eroLocv UBRARY \ . (00. — ;?. . (2 CL ^_ ' 4 ^ /* x/ <, '- YV14^*-*^VA- • [ 165 ] -OGY MRY X. 0# the Relations of Tanalia, Philopotamis, and Paludomus ; with a review of the Cingalese Species of the latter Genera, By H. P. BLANFOKD, F. G.S. Communicated by Dr. J. D. HOOKER, F.H.S., F.L.S., fyc. (Plate XXVII.) Read June 18th, 1863. a paper read at the meeting of this Society in June last, I expressed an opinion that the Cingalese genera Tanalia and Philopotamis* are more closely related to Melania than has been held by several recent writers, and that in fact they should be regarded rather as sections of that genus than as distinct genera. The object of the first part of the present paper is to substantiate that view by showing that the opercula of Philopotamis and Tanalia, upon the structure of which generic distinction has been based, so far from being distinct in type, really present modifications of the subspiral operculum of Melania, from which the digression is serial and gradated in the different forms (species and varieties) included under those genera. While, however, insisting on the facts of affinity, I should at the outset so far modify the above general assertion as to admit that the question of genus and subgenus is to a great extent one of opinion, depending upon what amount of difference be held to constitute a family, genus, or subgenus. By those who regard such a form as Melania variabilis, Bens., with its largely spiral operculum, as a true Melania, Philopotamis and Tanalia should be treated as subgenera, their aberration in one direction from the type not being greater than that of M. variabilis in another direction. To those, on the contrary, who, with Messrs. Gray and Adams, regard most of the Lamarckian genera as families, Philopotamis, &c., will rank with the typical Melanias as nearly allied genera of one family. In the second part of the paper I shall review the Cingalese species of Paludomus and Philopotamis ; the latter genus is, so far as we know at present, restricted to Ceylon. PAUT I. It is unnecessary to review in detail the various opinions that have been expressed with regard to the affinities of Tanalia, Philopotamis, and Paludomus. The last-mentioned genus was distinguished from Melania by Swainson on account of the concentric structure of the operculum, and Tanalia and Philopotamis were subsequently separated therefrom by Gray and Layard, the former genus having a trigonal operculum with a marginal nucleus, the latter a subspiral operculum with a submarginal nucleus. Paludomus * Paludomus was also included in this remark, but reconsideration leads me to regard it as more distinct than either of the above. See posted. :rr * \*i-\ /* f * '7 VOL. XXIV. Z 166 MR. H. F. BLANFORD ON THE RELATIONS OF conicus, Gray, Tanalia aculeata, Chemn., and PUlopotamis sulcata, Reeve, sp., are quoted as the respective types of the genera. Two other genera have been formed from the species herein included, viz. Rivulina, Lea, and Gang a, Layard; but there appears to be no distinction between the former genus and Paludomus, the two species quoted under it being, so far as I can judge from Mr. Cuming's authentic specimens, mere varieties of Paludomus chilinoides, Reeve, and P. Taujoriensis, Chemn., while the latter is, as I have shown in my former communica- tion, founded upon certain monstrous forms of Tanalia aculeata. In the June Number of the ' Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.' for 1856, Mr. Benson pointed out that although the adult operculum of Paludomus has, as stated, a concentric structure, much resembling that of Paludina, with which the genus had consequently been classed by Dr. Gray, and subsequently by Mr. A. Adams, the embryonic operculum or the nucleus of the adult is spiral, resembling that of a Melania. He also remarked that the subspiral structure of the operculum of Philopotamis indicated an affinity with Melania, but ex- pressed a doubt whether Tanalia, with its unguiculate operculum, should be referred to the Paludomidae at all. Now remembering that no essential difference of structure has been noticed in the animals of these genera, and that, with the exception of certain differences of habit, upon which I shall remark presently, the only assigned generic characters held to distinguish them from each other and from Melania are those of the operculum, let us see what these i« -ally amount to. PL XXVII. fig. 8 represents, on an enlarged scale, the operculum of a Ceylonese specimen of Melania spinulosa, Lamk., a common Eastern species, and, on the point in question, a fair representative of the genus. The structure is paucispiral, and the nucleus subbasal. Fig. 9 is the operculum of M. lirata, Bens., also enlarged : in this the structure is less distinctly spiral, and the nucleus is almost marginal and basal. In fig. 13, the operculum of Tanalia violacea, Layard, a subspiral structure is still appa- rent, but the nucleus is marginal and dextrally subbasal. The operculum of Philopotamis decussatct, Reeve, fig. 10, only differs from this last in having the spiral structure more distinctly developed. And, finally, from T. violacea we pass to T. aculeata, fig. 14, in which a trace of a subspiral structure is only perceptible towards the nucleus ; while from Ph. decussata we proceed through Ph. sulcata, fig. 11, to Ph. globulosa, figs. 12 a & b, which is the most aberrant form presented in the genus. We have thus tolerably perfect series from the typical Melania operculum to the extreme forms of Philopotamis and Tanalia. The operculum of Ph. nigricans, Eeeve, is more nearly related to that of Melania than any of the above, and indeed some forms are scarcely distinguishable generically : fig. 15 a affords an instance of this ; but in others again the Philopotamis structure is more developed (fig. 15 b). It might seem at first sight that the operculum of Paludomus is, in an abstract mor- phological point of view, merely that of a Philopotamis with the nucleus pushed over towards the other side; but it is, I think, essentially different, or rather, the digression from the Melania type of structure has taken place in a different direction. The passage from Melania spinulosa to Tanalia aculeata may be regarded as a gradual unrolling of the opercular spiral, which becomes nearly obsolete by successive gradations, while in TANALIA, PHILOPOTAMIS, AND PALUDOMUS. 167 Philopotamis a similar modification obtains to a less extent, accompanied in Ph. glo- bulosa with an incipient concentric growth. In Paludomus, on the other hand, the growth of the operculum is, up to a certain point, that of a typical Melania : after the formation of one and a half or two whorls it suddenly takes a different direction, and is superseded by a strictly concentric growth, in which the chief addition is in the direction of the outer or dextral margin instead of the inner as in Melania, Philopotamis, and Tanalia. It would be arguing in a circle, and on an unproved generalization, to adduce the comparatively wide range of Paludomus, as contrasted with that of Philopotamis and Tanalia, in support of their generic diversity, on the supposition that successive grada- tions of structural character argue successive appearance in time, and that the earlier forms have the wider range ; but if the structural argument appear valid, the facts of range will have much significance to those who admit the possibility of generic derivation from preexisting types. The solid structure and depressed form of the shells of Paludomus, Tanalia, and Phi- lopotamis may be held to indicate a closer relationship between these genera than exists between any one of them and Melania. In these respects, however, the true Melanias exhibit much variety. Paludomus brevis, D'Orb., is a Melania as regards its operculum, although the shell has, on account of its form, been erroneously referred to Paludomus ; and the Melania Hugelii* of S. India is almost as thick and depressed as certain Paludomi. The genus Gyrotoma also, with the operculum of Melania, has the solid, depressed form of Paludomus, yet would scarcely be classed therewith. With respect to habit, no marked line can be drawn between the different genera in question. Tanalia aculeata is indeed never found in still water, nor, I believe, elsewhere than in mountain streams ; but it is met with in the smallest perennial streamlets as well as in the largest torrents : it is generally found adhering to rocks, but also frequently crawling over sandy bottoms. Philopotamis globulosa has a similar range of habit, but is apparently more restricted in geographical range. I have myself only met with it in the Mahavelli Ganga and tributaries, and in the stream of the Balcadua Pass, nor have I seen any specimens from the southern or eastern watershed of the hills. Ph. sulcata occurs chiefly in the smaller streams on and among the hills, extending from an elevation but little above the sea to a height of 3000 feet. Mr. Layard records that this species sometimes climbs far out of the water ; but, though I do not question his accuracy, I do not remember ever to have met with it myself in such a situation. The species of Paludomus are, as their name imports, the most marsh-loving in their habits; but P. chilmoides and P. Tanjoriensis, the only species I have myself collected, though occurring in marshes and tanks, are at least equally or even more common in streams and rivers, of both slow and rapid flow, on the hills and in the low country. * This species is from the upper waters of the Cauvery, where it has been rediscovered by Dr. Jerdon. The quoted habitat, New Holland, is probably erroneous. 168 MR. H. F. BLANFORD'S REVIEW OF PART II. Genus MELANIA, Lamk. Subgenus PHILOPOTAMIS, Layard. Eive species of this genus are known to me, one of which, P. regalis, Layard, is doubtful, and may hereafter prove to be merely a variety of P. sulcata : of another, P. decitssata, Reeve, I have only seen the three specimens in Mr. Cuming's collection, and, in a genus exhibiting so much specific variation as the present, a much larger series is necessary to convince me of specific distinction. The other three species are more distinct from each other than is usual in the case of the allied subgenera, and differ to some extent in their opercular structure, as well as in the form, &c. of their shells. Each of these species is variable, and one includes several forms which have been described as distinct. The following is a list of the species provisionally admitted by me : — P. sulcata, Ueeve. P. nigricans, Reeve. P. regalis, Layard. P. decussata, Reeve. P. globulosa, Gray. PHILOPOTAMIS SULCATA, Reeve. (PI. XXVII. figs. 5 a-c, 11.) Shell ovately conic or conic, more or less strongly sulcate; sulcations regular, frequently minutely decussated by transverse striae, sometimes nearly obsolete. Epidermis citrine to dark brown or reddish brown, concealing the proper colouring of the shell, which consists sometimes of irregular zigzags, more or less interrupted, and tending towards a spiral arrangement ; more frequently of spiral bands, interrupted or continuous. Spire elevated, varying in height, always eroded. Upper whorls (rarely more than three remaining) variable in convexity, rounded or flattened. Last whorl globose or (rarely) conoidal. Aperture gibbous to obliquely pyriform. Outer lip denticulated. Inner lip thinly callous : columella flattened, arcuated, and somewhat everted, sometimes tinted with In-own. Opcrculum ovately pyriform, varying in width, obsoletely spiral : nucleus very near the dextral margin, somewhat variable in position. rl'li is species is the type of the genus. The shell is always Paludiniform, but varies in globosity even in a series of specimens from the same spot. PI. XXVII. figs. 5 a & b are two specimens from the same stream at Avisavella, the first being the most tumid form I have seen. Pig. 5 c is a very conical form, from Hautanne, a hill in the neighbourhood of Kandy. In fig. 5 a it will be seen that the sutures are deep, the upper part of the whorl sloping off much less obtusely than in fig. 5 b. Other specimens in my collection present intermediate gradations, so that it is impossible to regard these differences as other than specific variations. The spiral sulcation, from which the species derives its name, is usually fine and regular, and in some specimens is seen under the lens to be regularly decussated with stria3 of growth. In other specimens these last are obsolete, ifl occasionally the spiral sulcation also to a great extent, at least on the last portion of the body-whorl. The upper whorls are always more or less eroded. The painting of the shell varies greatly. In a specimen from Avisavella the whole is THE CINGALESE SPECIES OF PH1LOPOTAMIS AND PALUDOMUS. 169 covered with a zigzag marbling, but more frequently this is broken up into inter- rupted spiral bands, and in other specimens, again, the bands are continuous, resembling those which characterize P. bicincta, but narrower and more numerous. The colouring is only visible in the interior, and, in old specimens, is concealed beneath a white callous deposit of the mantle. The edge of the peristome is generally, but not always, tinted with brown. The operculum is normally as figured in Plate XXVII. fig. 11, but, as in the case of Tanalia, is not unfrequently destroyed, and replaced by one having a concentric structure. If this takes place at an early age, the nuclear portion of the operculum is alone so formed, the later-formed layers having the usual arrangement. I found that, in a stream at Hautanne, more than half the specimens had lost portions of their opercula, and one or two full-grown shells were totally divested of this appendage. The shells of these specimens were also eroded in holes in a manner difficult to account for. PHILOPOTAMIS IIEGALIS, Layard. This appears to be a rare shell. I saw no specimens of it in Major Skinner's collec- tion, nor have I met with it myself in Ceylon. The only specimens I have seen were those in Mr. Hugh Cuming's collection, obtained, I believe, by Mr. Thwaites. I am thus unable to add anything to Mr. Layard's description from my own observations ; but I may remark that it appears to differ in no respect from P. sulcata, except in possessing a row of small scale-like spines round the upper edge of the whorl. I cannot but think that it may eventually prove to be a variety of P. sulcata. PHILOPOTAMIS GLOBULOSA, Gray. (PL XXVII. figs. 1 a-e, 12 a, b.) P. abbreviata, Reeve; P. bicincta, Reeve; P. clavata, Reeve. Shell globose or ovate, solid, smooth, rarely bearing faint traces of spiral sulci. Epidermis yellowish brown. Shell colourless, or ornamented with two or three spiral bands, only visible in the interior of adult shells. Spire depressly conical, variable in height ; apex usually eroded. Whorls flattened, the last more or less elongated, depressly flattened above, produced below. Aperture semi-ovate to obliquely pyriform, subcanali- culate behind, lined interiorly with a callus, sometimes tinted yellow towards the exterior margin. Outer lip sharp. Columella callous, arcuated towards the front. The callus continuous to the junction of the outer lip. Operculum obliquely pyriform, obsoletely spiral, subconcentric : nucleus rather variable in position near the dextral margin, and from ^th to f ths the height of the operculum. The shell of this species is always yellowish brown (the colour of the epidermis), and shows less tendency to variation than most of its allies. The chief points of variation observable are — the form, which is sometimes globose, sometimes elongate (but exhibit- ing all intermediate gradations) ; and the painting, which is sometimes developed, more frequently not, and in the former case only in the interior of the adult shell. Two extreme] forms have been described as P. globulosa and P. bicincta, but the comparison of even a moderate series from Kandy, Ambegammoa, and the Balcadua Pass is sufficient, I think, to convince any one that they are specifically identical. In some small specimens MR. H. F. BLANFORD'S REVIEW OF from Peradinia, near Kandy, the upper whorls are in certain of the specimens somewhat exserted, but only to a slight degree. In the more elongate forms the slight flattening and angulation of the upper part of the whorls which characterize the more glo specimens tend to become obsolete. Coloured specimens, which are almost always young shells, have sometimes two, some times three bands. The operculum of this species is characterized by its more pyriform shape than that Philopotamis mlcata, and by the nucleus being further from the margin. The position of the latter is somewhat variable (see fig. 12 a, b). Pa/udomus olicaceus, Reeve, from Sumatra, bears much resemblance to this species ; but, in the absence of its operculum, no safe conclusion can be drawn. PHILOPOTAMIS NIGRICANS, B/eeve. (PI. XXVII. figs. 3 a-e, 15 «, 6.) Shell of type-form, thick, elevately conical (apical whorls almost invariably eroded), ornamented with close-set granular striae, those near the suture more developed than the rest. Colour of epidermis dark citrine to black. The shell painted with numerous wavy brown bands, generally visible only in the interior, and sometimes obsolete near the aperture. Spire, when perfect, acutely conical ; whorls about six, rarely more than three remaining in eroded shells, flattened, with shallow sutures. Last whorl more or less angulate at the periphery, obliquely flattened beneath. Aperture obliquely ovate, pointed above. Peristome white or greyish white, callous: outer lip sharp, even: columella slightly arcuated anteriorly. Operculum paucispiral : nucleus rather large, transversely central, and at from Jth to fths of the height. Var. a. (The only specimens found, not fully grown.) Shell in form as above, uneroded, smooth, with one or two strong striae only near the suture. Epidermis transparent, citrine, with the markings of the shell distinctly visible through it. ? Var. /3. Form of shell as above, but more elongate. Shell'smooth, colourless or with the bands broken up into a series of square dots. Last whorl elongate, the angulation nearly or quite obsolete (PL XXVII. fig. 3 e). This species is more nearly allied to Melania, both in form and in the structure of the operculum, than any of its allies. From P. decussata, the only congener to which it bears any near resemblance, it is distinguished by its more conical form, the angularity of the last whorl, and the character of the marking, as well as, in the majority of speci- mens, by the granular surface, which, so far as I have seen, is peculiar to this species. The type-forms and the var. a. were collected by myself in large numbers (associated with Tanalia violacea) in some small mountain streams near Huckgalle, at an elevation of 5000 feet. With regard to var. |3, 1 am in some doubt whether it really belongs to this species, notwithstanding that var. a, and a single colourless specimen of the normal form given me by Mr. Cuming, seem to link it with the type. The only specimens I have seen were in Mr. Cuming's collection, where they were erroneously referred to Palndomns palustris, and none of the specimens contained opercula. In the absence, however, of any adverse evidence, I provisionally regard this as a variety of P. nigricans. THE CINGALESE SPECIES OF PHILOPOTAMIS AND PALUDOMUS. 171 P. nigricans has been collected by Mr. Gardner near Adams Peak, at an elevation of 6000 feet, by Mr. Thwaites in the Black Pool at Nuora Ellia (7000 feet), and by M. Humbert* in the Paudel Oya Valley. The specimens quoted by Mr. Layard, from the Balcadua Pass, do not belong to this species. Its range appears to be restricted to the higher parts of the hills. PHILOPOTAMIS DECUSSATA, Beeve. (PL XXVII. figs. 6, 10.) Shell ovate-conical, smooth (or decussate ?). Epidermis citrine ; shell ornamented with two broad spiral bands of colour, with a narrow interspace on the periphery. Spire rather small, acute, elevately conical. Whorls 5, the upper somewhat flattened, the last large, somewhat cylindrical. Aperture ovate, pointed above, equal to f ths the height of the shell. Peristome white. Operculum obliquely pyriform : nucleus small, spiral, close to the outer margin, subbasal. The only specimens I have seen of this shell are those in Mr. Cuming's collection, which I take to be authentic, notwithstanding the absence of decussate sculpture ; and I am unable to say how far, and in what direction, the form, &c., of the species varies. It appears to be distinct, but it must be admitted that, seeing the great variability of most of its congeners, it would be premature to separate it otherwise than provisionally until a much larger series has been examined. PI. XXVII. figs. 6 & 10 represent one of Mr. Cuming's specimens, and its operculum enlarged. Genus PALUDOMUS, Swainson. This genus, as restricted by the separation of Philopotamis and Tanalia, is character- ized by the concentric structure of the adult operculum, and a spiral nucleus situated about the middle of its height, and nearest to the left margin. The geographical range of Paludomus is much greater than that of either Philopotamis or Tanalia, including not only Ceylon, India, and Birma, but also extending in one direction to Egypt, Cape Guardafui, the Mauritius, and the Seychelles, in the other to Java, Sumatra, and the Island of Timor. It is remarkable, too, as contrasted with the above genera, that the species have in some cases a very extensive range, following in this respect certain of the low-country species of Melania, whose habit is similar, and that throughout the genus the form and structure of the operculum are, so far as I have observed them, very constant. The species of true Paludomus enumerated from Ceylon are pretty numerous, but a careful comparison of the types in Mr. Cuming's cabinet, aided by those specimens which I have myself collected, or examined in Major Skinner's and Mr. F. Layard' s collections, has convinced me that they are all reducible to two species, viz., P. cMZinoides, Beeve. P. Tanjoriensis^ (scil. Tanschauriensis), Gmelin. * These specimens are stated by Dr. Brot (Cat. d. Melaniens) to be in part smooth, in part granulated, but identical in form. f I have taken the liberty of altering the orthography of this name to a form more in accordance with the modern spelling of the place after which it is named. 172 MR. H. F. BLANFORD'S REVIEW OF PALUDOMtis CHILINOIDES, Reeve. (PI. XXVII. figs. 4 a-/.) P. constrictus, Reeve ; P. phasianinus, Layard (not Reeve) ; P. lavis, Layard ; P. (Rivulma) Zeylanica, Lea; P.fulguratus, Dohrn ; P. nasutus, Dohrn. Shell thick, ovate or ovate-conic, smooth (rarely having traces of spiral sulci on the upper part of the whorls). Colour of epidermis citrine or citrine yellow. Shell orna- mented with spiral bands of brown crow's-feet markings, which sometimes coalesce into transverse zigzags (P.fuhjumtus), sometimes, but very rarely, into longitudinal (spiral) bands. Spire always exserted, sometimes elevated. Whorls 5, all rounded, obliquely flattened above; upper whorls more or less eroded; last whorl ventricose. Sutures impressed. Aperture ovate, flattened on the columellar side, angulate above. Outer lip sharp : inner lip callous, usually white, rarely citrine-tinted on the edge. Interior of aperture lined with white callus in old shells. Operculum with small spiral nucleus, about central on the longitudinal axis, at about Jrd of the transverse axis from the sinistral margin. In the above description I have briefly indicated the chief points in which P. chili- noides is variable. The most striking of these are the elevation of the spire and the markings of the shell ; but the differences observable in the latter are not so great as to lead to any doubt of the specific identity of the specimens in question. To illustrate the variation of form I give a selected series, PI. XXVII. figs. 4 a-f, of which fig. 4 a is from an unknown locality in Ceylon, figs. 4 6 and 4 c from Peradinia near Kandy, and the remainder from a stream at Ballepane, on the Colombo and Kandy road. Prom these it will be seen that, as in the case of Tanalia aculeate^ specimens from the same locality vary somewhat in form, but in order to ascertain the full extent of variation a wider selection is necessary. This series also exhibits a certain amount of variation in point of size, but not to the full extent actually observed. I have not, indeed, met with any much larger specimens, but smaller shells than fig. 4 a are occasionally to be met with, though rare. I distinguish this species from P. Tanjoriensis chiefly by the smoothness of the upper whorls, and by the inferior height and the obtuseness of the spire, which is generally eroded. The whorls in all varieties of P. chilinoides are smooth ; and though sometimes subangulate, owing to the flattening of the upper surface, they never have anything like the sharp keel which distinguishes the apical whorls of most varieties of P. Tanjoriensis. Moreover, P. chilinoides never exhibits that distinct margination of the sutures which is almost invariable in the other species. I have never noticed more than five whorls in P. chilinoides, while P. Tanjoriensis has sometimes as many as eight. Varieties occur upon which it is difficult to pronounce satisfactorily, but the great majority of the speci- mens are so well marked that I have little or no doubt of their specific distinctness. The range of P. chilinoides appears to be confined to the southern provinces of the island— at least I have met with no specimens among the shells received from the northern plains. This species is found in streams of all sizes, generally on sand and mud, and is frequent in small sluggish brooks as well as in those of more rapid flow. The animal is of a dark slate-colour, nearly black on the sides of the foot, muzzle, and THE CINGALESE SPECIES OF PHILOPOTAMIS AND PALUDOMUS. 173 tentacles. The foot is lyre-shaped, broadest in front, with a round anterior margin, and very obtuse behind. In creeping, the muzzle, which is slightly notched, is pushed in front of the foot, the extremity only and the tentacles being protruded beyond the shell. The eyes are small, and placed externally at the base of the tentacles. The dorsal fold of the mantle is ornamented with a fringe of black filaments. PALTJDOMTJS TANJORIENSIS, Gmelin, sp. (PL XXVII. figs. 2 a-e.) P. acutus, Reeve; P. (Rivulina) modicella, Lea; P. spiralis, Reeve; P. spurcus, Souleyet; P. lutosus, Souleyet ; P. parvus, Dohrn ; P. palustris, Layard ; P. obesus, Layard. Shell elevately conical, smooth with obsolete sulci on the lower whorls, grooved and generally carinated on the upper whorls, which are perfect or but slightly eroded. Epidermis citrine. Shell colourless, or marked with spiral rows of brown dots, which sometimes on the lower whorls, and nearly always on the upper, coalesce into irregular transverse bands of colour. Spire variable in height, sometimes concave, acute, con- sisting of seven or eight whorls when perfect, of which two or three are sometimes eroded. Sutures deep, those of the last whorl, or whorls, marginate. Upper whorls angular : last whorl ventricose, flattened above towards the mouth, usually marked with two to five linear sulci on the periphery. Aperture gibbous ovate, pointed above. Peri- stome white, continuous : outer lip sharp, even : columella callous. Like most of the Paludomi, P. Tanjoriensis varies considerably in the elevation of the spire, as is shown by the series of specimens (all from Ceylon) figured. Another series from a small stream near Tindevanum in S. Arcot exhibit almost as great a range of variation, although all collected within the space of a few yards. The development of the spiral grooving of the upper whorls is very different in different specimens, and only the first two or three whorls are distinctly carinated. These characters, however, together with the acuteness of the spire, the deep sutures, and the dotted typical marking, well characterize the species, and distinguish it from P. chilinoides. The range of P. Tanjoriensis is very wide. It commences on the northern limit of that of P. chilinoides at some miles from the hills, and ranges over the low country of Northern Ceylon. It is common in the plains of the Carnatic, and I have found it in the neighbourhood of Madras in paddy-fields, and in irrigation-channels at Poonamallee. It is not yet recorded from the northern part of the Madras Presidency, but is found in Central India and Bombay (P. obesus, P. parvus). The P. lutosus of Souleyet, which, as I am informed by Mr. Benson, was taken in the Hoogly, is absolutely undistinguish- able from the typical form ; and in Mr. Cuming's collection are some specimens of the same form, the history of which I do not know, but which are labelled as from Cashmere. Of all the species with which I am acquainted, P. Tanjoriensis most resembles such Melanias as M. fasciolata, Oliv., in habit, and it is essentially a species of the plains. It is common on the sandy beds of rivers and in small perennial streams, and I have above noticed its occurrence in the irrigation-channels of paddy-fields. I have also received from Major Skinner specimens from a tank in Northern Ceylon. To this peculiarity of habit it is probably owing that its range is so much wider than that of VOL. xxiv. 2 A 174 REVIEW OF THE CINGALESE SPECIES OF PHILOPOTAMIS AND PALUDOMUS. most Paludomi, for it is a general rule that low-country species of Mollusca have a wider geographical range than those which are peculiar to the hills*. The animal of the Hoogly form has been figured by M. Souleyet (' Voyage de la Bonite ') and copied by Mr. Adams in his ' Genera of the Mollusca.' Unfortunately I omitted to notice the characters of the South Indian form (P. acutus, Reeve, and type of Gmelin), the only one I have myself collected, and I am unable therefore to add anything from my own observations. DESCRIPTION OE THE PLATE. PLATE XXVII. Fig. 1 a-e. Series of Philopotamis globulosa, Gray : a, b, from Ambegammoa ; c, d, e, from Peradinia. Fig. 2 a-e. Series of Paludomus Tanjoriensis, Gmelin, sp., from the Northern Province, Ceylon. Fig. 3 a-e. Series of Philopotamis nigricans, Reeve : a, b, from Huckgalle ; c, from Mr. Benson's collec- tion ; d, e, from Mr. Cuming's collection. Fig. 4 a-f. Series of Paludomus chilinoides, Reeve : a, from Major Skinner's collection ; b, c} from Peradinia, Kandy ; d, e,f, from Ballepane. Fig. 5 a-c. Series of Philopotamis sulcata, Reeve : a, b, from Avisavella ; c, from Hautanne, Kandy. Fig. 6. Philopotamis decussata, Reeve, sp., from Mr. Cuming's collection. Fig. 7- Operculum of Melania variabilis, Benson : from Birma. (Enlarged 2 diameters.) Fig. 8. Operculum of M. spinulosa, Lamarck : from Kandy. (Enlarged 2 diameters.) Fig. 9. Operculum of M. lirata, Benson : from Calcutta. (Enlarged 2 diameters.) Fig. 10. Operculum of Philopotamis decussata, Reeve, sp.: from Mr. Cuming's collection. (Enlarged 3 diameters.) Fig. 11. Operculum of PA. sulcata, Reeve, sp. : from Major Skinner. (Enlarged 3 diameters.) Fig. 12 a, b. Opercula of PA. globulosa, sp. : from Ambegammoa. (Enlarged 2 diameters.) Fig. 13. Operculum of Tanalia violacea, Layard, sp. : from Huckgalle. (Enlarged 3 diameters.) Fig. 14. Operculum of T. aculeata, Gmelin, sp. : from Ambegammoa. (Enlarged 1£ diameter.) Fig. 15 a, b. Opercula of Philopotamis nigricans, Reeve, sp. : a, from Huckgalle; b, from Mr. Benson's collection. (Enlarged 4 and 3 diameters respectively.) Fig. 16. Operculum of Paludomus regulatus, Benson: from Ava. (Enlarged 2 diameters.) N.B. The form being the chief object of illustration, the colouring of the shells has been omitted in those few specimens which exhibit markings. The shells are all of the natural size. F Mr. Darwin's suggestion as to the mode of dispersion of freshwater Mollusca, plants, &c., will probably apply here. The stations occupied by P. Tanjoriensis are precisely those most frequented by water-fowl. fr "•*>\ d a* ^< • / v. •>KY -i- ,-j i - .« * . •^ • ?*~r} • \ N N REPORT UPON LAND SHELLS COLLECTED ON THE SURVEY. v \>ry No. 3. REPORT UPON THE LAND SHELLS COLLECTED ON THE SURVEY. BY W. G. BINNEY, MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. The terrestrial mollusks of the Pacific region of the United States are entirely distinct from those of any portion of the Union east of the Kocky mountains. No species has, as yet, heen detected on both sides of this insurmountable barrier. The types, also, are quite different. Instead of the fragile, horn colored shell of our western States, the shells are large, solid, and endowed with the rich coloring of the tropical species. Our knowledge of them is still very imperfect. Future research will probably bring to light many new species and interesting facts relating to their habits and their geographical distribution. The helices of California and Oregon are characterized by a very peculiar indentation and granulation of their surface, and often by the presence of a broad, revolving band on the body whorl. This latter peculiarity exists in one-half of the species hitherto observed. None of the shells brought by this expedition are new to science. I have, however, given full descriptions of all, as those that have been published are very brief, and some have not been noticed by American authors. The measurements are given in millimetres, the French system being the most convenient and the one generally adopted by European naturalists. No. 1. HELIX FIDELIS, Gray. Testa subconica, solida, alba, castanea aut nigra, striata, et lineis volventibus induta ; spira elevata ; anfr. 7 regulariter accrescentes, fascia nigra aut castanea cincti ; sutura impressa ; subtus convexa, laevigata, nigra, profunde umbilicata ; apertura depresso-rotundata, intus fasciata ; columella callo levi induta ; labrum album aut fuscum, ad umbilicum reflexiusculum. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. Hdix fidelis, GRAY, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 67, anno July, 1834. CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 321, t, LVII, f. 12-13. PFEIFFER, Monog. Hel. Viv. I, p. 338— IB. Ill, p. 229. REEVE, Con. Icon. No. 657. Helix nuttalliana, LEA, Am. Phil. Soc. VI, 88 ; pi. xxiii, f. 74, anno December, 1834. BINNEY, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. Ill, 369 ; pi. xii. Terrestrial Mollu&ks, II, 159, III ; pi. xviii. DBKAY, Nat. Hist. New York, p. 46. 112 LAND SHELLS. DESCRIPTION. Animal.— Color, dull ochre, slaty towards the tail. Coarsely granular upon the neck ; but from a line running from the dorsal line, where it issues from the shell to the mouth, the granules diminish, and are succeeded by coarse, undulating, interrupted ridges, radiating in every direction from the aperture, and terminating in a line nearly marginal ; edge simple. SMI. — Subconic, with seven slightly rounded whorls, regularly and gradually diminishing in breadth from the base towards the apex ; apex obtuse, suture distinctly impressed. Below, flattened, convex, with a deep umbilicus, about one-eighth the smaller diameter of the shell. Aperture ovate, regularly rounded. Lip thickened, white, red, or lilac colored, reflected only below, in some individuals entirely concealing the umbilicus. Columella with a light callus. Epidermis shining, covered with numerous fine, revolving lines. Striae of increase distinct, but very slightly elevated. There are several varieties of coloring. The base is uniformly dark, but varies from chestnut color to jet black. Upon the body whorl is a broad revolving black band, enclosed above and below by one of lighter color, white or chestnut. These bands are obsolete in the three whorls nearest the apex. The upper surface is white, light chestnut, or dark brown, in some indi- viduals relieved by irregular patches of black. On some specimens there are faint tracings of intermediate bands, while some are entirely destitute of any bands. Greatest diameter, 36 ; lesser, 31 ; altitude, 19 millimetres. Geographical distribution. — Collected by Dr. J. S. Newberry, at Portland, Oregon Territory. It has not been found, except in the vicinity of Fort Vancouver, by others, but seems rather a common species in that^region. Remarks. — This is the largest and finest of the helices of the Pacific coast. It may at once be recognized by its large size and shining, variegated surface, on which the revolving black line contrasts so strongly with the lighter color of the epidermis. No. 2. HELIX INFUMATA, Gould. Testa depressa, biconvexa, carinata, lenticularis ; nigra, apice rufa ; anfr. 6-7 rugis incre- mentalibus et punctis numerosis minutis tumidis asperati ; sutura impressa ; apertura depressa, obliqua, intus lilacina ; perist. lilacinum, incrassatum, subtus reflexiusculum, umbilicum pro • fundum fere tegens. REFERENCE. ffdix infumaia, GOULD, Proc. Boston S. N. H. V, p. 127, anno February, 1855. DESCRIPTION. Animal. — Not hitherto observed. Shell. — Subconic, the upper and lower surfaces equally convex, separated by a decided, though obtuse, carina, which gives the shell a lens-like shape. Epidermis uniformly black, excepting on the four upper whorls, which are light red. Suture distinctly impressed ; whorls, 6, with coarse wrinkles of growth, crossed by fine, almost imperceptible revolving lines, and roughened by small elevated points or tubercles. Below, these points are much more numerous and crowded, the revolving striae obsolete, and incremental wrinkles much less developed. Umbilicus small in proportion to the size of the shell, being only one-fifth the lesser diameter, and almost entirely concealed by the reflected lip. Aperture ovate, flattened, with a slight LAND SHELLS. 113 angle at the carina. Lip thickened, reflected only at its junction with the body whorl, near the umbilicus. There is a slight deposition of callus on the columella. Throat and lip lilac colored. Greatest diameter, 3T ; lesser, 32 ; altitude, 18 millimetres. Geographical distribution. — Found by Dr. Newberry, on the hills near San Francisco, Cali- fornia. Has not, as yet, been detected in any other locality. Remarks. — In general appearance it is most nearly allied to H. fidelis, G-ray. It has not, however, the revolving bands, and is at once recognized by its lenticular shape. From all the other described species of the western coast it is readily known by the peculiar protuberances which crowd the epidermis. Dr. Gould compares it in general form to H. plicata, Born. It must be a rare species. But one mature specimen was brought, which is the only one I have ever seen, with the exception of a single shell in the collection of Mr. Thomas Bland, of New York. No. 3. HELIX OERUGINOSA,' Gould. Yar. 0. Testa globosa, solida, maxime elevata; castanea, maculis irregularibus olivaceis longitudinali- bus et fascia rufa volvente variegata; anfr. 7 convexi, indentati, et minutissime granulati, spira conica, elevata ; sutura impressa ; subtus inflata ; apertura depresso-rotundata, intus fasciata ; labrum album, ad umbilicum profundum et fere tectum, reflexiusculum. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. Helix cervginosa, GOULD, Proc. Boston, S. N. H. V., p. 127, anno Febr., 1855. DESCRIPTION. Animal not yet observed. Shell. — Heavy, subglobose, conic, with a very elevated spire. Whorls seven, rounded, the last quite ventricose, with a narrow black revolving line, which becomes concealed by the sutures of the upper whorls ; suture well defined, impressed. Below subglobose, aperture ovate, with a white thickened lip, reflected only at the deep umbilicus, which it nearly conceals. Columella with a light callus, epidermis yellowish, broken by irregular, zigzag, rufous blotches, running parallel to the incremental wrinkles. Surface smooth, unbroken by the stride of increase, which are not prominent, and indented as in H. Townsendiana. There are also microscopic granulations. Greatest diameter, 32 ; lesser, 2*7 ; altitude, 19 millimetres. Geographical distribution. — Found by Dr. J. S. Newberry north of San Francisco. Has not, as yet, been detected in other localities. Remarks. — The typical specimen, from which Dr. Gould drew his description, has the general form and appearance of H. Townsendiana, Lea, from Oregon. That shell, however, is destitute of the minute granulations and black revolving band, and rufous blotches. The variety found by Dr. Newberry might, at first sight, be considered another species. It is as globular and conical as the extreme form of N. major of the southern States. Upon careful examination, however, it is found to agree with osruginosa in all its characteristics. 15 BB ]14 LAND SHELLS. No. 4. HELIX DUPETITHOUAKSI, Deshayes. Testa orbiculato-conoidea, Irevigata nitens, subindentata, et lineis volventibus obscuris notata ; colore castanea, fasciis duabus albis zonam nigram ant rufam includentibus induta ; anfr. 7-8 convexiusculi ; sutura impressa ; umbilicus profundus, partem quintam diametris minoris asquans ; apertura rotundata, intus castanea, trifasciata ; labrum album, incrassatum, reflexiusculum, umbilicum aliquantum occultans. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. Hdix Dupettihauarsi, DKSHATES, Revue Zoologique, p. 360, anno Dec. 1839. 1 • Guerin. Mag. de Zool. 1841, pi. xxx. " in Fer. Hist. I, p. 169, pi. xcvii, f. 8-10. CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 328, t. viii, f. 6, 7. PFKIFFEB, Monog. Hel. Viv. I, 338.— IB. Ill, 229. REEVE, Con. Icon. 659. Helix oregonensis, LEA, Am. Phil. Soc. VI, p. 100, t. xxiii, f. 85, anno 1839. PFEIFFBR, Monog. Hel. Viv. I, 428.— IB. Ill, 272. DESCRIPTION. Animal. — Not hitherto observed. Shell. — Subglobose, depressed ; spire more or less elevated, sometimes quite flat ; whorls seven, rounded in some instances, crossed by minute revolving lines. Suture moderately im- pressed ; aperture ovate ; lip white and thickened, reflected at its connexion with the large and deep umbilicus, which it partially conceals. On the columella there is a slight deposition of callus. Epidermis smooth and shining, in some individuals marked lightly in parts by the peculiar indentations characteristic of the California helices. Color variable, generally of an uniform dark chestnut or light fawn, with a broad black band on the body whorl, enclosed above and below by white bands of equal breadth, which are concealed in the suture of the upper whorls. Greatest diameter, 25 ; lesser, 20 ; altitude, 13 millimetres. Geographical distribution. — Found by Dr. Newberry at San Francisco and Benicia, in Cali- fornia, and on the shores of Klamath lake, in Oregon Territory. It seems to be one of the commonest and most widely distributed species of the Pacific region. Remarks. — This shell is readily distinguished from others of the same habitat by its very smooth and shining epidermis, unusually free from any granulations or indentations. The in- dentations, when present, cross the incremental wrinkles of the surface at regular intervals, giving the appearance of broad, revolving lines. It is a beautiful and very distinct species. There can be no doubt but that the figure and description of H. oregonensis, Lea, were drawn from an immature specimen of this shell. Although they appeared in the same year as those of M. Deshayes, the latter have, of course, the priority, being made from the mature shell. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CALIFORNIA, J. D. WHITNEY, STATE GEOLOGIST. GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSC A FOUND WEST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, liKTWEEN LATITUDES 33° AND 49? NORTH. BY J. G. COOPER, M.D. SAN FRANCISCO : Towne & Bacon, Printers. 1867. NOTICE. THE following list is based on that published by P. P. CARPENTER, in his Report to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1863, with the addition of about 130 species which have been described since then, or were omitted. The land and fresh water species, at that time only partially determined and not embodied in the general list, are also added. The changes in range of distribution here made are founded on more recent and correct information than was at his command, including unpublished collections of Dr. Canfield, of Monterey ; Dr. Newcomb, of Oakland ; Rev. J. Rowell, Mr. J. Hepburn and R. E. C. Stearns, of San Francisco ; Mr. Gabb, Prof. Brewer and Mr. Bolander, of the Geological Survey ; Mr. W. II. Dall, of the W. U. Telegraph Expedition, and others, whose special discoveries and labors have been all acknowledged and tabulated in the Report on Mollusca to be published as one of the series of the Geological Survey. There are twenty or thirty species still undetermined, and now in Mr. Carpenter's hands, which will appear in the final report. It need scarcely be added that this list is not intended for a final authority on the subject of names, which will probably be considerably changed by the time the volume ' on Mollusca is printed. Most of these living species are found fossil also in the tertiary formations along this coast, and have a wider range of distribution, many extending inland to the Sierra Nevada, but the localities could not be included here. Specimens are found nearly as perfect as the living shells. The list is intended for use both as a reference or check-list, and for labels. Copies may be obtained at the office of the State Geological Survey, No. 90 Mont- gomery Block, San Francisco. N. B. — POLYZOA and TUNTCATA are not included. SAN FRANCISCO, April, 1867. GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE. 1 Lingula albida Hinds. Santa Barbara, 28 fins; San Diego — L. Cal. 2 Rhynchonella psittaeea Linn. Str. Fuca, north ; circumpolar — Maine. 3 Terebratula unguiculus Cpr. Str. Fuca to San Diego, near 1. w. to 20 fms. 4 Waldheimia pulvinata Old. Puget's Sd. to Arctic Sea. 5 Waldheimia Californica Koch. Catalina I. 80 fms. — Kamtschatka ? 6 Waldheimia Grayi Dav. New Year Point to Catalina I. — Japan. 7 Terebratella Coreanica A. Ad. Str. Fuca — China ; Japan. 8 Terebratella caurina Old. Puget Sound to Sitka — China ? 9 Navea Newcombii Tryon. New Y'r Pt. to S. Cruz— L. Cal.? (in Haliotis.) 10 Xylotrya pennatifera Blainv. Str. Fuca to S. F. Bay — England. 11 Xylotrya fimbriata Jeffrey. Str. Fuca — England. 12 Xylotrya setacea Tryon. S. F. Bay (to San Pedro 1) 13 Zirphcea crispata Linn. Str. Fuca to San Diego — N. Atlantic. 14 Pholadidea penita CW. Str. Fuca to Santa Barbara, 1. w. 15 Pholadidea ovoidea Old. Baulines Bay to San Diego ; rare. 16 Netastomella Darwinii Sby. Str. Fuca to San Diego — S. America. 17 Martesia intercalata Cpr. Farallone Is. to Mazatlan — (in Haliotis.) GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE 18 Parapholas Californica Conr. Baulincs Bay to San Diego. 19 Saxicava pholadis Linn. Str. Fuca to Santa Barbara — Universal ? 20 Glycimeris generosa Gld. Puget Sound to San Pedro— Kamtschatka. 21 Mya truncata Linn. Str. Fuca, north — circumpolar — Mass. 22 Platyodon cancellation Com. Banlines Bay to San Diego. 23 Cryptomya Californica Com. Str. Fuca to San Diego. 24 Schizothserus Nuttalli Cow. Str. Fuca to San Diego — Sitka — Japan. 25 Darina declivis Cpr. Str. Fuca — California ? 26 Corbula luteola Cpr. San Pedro to San Diego; (color various.) 27 Sphcenia ovoidea Cpr. Str. Fuca. 28 Nesera pectinata Cpr. Str. Fnca to Catalina I. 20—120 fms. 29 Clidiophora punctata Conr. Str. Fuca to S. Diego, 1. w..to 30 fms. 30 Kennerlia filosa Cpr. Str. Fuca. (Adult ofbicarinata?) 31 Kennerlia bicarinata Cpr. Catalina I. 40—60 fms. (Young ?) 32 Periploma argentaria Conr. San Pedro to San Diego. 33 Thracia curta Conr. Str. Fuca to San Diego. 34 Cyathodonta undulata Conr. Sta. Barbara to S. Diego— Gulf of- Cal. 35 Lyonsia Californica Conr. Str. Fuca to Santa Barbara. 36 Lyonsia nitida Gld. S. F. Bay to San Diego. (Young ?) 37 Entodesma saxicola Baird. Str. Fuca to Farallone Is. 38 Entodesma inflata Conr. San Pedro, south — Panama. 39 Mytilimeria Nuttalli Conr. Str. Fuca to San Diego. 40 Plectodon scaber Cpr. Catalina I. 40—60 fms., 2 valves only. 41 Solen sicarius Gkl. Str. Fuca to San Pedro — Japan. 42 Solen rosaceus Cpr. Santa Barbara to San Diego. 43 Solecurtus Californianus Com. Santa Barbara to San Diego. 44 Solecurtus subteres Com: Santa Barbara to San Diego \= Californianus 1) 45 Machsera patula Dixon. Str. Fuca to San Diego — Kamtschatka, Japan. 46 Sanguinolaria Nuttalli Conr. Santa Barbara to San Diego — Japan. 47 Psammobia rubroradiata Com: Str. Fuca to San Diego— Sitka. 48 Macoma secta Conr. -Baulines Bay to San Diego — Japan ? 49 Macoma edulis Nutt. Str. Fuca to Baul's Bay — Japan ? (—secta var ?) 50 Macoma indentata Cpr. Monterey; (to San Diego ?) 51 Macoma yoldiformis Cpr. Str. Fuca to San Pedro. 52 Macoma nasuta Conr. Str. Fuca to San Diego — Kamtschatka. 53 Macoma inquinata Desk. Str. Fuca to Monterey. Estuaries. 54 Macoma edentula Br. $• Sly. Str. Fuca ! Behring's Str. to Japan. 55 Macoma expansa Cpr. Str. Fuca. (=lata Desk, var'?) 56 Macoma inconspicua Br. $- Sby. Str. Fuca to Santa Barbara — Arctic. 57 Mera modesta Cpr. Str. Fuca. 58 Mera. obtusa Cpr. Str. Fuca to San Diego. (=modesta var ?) 59 Mera variegata Cpr. Str. Fuca to Catalina I. Bch— 120 fms. 60 Mera Gouldii Hani. San Diego — Cerros Is., Lower Cal. 61 Mera salmonea Cpr. Str. Fuca to Monterey. Bch. to 20 fms. GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE 62 Tellina Bodegensis //•. Str. Fuca to San Diego. 151 Pristiphora oblonga C/»-. San Diego — minute. 152 Sphserium striatinum Lam. Hell Gate R., Montana? Missouri R. and east. 153 Sphserium dentatum If aid. " Oregon;" Nuttall coll., 1834. 154 Sphaerium occidentale Prime. Hell Gate R., Montana— Eastern States. 155 Sphserium nobile Gould. Near San Pedro, Cal., or Colorado River. 156 Sphserium patella Old. " Oregon ;" U. S. Expl. Expd'n coll., 1847. 157 Sphserium lenticula Old. Lake Taho and Carson River ; Klamath River. 158 Sphaerium tumidum Baird. Sumass R., lat. 49, W. T. 159 Sphserium Spokani Baird. Spokan R. to Kootenai R. lat. 49, W. T. 160 Pisidium compressum Prime. " California" — North Atlantic States. 161 Pisidium abditum Hald. " California" — Atlantic States. 162 Pisidium occidentale Newc. Merced Lake, S. F., to Santa Crux, Cal. 163 Pisidium ultramontanum Prime. Canoe Creek, Pit River, California. 164 Unio Oregonensis Lea. " Columbia River," Wheatley Museum. 165 Margaritana falcata Old. S. Cruz, California, north — Nevada ; Montana. 166 Anodonta angulata Lea. San Joaquin R., north ; Idaho ; Montana. 167 Anodonta Calif orniensis Lea. Inland streams of Cal. — Colorado River. 168 Anodonta Nuttalliana Lea. Willamette River ; Idaho— Vancouver's I. ? 169 Anodonta Oregonensis Lea. Near San Francisco ; Oregon; Montana. 170 Anodonta Wahlamatensis Lea. Upper Sacramento R. ; Idaho to British Col 171 Anodonta Kennerleyi Lea. Lake Cliiloweyuck, lat. 4'J, W. T. OF WEST COAST MOLLUSCA. 11 172 Mytilus Californianus Conr. Str. Fuca to San Diego — Q. Charlotte's I. 173 Mytilus edulis Linn. Monterey, north — Japan ; N. Atlantic. 174 Mytilus edulis var. glomeratus Old. S. F. Bay, on algae — deformed ? 175 Septifer bifurcatus Rve. [Conr.) Farallone Is. to San Diego. (Not Myt. bifurc. 176 Modiola capax Conr. S. Barbara to S. Diego — Lower Cal. and Mex. 177 Modiola modiolus Linn. Monterey, north — Asia ; N. Atlantic. 178 Modiola fornicata Cpr. Monterey to San Pedro. 179 Modiola recta Conr. Santa Cruz to San Diego. 180 Modiola recta var. flabellata Old. Str. of Fuca. 181 Adula falcata Old. San Francisco to San Diego — New Zealand ? 182 Adula stylina Cpr. Str. Fuca to Monterey. 183 Lithophagus plumula Hani. Monterey to S. Diego — Mexico to Panama. 184 Lithophagus attenuatus Desk. Monterey, south ? — Lower Cal. to S. America. 185 Modiolaria Isevigata Gray. Str. Fuca — Japan ; N. Atlantic. 186 Modiolaria marmorata Fbs. Str. Fuca — Europe. 187 Crenella decussata Mont. Catalina I. 10—40 fms. — North Europe. 188 Barbatia gradata Sby. S. Barbara to S. Diego — Japan ; Mex. and S. A. 189 Axinaea intermedia Brod. ? Monterey to San Diego— South America. 190 Axinaea septentrionalis Midd. Sitka to Aliaska; " Ukamok I." lat. 64. 191 Axinaea subobsoleta Cpr. Str. Fuca to Farallone Is. (=septent. var ?) 192 Nucula tenuis Mont. Str. Fuca to S. Barbara— Japan ; N. Atlantic. 193 Acila castrensis Hinds. Str. Fuca to San Diego— Sitka. 12 GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE 194 Leda cselata Hinds. Bodega Bay to San Diego ; 6—20 fms. 195 Leda cuneata Sby.f Monterey to San Diego — Peru. 196 Leda minuta 0. Fabr. Str. Fuca — N. Atlantic. 197 Leda fossa Baird. Str. Fuca— Vane. I. 10—15 fins. 198 Leda hamata Cpr. Santa Barbara 16—28 fms. Catalina I ? 199 Yoldia lanceolata J. Sby. Str. Fuca— Japan ; N. Atlantic ? 200 Yoldia amygdala Str. Fuca — Monterey 40 fms. 201 Yoldia Cooperi Gabb. Santa Cruz to San Pedro — Beach, valves. 202 Verticordia ornata D'Orb. Sauta Barbara, 28 fins. — Japan ; Peru. 203 Philobrya setosa Cpr. Santa Barbara— Cape St. Lucas ; Acapulco. 204 Lima dehiscens Com. Monterey to S.Diego— (=orientalis^lc?? China.) 205 Limatula subauriculata Mont. Catalina I. to San Diego — N. Atlantic. 206 Pecten hastatus Sly. Str. Fuca to Santa Barbara — Sitka ; Aliaska. 207 Pecten hastatus var. Hindsii Cpr. Str. Fuca to Santa Cruz — Sitka. 208 Pecten paucicostatus Cpr. Santa Barbara (to San Pedro ?) var ? 209 Pecten sequisulcatus Cpr. Monterey to San Diego (=ventricosus var'1.) 210 Pecten latiauritus Conr. Monterey to San Diego. 211 Pecten monotimeris Conr. Monterey to San Diego; (=latiauritus varl) 212 Amusium caurinum Old. Str. Fuca (to Santa Barbara?) — Japan. 213 Janira dentata Shy. Monterey to San Diego — Gulf California. 214 Hinnites giganteus Gray. Str. Fuca to San Diego. 215 Ostrea lurida Cpr. Str. Fuca to San Die";o. OF WEST COAST MOLL USCA. 13 216 Ostrea (lurida ra/-?) laticaudata Cpr, San Francisco Bay to San Diego. 217 Ostrea conchaphila Cpr. Catalina I. to Panama. 218 Ostrea (conehaph. var?) expansa Cpr. San Diego — Margarita Bay. 219 Ostrea (conchaph. var ?) rufoides Cpr. San Diego. 220 Placunanomia macroschisma Desk. Str. Fuca to San Diego — Japan. 221 Anomia lampe Gray. " Monterey, 60 fms." San Pedro to Mexico. 222 Cavolina telemus Linn. Str. Fuca to Catalina I. Pelagic. 223 Limacina arctica Fair. Monterey ? — N. Pacific ; N. Atlantic. 224 Bulla nebulosa Old. Santa Barbara to S. Diego — Lower Cal. — Gulf. 225 Bulla Quoyi Gray. S.Barbara to S.Diego? — Mex. "N.Zealand." 226 Bulla Adamsii Mke. San Pedro ? to Panama. 227 Haminea hydatis Linn. Str. Fuca — Europe. 228 Haminea vesicula Old. Santa Barbara to San Diego — Cape St, Lucas. 229 Haminea virescens Sby. Catalina I. to San Diego. 230 Atys nonscripta A. Ad. San Diego ; (original locality unknown.) 231 Tornatella punctocselata Cpr. Santa Cruz to San Diego. 232 Tornatina culcitella Old. Monterey to San Diego. 233 Tornatina cerealis Old. Monterey to San Diego. 234 Tornatina eximia Baird. Monterey ? — Vane. I. 12 fms. 235 Tornatina carinata Cpr. Santa Barbara to San Diego ; Panama. 236 Cylichna cylindracea Linn. Monterey to San Diego — Europe. 237 Cylichna (cyl. var?) attonsa Cpr. Str. Fuca to Santa Barbara. 14 GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE 238 Cylichna planata Cpr. San Diego. (Cassidy.) 239 Cylichna inculta Old. San Diego. (Blake .') 240 Volvula cylindrica Cpr. Santa Barbara. (Jewett.) 241 Neaplysia Californica Cp. Monterey to San Pedro. 242 Navarchus inermis Cp. Catalina I. to San Diego. 243 Pleurophyllidea Californica Cp. San Diego — Vancouver's I. ? 244 Doris sanguinea Cp. Barbara I. to S. Diego. 245 Doris alabastrina Cp. San Diego ; 1 specimen, 1. w. 246 Doris albopunctata Cp. Baulines Bay to Catalina I. 247 Doris Sandiegensis Cp. Bauliues Bay to San Diego. 248 Doris Montereyensis Cp. San Francisco Bay to Barbara I. 249 Triopa Catalinee Cp. Baulines Bay to Catalina I. 250 Tritonia Palmeri Cp. San Diego, 1. w., sand, in December. 251 Dendronotus iris Cp. Santa Barbara channel; in kelp. 252 JEolis Barbarensis Cp. Santa Barbara beach, on algai. 253 Phidiana iodinea Cp. Santa Cruz to San Diego. 254 Flabellina opalescens Cp. Monterey to San Diego. 255 Chiorsera leonina Gld. Str. Fuca — Santa Barbara 1 256 Ariolimax Columbianus Gld. Str. Fuca to Santa Barbara. 257 Arion foliolatus Gld. Puget's Sound country — California ? 258 Succinea Stretchiana Bland. . Near Lake Taho, Sierra Nevada. 259 Succinea Gabbii Tryon. Northeast California and Southeast Oregon. OP WEST COAST MOLLUSC A. 15 260 Succinea Hawkinsii Baird. Near lat. 49, Wash. Territory. 261 Succinea rusticana Gld. Oregon to Tulare Valley, Cal. 262 Succinea Nuttalliana Lea. Wright's Lake, Cal. to Snake R. Oregon. 263 Succinea lineata W. G. Binn. Northeast Cal. to Nebraska and Brit. Col. 264 Succinea Oregonensis Lea. Oregon to Santa Cruz, Cal. 265 Succinea Sillimani Bland. Humboldt Lake, Nevada. 266 Vitrina Pfeiflferi Newc. Carson Valley, Nev., to Owen's Valley, Cal. 267 Binneya notabilis Cp. Barbara I. Cal. ; southeast side only. 268 Hyalina arborea Say. San Gorg. Pass, Cal. — Montana — E. States. 269 Hyalina Breweri Newc. " Big Trees,'' Calaveras Co., north. 270 Macrocyclis Newberryana W. G.Binn . Temescal Mountains, near San Diego. 271 Macrocyclis Vancouverensis Lea. Santa Cruz, Cal. north ; Idaho. 272 Macrocyclis sportella Gld. Shasta Co., Cal., to Puget's Sound. 273 Macrocyciis Voyana Newc. Canon Creek, Trinity Co., Cal. 274 Conulus chersina Say. San Gorgonio Pass to Lake Taho — E. States. 275 Conulus ? chersinella Doll. " Big Trees," Calaveras Co., Cal. 276 Pseudohyalina milium Morse ? Monterey to Nevada Co., Cal. — Maine. 277 Pseudohyalina minuscula Binn. San Bernardino, eastward to Maine — W. I. 278 Pseudohyalina conspecta Bland. San Francisco ; Monterey. 279 Patula Hornii Call. Fort Grant, Arizona. 280 Patula Whitney! Newc. Near Luke Taho, California. 281 Patula Cronkhitei Newc. Alameda Co., Cal., to Klamath Lake. 16 GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE 282 Patula striatella Anth. Montana ? — Northern States to Slave Lake. 283 Patula Durantii Newc. Barbara I., Cal. ; southeast side only. 284 Helicodiscus ? polygyrella Bid. Bitter-root Mountains, Montana; in moss. 285 Anguispira solitaria Say. Montana ? Missouri to Lake Erie. 286 Anguispira Cooperi W. G. Binn. Montana to Arizona ; in mountains. 287 Anguispira strigosa Old. Montana to Arizona ; in mountains. 288 Anguispira? Idahoensis Newc. Eastern Idaho ; in mountains. 289 Helix Hillebrandi Mariposa and Tuolumne Cos., Cal. 290 Helix Mormonum Pfeiff. Fresno Co to Shasta Co., Cal. 291 Helix sequoicola Cp. Santa Cruz Co., Cal. 292 Helix infumata Old. Contra Costa Co. to Mcndocino Co., Cal. 293 Helix fldelis Gray. Humboldt Bay, Cal., to Vancouver's I. 294 Helix Dupetithouarsi Desk. Monterey, Cal. (Point Cypress.) 295 Helix Ayresiana Newc. Santa Cruz I., Cal. (Newcomb Coll.) 296 Helix Traskii Newc. Near Los Angeles to San Luis Obispo, Cal. 297 Helix rufocincta Newc. Catalina I., Cal.; San Diego? 298 Helix Gabbii Newc. Clemente I., Cal. ; Catalina I ? 299 Helix facta Newc. Barbara and Nicolas Is., Cal. 300 Helix Rowellii Newc. " Arizona 1" (Frick.) 301 Helix Carpenteri Newc. Tulare Valley. Very rare. 302 Helix Tryoni Newc. Barbara and Nicolas Is., Cal. 303 Helix intercisa W. G. Binn. " Oregon"— San Miguel I., Cal. ? OF WEST COAST MOLLUSCA. 17 304 Helix crebristriata Newc. Clemente I. ; San Miguel I., Cal. '. 305 Helix Kellettii Fbs. Catalina I., San Diego and south. 306 Helix Californiensis Lea. Monterey, Cal. Rare. 307 Helix redimita W. G. Binn. San Francisco to Monterey. 308 Helix Nickliniana Lea. Santa Cruz to Mendocino Co., Gil. 309 Helix Bridgesii Newc. Contra Costa Co., Cal. (=Nickl. var.?) 310 Helix arrosa GUI. Santa Cruz to Mendocino Cu., Cal. 311 Helix exarata Pfeiff. Santa Cruz Co., Cal. ; Marin Co. ? 312 Helix ramentosa Gld. Napa Co. to Santa Clara Co., Cal. 313 Helix reticulata PJtiff. Locality unknown ; (=ramentosa var ?) 314 Helix tudiculata Binn. Placer Co. to S. Diego, Cal. ; Oregon ? 315 Helix Townsendiana Lea. Crescent City, Cal., north ; Montana. 316 Helix anachoreta W. G. Binn. California? Oregon. (Rowell Mus.) 317 Odotropis devia Gld. Oregon to Vancouver's I. 318 Aplodon Columbiana Lea. Wash. Territory to Santa Cruz, Cal. ; Sitkn ? 319 Aplodon germana Gld. "Oregon." Probably =Columb. far. 320 Triodopsis Mullani Bid. Western Mountains of Montana. 321 Triodopsis loricata Gld. Near San Francisco to Klamath Co., Cal. 322 Pupa hordacea Gabb. Fort Grant, Arizona. 323 Pupa Arizonensis Gabb. Fort Grant, Arizona. 324 Isthmia corpulenta Morse. Lake Taho to Washoe Co., Nev. 325 Pupilla Californica Rowed Near San Francisco to Monterey. 3 18 GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE 326 Pupilla Rowellii Newc. Near Oakland, Alameda Co- 327 Pedipes unisulcata Cp. Sun Pedro, Cal. ; on beach. 328 Pedipes lirata W. G. Binn. Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cal. — San Diego ? 329 Melampus olivaceus Cpr. Salinas River, Cal., to Mazatlan. 330 Limnasa stagnalis Linn. Ruby Valley, Utah, north — circumboreal. 331 Limnsea lepida Gld. " Lake Vancouver," Wash. Ter. ; Oregon. 332 Limnophysa Rowellii Tryon. Near San Francisco. 333 Limnophysa palustris Mull. Near San Francisco — circumboreal. 334 Limnophysa proxima Lea. Alameda County, Cal., to Oregon. 335 Limnophysa Gabbii Tryon. Clear Lake, California. 336 Limnophysa Adelinae Tryon. Near San Francisco, California. 337 Limnophysa Traskii Tryon. Mountain Lake, San Francisco Co., Cal. 338 Limnophysa umbrosa Say. Near San Francisco, Cal. ; Eastern States. 339 Limnophysa bulimoides Lea. San Francisco, north and east ; S. Diego 1 340 Limnophysa solida Lea. Willamette River, Oregon. 341 Limnophysa ferruginea Hold. "Oregon." (=humilis Say. 1) 342 Limnophysa humilis Say. Alameda County, Cal. ; Eastern States. 343 Limnophysa Sumassi Baird. Oregon to British Columbia. 344 Limnophysa Binneyi Tryon. " Hell Gate River," Montana. 346 Limnophysa Nuttalliana Lea. San Francisco to Oregon. 346 Limnophysa Tryonii Lea. Alameda County, California. 347 Limnophysa obrussa Say. " Oakland," Cal. ; Eastern States. OFWESTCOASTMOLLUSCA. 19 348 Limnophysa caperata Say. " S. F. to Oregon." Eastern States. 349 Acella Spring on Spokan Plain, W. T. 350 Physa Grosvenorii Lea. Dayton, Nevada. (Wheatley Mus.)— Kansas. 351 Physa coniformis Tryon. Humboldt River, Nevada. 352 Physa Cooperii Tryon. Crane Lake Valley, northeast Cal. 353 Physa sparsestriata Tryon. San Joaquin Valley, Cal. 354 Physa diaphana Tryon. Oakland, Alameda Co., Cal. 355 Physa malleata Tryon. Goose Lake Valley, N. E. Cal. — Montana. 356 Physa Nuttallii Lea. Lewis River, Idaho. 357 Physa distinguenda Tryon. Marysville to Stockton, Cal. 358 Physa politissima Tryon. Sacramento, California. 359 Physa parva Lea. Little Valley, Nov. (Wheatley Mus.) 360 Physa propinqua Tryon. Jordan Creek, southwest Idaho. 361 Physa gyrina Say. Carson River, Nev. ; Utah. Eastern States. 362 Physa ampullacea Gld. Lake Osoyoos, lat. 49, Wash. Ter. 363 Physa occidentalis Tryon. Most of Cal. northward ; Idaho. 364 Physa Gabbii Tryon. Mountain Lake, S. F. Co., to Los Angeles. 365 Physa costata Newc. Clear Lake, California. 366 Physa virginea Gld. Sacramento River, Cal. ; San Francisco ? 367 Physa venusta Lea. Near Vancouver, Columbia R., W. T. 368 Physa humerosa Gld. Colorado R., Cal. ; Pecos R., Texas. 369 Physa virgata Gld. S. Pedro to S. Diego ; Mojave R. to Gila R. 20 GEOGKAPIIICAL CATALOGUE 370 Physa triticea Lea. Shasta Co., Cal. ; South and East Oregon. 371 Physa concolor Hald. " Oregon" — probably young of another. 372 Physa Traskii Lea. Los Angeles River, Cal. 373 Physa Blandii Lea. Marys ville, California. 374 Aplexus hypnorum Linn. Montana? Russian Am. — circumboreal. 375 Aplexus hordaceus Lea. Near Puget's Sound, W. T. ; Vancouver's I. 376 Planorbis suberenatus Cpr. Oregon ; Wash. Ter. ? Vancouver's I. 377 Planorbis gracilentus Old. Colorado Desert, California. 378 Planorbis tumens Cpr. San Francisco to Petaluma; Mazatlan. 379 Planorbis glabratus Say. New Mexico ? (=sinuosus Bourg.l) 380 Planorbis Oregonensis Tryon. Nevada; Oregon; Idaho. (Hot spring.) 381 Gyraulus vermicularis Old. Walla Walla, W. T. ; Oregon. 382 Gyraulus parvus Say. Ruby Valley, Utah ; Montana ; Eastern States. 383 Helisoma ammon GUI. Colorado R. ; Kern Lake to Klamath Lake. 384 Helisoma corpulentus Say. Columbia River, east to Lake Winipeg. 385 Helisoma trivolvis Say. Whole United States ; Cuba. 386 Menetus opercularis Old. Santa Cruz, Cal., to Str. Fuca, W. T. 387 Carinifex Newberryi Lea. Clear Lake, Cal., to Klamath Lake, Or. 388 Pompholyx effusa Lea. Carson River, Nev., to Pit River, Cal. 389 Ancylus Kootaniensis Baird. Spokan to Kootanie River, W. T. 390 Ancylus altus Trym. Klamath River, California. 391 Ancylus Newberryi Lea. Klamath Lake, Oregon. ' OF WEST COAST MOLLUSCA 392 Ancylus crassus Hold. "Oregon." (Nuttall coll., 1834.) 393 Ancylus caurinus W. Cp. Black River, Puget's Sound, W. T. 394 Ancylus patelloides Lea. San Francisco to Santa Cruz, Gal. 395 Ancylus fragilis Tryon. Laguna Honda, near San Francisco. 396 Ancylus subrotundatus Tryon. Umpqua River, Oregon. 397 Ancylus Nuttallii Hald. " Oregon." (Nuttall coll. 1834.) 398 Gundlachia Californica Rowl. Feather River, Cal., near mouth. 399 Siphonaria thersites Cpr. Neeah Bay ; Str. Fuca, \V. T. 400 lanthina globosa Sw.? S. Diego to Cape St. Lucas — Atlantic. 401 Dentalium pretiosum Nutt. " California," (Nuttall.) Mexico '( 402 Dentalium Indianorum Cpr. Str. Fuca to Santa Barbara. 403 Dentalium rectius Cpr. Str. Fuca. 404 Dentalium semipolitum Br. and Sl>y. San Diego to Gulf of California. 405 Dentalium hexagonum Sby. Santa Barbara to Mexico — " E. Indies, China." 406 Crypochiton Stelleri Mldd. Str. Fuca to Monterey — Kamtschatka. 407 Katherina tunicata Wood. Str. Fuca to Monterey — Sitka. 408 Tonicia lineata Wood. Str. Fuca to Monterey — Sitka ; Kamtschatka. 409 Tonicia submarmorea Midd. Str. Fuca to Oregon — Kamtschatka. 410 Mopalia muscosa Old. Str. Fuca to San Diego. 411 Mopalia Wossnessenskii Midd. Str. Fuca to Santa Cruz — Sitka. 412 Mopalia Kennerleyi Cpr. Str. Fuca, W. T. 413 Mopalia Kennerleyi rar?Swannii Cpr. Neeah Bay, W. T. 4 22 GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE 414 Mopalia Hindsii Gray. Str. Fuca to Monterey. 415 Mopalia Simpsonii Gray. San Francisco, California. 416 Mopalia vespertina Gld. Str. Fuca to Monterey, Cal. 417 Mopalia lignosa Gld. Str. Fuca to Monterey — Sitka. 418 Mopalia acuta Cpr. " Monterey," (Nuttall coll.) 419 Mopalia? siuuata Cpr. Str. Fuca, W. T. 420 Mopalia? imporcata Cpr. Str. Fuca, W. T. 421 Acanthopleura scabra Rve. Str. Fuca to Santa Barbara. 422 Acanthopleura fluxa Cpr. Catalina I., or Santa Barbara 1., Cal. 423 Ischnochiton Magdalensis lids. Monterey to San Diego — Lower Cal. 424 Ischnochiton veredentiens Cpr. Monterey, or islands off South California. 425 Lepidopleurus regularis Cpr. Monterey or southward. 426 Lepidopleurus scabricostatus Cpr. Catalina I., 20 fins., rare. 427 Lepidopleurus pectinatus Cpr. Catalina I., 1. w., rare. 428 Lepidopleurus Mertensii Midd. Str. Fuca to Monterey. 429 Trachydermon retiporosus Cpr. Str. Fuca, W. T. 30 Trachydermon interstinctus Gld. Puget's Sound to Monterey. 431 Trachydermon trilidus Cpr. Str. Fuca, W. T. 432 Trachydermon dentiens Gld. Puget's Sound, W. T. ? 433 Trachydermon pseudodentiens Cpr. Str. Fuca, W. T. 434 Trachydermon gothicus Cpr. Catalina I., 20 fms., 1. w. ? 435 Trachydermon Hartwegii Cpr. San Francisco to Monterey. OF WEST COAST MOLLUSCA. 23 436 Trachydermon Nuttallii Cpr. Str. Fuca to Monterey. 437 Trachydermon flectens Cpr. Str. Fuca to San Diego. 438 Callochiton fimbriatus Cpr., (Mss.) Catalina (or other?) I., Cal. 439 Leptochiton nexus Cpr. Catalina L, Cal. 440 Acanthochites avicula Cpr. Monterey ? Catalina I. 8 — 20 fms. 441 Nacella instabilis Gld. Str. Fuca to Monterey. 442 Nacella insessa Hds. Baulines Bay to San Diego. 443 Nacella subspiralis Cpr. Catalina I. 6—10 fms. 444 Nacella depicta Hds. Santa Barbara to San Diego. 445 Nacella paleacea Gld. Monterey to Santa Barbara. 446 Nacella triangularis Cpr. Baulines Bay to Monterey. 447 Tylodina fungina Gabb. Barbara I., Cal. 448 Acmsea patina Esch. Str. Fuca to San Diego — Mazatlan — Sitka. 449 Acmaea pelta Esch. Str. Fuca to San Diego — Sitka. 450 Acmsea pelta var. Asmi Midd. Baulines Bay to Monterey — Sitka ? 451 Acmsea persona Esch. Str. Fuca to San Diego — Mazatlan — Sitka. 452 Acmsea scabra Nutt. Baulines Bay to San Diego — Mazatlan. 453 Acmsea spectrum Nutt. Cape Mendocino to San Diego. 454 Acmsea pileolus Midd. Sitka. 455 Acmsea pileolus var. ? rosacea Cpr. Monterey to Santa Barbara. 456 Lottia gigantea Gray. (Sby.?) Farallone Is. to San Diego— S. A. ? 457 Scurria mitra Esch. Str. Fuca to San Diego— Sitka. 24 GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE 458 Scurria mitra var ? funiculata Cpr. Monterey ; deep water. 459 Lepeta coecoides Cpr. Str. Fuca to Farallone Is. 460 Rowellia radiata Cp. Farallone Is. to Catalina I. 461 Fissurella volcano Rve. Santa Cruz to San Diego. 462 Fissurella violacea Esch. Crescent City, Cal., to Sitka ? S. Amer. 463 Glyphis aspera Esch. Str. Fuca to Santa Barbara— Sitka. 464 Glyphis densiclathrata Rve. Baulines Bay to San Diego. 465 Lucapina crenulata Sby. Monterey to San Diego. 466 Puneturella cucullata Old. Str. Fuca to Monterey. 467 Puneturella galeata Old. Str. Fuca, W. T. 468 Puneturella Cooperi Cpr. Catalina I. 40 to 120 fins. 469 Clypidella callomarginata Cpr. Lobitos to San Diego. 470 Clypidella bimaeulata Dall, (Mss ) Farallone Is. to Barbara I. 471 Emarginula bella Gabb. Santa Cruz to Monterey. 472 Haliotis Cracherodii Leach Farallone Is. to San Diego — Lower Cal. 473 Haliotis splendens Rve. Catalina I. to San Diego — Lower Cal. 474 Haliotis corrugata Gray. Santa Barbara to San Diego. 475 Haliotis rufescens Sw. Farallone Is. to San Nicolas I. — Galapagos ? 476 Haliotis Kamtschatkana Jonas. Str. Fuca to Monterey — Japan. 477 Phasianella compta Old. San Pedro to Mazatlan. 478 Phasianella compta var? pulloides Santa Crnz to San Diego. [Cpr. 479 Pomaulax undosus. Wood. Santa Barbara to Cape St. Lucas— Monterey ? OF WEST COAST MOLLUSCA. 25 480 Paehypoma gibberosum Chem. Str. Fuca to Catalina I. — New Zealand ? 481 Leptothyra sanguinea Cpr. Str. Fuca to San Diego — Japan— Europe 1 482 Leptothyra bacula Cpr. Santa Barbara to Catalina I. 483 Leptothyra paucicostata Doll, (Mss.) Monterey. 484 Liotia fenestrata Cpr. Monterey to Catalina I. 485 Liotia acuticostata Cpr. Monterey to Catalina I. 486 Ethalia supravallata Cpr. San Diego — shell washings. 487 Ethalia invallata Cpr. San Diego — shell washings — var ? 488 Livona picoides Gld. Pt. Conception or San Buenaventura ? Cal. 489 Trochiscus Norrisii Sby. Santa Barbara to San Diego — Monterey? 490 Trochiscus convexus Cpr. "Monterey," (Jewett coll.) 491 Chlorostoma funebrale A. Ad. Str. Fuca to San Diego — Sitka. 492 Chlorostoma funebrale var. suba- Neeah Bay, W. T. (Young ?) [pertum Cpr. 493 Chlorostoma gallina Fbs. Cruz I., Cal., to Margarita Bay, Lower Cal. 494 Chlorostoma gallina var. pyriformis San Diego. [Gld. 495 Chlorostoma brunneum Phil. Cape Mendocino to Santa Barbara. 496 Chlorostoma Pfeifferi Phil. Baulines Bay to Nicolas I., Cal. 497 Chlorostoma aureotinctum Fbs. Monterey ? Santa Barbara to Lower Cal. 498 Omphalius fuscescens Phil. Catalina I. to San Diego, Cal. 499 Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart. Str. Fuca to San Diego, Cal. 500 Calliostoma costatum Mart. Str. Fuca to Barbara I., Cal. — Sitka. 501 Calliostoma annulatum Mart. Str. Fuca to San Diego. 5 GEOGRAPHICAL CATALOGUE 502 Calliostoma variegatum Cpr. Str. Fuca, W. T. 503 Calliostoma tricolor Gabb. New Year Point to San Diego. 504 Calliostoma supragranosum Cpr. Santa Cruz to Monterey. 505 Calliostoma gemmulatum Cpr. San Pedro to San Diego. 506 Calliostoma splendens Cp Monterey to Catalina I. 507 Thalotia caffea G-\\t'll, Sowcrby, Stimpson, Swainson, Valenciennes. / No. 6. REPORT UPON THE MOLLUSCA COLLECTED ON THE SURVEY. / BY WILLIAM COOPER. Class MOLLUSCA.— Shell-fish. Family MUBICIDAE. MUREX FOLIATUS. Murex foliatus, GMEL. Desh. Reeve, C. J. Ill, 12. Murex monodm, ESCH. Zool. Atlas, Pt. II, p. 10, pi. 9, 10, f. 1, 1829. Cerastoma monodon, CARPENTER, Report to Brit. Assoc. 1856, p. 345. Cerat/oma foliatum, IDEM 1. c. tlab. — Sitcha; Eschscholtz. Oregon; Kellett and Wood in Carp. p. 241. San Diego, (fossil?); Mr. Cassedy. Sent from San Diego by Mr. Cassedy. Like others from the same locality which have b also found living, and some very remarkable species that have not, these specimens have appearance of fossil shells. Eschscholtz collected it at Sitcha, in lat. 58°, as quoted by Re< though the name he gives is omitted by the latter. MUREX FESTIYUS. Murex festivus, HINDS, Zool. Sulphur, pi. 3, f. 13, 14. — REEVE, C. I. Murex, pi. xxvi, f. 114. Pteronotus festivus, CARP. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1856, p. 345. Hob. — Bay of Magdalena ; Hinds. San Diego ; Mr. Cassedy. This well marked species, which was dredged alive by Mr. Hinds in the Bay of Magdali is found of much larger size at San Diego. Only dead shells were sent, appearing like fc or much weathered shells, but otherwise they entirely agree with Reeve's figure. TRITON OREGONENSE. Triton oreffonense, REDFIELD, in Ann. Lyceum of Nat. Hist, of New York, IV, p. 165, pi. II, f. 2, (young?) 1839. Tritonium (Buccinuni) cancellation, MIDDENDORFF, Beitrage, II, p. 164, pi. Ill, f. 1-4, (adult and young,) excl. Lam. 1849. Fusus oregontnsis, REEVE, C. I. pi. xvi, p. 61, (young,) 1845. Fusus cancdlatus, REEVE, 1. c, p. 62, (adult.) Triton oregonense, GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Shells. Triton cancdhtum, (oregonense, ) CARP. Rep. p. 338. Sab. — Straits of Juan de Fuca ; Dr. Suckle} , Mr. Gibbs, Dr. Cooper. Unalashka ; Middendorff. Kamtschatka ; Reev Among the specimens from the Straits of De Fuca is one adult shell, exhibiting the toot] fold on the upper part of the columella, as it appears in MiddendorfTs plate, the absenc 47 Q 370 ZOOLOGY. which in his specimen was relied upon by Mr. Redfield as a good means of distinguishing his species from Triton cancdlatum of Lamark. Dr. Gould, from the notes of Mr. Couthouy and Dr. Pickering, has described the animal of each, the one collected at the Straits of Magellan and the other at Puget Sound, considering them entirely distinct. Reeve, and Dr. Gould after him, quote Jay as the author of the species, and original describer in the annals of the Lyceum of New York. Middendorff and Carpenter call the author Say. The credit is really due to Mr. J. H. Redfield, as above cited. CHRYSODOMUS ANTIQUUS. Chrysodamus antiquus, SWAINSON ? Carpenter, Rep. p. 343. Murex antiquus, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, L Gmel. ed. 13. Fusus antiquus, LAM. ^n. sans vert, ed. 2, IX, p. 447. Tritonium (Fusus) autiquum, MJDD. Malacol. Ross. II, p. 131. Trit. (Fus.) antiquum, var. Behringiana, MIDD. Rei.se, II, 224, pi. x, f. 3. Sab —Straits of Juan de Fuca ; Dr. Suckley. Behring's straits ; Middendorff. But one specimen of this species was obtained, which agrees with the variety from Behring's straits represented by Middendorff in his Reise, though showing still less carination on the penultimate whorl. The figures of his "varietates Behringianas," in the "Beitrage," repre- sent a different but allied variety. CHRYSODOMUS MIDDENDORFII, n. s. Tritonium (Fusus) decemcostatum, MIDD (riec. Say) Beitrage, II, p. 138, pi. iv, fig. 15, (the sculpture only.) — CARP. Rep. p. 217. Omitted in his Gen. Catalogue, p. 343. Hob. — Straits of Juan de Fuca ; Dr. J. G. Cooper. Kodiak, Kenai ; Middendorff. DESCRIPTION. — Shell light horn color, the ribs darker, within white, tinged with violet ; solid, ventricose-fusiform, the whorls convex, planulate on the upper part, encircled with strong well marked and elevated ribs, three to four on the whorls of the spire, ten to twelve on the latt whorl, some near the canal less distinct, with intervening stiiae, which are more distinct forward ; canal somewhat curved, equalling in length about two-thirds the breadth of the aperture. Length, 2.6 inches ; breadth, 1.5 ; length of aperture, 1.7 inch. This species is strikingly different from Fusus decemcostatus, Say, in the convexity of all the whorls, as well as in the angle formed in the outer lip by the termination of the first rib. The upper part of the last whorl is planulate, meeting the whorl above nearly at a right angle, while in the eastern species the same part is broadly excavated, rising steeply towards the suture. In the latter the penultimate and smaller whorls are made concave by the excavation Between the two ribs which they generally exhibit, while the new species shows four on the penultimate and three on the smaller whorls. In F. decemcostaius the first rib is stronger and more prominent than those below it, while in the new species it is less so. Philippi's figure of Say's shell represents a variety, and not the normal state of the species. Our specimen of the new species is furnished with twelve more or less distinct ribs. The eastern shell, (from the examination of one hundred and thirty specimens,) appears to have seldom more than seven to eight, rarely nine ribs. Fusus spitzbergensis, Reeve, (in Belcher's Arctic Voyage, II, p. 395, pi. 32, f. 6, a. b.,)is an allied, but, judging from the figure and description of Mr. Reeve, a very different species. A single specimen collected by Dr. Cooper on the shore of Whidby's island, in the Straits of Fuca, with that described by Middendorff, are all at present known of this interesting species, first pointed out to me by Dr. Gould as the F. decemcostatus of Middendorff. No. 6.— REPORT UPON THE MOLLtJSCA.— (Page 369.) Page 369, line 10 from top, for "J" read "I." Page 372, line 20 from top, for "Truss" read "Purp" Page 312, line 2 from bottom, for "specimen" read "species." Page 373, line 3 from top, for "punctature" read "punctalum." Page 373, line 6 from top, for "uniden" read "brevidens." Page 373, lines 21 and 22 from top, for "1836" read "1856." Page 374, line 2 from bottom, for "Abbaldingen" read "Abbildungen." Page 375, line 13 from top, for "perfection" read "perforation." Page 376, line 5 from top, for "synonomy" read "synonymy" Page 376, line 6 from top, for "1857" read "1856." Page 379, line 9 from top, for "Sowerby;" read "Sowerby's." Page 379, line 12, "OSTREA EDULIS?" Mr. Carpenter is of opinion that this is a distinct species, and on comparison with European specimens it does show differences. Page 380, line 4 from top, omit the words between brackets. Page 380, line 2 from bottom, for "8" read "L." Page 381, line 8 from top, for "Philad" read "Philos." Page 382, line 6 from bottom, for "pelafii" read "petitii." Page 382, line 3 from bottom, for "synomomy" read "synonymy." Page 383, lines 8, 7, 4, 2 from bottom, for " Camellifera" read " Lamellifera." Page 383, line 2 from bottom, for "none1' read "worn." Page 383, line 11 from bottom, for "large" read "larger." Page 385, lines 4 and 3 from bottom, for "Sphocnia" read "Sphaenia." Page 385, " Machaera Nuttalii." This shell is correctly figured and described in " Portlock and Dixon's Voyage Round the World:" London, 1789, Plate, fig. 2 and page 854, under the name of Solen patulus. It must therefore be called MACHAERA PATULA. ZOOLOGY. 371 CHRYSODOMUS SITCHENSIS. Chrysodomus sitchensis, CARP, Report to Brit. Assoc. 1856, p. 343. Tritonium ( Fusus) sitchense, MIDD. Malacol. Ross. II, p. 149, No. 14 ; pi. 2, figs. 5 — 8. Hob. — Straits of Juan de Fuca, Dr. Suckley, G. Gibbs, esq ; Sitka, Midd. after Eschscholtz. Specimens of both mature and young shells were brought from the Straits of Fuca, where it appears to be rare. They agree, in all respects, with Middendorff's plate and description. Family BUCCINID JJ- NASSA MENDICA. Nassa mendica, GODLD, U. S. Expl. Exped. Mollusc & Shells, p. 263, and Atlas, fig. 331. Hob.— Puget Sound, Dr. G. Suckley. This as well as the following species appear to be rare. NASSA GIBBSII, n. s. DESCRIPTION. — Form short and moderately ventricose; whorls, six; the body whorl nearly equalling the epine in length, all cancellated, longitudinally ridged. Ridges, about 13 on each whorl, the intermediate furrows deep and equal in width to the ridges. Mouth subovate, canal spirally twisted. Colors. — Inside of mouth dark purplish; epidermis smooth ; olivaceous brown. Indistinct bands visible inside, which, under the epidermis, are found to be black or brown, varying in width and number, one usually distinct around the middle of whorl. Long. 0.40, lat. 0.25. Five specimens of this Nassa more resemble N. trivittata than N. mendica, having the band- ing and shorter form of the former, their breadth being equal, but length proportionately much less than the latter, and, though smaller, their ridges are more strongly marked. Found dead along the shore at Port Townsend, Puget Sound. One only has a fresh appearance. PURPURA LACTUCA. Murex lactuca, ESCHSCHOLTZ, Zool. Atlas, II, p. 9 ; pi ix, fig. 3, 1829. — MIDD. Beitrage, II, p. 120. Murex femtgineus, accidental variety, IDEM, id. pi. ix, p. 3. Purpura septentrionalis, REKVE, Con. Icon. pi. x,p.50. — JAY, in App. to Perry's Exp.to Japan, vol. II, pi. 5, figs. 16, 17. — CARPENTER, Rep. to Brit. Assoc. p. 340. Muricidea lactuca, CARPENTER, Report, p. 345. Hob. — Sitka, Eschscholtz; Puget Sound, Dr. Suckley & Mr. Gibbs ; Shoalwater bay and Straits of Fuca, Dr. Cooper. This is a remarkable and abundant species, which, with Reeve, we prefer to place in the genus Purpura. Like others of that genus, it is subject to many variations, of which analogous examples may be observed in P. lapillus more especially. The figures given by Eschscholtz, Jay, and Reeve, represent three of these varieties, the first being at one, and the third at the other extreme of the series. After a careful comparison of more than two hundred individuals, from various localities in Washington Territory, we find the gradation from one to the other so regular that we are forced to refer them all to one species, first established by Eschscholtz. ' ' This shell abounds in the middle parts of Shoalwater bay on rocks and oyster-beds, and also in the deeper parts of Puget Sound. It appears to feed on oysters and other animal substances. I have found one adhering to an oyster, which was perforated by a small, round hole near the apex, and through which the ' periwinkle/ as they are popularly called, appeared to be devouring the animal. They can live several days out of water in damp places. ' ' The amount of rugosity seems to depend entirely upon the station the specimens are found 372 ZOOLOGY. in. I obtained the most perfect adhering to rocks below low water, in a place where they were not likely to be rolled. Those found on oyster-beds are usually smooth, even when quite small. "The form, also, seems to vary considerably in different localities; some from Puget Sound being much larger and more elongated, though found also of the usual form near by." — J. G. C. PURPURA OSTRINA. Purpura ottrina, GOULD, Expl. Exped. Shells., p. 244.— IDEM Atlas, fig. 310; CARP. Rep. p. 340. "Purpura Freycinttii" MIDDEND.; non Desh. Purpura decemecosiata, MIDD. Beitrage II, 116; pi. ix, f. 1, 2, 3. Hob.— Straits of Fuca; Puget's Sound; Dr. Cooper. Quite a different species from P. Freycinetii, of Deshayes, with which it was confounded by Middendorff, though he also named and described it as new. Whether his or Dr. Gould's name has the priority I have not the means of deciding. On rocks above low water mark, from the mouth of Hood's Canal to Straits of Fuca; common. PURPURA LAPILLUS. Purpura lapillus, LINN, Midd. Gould, Carpenter; op. cit. Hab. — Sitka Ochotsk ; White sea; Middendorff. Straits of Juan de Fuca ; Puget's Sound ; Dr. Cooper. Equally common with the last species, and found together with it. PURPURA EMARGINATA. Purpura emarginata, DESH. Eev. Zool. 1839. — Magasin de Zool. Moll. pi. 25; 1841. — REEVE, C. I. Pruss. x, p. 46. - CARP. Rep. p. 340. Purpura Conradi, NUTT. MSB., Jay's Catal. No. 8972. ffib. — Upper California: Dr. Trask. San Diego ; Lieut. Trowbridge. This shell is, no doubt, a California species, whence several were sent by Dr. Trask. Mr. Reeve mentions specimens in the British Museum, collected by Mr. Nuttall in that country. There is probably an error in M. Deshayes statement that it inhabits New Zealand. MONOCEROS ENGONATUM. Pu~pura (Monoceros) engonata, CONR. in Journ. Acad. Phila. VII, p. 26 ; pi. 20, p. 17. " Monoceros engonatum, CONR." CARP. Report, p. 201. " Manoceros unicarinatum, REEVE, C. I. sp. 1 ; new, pi. I, f. 1 ; nee. syn. pi.; non Sowb. neo. Desh." — CARP. Rep. 201. " Monoceros unicarinatum, SOWB. var." JAY, Cat. No. 9067. N. B. — The type is quoted by Dr. Jay as synonymous with Purpura spirata, Blainville. Hab. — Bay of San Pedro, Upper California ; Dr. Trask. Santa Barbara ; Nuttall. From the above citations, which might be further extended, it will be seen that there is much difference of opinion concerning the synonymy of this species. Our specimens, of which four were sent by Dr. Trask, agree entirely with Mr. Conrad's figure and description. They differ materially from Kiener's figure of Purpura spirata from the Sandwich Islands, and still more from Reeve's figure 2, specimen 1, of his plate I. At the same time they are possibly identical as species. This was first published by Mr Conrad in 1837. ZOOLOGY. 373 MONOCEROS LAPILLOIDES. Purpura (Monoceros) lapilloides, CONR , Journal Acad. Phil. VII, p. 264, pi. 20, fig. 18, 1837. Monoceros punctature, GRAY, in Zool. Voyage of Blossom, 1839. — REEVE C. I. pi. 1, f. 1, species 2, Jay Cat. No. 9065. Hob. — Bay of San Pedro, Dr. Trask ; Santa Barbara, Nuttall. Very different from the preceding species, as shown in our specimens, although Mr. Car- penter is inclined to consider them, with M. uniden Conr. as three varieties of the same. The published figures represent, it is true, what might be regarded as intermediate states of one species. COLUMBELLA GAUSAPATA. Columbdla gausapata, GOULD, Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, p. 170, June, 1850. — IDEM, U. S. Expl. Exped. Mol. & Shells, p.369.— Atlas, fig. 337, Carp.Kep. p. 341. Hob. — Oregon, Gould ; Straits of de Fuca, Dr. Suckley. COLUMBELLA VALGA. Columldla valga, GOULD, Proceed. Bost. Soc. Ill, p. 169. — IDEM, Exped. Shells, p. 269. — Atlas, pi. 6,338. Nab. — Straits of de Fuca, Dr. Suckley. The specimens sent of these two species were few and imperfect. Family NATICA LEWISIL Nalica lewisii, GOULD, in Proceedings Bost. Soc. II, p. 239, 1847.— ID. in U. S. Expl. Exped. Mollusca & Shells. Natica kerculea, MIDDENDORFF, Beitrage Mai. Eoss, II, p. 97, pi. vii, f. 5-7, 1849. Natica herculea, CARPENTER, Rep. to Brit. Assoc. 1836, p. 336. Natica Itwisii, CARPENTER, Rep. to Brit. Assoc. 1836, p. 336. Sab. — Puget Sound, Washington Territory, Dr. J. G. Cooper, Dr. G. Suckley; Bodega bay, Cal. , Middendorff. This fine large species, the western analogue of our N. heros, varies considerably in form, being sometimes remarkably globose, and at others with the spire much produced. Mr. Car- penter has erred in assigning the priority to Middendorff 's name, his second volume, which contains the shells, being dated two years after Dr. Gould's publication. The name of the first explorer and collector in Oregon merited such a perpetuation. 1 ' This large shell is abundant throughout the northwest sounds, and is collected in great numbers by the Indians for food. From May to August it may be found crawling out above high water mark to deposit its eggs, which are enclosed in a curious structure of sand, shaped like a shallow bowl without a bottom, or still more like some glass lamp shades, and beautifully symmetrical, smooth, and perfect on both sides." — J. G. C. Family CEEITHIAD^E- POTAMIS PULLATUS. Potamis pullatus, GOULD, in App. to Report of Explorations in California, vol. V, p. 333, pi. xi, f. 23, 24. Cerithidce pvllata, CARP. Rep. to Brit. Assoc. 1856, p. 325. Hab. — Upper California, Dr. Trask. This species, which occurs in several localities on the coast of California, appears to vary in the number of varices, relative length, and other minor particulars. 374 ZOOLOGY. Family MELANIAD^G- MELANIA PLICIFERA. Melania plicifera, LEA, on fresh water and land shells in Trans. Phil. Soc. of Phil., pi. xxiii, f. 90.— CARPENTER'S Keport, p. 325. Hob. — Very common in rivers of Washington Territory. — J. G. C. MELANIA SILICULA. Melania silicula, GOULD, Proceed. Bost. Soc. II, p. 224, 1847 ; Exped. Shells, 46. Carp. Hep., p. 325.— IDEM, Expl. Exped. Shells, p. 141, fig. 164. Hab.— Rivers of Washington Territory, Dr. Cooper ; Nisqually and Oregon, Dr. Gould. MELANIA SHORTAENSIS. Melania Shortaensis, LEA, in literis. Hob.— Willopah river, Dr. Cooper. AMNICOLA NUTTALLIANA. Paludina Nuttalliana, LEA, in Philos. Trans, pi. xxvi, f. 89. Hob.— Columbia river, Dr. Cooper. AMNICOLA SEMINALIS. Paludina seminalis, HINDS, Zool. Sulph. p 59, pi. 16, f. 22. JJit/iinia seminalis, CARP. Rep. p. 326. Sab. — Upper California, Dr. Trask. Family TURBITELLID J3- TURRITELLA ESCHRICHTII. Turritella eschrichtii, MIDDEND. Beitrage, II, p. 68, pi. xi. f. 1 ; Carp. Rep. 325. flab. — Puget Sound, Dr. Suckley, G. Gibbs, esq. ; Arctic Sea, Middendorff. A few specimens sent from Puget Sound agree in all respects with the figure and description given of this species by Middendorff, as cited above. Family LIT TOKINID ,E . LITTORINA RUDIS. Littorina rudis, GOULD, Stimpson, Shells of New England. Litlorina Barclayan ? HINDS. Hab. — Shoal water bay to Straits of Fuca, Dr. Cooper, Dr. Suckley, G. Gibbs, esq. Very abundant on the northwest coast, where it presents the same varied appearances as our eastern shell. LITTORINA SCUTULATA. Littorina scutulata, GOULD, Proceed. Bost. Soc. Ill, p. 83, March, 1849, Exped. Shells, p. 83. — IDEM, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Shells, p. 200, fig. 241.— CARP. Rep. p. 326. Hab. — Puget Sound, Dr. Cooper ; Puget Sound, Oregon, Dr. Pickering. On rocks from the head of Puget Sound to the Straits of Fuca, having habits similar to those of L. rudis. — J. G. C. LITTORINA PLANAXIS. Littorina planaxis^vn. Sup. PIIILIPP. Abbaldingen T. II, p. 201; Litt. Pt.IV, p. 16. Carp. Report, p. 326. Hab. — San Luis Obispo, Dr. Antisell. ZOOLOGY. 375 Family TUHB INID ,E . TROCHUS FILOSUS. Trochutfilosus, WOOD, Ind. Test. Snpp. pi 5, f. 23, 1828. — CARPENTER, Rep. Brit Assoc p. 320. Trochus Ugatus, GOULD in Proceed. Bost. Soc. Ill, p. 91, 1847.— Exped. Shells, p. 185, fig. 207. Trochus modestus, MIDDEN. ? Beit II. pi. 85, p. X, f. 16, 17, 18, 1849. Hab. — Straits of De Fuca, Dr. Cooper ; Upper California, Dr. Trask. Not very common. T. modestus of Middendorff is considerably smaller, but otherwise much resembles this species. 29. TROCHUS SCHANTARICUS. Trochvs schantaricus, MIDDEN. Beitrage II, 85, 12. — IDEM, Reise, p. 204, pi. xviii, f. 1-7. Hah — Straits of Fuca, Dr. Cooper ; Schantar islands in Sea of Ochotsk, Middendorff. This small species appears to be abundant in the above locality, and numerous specimens were collected. They all exhibit more or less perfection beneath, and are uniform in size, which is much less than T.filosus. In other particulars the two are nearly allied. Family HALIOTID.E, HALIOTIS KAMTSCHATKIANA Haliotis Kamtschatkiana, JONAS, EEEVK, Con. Icon. Ill, f. 8. — CARPENTER, Rep. p. 320. Hab. — Nootka Sound, Captain Russell. Several specimens of this beautiful species of Haliotis were brought from Nootka Sound by Captain C. J. W. Russell, of which four were presented to us by Dr. Trask. Young shells of H. rufescens bear considerable resemblance to this species, for which there is reason to think they have sometimes been mistaken. Among numerous specimens of Haliotis, sent to the Smithsonian Institution from different localities on the coast of California, I find none of this species from any more southern points than that given above, in latitude 49°. Mr. Carpenter also considers it doubtful as a California species. HALIOTIS CORRUGATA, H. SPLENDENS, H. RUFESCENS, and H. CRACHERODII were sent from San Diego by Mr. Cassedy. H. californiensis must be rare, as none were obtained by any of our collectors or correspondents. Family FISSURELLIDJ], FISSURELLA NIGROPUNCTATA. Fissurdla nigrapundata, SowERBr, REEVE, op. cit. Hab. — Santa Cataliua, Dr. Trask; Gallapagos, Cuming ; Panama, C. B. Adams. Two specimens of this shell, hitherto only found in the Panama province, were sent by Dr. Trask as coming from the island of Santa Catalina, near the coast of Upper California. FISSURELLA ASPERA. Fissurdla aspera, ESCHSCHOLTZ, CARP. Rep. 320, (Glyphis.) Fissurdla cratilia, GOULD ? Fissurdla densedathrata, REEVE? Hab.— Upper California, Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge ; Puget Sound, Dr. Gould. 376 ZOOLOGY. Family PATELLIDJE, Very few shells of this family were collected. Among the imperfect specimens, of which they mostly consist, we can recognize, with some doubt, the following species, adopting the nomenclature of Mr. Carpenter, the best authority upon this branch of conchology. For an extended synonomy the reader is referred to his excellent ' ' Report to the British Association, 1857." NACELLA INSTABILIS, ACJLEA PELTA, A. PERSONA, A. SPECTRUM, A. SCABRA, A. ^ERUGINOSA, SCURRIA MITRA. Family CHITONID.E, We find in the collections sent home still fewer materials, either specimens or notes, relating to this family than to the previous one. The following were identified, and are chiefly from the coast of Oregon: CHITON MUSCOSUS, C. SUBMARMOREUS, C. TUNICATUS, C. LIGNOSUS. Family HELICIDJ1, HELIX FIDELIS. Helix fidtlis, GRAY, in Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1834, Carp. p. 314. Helix NuUalliana, LEA, in Philos. Trans. 1838, pi. XXIII, f. 74. Hob. — Washington Territory, Dr. Cooper. "This beautiful species is apparently limited to the forests west of the Cascade mountains, where it is common under evergreens in the drier situations. I have found one sticking to a small tree about three feet from the ground, but do not know of its ascending trees habitually. Its eggs, white, pellucid, and as large as a duck shot, are deposited in April under rotten wood. Young specimens are very rare. I found this shell throughout the valleys from Vancouver to the Straits of De Fuca, and more rarely near the coast, where it is smaller in size." — J. G. C- HELIX TOWNSENDIANA. Helix Townsendiana, LEA, in Trans. Philos. Soc. pi. XXIII, f. 80. — CARP. Eep. p. 314. Hab. — Washington Territory, Dr. Cooper. ' ' This is the most abundant species, especially along the coast, where, unlike most of our American forest snails, it frequents open prairies among the fern. It is particularly abundant on low, sandy bars just above high tide, which are covered with a deep, rich deposit of shell marl, and have been formerly favorite camping grounds of the Indians. These places, being very productive, are much cultivated by the whites; and immense numbers of this animal's shells are found when the grass and bushes are first burnt off. They continue to live in potato fields in the same places. The bare face of Cape Disappointment fronting the ocean is also a locality. I did not find this species about Puget Sound." — J. G. C. HELIX COLUMBIANA. Helix columbiana, LEA, in Trans. Philos. Soc. pi. XXIII, f. 75.— CARP. Report, p. 314. Helix labiosa, GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll, and Shells. Hab. — Washington Territory, Dr. Cooper. ZOOLOGY. 377 ' ' This little species is found in wet stations about meadows, &c., from Vancouver to the coast, where it is most abundant, under drift logs, &c. , high up on the meadows, which are occasionally overflowed by the tide. It is also rarely found under trees. I did not obtain any at Puget Sound."— C. HELIX VANCOUVERENSIS. Hdix vancouverensis, LEA, in Trans. Philos. Soc. pi. XXIII, f. 72. Hob. — Washington Territory ; Dr. Cooper. ' ' H. Vancouverensis is found west of the Cascade mountains, most abundant under the alder groves along the coast in damp places; also occasionally with H. Townsendiana. The animal is entirely of a yellowish white color. Some are also found on Whidby's island." — C. HELIX DEVIA. Helix devia, GOULD, Exped., Shells, p. — . Hdix Baskervillei, PFR. REEVE, C. I. pi. — , f. — . Hob. — Washington Territory ; Dr. Cooper. Inhabits damp woods near Vancouver. Only two specimens were found. — C. HELIX TUDICULATA. Helix ludiculata, BINNEY, Terrestrial Molluscs. Hab. — Washington Territory ; Dr. Cooper. This is also a rare species in Washington Territory, and is found with the preceding. — C. SUC CINE A NUTTALLIANA. Sucdnea nuttalliana, LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. , vol. II, p. 32 ; Trans, of ditto, vol. IX, p. 4 ; PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv. I, 523, III, 15 ; BINNEY, Terr. Moll. U. S. H, 81 ; pi. LXVIIa, fig. 4. Found at Vancouver, where it is apparently rare, and was not observed alive. — C. * Family LIMACEJ1. LIMAX COLUMBIANUS. The Columbian Slag. Umax columbianus, GOULD, in Binney's Terr. Moll. U. S., II, 43; pi. LXVI,fig. 1.— U. S. Ex. Exped. Moll., p. 3, %. 1, a. b. c. This large slug abounds in the dense damp spruce forests near the Pacific coast, and was not observed by me in the dry region east of the Cascade mountains. It is to be found during every month of the year in Washington Territory, being even more abundant in the rainy winter than in warmer seasons; its activity being checked only by severe cold, while it cannot bear continued drought. It not unfrequently drops from the trees, but whether it ascends to any great height I have not observed. Though apparently offering a tempting meal to birds and other animals I never knew them to devour it. This slug grows to the length of six inches, but shrinks to a third of that size in alcohol. Its 48 Q 378 ZOOLOGY. surface is smooth, not rugose, when alive, as represented in Dr. Binney's plate, and its color is a pale yellowish olive, usually more or less irregularly blotched with black. — C. Family LYMN^AD^E. LYMNCEA UMBROSA. Lymncea umbrosa, GODLD. Ilab.— Lake Oyosa, on the Okanagan river, near lat. 49° ; Dr. Cooper. LYMNJEA EMARGINATA. Lymncea emarginata, SAY. Hob.— Lake Oyosa, Washington Territory ; Dr. Cooper. LYMNJ3A JUGULARIS. Lymncea jugularis, SAY. Hob.— Lake Oyosa, Washington Territory ; Dr. Cooper. Physa elonyata, SAY. Sab.— Near Puget Sound ; Dr. Cooper. PHYSA ELONGATA. PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA. Physa heterostropha, SAY. Sab.— Ponds in Washington Territory ; Dr. Cooper. PHYSA BULLATA. Physa buttata, GOULD, MS. Sab. — Lake Oyosa, Washington Territory ; Dr. Cooper ANCYLUS CAURINUS, n. s? Hob.— Black river, near Puget Sound ; Dr. Cooper. PLANORBIS CORPULENTUS. Planorbis corpulentus, SAY. Hab. — Lake Oyosa, Okanagan river; Dr. Cooper. PLANORBUS TRIYOLVIS. Planorbis trivolvis, SAY. Hob. — Near Vancouver ; Dr. Cooper. "Exceedingly abundant in shallow lakes about Vancouver, the dead shells lining the shores."— C. PLANORBIS PLANULATUS, n. s. Bab. — Lakes on Whidby's island ; Dr. Cooper. A small carinated species, flat above, convex below, having much the appearance of a valvata, found only in lakes on Whidby's island, at the entrance of Puget Sound. ZOOLOGY. 379 Family B U L L I D JE- BULLA NEBULOSA. Bulla nebulosa, GOULD, SOWERBY, Thes. f. 79,80. Hob.— Bay of San Pedro ; Dr. Trask. BULLA TENELLA. Bulla tenella, ADAMS, SOWERBY, Thes. pi. 134, f. 104. Hob.— Puget Sound; Dr. Suckley. The habitat of Adams' shell is not known. A specimen from Puget Sound agrees very well with Sowerby; figure and description quoted above. Family OSTEEA EDULIS. Ostrea edulis, LINN. LAM. Hal. — Shoalwater bay Wash. Terr. ; Dr. Cooper. — Straits of Fuca and Puget Sound; Mr. Gibbs. "Oysters are rare on most parts of the northwest coast, but there are a few localities in which they are found in abundance. One of these is Shoalwater bay, a little to the north of the mouth of Columbia river, where are to be found the conditions requisite for their existence and multiplication. The markets of San Francisco and all the coast southward are supplied from this bay. The oysters obtained here appear to differ little, if at all, from the common oyster of Europe, and possess the same peculiar coppery flavor remarked in the European mol- lusc when eaten for the first time. In Puget Sound small oysters are found near the mouth of the Nisqually river and some others, but nowhere large enough to be of much value. They are said to grow larger at Van- couver Island, and very large ones have lately been discovered near the mouth of Hoods' Canal."— C. ANOMIA MACHROSCHISMA. Anomia macroschisma, DESH. Rev. Zool. 369. Mag. Zool. PI. 34.— MIDD. Beit, iii, 6. IdemReise, p. 242, PI. XIX. fig. 1—5. Placunanomia macroschisma, CARPENTER, Rep. p. 312. Hob. — Straits of Juan de Fuca ; G. Gibbs, eeq. Nootka Sound; C. J. W. Russell. Several very perfect specimens were collected at the Straits of Fuca, and sent to the Smith- sonian Institution by Mr. Gibbs. PECTEN CAUEINUS. Pecten caurinus, GOULD Proceed. Bost. Soc. iii., p. 345. Exped. Shells. 95. U. S. Exploring Exped. Moll. & Shells, p. 458. Atlas, fig. 569. CARPENTER, Rep. p. 311. Hoi. — Straits of Fuca ; Dr. Suckley. G. Gibbs, esq. Port Townsend, Admiralty inlet, Oregon ; Gould. This fine pecten is found of a much larger size than that described by Dr. Gould. Of ten specimens collected by Mr. Gibbs, and sent to the Smithsonian Institution, one measures twenty three inches in circumference, with a diameter of nearly eight inches, and some others are nearly as large. 380 ZOOLOGY. * PECTEN YENTRICOSUS. Pecien veniricosus, SOWB. Thes. No. 19, pi. 12, f. 18, 19, 26. Pecten tumidus, SOWB. (von Tiiet. seec. Zeiten ) Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 109, 1852 ? Hob.— Upper California ; Dr. Trask. San Diego ; Mr. Cassidy. Family MYTILIDJ1. MYTILUS EDULIS. Mytttus edulis, LIMN., LAM, GOULD, MIDD., CABPENTEB. Hob. — Shoal water bay ; Dr. Cooper. ' ' The common mussel of Europe and our own eastern coasts is found in Shoalwater bay in equal abundance, and presenting the same variations in color and markings as there. It is also common in the estuaries along the whole coast, and to the head of Puget Sound. They are eaten by the Indians, but less used than the large clams so abundant in the same places. I have also seen a very severe case of urticaria caused by eating them, probably from swallow- ing the beard. The same effect is sometimes observed in Europe and the United States." — C. MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS. Mytilus californiamu, CONE. Journ. Acad. Philad. VII, p. 242, pi. 18, f. 15. — CABPENTEB, Hep. p. 309. Hob. — Puget Sound, Port To wnsend ; Dr. Suckley, Mr. Gibbs. Upper California ; Dr. Trask. This shell ranges from California, northward, to the Straits of Fuca, and numerous specimens have been collected and sent to the Smithsonian Institution from various localities along the coast. Among them are some of all the various sizes, up to nine and a quarter inches long, but all exhibiting the peculiar marks described by Mr. Conrad. These characters are less obvious on the old and overgrown individuals, as might be expected, but, according to my observations, can always be traced. MODIOLA CAPAX. Modida capax, CONBAD, Journ. Acad. Philad. VII, p. 242. — GOULD, CABPENTEB, Rep. p. 309. Hob. — Straits of Fuca ; Mr. Gibbs, Dr. Cooper. "Not a common species in this locality." — C. MODIOLA FLABELLATA. Modwla. ftabdlata, GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Shells, p. 453, fig. 561.— IB. Proc. Bost. Soc. Ill, 343. Hob. — Straits of Fuca and Puget Sound ; G. Gibbs, esq. This is a much larger and very different shell from M. brasiliensis, so common at Panama, with which Mr. Carpenter suposes it to be synonymous. — (Vid. Carp. Report, p. 210.) LITHODOMUS. A fine large species, unlike any described from this region, though approaching in some particulars S. falcatus, GOULD, was found in rocks near the mouth of the Umpqua river, Oregon, by Dr. Vollum, U. S. A., and sent to the Smithsonian Institution. ZOOLOGY. 381 / Family AECAD^l. ARCA GRANDIS. Area grandis, BHOD. & SOWERBY ; REEVE, C. I., pi. — , f. 4. — CARPENTER, Report, p. 310. Hab. — San Diego ; Mr. Cassidy. A fine specimen of this remarkable Area, preserved entire in alcohol, was sent to the Smith- sonian Institution from San Diego by Mr. Cassidy, being the first instance in which it has occurred beyond the limits of the Panama province. Family UNIONID^E. MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA. Margaritana margaritifera, LEA, in Philad. Trans. Mya margaritifera, LINN. Margaritana fluviatilis, SCHUMACHER. Alasmodmta fakata, GOULD, in Proc. Bost. Soc., N- H., Ill, p. 294. — IDEM, U. S. Exploring Ex., Mollus. & Sh.,pp. 433,434 — CARP. Report, p. 309. Bab. — Chehalis and other rivers of Washington Territory, Dr. Cooper. Shasta river, Oregon, Dr. Trask. After a careful comparison of specimens from the above localities with others from the Atlantic States, as well as from Newfoundland and Europe, we are brought to the same conclusion as Mr. Lea, namely, that the northwestern shell is at most a slight variety of the well known M. margaritifera of Linnaeus. ' ' This is the most abundant of the fresh water bivalves, and the only one I have been able to find in the Chehalis, the streams emptying into Puget Sound, and most branches of the Columbia. No species is found in the streams running into Shoalwater bay. The Indians east of the Cascade mountains eat these, food of any kind being acceptable to most of them." — C. ANODONTA ANGULATA. Anodonta angulata, LEA, In Philos. Trans. Anodontafceminalis, GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll, and Shells, 436.— CARP. Rep., p. 309. Hob.— Yakima river, Washington Territory, Dr. Cooper. Walla- Walla river, Oregon, Dr. Pickering. Several perfect specimens of various ages were brought by Dr. Cooper from the above locality, where it appears to be plentiful. ANODONTA OREGONENSIS. Anodonta oregonensis, LEA, Philos. Trans.; pi. xxi, f. 67.— CARPENTER, Rep., p. 309. Hab. — Rivers of Washington Territory; Dr. Cooper. ANODONTA WAHLAMATENSIS. Anodonta waMamatensis, LEA, in Philos. Trans.; pi. xx, f. 64. — CARP. Rep., p. 309. Sdb. — Lagoons, Sacramento, Dr. Trask. Wahlamet river, Nuttall. The Californian specimens sent by Dr. Trask are larger and finer than those from the more northern habitats. 382 ZOOLOGY. Family CAEDIADAE. CAEDIUM NUTTALLI. Cardium Nuttalli, CONE. Jour. Acad. Phlla. VII, p. 229; pi. 17, f. 3.— MIDDEND. Beitrage, III, p. 39; pi. xvi, f. 1-5. CARP. Rep., p. 307. Hob.— Shoalwater bay and Puget Sound ; Dr. Cooper. San Francisco; Dr. Bigelow, Dr. Traek. ' ' This large shell is the most abundant of the clams in Shoalwater bay, and is very much used as food. It inhabits a mixture of sand and mud, a few inches from the surface, in all parts of the bay about half way between the shores and the large channels. The Indians are very expert in finding them, getting numbers where a stranger can see no sign of their existence, by feeling for them with a knife or flat stick. In July many come to the surface and die, perhaps from the heat of the sun." — C. CARDIUM QUADRAGENARIUM. Cardium qwdragenarium, CONR. Jour. Acad. Phila. VII, p. 230 ; pi. 17, f. 5. — CARP. Eep. p. 307 Hob.— San Luis Obispo ; Dr. Antisell, U. S. A. A valve of this rare species was obtained by Dr. Antisell at the above locality. Family LUCINIDAE. LUCINA CALIFORNICA. Ludna califarnica, CONRAD, Jour. Acad. Phila. VIII, p. 255, pi. 20, fig. 1 — CARPENT. Eep. p. 307. Hob. — San Diego ; Mr. Cassidy. Family CYCLADIDAE- CYCLAS, n. s. ? Dr. Gould enumerates two species of this genus from Oregon, C. patella and C. egregia. Not having met with any description, we are unable to determine whether either of them is identical with our's or not, or whether it may not be the same as one of our eastern species. Hah. — Whidby's island, Straits of Fuca ; Dr. Cooper. Pools near Steilacoom ; Dr. Cooper. Family VENERIDAE- VENUS STAMINEA. Venus staminea, CONR. Jour. Acad. Phila. VH, p. 250, pi. 19, fig. 14, 1837. Venerupis petitii, DESH. Eev. Zool. p. 359, 1839. — IDEM. Mag. de Zool. pi. 39, 1841.— MIDD. Beit. Ill, 51, pi. XVII, fig 15-13. Venus rigida, GOUID, Proceed. Bost. Soc. N. H. Ill, p. 227, 1850. — IDEM. U. S. Exploring Exped. Moll, and Shells, p. 420 ; Atlas, fig. 538. Tapes diversa, SOWB. Thes. pi. 146, fig. 41. No. 65.--CARP. Kep. p. 306. Tapes straminae, CARPENTER, Rep. p. 196. Saxidomus pelalii, IDEM. Eep. p. 299. Hob. — Shoalwater bay and Puget Sound ; Dr. Cooper and Dr. Suckley. San Francisco ; Dr. Trask. San Diego ; Lieut. Trowbridge. We have brought together the above synomomy after repeated examination and comparison of specimens from distant localities between the Straits of Fuca and San Diego. The northern shells are commonly but not invariably "ashy white," as described by Dr. Gould, some ZOOLOGY. 383 exhibiting brown zig-zag marks, after the manner of the young Venus mercenaria (V. notata, Say.) Others from San Francisco, where they are sold in the markets as food, sometimes exhibit brown undulating cross lines, at others broad longitudinal bands. In size and outline they vary more or less, but in the characters of the teeth and hinge there is no material difference. " T. Straminea, CONRAD?" of Sowerby, Thes. 72, fig. 151, is a different shell, which I have received from Panama, and consider it a variety of V. histrionica. Conrad has not used the name straminea. His name staminea is dropped by Carpenter in his general catalogue, straminea only being quoted. — (See Rep. 306.) SAXIDOMUS NUTTALLI. Saitdamus Nuttalli, CONR. Jour. Acad. Phila. VII, p. 249, pi. 19, fig. 13, 1837. Venerupis gigantea, DESH. Rev. Zool. p. 359, 1839.— IDEM, Mag. de Zool. ; pi. 43, (fossil?) 1841.— MIDDEN. Beit. HI, p. 52, pi. xviii, f. 1-3. Venus maxima, PHILIPPI, Abbild. II, t. 6, f. 1. 1846. Sowb. Thes., 46, f. 127. Saxidomus gigantea, and S. Nuttalli, CARP. Eep. p. 299. jETcei.— Shoal water bay and Puget Sound, Dr. Cooper; Bodega, California, Dr. Trask ; Sitka, Middendorff; Kamschatka, Pot. & Mich., (Middendorff.) ' ' This, which somewhat resembles the quahog of the Atlantic coast, and is called by that name, is, however, much superior to it as food. It is found in the south part of Shoalwater bay only, and near the mouth of the Copalux. I have found it, also, common in Puget Sound. Its station is in somewhat hard sand, near low-water mark." — C. There is also a variety of this shell found fossil in coast banks elevated ten feet above the sea level, which is very correctly represented in Deshayes' plate. The circumstance mentioned by Deshayes, of the encroachment of the ligament, destroying the teeth, is frequently observ- able, even in young shells. This species varies much in different localities, but chiefly in the exterior marking of the shell, the disk being sometimes brown, with rough concentric stride, as described by Conrad; others, from Oregon, are much smoother, without regular strias. But the most aberrant appearance is found in another variety that occurs fossil at Shoalwater bay, where it was collected by Dr. Cooper. This is well figured in Middendorff' s work, as above cited, and less distinctly appears in Deshayes' figure. The specimen described by the latter (from California) appears to be fossil, as he suspected. Middendorff gives no such intimation regarding his. A specimen from California measures 4. 8 inches in breadth. A somewhat large, and very perfect specimen is most accurately figured and described by Anton, in the work of Philippi, above quoted, whence it is also copied by Sowerby. VENUS CAMELLIFERA. Venus camellifera, CONR. Jour. Acad. Phila. VII, p. 251, pi. 19, f. 19. 1837. Venerupis cordieri, var. /? DESH. Cat. Varn. p. 191, No. 1. Petricola cordieri, DESH. Rev. Guv. p. 358. 1839. Rupdlaria camellifera, CARP. Rep. p. 299. Hob. — San Diego; Mr. Cassidy. Several entire specimens, but none smooth, and one with perfect camellse, were sent by Mr. Cassidy to the Smithsonian Institution. 384 ZOOLOGY. Family MACTRIDJ1, LUTRARIA MAXIMA. Lutraria maxima, MIDDENDOKFF, Beit. Ill, p. 66, pi. xix, f. 1-4. 1849. Lutraria capax, GOULD, Proceed. Bost. Soc. N. H. Ill, p. 217. 1850. Lutraria maxima, IDEM, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll, and Shells, p. 395. Carp. Eep. p. 300. Hob. — Shoalwater bay, Dr. Cooper ; San Francisco, California, Dr. Trask; Sitka, Middendorff, (from Wosnessenskii.) "This great dam (as all these edible bivalves are indiscriminately called) is found in Shoal- water bay, within a rather limited area near the mouth and along the larger channels. It is buried near two feet deep in hard sand, near low water mark, its long siphon reaching the surface and showing where it can be found. It also abounds in many parts of Puget Sound, up to near Olympia. It is excellent as food, and has always been one of the chief articles of winter stores to the Indians, who preserve the hard parts by stringing and then smoking them in their lodges. It attains to 7f inches in breadth, and is very capacious. Portions of the clay and sandstone cliffs surrounding the bay are perforated by the burrows of this animal at a height of ten feet above the present high water. All the other mollusca inhabiting the bay now are also found in these fossil beds; and two which are not found now were then common. There is no tradition among the Indians of the time of their elevation, and the ancient trees standing on the surface show no signs of the irregular upheavings which raised the former levels of low water, by successive stages, to a height now nearly one hundred feet above the sea." — C. Family TELLINIDJE, TELLINA NASUTA. Tdlina nqsuta, CONR. Journ. Acad. Phila. VII, p. 258.— MIDD. Beitrage, III, p. 61,62.— IDEM, Reise,p. 256, pi. xxiii, f. 6-11.— Sows. Thes. VI, p. 314, pi. 64, f. 224.— CARP. Rep. p. 302. Hob.— Shoalwater bay, Dr. Cooper ; Puget Sound, Dr. Suckley ; San Francisco, Dr. Trask. Rather a common species, whose range extends from Lower California to the Arctic regions, having been found by Eschscholtz at Sitka, and by Middendorff in the Sea of Okhotsk. TELLINA EDENTULA. Tdlina edentula, BROD. & Sown. Zool. Journ. IV, p. 363.— GRAY, Zool. of Beechey's Voy. p. 164, pi. 41, f. 5, and pi. 44, f. 7.— CARP. Rep. p. 301. Sab.— Puget Sound, G. Gibbs; 'Oregon, Nuttall. Several specimens of this large species were sent to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. Gibbs. It was also found at the mouth of Columbia river by Mr. Nuttall. In old shells the teeth nearly disappear, but in younger examples they are long and strong, so that the name is not strictly applicable. TELLINA BODEGENSIS. Tdlina bodegensis, HINDS, Zool. Voy. Sulph. p. 67, pi. 21, f. 2. — CARP. Rep. p. 302. Hob. — Shoalwater bay, Dr. Cooper ; mouth of the Umpqua river, Dr. Vollum, U. S. A. This is much more rare than T. nasuta found in the same stations. ZOOLOGY. 385 SANGUINOLARIA CALIFORNIANA. Sanguinolaria californiana, CONE. Jour. Acad. Phila. VET, p. 230, pi. 17, f. 6, CAKP. Rep. p. 301. Hob. — Mouth of Columbia river; Dr. Cooper. Rather common at the mouth of the Columbia and other rivers, and high up salt water creeks. — C. Family SOLENID^l. SOLBN SICARIUS. Sden sicarius, GOULD, Proceed. Bost. Soc. N. H. Ill, p. 214. — IDEM, U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 387, atlas, fig. 501. — CARPENT. Hep. p. 301. ffab.- — Puget Sound; Dr. Cooper. A single dead shell found on the shore at the town of Steilacoom. It is probably abundant on the mud flats near the mouth of the Nisqually river. — C. MACHAERA NUTTALLI. Solen mazimus, WOOD, (nee Chemn.) Gen. Con. pi. 31, f. 3. — IDEM, Ind. Test. pi. 3, f. 16. Solecurtus nuttallu, CONR. Journ. Acad. Phila. VII. p. 234, pi. 17, f. 9. Machaera costata, MIDD. (nee Say) Beit. Ill, p. 78, pi. XXI, figs. 4-10. — IDEM, Reise. Machaera maxima, GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped. ; Jay's Cat. No. 239. Machaera nuUaUi, CARPENTER, Rep. p. 301. Hob. — Seacoast of Washington Territory; Dr. Cooper. This shell inhabits the sand immediately upon the sea-beach, burrowing about the edge of the usual low tide, where it can be dug up with little trouble, as it is only a few inches from the surface. It is considered, and justly, the best of the many fine eatable mollusca of the coast, excepting always the oyster. Severe storms wash up many of these shells, but they soon crack under the sun's rays, and the beautiful epidermis falls off. This is the only truly marine mollusc I have been able to find on the sandy sea-beach near the Columbia river. It extends northward as far as the beach is sandy, but is not found, I believe, anywhere within the Straits of De Fuca. — C. Family MYACIDJE. MYA CANCELLATA. Mya cancellala, CONE. Journ. Acad. Phila. VII. p. 235, pi. 18, f. 2.— JAY Cat. No. 265. Platyodon cancdlatum, CONR. Journ. Acad. Phila. 1849. — CARP. Rep. p. 300. Hab. — San Luis Obispo; Dr. Antisell. Dead valves only were found. SPHOENIA CALIFORNICA. Sphoenia caUf&rnica, CONR. Journ. Acad. Phil. VII, p. 234, pi. 17, f. 11.— CARP. Rep. p. 300. Oryptomya californica, CONR. Journ. Acad. Phila. 1849, p. 208. Hab. — San Francisco; Dr. Trask. 49 Q 386 ZOOLOGY. Family ANATINIDJ1. MYTILIMERIA NUTTALLI. Mytilimeria nuttatti, CONE. Journ. Acad. Phila. VII, p. 247. pi. 19, f. 5.— CARP. Rep. p. 301. flat.- -San Diego; Lieutenant W. P. Trowbridge. A small group of this curious shell, nestling in a white friable arenaceous substance, was received by the Smithsonian Institution through the kindness of Lieutenant Trowbridge. Family PHOLADIDAE. PHOLAS PENITA. Pholas penita, CONR. Jour. Acad. Phila. VII, p. 237, pi. 18, f. 7, 1837. Phdm concamerata, DESHAYES, Eev. Zool. p. 234, 1839. — IDEM, Mag. de Zool. pi. 17, 1840. Parapholas penita, CONK. Jour. Acad. Phila. 1849, p. 214, CARP. Rep. p. 290. ffab. — Shoalwater bay, Dr. Cooper ; Straits of Fuca, Dr. Suckley ; Oregon, mouth of Umpqua river, Dr. Vollum, U. S. A. "A specimen was obtained from a piece of worn rock which drifted into the bay attached to the roots of macrocystis, the giant seaweed.'1 — C. x LIST OF SHELLS BROUGHT HOME BY THE U. S. N. ASTRONOM- ICAL EXPEDITION. /-r 4^ ' BY AUG. A. GOULD. CHITON ACULEATUS. Lin. Coquimbo. SPIRRIFERUS. Frembly. MAGNIFICUS. Desh. OLIVACEUS. Fremb. PERUVIANUS. Lamk. GRANASUS. Fremb. CUMINGII. Sowerb. OLIVA PERUVIANA. Lamk. Coquimbo. " " var. Senegalensis . TURBO NIGER. Gray. TROCHUS ATER. Lesson. " ARAUCANUS. D'Orb. MUREX CRASSILABRUM. " HORRIDUS. Sowerb. " BOIVINII. Kien. FlSSURELLA LATIMARGINATA. Sowerb. CALYPTR.EA PILEUS. " PERUVIANA. LITTORINA PERUVIANA. Gray. " ARAUCANA. D'Orb. BULIMUS ERYTHROSTOMA. Sowerb. ACM03A VIRIDULA. " var. ACHATES. 11 SCUTUM. D'Orb. and Eschh. " SCURRA. Less. TRITON SCABER. King. " RUDIS. Sowerb. NASSA RUBRICATA. Gould. MERADESMA DONACIA. Lamk. CYTHEREA PANNOSA? D'Orb. Two or three shells are confounded under this name. MYTILUS. Undetermined. PLANORBIS. Undetermined. DOMBEYA (CHILINA) FLUCTUOSA. CARDIUM UNEDO. " FRAGUM. CONUS EBUMEUS. RlCIMULA HORRID A. " ALBILABRIS. MONOCEROS CRASSILABRUM. Lamk. OLIVA GULTATA. " JASPIDEA. " ELEGANS. " FLAMMULATA? STROMBUS GIBBERULUS. CERITHIUM LINEATUM. CYPREA MONETA. 11 ANNULUS. 11 CICERCULA. " EBUMEA. " FIMBRIATA. VENUS PANNOSA. Sowerb. TEREBRA CINEREA. " STRIATA. NERITA ALBICELLA. " LE GRILLOUANA. NERITINA CANALES. Sowerb. SIPHONARIA LESSONI. Blainv. NATICA UBER. MELAMPUS. Undetermined. ARTICLE III. CATALOGUE OF THE KECENT SHELLS, WITH DESCKIPTIONS OF THE NEW SPECIES. BY AUGUSTUS A. GOULD, M. D. The collection consists of fresh water shells from the Colorado desert, and other localities, and of land and marine shells from the coast between San Francisco and San Diego. The new species are indicated by an asterisk. (-). o. Name. Locality. 1 San Diego.. . Pecten monotimeris Conrad - ............ do 3 Pecten ventricosus Sowerby (also tumidus, Sow. )..__...._....-..-- do 4 Mytilus edulis (1) . . _._.-..__-_..._..-...---.---- - . . San Francisco 5 Modiola civpax Co*1 rad - -.- . . _ ...... San Diego . . . .. 6 Venus Nuttallii Conrad - _........-.._...-.....--..-- San Pedro . 7 g Tapes grata Say T discors Sowerby (straminea Conrad) ..... San Pedro 9 "Tapes gracilis Gould . ................... - do 10 Cyclas (imperfect) Colorado Desert ... . 11 oCardium cruentatum Gould .......... .... ......... San Diego 12 Lucina orbella Gould . .. ... San Pedro 13 Lucina Nuttallii Conrad . .. ... . ._-__-...._ ......... do 14 Mesodesma rubrotincta (') Sowerby ..do 15 Tellina vicina Adams . .. .......... San Diego 16 Tellina secta Conrad . . . ....... ...... San Pedro 17 Sphenia Californica Conrad . .... . . San Diego . 18 Petricola carditoides Conrad (P cvlindracca Desh ) . Monterey — San Pedro ... . 19 Solecurtus Californiensis Conrad ...... San Diego. ..... .. ....... ?0 Gnathodon Lecontei Conrad (G. trigonurn Pettit) ..... ... Colorado Desert 21 Lot tia scabra, Gould . . San Francisco ??, Lottia patina, Eschscholtz .... .. ..... San Pedro . 23 Scurria pal lida, Gray, (Lott. rnitra, Brod.)_.I . do ?,4 Calyptrea hispida, Brod. . . . ..... San Pedro — San Diego 25 Crepidula incurva, Brod. . . . San Pedro 26 Bulla nebulosa, Gould . . San Diego _. 27 Bulla (Haminea) virescens, Sowerby . . . . do.. ?8 °Bulla (Haminea) vesicula, Gould . . ...... do 29 °Bulla (Tornatina) inculta, Gould do . 30 Trochus moestus, Jonas . . .. do 31 °Phasianella compta. Gould ..do.. APPENDIX. CATALOGUE— Continued. 331 No. Name. Locality. 32 San Diego . .... . QQ -do 34 San Pedro . . ..... Q \ p San Diego . . . _ . .. .... •jfi Colorado Desert ... ...... . Shell small, solid, ovate, imperfbrate, smooth and shining, a&hy white, minutely and closely lineated in an obliquely spiral manner with olive green. Whorls four, well rounded, forming an acute spire, the outer one obtusely angular at periphery, where there is sometimes a delicate range of catenated white and olive spots ; aperture nearly circular ; lip very thin, showing the 334 APPENDIX. lineations on the inner margin ; throat coated with bluish white enamel ; pillar flattened i white. Operculum patelliforrn, ivory-like, the outer convex surface marbled black and white ; the inner surface black. Length one-fourth of an inch ; diameter one-fifth of an inch. Locality. — Found at San Diego by Mr. Blake, and also by Dr. Webb. This pretty little shell is usually more or less coated with cretaceous matters, but when cleaned exhibits a beautifully lineated surface, peculiar on account of the lines running so nearly in the ordinary direction of revolving strire. The coloration, however, sometimes consists of olive and white tessellations and blotches. It would accord pretty well with P. perforata, Philippi, did it not lack the distinguishing mark of that species, its perforation. BULLA (TORN ATI NA) INCULTA, Gould. [Preliminary Report, 1855.] Testa minuta, solidula, eburnea, elongato-ovalis, longitudinaliter minutissime striata : spira elevata ; anfractibus quatuor tabulatis : apertura linearis, octantes septem longitudinis testse adequans, antice dilatata, postice rotundata ; labro incurvato ; columella satis arcuata, callosa, uniplicata. PI. XI, figures 27, 28. Shell minute, solid, ivory white, elongated-oval, minutely striated longitudinally ; spire ele- vated, consisting of about four tabulated whorls. Aperture about seven-eighths the length of the shell, not attaining the end of the outer whorl, linear, constricted at the middle and some- what dilated anteriorly, posterior angle rounded ; pillar moderately arcuate, usually presenting a well-marked fold at the anterior fourth, and well coated with enamel. Length one-eighth ; breadth one-twelfth of an inch. Locality. — San Diego. May be best compared with B. fusiformis, A. Adams, and is also very closely allied to B. obstricla. Gould. The spire varies much in elevation, sometimes, indeed, being on a level with the outer whorl. The form of the whole shell is also more or less cylindrical. BULLA (HAMINEA) VESICULA, Gould. [Preliminary Report, 1855.] Testa parva, fragilis, ovato-globosa, pallide citrina, postice truncata : apertura spiram superans, longitudine duplo adequans, antice et postice bene rotundata ; columella profunde arcuata, vix callosa. PI. XI, fig. 29. Shell small, fragile, ovate globose, pale greenish yellow ; body of the shell small, truncate at summit; outer whorl large ; aperture about twice the length of the body of the shell, and pro- jecting above it, broadly rounded both posteriorly and anteriorly ; outer lip inflexed at the middle ; pillar profoundly arcuate, with a narrow delicate callus. Length three-tenths ; breadth one-fifth of an inch. Locality. — Brought from San Diego by Mr. Blake. It has about the size and general appearance of B. rotunda, A. Adams, but has not so large a body, and is more open anteriorly ; in this Litter respect it is more like B. Nalalensis, a much larger shell. CARDIUM CRUENTATUM, Gould. [Preliminary Report, 1855.] Testa parva, tenuis, transversim rotundato-ovata, ventricosa, inequilateralis, polita, straminea, APPENDIX. 335 ad aream dorsalem posticam rufo tincta, lineis radiantibus crebris vix insculpta ; umbonibus eminentibus ; extremitatibus rotundatis, rufo biradiatis ; intus citrina sanguineo conspersa ; margine argute crenulato. Plate XI, figures 21, 22. Shell small, thin, inequilateral, rounded ovate, moderately ventricose, surface smooth and shining, with very delicate lines of growth, and numerous, indistinct, radiating stria?, more distinct posteriorly and near the margin ; anterior end broadly rounded ; posterior end narrowed, semi-rhomboidal, the dorsal margin rather rapidly declining ; color pale lemon, or straw-color, somewhat discolored or blotched with rufous, the beaks biradiate with brown, and the posterior dorsal area brownish ; interior bright lemon-color, beautifully stained with dark liver-brown, especially near the beaks and posteriorly ; inner margin minutely crenulated. Height and length five-eighths of an inch ; breadth three-eighths of an inch. Locality. — Inhabits San Pedro. — Wm. P. Blake. Compared with C. Elenense, Sowb. , it is much less elevated and differently colored, though the general characters are very closely allied. It is more like C. Mortoni, Con-., but is less solid, inequilateral, less truncate posteriorly and more freely colored within, and the internal margin in that shell is not crenulated. TAPES GRACILIS, Gould. [Preliminary Report, &c., 1855.] Testa parva, tenuis, inequilateralis, elongato-ovata, albida, obsolete fusco radiata, ad aream dorsalem posticam fuscata, concentrice striolata ; extremitatibus rotundatis, extr. antico acutiore ; intus Candida. — PI. XI, figures 19, 20. Shell small, thin, transversely elongate-ovate, rather compressed, beaks, at the anterior third, whitish, with traces of dusky radiations on the disks, and clouded with dusky on the dorsal areas; surface with very fine concentric lines of growth, coarser at the ends; extremities rounded, the posterior somewhat obliquely, the anterior narrower and somewhat more acute ; anterior dorsal area depressed, without any line of demarcation ; interior white. Length three-fourths of an inch ; height half an inch; breadth an eighth. Locality. — Brought from San Pedro by Mr. Blake. Belongs to the group with T. florida and geographica, but is less inequilateral and less angu- lar than those shells, It may grow much larger than the present specimen, and is pretty certain to vary in coloring. In addition to the preceding are two or three species left undetermined in consequence of im- perfect specimens, or because the characters are not sufficiently marked to render their novelty decisive. The following remarks may be added in regard to some of these : (1.) MYTILUS EDULIS, or very closely allied. It seems to differ in having the dorsal angle at a greater distance from the beak — the posterior dorsal slope more rapidly declining and more curved, as in M. hamatus — the interior more pearly, and the margin more uniformly deep black. Locality. — San Francisco. (2.) OSTREA. — A small parasitic Oyster, on twigs, probably of Gorgonia, usually projecting equally to either side. The form is elliptical, the under valve having a groove for the twig, with a corresponding eminence in the upper valve ; sometimes it adheres by but one edge, and then assumes an oblique, alate form, like Avicula. It is quite thin, lineated, radiately orna- mented with fasicles of brown lines. Locality. — San Diego. 336 APPENDI . Another oyster from San Diego, about two inch ; long, narrow and moderately widening, slightly sigmoid in form, its margins simple and th extremity somewhat truncate and undulate or dentate, with four or five radiating grooves ; shell compact, upper valve purplish. It occurs in clusters intimately grouped, much like the parasitic oysters of Carolina, but more elongate, less digitate at the end, less cavernous under the beak, and less black within. Locality. — San Diego. R.R.EXP.& SURVEYS - CALIFORNIA.. INTRODUCTION. THE following work was undertaken under many disadvantages. The writer did not accompany the Expedition, and, of course, had not an opportunity of observing specimens in their native localities, and in their natural relations. Circumstances relating to food, habits, uses, numbers, and grouping, and other important points which would im- press themselves upon the mind of an observer, and by which the dry details of specific description might be greatly relieved, must, therefore, be wanting here. Mr. Joseph P. Couthouy, the able naturalist of the Expedition in this department, made careful and suggestive notes of all interesting species, and, especially, of the new or doubtful species, with the inten- tion of amplifying them after his return. To him they would have spoken volumes ; but he alone could fully understand their import. Up to the time of leaving the Paumotu, or Low Coral Islands, these notes were pretty fully written out in form. On arriving at the Samoa Islands, his health obliged him to separate from the squadron ; and the numerous notes he had subsequently made from day to day were left in an imperfect state. Still, these would have been extremely valuable, especially those relating to the land-shells of the Society, Samoa, and Sandwich Islands. But, unfortunately, repeated searches have failed to discover them among the masses of documents per- taining to the Expedition. Mr. Couthouy was also careful to attach marks, or numbers, to all vj INTRODUCTION. specimens described or figured, or to which special interest attached ; and they were so disposed of as to be easily accessible and readily re- cognised. The drawings relating to them had been so far finished as to secure the forms and attitudes, more particularly the colours of the animals, all of which greatly change after death, leaving the more permanent features to be copied at leisure. The identification of these shells was, therefore, very important. But it had been thought neces- sary, by the Navy Department, that the boxes sent home in advance of the Expedition should be opened, lest, by long packing, the speci- mens might be injured. Those who performed this service were not fully aware of the importance of replacing the specimens as originally arranged, and hence much labour and difficulty in identifying them. In many instances, the search was quite fruitless, and, consequently, many drawings and descriptions were altogether rejected, and so far lost. Still an additional difficulty arose from residing at a long distance from Washington, where the collection is deposited, rendering it impos- sible to have such a frequent recourse to the specimens as would have greatly facilitated the settlement of questions which arose from day to day. Notwithstanding the disadvantages under which this branch of Zoology laboured, an immense mass of specimens of shells was col- lected, and among them a very large number of new species, — larger, probably, than has ever been collected by any similar Expedition. Both before and after the separation of Mr. Couthouy, a very decided zeal, in the collection of shells, was manifested by both officers and men, as well as by the other members of the Scientific Corps. Among them must be especially mentioned, as the principal collectors : — Commander Charles Wilkes; Messrs. J. P. Couthouy, C. Pickering, J. D. Brackenridge, T. R. Peale, W. Rich, J. D. Dana, of the Scientific Corps; J. Drayton, Artist; Lieutenants C. Ringgold, A. L. Case, T. A. Budd, W. M. Walker, J. A. Underwood ; Passed-Midshipmen W. May, W. Reynolds, H. Eld; Midshipmen G. W. Hammersley, and George Elliott, Jr.; Assistant-Surgeons J. L. Fox and J. S. INTRODUCTION. viJ Whittle ; "W. Spieden, Purser ; J. R. Howison, Captain's Clerk ; F. Monserrat, Steward; C. Erskine, James Sheaf, S. Stearns, E. Verry, Seamen ; J. W. W. Dyes, Taxidermist. The Expedition was also indebted, for many specimens of rare and valuable shells, to Mr. Dimond, of the Sandwich Island Mission ; Mrs. Richards, of the same Mission ; and Mrs. Mitchill, of New South Wales. With rare exceptions, the shells were collected on the sea-beach and coral reefs, very few opportunities having been afforded for obtaining specimens from deep water, by the dredge, on account of the incessant employment of the men and boats on special hydrographical duties. Several zoological provinces not previously explored were examined, and furnished most interesting groups of specimens. Among them are the collections made at Tierra del Fuego ; the land-shells of the Society and Samoa Islands, as well as other Pacific islands ; and the marine shells of Oregon, — more especially those from Puget's Sound, every one of which appear to be new to collections. In some genera the number of new species added is quite remarka- ble ; for instance, the species added to the genus Succinea equal all those previously known. The genera Trochus, Perna, Avicula, and Mytilus have been greatly augmented. To the scanty list of naked mollusks previously known, additions of many new and beautiful forms have been made. The Cephalopods, especially, have received large accessions, which, for life-like colouring and delineation, have not been surpassed. My instructions were, to name and describe the new species of shells found in the collection, following the system of Lamarck, and, also, to introduce the figures of such animals as had not hitherto been pub- lished, or had been but imperfectly delineated, with descriptions of their external features. The figures were all drawn from the living animal, so that they are true to life as to their form and colouring,— more so, indeed, than any that have yet been published. The mol- lusks of several genera of shells, hitherto unknown, are now, for the first time, delineated, and are important additions to malacology. INTRODUCTION. In drawing up the descriptions, I have endeavoured to use language as simple and definite as possible, and, by comparing each species with the one most nearly allied to it, to make its peculiar character appa- rent. Where a shell bore characters somewhat prominent, I have endeavoured to select a specific name significant of them, almost en- tirely avoiding local and complimentary appellations. I have retained names selected by Mr. Couthouy, unless they had been preoccupied ; and, where his descriptions have mainly been used, his initials are appended ; the revision of them, and the determination that they did not relate to shells already described, having been made by myself. After the most scrupulous endeavours to avoid describing shells which had been previously named, consulting all the books and the best collections in the country, with this view, it is quite likely that the evil has not been entirely avoided. The history of a contem- poraneous Voyage of Exploration in nearly the same track, has been in the course of publication simultaneously ; and, from a recent exa- mination of a few of the plates of the Voyage of the Astrolabe and Zele*e, several species appear to be there figured, which are also de- scribed in this work. It is believed, however, that the descriptions published in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History were of prior date, and must, therefore, be adopted. The formation of new genera from characters of the shell alone, has been avoided. In some few instances, where new forms of mollusks have been presented, such as could not be united with received genera without violence, a new genus has been instituted. In instances where generic divisions seemed justifiable, I have rested contented with in- dicating groups, without formally establishing them. In several cases it has been possible to present, for the first time, or essentially to cor- rect, the characters of the mollusk, thus contributing something towards a natural classification. In this collection of descriptions of new species, where so many genera do not appear at all, and very few are fairly represented, no accurate systematic arrangement could be expected, and none has been attempted. INTRODUCTION. jx It is much to be regretted, however, that the descriptions of animals were limited to their external characters, and that dissections and delineations of their anatomical structure had not also been directed ; especially in the case of those genera in which the structure of the soft parts is still unknown. A very large supply of mollusks, in spirit, is preserved in the collection, and would afford ample materials for future zoological investigations concerning this class of animals. As this work was intended to be purely descriptive, no generaliza- tions were expected. A few points, however, have presented them- selves so obviously, in examining the specimens and memoranda of the shell collection, that it would seem proper to advert to them. The doctrine of distinct zoological regions evidently appertains to the mollusks, and is well illustrated by them. In nearly every work, containing any considerable catalogue of shells, the same species will be found quoted as being found in widely distant regions, in different oceans, and even on opposite sides of the globe. The many thousand localities carefully noted on the records of the Expedition, go to prove beyond dispute, that no such random or wide-spread distribution obtains. The error has arisen from two principal causes. One is, that reliable notes of localities have not been taken. A voyage is made to the Sandwich Islands, and all the shells brought home by the vessel are said to be shells from the Sandwich Islands, though thev ' «/ may have been obtained at California, the Society Islands, New Zealand, and, perhaps, half a dozen other places quite as remote from each other. A sea captain purchases a collection at Calcutta or Val- paraiso, for his friends at home ; and all the shells are marked as denizens of the port where they were purchased, though they might not have lived within thousands of miles. Purchased shells cannot be relied on for localities ; for this end a shell must have been found containing the animal, or else dredged, or picked up on the shore, and labelled accordingly. There have been instances where New England shells, which had gone to the west coast of America, in the way of exchange, came back again as Pacific shells. The second cause is, that shells are regarded as specifically iden- c x INTRODUCTION. tical, which, on careful comparison, are found not to be so. And this is very likely to occur, where some one very remarkable pecu- liarity exists. Thus, a Lutraria from Lower California (L. undulata), has the thin, milk-white, concentrically undulated valves, so similar to those which characterize a shell from the coast of Carolina (L. canali- cnlata), that no one observing them separately, would hesitate to pro- nounce them the same ; but place the two side by side, and it will be seen that in one the beaks are near the posterior, and in the other near the anterior end of the shell. Equally striking resemblances and differences will be found when we compare Mactra nasuta and M. Brasiliana, Lutraria ventricosa and L. carinata, the former of which are found in the Gulf of California, and their analogues in the Gulf of Mexico. So too we find on the catalogues Cytherea chione and Natica maroccana, Mediterranean shells, set down as found also in the Gulf of California ; but a direct comparison shows them to be quite different in form and coloration, and well entitled to the distinctive appella- tions of Cytherea biradiata and Natica Chemnitzii. Triton nodosum, of the West Indies, has also been regarded as identical with a Sand- wich Island species (T. elongatum). We need not multiply examples of this kind. But if such confusion has arisen among strongly-marked species, how much more liable is it to occur where specific differences are slight. In many genera, as in Physa and Succinea, the form, surface, and colouring are so uniform throughout, that undoubted species are distinguished by only the slightest differences. Indeed, there are even some genera, like Helix and Nanina, Patella and Lottia, which cannot be distinguished but by an examination of the animal. When, therefore, we have before us shells from widely diverse regions, apparently identical, they should be subjected to the most careful scrutiny for structural differences. If no obvious ones are detected, we may not consider the question as settled, unless the animals have been compared; and we may go even further, and require that their internal structure, as well as external features, should be examined. The number of instances where this apparent ubiquity obtains is fast diminishing, as in the cases already mentioned, in those INTRODUCTION. xj of Cyprea exanthema, cervina and cervinetta, &c. A large proportion of the shells inhabiting the eastern and western shores of the Atlantic, have heen regarded as identical ; and many of them are really so. But the closer the comparison, the more it tends to diminish rather than increase the identical species. The same is found true in regard to other classes of animals. In fact, the doctrine of the local limita- tion of animals, even now, meets with so few apparent exceptions, that we admit it as an axiom in zoology, that species strongly resem- bling each other, derived from widely diverse localities, especially if a continent intervenes, and if no known or plausible means of com- munication can be assigned, should be assumed as different, until their identity can be proved. Much study of living specimens must be had before the apparent exceptions can be brought under the rule. Some shells undoubtedly have a very extensive range. The species of Cyprea are remarkable for this, and more than any other genus would lead us to conclude that oceans present no limitations. Even among them, however, new distinctions are constantly appearing. There are also some shells which may be called cosmopolite. At least they are erratic, and will be found wherever their pabulum is found. Thus, Helix cellaria, attaching itself to water-casks, is found in most seaports in all parts of the world. Helix similaris is found wherever the coffee- plant grows ; and Helix vitrinoides in like manner accompanies the Arum esculentum or taro. Bulirnus octona, or a closely allied species, is a parasite of the Banana. But exceptions of this kind confirm rather than militate against the conclusion. There is a certain local aspect, a peculiar facies, which impresses itself upon us the more we study local collections; just as we learn, by a very little observation, to distinguish men of different nations and neighbourhoods. Thus we distinguish the loose, horny, colourless structure of the northern marine species ; the stony, corroded, livid New Zealanders ; the polished, absolutely perfect specimens from the coral seas. Certain forms are so characteristic of certain regions that we never expect to find them elsewhere. Thus, we look for Clausilia in Europe and Asia; for Achatina in Africa; for Cylindrella in the xii INTRODUCTION. West Indies and their neighbourhood ; for Achatinella in the Sand- wich Islands; for Partula in the Pacific Islands, south of the equator; to the United States of America we look for Helices with toothed apertures; to the Philippine Islands for the ivory and beautifully painted species, &c., and we venture to call them stragglers, if they are brought to us from any other quarter. Dr. Pickering remarks, in relation to theFeejee Islands, "It was only here, in the midst of the Coral sea, where I found myself surrounded by a great variety of Cone, Mitre, Olive, Cowry, Ovula, Harpa, Terebra, Cassis, Strombus, Coriselix, Pyramidella, Tridacne, Vulsella, Lima, &c., that I became fully aware of the imperfect state of this science. We missed Patella, Eburna, Terebellum, Cancellaria, Hip- popus, Ancillaria, and Marginella. Bivalves seem to prevail less than at Tonga. Mactra proper was not met with. In fluviatile shells these islands are richer than the eastern ones, no doubt on account of their larger size and the consequent greater abundance of fresh water. A fresh-water bivalve, Cyrena, was here for the first time met with among the islands. Among land-shells we missed Partula. The appearance of large Bulimi reminded one of the continent." The true Helices seem to be supplanted by Nanina. Another point of interest, extensively elucidated by the collections of the Expedition, is the occurrence of analogous species in co-ordinate regions. It is now a received fact that the animals and plants of the northernmost zones are, for the most part, identical throughout the whole circuit; and that the species gradually diverge from each other towards the equator, on the three continents ; and that after passing the equator towards the south, there is not a return to the same species, and rarely to the same genera, as we should expect if variation of forms depended mainly on difference of temperature. There is, however, a return to mollusks of a kindred character and form, and oftentimes to the same genera. The analogies of specimens from distant regions are much stronger when reckoned by isothermal longitude than by isothermal latitude. In the latter case we may have analogous genera. Along our northern INTRODUCTION. seas, some of the most characteristic shells are Buccinum, Tritonium, Fusus, Terebratula, Rimula, &c. Around Cape Horn are shells of the same types, so closely allied that they have not yet been separated as distinct genera, though peculiar in many important respects. But this resemblance does not descend to species. In the first case, however, not only have we the same genera, but the species seem to repeat each other : so that species brought from great distances east or west, are scarcely to be distinguished upon comparison. As examples in illus- tration, we may place against each other the following species from Oregon and from the Eastern States : Mya praecisa, Mya truncata. Osteodesma bracteatum, Osteodesma hyalina. Cardita ventricosa, Cardita borealis. Cardium blandum, Cardium Icelandicum. Venus calcarea, Venus mercenaria. Alasmodonta falcata, Alasmodonta arcuata. Helix Vancouverensis, Helix concava. Helix loricata, Helix inflecta. Helix germana, Helix fraterna. Planorbis vermicularis, Planorbis deflectus. Planorbis opercularis, Planorbis exacutus. Lacuna carinata, Lacuna vincta. Natica Lewisii, Natica heros. Trichotropis cancellata, Trichotropis borealis. Fusus fidicula, Fusus turricula. Lottia pintadina, Lottia testudinalis, &c. Mingled with these are others very different in type, which mark the two localities as constituting very different zoological regions. Where, for instance, have we the analogues of Panopsea generosa, Lutraria ventricosa, Triton Oregonense, on the one hand, and of Mactra gigantea, Fusus decemcostatus and Icelandicus, Pyrula cana- liculata and carica, Pandora trilineata, &c., on the other? The same comparison holds good between the shells of the Gulf of California and the Gulf of Mexico. D INTRODUCTION. From a consideration of the land-shells collected on the Pacific islands, it seems possible to draw some fair inferences as to the relations of the lands which once occupied the area of the Pacific Ocean, and whose mountain peaks evidently now indicate, or constitute, the islands with which it is now studded. By observation of the species, we think there are strong indications that some groups of islands have an inti- mate relation to each other, and belonged, at least, to the peaks of the same mountain ranges, before they were submerged ; while the indi- cations are equally strong that other groups had no such territorial connexion. The Samoa, Friendly, and Feejee Islands, are near to each other, and seem as if they must have intimate geological relations. The Samoa and Friendly Islands give evidence of such relation, the same forms and many of the same species occurring on both groups. But, if we may draw inferences from the land-shells, these two groups are more intimately related to the Society Islands, though at a much greater distance, than to the Feejee Islands. Not a single spe- cies of land-shell, found on the Feejees, was collected on either of the other groups. Several genera which are common to the other groups are wanting in the Feejees. Thus, no specimen of Succinea or Partula, genera so abundant in the Society and Samoa Islands, was found at the Feejees; and the true Helix, especially the pyramidal forms, so remarkable in the other groups, seemed to be replaced by large species of Nanina. On the other hand, large and peculiar species of Bulimus occur abundantly on the Feejees, while nothing of the kind occurs on any of the other islands. Indeed, judging from the land-shells, the Feejees are more nearly allied to the islands to the westward, — such as the New Hebrides, than to the Friendly Islands, on the east, though so much nearer. When we examine the fluviatile shells, however, we do not find the same distinction. Many of the same species of Melania, Navicella, and Neritina, seem to occur in all the groups, though the large coronated species of Melania prevail in the Feejees. There is some reason to suspect, moreover, that the fresh- water shells collected at these islands have accidentally become more INTRODUCTION. xv or less mingled. It must also be considered, that the Navicella, and more especially Neritina, is oftentimes decidedly littoral, and even marine, in its habits. The little island of Metia, or Aurora Island, to the northeastward of Taheiti, is one of peculiar interest. It is a coral island, which has been elevated 250 feet, or more, and has no other high island anywhere near it. On it were found four small land-shells belonging to three genera, viz. : — Helix pertenuis, Helix daedalea, Partula pusilla, and Helicina trochlea. None of these were found upon any other island. They seem to have originated there, after the elevation of the island, and have a significant bearing upon the question of local and periodical creations in comparatively modern times. As the genus Partula is characteristic of the groups just south of the equator, so Achatinella is the characteristic shell of the Sandwich Islands. Closely connected as the islands of this group are, they each have their peculiar forms of land-shells ; and, as the southern islands bear evidence of greater age than the northern ones, we may infer that, within these narrow limits, we have evidence of the appearance of some species subsequent to the existence of others now living. On the Island of Kauai, the oldest of the group, we have Achatina adusta and pyramidata, a form which does not appear on the other islands ; the Achatinellae are chiefly of the elongated glabrous form, which I have grouped under the name Leptachatina ; the Helices are planor- boid and multispiral. On Molokai, the species of Achatinella are large and beautiful, and peculiar in their form and colouring. On Maui, the Helices are small and glabrous, with some very curious hispid and ribbed species, with lamellae within the aperture. On Oahu, the species of both Helix and Achatinella are similar to those on Maui. On Hawaii, Succinea seems to prevail in larger proportion than on the other islands, while Achatinella, which occurs so abun- dantly on all the other islands, either does not occur at all, or but very rarely. BOSTON, December, 1851. DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW FOSSIL SHELLS, FROM THE TERTIAEY OF PETERSBURG, VA. Read before the American Philosophical Society, May 29, 1843, BY HENRY C. LEA. PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, ARTICLE IX. Description of some new Fossil Shells, from the Tertiary of Petersburg, Virginia. By Henry C. Lea, Philadelphia. Read May 29, 1843. IN the United States, the various Supercretaceous, or Tertiary, formations, are widely extended and beautifully developed. They have been traced from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Atlantic far into the western territory. For the sake of convenience, geologists have divided them into two groups, according to their geogra- phical position, namely, the Atlantic and the Western Tertiary. Of the latter it is not, at present, my intention to speak, — but little, comparatively, is known of it, and it presents a rich field to any enterprising geologist who may undertake its investigation. The northern extremity of the Atlantic Tertiary, as far as it has been discovered, is on the St. Lawrence and around Lake Champlain. From thence to Maryland, its course may be traced by a few small patches in New Jersey, and, from Maryland to the Gulf of Mexico, it exists in a broad sheet. It is to be expected that, extending as it does over so wide a space, it should present very different characters in different localities. Accordingly, we find that much confu- sion has existed in its classification. Mr. McClure, the first who attempted to syste- matize American geology, considered it all as alluvial, but subsequent geologists soon corrected this error. Mr. Conrad, in the first number of his "Fossil Shells of the Tertiary of North America," divided it into the Upper Marine, Middle Tertiary, and Lower Tertiary. In this arrangement, the Upper Marine corresponds very nearly with Mr. LyelPs Pliocene, the Middle Tertiary comprises the Miocene and Eocene of the same author, and the Lower Tertiary consists of sand and gravel containing Lignite arid a few shells. Mr. Conrad has, more recently, adopted the classification of Lyell, which is perhaps best, as the beds comprising his Lower Tertiary are hardly of sufficient importance to constitute a separate formation. The latest, and probably, most correct views upon this subject are, however, those which Mr. Conrad advances in the second number of the Bulletin of the National Institution. He there supposes that we possess the Eocene, Miocene, and Post-Plio- cene, as nearly as the parallel can be drawn between our strata and those of Europe. Several links of the chain, however, appear to be wanting, as but one or two species are common to the Eocene and Miocene, and only recent shells have been found exist- ing in both the Miocene and Post-Pliocene. The Eocene does not possess a single VOL. ix. — 61 230 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS species at present existing; in the Miocene the proportion is small; while, in the Post- Pliocene all are recent. According to Mr. Conrad, the per centage of still existing shells in the Miocene is about seventeen, but I am inclined to think that it will prove, on further investigation, to be smaller. It, however, cannot be relied on as a certain criterion, being extremely variable in different localities. Petersburg, Virginia, may be taken as an instance of one extreme : the following is a list of the fossils which have been found there, exclusive of those herein described. Dentalium thallus, . . Con. " attenuatum, . Say. Serpula granifera, . . " Balanus sp. ? Pholas ovalis, . . . Say. Panopsea reflexa, . . " Mactra congesta, . . Con. Crassatella undulata, . Say. " melina, . . Con. Corbula cuneata, . . . Say. " insequalis, . . " Tellina aequistriata, . . " Lucina speciosa, . . " " contracta, . . " " edentula, . . " " divaricata, . . Lamk. Astarte undulata, . . Say. " arata, . . . Con. " concentrica, . " Clathrodon Grayi, . . " Cytherea reposta, . . " " convexa, . . Say. Artemis acetabulum, . Con. Venus Rileyi, .... Con. " diftbrmis, . . . Say. Cardium sub-lineatum, . . Con. " laqueatum, . . " Cardita granulata, . . . Say. Cypricardia arata, ... " Area centenaria, . ... " " idonea, " " incile, " Pectunculus subovatus, . . " " quinquerugatus, Con. " pulvinatus,* . Lamk. Nucula laevis, .... Say, " obliqua, .... " Chama congregata, . . . Con. " corticosa, ... " Pecten eboreus, .... " " Madisonius, . . Say. Plicatula marginata, . . " Perna torta, " Ostrea Virginiana? var. . Gmel. Capulus lugubris, . . . Con. Fissurella redimicula, . Say. Crepidula fornicata, . . " " costata, . . Morton. Dispotaea ramosa, . . Con. Natica duplicata, . . Say. " heros? ... " Acteon Wetherilli, . . Lea. Rotella nana, ... " Trochus philanthropus, Con. Turritella variabilis, . " " indenta, . . " " plebeia, . . Say. Pleurotoma pyrenoides, Con. Fasciolaria mutabilis, . " Pyrula carica, . . . Say. " canaliculata, . " Fusus cinereus, ... " " exilis, .... Con. Murex quadricostatus, . Say. Buccinum laqueatum, . Con. " porcinum, . " Marginella perpusilla, . " " liraatula, . " We have here sixty-eight species, in addition to one hundred and five which I shall describe in this paper, and which I consider as hitherto unknown, or in all, one hundred and seventy-three. Now, of these, but nine can be identified with existing shells, namelv, Lucina divaricata, Artemis acetabulum, Ostrea Virginiana? Crepidula fornicata, Natica heros?' " duplicata, Pyrula carica, " canaliculata, Fusus cinereus. and of these, two appear to me doubtful, namely, Natica heros, and Ostrea Virginiana. Considering them, however, as the recent species, this gives us about five per cent, of still existing shells. It appears almost absurd to compare this with the Miocene of Dax, the best characterized in Europe, which, by the tables of Dr. Grateloup, con- * In the first number of the "Fossil Shells of the Tertiary of North America," Mr. Conrad has described and figured a shell as the Pect. pulvinatus, Lam. But, after comparing it with a number of specimens of that species, and with Deshayes' figures, I am forced to consider it as specifically distinct. I, therefore, propose to name it P. ELEPHANTOPUS. FROM THE TERTIARY OF VIRGINIA. 231 tains between thirty and forty per cent, of recent shells. Yet the Miocene of Peters- burg has not a single species which can be identified with any of the Claiborne Eocene fossils, while it abounds in shells which are found, at other localities, in company with more than twenty per cent, of recent species. These few facts will sufficiently exem- plify the fallacy of attempting to classify our Tertiary by the rules which regulate that of Europe. It may, perhaps, be deemed not irrelevant to this subject, to introduce here the fol- lowing table of the number of the species in each genus, hitherto described from the Tertiary of the United States. Unfortunately great confusion exists in their synonymy, and he who would review the descriptions of them, with an impartial and unsparing- hand, would confer a great benefit on all interested in American geology. To this part of the subject, I have not pretended to pay any attention, and therefore the number of species is, in reality, smaller than that given here, many of them being repeated under the same or different genera. I, however, have not felt inclined, at present, to undertake the Augean task of clearing away the synonymes, but I hope that, as far as I pretend to go, I shall be found correct; that is, as far as the mere numbers are concerned.* List of the Fossil Shells found in the Tertiary Beds of the United States. Genera. Acteon, . Aligena, Amphidesma, Anatina, Ancillaria, Anolax, Anomia, . Area, . Artemis, . Astarte, Avicula, . Balanus, Bissomya, Bonellia, Buccinum, Bulk, . Bullina, . Calyptrea, . Cancellaria, Capulus, Cardita, . Cardium, . Cassis, . No. of species. Genera. . 23 Cemoria, . . 2 Cerithium, . 12 Chama, . . . 3 Chiton, . 7 Conus, . . . 2 Corbis, 1 Corbula, . . . 14 Crassatella, . . 2 Crepidula, . . 20 Cryptostoma, . 4 Cucullaea, Cypraea, . . 4 Cumingia, 1 Cypricardia, . . 2 Cyrena, . . 20 Cytherea, . . . 5 1 Delphinula, Dentalium, . . . 4 Diplodonta, . 17 Dispotaea, . . . 1 Donax, . . 6 . . 7 Egeria, . 1 Emarginula, No. of species. Genera. 1 Erycina, . . 10 . 3 Fasciolaria, . . 1 Fissurella, . . 5 Fistulana, . . 3 Fulgur, . 11 Fusus, . . . 8 Gastrochaena, . 12 Gnathodon, . . 1 Grateloupia. 4 1 Gryphaea, . 1 Hiatella, . . 1 Hippagus, . 1 Hipponix, . . . 26 Infundibulum, . 12 Isocardia, . . . 5 Lepton ? . 1 Lima, . . . 6 Littorina, . 1 Lucina, Lutraria, . . . 10 . 1 Mactra, No. of species. . . 2 5 . . 7 1 . . 7 . 51 . . 1 . 3 . . 1 1 . . 1 1 . . 1 . 6 . . 2 1 . . a i . . 27 . 2 18 * I regret that I have not been able to obtain the names of the species figured by M. Lesueur from the Eocene of Walnut Hill, Mississippi. I have seen the plates, but I do not know whether the descriptions were ever pub- lished. It may be seen that I have included in this catalogue the species described in the following pages 232 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS Genera. Marginella, Melongena, Mitra, Modiola, Monodonta, Monoceros, Monoptygma, Murex, . Mya, . Myoparo, Mysia, Mytilus, . Nassa, Natica, . Nautilus, Nucula, . Nummulites, Oliva, '. Orbicula, . Orbis, Ostrea, Pandora,' Panopsea, . Pasithea, No. of species. Genera. No. of species. Genera. . 16 Patella, . . 1 Serpula, . . 3 Pecten, . . 22 Sigaretus, . . . 13 Pectunculus, . . 22 Siliquaria, 2 Perna, . . 2 Solarium, . . . 1 Petaloconchus, . 1 Solen, . 5 Petricola, . . . 3 Solecurtis, . . . 2 . 6 Pholadomya, . . Pholas, 2 . . 5 Spirorbis, Stalagmium, . . 3 Placuna, . . . 1 Strigilla, . . 1 Plagiostoma, . . 1 Tellina, . . 2 Planaria, 1 Terebra, 2 . . 5 Pleurotoma, Plicatula, Prntn . . 32 4 . . 1 Teredo, Thracia, . . 23 A 1 *J U ' 5 • . Psammobia, . . 2 Triton, Trochus, . . . 31 . . 1 Psammocola, Pyramidella, . Pyrula, . . 2 . 3 . . 7 Tuba, . Turbinella, Turritella, . . 16 . . 1 Ranella, . . 1 Typhis, . 1 Rostellaria, . . . 4 Venericardia, . . 18 Rotella, . . 5 Venerupis, Venus, 2 Saxicava, . . . 2 Vermetus, . . 4 Sanguinolaria, . . 2 Voluta, . 21 Scalaria, . . 16 Volvaria, . No. of species. . 5 . . 5 2 . . 18 2 . . 2 1 . . 1 1 . . 9 . 8 . . 4 . 1 1 . 16 . . 3 . 5 . . 20 . 2 . . 7 1 . . 11 1 . . 12 1 It is to the kindness of Mr. Tuomey, of Petersburg, that I owe the following shells, as well as those in the list a few pages back. Most of the smaller species herein described, I met with by carefully examining the sand scraped from the cavities of larger shells, as well as a small portion of the marl of the vicinity, with which Mr. Tuomey was kind enough to favor me. I mention this merely to show the importance of thoroughly searching the strata of the various localities before we conclude that we have all the species existing there. Attracted by the beauty of the larger shells, conchologists have very much neglected the more minute ones, which require a closer examination, and thus our knowledge of our fossil conchology is still limited. I may as well observe here, that I found the species met with in the sand from the cavities of the larger shells, in general, different from those in the loose marl. It is difficult to give a reason for this, unless there were species which usually inhabited the interior of dead shells, like the recent Valvata tricarinata, Say. In looking over these shells, I have been struck with the general resemblance which obtains between them and those of a corresponding age from Dax. This is peculiarly observable in the genera Acteon, Pasithea, &c. which are very numerous in both localities. Their connexion is so close that in some cases they are scarce specifically distinct. FROM THE TERTIARY OF VIRGINIA. 233 FAMILY SERPULID^E. GENUS SERPULA. S. CONVOLUTA, PL. 34. FIG. 1. S. testa in spiram discoidalem contortd, tenui, plerumque cancellatd, apud apicem regulariter valuta; aperturd rotunda. Shell twisted into a discoidal spire, thin, usually cancellate, regularly whorled near the apex; mouth round. Diam. .10 of an inch. Remarks. — This shell is generally twisted into a regular disc. The sculpture is very variable, sometimes seeming like longitudinal moniliferous costse, and, at others, regu- larly cancellate. The apex is singularly formed, being smooth and perfectly voluted, like a young Turbo. This is, I suppose, the form it has when excluded from the egg. S. ANGUINA, PL. 34. FIG. 2. S. testa minima, irregulariter contortd, striatd, crassa; striis irregularibus transversis; apertura rotunda. Shell very small, irregularly twisted, striate, thick; striae irregular, transverse; mouth round. Diam. .04 of an inch. Remarks. — This is a very minute species, and is, I believe, the only one of our fossil Serpulee that has no longitudinal lines on the surface. This character will readily dis- tinguish it from others. The apex has the same voluted character as the last, although not as well developed. GENUS PETALOCONCHUS,* (Nosis.) Testa tubularis, solida, irregulariter contorta, laminis longitudinalibus duabus internis. Shell tubular, solid, irregularly twisted, with two internal longitudinal plates. Remarks. — The singular shell, on \yhich I propose to found the above genus, differs from all the known tubular shells that I have met with, in the two internal longitudinal plates. It may possibly belong to the family Scalaridae, and, if so, presents a link be- tween them and the Plicacidse. P. SCULPTURATUS, PL. 34. FIG. 3. P. testa vel contortd vel turritd, crassa, costulis longitudinalibus noduliferis; laminis internis politis, lavibus, ad aper- turam obsoletis; aperturd rotunda. Shell sometimes twisted, sometimes turrited, thick, with small longitudinal noduliferous ribs; internal lamina smooth, polished, obsolete at the mouth; mouth round. Diam. .20 of an inch. Remarks. — The longitudinal costse are generally nodulous, but they occasionally seem rather to be cancellated by transverse sulci, which, in other specimens, appear to usurp their place. The two internal laminae are placed at about one-sixth of the circumference apart. They are generally directed towards the centre, and sometimes nearly meet. In some specimens they are much smaller than in others. They rarely or never seem to be continued to the aperture. This is a very variable shell, both as to the sculpture and internal plates. I at first * A Ttifo&w, lamina, et xoy^oj, concha. VOL. IX. — 62 234 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS thought that there were two or three distinct species, but the varieties glide impercepti- bly into each other. It appears to be by no means an uncommon shell at Petersburg. The form figured is a very usual one. I have but few specimens which do not exhibit a decided tendency to form regular revolutions, and in some, the axis is so straight that a pin may be thrust through the umbilicus from the apex to the base. The second figure is a specimen fractured to exhibit the appearance of the lamina. FAMILY TUBICOLIIXE. GENUS TEREDO. T. CALAMUS, PL. 34. FIG. 4. T. testa incognita; tubo parvo, rotunda, tenui, mgoso, striis irregularibus transversis. Shell unknown: tube small, round, thin, rugose, with irregular transverse striae- Diam. .08 of an inch. Remarks. — I found several specimens of this little species of Teredo, on breaking open a mass of Madrepore which they had pierced. It differs from the following shell, prin- cipally, in being much smaller, thinner, and more rugose. T. FISTULA, PL. 34. FIG. 5. T. testa incognita; tubo rotunda, tereti, crassissimo, turn recto turn curvato; striis irregularibus transversis raris. Shell unknown; tube round, terete, very thick, sometimes straight and sometimes curved; with a few irregular transverse striae. Diam. .50 of an inch. Remarks. — The transverse lines of growth vary exceedingly both in size and direction. The substance of the shell is very thick, the outer diameter being frequently .50, while that of the aperture is about .28 of an inch. I have them, however, even thicker. GENUS GASTROCH^ENA. G. LIGULA, PL. 34. FIG. 6. G. tubo incognito; testa transversd, oblanccolatd, valdd in&quilaterali, postice rotundatd, antice acuminatd, inflatd, con- cciii.nct striatd; striis parvis, irregularibus; antice hiatu maximo, valde obliquo; margine basali tortuoso; margine dorsali recto; margine antico brevissimo; natibus sub-prominulis . Tube unknown; shell transverse, oblanceolate, very inequilateral, rounded posteriorly, acuminate anteriorly, in- flated, concentrically striate; striae small, irregular; anteriorly gaping widely and very obliquely; basal margin tor- tuose: dorsal margin straight; anterior margin very short; beaks somewhat prominent. Diam. .15 of an inch. Length .28. Breadth .12. Remarks. — The opening at the anterior extremity commences near the dorsal margin, and extends to about the middle of the base. The beaks are placed very near the ante- rior end of the shell. As in most Gastrochaenae, there is a small interior cuneiform pro- cess immediately under them. In procuring several specimens of this shell from a piece of madrepore which they had pierced, I unfortunately broke the tubes, and am therefore unable to describe them. This species is not unlike the G. truncata, Sowerby, a recent shell from Panama, but may be distinguished by its smaller size, rounded extremity, and longer opening. It is, FROM THE TERTIARY OF VIRGINIA. 235 I believe, the first species of the genus as yet discovered in a fossil state in this country. Mr. Conrad mentions having found the Fistulana elongata, Lam. at Claiborne, but, upon comparison with M. Deshayes' figure of that shell, I do not think that it can be identical with the present species. It is larger, more twisted, and has a different sculpture on the anterior part. The genus GastrochaBna, as formed by Lamarck, was placed among the Pholadidse, and considered to have no tube. M. Deshayes, however, includes it in the genus Fis- tulana, as it inhabits a tube and has no teeth. Mr. Sowerby, again, considers as Gas- trochsenaB those species which have a bent tube and an oval shell. According to this arrangement, the present species would, most probably, come under this genus, and as such I have placed it. There are two Gastrochsenaa among the fossils of Great Britain, one from the Oolite, the other from the London Clay. Deshayes describes five from the Paris Basin. FAMILY PHOLADIDvE. GENUS PHOLAS. P. RHOMBOIDEA, PL. 34. FlG. 7. P. testa transversd, oblique rhomboided. vald£ inaquilaterali, postice rotundato-angulatd, antice rostratd, inflatd, tenui, media divisd lined impressd; area posticd striis lavibus conccntricis; area anticd striis acutis flexuosis concentricis; margine basali curto; margine dorsali recto, valde reflexo; palmuld parvd, recurvd, tenui; lineis internis duabus elevatis longitudi- nalibus. Shell transverse, obliquely rhomboidal, very inequilateral, rounded-angular posteriorly, rostrate anteriorly, inflated, thin, divided in the middle by an impressed line; posterior area with smooth concentric striee; anterior area with acute, flexuose, concentric striee; basal margin short; dorsal margin straight, very much reflected; palmule small, recurved, thin; two longitudinal internal, elevated lines. Diam. .20 of an inch. Length .28. Breadth .18. Remarks. — The strias on the anterior part of the shell are sometimes wrinkled so regularly that they give it the appearance of being cancellate, although there are no radiating lines. The posterior part of the shell is nearly smooth, from the dividing line to the umbonial slope, where there are numerous regular lines of growth. There is a kind of second dentiform process, immediately below the beaks, formed by the recurving of the upper termination of the posterior margin. The two internal stria? extend from the beaks to the base. The posterior one is situated immediately under the umbonial slope. The anterior one is caused by the impressed dividing line. It extends, in a point, a little beyond the basal margin. This shell is very similar to a specimen of the P. ovalis, Say, without the tube, and with the thin anterior basal portion removed, but I believe it to be a perfect shell, as I obtained it myself from the hole which it had formed, and in which it appeared to have remained undisturbed. It was surrounded by a little indurated mud which preserved it entire. It seemed to be entirely destitute of a tube, which character separates it from the P. ovalis. It also differs in the shape and size of the palmule, and in the two in- ternal lines. 236 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS FAMILY GENUS SOLEN. S. MAGNODENTATUS, PL. 34. FlG. 8. S. testa anticl truncatd, et valde hiante, lavi, politd, crassd; natibus compressis; dente latcrali uno; dente cardinali uno, longo, acuto. Shell truncate, and gaping very much anteriorly, smooth, polished, thick; beaks compressed; with one lateral, and one long, acute, cardinal tooth. Diam. _ . Length — . Breadth — Remarks. — Although I possess but a small fragment of this shell, yet it differs sa essentially in the teeth from all of our Solenes, that I have no hesitation in pronouncing it distinct. I believe that it is the only extinct fossil species as yet found in our Tertiary. GENUS PANOP^EA. P. DUBIA, PL. 34. FIG. 9. P. testa quadrato-ellipticd, transverad, iruequilaterali, postice truncatd, antice rotundatd} sub-inflatd, crassiusculdj striatd; striis concentricis, regularibus; margine basali recto; margine dorsdi recto; nymphis wiagm's, exsertis, longissimis; car dine cochlea parvd. Shell quadrately elliptical; transverse, inequilateral, posteriorly truncate, anteriorly rounded, somewhat inflated, ra- ther thick, striate; strise concentric, regular; basal margin straight; dorsal margin straight; beaks prominent; nymphae large, exserted, very long; hinge with a small fosset. Diam. .10 of an inch. Length .08. Breadth — Remarks.— The nymphae are unusually large, much exserted, and very long, extending the whole length of the dorsal margin. Near the beak, they are suddenly depressed and twisted round, and terminate in a small, shallow, internal fosset, or spoon-shaped tooth. It is not without some hesitation that I have placed this shell among the Panopseee, as it has a spoon-shaped tooth in place of an erect, pointed one, but there is no genus to which it can be said positively to belong, and I do not consider its peculiar characters sufficient to authorize the erection of a new one for its reception. It seems to connect the Glycymeris with the Anatina, having the nymphaB of the one, and the spoon-shaped tooth of the other. FAMILY MYID^E. GENUS MYA. M. REFLEXA, PL. 34. FIG. 10. M. testa quadrilaterdi, sub-inaquilaterali, postice rotundatd, antice truncatd et valdi apertd, inflatd, striatd; striis concen- tricis, irregularibus; clivo umboniali elevato, rotundato; margine basali curvato; margine dorsali arcuato; natibus prominen- tibus, incurvis. Shell quadrilateral, somewhat inequilateral, rounded posteriorly, truncate and very open anteriorly, inflated, striate; striae concentric, irregular; umbonial slope elevated, rounded; basal margin curved; dorsal margin arcuate; beaks prominent, incurved. Diam. .18 of an inch. Length .22. Breadth .29. Remarks. — The opening at the anterior portion of the shell is remarkably large, and the margin there appears to be somewhat reflected. The striae are more numerous and better characterized at the extremities, than in the central portion of the shell. FROM THE TERTIARY OF VIRGINIA. 237 As but one valve of this shell, and that the left one, is before me, T cannot determine the shape of the tooth. The pit to receive it is small and almost horizontal. This is, I believe, the only extinct species of Mya as yet found in our Tertiary. GENUS THRACIA, (LEACH.) T. TRANSVERSA, PL. 34. FIG. 11. T. testa sub-ellipticd} valde incequilaterali, postice acuminato-rotundatd, antice truncatd, sub-compressd, tenui. media Icevi, posticc et antice concentrice striatd; clivo umboniali rotundato; margine basali curvato; margine dorsali media angulato} postice convexo. antice concavo; natibus sub-aculis; callo nymphali parvo, obliquo. Shell sub-elliptical, very inequilateral, acuminately rounded posteriorly, truncate anteriorly, sub-compressed, thin, smooth centrally, striate posteriorly and anteriorly; umbonial slope rounded ; basal margin curved; dorsal margin angular in the middle, posteriorly convex, anteriorly concave; beaks somewhat acute; nymphal callosity small, oblique. Diam. .10. Length .18. Breadth .28 of an inch. Remarks. — From the shape of the anterior margin, I conclude that the shell must have gaped considerably there, but as I have no pair of valves, I cannot be certain. The sinus of the palleal impression is deep, and near the anterior cicatrix. In this character, it differs from the rest of the genus. This is, I believe, the first Thracia found in our Tertiary deposites. Deshayes, in his tables, gives four as the number of European Tertiary species. The present one is the smallest, of the genus. GENUS ANATINA. A. TELLINOIDES, PL. 34. FIG. 12. A. testa ovato-triangulari, transversd, postice angulatd, antice rotundatd, compressd, postice undulatd, tenui, con- centrice striatd; striis crebris minutis; margine basali sub-flexuoso; natibus compressis, prominentibus ; dentibus lateralibus magnis; cochlea obliqud, ovato-acuminatd, minime profundd; cicatricibus magnis. Shell ovate-triangular, transverse, angular posteriorly, rounded anteriorly, compressed, posteriorly undulate, thin, concentrically striate ; striae numerous, minute ; basal margin slightly flexuose ; beaks compressed, prominent : lateral teeth large; fosset oblique, ovate-acuminate, shallow; cicatrices large. Diam. .25. Length .45. Breadth of an inch. Remarks. — Of the lateral teeth, the posterior one is much the longer. The fosset is small, quite oblique, acute above and rounded below. The broad undulation on the pos- terior part of the shell gives it very much the appearance of a Tellina, when viewed externally. The lines of growth are small, very numerous and irregular. This species is quite thin and fragile. Out of some half a dozen specimens, I have but one perfect valve, and that is a very young one. I am therefore unable to give all the dimensions. Judging from description, this shell is not unlike the A. antiqua, Conrad, but the dif- ference in size and sculpture, and the posterior undulation distinguish them at once. VOL. ix. — 63 238 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS FAMILY MACTRID.E. GENUS ALIGENA, (Nosis.) Testa aquivalvis? subaquilatcralis, postice et antice clausa; cardo dente cardinali uno, sulco sub natibus longo, minime profundo. Shell equivalve? sub-equilateral, closed posteriorly and anteriorly; hinge with one cardinal tooth, and a long shal- low sulcation under the beaks. Remarks. — The cardinal tooth is, in general, rather small. The sulcus appears to have received the ligament. It commences at the beak, and runs obliquely past the dorsal margin into the cavity under the beak. As I possess only odd valves of both the following species, I am unable to determine whether the shell is equivalve or not. I have in vain endeavoured to find some genus, already described, which might receive these little shells, but their peculiar characters in having one cardinal tooth, and a liga- mentiferous sulcation, descending into the shell, distinguish them from other genera. Their place in the systems is, most probably, in the family MactridaB, between Erycina and Ungulina. I have called the genus, Aligena, one of the surnames of Venus, from its resemblance to Erycina, also an appellation of that goddess. A. STRIATA, PL. 34. FIG. 13. A. testa transversd, sub-elliptica, postice et antice rotundatd, inflatd, tenui, striatd; striis concentricis, prope marginem basalem maximis; clivo umboniali elevato, sub-angulato; margine basali curvato; margine dorsali media angulato, postice et antice curvato; natibus prominentibus^ incurvis, sub-Iambus; dente cardinali minima; sulco longo, pene transverso; margine interno integro. Shell transverse, sub-elliptical, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, inflated, thin, striate ; striae concentric, very large near the basal margin; umbonial slope elevated, somewhat angulate; basal margin curved; dorsal margin angu- lar in the middle, curved posteriorly and anteriorly; beaks prominent, incurved, nearly smooth; cardinal tooth very small; sulcation long, nearly transverse; margin entire within. Diam. .10. Length .19. Breadth .21 of an inch. Remarks. — The concentric stria? are irregular in size and number, but there is a general increase from the beaks to the base. Those near the base, indeed, almost merit the name of costa3. The cardinal tooth is extremely small. A. LJEVIS, PL. 34. FIG. 14. A. testa transversd, sul-quadrilaterali, postice rolundatd, antice subtruncatd, convexa, inflata, l&vi; margine basali recto; margine dorsali media angulato, postice et antice curvato; natibus sub-prominulis, incurvis; dente cardinali longo; sulco lato, curto, pene transverso; margine interno integro. Shell transverse, sub-quadrilateral, posteriorly rounded, anteriorly sub-truncate, convex, inflated, smooth; basal margin straight, dorsal margin angular in the middle, curved anteriorly and posteriorly; beaks somewhat prominent, incurved; cardinal tooth long; sulcation wide, short, nearly transverse; margin entire within. Diam. .14. Length .18. Breadth .22 of an inch. Remarks. — There are a few, almost imperceptible lines of growth over the surface of the shell, which, under a powerful microscope, give it a somewhat roughened appearance. The cardinal tooth is very long, and the sulcus is shallow, so that the hinge, at first glance, is not unlike that of the genus Thracia. FROM THE TERTIARY OF VIRGINIA. 239 This shell is closely allied to the preceding, but the differences in outline, hinge and sculpture separate them. FAMILY LITHOPHAGID.E, GENUS PETRICOLA. P. COMPRESSA, PL. 34. FIG. 15. P. testa valde transversd, valde ineequilaterali, sub-ellipticd, compressd, postice sub-truncatd* antice rotundata, tenuij striata postice et antice; striis minimis7 concentricis; margine basali recto; margine dorsali recto; natibus sub-acutis, prominentibus; dentibus dugbus, parvis, divergentibus. Shell very transverse, very inequilateral, sub-elliptical, compressed, posteriorly sub-truncate, anteriorly rounded, thin, striate posteriorly and anteriorly; striae very small, concentric ; basal margin straight ; dorsal margin straight; beaks somewhat acute, prominent; teeth two, small, divergent. Diam. .10. Length .12. Breadth .25 of an inch. Remarks. — The concentric lines of growth are very small. They are visible on the anterior and posterior portions of the shell. On the central part they are obsolete, leaving it smooth. The teeth are small and unusually divergent for a Petricola. This shell is smaller and more compressed than any of our described species. In form it much resembles Saxicava vaginoides, Desh., but it is more transverse and differs in the hinge. FAMILY NYMPHID,E. GENUS PSAMMOCOLA, (BLAINVILLE.) P. LUCINOIDES, PL. 34. FIG. 16v P. testa sub-orbiculari, pene (equilaterali, postice et antice rotundatd, convexd, tenui, striata; striis concentricis^ minimis; natibus prominentibus, sub-rectis ; valvd sinislrd dentibus duobus cardinalibus, quorum unus bifidus^ late- ralibus nullis. Shell suborbicular, almost equilateral, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, convex, thin, striate; striae concentric, very small; beaks prominent, nearly straight; left valve with two cardinal teeth, one of which is bifid, and no late- ral ones. Diam. .15. Length .31. Breadth .35 of an inch. Remarks. — This shell is unusually lenticular for a Psamroocola. The concentric strise are numerous and extremely small. There are, however, three or four larger ones, nearly equidistant, over the surface of the shell. The general resemblance which this shell bears to some species of the genus Lucina, will readily distinguish it from its congeners. I have adopted this genus on the authority of Sowerby, who says that in it Blainville unites the Psammobia and PsammotaBa of Lamarck, considering the difference between these genera as artificial and accidental. P. REGIA, PL. 34. FIG. 17. P. testa transversd, ovato-quadratd, inaquilaterali, postice hiante, antice et postice subtruncatd, valde inflata^ crassissimd, sulcatd; sulcis radiantibus, crebris, tequalibus, latis; margine basali pene recto; margine dorsali sub-cur- 240 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS vato; natibus valde elevatis, acuminalis; in valvd utraque dentibus cardinalibus duobus, lateralibtis nullis; nymphis curtis, crassis; lunula parvd, cordatd; cicatricibus maximis; cicatrice palleali valde sinuata. Shell transverse, ovately quadrate, inequilateral, gaping posteriorly, subtruncate anteriorly and posteriorly, very much inflated, very thick, sulcate ; sulci radiating, numerous, equal, wide; basal margin almost straight; dorsal margin slightly curved ; beaks much elevated, acuminate; hinge in each valve with two cardinal and no lateral teeth; nym- phae short, thick; luuule small, cordate;, cicatrices very large; palleal impression much sinuated. Diam. 1.25. Length 1.56. Breadth 2.30 inches. Remarks. — The radiating sulci are largest and deepest on the posterior extremity of the shell; they are interrupted by occasional lines of growth. The palleal impression becomes very broad as it approaches the anterior cicatrix. It is very rugose, and has a large, semi-elliptical sinus posteriorly. In the right valve, one of the teeth is bifid, but, as in all my specimens the hinge of the left valve is fractured, I am unable to say whether this be the case in it or not. The outline of the shell is very variable. I have one specimen which is nearly oblong, with a sinuated basal margin and almost central beaks. In this form its external appearance approaches closely that of the Area centenaria of Say. Judging from description, this shell must resemble the Petricola centenaria, Conrad, but its nympha?, teeth and sinuated palleal impression, exclude it from that genus. It is larger and more beautiful than any of its congeners. GENUS LUCINA. L. PUNCTULATA, PL. 34. FIG. 18. L. testa rotunda, lenticulari, sub-cequilaterali, postice et antice truncato-rotundatd, convexd, tenui, diaphand, punc- tulatd, substriatd; striis concentricis, irregularibus, ram; clivo umboniali rotundato; natibus prominentibus, acutis; valvd sinistrd dentibus cardinalibus duobus^ laterali uno; margine interno integro. Shell rounded, lenticular, sub-equilateral, truncately rounded posteriorly and anteriorly, convex, diaphanous? punctulate, somewhat striate; striae concentric, few, irregular; umbonial slope rounded; beaks prominent, acute; left valve with one lateral and two cardinal teeth; internal margin entire. Diam. .16. Length .32. Breadth .35 of an inch. Remarks. — The concentric lines of growth are, for the most part, very small, but there are two or three larger ones. The punctulations extend over the whole surface. They are very small, and cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope, but they impart a rough feeling to the shell when handled. This shell may be readily distinguished from all its fossil congeners by its diaphanous substance and punctulate surface. L. LENS, PL. 34. FIG. 19. L. testa orliiculari. cequilaterali, valde convexd, crassd, costatd; costis concentricis, parvis, crebrissimis, planulatis, politis; margine dorsali fiexuoso; natibus prominentibus ; acutis, incurvis; lunula ellipticd, magnd, profunda; dentibus in utraque valvd, cardinalibus duabus parvis: lateralibus duabus magnis; margine interno minute crenulato. Shell orbicular, equilateral, very convex, thick, costate; costse concentric, small, very numerous, flattened, polished ; dorsal margin flexuose; beaks prominent, acute, incurved; lunule elliptical, large, deep; e,ach valve with two small cardinal, and two large lateral teeth; internal margin minutely crenulate. Diam .28. Length .35. Breadth .38 of an inch. Remarks. — The ribs are very small, and appear like striae, unless examined with a microscope. There are occasional larger ones, where the shell appears to have ceased FROM THE TERTIARY OF VIRGINIA. 241 growing for awhile, and some are minutely wrinkled. The cicatrices are deep and well defined. The whole shell is remarkably globose. This species agrees pretty well with the description of S. trisulcata, Conrad, but that shell is said to be "obovate," while ours is very rotund. It is also closely allied to some of its congeners from Claiborne, FAMILY CONCHIDJE. GENUS ASTARTE. A. LINEOLATA, PL. 34. FlG. 20. A. testa triangulari, pene aquilaterali, inflatd, crassd, striatd; striis crebrissimis, rotundatis, concentricis; margine basalt sub-curvato; natibus elevatis, acuminatis; lunuld valdc elongatd; dentibus magnis, valde divergentibus; margine interno crenulato. Shell triangular, almost equilateral, inflated, thick, striate; striae concentric, very numerous, rounded; basal margin somewhat curved; beaks elevated, acuminate; lunule much elongated; teeth large, very divergent; internal margin crenulate. Diam. .15. Length .18. Breadth .21 of an inch. Remarks. — The striae are very regular, minute, and about fifty in number, on a full- grown specimen now before me. The lunule is unusually long and rather broad. The beaks are elevated and produced. I, at first, regarded this as a young specimen of A. concentrica, Conrad, but the crenulations on the inner margin prove it to be full-grown. In size it approaches the A. lunulata, Con., but the strife are much smaller and more numerous, and the shell is more inflated. GENUS CYTHEREA. C. ELEVATA, PL. 34. FIG. 21. C. testa ovatd) transversd, inaquilaterali, postice subiruncatd, antice rotundato-angulatd, inflatd, crassd, nitente, substriata; striis conctntricis, minimis, media obsoletis; margine basalt curvato; margine dorsali angulato; natibus elevatis, prominentibusj dentibus magnis, quorum uno bifido. Shell transverse, ovate, inequilateral, subtruncate posteriorly, rounded-angular anteriorly, inflated, thick, shining, substriate; strias concentric, very small, obsolete in the middle; basal margin Curved; dorsal margin angular; beaks elevated, prominent; teeth large, one bifid. Diam. .19. Length .28. Breadth .32 of an inch. Remarks. — There are no very decided characters about this shell, ^et I cannot refer it to any known species. When young, its form is more longitudinal, It is more allied to C. convexa, Say; than to any other shell. C. spiOERicA, PL. 34. FIG. 22. C. testa rotunda, aquilaterali, globosd, tenui, lavi, politd; margine dorsali curvato; natibus elevatis, prominentibus, rectis lunuld minima, lanceolatd; dentibus parvis. Shell rotund, equilateral, globose, thin, smooth, polished; dorsal margin curved; beaks elevated, prominent, straight; lunule very small, lanceolate; teeth small. - .18. Length .19. Breadth .20 of an inch. VOL. IX. — 64 242 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS Remarks. — This shell is rounded and more globose than any of its congeners that I have seen. These characters will serve to distinguish it from all our other fossil species. GENUS VENUS. V. ASCIA, PL. 34. FIG. 23. V. testa longitudinali, oblique triangulari, sub-intequilaterali, postice et antice sub-angulatd, compressd, crassd. striatd; striis concentricis raris; margine basalt minime curvato; margine dorsali angulato; natibus prominentibus, acutis; dentibus tribus divergentibus; cicatrice palleali acute sinuata; lunuld magnd, elevatd, lined impressd marginatd. Shell longitudinal, obliquely triangular, sub-inequilateral, somewhat angular posteriorly and anteriorly, compressed, thick, striate ; striae concentric, few; basal margin slightly curved ; dorsal margin angular ; beaks prominent, acute; teeth three, diverging; palleal impression acutely sinuate; lunule large, elevated, margined with an impressed line. Diam. .15. Length .30. Breadth .31 of an inch. Remarks. — The surface is somewhat rugulose with irregular lines of growth, which, in two or three places, amount almost to ribs. The general outline is that of a triangle with slightly curved sides. This shell has an unusual shape for a Venus, but the three distinct cardinal teeth will not admit it into any other genus. Although the sinus of the palleal impression is deep and acute, it has not the circular outline of the Artemis. FAMILY GENUS HIATELLA. H. LANCEA, PL. 34. FIG. 24. H. testa transversissimd, in—— Remarks. — On the upper whorls the costse are five in number, on the last one they are much more numerous. Those on the base are smaller and closer together. Near the lower sutures, on the whorl next the last, is a rib larger than the rest, with an impressed line in its centre, making a kind of double rib. It may be traced round the middle of the last whorl. As I have but one specimen before me, I cannot decide whether this is a general character of not. The longitudinal striae are only to be seen in the intervals of the ribs. They are very small and sometimes disappear.* * I unfortunately lost my only specimen of this shell after describing, but before measuring or making a drawing of it. I am, therefore, unable to give either the dimensions or a figure. It was, however, not more than a quarter of an inch in length, at the utmost. VOL. ix. — 67 254 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS FAMILY NERITID^E. GENUS NATICA. N. APERTA, PL. 36. FIG. 51. N. testa oblique ellipticd, tenui, costulatd, sub-striatd, perforatd; spird depressd, ovatd, obtusd, prope apicem leevi; suluris parvis, linearibus; anfractibus quatuor, convexis; costulis transversalibus, crebris, plants, quadrangularibus; sir/is longitudinalibus, minutissimis ; anfractu ultimo ovato; basi oblique costulald; perforatione parvd, angustd; apertura maxima, superne sinuatd, inferne ellipticd. Shell obliquely elliptical, thin, costulate, snb-striate, perforate; spire depressed, ovate, obtuse, smooth near the apex; sutures small, linear; whorls four, convex; costulae numerous, transverse, quadrangular, flat; striae longitudinal, very small; last whorl ovate; base obliquely costulate; perforation small, narrow; mouth very large, sinuate above, elliptical below. Length .70. Breadth .62 of an inch. Remarks. — The costulse are small, wider than the spaces between them, and very numerous. The longitudinal lines of growth are exceedingly minute; so much so as to be invisible to the naked eye. Both ribs and striae become obsolete on the upper whorls, so that the two or three nearest the apex are smooth. The mouth is somewhat lunate, contracted above and expanded below. The umbilicus is small, and nearly concealed by the columella. This shell is closely allied to the N. fragilis, Conrad, and it is with some hesitation that I separate it. It, however, differs in the ribs, the umbilicus, and the shape of the mouth. N. SPH^ERULUS, PL. 36. Flo. 52. N. testa globoso-acuminatd, obliqud, tenui, Icevi, politd, imperforatd; spird breviusculd, sub-conicd, acutd; suturis parvis, impressis; anfraclibus quatuor, sub-convexis; anfractu ultimo rotundato; basi leevi; umbilico occulto; callo semicirculari, lined, impressd marginato; apertura semi-ovatd; columella recta, superne incrassatd. Shell globosely acuminate, oblique, thin, smooth, polished, imperforate; spire rather short, sub-conical, acute; su- tures small, impressed; whorls four, somewhat convex; last whorl rounded; base smooth; umbilicus hidden ; callus semicircular, margined by an impressed line; mouth semi-ovate;. columella straight, incrassated above. Length .12. Breadth .11 of an inch. Remarks. — This shell is too small and perfect to be the young of so large a species as N. dnplicata, which it resembles. Out of twenty or thirty specimens the admeasure- ments given above were the largest, the others decreasing to a size scarcely visible with- out a microscope. The only other species to which it is allied is the N. percallosa, Conrad, but the small size and more elevated spire distinguish it. N. CRASSILABRUM, PL. 36. FIG. 53. N. testa transverse ellipticd, depressd, crassd, l. ; Shell ovate-acuminate, thick, perforate, smooth, polished; spire subulate, mamillate; sutures impressed, deep; whorls five, convex; last whorl rounded; base smooth; perforation small; mouth ovate, elongated, effuse; fold on the columella obtuse, thick. Length .18. Breadth .10 of an inch. Remarks. — The mouth is large, acute above and rounded and eifuse below. The last whorl expands rather suddenly beyond the line of the rest, and is more than half the length of the shell. The fold on the columella is broad at base, but slightly elevated, and obtuse. The surface of the shell is remarkably glabrous and shining. The external outline has more the aspect of a Phasianella than that of an Acteon. I know none of its congeners to which it is allied. o A. MILIUM, PL. 36. FIG. 61. A. testa bvato-conicdj crassa, perforatd, slriatd, politd; spird sub-attenuatd, conicd, obtusd, ad apicem leevi; suturis linearibus, impressis; anfractibus quinque, planulatis; striis transfer salibus, raris, impressis; anfractu ultimo rotun- dato; basi crebre striatd; perforatione parvd; aperturd ovatd, integrd; plied columellari magnd, aculd, ad basim laid. Shell ovately conical, thick, perforate, striate, polished ; spire somewhat attenuate, conical, obtuse, smooth at the apex; sutures linear, impressed; whorls five, flattened; striae transverse, few, impressed; last whorl rounded; base closely striate: perforation small; mouth ovate, entire; fold on the columella large, acute, wide at base. Length .10. Breadth .04 of an inch. Remarks. — On the upper whorls the striae are three in number. On the last whorl they are much more numerous, particularly towards the base, where they become- VOL. ix. — 68 258 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS smaller and closer. The mouth is not effuse, acutely angular above and rounded below. The fold on the columella is unusually large, and is very wide at base. The only species of Acteon, with which this little shell could be confounded, is the A. melanoides, Conrad, but its smaller size, more ovate shape, and greater number of striae on the body whorl, sufficiently distinguish it from that species. A. SIMPLEX, PL. 36. FIG. 62. A. testa elevato-conicd, acuminatd, crassd, Icevi, perforatd; spird attenuatd, mamillatu; suturis excavatis, profundis; anfractibus sex, planis, ad suturam inferiorem angulatis; anfractu ultimo angulato; basi Icevi; perforalione parvd; aperturd quadratd, effusa; plica columellari lamellari, acutd. Shell elevately conical, acuminate, thick, smooth, perforate; spire attenuate, mamillate; sutures excavated, deep; whorls six, flat, angulated at the lower suture; last whorl angular; base smooth; perforation small; mouth quadrate, effuse; fold on the columella lamellar, acute. Length .12. Breadth .05 of an inch. Remarks. — The mamelon of the apex is large and very irregular in its shape. The angle on the whorls is very near the lower suture, which gives them somewhat the ap- pearance of being canaliculate. The fold on the columella is acute and very thin. The mouth is angular above and below. This shell bears a general resemblance to some of the smooth Acteons from Claiborne, without being sufficiently allied to enable me to class it with any of them. It also closely approaches the A. angulatus, herein described, but the umbilicus of this species readily distinguishes it, GENUS PYRAMIDELLA. P. stiTURALis, PL. 36. FIG. 63. P. testa turritd, elevatd, crassd, Icevi, nitente, perforatd, sulcata; spird conicd, attenuatd; suturis linearibus; an- fractibus octo, planis; anfractu ultimo angulato, medio sulcato; sulco uno, parvo, transverse; basi carinatd; perfora- tions minima; aperturd quadratd, valdd effusa; columella triplicatd, plied und maxima acutd, duobus parvis; labro dentibus magnis internis, out duobus aul tribus. Shell turrited, elevated, thick, smooth, shining, perforated, sulcate; spire conical, attenuate; sutures linear; whorls eight, flat; last whorl angular, sulcate in the middle; sulcus transverse, small; base carinate; perforation very small; mouth quadrate, very effuse; columella with three folds, one very large and acute, the others small; outer lip with two or three large teeth internally. Length .20. Breadth .08 of an inch. Remarks. — The sulcation on the last whorl is seen at the upper part of those of the spire, forming an apparently double suture. This sulcation is triangular, with one side perpendicular and the other very sloping. Immediately above it is a little raised ridge, or small carina. The sulcation is placed directly on the angle of the last whorl. Of the folds on the columella, the upper one is large and horizontal, situated immediately at its junction with the preceding whorl. The two lower ones are smaller and oblique. The teeth on the outer lip are generally two, placed close together near the middle, but there is sometimes a third, smaller one, below them. The carina on the base is broad and little elevated, immediately surrounding the umbilicus. The mouth is acutely angular above and below. This shell attains a greater size than that mentioned above, as I have an imperfect specimen larger than the one whose dimensions and figure are given. FROM THE TERTIARY OF VIRGINIA. 259 Judging from description, this shell is not unlike the P. larvata, Con., from Claiborne, but that species is not mentioned as having three folds on the columella, or the teeth on the outer lip. P. ELABORATA, PL. 36. FIG. 64. P. testa elevato-conicd, crassd, imperforatd, costatd, striatd; spird minime ovatd, mamillatd; suturis linearibus, im- pressis; anfractibus sex, convexis; costis longitudinalibus, crebris, planis, Itevibus^ politis; striis transversis, parvis; anfractu ultimo rotundato; aperlurd ellipticd; columella plicis tribus magnis. Shell elevately conical, thick, imperforate, costate, striate; spire slightly ovate, mamillate; sutures linear, im- pressed; whorls six, convex; costse longitudinal, numerous, flat, smooth, polished; striae transverse, small; last whorl rounded ; mouth elliptical ; columella with three large folds. Length .15. Breadth .08 of an inch. Remarks. — The transverse strise are very small and do not cross the ribs. The folds on the columella are of nearly equal size, but the upper one is rather larger than the others. As the only two specimens of this shell in my possession have had the lower whorl broken off, I am unable to give the full size or number of whorls, as well as to determine whether there are teeth on the outer lip or not. I have never seen a Pyramidella with a sculpture as elaborate as this. The genus mostly contains plain species. FAMILY SCALARID^E. GENUS SCALARIA. S. ACICTJLA, PL. 36. FIG. 65. S. testa turritd, crassd, imperforatd. costatd; spird attenuatd, ad apicem vix l&vi; suluris profundis; anfractibus septem, valde convexis; costis longitudinalibus, lamellaribus, acutis, ad lasim decrescentibus; anfractu ultimo rotun- dato; basi c'arind minima transversd; aperturd rotunda. Shell turrited, thick, imperforate, costate, spire attenuate, nearly smooth at the apex; sutures deep; whorls seven, very convex; costs longitudinal, lamellar, acute, decreasing at the base; last whorl rounded; base with a very small transverse carina; mouth round. Length .20. Breadth .10 of an inch. Remarks. — The carina on the base is small and does not interfere with the ribs, which continue to the columella. The whorls are perfectly smooth with the exception of the ribs, which, on the body whorl are fifteen in number. S. CORNIGERA, PL. 36. FIG. 66. S. testa elevato-conicd, scalariformi, imperforatd, crassiusculd, costatd; spird attenuatd, obtusd, conicd; suturis valde impressis; anfractibus sex, convexis, superne valde angulatis; costis sub-tenuibus, planis, superne valde productis et acute angulatis; basi Icevi; aperturd rotundatd, minime ejfusa. Shell elevately conical, scalariform, imperforate, rather thick, costate; spire attenuate, obtuse, conical; sutures very much impressed; whorls six, convex, very angular above; costee rather thin, flat, very much produced and acutely angled above; base smooth; mouth round, slightly effuse. Length .16. Breadth .08 of an inch. 260 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS Remarks. — On the upper part of the spire the angle of the whorls is near their middle. Below, it is close to the superior suture. The ribs rise, near the upper part of the whorls, to a short spine, and descend rapidly to the suture, where they become obsolete. The mouth is small and nearly round. This little shell I at first thought to be merely the young of S. pachypleura, Conrad; but, as it is but one fifth the size of that species, with the same number of whorls, they cannot be identical. S. MICROPLEURA, PL. 36. FlG. 67. S. testa elevato-pyramidali, tenui, imperforatd, costulata; spira attenuatd, conicd, obtusd; suturis parvis, lincaribus; an- fractibus sex, convexis; costis minutis, crebrissimis; anfractu ultimo rotundato; basi Icevi; aperturd ovatd} marginibus su- perne disjunctis; labro acuto. Shell elevately pyramidal, thin, imperforate, costulate; spire attenuate, conical, obtuse ; sutures small, linear; whorls six, convex; ribs very small and numerous; last whorl rounded; mouth ovate, with the margins disunited above; outer lip acute. Length .10. Breadth .05 of an inch. Remarks. — I have felt some hesitation in placing this shell among the Scalarise, as the small costse and incontinous peritreme of the mouth seem scarcely to warrant it. S. MICROSTOMA, PL. 36. FIG. 68. S. testa subulato-conicd, tenui, imperforatd, costatd; spira conicd, valde attenuatd, obtusd; suturis impressis, interrupts; anfractibus septem, valde convexis; costis raris, elevatis, reflexis; anfractu ultimo rotundato; basi sub-carinatd ; aperturd parvd, obliqud, sub-rotunda', labro valde incrassato. Shell subulate-conical, thin, imperforate, costate; spire conical, very attenuate, obtuse; sutures impressed, inter- rupted: whorls seven, very convex; costse few, elevated, reflexed; last whorl rounded; base sub-carinate ; mouth small, oblique, sub-rotund; outer lip very much thickened. Length .28. Breadth .12 of an inch. Remarks. — The carina of the base is very small; it does not cross the costae, which continue to the columella. The mouth is unusually small and nearly round. The costa3 are ten in number on the last whorl, quite prominent, and reflexed. In full grown specimens the one which forms the outer lip is much thicker than the rest. The ribs of one whorl do not join those of the next, but lap over very closely. This causes the sutures to be continually interrupted. This shell bears a close resemblance to S. acicula, herein described, but differs in be- ing more subulate, having fewer and reflected ribs, and a smaller basal carina. GENUS DELPHINULA. D. COSTULATA, PL. 36. FIG. 69. D. testa orbiculari^ depressd, crassd, costatd, striatd; spira brevissimd, acuminatd, acutd; suturis linearibus; anfractibus sex, valde convexis, supra planulatis et Icevibus; costis parvis, crebris, transversis, politis; striis longitudinalibus, obliquis, minutissimis; anfractu ultimo rotundato; basi costatd; umbilico magno, profimdo, intus Icevi; aperturd rotunda, supra sub- canaliculatd. Shell orbicular, depressed, thick, costate, striate; spire very short, acuminate, acute; sutures linear; whorls six, very convex, smooth and flattened above; costee transverse, small, numerous, polished; striee longitudinal, oblique, very minute; last whorl rounded; base costate, umbilicus large, deep, smooth within, mouth round, sub-canaliculate above. FROM THE TERTIARY OF VIRGINIA. 261 Length .08. Breadth .15 of an inch. Remarks. — The longitudinal strise are so minute as to escape observation, unless as- sisted by a powerful microscope. They do not cross the ribs. The mouth is smooth within, and almost exactly round, except at its junction with the preceding whorl, where there is a small channel. This shell bears some resemblance to the Turbo lineatus, Lea, but is separated from that shell by its entire mouth, larger umbilicus, &c. I have felt some doubt in placing this and two or three of the following shells in the genus Delphinula. Their general appearance would seem rather to make them ap- proach the Turbo, but their entire mouths constitute them true Delphinulce. The genus Skenea, Fleming, seems well fitted to receive them, but it is described as having the "aperture dilated," a character which is wanting in the shells at present under consi- deration. D. CONCAVA, PL. 36. FIG. 70. D. testa concavd, orbiculari, depressd, supra planulatd, tenui, nitente, sub-striatd; spird brevissimd, obtusd; suturis linearibus; anfractibus quatuor, rapide crescentibus, planulatis; striis longitudinalibus, parvis, rarissimis; anfractu ultimo sub-angulato; basi striatd; umbilico magno, profundo, intus striato; aperturd magnd, ovatd. Shell concave, orbicular, depressed, flattened above, thin, shining, sub-striate; spire very short, obtuse; sutures linear; -whorls four, rapidly increasing, flattened; striae longitudinal, very few, small; last whorl somewhat angular; base striate; umbilicus large, deep, striate within; mouth large, ovate. Length .08. Breadth .20 of an inch. Remarks. — The umbilicus is wide and open, exposing the spire, nearly to the apex. The lines of growth are very infrequent and irregular, both as to size and direction. This little shell has no very decided character, and yet it cannot be placed with any species hitherto described. Its nearest analogue is the recent Planorbis parvus, Say, which it much resembles in general outline. D. LIPARA, PL. 36. FIG. 71. D. testa orbiculari^ depressd, sub-planulatd, crassiusculd, leevi, nitente; spird brevissimd, rotundatd; suturis impressis; anfractibus quinque, convexis, politis; anfractu ultimo rotundato; basi lam; umbilico latissimo, profundo; aperturd rotunda. Shell orbicular, depressed, somewhat flattened, rather thick, smooth, shining; spire very short, rounded; sutures impressed; whorls five, convex, polished; last whorl rounded; base smooth; umbilicus very wide, deep; mouth round. Length .05. Breadth .10 of an inch. Remarks. — In this shell the umbilicus is wider than in most of those herein described. The mouth is small and very nearly round. The surface has a very high polish, and a somewhat greasy look. This species is very much like the Skenea depressa, a recent shell from the coast of England, but it is much larger, and differs in the shape of the aperture. D. OBLIQUE-STRIATA, PL. 36. FlG. 72. D. testa orbicularly depressd, crassd, diaphand, sub-cancellatd; spird brevissimd, ovatd} prope apicem longitudina- liter et profunde sulcatd; suturis impressis, linearibus; anfractibus quatuor, convexis; sulculis longitudinalibus, ad suturam inferiorem pene obsoletis; striis oblique transversis, parvis, crebris; anfractu ultimo turn carinato turn angu- VOL. ix. — 69 262 NEW FOSSIL SHELLS lato, ad suturam lavi; basi striatd, profunde sulcatd; umbilico magno, profundo, carind marginato, intus lavi; aperturd rotunda. Shell orbicular, depressed, thick, diaphanous, sub-cancellate; spire very short, ovate, longitudinally and deeply sulcate near the apex; sutures impressed, linear; whorls four, convex; sulculi longitudinal, nearly obsolete at the lower suture; striae obliquely transverse, small, numerous; last whorl sometimes carinate, sometimes angulate, smooth near the suture; base striate, deeply sulcate; umbilicus large, deep, margined with a carina, smooth within; mouth round. Length .04. Breadth .10 of an inch. Remarks. — TJie longitudinal sulci are quite large on the upper whorls, but become smaller and closer as they approach the last whorl, while on the base they again increase. The stria? are very oblique, but are more nearly transverse than longitudinal. On the last whorl, they form cancellations with the sulci, and are obsolete near the suture as they approach the mouth. The umbilicus is carinate and scalariform, decreasing from whorl to whorl in rectangular steps. The periphery of the last whorl is extremely vari- able, being in some specimens almost round, arid in others angular and carinate. The mouth is almost a perfect circle. The carinate umbilicus and oblique striaB separate this pretty little shell from all its congeners. D. TROCHIFORMIS, PL. 36. FlG. 73. D. testa cornea, sub-lenticulari, crassd, striatd; spird sub-ovatd, obtusd, depressd; suturis canaliculatis; anfractibus tribus, sub-convexis; striis Iransversis, parvis, raris; anfractu ultimo acute angulato, duplice carinato; basi striatd; umbilico parvo, profundo, striis magnis marginato; aperturd sub-triangulari; labro crassissimo. Shell conical, somewhat lenticular, thick, striate; spire sub-ovate, obtuse, depressed; sutures canaliculate; whorls three, rather convex; striae transverse, few, small; last whorl acutely angular, doubly carinate; base striate; umbi- licus small, profound, margined with large striae; mouth sub-triangular; lip very thick. Length .08. Breadth .09 of an inch. Remarks. — The stria3 on the upper part of the last whorl are few in number and very faint; on the base, however, they are more numerous and deeper. There are usually two or three of larger size round the umbilicus. The periphery of the last whorl has two carinae, one upon the angle, and one immediately above it. On the superior whorls these are both hidden. This shell, in outline, seems rather to be a Trochus than a Delphinula. Its spire is very much elevated, and its umbilicus unusually small for this genus, but the entire margin of the mouth is a character too well marked to be neglected. D. GLOBULUS, PL. 36. FIG. 74. D. testa transverse sub-globosd, crassd, canccllatd; spird planulatd, obtusd, ad apicem Icevi; suturis vix obsoletis; anfractibus tribus, rapide crescentibus, supra angulatis et planulatis; costis transversis, octo, magnis; striis longitudinalibus, parvis, irre- guldribus; anfractu ultimo rotundata; basi costatd et striatd; umbilico parvo, arctato; aperturd sub-rotunda, integrd. Shell transversely sub-globose, thick, cancellate; spire flattened, obtuse, smooth at the apex; sutures nearly obso- lete; whorls three, rapidly increasing, angular and flattened above; costae transverse, eight, large; striae longitudinal, small, irregular; last whorl rounded; base costate and striate; umbilicus small, narrow; mouth sub-rotund, entire. Length .15. Breadth .18 of an inch. Remarks. — The longitudinal stria3, or lines of growth very frequently do not cross the ribs. The mouth is slightly quadrate. The sculpture is not unlike that of the Acteon globosa, herein described. FROM THE TERTIARY OF VIRGINIA. 263 This shell may be identical with the D. lyra, Conrad, but its ribs are entire and its aperture is not dilated. It is also much smaller. D. APERTA, PL. 36. FIG. 75. D. testa rotundato-conicdj sub-elevatd, tenui, sulcald; spird brevi, obtusd; suturis linearibus; anfractibus tribus, convexis, rapide crescentibus; sulcis longitudinalibus, minutis, irregularibus, pene obsoletis; anfractu ultimo sub-angulato; basi sub-sul- catd, umbilico magno, lato, profundo; aperturd ovato triangular!, integrd. Shell rounded-conical, somewhat elevated, thin, sulcate; spire short, obtuse; sutures linear; whorls three, convex, rapidly increasing; sulci longitudinal, minute, irregular, almost obsolete; last whorl sub-angular; base slightly sulcate; umbilicus large, wide, profound; mouth ovately triangular, entire. Length .05. Breadth .08 of an inch. Remarks. — The longitudinal sulci are very variable. The apex is almost mamillate. The whorls are very much separated from each other by their convexity and the size of the umbilicus. This is the most elevated species of the genus that I have met -with. D. NATICOIDES, PL. 36. FIG. 76. D. testa discoided, crassissimd, Icevi; spird planulatd; suturis linearibus; anfractibus tribus, convexis; anfractu ultimo maxima, rotundato; basi Iczvi; umbilico parvo, minime profundo; aperturd parvd, ovatd; labro superne valde incrassatd. Shell discoidal, very thick, smooth; spire flattened; sutures linear; whorls three, convex; last whorl very large, rounded; base smooth; umbilicus small, shallow; mouth small, ovate; outer lip very much thickened above. Length .07. Breadth .12 of an inch. Remarks. — The last whorl almost covers those of the spire. The surface seems some- what roughened. The mouth is nearly round. In general outline, this shell bears a strong resemblance to some species of Natica. In this it differs from all the Delphinula3 I have met with. FAMILY TURBINID^E. GENUS ROTELLA. R. SUB-CONICA, PL. 36. FIG. 77. R. testa orbiculari, sub-depressd, crassd, Icevi; spird brevi, obtusd; suturis linearibus; anfractibus quatuor, planu- latis; anfractu ultimo sub-angulato; basi l