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CONCHOLOGIST.

BY JOHN WARREN.
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JUL y v 1939. x}

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BOSTON:
RUSSELL, ODIORNE & METCALF.
1804.

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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1834,
BY RUSSELL, ODIORNE & METCALF,
In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.

PRESS OF JOHN PUTNAM.

Sor ee

v de
DEC 10.1938

DUPLICATE (™Yf

PREFACE.

—_——

In offering to the public a work on so interesting a subject as the science of
Concuotocy, my desire is to assist a discerning community in the study of
nature in all her variety of marine and earthborn shells. To attain this object,
it has been my study to compile a work, in as ample a form as possible, from
the best, most copious and approved translations at present extant, of Linnxus
and Lamarck, and from the more modern productions of Woop, Suaw, Ditiwyn,
Mawe, &c., as well as remarks from ArisToTLe and Puiny, of ancient date,
in order to arrange the system adopted.

To enumerate the many kind acts of friendship in the assistance rendered to
this work, is a grateful task. Should I forget to name any such individual, I
trust it will be imputed to the treachery of my memory, rather than to the want
of a sense of the obligation which I feel.

George William Pratt, Esq. I am bound in duty to acknowledge as my patron.
From the Rey. Francis William Pitt Greenwood, I have received much infor-
mation, and am greatly indebted. To Dr. Storer, Dr. Gould, Elijah Clark, Esq.
and the ladies Barnard, Smith and Coffin, my thanks are due. To a young
friend, whose modesty forbids the mention of his name, I am greatly obliged, as
well as to Mr. James J. Jarvis, a young man of great talents, and one who bids
fair to be a shining character, and an ornament to society and his country.

But I must not forget Seth Bass, Esq. M. D. from whose urbanity, kindness
and attention, I have profited much. The use of his private library, papers and
information, has been, in a great measure, my sheet anchor. It is entirely to
him I am indebted for the list of Unio. This obligation I feel sensibly.

The Linnzan System, being by far the least complex, I have considered in
the First Part; being only thirty-six genera, with their divisions and families.

The Second Part is entirely confined to the Lamarchian.

To study nature in every science is beautiful, but in this it is both gratifying,
edifving and sublime. If it gives pleasure and leads the mind to higher objects,
my end is answered.

Joun Warren.
Boston, Jan. 1, 1834.

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LINN US has made three principal or grand Divisions of Tes-

tacea, viz. Multivalves, Bivalves, and Univalves and the following are the
generic description :—

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1. MULTIVALVES.

. CHITON: Valves placed in transverse plaits down the back.
. LEPAS: Valves unequal body sessile.
- PHOLAS: Shell bivalve with accessary valves at the hinge.

2. BIVALVES.

- MYA: Hinge with generally a broad thick tooth not let into the oppo-

site valve.

- SOLEN : Shell open at each end, hinge with a single or double subu-

reflected tooth not let into the opposite valve.

. TELLINA : Hinge with the lateral teeth of one valve not let into the

other.

- CARDIUM : Hinge with remote penetrating lateral teeth. _
- MACTRA: Hinge with a complicated triangular middle tooth and an

adjoining hollow.

- DONAX: Hinge with a lateral tooth generally remote not let into the

opposite valve.
VENUS : Hinge with generally three approximate divaricated teeth.
SPONDYLUS : Hinge with two teeth, separated by a small hollow.

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Q7.
28.
29.
30.

Tok.

32.
30.
34.
35.
36.

2

. CHAMA: Hinge on one side with an oblique obtuse tooth inserted

into a corresponding cavity.

. ARCA: Hinge with numerous penetrating teeth.
. OSTREA : Hinge without teeth, but an Ovate hollow.
. ANOMIA: Hinge without teeth, but generally a linear depression on

the rim, the beak of one valve curved over the hinge.

- MYTITUS: Hinge without teeth, with a subulate depression.
- PINNA: Hinge without teeth, valves united at one end and open at the

other.

3, UNIVALVES.

I. WITH A REGULAR SPIRE.

ARGONAUTA : Shell with one cell spiral involute.

NAUTILUS: Shell with many chambers communicating by a tube.
CONUS: Aperture effuse, longitudinal, without teeth.

CYPR/EA: Aperture effuse, linear, longitudinal, toothed on each side.
BULLA: Aperture rather contracted and placed obliquely.
VOLUTA: Aperture effuse, the pillar plaited.

BUCCINUM: Aperture with a small canal leaning to the right.
STROMBUS: Aperture with a small canal leaning to the left.
MUREX: Aperture with a small straight canal.

TROCHUS: Aperture contracted nearly rectangular.

TURBO: Aperture contracted and orbicular.

HELIX: Aperture contracted lunate on the inner side.

NERITA : Aperture contracted and semi orbicular.

HALIOTIS : Shell with a row of orifices along the surface.

Il. WITHOUT A REGULAR SPIRE.

PATELLA : Shell conic, the aperture widened like a basin.
DENTALIUM : Shell slender subulate open at both ends.
SERPULA : Shell tubular, generally serpentine adhering to other bodies.
TEREDO: Shell thin penetrating wood.

SABELLA : Shell composed of agglutinated grains of sand.

INTRODUCTION

TO

CONCHOLOGY.

Each moss,
Each shell, each crawling insect holds a rank,
Important in the plan of HIM, who framed
This scale of beings.
Stillingfleet.

Shes form a link in the great chain of nature, worthy the

researches of men of science ; and when we consider the wonderful diversity
of singular and beautiful forms, which they present to our notice, they cannot
fail to invite the attention of the most common observer. CONCHOLOGY,
indeed is a study peculiarly adapted to recreate the senses, and insensibly to
lead us to the contemplation of the glory and order of the great God, in
creation.

This science has, in a greater or less degree, attracted the attention of curi-
ous and contemplative minds in all ages: the multiform beauties of Shells,
did not escape the observation of Philosophers, in the most brilliant eras of
learning, as appears obvious, from the writings of Aristotle, Pliny, and of
Aslian, and we may also add of AXthenaus, and of Cicero. ‘‘ What can be
more gratifying,’’ (says Pliny) ‘‘ than to view nature in all her irregularities,
and sporting in her variety of shells ; such a difference of color do they ex-

a

hibit ; such a difference of figure ; flat, concave, long, lunated, drawn round
ina circle, the orbit cut in two ; some with a rising on the back, some smooth,
some wrinkled, toothed, streaked, the point variously intorted, the mouth
pointed like a dagger, folded back, bent inward ; all these variations, and
many more, furnish at once novelty, elegance, and speculation.””» CONCHO-
LOGY was neglected in the darker era which succeeded to that of classic
effulgence ; but in after ages as the mists of Gothic ignorance, which had
so long overhung the Western World, dispersed, and the light of science, like
the morning twilight, dawned upon the horizon of the human mind, CONCHO-
LOGY revived, was countenanced, encouraged, and flourished. And if in
later times, it resigned a preference or precedence to other sciences, in
conformity to the example of the great Linneus, who was, perhaps, less
favorably inclined towards the study of Shells, than any other department of
nature, it is pleasing to add, that since his time, this subject has been most
assiduously cultivated, and that by writers no less eminently qualified to exalt
its character than to give stability to the science itself.

Beauty of Shells.

The colors of Shells are often so intensely vivid, so finely disposed and
so fancifully variegated, that, as objects of beauty, they rival any of the es-_
teemed production of the vegetable kingdom. In their forms they likewise
exhibit an infinite variety. Whilst some consist merely of a hollow cup, or a
single tube, others exhibit the most graceful convolutions, and appear in the
~ form of cones, and spires, and turbans ; in another division shaped like a box,
all the varieties of hinge are exhibited, from that of a simple connexion, by a
ligament, to the most complicated articulation. The forms are indeed so
various, and many of them so elegant, that a celebrated French Concholo-
gist warmly recommends them to the attentive study of the Architect. In
this country, however, no such recommendation is necessary, as many of our
beautiful ornaments of Stucco, particularly for chimney-pieces, device are
copied from the Univalve Testacea, and are greatly admired.

But Shells, even with all their beauty, and elegance would never have ac-
quired so much importance in the eyes of mankind, had their forms been so
difficult to preserve, as the external coverings of the higher classes of ani-

5

mals. It is both a tedious, and a difficult operation to preserve a Quad-
ruped, a Bird, or a Fish, as a specimen for the cabinet ; and even when
the task is completed, it is but of temporary duration. A slow but certain
process of dissolution is going on, which, though invisible for a time to the
owner, gradually destroys the finest collection of these objects. The very
changes of the atmosphere, combined with the attacks of insects, accelerate
the destructive process. But with Shells the case is very different, composed
of particles, already in natural combination, they do not contain within them-
selves the seeds of dissolution ; so that for ages they remain the same.

Besides all that is necessary in general to prepare a Shell for the cabinet,
is merely to remove the animal, and when the Shell is covered with foreign
matter, to wash it away, with a brush, in soap and water, and it is frequently
necessary to steep the shell for some time in fresh water, to extract all the
salt water that may adhere to it. After being properly dried, it is fit for the
shelf of the cabinet, and stands in no need of anxious superintendence.

To some, the examination of this department of science has appeared
useless, and unworthy of occupying the time, and talents of an informed mind :
reasoning with persons of this description is seldom attended with any good
effect ; ignorant of the advantages which have resulted to mankind from an
intimate acquaintance with natural objects, which an all-perfect being, has
created, they know not the pleasure which may be thus yielded to man, who
was sent into this world in order to examine, admire and adore.

ALMIGHTY BEING!
Cause and support of all things, can we view
These objects of our wonder—can we feel
These fine sensations, and not think of THEE 2

If we attend to the contour or shape of Shells, we find elegance and sim-
plicity, richness and variety of their colors, the singularity of their forms in
many, and the comparative facility with which they may be collected and
arranged, we cannot be surprised that they have now attained a conspicuous
place in public collections, and have attracted the notice of the curious

observer.
Rumphius is said to have given a thousand pounds, for one of the first dis-

covered specimens of the Venus Dione.
The Conus Cedo Nulli, so very rarely offered for sale, fine, was sold for
three hundred guineas ; the Turbo Scalaris, if large and perfect, has been

6

estimated worth one hundred guineas. The Cypre Aurantium or Orange
Cowry, perfect, has been sold for fifty guineas, and the Voluta Aulica, forty
pounds ; this with the Conus Gloria Maris, at fifty four pounds, at this period
keep their prices, but all the others noticed are considerably (under the influ-
ence of several coming to market,) reduced in their value.

It has been estimated that a complete collection of British Shells (alone) is
worth its weight in pure silver.

But to view Shells merely as objects of beauty, without attending to the
animals of which they form a part, would be to overlook by far the most im-
portant branch of the science ; and like the Florist to take notice of color,
and shape, and neglect to attend to those functions, which, while they excite
our astonishment, exhibit marks of design. The examination of the inhabit-
ants, enlarges our knowledge of the laws of animal life, and teaches us that
each Shell, however insignificant it may seem to be, possesses faculties,
suited to the supply of its wants, and to the situation it is destined to occupy.

As objects of Utility to man, Shells are eminently worthy of our notice.
To the savage, Shellsfurnish some of his most important instruments. They
often answer all the purposes of a knife, and are extensively employed, as a
substitute for iron ; with pieces of their most solid bivalves, he points his ar-
rows and forms his fish-hooks. The blue and white bells of the Indians of
this country, are used as tokens or symbals of peace and amity, in opposition
to the war hatchet, and by which the fate of nations has been so often decided
are made of the Venus Mercenaria ; and the gorget of the chieftains war-dress,
is formed of the Pearl bearing muscle (Mytilus Margaratiferus.) The mili-
tary horn of many African tribes, is the Murex Tritonis ; the rare variety
of which, with the volutions reversed, is held sacred, and is used only by
their High Priests. The highest order of dignity, among the Friendly Is-
lands is the permission to wear the Cyprea Aurantium, or Orange Cowry.
Lister relates that the inhabitants of Nicaragua fasten the Ostrea Virginica
to a handle of wood, and use it as a spade to dig up the ground. Even
when further advanced in civilization the canaliculated univalves sometimes
constitute the rustic lamp, while the larger scallops are employed by the dairy
maid to skim her milk, and slice her butter. From the mother of pearl shell,
many useful and ornamental articles are fabricated, and calcined shells were
formerly esteemed by Physicians as absorbents, and are still regarded by the
farmer, as furnishing a valuable manure. The greater part of the lime used in

7

this country, for agriculture and architectural purposes, is made of calcined
shells. The public street of Christianstadt, and Santa Cruz, are paved
with the Strombus Gigas, or great screw shell ; and the town of Concliylion
is entirely built of marine shells. The Cyprea Moneta or money cowry, form
the current coin of many nations of India and Africa, and the covering or coat
of an inconsiderable worm, stands at this day, as the medium of barter for the
liberty of man, a certain weight of them being given in exchange for a slave.
The scholar needs not the reminiscence that the suffrages of the ancient
Atheneans were delivered in, marked upon a shell.

He whom ungrateful Athens could expel,
At all times just but when he signed the Shell.
Pope.

The record of which is still commemorated on the derivation of our terms
Testament and Attestation. The word testado or shell is used, for a musi-
cal instrument in poetry, the first lyre being said to have been made by strain-
ing strings over the shell of a Tortoise :

Less than a God they thought there could not dwell
Within the hollow of that shell,
That spoke so sweetly. Dryden.

The Hermes or Mercury of the Egyptians surnamed Trismagistus, or thrice
illustrious, is reported by Apollodorus to have been the inventor of music,
under the following circumstances. The Nile having overflowed its banks, and
inundated the whole country of Egypt, on its return to its customary bounds,
left on the shores various dead animals, and among the rest a Tortoise, the
flesh of which, being dried, and wasted by the sun, nothing remained within
the shell, but nerves and cartilages, and these being tightened and constricted
by the drying heat, became sonorous. Mercury, walking along the banks of
the river, happened to strike his foot against this shell, and was so pleased with
the sound produced, that the idea of the lyre suggested itself to his imagination.
The first instrument he constructed was in the form of a Tortoise, and was
strung with the sinews of dead animals. There is something beautiful in this
allegory which leads us into a conception of the energetic powers of the
human mind, in the early ages of the world, thus directed to a discovery of
the capabilities of nature, by the finger of Omnipotence in the form of accident.

8

This fanciful mode of accounting for the origin of music is thus curiously
alluded to in Brewer’s Lingue.

The lute was first devised
Tn imitation of a Tortoise back,
Whose sinews, parched by Apollo’s beams,
Echoed about the concave of the shell;
And seeing the shortest and smallest gave shrillest sound
They found out frets, where sweet diversity,
Well touched by the skilful learned fingers,
Roused so strange a multitude of chords.
And the opinion many do confirm
Because Testado signifies a Lute.

Shells as one of the agents of decomposition, and gradual dissolution, will
afford material assistance to the geologist, when he examines into their rapid
and astonishing powers of perforating and disuniting rocks of calcarious sand-
stone, limestone, marble, and even the hardest masses of granite and porphyry,
wherever they come in contact with the ocean, and by a comparative exami-
nation of the different stratifications of marine testaceous depositions he may
eventually be led to some important conclusions as to the probable elevation
of the waters of the general Deluge.

From what has been adduced, it must now be obvious to the reader that
shells are of considerable importance in the arts of life; but the animals con-
tained in these Shells are of far greater value. As articles of food shell-fish
are extensively employed by the poor, and even hold a conspicuous place
at the tables of the rich. In many places, they in a great measure support
the children of a maritime population, and in the Western and Northern Is-
lands of Scotland, have in years of scarcity prevented the death of thousands,
besides affording employment to as many who are constantly engaged in search-
ing for shell-fish, and bringing them to market. Independently of the food
thus obtained from Testaceous bodies, they afford that treasure of a Shell
the Pearl, one of the most beautiful and costly ornaments, equally prized by
the savage and the citizen; And supply us also with a dye—the famous
Tyrian purple of antiquity, which constituted an attribute of imperial gran-
deur. ‘Thus we perceive that the study of Conchology rises in importance as
we discover its usefulness.

Conchology or Testaceology, as it is now sometimes called, comprises the
Molusca Testacea, or self-bodied animals furnished with shells, being the third

9

order of the fourth class of Vermes or Worms. In the Linnzan system of
Zoology, Shells are divided into

Multivalves, Bivalves, and Univalves.

A Multivalve shell may be exemplified by any species of Lepas or Barna-
cle, in which the shelly covering of the animal is formed of several pieces or
divisions. The Bivalve, by the muscle in which, as every one knows, the
shell is composed of two pieces or valves ; and lastly, the Univalve shell by
the common snail, for the shell is simple and undivided. The shell animals
are produced from eggs, which in some animals are gelatinous or gluey, and
in others covered with a hard or calcareous shell, and the young animal
emerges from the egg with its shell upon the back. The most familiar and
convincing proof of this may be obtained by observing the evolution or hatch-
ing of the eggs of the common garden snail, as well as several of the water
snails, which deposit eggs so transparent, that the motions of the young, with
the shell on its back, may be very distinctly seen several days before the
period of hatching.

All the shell animals are of such a constitution as perpetually to secrete or
exude from their bodies a viscid moisture ; and it is with this, managed ac-
cording to the exigencies of the animal, that the shell is through life increased
in dimensions, and repaired when accidentally broken in any particular part.
The growth of shells proceeds from the edges of the mouth, or opening ; and
thus the spires or turns of the Univalve shells are gradually increased in
number and size, till the animal has arrived at its full growth.

Linneus has divided shells into thirty-six genera; and the total amount of
species hitherto described is 2445, exclusive of varieties, of which 550 are to
be found in and around the British Isles. There are many species, no doubt,
that have not yet made their way into the catalogues of Conchological writers;
and we have reason to suppose that hundreds or thousands may be still un-
known.

es

MULTIVALVES.

No. 1. CHITON.
Coat of Mail Shell. Inhabitant a Donaz.

Part in their pearly shells, at ease attend
Moist nutriment; or, under rocks, their food
In jointed armor watch.

Accorpine to the Linnean system, the Chiton is the first shell and animal
noticed. ‘The Chitons are natives of the ocean, and are generally found
adhering to rocks or stones that are overflowed by the tide, but it possesses
the power of removing from its station. The Chiton much resembles the
marine wood-house, and has often been mistaken for it, and possesses the
same power of rolling itself into a perfect ball.

The body of the Donax is creeping, oblong, and flat beneath. The mouth
is placed below, on the fore-part; vent behind, on the back, and surrounded
by a fringe; feelers two or four, situated on the upper part of the body in front,
and retractile within the proper receptacles.

The shell, consisting of several transverse incumbent valves, is disposed in a
longitudinal series down the back. We have known very little of this genus
until the few last years. So lately as the period in which the 10th edition of
the Systema Natura appeared, only four of its species were known; at least, no
great number are described by Linneus. To the valuable work of Chem-
nitz, we are indebted for the addition of thirteen other species; to Schocter
and others, for a further variety; so that Mawe states, at this present time,
there are forty of this species known.

The Chiton takes its name from the Greek xitwv (Chiton,) a Coat of Mail.

DIVISION I.

Scientific name. Locality.

Squamosus, American Isles.
Bistriatus, #6
Fasciatus, South America.
Viridis, ee Ss
Tessellatus, St. Thomas.

DIVISION II.

il

Scientific name.
Sulcatus,
Maculatus,
Marmoratus,
Indus,

Having a scaly margin.

Locality.
South Sea Isles.
East Indies.
Florida.

West Indies.

Having a coriaceous margin.

The Chiton porosus and C. larveformis of this division deserve particular
notice, as in some respects their characters differ from those of the other

species.

The valves of the C. porosus are perforated by a small slit, and

the ligament of the C. larveformis (which in other respects in the species
merely surrounds the margin) almost envelopes the whole shell, and gives it

the appearance of a caterpillar.

Scientific name. Locality.

Fulvus, South America.
Tunicatus, bs is
Castaneus, Cape of Good Hope.
Lineatus, se se
Aculeatus, Nicobar Isles.
Fascicularis, England & Barbary.
Punctatus, Europe, Asia, Amer.
Ruber, Norway.

Abbas, England.

Cinereus, Goree.

Bicolor, India.

Cerasinus, Surinam.
Magellanicus, Magellan Straits.
Fuscus, . Pulo Ponang.
Granulatus, West Indies.

DIVISION III.

Scientific name.

Piceus,
Minimus,
Cimex,
Asellus,
Gigas,
Islandicus,
Marginatus,
Levis,
Amiculatus,
Tuberculatus,
Crinitus,
Thalassinus,
Hispidus,
Porosus,
Larve formis,

Locality.

Idria and Red Sea.
Norway.
4

6c

African Coast.
Iceland.
French Coast.
England.
Kurile Island.
West Indies.
Aberdeen.

(73

West Indies.

cc oe
(74 “

Having a spinous margin.

The C. spinosus is at present a very rare shell; its habitat is supposed to

be the Marquesas.

No. 2. LEPAS.

Acorn Shell. Inhabitant a Triton.

Tis genus has been separated into two families, the first (as Lepas anati-
fera) containing the balani or barnacle shells; the second (the Lepas tintin-
abulum) or acorn shell. It is the nature of these shells to adhere in clus-
ters to rocks, shells, the bottom of ships, or floating pieces of wood, where
they are sometimes seen in countless numbers. Colonel Montague relates,
that he observed a piece of fir timber about twenty feet long, which was drift-
ed on the coast of Devonshire, England, and which, from end to end, was
completely covered with them. They appear particularly attached to wood,
where they cluster together of all sizes, the smaller adhering by short pedi-
cles to the larger ones.

The animals contained in these shells, as well as in those of the other spe-
cies, have an oblong body, each 24 claws or tentacula, all joined in pairs near
the bottom, and inserted in one common base ; the twelve longest stand some-
what erect and arched, and arise from the back part of the animal. They
appear like so many curled feathers, clear, horny, and articulated. Every
joint is furnished with two rows of hairs on the concave side : they are of use
in catching prey, and the animals are continually employed in extending and
contracting them for this purpose. The twelve smallest are placed six on
each side: in front of these, they are more pliable, and more thickly set
with hairs than the others, and seem to perform the office of hands. The
mouth, formed not unlike a contracted purse, is placed in front, between
the smaller claws, and within its folds are situated six or eight horny lamine
or erect teeth. Under this lie the stomach and intestines, and the tendons
by which the animal adheres to the shell.

Only twelve species are described in the Grewlinnean system: the genus
takes its name from the Greek A¢sras, the rock to which the shell adheres.

The barnacle shells have long been known, in consequence of a fabulous
notion formerly prevalent, especially in Great Britain and Scotland, even
among those who ought not to have been so deceived,—that from them was bred
a species of goose, common on the British coast, called the Barnacle Goose.

13

Of the numerous writers, who have mentioned and credited these circumstan-
ces, I shall notice three only, all of whom speak confidently and positively on
the subject. The first is Maier, who writes a treatise expressly on this bird:
he says, that it certainly originates from shells; and, what is still more wonder-
ful, says, ‘“‘ he opened a hundred of the goose-bearing shells in the Orkneys,
and found in all of them the rudiments of the bird completely formed.”

Gerard is another writer on this subject. His account of this miraculous
transformation, I here insert in his own words, which have been often quoted:
‘¢ What our eyes have seen, and our hands have touched, we shall declare.
There is a small island im Lancashire (England,) called the Pile of Foulders,
wherein are found broken pieces of old and bruised ships; some thereof have
been cast thither by shipwrecks: also, the trunks and bodies, with the branch-
es of old and rotting trees, cast up there likewise, whereon is formed a certain
spume or froth, that in time breedeth unto certain shells, in shape like
those of the muscle, but sharper pointed and of a whitish color; and the end
whereof is fastened unto the inside of the shell, even as the fish of oysters and
muscles are, and the other end is made fast unto the belly of a rude mass or
lump, which in time cometh into the shape and form of a bird: when it is per-
fectly formed, the shell gapeth open, and the first thing that appeareth is the
aforesaid lace or string; next cometh the legs of the bird, hanging out; and as
it groweth greater it openeth the shell by degrees, till at length it has all come
forth, and hangeth only by the bill: in a short space after, it cometh to maturi-
ty and falleth into the sea, where it gathereth feathers, and groweth to a fowl
bigger than a mallard, and lesser than a goose, having black legs, and bill or
beak, and feathers black and white, spotted in such a manner as our magpie,
called in some places pie-annes, which the people of Lancashire call by no oth-
er name than tree goose; which place aforesaid, and all those places adjoin-
ing, do so much abound therewith, that one of the best is bought for three
pence. For the truth hereof if any doubt, may it please them to repair to me,
and I will satisfy them by the testimonies of good witnesses.”’

The last I shall mention is Sir Robert Murray’s account of the barnacle,
inserted in the Philosophical Transactions. ‘‘In the Western Islands of
Scotland, the west ocean throws upon their shores great quantities of very
large weather-beaten timber: the most ordinary trees are wood and ash. Be-
ing in the Island of East, I saw lying upon the shore a cut of a large fir-tree,

14

about two feet and a half in diameter and nine or ten feet long, which had lain so
long out of the water that it was very dry, and most of the shells that had
covered it were worn or rubbed off, only the parts that Jay next to the ground:
there still hung multitudes of little shells, they were of the color and con-
sistence of muscle shells. This barnacle shell is thin about the edges, and
about half as thick as broad. Every one of the shells hath some cross seams
or sutures, which, as I remember, divide it into five parts: these parts are fast-
ened one to another, with such a film as muscle shells have. These shells
are hung at the tree by a neck longer than the shell, of a kind of filmy sub-
stance round and hollow, and creased not unlike the windpipe of a chicken,
spreading out broadest where it is fastened to the tree, from which it seems to
draw and convey the matter which serves for the growth and vegetation of
the shell and little bird within it. In every shell that I opened I found a
perfect sea-fowl, the little bill like that of a goose; the eyes marked; the head,
neck, breast, wing, tail, and feet, formed; the feathers everywhere per-
fectly shaped and blackish colored, and the feet like those of other water-
fowl, to my best remembrance.”’

Few subjects seems to have been more circumstantially related, or to rest
on better evidence, than the above; so natural to man is credulity, which
passes all bounds where prodigy of an event takes firm hold of the imagination,
and lays the understanding asleep. Such are the wild chimeras that have been
retailed concerning the origin of barnacles; and as these fables once had great
celebrity, I have been induced to relate them, to show how contagious the
errors of science are, and how prone men are to the fascinations of the mar-
vellous. Barnacle geese are not uncommon on many of the northern and west-
ern coasts of Britain in winter; but they are scarce in the south, and are seldom
seen except in inclement seasons. They leave in February, and retire north-
ward to breed.

This genus is divided into two, each having their families.

DIVISION I. Affixed at the base to other substances.

Famity Ist. Sessile.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Balanus, Europe, &c. Conoides, Weymouth.
Balanoides, 6é Palmipes, Atlantic Isles.
Tintinnabulum, East & W. Indies. Minor, Indian Islands.
Scotica, Scotland. Angustata, Coast of Africa, &c.

Costata, Wales. Elongata, Britain, &c.

15

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Patellaris, Coast of Coromandel. Radiata, British Seas.
Spinosa, St. Helena. Cariosa, 6 ‘“

Violacea, Indian Isles. Psittacus, Chili, yo

Crispata, oh = Hemispherica, Africa, *

Verruca, North Europe. Levis, East and West Ind.
Rugosa, South Coast of Eng. Striatus, Eng.& Dutch Coasts.
Punctatus, British Seas.

Famiry 2d. Having radiated cells at their base.

Diadema, Mediterranean, &c. Testudinaria, Mediterranean, &c.
Balenaris, cs be Quinquevalvis, oe =
Famity 3d. Having a porous base.
Porosus, East Indies, &c. Purpurascens, Falkland Islands.
Famity 4th. Having a cup-like appendage at the base.
Galeata, Mediterranean. Spongiosa, Dorsetshire-
Famity 5th. Tubular and truncated at both ends.
Tracheiformis,

DIVISION Il. Shells attached to a fleshy peduncle.

Notwithstanding the great affinity which exists throughout the lepas genus,
there are a few exceptions, in which a resemblance is difficult to be traced;
as for example, in the L. scalpellum, L. anserifera, L. anatifera, and varieties
emanating from them. These species are closely allied to each other, and
very different from the rest of the genus.

FAMILY 1st. Having more than five valves, and a wreath of smaller ones
round the base.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Mitella, Amboyna & Kast In. Pollicipes, France & Spain.
Scalpellum, Spain, &c.

Faminry 2d. Having only five contiguous valves.

Anserifera, Am. & Indian Seas. Villosa, Mediterranean.
Anatifera, e cs Dentata, ‘“

Dorsalis, West Indies. Sulcata, Dorsetshire, England.
Fascicularis, European Seas.

Famuity 3d. Having minute and distant valves placed on the fleshy eatension of
: the peduncle.

Aurita, Northern Coasts. Vittata, Mediter. & Atlantic.

No. 3. PHOLAS.

Peirce Stone. Inhabitant an Ascidia.

THE animals of this tribe perforate clay, spongy stones and wood, very young;
and as they increase in size they enlarge their habitation, and thus become
imprisoned. Before these animals attempt to penetrate stones, they soften them
by discharging a quantity of phosphorescent fluid, which decomposes or cor-
rodes the substance, as effectually as any chemical solvent, and prepares it for
the reception of the shells, which they are enabled to insert in the manner of
a screw, the worm being spiral and toothed; the animal then begins to make an
entrance with the larger end of the shells, and thus all possibility of return is
cut off. They are always found below high-water mark, and a mass of rock may
sometimes be seen wholly perforated by them. They have two orifices or
openings capable of elongation, in the manner of a proboscis: one of them is
supposed to be the mouth, and has the faculty of spouting water: most of them
contain a phosphorescent liquor of great brilliancy in the dark, which also
illuminates whatever it touches or happens to fall upon.

The Pholas is so called from the Greek: Qwads, to lurk in cavities, or
seek a hiding place.

The Pholas dactylus affords the character of nearly the whole tribe. The
very extraordinary powers possessed by these animals of penetrating into solid
bodies, when compared with their apparent imbecility, have justly excited
the astonishment of Philosophers and Naturalists of all ages. When divested
of their shell, they are roundish and soft, with no instrument that in the least
seems fitted for boring into stones, which they are known to do, or even for
penetrating the softest substance. They are indeed furnished with two teeth;
but they are placed in such a situation as to be incapable of touching the hol-
low surface of their stony dwellings. They have also two corners to their
shells, which open or shut at either end; but these are totally unserviceable to
them as miners. The instrument with which they perform all their operations,
and by means of which they bury themselves in the hardest rocks, is only a
broad, fleshy substance, somewhat resembling a tongue. With this soft, yield-
ing instrument, while yet young and small, they work their way into the sub-

re

stance of the stone and enlarge their apartment, as their increasing size renders
it necessary. The seeming unfitness, however, of these animals for penetrating
into rocks, and there forming an habitation, has induced many Philosophers
to suppose that they entered the rock while it was yet in a soft state, and from
the petrifying quality of the water that the whole rock afterwards became hard-
ened round them by degrees. This opinion has been confuted ina very satis-
factory manner by Dr. Bohads, who observed that many of the pillars of the
Temple of Serapis, at Puteoli were penetrated by these animals ; whence he
justly concludes, that the Pholades must have pierced them after they were
erected ; for no workman would have labored a pillar into form, if it had been
honey-combed by worms in the quarry. . In short, there canbe no doubt, but
that the pillars were perfectly sound when erected, and that these animals attack-
edthem during the time in which they continued buried under water after the
Earthquake that swallowed up the city. From hence it appears, that in all
nature there is not a greater instance of perseverance and patience than that
which this animal is seen to exhibit. Furnished with the bluntest and softest
auger, by slow successive applications it effects what other animals are incapa-
ble of performing by force, penetrating the hardest bodies with only its tongue.
When (as I have before stated) while yet very small, it has effected an en-
trance, and buried its body in the stone, it there continues for life at its ease,
the sea water that enters at the little aperture supplying the animal with Juxuri-
ous plenty. Upon this seemingly thin diet it by degrees grows larger and
larger, and soon finds itself under the necessity of increasing the dimensions of
its habitation and its shell.

The motion of the Pholas is slow almost beyond conception: its progress
keeps pace with its growth of body ; and in proportion as it becomes larger, it
makes its way further into the rock; when it penetrated to a certain depth, it
turns from its former direction and hollows downward, till at last, when its hab-
itation is completed, the whole apartments resemble the bowl of a tobacco-
pipe, the hole in the shank being that by which the animal entered. Thus
immured, the Pholas lives in darkness, indolence and plenty: it never removes
from the narrow mansion into which it has penetrated, and seems _ perfectly
content with being inclosed in its own sepulchre. These animals are found
in the greatest quantity at Ancona in Italy, also along the shores of Normandy
and Poictou in France, and upon some of the coasts of Scotland. In general,
they are considered as a great delicacy at the tables of the luxurious.

3

Scientific name.

Dactylus,
Costata,

Striata,
Candida,

Crispata,

Locality.
Europe,
Virginia, West Indies,
So. Eu. So. Carolina,
So. Eu. E. I. Ocean,
Ku. America, Britain,
Bay of Campeachy,
North Eu. Britain,

18

Scientific name.
Orientalis,
Cordata,
Chiloensis,
Hians,

Parva,
Falcata,
Papyracea,

Locality.
Siam & Tranquebar,
Chili,
West Indies,
Pensacola, Britain,

Britain.

BIVALVES.

No. 4. MYA.

Gaper. Inhabitant an Ascidia.

The ocean rolling, and the shelly shore;
Beautiful objects.

Suext bivalve, generally gaping at one end, hinge has a solid thick patulous
tooth, but seldom two, and not inserted in the opposite valve. ‘The name or
term Mya is also derived from the Greek wvas, which is from wiw, to com-
press. It was formerly applied to the mytilus.

The greater part of these animals are inhabitants of the ocean, but some
of them are found in fresh water. They perforate the sand or mud at the bot-
tom. Many of the species are caught for food, and others for the pearl, which
are formed within their shells ; some few of the species perforate and live in
limestone, in the same manner as the Pholades.

The pearl bearing Mya, (Margaritifera) is found chiefly in the large rivers
of northern latitudes. ‘The British islands, especially Ireland, have been
considered famous for their fisheries of the Mya, and a few pearls of great
value have at times been obtained from these sources; but the quality of
British specimens is not held in the highest estimation. Some fine pearls,
however, were procured from the Shannon, in the year 1821. The river
Irt, in Cumberland, the Canway, in Wales, and the Fay, in Scotland, were
once noted for their pearl fisheries. Suetonius reports, that Cesar was in-
duced to undertake his British expedition for the sake of the pearls, and,
according to Pliny and Tacitus, he brought home a buckler made with

20

British pearl, which he dedicated to, and hung up in the temple of .the idol
Venus Genetrix.

Several species of gapers are used as food, both in Britain and on the
continent, as the Mya Arenaria, known to the fishermen about Southamp-
ton, by the whimsical name of Old Maids. hese shells reside in the
mud, or shingle on the shore, laying a few inches below the surface. In
some parts of England and-Ireland they are much used; but, though common
in Scotland, they are never sought after. Another species, (the Mya Trunca-
ta) is also very common on the coast. It prefers a hard, gravelly bottom,
in which it lodges at low-water mark. The inhabitants of the Northern
Islands call it Smuslin, and employ it, when boiled, as a supper dish. It is
by no means unpalatable.

This genus has several divisions.

DIVISION I. JHinge with one or two rounded teeth not inserted in the
opposite valve.

Some species of this division grow to a large size, as the Mya Glycymeris.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Glycymeris, Mediter. Sea, Spain, Rostrata, Bergen,

Portugal and Naples, Distorta, Plymouth,
Truncata, Europe, Britain, Bidentata, Devonshire,
Arenaria, # Decussata, Frith of Forth,
Declivis, Devonshire, Weym’th Purpurea, Devonshire,
Pubescens, cs $6 Ferruginosa, Bellon Sands, Dunbar,
Pratensis, Britain, Nitens,
Anatina, Mouth of the Niger, Prismatica, Scotland, Devonshire,
Globosa, Substriata, Devonshire.
Nicobarica, Nicobar Islands,

DIVISION II. Hinge callous, without teeth.

Edentula, Caspian Sea, Norwegica, Norway,
Membranacea, _ Iceland, Siliqua, North America.

DIVISION III. Hinge with teeth inserted into the opposite valve.

The Mya Ponderosa, (or M. Crassa of some authors) with others in this
division, are remarkable for their excessive weight and thickness, which is
universally the case with those that are found in rapid rivers and cataracts.

Scientific name.

Batava,
Pictorum,
Ovata,
Radiata,
Pondérosa,
Complanata,
Nodulosa,
Margaritifera,
Corrugata,

Locality.
Danube,R.of Holland,
European Rivers,
Rivers of England,

“ of Malabar,
Chinese Rivers,
N. American Rivers,
Riv. of N.of Europe,

Riv. of Coromandel,
174 iT4

21

Scientific name.

Rugosus,
Variabilis,
Nodosa,
Symatophora,
Suborbicularis,
Ine quivalvis,
Labiata,
Aurita,

Locality.

Riv. of Coromandel,
S. American Rivers,
Rivers of India,

« * Guinea,
Coasts of Devonshire,
€ British,

S. American Rivers,
Ganges.

DIVISION IV. Hinge toothless, with a conical rounded hollow for the
reception of the cartilage.

Vulsella,

Amboyna, Tranquebar.

‘

No. 5. SOLEN.

Razor Shell. Inhabitant an Ascidia.

Shell oblong, gaping at both ends, tooth of the hinge subulate reflex, gen-
arally donble, not inserted, lateral margin obsolete: in the Solen radiatus, there
is an internal rib, extending from the hinge to the margin of the cavity, in a
longitudinal direction. The great disproportion in the breadth of the Solen
is a remarkable character, and serves to distinguish them from every other
genus.

Solen is also derived from the Greek word owdnv, signifying a tube. The
French designate the Solens, Manches de Couteaux, in allusion to their
shape.

Many of the bivalved shell fishes have the powers of progressive or retro-
grade motion, by an instrument that has some resemblance to a leg or foot, and
called the tongue. But these animals can at pleasure make this assume almost
any form which their exigencies require. They are incapable of progressive
motion on the surface, but they dig a hole or cell in the sand, sometimes two
feet in depth, in which they ascend, or descend, at pleasure. The instru-
ment, or tongue, by which their motions are performed, is fleshy, cylindrical,
and situated near the centre of their body. When necessary, the animals
can make the termination of the tongue assume the form of a ball. The
razor-fish, when laying on the surface of the sand, and about to sink into it,
extends its tongue from the inferior end of the shell, and makes the extremity
of it take the form of a shovel, sharp on each side, and terminating in a point.
With this instrument the animal cuts a hole inthe sand. After the hole is
made, it advances the tongue still further into the sand, makes it assume the
form of a hook, and with this hook, as a fulcrum, it obliges the shell to de-
scend into the hole. In this manner the animal operates, until the shell
totally disappears. When it chooses to regain the surface, it forms the
termination of the tongue into the shape of a ball, and makes an effort to
extend the whole tongue; but the ball prevents any further descent, and the
muscular effort necessarily pushes the shell upward, until it reaches the
surface. It is amazing with what dexterity and quickness these seemingly
awkward motions are performed.

Two kinds of razor-fish, (Solen Siliqua, and Ensis) are in many places of
Great Britain used as food. In Scotland, they are indiscriminately termed

23

Spout-fish. They are found upon most sandy shores, buried about a foot or
two below the surface, and near to low-water mark. Their place is known
by a small hole in the sand. As it is rather a laborious operation to dig them
- out, Bosc informs us that the fishermen in France throw a small pinch of
salt into their holes, which always remain open by the action of the respitary
organs; that they speedily rise to the surface, and are thrown out by an iron
instrument made for the purpose. The fishermen believe it is the salt they
wish to avoid; but it is conjectured, with greater probability, that the presence
of the salt water, which is thus formed by the solution of the salt, makes the
animal suppose that its hole is again covered with the tide. ‘This shell
fish was esteemed by the ancients as a great delicacy. When boiled or
fried, it is certainly a palatable morsel. If kept afew days, it forms an
excellent bait for haddock or cod, and may be employed for that purpose in
a fresh state.

Most species of the Solens are covered with a thin cuticle or epidermis,
which renders the colors beneath more or less obscure.

DIVISION I. Shell linear.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Vagina, Britain, Ensis, Europe,
Trimeatus, Am. and Ind. Seas, Pellucidus, Britain,
Novacula, Wales, Legumen, Mediterranean,
Siliqua, Europe, Cultellus, Ceylon.
Linearis, Indian Seas,

DIVISION II. Shell ovate or oblong.

The shells of this division present but little beauty, with the exception of
the S. oriens, S. radiatus, S. roseus, and a few others, which have a fine
pink color, or are delicately arrayed with purple and white.

Antiquatus, Britain, Striatus, Indian Seas,
Gigas, N. W. C. of America, Castrensis, Guinea Coast,
Magnus, Indian Isles, Biradiatus, South Seas,
Minimus, Tranquebar, Sanguinolentus, West Indies,
Guineensis, Guinea, Oriens, China,

Inflexis, Occidens, Ceylon,

Diphos, Indian Ocean, Amethystus, Indian Seas,
Radiatus, China, Amboyna, Variegatus,

Strigilatus, Mediterranean, Bullatus, E. W. Indies,
Coarctatus, Nicobar Isles, Britain, Minutus, Britain, N. of Europe,
Fragilis, fe Virens, Coast of Java,
Anatinus, Coromandel Coast, Squamosus, Devonshire,
Roseus, Red Sea, Vespertinus, Eu. and Med. Seas.

No. 6. TELLINA.
Bent Wedge. Inhabitant a Tethys.

The Tellin are usually found buried in sand or gravel, on the sea shores,
and some kinds in rivers or ditches. Among all the genera of bivalves, there
are none except the Venus, which can vie with the Telline, in elegance of
form, brilliancy of color, or delicacy of structure.

The body is detached, oblong, fleshy, without peduncles, mouth furnished
with a terminal, cylindrical proboscis, under an expanded membrane or lip,
apertures, two on the left side of the neck, shell bivalve, generally sloping on
one side, in the fore part of one valve, a convex of the other, a concave
fold, hinge with usually three teeth, the lateral ones smooth in one shell.
The Telline, as now defined, consists of those orbicular bivalve shells or
transverse, having a regular fold or wrinkle at the anterior end of the shell,
with one or two teeth pointed to the beak, and remote lateral teeth.

It is difficult to beginners in the science of Conchology to discriminate
between the genera Telline and Venus. The difference will best be learnt
by observing principally the inclination of the beaks: if they at all tend to-
wards the ligament, the shell will belong to the genus Tellina; also, if any
remote, lateral teeth be discernible, if the anterior slope be compressed into
an acute, wedge-shaped form, or if it be crooked.

The word Teddy from which Tellina is derived, signifies to arrive quickly
at maturity. Of this genus, there are 81 species, and three divisions.

DIVISION I. Ovate and thickish.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Gargadia, Indian Ocean, Lacunosa, Coast of Guinea,
Rugosa, Otaheite, W. I. Seas, Gibbosa,
Lingua Felis, Indian Ocean, Gari, Amboyna, Molucca Isles,
Marginalis, Coast of China, China.
Virgata, Amboyna, Ceylon, Ferroensis, Britain, Ferroe Isles,
Interrupta, Bay of Naples, Norway,

West India Islands, Fragilis, Eu. Ocean, Caspian Sea
Angulata, Tranquebar, and Mediterranean,
Inflata, Obliqua,

Polygona, do. Naples,

-

Scientific name.

Triangularis,
Oblonga,
Spengleri,

Foliacea,
Acuta,
Planata,
Strigosa,

Levigata,

Madagascarensis,

Radiata,

Pallescens,
Rostrata,

Rufescens,
Flavescens,
Hyalina,

Remies,

Fausta,
Reticulata,
Cancellata,
Guinaica,

Scabra,
Crassa,
Decussata,
Cordiformis,
Muricata,
Scobinata,

Lactea,
Rotundata,
Flexuosa,
Carnaria,
Zonata,

25

DIVISION II.

Locality.

European Ocean.

Nicobar Isles, Coroman-
del, China.

Amboyna, Molucca Isles.
West Indies.

West Indies.

Eu. and Med. Seas.

West Coast of Africa.
Molucea Isles.

European and Indian
Oceans, West Indies.

Coasts of Madagascar.
Coromandel.

Eu. Ocean, Bahamas, As-
cension Isl. W. Indies.

E. Indian Seas.

Amboyna, Java, Tran-
quebar.

Coasts of Brazil.

K. Indian Seas.

Coasts of Guinea.

DIVISION Il.

Eu. and Indian Oceans,
C. of Am. Nicobar I.

W. Indies, Dorsetshire.

do. do. Britain.

Coasts of Goree.

C. of Guinea, Frith of
Forth.

W. Indian Seas.

Guernsey, Brit. Norman.

W. I. Seas

do. do. C. of Ter. Fir.
Asiat.Ocean, C. of Surat.
Jamaica, and Barbadoes.
Med. Lisbon, Britain.
Norway, Senegal, do.
Coasts of Britain.
W. Indies, Curagoa, do.
Med., Brit., W. Indies.

4

Scientific name.
Ine quivaivis,
Trifasciata,
Coccinea,
Incarnata,
Opalina,
Lanceolata,
Sanguinea,
Nivea,
Sulcata,
Donacina,
Augusta,
Truncata,
Punicea,

Depressa,
Fabula,

Tenuis,
Vitrea,
Striata,
Balaustina,
Calcaria,

Suborbicular.

Bimaculata,

Balthica,
Pisiformis,

Divaricata,

Dentata,
Digitaria,
Cornea,
Lacustris,
Amnica,
Pusilla,
Limosa,
Fluminalis,
Hermaphrodita,
Fluminea,
Fluviatilis,

Ovate and compressed.

Locality.
Medit., Norway, Britain.
European Ocean.
Mediterranean.
Do. Sweden.
Nicobar Isles, Tarentum.
East Indian Seas.

American Ocean.

Mediterranean, Britain.

Frith of Forth.

Java.

W.1I.Seas, Britain, Gui-
nea, Rhode Island.

Coasts of Britain.

Med.-Coasts of Norway
and Am.,W. Ind.& Brit.

Coasts of Britain.

Baltic, Northern Ocean.

Coasts of Dorsetshire.

Mediterranean.

C. of Iceland, Ferroe Isl.

Eu. Ocean, E. and W.
Ind. Seas.

The Baltic.

Mo. of Rivers inthe Eu-
ropean Seas.

C. of Brazil, Med. Am.
Seas, Naples.

Med., Nicobar Isles.
Riv. & Ponds in Europe.
Denmark, Britain.

do. do.
Rivers in Europe & Virg.

do. in South America.

Euphrates.
Guinea.
Rivers of China.
Canton.

No. 7. CARDIUM.
A Cockle. Inhabitant a Tethys.

Shell bivalve, nearly equilateral. Equivalves generally convex, longitudi-
nally ribbed, striated or sulcated, with the margin toothed. Hinge with two
alternate teeth in the middle, near the beak, in most incurved, lateral teeth
remote, and inserted or locking into the opposite. Forty-nine species of
this genus were described in the last edition of the Systema Nature.

The genus Cardium is somewhat cordiform in its shape, with the valves
denticulated or folded at the margin, beaks turned inward, hinge with
the two oblique teeth in each valve near the back, locking into each
other ; the ribs and furrows of the two valves are so disposed as to alternate
at the margin, and to lock accurately and firmly into each other.

The word cardium is derived from xagdia, signifying heartlike, from the
cordate appearance of the genus.

Upon the sandy shores of all the known seas, some of the species of Cockle
are to be observed. Most are found immersed in the sand, at the depth of
afew inches. Their size varies from five or six inches to half an inch in
diameter. The common Cockle is well known. All the locomotive powers
of the Cockle are concentrated in the triangular yellow foot, which is so con-
spicuous when we open the shells. This foot is not only capable of great
inflexion, but also of seizing with its point the glutinous matter which pro-
ceeds from it, drawing this into threads, and thereby, in some measure, se-
curing the animals within the sand. Few shell fish are more common in inlets
and bays, and near the mouths of rivers, than these. In such situations they
are usually found, the place of each being marked by a small circular
depressed spot. When they open their shells, the entrance into these is
protected by a soft membrane, which entirely closes up the front, except in
two places, at each of which there is a small yellow and fringed tube, by
means of which it is that the animals receive and eject the water which con-
veys to their body the nutriment necessary for their support. Women and
children easily dig up this shell fish. Cockles in England and Wales are
sold by measure, and eat either raw, boiled, or pickled. They are deserv-

21

edly esteemed a delicious and wholesome food in Great Britain; in France

little regarded.
which they become milky.

genus is divided into three divisions, with families.

DIVISION I.

Scientific name.

Cardissa,
Humanum,

DIVISION II.

Locality.

East Indies.
do. do.

Scientific name.
Roseum,
Monstrosum,

They are in season during March, April, and May, after
They are not used generally as a bait.

This

Heart-shaped valves, compressed umbones alternating.

Locality.

Malay Coast.
South Sea Isles.

Sub-cordate, longitudinally ribbed.

One of the most rare species of this division is the C. costatum, which
has rows of white, hollow, elevated ribs, situated at regular distances, pro-
ceeding from the umbones to the margin ; and the spaces between them are
imperfect specimens of a fine dark brown color.

Famity-Ist. Having a crescent-shaped cavity beneath the umbones.

Retusum,

Famiry 2d.

Edule,

Unedo,
Fragum,
Hemicardium,
Tuberculatum,
Isocardia,
Pectiniforme,
Regulare,

Flavum,
Spinosum,
Echinatum,
Lima, ‘
Muricatum,

Costatum,
Medium,
Donaciforme,
Exiguum,
Ringens,
Oblongum,

India.

Ribs armed with nodules, elevated, rough striw, wrinkles or scales.

Mediterranean.
E. and W. Indies.

West Indies.

Famiry 3d.

Ceylon.
Mediterranean.
Britain.

East Indies.
West Indies.

Famity 4th.

Africa.

W. Indies, Britain.
do. do. do.
Britain.

Africa.
Mediterranean.

Glaucum,
Fasciatum,
Elongatum,
Leucostomum,
Magnum,
Rigidum,
Maculatum,

Rugatum,
Latum,
Ciliatum,
Aculcatum,
Muricatum,

With ribs unarmed.

Papyraceum,
Fimbriatum,
Rusticum,
Islandicum,
Parvum,

Mediterranean.
Britain.

do.
West Indies.

Ceylon.

With ribs armed, more or less spined.

E. and W. Indies.
East Indies.

_ Greenland.

Britain.
Coast of Kent.

Med. and Ind. Ocean.

Mediterranean.
Greenland.
Coast of Hampshire.

28
DIVISION III. Sub-cordate, obsoletely ribbed, striated or smooth.

Famity 1st. Obsoletely ribbed.

Levigatum, Britain, Mediterranean.

Famiry 2d. Lightly striated, approaching smooth.

Lineatum, East Indies. /Kiolicum, Africa.
Serratum, W.1., Mediterranean. Rubrum, Britain.
Groenlandicum, Greenland Seas.

No. 8. MACTRA.
Kneading-trough. Inhabitant a Tethys.

Shell bivalve, inequilateral, valves equal, middle tooth of the hinge compli-
cated with a small hollow on each side, and lateral remote teeth inserted into
each other. Twenty-seven of this species are described by Grewelin (Maxrea
signifies a kneading trough; but the resemblance to this article in any one of
the Mactre is very slight,) and the number of species now known amounts to
forty-two.

These are generally found at the mouths of rivers, immediately beneath
the surface of the sand, or among substances that have been thrown up, and
left by the sea. The prevailing color is a bluish or yellowish white. One
kind is used as food by the common people at Dartmouth, Devonshire, Eng-
land.

The genus Mactra possesses little beauty or variety, and a similarity of
coloring and form pervades the whole.

DIVISION I. ;

Famity Ist.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Spengleri, Cape of Good Hope. Stultorum, Britain.
Carinata, Mediterranean. Grandis, New Jersey.
Maculata, Nicobar Isles. Achatina, do.
Corallina, Mediterranean, Guinea. Triangularis, Britain.
Lactea, Tranquebar. Minutissima, do.
Cinerea, Britain. Donaciformis, Ceylon.

Famity 2d. Having a striated or wrinkled surface.
Striatula, West Indies. Striata,
Plicataria, Indian Ocean. Radiata, Britain.
Papyracea, Nicobar Isles. Solida, do.
Vitrea, Ceylon. Solidissima, North America.
Cygnea, Tranquebar. Truncata, Britain.
Turgida, do. Sub-truncata, do.
Violacea, do. Australis, New Zealand.
Cuneata, do. Piperata, Mouth of the Niger.
Rotundata, Tenuis, Britain.
Glabrata, African Ocean. Boysii, do.

Nitida,

Scientific name.

Glauca,
Ragusa,

Pellucida,
Fragilis,

Planata,
Lutraria,

30
DIVISION II. Shell ovate, oblong.
Famiry 1st. Closed at both ends.
Locality. Scientific name. Locality.

Spain and Britain. Egyptica, Red Sea.
Med., Nicobar.

Famiry 2d. Gaping at the anterior end.

Guinea. Listeri, Britain.
Nicobar.

Famity 3d. Gaping at both ends.

Tranquebar, Britain. Hians, Britain.
Britain.

No. 9. DONAX.
Wedge Shell. Inhabitant a Tethys.

The shell bivalve, with the margin generally crenulated, the anterior end
very obtuse, hinge with two teeth, a solitary one somewhat remote, (the lat-
ter rarely double, triple on none.) According to Grewelin, this genus has
19 species. Adva¥ signifies an arrow: on account of the rapidity of its
darting through the sand, this term might have been invented.

It is generally found in the sand on the sea shores, when left dry by the
reflux of the tide. The prevailing color is a fine rich purple, but many species
are of a fine rich olive yellow cast. The Donax may probably derive its
name from its shape, which resembles the head of a javelin or arrow; or its
activity on the approach of danger, its arrowy shell being well calculated for
penetrating quickly the yielding substance of the shore.

The Donax presents so great a diversity in external character that it has
occasioned the genus to be separated into five divisions.

DIVISION I. Wéith decussated and muricated strie.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Scortum, Ceylon, East Indies. Muricata, Indian Ocean.
Pubescens, Amboyna. Spinosa, Tranquebar.

DIVISION II. Longitudinally striated.

Rugosa, So. Sea, Mediterranean, Striata, Jamaica, Mediterranean.
Mouth of the Niger. Denticulata, Med., Africa, G. Britain.
Serra, Tranquebar,C.G.Hope. Incarnata, Tranquebar.
Trunculus, G. Britain, Med. Sea, Elongata, Red Sea.
West Indies.

DIVISION III. Transversely striated.

Plebeia, Dorsetshire, E. Candida, Tranquebar.
Castanea, West of England. Radiata, do.
Faba, Malabar. Cuneata, do. E. Indies.

Straminea, Madagascarensis, Madagascar.

2
DIVISION IV. Smooth.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Complanata, Germany, G. Britain. Scripta, E. Indies, Mediterranean.
Levigata, Tranquebar. Stultorum, Indian Seas.

DIVISION V. Shell with transverse membranaceous ridges.

Trus, Great Britain, Med.

No. 10. VENUS.

Venus Shell. Inhabitant a Tethys.

Shell bivalve, anterior margin, with incumbent lips, hinge with three teeth,
all which are approximate; the lateral ones divergent at the tip. The Area
and Areola are well defined: the animal differs from the Tethys that inhabits
the Cardium, chiefly in having the foot of the animal when protruded, lamina
formed, instead of hooked, and as a moluscus animal, taking a variety of
forms as the creature moves. Many of the shells of this genus were classed
by writers among the Chamas. Previous to the time of Linneus, the Grew-
linean system describes 145 species, which are divided into five divisions.

The Venus Mercenaria, (called by the Indians qguahaug,) was used by the
Indians of North America to form their wampum. The Venus was so
termed because of the general beauty of the genus, and also because it is
fabled by the ancients that one of them was the chariot of the Sea-born God-
dess, when she came in triumph to the shores of Paphos.

The whole of this elegant shell or genus are oceanic, being either found
in the mud or sand when the tide has receded, or fished up from very deep
water. The Venus shells, of which there are so many species, are remarka-
ble for the brilliancy of their colors and the smoothness of their surfaces, the
interior being often adorned with the most lovely tints. In some species of
the richest purple, especially that called by the inhabitants of Devonshire,
Eng. (Pullet,) and ate by them: the same is also known in the Northern
Islands by the name of Cullyack, and there used as a bait.

DIVISION I. With the anterior depression spinous.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Venus Dione, S. Am., W. Indies, Marica, American Seas, West
Brazil, Trinidad. Indies.

DIVISION II. Subcordate.

Many species of this division are remarkable for the smoothness and bril- =

liant lustre, as well as the high and rich coloring of their surfaces.
5

Scientific name.

Paphia,
Fasciata,
Succincta,
Cinginda,
Dysera,
Tiara,
Plicata,
Excavata,
Spinifera,
Verrucosa,
Rigida,
Casina,
Cancellata,
Subcordata,
Minima,
Sulcata,
Montagui,
Scotica,
Danmonia,
Reflexa,
Gallina,
Chione,
Maculata,
Casta,
Meretrix,
Paradoxa,

_ Leta,
Pinguis,
Triradiata,
Nebulosa,
Exilis,
Recens,
Japonica,
Striata,
Castrensis,
Pedunculus,
Lorenziana,

Tigrina,
Sinensis,
Prostrata,
Punctata,
Excisa,
Exoleta,
Concentrica,
Juvenis,
Histrio,
Undata,

_ Timidula,

od

Locality.
W. Indies, Med.
do. do. G. Britain.

do. do. Frith of Forth.
Am. and Asiatic Ocean.
Kast Indies.
Levant Sea.
Great Britain.
Devonshire.
Great Britain, Med.
W. Indies, Brazil.
Great Britain.
E. and W. Indies.

Falmouth Harbor.
Coast of Scotland.

do. do.
do. do.
“Devonshire.

Med., Norway, G. Brit.
Asiatic O., Med., G. Br.
W.LI. Brazil, N.S.Wales.
East Indies.
I. Seas, Mo. of R.Ceylon.
Coast of Peru.
Medit. and Indian Seas.
Fast Indies.
Tranquebar.

do.
Malabar.
Coromandel.
Japan.
Nicobar Isles.
Kk. and W. Indies.
Red Sea, E. Indies.
Ceylon.

DIVISION III.

W. Indies, Britain.
China.
Tranquebar.
New South Wales.
Tranquebar.
Jamaica, G. Britain.
N. Am. Jamaica, Brazil.
E. Indies.

do.
Coast of Britain.

Scientific name.

Circinati,
Caliste,
Compressa,
Exalbida,
Petulca,
Granulata,
Ovata,
Paupercula,
Flexuosa,
Mactroides,
Tripla,
Triangularis,
Malabarica,
Flammea,
Erycina,
Costata,
Pacifica,
Mercenaria,
Islandica,
Coaxans,
Lusoria,
Ornata,
Phryne,
Meroe,
Callipyga,
Deflorata,
Fimbriata,
Reticulata,
Puerpera,
Crenulata,
Radiata,
Cincta,
Squamosa,
Lapicida,
Divergens,
Plumbea,

Sub orbicular.

Borealis,
Aculeata,
Pectinata,
Discors,
Dispar,
Equivoca,
Divaricata,
Contraria,
Corrugata,
Scripta,

Locality.
Guinea, Frith of Forth.
Red Sea.

Falkland Isles.
So. Coast of Europe.
W. Indies, G. Britain.
Great Britain.
Coromandel.
West Indies.
Guinea, W. Indies.
Africa, Mo. of the Niger.
C. of Devonshire.
Malabar.
Red Sea.
Europe, E. Indies.
Ceylon. 3
South Seas, China,
N. America, Norway.
Iceland, G. Britain.
Rivers in Ceylon.
Amboyna, China.
Tranquebar, Mauritius.
S. Ocean, Persian Gulf.
E. Indies, Brazil.
Red Sea.
G. Britain, W. Indies.
E. Indies, Pacific Ocean.
Tranquebar, N.S.Wales.
E. Indies, China.

do. | Campeachy.

Amboyna.
W. Indies, in Corals.
d

0:
New Zealand.

Coast of Europe.

Amboyna, South Sea.
Mauritius, China.
South Sea.
E. Indies.
do.
Guinea, W. Indies.
Red Sea.
Amboyna, Naples, South
Seas.

35

DIVISION IV. Shell inflected with a longitudinal furrow on the anterior end.

Scientific name. Locality. “Scientific name. Locality.
Pensylvanica, Pennsylvania, West In- Jamaicensis, Jamaica.

dies. Spuria, Britain, Mediterranean.
Edentula, Jamaica, St. Croix. Globosa, Red Sea.

DIVISION V. Shell suboval, and slightly angulated on the anterior side.

Famity 1st. Smooth or striated.

Gigantea, Florida, Antigua. Senegalensis, Senegal.

Literata, Amboyna. Perforans, Plymouth, in Lime-stone.
Geographica, Mediterranean. Virginea, KE. & W. Indies, Britain,
Rotundata, I. Ocean, Ceylon. Adriatic.

Undulata, E. Ind. Medit. Red Sea. Aurea, Great Britain.

Obsoleta, Mediterranean. Palustris, do.

Decussata, I. Ocean, G. Brit. Med. = Monstrosa, Nicobar Isles.

Famity 2d. Foliated.

Agaracoides, New Holland.

No. ll. SPONDYLUS.
Artichoke-head Shell. Inhabitant a Tethys.

Shell with unequal valves, hard and rigid hinge, with two recurved teeth,
and a small hollow between. The Linnean Spondyli are few in number,
the last edition of the Systema Nature comprehending no more than four
species. Rumphius, Argenville, Seba and Davilla rank the Spondyli as
Oyster; while Lister, Gualteri, Lianeus, Da Costa, &c., consider them as
constituting a distinct genus, under the name of Spondylus: there are now 10
species known. The Spondyli form in their exterior (generally) an interme-
diate family between the Ostrea and Pecten.

Lamarck divides this genus into two, viz. Spondylus and Plicatulus. The
Spondylus has ears, but the Plicatula are without; this constitutes an essential
distinction, but it is not the only one. A striking character is drawn from the
structure and appearance of the back of the lower valve, which projects be-
yond the beak of the upper one, and, in Spondylus, exhibits a plain, triangular,
flat space, divided by a furrow; while, in the genus Plicatula, the beak has
no such characteristic space, or flat surface; and the edges are rumpled or
folded. These new genera are well exemplified in the two Linnean shells,
Spondylus gedaropus, and Spondylus plicatulus.

The name Spondylus is derived from oxovdvAos, signifying an artichoke,
to which plant some small resemblance may be traced.

These shells are found at a considerable depth in the ocean, firmly attach-
ed to rocks, particularly on the coasts of the Mediterranean, where the animal

is eaten as food. The colors of the Spondylus, which are orange, purple, &c.,
are sometimes extremely brilliant.

DIVISION I. Shell armed with spines or ramifications.

Famity Ist. Sharp spines.

— Setentific name. Locality. Scientifie name. Locality.
Gedaropus, Amboyna, W. Indies. Citrinus, Kast Indies.
Regius, India. Histrix, Indian Seas.

Aurantius, Mauritius.

37

Famiry 2d. Having palmated or foliated ramifications.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Palmatus, Ducalis.
Spathuliferus,

DIVISION II. Shell unarmed.

Famity 1st. Upper valve longitudinally striated.

Anacanthus, Indian Seas.

Famiry 2d. Valves longitudinally plaited

Plicatus, West Indies.

No. 12. CHAMA.
Clamp Shell. Inhabitant a Tethys.

Chama shell bivalve, rather coarse hinge, with a callous gilbosity obliquely
inserted into an oblique hollow, anterior slope closed. The Chama is so
termed from the gaping observable in two of its species. Large pearls are
sometimes found in the Chama Gigas. One in the possession of the late Sir
Joseph Banks, was valued at between two and three hundred pounds sterling,
the color a dirty white, or yellowish brown, which when polished is as beau-
tifully irriducent as the Opal (Mawe.)

The Chama genus is divided, by the last French writers, into Tridacna, (to
which Chama Gigas belong,) Hyppopus, Cardita, and Isocardia: this last is
founded on the peculiar structure of the Chama Cor of Linnezus, and is thought
an excellent genus.

These, like the last genus, all inhabit the sea, and are found in very deep
water: they arealledible. Some species of the Chama grow to an uncommon
size: the bear-paw clamp shells, usually of a yellowish cast, with pink spots,
are found from one inch to near a foot in length. But this appears as nothing,
when compared with the giant clamp, which from a quarter of an inch will
grow to the enormous size of four and a half feet in breadth, and will weigh
from 100 to 140 pounds. Specimens occur in most public museums of nat-
ural history. In Europe, one individual of this species is recorded (by conch-
ological writers) that weighed 532 pounds; including both shell and animal,
and the latter was so large as to furnish one hundred and twenty men with
food for a meal; and it is recorded, that by the sudden collapsing or snapping
of its valves, it would cut asunder a cable rope, or take off the hand of a man.

This enormous species inhabits the Indian Seas. Those of the largest
size we are acquainted with, are from the seas contiguous to the Island of
Borneo, from whence they are occasionally brought, as objects of curiosity,
-into Europe, and kept as ornaments in gardens. During the early part of the
last century, they were in much request for the ornament or decoration of
fountains, grottos, and reservoirs of water, especially in Italy. This gigantic
shell was perfectly familiar to the poets and sculptors of antiquity. Venus is

39

fabled to have risen in one of them from the bottom of the sea,—an allegory
which has afforded matter for several of the most exquisite compositions of
ancient as well as of modern artists. On antique gems and cameos, Venus,
under various characters, Amphitrite, Doris, and other goddesses and nymphs,
in the train of Oceanus, frequently appear upborne upon the waves. Driden
thus alludes to the pagan allegory:

Albion
Was to Neptune recommended ;
Peace and plenty spread the sails;
Venus, in her shell before him,
From the sands in safety bore him.

This genus contains at present 27 species, which present considerable
diversity of character. Its divisions are two, divided into families.

DIVISION I. Shell equivalve.

Fairy 1st. With longitudinal ribs, gaping at the posterior slope.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Gigas, Red Sea, Amboyna, Hippopus, Kast Indies, China,
China, New Holland. Amboyna.

Famity 2d. With longitudinal ribs, posterior slope closed.

Antiquata, Med., Gibraltar. Calyculata, E. Ind., Med., Senegal.
Ajar, Mo. of the Niger, Tran-
quebar. Pectunculus,
Trapezia, Norway. Satiata,
Rosea, West Indies. Rugosa,

Famity 3d. Shell longitudinally ribbed, having an ovate chamber in the interior
of each valve.

Concamerata, Cape of Good Hope.

Faminy 4th. Shell decussated or transversely striated, without ribs.

Semiorbiculata, Arabia. Oblonga, Guinea, Pulo, Condore.
Cordata, do. Coralliophaga, i. Indies, in Coral.

Famity 5th. Shell tuberculated.

Plumbea, South Seas. 2

Famity 6th.

Scientific name.

Cor,

Lazarus,
Gryphoides,

Cornuta,
Sessilis,

40

Heart shaped, umbones prominent, and apices spirally recurved.

Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Med., France, Bantry bay. Moltkiana, China.

DIVISION II. Shell inequivalve.

Med., W. Ind., China. Lamellosa,

E. and W. Indies, Med., Punctata, Guadaloupe.
Africa. Sinistrorsa, E. and W. Indies.

Mediterranean. Arcinella, do. Brazils.

W. Indies, Med. Ponderosa, South Seas.

No. 13. ARCA.

Ark Shell. Inhabitant a Tethys.

Shell bivalve, equivalve, hinge with numerous sharp teeth alternately in-
serted between each other. This genus is divided into two principal families;
those having the margin entire, and those having the margin crenated; and
both families are again subdivided into two sections, the first distinguished by
having beaks recurved, the other inflected. The species described in the
Systema Nature, amount to forty-two.

This genus derives its name from Arca Ark, Noah’s Ark shell, from the
similitudes which most of the species bear, when the valves are closed, to a
boat or hull of a ship. Lister places some of these shells among the multar-

ticulate cockles, and the rest with muscles, under the title of Many-toothed
muscles.

Argenville ranks them as a family of Heart Cockles, and D’Avila and
Gualtieri as a distinct genus; the first, under the title of Arca, the other as
Concha Rhomboidal. These writers were succeeded by Linneus, who
considered these shells as a distinct genus, called Arca. The principal
alteration in the Linnean classification of the genus Arca, proposed by late
writers, is, to reclaim only such shells under the title of Arca, as are uniqui-
lateral with the beaks remote, and have the line of the hinge simple and
straight throughout, with numerous teeth placed parallel to each other, and
fitting between those on the opposite valve, admitting this as the character of
the Arca, and it exactly corresponds with the Arca Noe, and most others.
The little Arca, Nucleus of Linneus, with its analogous species, is excluded.
To comprehend the latter, a new genus is recently established by the French
writers, under the name of Nuculus, or Nucula, the character of which is
remarkably decisive. It is described as a triangular or oblong shell, with the
sides unequal, the hinge consisting of an angulated or broken line, beset
with numerous teeth, which are transverse and parallel, and a single oblique
tooth placed under the beak, and out of the range of parallel teeth above
mentioned. The beaks also, instead of being remote, as in Arca Now, are
placed close together, and turn backwards. The Arca Tortuosa is the rarest

of this genus, and is seldom to be met with.
6

42

The Ark shells are to be found in the sea, and on the sands and mud on
the shores of the ocean, generally between low and high water marks. Some
of them are occasionally used as food.

DIVISION I. With the teeth of the hinge in a straight line.
Faminy 1st. Shell twisted.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Tortuoso, Amboyna, Red Sea. _

Famity Od. Shell rhomboidal.

Noe, E. & W. Indies, Britain. Candida, . West Indies, Guinea.
Imbricata, W. Indies, Britain, Med., Indica, Coromandel.

C. of Good Hope. Lactea, Britain, Mediterranean.
Navicularis, St. Domingo. Reticulata, West Indies.
Plicata, Red Sea.

Famity 3d. Shell oblong or transversely ovate.

Magellanica, Straits of Magellan. Modiolus, Med. W., Indies.
Lacerata, East Indies. Corbula, Nicobar Isle, C. G. Hope.
Fusca, W. Indies, Madagascar. Senagalensis, Mouth of the Niger.
Bicolorata, Red Sea.

Famity 4th. Shell subcordate.

Levigata, Nicobar Isles. Granosa, China, E. Indies.
Pella, Mediterranean, Spain. Rhombia, E. & W. Indies, Brazil.
Antiquata, E. & W. Indies, Africa. Senilis, Guinea.

Famiry 5th. Gaping.

Complanata, Guinea, Madagascar. Nivea, Red Sea.
Barbata, Med. & Red Sea. Cancellata, Curagoa.

Famity 6th. With an ear-shaped appendage in the wmlerior of each valve.

Concamerata, Nicobar Isles.
DIVISION II. With the teeth of the hinge in a curved line.

Famitry 1st. Subcordate.

Campechensis, | Campeachy, Carolina. Angulosa, Brazil, Africa.
Equilatua, West Indies.

43

Famity 2d. Suborbicular, margins crenated or plaited.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Pectunculus, South America,Red Sea. Glycymeris, Red Sea, Guernsey.
Pectinata, West Indies. Britain, Mediterranean.
Decussata, East & West Indies. Pilosa, Med., Britain, Spain.
Pallens, India. Stellata, Portugal, Africa.
Undata, West Indies, Med. Scripta, St. Domingo.
Nummaria, Mediterranean, Spain.

Famity 3d. Suborbicular, margin entire.

Multistriata, Red Sea.

DIVISION III. With the teeth of the hinge produced and sharply pointed.

Nucleus, Britain, Mediterranean, Minuta, Baltic, Britain.
St. Domingo. Tenuis, Dunbar, Leith Roads.
Rastrata, Norway, Scotland.

No. 14. OSTREA.
Oyster and Scailop. Inhabitant a Tethys.

Shell bivalve, generally unequal valves, and slightly eared hinge without
teeth, furnished with an ovate hollow, and mostly lateral, transverse furrows;
*¢ Vulva unusque nullus,’’ Linneus; these are divided into three families; valves,
radiated and eared, as in the Pectens; rugged and rough, as in the Oedulis;
hinge with a perpendicular, furrowed line, as in the species Perna, and iso-
nogmon. The Pectens are again subdivided into three sections, viz., those
with the valves inequilateral, and the ears equal; those with the ears unequal,
and having one of them ciliated, with spines within; and those with the
valves gibbous one side: the two other families are not subdivided. The
difference between the Pecten and the Oyster tribe is so obviously impressed
by the hand of Nature, on the respective shells which compose them, that
few writers on this subject have passed over silently the impropriety of
placing them together. As Linneus considers the animals which inhabit the
Scallop and Pecten as the same, and describes them as a Tethys, it may not
be improper to speak more fully on this subject.

The Scallop differs from the Oyster, the animal having the branchie cirra-
ted or fringed, in being furnished with a kind of foot, which it protrudes from
the shell near the article of the hinge, and of throwing abiscus, like the pinna
and the muscles, by which it affixes itself to other bodies.

The Ostra has the branchie simple and not fringed, and is unfurnished,
either with a foot or with byssus, and its powers of motion consist in turning
either the flat or the convex side upwards or downwards; and even to effect
this, the animal takes the advantage of the ebbing or flowing of the tide to as-
sist it. See Lister on.Scallop, P. T. 1st vol.

Lighty species of this genus are at present known.

In Lamarck’s arrangement, the two genera, Huitre Ostrea, and Pieque Pec-
‘en are retained; but four other genera are constituted under the names of Gry-
phus, the Ostrea Gryphus of Linneus, a shell as yet found only in a fossile
state. The most remarkable species of oyster is the Ostrea Malleus, or
Hammer oyster, which resembles a pick-axe, and is (particularly the white

45

variety) very hard to be obtained. Argenville describes the process of the
movements of the Scallop, both in the water and out. He relates that,
‘¢ when left dry by a sudden and violent closing of its valves, assisted by its
foot, it has the power of springing four or five inches at a jerk, repeating this
motion in order to regain its element.’’ In the water he asserts, ‘¢ The
Scallop has the power of rising and sustaining itself near the surface, turning
about in various directions; and, on any alarm, suddenly closing its valves,
sinking to the bottom.”’

OSTREA.

This shell fish is widely distributed, being found, not only in great
abundance in our own seas, but in Europe, Asia, and Africa. But since the
days of the luxurious Romans, the oysters of Great Britain have been held in
the highest estimation : they were noted in the time of Juvenal, who, satyrizing
an Epicure, says,

He whether Circe’s rock his Oysters bore,

Or Lucrine Lake, on distant Richborough’s shore
Knew at first taste.

The luxurious Romans were very fond of this fish, and had their layers
or stews for oysters, as is at present practised. The ancients ate them raw,
and sometimes roasted. They had also a custom of stewing them with mal-
lows and docks, or with fish, and esteemed them very nourishing. Oysters
are found on various parts of the coast of England, from the southern to the
sheltered bays, among the Shetland Islands; but those chiefly celebrated for
them are the Essex and Suffolk coasts : here they are dredged up by means of
nets, with an iron scraper at the mouth, which is dragged by a rope from a boat
over the beds. As soon as taken from their native beds, they are stored in
pits formed for the purpose, furnished with sluices, through which at spring
tides the water is suffered to flow. This water being stagnant, soon becomes
green in warm weather, and in a few days afterwards, the oysters acquire the
same tinge, which renders them of greater value in the market; but they do
not acquire their full quality, and become fit for sale, till the end of six or
eight weeks. The principal breeding time of oysters is in the months of
April and May, when they cast their spawn or spat, as the fishermen call
them, upon rocks, stones, shells, or any other hard substance that happens to
be near the place where they lie, to which the spats immediately adhere.

4G

These, till they obtain their film, or crust, are something like the drop of a
candle, but are of a greenish hue: the substances to which they adhere, of
whatever kind, are called Cultch: from the spawning time, until the end of
July, the oysters are said to be sick; but by the end of August they be-
come perfectly recovered: during these months, they are out of season,
and bad eating.

The Oyster Fisheries, of the principal coasts in England, are regulated by a
Court of Admiralty. In May, the fishermen are allowed to take the oysters,
in order to separate the spawn from the cultch, the latter of which is thrown
in again, for the purpose of preserving the bed for the future. After this
month it is felony to carry away the cultch, and otherwise punishable to take
away the oyster, between whose shells, when closed, a piece of money would
rattle. The reason of the heavy penalty on destroying the cultch is, that when
this is taken away, the oose will increase, and muscles and cockles will breed
on the bed, and destroy the oysters, by gradually occupying all the places on
which the spawn should be cast. ‘There is likewise some penalty for not
treading and killing or throwing on shore any star-fish that happen to be seen.

The prickly star creeps on, with full deceit
To force the Oysters from his full retreat:
When gaping lids their widened void display,
The watchful star thrusts in appointed ray,
Of all its treasures spoils: the rifled case,
And empty shells the sandy hillocks grace.

The common Oyster is contented to remain fixed to his first station, sur-
rounded by an innumerable progeny, continually increasing with wonderful
fecundity. His motions consist only in turning from one side to the other,
which he accomplishes more by sagacity than any natural agility or inherent
strength. He contrives to bolster up one side by a gradual deposition of soft
mud, till he stands nearly upright ; then availing himself of the ebbing or flow-
ing tide, he opens his shell, and is tumbled on by the pressure of the water ;
and as expedition is not his object, this mode may answer well. It has, how-
ever, been observed, that the young fry possess the power of swimming very
swiftly by means of an undulatory motion of the bronchie. The Poet of
nature thus characterizes the Oyster:—

Condemned to dwell
For ever in his native cell;
Ordained to move where others please—
Not for his own content or ease ;
But tossed and buffetted about,
Now in the water, and now out.

Scientific name.

Maxima,
Jacobeea,
Ziczac,

Hybrida,
Radula,
Imbricata,

Lima,
Fasciata,
Bullata,
Fragilis,

Famity 4th.

Plurancetes,
Japonica,

Pes Lutre,
Pallium,
Sancuinolenta,
Palliata,
Nodosa,
Pesfelis,
Sulcatis,
Cinnabarica,
Senatoria,
Citrina,
Pellucens,
Obliterata,
Sanguinea,
Porphyria,
Varia,

AT

Yet in his grotto work enclosed,

He nothing feels, in that rough coat,
Save when the knife is at his throat;
Wherever driven by wind or tide,

Exempt from every ill beside. Cowper.

DIVISION I. © Valves with ears equal.

~ Fairy 1st. Valves ribbed, upper valve flat.

Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
European Seas. Striatula, Indian Ocean.
Britain, Mediterranean. Minuta, do.

West Indies, Red Sea.

Famity 2d. Valves ribbed, ears equal.
Norway. Plica, Amboyna, Indian Sea.
Amboyna, China. Hyans, Norway.
Red Sea.
Famity 3d. Valves thickish on one side and gaping.
Ceylon, Med., Red Sea. Scabra, West Indies.
Brit. W.1L., C.G. Hope. Glacialis, St. Domingo, Med.
Mediterranean. Excavata, Norway.
Nicobar Isles. Loscombia, Devonshire.

Valves smooth or striated, and not closing.

Amboyna, Molucca.

Magellanica,
China, Japan.

Magellan.

DIVISION II. Valves with wnequal ears.

Famity Ist. Ribbed valves.
Sauciata, Red Sea.
Amboyna, China. Pusio, Nicobar Isles.
Red Sea. Sinuosa, Britain.
Mediterranean. Miniata,
Africa, E. & W.Indies. Triradiata, Norway, Denmark.
do. Medit. Solaris, Adriatic.
Glabra, Med., Portugal.
Norway, Brit., America. Opercularis, Britain, America.
Moluccas. Linneata, do.
Indian Isles. Nucleus, East Indies.
West Indies. Gibba, South America, Africa,
Moluccas, So. of Europe. W. Indies.
W. Indies, South Seas. Turgida, E. & W. Indies.
Red Sea. Pyaidata, Malabar.
Britain, Med. Flavicans, Southern India.

48
DIVISION III. Oblong linear.

Famiry Ist. With a transverse lobe on each side of the hinge.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Malleus, Pulo condore, So. Seas,
Ceylon.

Famiry 2d. With a slight beak on one side of the hinge.
Figurata, Nicobar Isles.
Famity 3d. Rounded at the hinge.
Regula, Red Sea.
Famity 4th. Valves diverging at the hinge, and the wmside vaulted.

Fornicata, Red Sea.

DIVISION IV. Parasitical, or attached to other substances.

Famity 1st. With one valve produced at the summit.

Cucullata, Africa, Arabia, S. Seas. Forskalii, Coast of Egypt.
Virginea, Virginia. Cristata,
Rostrata, Mediterranean. Sinensis, China.

Famity 2d. With the valves nearly equal.

Orientalis, Indian Seas. Orbicularis, Indian Ocean.
Folium, _ Amboyna, W.I., Med. Arborea, Atlan. & Ind. Seas.
Plicata, W.L, Med., Spain. Senegalensis, Senegal.

Famity 3d. With the valves strongly plaited longitudinally.

Crista Galli, Indian Ocean, China. Frons, West Indies.
Hyotis,

DIVISION V. With the hinge composed of transverse furrows in a straight

line.
Crenatula, Red Sea. Ephippium, Tranquebar, Africa.
Semiaurita, Mediterranean. Alata, West Indies.
Perna, E. & W. Indies, China. __ Picta, Red Sea.

Isognomon, Amboyna. Legumen, Nicobar Isles.

49

DIVISION VI. Valves slightly striated, lower valve turning up at its sides,
and the cartilage of the hinge placed in a deep, narrow groove.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Spondyloidea, Indian Ocean. Ovalis,

DIVISION VII. Valves coarse and rugged, and not comprehended in the
former divisions.

Denticulata, Cape of Good Hope. Edulis, British and other seas.

No. 15. ANOMIA.

Antique Lamp.

Of this peculiar genus of bivalves there are thirty species, many of which are
extremely rare and valuable. The Anomia differ materially in form ; some
resemble the shape of an oyster, others again are imperforated, and nearly or-
bicular, as the A. Placentia, and some are oblong, as the A. Bifida, &c. Many
species, particularly the A. Caput Serpentis, when seen in profile, resemble
the form of an antique lamp ; and a few, as the A. Psittacea, &c. are very sim-
ilar to the hooked or curved beak of a parrot.

Animal aciliated, strap-shaped body, with bristles or fins affixed to the up-
per valve. Arms two, linear, longer than the body, convenient, projecting,
alternate on the valve, and ciliated each side ; the fringe affixed to each valve.
Shell inequivalve, one flattish the other gibbous at the base, with the beak pro-
duced and generally curved over the hinge; one of the valves often per-
forated near the base hinge, witha linear prominent cicatrix, and a lateral
tooth placed within, but in the flat valve, on the very margin. Two bony
rings for the base of the animal. Many of this genus are only found fossil,
and therefore it is not reasonable to imagine, that we shall ever know the an-
imals by which they were inhabited. It is remarked by Dr. Pulteney, that
the animal of the Anomia is different from any other shell fish, and is not re-
ducible to any of those in a moluscus state hitherto known. Hence probably
the name Linneus imposed upon it, Anomia, (adu:z) quasi irregularis dis
misclis a lege discrepans. The animal of the Anomia Cepa is figured by Mur-
ray inhis ‘¢ Fundamenta Testaceologia,”’ tom. 2, page 23 ; and that of Anomia
Tridentata, by Forskael, in his ‘‘ Icones Animalium,”’ t. 6.40 B. The dissim-
ilarity of the two, renders it highly probable, that in the different shells which
come under the appellations, the inhabiting animal is various. In the Anomia
Tridentata the animal is furnished with two flat, wedge-shaped, trilotated arms,
placed opposite to each other ; these it protrudes out of the shell, when it
moves, and they are the organs by means of which it swims in the sea. Some
other kinds have, instead of arms or the above-mentioned wedge-shaped or-
gans, only a ligament passing through the perforations of the shell, by means

59 |

of which it is firmly fixed to other bodies. Columna is the first writer, who
speaks of shells of this description. He mentions some few of the fossil tribe,
(the only ones known in his time) under the title of ‘‘ Conche variores Ano-
mia.’’ Hence the term was afterwards employed by other writers, and has
since become the universal name for this family of shells. The Anomia
Terebratula is not common, and the Anomia Tridentata very rare: there are
thirty species known, and its divisions are three.

DIVISION I. Lower valve flat and perforated.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Craniolaris, Philippine Isles. Aculeata, Norway, Britain.
Turbinata, Norway. Muricata, Guinea.
Ephippium, China, Britain, Med. Undulata, Brit., Norway, Med.
Cepa, So. Seas, France, Africa, Pattelliformis, Norway.

Britain. Squama, do.
Electrica, France, Africa, Med. Bifida, Mauritius, Med,
Punctata, Ferroe Islands. Cylindrica, Norway, Britain.

DIVISION II. Having the umbo perforated, and generally a cartilaginous
substance in the interior of the shell.

Scobinata, Mediterranean. Caput Serpentis, Norway.

Aurita, Terebratula, do. Mediterranean.
Retusa, Norway. Cranium, Norway.

Truncata, do. Mediterranean. Crescenta, . New Zealand.
Capensis, Cape of Good Hope. Dorsata, : Magellan.

Dacollata, Mediterranean. Prittacea, Newfoundland, Ind. S.
Pubescens, Norway. Rosea, South Seas.
Sanguinea, Indian Seas.

DIVISION III. Imperforated, and having a truncated triangular hinge.

Placonta, Tranquebar, China. Sella, Tranq., China, Amboyna.

No. 16. MITYLUS.
Muscle. Inhabitant allied to an Ascidia.

For a description of Mitylus see Pholas. Shell bivalve, rough, usually affix-
ed by a beard or byssus of silky filaments, hinge in general without teeth, and,
except in a few species, with a subulate excavated longitudinal line. The Lin-
nean Mityli are by no means inconsiderable in numbers; and as they compre-
hend many shells, very distinct in appearance, some essential particulars
are necessarily distributed into several sections or families, such as parasitici,
hose affixed by classes exemplified in Mitylus Crista Galli, Plani, i. e. flat or
compressed into a flattened form, and slightly eared, as in Mitylus Margatife-
rus or ventri esculi, ventricose as in Mityli Edulis; Lamarck separates them in-
to Mitylus Modiolus and Anodonta. 46 species of the Mitylus are enumerated.
The animal inhabitant of the Mitylus Lithofagus shines like phosphorus in the
dark. This animal is found in the Indian, European and Mediterranean
Seas. The Mitylus Hirundo, or Swallow muscle, inhabits the Asiatic, West
Indian and Mediterranean Seas—is rare and much valued.

Some muscles penetrate into the interior of calcareous rocks, where they
reside out of the reach of danger; others adhere, by their beard, to the exte-
rior of rocks, or stones; and so tenacious is their hold, that in the larger of
their species they cannot be separated without considerable exertion. One
species is gathered from the depths of the sea, on account of the pearls,
which are found within their shells. Of these the Romans were extrava-
gantly fond. ‘It is not enough (says Pliny) to despoil the sea of its riches,
in order to gorge our appetites—we must likewise, both men and women, carry
them about on our hands, in our ears, upon our heads, and on our whole
body.” Persons of every rank purchased them with eagerness : they were
worn on every part of dress; and there is such a difference both in size and
value among pearls, that while such as were large, and of superior lustre,
adorned the wealthy and the great, smaller ones, of inferior quality, gratified
the variety of persons in more humble life. Julius Cesar presented Servilia,
the mother of Brutus, with a pearl, for which he paid £48,457. The famed ear-
rings of Cleopatra were estimated in value £161,458,000.

53

The common, or edible muscle, is found both in the European and Indian
Seas, adhering to rocks by the silky thread which it forms from its body ; but
it grows to a much larger size between the tropics, than in the northern cli-
mates. It abounds on the British shores, being one of the commonest of our
shells. All the muscles have for an instrument of motion, a tongue or foot capable
of considerable elongation, and also of being shortened into the form of a heart.
When the animal feels inclined to change its place, it thrusts its foot out of
the shell, and raises itself on its edge; then, by reaching this to as great a dis-
tance as it will extend, it uses it as a kind of arm, drawing the body up to it ;
and thus it proceeds, until it has found a convenient situation. If the muscle
be inclined to make this his residence, the instrument of his motion is now
put to a very different employment in spinning those silky threads which fix
it firmly to the spot, and, like a ship at anchor, enable it to bear all the agita-
tions of the water. This is accomplished by seizing, with its point, the
gluton supplied by a gland situated under its base, and drawing it out through
the furrow into threads. When the muscle is thus fixed, it lives upon the little
earthy particles, or upon the bodies of such smaller animals as the water
transports to its shell.

The common muscle is generally esteemed a rich, nutritious and wholesome
food ; but to some constitutions it often occasions disorders, the symptoms of
which are great swellings, eruptions, blotches and pimples, shortness of
breath, convulsive motions, and sometimes even deliriums. A remedy that has
been recommended is two spoonfuls of oil, and one of lemon juice, or in
want of this about two of vinegar, shaken well together, and swallowed as
soon as possible after any of the symptoms take place. This unwholesome
quality has been attributed toa small species of crab, that sometimes is found
within the shells: it seems, however, not to have its seat in any thing essential
to the muscle ; for when accidents of this kind have happened, some persons
have been affected, and others have not, who have eat at the same time, and
at least in equal quantity.

The pearl bearing the muscle of the Indian Seas is most abundant and in
greatest perfection, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, and of the island of
Ceylon. In the great fisheries established to supply the eastern market, the
number of fish annually taken up from their beds by divers, whose perilous
trade it is to search for them, is almost incredible. Some of the shells con-
tain one or more pearls; others not any: they are usually detached, but often
adhere to the valves, and are extricated by opening the shell and washing.

54

After the day’s work, the pearls which have dropped out are selected and as-
sorted. The small, or seed pearl, are worth from $15 to $35 per oz.
Those of half a grain weight are sold from 30 to 40 cents each, and those of
one grain from 75 cents to a dollar ; of two grains, from 180 cents to 225.
Those weighing five grains from $7 to $10; and those above 8 grains, if of
fine color and shape, are of arbitrary value.

The finest specimens of extremely rare occurrence have fetched enormous
prices, and have even been considered invaluable, fit only to adorn the regalia
of princes, and contribute to the costly splendor of Asiatic potentates.
These beautiful and unassuming productions, so delicate and varied in their
tints, so elegant in their forms, are more highly estimated, and more generally
used as ornaments in Asia, than in Europe; and consequently the most precious
are returned by the Asiatic merchants.

DIVISION I. Shell oblong, wmbones or apices terminal and pointed, slightly
angulated at one side, and rounded at the lower margin.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Edulis, Brit., Baltic & Ind. Seas. Perna, Straits of Magellan.
Pellucidus, Smaragdinus, Tranquebar, Guinea.
Vulgaris, West Indies. Confusus,

Bilocularis, Indian Ocean, Nicobar. Bidens, Amer., So. Seas, Med.,
Ungulatus, West Indies. Magellan.
Exustus, Jamaica, Tranquebar. Puniceus, Goree.

Striatulus, Northern Ocean. Demissus, Carolina, N. America.
Niger, West Coast of Africa. Ruber. Southern Ocean.
Latus, New Holland, China.

DIVISION If. Transversely ovate, with longitudinal ribs on each side, and
plain or striated in the middle.

Discrepans, Baltic. Impactus, New Zealand.
Discors, Norway, Britain.

DIVISION III. Found burrowed in rocks, coral, &c.

Lithophagus, Ind. Eu. and Med. Seas. Presisus, Britain.
Aristatus, Senegal. Fuscus, East Indies.
Ambiguus, Weymouth, Dev. Coast. Plicatus, Nicobar Isles.
Rugosus, Britain, Norway. Niveus, do. ,/..do.

Caralliophagus, EE. and W. Indies. Arborescens, China, St. Domingo.

55

DIVISION IV. Shell oblong, gibbous, with the posterior side dilated and

elevated above the hinge, apex rounded. *
Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Modiolus, Brit. W. Indies, Africa.

DIVISION V. Only found in fresh water.

Cygneus, Europe. Fucatus, Wiltshire, N. America.
Fluviatilis, North America. Dubius, Senegal, China.
Stagnalis, Lake of Schwanzee. Americanus, North America.
Anatinus, Europe.

DIVISION VI. Eared.

Famity Ist. Valves rather compressed,

Margaratiferus, © Amboyna, China. Unguis, Mediterranean.
Radiatus, Tranquebar.

Famirty 2d. With one valve more convex than the other.

Hirundo, West Indies, Ceylon, Moria, Red Sea.
Mausilius, Britain. Ala Corva, South Seas.

DIVISION VII. Shell suborbicular, longitudinally striated, and margin
erenulated.

Faba, Greenland.

DIVISION VIII. Somewhat tongue-shaped, apices acute.

Lingua, Amboyna. Camella, Japan.

No. 17. . PINNA.
Nacre, or Sea-wing. Inhabitant a Limaz.

This shell, which forms the connecting link between the bivalve and the
univalve, is so formed as to possess equal claims to either division. The
Pinna are all inhabitants of the ocean, in the sand and mud, on the shore of
sheltered bays: they may be often obtained standing erect, or aflixed by their
beards, to rocks andstones. A bed of these shells was discovered a few years
ago, in Salcomb Bay, near Kingsbridge, Devonshire, in England, by Colonel
Montague. The animals are accounted a very palatable food, but require at
least five or six hours’ stewing.

The Pinna is sub-bivalve, fragile, erect, gaping, and furnished with a bys-
sus or beard, hinge without teeth, the valves uniting into one. This genus is
well defined: the shell of which it consists is wedge-shaped, or somewhat of
a triangular form, widening from a pointed top to a very broad end: the hinge
is inarticulate, the two valves being united in that by a part, and thus forming
what Linneus truly terms it, a sub-bivalve, for it is not strictly two valves being
thus connected. Pinna is derived from the Latin, signifying a pin, &c.

The Pinne are termed by some writers Silk Worms of the Sea, from the
quantity of fine strong byssus which the animals produce: it consists of a
silky filament of a brown color, and which is easily woven into small articles
of dress. There is aconsiderable manufactory of this at Palermo. These
animals are found in smooth water, and in bays. The Mediterranean pro-
duces a considerable number. They are also discovered in the Indian,
American, Atlantic and European Oceans, as well asin the Adriatic or Red
Seas. The byssus is thus produced by the animal:—on any sudden emer-
gency, it darts out an extensive member, and discharges from its lip a drop of
gluton, which, by the drawing back of the same organ, immediately forms a
silky thread, till by a repetition of this simple operation, a thick tuft is at
length completed.

The Earl of Shaftesbury has referred to the production of these industrious
insects, in this elegant manner: ‘‘ How shining, strong and lasting are the
subtle threads spun from their artful mouths! Who besides the All-wise

57

and Omnipotent has taught them to compose, the beautiful shells, in which,
recluse and buried, yet still alive, they form those excellent threads, when

not destroyed

by men, who clothe and adorn themselves, with the labor of

these industrious creatures, and are proud of wearing such inglorious spoils.
The number of this species at present known, are twenty-one, and are in

two divisions

Scientific name.
Rudis,
Pectinata,
Inflata,

Carnea,
Rigida,
Nobilis,
Muricata,

Nigra,
Ingens,
Rotundata,
Bicolor,

DIVISION I. Shell longitudinally ribbed.

Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Med., So. & Asiat. Seas. Adusta, So. Seas, Manilla.
Coromandel, Britain. Vexillum, Kast Indies.
Nicobar Isles. Squamosa, Mediterranean.
Dorsetshire, W. Indies. _ Vitroa, East Indies.
Curacoa. Papyracea, do. do.

Med. and Adriatic Seas. Saccata, Indian Ocean.
do. and East Indies. Cancellata, Ceylon.

DIVISION II. Shell nearly smooth and plain.

South Seas, Amboyna. _ Incurva, Amboyna.
Hebrides. Digitiformis, Indian Ocean.
Mediterranean. Lobata, do. do.
Red Sea.

UNIVALVES.

Tue almost imperceptible gradation in this beautiful class of animals ren-
ders the present mode of classification peculiarly interesting, as we are not
under the necessity of separating nearly allied families, as in the classing of
most other natural productions. Most of the shells of this division possess a
regular spiral curve very conspicuous in many of the genera, but gradually be-
coming obsolete.

Learn of the little Nautilus to sail;
Spread the light oar, and catch the passing gale.

No. 18. ARGONAUTA.
Proper Nautilus. Inhabitant a Sepia or Clio.

All the Argonautaare marine shells of exceeding brittle texture, and possess
great elegance of form. ‘The ancients are said to have derived their art of nav-
igation from the animals inhabiting these shells, which raise themselves
to the surface by ejecting the sea-water from their shells, and, on the ap-
proach of danger, draw in their arms, and with them a quantity of water,
which occasions them to sink immediately. By possessing this power, they
are but rarely taken perfect, as the instant they are disturbed they disappear,
and are only accidentally brought up, in the nets of fishermen, or found
left dry on rocks.

59

Two feet they upward raise, and steady keep :
These are the masts and rigging of the ship:

A membrane, stretched between, supplies the sail,
Bends from the masts, and swells before the gale.
The other feet hang paddling on each side,

And serve for oars to row, and helm to guide,

°T is thus they sail, pleased with the wanton game;
The fish, the sailor, and the ship, the same:

But, when the swimmers dread some danger near,
The sportive pleasure yields to stronger fear :

No more they wanton drive before the blasts,

But strike the sails, and bring down all the masts:
The rolling waves their sinking shells o’erflow,
And dash them down again to sands below.

Shell univalve, spiral, involute, membranaceous and unilccular, or consist-
ing of a single shell.— Linneus.

The Sepia body is fleshy, receiving the breast in a sheath, with a tubular
aperture at its base; arms eight, beset with numerous warts or suckers, and
in most species two pedunculated tentacula; head sharp, eyes large, with
mouth resembling a parrot’s beak.

The Clio body oblong, natant generally sheathed, and furnished with two
dilated membranaceous arms, or wing-like processes; tentacula three, besides
two in the mouth.

The Argonauta Argo is the principal species in this genus. It is ascer-
tained that the ancients were acquainted with this species, by many passages
in their writings. That very rare shell, known in collections as the Glossy
Nautilus, (the Argonauta Vitreus of Greuelin,) is separated from the Argo-
nauta of Lamarck, and considered a new genus, under the name of Carinavia.
Linneus placed it among the Patella, under the name of Patella Crystata. In
the last edition of the Systema Nature, it is placed, with more propriety,
among the Argonauta; but it is still a matter of dispute, that it is what La-
marck styles it, anew genus. The difference between the two genera is
very distinct. In the true Argonauta, the spiral evolution turns into the
opening of the shell; whereas, in Carinavia, the spire is situated at the sum-
mit of the shell, and the mouth entire.

The shells or species are in three divisions.

Scientific name.

Argo,
Tuberculata,
Hians,

Vitrea,

Cymbium,

Arctica,

60

DIVISION I. Keel toothed.

Famity 1st. Sumnut interiorly curved.

Locality. Scientific name. Locality. -
Cape of Good Hope. Gondola, Mozambique, Mauritius.
So. Seas, Brazils. Haustrum, East Indies.

China, Red Sea.

Famiry 2d. Summit exteriorly curved.
Amboyna.
DIVISION II. Keel not toothed.

Mediterranean. Cornu, Cape of Good Hope.

DIVISION III. Umbilicus perforated.

Greenland.

No. 19. NAUTILUS.
Sail Shell. Inhabitant a Sepia.

Shell univalve, divided into several apartments, communicating with each
other by an aperture or sephunculus. The Linnean Nautili consist of two
principal families; those which are spiral and rounded, and those elongated
and straight. The Nautilus Spirala (Linneus) affords an essential character,
which at once removes it from the Nautili; namely, the last character, which
is alone sufficient to distinguish it. This is a very common West India shell,
but scarcely one has the least vestige of this chamber. The chamber of this
shell is very thin and brittle; and as these shells inhabit deep water, and are
collected only from the rejectamenta of the sea, cast upon the beach in storms,
there is rarely seen a perfect specimen.

The Nautili bear a considerable resemblance to the last genus; like which,
they are often seen floating onthe ocean. The larger kind are entirely marine;
some of the smaller kinds are found in rivers and ponds, frequently adhering
to the leaves and scum of aquatic plants, and to pieces of wood; others are
found only in a fossil state. They are in three divisions.

DIVISION I. Spiral, with contiguous whorls.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Pompilius, Africa, Amboyna,China, Scrobiculatus, New Guinea.
India. Lacustris, Kent, Denmark.

MINUTE OR MICROSCOPIC SHELLS.

Calear, Adriatic. Balthicus, Baltic.

Rotatus, Brit., Shores of Rimini. Crassulus, Reculver, Kent.
Levigatulus, Sandwich, Kent. Umbilicatulus, | Kent, Devonshire.
Depressulus, Reculver, do. Lobatulus, Britain, Norway.
Crispus, Britain, Mediterranean. Rugosus, Southern Ocean.
Beccarii, do. So. Seas, Adriatic. Umbilicatus, Croatia.

DIVISION II. Spiral, with detached whorls.
Spirula. E. & W. Ind., America.

62

MINUTE SHELLS.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Spengleri, India. Unguiculatus, India.

DIVISION II. Elongated and almost straight.

MINUTE.
Semilituus, Kent, shores of Liburni. Spinurosus, Britain.
Lituus, Red Sea. Subarcuatus, Sandwich.
Carnatulus, Kent. Bicarinatus, do.
Obliquus, Britain, Mediterranean. Fascia, Adriatic.
Raphanistrum, Mediterranean, Ine qualis, Red Sea.
Raphanus, Adriatic, do. Siphunculus, Sicily.
Costatus, Kent. Legumen, Britain, Adriatic,
Granum, Mediterranean. Linearis, Dunbar.

Radicula, Kent, Adriatic. Rectus, Sandwich.

No. 20. CONUS.
Cone Shell. Inhabitant a Slug.

Shell univalve, convoluted and turbinated, aperture or opening efflute, lon-
gitudinal, linear, toothless, with the base entire, pillar smooth; the total num-
ber of the spires in this genus, in the last edition of the Systema Nature,
amounts to seventy-one. Many of the Cone tribe are beautiful shells, and
bear high prices. Of this genus is the Conus Gloria Maris, which was lately
sold at auction, in London, for the sum of £54 sterling, or $250. The Cedo
Nulli was formerly sold for three hundred guineas.

Most of the Cone shells are covered with an epidermis, under which the
surface bears a most brilliant polish. All the species are marine, and are
generally found on rocky coasts. There is no genus, throughout the whole
of the shell tribes, which holds so important a station in cabinets or collections
as Cones; and it is difficult to decide whether they are most to be valued for
their rarity or beauty. The Admiral Cone ranks first; of this, the varieties
are incalculable: next comes the Vice Admiral, Guinea Admirals, and others
equally rare; most of which, when fine, are of high price in England—from
five to twenty guineas.

There is perhaps no other species, which affords so much beauty and di-
versity of coloring and making as the Cone. The species Literatus, for in-
stance, has its spots arranged in such a manner, as often to resemble Hebrew,
Greek, or Arabic characters. In other species, the colors assume different
shades of cloudings, veins, marblings, dots, stripes, brands, &c. &c., each
surpassing the other in beauty and elegance,

DIVISION I. Spiral subtruncated.

Famiry 1st. Spire coronated.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Marmoreus, E. & W. Indies, Asiatic Imperialis, Amboyna, S. Seas, Mau-
Ocean. ritius. ¥e
Nocturnus, Amboyna, Moluccas. Fuscatus, So. Seas, Mauritius,
Nicobaricus, . East Indian Seas. Tranquebar.

Arachnoideus, | Coroman., Tranquebar. Candidus,
Zonatus, Asiatic Ocean.

Scientific name.

Literatus,
Eburneus;
Tessellatus,
Generalus,

Monile,
Canaliculatus,
Radiatus,
Virgo,
Capitaneous,
Chemnitzii,.

Cedo Nulli,
Aurantius,
Leucosticus,
Teniatus,
Musicus,
Miliaris,
Luzonicus,
Lividus,
Mus,
Distans,
Calidonicus,
Costatus,
Ebreus,
Princeps,
Arenatus,

Janus,
Guinaicus,
Fulmineus,
Lorenzianus,
Amadis,
Acuminatus,

Thome,
Amirallis,

Archithalassus,
Vitulinus,
Planorbis,
Senator,
Catus,

DIVISION II.

64

Famity 2d. Spire plain or channelled.

Locality.
Amboyna, So. Seas, Af.
East Indian Ocean.
Batavia, Af., Mauritius.
Amboyna, Cape of Good

Hope, do. do.
Nicobar Isles.
do. Ceylon.
West Indies.
Af., Amboyna, Maurit.
E. Indies, do. do.
Ceylon.

Famity 1st.

Caraccas, S. America.
Philippines.
W. Indies, Mauritius.
Africa, China, N. Amer.
China.

do.
Philippines.
E. & W.L., C. G. Hope.
A. Ocean, W. Indies.
So. Seas, Nicobar.
New Caledonia.
So. Seas, China.
E. In., Amboyna, China.
Asiatic Ocean.
Batavia, Mauritius, C. G.

Hope.

Scientific name.

Mustelinus,
Leopardus,
Hyena,
Miles,
Centurio,
Fusiformis,
Spurius,
Leopinus,
Characteristicus,
Cerulescens,
Zebra,

Spire coronated.

Pulicarius,
Obesus,
Piperatus,
Varius,
Coronatus,
Barbadensis,
Roseus,
Coccineus,
Citrinus,
Sponsalis,
Puncturatus,
Ceylonensis,
Exiguus,
Pusellus,
Lamellosus,
Sulcatus,

Locality.
Batavia, Philippines.
KE. & W. Ind., Sumatra.
New Zealand, Africa.
Amboyna, Mauritius.
St. Domingo, Martinico.
California.
E. and W. Indies.
Amboyna, W. I., Mex.
St. Bartholomew.
St. Thomas.
New Guinea.

Pyriform, rounded at the base.

So. Seas, Moluccas.
Madagascar, China.
Indian Seas, Af. Ocean.
Maritius, W. Indies.

K. Ind. Seas.
Barbadoes, W. Indies.
Antilles.

St. Domingo, Martinico.
Curacoa, Str. of Mag.
So. Seas, Isle of St. Geo.
Botany Bay.

Ceylon.

Asiatic Seas.

Guinea.

Ceylon.

West Indian Seas.

Famity 2d. Spire plain or channelled.

E. I. Ocean.
Guinea.
Africa, N. Zealand.
E. Indian Seas, Africa.
Bantam, China, Ceylon.
Amboyna, Red Sea, Mo-
luccas.
Isl. of Oma, Asiatic O.
Amboyna, Ceylon, Ce-
ram.
do. do. Ind. Ocean.
West Indies, Mauritius.
Guinea.
do.
St. Domin., C. G. Hope.

Betulinus,
Figulinus,

Inoratus,
Quercinus,

Lineatus,
Eques,
Erminius,
Vexillum,
Testudinarius,
Venulatus,
Namocanus,

do. E. Indies, Amboyna.

Isle of France, Nicobar
Isles.

Sumatra.

So. Seas, C. G. Hope,
Madagascar.

Mauritius, Philippine Isl.

New Zealand.

E. Ind., Maurit., China.

Batavia, Malabar.

Surinam, W. I., Guinea.

Manilla, American Seas.

Isle of Namoca, So. Seas.

Stercusmuscarum, Amboyna, C. G. Hope,

Ceylon.

Scientific name.

Nobilis,
Siamensis,
Genuanus,
Papilionaceus,

Fluctifer,
Glaucus,
Suratensus,
Monachess,
Ranunculus,
Anemone,
Achatinus,
Rusticus,
Nisus,
Coffe,
Vittatus,
Classiarius,
Mercator,

DIVISION III.

Clavus,
Gradatus,
Aureus,
Circunsisus,
Terebellum,
Australis,
Levis,
Acholeuchus,
Strigatus,
Mitratus,
Glans,

Tenellus,
Nussatella,
Granulatus,
Fusus,
Aurisiacus,
Terebra,
Raphanus,

Spectrum,

Tnformis,
Ventricosus,
. Bullatus,

65

Locality.
Amboyna, China, Moluc.
China, Siam.

Batavia, Senegal, E. Ind.

So. Seas, Mauritius, W.
Indies.

Java, Mozambique.

Amboyna, Moluccas.

E. Ind. Ocean.

Med., Mauritius, China.

American Ocean.

New Holland.

Batavia, Mauritius.

Amboyna.

E. Ind. Ocean.

American Seas.

Asiatic Ocean.

Asiatic Ocean.

do. Senegal, Mauritius,
C. G. Hope.

East Indies, Guinea.
California.
China.
E. Indian Ocean.
Mauritius, Madagascar.
N. South Wales, China.
Africa.
American Seas.
East Indian Seas.

do.
Mauritius, Africa, Mo-

luceas.

do.

Nussatella.
Africa, Am., Brazils.
West Indies.
Amboyna, Ceram.
Batavia, Mauritius.
Asiatic Ocean.

Amboyna, China, New
Guinea.

N. Zealand, Am. Ocean.

Mediterranean, do. do.

Moluccas, China.

9

Scientific name.

Cancellatus,
Portoricanus,
Tinianus,
Taitensis,
Scabriusculus,
Rattus,
Jamaicensus,
Mediterraneus,
Puncticulatus,
Mauritianus,
Verrucosus,
Colomba,
Madurensis,
Jaspideus,
Japonicus,
Mindanus,
Festivus,
Reticulatus,
Ferruginosus,

Adansoni,
Augur,
Macus,
Striatus,
Gubernator,
Gloria Maris,
Pyramidalis,
Textile,
Abbas,
Archiepiscopus,
Canonicus,
Episcopus,
Prelatus,
Panaceus,
Rubiginosus,
Amaria,
Aulicus,

Elongatus,

Timorensus,
Nimbosus,
Tulipa,
Geographicus,

Locality.
South Seas.
Porto Rico, A. Seas.
Isle of Tinean, So. Seas.
Otaheite.
Guinea, Sierra Leone.
Coast of America.
Jamaica.
Algiers, Mediterranean.
St. Domingo, Martinico.
Coast of Africa.
Africa, C. of G. Hope.
Mauritius.
Asiatic Ocean.
St. Domingo, Martinico.
Japan.
Philippine Isles.
Molucca Isles.
South Seas.

do.

Elongated and rounded at the base.

Senegal.
Ceylon, Amboyna.
Mauritius, do.
do. S. Seas, E. & W. Ind.
Asiatic Ocean.
Japan.
Torrid Zone.
So. Seas. China, Africa.
Mauritius.
E. Ind. Seas.
do.

do.
Amboyna, China.
do. Philippines.
N. Guinea, Madagascar.
Mauritius, Amboyna,
Ceylon, China.
Guinea.

DIVISION IV. VPentriose with a wide aperture.

E. I. Ocean.

do.
E. and W. Ind., Africa.
Amboyna.

No. 21. CYPREA.
Cowry. Inhabitanét a Limaz.

Shell univalve, involuted, subovate, obtuse and smooth, aperture effuse at
each end, linear, dentated at both sides, and longitudinal. In their young
state, the Cyprea have the appearance of a Volute; insomuch that writers have
been misled, and have classed them among the Voluta.

There is no tribe of shells which, on the whole, are more beautiful than
these. From their high polish and brilliant colors, they have derived the
name (by which they are known in France, most commonly) of Porcelains.
The species are very numerous. In civilized countries, several of them are
used as an ornament for the persons of men and women; and some are worn
as amulets or charms against disease. They reside in the sand at the bottom
of the sea, and are furnished with a membrane which is so extensive, that they
are able to throw it over their whole shells, and thus preserve them always
pure and polished. The animals have two horns, and the canal by which they
respire is situated on the top of their head.

The Tiger Cowry, (C. Tigris,) and Money Cowry, (C. Moneta.)—There
are few shells more common, of the present tribe, in collections, than the
former of these species. It is found both in the Indian and Adriatic Seas.
The latter are well known in almost all the coasts of Africa and India, where
they are employed by the natives, in commerce, instead of money, and about
two thousand of them are esteemed equal to a rupee. The negro women, it
is stated, fish for them usually three days, before or after the full moon; and
thirty or forty vessels are annually laden with them, in the Maldivian islands,
for exportation to Africa, Bengal, Siam, and the adjacent islands, for the
purposes of commerce. Of the Cowries, a very remarkable fact has been
stated by Mons. Brugiere, that when the animals find their shells too small for
the increased dimensions of their bodies, they quit them, and proceed to the

formation of new ones of larger size, and consequently better adapted to their
wants.

67

DIVISION I. Spire not quite concealed.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.

Exanthema, Am. Ocean, W. Indies. Talpa, Asia, Madagascar. _
Mappa, Africa, Amboyna. Lurida, Med., Senegal, Brazils.
Arabica, Madagascar, do. Vanella, Barbadoes, Jamaica.
Histrio, So. Seas, Ind. Ocean. Lota, Sicilian Seas.
Argus, Amboyna, Guinea, W.I. Guttala,
Testudinaria, Persian Gulf, Amboyna. Sanguinolenta,
Stercoraria, Coast of Guinea. Undata, Mauritius.
Aurora, So. Seas. Teres,
Carmeola, Amboyna, East Indies. Aperta,
DIVISION II. Obtuse spire quite concealed.
Achatina, So. Seas, New Holland. Lynx, Mauritius, Madagascar.
Caput serpentis, do. do. Mauritius, E.Ind. Felina, Maldives,
Mauritiana, Persian Gulf, do. Cynerea, Barbadoes, Jamaica.
Vitellus, Amboyna, South Seas. Isabella, Amboyna, Mauritius,
Mus, Mediterranean, Africa. Madagascar.
Tigris, Red Sea, South Seas, Cylindrica,
Amboyna. Indica, Eastern Ocean.
Pantherina, Red Sea.
DIVISION III. Unbilicated.
Onyx, Coast of Asia. Ursellus,
Subflava, Lutea,
Clandestina, Asellus, Amboyna, Senegal.
Succincta, Errones, East Indies.
Ziczac, East Indian Ocean. Pyrum, Sicily, Africa.
Zonata, Coast of Guinea. Punctata,
Hirundo, Maldives, Antilles.
DIVISION IV. With the margin thickened.
Moneta, Indian Islands. Tabescens, Amboyna, Madagascar.
Annulus, Amboyna, KE. Indies. Halvoca, do. Maldives.
Caurica, do. Madagascar. Angustata,
Dracena, do. do. Ocellato, Indian Ocean, China.
Cruenta, do. do. Albuginosa, California.
Cribraria, China, do. Podraria Jamaica.
Erosa, Mauritius, Bengal. Gangranosa, China.
Flaveola, Fimbriata,
Spurca, Mediterranean. Tesselata,
Stolida, Eastern Ocean.

DIVISION V. With the backs ribbed, wrinkled, or tuberculated.

Oniscus,
Sulcata,
Europea,

Adriatic Sea.

Jamaica, Barbadoes.

Britain, N. of Europe.

Madagascariensis, Madagascar.

Pustulata,

Acapulca, China.

68

DIVISION VI. Beaked at the extremities.

Famity Ist. Having raised dots on the back.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality. ~
Nucleus, East Indian Ocean. Cicercula, Med., Amboyna, China.
Staphylea, do.

Famiry 2d. With back smooth.

Margarita, Amboyna, Asia. Globulus, Amboyna, Asia.

No. 22. BULLA.
Dipper. Inhabitant a Slug.

This shell is univalve, convoluted, and unarmed with teeth; somewhat
straightened, oblong, longitudinal, and very entire at the base; pillar less ob-
lique, and smooth. The arrangements of the Bulla family, among the old
writers on the subject, are very confused. Lister makes them a genus of the
Cowry; which one species, the Bulla Remicosa, much resembles. Grew and
Buonanori place it among the snails; Argenville and D’Avila, with the Coch-
lea Globose; and Gaulteri, as a species between the Argonauta Argo and the
Cyprea. The term Bulla, implying the bubble-like form, was applied by
Rumphius to the Bulla Ampula, from whom it was adopted by Linneus as a
generic appellation.

The animal of Bulla Lignaria is furnished with masticatory organs, con-
sisting of three testaceous bodies, placed within the stomach or gizzard, by
the help of which, it is enabled to break small shells and hard substances.
These latter named testaceous substances were first introduced as a new
genus by Gicenia, a Sicilian naturalist; after whom, it was named Gicenia, by
Brugiere. These organs are figured in the Linnean transactions.

The Dippers inhabit the sea, rivers, lakes and ditches. The texture of
most of the sorts is exceedingly thin. The marine kinds are found on shal-
lows, during the recess of the tide.

DIVISION I. Shell resembling the Cypre genus, but toothed on the outer

lip only.
Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Ovum, Amboyna, India, China. Nucleus, Med., Africa. |
Imperialis, South Seas. Verucosa, Amboyna, China.

DIVISION II. Shell oblong, beaked at the ends.

Volva, Japan, China. Secale, American Seas, Jamaica.
Lepida, Africa, Leghorn. Spelta, Mediterranean.
Birostris, Java, China. Gibbosa, Brazils.

70

DIVISION III. Shell thin, gibbous, and aperture large.

Famiry Ist. Apex generally umbilicated and without a spire.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Naucum, Amboyna, Africa, Asia. | Amygdalus, W. Indies, Niger.
Aperta, C. G. Hope, Britain. Lignaria, Adriatic, Britain.
Catena, Devonshire. Pectinata, Denmark.
Plumala, do. Soluta, Ceylon.

Hy datis, Med., Britain. Akera, Norway, Britain.
Ampulla, Amboyna, E. Indies. Cylindrica, South Seas.

SHELLS MINUTE.

Cylindracea, Britain. Retusa, Britain.
Umbilicata, do. Obtusa, do.

Famiry 2d. Having a spire.

Physis, East Indies, So. Seas. Undulata, Tranquebar.
Amplustre, China, Moluccas. Scabra, Java.
Zonata, Tranquebar.

DIVISION IV. Shell pyriform, with produced beak.

Ficus, Ind. Ocean, Amboyna. Rapa, Amboyna, Asiat. Ocean.
Pyrum, Canalicula,

DIVISION V. Shell generally thin, spire prominent, and body whorl

inflated.
Voluta, Strigata,
Dominicensis, St. Domingo. Striatula,
Crassula, Virginia, W. Indies. Exarata, Guinea.
Frontinalis, Britain. Truncata,
Rivalis, do. Priamis, Guinea, W. Indies.
Hypnorum, do. Zebra, 0.
Gelatinosa, Denmark. Achatina, E. Indies, Africa, Amer.
Virginea, West Indies. Purpurea, Africa.
Fasciata, E. and W. Indies. Sinistrorsa, do.

DIVISION VI. Shell cylindrical, with a subulate spire and truncate base.

Terebellum, Amboyna.

No. 23. VOLUTA.
Volute. Inhabitant a Slug.

Voluta shell single celled and spiral, aperture without a beak, somewhat
effuse, pillar folded or plaited, and generally without lips or perforations.
This genus includes 142 species. Linneus, in the establishment of this new
genus, has been less particular than could have been wished; having brought
together, promiscuously, shells which scarcely agree in one individual respect,
except in having plaits or folds upon the pillar.

The Volute is a very extensive genus; the greater part of which are natives
of the tropical seas, and only found on the shores after storms: but few kinds
are European, and those do not possess any great degree of beauty; while the
tropical kinds are amongst the most beautiful of the whole tribe. The marks
on that called the Music shell, exactly resemble the notes and other characters
used in music.

DIVISION I. Shell ovate, with the aperture generally ear-shaped and entire.

Scientific name.
Auris Mide,

Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
E.Indies, Salt Marshes, Auris Virginis, East Indies.

Ceram. Auris Vulpina, St. Helena.
Auris Jude, Moluccas, Fensin India. Auris Cuti,
Australis, N. Holland, N. Caledon. Tornatilis, England.
Auris Malchi, Flammea,
Glabra, Solidula, So. Ocean, China.
Auris Sileni, Livida, Africa.
Fasciata, Australasia. Coffea, Barbadoes.

MINUTE SHELLS,

Minuta, Barbadoes. Pelluceda, Salcomb Bay, Devon.
Flava, East Indies. Unidentata, Devonshire.
Denticulata, Great Britain. Interstincta, Bigberry Bay, Devon.
Triplicata, Guernsey. Inscupta, Devonshire.
Pusilla, Plicatula, do.
Bidentata, Scotland, Devonshire. Ambigua, do.
Alba, Sandwich, Sheppy Isl.

12

DIVISION II. Shell ovate, smooth, outer margin thickened, aperture
nearly entire.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Elegans, Faba, Bombay.
Pallida, Senegal, Britain. Strigata, Guinea,

Exilis, do. Prunum, Goree.

Monilis, China. Chimnitzii, Guinea.
Miliaria, Mediterranean. Glabella, do.

Guttata, Jamaica. Picta, Brazils.
Marginata, Guinea. Castanea, do.

DIVISION III. Shell ovate, smooth, spire flat, aperture effuse, linear.

Porcellana, Indian Ocean. Bullata, East Indies.
Persecula, African Ocean. Levis, Devon., W. Indies.
Cingulata, Cape Verd, Goree. Catenata, England, do.

DIVISION IV. Shell subcylindrical, enamelled and emarginated.

Famity Ist. Spire rather obtuse.

Porphyrea, W. Indies, S. America. __ Incrassata, Brazils, do.
Erythrostoma, Amboyna, Mauritius,So. Pinguis, Brazils.

Seas. Tigrina, Eastern Ocean.
Oliva, do. Brazils, E. W. Ind. Cameola, Moluccas.

South Seas. Micans, do. Mauritius.
Ventricosa, Mendana, Moluccas.

Famiry 2d. Spire prominent or conical.

Cruenta, Amboyna, Mauritius. Nivea, West Indies.

Annulata, do. Jaspedea, Philippine Isles.
Gibbosa, Coromandel, Madagas. Ancilla,

Ispedula, Moluccas. Nitidula, do. Moluccas, Mauritius.
Hiatula, Africa. Oryza,

Ampla,

DIVISION V. Shell fusiform, generally striated or ribbed, either longitu-

dinally or transversely.

Faminy 1st. Spire less than half the length of the shell.

Crenulata, East Indies. Leucozonias,

Fenestrata, Indian Seas. Morio, West Indies.
Dactylus, Bengal, India. Aurantia,

Conus, Vitulina, Indian Seas.
Texurata, Olivaria,

Microzonias, Indian Ocean, Medit. Nubila, Friendly Isles.

Tringa, Mediterranean. Pertusa, East Indies.

Scientific name.

Fissurata,
Barbadensis,
Spadicea,
Decussata,
Variegata,
Caffra,

Cornicula,
Scroeteri,
Crenifera,
Scabricula,
Ruffina,
Vulpecula,
Castellaris,
Subdivisa,
Melongena,
Plicaria,

Maculosa,
Biplicata,
Turricula,
Lineata,
Sulcata,
Discors,

73

Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Spiralis, Indian Seas.
Barbadoes. Patriarchalis, East Indies.
Muriculata, Indian Ocean.
Pauperculata, Mediterranean.
Pica, St. Bartholomew’s.
Africa. Ferrugata,

Famiry 2d. Spire half the length of the shell.

Mediterranean, W.Ind. Rugosa, Indian Ocean.

Guinea. Scrutulata,

Indian Seas. Nigra, Guinea.

China. Casta, Amboyna.

East Indies. Serpentina, Indian Ocean.

Amboyna. Digitalis, do.

East Indian Ocean. Episcopalis, do. China, Mauritius.
Papalis, Amboyna.
Thiara, Madagascar.

China. Coronata, West Indies.

SHELL LESS THAN HALF AN INCH IN LENGTH.

Striata, Minorca.
Lavigata, Medit., W. Indies.
Ocellata, do.

Tarentum. Nasuta, do.

Tranquebar. Marmorea, do.

West Indies.

Famity 3d. Spire more. than half the length of the shell.

Acuminata,
Virgo,
Filaris,
Filosa,
Clathrus,
Exasperata,
Costata,
Granosa,

Nodulosa,

Tranquebar. Sarguisuga, Amboyna, Med., South
Haynam. Wales.
Polygona,
East Indies. Teniata, Bombay.
China. Cruentata, East Indies.
East Indies. Turrita,
Acus,
East Indian Ocean. Abbatis, East Indies.
West Indies.

DIVISION VI. Shell small, thick, strong, having the outer lip denticulated

Mereatoria,
Ziervagelil,
Rustica,

and rather angular.

Mediterranean. Torva, Barbadoes.
Mendicaria, Mediterranean.
Med., Barbadoes, Africa. Nana, do.

10

: 74

DIVISION VII. Shell emarginate, effuse, and spire rather papilary.

Famity 1st. Whorls nodulous or plain.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Musica, Am. Ocean, E. & W.In. Harpa, South Pacific.
Virescens, Guinea. Maenifica, N. Holland, So. Seas.
Plicata, East Indies. Volva, Guinea.

Ebrea, Asiat. Ocean, Jamaica. Undulata, So. Seas.
Vespertilio, Amboyna, E, & W.Ind. Magellanica, Mag., Falkland Isles.
Flavicans, Kast Indies. Rupestris, Japan.

Nivosa, New Holland. Pacifica, So. Seas.

Vexillum, Amboyna, Ceylon, E.In. Angulata,

Lapponica, Am. Ocean, E.& W.In. Scapha, Cape of Good Hope.
Junonia, South Pacific. Colocynthis, South Seas, Brazils.

Famity 2d. Whorls crowned with spines.

Imperialis, Moluccas, Philippines. . Vespertilio, East Indies.

DIVISION VIII. Shell ventricose, and the summit of the spire papilary.

Famiry Ist. Spire coronated or nodulous.

Ethiopia, Per. gulf, Chi., Amboyna. Corona, Indian Ocean.
Diadema, Cybiola,
Tessellata,

Famity 2d. Spire channelled.

Olla, W. Indies, Med. Cymbium, Spain, Senegal, Guinea.
Rubiginosa, ¢ Coast of Peru. Neptuni, Persian Gulf.

Famiry 3d. Spire truncated.

Porcina, Spain, Africa.

Famiry 4th. Shell formed by one broad whorl.

Glans, Africa. Navicula, Guinea.

Famity 5th. Spire nearly buried in the body whorl.
Melo, East Indies, China.

75

DIVISION IX. Shell nearly entire, longitudinally or transversely ribbed
and sub-umbilicated.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Reticulata, Africa, Jamaica. Fusca, So. Seas.
Cancellata, Mediterranean. Nucea,

Nasca, Guinea.

DIVISION X. Shell spinous or rugged, and nodulous.

Turbinellus, Amboyna. Muricata, Jamaica, Madagascar.
Capitellum, Indian Ocean. Ceramica, Ceram, Indian Ocean.
Rhinocerus, New Guinea. Globosa,

DIVISION XI. Shell with a somewhat produced beak.

Pyrum, Ceylon. Scolymus, Florida.
Gravis, Moluccas.

No. 24. BUCCINUM.
Whelk. Kihabitant a Limaz.

Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous; aperture ovate, terminating in a short canal
leading to the right, with a retuse beak or tip, inner lip expanded.

The Whelks are found adhering to rocks or stones, beneath the surface of
the ocean; but some few are terrene. Their shells are generally strong,
rough and hollow; and their flesh may with safety be used for food.

The purple-staining Whelks were formerly celebrated, on the coasts of the
Mediterranean, on account of a valuable purple dye, which was extracted
from them. They have, however, of late years, been entirely neglected, in
consequence of the discovery of cochineal, from which a dye equally excel-
lent, and at much less cost, is to be procured. The number of these shells
necessary to be collected together for the purpose of dyeing even a small
quantity of cloth, must haye been very great. The matter for dyeing,
like the ink in the cuttle-fish, is found in a peculiar reservoir, situated in the
upper part of the body, and on one side of the stomach. This reservoir is
very small, being seldom so large as a small pea. A handkerchief stained
with the coloring matter of the Whelk, will retain its brilliancy for many years;
but the purple tint does not appear, till the linen has been exposed for some
time to the action of the sun and air. In Great Britain there are several
kinds of shell-fish which furnish a dye of this sort, but these are seldom
sought after.

DIVISION I. Shell inflated, rounded, thin, slightly transparent and brittle.

Famity 1st. Aperture without teeth.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Olearun, - East Indies, China. Dolium, Mediterranean, Am-
Galea, Mediterranean. boyna.

Perdix, Am., 8. Seas, Amboyna. Candatum,

Famity 2d. Outer lip toothed.

Sulcosum, Coromandel, China. Chinense, China, Java.

717

DIVISION II. Shell ovate, ribbed, aperture rather contracted, pillar lip
thickened and strongly wrinkled, and outer lip toothed, thickened
and marginated.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Pomum, ~ Amboyna, China. Ringens, China, Java.

DIVISION III. Shell with tuberculated belts or ribs, pillar lip spread, and
beak much produced and reflected.

Echinoforum, Mediterranean. . Rugosum, Mediterranean.
Nodosum,

DIVISION IV. Shell with an exserted, reflected beak, pillar lip spread,
and the outer lip unarmed outwardly.

Famity 1st. With the spire truncated, aperture rather linear, pillar lip much
spread, the pillar shghtly wrinkled, and outer lip thickened.

Corrugatum, Rufum, Madagascar.
Plicatum, Jamaica, Ascension Isl. ‘Testiculis, Jamaica.
Flammeum, do. W. Indies.

a

Famity 2d. With the spire rather elevated, pillar lip thinly spread, pillar slightly
wrinkled, and outer lip thickened.

Decussatum, Mediterranean. Saburon, Mediterranean, Goree.
Areola, do. K. Ind., Amboyna. Abbreviatum,
Strigatum, do.

Famity 3d. Resembling the 2d, except having the pillar lip granulated.

Granulatum, Med., W. Indies. Undulatum, do. Barbadoes.

Famiry 4th. Resembling the 3d, but having the pillar lip granulated and wrinkled.

Inflatum, Indian and African Seas. Bilineatum, Weymouth.
Tessellatum, Amboyna, S.Seas, Guin. Cicatrecosum, Indian Ocean.

Famity 5th. With the pillar lip smooth.

Recurvirostrum, Barbadoes. Cassis, Bay of Naples.

718

DIVISION V._ Shell resembling last division, but the outer lip on the out-
side is muricated at the base.

Famity 1st. Spire short.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Erinaceous, Tranquebar, China, Am. Fimbria, East Indies.

Ocean. Glaucum, Amboyna, China.
Biarmatum,’ Vibex, E. & W. I., Tranquebar.

Famity 2d.- With the spire elevated.

Papillosum, Ind. and Asiat. Occans. Mautabile, Senegal.
Glans, do. Gibbum, Med., and Amboyna. ~

DIVISION VI. Shell with the pillar lip dilated and thickened, and aper-

ture wide.

Famity 1st. With the pillar lip much thickened and dilated.

Arcularia, China, Amboyna, Maurit. Verrucosum, Ceylon, Madagascar.
Coronatum, Madagascar. Gibbosulum, Med., Asiatic Ocean.
Hepaticum, Dorsetshire. Clathratum, Kast Indies.
Pullus, Med., Malacca, Senegal. Niveum, Tranquebar.
Thersites, Asiatic Ocean. Lima, East Indies.

Famiry 2d. With the pillar spread, but not very thick.

Textum, Piscatorium, East Indies.
Reticulatum, Britain, Med., Azores. Mauritii, Mauritius.
Ambiguum, 0. Armillatum,

Macula, do. Norway. Nitidulum, Med., Goree.
Strolatum, Tranquebar. Ventricosum, St. George’s Bay.
Plicatulum, East Indies.

Famiry 3d. Obtuse, conver, depressed and smooth.

Neritium, Mediterranean.

DIVISION VII. Shell with longitudinally keeled wncoronated ribs, pillar
smooth.

Harpa, E. Ind., Mauritius, Amb. Crenatum, Mauritius.
Cancellatum, Tranquebar. Costatum, Philippine Isles.

79

DIVISION VIII. Pillar lip appearing as if worn flat, aperture very wide

and open.

Famity Ist. Armed with a subulate tooth at the base.

Scientific name. _ Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Monodon, So."Seas, Cape Horn. Narval, South Seas.
Imbricatum, do. do Cingulatum, Peru.
Crassilibrum, Rhinoceros,

Famiry 2d. Without the tooth, and the outside striated.

Persicum, Asiat. Ocean, Amboyna. MHaustrum, New Zealand.
Sertum, do. Red Sea. Vexillum,

Famiry 3d. With the outside tuberculated.

Patulum, E. & W.Ind., America. Armigerum, South Seas.
Lateostomum, South Seas, China. Dentex,
Hemastoma, Eu., Med. & Asiat. Seas.

DIVISION IX. Shell with spire obliquely recurved, aperture very large,
outer lip reflected, and pillar lip with two obsolete teeth at the base.

Concholepas, Peru, Mageilan.

DIVISION X. Shell coarse, spire acute, aperture ovate, pillar lip smooth

or flattish.
Lapilless, Britain, Norway, Azores. Smaragdulus, Tranquebar.
Varium, Undosum, Ainboyna.
Undatum, do. do. Affine, So. Seas, Moluccas.
Ciliatum, Greenland. Fumosum,
Solutum, Tranquebaricum, Tranquebar.
Porcatum, Mexico. Cruentatum,
Papyraceum, Norway. Pyrozonias,
Otaheitense, Otaheite. Versicolor, East Indies.
Glaciale, Northern Ocean. Lamellosum, New Zealand.
Carinatum, Spitzbergen. Lamellatum,
Filosum, Crispatum,

Sulcatum, Tranquebar.

DIVISION XI. Shell strongly ribbed transversely.

Orbitum, New Zealand. Indicum, East Indies.
Scala, East Indies. :

SO

DIVISION XII. Shell subglobose, ponderous, aperture large, pillar lip
very thick.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Plumbeum, California. Crassum,

DIVISION XIII. Shell with the pillar abrupt and strongly umbilicated.

Spiratum, E. Ind., Med., Arabia. Zeylanicum, Ceylon.
Eburneum, ‘China. Glabratum, Tranquebar.

DIVISION XIV. Shells somewhat polished and not enumerated in the for-
mer divisions.

Tigrinum, New Zealand. Levissimum, East Indian Seas.
Turgitum, do. Cyaneum, Greenland.
Scutulatum, do. Leve, East Indies.
Testudineum, do. Igneum,

Cochledeum, South Seas. Lyratum,

Catarracta, N. Zealand, C.G.Hope. Plumatum, Jamaica.

MINUTE SHELLS.

Glaberrimum, Exile,
Nucleus, New Zealand, Mada- Prerosum. Southern Europe.
gascar. Cinctum, Britain.
_ Lineatum, Britain, W. Indies. Minimum, :

DIVISION XV. Shell roundish, spire flat, whorls lamellated or spinous,
beak produced and umbilicated, and aperture large.

Pezoar, China. Bulbosum, Tranquebar.

DIVISION XVI. Shell turreted, subulate, and slightly polished.

Famity Ist. Whorls entire.

Maculatum, Africa, E.In., Amboyna. Lanceatum, East Indies, Amboyna.
Oculatum, do. Murinum, Africa.

Subulatum, China, do. do. Hastatum,

Felinum, Sinuatum, East Indies.

Vittatum, Ceylon. Bifasciatum, do.

Digitale, Bombay, Senegal. Radiatum, Coast of Naples.
Concinnum, Virgineum, Virginia.

Cinereum, Amboyna. Acicula, Britain, Paris.

Succinctum, East Indies.

81

Famity 2d. Whorls divided by a transverse line or furrow.

Scientific name. Locality.
Crenulatum, China.
Hecticum, Africa.
Geminum,

Proximatum,

Monile,

. 11

Scientific name.
Strigilatum,
Duplicatum,
Acus,
Dimidiatum,
Pertusum,

Locality.

Asiatic Ocean.
Ind. Ocean, Haynam.

China.

No. 25. STROMBUS.
Skrew Shell. Inhabitant a Limaz.

Shell univalve and spiral, lip of the aperture often much dilated and pro-
duced into a groove, leaning to the left. The young shells of the Strombus
do not possess the dilated lip, and have, therefore, been referred to different
genera ; an error committed by some of the best early writers.

The greater part of the shells which constitute the first and second divisions,
have their outer lip extended, either in the form of a wing, (hence called
Alate, or Winged shells,) or projecting in distinct linear divisions, or pointed
claws: but these appearances are only manifest in adult shells. These are
all inhabitants of the ocean, and usually found on rocky shores in the African,
Indian, American and European seas : some few are also found in the Medi-
terranean, Red, and Arctic seas.

This genus derives its name from some of its species bearing the resem-
blance to a whipping-top, (s7g0os.) j

DIVISION I. Shell with linear segments or claws at the margin of the
outer lip.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Chiragra, China, Mauritius. Purpureus,

Scorpius, Amboyna, China. Elongatus,

Lambis, S. Seas, Asia, Red Sea. Truncatus, E. Indies, China.
Millepeda, Chi., Ceyl., Coromandel. Pes Pelicani, Britain, Med., Norway.

DIVISION II. Shell with the outer lip much expanded.

Famiry 1st. With the margin of the outer lip thickened or lobed.

Gigas, West Indies, America. Papilio, East Indies.

Accepeten, Asiatic Ocean. Auris Diane, Amb., China, As. Ocean.
Gallus, West Indies. Pacifica, So. Seas.

Tricornis, do. Red Sea. Granulatus, California.

Pugilis, do. Florida. Polyfasciatus, Red Sea.

Fasciatus, Jamaica, Goree. Luhuanus, So. Seas.

Lentiginosus, Amboyna,China, Maurit. Canarium, E. Indies, Red Sea, Amb.

53

Famity 2d. With the outer lip curved inwards.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Latissimus, Asiat.O.,Amboy.,China. Liaciniatus, East Indies.

Famity 3d. Spire elevated, and outer lip rounded and short.

Vittatus, Asia, China, Red Sea, Epidromis, Amboyna.
Amboyna. Sulcatus, China.

Famity 4th. With both lips pointed, and attached to the whorls of the sprre.

Marginatus, China. Accinctus, do. Batavia, do.
Minimus, do. E. Indies, Amboyna.

DIVISION III. Shell smooth or plaited, outer lip striated within, and but
slightly expanded.

Gibberulus, Asiat. Ocean, Mauritius, Erythrinus, Red Sea.
China. Samar, Amboyna, East Indies.
Urceus, do. Dentatus, Mauritius.

DIVISION IV. Shell turreted, with a longitudinal fissure extending from
the aperture to the summit.

Fissus, Fisurella, East Indies.

DIVISION V._ Shell turreted with a very long spire.
Famity 1st. The aperture ending in a long beak, and outer lip toothed.

Fusus, Red Sea. Unicornis, East Indies.

Famiry 2d. Without the beak, and the aperture not toothed.

Tuberculatus, Mediterranean. Auritus, Guinea.
Palustris, Kast Indies. Lividus,
Ater, Marshes in Amboyna. Costatus, Britain.

DIVISION VI. Shell obovate, with transverse nodulous belts, pillar lip
granulated, and the outer lip thickened and toothed.

Oniscus, West Indies.

No. 26. MUREX.
Rock Shell. Inhabitant a Limaz.

Shell inequivalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous sutures, aperture oval,
ending in an entire, straight, or slightly ascending®canal. In the last edition
of the Systema Nature, 193 species are described.

The most prominent character which distinguishes the species of this genus
from those of the two preceding genera, consists in the beak being almost in-
variably straight and very much produced, sometimes turning a little upwards.

The Murices are shells of irregular form, arising from their surfaces being
usually armed with spines, knobs, striw, or foliations. The shells of the first
division have the beak considerably produced, and are distinguished from those
of the second, by the spines with which their surfaces are armed. The most
remarkable species is the M. Tribulus, of which there are two varieties; the
more common being called the Thorny Woodcock, and the rarer, Venus
Comb. ‘The latter is one of the most elegant shells of the genus. When
perfect, its exterior is most beautifully adorned with regular rows of thin and
delicate spines.

Inhabitants of the ocean, they are usually found upon rocky shores, within
the influx of the tide. Some few burrow in the sand. Their shells are
mostly rugged, strong and heavy; from which circumstances, they have ob-
tained the name of Rock shells. The Purpurea of the ancients belong to
this genus. From these shells, or rather from their inhabitants, is furnished
the famous Tyrian purple. (See Ezekiel xxvii. 7, 16, &c.) A single vein,
situated near the head of the fish, contains this beauteous coloring liquor.

DIVISION I. Shell spinous, with a produced beak.

Famiry Ist. With three varices.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.

Tribulus, Asiatic Sea. Motacilla, East Indian Sea.
Scolopax, Red Sea.

Scientific name.

Cormitus,

85

Famriy 2d. With seven varices.

Locality.
Africa, Amboyna.

Scientific name.

Brandarus,

Locality.
Africa, Med., Guinea.

DIVISION II. Shell with a produced beak, similar to the first division,
but not spinous.

Haustellum,

Ramosus,

Foliatus,

Scorpio,
Rota,
Saxatilis,

Trunculus,
Rosarium,
Pomum,

DIVISION III.

Asiat. O., Red S., China.

Famity 1st.

So. Seas, E. & W. Ind.,

Amboyna.
New Zealand.

Famity 2d.

Amboyna, China.
Red Sea.
Medit., Guinea, Asiatic
Ocean.
do.

do. Senegal.

Spirillis,

With three varices.

Lingua,
Tripterus,
Triqueter,

Miliaris,
Radex,

Melansmethos,
Lamellosus,

Clathratus,

Erinaceous,

Scala,

Tranquebar, Malabar.

Shell foliated, with a short beak.

Goree.
Batavia.
Tranquebar, China

With more than three varices.

Nicobar Isles.

Peru.
East Indian Seas.

Straights of Magellan.
Iceland, Norway.
Britain, Mediterranean.
East Indies.

DIVISION IV. Shell with thick, protuberent, rounded varices.

Rana,
Crassus,
Spinosus,
Gyrinus,

Argus,
Olearum,
Rubocula,
Femorale,
Lotorium,
Pileare,
Candisatus,

Famity Ist.

Af., China, Amboyna.
Madagascar.
Tranquebar.

Scotland, Med., E. Ind.

Famity 2d.

Amboyna, Med.
Africa, So. Europe, do.
Red Sea.

Guinea, E. & W. Ind.
Jamaica, Amboyna.
Mediterranean.

Bufonius,
Lampas,

Scrobilater,
Reticularis,

Maculosus,
Spengleri,
Pyrum,
Clavator,
Caudatus,
Dolarium,

With two opposite varices.

South Seas.
Med., Madagascar, E. In.

do. Senegal.
do. W. Ind., Carolina.

With two subalternate varices.

Amboyna, Mauritius.
New South Wales.
Coromandel.

Ceylon.

Coromandel].
Portugal.

S6

Famity 3d. With a single varie.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Parthenopus, Bay of Naples. Clandestinus,
Cutaceus, Af., W.1., Coromandel. Lyratus, New Zealand.

DIVISION V. Shell with unequally gibbous whorls, decussated ribs, and

the aperture surrounded by a thin, dilated membrane.

Anus, Asiat. Ocean, Med. Mutus,. iy Coasts of Hitoe.

DIVISION VI. Shell somewhat spinous, and without a beak.

Ricinus, Asiatic Ocean, China. Sacellum, Nicobar Isles.
Nodus, Jamaica. Nodatus, New Holland.
Neritoideus, Guinea, So. Seas. Lacerus, Guinea.
Fimbriatus, Virgatus, East Indies.
Hystrix, E. Indies, do. Columborium, South Seas.
Mancinella, Amboyna, Madagascar. Senticosus, do. China.

Hippocastanum, Batavia, Banda.

DIVISION VII. Shell nodulous or longitudinally plaited, with a short beak.

Plicatus, East Indies. Fiscellum, Pulo Condore.
Morbosus, West Indies. Dubious,

Consul, Kast Indies. Fenestratus, Amboyna.
Undatus, Tranquebar.

DIVISION VIII. Shell ovate, aperture wide, inner lip thickened and
spread, outer lip thick and undulated.

Stramineus, New Zealand. Australis, So. Seas.

DIVISION IX. Shell with a long, straight, subulate beak, unarmed.

Famury Ist. Turreted outer lip, having a notch at the summit.

Babylonius, Asia, Amboyna, China. _—‘Virgineus, Guinea. ;

Clavatulus, Guinea. Javanus, Java, Tranquebar, China.

Gibbosus, Red Sea. Tornatus, do. Magellan.
Famiry 2d. With the column plaited.

Tulipa, W. Indies, South Seas. Infundibulum, West Indies.

Massa, do. Lancea, Amboyna.

Amplustre, America, So. Seas. Ocellatus, West Indies.

Trapezium, R.Sea, Amboyna, China. Craticulatus, Mediterranean.

Polygonus, I. of France, B. of Napl.

87

Famiry 3d. With the outer lip entire, and the column smooth.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.

Colus, - Amboyna. Carica,

Striatulus, Perversus, Mex., Jamaica, N. Amer.
Versicolor, East Indian Seas, Ternatanus, Isle of Ternata.
Verrucosus, Red Sea. Pardalis,

Aruanus, China, Isl. of Aru, Af. Maroccensis, Morocco.

Tuba, China. Cariosus,

Canaliculatus, Canada, Virginia.

DIVISION X. Shell with the spire rather depressed, aperture dilated nearly
the length of the shell, and beak short.

Melongena, Am., Amboyna, Jamaica. Corona, Gulf of Mexico.
Calcaratus, do. China. Morio, Af., W. Ind., Magellan.
Ficus, Red Sea. Pugilinus, Tranquebar, Moluccas.
Spadiceum, W. Indies. Cochlidium, East Indies.
Umbilicatum, Red. Sea. Harpa,

Candidum, do.

DIVISION XI. Shell oblong, ventricose, aperture dilated and ovate, spire
produced, and beak short.

Antiquus, Norway, Brit., Denmark. Bamffius, Scotland, England.
Magellanicus, Straights of Magellan. Gracilis, Britain.
Norwegicus, Norway. Attenuatas, West of England.
Fornicatus, Greenland. Nebula, Britain.
Despectus, North. Ocean, Iceland. Costatus, do. Norway.
Subantiquatus, Britain. Proximus, Scotland.
Tritonis, Med., Amboyna, Amer. Septangularis, | West of England.
Nerei, So. Seas. Turricula, Britain.
Vulpinus, Rufus, do.

Pusio, Mediterranean. Sinuosus, Weymouth.
Corneous, G. Brit., So. of Europe. _Linearis, West of England.
Lineatus, New Zealand. Purpureus, Devonshire.
Lignarious, Southern Europe. Muricatus, do.
Syracusanus, Mediterranean. Minutissimus, Pembrokeshire.
Perron, So. Seas. Arenosus, India.
Prismaticus, do. Pulo Condore. Scriptus, Mediterranean.

DIVISION XII. Turreted and subulate, with a very short beak.

Obeliscus, West Indies. Radula, Africa, W. Indies.
Vertagus, Amboyna, East Indies. Marginatus, East Indies.
Plicatulus, do. Serratus, New Zealand.
Aluco, Amboyna, Medit. Asper, West Indies.
Tuberosus, do. Red Sea. Granulatus, Asiatic Ocean.

Adansoni, River Gambia. Sulcatus, Marshes in Molucca.

Scientific name.

Clava,
Uncinatus,
Atratas,
Alucoides,
Ebeninus,
Fuscatus,
Torulosus,

Locality.
Pulo Condore.

Med., Adriatic.
So. Seas.

Medit., Senegal.

East Indies.

88

Scientific name.

Literatus,
Hexagonus,
Reticulatus,
Tubercularis,
Adversus,
Subulatus,
Decollatus,

Locality.
Gaudalope.
So. Seas.
Britain.
do.
do.
Scotland.

No. 27. TROCHUS.
Top Shell. Inhabitant a Slug.

Shell univalve, spiral and subconic, aperture somewhat angular or rounded,
upper side transverse and contracted, pillar placed obliquely.

The leading characteristic of the Trochus is the conical shape of its species,
the base being broad, and the whorls gradually tapering towards the apex.
This form prevails, with very few exceptions, throughout the genus. Some,
however, have so strong a resemblance to the Turbo, that frequent mistakes
have been made in their classification. A few species of this genus have
their surfaces smooth; but the greater number are covered with knobs, spines,
tuberculations, or undulations; of which, the Trochus Solaris and the T. Im-
perialis are striking examples. The former has its margin beset with long
spines, placed at regular distances, and, when the shell is perfect, resembling
the rays of the sun, as represented in carved work. Many, when uncoated,
present a brilliant mother-of-pearl appearance; others have only a pearly ap-
erture; and a few exhibit a bronze-like hue. The aperture to the shell, in
this, as well as in many other genera of univalves, is closed by a stony or
horn-like operculum, affixed to the animal.

Most kinds are marine, and some few are found on land, in moist places.
The generality of them reside in deep water; others, in shallows that are
left nearly dry at the reflux of the tide. The species are very numerous, and
several kinds are common to the British shores. The Trochus Conchylio-
phorus possesses the remarkable faculty of attaching stones, and frequently
shells or fragments of shells, to his testaceous covering, during his period of
formation. Mawe says it is highly valued for its rarity and beauty.

DIVISION I. Shell umbilicated, erect.

Famity Ist.
Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Niloticus, I. Ocean, China, S. Seas. Concavus, Coroman., N. Zealand.
Conus, E. Indies, New Guinea. _Vernalis, East Indies.
Spinosus, New Zealand. Conspersus, East Indian Ocean.
Jujubinus, Mauritius, W. Indies. Ochroleuchus, do.

12

Scientific name.

Stellatus,
‘Spengleri,
Costatus,
Ine qualis,
Regius,
Verucosus,
Radiatus,
Veridis,
Fanulum,
Strigosus,
Dubius,
Depressus,
Levis,
Greenlandicus,
Magus,
Variegatus,
Afer,

Muricatus, Mediterranean.
Roseus, C. G. Hope, Naples.
Patholatus, West of England.
Scaber,
Quadratus, Mediterraneen.
Croceus, Morocco.

Famiry 2d.
Maculatus, Madagascar.
Alveare, Mauritius.
Tentorium,
Agrestis, China.
Niger, do.

Famity 3d.
Cylindraceous,
Carneus,
Pharaonis, R. Sea, Med., E. Indies.
Corallinus, Magdalen Isles.

Locality.
East Indian Ocean.

Mozambique.

East Indian Ocean.

W. Indies, Mauritius.

New Zealand.
Pernambuco.
Morocco.

Norway, Greenland.
Britain.
Cape of Good Hope.

C. Daker in Senegal.

90

Scientific name.

Varius,
Obliquatus,
Cenerarius,
Neritoideus,
Albidus,
Vittatus,
Divaricatus,
Fuscatus,
Umbilicaris,
Cinereus,
Fasciatus,
Planus,
Solaris,
Inermis,
Imperiallis,

Conchyliophorus,

Tectum,
Pumilio,
Terrestris,
Bidens,
Fragilis,
Carinatus,
Flumineus,

Cruceatus,
Modulus,
Declivis,
Viridulus,
Perlatus,

Areola,

Guineensis,
Urbanus,

Locality.
Mediterranean.
do. Britain.
do. W. Ind., Norway.
Greenland.

Medit., Norway.

Mediterranean.
do.

E. & W. In., In. S. Seas.
West Indies.

New Zealand.

St. Domingo, China.
West Indies, Mauritius.
Africa.
Britain, Italy, Tunis.
Botan. gard., Strasburg.

Saxe Wiemar.
River Huines.

With pillar toothed or plaited, and umbilicus smooth.

Mediterranean.
W. Indies, Red Sea.
Red Sea.

With pillar smooth, and umbilicus toothed or crenated.

Famiry 4th. With pillar and umbilicus crenated.

Guinea.

Famity 5th. Shell depressed, with the umbilicus large, pervious and crenated, in

Perspectivus,

Amboyna.

Perspectiviunculus,

Infundebuliformis,

Hybridus,
Stramineus,
Indicus,

which the course of the whorls is strongly marked.

Mediterranean.
Tranquebar.
East Indies.

91
DIVISION II. Shell imperforate, erect.

Famicy 1st. With the pillar smooth.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Grandinatus, South Seas. Purpurascens,

Tuber, Med., West Indies. Imbricatus, West Indies.
Melanastomus, Southern Ocean. Celatus, do.

Striatus, Med., Britain. Gibberosus, New Zealand.
Minutus, France, Morocco. Virgatus, East Indies, Amboyna.
Punctulatus, do. W. Ind., Morocco. —_Cookii, New Zealand.
Conulus, Mediterranean. Iris, do.

Zizy phinus, do. RedSea, Britain. Elegans, do.

Papillosus, do. E.Indies, do. Notatus, South Seas.
Undatus, California. Ziczac, Britain, West Indies.
Granatum, New Zealand. Obtusus, East Indies.
Virgineus, do. Magellan. Crocatus,

Draphanus, do. Hortensis, Southern Climates.
Selectus, do.

Famity 2d. With the pillar toothed.

Labeo, Amboyna, South Seas. Argyrostomus, New Zealand, Arabia.
Asper, New Zealand. Merula, China, South Seas.
Quadricarinatus, Mediterranean. Crassus, Britain.

Tessellatus, St. Croix, Naples. Americanus, America.

Turbinatus, Mauritius, Medit.

Famity 3d. With the pillar twisted.

Mauritianus, Mauritius, New Guinea. Pyramis, South Seas, E. Indies.
Fenestratus, Amb., Frederick’s Isl. Dentatus, Red Sea, Guinea.

Famiry 4th. Shell convex, smooth, with a thick vitrious matter which covers the
centre of the base.

Vestiarius, Med., C. G. Hope, Ind.

DIVISION III. Shell tapering, with the pillar exserted, and the shell fall-
ing to one side when placed upon its base.

Famity 1st. With pillar twisted.

Telescopium, East Indies. Dolabratus, Africa.
Terebellus, - West Indies.

Scientific name.

Punctatus,

Perversus,
Pusillus,
Undulatus,

92

Famity 2d. With pillar straight.

Locality.
Mediterranean.

Mediterranean.
East Indies.
do.

MINUTE SHELLS.

Scientific name.
Striatellus,

REVERSED SHELLS.

Ventricosus,
Annulatus,
Lunaris,

Locality.
Mediterranean.

Fast Indies.
do.

No. 28. TURBO.
Wreath Shell. Inhabitant a Slug.

Shell univalve, spiral and solid, aperture contracted, orbicular and entire.
The species which shows the character of this genus best, is the rare Turbo
Scalaris.

Some of the species in this and the preceding genera, are very likely to be
confounded; but, by attentively observing the round or angular form of their
apertures, their proper families may readily be determined. Most of the
kinds inhabit the sea; some, fresh waters; and others are met with on land.
The most valuable marine specimens are fished up from deep waters, or found
adhering to rocks and stones, below high water mark. This is a very ex-
tensive genus, and a very considerable number are found on the shores of
Great Britain. The common periwinkle is there more extensively used as
food, than any of the other testaceous univalves. This shell is easily
gathered, as it is found on most rocks which are left uncovered by the ebbing
of the tide. Children are principally employed in this fishery, and the shells
are sold by measure. They are, in general, used after being boiled, and are
consumed in great quantities by the poor inhabitants of the coast.

The generic name, Turbo, is derived from the Latin, and has the same
signification with the Greek derivative of the preceding genus. This species
is exceedingly numerous, being in ten divisions, with families.

DIVISION I. Shell imperforate, and pillar lip flat.

Famity Ist. With a smooth exterior.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Obtusatus, Northern Ocean. Rudis, Norway, Britain.
Neritoides, Mediterranean. Punctatus, Goree.

Nicobaricus, Nicobar Isles. Petreus, Dorset. Devon.
Nigerrimus, New Zealand. Fulgidus, - Pembroke, Cornwall.

Famiry 2d. With the exterior striated or ribbed.

Littoreus, Britain, Norway. Jugosus, England.
Tennebrosus, England. Fulgidus, New Zealand.
Crassior, do.

Scientific name.
Personatus,
Petholatus,
Cidaris,

Simex,
Calathiscus,

Castaneus,
Crenulatus,

Trochiformis,
Marmoratus,
Sarmaticus,

»

Canaliculatus,
Setosus,

Chrysostomus,
Tectumpersicum,
Pagodus,

Calcar,

Stellaris,
Aculeatus,

Semicostatus,
Ruber,
Vitreus,
Punctura,
Arenarius,
Unifasciatus,
Nivosus,
Labiosus,

DIVISION II.
Famity 1st.
Locality.

Amboyna, Mauritius.
Moluccas.

Famiry 2d.

Britain.
do.

Famity 3d.
West Indies.

Famiry 4th.

Southern Ocean.
Asiatic Ocean, China.
Moluccas, C. G. Hope.

Famity 5th.

Moluccas, Philippines.
Mauritius.

Faminy 6th.

S. Seas, R. Sea, Amboy.

Asiatic Ocean.

do. do.
China. do.
South Seas.
Nicobar Isles.

MINUTE

Devon. Scotland.
Pembroke, Cornwall.
Cornwall.

West of England.
Salcomb Bay.
Britain.

Devonshire.

Britain.

Scientific name.

Helicinus,
Imperialis,

Cochlus,
Smaragdus,

Papyraceus,

Exterior nodulous.

Olearius,
Coronatus,

Spawerius,

- Spenglerianus,

Stellatus,
Armatus,
Rugosus,
Cornutus,
Radiatus,
Moltkianus,

SHELLS.

Ulve,
Ventrosus,
Subumbilicatus,
Cengillus,
Interruptus,
Semistriatus,
Albulus,

Shell imperforate, solid.

With a smooth exterior.

Locality.

China.

With the exterior striated.

Maurit. Asia, China.
New Zealand.

With the exterior granulated.

East Indies.

India, Coromandel.
Moluccas, Nicobar Isles.

Exterior ribbed or grooved.

East Indies.
do.

Exterior somewhat spinous.

Med., Scotland.

East and West Indies.
China.

Red Sea.

Britain.

do.
Weymouth.
Britain.
England and Wales.
Devonshire.
Greenland Seas.

95 .

DIVISION III. Shell wnbilicated and solid.
Famiry 1st. Unmbilicus toothed.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Pica, West Indies, Sardinia. Nodolus,

Famiry 2d. Unmbilicus without teeth.

Dentatus, Undulatus, Van Dieman’s Land, N.
Muricatus, Southern Europe. Holland.
Auricularis, Southampton. Argyrostomus, _I.0., R. Sea, C.G. Hope.
Vinctus, Devonshire. Margaritaceous, Frederic’s Island.
Quadrifasciatus, Cornwall, Swanzea. Porphyrites, New Caledonia.
Sanguineous, Med., Algiers. Mespilus, South Seas.

Atratus, Nicobar Isles. Granulatus, do. Nicobar Isles.
Anguis, South Seas. Cinireus,

Diadema, New Zealand. Torquatus, New Zealand.

DIVISION IV. Shell depressed, foliated, spinous or nodulous, umbilicus
large, pervious and armed within.

Delphinus, Asiat. Ocean, Mauritius, Exasperatus, East Indies.
Amboyna. Distortus,

DIVISION V. Cancellated.

Famity 1st. Unmbilicated.

Scalaris, China.

{ Famity 2d. Imperforated.
Principalis, Coromandel. Lacteus, Mediterranean.
Clathrus, Europe, America. Pulcher, West Indies.
Clathratulus, Britain. Ambiguus, Mediterranean.

MINUTE SHELLS.

Elegantissimus, Britain. Denticulatus, Weymouth.
Simillimus, Island of Jura. Arcuatus, Guernsey.
Parvus, Britain. Striatus, Cornwall, Dey., Ireland.
Striatulus, Medit., England. Costatus, England, Wales.
Reticulatus, Pembroke, Kent. Unicus, Sandwich.
Bryereus, Britain, West Indies. Indistinctus.

Coniferus, Weymouth.

96

DIVISION VI. Shell with subcylindrical whorls, similar to the last division,
but not cancellated.

Famity 1st. Unmbilicated.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Crenellus, Limbatus, Coromandel.
Thermalis, Denmark, Britain, Pisa. | Carinatus, Jamaica.
Labeo, Jamaica. Separatista, Indian Seas.
Ligatus, Niveus, . Nicobar Isles.
Foliaceus, Helicoides,

Famity 2d. Imperforate.

Crenatus, Lincinus,
Elegans, Lunulatus,

DIVISION VII. Shell oblong, glossy, beautifully marked with various

colors, and aperture subovate.

Phasianus, Van Dieman’s Land. Pullus, Britain.
Inflatus, do.

DIVISION VIII. Shell subcylindrical, obtuse at both ends, and aperture

semiovate.

Famiry Ist. Aperture toothed.

Uva, Coast of Bretagny. Juniperi, Britain, Paris, Saxony.
Mumia, America. Muscorum, Europe under moss.
Alveria, St. Domin., Guadalope. Sexdentatus, West of England.
Quinque dentatus, France. Carychium, Britain.

Fridens, Britain.

REVERSED SHELLS.

Bidens, Britain, France, Italy. Labiatus, Britain.

Laminatus, England, Europe. Perversus, England.

Biplicatus, do. do. Quadridens, Paris, France.
Corrugatus, Languedoc, Provence. Vertigo, Sandwich, Denmark.
Nigricans, England, France.

Famiry 2d. Aperture without teeth.

Cylindrus, Jamaica. Auris calpium, Mediterranean.
Croceus, do. Politus, Britain.
Sulcatus, Ceylon. Subulatus, do.

Corneus, Decussatus, do.

Reflexus,

97

DIVISION IX. Shell turreted.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Imbricatus, Jamaica. Terebra, European Seas, Sweden.
Replicatus, Tranquebar. Archimedes, China.

Acutangulus, do. Variegatus,

Duplicatus, Britain, Persia, Med. Uneulinus, European Ocean.
Torcularis, Terrebellum, Nicobar Isles.
Obsoletus, Annulatus,

Exoletus, Britain, South of Europe. Turris Thome, St. Thomas.

DIVISION X. Shell depressed.

Nautileus, Britain, Germany. Surpuloides, Devonshire.
Cristatus, do. Denmark. Ludus, South Seas.
Depressus, Cornwall, Devonshire, Marginellus,

13

No. 29. HELIX.

Snail. Inhabitant a Slug.

Shell univalve, spiral, subdiaphanous and brittle, aperture contracted, semi-
lunar, or roundish.

For the new division of Helices, by late writers, see Latrielle Olivica, &c.

The numerous species which compose this extensive genus, are principally
land or fresh-water shells; a very few only being the produce of the ocean.
They are generally of a delicate and brittle structure, and sometimes trans-
parent.

Of the land species, almost every place produces some one or other of the
kinds. They are found on trees, walls, mossy banks, under stones, &c. &c.
Of the aquatic species, some are found on the sea shores, on the banks or
margins of rivers, brooks and ponds, but mostly in shallow waters. They
are very brittle, and exceedingly susceptible of injury. Some of the kinds
are used as food. The species are very numerous: nearly seventy are found
in Great Britain.

The all-wise Creator has denied to these animals the use of feet and claws,
to enable them to move from place to place; but has made them ample
amends, in a way more commodious to their habits and mode of life, by the
_ broad skin along each side of the belly, and the power of motion which this
possesses. By this they are enabled to creep; and by the skin, assisted by
the glutinous slime emitted from their bodies, they adhere firmly and securely
even to the smoothest surfaces. When the snail is in motion, four horns are
distinctly seen on its head; but the two uppermost, and longest of these, de-
serves particular attention, both on account of the various motions with which
they are endued, and also from their having eyes at the extremities. These
eyes appear like two blackish points, and, when taken from the body, are of a
bulbous figure; they have but one coat, and the vitreous, the aqueous, and the
crystalline humors are (though not distinctly) to be seen. The animalis able
to direct them towards different objects at pleasure, by a regular motion out
of the body; and sometimes it hides them, by a very swift contraction into
the belly. Under the smaller horns is the animal’s mouth, and though its sub-

99

stance may appear to be too soft to be furnished with teeth, yet it has no
fewer than eight; with these it chews leaves and other substances, seemingly
harder than any part of its own body, and sometimes bites off pieces of its
own shell. The snail, if its shell be broken, has the power of mending it.
Even when apparently broken to pieces, it will set to work, and, with the
slimy substance they force from their bodies, which soon hardens, they in a
few days close up all the numerous chasms. The junctures are easily dis-
tinguished, and the whole shell, in some measure, resembles an old coat
patched with new pieces. But, though the animal has the power of repairing
its old shell, it is not able to form a new one.

** An inadvertent step may crush the snail,
That crawls at evening in the public path;
Yet he that hath humanity, forewarned,
Will step aside, and let the reptile live.’’

The Esculent Snail (H. Pomatia) is the largest of all the land snails pro-
duced in England. It is found in woods, and under hedges, in Northampton-
shire, and in some of the southern counties. At the commencement of
winter, it carefully closes up its shell, with a thick white cover or operculum,
attached to its body, that just fills up the opening; and, in this enclosed state,
it remains until the commencement of warm weather; seldom appearing abroad
till about the beginning of April.

It is large and fleshy, and, when properly cooked, not unpleasant to the
taste. Amongst the Romans it constituted a favorite dish; but if the account
of Varro is to be credited, they had it of a size much larger than any known
at this time; for this writer assures us that the shell of some of them would
hold ten quarts: and we need not (says Mr. Pennant) admire the temper-
ance of the supper of the younger Plinys, which consisted only of a lettuce
a-piece, three snails, two eggs, a barley cake, sweet cake and snow,—in case
his snails bore any proportion in size to those just mentioned. They kept
these animals in what are called cochlearia, or snail stews. These were gen-
erally formed under rocks or eminences, whose bottoms were watered by
lakes or rivers; and if a natural dew or moisture was not found, they formed
an artificial one, by bringing into the place a pipe bored full of holes, like a
watering-pot, through which it was continually sprinkled. They required
little attendance or food, supplying themselves, in a great measure, as they
crawled about the sides or floor of their habitation. To fatten them, they
were fed on bran and sodden lees of wine.

100

They are, even yet, much relished on some parts of the continent, and are
not always used from economical motives; for at Vienna, a short time since,
seven of them were charged, at an inn, the same as a plate of veal or beef.
The usual modes of preparing them for the table, are by broiling, frying them
in butter, or sometimes stuffing them with force-meat; but in what manner
soever they are dressed, their sliminess always, in a great measure, remains.
The greatest quantities, and the finest snails, are brought from Suabia. Dr.
Brown, who travelled in Vienna a century ago, remarks, that since the mar-
kets were so well supplied with other provisions, he was surprised to meet
with some odd dishes at their tables, such as guinea pigs, and divers sorts of
snails and tortoises. Dr. Townson was shown, at Eylau, a snailery, which
the proprietor informed him was constructed on an improved plan. In. our
island, he says, this might have had the denomination of a patent snailery, or
philosophical snailery.. It consisted only of a large hole, two or three feet
deep, dug in the ground, having a wooden house as a cover. The animals
in this place were fed on the refuse of the garden, which was thrown in to
them. There seems some doubt as to the original introduction of these
animals into England. Pennant says it was by Sir Kenelm Digby; and Da
Costa, that a Charles Howard, Esq., of the Arundel family, brought some of
them, in the last century, from Italy, in the hope of rendering them an article
of food; and, for this purpose, dispersed them about the woods and downs of
Albury, an ancient seat of that family, near Box hill, in Surry. They are
now to be found, in considerable plenty, not only there, but also in several
parts of the confines of Sussex, where

** The snail,
Beneath his home, with slimy trail,
Crawls o’er the grass.”

The Garden Snail (H. Hortensis) inhabits the gardens and orchards of
most parts of Europe, and abounds with a viscid, slimy juice, which it readily
gives out by boiling in milk and water, so as to render them thick and glutin-
ous; and the compound, especially with milk, is reckoned efficacious in con-
sumptions. Snails are very destructive to wall fruit; but lime and ashes,
sprinkled on the ground, will keep them away, and destroy the young brood.
Fruit, already bitten, should not be taken off the tree, for they will not touch
the other till they have wholly eaten the one begun, if it be left for them.

DIVISION I.

Scientific name.

Lapacida,
Marginata,
Cicatricosa,
Albella,
Albina,
Rotundata,
Levipes,

Cornu,
Oculus capri,
Involvulus,
Striatula,
Algira,
Leucas,

Lampas,
Carocolla,

Vermiculata,

Carnu militare,

Punctata,

Sinuata,
Lucerna,
Lychnucus,

Famity 7th.

Ringens,

Famity 8th.

Otis,

101

Shell with a carinated margin on the body whorls.

Famiry 1st. Umbilicated and depressed.

Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Europe. Exilis, Tranquebar.
Jamaica. Cantiana, Brit., (particularly Kent.)
do. So. Seas, China. Rufescens, England, Saxony.
Europe, N. America. Crenulata, do. France.
Annulata,
Eng. Denmark, France. Fontana, England.
Guinea, Tranquebar. Turcica, Mogadore, Morocco.

Famiry 2d. Unmbilicated and conver.

New Zealand. Trochoides, East Indies.

Asia, Pulo, Condoy. Incarnata, Denmark, Germany.
Maculosa, .

Algiers. Corrugata, Otaheite, Lucania.

Af., Amboyna, Jamaica. ellis serpentis, South America.

do. Avellana, New Zealand.

Famity 3d. Imperforated and depressed.

Gualteriana,

Spain.
Faba,

America. Otaheite.

Famity 4th. Imperforated and conver or ventricose.

Sweden.
Jamaica.

Gothica,
Scabra,

Italy, Portugal.
Germany.

Famiry 5th. Unmbilicated, and aperture toothed.

Virginia, Saxony. Unidentata, Ceylon.

Famiry 6th. Imperforated, and aperture toothed.

Am., Barbadoes, Jamai. _Cepa, Jamaica.
East Indies, do. Nux denticulata,
Jamaica. Verruca.

Inperforate and convex, with aperture toothed and turned upwards.

Brazils.

Umbilicated and depressed, aperture ear-shaped, distorted, toothed
and sinuated, with a marginated lip.

East Indies.

DIVISION II.

Scientific name.

Cornea,

Similis,
Spirorbis,
Polygrata,

Planorbis,
Complanata,

Eructorum,
Strigata,
Incisa,
Pisana,
Nitida,
Tenuis,
Cellaria,

Minima,
Hispida,
Umbilicata,
Costata,

Castanea,
Globulus,
Lucana,
Arbustorum,
Fruticum,
Fulva,
Nemorensis,
Vittata,

Jamaicensis,
Rhodia,
Albolabris,

102

Shell depressed, and whorl coiled horizontally.

Famity Ist. Umbilicated.

Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Stagnant waters in Eu- _—_Contorta, Europe.

rope. Alba, England, Denmark.
Denmark, Berlin. Crystallina, do. do.
Britain, France. Cornu arietis, Amboyna.

Cornu venatorium,

Famiry 2d. Imperforate and keeled.

Europe. Vortex, Europe.
do.

DIVISION III.

Famity 1st.

England, France, Italy.

Italy, England.

East Indies.

England, France, Spain.
do. do. Denmark.

Penzance, Newbury.

Inhabits cellars.

MINUTE

Europe.

Denmark.

Shell with the aperture sublunate.

Umbilicated and depressed.

Obvoluta, France, Saxony, Italy.
Zonota, Barbary, S. of Europe.
Striata, Saxony.

Ungulina, India.

Itala, Europe.

Citrina, Jamaica.

Rapa.

SHELLS.

Pulchella,

Trochulus, Jamaica.

Aculeata.

Famity 2d. Umbilicated and subglobular.

Tranquebar, Madagas.
do

England, Denmark.
Denmark.

do.
East Indies.
Coromandel.

Lusitanica,
Hispana,
Vitrea,
Pomalia,
Cincta,
Rosacea,
Extensa.

South of Europe.
do.

Britain.

Famity 3d. Imperforate and subglobular.

Jamaica.
Island of Rhodes.

Nemoralis, Europe.
Cartusiana, Near Paris.
Lucorum, Europe.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Grisea, Europe. Versicolor,
Sultana, New Zealand. Aperta, St. Croix.
Hemastoma, Ceylon. Fusca, Britain.
Lactea, Jamaica. Pellucida, Saxony, Denmark.
Picta, Amboyna, China.

Famity 4th. Imperforated, and spire rather produced.
Vivipara, Britain. Dissimulis, Tranquebar.
Fasciata, Italy. Angularis, Canton.

Famity 5th. Unmbilicated, and spire produced.

Scalaris, France.

DIVISION IV.

Ovata,
Lutaria,
Oblonga,
Flammea,
Kambeul,
Pileus,
Trifasciata,
Bontia,
Labiosa,

Recta,
Interrupta,
Papyracea,
Arenaria,
Aspera,

DIVISION V. Shell ovate, oblong, with the whorls transversely keeled and

Amarula,

DIVISION VI.

- Ampullacea,
Urceus,

103

Famity 1st. Unmbilicated.
E. Indies, Tranquebar. Otaheitana,
Leva,
E. and W. Indies, Africa. Dextra,
Guinea. Stagnorum,
Senegal. Obscura,
Lackhamensis,
Tranquebar. Detrita,
do. Guadaloupensis,
India. Substriata,
Famiry 2d. Inmperforate.
Subcylindrica,
Pella,
Rio Janeiro. Pupa,
Rimini. Barbara,
Coromandel.

coronated.

Asia, @anges.

ovate, oblong.

East and West Indies.
America.

Glauca,
Lacuna,

Shell ovate, oblong, ventricose, and aperture ovate.

Otaheite.
East Indies.
West Indies.
Holland.
Britain.

Italy.
Guadaloupe.
Britain.

Europe.
Iceland.
Mauritanea.
Algiers.

Shell subglobular, ventricose, umbilicated, and aperture

Guadaloupe.

Britain.

104

DIVISION VII. Shell with the whorls longitudinally angulated on both

sides.
Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Scarabeus, Asia, Amboyna, China. Afra, Goree.

DIVISION VIII. Shell umbilicated, roundish, obtuse, diaphanous, brittle,

and aperture subtriangular.

Tanthina, So. Seas, Madagascar. Globosa, Madagascar.

DIVISION IX. Shell conical, obtuse, distorted, the side opposite the aper-

ture gibbous, aperture compressed.

Lyonetiana, Isle of France.
DIVISION X. Shell subumbilicated, pyramidal, and summit obtuse.
Epystilium, South Seas. Papilla,

DIVISION XI. Shell ventricose, pellucid, and aperture ovate.

Famity Ist. Inperforate.

Stagnalis, Britain. Inflata, Devonshire.
Fragilis, Denmark. Opacea, Saxony.
Palustris, Britain. Tentacula, Hamburg.
Fossaria, do. Lutea, Kurope.
Albicans, Hamburg. Sicula, Sicily.
Putris, Britain. Glutinosa, Britain.
Peregra, Fredericksburg, Seine. Levigata, do.
Limosa, Europe. Balthica, Baltic.
Truncatula, Saxony. Neretoidea.

Famiry 2d. Unmbilicated.

Repanda, Thanglestadt. Auricularia, Britain.
Canalis, Britain.

DIVISION XII. Turreted.

Famiuty Ist. Apex truncated.

Consolidata, Surinam. Calcarea, East Indies.
Decollata, South of Europe. Contorta plicata, Denmark.
Truncata, St. Domingo.

105

Famity 2d. Apex acute.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Cuspidata, India. Columna, Guinea, Jamaica.
Plicarea, Incumbens,

Undulata, Acuta, Brit., France, Barbary.
Vibex, Undata, New Holland.
Crenata, Madagascar. Fluviatilis, Coromandel.

Fuscata, East Indies. Turbinata, Danube.

Peregrina, Britain, W. Indies. Carnula, Gaudaloupe.

Coctona, West Indies.

DIVISION XIII. Shell depressed, spire flattish, aperture very large,
exposing the whole inside.

Perspicua, Mediterranean. Haliotoidea.

14

No. 30. NERITA.
Nerite. Inhabitant a Limaz.

Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, flattish at bottom, aperture semiorbicular or
semilunar, pillar lip transversely truncated, and flattish. There is considera-
ble variation in the form and markings of the Nerite; some are spiral, with
prominent whorls; others have their whorls partly or wholly concealed; some,
again, are umbilicated, while others are perfectly entire and solid; and many
have the umbilicus partially covered by a repand lip, or fissurated nodule.

The back of the shell is sometimes covered with strong, elevated ribs; and,
ina few species, with spines. It is often only minutely striated, and has fre-
quently a perfectly smooth surface and a brilliant polish.

These shells inhabit the shores of the sea, rivers and lakes. Some are
found adhering to sea-weed, pieces of wrecks, or other extraneous substances ;
others are only met with in deep waters, and may be taken in nets. Most of
the kinds are exceedingly beautiful, and the animals are often eaten by the
natives of the sea shores. The species are numerous. Nothing can exceed
the beauty and delicacy of the miniature painting with which many of the
Nerite are adorned ; and, viewed with a magnifying glass, the most highly
finished touches, upon the smallest scale, are discernible upon their enamelled
surfaces. The Polished Nerite are surpassed by none for beauty and variety.
Many are smooth shells, and display a brilliant lustre, under which are dis-
coverable the most superb party-colored marks, bands and dots, that can pos-
sibly be imagined. They are mostly clouded with green, having intermediate
bands of pale pink; but those are considered the rarest, and certainly the most
beautiful, which are of a perfect jet black, having three or four bright scarlet
bands, which run in a parallel direction with the convolutions of the shell.
Some are from India; but the most esteemed are brought from the South
Seas. The aperture or mouth is of a pure white, sometimes having the throat
of a beautifully delicate pale yellow. The N. Littoralis is often gathered in
England with the perriwinkle, as it frequents the same situation. It is, how-
ever, much smaller, and its flesh is not reckoned so good.

107

DIVISION I. Shell umbilicated.

Famity 1st. Umbilicus rather large, nearly pervious.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Vitellus, Maurit., Amboyna, Asia. Rugosa, West Indies.
Punctata, Mediterranean. Vittata, Morocco.
Cruentata, Tranquebar. Pallidula, England.

Famiry 2d. Unmbilicus bifid.

Canrena, All parts of the world. Spadicea, Mauritius.
Cancellata, West Indies. Rufa, East and West Indies.
Sulcata,

Famiry 3d. Umbilicus nearly closed by a callous, or by the inner lip.

Glaucina, Eu., Af., Amer., E. Ind. Mammilla, do., Maurit., Tranque.
Orientalis, E. Ind., Bay of Naples. Papilla, New Zealand, do.
Maroceana, Africa, W. Ind., do. Melanostema, Mauritius, W. Indies.
Arachnoides, Ambigua, Mediterranean.
Albumen, Amb., C. G. H., Moluc.

Famity 4th. Umbilicus toothed.
Fulminea, Senegal, Moluccas.
DIVISION II. Shell imperforate and toothless.

Famiry 1st. Spinous.

Corona, Ganges, China.

Famity 2d. Without spines.

Radula, : Amboyna, Tranquebar. _Littoralis, Europe.
Magdalena, Magdalen Isles. Lacustris, do.
Cornea, Red Sea. Dubia,

Fluveatilis, Europe. Marginata,

DIVISION III. Shell imperforate and toothed.

- Famity 1st. Inner lip toothed.

Pulligera, India, Amb., So. Seas. Turrita, West Indies.
Aculeata, East Indies. Piperina, Malabar. .

Pupa, Jamaica. Larva, Amboyna.

Bidens, New Zealand. Ascensiones, Island of Ascension.
Flavescens, Nicobar Isles. Malaccensis, Malaccas.

Virides, West Indies. Hieroglyphica, East Indies.

Virginia, do. Medit.

108

Famiry 2d. Both lips toothed or crenated.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.

Polita, Asia, South Seas. Versicolor, West Indies, Africa.
Peloranta, Banda, W.1., Moluccas. Pica, Red Sea, Amboyna.
Maxima, Stella, East Indies.

Histrio, East Indies. Tessellata, W. Ind., Magdalen Isles.
Lineata, Malacca.

Atrata,
Nigerima,
Antillarum,
Plicata,

Albicilla,
Exuvia,

Plexa,
Costata,

Famiry 3d. Inner lip toothed and wrinkled.

West Indies, Goree. Flammea, West Indies.

South Seas. Grossa, Asiat. Ocean, Moluccas.
West Indies. Undulata, East Indies.

Mauritius, Tranquebar. Quadricolor, Red Sea.

Famity 4th. Inner lip toothed and tuberculated.

Manilla, China, Hitoe. Fulgurans, West Indies.
Jamaica, Asia, America.

Faminy 5th. Inner lip toothed, wrinkled and tuberculated.

Tranq., Ceylon, Nicobar. Chameleon, Banda, Moluccas.
Nicobar Isles. Undata, East Indies, Africa.

No. 31. HALIOTIS.
Ear Shell. Inhabitant a Limaz.

Shell ear-shaped, dilated, spire lateral and nearly concealed, and a longi-
tudinal row of orifices along the surface. Linneus is very particular about
the orifices so conspicuous in this genus. It was for this reason that he re-
ferred the Helix Haliotides to the Helices rather than to the Haliotis tribe;
the shell being destitute of this striking character, though in every other
respect it appertains to the Haliotis rather than the Helix genera. One of
the imperforate kinds (the Haliotis Imperforata, of Gruelin) was previously
described by Hoblins, under the generic appellation of Stonatia ; having the
shell of an oval form, and ear-shaped, with the spire prominent, the aper-
ture ample, entire, and longer than its breadth, disk imperforate. Haliotis
shell, Lister places among the turbinated shells, between the Nerita and Tro-
chus. Gaultieri ranks them among snails, with depressed spires; Adamson,
in the first family of spiral shells; and Lamarck, between the Testacelli,
(which follows the Helices and Neritw,) and the Vermiculaire, or Serpula.
Shells of this kind are very rarely found fossils.

This species are all marine, and are generally found closely adhering to
rocks or stones, within the influx of the tide; and it requires some adroitness
to detach them without injury to the shells. The animal is accounted deli-
cate food. The species are not numerous. It inhabits the sea, near Guern-
sey, andis, likewise, frequently cast upon the southern shores of Devonshire.
The animal is attached by so adhesive a property to the surface of the rocks,
that it requires the utmost force to disengage it; though, by a spontaneous
action, it is able to remove with facility from place to place.

DIVISION I. Shell perforated.

Famiry Ist. Roundish or ovate.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.

Mide, E. In., Maurit.,C.G.H. Australis, New Zealand.
Pulcherrima, King George’s Sound. Gigantea, N. Holland, N.S. Wales.
Virginnea, New Zealand. Iris, New Zealand.

Tuberculata, Europe, West Indies. Cracherodii, California.

Scientific name.

Striata,
Bistriata,
Varia,
Marmorata,
Glabra,

Assinima,

Imperforata,
Impertusa,

110

Locality. Scientific name.
Asiatic Ocean, Barbary. Ovina,
Africa. Parva,
Kast Indies. Rufescens,
do. Africa. Splendens,
South Seas. Corrugata,

Famity 2d. Oblong.

Indian Ocean.

Locality.

Africa, Mauritius, China.
South Seas.
California.

do.

DIVISION II. Shell imperforate.

E. Indies, Red Sea. Dubia,
do.

South Seas.

No. 32. PATELLA.
Limpet. Inhabitant a Slug.

Shell univalve, subconic, and without a spire.—Linneus. Patella limpet,
are so named from their resemblance to a little plate, and are more or less
conic without, and concave within. Some of them have the apex entire, others
perforated. The chamber limpets are distinguished by a peculiar kind of pro-
jecting process or lip within; most have the margin entire, but some have an
indent or fissure in that part; again, others are so spiral or wreathed in their
outward appearance, that they resemble rather the trocha than the patella.

Limpets are found in great abundance on rocky coasts, adhering to rocks
and stones. The fresh water species attach themselves to aquatic plants.
They all affix themselves so tenaciously, that it is with difficulty they are re-
moved without injury. The common limpet frequents the same situation as
the perriwinkle, and is equally abundant. Although used by the ancients as
an article of food, it is seldom taken to market. Among the villages along
the coasts of Scotland, this shell-fish is frequently used; and the juice obtained
by boiling, mixed with oatmeal, is held in high estimation. It is considered
in season about the end of May. The chief excellence of the limpet is,
however, as a bait. It is easily obtained from the rocks, with a knife, by the
fishermen, and it is eagerly seized by all the latteral fish sought after. To
the haddock it is very acceptable.

DIVISION I. Shell with the summit obtuse, and margin entire.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Pellucida, Britain, Norway, Med. Flammea, Falkland Isles.
Levis, England, North. Ocean. Indica, East Indian Seas.
Radians, N. Zeal., Terradelfuego. Vittellina,

Rota, East and West Indies. Levigata,

Testudinaria, Norway, East Indies. Surinamensis, Surinam.
Clealandi, Bangor, Ireland. Punctulata,

Testudinalis, Norway, St. Domingo. Notata, Med., W. Indies, Africa.
Compressa, Maurit.,S.Seas,C.G.H. Cruciata,

Mytiliformis, Ferroe Islands. Reticulata, Mediterranean.
Afra, Cape Manuel, Goree. Ceca, Norway.

Rustica, Portugal, Jamai., China. Virginea, do. Swanzea.

Scientific name.

Jamaicensis,
Stillifera,
Fusca,
Areolata,

DIVISION

Laciniosa,
Plicata,
Monopis,
Saccharina,
Angulosa,
Repanda,
Tenuis,
Margaritacea,
Barbara,
Cypria,
Oculis Capri,
Pentagona,
Granularis,
Granatina,

DIVISION III.

Noachina,
Pustula,
Greca,
Atricapula,
Nodosa,
Perforata,
Caffra,

Locality.
Jamaica.
South Seas.
Magellan, Falkland Isl.
do.

Scientific name. Locality.
Tessellata, Norway.
Fulva, do.
Ambigua, New Holland.
Umbellata, China, Mauritius.

Il. Shell with the margin angular, or irregularly toothed.

Amboyna.

West Indies.

Amb., China, C. G. H.
Provence.

Island of Cerigo.

Iceland, Patagonia.
Falkland Isles.
Mauritius, N. Zealand.
Med., Africa, France.

Maurit., C. G. Hope.
do. do. So. Eu.

“Norway, Greenland.
Med., West Indies.
Africa, do.
Barbadoes.

West Indies.

do.
Cape of Good Hope.

Chlorostica, Jamaica.

Figrina,

Ornata, New Zealand.

Melano Gramnea,

Ferruginea, Magellan, Falkland Isl.
Crenata, Africa, Lisbon, Med.
Sanguinolenta, Africa, Mauritius.
Ulyssiponensis, Lisbon.

Radiata, Nicobar & Moluc. Isles.
Lugubris, Provence, Cyprus.
Vulgata, Europe.

Cerulea, do. Mediterranean.
Tuberculata,

Cochlear, New Zealand.

Shell with the summit perforated.

Pileolus,

Scuttellum, Falkland Isles.

Picta, do. Magellan.
Nimbosa, W.Ind., Af., So. Kurope.
Nubecula, Medit., Jamaica.
Porphyrozonias, North America.
Macroschisona, Japan.

DIVISION IV. Shell with the summit pointed and recurved.

Ungarica,
Militaris,
Antiquata,
Cochleata,
Calyptra,
Intorta,
Cassida,
Tranquebarica,
Mammillaris,

Fissura,
Incisa,

Mediterranean, Britain.
W. Indies, England.
do.

South Seas.
N. W. coast of America.
So. Seas, W. Ind., Eng.

do. France.
Tranquebar, Batavia.
So. Seas, Med., W. Ind.

Britain, Algiers.
Falkland Isles.

Leucopleura, West Indies.
Tricaritana, New Zealand.
Pectinata, Mediterranean.
Fuseo Latea,

Lutea, Amboyna.
Perversa, Africa.

Lacustris, Lakes in Europe.
Oblonga, Rivers in Europe.

DIVISION V. Shell with a marginal fissure.

N. Zealand, Ceylon.

Fissurata,

113

DIVISION VI. Shell with an internal appendage at the summit.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Equestris, E. & W.Ind., Amboyna. Sinensis, Britain, Med., Batavia.
Neptuni, So. Seas, St. Domingo. —Auriculata, Batavia, W. In., Borneo.
Tectum, Batavia, China. Duplicata.

DIVISION VII. Shell with an internal, transverse partition.

Trochiformis, Falkland Isi., Tranque. — Fornicata, Medit., Goree.
Trochoides, Aculeata, Maurit., W. Indies.
Neritoida, Maurit., Indian Ocean. Goreensis, Goree, do.
Porcellana, Goree, do. Crepidula, Mediterranean, Barbary.

15

No. 33. DENTALIUM.

Tooth Shell. Inhabitant a Terebella.

Shell univalve, tubular, straight, or slightly curved, with the cavity open at
both ends, and undivided.—Linneus. There are three families. Greuelin
enumerates, all together, twenty-one species of this genus, some of which are
found only in a fossil state.

The shells of this genus are singular; resembling, in miniature, an elephant’s
tusk. The principal distinctions are in magnitude, curvature, and the num-
ber of ribs and grooves with which some of the species are marked.

These shells are all marine; they may be found on sandy banks of beaches
at low water, generally in a perpendicular or oblique direction, beneath the
sand or mud, and are discoverable by a slight depression of the surface.

Famity 1st. With longitudinal ribs.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.

Rectum, Indian Seas. Striatum, Sicily, Cornwall.

Elephantinum, Indian and Europ. Seas, Dentalis, Med., Amb., W. of Eng.
Mauritius. Fasciatum, Sicily.

Aprinum, Indian Seas. Imperforatum, Sandwich, Falmouth.

Famity 2d. With annular strie.

Politum, Tndia, Sicily. Trachea, Milton in Devonshire.
Eburneum, 0.

Famity 3d. Smooth.

Entalis, Britain, India, Norway. Minutum, Med., Devonshire.
Corneum, » African Ocean. Pellucidum, North Sea.
Gadus, British Channel.

No. 34. SERPULA.

Worm Shell. Inhabitant a Terebella.

Shell univalve, tubular and adhering, often separated internally by divisions
at uncertain distances. Gaultieri includes the rare Turbo Scalaris among the
Vermiculi. He observes, the spires of the shells are not produced from, or
supported by a pillar, as is constantly the case in turbinated shells; but pos-
sesses, on the contrary, the true character of the spiral worm shells. But,
although we think that this has much truth, yet we should carefully avoid any
useless innovation.

Like the last shell or genus, these are confined to the ocean, and are often

found, in considerable numbers, attached to other shells, stones and plants.
Serpula is derived from serpo, to creep; and has three divisions.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Spirillum, Europe. Conica, America, Amboyna.
Triquetra, do., America. Vermicularis, Britain.
Intricata, Medit., Britain. Tubularia, Devonshire.
Corrugata, Devonshire. Denticulata, Europe.
Contortuplicata, Europe, Mediterranean. Ochrea, East Indian Seas.
Goreensis, Goree. Gigantea, Caribbee Isles.
Glomerata, European Seas.
MINUTE SHELLS.

Stellaris, Greenland. Granulata,
Panorbis, Europe Cancellata, Greenland.
Minuta, do. Heterostropha, _—_ Britain.
Spirorbis, do. Lucida, do.
Carinata, do. Vitrea, Greenland.

DIVISION II. Detached.
Semilunum, Britain. Arenaria, India.
Incurvata, do. Afra, Goree. _
Cereolus, West Indies. Volvox, Fast Indies. — ¥
Nebulosa, American Seas. Anguinea, do. China, Sicily.
Lumbricalis, Amboyna. Muricata, Indian Ocean.

DIVISION LT.

Attached to other substances.

116

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Amularis, Decussata, Barbadoes, America.
Retorta, Mediterranean. Proboscidea,

-Cornucopie, Mauritius in Stones. Protensa, Amboyna.

DIVISON II. With a radiated border, and perforated disk.

Aquaria, Amboyna, Red Sea.

No. 35. TEREDO.
Ship Worm. Inhabitant a Terebella or Ascidia.

The Teredo is furnished with two calcareous, hemispherical valves or
maxille, truncated before, and two others of a lanceolate form; shell tapering,
flexious, and penetrating wood. It is described and figured in Vol. 61, of
the Philosophical Transactions, (see Doner British shells.) Only four species
of this singular genus have yet been discovered; which are termed Navalis,
Aticulus, Clara and Xytoc, carpum granatum. Two of these species of
Teredo are found in holes which they perforate in wood; a third, in the seed
vessels of a plant which grows in the East Indies, and called by Linneus
Xytoc, carpum granatum; and the fourth, the Gigantic Teredo, in mud, at
the bottom of the ocean. On the coast, in the island of Battoo, near Sumatra,
the shells of these are five or six feet in length.

Great numbers of the ship worm, which are supposed to have been intro-
duced from India into Europe, are sometimes found in the sides and bottoms
of ships; so much so as even to endanger their sinking. By means of their
hard and cutting jaws, they are able to penetrate into any timber, except such
as is of an extremely firm and compact substance. They, however, bore as
seldom as possible across the grain; for, after they have -penetrated a little
way, they turn, and continue with the grain, tolerably straight, until they meet
with another shell, or a knot: their course then depends on the nature of their
obstruction; if considerable, they prefer making a short turn back, in the form
of a syphon, rather than to continue any distance across. Colonel Montague
states that he had an opportunity of examining a great number of their shells,
in the dock-yard at Plymouth, G. B., where every possible means have been
tried, to prevent the ravages which are committed by them. Piles which
have not been in the water more than four or five years, though of solid oak,
were found, on examination, to be greatly perforated by them. In the year
1730, the inhabitants of Holland were under serious alarm concerning these
worms, which had made dreadful depredations in the piles that support the
banks of many parts of those coasts. One of the parties who had the care of
the coasts at the time, observed, to his astonishment, that some of the timbers

118

were, in the course of a few months, made so full of holes, that they could be
beaten to pieces with only a little force. Although, when the mud was scraped
off, the perforations did not appear much larger than to admit a pin’s head,
yet the piles, on being split lengthwise, were found to be full of large passages,
or hollow cylindrical ducts, each of which contained a worm, enclosed in its
testaceous tube, which it exactly fitted. The most efficacious method which
has hitherto been discovered, to preserve timber from the ravages of these
worms, is that which is now adopted in the several dock-yards,—to cover all
the parts under water with short, broad-headed nails: these soon cover the
whole surface with a strong coating of rust, which is found to be altogether
impenetrable to the animal.
The generic name is derived from regéw, to bore.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Gigantea, Sumatra, Ceram. Ultriculus, Wood in the Sea.
Navalis, Sides & bottom of ships. Clava, Coromandel.

No. 36. SABELLA.
Concrete Shell. Inhabitants various, as Nereis, Amphitrite, &c.

Sabella with vingent mouth, and two thicker tentacula behind the head;
shell tubulous, composed of particles of sand, broken shells, and vegetable
substances, united to a membrane by a glutinous cement.

Of the Greuelian System, twenty-five species of Sabella, the fresh water
kinds, described by Schroetten, being included. The marine Sabella shells
are composed chiefly of sand and the fragments of shells; those of the supposed
Sabella, found in fresh water, of the small fragments of testaceous Vermes,
particularly Helices. .

It is not at present determined, by the most able conchologists, whether
this genus has a claim to its present situation among testaceous shells; but, as
no better or more natural situation has been assigned to it, we leave it as pre-
-viously arranged. These species are found in the sea, and also in fresh water
ditches; sometimes affixed to rocks and shells, and at others buried in mud
and sand.

Famiry 1st. Composed of grains of sand, stones, or shells.

Scientific name. Locality. Scientific name. Locality.
Scruposa, India, American Islands. Sabulosa, Thuringia, Belgium.
Scabra, America. Ammoniata,

Alveolata, Europe. Helicina, Thuringia.
Chrysodon, Eu. and Indian Seas. Dimidiata, do.

Belgeca, do., Coasts. Fixa, do.
Rectangula, Clavata, do.
Capensis, Cape of Good Hope. Marsupialis, do.

Nigra, Thuringia. Norwegica, Norway.
Stagnalis, do. Lumbricalis, Greenland Seas.
Conica, Jena. Indica, Indian Ocean.
Uncinata, Thuringia.

Famity 2d. Composed of vegetable substances.

Vegetabilis, Thuringia. Arundinacea, Thuringia.
Corticalis, do. Aculeata, do.

GLOSSARY

OF

TERMS USED IN CONCHOLOGY.

ACUMINATED, terminated in asharp point. BYSSUS, a hair-like substance, formed by

ANTERIOR, (in Univalves,) the part which
forms the spire: (in Bivalves,) see Mar-
GIN.

APERTURE, the orifice or opening of the
shell. It is called angular, when its cir-
cumference has several angles ; bimargin-
ated, when the right lip forms a double
margin ; coarctate, contracted ; compressed,
flattened; gaping, when one of the ex-
tremities is wider than the other; linear,
when narrow, and the length greatly
exceeds the breadth; transverse, when the
breadth is greater than the length.

APEX, the tip, or small end of a shell.

ARTICULATED, (applied to Multivalves,)
when the different pieces of which the
shell is composed, are so strongly united,
that they appear to form one shell: (when
applied to Bivalves,) see TEETH.

AURICULATED, having ears.

BASE, (applied to Multivalves,) the part on
which the shell is supported: (to Uni-
valves,) the most elevated part of the
shell, opposite to the spire.

BEAK. Beaxen, having the extremity of
the base of the shell elongated and con-
tracted in the form of a beak.

BEARDED, when the epidermis is of a
bristly or hairy nature.

BIFID, forked.

some of the animals of Bivalves, by which
they attach themselves to extraneous
bodies.

CALLOUS, indurated.
CALLUS, a thick excrescence.

CANAL, the prolongation of the mouth in a
kind of groove or gutter, as in the Murex
and Strombus.

CANALICULATED, channeled or grooved.
CARDINAL, see TEETH.

CARINATED, having the form of a boat’s
keel.

CARTILAGE, see Ligament.
CARTILAGINOUS, resembling a liga-

ment.

CHAMBERED, when the shell is internally
divided by partitions parallel to the aper-
ture.

CILIATED, surrounded with parallel fila-
ments.

CLAVATE, club-shaped.

COLUMELLA, that part of the shell round
which the whorls turn.

COMPRESSED, (in Bivalves,) when the
valves are nearly flat, or flattened.

CONCAMERATED, see CoaMBERED.

CONVOLUTE, when the whorls turn round
a paeened cone, nearly vertical to each
other.

121

CRENATED, crenulate, having blunt teeth.
CORDIFORM, heart-shaped.

CORONATED, having the apex surround-
ed with a row of tubercles or spines.

DECOLLATED, having the spire, or the
upper part of the shell, truncated trans-
versely.

DECUSSATED, intersected by strie, at
acute angles.

DENTATED, having teeth.

DIAPHANOUS, transparent.

DIGITATED, having projecting claws.

DIVARICATED, obliquely striated.

DORSAL, belonging to the back.

EARS, external projections on the sides of
the hinge.

EFFUSKE, having the lip separated by a
gutter.

-EMARGINATE, having the margin exca-
vated by a canal.

EPIDERMIS, the outer skin or covering of
a shell.

EQUILATERAL, when the anterior and

posterior parts of a shell are exactly sim-
ilar.

EQUIVALVE, (applied to Multivalves,)
when the two principal valves have the
same form, size and position: (to Bivalves,)
when the two valves are exactly similar.

EXSERTED, very thin or slender.

FISSURE, a notch or slit.

FURROW, a gutter or groove, running
parallel to the hinge, in Bivalves.

FUSIFORM, spindle-shaped.

GAPING, (in Bivalves,) when the valves do
not shut close: (in Univalves,) when the
lower part of the lips is distended.

GIBBOSITY, a swelling.
GIBBOUS, swelled.
GLABROUS, smooth.

HINGE, the part where the valves are
united, and generally furnished with one
or more teeth. Itis said to be compressed,

16

when it is formed of one compressed tooth
lateral, when placed on one side of the
shell; reflected, when its edges are folded
over the exterior margin; terminal, if sit-
uated at the extremity of the shell.

HISPID, covered with hairs, as in the Helix
Hispida.

IMBRICATE, when the surface is covered
with scales partially covering each other.

IMPERFORATE, having no umbilicus.

INEQUILATERAL, when the anterior
and posterior parts of the shell are dis-
similar.

INEQUIVALVE, when the valves are dis-

similar.

INVOLUTE, without a spire.

KEELED, see CarinaTep.

LENTICULAR, when the valves are round,
and diminish in thickness from the centre
towards the edges.

LID, see OprrcuLum.

LIGAMENT, a membranous substance,
which connects the valves: it is both in-
terior and exterior, in the generality of
Bivalves.

LINEAR, when the length of the shell is
greater than the breadth, and its form not
cylindrical.

LINGUIFORM, tongue-shaped.

LIP, (in Univalves,) the side of the aperture:
(in Bivalves,) the exterior edge of the
valves.

LUNAR, or LunaTe, having a crescent
form.

MARGIN, the edge of the shell: anterior,
the space in which the ligament is situ-
ated; posterior, the space on the other
side of the hinge; superior, the space be-
tween the anterior and posterior parts.

MARGINATE, (in Univalves,) having the
sides of the shell thickened: (in Bivalves,)
surrounded with an elevated margin.

MOUTH, see APERTURE.

MUSCULAR IMPRESSIONS, are the
marks made by the muscles with which
the animal adheres to the shell, as in the
common oyster.

122

OBOVATE, nearly oval.
OBSOLETE, obliterated.
OBTUSE, blunt pointed.
OPERCULUM, (in Multivalves,) the stellu-

lar valves which shut up the superior orifice:
_ (in Univalves,) the part which exactly fits
into the aperture and encloses the animal,

ORBICULAR, forming an entire circle.

PAPILLARY, having the apex rounded.
PAPYRACEOUS, of the thinness of paper.
PATULOUS, gaping.

PECTINATED, when the longitudinal ribs

on the anterior surface form acute angles
with the transverse strie.

PEDUNCLE, a tendinous substance be-
longing to some of the Maultivalves, by
means of which they adhere to solid bodies.

PILLAR, see CotumE.ta.

PILLAR LIP, that side of the aperture in
which the columella is situated.

PISIFORM, pea-form.

PLAITED, when the columella is toothed,
as in Volutes.

POSTERIOR, see Marern.

RETICULATED, like net-work.

RETUSE, when the lower whorls are
pressed into the body.

ROSTRUM, see Beak.
RUGOSE, wrinkled.

SCABROUS, rough.
SERRATED, toothed like a saw.
SEMILUNAR, like a half moon.
SESSILE, low, dwarf.
SINUOUS, waved.

SINUS, a deep cut, as in the lip of the
Murex Babylonis.

SLOPE, the side from the beak.
SPINOUS, having prickles or thorns.

SPIRE is formed by the whole of the upper

whorls.

STRIA, lines flat, or slightly raised: they
are called longitudinal, when they run
from hinge to margin; transverse, when
in a contrary direction; and concentric,
when they form segments of circles.

SUBCORDATE, approaching the form of a

heart.
SUBPELLUCID, not quite clear.
SUBULATE, tapering.
SUPERIOR, see Maran.
SUTURE, a toothed joint.
SYPHON, a prolonged
through the partitions
cells.

tube, running
of chambered

TEETH, (in Univalves,) angular plaits, as
on the pillar lip of Volutes: (in Bivalves,)
pointed protuberances within the hinge by
which the valves are united: they are
called alternate, when the teeth of one
valve are received between the teeth of
the other valve; articulated, when the
tooth is received into a corresponding
cavity in the opposite valve ; cardinal, the
central tooth or teeth of the hinge; com-
pressed, when flattened; erect, perpendic-
ular to the plane of the hinge; forked,
having the point divided into two; longt-
tudinal, when it extends along the margin.

TUBERCLE, a protuberance or knob.

TUBERCULATED, having elevations re-
sembling warts.

TUBULAR, (applied to Multivalves,) when
the greater part of the shell is cylindrical.

TURBINATED, when the belly of the
shell is large in proportion to the spire,
which seems to proceed from the centre.

UMBILICATED, having a hole in the base
of a pillar.

UMBO, the summit.

UNDULATED, waved.

VALVES, the different pieces which com-
pose the shell.

VARIA, Varices, longitudinal elevations
or ribs, formed by the junction of the dif-
ferent additions the shell has received.

VENTRICOSE, bellied.
VERMIFORM, having the form of worms.
VERTEX, the top or point of a shell.

WHORL, a spiral convolution. —

HISTORY

OF

CONCHOLOGY.

Tue name of Aristotle stands high in the records of philosophy. He is
called by Dr. Pulteney, ‘‘ the father of testaceological science,”’ and by
Dr. Maton, ‘‘ the inventor of system.’’ The learned world is indebted cer-
tainly to the writings of Aristotle for the first account we shall probably ever
possess of the state of natural science at the period in which he lived. The
classification of shells, contained in the fourth book of Aristotle’s ‘* History of
Animals,’’ has withstood the test of ages, and, with improvements which recent
discoveries have rendered necessary, is in general adoption with late writers.
Linneus himself was, in a great measure, indebted to Aristotle for the out-
lines of his system, for many of his genera, and for the names under which
those genera are retained, even in the most improved state of his system of
Testaceology. The ‘‘ Ostracodermata”’ of Aristotle (for such is the title of
his Conchological works) presents to us a valuable scheme for shelis.

He divides shells into two principal classes, (Movd$vgz and As4uez,) or
univalves and multivalves. Aristotle flourished about 200 years before the
Christian era.

C. S. Pliny wrote largely on Conchology. The ninth book of his History
of Animals is very copious: it is more diffuse than that of Aristotle, and the
arrangement, if not so methodical, is, notwithstanding, a useful work, and may
be consulted with advantage.

After the dark ages, Vincentius Belleracentis was one of the earliest writers
on the subject. The ‘‘ Speculum Nature,’’ published in folio, in the year

124

1494, contains a description of the Murex Purpurea, Ostrea, and a few other
remarkable shells, extracted chiefly from the works of Aristotle and Pliny,
and intermingled with the absurd and superstitious notions of the times. ‘The
work of Albertus Magnus, entitled, ‘* De Animalibus,’’ which appeared in folio
in the year 1795, contains descriptions of some shells, as also that of Adam
Lonicerus ‘‘ Historie Naturalis, opus novum,”’ published 1551.

The first writers who distinguished themselves by any attention to the study
of Conchology, after the revival of literature in Europe, were Belon, Ronde-
letius, and Gesner. Belon is celebrated for his travels in the east; and he was,
perhaps, one of the first learned men who travelled principally with a view to
natural science. On his return to Paris, in 1553, he published, besides
other works, an octavo volume, entitled ‘‘ De Aquatilibus.’’ The part appro-
priated to Conchology is not extensive: it is rather elementary and philo-
logical, than descriptive, but contains figures of a few shells engraved on
wood.

The work of Rondeletius, who was professor of physic, at Montpelier,
appeared two years after. This bears the title of ‘* Universa Aquatilium Histo-
ria,’’ and contains upwards of 100 species of testaceous animals. This author
received much assistance from the labors of Aristotle and Pliny.

In 1558, the work of Conrad Gesner, ‘‘Piscium et Aquatilium Historia,”
made its appearance, and acquired much reputation. The work, ‘ De
Mollibus Crustaceis, Testaceis et Zoophytis,’’ appeared in folio, in 1606.
The figures are merely cuts on wood, and are rudely executed. Fabius
Columna published, in 1616, a treatise on shells, entitled ‘‘ De Purpura ab
animali testacea fusa, de hoc ipso animali aliisque rarioribus testaceis quibus-
dam.”? A new edition of this work, with notes, appeared in 1675, edited by
John Daniel, Major. In 1655, was published at Copenhagen, a catalogue of
the natural and artificial curiosities in the museum of Olaus Wormius. The
sixth, seventh, and eighth chapters of this work are descriptive of shells.
These he divides into Univalvia, Vivalvia, Turbinata. In 1672, an account
of the collection of an Italian nobleman (Count Ludovico Mercardo) appear-
ed at Padua. The shells are comprised in twelve plates, and the subjects
are noticed specifically. Another edition of this work made its appearance at
Verona in the same year; in which, beside the twelve plates above mentioned,
(and which are engraved on copper,) one contains some cuts on wood.

A description of the museum of the Duke of Holstein, issued from the press,
in 1666, edited by Adam Olearius, contains thirty-six plates, five of which
are devoted to Conchology. It is in quarto, and all the plates of shells are

125

referred to by Linneus, in his ‘¢ Systema Nature.’’ In the twelfth volume of
the Philosophical Transactions, is a ‘‘ Relation concerning Bernacles,’’ by
Sir Robert Moray, who asserts, as we have stated, that young geese pro-
ceed from them, and may actually be seen.

In 1681, Grew published his ‘* Museum Regalis Societatis,’’ or catalogue
and description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Socie-
ty, and preserved in Gresham college, London. This was the earliest work of
its kind that appeared in the English language. The shells are described in
two chapters; the first, comprehending univalves, the second, bivalves and
multivalves, illustrated with about 140 figures, to which the current English
names are prefixed.

Buonanni was cotemporary with Grew; and, in the same year, published at
Rome his ‘“‘ Ricreazione,’’? &c., a work of very superior merit, and esteem-
ed the first professedly written at any considerable length on the subject of
Conchology.

There was another edition published in Latin, three years after, with
additions: the first contained a series of 450 figures, the number of which is
augmented to 550 in the Latin edition. These are valuable for reference,
being constantly in request. In the Linnean Systema Nature, the greatest
fault is, that many of the shells are reversed by the inaccuracy of the en-
graver, so that the apertures of the spiral, or turbinated shells, turn to the left.
instead of the right.* :

A production of uncommon merit made its appearance about this time be-
fore the public; the great Conchological work of Dr. Lister, entitled ‘‘ His-
toria, sive Synopsis Methodica Conchyliorum,”’ the publication of which
commenced in 1685. The author had previously distinguished himself by
some excellent dissertations on the same subject; but our attention is princi-
pally directed to this as his most extensive and valuable undertaking. It was
published in folio, progressively, from 1685 to 1692. Lister divides his
work into four books: Ist, De Turbinibus Terrestribus; 2d, De Vivalvibus
Aquedulcis; 3d, De Vivalvibus Marinis et Conchisanatiferis; 4th, De Patellis
Dentalibus, &c., et de Buccinis Marinis.”’ There is no text to this book.
The whole work consists of engravings, with a brief description of the shells,
and reference to their native country, where that could be ascertained, in the
Latin tongue, and sometimes the current English names. The plates, which
are of various dimensions, are executed with great force and delicacy by the

* A copy of this rare work is in the possession of Seth Bass, M. D. of this city.

126

‘

author’s two daughters, Susanna and Ann Lister. It is an extraordinary
circumstance, that no two copies of this work are found alike; which renders
it very complex, and ill suited for general purposes. The plates in the most
perfect copies vary from 1050 to 1067, the different copies having been
augmented or diminished, and the plates transposed or corrected, at various
times, according to the subsequent discoveries of the author.*

The popular work ushered into the world, under the immediate patronage
of Rumphius, claims particular notice. This bears the title of ‘*“Amboynsche
Rariteit Kamer,’’ the Rarity chamber of Amboyna, and contains an
account of the more remarkable natural curiosities in his museum, the pro-
ductions of Amboyna, where they had been collected chiefly by Rumphius
himself. Of 60 plates with which this work is embellished, no less than 33
are devoted to the subject of shells, the total number of which amounts to
about 400; and many of these of great rarity and price in those days. It is
related as a matter of astonishment, that Rumphius himself informs us, a shell
described in his work, cost no less than 500 florins, about $300 of our money.
The sum is great, yet there are few cabinets in Europe that do not in-
clude specimens of equal or much greater cost. Lyonnet estimates the price
of his Cedo Nulli far higher; and many other instances of immense sums being
paid for shells might be adduced. Among the plates illustrative of various
curious subjects contained in the museum of Gottwold, of Dantzic, dated
1714, forty-three are appropriated to shells.

The valuable work of C. N. Langius, ‘‘ Methodus nova Testacea marina
in suas classes, genera, et species distribuendi,’’? was published in quarto at
Lucerne, in 1722. To the writings of this able naturalist, Linneus stands
highly indebted. Gualteri’s work on shells is a standard book of reference,
and, as such, is well known. ‘This is entitled ‘‘ Index Testarum Conchylio-
rum que adservantur in Museo Nicolai Gualteri, &c.’’ It was published in
Latin, at Florence, in 1747, and contains 110 plates of shells, the figures of
the univalves in which are singularly placed on their summit; they are, nev-
ertheless, tolerably correct. The descriptive matter is less interesting.t
*¢ La Conchyliologie,’’ of D’Argenville is a voluminous work, and contains a
vast number of excellent descriptions, and many figures. The first edition
of this work appeared in 1742, and a second, considerably augmented, in
1754: the last edition was published in 1780, with many additions, cor-
rections and improvements, containing also a series of plates of about 2000

*In the Boston Athenzeum. { In the library of Harvard College.

127

figures. The ‘‘ Testaceo-Theologia,”’ of Lepas is embellished with 137 fig-
ures of shells, and abounds with physiological and anatomical observations on
the structure of these testaceous animals. The principal production of Kleins
is ‘ Tentamen Methodi Ostracologie, &c.”’ published at Leyden, in 1753.
Adanson’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle du Senegal,’’ was published at Paris, in 1757.
This useful work contains a new arrangement of Conchology, and a series of
about 400 figures of shells with the animal appertaining to the principal fami-
ilies.

The Testaceological writings of Linneus should now be particularly advert-
ed to. One of the earliest of his productions on this subject, is the ‘* Fauna
Suecica,”’ the first edition of which, was published in 1746, and contains an
- account of sixty different species of Swedish shells. In the description of the
Museum of the queen of Sweden, Linneus possessed a more favorable oppor-
tunity of treating on testaceology, as her majesty’s collection was particularly
rich in shells. This work describes 435 species of shells, and appeared in
1764. In the interval between the times in which the two last mentioned
works were published, Linneus brought out a second edition of the ‘* Fauna
Suecica,”’ in which the number of shells described was augmented from 60
to 89 species. The ‘‘Mautissa Altera’’ contains 35 species, not described in
the other works already mentioned. The ‘‘ Fundamenta Testaceologie”
was one of the latest of his tracts, and is to be found among the ‘‘ Disserta-
tiones Academice.’’ These are valuable works in a limited view; but the
classification of shells in the ‘* Systema Nature,’”’ from the nature of the un-
dertaking is to be considered the most general of all the Linnzan writings on
the Testacea. Between the year 1735, in which that work first appeared,
and 1767, the ‘*‘ Systema’ passed through no-less than 12 editions, in all of
which, a progressive improvement, and nearer approach to perfection are
manifested.

The third volume of the extensive and costly work of Seba, ‘‘ Descriptio
Thesauri Rerum Naturalium ’’was produced at Amsterdam, in 1758. This part
contains, besides plates in other departments, 61 elucidatory of Conchology.
This work is certainly valuable for reference to those species which are well
known; but a profusion of engravings is expended in figuring examples of
shell work, &c., which are entirely unnecessary and useless.

The magnificent work of Regenfres, ‘‘ Choix de Coquillages et de Crus-
taces,’’ appeared at Copenhagen on the same year as the preceding. The
work comprises 12 colored plates, in imperial folio, and each plate compre-

128

hends 12 shells. The shells which are figured by Regenfres, are of the com-
monest species, such as daily fall under the notice of collectors; and it is to
be lamented that the talents of this artist were not employed on subjects better
deserving of elucidation.

D’Avilas’ catalogue was printed at Paris, in 1767, in three vols. octavo.
The first volume treats entirely of shells, and contains 22 plates of the rarer
specimens of his cabinet; many of which are scarce, even at this day.

The splendid work of Martini and Chemnitz, ‘‘ Neues Systematiches Kon-
chylien Cabinet ’’ was in a progressive course of publication. In 1769, the
first part appeared; another in 1771, and a third in 1777: these were all its
author lived to accomplish. Seven volumes have been since added by F.
H. Chemnitz. The body of the work is in the German language: the
embellishments consist of 366 plates, and exhibit a number of figures on
each plate.

The Elements of Conchology, by Da Costa, was published in 1776.
The publication of Born, upon shells, contains about 200 colored figures,
delineated in 18 folio engravings.

Mr. Pennant’s ‘‘ British Zoology” contains, in the fourth volume, an enu-
meration of 163 species of shells, with concise descriptions, and 56 plates,
exhibiting figures of nearly all, which are well described, but most miserable
engravings, so bad that the shell can hardly be recognized. The ‘‘ Zoophy-
tacium Gronovianun,’’ a description of the rich museum of L. T. Gronovi-
us, senator at Leyden, was published in 1781. There are, in this work,
scientific descriptions of 589 species of shells, and among the plates, two
appropriated to the illustration of the rarer kinds.

The grand work on shells, by Martini, entitled the ‘‘ Universal Concholo-
gist,’’ was begun in the year 1784, and continued to be published at uncertain
intervals, till 160 plates appeared.

A small quarto treatise, embellished with three plates, the joint labor of
Boys and Walker, appeared in London, in 1784. This work treats only
of microscopic shells, and the researches of its authors were confined to the
Sandwich Islands, as the title indicates.

In the year 1789, Bruguiére, the well-known traveller in the east, com-
menced the testaceological part of the grand work carried on in France,
under the title of ‘“* Encyclopédie Methodique;’’ but, unfortunately for the
cause of science, this skilful naturalist lived only to complete the first volume,
which goes no farther than the letter C. of the article Vers (worms.) This
work is embellished with many plates, and nearly all the genera.

129 '

In modern times, Mr. Woods’ excellent catalogue, Mr. Swainson’s tracts,
Perry’s magnificent quarto, and Dillwyn’s invaluable catalogue all demand
attention. Perry’s book is splendid, rare, and valuable. A copy was in the
possession of the late Mr. Israel Thorndike.

Woods’ plates are, though generally well executed, in some instances
wanting, and in others, redundant in coloring.

I do not mention the Lamarchian system in this treatise; I only regard
that of Linneus.

Lamarck has done much for Conchology; but I consider he has increased,
unnecessarily, the genera of Linneus. Dr. Turton’s books on the subject
are worthy of reference. Burrows’ Elements are well calculated to assist the
learner. I am confident that much important matter has been omitted; but I
trust to the candor of a generous public to overlook such imperfections as
the want of scientific observation alone can give.

There are in Buffon 26 plates of shells, comprising 163 figures. There
are in Rees’ Cyclopedia 21 plates of shells, comprising 120 figures.

In the Encyclopedia Britannica there are four plates of shells, well engraved,
comprising 72 figures of all the genera.

METHOD TO OBTAIN AND CLEANSE SHELLS.

Collectors should always.try to get shells with the animal alive within them.
This can be done by drags or trawling nets, such as fishermen use. After
storms is the best time for the search of shells. Such as have lain long on
the sea shore, exposed to the rain and the sun, become dead and bleached,
which renders them unfit for cabinets. River shells are more frequently of
an obscure color, and remarkably thin. Hard shells, which abound chiefly
in hot climates, are generally very beautiful.

Immediately after extracting the fish which inhabits the shell, is the time to
prepare the shell, so that it need not be injured by the salts contained in the sea
water. When taken, they had better be thrown into boiling water, a suffi-
cient time to destroy the animal; taken out, and put immediately into cold
water, where they must remain till quite cold, when the animal can be easily

taken out.
17

130

Shells, when encrusted with extraneous matter, should be allowed to
steep for some time in warm water, both for the sake of moistening the sub-
stances, and to extract, as muchas possible, the marine salts; they may be allowed
to remain fifteen minutes without injury. After this, brush them well, observing
that the brush for fine shells should not be too hard. If that proves insufficient
to clean them, rub or brush them again with tripoli, (rotten stone) or emery and
fine oil; but I have generally found that strong soap and water answers best:
a ley of pearl-ashes may be used. When clean, finish with a brush and fine
emery. But if the extraneous substance on the shell is found exceedingly
difficult to remove, a weak acid may be used for the space of a minute, dip-
ping into cold water immediately after. The acid may not be more than
from one sixth to one tenth of the liquid (muriatic acid.)

The epidermis, in some instances, may be so thick that it must be taken off
before the shell can be polished. In that case, it is absolutely necessary to
use the acid, as stated, and as often repeated as is found to be wanted to take
off the coating of lime, &c. When acid is used, particular care should be
taken that it acts only on the coat; and therefore it is found convenient, in
some instances, to coat the orifices or mouth with bees-wax. Change the
situation of the shell often, so that every part may be equally noticed
and cleansed. Wipe off the effervescence with a feather dipped in
water, when you perceive the shell free from the epidermis; then take it out
of the water, and wash away the acid; after which, rub it with fine emery
powder until it is perfectly clean.

If it is only a pellicle and not a thick epidermis, it is sufficient to steep the
shell in warm water, or vinegar, until the coat peels off, or is corroded away.

HABITATS.

The West Indies do not produce many rare shells. In Demerara, there
are many land and fresh water shells. The land shells and muscles, which
may be found over the whole of the vast territories of Surinam and Cayenne,
are very desirable. In the interior of Buenos Ayres, there are many fine
shells. From Pernambuco to Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, the land and fresh
water shells are quite as interesting, if not more so, than those which are
found on the coast. To the southward of Rio, near the isle of St. Sebastian,

13k

the Paper Nautilus and other fine shells are frequently met with. The rocks
which form the Falkland Islands, produce very fine Limpets. Many good
shells are brought from Magellan Straits and Staten Island, near Lima, and
on the shores of Callao, many fine varieties have been procured. The Galli-
pagos Islands are rich in shells. From the islands at the entrance of the
Gulf of California, and from the rocks and beach, are found numerous speci-
mens of Haliotis. The shells from the Sandwich Islands are in great request,
especially the Aurantium or Orange Cowry. From the elegant group of the
Marquesas and Society islands, have been brought (chiefly by circumnaviga-
tors) many very rare and beautiful shells. The shells from New Zealand,
New Holland, King George’s Island, Port Jackson, &c., are all valuable,
because scarce. From the coasts of Passera and New Guinea, some very
rare varieties have been brought. The shells from the Chinese seas are
generally interesting; and from the Philippine Islands we have many fine va-
rieties. From Java, Sumatra, and Malacca, many have been brought. From
the Andaman Islands many fine Cones, rare Limpets and Chitons have been
obtained. Madras presents such a surf-beaten coast that no perfect shells are
found there, but many fine varieties have been sent from Tranquebar. We
now come to the famed island of Ceylon, well known to Conchologists for
the rare Volutes found on its coasts, and for the land and fresh water shells
from the interior. From the sand of the Persian Gulf, many extremely fine
shells are found, which bear the distinguished names of Persian Crown, Vo-
luta, Gambronica, &c. The coasts of the great island Madagascar abound
with shells.

The isles of Bourbon and France are highly and deservedly famous for
testaceological pursuits; and it may be remarked, that whatever is produced
there, is the most beautiful of its species. A curious distorted Helix shell
(which is scarce) is peculiar to these islands.

The Maldive and Philippine Islands, Bengal, and the Coast of Malabar,
abound with the most elegant of all the species of Snails. China abounds
with the finest and greatest variety of Cyprea and Snails. Japan furnishes us
with all the thicker and larger bivalves, and the isle of Cyprus is famous for
the beauty and variety of the Patella found there. About Brazil and the Gulf
of Mexico, there are found Murexes of great beauty, and also a great variety
of Cyprea, Buccini, Pectens, Nerita and Cardia. The isle of Cayenne
affords one of the most beautiful of the Buccinum tribe, and the Volute Auris
Midez is found principally about this place. Jamaica, and the shores about

132 ;

Barbadoes, are covered with Cypre, Chama, and Buccinum; and at St.
~ Domingo, there are found all the same species of shells that we have from the
East Indies, but not so fine, the colors being pale and dead. The Pearl
Oyster is found on this coast, but smaller than in the Persian Gulf. About
Canada are found the Violet Chame, and the lakes of that country abound
with muscles of very elegant pale blue and red colors. The great bank
of Newfoundland is nearly destitute of shells: the principal kind found
there, are muscles of considerable beauty. The island of Magellan, at the
southern point of America, furnishes us with a very remarkable species of
muscle, and several very elegant species of limpets. The coast of Tranque-
bar is very rich in shells. We find there a vast variety of the large Cyprea,
many of great beauty. Besides these and many other shells, there are found,
on this coast, all the species of Nautili, many of which are very fine. The
Canary Isles abound with avast variety of Murices, and some other good
shells, and we have from Madeira a great variety of the Echini different from
those of the European Seas. Sea Ears are nowhere more abundant than at
Madeira. The Red Sea, above all other parts of the world, abounds in
shells.

The Mediterranean also abounds much more in shells than the ocean.
The Gulf of Tarentum affords great variety of Murices, Cyprea, Nautili, and
elegant oysters. The coasts of Naples and Sardinia afford the same, and
also a vast number of Solens, of all the known species. The island of Sicily
is famous for a very elegant kind of oyster, which is perfectly white. Pin-
ne and Cyprea are also found in great plenty there, with Telline and
Chamz of many species, and a great variety of other beautiful shells. About
Syracuse, are found elegant Snails, in great variety. Corsica is famous, be-
yond all other places, for the Pinna, and many other beautiful shells.
About Anaconda, are found vast quantities of the Pholades, buried in stone.
Sea Ears are frequently found about Pezzaoli (Buccinumree.) The ports
of Marseilles and Toulon are full of Pinnez, Mitili, Telline, and Chame. The
coasts of Bretagne afford great numbers of the Lepas, Anatiferra, and Pholas.
At Grainville, in lower Normandy, are very beautiful Pectens, and some of
the Cordiform shells. On most of the English coasts, are found Sea Ears
and Dentalia, with Pectens, and elegant varieties of the Telline. Chame are
fished up about Scarborough. Ireland affords Pectens in abundance, and
the Pholades are frequent on most of the shores; also, a great variety of the
Buccina, and some Volute; on the Guernsey coast, a particularly beautiful

133

Snail. About Cadiz, are found large Pinne, and some fine Buccina. The
islands of Majorca and Minorca afford a great variety of elegant shells; the
Baltic, many beautiful species, but particularly an orange colored Pecten,
which is not found in any other part of the world.

TO PACK SHELLS FOR TRANSPORTATION OR REMOVAL.

The method that I should recommend, is in saw-dust; but as_ that is
not always at hand, put some dry sand from the beach, into a chest or beef-
barrel: into this, the large, heavy shells may be put, covering them with sand.

For the more fragile, elegant, and rare shells, it is necessary to provide
small boxes of about a foot square, and according to requirement in depth;
but in no case more than six inches; into which, put a layer of cotton wool,
upon which, one layer of shells, and then filled up with cotton wool: this
will, if packed with care, prevent any fractures, or particles of the finest
shells from being injured, and, of course, rendered of little value. On no
account, pack more than one layer in a box.

PART SECOND.

THE SYSTEM OF LAMARCK.

A TABLE

EXHIBITING
LAMARCK’S DIVISIONS OF THE LINNAAN GENERA OF SHELLS.

WITH A REFERENCE TO THE PLATES.

Many of Lamarck’s Genera of Recent Testacex are not mentioned in this table, as no certainty
can now be established of the genus in which Linnzus would have placed them; though presump-
tive evidence might appear sufficient to determine the point.

: Chiton, Mya, (some.)
os $ Chitonellus Amphidesma, (some.)
Pandora,
ef Psammobia,
Tubicinella, VI. Tellina. Psammotea,
Coronula; Tellina,
Balanus, Lucina, (some. )
Acasta, Cyclas,
II. Lepas. oe Cra
yrgoma,
Anatifera, ; VII. Cardium. Cardium.
Pollicipes,
Cineras, Lutraria, (most.)
Otion. Mactra,

yr eee: Crassatella, (some. )
ce Amphidesma, (some.)

III. Pholas. @viecchena
astrochena. Petricola, (some.)

Crassatella,
( Panopea, IX. Donax. Venerirupis, (some.)
Glycymeris, Donax, pl. v.
Mya, Capsa.
Anatina, P etiedios (enue
Lutraria, (some. ) etricola, (some.
iyo: Annan (some. ) Venerirupis, (some.)
Corbula, Sanguinolaria, (some.)
Unio, ! Corbis,
Hyria, Lucina, (some.)
Donax, (some.)
| Vulsella. D.« Veuus. 4 ae
Cyrena, (some.)
Solen, pl. xv. ; Galathea,
Anatina, (some. ) Cyprina,
as Sanguinolaria, Cytherea,
Hiatella. (Venus. pl. v. f. 1.

18

XI. Spondylus.

XII. Chama.

XIII. Area.

; Plicatula,
Spondylus.

Cardita,
Cypricardia,

Isocardia, pl. viii. f. 3.

Tridacna,

Hippopus. pl. viil. f. 2.

Cucullea,

Arca, pl. viii. f. 1.

| Chama,
Pectunculus,
Nucula.
Crenatulla,
Perna,

Malleus, pl. xv.

XXI. Cyprea.

XXII. Bulla.

XXIII. Voluta.

Cyprea.

Bullea,

Acera,

Bulla,

Bullimus,
Achatina,
Physa,

Pyrula, (some.)

Ovula, pl. xiii. f. 1, 2.

( Terrebellum.

Auricula,
Ancilla,
Tornatella,
Turbinella,
Cancellaria,
Collumbella,

Pedum, Mitra, pl. ii. f. 1, 2.
XIV. Ostrea. 4 nae Valdis P
Pecten, pl. iil. Marginella,
* Gryphea, Volvaria,
| Ostrea, | Achatina,
(Oliva.
Placuna,
Anomia, Concholepas,
. Crania, Achatina, (some.)
AW Anomaie Orbicula, Phasianella,
Terebratula, Pleurotoma,
Hyalea. Turbinella, (some.)
Cancellaria, (some.)
( Saxicava, Pyrula, (some.)
Anodonta, Murex, (some.)
Modiola, . Triton,
XVI. Mytilus. 4 Mytilus, pl. iii. XXIV. Buceinum. 4 C,ssidaria,
Avicula, Cassis,
Meleagrina, Purpura,
LOstrea, (some. ) Monoceros,
Harpa,
XVII. Pinna. Pinna. pl. iii. Dolium,
Buccinum,
Limacina, Eburna,
XVIII. Argonauta. { Argos pl. iii. Terebra.
Carinaria.
( Pirena,
Orthocera, Cerithium, (some.)
Nodosaria, Pleurotoma, (some.)
XIX. Nautilus. Spirula, ‘4 Rostellaria,
Gaeta: XXV. Strombus. ’ Pteroceras,
Nautilus. pl. iv. Strombus,
Cassidaria, (some. )
XX. Conus. Conus. pi. ii. f. 5, 6. {| Purpura.

XXVI. Murex.

Cerithium,
Pleurotoma,
Turbinella, (some.)
Fasciolaria,

Fusus,

Pyrula,
Struthiolaria,
Ranella,
Murex,
Triton,
Ricinula,
Purpura, (some. )

pl.

( Pyramidella,
Solarium, pi. ii. f. 3.
Rotella,

XXVII. Trochus. { Trochus,

XXVIII. Turbo.

XXIX. Helix.

Monodonta, (some. )
Turbo, (some.)
| Cerithium, (some. )

Pupa,
Clausilia,

Auricula, (some.)
Cyclostoma,
Planorbis, (some.)
Paludina,

Sealaria, pl. ix. f, 2.
Delphinula,

Trochus, (some.)
tao (some. )

Turbo,
Turritella.

( Helix,
Carocolla,
Anastoma,
Helicina, (some.)
Pupa, (some.)
Bulimus,

4 Succinea,
Auricula,
Cyclostoma,
Planorbis,
Lymnza,
Melania,

{ Melanopsis,

139

Helix. (contin. )

XXX. Nerita.

XM Heaton ;

[

XXXII. Patella.

l

XXXIII. Dentalium.

Paludina, (some.)
Valvata,
Ampullaria,
Natica,

Tanthina,
Sigaretus.

Navicella, (some.)
Neritina,

Nerita, pl. ii. f. 4.
Natica.

Stomatia,

Haliotis. plots

Lingula,
Patella,
Umbrella,
Parmophora,
Emarginula,
Fissurella,
ileopsis,
Calyptrea,
Crepidula,
Ancylus,
Navicella, (some. )
Stomatella,

Dentalium. p. iii. f, 2,4,

{ Siliquaria, pi. vii. f. 5.

XXXIV. Serpula. 4

Spirorbis,
Serpula,
Vermilia,
Aspergillum,
Septaria,

| Vermetus.

XXXV. Teredo. {

Fistulana,
Septaria, (some.)
Teredo, pl. vii. f. 3.

LAMARCK’S CONCHOLOGY.

ANNULATA forms the Ninth Ciass of Lamarck’s Division
of Anumal Nature.

SEDENTARY ANNULATA

Composes the third order of the above class. They are usually found
attached to marine substances, and inhabit membranous or horny tubes, more
or less incrusted with grains of sand or fragments of shells; or are solid, cal-
careous and homogeneous; and are divided into four families, viz.—Dorsalia,
Maldania, Amphitritea, and Serpulea.

DORSALIA.—Two Genera.

Areniconta. Has-no shell. Ency. Meth. pl. XXXIV. fig. 13.

Siziquaria. Shell tubular, irregularly twisted, tapering towards the pos-
terior end, which is sometimes spiral; anterior extremity open; and a longi-
tudinal, subarticulated fissure throughout its whole length. Crouch Il. of
Lam. pl. I. fig. 1.

S. anguina, S. muricata, S. levigata, S. lactea.

MALDANIA.—Two Genera.

CiyMENE. Tube slender, open at both ends, the exterior incrusted with
sand and pieces of shells.*

* I have not been able to procure a figure of the Clymene Amphystoma, of which species only the
genus is composed.

141

Dentatium. Tube testaceous, nearly regular, slightly curved, ‘gradually
tapering towards the posterior end, open at both extremities.

D. elephantinum, D. octoganum, D. entalis, D. nigrum,
- aprinum, ‘ novem costatum, ‘ tarentinum, * politum,
* fasciatum, * dentalis, * corneum, ‘ eburneum.

AMPHITRITEA.—Four Genera.

Pectinaria. Tube membranous or papyraceous, arenaceous, in shape of
a reversed cone, not fixed.

P. belgica, P. capensis.
SABELLARIA. Tubes numerous, united in a common mass, composed of
? ’ Pp
agglutinated fragments of shells and sand; the orifices cup-shaped.
S. alveolata, S. crassissima,
TEREBELLA. Tube elongated, cylindrical, attenuated and pointed at the
S CY ) p

base; membranous, with grains of sand and fragments of shells adhering round
it; open only at the apex.

T. conchilega, T. cranulata, T. duplicata, T. vittata,

‘ cristata, ‘ dimidiata, ‘ myuros, ‘ lineolata,
* ventricosa, ‘ muscaria, ‘ lanceata, ‘ elongata.
‘ maculata, * oculata, * aciculina,

AmpuitriTE. Tube elongated, cylindrical; posterior extremity attenu-
ated, membranous or coriaceous; the exterior generally naked.

A. ventilabrum, A. magnifica, A. volutacornis, A. infundibulum.
* penicillus, * vesiculosa,

SERPULA.—Five Genera.

SprrorzBis. Tube testaceous, turned into an orbicular spire, discoidal;
the lower surface flat and fixed.

S. nautiloides, S. carinata, S. lamellosa, S. tricostalis.

* spinillum,

Serputa. Tubes solid, calcareous, irregularly twisted, grouped or soli-
tary, fixed; the aperture terminal, round, very plain.

S. vermicularis, S. infundibulum, S. intorta, S. costalis,

‘ fasicularis, * annulata, ‘ cristata, ‘ dentifera,
‘ intestinum, * cereolus, * spirulea, * sipho,

S. contortu plicata, 8S. filograna, S. quadrangularis, S. arenaria,
‘ plicaria, ‘ vermicella, ‘ minima, filograna,
‘ olomerata, ‘ filaria, * echinata, ‘ rosea,

* decussata, ‘ pellucida, * sulcata, * fuscata.

¢
protensa,

Verminia. Tube testaceous, cylindrical, gradually lessening to the pos-
terior end, more or less twisted, and fixed at the base to marine substances.
Aperture round, the margin armed with from one to three teeth.

V. rostrata, V. bicarinata, V. subcrenata, V. scabra,

* triquetra, * eruca, ‘ plicifera, * teniata.

Gatrotarra. Tubes testaceous, very numerous, cylindrical, rather an-
gular, raised, wavy, crowded and matted together, fixed at the base, the
upper end open. Aperture orbicular; the margin terminating in a projecting
point. Operculum orbicular, galeiform, the upper part armed with from five
to nine testaceous valves, which are fixed to its margin; the middle one linear,

,

truncate, and larger than the others.

G. cxspitosa, G. elongata.

Maciztus. The base of the shell turned into a short, oval, snail-like spire;
the last four whorls contiguous, convex; the last larger than the others, and
lengthening into an erect, wavy and elongated tube. Tube convex above,
carinated beneath, plaited and rather depressed at the sides; the plaits lamel-

lated, crowded, undulated, vertical, thicker on one side of the tube than on
the other.

M. antiquus, M. vulgaris, M. anatinus.

Cent) Class.

oH OO O«a-

CIRRPHIPEDA.

Shell sessile or elevated; on a flexible, tendinous pedicle; multivalve; some-
times moveable, sometimes fixed; the inside covered by the mantle of the animal.

The Cirrphipeda are divided into two orders:—Sessile Cirrphipeda and
Pedunculated Cirrphipeda.

ORDER I. SESSILE CIRRPHIPEDA.—Six Genera.

The shells of this order are fixed on marine bodies.

TusicinELLA. Shell univalve, operculated, tubular, erect, a little atten-
uated towards the base, bound with annular, transverse ribs, truncated at both
ends, open at the summit, and closed at the base with a membrane. Oper-
culum with four obtuse valves.

T. balenarium.

Coronuta. Shell sessile, fixed, conical, summit truncated, closed at the
base by an adhering, testaceous lamina. Aperture subtriangular, or elliptical.
Operculum internal, quadrivalve, the valves moveable, inserted near the base
of the inside of the shell.

C. diadema, C. balanaris, C. testudinaria, C. pulchra.

Bartanus. Shell sessile, fixed, conical, summit truncated, closed at the
base by an adhering, testaceous lamina. Aperture subtriangular, or elliptical.
Operculum internal, quadrivalve, the valves moveable, inserted near the base
of the inside of the shell.

B. angulosus, B. miser, B. stalactiferus, B. rugosus,

* sulcatus, ‘ amphimorphus, ‘ plicatus, ‘, plancianus,

* tintinnabulum ‘ perforatus * duploconus * crispatus

eee ’ bie ’ ; Tar; ’ , p ’
nigrescens, vis, patellaris, punctatus,

* cylindraceous, * spinosus, * semiplicatus, ‘ fistulosus,

‘ calycularis, ‘ radiatus, ‘ galeatus, * Jatus,

* roseus, ‘ palmatus, * subrimbricatus, * lyonsii.

‘

ovularis,

144

Acasta. Shell sessile, oval, subconical, composed of separable pieces;
cone formed of six unequal, lateral valves, united together; the base a lamina
or orbicular valve, concave on the inside, resembling a patella or little cup.
Operculum quadrivalve.

A. montaguil, A. glans, A. sulcata, * A. tubulosa.
Crevusia. Shell sessile, fixed, orbicular, convex, conical, quadrivalve;

valves unequal, united together, sutures distinct. Operculum internal, quad-
rivalve.

C. stromia, C. spinulosa, C. verruca.
Pyrcoma. Shell sessile, univalve, rather globular, ventricose, convex
above, apex perforated; aperture small, elliptical. Operculum quadrivalve.

P. cancellata.

ORDER Il. PEDUNCULATED CIRRPHIPEDA.

The body is supported by a moveable, tubular pedicle, having the base
fixed on marine substances. This order consists of two divisions, viz.
I. The shell composed of contiguous pieces. I. The shell composed of
distant pieces.

DIVISION I. Shell composed of contiguous pieces—Two Genera.
AnaTirerA. Shell compressed at the sides, composed of five valves,
which are contiguous and unequal; the lower side valves the greatest.

A. levis, A. dentata, A. vitrea, A. aculeata.
‘ villosa, ‘ striata,

Pouuicipes. Shell compressed at the sides, multivalve, valves rather con-
tiguous, unequal; in number, thirteen or more; the lower side valves the smallest.
P. cornucopia, P. scalpellum, P. peronii, P. homii.

* mitella,

: DIVISION II. Shell composed of distant pieces.—Two Genera.

Cinrras. Shell composed of five testaceous, oblong valves, separate, not
covering the whole of the body; two at the sides of the aperture, the others
on the back.

C. vittata.

145

Orion. Shell composed of two small, testaceous, semilunate, separate
valves, adhering near the sides of the aperture.

O. Cuvieri, O. Blainvillii.

Bleventh Class,

or O@OQ«a.-

CONCHIFERA.

Shell always bivalve, wholly or partly covering the animal; sometimes free,
sometimes fixed; the valves mostly joined at the margin by a hinge or ligament.
The shell is sometimes enlarged by testaceous, accessary pieces, not belonging
to the shell.

This class is divided into two orders, viz.—Conchifera Bimusculosa and
Conchifera Unimusculosa.

ORDER I. CONCHIFERA BIMUSCULOSA.

The shell presents, in the interior, two separate and lateral muscular im-
pressions. This order is divided into four sections, viz.—C. Crassipeda,
C. Tenuipeda, C. Lamellipeda, and C. Ambigua, or the Chamacea.

SECTION I. CONCHIFERA CRASSIPEDA. Shell gaping at the sides
when shut.

This section contains four families,—Tubicolaria, Pholadaria, Solenacea,
and Myaria.

TUBICOLARIA.—Six Genera.

AsPERGILLUM. Sheath tubular, testaceous, gradually attenuating to the
anterior end, which is open; the other extremity larger, and club-shaped;

19

146

having two valves incrusted on one side of the club. The disk at the end of the
club convex and perforated with subtubular holes, having a fissure in the centre.

A. Javanum, ‘A. vaginiferum, A. Nove Zeylandie, A. agglutinans.
CLAVAGELLA. Sheath tubular, testaceous; the anterior end attenuated and

open; the posterior club-shaped, ovate and rather compressed, with spinous
tubes; one valve fixed in the side of the club, the other free in the tube.

C. aperta. :

Fistutana. Sheath tubular, mostly testaceous; the posterior closed and
turgid; the other end attenuated and open at the summit, inclosing a free bi-
valve shell, the valves of which are equal, and gape when closed.

F. clava, F’. corniformis, F. sregata, F. lagenula.
SepTaria. Tube testaceous and very long, gradually diminishing towards
the anterior end; the interior divided by arched partitions, usually incomplete;

the anterior extremity terminated by two other slender tubes, which are not
divided internally.

S. arenaria.

Trrepina. Sheath testaceous, tubular, cylindrical; the posterior- ex-
tremity closed, showing the two valves of the shell; the anterior end open.

TereEDO. ‘Tube testaceous, cylindrical, flexuous, open at both ends, not
belonging to the shell, and covering the animal. Shell bivalve, situated pos-
teriorly on the outside of the tube.

T. navalis, T. palmulatus.

PHOLADARIA.—Two Genera.

Shell without a tubular sheath, having accessary pieces which do not belong
to the valves, and gapes anteriorly. Ligament external.

Puoras. Shell bivalve, equivalve, transverse, gaping at both sides,
having various accessary, testaceous pieces aflixed above or below the hinge.
The inferior or posterior margin of the valves reflected outwards.

P. dactylus, P. silicula, P. callosa, P. ovum,
* orientalis, * costata, * clavata, * tuberculata,
* candidus, * crispata, * papyracea, * lancellata.

‘ dactyloides,

147

GasTRocH&NA. Shell bivalve, equivalve, rather wedge-shaped, gaping
very much; the anterior aperture large, oval, oblique; scarcely any aperture
posteriorly. Hinge linear, marginal, without teeth.

G. cuneiformis, G. mytiloides, G. modiolina.

SOLENACEA.—Three Genera.

Shell without accessary pieces, and gaping only at the lateral extremities.
Ligament external.

Soren. Shell bivalve, equivalve, transversely elongated, gaping at both
sides; beaks very small, not projecting; cardinal teeth small, the number va-
riable, sometimes nine; rarely diverging; more rarely inserted in pits. Lig-
ament external.

S. vagina, S. ambiguus, S. javanicus, S. strigilatus,
* corneus, * cultellus, ‘ caribeus, * radiatus,

* vaginoides, ‘ planus, ‘ antiquatus, ‘ violaceus,

‘ siliqua, ‘ minutus, * constrictus, * rostratus,

* ensis, ‘ legumen, * coarctatus, * orbiculatus.
‘ pygmeus, * Dombeii,

PanopzA. Shell equivalve, transverse, unequally gaping at the sides;
one cardinal conical tooth in each valve, and near it a short, compressed,
ascending callosity, not projecting outwards. Ligament exterior, on the
longest side of the shell, fixed to the callosities.

P. Aldrovandi.

GuycyMERIs. Shell transverse, gaping much on each side; hinge callous,
without teeth; nymphe projecting outside. Ligament external.

» G. margaritacea, G. siliqua.

MYARIA.—Two Genera.

Ligament internal; having one large spoon-shaped tooth in each valve, or
in one only, to the cavity of which the ligament is attached. The shell gapes
at one or both sides.

Mya. Shell bivalve, transverse, gaping at each end; having a large car-
dinal tooth in the left valve, broadly compressed, rather rounded, and pro-

148

jecting almost vertically; a cardinal pit in the other valve. Ligament in-
ternal, inserted in the prominent tooth and the corresponding pit.

M. truncata, M. arenaria, M. erodona, M. solenimyalis.

ANATINA, Shell transverse, nearly equivalve, gaping at one or both sides;
one naked, broad, spoon-shaped, cardinal tooth, projecting internally in each
valve, receiving the ligament. In many species, a lamina falcated rib runs
obliquely below the cardinal tooth.

A. laterna, A. longirostris, A. rugosa, A. myalis,
* truncata, * globulosa, ‘ imperfecta, * rupicola.
‘ subrostrata, * trapezoides,

SECTION II. CONCHIFERA TENUIPEDA. The lateral gaping, in-

considerable.

The shells of this section compose four families, which are separated into
two divisions, viz.—I. Mactracea and Corbulea, having the ligament internal,
with or without any external ligament; and II. Lithophaga and Nymphacea,
having the ligament always external.

DIVISION I. Ligament internal, with or without any eaternal ligament.

MACTRACEA.—Seven Genera. -

Shell equivalve, mostly gaping at the lateral extremities. Ligament inter-
nal, with or without any external ligament.

1. Shells gaping at the sides.

Lurraria. Shell inequilateral, transversely oblong or rounded, lateral
extremities gaping; hinge with one tooth folded in two; or two teeth, one of
which is simple, with an adjoining, deltoid, oblique pit, projecting inwards;
no lateral teeth. Ligament internal, affixed in the pits.

L. solenoides, L. compressa, L. candida, L. crassiplica,
* elliptica, ‘ piperata, ‘ papyracea, * complanata.
* rugosa, * tellinoides, ‘ plicatella,

Mactra. Shell transverse, inequilateral, subtriangular, gaping very little
at the sides; beaks prominent. One compressed, folded, cardinal tooth in
each valve, with an adjoining pit, projecting inwards; two compressed, en-

149

tering lateral teeth, near the hinge. Ligament internal, inserted in the
cardinal pits.

M. gigantea, M. australis, M. lactea, M. Brasiliana,
‘ Spengleri, * violacea, ‘ abbreviata, ‘ donacina,

‘ striatella, ‘ fasciata, ‘ ovalina, ‘ depressa,

* carinata, - * turgida, * alba, * lilacea,

‘ helvacea, ‘ plicataria, ‘ solida, * trigonella,
‘ grandis, * rufescens, ‘ castanea, ‘ deltoides,

* stultorum, ‘ maculata, ‘ rufa, * crassatella,
* maculosa, * subplicata, * squalida, ‘ alata.

‘ straminea, ‘ triangularis,

2. Shells not gaping at the sides.

CrassaTELLA. Shell inequilateral, suborbicular or transverse; the valves
close; two rather diverging, cardinal teeth, and a pit by the side of them.
Ligament internal, inserted in the pit of each valve; lateral teeth, none; or
obsolete.

C. Kingicola, C. rostrata, C. contraria, C. cycladea,
* donacina, ‘ olabrata, * cuneata, * striata.
* sulcata, * subradiata, * erycinea,

Erycina. Shell transverse, rather inequilateral, equivalve, rarely gaping;
two unequal, diverging, cardinal teeth, having a pit between them; and two
oblong, compressed, short, entering, lateral teeth. Ligament internal, fixed
in the pits.

E. cardioides.

DIVISION II. Ligament showing itself on the outside, or being double;
has one internal, the other external.

Unevuuina. Shell longitudinal or transverse, rounded on the upper part,
subequilateral; valves not gaping, beaks eroded. A short and rather bifid
cardinal tooth in each valve; with an oblong, marginal, adjoining pit, divided
in two by a contraction. Ligament internal, inserted in the pits.

U. oblonga, U. transversa.

SoLtenmya. Shell equilateral, equivalve, transversely oblong, the ex-
tremities obtuse; the epidermis shining, and extending beyond the margin.
Beaks not prominent, scarcely distinct. One cardinal tooth in each valve,

150

dilated, compressed and very oblique; rather concave above, to receive the
ligament, which is partly internal, and partly external.

S. australis, S. Mediterranea.

AmpuHuiIDESMA. Shell transverse, inequilateral, subovate or rounded, some-
times gaping a little at the sides; hinge having one or two teeth, and a narrow
pit for the internal ligament. Ligament double; one external, short; the
other internal, fixed in the cardinal pits.

A. variegata, A. albella, A. flexuosa, A. glabrella,
* donacilla, * lucinalis, ‘ prismatica, ‘ purpurascens,
‘ lactea, * Boysii, ‘ phaseolina, ‘ nucleola,
* cornea, * tenuis, * corbuloides, ‘ physoides.

A. variegatum, A. lamellosum, (Sowerby, Sp. C.f. 9, 10.
‘ pulchrum, (Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 2. * reticulatum, - 11, 12.
pallidum, : 3. * crenulatum, ‘ 13.

‘ formosum, e 8. ‘ duplicatum, ‘ 14, lo
‘ roseum, . it; ‘ punctatum, ‘ C. Til eee,
* ellipticum, ‘ Li Pek Ade ‘ purpurascens, : 5.
‘ australe, : 4, ‘ multicostatum, ‘ Sp. C. f. 16.
* corrugatum, C 18. * Jenticulare, C Cristo:
‘ subtruncatum, ‘ 19, 20. ‘ leve, 3 6.
‘ solidum, (Gray, Sp. Z. Part I. pl. vi. f.6. ‘ prismaticum, “ Sp. C. fer
‘ cordiforme, (Chemnitz, xi. 1941, 1942. ‘ tenue, ¢ 22.
‘ rupium, (Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 10. ‘ Boysii, 23.
‘ cancellatum, (Sowerby, Sp. C. fi 8. ‘ Siculum, : 24,

CORBULEA.—Two Genera.

Shell inequivalve, ligament interior.

Corsuta. Shell regular, inequivalve, inequilateral, closed or very slightly
gaping. One large conical, curved, ascending tooth in each valve, with a
pit beside it; no lateral teeth. Ligament internal, inserted in the pits.

C. australis, C. ovalina, C. impressa, C. semen,
* sulcata, ‘ Taitensis, * porcina, 4 fossil species.
‘ erythrodon, ‘ nucleus,

Panpora. Shell regular, inequivalve, inequilateral, transversely oblong,
upper valve flat, and the lower convex. Two oblong, diverging, unequal,
cardinal teeth in the upper valve; two oblong pits in the other. Ligament
internal.

P. rostrata, P. obtusa.

151

LITHOPHAGA.—Three Genera.

Boring shells, without accessary pieces or sheath, and more or less gaping
at their anterior side. Ligament of the valves external.

Saxicava. Shell bivalve, transverse, inequilateral; gaping anteriorly at
the superior margin; hinge almost without teeth. Ligament external.

S. rugosa, S. pholadis, S. australis, S. veneriformis.

* gallicana, é

Prerricota. Shell bivalve, subtriangular, transverse, inequilateral; the

posterior side rounded, the anterior attenuated; slightly gaping. Hinge
having two teeth in each valve, or in one only.

P. lamellosa, P. striata, P. exilis, P. pholadiformis,
* ochroleuca, * costellata, ‘ ruperella, ‘ fabagella,
* semilamellata, * rocelaria, * chamoides, ‘ linguatula.

* lucinalis,

VenerrRupis. Shell transverse, inequilateral; the posterior side very
short, the anterior gaping slightly. Hinge with two teeth in the right valve,
and three in the left; sometimes three in each: the teeth are small, approx-
imate, parallel, and but little or not at all diverging. Ligament external.

V. perforans, V. irus, V. distans, V. carditoides.
* nucleus, * exotica, * crenata,

NYMPHACEA.—Ten Genera.

Two cardinal teeth, or more, on the same valve; shell often gaping slightly
at the sides. Ligament external; nymphe in general, projecting outside.

This family is divided into N. Solenaria and N. Tellinaria. -

NYMPHACEA SOLENARIA.

SaNGUINOLARIA. Shell transverse, rather elliptical, gaping slightly at the
lateral extremity; the superior margin arched, not parallel to the inferior.
Hinge with two approximate teeth in each valve.

S. occidens, S. rosea, S. livida, S. rugosa.

Psammozia. Shell transverse, elliptical or oblong, oval, rather flat, gaping

152

slightly at each side; beaks rather prominent. Hinge with two teeth on the
left valve, and one entering tooth in the opposite valve.

P. virgata, P. cerulescens, P. Cayennensis, P. aurantia,
‘ Ferroensis, * elongata, * levigata, ‘ fragilis,
* vespertina, ‘ flavicans, * tellinella, * livida,

* florida, * squamosa, ‘ pulchella, * galathea.
* maculosa, alba,

Psammorea. Shell transverse, oval or oblong oval, gaping a little at the
sides; one cardinal tooth in each valve, sometimes in one valve only.

P. violacea, P. pellucida, P. candida, P. donacina,
* zonalis, ‘ serotina, ‘ 'Tarentina, 1 fossil species.

NYMPHACEA TELLINARIA

Is subdivided into—1, Shells having one or two lateral teeth; and 2, those
which have no lateral teeth.

1. Having one or two lateral teeth.

Texuina. Shell transverse or orbicular, in general rather flat; the ante-
rior side angular, with a flexuous and irregular fold on the margin; only one
or two cardinal teeth in the same valve; two lateral teeth, often remote.

T. radiata, T. chloroleuca,. T. scalaris, T. polygona,

* unimaculata, ‘ elliptica, ‘ psammotella, ‘ capsoides,

* semizonalis, * albinella, ‘ remies, ‘ decussata,

* maculosa, ‘ margaritina, * sulcata, ‘ Brasiliana,

¢ 7 ‘ 1 ‘6 1 ‘ 1
virgata, strigosa, striatula, obliqua,

* staurella, ‘ planata, * scobinata, * umbonella,

‘ crucigera, ‘ punicea, * crassa, * deltoidalis,

‘ Splengeri, ‘ depressa, * levigata, * nymphalis,

* rostrata, * pulchella, ‘ linguafelis, * solidula,

‘ Jatirostra, * fabula, * rugosa, ‘ bimaculata,

* sulphurea, * tenuis, ‘ Jacunosa, * sexradiata,

* foliacea, © exilis, ‘ gargadia, * ostracea,

* operculata, * donacina, ‘ pristis, * convexa.

* rosea, * nitida, * multangula,

TeLuinipEs. Shell transverse, inequilateral, rather flat, slightly gaping
at the sides; beaks small and rather depressed, without the irregular fold on
the margin. Hinge with two diverging teeth in each valve, two lateral teeth,
almost obsolete; the posterior of which, in one valve, is near the cardinal
teeth.

T. Timorensis.

153

Corzis. Shell transverse, equivalve, without any irregular fold on the
anterior margin, having the beaks opposite and curved inwards; two cardinal
teeth, two lateral teeth, the posterior of which is nearest the hinge. The
muscular impressions simple.

C. fimbriata, 2 fossil species.

Lucitna. Shell suborbicular, inequilateral; beaks small, pointed, and
oblique; two diverging, cardinal teeth, one of which is fixed, and which vary
or disappear with age; two lateral teeth, sometimes obsolete, the posterior
approaches nearest to the cardinal teeth; two muscular impressions, very
separate, the posterior extending in the shape of a band, sometimes very long.
Ligament external. .

L. Jamaicensis, L. concentrica, L. squamosa, L. sinuata,

* Pennsylvanica, ‘ divaricata, * lactea, * pecten,

* edentula, * carnaria, * undata, * lutea,

* multibilis, * scabra, * circinaria, ‘ digitalis,

‘ radula, ‘ reticulata, * columbella, ‘ globularis.

Donax. Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, the anterior side very
short and very obtuse; two cardinal teeth, either in both valves, or in the one
only; one or two lateral teeth, more or less distant. Ligament external,
short, inserted in the place of the lunula.

D. scortum, D. granosa, D. triquetra, D. meroe,

* pubescens, * columbella, * ringens, * scripta,

* compressa, ¢ veneriformis, * rugosa, * trunculus,

* cuneata, * australis, ‘ Cayennensis, ‘ flabagella,

* deltoides, ‘ epidermia, ‘ elongata, * cinatinum,

‘ radians, ‘ bicolor, ‘ denticulata, * Martinicensis.
* abbreviata, * vitrata, * cardioides,

2. Having no lateral teeth.

Capsa. Shell transverse, equivalve, close; hinge having two teeth in the
right valve, and one entering, bifid tooth on the other; no lateral teeth. Lig-
ament external.

C. levigata, C. Braziliensis.
Crassina. Shell suborbicular, transverse, equivalve, rather inequilateral,

close; hinge with two strong diverging teeth in the right valve, and two very
unequal teeth in the other. Ligament external, on the longest side.

C. danmoniensis.
20

154

SECTION III. CONCHIFERA LAMELLIPEDA.

This section is divided into five families, viz. Conch, Cardiacea, Arcacea,
Trigoniana, and Naiada.

CONCH A.—Seven Genera.

Three cardinal teeth at least in one valve, with as many, or less in the
other; sometimes with lateral teeth.

The Conche are divided into Fluviatiles and Marine.

CONCHA FLUVIATILES.

Cyctas. Shell ovate-globose, transverse, equivalve, the beaks tumid;
cardinal teeth very small, sometimes scarcely perceptible; occasionally two
in each valve, one of them plaited in two; sometimes only one plaited or
lobed tooth in one valve, and two in the other; lateral teeth transversely elon-
gated, compressed, lamellar. Ligament external.

C. rivicola, C. obliqua, C. fontinalis, C. striatina,
* cornea, ‘ calyculata, * australis, ‘ Saratogea.
* Jacustris, * obtusalis, ; © sulcata,

Cyrena. Shell rounded, triangular, turgid or ventricose, inequilateral,
solid, covered with an epidermis; the beaks eroded; hinge having three teeth
in each valve. The lateral teeth are nearly always two in number; one of
them often near the cardinal. Ligament external, inserted in the largest side.

C. trigonella, C. fuscata, C. depressa, C., Caroliniensis,
* orientalis, ‘ fluminea, ‘ Bengalensis, 1 fossil species,
’ecor, ‘ violacea, ‘ Zeylanica,

GaLATHEA. Shell equivalve, sub-triangular, covered with a greenish epi-
dermis; cardinal teeth sulcated; two in the right valve, approaching at their
base; three in the other, the middle one advanced, and separate; lateral teeth
distant. Ligament external, short, protruding, turgid, nymphe prominent.

G. radiata.

CONCH MARIN A.

Mostly no lateral teeth ; the whole shell frequently covered with an epidermis exeept
at the beaks.

Cyprina. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, obliquely cordate, the beaks
obliquely curved; three unequal, cardinal teeth, approximating at their base,

5

and diverging a little above. A lateral tooth distant from the hinge, placed

on the anterior side, sometimes obsolete.
large, arched, terminated near the beaks by a pit.

in part under the beaks.

C. tenuistria,

CyTHerea.
transverse; four cardinal teeth in the right valve,
approximate at their base,
three diverging cardinal te
allel to the margin.

C. lusoria,

‘ petechialis,
‘ impudica,
‘ castanea,
* zonaria,

* meretrix,
‘ graphica,

* morphina,
‘ purpurata,
* casta,

‘ corbicula,
* tripla,

‘ gigantea,
‘ erycina,

‘ lilacina,

‘ impa,

* erycinella,
‘ pectoralis,
‘ planatella,
‘ florida,

* nitidula,

C.

Islandica,

chione,

* maculata,

‘6
‘
‘
‘6
‘
‘
6
‘6
‘6
‘
6
6
‘6
‘6
‘

c
‘

6

citrina,
albina,
lata,
mactroides,
trigonella,
sulcatina,
hebrea,
castrensis,
ornata,
picta,
trigrina,
Venetiana,
juvenilis,
rufa,
Guiniensis,
Dione,
Arabica,
trimaculata,

C.

‘

‘
‘6
6
‘
&
‘6
‘
‘
6
‘
6
‘
‘
‘
‘
.
‘
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Venus. Shell equivalve, inequilateral,

approximate, cardinal teeth in each valve,
Ligament external, covering the scutcheon.

Ve

summit.

V. puerpera,
reticulata,
pygmea,
corbis,
crenulata,
discina,
verrucosa,
rugosa,
casina,
crebrisulca,
plicata,
cancellata,

Oe OLR Be ce a wm ba.

.
‘
6
6
‘
‘
‘6
‘6
‘
‘
c

- Subrostrata,

granulata,
pectorina,
marica,
cingculata,
cardioides,
grisea,
elliptica,
Dombeii,
mercenaria,
lagopus,
gallina,

LOM IN AH A KR An

6 fossil species.

immaculata,
pellucida,
lupatica,
lucinalis,
lunaris,
lactea,
exoleta,
lincta,
conceutrica,
prostrata,
interrupta,
tigerina,
punctata,
umbonella,
unitatina,
scripta,
numulina,
muscaria,
pulicaris,
mixta,

Ta

C

‘
‘
‘
6
6
‘
¢
‘
‘6
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&
‘
6

‘
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‘
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9

The callosities of the nymphe
Ligament external, sunk

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, suborbicular, triangular, or
three of which diverge and
and one quite insulated, situated under the lunula;
eth in the other valve, and a pit
No lateral teeth.

C.

ther distant par-

. abbreviata,
pectinata,
gibbia,
ranella,
divaricata,
testudinalis,
cuneata,
placunella,
rugifera,
plicatina,
flexuosa,
macrodon,
linularis,
squamosa,
cardilla,
cygnus,
dentaria,
hians,
subrugosa,

fossil species.

transverse or suborbicular; three
the lateral ones diverging at the

gallinula,
pectinula,
sulcata,
exalbida,
rufa,
dorsata,
hiantina,
crassisulca,
corrugata,
Malabarica,
papilionacea,
adspersa,

V

nn nnRnneneniannea

- punctifera,
turgida,
literata,
sulcaria,
textile,
texturata,
geographica,
rariflamma,
decussata,
pullastra,
glandina,
truncata,

156

V. retifera, V. opima, V. rimularis, V. pumila,
* anomala, * nebulosa, ‘ vulvina, * ovata,
‘ galactites, ‘ phaseolina, * vermiculosa, * inquinata,
* exilis, ‘ carneola, ‘ flammiculata, ‘ Jamellata,
* scalarina, * florida, * conularis, * Beri,
* Scotica, ‘ petalina, ‘ strigosa, * elegans,
* aurea, * bicolor, ‘ aphrodina, * Skutchburii,
‘ virginea, ‘ floridella, * Peronii, ‘ papyracea,
* marmorata, ‘ catenifera, ‘ aphrodinoides, * aurisiaca,
* ovulea, * pulchella, ‘ elegantina, * costulata,
‘ laterisulca, * sinuosa, ‘ flammea, 6 fossil species.
‘ callipyga, * tristis, * undulosa,
VENERICARDIA. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, suborbicular, mostly with
longitudinal, radiating ribs. Two oblique cardinal teeth, standing the same
Way.

V. australis,

V. Tankervillii,
‘ flammea, (N. S.)

V. crassicosta, 10 fossil species.

CARDIACEA.—Five Genera.

Cardinal teeth irregular, either in their form or in their situation; and in
general accompanied by one or two lateral teeth.

Carpium. Shell equivalve, rather heart-shaped; the beaks prominent;
the internal margins of the valves dentated or plaited; hinge with four teeth in
each valve; the two cardinal approximate and oblique, articulating cross-
wise with the two in the other valve; and two rather distant, entering, lateral
teeth.

C. costatum, aculeatum, C. levigatum, scobinatum,

* Indicum, erinaceum, ‘ biradiatum, unedo,

* ringens, tuberculatum, ‘ wolicum, medium,

* Asiaticum, isocardia, ‘ pectinatum, frag um,

* tenuicostatum, muricatum, * rusticum, retusum,

* fimbriatum, angulatum, * edule, tumoriferum,
* Brasilianum, marmoreum, ‘ Grenlandicum, hemicardium,
* apertum, elongatum, * latum, cardissa,

‘ papyraceum, ventricosum, * crenulatum, inversum,

* bullatum, rugosum, * exiguum, Junonie,

‘ ciliare, sulcatum, * minutum, lineatum,

‘ echinatum, serratum, * roseum, 14 fossil species.
* pseudolinia,

Carpira. Shell free, regular, equivalve, inequilateral; hinge with two

157

unequal teeth, one short, straight, situated under the beaks; the other ob-
lique, marginal, and extending under the corselets.

C. sulcata, C. bicolor, C. subaspera, C., citrina,

* ajar, * depressa, * nodulosa, ‘ sublevigata,
* turgida, ‘ phrenetica, * concamerata, * corbularis,

* squamosa, ‘ crassicosta, ‘ sinuata, ‘ lithophagella,
* intermedia, ‘ rufescens, * aviculina, 4 fossil species.
* trapezia, ‘ calyculata,

Cypricarpia. Shell free, equivalve, inequilateral, obliquely or trans-
versely elongated. Three cardinal teeth under the beaks, and one lateral
tooth extending under the corselet.

C. Guinaica, C. rostrata, C. coralliophaga, 3 fossil species.
* angulata,

Hiatevya. Shell equivalve, very inequilateral, transverse, gaping at the
superior margin, hinge with a small tooth in the right valve, and two oblique
teeth, larger in the left valve. Ligament external.

H. arctica.

Isocarp1a. Shell equivalve, heart-shaped, ventricose, the beaks distant,
diverging, spirally turned on one side, two flat, entering, cardinal teeth, one
of them curved, and sunk under the beak; one elongated, lateral tooth, situ-
ated under the corselet. Ligament external, forked on one side.

I. cor, I. Moltkiana, I. semisulcata, 1 fossil species.

ARCACEA.—Four Genera.

Cardinal teeth small, numerous, entering, and disposed in each valve, in a
straight, arched or broken line.

Cucutt#4. Shell equivalve, inequilateral trapeziform, ventricose; the
beaks distant, separated by the facet of the ligament; the anterior muscular
impression forming a projecting angular, or auricular margin; hinge linear,
straight, with small transverse teeth, and having, at the extremities, from
two to five ribs parallel to it. Ligament wholly external.

C. auriculifera, 1 fossil species.

Arca. Shell transverse, sub-equivalve, inequilateral; the beaks distant,
-separated by the facet of the linament; hinge in a straight line, without limbs

158

at the extremities, and furnished with numerous serial and entering teeth.
Li

gament wholly external.

A. tortuosa, A. sulcata, A. cancellaria, A. inequivalvis,
* semitorta, * ovata, * eallifera, * Indica,

‘ Noe, ‘ barbata, ‘ irudina, ‘ senilis,

* tetragona, ‘ fusca, ‘ Helbingii, ‘ Brasiliana,

* umbonata, ‘ Magellanica, * scapha, * corbicula,

* sinuata, ‘ Domingensis, * antiquata, ‘ squamosa,

* avellana, * lactea, ‘ rhombea, * Cayennensis,
* cardissa, ‘ trapezina, * granosa, ‘ bisulcata,

* ventricosa, ‘ pistachia, ‘ auriculata, 9 fossil species.
‘ retusa, ‘ pisolina,

PectuncuLus. Shell orbicular, almost lenticular, equivalve, subequilat-

eral, close; hinge arched, furnished with numerous serial, oblique, entering
teeth; those in the middle obsolete, nearly obliterated. Ligament external.

P. glycimeris, P. pennaceus, P. violacescens, P. pectinatus,

‘ pilosus, * rubens, * -zonalis, * pectiniformis,
* undulatus, * angulatus, ‘ striatularis, ‘ radians,

‘ marmoratus, ‘ stellatus, ‘ nummarius, ‘ vitreus,

‘ scriptus, ‘ pallens, ‘ castaneus, 9 fossil species.

Nucuna. Shell transverse, ovate, triangular, or oblong, equivalve, inequi-
lateral; no facet between the beaks; hinge linear, broken, many toothed, in-
terrupted in the middle by an obliquely extending spoon-shaped pit; the teeth
numerous, often produced, as in the pectens; the beaks contiguous, curved
backwards. Ligament marginal, and partly internal, inserted in the pit or
spoon of the hinge.

N. lanceolata, N. Nicobarica, N. margaritacea, N. glacialis,
* rostrata, * obliqua, * tellinoides, 4 fossil species.
‘ pella,
N. lanceolata, (Sowerby, f. 1. N. Fabula, (Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 13.
* elongata, C 2. ‘ Elenensis, 14,
* tellinoides, € * cuneata, 15.
* crenifera, ‘ 3. * striata, s 16.
* arctica, . 4. ‘ Mauritiania, ‘ 17.
¢ Nicobarica, 4. ‘ limatula, (Say, Am. C. t. 12.
* eurvirostra, ar 5. © levis, s 12.
‘Pella, : =e * concentrica, § 12.
‘ glacialis, (Wood, Supp. pl. ii. fi 6. ‘ margaritacea, (Sowerby,Gen. .
‘ fluviatilis, (Sowerby, Gen. ‘ decussata, ‘ Con eis:
‘ minuta, (Montague. * rugulosa, 5 19.
‘ para, (Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 7. nitida, S 20.
* costellata, ‘ 8. ‘ obliqua, . 21.
‘ gibbosa, 9. * tenuis, (Montague,
‘ eburnea, ‘¢ 10. * convexa, (Sowerby, C. Ill. ft 22.
_ © polita, ¢ a: ‘ Pisum, : 23.
* nasuta, : 12. * exigua, ; 24.

159

TRIGONIANA.—Two Genera.

Triconra. Shell equivalve, triangular, sometimes suborbicular; cardinal
teeth oblong, laterally compressed, diverging transversely, furrowed; two in
the right valve, furrowed on each side, and four in the other, furrowed only
on one side. Ligament external, marginal.

T. pectinata, 15 fossil species.

Casratra. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, triangular; the beaks eroded,
recurved posteriorly; hinge with two lamellar teeth, transversely striated; the
posterior one distant, shortened, subtrilamellar; the other anterior, elongated,
lateral. Ligament external.

C. ambigua.

NAIADA.—Four Genera.

Fresh water shells, the hinge of which is sometimes furnished with an wreg-
ular, simple or divided cardinal teeth, and a longitudinal one, which extends
under the corselet, and sometimes no tooth, or is furnished with irregular,
granular tubercles, through its whole length. Muscular impression posterior,
compound; the beaks decorticated, often eroded.

Unto. Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, free; beaks decorticate, al-
most eroded; muscular impression posterior, compound; hinge with two teeth
in each valve; one cardinal, short, irregular, simple, or divided in two, substri-
ated; the other elongated, compressed, lateral, prolonged under the corselet.
Ligament external.

: radiatus, Barnes. Say’s Am. C. pl. ii. f. 7. 1st ed.
(Gmelin.) Say’s Am. C. p. ii. £.8. (Say-) ~ Hildreth in Si J.v. 14.191.

U. undulatus, Say’s Am. C. p. xvi.

U. radiatus, ; radiata. Virginiata, Lam. U. ovatus, ; ovata, Lamarck, 3 by 4 inches.

U. cariosus, (luteola, Lamarck.

er Ba eg Am. C. (Say.) Sit | eee ‘

rarisulcata, Lamarck. mye we See uss Sages alae)
U.complanatus, | coarctata, . r fae. ; i De iceetondil Barnes, (rayed.)
(Solander,) hab. | purpurascens, »10.a. b. (ellipticus, (young. )
rivers and lakes { rhombula, ¢
E.of Alleghany | georgina, ‘ U. nasutus,
mountains. sulcidens, : Say’s A.C. Val

Caroliniana, Bosc. play. 27. agairabs,) Valen.

fluviatilis, Green. Ist ed.

\ carinifera, Lamarck.

160

U. cylindricus,
(Say.) Hild. in
S. J. vol. 14, f.
13, a. b.

U. subtentus, (Say.) See Trans. Am. Phil.

Soc. vol. 3, pl. xv.

; crassidens of Lam. Barnes

naviformis, Lamarck.

U. plicata,

(Le Sueur.) in Sil. J. of Sc. vol. 6,

pl. ii. f. a. b.

prelongus, Barnes and
U. rectus Hildreth in S. J. f. 1.
(Lamarck) nasuta,

purpurata,

recta.

U. torsus, (Rafinesque.)
Wmayrlaiies seal (Barnes.) Sil. J.
2 ’

(Rafinesque.) vol. 6, pl. iv. f. 4. a. b.

Hildreth, white var.

nodosus, Bar. S. J. vol. 6
pl. vi. f. 7. a. b.

rugosus, Bar. S. J. vol. 6,
pl. viii. f. 9. a. b.

U. scalenius, (Rafinesque.)
* cornutus, (Barnes.) Sil. J. vol. 6, pl. iv. f.
Oat.
‘ verrucosus, (Bar.) 8. J. v. 6, pl. v. f. 6, a. b.
* tuberculatus, (Bar.) 8. J. vol. 6, pl. vii. f.
8. a. b.
‘ gibbosus, (Barnes.) Sil. J. vol. 6, pl. xi.
f. 12. a. b.
* cuneatus, (Barnes.) Sil. J. vol. 6, p. 263.
‘ yentricosus, (Barnes.) S. J. vol. 6, p. 267.
Say, in Am. Conc. pl. xxxil. Occidens
of Lea, see T’. A. P.S. vol. 3, pl. x. f.16.
‘ siliquoideus, (Barnes.) Sil. J. vol. 6, pl.
xiii. f. 15. a.b.c.d. Desc. p. 269.
* triangularis, (Barnes.) Say’s Am. C. pl. iv.
‘ parvus, (Barnes.) 8. J. vol. 6, pl. xi. f. 18.
‘ sopus, (Green.)
* calceolatus, (Lea.) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vol. 3, pl. iii. f. 1.
‘ Janceolatus, (Lea.) do. do. pl. iii. f. 2.
‘ donaciformis, ‘ do. do. pl. iv. f. 3.
‘ ellipsis, ‘ do. do. pl. iv. f. 4.
Say, Am. Cone. pl. xiv.
‘ irroratus, (Lea.) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vol. 3, pl. v. f. 5
lacrymosus, (Lea.) do. do. pl. vi. f. 8.
lugubris, Say’s Am. C, pl. xliii.
ater, (Lea.) T. A. P.S. v. 3, pl. vii, f. 9.
rubiginosus, do. do. pl. viii. f. 10.
heterodon, do. do. i.

U. metanever,
(Rafinesque.)

~nnnnn

.

. n RR Re Re HROHRO Hm BREN RMON Denes (en aN NN Tew) LOS lenens ew eu cen .

na nennnnennenennnnnanan

. Suleatus, (Lea.) Trans. Am, Phil. Soc.

vol. 3. pl. viii. f. 12. Say’s Am. Conc.
pl. v.
phaseolus, Say’s A. C. pl. xxii.
ulatus, of Lea, pl. ix.
circulus, (Lea.) T. A. P.S. vol. 3, pl. ix.
f. 14.

U. plan-

multiradiatus, do. do. pl. ix. f. 15.
securis, do. do. pl. xi. f. 17.
iris, do. do. pl. xi. f. 18.
zig-zag, * do. do. pl. xi. f. 19.
patulus, do. do. pl. xii. f. 20.

monodonta, Say’s Am. C. pl. vi.

ridibundus, do. do. pl.v. f. 1.
abruptus, do. ido. plaxvil. tL.
tetralasmus, do. do. pl. xxiii.

foliatus, (Hildreth.) in 8. J. vol. 14, f. 16.
detriscens, Say’s Am. Conc. pl. xxiv.

interruptus, do. do. pl. xxxiii.
globulus, do.’ ido; \plixxxiv.
declivis, do. do. pl. xxxv.
lapillus, do. do. pl. xli.
camptodon, do. do. pl. xli.

acicularis,

pustulatus, (Lea.) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vol. 3, pl. vii. f. 9.

anodontoides, do. do. pl. viil. f. 11.

littoralis, (Lamarck.) hab. France.

pictorum, Europe.
brevialis, ‘ Is. of France.
corrugata, ‘ ‘ Coromandel.
granosa, f ‘ Guyana.
depressa, & ‘ New Holland.
marginalis, ‘ Bengal.
gracilis, ‘Ehldreth, ) in Sil. Jour. vol. 14,
page 288, f. 23.
trapezoides, (Lea.) Trans. Am. P. Soc

vol. 4, pl. ii. f. 1.

multiplicatus, do. do. pl. iv. f 2.
asperrimus, do. do. pl. vi. f. 3.
congareus, do. do. pl. vi. f. 4.
oriens, do. do. pl. vi. f. 5.
brevidens, do. do. pl. vi. f. 6.
pustulosus, do. do. pl. vii. f. 7.
stapes, do. do. pl. vii. f. 8.
lens, do. do. pl. viii. f. 10
subrotundus, do. do. pl. xvii. f. 45,
subovatus, do. do. pl. xviii. f. 46.
pileus, do. do. pl. xviii. f. 47.
varicosus, do. do. pl. xi. f. 20.
castaneus, do. do. pl. xi. f. 21.
multistriatus, do. do. pl. xii. f. 22.
decisus, do. do. pl. xii. f. 23.
cuprinus, do. do. pl. xii. f. 24.
ceruleus, do. do. pl. xiii. f. 25.

161

soleniformis, do. do. pl. x. 17. ochraceus, (Say.) Nich. Ency. pl. ii. f. 8.
acutissimus, do. do. pl. x. 18. crassa, Say’s Am. Conc. pl. i. f. 8. and
olivarius, do. do. pl. xvi. 38. Wood’s Gen. Conc. pl. xx. xxi.

U. obesus, (Lea.) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vol. U. pyramidatus, (Lea.) Trans. Am. P. Soc.
4, pl. xiii. f. 26. vol. 4, pl. xvi. f.39. [White var. Un-
* incurvus, do. do. pl. xiii. f. 27. datus of Barnes. ]
* anodontoides, do. do. pl. viii. f. 11. ‘ trigonus, (L.) T. A. P.S. v.4, p. xvi. f. 40.
* glans, do. do. pl. viii. f. 12. ‘ formosus, do. do. pl. xvi. 41.
‘ elegans, do. do. pl. ix. 13, ‘ perplexus, do. do. pl. xvii. 42.
* ebenus, do. do. pl. ix. 14, * foliatus, (Hildreth.) Sil. J. vol. 14.
* asper, do. do. pl. ix. 15. * angustatus, (L.)T.A.P.S.v.4, p. xvii. f. 43.
* fabalis, do. do. pl. x. 16. ‘ arcaformis, do. do. pl. xvii. f. 44,
¢ ‘6
6 6
‘

Hyria. Shell equivalve, obliquely triangular, eared; the base truncated
and straight; hinge with two low teeth; the posterior or cardinal one divided
into numerous diverging parts, of which the interior are the smallest, the oth-
er anterior or lateral, very long and lamellar. Ligament external, linear.

H. avicularis, H. corrugata,

Anoponta. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse; hinge linear, with-
out teeth: a smooth, cardinal lamina, truncated, or forming a sinus at its an-
terior extremity, terminates the base of the shell. Two distant, lateral sub-
geminal, muscular impressions. Ligament linear, external; its anterior
extremity inserted in the sinus of the cardinal lamina.

A. maximus, (a new species, fron Lake A. cataracta, (Say.) Am. C. pl. iii. f. 4,

Superior,}—nondescript. ‘ rubens, Ency. Meth. pl. cci. f. 1. a. b.
* undulata, (Say.) Rugosus of Swainson, hab. Senegal.
an old shell. ‘ crispata, do. pl.cciii. f. 3.a.b. do.

wn
wn.

suborbiculata, (Say.) Am. Cone. pl. xi. uniopsis, (South Seas.)
areolatus, (Swainson.) Illus. of Zoology. intermedia, Encyc. Meth. pl. cci. f. 2.

* cygneus, (Lamarck.) Brewster’s Cyclop. hab. France.
vol. 8, pl. ccv. f. 16. * trapezialis, (this may be the undulatus of
* anatina, (Lamarck.) Turton’s Biv. Shells, Hildreth.)

.

and Pennant’s Zoology, pl. Ixviii. f. 79. glauca, (hab. Acapulco.)
* sulcata, Ency. Meth. pl. ccii. f. 1. a. b. sinuosa, Ency. Meth. pl. cciii. f. 2. a. b.
A.marginata of Say, Am. C. pl.iii. f.5. Patagonica, do. pl. cciii. f. 1. a. b.

.

Ir1pina. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse; the beaks small,
reflected, almost straight; muscular impressions similar to the genus Anodon;
hinge long, linear, attenuated about the middle, tuberculated throughout the
whole length, almost crenated; the tubercles unequal, frequent. Ligament
external, marginal.

I, Nilotica, (Sowerby.) Zool. Jour. I. exotica, Ency. 204.
aI

162

AtasmoponTa. Lateral teeth none; cardinal teeth simple, or slightly
divided.
A. margaritifera, (Unio sinuata of Lam’k.) <A. rugosa, (Barnes.) 8. J. vol. 6, pl. xiii. f. 21:
W 00d’s Gen. Conc. pl. xxii. f. 1. 23. ‘ marginata, (Say.)
‘¢

‘ arcuata, (Barnes.) Sil. Jour. vol. 6, pl. xii. undulata, see Say’s desc. and fig. in A. C.
f. 20.—old and young. confragrosus, (Say.) Am. Conc. pl. xxi.

Sympuynorta. Shell fluviatile, bivalve; valves connate at the dorsal margin.

S. levissima, (Lea.) T. A.P.S. pl. xiii. f. 23. 8S. gracilis, (Barnes.) Sil. Jour. vol. 6.

‘ bialata, do. pl. xix. f. 24. * tenuissima, (Lea.) T. A. P.S. pl. xi. f. 21.
‘ alata, (Lam’k.) Barnes, in S. J. vol. 6. ‘ bilineata, (Lea.) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
‘ complanata, do. do. page 278.—rare. vol:4, pl. xf. 19.

‘ compressa, (Lea.) T. A. P.S. pl. xii. £22. inflata, do. do. pl. xiv. f. 28.

CHAMACEA.—Three Genera.

Shell inequivalve, irregular, fixed; hinge with one thick tooth, or without
teeth; two separate lateral muscular impressions.

Diceras. Shell inequivalve, adhering; the beaks conical, very large,
diverging, irregularly spiral; one large, thick, concave, subauricular, promi-
nent tooth in the greater valve; two muscular impressions.

1 fossil species.

Cuama. Shell irregular, inequivalve, fixed; the beaks curved and unequal;
hinge with one thick, oblique, subcrenate tooth, fitting in a pit in the opposite
valve; two distant, lateral, muscular impressions. Ligament external, sunk.

C. lazarus, - _ C. florida, C. arcinella, C. ruderalis,

* damecornis, * limbula, ‘ radians, * croceata,

‘ gryphoides, ‘ eruginosa, * cristella, ‘ Japonica,

* crenulata, ‘ asperella, * albida, 8 fossil species.
* unicornis, * decussata,

Erueria. Shell irregular, inequivalve, fixed; the beaks short, almost
sunk in the base of the valves; hinge without teeth, rather sinuous, unequal;
two distant, lateral, oblong, muscular impressions. Ligament external, tor-

_tuous, partly penetrating the shell.

E. elliptica, E. semilunata, E. transversa, E. Carteronii.
* trigonula,

163
ORDER II. CONCHIFERA UNIMUSCULOSA.

Shell presenting internally, one muscular impression, nearly in the centre.
This order is divided into three sections.

SECTION I. Ligament marginal, elongated on the margin, sublinear.

This section contains three families, —Tridacnea, Mytilacea, and Mallacea.

TRIDACNEA.—Two Genera.

Shell transverse, equivalve, the muscular impression under the middle of
the superior margin, and is prolonged to each side under it.

Tripacna. Shell regular, equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, gaping at
the lunula; hinge with two compressed, unequal, anterior, entering teeth.
Ligament marginal, external.

T. gigas, T. squamosa, T. mutica, 1 fossil species.

‘ elongata, * crocea, * serrifera,

Hreropus. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse; the lunula close;
hinge with two compressed, unequal, anterior, and entering teeth. Ligament
marginal, external.

H. maculatus.

MY TILACEA.—Two Genera.

The ligament at the hinge subinternal, marginal, linear, very entire, occu-
pying a great part of the anterior margin; rarely foliated.

Mopioxa. Shell subtransverse, equivalve, regular, the posterior side very
short; beaks nearly lateral, depressed on the short side; hinge without teeth,
lateral, linear. Ligament marginal, subinternal; one elongated, club-shaped,

sublateral, muscular impression.

M. papuana, M. picta, M. discrepans, M. semen,

* tulipa, * sulcata, ‘ discors, * lithophaga,
‘ albicosta, ‘ plicatula, ‘ trapezina, ‘ caudigera,
‘ Guyanensis, ‘ semifusca, ‘ cinnamonea, ‘ vagina,

‘ Adriatica, * securis, * silicula, ‘ levigata,

: pulex, j purpurata, ‘ plicata, 5 fossil species.

vagina, barbata,

} 164

Pinna. Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, equivalve, gaping at the sum-
mit, pointed at the base, the beaks straight; hinge lateral, without teeth.
Ligament marginal, linear, very long, almost internal.

P. rudis, P. nobilis, P. pectinata, P. ingens,

* flabellum, ‘ squamosa, ‘ saccata, * vexillum,

* seminuda, ‘ marginata, * varicosa, ‘ nigrina,

‘ angustina, ‘ muricata, * dolabrata, 1 fossil species.

MALLACEA.—Five Genera.

.

Tigament marginal, sublinear, either interrupted by indentations or serial
teeth, or wholly simple. Shell subinequivalve, foliated.

CrenaTuLa. Shell subequivalve, flat, lamellated, irregular; no partic-
ular opening for the byssus; hinge lateral, linear, marginal, indented; inden-
tations serial, callous, hollowed into pits, which receive the ligament.

C. avicularis, C. nigrina, C. viridis, C. phasianoptera. -

* modiolaris, ‘ bicostalis, * mytiloides,

Perna. Shell subequivalve, flattened, rather deformed, texture lamellar;
hinge linear, marginal, composed of furrow-like, transverse, parallel, nonen-
tering teeth, between which the ligament is inserted. A posterior sinus,
slightly gaping, situated at the extremity of the hinge, for the passage of the
byssus; sides callous.

P. ephippium, P, avicularis, P. marsupiom, P. nucleus,
* obliqua, * femoralis, * sulcata, 2 fossil species.
‘ isognomon, * canina, * vulsella,

Mautevs. Shell subequivalve, rude, deformed, mostly elongated, sub-
lobate at the base; beaks small, diverging; hinge without teeth; an elongated
conical pit, situated under the beaks, traversing obliquely the facet of the lig-
ament. Ligament partly external, short, inserted in the sloping facet of each
valve.

M. albus, M. normalis, M. anatinus, M. decurtatus.

* vulgaris, ‘ vulsellatus,

AvicuLa. Shell inequivalve, fragile, rather smooth; base transverse,
straight; the extremities produced, the anterior caudiform or tail-like; a sinus
in the left valve; hinge linear, unidentate; a cardinal tooth in each valve,

165

under the beaks. Facet of the ligament marginal, narrow, channelled, not
traversed by the byssus.

A. macroptera, A. falcata, A. squamulosa, A. physoides,

* rotorium, * crocea, ‘ papilionacea, ‘ virens,

‘ semisagitta, ‘ Tarentina, * costellata, 2 fossil species.
‘ heteroptera, ‘ Atlantica,

MeLeaGRINA. Shell subequivalve, rotundate, nearly square, externally
squamose; the inferior cardinal margin straight, not caudate anteriorly; a sinus
at the posterior base of the valves, for the passage of the byssus; the left
valve being at this place narrow and channelled; hinge linear, without teeth.
Facet of the ligament marginal, elongated, nearly external, dilated in the
middle.

M. margaritifera, M. albina.

SECTION II. Ligament not marginal, contracted into a short space under the
beaks; always visible, and not forming a tendinous cord under the shell.

This section is divided into two families, viz. Pectinida and Ostracea.

PECTINIDA.—Seven Genera.

Ligament internal, or demi-internal. Shell in general regular, compact,
not foliated.

Pepum. Shell inequivalve, subauriculated, lower valve gaping; beaks un-
equal, distant; hinge without teeth. Ligament partly external, inserted in an
elongated and channelled pit, formed in the lower side of the beaks. Lower
valve notched near the posterior base.

P. spondyloideum.

Lima. Shell longitudinal, subequivalve, auriculated, gaping slightly on
one side between the valves; beaks distant; their internal facet inclined out-
wards; hinge without teeth. The cardinal pit partly external, receiving the
ligament.

L. inflata, L. glacialis, L. fragilis, 5 fossil species.
* squamosa, * annulata, ‘ linguatula,

Piaciostoma. Shell subequivalve, free, subauriculated, the cardinal base
transverse, straight; beaks rather distant, their inner sides expanding into

166

transverse, flattened, external facets, one straight, the other obliquely inclined;
hinge without teeth; a conical cardinal pit, situated below the beaks, partly
internal, opening outwards, and receiving the ligament.

10 fossil species.
Precren. Shell free, regular, inequivalve, auriculated; the lower margin

transverse, straight; beaks contiguous; hinge without teeth, a cardinal, trian-
gular pit, wholly internal, receiving the ligament.

P. maximus, P. aspersus, P. histrionicus, P. varius,

* medius, © flavidulus, ‘ sauciatus, ‘ sanguineus,

‘ Jacobeus, ‘ plica, * opercularis, ‘ sinuosus,

‘ bifrons, ‘ olaber, * jineatus, ‘ ornatus,

* ziczac, * sulcatus, * flabellatus, * pellucidus,

‘ Laurentil, ‘ virgo, ‘ irradians, ‘ 'Tranquebaricus,
‘ pleuronectes, * unicolor, * flexuosus, ‘ gibbus,

‘ obliteratus, ‘ griseus, * inflexus, ‘ miniaceus,

‘ Japonicus, * distans, * dispar, ‘ pusio,

‘ Magellanicus, * isabella, * quadriradiatus, ‘ hybridus,

‘ purpuratus, * nodosus, * Islandicus, ‘ sulphureus,

‘ lineolaris, ‘ pallium, * asperrimus, * lividus,

* yadula, ‘ pes felis, * senatorius, ‘ hexactes,

‘ rastellum, ‘ tigris, * aurantius, * muscosus,

‘ turgidus, ‘ imbricatus, ‘ florens, 27 fossil species.
‘ flagellatus,

Purcatuta. - Shell inequivalve, not auriculated, attenuated towards the
base, the superior margin rounded, subplicate; the beaks unequal, and without
an external facet; hinge having two strong cardinal teeth in each valve; a pit
between them, receiving the ligament, which is wholly external. ‘

P. ramosa, P. cristata, P. australis, 6 fossil species.
* depressa, * reniformis,

Sponpytus. Shell inequivalve, adhering, auriculated, echinated or rough,
the beaks unequal, the lower valve having an external, flattened, cardinal facet,
divided by a channel which lengthens with age; hinge having two strong
teeth in each valve, and an intermediate pit for the ligament, communicating
by the base with the external channel. Ligament internal; the remains of
former ligaments are seen outside in the channel.

S. gedaropus, S. variegatus, S. spathuliferus, S. aurantius,

‘ Americanus, * longispina, * ducalis, R * radians,

* arachnoides, ‘ regius, ‘ longitudinalis, ‘ zonalis,

* candidus, * avicularis, ‘ microlepas, * violacescens,
‘ multilamellatus, * coccineus, * croceus, 4 fossil species.
‘ costatus, * crassisquama,

167

Povoprsis. Shell inequivalve, subregular, adhering by the inferior beak,
not auriculated, the lower valve largest, most convex, and the beaks most
produced; hinge without teeth. Ligament internal.

2 fossil species.

OSTRACEA.—Five Genera.
This family is separated into two divisions.

DIVISION I. Ligament internal, or demi-internal. Shell irregular,
foliated, sometimes very thin.

DIVISION II. Ligament demi-internal. Shell foliated, and often
very thick.

Grypuea. Shell free, inequivalve, the lower valve large, concave, ter-
minating by a projecting, involute beak, the upper valve small, flat, and oper-
cular; hinge without teeth; an oblong, arched, cardinal pit; only one muscular
impression in each valve.

G. angulata, 11 fossil species.

Osrrea. Shell adhering, inequivalve, irregular; beaks distant, becoming
very unequal by age, and the upper valve gradually during the life of the
animal; hinge without teeth. Ligament demi-internal, inserted in the cardi-
nal pit of the valves; the pit of the lower valve increasing by age, sometimes
to a great length.

O. edulis O. parasitica O. margaritacea O. grucella
. ) . ’ . ? . ’

* hippopus, ‘ denticulata, * gibbosa, * folium,

‘ borealis, ‘ spathulata, ‘ australis, * labrella,

‘ Adriatica, ‘ ruscuriana, ‘ elliptica, ‘ plicatula,
a : ee et ; eee Sanaeee : pele oe
cristata anadensis eformis usca
- gallina, * excavata, : fucorum, : turbinata,
* numisma, ‘ mytiloides, * cornucopie, * cristagalli,
* lingua. * sinuata * cucullata ‘ imbricata.
uy hilar ¢ trapezina, : doridella, ‘ hyotis,
‘ Brasiliana, * tuberculata, * rubella. * radiata,

* scabra, * rufa, © limacella, 33 fossil species.
* rostralis.

VuLsELua. Shell longitudinal, subequivalve, irregular, free; the beaks

168

equal; hinge with a prominent callosity in each valve, depressed above, show-
ing an impression of a conical and obliquely arched pit for the ligament.

V. lingulata, V. rugosa, V. mytilina, 1 fossil species.

‘ hians, ‘ spongiarum, ‘ ovata,

Pracuna. Shell free, irregular, flat, subequivalve, hinge internal, having
two sharp, longitudinal ribs in one valve, approximate at their base, and
diverging in form of a V.; and in the other valve, two impressions, Which
correspond with the cardinal ribs, to which is attached the ligament.

P. sella, P. placenta, P. papyracea, 1 fossil species.

Anomia. Shell inequivalve, irregular, operculated, adhering by the oper-
culum, lower valve perforated, generally flattened, having a hole or channel at
the beak; the other valve rather larger, concave, entire. Operculum small,
elliptical, osseous, fixed to marine substances.

A. ephippium, A. electrica, A. fornicata, A. squamula,
‘ patellaris, ‘ pyriformis, ‘ membranacea, ¢ Jens.
* cepa,

SECTION III. Either no ligament, or none known; or represented by a ten-
dinous cord, which supports the shell.

This section contains two families—Rudista, and Brachiopoda.

RUDISTA.—Six Genera.

SpH#RULITES. Shell inequivalve, orbicular, globose, rather depressed
above, echinated externally, with large subangular, horizontal scales; upper
valve smallest, rather flat, opercular; the internal surface furnished with two
unequal, subconical, curved, and prominent tuberosities; lower valve largest,
rather ventricose, the external margin radiated with scales; cavity obliquely
conical, and forming, on one side, by the folding of the internal margin, a
crest or projecting keel; internal side of the cavity transversely striated.
Hinge unknown.

1 fossil species.

RapiouiTEs. Shell inequivalve, externally striated; the strie longitudinal,
radiating; lower valve turbinated, and largest; the upper, convex, or depressed,
conical, opercular. Hinge unknown.

¥

3 fossil species.

169

CatcroLa. Shell inequivalve, triangular, turbinated, flattened beneath; the
largest valve hollowed or hood-shaped, obliquely truncated at the aperture.
The cardinal margin straight, transverse, a small notch or indentation in the
middle; the superior margin arched; the small valve flat, semi-orbicular,
opercular, having a tubular on each side of the cardinal margin, and, in the
middle, a pit with a small lamina.

1 fossil species.

Discint. Shell inequivalve, oval-rotundate, rather depressed valves,
nearly equal, each having an orbicular disk~in the centre, very distinct; disk
in the upper valve not perforated, with a mamillated protuberance in the

middle; that in the other valve very white, divided by a very small trans-
verse slit.

D. ostreoides.
Brrostrites. Shell inequivalve, bicornate, the disk of the valves elevated

conically, unequal, obliquely diverging, nearly straight, the one enveloping the
other at the base.

1 fossil species.
Crania. Shell inequivalve, suborbicular, lower valve almost flat, perfo-

rated in the internal surface by three unequal and oblique holes; the upper
valve very convex, furnished interiorly with two prominent callosities.

C. personata, 4 fossil species.

BRACHIOPODA.—Three Genera.

Shell bivalve, adhering to marine bodies, either directly, or by a tendinous
cord.

Orsicuta. Shell suborbicular, inequivalve, without any apparent hinge;
lower valve very thin, flat, adhering to marine substances; the upper valve
subconical, the upper more or less elevated.*

O. Norwegica.

TEREBRATULA. Shell inequivalve, regular, subtriangular, attached to

* I have not been able to meet with any shell agreeing with the above description.

OO

aw

170

marine bodies by a short, tendinous pedicle; the beak of the larger valve
produced, curved, perforated at the summit, by a round hole, or by a notch;
hinge with two teeth; two nearly osseous, slender, elevated, forked, various-
ly ramified branches rise from the disk of the small valve, and serve as a sup-
port to the animal.

T’. vitrea, T. flavescens, T. caput serpentis, T’. rosea,

‘ dilatata, ‘ dentata, * truncata, * rubra,

‘ pisum, ‘ dorsata, ‘ psittacea, ‘ bivulnerata,
‘ globosa, * sanguinea, ‘ pulchra, 47 fossil species.
‘ rotunda,

Lineuta. Shell subequivalve, flattened, ovate-oblong, truncated at the
summit, rather pointed at the base, elevated on a fleshy, tendinous pedicle,
fixed to marine bodies. Hinge without teeth.

L. anatina.

Twellth Class.

++ @O©O«--

MOLLUSCA.

Body sometimes naked, either destitute of any solid internal parts, or in-
closing a shell or other hard substance, and sometimes provided externally with
a shell covering or sheathing, but is never composed of two opposite valves
united by a hinge.

This class is divided into five orders, viz.—Pteropoda, Gasteropoda,
Trachelipoda, Cephalopoda, and Heteropoda.
ORDER I. PTEROPODA.—Six Genera.
Some only are furnished with a thin, cartilaginous or corneous shell.

Hyatma. Shell corneous, transparent, ovate-globose; tridentated poste-
riorly; open at the summit, and at the two posterior sides.

H. tridentata, H. cuspata.

171
Crio. This genus has no shell.
C. borealis, C. australis.

Cieopora. Shell gelatinous, cartilaginous, transparent, in shape of a
reversed pyramid, or lanceolate, truncated and open at the summit.
C. pyramidata, C. caudata.

Limacina. Shell thin, fragile, papyraceous, spiral; the whorls reunited in
a discordal manner, like the planorbis.

L. helicialis.

Cymeutea. Shell gelatinous, cartilaginous, very transparent, crystalline,
oblong, in shape of a shoe, truncated at the summit; aperture lateral and an-
terior.

C. Perronii.
PHEuUMODERMON. This genus has no shell.
P. Perronii.
ORDER II. GASTEROPODA.

Some are naked, others have a dorsal shell, not enveloping; again, others
have a shell more or less hidden in their mantle.

This order is divided into two sectons—Hydrobranchia, and Pneumo-
branchia.

SECTION I. HYDROBRANCHIA
Contains six families, viz. Tritonia, Phyllidiana, Semi-Phyllidiana, Calyp-
traciana, Bulleana, and Aplysiana.
TRITONIA.—Six Genera.
Without shells, either external or internal.

Guaucus. No shell.

Eo.Lts. Do.
TRITONIA. Do.
ScyYLLza. Do.
TeETHYs. Do.

Doris. Do.

172 | :
PHYLLIDIANA.—Four Genera.

Some are without shells, either internal or external; others are wholly or
partly covered by a shell, sometimes composed of one single piece, sometimes
of a range of moveuble and distinct pieces.

Puyxuuipia. Has no shell.

CuiTonELLus. Body elongated, rather narrow, like a caterpillar, the
middle of the back furnished with a multivalve shell; valves alternate, mostly
longitudinal; they are nearly connected by their extremities.

C. levis, C. striatus.

Cuiron. Body oval oblong, convex, rounded at the extremities; bor-
dered all round by a coriaceous skin; partly covered by a longitudinal series
of testaceous, imbricated, transverse, moveable pieces, set in the borders of

the mantel.

C. gigas, C. punctatus, C. tuberculatus, C. siculus,

* squamosa, * indus, ‘ levis, * carmichelis,

* Peruvianus, ‘ viridis, * tessellatus, * capensis,

‘ spinosus, ‘ hneatus, * crinitus, * echinatus,

‘ fascicularis, * sulcatus, ‘ hispidus, ‘ niger,

‘ bistriatus, * bicolor, ‘ thalassinus, ‘ striatus,

‘ fulvus, ‘ crerasinus, * porosus, ‘ spiniferus,

‘ piceus, ‘ Magellanicus, * larve formis, * coquimbensis,
‘ granulatus, ‘ fuscus, * undulatus, * lumingii,

* aculeatus, ‘ minimus, ‘ luteolus, * granosus,.

‘ fasciatus, * cimex, * nebulosus, * glauco-sinctus,
‘ marmoratus, asellus, * setosus, ‘ granulosus,

‘ maculatus, ‘ Icelandicus, * olivaceous, ‘ disjunctus,

* tunicatus, ‘ albas, ‘ variegatus, * elegans,

‘ girgiculatus, ‘ marginatus, ‘ latus, ‘ lineolatus,

‘ castaneus, * cinereus, * asselloides, * chilensiss

* ruber,

Paretia. Shell univalve, not spiral, covering the animal, shield-like or

retuse, conical, concave and simple below, without any fissure on the margin;
the summit entire, and

inclosed anteriorly.

P. apicina, P. barbata, P. cerulea, P. deaurata,

* granatina, ‘ longicosta, * radians, ; Magellanica,

; Seek spinifera, ea ; sees
arbara, aspera, safiana, -* vulgata,

‘ plicata, ‘ luteola, * testudinaria, ‘ mamillaris,

* Jaciniosa, ‘ pyramidata, * cochlear, ‘ lineata,

* saccharina, ‘ umbella, ‘ compressa, ‘ leucopleura,

* angulosa, ‘ plumbea, ‘ granularis, * notata,

173

P. tarentina, P. tuberculifera, P. pectinata, P. tricostata,

‘ punctata, * miniata, ‘ galathea, * australis,

* puncturata, * viridula, ‘ pellucida, * ceymbularia.
‘ Javanica,

SEMI-PHYLLIDIANA.—Two Genera.

PLEeuUROBRANCHUS. Shell internal, dorsal, thin, flattened, often oblique
oval.

P. Peronii, P. Laqueare.

Umerevia. Shell external, orbicular, subirregular, nearly flat, slightly
convex above, white, with apex near the middle; margin acute, internal sur-
face rather concave; having a callous disc, colored, depressed in the centre,
surrounded by a smooth border.

U. Indica, U. Mediterranea.

CALYPTRACIANA.—Seven Genera.
Shell always external, covering the animal.

ParmopHorus. Shell oblong, subparallelopipedal, slightly convex above,
obtuse at the extremities, anteriorly channelled by a slight sinus, and having
towards the posterior part a small, pointed apex, inclined backwards; the
lower surface slightly concave.

P. australis, P. granulata, P. ambigua, 1 fossil species.
‘ brevicula,

Emaretinuta. Shell shield-like, conical; summit inclined; the cavity
simple, having a notch or hollow cut on its posterior margin.

E. fissura, E. rubra, E. crystallina, 3 fossil species.

Fissuretia. Shell shield-like or depressed conical, concave below, per-
forated at the summit; without any spire; the perforation oval or oblong.

F. picta, F. Cayenensis, F. viridula, F. depressa,

* nimbosa, * Jilacina, ‘ hiantula, * Peruviana,
* crassa, ‘ rosea, * pustula, ‘ gibberula,

‘ Greca, ‘ Barbadensis, ‘ fasicularis, ‘ minuta,

* nodosa, ‘ radiata, ‘ Javanicensis, 1 fossil species.

Piteopsis. Shell univalve, obliquely conical, anteriorly recurved; apex
bent, almost spiral; aperture rounded, elliptical; the anterior margin shortest,

/

174

acute, slightly sinuated; the posterior largest and rounded. One elongated
and arched, transverse muscular impression, situated under the posterior
margin.

P. ungarica, P. intorta, P. subrufa, 6 fossil species.

* mitrula,

CatyeTR£A. Shell conoidal, summit vertical, imperforate, subacute; base
orbicular; the cavity furnished with a convolute lamina, or a spiral diaphragm.

C. extinctorium, C. equestris, C. anguluta, C. peziza,

‘ levigata, * tectum-sinense, ‘ poculum, * scutellata.

Crepiputa. Shell ovate or oblong, the back almost always convex, con-
cave underneath; the spire very much inclined towards the margin; the aper-
ture partly closed by a horizontal lamina.

C. fornicata, C. aculeata, C. dilata, C. Peruviana.

* porcellana, * uguiformis,

AncyLus. Shell thin, obliquely conical, the summit pointed, inclined
backwards; aperture oval; the margin very simple.

A. lacustris, A. fluviatilis, A. spina rose.

BULLAANA.—Three Genera.

Acera. This genus has no shell.

A. carnosa.

Butixa. Shell very thin, partially rolled and spiral on one side; without
columella, and without spire; the aperture very large, dilated at the upper
part.

B. aperta.

Buxta. Shell univalve, ovate globular, convolute, no columella, spire not
projecting; aperture the whole length of the shell; external margin sharp.
B. lignaria, B. naucum, B. aplustre, B. fragilis,

‘ ampulla, ‘ physis, ‘ hydatis, * solida.
‘ striata, ‘ fasciata, * cornea,

175

APLYSIANA.—Two Genera.

Aptyst®. Shield dorsal, semicircular, subcartilaginous.

A. depilans, A. bresili, A. camelus, A. pleii,
* fasciata, ‘ dactycomela, ‘ alba, ‘ citrini,
‘ punctata, ‘ protea, ‘ napolitana, * undata,
* ecaudata, * sorex, * poliana, * limacina,
‘ teremida, * tigrina, ‘ fusca, * Jongicauda,
‘ gigas, ‘ maculata, ‘ Jongicornis, ‘ viridis,
‘ dolabrifera, ‘ marmorata, ‘ virescens, * rosea,
_ © ascifera, ‘ kerandrenii, ‘ ferrusacil, * leachii,
‘ petalifera, * lessonii, * saviguana, * hassetlii.
‘ unguifera,

DotaBsELta. Shell oblong, slightly arched, hatchet-shaped, contracted,
heavy, callous; almost spiral on one side, and larger, flatter, and thinner on
the other.

D. Rumphii, D. fragilis.

SECTION II. PNEUMOBRANCHIZ.

This section contains only one family, viz. Limaciana.

TAM ACLLNA ive Concur

Oncuipium. This genus has no shell.

O. typhe, O. Peronii.

ParMacELLA. Lamarck has given a description of the animal of this
genus, but only mentions that the scutcheon contains a shell, without de-
scribing it.

P. Oliveri.

Limax. Lamarck merely mentions that the animal is ‘‘ furnished with a
coriaceous, subrugose shield.”’

L. rufus, L. albus, L. cinerus, L. agrestis.

TestTaceLya. Shell very small, external, rather ear-shaped, slightly

spiral at its summit; aperture very large, oval, obliquely dilated, the left
margin involute.

T. haliotideus.

176

Virrina. Shell small, very thin, depressed, terminated above by a very
short spire, the last whorl very large. Aperture large, rounded oval; the
left margin arched, slightly involute.

V. pellucida. .

ORDER III. TRACHELIPODA.

The shells of this order are spirivalve, ensheathing. It is separated into
two sections, viz. Phytiphaga and Zoophaga.

SECTION I. TRACHELIPODA PHYTIPHAGA.
Aperture of the shell entire; base without any ascending dorsal notoh or canal.

This section contains ten families, viz. Colimacea, Lymnzana, Melanicina,
Peristomiana, Neritacea, Ianthinea, Macrostomiana, Plicacea, Scalariana and
Turbinacea.

COLIMACEA.—Eleven Genera.

Shell spirivalve, with no other projecting parts on the exterior than the stric
of growth; the right margin of the aperture is often recurved, or reflected
outwards.

Heurix. Shell orbicular, convex, or conoidal, sometimes globular; the
spire rather elevated; aperture entire, transverse, very oblique, contiguous
to the axis of the shell; the margins disunited by the projection of the penul-
timate whorl. ,

H. vesicalis, H. melanotragus, H. cepa, H. Barbadensis,
‘ gigantea, ‘ extensa, ‘ heteroclites, ‘ sinuata,

- © polyzonalis, * Jucana, ‘ discolor, ‘ hippocastanum,
¢ momozonalis, * globulus, ‘ lactea, ‘ bidentalis,

‘ pulla, * melanostoma, * zonaria, ‘ argilacea,

* lineolata, * celatura, * guttata, ‘ vittata,

* mutata, ‘ microstoma, ‘ Madagascarensis, ‘ arbustorum,
‘ pomatia, ‘ maculssa, ‘ Javanica, ‘ candidissima,
‘ aspersa, * Richardi, ‘ Peruviana, ‘ memoralis,

‘ vermiculata, * Bonplandii, ‘ simplex, ‘* hortensis,

‘ Alonensis, ‘ planulata, ‘ cidaris, ‘ sylvatica,

* vesicolor, * labrella, ‘ citrina, ‘ pisana,

* naticoides, * ungulina, * algira, ‘ splendida,

‘ picta, ‘ pellis-serpentis, ‘ verticellus, ‘ serpentina,

* galactites, ‘ Senegalensis, ‘ olivetorum, ‘ niciensis,

‘ hemastoma, ‘ unidentata, * planospira, ‘ variabilis,

177

H. fruticum, H. rugosa, H. tridentata, H. imperator,
‘ neclecta, * cornea, ‘ septemvalva, ‘ zodiaca,

‘ crespitum, * liguifera, * monodon, * concisa,

* ericetorum, * incarnata, * fraterna, ‘ pellicuta,

‘ intersecta, ‘ cinctella, * coniformis, ‘ strobilus,

* carthusianella, ‘ cellaria, * concamerata, ‘ alauda,

‘ diaphana,° ‘ nitida, ‘ nigrescens, ‘ carina,

* concolor, * plebium, ‘ Tripolitana, ‘ pileolus,

* velutina, ‘ personata, ‘ Sayii, ‘ bipartita,

* obvuluta, ‘ hispida, * globulosa, ‘ sinistrorsa,
* Cookiana, * rotunda, ‘ Caffra, * fibula,

‘ pileus, * apicina, * conformis, * subplicata,
*€ papilla, * striata, * prunum, ‘ Porto-santana,
* punctifera, * conspurcata, * contusa, ‘ punctulata,
‘ plicatula, © conica, ‘ deformis, * exalbida,

‘ planorbella, * conoidea, ‘ Niceensis, ‘ Bulverii,

‘ scabra, ‘ pulchella, ‘ meridionalis, * tectiformis,
‘ cariosa, ‘ formosa, ‘ melitensis, ‘ Madeirensis,
* crenulata, * orbiculata, * circumornata, ‘ bicarinata,
‘ plauorbula, ‘ squamosa, * gronosa, ‘ vitrinoides,
* macularia, * auriculata, ‘ Lima, * unbeculata,
‘ maaitima, * turgidula, ‘ dentiens, * Gaymardii,
‘ strigata, ‘ helicella, ‘ parilis, * Pouzolzii.
* muralis, * zonula,

H. Caroliniensis, (new species,) Lea, vol. 4, pl. xv. fig. 33, a. b. ¢.

CarocoLia. Shell orbicular, more or less convex or conoidal above; the
circumference or periphery angulated or keeled; aperture transverse, contig-
uous to the axis of the shell; the right margin or lip subangular, often toothed
or plaited beneath.

C. acutistima, C. inflata, C. marginata, C. lapicida,

* albilabris, ‘ Gaulteriana, * lychnuchus, © albella,

* angistoma, * bicolor, * planata, ‘ elegans,

* labyrinthus, * Mauritiana, * planaria, * grata.

* lucerna, ‘ Madagascarensis, ‘ hispidula,

C. helicoides, (new species,) Lea, T. A. __C. spinosa, (new species,) Lea, T. A. P.
P.S. vol. 4, pl. xv. fio. 34, a. b.c. 8. vol. 4, pl. xv. fig. 35, a. b. c.

Anostoma. Shell orbicular, the spire convex and obtuse; aperture round,
toothed within, grinning, or showing the teeth; turned upwards to the side of
the spire; the margin of the lip reflected.

A. depressa, A. globulosa.

Heticina. Shell subglobular, imperforate; aperture entire, demioval.

23

178

Columella callous, transverse, rather flat; margin acute, forming an angle at
the lower base of the right lip. _Operculum corneous.

H. neritella, H. substriata, H. major, H. aureola,

‘ striata, ‘ Braziliensis, * submarginata, * orbiculata,
* fasciata, ' © costata, ‘ unifasciata, * scitula,

* viridis, * aurantia, * Brownii, ‘ 'Tankervillil.
‘ pulchella, * rhodostoma, ‘ depressa,

Pupa. Shell cylindrical, generally thick; aperture irregular, demioval,
the lower part rounded and subangular ; the margins nearly equal, reflected
outwards, disunited at the upper part by an interposed columella lamina,
always affixed.

P. numia, P. unicarinata, P. polyodon, P. umbilicata,

* uva, ‘ maculosa, ‘ variabilis, ‘ muscorum,

‘ sulcata, * clavulata, ‘ frumentum, * anglicus,

‘ candida, * ovularis, * secale, ‘ rufescens,

‘ labrossa, ‘ Germanica, * avena, * edontulus,

‘ fusus, * cinerea, ‘ granum, * odontostoma,

‘ tridentata, * tridens, ‘ fragilis, ‘ petiveriana,

‘ fasciolata, ‘ quadridens, * dolium, ‘ dentata.

* zebra,

Cuausitia. Shell mostly fusiform, slender, the summit rather obtuse;

aperture irregular, rounded oval; the margins united throughout, free, re-
flected outwards.

C. torticollis,
* truncatula,
* retusa,

* costulata,

C. corrugata,

¢ inflata,

> teres:

* denticulata,

C. collaris,
‘ papillaris,
‘ plicatula,
‘ rugosa,

C. gracilis,
* chrysalis,
‘ Mediterranea.

Shell oval, oblong, or turreted; aperture entire, longitudinal;
Columella straight,

Buimus.
the margins very unequal, disunited at the upper part.
smooth, the base entire, not channelled.

B. ovatus, B. Peruvianus, B. Caribeorum, B. formosus,

‘ hemastomus, * Favannii, * octonus, ‘ Listeri,

* gallina, ‘ Kambeul, ‘ terebraster, * Kingii,

* sultana, * calcareus, ‘ articulatus, ‘ Dufresnii,
‘ zigzag, * decollatus, ‘ acutus, ‘ pulcher,

‘ undatus, ‘ Lyonetianus, * ventricosus, ‘ Maugeri,

* Richi, ‘ inflatus, ‘ montanus, ‘ levis,

‘ inversus, ‘ radiatus, ‘ hordaceus, ‘ auris leporis,
* citrinus, ‘ fragilis, * lubricus, ‘ papyraceus,
‘ sultanus, ‘ Gaudalupinsis, * iostoma, ‘ scobinatus,
‘ Pythogaster, ‘ Mexicanus, ‘ goniostoma, * vexillum,

* ovoideus, * multifasciatus, * odontostoma, ‘ planidens.
* interruptus, ‘ Bengalensis,

179

AcHATINA. Shell oval or oblong; aperture entire, longitudinal; the right
lip sharp, never reflected. Columella smooth, truncated at the base.

A. perdix, A. Mauritiana, A. glans, A. columnaria,

‘ zebra, * castanea, * Peruviana, ‘ folliculus,

* immaculata, * ustulata, * albo-lineata, * acicula,

‘ purpurea, * vexillum, ‘ fusco-lineata, * oleacea, (n. s.)
* acuta, ‘ virginea, * fulminea, * Marminii, (n. s.)
‘ bicarinata, ‘ Priamus,

Succrnea. Shell oval or ovate conical; aperture large, entire, longitu-
dinal; the right lip sharp, not reflected, united at the lower part to a smooth,
sharp, attenuated columella. No operculum.

8S. cuculata, S. oblonga, S. patula, S. rubescens, (n. s.)
‘ amphibia,

AuricuLa. Shell suboval or ovate oblong; aperture longitudinal, very
entire at the base, contracted at the upper part, where the margins are dis-
united. Columella with one or more plaits; the lip or margin sometimes re-
flected outwards, sometimes simple and sharp.

A. Mide, A. felis, A. myosotis, A. nitens,
‘ Jude, * scarabeus, ‘ minima, * monile,
* sileni, ‘ bovina, * Dombeiana, * angiostoma,
* leporis, * caprella, * coniformis, * labrella,

Cyciostoma. The shape of the shell variable; whorls of the spire cylin-
drical; aperture round, regular; the margins circularly united, or reflected by
age. An operculum.

C. planorbula, C. rugosa, C. mumia, C. ligata,

* volvulus, * labeo, * quarternata, * lincinella,
* carinata, ‘ interrupta, * ferruginea, * orbella,

* sulcata, * ambigua, * decussata, ‘ fimbriata,

* unicarinata, * semilabris, * lineolata, ‘ multilabris,
* tricarinata, * flavula, * mammillaris, * elegans.

* obsoleta, * fasciata,

Doubtful species.

C. patulum, C. leve, C. elongatum, C. aurantium,

* truncatum, * Chemnitzii, * maculatum, * flavidum,

* petiverianum, * fascia, * columna, * tortum,

‘ Jamaicense, * fulvum, * mirabile, * compressum.
‘6

pulchrum,

180
LYMN AANA.—Three Genera.

Shell spirivalve, the external surface mostly smooth; the right margin of the
aperture always sharp, and not reflected.

PxianorzBis. Shell discoidal, spire depressed, the whole of the whorls
shown above and beneath; aperture oblong, lunate, very distant from the
axis of the shell; the margin never reflected. No operculum.

P. cornu-arietis, P. orientalis, P. deformis, P. nitidus,
* corneus, ‘ spirorbis, * contortus, ‘ imbricatus,
* carinatus, * vortex, * hispidus, * angulatus.

* lutescens,

Puysa. Shell convolute, oval or oblong; the spire prominent; aperture
longitudinal, contracted at the upper part; columella twisted; right lip very
thin, sharp, partly projecting above the plane of the aperture. No operculum.

P. castanea, P. fontinalis, P. hypnorum, P. subopaca.

Lymnza. Shell oblong, sometimes turreted; the spire prominent; aper-
ture entire, longitudinal; outer lip sharp, the lower part ascending over the
columella, forms a very oblique plait, re-entering the aperture. No oper-
culum.

L. columnaris, L. luteola, L. peregra, L. minuta,

* stagnalis, * acuminata, ‘ intermedia, ‘ rubiginosus,(n.s.)
‘ palustris, * auricularia, * leucostoma, * lessoni, (n. s.

‘ Virginiana, * ovata,

MELANIANA.—Three Genera.
Margins of the aperture of the shell diswnited, the right always sharp.

Metania. Shell turreted, aperture entire, oval or oblong, effuse at the
base; columella smooth, incurved. Operculum horny.

M., inquinata, M. levigata, M. gronifera, M. lineolata,

‘ asperata, ‘ clavis, ‘ carinifera, ‘ Byronensis,
* truncata, * decollata, * truncatula, ‘ Sayii,

* coarctata, * amarula, ‘ fasciolata, * lineata,

* punctata, ‘ thiarella, ‘ levissima, * sulculata,
‘ corrugata, * spinulosa, ‘ aurita, ‘ helvetica,
* subulata,

M. subularis, (n. s.) Lea, vol. 4, pl. xv. M. acuta, (n.s.) Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
fig. 30. vol. 4, pl. xv. fig. 32.
‘ tuberculata, (n.s.) do. pl. xv. f. 31. ‘ elongata, (n.s.) Lea, hab. W. Tennes.

181

Metanopsts. Shell turreted, aperture entire, oval oblong. Columella
callous at the upper part, truncated at the base, separated from the right mar-
gin by a sinus. An operculum.

M. costata, M. levigata, M. prerosa.

Pirena. Shell turreted; aperture longitudinal, right lip sharp, having a
sinus at the base and another at the summit. Base of the columella curved
towards the right margin. Operculum horny.

P. terebralis, P. aurita, P. granulosa, P, cancellata.
‘ spinosa,

PERISTOMIANA.—Three Genera.

Shell operculated, conoidal or subdiscoidal, the margins of the aperture
united.

Vatvata. Shell discoidal or conoidal, the whorls cylindrical, spiral cav-
ity complete, not modified by the penultimate whorl; aperture round, the
margins united, sharp. An orbicular operculum.

V. piscinalis, V. arenifera, (n.s.) Lea, T. A. P. S. vol. 4, pl. xv. fig. 86, a. b. c.

Patupina. Shell conoidal, the whorls rounded or convex, spiral cavity
modified by the last whorl; aperture rounded oval, oblong, angular at the
summit; the two margins united, acute, never reflected outwards. Opercu-
lum orbicular and horny.

P. vivipara, P. impura, P. fuscus, P. subcarinata,
‘ achatina, ‘ muriatica, ‘ bulimoides, * decisa,
‘ Bengalensis, ‘ viridis, ‘ Francesii, ‘ dissimilis. .

.

* unicolor, australis,

Amputaria. Shell globular, ventricose, umbilicated at the base, without
any callosity on the left lip; aperture entire, oblong, margins united, the right
not reflected. An operculum.

A. Guyanensis, A. canaliculata, A. virens, A. intorta,
‘ rugosa, * effusa, ‘ carinata, ‘ fragilis,
‘ fasciata, ‘ Guinaica, * avellana, * conica.

There are several fossil species described in the Annales de Museum, p. 30.

18

2

i?

NERITACEA.—Four Genera.

Shell semifluviatile or marine, semiglobular or flattened oval, without col-
umella, the left margin of the aperture resembling a half partition.

NAVICELLA.

I.

FRESH WATER SHELLS.

Shell elliptical or oblong, convex above, summit straight,

depressed to the margin, concave beneath; the left lip flattened, sharp, nar-

row, without teeth, transverse.

lateral tooth.

N. elliptica,

NERITINA.

N. lineata,

N. tessellata,

N.

A solid, flat operculum, having an acute and

porcellana.

Shell thin, semiglobular or oval, flattened beneath, not um-

bilicated; aperture semicircular, the left margin flattened, sharp; no teeth or

crenulations on the surface of the right margin.

lateral tooth.

N. perversa,
pulligera,
dubia,
zebra,
ZIPZag,
gagates,
lugubris,

nn new ns

NERITA.

N.

Cr a a

corona,
brevi-spina,
crepidularia,
auriculata,
Domingensis,
fasciata,
lineolata,

N. semi-conica,
strigilata,
meleagris,
virginea,
fluviatilis,
viridis,
Betica,

wnnnanansn

lI. MARINE SHELLS.

N.

nn nn annan

Operculum furnished with a

Oweniana,
careosa,
Caftra,
Smithii,
spinosa,
Owenl,
pulchella.

Shell solid, semiglobular, flattened beneath, not umbilicated;

aperture entire, semicircular, the left margin flat, septiform, acute, often

toothed; teeth or crenulations on the inner surface of the right lip.

culum with a projecting tooth.

N. exuvia,

* textilis,

* undata,
peloronta,
chlorostoma,

naw

NaTICA.

N.

‘
‘
‘¢
‘

atrata,
polita,
albicilla,
chameleon,
versicolor,

N. Ascensionis,
‘ Malaccensis,
‘ lineata,
‘ scabricosta,
‘ plicata,

N.
‘
‘
‘
‘

Oper-

tassellata,
signata,
ornata,
australis,
rudis.

Shell subglobular, umbilicated; aperture entire, semicircular;

left lip oblique, not toothed, callous; the callosity modifying the umbilicus,

183

and sometimes covering it; right lip acute, always smooth inside. An
operculum.

N. glaucina, N. caurena, N. unifasciata, N. zonaria,
* albumen, * cruentata, ‘ lineata, * Chinensis,
* mamillaris, * millepunctata, * fulminea, ‘ Javanica,
* mamilla, * vitellus, * maculoso, * cancellata,
‘ melanostoma, * helvacea, ‘ vittata, * patula,
* aurantia, * collaria, * castanea, ‘ duplicata,
* conica, ¢ monilifera, ‘ Marochiensis, * intricata,
¢ plumbea, * Jabrella, * arachnoidea, * glabra.
* ampullaria, oeruta, ¢ zebra,

IANTHINEA.

IANTHINA. Shell ventricose, conoidal, thin, transparent; aperture trian-
gular; columella straight, passing beyond the base of the right lip, which has
a sinus in the middle. No operculum.

I. communis, I. exigua.

MACROSTOMIANA.—Four Genera.

Shell ear-shaped, the aperture much dilated, the margins disunited, no col-
umella, no operculum.

SigareTus. Shell subauriform, nearly orbicular; the left lip short and
spiral; aperture entire, much dilated, rounded, oblong; the margins not united.

S. haliotoideus, S. concavus, S. levigatus, S. cancellatus.

StomaTELLa. Shell orbicular, oblong, ear-shaped, imperforate; aperture
entire, large, sublongitudinal; right lip effuse, dilated, open.

S. imbricata, S. sulcifera, 8. auricula, S. planulata.

* rubra,

Sromatia. Shell ear-shaped, imperforate, spire prominent; aperture
entire, large, oblong; right margin and columella equally raised; a transverse
and tuberculated rib on the back.

S. phimotis, S. obscurata.

Hatrotis. Shell ear-shaped, mostly flattened ; the spire very short,
sometimes depressed, nearly lateral; aperture very large, ovate oblong, and

184

entire in perfect shells; disk pierced with holes, disposed in a line parallel to
and near the left margin, the last commencing with a notch.

H. Mide, H. tuberculata, H. unilateralis, H. rubra,
eas * striata, * rugosa, * tricostata,
* tubifera, ‘ asinina, ‘ canaliculata, ‘ Marie,

‘ excavata, ‘ glabra, ‘ tricostalis, * corrugata.
* australis, * Jamellosa, * dubia,

PLICACEA.—Two Genera.
Aperture of the shell not effuse; columella platted.

TorniTeLtta. Shell convolute, ovate cylindrical, mostly striated trans-
versely; no epidermis; aperture oblong, entire, the right lip sharp; one or
more plaits on the columella.

T. flammea, T. fasciata, T. nitidula, T. pedipes.
* solidula, * auricula,

PyraMIDELLA. Shell turreted, no epidermis; aperture entire, demioval ;
outer lip sharp. Columella produced, subperforate at the base, and furnished
with three transverse plaits.

P. terebellum, P. maculosa, P. corrugata, P. ventricosa.
‘ dolabrata, ‘ plicata,

SCALARIANA.—Three Genera.

Shell without plaits on the columella; the margins of the aperture circular-
ly united.

Vermetus. Shell thin, tubular, loosely spiral, adhering by the spire;
aperture orbicular, the margins united. An operculum.

V. lumbricalis, V. maximus.

Scatarta. Shell subturreted, ornamented with longitudinal, elevated,

interrupted, nearly acute ribs; aperture rounded, the margins circularly united,
and terminated by a thin, recurved varix.

S. pretiosa, S. varicosa, S. raricosta, S. terebralis,
* lamellosa, ‘ communis, * Martin, 3 fossil species.
* coronata, ‘ australis,

DeELPHINULA. Shell subdiscoidal or conical, umbilicated, solid ; whorls,

185

rough or angular; aperture entire, round, sometimes triangular; the margins
united, mostly fringed or ventricose.

D, laciniata, D. distorta, D. tubinopsis, 7 fossil species.

TURBINACEA.—HEight Genera.

Shell turreted or conoidal; the aperture round or oblong, not effuse; the
margins disunited.

Sotarrum. Shell orbicular, depressed, conical, umbilicated, crenulated
or dentated on the inner margin of the whorls; aperture nearly quadrangular.
No columella.

S. perspectivum,
* granulatum,

S. levigatum,

S. hybridum, S. luteum,
* stramineum, 8

* variegatum, fossil species.
Roteria. Shell orbicular, shining, no epidermis; spire very short, sub-
conoidal; lower surface convex and callous; aperture semicircular.

R. saturalis,
‘ monolifera,

R. lineolata,
* rosea,

R. Javanica,
* formosa,

R. equalis.

Trocuus. Shell conical, spire elevated, sometimes rather depressed;
periphery more or less angular, often thin and sharp; aperture transversely
depressed, the margins disunited at the upper part; columella arched, more
or less prominent at the base. An operculum.

T. imperialis, T. argyrostomus, T. lineatus, T. nanus,

‘ longispina, © Cookuy, * zizyphinus, ‘ pyramidatus,
* solaris, ‘ niloticus, * conuloides, ‘ erythroleucos,
* Tndicus, ‘ pyramidalis, © conulus, ‘ undosus,

‘ radians, * noduliferas, ‘ jujubinus, ‘ unguis,

‘ pileus, ‘ cerulescens, ‘ Javanicus, ‘ olivaceus,

* calyptreformis, * obeliscus, * annulatus, ‘ pellis-serpentis,
* fimbriatus, ‘ virgatus, * doliarius, ‘ armillatus,

* brevispina, ‘ maculatus, * granulatus, * acuminatus,

* rotularius, * granosus, ‘ granatum, ‘ elegantus,

* stella, * squarrosus, ‘ monoliferus, ‘ granosus,

* stellaris, ‘ incrassatus, ¢eirts} ‘ teniatus,

* asperatus, ‘ flammulatis, ‘ ornatus, * levis,

‘ rhodostomus, * elatus, ‘ bicingulatus, * albidus,

‘ spinulosus, ‘ marmoratus, ‘ calliferus, * Clelandii,

* costulatus, ‘ mauritianus, ‘ umbilicaris, ‘ quadricostatus,
* jinermis, ‘ imbricatus, * undatus, ‘ Byronianus,

* agglutinans, * triselialis, ‘ Pharaonis, * elongatus,

© celatus, * crenulatus, ‘ sagittiferus, © Smithil,

* tuber, * asperulus, ‘ carneolus, ‘ articulatus,

‘ magus, ‘ acutus, * cinerarius, ‘ filosus,

* merula, * concavus, ‘ excavatus, ‘ Maugeri,

ths)
Ns

186

T. pictus, T. callosos, T. clanguloides, T. interruptus,
* clangulus, ‘ zonatus, ‘ sulcatus, ‘ Montagui,
‘ Mediterraneus, * reticulatus, ‘ indistinctus, * calyculus.

Eight fossil species are described in the Annales de Museum, vol. 4, p. 46.

Monoponta. Shell oval or conoidal; aperture entire, round, the margins
disunited at the upper part; columella arched, truncated at the base. An
Operculum.

M. bicolor, M. labio, M. punctulata, M. reticularis,
‘ pagodus, ‘ australis, ‘ canaliculata, ‘ trochlea,
‘ tectum-persicum, ‘ canalifera, ‘ seminigra, ‘ atrata,
‘ papillosa, ‘ viridis, * rosea, ‘ obscura,
* coronaria, ‘ fragarioides, ‘ lineata, * concamerata,
‘ Megyptiaca, ‘ constricta, ‘ rugosa, ‘ odontis,
‘ carchedonius, ‘ tricarinata, ‘ Listeri, ‘ pulcherrima,
‘ modulus, ‘ articulata, ‘ zebra, ‘ badia.
‘ tectum, ‘ lugubris,

Turso. Shell conoidal or subtruncated, the periphery never compressed;
aperture entire, round, not modified by the penultimate whorl; the margins
disunited at the upper part; columella arched, flattened, not truncated at the
base. An operculum.

T. marmoratus, T. petholatus, T. muricatus, T. costatus,

‘ imperialis, * undulatus, * littoreus, ‘ niger,

* torquatus, * pica, * ustulatus, ‘ minimus,

‘ Sarmaticus, * versicolor, ‘ Nicobaricus, * tuberculatus,
‘ cornutus, ‘ samaragdus, ‘ neritoides, * zebra,

‘ argyrostomus, ‘ eidaris, ‘ retusus, ‘ pintado,

* chrysostomus, * diaphanus, * rudis, * ecrassus,

‘ radiatus, ‘ rugosus, * obtusatus, ‘ fluctuatus,
‘ margaritaceus, * coronatus, ‘ pullus, ‘ saxosus,

‘ setosus, ‘ ecrenulatus, ‘ cerulescens, ‘ bicarinatus.
* splenclerianus, ‘ hippocastanum, * cancellatus,

Puanaxis. Shell ovate conical, solid; aperture ovate, sublongitudinal.
Columella flat and truncated at the base, separated from the right margin by
a narrow sinus. Interior surface of the right margin furrowed or lineated, and
a callosity running under the summit.

P. sulcata, P. undulata, P. planaxis, P. levigatum.

PuastaneLia. Shell ovate or conical, solid; aperture entire, oval, longitu-
dinal; the lips disunited at the upper part, the right sharp, notreflected; columel-
la smooth, compressed, attenuated at the base; operculum calcareous or horny.

P. bulimoides, P. elegans, P. nebulosa, P. angulifera,

‘ rubens, * Peruviana, * sulcata, * lineolatus,
‘ variegata, ‘ lineata, ‘ Mauritiana, * perdix.

187

TurriteLta. Shell turreted, not pearly; aperture rounded, entire, the
margins disunited at the upper part; a sinus in the right lip. Operculum horny.

T. duplicata, T. fuscata, T. trisulcata, T. Virginiana,

* terebra, * cornea, * exoleta, * saturalis, —

‘ imbricata, ‘ pbrevialis, ‘ catinifera, 12 fossil species.
‘ replicata, * bicingulata, * australis,

SECTION II. TRACHELIPODA ZOOPHAGA.

Shell spirivalve, ensheathing; aperture either canaliculated, notched, or in-
clined at the base.

There are five families in this section, viz. Canalifera, Alata, Purpurifera,
Columellaria and Convoluta.

CANALIFERA.—Eleven Genera.

Shell with an canal more or less long, at the base of the aperture, the right
lip of which does not change its form by age.

This family is divided into two divisions.

DIVISION I. No constant variz on the right lp.

Cerituium. Shell turreted; aperture oblong, oblique, terminared at the
base by a short, truncated or recurved canal, never notched; a small channel
at the upper extremity of the right lip. Operculum small, orbicular and horny.

C. giganteum, C. erythreonense, C. subulatum, C. eburneum,

‘ palustre, * muricatum, ‘ heteroclites, ‘ punctatum,

* sulcatum, * radula, ‘ zonale, * lima,

* telescopium, * cressum, ‘ semiferrugineum, ‘ perversum,

* ebeninum, ‘ decollatum, * tortulosum, ‘ zonatum,

‘ nodulosum, * obtusum, * tuberculatum, ‘ petrosum,

‘ vulgatum, ‘ semigranosum, ‘ morus, ‘ rugosum,

* obeliscus, * asperum, * ocellatum, ‘ exasperatum,
* granulatum, * lineatum, ‘ literatum, ‘ mitriforme,

‘ aluco, ‘ vertagus, * atratum, 60 fossil species.
* echinatum, * fasciatum,

Pievurotoma. Shell turreted or fusiform, terminated at the lower part

by a straight canal, more or less elongated. A fissure or sinus in the upper
part of the right lip.

P. imperialis, P. muricata, P. flavidula, P. crenularis,
* auriculifera, ‘ echinata, ‘ interrupta, ‘ cincta,

ul

185

P. unizonalis, P. cingulifera,

‘ lineata, ‘ virgo,

* spirata, * Babylonia,
‘ fascialis, * undosa,

f bimarginata, ‘ marmorata,
‘ buccinoides,

CANCELLARIA.

ated; little or no canal.

P.
‘
‘
a
6

tigrina, P. bicarinata,
crispa, ‘ elegans,
albina, ‘ pleurotoma,
nodifera, ‘ eurvirostris,
mitra, 30 fossil species.

Shell oval or turreted; base of the aperture sub-canalic-
Columella plaited; the plaits sometimes numerous,

mostly transverse; the right lip furrowed internally.

a i Ae) aula A, Gs cae ee

wonnnean nen

. reticulata, Lamarck, E. M. t. 375, f. 3.
candida, Sowerby, Coll.fods
ovata, 2.
obesa, : 3, 4.
acuminata, & 3.
solida, 6.
gemmulata, ‘ te
decussata, é 8.
indentata, ¢ 9; 10.
buccinoides, ‘ igi®
clavatula, 3 12.
uniplicata, 13.
mitriformis, 14.
tritonis, ¢ 15.
granosa, ; 16; 17.

piscatoria, Buccinum, p. Ic. ‘Chemnitz,
IWwete dole W152:

littoriniformis, Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 18.
elegans, Sow. Gen. of Sh. pl. v. f. 5.
asperelia, Lamarck, E. M. t. 374, f. 3.
oblonga, Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 19.
tessellata, ¢ 20.
nodulifera, : aN,
cassidiformis, ‘ 22.
australis, ; 23.
FascroLaRia.

nn ewe nwne

ee a od

C. levigata, Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 24.
‘

spirata, 25.
obliquata, 3 26.
scalata, § PL
contabulata, 28.
crenifera, - 29

scalarina, Lamarck, Ic. Chemnitz, iv.
f. 1172, 1173.

crispa, Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 30.
costifera, 3l.
articularis, 32.
brevis, ¢ 33.
pusilla, f 34,
bullata, C 35.
tuberculosa, § 36.
pulchra, : 37.
cancellata, Lamarck, E. M. t. 374, f. 4.
similis, Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 38.
chrysostoma, : 39.
rugosa, Lamarck, E. M. t. 375, f. 8.
hemastoma, Sowerby, C. Ill. f, 40.
rigida, Al.
costata, Gray, C. Ill. f. 42.
goniostoma, Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 43.
trigonostoma, ‘ 44.

Shell subfusiform, base canaliculate, no varices; two or

three very oblique plaits on the columella, near the canal.

F. tulipa, F. trapezium,
‘ distans, * aurantiaca,
Fusus.

gated.
F. longissimus, F. tuberculatus,
* curvirostris, ‘ Nicobaricus,
‘ Jaticosta, ‘ distans,
* inconstans, * tortulosus,
‘ colosseus, ‘ incrassatus,
‘ colus, * multicarinatus,

F. filamentosa,

‘6

F. ferruginea,

coronata, * tarentina.

Shell fusiform or subfusiform, base canaliculate, ventricose in the
middle or at the lower part, no external varices; the spire elevated and elon-
Right lip without any fissure; columella smooth; operculum horny.

F. sulcatus, F. morio,

* antiquus, ‘ coronatus,

‘ despectus, * cochlidium,
* carinatus, * corona,

‘ proboscidiferus, ‘ raphanus,

‘ Islandicus, ‘ filosus,

189

F. poly gonoides, F. strigosus, F. rubens, F. buccinatus,
* verruculatus, ‘ varius, ‘ sinistralis, * aculeiformis,
‘ lignarius, * crebricostatus, * nifat, * scalarinus,
‘ Syracusanus, * afer, * articulatus, ‘ contrarius.

Thirteen fossil species are enumerated, and others are referred to, in the Ann. de Mus.

Pyruxa. Shell subpyriform, channelled at the base, the upper part ven-
tricose, no external varices; spire short, sometimes flattened. Columella
smooth; right lip without any fissure.

P. salmo, P. melongena, P. ternatana, P. nodosa,

© canaliculata, * reticulata, * bezoar, * citrina,

* carica, * ficus, ‘ rapa, ‘ abbreviata,
* perversa, ‘ ficoides, ‘ papyracea, * neritoidea,
‘ candelabrum, ‘ spirata, ‘ galeodes, ‘ deformis,
* tuba, ‘ spirillus, * angulata, ¢ lineata,

* bucephala, ‘ elongata, * squamosa, ¢ plicata.

* vespertilio, .

The fossil species are referred to in the Annales de Museum, vol. 2, p. 389.

DIVISION II. Aconstant variz on the right margin, in all the species.

STRUTHIOLARIA. Shell oval, the spire elevated; aperture oval, sinuous,
terminated at the base by a very short, straight canal, without any notch.
Left lip callous, expanded; right lip sinuous, with an external varix.

S. nodulosa, S. crenulata.

RaNneELLA. Shell oval or oblong, canaliculate; two rows of varices on the
exterior; aperture rounded or subovate. Varices straight or oblique, half a
whorl distant from each other, and forming a longitudinal row on each side

of the shell.

R. gigantea, R. crumena, R. granifera, R. anceps,

* leucostoma, spinosa, * semigranosa, ‘ pygmea,

* candisata, * bufonia, ‘ bitubercularis, * papilla,

* argus, ‘ granulata, * ramina, 1 fossil species.

Murex. Shell oval or oblong, channelled at the base, with rough, spined
or tuberculated varices on the exterior. Three or more varices ou each
whorl, the lower ones uniting obliquely with the upper in a longitudinal row;
operculum horny.

M. cornutus, M. brevispina, M. inflatus, M. adustus,

‘ brandaris, ‘ ternispina, * elongatus, ‘ rufus,

* crassispina, ‘ haustellum, ‘ palmarose, ‘ axicornis,
* tenuispina, ‘ tenuirostrum, ‘ brevifrons, ‘ crevicornis,
* rarispina, * motacilla, * calcitrapa, * acaleatus,

190

M. microphyllus, M. endivia, M. tarentinus, M. concatenatus,
* capucinus, * radix, ‘ scaber, ‘ granarius,

‘ asperrimus, ‘ melanomathos, ‘ costularis, ‘ fimbriatus,
‘ phyllopterus, ‘ hexagonus, ‘ polygonulus, ‘ pulchellns,
* acanthopterus, * scorpio, ‘ vitulinus, ‘ aciculatus,
‘ tripterus, * secundus, ‘ angularis, ‘ regius,

‘ trigonularis, ‘ quadrifrons, ‘ crispatus, ‘ cristata,

‘ uncinarius, ‘ turbinatus, ‘ fenestratus, ‘ ferrugo,

‘ hemitripterus, ‘ trunculus, ‘ cingulatus, ‘ funiculus,

‘ gibbosus, * anguliferus, ‘ cinguliferus, * Jubiosus,

‘ triqueter, ‘ melonulus, ‘ subcarinatus, ‘ pinnatus,

‘ trigonulus, ‘ Magellanicus, ‘ torosus, ‘ pictus,

‘ brassica, ‘ Jamellosus, ‘ lyratus, 2 fossil species.
‘ saxatilis, ‘ erinaceous,

Triton. Shell oval or oblong, channelled at the base; varices either al-
ternate, or rare, or nearly solitary, and never forming a longitudinal row;
aperture oblong. An operculum.

T. variegatum, T.. pileare, T. clavator, T. maculosum,

‘ nodiferum, * lotorium, ‘ tuberosum, ‘ clandestinum,
* australe, ‘ femorale, ‘ vespaceum, ‘ rubecula,

‘ lampas, ‘ pyrum, ‘ chlorostomum, * cutaceum,

* scrobiculator, * cynocephalum, * anus, * dolarium,

‘ Splengleri, ‘ tripus, * clathratum, * tranquebaricum,
‘ corrugatum, ‘ canaliferum, * subdistortum, * undosum.

* succinctum, ‘ retusum, * cancellatum,

ALATA.—Three Genera.

Shell with a more or less elongated canal at the base of the aperture, the
right lip of which changes its form with age, and has a sinus at the lower part.

RosTELLARIA. Shell fusiform or subturreted, terminated by a beak-
shaped canal; right lip entire or toothed, more or less dilated with age; with
a sinus contiguous to the canal.

R. curvirostris, R. pespilicani, R. cancellata, 3 fossil species.
‘ rectirostris,

Prerocera. Shell ovate oblong, ventricose, terminated at the lower part
by an elongated canal; the right lip dilated by age into a digitated wing, with
a sinus towards the base. Spire short.

P. truncata, P. millepeda, P. scorpio, P. chiragra.
‘ lambio, * pseudoscorpio, * aurantia,

Srromsus. Shell ventricose, terminated at the base by a short, notched,
or truncated canal; right lip dilated by age into a simple wing, lobed or cre-

19]

nated at the upper part, with a sinus at the lower part, separate from the canal
or notch of the base.

S. gigas, S. lentiginosus, S. Isabella, S. plicatus,

* accipitrinus, * auris Diane, * vittatus, * floridus,

‘ latissimus, ‘ pugilis, ‘ epidromis, ‘ papilio,

‘ tricornis, ‘ pyrulatus, * columba, ‘ lineatus,

* gallus, * gibberulus, ‘ succinctus, ‘ marginatus,
* bituberculatus, * luhuanus, * troglodytes, * turritus,

* eristatus, ‘ Mauritianus, * tridentatus, ‘ cancellatus,
‘ dilatatus, * canarium, ‘ urceus, 1 fossil species.
* bubonius,

PURPURIFERA.—Eleven Genera.

Shell with a short canal ascending posteriorly, or an oblique notch or demi-
canal at the base of the aperture, directed towards the back.

This family is separated into two divisions.

DIVISION I. The canal ascending, or curved towards the back.

Cassiparra. Shell subovate or ovate oblong; aperture longitudinal, nar-
row, terminated at the base by a curved, subascending canal. Right lip
varicose or replicate; left lip laid over the columella, mostly rough, granu-
lated, tuberculated or wrinkled.

C. echinophora, C. striata, C. oniscus, 2 fossil species.

* cingulata, ‘ thyrrena,

Cassis. Shell inflated; aperture longitudinal, narrow, terminated at the
base by a short canal abruptly curved towards the back of the shell; columella
plaited or transversely wrinkled. Right lip mostly toothed.

C. Madagascarensis, C. areola, C. achatina, C. canaliculata,
* cornuta, ‘ zebra, ‘ pyrum, ‘ semigranosa,
* tuberosa, ‘ decussata, ‘ Zeylanica, * vibex,

‘ flammea, * abbreviata, * sulcosa, ‘ erinaceus,
‘ fasciata, ‘ rufa, ‘ granulosa, ‘ plicarla,

* glauca, * pennata, * saburon, ] fossil species.
* crumena, * testiculus,

DIVISION II. An oblique notch, inclining backwards.

Rictinuta. Shell ovate, the exterior mostly tubercular or spinous; aper-
ture oblong, with a demicanal at the lower part, curved towards the back,

192

terminated by an oblique notch; unequally toothed on the columella and on
the internal margin of the right lip, usually contracting the aperture.

R. horrida, R. arachnoidea, R. aspera, R. mutica,
* miticula, ‘ digitata, ‘ morus, * pisolina.
* clathrata,

Purpura. Shell oval, smooth, tubercular or angular; aperture dilated,
the lower part terminating in an oblique, subcanaliculated notch. Columella
flattened, pointed at the base.

P. Persica, P. neritoides, P. cruentata, P. unifascialis,
* Rudolphi, ‘ planospira, * Japillus, « retusa,

* patula, * callifera, ‘ imbricata, ‘ trochlea,

* columellaria, * coronata, * lagenaria, * clavus,

* succincta, ‘ carinifera, * cateracta, ‘ fasciolaris,
* consul, * scalariformis, * bicostalis, ‘ vexillum,

‘ armigera, * sacellum, ‘ plicata, * bizonalis,

* bitubercularis, ‘ squamosa, * fiscella, * nucleus,

‘ hippocastanum, * rugosa, * thiarella, * distorta,

* undata, * textilosa, ‘ rustica, ‘ bulbus,

‘ hemastoma, * sertum, * semiimbricata, ‘ subrostrata,
* mancinella, ‘ Francolinus, * echinulata, * tectum,

‘ bufo, * limbosa, * hystrix, * cariosa.

* callosa, ‘ ligata, * deltoides,

Monoceros. Shell oval; aperture longitudinal, the lower part terminating
in an oblique notch. A conical tooth on the internal base of the right margin.

M. cingulatum, M. striatum, M. glabratum, M. crassilabrum.
‘ imbricatum, ‘

Concnotepas. Shell inflated oval, semispiral, the summit inclining ob-
liquely towards the left margin; aperture large, longitudinal, oblique, with a
slight channel at the lower part. Two teeth at the base of the margin; an
oblong, thin, corneous operculum. -

C. Peruvianus.

Harpa. Shell oval, more or less inflated, with longitudinal, parallel, in-
clined and acute ribs; spire short; aperture notched at the lower part; no
canal. Columella smooth, flattened and pointed at the base.

A. imperialis, H. nobilis, H. rosea, H. striata,

* ventricosa, * articularis, * minor, 1 fossil species.
* conoidalis,

Doxium. Shell thin, ventricose, inflated, mostly subglobular, rarely ob-

193

transversely banded; the outer lip dentated or crenated through its whole
length; aperture oblong, notched at the lower part.

D. galea, D. maculatum, D. pomum, D. perdix.

* olearium, * fasciatum, ‘ variegatum,

Buccinum. Shell ovate or ovate conical; aperture longitudinal, with a
notch at the base; without a canal. Columella not flattened, swollen on the
upper part.

B. undatum, B. lineatum, B. tricarinatum, B. zebra,

‘ glaciale, * fuscatum, ‘ Brasilianum, * dermestoideum,
* Anglicanum, ‘ lineolatum, ¢ semiconvexum, * aurautium,

‘ papyraceum, ‘ maculosum, ‘ fasciolatum, ‘ pediculare,

* annulatum, * politum, * vinosum, * arcularia,

* Jevissimum, * suturale, * tenuiplicatum, * coronatum,

* testudineum, ‘ mutabile, * subspinosum, ‘ thersites,

* achatinum, ‘ inflatum, * Ascanias, * gibbosulum,

‘ glans, ‘ retusum, ‘ levigatum, * pullus,

‘ papillosum, * ventricosum, * flexuosum, * marginulatum,
‘ olivaceum, ‘ gemmulatum, * aciculatum, ‘ pauperatum,

* canaliculatum, ‘ Coromandelianum, ‘ corriculatum, ‘ polygonatum,
* crenulatum, ‘ fasciatum, * cribrarium, * neriteum,

‘ reticulatum, ‘ miga, * grana, 2 fossil species. .
‘ Tranquebaricum, ‘ lyratum, * cocinella,

Eeurna. Shell oval or elongated, the right lip simple; aperture longitu-
dinal, notched at the base. Columella umbilicated on the upper part, and
canaliculated below the umbilicus.

E. glabrata, E. spirata, E. areolata, E. lutosa.
‘ Zeylanica,
E. spirata, EK. M. t. 401. f. 2. E. tessellata, Swain. Z. Ill. 1 8. pl. 145.

‘ ambulacrum, Sowerby, C. Il. f. 2. ‘ Zeylanica, E. M. t. 401. f. 3.
‘ valentina, Swainson, Z. Ill. 1 8. ‘ plumbea, Sowerby, C. Ill. f. 3, 4.
pl. 144. ‘ aestralis, C 5.
‘ pacifica, do. do. pl. 146. ‘ papillaris, § if
TeresrRa. Shell elongated, turreted, very pointed at the summit; aper-
ture longitudinal, many times shorter than the spire, notched at the posterior

part of the base. Base of the columella turreted or oblique.

T. maculata, T. oculata, T. striatula, T. scabrella,

* flammea, * duplicata, * chlorata, ‘ strigilata,
* crenulata, ‘ Babylonia, * cerithina, ‘ lanceata,
‘ dimidiata, ‘ corrugata, * raphanula, * aciculina,
¢ muscaria, * Senegalensis, * cingulifera, * granulosa,
* subulata, * cerulescens, ‘ myuros, ‘ vittata.

25

194

COLUMELLARIA.—Five Genera.

No canal at the base of the aperture, but a more or less distinct dorsal notch
and plaits on the columella.

CoLumBELLA. Shell oval, spire short, the base of the aperture more or
less notched, and without a canal. Columella plaited; aperture contracted
by a swelling on the inside of the right lip.

C. strombiformis, C. bizonalis, C. ovulata, C. mendicaria,
§ rustica, * reticulata, * nitida, * turturina,
‘ mercatoria, ‘ Hebrea, * zonalis, ‘ punctata,
* flavida, ‘ pardalina, * fulzurans, * unifascialis.
* semipunctata, * scripta, ’

Mirra. Shell turreted, subfusiform, the spire pointed at the summit, the
base notched, and without a canal. Columella plaited; the plaits parallel,
transverse, the lower ones smallest; columella lip thin, and formed ona pillar.

M. episcopalis, M. teniata, M. scutulata, M. ficulina,

* papalis, ‘ plicaria, ‘ dactylus, ‘ nucleola,

* pontificalis, ‘ corrugata, ‘ fenistrata, ‘ unifascialis,
‘ puncticulata, ‘ costellaris, ‘ crenulata, ‘ bacillum,

‘ millepora, ‘ lyrata, ‘ texturata, * conularis,
* cardinalis, ‘ melongena, * conulus, ‘ arenosa,

‘ archiepiscopalis, ‘ cinctella, ‘ limbifera, * clavulus,

* versicolor, * vulpecula, ‘ aurantica, ‘ literata,

‘ sanguinolenta, ‘ Caffra, * amphorella, ‘ Peronii,

‘ ferruginea, ‘ sanguisuga, ‘ coronata, s ‘ obliquata,
* terebralis, ‘ stigmataria, ‘ paupercula, ‘ plumbea,

‘ adusta, * flosa, ‘ cucumerina, ‘ larva,

‘ granulosa, ‘ fissurata, ‘ patriarchalis, ‘ pisolina,

‘ crocata, ‘ lactea, ‘ muriculata, ‘ dermestina,
‘ casta, * cornicularis, * torulosa, * granulifera,
‘ nexilis, ‘ Jutescens, ‘ ebenus, * oniscina,

‘ olivaria, ‘ striatula, ‘ harpeformis, ‘ tabanula,
£ scabriuscula, * subulata, ‘ semifasciata, ‘ pediculus,
* granatini, ‘ cornea, * retusa, ¢ Michebinii,
‘ crenifera, ‘ tringa, ‘ microzonias, 14 fossil species.
* serpentina, ‘ melaniana,

Voxtuta. Shell oval, more or less ventricose, the apex obtuse or papil-
lary, the base notched; no canal. Columella plaited; the lower plaits largest
and most oblique; no columella lip.

V. nautica, V. melo, V. scapha, V. nivosa,

‘ diadema, * Neptuni, ‘ Brasiliana, * serpentina,
‘ armata, * cymbium, ‘ imperialis, ‘ hebrea,

‘ ducalis, * olla, ‘ pellis serpentis, ‘ musica,

* tessellata, * proboscidalis, ‘ vespertilio, ‘ chlorosina,
‘ #Ethiopica, * porcina, ‘ mitis, ‘ thiarella,

195

V. carneolata, V. nodulosa, V. fulminata, V. volvacea,

‘ Guinaica, * magnifica, ‘ Junonia, ‘ festiva,

‘ Jevigata, * ancilla, * undulata, ‘ mitreformis,
* polyzonalis, ‘ Magellanica, ‘ Japponica, ‘ nucleus,

‘ fulva, * Pacifica, ‘ vexillum, 18 fossil species.
* sulcata,

MaRGINELLA. Shell ovate oblong, smooth, spire short, right lip exter-
nally thickened; base of the aperture scarcely notched; plaits on the col-
umella nearly equal.

M. glabella, M. bifasciata, M. eburnea, M. persicula,

‘ radiata, ‘ faba, ‘ dentifera, ‘ lineata,

‘ nubeculata, ‘ aurantia, ‘ dactylus, ‘ tessellata,

‘ cerulescens, ‘ bivaricosa, ‘ bullata, ‘ interrupata,
* quinqueplicata, ‘ longivaricosa, ‘ cornea, ‘ marginata,
‘ limbata, ‘ muscaria, ‘ abellana, 1 fossil species.
* rosea, * formicula, ‘ goodalli,

Vorvaria. Shell cylindrical, convolute; spire scarcely projecting; aper-
ture narrow, the length of the shell. One or more folds on the lower part of
the columella.

V. monilis, V. triticea, V. miliacea, 1 fossil species.
* pallida, * oryza,

CONVOLUTA.—Six Genera.

Shell without a canal, but having the base of the aperture channelled or ef-
fuse; the whorls large, compressed, convolute, the last nearly covering the

whole of the others.

Ovuta. Shell turgid, attenuated at each end, the margins turned upwards;
aperture longitudinal, narrow, effuse at the extremities; without teeth on the

left lip.

O. ovum, O. verrucosum, O. seminulum, O. aciculare,

‘ margarita, ‘ angulosum, ‘ formicarium, * patulum,

‘ Adriaticum, * triticeum, * secale, * hordeaceum,
‘ pyriforme, * frumentum, ‘ spelta, * rufum,

* carneum, * stritulum, ‘ intermedium, ‘ avena,

‘ marginatum, ‘ emarginatum, ‘ birostre, ‘ inflexum,

‘ lacteum, ‘ gibbosum, ‘ longirostratum, ‘ equale,

‘ breve, ‘ obtusum, * volva, 2 fossil species.

Cyprza. Shell oval or ovate oblong, convex; the lips curved inwards;

196

aperture longitudinal, narrow, toothed on both sides; the extremities effuse;
spire very small, hardly perceptible.

A catalogue of all the recent species of the genus Cyprea, by G. B. Sowersy.

. princeps,
mappa,
tigris,
pantherina,
mauritiana,
stercararia,
aurora,
leucodon,
sulcidentata,
Arabicula,
lynx,
vitellus,
carneola,
cinerea,
Reevei,
obscurus,
achatina,
arenosa,
nivosa,
Broderipii,
exanthema,
cervus,
testudinaria,
talpa,
exusta,
argus,
scurra,
pulchra,
Isabella,
controversa,
lurida,
microdon,
Scottii,

SS SOG Sn oe ek Ce Ce SI ee IE Gee nie & «eo Sea OO

C. camelopardalis, of Perry,
‘ melanostomus, of Sowerby,

TEREBELLUM.
aperture longitudinal, narrow at the upper part, notched at the base.

ERR ee ES TR RRO, ee ee SSS Se OO

. mus,

tessellata,
annulata,
margarita,
cicercula,
globulus,
staphylea,
nucleus,
Madagascariensis,
guttata,
poraria,
albuginosa,
Listeri,
gangrenosa,
citrina,
helvola,
bicallosa,
spurea,
flaveola,
erosa,
Lamarckii,
ocellata,
turdus,
caput serpentis,
annulus,
obvelata,
moneta,
asellus,
maculata,
interrupta,
hirundo,
stolida,
neglecta,

are young
shells.

Sk OO pene ee MR i ieee RR, Ben Riis Se oa can ae ee Cee

umella smooth, the lower part truncated.

T. subulatum,

ANCILLARIA.

2 fossil species.

- punctata,

pulchella,
pyriformis,
Walkeri,
Humpreysii,
tenes,
tabescens,
cylindrica,
cribraria,
Goodalli,
Cumingii,
caurica,
cruentata,
errones,
felina,
irrorata,
spadicea,
onyx,
pyrum,
picta,
zonata,
xanthodon,
nigro-punctata,
pallida,
punctulata,
ZACZAC,
undata,
clandestina,
lentiginosa,
contaminata,
sanguiolenta,
fimbriata,
angustata,

C
‘

A £O RA W EOR BH KR OR RR Ae AHR AK MVS Ania AX a“ © Boats eR

4

C. Arabica, var. Histrio.

piperita,
algoensis,
edentula,
similis,
fusco-dentata,
capensis,
pustulata,
Adansonii,
ovulata,
aperta,
carnea,
maugerie,
australis,
rufescens,
Europea,
sanguinea,
quadripunctata,
globosa,
exigua,
subrostrata,
fusca,

oryxa,
nivea,
pulex,
pediculus,
pacifica,
suffusa,
Californica,
solandri,
radians,
depauperata,
Childrini,

12 fossil species.

Shell convolute, subcylindrical, pointed at the summit;

Col-

Shell oblong, subcylindrical, spire short, not channelled at

the sutures; aperture longitudinal, scarcely notched at the base, effuse. A
callous and oblique varix at the base of the columella.

A. cinnamomea,

‘ ventricosa,

A. marginata,
* candida,

A. volutella, (n. s.)

5 fossil species.

197

Oxiva. Shell subcylindrical, convolute, smooth, spire short, sutures
channelled; aperture longitudinal, notched at the base. Columella obliquely
striated.

O. porphyria O. flammulata O. bicincta O. subulata,
y tlcts , ’ my

* textelina, ‘ granitella, * harpularia, * luteola,
‘ erythrostoma, ‘ araneosa, ‘ hepatica, ‘ testacea,
© opi eoly : ‘ hiatula

pica, literata, ustulata, natula,
‘ tremulina, ‘ scripta, ‘ avellana, ‘ obtusaria,
‘ angulata, ‘ tricolor, ‘ tessellata, ‘ Zeylanica,
‘ maura, * sanguinolenta, ‘ carneola, ‘ nebulosa,
‘ sepulturalis, ‘ mustellina, ‘ ispidula, ‘ fabagina,
‘ fulminas, ‘ lugubris, * oriola, * conoidalis,
‘ irisans, ‘ funebralis, * candida, ‘ undatella,
* elegans, ‘ glandiformis, ‘ volutella, ‘ eburnea,
‘ episcopalis, ‘ Peruviana, ‘ tigrina, ‘ nana,
‘ venulata, ‘ Senegalensis, ‘ Brasiliana, ‘ zonalis,
* cuttata, ‘ fusiformis, * utriculus, * oryza,
‘ leucophea, ‘ undata, * auricularia, 5 fossil species.
‘ reticularis, ‘ inflata, ‘ acumina,

Conus. Shell turbinated or inversely conical, conyolute;
tudinal, narrow, not toothed; base effuse.

aperture longi-

C. marmorea, C. roseus, C. vittatus, C. pertusus,

* bandanus, ‘ cardinalis, ‘ mustelinus, ‘ nivosus,

* nocturnus, ‘ Magellanicus, ‘ vexillum, * fulgurans,

‘ Nicobaricus, ‘ distans, ‘ Sumatrensis, * acuminatus,

‘ araneosus, ‘ pontificalis, ‘ hyena, ‘ amadis,

* zonatus, ‘ Caledonicus, ‘ miles, ‘ Janus,

‘ imperialis, ‘ sponsalis, ‘ ammiralis, ‘ flammeus,

‘ fuscatus, * puncturatus, ‘ genuanas, ‘ lithoglyphus,

‘ viridulus, ‘ Ceylanicus, ‘ papylonaceus, * testudinarius,

‘ regius, ‘ lamellosus, ‘ Siamensis, ‘ venulatus,

* cedo nulli, * pusillus, ‘ Prometheus, : questor,

: aurantius, * exiguus, glaucus, ; muscosus,
nebulosus, ‘ asper, ‘ suratensis, Narcissus,

‘ minimus, ‘ millepunctatus, ‘ monachus, ‘ Mozambicus,

‘ sulcatus, ‘ literatus, ‘ ranunculus, * Guinaicus,

‘ hebreus, ‘ eburneus, ‘ anemone, ‘ Franciscanus,

‘ vermiculatus, * tessellatus, ‘ achatinus, ‘ informus,

‘ arenatus, ‘ generalis, * cinereus, f rattus,

‘ pulicarius, ‘ Maldivas, ‘ stramineus, 3 Jamaicensis,

‘ fastigatus, ‘ Malacanus, ‘ zebra, ‘ Mediterineus,

‘ obesus, — ‘ lineatus, ‘ lacteus, * puncticulatus,

‘ varius, * monile, ‘ cingulatus, * Mauritianus,

* tulipa, * centurio, * vicareus, ‘ fumigatus,

‘ geographus, ‘ vitulinus, ‘ mercator, * eques,

‘ punctatus, * vulpinus, ‘ ochraceus, * luzonicus,

‘ teniatus, ‘ flavidus, ‘ betulinus, * catus,

* musicus, ‘ virgo, ‘ figulinus, * verucosus,

‘ miliaris, * daucus, * quercinus, | ‘ acutangulus,

‘ mus, ‘ pastinaca, ‘ Proteus, * mindanus,

‘ lividus, ‘ capitaneus, * leoninus, ‘ Japonicus,

‘ Barbadensis, ‘ classiarius, * augur, ‘ pusio,

198

C. columba, C. aurisiacus, C. dux, C. rubiginosus,

‘ medurensis, * terminus, * tendineus, ‘ pennaceus,

‘ nemocanus, ‘ striatus, ‘ prefectus, * prelatus,

* cancellatus, ‘ gubernator, ‘ melancholicus, ‘ panniculus,

‘ fusiformis, * granulatus, ‘ strigatus, * archiepiscopus,
* cerulescens, * terebra, * glans, ‘ canonicus,

* aurora, ‘ verulosus, * mitratus, ‘ episcopus,

‘ Taitensis, ‘ raphanus, ‘ nussatella, ‘ Jegatus,

‘ Adansonii, ‘ magus, * aulicus, * textile,

‘ Tinianus, ‘ spectrum, * auratus, * pyramidalis,

‘ Portoricanus, * bullatus, * colubrinus, ‘ gloria maris,

* crocatus, * cervus, * clavus, * australis,

* amabilis, ‘ stercus-muscarum, ‘ auricomus, ‘ orbignyi, (n. s.)
‘ Omeicus, ‘ Timorensis, ‘ omaria, 9 fossil species.

* nobilis, ‘ nimbosus,

ORDER IV. CEPHALOPODA.

This order is separated into three divisions, viz. Polythalamous Cephalo-
poda, Monothalamous Cephalopoda, and Naked Cephalopoda.

DIVISION I. POLYTHALAMOUS CEPHALOPODA.

Shell multilocular, completely or partially enveloped, situated on the poste-
rior part of the body of the animal, often adhering.

This division contains seven families,—Orthocerata, Lituolata, Cristata,
Spherulata, Radiolata, Nautilacea, and Ammoneata.

I. Shell multilocular, the septa simple, not showing any divided sinuous sutures
on the internal surface of the shell.

ORTHOCERATA.—Five Genera.
Shell straight, or nearly so; not spiral.

BevLemnites. Shell straight, an elongated cone, formed of two distinct
and separable parts. The external sheath solid, full at the upper part, with
a conical cavity; the internal, a conical nucleus, pointed, chambered trans-
versely through its whole length, multilocular; the chambers perforated by a
syphon in the centre.

1 fossil species.

OrtHoceRA. Shell straight or slightly arched, subconical, striated on the

199

outside by numerous longitudinal ribs; chambers formed by transverse septa,
perforated by a central or marginal tube.
O. raphanus, O. raphanistrum, O. acicula, O. legumen.
‘ fascia, * obliqua,

Noposaria. Shell elongated, straight or slightly curved, subconical,
nodular; nodules globular, very smooth. Chambers formed by transvers
septa, perforated in the centre or near the margin.

N. radicula, N. dentalina, N. siphunculus.

Hippurites. Shell cylindrical, conical, straight or rather curved, multi-
locular, septa transverse. An internal, lateral channel, formed by two longi-
tudinal, parallel, obtuse and converging ledges; the last chamber furnished with
an operculum.

A fossil.

Conitites. Shell conical, straight, slightly bent; sheath thin, distinct
from the nucleus, which it contains. Nucleus subseparable, multilocular,
transversely divided by septa.

A fossil.

LITUOLATA.—Three Genera.
Shell partly spiral, the last whorl continuing in a straight line.

SprRuLA. Shell cylindrical, thin, nearly transparent, multilocular, partly
turned into a discoidal spiral form; the whorls distant from each other, the
last produced in a straight line; septa transverse, equally distant, externally
concave; syphon lateral, interrupted; aperture orbicular.

S. Peronii.

Sprrotina. Shell multilocular, partly discoidal spiral, the whorls contigu-
ous, the last terminating in a straight line; septa transverse, terminated by a tube.

A fossil species.

Lirvotites. Shell multilocular, partly turned into a discoidal spiral form;
the whorls contiguous, the last terminating in a straight line; chambers irreg-
ular; septa transverse and simple, without a syphon, the last perforated with
from three to six holes.

A fossil species.

200
CRISTATA.—Three Genera.
Shell semidiscoidal, spire eccentric.

Renvuuites. Shell reniform, flat, sulcated, multilocular; chambers linear,
contiguous, curved about a marginal axis, the most distant from the axis the
longest.

A fossil species.
CristetLarta. Shell semidiscoidal, multilocular; whorls contiguous,
simple, progressively enlarging; spire eccentric, sublateral; septa imperforate.

Microscopic shells, nine species of which are enumerated by Fichtel;—see Ency. Meth.
pl. 467, fig. 1, a. b. c.

Orgicutina. Shell subdiscoidal, multilocular; whorls contiguous and
compound; spire eccentric; chambers short, very numerous; septa im-
perforate.

O. numismalis, O. anculata, O. uncinata,
‘ nummata, Ency. Meth. pl. 468, fig. 1, a. b. c. d.

SPH ZRULATA.—Three Genera.

Shell globular, spheroidal or oval; whorls of the spire covering, or the
chambers united under the envelope.

Mitiota. Shell transverse, ovate globular or elongated, multilocular;
the chambers transverse, surrounding the axis, alternately covering one another;
aperture very small, situated at the base of the last whorl, either orbicular or
oblong.

A minute shell, one recent species of which is found on fuci, at the island of Corsica.

Gyroconites. This genus has been formed from the seed of a species
of chara, in a fossil state.

A fossil.

Metonites. Shell subspherical, spire central; whorls contiguous, con-
volute, tuniciform; chambers narrow and numerous; septa imperforate.

Two species.

201
RADIOLATA.—Three Genera.

Shell discoidal, spire central, chambers elongated, radiated, extending from
the centre to the circumference.

Roratizes. Shell orbicular, spiral, convex or conoidal above, flattened or
radiated and tuberculated beneath, multilocular; aperture marginal, triangular.

A fossil.

Lenticutites. Shell sublenticular, spiral, multilocular; the external
margin of the whorls folded in two, extending above and below, even with
the centre of the shell; septa entire, curved, the two sides prolonged in the
form of rays; aperture narrow, projecting over the penultimate whorl.

A fossil.

PLACENTULA. Shell orbicular, convex above and beneath, multilocular;
aperture oblong, narrow, formed like a ray on the lower, or on both discs.

A minute nautilus of Fichtel, Ency. Meth. pl. 466, fig. 9. a. b. c. d.

NAUTILACEA.—Six Genera.

Shell discoidal, spire central, the chambers short, not extending from the
centre to the circumference.

Discorsites. Shell discoidal, spiral, multilocular, sides simple; the
whole of the whorls apparent, naked, and contiguous to one another; septa
transverse, frequent, not perforated.

A fossil.

Sipproxites. Shell multilocular, discoidal; whorls contiguous, not ap-
parent outside; disc convex on both sides, and studded with tubercles, with
unequal and radiated lobes on the periphery; septa transverse and imperfo-
rate; aperture distinct and sublateral.

A fossil.

PoLtysTOMELLA. Shell discoidal, multilocular; whorls contiguous, not
visible externally; the exterior radiated by transverse furrows or ribs; aper-
ture composed of many holes, variously disposed.

A minute nautilus of Fichtel.

26

VorticraLis. Shell discoidal, spiral, multilocular; whorls contiguous,
not apparent outwardly; septa transverse, imperforate, not extending from
the centre to the periphery; aperture marginal.

A minute nautilus of Fichtel, Ency. Meth. pl. 470, fig. 1, a. b. c.

Nummuuires. Shell lenticular, thin towards the margins; spire internal,
discoidal, multilocular, covered by many thin plates; exterior margin of the
whorls folded in two, extending from each side of the shell to the centre, and
uniting; chambers very numerous, small, alternate; septa transverse, im-
perforate.

A fossil.

Nautitus. Shell discoidal, spiral, multilocular, sides simple; whorls
contiguous, the last covering the others. Chambers numerous; septa trans-
verse, concave from the side of the aperture; disc perforated by a tube, and
the margins very simple.

N. pompilius, N. umbilicatus.

II. Shell multilocular, the septa indented at the borders.

AMMONEATA.—Five Genera.

Septa sinuous, lobed, and indented at the circumference, united at the inner
surface of the shell, and articulating with it by means of indented sutures.

Ammonites. Shell discoidal, spiral; the whorls contiguous, and the whole
of them apparent; the internal partitions articulated by sinuous sutures; septa
transverse, lobed, and indented at the circumference, their discs without a
syphon, but pierced by a sort of marginal tube.

A fossil.

OrzsuLites. Shell subdiscoidal, spiral; the whorls contiguous, the last
covering the others, and the internal partitions articulated by sinuous sutures;
septa transverse, lobed at the circumference, and perforated by a marginal
tube.

A fossil.

AMMONOCERATITES. Shell coniform, arched, semicircular; partitions ar-
ticulated by sinuous, ramose, indented sutures; septa transverse, sinuous,

203

lobed and indented at the circumference; tube or syphon marginal, not
piercing the septa.

A fossil.

Turriwites. Shell spiral, turreted, multilocular; the whorls contiguous,
and whole apparent; the partitions articulated by sinuous sutures; septa trans-
verse, lobed and indented at the circumference; aperture rounded.

A fossil.

Baccutites. Shell straight, cylindrical, sometimes rather compressed,
slightly conical; the partitions articulated by sinuous sutures; septa trans-

verse, a little distant; the disc imperforated, lobed and indented at the cir-
cumference.

A fossil.

DIVISION II. MONOTHALAMOUS CEPHALOPODA.
Shell unilocular, wholly external, and enveloping the animal.

Arcgonauta. Shell univalve, unilocular, involute, very thin; spire bicar-
inated, tubercular, turning into the aperture.

A. argo, A. tuberculata, A. nitida.

DIVISION Ill. NAKED CEPHALOPODA.—Four Genera.

No shell either internal or external. A solid, free, cretaceous or horny
substance is found in the inside of most of these animals.

Octopus. No internal solid substance.

A molluscous animal. Sepia Octopus, Linn.

Loxicopsis. No internal solid substance.

A molluscous animal.

Loxieo. An elongated, thin, transparent and horny lamina, inclosed in
the interior of the body, near the back.

A molluscous animal. Sepia Loligo, Linn.

204:

Sepia. A free, cretaceous, spongy and opaque bone, inclosed in the in-
terior of the body, towards the back.

S. officinalis, S. tuberculata.

ORDER VV. HETEROPODA.—Three Genera.

Carinaria. Shell univalve, conical, flattened at the sides, unilocular,

very thin, hyaline; the summit spirally turned, and the back sometimes fur-
nished with an indented keel; aperture oblong, entire.

C. citrea, C. fragilis, C. cymbium.

PTrEROTRACHEA. This genus has no shell.

A molluscous animal,—four species.

PuyLurror. This genus has no shell.

A molluscous animal,—one species.

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