.
Turbo reticulatus. Donovcnt, pi. 159^
Turbo punctatus. Walker, L 48.

Shell reversed, tapering to a fine point, opake, light-
brown : spires ten or eleven, scarcely defined by the line
of separation, with three rows of tubercles on each, the
middle row of which is smaller than the rest : aperture
oval, ending in a straight canal ; the base with two or three
smooth spiral ridges : length nearly half an inch ; breadth
hardly the eighth.

Western and Scotch coasts : very rare.

27. Murex minutissimus. Linn. Trans, iii. p. 65.
Shell taper, transparent ; spires five, with remote ribs,

and .spirally striate ; canal closed.
Pembrokeshire coast : minute.

MYA. GAPER.

Shell with two valves, generally open at one end :
hinge with mostly a single broad thick spoon-
shaped tooth, generally not inserted into the oppo-
site valve.

A. The teeth not inserted into the opposite valve, 1 to 17-

B. The teeth locking Into the opposite valve, 18 to 24.

1. Myatruncata. Abrupt Gaper.

Lister, pi. 428. f. 269— Pennant, pi. 44— Da Costa,
pi. 16. f. 1 — Linn. Trans, vi. pi. 14. f. 1, 2 — Donovan,
pi. 92— Dorset Cat. pi. 3. f. 1— Wood, pi. 17-f. 1, 2.

Shell oblong-oval, strong, broad, abruptly cut off at the
K smaller

98 MYA. GAPER.

smaller end where it gapes vrry much, strongly wrinkled
transversely, covered with a tough ochraceous skin, which
extends beyond the margin at the open end and forms a thin
membranaceous wrinkled tube, sometimes from six to nine
inches in length, dead white under the skin ; the valves
convex, and turning a little back at the open end ; inside
white : hinge with a broad thick obtuse erect tooth pro-
jecting forwards : length sometimes two inches and a half,
and three and a half broad.
At the mouths of rivers, v. v.

2. Mya arenaria. Sand Gaper.

Lister, p\. 41$. f. 262, and pi. 419. f. 263— Pennant, pi. 45
— Donovan, pi. 85 — Liun. Trans, vi. pi. 14. f. 3, 4 — Dorset
Cat. pi. 4. f. 2— Wood, pi. 17. f. 3.

Shell strong, oval, gaping and rounded at both ends,
but elongated and narrowed on one side, covered with a
thin yellowish or reddish-brown skin, sometimes marked
with dark patches, irregularly striate concentrically, with
often a faint appearance of longitudinal lines, sometimes a
little distorted or indented at the margin ; the narrow end
turning a little back, with a few hairs attached to the outer
skin 5 inside white, glossy j hinge near the larger enc! ;
the tooth thick, erect, and spoon-shaped, with a small la-
teral tooth-like projection from the anterior side : M
sometimes two inches and a half, and five in breadth.

The younger shells are whitish, with an orange-yellow
band round the margin ; and when not more than half au
inch in length, are clear white and transparent.

Under sand and gravel, v. v.

3. Mya declivis. Sloping Gaper.
Wood,y\. 18. f. 3.

?*iya praetemris. Pennant, pi. 50. f. 1.

Shell oval, rather convex, very thin and brittle, semi-
transparent, white, smooth and somewhat polished, except
at the cartilage end which is a little roughened, rounded
at one end, somewhat truncate and angular and a little
gaping at the other, often a little contracted at the front
margin towards the truncated side, irregularly striate trans-
versely : beaks nearly central, forming a, roughened and
somewhat angular slope down the cartilage margin; inside

vdrite

MYA. GAPER. 99

white and somewhat polished : hinge with a projecting
hollow tooth in each valve, with a cavity on the curtilage
.side : length three-quarters of an inch j breadth au inch
and a quarter.

Western coasts, and Dublin bay. v. v.

4. Mya pubescens. Rough Gapsr. Fig. 35.

Mya declivis. Wood.pL 18: f. 2— Dorset Cat. pi. 4. f. 6.

Shell oblong-oval, thin, semitransparent, yellowish-
Vvhite, roughened all over like shagreen, rounded at one
end, slightly truncate and angular, and a little gaping at
the other, irregularly striate transversely ; one valve deeper
and larger than the other, so as in some measure to inclose
it ; the front margin often a little contracted near the mid-
dle : beaks prominent, incurved, the points not placed quite
opposite, but crossing each other, and forming an angular
slope down the cartilage edge j inside white, but not glossy :
hinge with a strong projecting hollow tooth in each valve,
with a deep cavity on the posterior side, the opposite side
projecting into a strong rib which runs along the middle
of the cartilage edge forming a deep groove ; besides this
is another rib which runs rather obliquely from the tooth
towards the truncated end : length of the specimen before
us two inches and a half \ breadth three and a half j but it
is seldom found so large.

In the belief that these two shells are quite distinct, we
are supported by the opinion of some highly respectable
conchologists. Although they are sufficiently abundant
on the Western coasts, no intermediate size has been yet
discovered. One is roughened all over ; the other is quite
smooth, except at the cartilage slope. The beaks of M. pu-k
bescens cross each other, like the mandibles of the Loxia
curvirostra, or Cross-beak : but the most striking and ma-
terial difference is the strong rib and groove along the car-
tilage edge : there is also some difference in the teeth.
For the present, therefore,, we are inclined to offer them as
distinct species, suggesting at the same time a close atten-
tion to their natural history.

In the Memoirs of the Wern. Soc. p. 505. pi. 24. f. 4, Mr.

Brown has described and figured a shell under the name

qf M. pellucidiij irom the cabinet of Dr. Taylor of Dublin,

K. 2 which;

100 MYA. GAPER.

which we have very little doubt is this species of a smaller
size, but which it has not been our good fortune to exa^
mine. We consider it however as an interesting subject,
which may serve to establish or annul our suspicions as to
the distinctions we have made between this species and the
last. v. v.

5. Mya Norwegica. Norway Gaper.
Wood, pi. 18. f. 4, 5.

Shell thin, brittle, transparent, convex, oblong-oval,
white but not glossy, and covered when fresh with a fine
brownish white skin, marked with numerous fine regular
raised longitudinal strieg, and a few transverse wrinkles j
one valve rather smaller than the other, and as it were re-
ceived within it; the larger side rounded, the other or an-
terior side sloping from the beaks, and running in nearly
a straight direction to the end, where it is truncated, very
rugged, with the valves gaping and a little reflected; the
front margin produced and rounded: beaks prominent,
pointed, nearly central : inside richly nacred : hinge with
a rather oblique triangular striated cavity in each valve :
length three-quarters of an inch j breadth more than one
and a quarter.

A fresh and perfect specimen of this rare shell was
dredged up off Exmouth, in the present summer, and is
now in the possession of Mr. Leasathorp, who obligingly
suffered us minutely to examine and describe it. It had
no decortication about the beaks, as mentioned in the spe-
cific character of Gmelin and Dillwyn, and which might
have originated in an accidental abrasion of the fine epi-
, dermis or pellicle. The longitudinal striae appear to be
formed by regular corrugations of its outer skin, which at
the smaller and gaping end enlarge into rough membrana-
ceous folds. From the Mya striata it is distinguished by its
greater convexity, the teeth, the produced and rounded out-
line of the front margin, and the narrowed truncated Qn4
which resembles that of the M. declivis. v. m.

6. Mya convexa. Convex Gaper.
Wood, pi 18. f. 1.

Mya declivis. Donovan, pi. 82.

Shell

MYA,. GAPER. 10}

Shell very light and Lritcte, : remarkably Convex, 'strongly
angular at the anterior side, covered with an ochraceous
skin, under which it is clear white, rather rough on the an-
gular side ; inside, yellowish white : hinge with a small
oval tooth projecting horizontally : length ahout an inch ;
breadth an inch and a half.

Mr. Wood observes that it is certainly distinct from both -
the last, in its great convexity, and comparative lightness.

Devonshire, and Dublin bay : very rare. v. m.

7. Mya prestenuis. Spoon-hinge Gaper.

Montagu, pi. 1. f. 2— Donovan, pi. 1/6— Wood, pi. 24,
f. 7 to 9— Dorset Cat. pi. 4. f. 7-

Shell oval, flat, thin, brittle, semitransparent, slightly
and irregularly striate transversely, rounded at both ends,
narrowed and rather pointed at one end, a little depressed
at the front margin near the smaller end, in consequence
of that part being somewhat turned up to form a small
gape : color whitish, a little roughened and inclining to
brown at the smaller end : beaks small, pointed, nearly
central, inclining to one side; inside white but not polished,
with two small ribs which run obliquely from the hinge
half way down the cartilage side, leaving between them a
long triangular glossy iridescent space : hinge with abroad
projecting hollow spoon-shaped tooth in each valve,
strongly striate concentrically : length an inch ; breadth an
inch and a half.

Montagu, in his figure, has represented the truncated
side of Mya declivis, but the tooth is' that of M. prsetenuis.
The outline of this shell much resembles that of the Mya
areuaria. The figure in the Dorset Catalogue is an exact
and beautiful representation ; all the others quoted are in-
jMerent.
, Western coasts, and Dublin bay. v. v.

8. Mya distorta. Deformed Gaper.

Montagu, pi. 1. f. 1.

Shell somewhat oval, thin, brittle, semitransparent,
white , the valves convex, of a rugged and variously dis-
torted appearance, and more or less indented at the mar-
gin 5 inside white : hinge with a broad somewhat triangu-
K. 3 lar

102 MYA. GAPER.

lar tooth in each valve, hollow in the middle, and project-
ing inwards horizontally : length three-quarters of an inch;
breadth an inch.

It differs from Mya praetenuis, in having the margin al-
ways irregularly waved.

Burrowed in limestone, v. v.

9. Mya bidentata. Double-toothed Gaper.
Montagu, pi. 26. f. 5.

Shell thin, flattish, somewhat oval, quite smooth, white
but not glossy, often covered with a roughish extraneous
coat, smooth within : hinge with two broad erect laminar
teeth in one valve, which diverge outwards from each other,
and are not very close together, with a slight cavity between
them ; in the other valve no teeth : length the eighth of
an inch ; breadth rather more.

Imbedded in the convex valves of old thick oyster-shelly
just beneath the surface, v. v.

10. Mya decussata. Decussate Gaper.
Montagu, pi. 28. f. 1 .

Shell oval, white, waved at the margin, with irregular
concentric ridges, crossed by regular longitudinal striae,
which form tubercles at the anterior end ; inside smooth,
white : beaks obtuse, recurved, placed near. *• to one end :
hinge with a broad erect tooth in one valve ; in the other a
projecting plate, with a small indentation: length nearly
half an inch ; breadth rather more.

In the Firth of Forth : rare.

11. Myapurpurea. Purple Gaper.

Montagu, Suppl. p. 21.

Shell oval, whitish, growing purple towards the beaks,
slightly wrinkled transversely.; inside paler, with a plain
margin : beaks placed considerably on one side, and turn-
ing towards the shorter end : hinge with a slightly notched
erect tooth in each valve : length hardly a line j breadth
rather more.

Devon coast, among Corallines : rare. p. v.

12. Mya ferruginosa. Rusty Qapcr.
Montagu, plf 26. f. 2.

Shell

MYA. GAP EH. 103

Shell somewhat oval, rather convex, white, but mostly
covered with a thick tough rust-colored skin, obscurely
wrinkled transversely ; inside white, glossy : the front mar-
gin nearly straight : beaks obtuse, placed nearer to one
end : hinge with two projecting teeth separated by a large
triangular cavity, one of them erect, the other turning in-
wards and sloping downwards : length about a quarter of
an inch j breadth nearly half an inch.

Belton sands, Scotland 5 and Dublin bay. v. 91,

13. Mya nitens. Glossy Gaper.
Laskey, Wern. Soc. i. pi. 8. f. 4.

Shell oval, glossy white, growing pink towards the
beaks, with regular concentric striae ; inside colored in like
manner, but not so glossy : beaks rather prominent, but not
/quite central : hinge with a single tooth in one valve, lock-
ing into a deep cleft between two slight elevations in the
other : length nearly a quarter of ar^ inch ; breadth some-,
thing more.

Dunbar, and Dublin bay : rare. ^?. m.

14. Mya prismatica. Prismatw Gaper*
Montagu, pi. 26. f. 3.

Shell oblong-oval, flat, thin, glossy white reflecting pris-
matic colors in various positions of light, rounded at one
<?nd and sloping to a point at the other, obscurely striate
concentrically ; inside smooth, glossy : beaks small, nearer
to and pointing towards the elongated end : hinge with a
broad horizontal tooth, and an erect one, and a somewhat
triangular depression in both valves ; in one valve is also a
small lateral plate which is wanting in the other : length
three eighths of an inch ; breadth as much again.

On the Scotch coasts, and at Exmouth. v. v.

15. Mya substriata. Substrlated Gaper.
Montagu, Snppl. p. 25.

Shell somewhat oval, semitransparent, white, with ob-
scure distant raised longitudinal lines ; inside smooth, with
a plain margin : beaks prominent, straight : hinge with a
single projection inwards, margined so as to make it con-
cave : diameter the tenth of an inch.

Devon coast, among Corallines : rare.

16. Mya

104 MYA. GAPER.

16. Mya dubia. Doubtful Gaper.

Pennant , pi. 47 — Donovan) pi. 108 — Wood, pi. 25. f. 2,
3— Dorset Cat. pi. l.f. Ji.

Shell oval, thin, brittle, opake, light brown, white
within, irregularly wrinkled or rugged transversely, with a
very large open gape in front, commencing near the hinge,
becoming narrower towards the smaller end, and exposing
the interior of the hinge and the rudiments of teeth : beaks
small, prominent, placed at the larger end : hinge with a
small plate or rudiment of a tooth in both valves, projecting
Inwards : length not half an inch j breadth about three
<|ii alters.

Imbedded in the hardest rocks. v~ v.

17- Mya arctica. Arctic Gaper.

Shell oblong-oval, rather convex, coarse, greyish-white,
truncate at the hinge end, and something rounded at the
other, where it gapes a little, roughly striate transversely,
with the striae approaching to membranaceous ridges to-
\vards the back, a little inflected on the front margin : beaks
prominent, pointed, close to the truncated end, from which
run two raised ridges, one along the back margin, the other
obliquely to the outer angle of the front margin, both of
.•Which are rough or somewhat spinous by the sharp dupli-
cature of the transverse folds ; under the beaks also, on
the truncated slope, is an oblong striate depression ; inside
glossy white, with the margin plain : hinge with a strong
projecting spoon-shaped cavity in each valve, the edge of
v/hich next the flattened side is a little raised so as to re-
semble a small tooth ; from this cavity along the cartilage;
margin runs a small hollow groove in each valve, and be-
low the hinge on the truncated margin withinside is a' flat-
tened space in both valves, in the middle of which there is
an oblong cavity : length half an inch 5 breadth more than
three quarters.

A living specimen of this very desirable shell we took
from a mass of Sertularia, on the strand at Portmarnock,
in Dublin bay. It had for some time been undistinguished
in our cabinet, among a parcel of the Solen minutus ; and
it is probable that it may in this manner have been over-
looked by other collectors,

Fabrkius

MYA. GAPER. 106

Fabricius, in his Fauna Groenlandica, describes the Mya
aictica as having two somewhat spinous ridges, which are
mostly obsolete, and with the hinge obscurely toothed, a
character sufficiently answering to our shell.

This species, the Mytilus rugosus, and many specimens
of the Solen minutus where the spines are obliterated, so
much resemble each other, that it is frequently very diffi-
cult to distinguish them without a close examination of the
hinge. It may however be remarked, that the Mya arctica
and the Solen minutus both slope abruptly immediately
from the hinge, and are each furnished with a depression
on the slope under the hinge ; but that the oblique dorsal
ridge of the Mya arctica extends to the front angle of the
opposite side, whilst in the Solen minutus this ridge usu-
ally reaches about half way down the margin of the oppo-
site side, dividing as it were that side into two compart-
ments, and giving it an angular appearance, as is well re-
presented in Montagu's figure of his Mytilus prsecisus. The
Mytilus rugosus differs from both, in not having the hinge
close to the end, and in having that side rounded, v. v.

B. The teeth locking into the opposite valve. 18 to 24.

! 8. Mya striata. Striated Gaper.

Linn. Trans, xi. pi. 13. f. 1— A.

Shell oblong, with the back margin running nearly
straight, very thin, semitransparent, finely striate longitu-
dinally ; the anterior end truncate, with the valves reflecting
and forming a gape when the shell is closed ; the posterior
end rounded : beaks small, placed nearer the rounded end ;
inside white, with a slight metallic lustre : hinge with a
single broad erect tooth in one valve, locking into a cor-
respondent cavity in the other : length half an inch ; breadth
an inch.

Found by Mr. Lyons, in Tenby bay : rare.

19. Mya Batava. Dutch Gaper.

Lister, pi. 146. f. \—Woody pi. 19. f. 1, 2.
Mya Pictorum. Donovan, 61.174.

Shell pblong-oval, rounded at both ends, olive green in-
clining to brown, darker at the longer end, transversely

striatej

,106 MYA. GAPER.

striate, perlaceotis within: beaks nearer one end: hinge
with a bread notched tooth in both valves, and two lateral
plates in one valve and one in the other, all locking into
one another: length sometimes nearly two inches, and four
i:i breadth.

It differs from the next, in having both the ends rounded,
and the beaks less prominent.

In the river Kennel : rare. v. v.

20. MyaPictorum. Painter's Gaper.

Lister, pi. 147. f. 3— Da Costa, pi. 15. f. 4— Pennant,
pi. 46. f. l—JFood, pi. 19. f. 3,4— Dorset Cat. pi. 12. f. 4.

Mya ovalis. Donovan, pi. 89.

Shell oblong-oval, produced and narrower at one end,
covered with a dark green skin, which in old shells becomes
nearly black, irregularly striate transversely, peiiaceous
•within ; when shut the valves are closed in front, but a little
open ( at both ends : teeth as in the last species, and of
about the same size.

Kapid rivers : rare. v. v.

21. Mya ovata. Oval Gaper.

Lister, pi. 147. f. 2—fFood, pi. 19. f. 5— Donovan,
pi. 101, and 122.

Shell oval, very convex, thick and brittle, much round-
ed at one end, produced and very narrow at the other, ir-
.regularly and coarsely wrinkled transversely, with some-
times faint longitudinal rays, covered with a green skin
which varies more or less to a dark-brown towards the
margin, under which it is of a fine opalaceous white color ;
inside perlaceous : beaks rather prominent j teeth as iu the
two last, and nearly the same size ; but it is narrower than
M. Batava, and broader than M. Pictorum.

In rapid rivers, v. v.

22. Mya margaritlfera. Pearl Gaper, Fig. 47.

Lister, pi. 149. f. 4— Pennant, pi. 48. f. <2—Da Costa,
pi. 15. f. 3— Donovan, pi. 73— Wood, pi. 23. f. 1 to o.

Shell oblong-oval, thick, strong, covered with a black-
brown skin, rounded at one end and a little angular at the
other where it is sloping and depressed from the beaks to

the

3MYA. CATER. 107

the margin, irregularly striate transversely, a little con-
tracted or indented opposite the hinge on the front mar-
gin : heaks much worn and rugged, appearing as if worm-
eaten ; inside perlaceous mixed with green, and often
rough with pearly excrescences : hinge with a strong erect
tooth in one valve, locking between a widely cloven one in
the other : length nearly two inches, and four in breadth.
In rapid rivers, v. v.

23. Mya insquivalvis. Unequal Gaper.

Montagu, pi. 26. f. 7 — Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 1. f. 6—
Walter, f. 35.

Shell somewhat triangular, produced on one side, strong,
convex, opake, covered with a brown skin, under which it
is \vliite with frequently a flesh-colored skin, the younger
ones marked with pale or flesh-colored rays ; one of the
valves much larger, regularly striate transversely with a
few deeper grooves, and folding over so as to receive the
smaller one ; the lesser valve obscurely striate transversely,
with a few longitudinal raised lines : beaks prominent, gib-
bous ; that of the larger valve turning over and meeting
the other : hinge with a strong pointed recurved tooth hi
the larger valve, and a cavity; in the lesser vuive is a
spool-shaped tooth projecting inwards, having a raised
denticle at the posterior side, and a cavity, all locking into
each other ; inside smooth, polished at the edge : length
about a quarter of an inch; breadth not half an inch.

Western coasts, Scotland, Dublin bay. v. v.

24. Mya Glycymeris. Great Gaper.

Lister, pi. 414. f. 258— Donovan, pi. 142— /Pood, pi. 25.

Shell large, coarse, lamellar, oblong-oval, irregular at
the margin, open at both ends, with regular w;\ved trr»~?-
verse ridges disposed like bands, and marked with fine
striae, obliquely truncate at the anterior end: color yellow-
ish or ochrace >us, whitish within : beaks nearly ce-

I both sides : hinge with a large thick tooth,
in one valve, besides a lesser one and a series of wri".
closing into a cavity in the other valve : length <
iuchoi. : !.?;-.?adla eight or nine.

108 MYTILUS. MUSSEL.

. Mr. Wood observes, that as this species seems to con-
nect the Myse with the Solenes, it is more properly placed
at the end of the genus.

An imperfect specimen of this extremely rare shell was
thrown up on the beach, at Teignmouth in Devonshire, in
the summer of 1817. v. m.

MYTILUS. MUSSEL.

Shell with two valves, generally fixed hy a heard
of silky filaments : hinge without teeth, hut marked
by a longitudinal groove which is sometimes finely
notched.

1. Mytilus Hirundo. Swallow-tall Mussel. Fig. 7-
Lister, pi. 220. f. 55, and pi. 224. f. 59— Barbut, pi. 11.

f. 3.

Shell flat, with two unequal lobes reaching obliquely on
each side from the hinge ; the posterior lobe smaller,
somewhat triangular and ending in a point, and irregularly
wrinkled longitudinally ; the anterior lobe as long as the
shell, transversely wrinkled towards the end, which is ra-
ther rounded, and at its junction with the shell marked
with semicircular wrinkles : color glossy chesnut-hrown
with whitish longitudinal rays or stripes, deeper brown
towards the margin, which is rounded and strongly wrin-
kled transversely ; inside silvery white : hinge a very long
straight groove, in consequence of the great extension of
one of the lobes, and a minute obtuse tooth-like projection
within opposite the beak, which is rather tumid and pointed
but not extending beyond the margin: length five eighths of
e.n inch ; breadth nearly an inch, including the wings ox
lobes, which run parallel with each other in an oblique di-
rection.

This very interesting addit:on to the British Conchology,
we found on the sand bank between the Pigeon-house and
the light-house, in Dublin bay, in the summer of 1815.
v. m.

2. Mytilus Morio. Black Mussel.

Avicula Morio. Leach, ZooL Miscell. pi. 38. f. 2.
Shell resenibliiig M. fikiUldo iu shape, but is of a black

color

MYTILUS. MUSSEL. 109

color, more strongly striate transversely, and covered with
a black-brown skin which folds into raised undulations ra-
diating from the beak to the margin.

A specimen of this extremely rare shell was dredged up
by Mr. Prideaux, in Plymouth-sound, among some coral-
lines.

3. Mytilus Crista Galli. Cockscomb Mussel.

Bart>ut,pl.U.f. 1,2.

Shell compressed, rugged, varying in shape, armed with
flat concave spines, and striate with raised dots, so as to
be transversely rugged and strongly plaited longitudinally ;
the margin undulately plaited, with the convexities of one
valve shutting into the concavities of the other : color fer-
ruginous or dull purple, opake ; inside smooth, horn-eolor :
lips both rough : hinge simple, linear, without teeth :
length about two inches ; breadth two and a quarter.

On the bottoms of ships, v. v.

4. Mytilus edulis. Common Mussel.

Lister, pi. 362. f. 200— Pennant, pi. 66, f. 2— Da Costa,
pi. 15. f. 5, left hand fig.— Linn. Trans, vi. pi. 18. f. 13,
14 — Donovan, pi. 128 — Dorset Cat. pi. 12. f. 5, left hand fig.

Shell oblong, very convex, somewhat falcate or incurved
at the thicker or posterior margin, produced into a small
angle at the anterior side, and rounded at the front margin,
nearly smooth, covered with a dark and rather polished
skin, under which it is rich blue or radiate with blue and
white : beaks pointed, close together, with the appearance
of a prominent ridge on each side the margin down the;
posterior slope ; inside whitish with a blue margin, and
under the beak are several small tooth-like crenulations on
the margin : length three inches ; breadth one and a. half.

Common, in vast beds. v. vf

5. Mytilus incurvatus. Iiunirvid Mussel,

Lister, pi. 362. f. 201, 202— Punwut, pi. 67. f. 1— •
limn. Trans, viii. pi. 3. f. 7-

Shell oblong-oval, convex, opake, nearly smooth, of an
vmpolished greyish-blue color growing darker towards the
tides and front margin, much incurved cm the posterior

110 MYTILUS. MUSSEL.

side, rounded or very slightly angular on the anterior mar*
gin, giving it a much more elongated appearance than the
common Mussel, often variously distorted, with the front
margin sometimes quite blunt or truncated : heaks pointed,
slightly curved outwards, very remote from each other, and
having the appearance of being each of them a little cloven
at their tips ; inside glossy blueish-white with a broad dark
blue margin, and without the cr«nate denticulations under
the beaks : length an inch and a half; breadth not an inch.
White, transparent. The very young shell.
Mytilus striatus. Walker, f. 75.

The natural history of this species, besides the marks
already mentioned, leads us to consider it as very distinct
from the last. They clothe, in prodigious masses, the
sand-stone rocks in the south of Devon, and the schistose
rocks in the west of Ireland, at low water, in which last
place they are the food of Seals, Pelicans, and Gannets ;
but we have never observed them attached to limestone. In
the early stage of growth they are covered with a dark
skin, and are more or less angular on the anterior side ;
and it is not till they arrive at maturity that they put on the
coarse grey appearance and incurvature by which they are
so remarkably distinguished : they are also much more
elongated in proportion to the breadth, and we have never
been able to discover any traces of denticulation under the
hinge. From the vast numbers which are so closely
crowded together they seldom arrive at their full size :
but at the point which separates the beach at Dawlish from
the Warren, they may be gathered at low water in every
stage of growth, v. v.

6. Mytilus pellucidus. Transparent Mussel.

Pennant, pi. 66. f. 3 — Donovan, pi. 81.

Shell oval, thin, smooth, glossy, transparent, whitish or
blueish covered with a yellow skin, radiate with deep blue
or purple, not much incurved at the posterior side, but a
little projecting at the other, broad and much rounded at
the front margin ; inside glossy blueish-white, with dark
blue rays : beaks pointed, with very small denticulations
under them : length hardly two inches ; breadth about one.

Western coasts, and Dublin bay. v, v.

7. Mytilua

MYTILUS. MUSSEL. 111

7- Mytilus ungulatug. Hoof Mussel

Lister, pi. 360. f. 199— -Donovan, pi. 128. f. 2.

Shell oblong-oval, very convex thin and brittle, wrinkled
transversely, of a greenish or blueish-black color, incurved
at the posterior side and much produced at the anterior
margin : beaks pointed, incurved, and diverging : hinge
with from two to six teeth at the point, besides nume-
rous crenulations on the groove : length four inches ; breadth
two or more.

Full-grown shells are very rarely found : but the young
ones are covered with a pale oil-green skin, with longitu-
dinal or transverse reddish /igza^ lines or blotches, espe-
cially on the angular side, and sometimes there is a narrow
straight black or brown stripe or two from the beak down
the anterior side ; the posterior margrfr is also Straight,
with a gibbosity in the middle : these are not uncommon on
the Devonshire coasts, v. v.

8. Mytilus Modiolus. Smooth Mussel.

Lister, pi. 359. f. 198, and pi. 1057- f. 5— Donovan,
pi. 23— Da Costa, pi. 15. f. 5, right hand fig.— Dorset Cat.
pi. 12. fig. 5,. right hand fig.

Shell oblong-oval, thick, very convex towards the hinge,
covered with a purplish black skin, under which it is white
often mixed with flesh-color, strongly wrinkled trans-
versely, nearly straight on the posterior side, and very little
angular on the other, perlaceous within : beaks very ob-
tuse, a little turned to one side, placed laterally, in conse-
quence of which there is a gibbosity formed by the protru*
sion of the posterior margin, and a slight notch, as in those
of the M. incurvatus : hinge without teeth or denticula-
tions : length from four to six inches ; breadth half as much.

Maton and Rackett, and consequently Mr. Dillwyn, have,
quoted the two figures 5, in Da Costa's fifteenth plate, in-
discriminately both for this species and the M. edulis, al-
though Da Costa has pointed out their distinct references.
And Mr. Rackett, in his Dorset Catalogue, supposing them
to be the same, has omitted the reference to this species
from his own plate.

f 'uriety A. Contracted into a deep intorted rugged cavity
below the hinge on the posterior side.

i, 2 Mytilus

112 MYTILUS. MUSSEL.

Mytilus umbilicatus. Pennant, pi. 68 — -Donovan,
pi. 40.

Plentifully on the beach at Cove, in Ireland, always soli-
tary, and under rocks and stones, never found in beds nor
attached by a beard, v. V.

Variety B. Covered with a rusty yellow glossy skin,
very thin, clothed with a thick beard about the lower mar-
gin, especially on the anterior side, the foliations of which
are plain or not serrate on either side. v. v.

Mytilus barbatus. Pennant, pi. 67- f. 2 — Donovan,
pi. 70.

Variety C. Flatter and more angular on the anterior side,
covered with a chesnut-brown skin, clothed almost entirely
-^vith a viscid beard, the foliations of which are ensiform and
regularly serrate down one side only. v. v.

Mytilus Gibsii. Leach, Nat. MiscelL pi. 72. f. 2.

9. Mytilus discors. Pectinated Mussel.

Da Costa, pi. 17- f. 1— Do no van, pi. 25 — Linn. Trans.
viii. pi. 3. f. B— Dorset Cat. pi. 2. f. 1.

Shell oblong-oval, very convex, transparent, covered with
a light-brown skin, under which it is whitish stained with
pale pink, produced and narrower at the anterior end,
faintly wrinkled transversely, with regular longitudinal ribs
on both sides, leaving the middle space with only the faint
transverse striae : beaks large, prominent, much turned to
one side ; inside perlaceous with the ribs visible ; the mar-
gin slightly toothed by the ribs at the sides : length half an
inch j breadth three eighths.

Sandy shores, and the stalks of Fuci. v . v.

10. Mytilus discrepans. Discordant Mussel.
Montagu, pi. 26. f. 4— Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 3. f. 9— •

Walker, f. 79.

Shell somewhat oval, flatfish, rounded and broader at
the anterior end, faintly striate transversely, and marked
with longitudinal ribs on each side. Resembles the last,
but is not so convex, covered with an olive-green skin,
rounder and broader at the end remote from the hinge, arid
has only eight or nine ribs on the side near the beak, which

are

MYTILUS. MUSSEL. 113

are double the number in M. discors, and is generally of a
smaller size.

In the Firth of Forth it has been found nearly two inches
in length ; and at Arklow, in Ireland, is generally attached
to oysters, v. v.

11. Mytilus fuscus. Brown Mussel.

Lister, pi. 359. f. 197 — Brown, Wern. Soc. p. 515.

" Shell oblong, narrow, with very fine transverse striae ;
one side emarginate, the other rounded : beaks prominent,
curved : minute, and brown."

Found at Sligo, and is in the cabinet of Dr. Macdonnell,
Belfast.

Lister's figure represents it as transversely striate, Mr.
Dillwyn describes it as smooth.

12. Mytilus rugosus. Rugged Alussel

Lister, pi. 426. f. 267 — Pennant, pi. 66. f. 1— Donovan,
pi. 141— Dorset Cat. pi. 13. f. 5.

Mytilus lithophagus. Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 6. f. 3, 4.

Shell oblong, inclining to oval, but varying much in
shape, being sometimes kidney-form or approaching to or-
bicular, opake, brittle, yellowish-white or rust-color, co-
vered with a dull brown skin, rounded at one end, truncate
and gaping at th« other, transversely wrinkled, with two
obsolete angles running from the hinge on the elongated
side, one along the cartilage margin, the other obliquely
to the front angle, giving the dorsal surface a flattened and
somewhat triangular appearance, the ridges of which are
frequently armed with a row of small hollow scales : beaks
small, near but not close to the rounded end; inside glossy
white, thickened under the hinge, with the margin plain :
length half an inch ; breadth an inch or more.

It is evident that Maton and Rackett, in their report of
the shells which perforated the stone committed to their elu-
cidation by the president of the Linnean Society, have con-
founded together the Mytilus rugosus and the M. lithopha-
gus. The latter we have not yet discovered in cur native
rocks ; but the former is found in great profusion, mixed
with the Mya dubia, in the range of limestone rocks reach-
ing from Torquay to Plymouth j but more especially in
L 3 those

114 MYTILUS. MUSSEL.

those large detaehed masses which are scattered under
the cliff at Torquay, near the entrance to the strand from
the Tor-abbey fields. The Mytilus lithophagns, indepen-
dently of the transverse striae which cross the concentric
ones on the cartilage side, is very convex and rounded on
the back, giving the shell a somewhat cylindrical appear-
ance when the valves are closed ; the beaks are also ter-
minal and somewhat pointed, like those of the M. Modio-
lus, with the opposite extremity rounded. Mr. Dillwyn
has referred Lister's figure (which is an excellent one, and
marked as English,) to the Solen minutus, which is trun-
cate at the hinge end. Those which we have collected
from among the roots of Fuci and Sertularias, are much
more irregular in their figure, but all sufficiently retaining
their specific marks, v. v.

13. Mytilus plicatus. Plaited Mussel
Chemn. Conch, viii. pi. 82. f. 733. a, b.

Shell oblong, very thin, transparent, dirty white, uneven
on the surface, slightly plaited and irregularly wrinkled
transversely, rounded on the side next the hinge, angular
and dilated on the other, causing it to be a little larger,
where it gapes ; inside glossy, rather perlaceous : hinge
near the rounded and smaller end : beaks small, a little in-
curved : length not half an inch; breadth double its length.

Jsle of Sky, and Dublin bay : rare. v. m.

14. Mytilus decussatus. Decussated Mussel.
Chemn. Conch, viii. pi. 85. f. 761.

Shell longitudinally oval, thin, transparent, very convex,
covered with a pale olive skin, under which it is pearly
white, finely striate longitudinally, and crossed by more
minute transverse lines ; inside smooth, perlaceous ; the
sides equal ; beaks close to the smaller end, with a slight
indenture, and the contiguous margin is faintly denticu-
late ; and near the front margin is a singular reflected trans-
verse ridge : length the eighth of an inch ; breadth not so
much.

Only one, valve of this shell was found by Captain Las-
key, on the Scotch coast : its convexity gave it the appear-
nnce of a Patella j but the hinge is that of a bivalve desti-
tute of teeth, w

15. Mytilus

MYTILUS. MUSSEL, \1$

}5. Mytilus stagnalis. Stagnant Mussel.

Sowerby, Brit. Miscell. pi. 16.

Shell oval, convex, of a greenish color which becomes of
a yellowish brown towards the margin, and marked with
Barker longitudinal rays, strongly striate or somewhat ribbed
transversely : length five inches j breadth eight.

Found in Kew garden.

16. Mytihis dentatus. Toothed Mussel.

Shell oval; very convex thin and fragile ; rounded and
broader at one end., narrowed and rounded at the other,
where the back is depressed, slightly angular and flexuous,
irregularly striate transversely, and somewhat wrinkled lon-

fitudinaliy : color glossy sea-green, growing olive-green or
rown at the sides and margin, with numerous faint broken
yellowish white longitudinal rays : beaks nearer the broader
end, almost obliterated, perlaceous ; inside silvery or fawn-
color, often rough with purple perlaceous excrescences
towards the hinge and the angular side : in o;ne valve a
small projecting obtuse tooth, placed at some distance from
the beak and nearly central, and in the other a transverse
cloven one : length three inches and a quarter ; breadth six
and a half.

Whether this be the M. Zellensis of Gmelin, or the M.
stagnalis of Spvverby, we are unable to determine : but in-
dependently of its shape and markings, the teeth, which
are never wanting, are sufficient characters to distinguish
it from the two next.

They are found, but very rarely, in the great bog of
Allen, in Ireland, resting upon the soft mud, where they
are subject to little or no agitation, v. v.

1 7. Mytilus cygneus. Swan Mussel

Lister, pi. 156. f. \\-Pennant, pi. 70— Donovan, pi. 55.
Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 3 A. f. 1.

Shell convex, oval, thin, brittle, rounded at one end, and
regularly sloping rather into a point at the other, where it
is a little compressed towards the hinge, with rugged
transverse wrinkles and protuberances, covered with an
olive-green skin, inside perlaceous: hinge small, nearer

'on*

116 MYTILUS. MUSSEL.

one end : length two inches and a half 3 breadth five ov
six.

In deep rivers and ponds, v. v.

18. Mytilus anatinus. Duck Mussel.

Lister, pi. 153. f. 8— Pennant, pi. 71— 'Da Costa, pi, 15.
f. 2 — Donovan, pi. 113 — Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 3 A. f. 2—*
Dorset Cat. pi. 12. f. 2, and pi. 13. f. 6.

Shell oval, thin, deep green or blackish ; the cartilage
margin running straight, and then sloping suddenly and
obliquely, forming a pointed angle about half way down j
inside perlaceous : beaks more or less decorticated, and the
front margin terminating in a membranaceous skin : length
two inches ; breadth hardly three.

It differs from the last, in size, in the projecting angle on
one side, and in the beaks, which are more or less decor-
ticated.

Variety. Thicker, more ponderous and rough, more an-
gular on the cartilage side, and a little contracted in front,

Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 3 A. f. 3.

It is evident that Maton and Rackett have misunderstood
these two species, by inverting the references to their own
plates. Da Costa properly observes that this last species
differs " in being only about half the size, rather more com-
pressed and oblong, ajid that the cartilage or lengthened
side extends or runs in a straight line to an acute angle,
like a fin, and thence continues down the side in an ob-?
lique line, till near the bottom, where it is rounded."

Pennant and Dillvvyn, in copying from them, have fallen
into the same error.

In ponds and deep rivers, v. v.

1.9. Mytilus Avonensis. Avon Mussel.

Linn. Trans, viii. pi. 3 A. f. 4-— Lister, pi. 154. f. 9?

Shell somewhat oval, thin, olive-brown, with transverse
wrinkles. Resembles the last, but is broader in proportion
to its length, not so much produced at the hinge, the car-
tilage side more rounded and less angular, and the front
margin runs nearly straight or is very slightly arched, pair
^icularly towards the smaller end,

In the Avon, Wiltshire : rare. v. m.

NAUTILUS.

NAUTILUS. 117

NAUTILUS.

Shell with a single valve, consisting of compart-
ments or cells, communicating with each other by
means of a small perforation or tube.

A. With the spires detached. 1.

B. With the spires connected. 2 to 12.

C. Elongated, and more or less straight. 13 to 24.
L Nautilus Spirilla. Crosier Nautilus. Fig. 77-

Lister, pi. 550. f. 2.

Shell spiral, extremely thin and brittle, transparent,
white or cream-color: spires five, cylindrical, detached
from each other, divided into numerous chambers at nearly
equal distances, which are distinguished by a depressed
circular line on the outside ; the primary volution running
nearly straight and very remote from the next ; the re-
maining ones growing gradually less and closely involuted
but not touching each other ; the line of junction also be-
comes gradually deeper towards the smaller end, giving the
different divisions a more rounded appearance, till the ter-
minal ones appear somewhat globular : aperture orbicular,
perlaceous within, the chambers separated by thin pearly
plates, with a small tube of communication which is placed
near one side : diameter nearly an inch j of the larger volu-
tion nearly a quarter of an inch.

Two specimens of this interesting addition to our native
stock, were .ound on the strand between Kenmare harbour
and Ballyskelligs bay, in the county of Kerry, Ireland, by
our intelligent and much respected friend, Mr. O Kelly of
Dublin, in the summer of 1817 ; where, as he observes, the
waves of the Atlantic come unbroken from the shores of
America j and where he also found at the same time, the
Helix ianthina with the amnial in it, and the rare Lepas
sukata. v. w.

B. With the spires connected. 2 to 13.

2. Nautilus lacustris. Fresh-water Nautilus.

Montagu, pi. 6. f. 3— Walker, f. 28.

Shell horn-eolor or rufous-brown, smooth, glossy, trans-
parent^

118 NAUTILUS.

parent, flattish, convex on the upper-side, concave and
deeply perforated underneath, with a slight keel-like ridge :
spires four, bordered on the outside with a whitish opake;
stripe running spirally to the centre : on the first volution
are three compartments, nearly at equal distances from
each other, the lines of junction appearing like white
curved stripes radiating from the centre, the first of them
placed distant from the aperture, which is narrow, some-
what heart-shaped, and clasping the spire on both sides :
diameter hardly a quarter of an inch.
On aquatic plants, v. v.

3. Nautilus rotatus. Star Nautilus.

Nautilus Calcar. Montagu, pi. 15. f. 4 — ff'alker, f. 66.

Shell smooth, equally convex on both sides, rather more
raised in the middle, with a strong ridge on the back, which
is entire : joints six, marked by elevated flexuous lines ra-
diating from the centre like a star, but not quite reaching
to the outer margin : aperture half heart-shaped, clasping
the body equally on both sides, furnished with a small per-
foration : minute.

On shells, corallines, and other substances, v. v.

4. Nautilus laevigatulus. Smooth Nautilus.

Montagu, pi. 18. f. 7, §— Walker, f. 67.

Shell smooth, opake, pale rusty-brown, considerably and
equally convex on both sides, declining to a rounded mar-
gined edge, but not perfectly forming a keel-like ridge :
joints about ten, marked by flexuous rather raised lines,
which emanate from the margin and are rather of a deeper
color : aperture surrounded by a rim, forming a triangle,
and not attached to the body : minute.

In fine and drifted sand. v. m.

5. Nautilus depressulus. Depressed Nautilus.

Montagu, pi. 18. f. 9— Walker, f. 68.

Shell glossy- white, semitransparent, flat, equal on both
sides and without any prominent ridge : joints about nine,
marked by opake curved lines radiating from the centre,
where there is a small transparent spot, and the curved

lines

NAUTILUS. 119

lines are not visibly raised : aperture half heart-shaped,
very little clasping the body at the sides : minute.
In fine and drifted sand : v. m.

6. Nautilus umbilicatulus. Perforated Nautilus.
Montagu, pi. 18. f. \— Walker, f. 69.

Shell white, semitransparent, flat, perforated on both
sides : joints nine or ten, raised and rather rounded, marked
by radiating lines which are depressed : aperture clasping
the body nearly equally on both sides : minute.

In fine and drifted sand. v. m.

7. Nautilus crassuliis. Thick Nautilus.
Montagu, pi. 18. f. 2— Walker, f. 70.

Shell strong, flat, opake, pale brown, with a deep perfo-
ration on both sides : joints numerous, close together, and
raised above the line of separation : aperture a little oblique,
hardly clasping the body, furnished with a syphon : minute.

In fine sand. v. m.

8. Nautilus crispus. Crimpled Nautilus.

Montagu, pi. 18. f. b—Dorset Cat. pi. 19. f. 29— Walker,
f. 65.

Shell white, opake, perforated both sides, with a keel-
like ridge on the outer edge : joints about twenty on the
larger volution, flexuous and crenate, and marked by raised
lines : aperture half heart-shaped, clasping the body, fur-
nished with a small central syphon.

In fine sand. v. m.

9. Nautilus Beccarii. Twisted Nautilus.

Montagu, pi. 18. f. 4— Dorset Cat. pi 19. f. 28— Walker,
f.63.

Shell transparent, white or covered with a brown skin,
crimson when the inhabitant is alive, convex on one side
and flat on the other: spires four or five, twisted, with ten
joints in the first which are deeply grooved : aperture ob-
oval : minute.

Variety. With the spires reversed.
Montagu, pi. 18. f. 6— Walker, f. 64.
On oysters, and sea weeds, v. v»

10. Nautilus

120 NAUTILUS.

10. Nautilus inflatus. Inflated Nautilus.
Montagu, pi. 18. f. 3.

Shell brown, opake, with three volutions ; in the first are
five joints which are exceedingly tumid and rounded, and
so deeply divided as to appear like lobes , the anterior end
or aperture somewhat globular : minute.

In fine sand. v. m.

11. Nautilus lobatulus. L&led Nautilus.

Serpula lobata. Montagu, p. 515, and Suppl. p. 160 —
Walker, f. 71.

Shell compressed, white or yellowish, with a frosted ap-
pearance when much magnified, roundish or inclining to
oblong, convex above and flat beneath : on the first volu-
tion are six or seven lobed joints, separated by faint cres-
cent-shaped lines : aperture extremely small : minute.

Attached to Zoophytes, v. m.

12. Nautilus dissimilis. Discordant Nautilus.
Serpula concamerata. Montagu, Suppl. p. 160.

Shell white, semitransparent, a little convex above and
flat beneath : spires three, irregular, with numerous dissi-
milar joints ; on the outer volution are about nine, which
are glossy and tumid, of unequal size, but generally alter-
nately a larger and a smaller one. It differs from the last
in possessing much more numerous and infinitely more
minute joints, which are smooth and glossy but not of that
frosted appearance which always accompanies the last :
minute.

Attached to Zoophytes, v. m.

These two last, from their being always attached and
sessile, seem to connect the Serpulae with the Nautili.
C. Elongated, and more or less straight. 13 to 24.

13. Nautilus carinatulus. Keeled Nautilus.
Walker, f. 72.

Shell whitish, transparent like glass, oblong, arched at
the back, but very little if any thing raised into a keel-
like ridge : joints seven, regularly decreasing, the terminal
one globular : aperture linear-oval : minute.

In fine sand. v. m.

14, Nautilus

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Conchologi cal di ct ionaijr BIOLOGY

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ZOOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA