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NAUTILUS.”
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS.
VOL. XIII.
MAY, 1899, to APRIL, 1900.
PHILADELPHIA :
Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013
http://archive.org/details/conchologistsexc1314aver
V3 -/4F- : sy %
INDEX %
TO
THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XIII.
INDEX TO ARTICLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.
Abalone fishery in California _. ; : ie Agassiz Association Department : . 23, 84, 59 Amnicola Johnsoni Pilsbry, n. sp. ; : { ; ee TOE Amnicola sanctijohannis Pilsbry, n. sp. : 4 AeA) Amnicolide from Florida . : PVA, Amnicoloid, a new N.-H. Australian . ; ! . 144 Arion fasciatus Nils. in America. ; We he Arizona and New Mexico, Collecting in. 2 ye Ashmunella thomsoniana porter Pilsbry ane: Bookercit, nV. : : , : awe) Aspidoporus, Dr. Babor’ S en ES Of, Rey Bifidaria armifera var. ruidosensis Cockerell,n.v. WIS California, collecting in Southern oe California, mollusks collected by R.C. McGregorinnorthern 64 Calliostoma Veliei Pilsbry, n. sp, : . 128 Canandaigua Lake Region of New York, Biailicoa ae ny Capulus Californicus Dall., n. sp. ; . 100 Chitons from the Piecene of the ies ae Easy Florida . , “i cae Chlorostoma Beanicor pilebee Sp. : ; : Page | Chlorostoma Orbignyanum Pilsbry, n. ay , z ‘ rtd Chlorostoma patagonicum Orb. . ; ah tl.O Chlorostoma of Southern and Eastern ose tO Chondropoma Martensianum Pilsbry, n. sp. . 140 Clausiliz of Celebes, note on the : 4 . Sh Cochlicopa lubrica in Alaska ; : Bi Ske } ( ili )
(32425
iv THE NAUTILUS.
Conulus coroicanus Ancey, n. sp. 17 Correspondence . . 83 Corrosion of shells in dahmne ; 122 Donax stultoram Mawe vs. Cytherea Gfassatelloidee Cane he Dredging in San Diego Bay . EOL Dredging off San Pedro ; 21 Epiphragmophora andivaga Ancey, n. sp. .¥ tks Epiphragmophora Bowersi Bryant, n. sp. . 122 Epiphragmophora fidelis Gray e105 Epiphragmophora Harperi Bryant, n. sp. STAs Epiphragmophora mormonum buttoni Pilsbry, n. v. - 1128 Epiphragmophora mormonum cala Pilsbry, n. v. . 428 Epiphragmophora Turtoni Ancey, n. Sp. me | Field notes and reminiscences as Florida, Collecting on the Gulf Coast of hs Florida, Notes on some land shells of Western . 141 Gastrodonta demissa var. lamellata Pilsbry, 107 General notes . [2a Onc. ue 70, 84. 111, 129 Glandina truncata var, minor Puen D.V: 46 Gonibasis acutifilosa siskiyouensis Pilsbry, n. v.. 65 Hartman, William D. (with portrait, pl. 1) . 61 Helix hortensis at Rockport. Mass., variations of 32 Land shells of Berks Co., Pennsylvania 70 Limax coccineus Gistel 117 Lithasia obovata, changes with betes of... 97 Lucidella Foxi Pilsbey ar oo 56 Lucidella trochiformis Pilsbry, n.sp. . ; ee Maine, List of Shells from Northeastern. ; - LOZ tis Manitoba, List of Land and Freshwater Shells of a Margaritana margaritifera var. falcata from a tunnel . ae 11) Mexican shells, notes on some southern Bre | Miami, Florida, Annotated List of land and froshavatee shells 43 Madioln plicatdla a in San Francisco Bay , So) aa Mollusca associated with the Mastodon : 34, 55, 100 Mollusks of Lily Cash Creek, Illinois. Beet) Myoforceps aristatus Dillwyn, from California salen New Mexican Shells, Notes on some 19 Ostrea, Origin of the mutations of , 91 Ogee Lake, N. Y., notes on the mollusca of 57
THE NAUTILUS.
Pachychilus vulneratus Paludestrina monas Pilsbry, n. sp.
2] Petricola denticulata, note on 12] Philomyeus lactiformis (Blainville) 24 Physa cubensis in Florida ; 70 Pisidia new to our country and new species a) Pisidium amnicum Mull. ' . Pisidium boreale Sterki n. n. (for seplentrionale Prime pre- occupied ) : pee. Pisidium contortum Prime. 10, 59 Pisidium handwerki Sterki, n. sp. 9() Pisidium henslowianum Shep. 9 Pisidium medianum Sterki, n. sp. 10 Pisidium medianum var. minutum Sterki n. var. . aie ld Pisidium milium Held 10, 59 Planorbis corpulentus Say . A liao Planorbis crista var. cristata Drap. in Plaine a9) 105 Planorbis opercularis var. multilineatus Vanatta 48 Planorbis rubellus Sterki and P. Harni Pilsbry 5] Polygyra, new southwestern form of 37 Polygyra appressa, notes on 54 Polygyra auriculata in Western Florida 118 -Polygyra binneyana Pilsbry, n. sp. 38, 60 Polygyra caloosaensis Johnson,n.sp. Pliocene inet ted, 67 Polygyra divesta indianorum Pilenee eT NAT, ; 39 Polygyra dorfeuilliana var. percostata Pilsbry, n. var. 37 Polygyra monodon var. friersoni Pilsbry, n. var. 36 Polygyra neglecta Pilsbry, n. sp. ye A) Polygyra tridontoides [= texasiana—Hp. | in Men Mone 84 Polygyra uvulifera var. bicornuta, n. var. 107 Pomatia aspersa in California 60 Pyramidula alternata, notes on two varieties of . 4] Pyramidula alternata var. costata Lewis 4] -Pyramidula alternata var. rarinotata Pils., n. var. 114 Publications received . PUSS VL OeS | Purpura coronata Lam. in America : 130 Rhode Island, Collection of Fresh-water shells from 112 Rumina Pe siinin. some notes on Ri Shells collected at Oakdale, Morgan-Co., Pent: TO
vi THE NAUTILUS.
Shells and Mastodon .
Sigaretus oldroydii, notes on
Stephanoda Iheringi Ancey, n. sp.
Stephanoda latastei Ancey, n. sp. ; : Strobilops hubbardi stevensoni Pilsbry, n. var. . Strombus, attempt to define the natural groups of Thomson, John H. (Biographical note)
Thy Sa iphare hornii Gabb. :
Tres Marias Islands, Mexico, Natural ieee of Turritellide, Viviparous Miocene
Unios of the Sabine River .
Unionide in a tunnel .
Unio conjugans Wright, n. sp.
Unio Danielsii Wright, n. sp.
Unio dispalans Wright, n. sp.
Unio Hagleri Frierson, n. sp. (Plate it yi
Unio Harperi Wright, n. sp.
Unio Kingii Wright, n. sp..
Unio polymorphus Wright, n. sp.
Unio rotulatus Wright, n. sp.
Unio (Lampsilis) owirasai Pies n. Sp. Unio singularis Wright, n. sp.
Unio Tinkeri Wright, n. sp.
Unio unicostatus Wright, n. sp.
Veronicella, notes on Jamaican .
Viviparous miocene Turritellidz
34, 55, 100 85
17
tf
46
16, 93 meee:
98
Zonitidz collected by J. H. Ferriss in Arhanes sata the
Choctaw Nation
Zonitoides neomexicanus Gookerel & Pileeee n. sp.
INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS,
Ancey, C. F. ; : ; : ; ae Ashmun, Rev. EK. H. . : : , ; , pws Baker, Frank C. . é : ‘ 30, 57, 112 Burns, Frank. : ; ‘ ; prs Button, Fred. L. : ; 30,131 Bryant, FW. ~ : 222,143 Chadwick, G. H. . : : : . 04, 76, 93 Clapp, Geo. H. . : ’ : ; 41, 70 Cockerell, T. D.A. ; . . 82,36, 49, 84,.117 Collinge, Walter E. . : : : 2 : rae ky eee Csi, «89, 85, 91, 100, 121 Frierson, Lorraine BS. . ; : ; abo 09 Hanham, A. W. . i : ; ; a | Johnson, C. W. . ' : GPA T 130,141 Kendig, Rey. A.B. . , ARs Keep, Josiah , : 21.60 RelseyoF W.: . . : : : : : F abot King, Mrs. KE. H. : ; ; ee Lowe, H. N. : : ; AT Mitchell, C.F... : : hp erent iiender, Olof O. ee 09s, SOLS 1S
Pilsbry, Henry A. 20, 32, 37, 49, 51, 56, 64, 70, 79, 98, 107, ‘110, 114, 128, 131, 139, 144
Post, E. J. . : : : : : ; ; pais Randolph, P. B.. : : : ; epee Rhoads, Samuel NN... ; : : , : ; 543 Smith, W. Hilles. : } , t . 384 Stearns, R. HE. C.. , hoy o5-S1, 86, 1005 115 Sterki, V. . : Bey? ; ; ; Jp a Sykes, H. R. i : ; : : : ; ; SG Vanatta, E.G. . . 3 ; , : «» 48 Walker, Bryant . ; : 59, 9T, 183 Wright, Berlin H. : aa 29, 31, 42, 50, 69, 15, 89, 138
CVvil)
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ACES LIBRARY
eae NAUTILUS.
WOE, AXITT. MAY, 1899. No. 1;
A LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF MANITOBA. BY A. W. HANHAM, WINNIPEG, MAN.
When I commenced collecting here in 1894, my enthusiasm was soon checked by the dearth of land shells, in which, since I first col- lected, I have been particularly interested. In fresh-water species things were different, as this list shows, but I have never felt the same interest in them, and my work here, as far as they are con- cerned, has been half-hearted, and I have done nothing at all during the past two seasons. Under these circumstances, I have thought it advisable to publish this list before my records get lost or destroyed. The most striking feature here (even after Quebec) was the utter absence of all the larger species of land shells (with the exception of the Succineas), and the scarcity of even the small kinds which have been taken. However, I am still impressed with the idea that some few of the larger species may occur, rarely perhaps, in the well- wooded districts lying in the extreme east, southeast and northeast of the Province. ‘The country I have worked here has been mostly prairie, even though swampy or wooded in places, and really almost -the only localities worth exploring are the river ‘“‘ bottoms.” Water shells, especially by contrast, are quite conspicuous; the sand dredged from’ the Red river for building purposes contains a mass of Spheeria, and along the river banks the large valves of Uniones are very notice- able. ‘The railway ditches and sluices, which are generally dry early in the summer, have in their bottoms a mass of Limnza, Aplexa and
2 THE NAUTILUS.
small Planorbis. Often large areas of prairie, inundated during the spring, are covered with these dead shells, which are the *‘ land”. shells of the novice.
Soon after my arrival in Manitoba, I received a good deal of assist- ance from the Rev. George W. Taylor, of Gabriola Island, B. C., who kindly furnished me with lists of the species he had taken here in 1893, during a flying visit; also any other records or lists of Manitoba species that he knew of.
The lists furnished were as follows :
His own from Winnipeg in 1893.
Condray’s, also from Winnipeg.
Hollands’, from Norquay, Man.
Bells’, )
Christy’s, > all from Winnipeg eastward.
Dickens.)
(The species taken by Condray and Holland being in his own <ol- lection.)
All these records are included in the subjoined list. Dr. V. Sterki, Mr. Ed. W. Roper, Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss and others, have kindly helped in the identification of the more troublesome things of my own taking. The numbers before the land shells (following Mr. H. A. Pilsbry’s valuable catalogue), show that our local or provincial spe- cies are few and far between.
(47. Acanthinula harpa Say.) This species has been taken along the north of Lake Superior, both West as well as East, and I feel sure is to be found in the northern unexplored parts of the province.
_ 48. Vallonia pulchella Mull. (Condray, Holland, Taylor, ete.) 50. Vallonia costata Mull. ‘Taken here under stones, etc., along railway banks.
(Dr. Sterki remarks of these costata, ‘‘a beautiful and interesting form with rather crowded ribs.’’) 7
53. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Winnipeg in 1893, by Taylor.
180. Strobilops labyrinthica Say. (Christy and Holland.)
186. Lifidaria armifera Say. Very rare here, also taken by Tay- lor.. A rather small form occurs at. Brandon; very few were taken.
187. Bifidaria contracta Say. From Carberry, by Christy.
188. Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki. Rather plentiful here in the Spring of 1894 in Red River drift. Also taken by Condray and Taylor.
£
THE NAUTILUS. 8
199. Bifidaria pentodon Say. A few taken here, also recorded by Condray and Taylor. (Dr. Sterki writes ‘* somewhat different from the typical figure, the last whorl comparatively small.’’)
219. Vertigo binneyana Sterki. Rare here, also taken hy Condray.
222. Vertigo ovata Say. Not uncommon here.
Vertigo sp. (2 examples) Winnipeg. (Dr. Sterki writes, ‘* in size, shape and striation much resembles V, gouldii Binn., but there is a peculiar, very strong callus in the palate.’’)
235. Coechlicopa lubrica Mull.(F. subcylindrica, Linn.) Well dis- tributed and not uncommon.
254. Vitrina limpida Gld. A few on ‘toad-stools” late in the fall. Several other records.
260. Vitrea hammonis Strém. (H. radiatula Ald.) From all points recorded.
264. Vitrea binneyana Morse? <A few shells taken at Brandon, were recorded as this species. They have been mislaid, or would have been referred to Dr. Sterki.
270. Vitrea indentata Say. From Pine Creek, by Christy.
278. Conulus fulvus Mull. Plentiful locally. (Dr. Sterki says, ‘¢ different to the usual form.’’)
282. Zonitoides nitidus Mull.? Some dead shells from river drift may be this species.
283. Zonitoides arboreus Say. From all points recorded.
290. Zonitoides minusculus Binn. A few dead shells from Red River drift. (Also Red River, Binney’s Manual.)
294. Zonitoides milium Morse. Very rare here.
316. Agriolimax campestris Binn. Seen occasionally in this dis- trict, not included in the other lists.
344. Pyramidula striatella Anth. Plentiful, in all lists.
346. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Recorded by Condray. I have taken one or two shells here.
348. Punctum pygmeum Drap. Taken here, not included in other lists.
358. Succinea retusa Lea. (S. ovalis Gld.) My Winnipeg spe- cimens are ail small. (Christy, Dawson and Holland.)
360. Suceinea haydeni W. G. Binn. (Dawson.)
361. Succinea hawkinst Baird. Carberry. (Christy.)
362. Succinea obliqua Say. From all points recorded.
366. Succinea grosvenorti Lea. (S. lineata Binn.) Wood Moun- tain (Dawson).
4 THE NAUTILUS.
367. Suecinea avara Say. Rather common here. (Christy, Dawson and Taylor.) Var. vermeta Say? (Referred to this by Dr. | Sterki.) A small colony taken under logs on railway bank near the. city. (If only S. avara, then an unusually large coarse form.)
370. Succinea oregonensis Lea. (A few examples referred to this species by Dr. Sterki). From Winnipeg.
Oarychium exiguum Say.) By no means abundant here. (Named
= exile Lea. ) © by Dr. Sterki.)
Spherium sulcatum Lam. (Christy, Dawson and Holland.)
as solidulum Prime. Common here in Red River. (Also: recorded by Christy & Dawson.) |
Spherium striatinum Lam. (Christy & Dawson.)
Ms stramineum Conrad. (Dawson). se rhomboideum Say. (Christy & Dawson.) is jayanum Prime. (Christy.)
ae tenue Prime. Souris River (Dawson). es transversum Say. Playgreen Lake (Bell). et simile Say. A single valve was in a lot of S. solidulum
referred to Mr. Ed. W. Roper for naming. Spherium partumecum Say. (Dawson.) One specimen taken here, kindly named by Mr. Roper. Pisidium virginicum Gmel. Lake of the Woods (Dawson). 6 variabile Prime. Pine Creek (Christy). “ abditum Hald. (Holland), a ferrissit Sterki. These are the only Pisidia I have found: here, and I took a small colony of them in moss in a dried-up swamp late in the year. Only a few appeared to be full grown (named by Dr. Sterki). Unio alatus Say. Have taken some fine shells along the banks of the Red River here. (Christy & Dawson). Unio asperrimus Lea. A few from Red River here. (Christy). ° ‘© borealis A. F. Gray. Lake of the Woods (Christy). ‘© canadensis Lea. (Taylor.) ’ ‘© boydianius Marsh. Red River here. Kindly named by Mr. Ferriss. Unio gracilis Barnes. Not uncommon in Red River. » “© lachrymosus Lea. (Bell, Dawson & Taylor.) “© ligamentinus Lam. Roseau River (Dawson). ‘¢ hippopeus, I understand from Mr. Ferriss that this species has been taken in Lake Winnipeg. j
THE NAUTILUS. v
Unio luteolus Lam. Red River. (Christy, Dawson & Taylor.)
‘“ multiplicatus Lea. (Christy.)
‘© ocetdens Lea.? Red River.
«< plicatus Lesueur. (Bell & Christy.)
“ radiatus Lam. (Bell. )
* rectus Lam. Some large specimens, with beautiful nacre, have been taken from the Red River here. (Christy, Dawson & Taylor.)
Unio rubiginosus Lea. Common in Red River. (Christy, Daw- son & Taylor.) / Unio spatulatus Lea. (Red River, by Dawson.) ‘© subovatus Lea.? (Dawson.) “undulatus Barnes. (Christy, Dawson & Taylor.) Appears to be common in Red River. } Margaritana complanata Barnes. (Bell & Dawson.)
rugosa Barnes. (Dawson.) Anodonta ferussaciana Lea. Lake of the Woods. (Dawson.) «© footiana Lea. Souris River. (Dawson.) ge plana Lea.? I sent a shell to Mr. Ferriss, which he
considered this species. Anodonta subcylindracea Vea. (Holland.)
‘. undulata Say. (Bell & Dawson.)
Valvata tricarinata Say. Rare here. (Christy & Dawson.)
«< _ sincera Say. (Christy & Dawson.)
Campeloma decisum Say. Rare here. (Lake of Woods, Dawson.) Bythinella obtusa Lea. Winnipeg (also by Condray here). Amnicola porata Say. Lake of the Woods. (Dawson).
- pallida Hald. (Christy & Dawson.)
“66 granum Say. Pine Creek. (Christy.)
Limnea stagnalis L. I have taken a few dead shells along the Assiniboine River here. Also included in the other lists. Limnea decollata Mighels. Lake of the Woods (Dawson.)
‘¢ — megasoma Say. Echimamish River (Bell).
‘< palustris Mull. On all the lists. Some shells which I think belong to this species are very prettily lined. This form is rather abundant in some of the marshes.
Limnea catascopium Say. Lake Manitoba, etc. Also on Daw- son’s list. Limnea caperata Say. On all the lists.
6 THE NAUTILUS.
“© desidiosa Say. Winnipeg. Also by Christy. ‘© humilis Say. Winnipeg. Also by Christy and Dawson. Physa heterostropha Say. On all the lists. Quite uncommon here. ‘© ampullacea Gould.? ( Dawson.) *« ancillaria Say. Lake of the Woods (Dawson). Also rarely at Winnipeg. Apvlexa hypnorum L. On all lists. Usually a fine shell here. Planorbis corpulentus Say. Lake of the Woods (Dawson). i trivolvis Say. On all the lists.
a macrostomus Whiteaves. Lake of the Woods (Dawson).
= bicarinatus Say. (Bell and Dawson.)
a campanulatus Say. Winnipeg, also by Bell and Dawson.
a exacutus Say. Winnipeg, also by Christy, Dawson and Holland.
Planorbis albus Mill. (Holland and Taylor.) o parvus Say. On all the lists. ee umbilicatellus Ckll. (umbilicatus J. W. Taylor.) Bran- don (Christy, ete.). Planorbis cristatus L. A pair from this place, identified by Dr. Sterki. Planorbula armigera Say. On all the lists. Ancylus parallelus Hald. (Cliristy & Dawson.)
‘© rtwularis Say. (Dawson.)
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
N. Harperi, sp. nov.
Shell smooth, with slightly elevated growth lines, black towards the umbos and tinged with red towards the base. Shining above, rayless, oblique or very inequilateral. Umbos elevated and nicely rounded; substance of the shell moderately thick, thinner posteriorly ; bluntly pointed behind with an inclination to biangulation. Dorsum slightly arched, ligament red, basal margin slightly curved; umbonal ridge rounded above and decidedly flattened out at the posterior ex- tremity ; teeth double in the left and single in the right valve, cardi- nals pointed, compressed and oblique, with a supplemental tooth or pointed callosity in the right valve midway between the cardinal and
ae tie a
THK NAUTILUS. 7 lateral teeth and an accompanying depression in the opposing valve ; laterals straight with an elevated collar or ridge as an extension of the lower lateral tooth and extending up to the cardinal; cicatrices confluent, cavity of the beaks very slight, nacre pale white in old and flesh-colored in young.
Diameter .75, length 1.25, width 2 inches.
Habitats—Altamaha, Suwannee and Flint Rivers.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks: ‘T'wo adults were first received from the Altamaha River, Liberty County, Ga. Later three others came from the Suwannee River, Madison County, Fla., and still later twenty others from Spring Creek, a branch of the Flint River, in Decatur County, Ga.—showing quite a range, and yet in all of these places it seems to be a rare shell, as so few were received in large lots of several hundred. The teeth are quite large and sotid for the size of the shell. It is difficult to place it with any group, for which reason comparisons would seem out of place. The younger specimens bear some resem- blance to simulans or nux, but it is less inflated in the umbonal re- gion, and more compressed or flattened and pointed behind than either of them, and is also more oblique or inequilateral. It has heavier and blunter umbos and beaks than V. perovatus Con., and also a straighter base and less pointed behind.
We dedicate this species to Prof. George W. Harper, Principal of the Woodward High School, of Cincinnati, O.
U. Tinkeri, sp. nov.
Shell black above, shading off to a lighter color posteriorly and around the base, covered with close elevated growth lines; nearly circular, somewhat inflated ; ravless, except in the very young, which are covered with fine green rays; bluntly pointed behind, gracefully and continuously curved in front up to the dorsal margin; dorsum arched ; base abruptly extended near its center by reason of the broad, rounded ridge which extends from umbo to base; cardinal teeth solid, direct and double in both valves; lateral teeth double in the left and single in the right valve, heavy, somewhat curved, very deeply indented and coarsely serrated ; beak cavity considerable and very angular, anterior cicatrices separated by a mere thread, posterior cicatrices confluent ; nacre white or slightly flesh-colored.
Diam. 1, length 1.50, width 1.75 inches.
Habitat: Tombigbee River, Alabama.
8 THE NAUTILUS.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks: This is another of those shells that is not strongly dis- tinct from other known forms and yet sufficiently removed from any to make a name necessary. It seems to lie between U. castaneus Lea and U. unicolor Lea—from the former it differs in being more circular, thinner, not tumid, not so oblique, darker colored, shorter lat- erals, less capacious, beaks blunter and undulations fewer and coarser. From unicolor it differs in being thicker, rougher, more inflated, narrower, pallial margin and white nacre. Some forms of it approach U. leibi Lea, but are less inclined to a quadrate outline and blacker, and the young are beautifully rayed.
We name this species for Prof, B. W. Tinker, Superintendent of Schools of Waterbury, Conn., who has a fine collection and takes special interest in this branch of natural science.
(To be continued.)
CREPIDULA CONVEXA SAY, VAR. GLAUCA SAY, SAN FRANCISCO BAY.
As will be seen by the following from a recent letter received from Mr. Hemphill, he has made another interesting discovery :
‘¢]T had a couple of hours a few days ago on the old oyster-beds at Alameda again, and have added Orepidula glauca Say to the intro- duced shells from the east. J send you samples of the dark and light varieties. The largest ones I send are as large as any among the 30 or 40 specimens I found.”
The largest measured 124 mm. by not quite 9 mm. and are quite characteristic. It remains to be seen whether this species will attain as large size in this new environment as in its native haunts. The last (February) NavuTiLus, it will be remembered, contained a brief note, announcing the detection of Musus (Urosalpinx) cinereus, in this same locality, on the eastern shore of the bay, a dozen miles or so distant from where U. cinereus was first discovered. This is Mr. Hemphill’s third find of eastern forms in San Francisco Bay.
The specimens above noted are in the U. 8S. National Museum No. 158501.
Rosert E. C. STEARNS.
Los Angeles, Cal., March 10, 1899.
THE NAUTILUS. 9 ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ARION FASCIATUS, NILS, IN AMERICA.
BY WALTER E. COLLINGRH, F. Z. 8.
,
Mason University College, Birmingham, England.
Whilst in Washington, D. C., a friend of mine collected for me a few slugs from a garden, amongst which I was surprised to find a single specimen of Arion fasciatus Nils. The specimen measured (in alcohol) 26 mill., and is of a brown color with darker lateral bands which are continued to the anterior border of the mantle; the foot- sole is almost white and there is a faint keel; it approaches very closely the var. neustrvacus Mabille. Adult keeled forms of this variety are very uncommon in the British Isles, and from this fact I assumed that this individual had probably been introduced from Europe. My friend has since ascertained that such is very likely the ease, as he has learned that a previous owner of the garden was in the habit of importing plants which were usually packed in moss.
A. fasciatus is easily distinguished from dA. hortensis Fér., by its white foot-sole, and from the majority of the species of this genus by the peculiar form of the receptaculum seminis, which instead of being pyriform or oval in shape, is elongated, terminating in a long pointed apex.
PISIDIA NEW TO OUR COUNTRY, AND NEW SPECIES.
BY DR. V. STERKI.
It has been considered almost an axiom that the American Pisidia lie eo ipso distinct from those of the eastern continent. But last year, the efforts of several conchologists have brought to light a number of species which are identical with European forms.
1. In Lake Ontario, on the New York shore, by Mr. Frank C. Baker; in the Hamilton Bay, Ontario, by Mr. James Johnston, a Pisidium has been collected which is absolutely identical with a form from England received as amnicum Miill., and, as it seems, not dis- tinct from one of France, under the same name. Mr. Clessin, to whom a few specimens were submitted, thinks it not exactly amni- cum. Considering the great variability of most Pisidia, these forms must be studied further. | 2. Pis. henslowianum Shep. has also been collected in Hamilton Bay, Lake Ontario, by Mr. James Johnston; a number of good specimens.
10 THE NAUTILUS.
3. Pis. milium Held, conforming with European specimens, have been collected in Straits Lake, Michigan, by Mr. Bryant Walker, and in Dallas Lake, Stearns County, Minn., by Mr. H. E. Sargent. Among a number of fossils from a marl bed in Tuscala County, Mich., also collected by Mr. Walker, there was one valve of the same species.
4. In Aroostook County, Maine, Olof O. Nylander has founda few specimens of a Pisidium identical with one from England named milium Held, which, however, Mr. Clessin says, is not that species. It is of somewhat the same shape and color, but larger and the beaks are more prominent.
The question whether these Pisidia be native or introduced is an- swered, at least for milium, by the fossil found. As to No. 4, an im- portation is rather improbable, from its habitat. For Nos. 1 and 2 the possibility of a colonization cannot be denied, just as bithynia tentaculata has immigrated from Europe, and, on the other hand, Calyculina transversa Say seems to have been transported into Eng- Jand. Further researches are very desirable, and also fossils should be secured wherever such may be obtainable.
5. Pis. contortum Pr. This Pisidium has been described, in 1852, as a fossil sp. from Massachusetts, and has lately been collected from marl beds in Maine by Mr. Nylander, and in Michigan, by Mr. Walker. Last vear Mr. Nylander succeeded in finding a few recent, living specimens, in Aroostook Co., Me. The shell is transparent, of a deep wine or amber color, the surface highly polished.
6. Pris. medianum, n. sp. Mussel of rather small size, elliptical in outline, much inflated, often of somewhat irregular growth; superior and inferior margins moderately curved, posterior well rounded, or with a slight angle above, anterior rounded or slightly truncated ob- liquely; beaks rather in the middle, slightly directed toward the posterior, rather high, prominent over the hinge margin; scutum and scutellum very slightly marked; surface with very fine, crowded stria, somewhat shining, Jight horn to yellowish or straw colored ; shell thin, nacre colorless, muscle insertions barely perceptible; hinge fine, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth lamellar, slightly curved, the right one in its posterior part somewhat thicker, simple or with a fine, longitudinal groove; lateral teeth pointed, the outer ones of the right valve comparatively large ; ligament fine, long. 2.5 to 3.5, alt. 2.0. to 2.8, diam, 1.7 to 2.3, mill.
Ie ee ee ee
THE NAUTILUS. 11
Habitat: Michigan, all over the state; lakes in Wisconsin.
Var. minutum,n. Smaller, less elongated, of more regular shape, almost globular when fully grown, usually of deeper color, surface with very fine striation, polished, but almost always covered witha greenish or blackish coating. Aroostook County, Me., very com- mon in some waters, collected by Mr. Olof O. Nylander; Mohawk, N. Y., in the collection of the late Dr. James Lewis ; also some forms from Michigan rather range with the variety, e. g., from Hess lake, collected by Mr. L. H. Streng. This Pis¢diwm has been known for years. But owing to the fact that Pis. rotundatum Pr., of almost the same size, was not exactly known, it was thought better to defer publication. It is one of the best characterized of our species, not nearly related to or resembling any other Pisidium, except P. ferru- gineum Pr.,' which is at once distinguished by the strong ridges on the beaks. Ps. medianum is mainly characterized by its beaks being almost exactly in the middle of the mussel, its anterior part being sometimes even smaller than the posterior. Hence its name.
Specimens have been collected in deeper water, 24 meters, of Lake Michigan, off New York point, and also from the stomachs of white- fish, sent by Mr. Bryant Walker. Among a lot from Blue Lake, Michigan, collected by Dr. R. J. Kirkland, there were many speci- mens with that peculiar, perpendicular scar so often seen in Pisidia and Sphaeria, but unusually deep.
7. Pis. kirklandi,n. sp. Mussel of medium size, somewhat oblique, well inflated when mature, very little so in the young, high, rather oval in outline; superior margin strongly, inferior moderately curved, posterior slightly truncated, passing into the superior by an obtuse, rounded angle, antero-superior slightly curved or almost straight, sloping toward the rounded anterior end; scutum well, scutellam slightly marked; beaks somewhat posterior, high and prominent in the mature, low in the young mussel, with stout ridges, highest at the posterior and slanting towards the anterior ends, slightly sinuous on the outer sides; surface with very coarse, rather regular striation, dull, rugulose, straw colored in the young, light grayish in the adult with a light zone along the margin; shell rather thick, nacre almost glossy, appearing bluish in old specimens, muscle insertions distinct ; hinge stout, hinge plate broad ; cardinal teeth of moderate size, rather high up on the plate, the right one angular, its posterior part thick-
'That species has, so far, been seen only from New England and New York.
12 THE NAUTILUS.
ened, with or without a groove; below it is a deep excavation ; left cardinal teeth: the anterior rather stout but its edge acute, the pos- terior oblique, slightly curved; lateral teeth stout, the outer ones of the right valve quite small; ligament strong.
Long. 4, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.7 mill.
Habitat: Michigan, Illinois, Ohio.
In a lot from the Grand River, at Grand Rapids, Mich., collected by Dr. Reynold J. Kirkland, in whose honor the species is named, there were over two hundred specimens, most of them young and half grown, in company with Ps. compressum Pr. (thousands of dif- ferent forms), fallax, eruciatum, punctatum, and a number of other species. A few from Berry Lake, Chicago, were sent by the Chicago Academy of Science (Mr. F. C. Baker), and one single valve was found in the Anglaize River, tributary to the Maumee River, Lake Erie drainage, by the writer, in 1898, in company with Pis. compres- sum Pr. :
Pis. kirklandi is related to P. compressum Pr., and more so to fallax St. From the former, it is at once distinguished by the more rounded outlines of the adult specimens ; the young are higher in the anterior part, and the mussel is nearly square, while the young of compressum are more triangular; and in the latter, the beaks are higher, the (young) mussel is of comparatively larger diameter. From P. fallax it differs by its larger size, the coarse striation, the shape of the ridges and the grayish color.
Pis. septentrionale Prime.’ The name being pre-occupied for a Lapland species, P. fallax var. septentrionale St. must be changed, and v. boreale is herewith proposed.
New Philadelphia, Ohio, March, 1899.
GENERAL NOTES.
CocHLICOPA LUBRICA in Alaska. In the article describing fyalina pellucida and H. arctica, Science Record, II, p. 172, 1884, Mr. Lehnert records finding a specimen of the above species in the same dried-plant packing material the Hyaline were found in, from Point Barrow, Alaska.
West Coast Oyster Hermarauropitic.—F. L. Washburn, of the University of Oregon, has lately confirmed Prof. Schiedt’s dis- covery that male and female elements co-exist in the West American oyster. There seems to be no evidence of protandry, mature eggs and spermatozoa existing at the same time. The full account is in Science for March 31.
1Cat. Corbiculade, 1895; p. 61, ‘ Undescribed.”
mae NAUTILUS.
VoL. XITI. JUNE, 1899. No. 2.
COLLECTING IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. BY REV. E. H. ASHMUN.
When I began searching this region for land shells, about four years ago, I had done no land collecting, and for that matter but very little in any line, and there have been many surprises. It is a very dry region and I did not expect to find much, and, indeed, molluscan life is scarce, but it has proven of sufficient interest to make up in quality what it lacks in quantity. This is due to the fact that these territories were little known to the conchologist, and to the existence of many mountain ranges, separated by vast stretches of semi-arid plains, isolating them, as far as their molluscan life is con- cerned, and thereby increasing the probability of the presence of new forms in the different mountain areas.
My collecting has had to be done ‘‘on the side,’ with a regular vocation, as time could be snatched for it. But the
,
in connection
regular work has taken me over a considerable part of both territories, and so afforded an opportunity of collecting in a number of different localities, though seldom giving time for a sufficiently thorough search of any of them.
With but few exceptions, no land shells are found except in the high altitudes of the mountains, these localities only supplying suffic- ient moisture and vegetation, and the collector must be prepared for long tramps and much climbing and hard lifting as well, in overturn- ing rocks and logs to reveal the hiding place of these tiny creatures.
14 THE NAUTILUS.
I have found shells at 10,000 feet alt., and other collectors: still higher. I once walked fifteen miles in one day, and upset rocks and logs enough, I should think, to materially change the appearance of the entire locality, and had to take a train at 10 p. m. and ride till 3 o’clock. After a day of this tramping, climbing and lifting, without finding much, I have asked myself, Does this pay? but have been just as eager to improve the next opportunity, no matter how much hard work it involved.
Sometimes the most promising locality has yielded nothing of spec- ial interest, while a less likely field has produced new species. Espec- ially has this been the case in places that at first seemed too dry to be worth investigating, but which have later been found to contain minute forms, especially Pupide. This fact, taken in connection with their minuteness, accounts mainly for the new Bifidariz being mostly recent finds. 3
A horseback ride of twenty miles from Crittenden, Arizona, with a companion, brought us into the Santa Rita Mountains, where we camped one night with no roof but the blue canopy. A half day’s collecting in what seemed a very promising canon resulted in only about forty specimens all told; but when I found the lot to contain Bifidaria pilsbryana, further west than before known, and tke first examples of bifid. ashmuni Sterki, my disappointment was percep- tibly mollified. ;
One Monday morning I walked four miles up the very dry Eph- raim cafon, having to be back in just four hours from the time of starting. I covered the eight miles, had two hours for collecting, and was back on schedule time with but few shells, but they included Bifidaria perversa Sterki, and ifid dalliana Sterki, both n. sp., and Bifid. ashmuni form minor. ‘The representatives of this genus are so minute that they easily elude one’s search, especially in dark canons and beneath thick undergrowth; and 1 have found it of advantage, particularly when my time was limited, to gather the dirt and leaves found to contain them and carry it away. I usually have a flour sack in my pocket for the purpose. About a peck of such dirt taken home from Jerome, Arizona, nearly 500 miles, ‘‘ panned out” 93 DBifid. hordeacella var. parvidens Stevki, n. var., and about 40 Thysanophora horni Gabb, but it took many hours to look it over. At the present writing, I have dirt from five different localities, ranging from 100 to 850 miles from home, perhaps two bushels in all, waiting to be
THE NAUTILUS. Lo
examined, The greater part of it is river drift. I have just now shipped it 500 miles to my new home.
My experience has given emphasis to the importance, readily ap- preciated in marine collecting, of securing many examples of what one finds, though time has not always permitted it. The Hoosier woman who advised her husband to *‘ git a plenty while yer gittin,”’ was wise in her day and generation.
In 1895, 1 found a quantity of Physa virgata traski Lea, in Salt River, at Tempe, Arizona, large and fine, and a goodly number were taken. The same locality has been revisited a half dozen times since, but. not until April, 1899, have I again seen as large ones. Cirnega is the Spanish word applied to a marshy place from which water flows—at once a marsh and a spring. In one of these, near Critten- den, Arizona, in the summer of 1897, I found Physa mexicana con- oidea, and under logs, Bifidaria pentodon; but it was late in the afternoon when I reached the place, and I could secure but few of either. I had supposed it a perpetual spring, but returning last fall, I found it as dry as a floor.
Nota little of my collecting has been done in snatches of time when it seemed almost an accident that anything was discovered. As the train on the Santa Fé Pacific R. R. stopped one morning at Navajo Springs, Ariz., I rushed down to the bed of the (then dry) Rio Puerco of the West (Arizona rivers sometimes run bottom-side up), to see if I could pick up something from the drift, not expecting the train to stop more than five minutes at the most. But fortunately a freight accident ahead delayed our train two hours, and I gathered twenty- one species. ~The other passengers were grumbling over a late break- fast, but a trifle like a belated meal does not disturb a “shell crank”’ when there is any collecting on hand.
On the 13th of last January I was taking the 90-mile stage drive to White Oaks, N. M.; as the stage stopped to change teams at 9 a. m., I walked on ahead with no thought of any collecting at that time of the year, but passing an artificial pond I concluded to take a look at it. By breaking the ice I secured five examples of Physa mexicana, Phil. My hands were cut on the ice and chilled by the wind. JI had nothing to put my shells in, and carried them in my hand for an hour till I found an empty cartridge and could deposit my shells within a shell. At 3 p.m., when the next change was made, I again walked on; and under some rocks, where the snow had
16 THE NAUTILUS.
melted, I found three Bifid. hordeacella, which I deposited in my spectacle case for want of a better receptacle. I expected the stage every minute, but the Mexican driver was accommodatingly slow, (his poco tiempo is usually mucho tiempo), and I had time to gather up a little dirt into my silk muffler, which contained 13 more speci- mens,
This is a mild climate, but not so much as to make an all night stage ride in the mountains in mid-winter, in an open rig, an un- mixed luxury. We have the same brand of snow and ice that they manufacture up in Minnesota. If the reader will take down his picture of a six-horse Concord stage with a Jehu driver.and replace it with one containing a buckboard and a pair of half-starved bronchos or lazy mules and a Mexican driver, who sabes little English and less horsemanship, he will see the real and raw article as it is served up to us on this 22-hour ride. But a plentiful supply of wraps, includ- ing several thicknesses of paper under my vest and a heavy blanket enveloping my head and shoulders, a burning lantern between my feet and an occasional walk or run of a mile or so, served to keep me above freezing point.
Returning by a different route I halted the stage in a canon of the Ascuras Mountains long enough to gather up into a gunny sack nearly a bushel of drift lodged by the road side, in which over 1,200 shells were found.
The localities visited have not been thoroughly examined, and many mountain ranges await the first visit of the collector. There is no reason to doubt that further search will yield excellent returns.
The following new species and varieties have rewarded my efforts :
| Bifidaria perversa Sterki.
Bifidaria quadridentata Sterki.
Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki.
Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki form minor.
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. var. parvidens Sterki.
Bifidaria dalliana Sterki.
Pupilla sonorana Sterki.
Pupilla sonorana var. tenella Sterki.
Ashmunella rhyssa Dall.
Ashmunella miorhyssa Dali.
Ashmunella ashmuni Dall.
Ashmunella pseudodonta Dall.
THE NAUTILUS. le
Ashmunella pseudondonta subsp. capitanensis Ashmun & Cockerell. Agriolimax ashmuni Pils. & Van. Pyramidula Cockerelli Pilsbry.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW LAND SHELLS FROM SOUTH AMERICA.
BY C. F. ANCEY, DRA-EL-MIZAN, ALGERIA.
Conulus Coroicanus, Anc.
Testa turbinata, globosa, tenuis, pellucida, nitidissima, virenti- cornea, obtecte et minute perforata. Spira abrupte conica, elata, apice parvo, vix obtusiusculo. Anfractus 64-65 convexi, lente cres- centes, sutura lineari subappressa discreti, lineolis incrementi levibus, ultimus altus, tumidus, initio obtuse angulatus, angulo prope aper- turam evanido, basi convexus. Apertura subobliqua, rotundato- lunata, ampla. Peristoma simplex, rectum, ad columellam minute supra perforationem in trianguli forma dilatatum, marginibus remo- tis. Diam. 6-64, alt. 54-53 mill.
Andes of Bolivia, east of Lake Titicaca, province of La Paz.
A very fine translucent species, remarkable on account of its large sizé, conic spire and tumid last whorl. It is provisionally referred to Conulus, until the soft parts are examined.
Stephanoda Iheringi, Anc.
Testa orbicularis, depressa, aperte lateque umbilicata, umbilicus circularis, tertio diametri vix minor, anfractus omnes prcebens, albes- cens (subfossilis), tenuissime confertimque striata, striis parum obli- quis, in ultimo subflexuosis. Spira convexa, obtusissima, parum elevata. Anfractus 42, lente accrescentes, convexi, sutura impressa ; ultimus rotundatus, cylindricus, haud deflexus, proecedente vix am- plior. Apertura lunata, ecetertim regulariter extus basique rotundata. Peristoma simplex, haud expansum. Diam. 14, alt. 4, alt. apert. vix 3 mill.
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
An insignificant minute shell, but not referable to any other of the
group. Stephanoda Latastei, Anc.
Testa orbiculata, depressa, haud nitens, late umbilicata, umbilicus magnus, tertio diametri paulo latior, angulo obtuso cinctus, sordide fulvida, castaneo flammulata, epidermide fusco. Spira anfractu pen- ultimo vix prominente, medio distincte concava. Anfractus 5} lente crescentes, sutura profunda, embryonales oculo nudo leves, sequentes lamelloso-costulati et lineis tenuissimis spiralibus sub valida lente impressi, intervallis microscopice striatulis; sculptura in anfractu
18 THE NAUTILUS.
ultimo validiore, costulis flexuosis ; ultimus longe et paulatin deflexus, altus, subcylindricus, pone suturam tumidulus. Apertura subobliqua, extus sinuosa, oblongo-lunata, basi obscure subangulata. Peristoma simplex, marginibus remotis. Diam. maj. 7; min. 64; alt. fere 4 mill.
‘¢ Cordillere de Chillan,’” Chili (F. Lataste). Belongs to the typi- cal group, which includes S. dissimilis d’Orb., S. Binneyana Pfr., Gratioleti Hupé, and probably allied to the latter, but surely quite distinct.
Epiphragmophora andivaga, Anc.
Testa depressa, attamen convexa, obtecte umbilicata, subsolida, nitidiuscula, corneola, fascia mediana in ultimo anfractu, utrinque late pallido-marginata, duabusque pallide fuscis in parte supera ejus- dem anfractus in penultimo continuis, in ultimo versus aperturam plus minusve coalescentibus decorata, basi fuscula, centro pallidior, epi- dermide tenui pallide luteo-virescente induta, lineis obliquis incre- menti striatula, superne striis spiralibus tenuiter incisa. Spira con- vexa, late subconoidea, obtusa. Anfractus 45 regulariter sed satis rapide crescentes, convexiusculi, Sutura impressa ; ultimus supra con- vexodeclivis, initio obscure subangulatus, antice leviter deflexus, basi post aperturam constrictus. Apertura elliptica, sublunata, valde ob- liqua, fasclis transmeantibus. Peristoma album, crassiusculum, re- flexum,. supra umbilicum mediocrem fere penitus evolutum, margini- bus remotis, callo tenui junctis. Diam. 194, min. 154, alt. 10 mill.
Andes of Peru, along with “4. claromphalos Deville et Hupé, Bult- mulus revinctus Hupé, B. stenucme Pfr., 6. Montezi Dautz. and others.
This is a small species, not referable to Z. alsophila Phil., Tschu- diana Phil., clausomphalos Dev. & Hupé, to which it seems to be allied. It is shaped like £. rufocineta Newcomb, from Catalina Island, California.
Epiphragmophora Turtoni, Anc.
Teste globoso-subdepressa, imperforata vel umbilico prorsus clauso munita, solidula, sub epidermide tenui ac pallido stramineo-lutescente albida, striatula et (primis anfractibus exceptis) undique confertim et minute malleata, suboleoso-micans, fascia mediana castanea su- turam anfractuum 2 inferiorum sequente cingulata. Spira elevato: subglobosa. Anfractus 5 convexi, primi leevigati, sequentes oblique striatuli; ultimus amplus, rotundatus, antice longe valdeque deflexus, subtus breviter depressus, radiatim striatulus, basi pone aperturam constrictus. Apertura obliqua, transverse oblonga, ferri equini_fere exacte formam simulans, vix lunata. Peristoma album, labiatum, undique crasse valdeque rotundato-revolutum, intus prope columellam tuberculo indistincto preeditum, marginibus callose appressis, valde convergentibus, callo tenui junctis, basali in umbilici loco albo- dilatato. Diam. maj. 29, min. 244, alt. 18 mill.
"4 li
THE NAUTILUS. 19
Habitat: unknown, but most probably Bolivian.
This fine species is quite distinct from others. ‘The nearest ally is FE. estella V@ Orb., from which it differs. in being more globose, im- perforate, in having the peristome more developed with the margins approximate, and many other particulars. It cannot be confounded with #. Tucumanens’s Doering, and #. Saltana Anc., from northern Argentina, in which the sculpture is not the same at all and from which the above characters may separate it at a glance.
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TRES MARIAS ISLANDS, MEXICO.
The above is the title of “ North American Fauna, No. 14,”’ re- cently published by the U. 8S. Dept. Agriculture (Division of Bio- logical Survey). The title should be modified by placing the words ‘Contributions to the,” before the word ** Natural,’ as no mention is made of the Jnsecta, and only six species of mollusks are given. These are all land shells, and determined by Dr. Dall as follows: Polygyra ventrosula Pfr., Orthalicus undatus Brug., Orthalicus un- ? Opeas subula Pfr., and
Glandina turris Pfr. The two forms of Orthalicus were heretofore
datus melanocheilus Val.,' Lamellax’s
known to occur in the islands; the others are additions to the list published by the National Museum in 1894. The author of this number of the N. A. Fauna, Mr. E. W. Nelson, in mentioning the names of Col. A. J. Grayson and Alphonse Forrer, says, ‘‘no other naturalist is known to have visited the islands until the spring of 1897,” when in April of that year Mr. Goldman and himself crossed
a
over by sail-boat from San Blas, remaining on the islands from the 2d to 31st of May. The summary of animal species collected includ- ing the six mollusks above named sums up 121. The author should have known that the islands were visited in the spring of 1876 by
op hada a —
Mr. W. J. Fisher, who made a large collection of molluscan forms as published in the Proc. U. S. National Museum, pp. 139-204, of Vol. XVIT, 1894, where 89 species were listed. Four of the land-
‘The Orthalicus of northwestern Mexico is not wndatus, which is an exclusively Antillean and Floridian form. It is O. princeps Brod,, a more boldly marked form than wndatus, with distinct and coarser spiral striation, and various differ- ences in the soft anatomy, which has been worked up by Strebel, and confirmed by my own preparations. Probabiy melanocheilus holds the same relation to prin- ceps that floridensis does to undatus ; but this has not been proven as yet.—Ep.
20 THE NAUTILUS.
shells collected by Mr. Nelson, not previously detected, added to those before credited to the islands, makes a total of 93, or three- sevenths of the animal forms constituting the Fauna of the group, thus far reported.
It is not unlikely that insect species were collected by Grayson and Forrer and have been described and perhaps published some- where. Only the mollusks collected by Mr. Fisher came under my notice. 5 Rost. E. C. Stearns.
Los Angeles, Cal., May 11, 1899.
NEW AMNICOLIDAE FROM FLORIDA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
During the past decade a number of undescribed species of this family have accumulated in our collections, chiefly gathered by Mr. C. W. Johnson, Prof. C. E. Beecher and the author.
Amnicola sanctijohannis n. sp. Shell shghtly rimate, ovate-turbinate, corneous, somewhat trans-
lucent, rather thin. Surface glossy, the growth-lines hardly visible. Spire rather high, conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 44, rather convex, separated by a moderately impressed suture which is mar- gined below by a conspicuous transparent border (not visible, of course, in opaque dead or incrusted shells.) Aperture ovate, angu- lar above, a little flattened on the parietal side; peristome a trifle ex- panded and blackish in fully adult shells, acute, continuous, the parietal wall adnate but with distinct edge, often somewhat calloused within. Alt. 3.4, diam. 2.4 mm.; greatest axis of aperture 1.7 mm.; another specimen measures 3.2, 2.5,1.7 mm. St. John’s river, Florida, at Astor, Lake Co., (type locality), and Silver Spring Run, Marion Co., (Pilsbry & Johnson); Wekiva river (C. E. Beecher.)
This is a larger species than A. floridana Ffid., and differs in being imperforate, translucent waxen-whitish when taken alive, and in showing a distinct sub-sutural margin like ‘‘ Hydrobia”’ monroensts. The aperture is distinctly angular above, not rounded as in adult A.
Jloridana.
The type series was collected by C. W. Johnson and H. A. Pilsbry, in 1894. Mr. Beecher’s specimens from Wekiva river are thinner and bear a delicate ferrous incrustation.
ae ike feng Foy
Ji. Aree > oe
<5")
THE NAUTILUS. 21
Amnicola Johnsoni, n. sp.
Shell umbilicate, globose, rather thin, pale brown, somewhat trans- parent. Surface nearly smooth, showing faint growth-stria. Spire short, obtuse. Whorls 33, the first convex, planorboid above, the rest very convex, somewhat flattened and strongly ‘shouldered ”’ below the sutures. Convex at periphery and around the circular umbilicus. Aperture large, oblique, oval, somewhat angular above ; peristome thin, the outer and basal margins unexpanded, columellar margin expanded above, not continuous across the parietal wall, which is merely varnished by a light deposit, and is about half the length of the free columellar lip. Alt. 2.7, diam. 2.56, longest axis of aper- ture 1.7 mm. Operculum Amnicoloid.
St. Augustine, Florida (C. W. Johnson).
The conspicuously obtuse apex and globose contour are unlike any other Floridian species, and somewhat similar to the much larger, more solid and opaque northern porata form of Amnicola limosa (Say). It is named after Mr. Charles W. Johnson, who collected the series of some forty specimens in the collection of the Academy.
Lyogyrus Dalli Pils. & Beech. is similar to the present species in contour, but is smaller, paler, and differs generically in the closely coiled operculum. JL. granum (Say) has a decidedly more conical and produced spire, rounder whorls, and, of course, differs in the operculum.
Paludestrina monas, n. sp.
Shell turbinate-conic, rimate-perforate, thin, pale brownish horn- colored; smooth. Whorls 4, very convex, especially below the deeply impressed suture, the apex obtuse. Aperture vertical, oval, slightly narrowed at the upper extremity, the inner margin slightly less orcuate than the outer; peristome thin, the outer margin gently expanded, a little sinuous, being produced forward below. Alt. 1.8, diam. 1.5 mm.
Wekiva river, Florida, with Lyogyrus Dalli and Amnicola sancti- johannis (C. E. Beecher, February, 1886).
In contour this species resembles Bythinella Aldrichi on a small scale. The sinuation of the outer lip is somewhat like that of Plewr- ocera, though much less pronounced. Something similar is found in B. Hemphilli.
The following species of this family are now known to us from Florida:
22 THE NAUTILUS.
Paludestrina (formerly Bythinella) aequicostata (Pilsbry).
66 66 “© Nickliniana var. attenuata (Hald.). «6 ‘6 ‘© brevissima (Pilsbry). ‘6 monas Pils.
Littoridina (?) monroensis (Ffld.). Described as Hydrobia. Amnicola sanctijohannis Pils. “ floridana Ffid.
mays! johnsoni Pils.
Lyogyrus Dalli P. & B.
Gillia (?) wetherbyi (Dall). Described as Hydrobia.
We will be glad to hear of any other species from the State. The above-named forms are all from the St. Johns and Wekiva rivers and St. Augustine, and their occurrence elsewhere will be of interest to learn. Probably additional species will reward search in other streams.
They may be collected with a fine-meshed wire scoop, or by gath- ering a mass of aquatic vegetation, drying it in the air, and then shaking over a paper. This method has been very successfully prac- ticed by Mr. C. E. Beecher in the Wekiva river.
In some places Amnicolide are incredibly numerous in lake beds, The floor of Lake George, on the St. Johns, is covered in some parts with mud charged with Paludestrina equicostata, and the same spe- cies has been found on the bottom of Lake Okeechobee.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
U. rotulatus, sp. nov. Shell black, smooth anteriorly and over the umbos and with ele-
vated growtlh-lines over the remainder of the surface, circular, in- flated, rayless; umbonal ridge wanting, but replaced by two slightly raised, diverging curved folds; beaks retuse, blunt and broad; sub- stance of the shell rather thick and uniform; beak cavity very deep, wide, sharply angular and with no visible cicatrices; anterior cica- trices distinct, remarkably deep and rough; posterior cicatrices con- fluent, smooth and slightly impressed ; cardinal teeth low, very much notched, inclined to be double in the left and single in the right valve; lateral teeth long, slightly curved, not prominent, and gradu-
THE NAUTILUS. 23
ally disappearing in the dorsal region, where a broad smooth plate separates them from the cardinal teeth; nacre dead white, except for a small area in the posterior part which is silvery, iridescent.
Diameter 1.25, length 2, width 1.8 inches.
Habitat—Escambia River, Escambia County, Florida.
Type in National Museum. .
Remarks: This species is clearly a member of the ezreulus group, and its southernmost member. Compared with J. circulus Lea, it is more uniformly inflated, black, longer laterals, teeth all less promi- nent, deeper beak cavity and the superior forward cicatrices are deeper and shorter. It is to be regretted that thus far the type specimen is the only one in hand, and that does not show the beaks, which are much eroded. It is, however, so radically distinct that we do not feel any hesitancy in according it specific rank.
Correction: In description of U. Harperi Wr., in Nauti.us fr May, p. 6, “iN,” first line, should be “U.”’
(To be continued.)
AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENT.
{Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Association, by its General Secretary, Dr. W.S. Strode.]
COLLECTING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
[Extract from the report of Mrs. E. H. King. From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter for 1893.]
I spent the winter and spring of 1898 in Southern California, and visited the seaside a number of times, Redardo, Santa Monico, San Pedro, Terminal Island and Dead Man’s Island. I collected a great quantity of fossils (about 20 species) on Dead Man’s Island, among them a beautiful Fusus which I prize very highly. At the base of the Island in shallow pools I found a number of living Nassa mendica. The tide came in while we were on the Island and we were com- pelled to return on the sea wall, which is built of huge blocks of granite piled promiscuously. We scrambled over these and ‘often had to jump from one to another, the burning hot sun blistering our faces, but we held on to our shells and finally reached the shore. We were told the sea-wall was a mile and a quarter long.
24 THE NAUTILUS.
At Redondo I secured the largest shell of Pachydesma crassatel- loides that I have ever seen. ‘Terminal Island afforded more shells than any other place I visited. On muddy banks of little pools near the lagoon I found a quantity of Certthidea sacrata and Melampus olivaceus. 1 had read that these were found on ‘mud flats of brackish pools,” and a short search revealed abundance of them, also a few specimens of Bulla nebulosa. On the ocean side of the Island I found a good Ocinebra Poulsonii, a Trophon Belchert and the rare Waldheimia. A few good shells of the following: Psammobia rubriata, Lutricola alba, Neverita reclusianus, Lunatia Lewisit, Drillia penicil- lata, Monoceros engonatum, Amiantus callosa, Macoma secta, Chione succinta, Tapes stamtnea, Mytilus, Crucibulum spinosum, and three varieties of Acmaea, a quantity of Chlorostoma gallina and Pecten equisulcatus, upon which were numerous Orepidula. ‘The beach is strewn with dead shells, among them large specimens of Glycimeris and Macoma.
GENERAL NOTES.
Philomycus lactiformis (Blainville). This slug, described by Blain- ville in 1817 (Journ. de Phys., p. 443) as Limacella lactiformis, has been only known since that time by the original specimen, which is in the British Museum. Specimens from York Co., Pa., collected by Mr. Witmer Stone in 1889, prove to agree excellently with the Blain- villean animal, having just the same white color and semi-pellucid appearance. It is not likely that the species is separable from the ordinary forms attributed to P. carolinensis, except as a color varia-
tion bl eAssd. wo eho DD: ASC)
J. F. Babor, of Prague, has added to our slight knowledge of the Arionine group Ariunculus, in describing the anatomy of A. austria- cus n. sp., from Schneeberg, near Vienna, in the Austrian Alps. (Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., III.)
M. Ph. Dautzenberg has recently described a collection made by M. J. L. Weyers, of Sumatran mollusks. New forms of Cerithidea and Stenothyra are described, and valuable notes and figures of Me- Janians and Navacelle are given. M. Weyers found the Antillean Subulina octona abundant in many localities (Ann. Soc. Roy. Mal. Belg. 1899).
THE NAUTILUS.
Vou. XIII. JULY, 1899.
EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS GRAY.
BY P. B. RANDOLPH.
This species is found in great abundance in and around Seattle. On the bicycle path that runs around the north end of town they can be seen by the score on warm spring days, and I thought a few notes on size, coloration and banding would be of interest to the readers of the NAUTILUS.
The first thing that attracts the attention of the collector is the variety of the coloration of the shells, ranging from dusky brown to nearly white.
In the dark forms the bands are nearly obscured; in the albino form (#. fidelis flava Hemp.), ours differ from the description (4th. Sup. oth. Vol. Terrestial Air-Breathing Mollusks, Binney. p. 185) in that the bands are very faint on the upper half of the body whorl and from the periphery gradually growing darker to the umbilicus. In twelve examples before me there are no signs of bands on the other whorls. From the body whorl the color grows lighter and the embryonic whorl shows a decidedly pinkish tinge. The entire shell is covered with a thin yellow epidermis which in adult specimens is generally destroyed, leaving the upper surface a dead white.
Albinos are not uncommon, averaging about one in one hundred of the common form. This form and var. minor, have been found, to my knowledge, only'in or near clearings, never in the deep woods or swamps.
26 THE NAUTILUS.
A favorite spot for depositing their eggs is in the heavy bark of some old fir stump, a foot or more from the ground. Two years ago I collected over fifty specimens on and near the base of a big stump in a clearing.
A few pass the winter in trees twenty feet or more from the ground. Our broad-leafed maple (Acer macrophyllum) which grows a very rugged and massive trunk, is one of their favorite retreats, esnecially for the young of the late summer brood.
A theory current in this section is that the reason H#. fidelis has departed from /. infumata in height of spire and coloration, is that the latter pass so much of their lives under burnt logs that the spire has become depressed and they have assumed the protective colora- tion so characteristic of that species.
Never having visited the haunts of #. enfumata, 1 do not know how thick the timber may be or how large the burnt districts are, but I venture to say that nowhere on the Pacific Coast is.the timber Jarger, or are there more down and burnt tracts than on Puget Sound, And still I have never seen a fidelis that I could not tell at a glance from #. tnfumata, and in life the animals differ so much from each other in coloration that I do not understand why the latter is not a good species instead of a mere variety.
The number of bands on the body whorl is six, though in some the bands are but faintly seen as mere lines of different shade from the adjoining bands. ‘The width and brightness of the bands are’ most striking, and for convenience I have called the typical form figured in Binney’s Land Shells No. 1, and the extreme form of banding No. 2.
Measuring them on the body whorl # of an inch back from the ex- treme edge of lip, I find that No. 1 has bands of the following width and color: |
Band i, 7; in. wide, Chestnut with dark blotches.
Band ii, 7g in. wide, Light yellowish, merging into band above.
Band iii, } in. wide, Black band.
Band iv, is in. wide, Light yellow, merging into No. v.
Band v, Narrow chestnut.
Band vi, Entire base of shell black, darker near the umbilicus.
Greatest diameter of shell measured 13 inches.
No., 23 The greatest variation is seen in the following:
”
THE NAUTILUS. 27
Band i, ;’s in. wide, Light chestnut with dark blotches.
Band ii, Light edge to No. i.
Band iii, $, Black.
Band iv, Light edge to band iii.
Band y, ;’; in. wide, Yellow, gradually merging to black of base. Band vi, No. 6, Black to umbilicus.
Greatest diameter of shell measured 1+ in.
In size they vary greatly. ‘The following are the extremes.
Largest. Smallest. Greatest Diam. 14 in. Greatest Diam. 1,5 in. Smallest “ 11 in. Smallest “ Zin. Altitude, 3 in. Altitude, fs in. ~
DREDGING OFF SAN PEDRO.
BY H. N. LOWE.
Last summer, while the late Mr. Edward W. Roper was living in Long Beach, we (that is, Mr. Roper and myself) decided to do a little dredging off San Pedro. As there had been no extensive work done in that line at San Pedro in late years, we were in- hopes of being rewarded with some rare shells and possibly some new species.
Mr. Roper sent for his dredging outfit which he had previously used at Eastport, Maine. We chartered the little sloop ‘* North Star”? and made three dredging trips with moderate success. We dredged in water from 5 to 20 fathoms depth, on muddy, sandy, gravelly, once on a bottom composed of dead bivalves for the most part, and two or three times among the rocks at 10 fathoms.
I made one subsequent trip with Mrs. M. Burton Williamson with the same boat and dredging outfit. We were greatly troubled in dredging by a species of red alge, which covered the bottom so thickly in places as to choke the mouth of the dredge, thus prevent- ing the shells from entering. For the past two years, the ocean has been full of this moss, and at times the beach has been covered with it. From this alge in the dredge we obtained a few live specimens of Calliostoma splendens Cpr. and C. gloriosum Dall.
Besides the shells, we dredged a number of curious crustaceans and echinoderms not found on shore.
28 THE NAUTILUS.
The following list includes all the species taken in the four dredg- ing trips: all are live specimens unless marked dead :
List of Shells Dredged.
Bittium asperum Cpr., plentiful at 10 fathoms.
Cadulus fusiformis Pils. & Sharp, a few alive in sandy mud.
Calliostoma gloriosum Dall.
Calliostoma splendens (Mke.) Cpr.
Calliostoma tricolor Gabb. alive in sandy mud.
Callista subdiaphana Cpr. several young shells alive, one large dead one, one inch in diameter.
Chrysallida communis C. B. Ads.
Corbula chittyana C. B. Ads, two specimens alive at 20 fathoms soft mud. ‘ This is exactly like West Indian specimens, and I should question its Pacific coast habitat if it were not that we have one worn valve apparently the same from Lower Cal.” Dall.
Corbula luteola Cpr. ?
Crepidula adunca Sby., dead.
Crepidula navecelloides Nutt. var., two live ones of a very thin cup- shaped form with brown epidermis.
Cylichna attonsa Cpr.
Dentalium neoheragonum Pils., sandy mud at 10 fathoms.
Dentalium semipolitum Cpr. alive with D. neohexagonum Pils.
Drillia cancellata Cpr., 10 to 20 fathoms, fine gray sand.
Drillia empyrosia Dall., dead.
Drillia Hemphilli Stearns, 5 to 15 fathoms.
Drillia inermis Cpr.
Drillia pedroana Dall., dead.
Drillia pudica Has.
Drillia quisqualis Hds., with D. pudica at 10 fathoms in sandy mud.
Eucosmia substriata Cpr.
Eulima micans Cpr.
Eulima rutila Cpr.
Eulima thersites Cpr., one live one at 15 fathoms.
Galerus mamillaris, on dead bivalves.
Halistylus pupoideus Cpr.
Labiosa undulata Gld., dead.
Lacuna untfasciata Cpr.
THE NAUTILUS, 29
Leda acuta Conr., with LZ. taphria, rare.
Leda taphria Dall., plentiful at 5 fathoms.
Leptothyra sanguinea Cpr., one dead, * unusually elevated variety or malformation.”’ Dall.
Lyonsia californica Conr.
Macoma yoldiformis Cpr.
Mangilia anguilata Cpr., rare at 20 fathoms.
Mangilia sculpturata Dall., a few at 20 fathoms.
Mangilia variegata Cpr.
Modiola fornicata Cpr.
Myurella simplex Cpr.
Murex trialatus Sby., one fine specimen dredged from rocks at,10 fathoms, had beautiful recurved frills.
Muricidea barbarensis Gabb., one live one.
Muricidea incessa Brod.
Muricidea santa-ros@ Dall, rare at 10 fathoms.
Nucula exigua Ads., dead.
Nucula tenuis Ads., one live one at 20 fathoms.
Ocinebra foveolata Hds., dead.
Odostomia inflecta Cpr., one “live” example at 20 faths. soft mud.
Odostomia subplanata Cpr.
Olivella boetica Cpr., plentiful at 5 faths.
Pecten latiauritus Cpr.
Placunanomia macroschisma Desh var., two specimens found inside of an old barnacle were of a dark chocolate color on the inside, diam-
: eter 24 inches.
4 \- a \ ; ‘ § ?
Psamobia edentula Gabb., one young shell showing color pattern. Scala bellastriata Cpr., one live specimen.
Semele pulchra Sby.
Semele rubropicta Dall.
Cadulus ( Polyschides) quadrifissatus Cpr., with Cadulus. Solen ensis L. var. minor Conr.
Solen sicartus Gld.
Tellina Id@ Dall, one dead shell.
Tellina modestus Cpr., 5 to 10 fathoms sandy a Terebratella transversa Sby.
Tornatina culcitella Gld.
Tornatina inculta Gld.
Turbonilla chocolata Cpr.
30 THE NAUTILUS.
Turbonilla tenuicula Gld.
Turbonilla torquata Gld.
Turbonilla tridentata Cpr.
Turbonilla sp? a few specimens dredged at 15 fathoms were of a light brown color and extremely slender. Held at Washington for further study.
Turritella Cooperi Cpr.
Venus toreuma Gld., one dead shell
Volvula cylindrica Cpr.
NOTES ON THE MOLLUSKS OF LILYCASH CREEK.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
Some time ago Mr. J. H. Handwerk and Mr. W. Chadwick began a systematic survey of the little stream known as Lilycash creek, near Joliet, Ill., dividing it into sections. Section I extended from the mouth of the creek, where it emptied into the Desplaines River, to the Plainfield road, a distance of about two and one-half miles. Later, they propose to take up section II, which will include the bal- ance of the creek. A list of the species found within that area, which Mr. Handwerk was kind enough to submit to me for identi- fication, may be of interest, since the region has afforded several peculiar new species, and is very prolific in Spheriide.
The writer is indebted to Dr. V. Sterki and. Prof. H. A. Pilsbry for the identification of several of the species enumerated.
The following species were collected :
Spherium stamineum Conrad. Pisidium sp. Now in the hands Spherium lilycashense Baker. of Dr. V. Sterki, who believes it Spherium striatinum Lamarck. to be a new species.
Spherium simile Say. Pisidium ropert Sterki.
Spherium occidentale Prime. Limnea humilis Say.
Calyculina transversa Say. Limnea desidiosa Say.
Calyculina truncata Linsley. Planorbis parvus Say.
Pisidium virginicum Gmelin. Physa heterostropha Say. Pisidium abditum Haldeman. Pleurocera elevatum Say.
Pisidium compressum Prime. Amnicola limosa Say.
a F
THE NAUTILUS. 1 Pisidium walkeri Sterki. Amunicola limosa var. parva Lea. Pisidium cruciatum Sterki. OCincinnatia cineinnatiens!s Lea. Prisidium punctatum Sterki. Pomatiopsis cineinnatiensis An- Pisidium fallax Sterki. thony. Pisidium splendidulum Sterki, Campeloma rufum Haldeman. Re- Pisidium variabile Prime. versed,
Total 28 species.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
Unio Danielsii, sp. nov.
Shell uniformly solid, very inequilateral, subquadrate, rayless ; posterior area closely, irregularly and sharply wrinkled ; umbonal region traversed by several parallel, well-separated, flattened ridges or growth lines, which merge together towards the base ; umbos ex- ceedingly inflated and umbonal ridge very sharp above, gradually flattening out into biangulation towards the base; umbos broad and eracefully rounded ; beaks erect but evidently not prominent; lig- ament dark red, not heavy; dorsal margin somewhat arched, abruptly rounded before, nearly straight on base and bluntly pointed behind ; teeth heavy, well separated, the laterals long and curved, the single one having a central deep notch; cicatrices deep, smooth, the pos- terior ones confluent and the anterior ones distinct ; beak cavity very slight; nacre creamy white with lavender border and very iridescent.
Diameter 1.25, length 1.5, width 2.25 inches.
Habitat: Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks: Several quite distinct forms of this general type have recently come to hand, some of which have been distributed under the name of “ U. incrassatus Lea. var.?’? This form, however, de- parts so far from that of the type of the group as to fully warrant erection into specific rank. Its distinguishing feature is the remark- able degree of inflation in the posterior umbonal region, prolonged posterior and notched single lateral tooth, It is also rayless.
It gives pleasure to name this for Mr. L. E. Daniels, of La Porte, Ind., who, with others, has rendered financial aid to make these dis- coveries possible.
32 THE NAUTILUS.
VARIATIONS OF HELIX HORTENSIS AT ROCKPORT, MASS. BY T. D. A.. COGISE RELL.
I have just received from Mr. G. H. Clapp a little series of Z. hortensis collected at Rockport, Mass. The specimens (40) include all the variations Mr. Clapp could find in a series of about 300 shells collected. Mr. Clapp says: ‘* The bandless or very faintly banded forms were by far the most common. Typical shells were scarce, even less plenty than the transparent banded variety. On rainy days the shells were out by the hundreds.”
The variations in the series are as follows:
(1.) v. subglobosa, Binney; shell greenish. 00000 and 00,,0.
(2.) v. arenicola, MacGillivray; bands colorless, translucent. 12345.
(3.) v. subalbida, Locard; yellowish-white or very pale yellowish. 00000 and 008,;.
(4.) v. dutea, Mog.; yellow. 90000, ,03,5, 1234,,, 0034,, 12345, 123(45), (123)(45), 1,345, 10345, 00334, (two), 00,003 003,0, 12045. Some are unusually thin; most of the bandless yellow specimens are very brilliantly colored ; one 12345 specimen is very small, only 16 millim. diam.
The really interesting thing about the series is that no less than . three specimens show split bands, indicating apparently that this col- ony of //. hortens’s is varying in the same direction as the Lexington, Va., H. nemoralis. The two split-band formule are new, to the best of my knowledge.
DR. BABOR’S REDISCOVERY OF ASPIDOPORUS.*
In 1833, Fitzinger described as Aspidoporus imax a slug trom the mountains of Austria, which had the character, anomalous for a European form, of an opening in the mantle, as in the tropical Afri- ean Urocyclus. It remained for a good many years unnoticed ; but in 1884, Heynemann saw the original example, and declared it
1Ueber Aspidoporus limax Fitz., in Annalen des K. K. Naturhisterischen Hofmuseums, xiii, Heft I.
THE NAUTILUS. 33
to be a deformed or abnormal Amalia. This view was adopted by Tryon and others; Mérch, Binney and Fischer having doubted the very existence of such a slug.
In examining the slugs of the Vienna Museum lately, Dr. Babor found Fitzinger’s specimens, and he also obtained fresh individuals collected by Dr. Sturany in northern Steiermark, and by Dr. Wer- ner in Montenegro. These specimens prove that Aspidoporus imax is not only a valid species, correctly observed by Fitzinger, but it belongs to a special group of at least subgeneric value.
The mantle is formed as in Amalia, having the impressed ‘ horse- shoe,’ but there is a small orifice which in some specimens penetrates to the shell-sack, while in others it is merely a short, sharp impres- sion, not penetrating through the mantle. The shell-plate is small and moderately thick, Pallial organs and nervous system as in Amalia, and the jaw and teeth are also not peculiar, except that the former is a little notched in the middle, below. The intestine is somewhat peculiar. There are six longitudinal folds, G, and the lower part of G, (forming the last posterior loop), being independent of the spiral torsion of the normal Amalia folds, lying to one side. There is no coecum.
In the genital system the accessory gland (characteristic of Amalia), is completely wanting.
Dr. Babor, in discussing the systematic position of Aspzdoporus and Amalia, gives evidence for regarding them as independent of the Limacide, and as a branch from the family Helicid@ (in the narrow sense). The main argument for this view is that the embryologic origin of the spermatheca is diverse in the two groups, Amalia being of the Helicid triaule type, while Zimax is of the diaule type. An adequate discussion of this question would require more space than is available in this place; but it should be said that the well-developed pedal grooves show Amalia to be a typical Aulacopodous snail, and, therefore, far removed from the Helicid@; while the particular modi- fication of the retractor muscle system distinctly points to the Lima- eid@. This is not likely to be a wholly independent parallel evolu- tion. Moreover, I fail to see any such resemblance between the intestinal arrangements of Aspidovorus and the Helices as Dr. Babor alludes to, though the gut is wholly unlike that of Lémaz.
It is very gratifying to have the real existence of Aspidoporus proven, especially as the genus is undoubtedly more primitive than
34 THE NAUTILUS.
Amaia, and a valuable link in the phylogenetic history of that group ; and it is fortunate that the material fell into the hands of so compe- tent a naturalist as Dr. Babor. | MD 5 Wire: 45) es
AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENT,
[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Association, by its General Secretary, Dr. W. 8. Strode.]
SHELLS AND MASTODON.
[Extract from the report of Mr. W. Hilles Smith, Niles, Mich. From the Trans- actions of the lsaac Lea Conchological Chapter for 1899. ]
Since my last report I have had the pleasure of gathering shells that were cohabitant with the Mastodon. About two miles west and a little north of the village of Buchanan, Berrien Co., Mich., is what is known as the Bakertown Marsh. In company with Prof. E. H. Frane, of Colon, Mich., who was hunting for remains of the Mas- todon, I was hunting for remains of the mollusks, each in pursuit of his own hobby. The marsh had in former years.been a lake about three miles long and one mile wide, and is now grown up to marsh grass without a sign of a tree in it anywhere, but in our excavations and along the large ditch was a layer or stratum of timber or drift wood, if such it might be called. The main part of our search was along the Jarge ditch which is fully a mile long and runs through the middle of the marsh, made for the purpose of draining it, and all along on both sides of this ditch this layer of drift wood could be plainly seen. At one place was to be seen a large stone which would measure fully a cubic yard, lying right on top of this drift, and its weight had depressed the wood fully eight inches, showing unmistak- able evidence of glacial drift. Some of the timber was as large as six inches in diameter, but the most of it was small and closely re- sembled our black oak of to-day. Commencing at the top and read- ing down, the strata appear as follows: Marsh bog, 16 inches. Recent peat, 20 inches. Peat and drift wood, 10 inches. Lake silt with no whole shells, 8 inches. Semi-ligneous peat, 12 inches. Shells and lake drift, 8 inches. Blue clay, 7 inches. Quick sand, 7 to 10 feet.
THE NAUTILUS. 35
The skulls of the mastodon were found partly in and partly under the semi-ligneous peat, showing the shells to be as old or older than the mastodon. You may think, What has all this to do with shells? It is to give you, dear reader, some small idea of low long these shells have been lying there in what was once thought to be their last resting place, and how little the species differ from the same kind of the present day. The shells, so far as found, are as follows :
Limnea stagnalis L., L. desidiosa Say, L. humilis Say ; Planorbis deflectus Say, P. parvus Say, P. biearinatus Say, P. trivolvis Say, P. campanulatus Say; Ancylus rivularis Say ; Amnicola limosa Say, A. lustrica Pils.; Campeloma integer Say, O. obesum Lewis, C. sub- solidum Anth.; Physa ancillaria Say, P. heterostropha Say, P. in- tegra Hald.; Strobilops labyrinthica Say ; Suecinea ovalis Gld.; Cary- chium exiguum Say; Valvata tricarinata Say ; Zonites radiatulus Ald.; Pleurocera elevatum Say, Goniobasis livescens Mke., Margaritana rugosa Bar., M. deltoidea Lea, Anodonta subcylindracea Lea, A. footiana Lea, Spherium simile Say, S. striatinum Lam., Pisidium compressum Prime, Unio pressus Lea, U. novi-eboraci Lea, U. ven- tricosus Bar., U. spatulatus Lea.
All the shells are white and very frail except the Plewrocera ele- ‘vatum, which is strong and still retains its coloring. The Limnea stagnalis is larger than any that has come to my notice of the present day shells, some of them measuring over two inches long, and the Planorbis campanulatus and bicarinatus are also very large, larger than the present day shells of the same species. The Valvata tri- carinata was also larger than any that I have seen and was quite plentiful. |
One thing struck me as rather singular, that the shells seemed to be in colonies. For instance, take the whole line of that ditch, and there was only one place about a rod long where the Pleurocera ele- watum was found, and the other shells had their localities where they were plentiful and almost none at all elsewhere. The Valvata tri- carinata seemed to be as evenly distributed as any, and it was more plentiful in some places than it was in others.
There are many things to be found by a careful observer in over- hauling a mass of such stuff as that lake drift. For instance, Prof. Cram in searching a lump of the dirt found a perfect skeleton head of a fly of the general appearance of our house fly, oniy larger, and we found unmistakable evidence of man by the presence of flint im- plements and horn tools.
36 THE NAUTILUS.
GENERAL NOTES.
Bifidaria armifera var. nov. rvidosensis.—Shell only 4 mm. long, with the two outer teeth a considerable distance within the aperture. Three specimens collected by Mr. C. M. Barber in the nest of an ant (Pogonomyrmex) at Blackwell’s Ranch, Ruidoso, New Mexico, Oct. 10, 1898, together with Swecinea avara, Cochlicopa lubrica, Helico- discus lineatus, Vitrea indentata, Zonitoides arboreus, Leucocheila fal- lax and Vallonia gracilicosta. ‘The shells have quite a distinct ap- pearance, and the locality is a long way from the ordinary range of BL. armifera. Dr, Sterki, to whom I sent a specimen, says he has known the form for many years, and has seen it from Kansas, Mis- souri and Minnesota; he also states that he has seen true armifera from Mexico.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.
The collection of the late H. D. Van Nostrand has been acquired by Columbia University, New York, where it will be suitably dis- played._s. R. R.
Among other interesting forms described by Professor Ralph Tate in the last volume of the Trans. Royal Society of South Australia, are five species of the curious genus Philobrya, from the tertiary and recent faunz of Australia and New Zealand. The genus is referred to the family Mytiide by Tate, who gives a list of all the species now known. ‘Though the shells are so small, the genus should be easily recognized by the peculiar spreading embryonic shells perched at the apices of the valves. .
A New SPEcIES OF PRisTILOMA.—Mr. E. G. Vanatta has re- cently described, with a figure, a new Pristiloma (P. pilsbry:) from Portland, Oregon. The summits of the whorls are nodulous “ very much like Macrochlamys diadema Dall.” (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1899.)
Another new form has recently been described by Mr. Pilsbry as Pristiloma Taylori, types having been collected by the Rev. Geo. W. Taylor at Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. The Pristiloma arctica of Lehnert, from Point Barrow, Alaska, is also figured in the same paper (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1899), and a key to the known species of the genus js given.
A New Varitety oF PoLyGyra MONODON.—P. monodon frier- sont: Shell large, alt. 7, greatest diam. 10} mm., differing from the typical form in having 635 whorls or over, which are more closely coiled and narrower in consequence of their greater number; base very convex, strongly swollen around the deep axial excavation ; perforation very narrow and oblique... From Krierson, La., collected
by | Mirus. S.) Frierson, ~ _.H. A. PILsBry.
gl wap Gite eed Fr
THE NAUTILUS.
Vou. XITI. AUGUST, 1899. No. 4.
NEW SOUTHWESTERN FORMS OF POLYGYRA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Mr. James H, Ferriss made a journey through Arkansas and the Choctaw Nation of Indian Territory, during February of this year. It was too early in the season for the best results with snails; they were partially torpid, and not readily flushed from cover; and while some log-rolling had to be done, Mr. Ferriss missed the excitement of moving half a ton of rock for each one, as he was accustomed to do in the Smokies. Nevertheless, some interesting things were collected. Near Texarkana, Ark., on the Red River, numerous specimens were taken of a variety of Polygyra Dorfeuilliana, agreeing with var. Sampsoni Wetherby, in the ample umbilical region, but differing in the heavy rib-striation of the whole base (Sampsoni being nearly smooth beneath), and in the almost marginal position of the upper lip-tooth, which is less immersed than in any of the other forms of the species. This form may be known as var. percostata. But Fer- Tiss’ greatest success was in stalking big game. It isn’t everybody who can find unknown Polygyras nearly an inch in diameter; and Mr. Ferriss is prouder of it than a boy with a new knife.
The new form was at first thought to be P. kiowaénsis var. arkan- saénsis, but a comparison with the types of that shell shows the new one to be quite different. As not many more large and distinct new Polygyras can reasonably be expected in these United States, and
38 THE NAUTILUS.
the name of Mr. W. G. Binney has not yet been given to one of the genus, Mr. Ferriss unites with me in calling this one Polygyra Bin- neyana n. sp. (Binney’s Mesodon).
It may best be described by a comparison with the most nearly allied species, P. divesta (Gld.). Shell of about the same depressed form as the large variety of P. divesta, narrow, its width contained 15-18 times in that of the shell, and half covered by the reflexed but not appressed lip. Color, brownish-yellow. Sculpture similar to that of the large variety of divesta, the surface being glossy and finely striated, showing under a lens very fine, close spiral striz. Whorls 0%, rather slowly increasing, the last becoming much wider, rounded -at the periphery, a little deflexed in front, constricted: behind the peristome. Aperture oblique, elliptical-lunate; peristome rather narrowly reflexed, with its face rounded and the edge a little re- curved ; baso-columellar margin arcuate, sometimes showing a very slight median callus.
Alt. 124, diam. 22 mm. (Hardy).
Alt. 11, diam. 195 mm. (Tushkahoma).
Typical P. divesta is very much more coarsely striated, with the umbilicus wholly covered by a. well-developed, appressed callus, as in P. albolabris.
P. Binneyana occurred at Hardy, Sharp Co., in northern central Arkansas, and at Tushkahoma, Choctaw Nation.
Polygyra divesta was originally described from Arkansas, no special - locality being given. The original specimens, of. which two from Gould are before me, are very coarsely striated, with the lip flattened and not recurved at the edge, and measure 165 and 18 mm. in diameter. This rather coarse form is before me from the following localities :
Louisiana: Grand Cane, De Soto Parish, in N.-W. La. (Wil- liamson).
Arkansas: Mabelvale, Pulaski Co. (C. W. Johnson) and Hot Springs, Garland Co., in the central, and Eureka Springs, Carroll Co. (Sampson) in the northwestern part of the State. Binney gives the locality, Washita Springs.
Missouri: Chadwick, Christian Co., and Springfield, Greene Co. (Ferriss) both in the southwestern part of the State.
Kansas: Fort Scott, Bourbon Co. (Sampson), on the southeastern edge of the State.
THE NAUTILUS. bo
Indian Territory: Port Gibson (C. 'T. Simpson), in the Cherokee County, northeastern part of the Territory.
Binney reports divesta from Vernon Co., Mississippi; but as there is no county of that name in that State, a reliable locality for the species east of the Mississippi river is still wanting. Probably the reference is an error for the parish in Louisiana of the same name,
In some of the lots the lip is quite narrow and recurved a little at the edge; and there is great variation in size, the smallest specimens being from Eureka Springs, Ark., and Springfield, Mo., with a diameter of 15 mm,; the largest are from Eureka Springs, Ark., and Grand Cane, La., and measure 19 mm. in greatest diameter. Binney gives measurements of a specimen 20 mm. diameter.
In the Indian Territory, at Limestone Gap, Choctaw Nation. (C. T. Simpson), and Tushkahoma, about 40 miles farther eastward in the Choctaw Nation (J. H. Ferriss, 1899), a large form occurs, diameter 21 to 27 mm., with glossy, shining surface and very fine striation, the last whorl proportionately wider than in the typical form, lip narrow and recurved. This is apparently a well-marked sub-species, and may be called P. divesta indianorum. It adds another to the small group of forms such as P. jacksoni deltoidea Simp., P. eragint Call, P. kiawaensis Simp., and Vitrea Simpsoni Pils., which give a certain individuality to the fauna of a small territory in this region. When the areas of the southwestern. snails come to be mapped, as Mr. Bryant Walker has mapped the Michigan species, we will find that this tract has quite a number of special species and sub-species.
Polygyra vultuosa and allied species.
In the recently published catalogue, P. vultuosa, Henriette, Copei and Cragini were united as sub-species of the first. A careful review of the forms of this group, in the light of material and hints furnished by A. G. Wetherby, has caused some modifications of that arrange- ment, which was originally proposed by Mr. Binney. I would now define the southwestern species and sub-species of Triodopsis thus :
I. Basal lip with a keel on its face. | a. Keel slight, umbilicus narrow. P. vultuosa. a'. Keel very strong ; aperture lunate ; umbilicus wider. P. vultuosa Copei. a’, Keel strong; aperture triangular; spire higher. P. vultuosa Henriette.
40 THE NAUTILUS.
II. No trace of a keel on the convex face of the basal lip. a. Umbilicus small, showing the penultimate whorl only ; striation fine. P. Cragini. a’. Umbilicus wide, showing all the whorls within, cylindri- cal and wide at the bottom where the first whorl is prominently seen; striation coarser than in Cragint, base more convex, spire flatter; basal lip somewhat sinuous; teeth stronger, the upper one square, the basal tubercular; diam. 11-12 mm. P. neglecta n. sp.
The type locality of P. vultuosa is ‘* Arkansas and Texas.” This is rather vague; but I have collected the typical form in Calcasieu Parish in southwestern Louisiana and at Houston, Texas. Mr. Singley has sent it from Lee Co., Texas.
P. vultuosa Henriette (Mazyck, January, 1878) was described from, ‘‘ Eastern Texas.’’ Forms probably referable to it, though certainly not typical, have been sent by Mr. Singley from Robertson Co., and Wheelock, Texas.
P. vultuosa Copex (Wetherby, March, 1878) was from Hardin Co., 20 miles N. of Beaumont, eastern Texas. I have it from Angelina Co., also (McDaniel).
P. Cragini (Call, Dec. 1886) originally came from the banks of Chetopa Creek, Neosho Co., southeastern Kansas. Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss collected it at Thayer, also in Neosho Co. Mr. Simpson got specimens at McAllister, in the eastern part of Indian Territory, and it extends south to Wood Co., in northeastern Texas. The sole locality in Arkansas is near ‘’exarkana on the Red River (Ferriss). P. Cragini is easily distinguished from all forms of vultwosa by the total absence of a keel on the face of the basal lip. It is brown and glossy, usually between 74 and 95 mm. diameter, and the umbilicus is quite small.
P. neglecta (n. sp.) has been in our collection from several locali- ties and collectors for some years, under the names ‘ vultuosa,” “© Cragin,” and ‘“ fallax var.’’ It is much depressed, light yellow- ish-corneous, glossy and finely rib-striate, with five closely coiled whorls, the Jast much constricted and opaque behind the peristome and a little deflexed in front. Aperture small, ‘“‘ dished” as in P. fraudulenta, with a square tooth on the outer lip, bent inward, a smaller tubercular marginal tooth on the basal lip, and an abruptly bent parietal tooth, connected or almost connected with the colu-
THE NAUTILUS. 4]
mellar end of the peristome. ‘lhe umbilicus is ample and deep, and shows the base of the first whorl prominently at the bottom; enlarged a little at the mouth by the deviation of the last whorl.
Alt, 54, diam, 122 mm. (Eureka Springs).
Ait. 44, diam. 104 mm. (Springfield).
This is a very constant and easily recognized form, without the keel on the face of the basal lip of vultwosa, the dark color, fine striation and raised spire of Cragin’, and differing from both and from the large P. fraudulenta in the peculiar umbilicus. The localities are :
Southwestern Missouri: Springfield, Greene Co., and Pearson’s Creek (A. G. Wetherby).
Eastern Kansas: Fort Scott, Bourbon Co. (F. A. Sampson).
Northwestern Arkansas: Eureka Springs (Sampson).
It will be seen that although the range of P. neglecta comprises localities in three States, they are not far removed from one another, and so far, the total area indicated for the species is remarkably small.
The only reference to this form in previous conchological litera- ture is under the name
Triodopsis fallax, small variety, F. A. Sampson. Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey of Arkansas for 1891, ii, p. 189 (1893).
NOTES ON TWO VARIETIES OF PYRAMIDULA (PATULA) ALTERNATA (SAY).
BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.
In the American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 6, page 188, the late Dr. Jas. Lewis published a paper entitled “‘ Notes on the Land Shells of East Tennessee,” in which he gave a very brief descrip- tion of Helix alternata Say var. costata.
As this variety is found in various collections under the names of Var. mordax and Var. costifera, it is thought that a description of * it will prove of interest.
Pyramidula (Patula) alternata var. costata (Lewis). Shell flat- tened on upper surface, more convex below, carinated, heavily ribbed above, ribs ending on the carina, almost smooth below but ribs faintly continued into the umbilicus with light intermediate ribs
42 THE NAUTILUS.
radiating from the umbilicus and ending at, the carina. Color like, the type, generally yellow or yellowish-white with very faint or no, brown patches on under surface. | Whorls about 52,
Greater diam. 19, lesser 17, alt. 9 mm.. .: tae y
Greater diam. 19, lesser 164, alt. 9mm. |_| } ;
The very heavy ribs ending on the carina will serve at once -to distinguish this from any of the other numerous varieties of alternata. There is a wide variation in the number of ribs on the body- whorl as the following figures will show :
Diam. 19 mm., 24 ribs.
Diam. 19 mm., 38 ribs.
Diam. 174 mm., 32 ribs.
So far reported from ‘‘ Kast Tennessee ”’ (Lowiey and Cades Cove, Blount Co., Tenn. (Ferriss & Clapp).
Another variety of alternata is found near Knoxville, Tani It is a large, coarse shell with rounded body-whorl and scarcely a trace of carination. Color dull brown with very faint darker markings,, ribs low but fairly strong, epidermis very heavy and wrinkled, the wrinkles under a glass having a netted appearance like the venation in the wings of insects. Whorls 54. tN cee ye
Greater diam. 233, lesser 20, alt. 125 mm. <a
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT,
U. polymorphus, sp. nov.
Shell smooth, uniformly but moderately solid, red or dark red, very inequilateral, oval, oblong or subquadrate, rayless or with rays; pos- terior area smooth, wrinkled or subplicate; umbos flattened or in- flated, umbonal ridge sharp and area abrupt, or ridge depressed and area flattened; base nearly straight or emarginate, dorsum arched, abruptly rounded in front and bluntly pointed behind; beaks not prominent ; teeth solid in proportion to shell, laterals nearly straight or remarkably curved, prominent and well separated, double in. the left and single in the right valve, cardinals quite oblique, usually disposed to be double in both valves and covered with shallow serra- tions; dorsal cicatrices in a row immediately under the posterior car- dinal or under the dorsal plate, anterior cicatrices quite remote, very
THE NAUTILUS. 43. }.
deeply impressed and smooth, postetior cicatrices confluent; shell cavity moderate and uniform, beak cavity slight; nacre dead white, purple or pink, or a combination of these shades.
Diameter 1.25, length 2.00, width 3.75 inches.
Habitat: Spanish Creek, Okefenokee satel Charlton Co., Ga.
Type lot in National Museum.
Remarks: This is one ofthe most variable forms we have ever handled. It belongs to the forbestanus, vestitus, Moussontanus group,’ with which we have tried hard to place it specifically. Out of several hundred specimens, none could be found that were typical of any of the above-named species. It %is the connecting link between the’ beautiful hartwrightit of South Florida, and the group above named, of Georgia. It is usually rayless; though some of the younger forms are densely covered with broad green rays, and it becomes very rough and ponderous in old age. In view of the many phases it assumes, it has been ‘thought best to select no one individual as a type, but to make the description broad enough to embrace all of its’ variations, and to deposit examples of all with the National Museum.
AppENpUM: July Navriuus, p. 31, first line of description of Unio danielsti insert the words ‘ yet black”’ after ‘ solid.”
(To be continued.)
ANNOTATED LIST OF LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS RECENTLY COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA.
BY SAMUEL N. RHOADS.
The collection forming the subject of the following paper, was secured during a visit to Miami, covering a period of about four weeks, from January 12, 1899. The size and completeness of the, collection is largely due to the field assistance of my kind friends, Messrs. Stevenson and Dickinson, of Miami, the former of whom has searched out the shells of South Florida for the past two years with. commendable perseverance.
The classification of land species follows that of Pilsbry and John- son’s catalogue. The identifications were all made by Prof. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where the collection is now located.
44 THE NAUTILUS.
Family CycLosToMATID&.
Chondropoma dentatum (Say). Miami; pine woods under flat rocks; very abundant. |
Family TRUNCATELLID&.
Truneatella caribeensis *‘ Sowb.,”” Rve. Miami. Found sparingly and only beneath the wet drift. Far above high-water mark on the bay side. Not found in similar positions in the tide-water limits of the Miami River, brackish water not seeming to agree with it.
Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Miami. Abundant. The above notes on caribeensis are equally applicable to this associated species, which is easily distinguishable by its smaller size and dark coloration. It is ten times as numerous as the preceding.
Family HELIcINID&.
Helicina orbiculata Say. Miami and Lemon City. Abounding ; especially in dense hammock at the bases of trees well under the vegetable mold in the winter season.
Family HELIcID&.
Cepolis varians (Mke.). Virginia Key. The remarks given under Cerion incanum equally apply to this shell. They are only found alive on ‘‘Hammock Keys.” Virginia Key is too low for hammock growths.
Polygyra cereolus (Muhlf.). Virginia Key. A single bleached specimen taken on the beach.
Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana (Bld.). Miami and Virginia Key. Abundant and of universal distribution in all kinds of situa- tions except muckland. The most abundant land snail of South Florida.
Polygyra septemvolva Say. Miamiand Lemon City. The open muckland and wet prairie species, distinguished by large size, flat- ness and angularity. It is rare in the districts named.
Polygyra uvulifera (Shuttl.). Miami and Lemon City. Asso- ciated with Chondropoma under flat stones in pine woods in the pro- portion of one to ten of the latter. Rare in the wet lands.
Polygyra avara Say. Miami. Rare; only two specimens taken.
Polygyra pustula (Fér.). Miami. Another rare and strangely local species: found under decaying vegetation on the ground beneath oak hammock. Not taken in the pine woods.
THE NAUTILUS. 45
Polygyra jejuna (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Local and generally rare, but abundant in colonies at certain seasons. On the underside of young cabbage palms in the early morning I found this neat species almost abundant in a small area near the standpipe in Miami. Elsewhere it was very scarce. It hibernates under stones in rock piles.
Thysanophora vortex (Pfr.). Miami. Abundant in most situa- tions except the pine barrens.
Thysanophora dioscoricola ceca (Gpy.). Numerous in certain localities on the under surface of the leaves of magnolia and of pal- metto. On the latter sometimes a score can be taken from a single leaf.
Thysanophora plagioptycha granum (Streb.). Miami. Only one specimen secured.
Family BUuLIMULID&.
Drymeus dominicus Rve. Miami and Lemon City. Rare. The very young of this fragile snail are often found associated with P. dioscoricola caeca, but the adults are seldom seen.
Liguus fasciatus (Mull.). Miami. Abundant; distribution lim- ited to a narrow strip of hammock lands bordering the bay not more than one-fourth of a mile wide. Not found in mangroves. Dark colored varieties rare and apparently confined to the most densely forested hammock. This snail is largely eaten by tree crabs, which bite the shells in half during their winter hibernation on the tree trunks. The numerous basal portions of the shells firmly cemented to the trees is evidence of the frequency of this destruction.
Family Urocoprip#.
Urocoptis poeyana (Orb.). Miami. Abundant under stones in pine barrens. Perfect adult specimens with uninjured spires are very rare and when found exceedingly difficult to preserve.
Macroceramus pontificus (Gld.). Miami; rather rare; under edges of flat rocks.
Cerion incanum (Binn.). Virginia Key. Only dead shells of this species were found on this Key, whither they had probably been carried by the tide from some larger Key. All those secured were inhabited by crabs.
Family Pupip&.
Strobilops labyrinthica Say (Pfr.). Miami and Lemon City ;
not rare, preferring moist hammock.
46 THE NAUTILUS.
Strobilops hubbardi stevensont Pilsbry. n. var. Miami. Rare: found only under bark of dead limbs in mangrove swamp. This sub- species was discovered by the writer in mangroves skirting the Bay close to the State Agricultural Experimental Station in the suburbs of Miami, and was found nowhere else.. I requested Prof. Pilsbry to name it after my friend Mr. Stevenson, to whose conchological researches and friendly services the success of my work at Miami was largely due.
Bifidaria contracta (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Rather rare ; in hammock mold.
Bifidaria servilis (Gld.). Miami. Very-rare, only two specimens being secured.
Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Lemon City. Rare, one specimen only, from hammock.
Bifidaria rupicola (Say). Miami. Rare, in moist hammock under bark and leaves.
bifidaria rhoadsi Pils., n. sp. Miami, very rare.
Family ACHATINID®.
Opeas octonoides (C. B. Ad.). Miami. Only found in damp mold under hammock trees along the high tide borders of the Miami River. Rare.
Opeas gracillima (Pfr.). Miami. Associated with the preceding, but less numerous. Sometimes found alive under rocks in same
situations. Family GLANDINID&.
Glandina truncata minor Pilsbry. n. var. Miami, Lemon City and New Smyrna. Abundant. This depauperate form rarely grows to more than half the size of largest truncata.
Family ZoniTip#&. Vitrea indentata (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Rarely asso- ciated with Zonitotdes arboreus, which it so closely resembles. _Conulus chersinus (Say). Miami. Rare; associated with its more numerous and darker counterpart, Strobelops labyrinthicus, under moist rotten bark of open hammock. Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.) Miamiand Lemon City. Not common. Associated with Zonitotdes and Vitrea under bark of logs. Zonitotdes arboreus (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Abundant. Zonitoides dallianus (Simp.) Miami. Only eleven specimens found among two hundred arboreus collected,
THE NAUTILUS. 47
Zonitoides minusculus alachuanus (Dall.) ‘Miami, Lemon City and New Smyrna. This small white Zonitoides is found everywhere under decaying bark in damp hammock lands.
Family VAGINULID&.
Vaginulus floridanus Binn. Miami. Not common. ‘This seems to be the first record for Vaginulus from the east coast of the main land. Previous Florida records are from Charlotte Harbor and Punta Rossa.
Family AMPULLARID&. _ Ampullaria depressa Say. Miami River and Everglades. Abun- dant.
Family AMNICOLID&.
Amnicola sanctijohannis Pilsbry. Miami River. Rare.
Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfr.). Miami River. Rare; inhabiting small streams and ditches upon the aquatic vegetation in company with Amnicola sanctijohannis.
Family AURICULID&.
Auricula pellucens Mke. Miami. This rare snail was found only in and under soft, rotten mangrove branches which lay on the mud in the mangrove swamps along the bay side. They have the power to deeply imbed themselves into the soft rotten wood.
Carychium exiguum (Say). Lemon City; locally plentiful in dark hammock under leaves and logs.
Melampus floridanus Shuttl. Miami. This rarer small species seems confined to the brackish water areas of the Miami River.
Melampus coffeus (Linn.). Miami. Abundant in salt water and more brackish areas, seeming to prefer mangrove swamps, but also in more open marshy places, where it ascends the higher sedges at cer- tain seasons, apparently to deposit its eggs, as it does not seem to eat the grasses on which it is found.
Family Limnx1pD&.
Limnea cubensis Pfr. Miami River. A rare species.
Planorbis tumidus Pfr. Miami and Lemon City. In the edge of the Everglades at the head of the Miami River and in the ditches of the muck gardens in that neighborhood this animal abounded, asso- ciated with intercalaris in about equal numbers. It was rare in the Everglades proper.
Planorbis intercalaris Pilsbry. Miami and Lemon City. Abund-
48 THE NAUTILUS,
ant. This is found sparingly associated with the following in the true Everglade territory. Planorbis scalaris (Jay). Head of Miami River and Everglades adjacent. Rather rare. This peculiar form is most typical of the glades as contrasted with the Planorbes of the streams. Planorbis dilatatus Gld. Lemon City. Rare; three specimens taken in a small stream.
Planorbis parvus Say. Lemon City. Only one specimen taken.
Planorbis cultratus Orb. Very rare. One specimen secured from a drainage ditch flowing into the Miami River two miles above its mouth. The type locality for cultratus is Cuba. It was subse- quently found in Texas. This is the first record of it from Florida.
Ancylus peninsule Pils. & Johns. Miami and Lemon City. Rather rare. Taken on rotten leaves in still water.
Family Paysip#.
Physa heterostropha peninsule Pilsbry. Miami, Lemon City, Everglades, head of Miami River. Locally abundant, preferring small streams in swift water, where they are generally attached to weeds far below the surface.
Family CYRENID&.
Pisidium abditum Hald. Miami and Lemon City. This minute species is rare and difficult to secure alive.
Family CyrENOIDID&.
Oyrenoidea floridana Dall. Miami, Abundant locally in the outer edges of the Mangrove swamps skirting the bay.
Family UNIONID&.
Unio paludicolus Gld. Upper Miami River and Everglades. Rare, or at least difficult to secure, owing to its hiding among the roots of thick alge in swift water. One was dredged in a small stream near the town.
Unio papyraceus Gld. Head of Miami River above the rapids. Only three specimens of this fragile Unio were dredged while forty of paludicolus were being secured. It is more than possible that Gould’s types of these two species came from the Miami region and perhaps from the Miami River.
GENERAL NOTES.
PLANORBIS OPERCULARIS Var. OREGONENSIS Van., Nautilus IX. p. 54, September, 1895, is preoccupied by P. oregonensis Tryon. Mon. Fresh-water Univalve Moll. of the U. S. 1870, p. 200. I would here propose the name multilineatus for my variety.—E. G. VANATTA.
THE NAUTILUS.
VoL. XIII. SEPTEMBER, 1899. No. 5.
ANOTHER NEW ASHMUNELLA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Ashmunella thomsoniana portere, n. var. 2, with distinct lines of growth and minute
om)
Shell corneous, shinin spiral incised lines; umbilicus broadly exposing the penultimate whorl; whorls 55 to nearly 6; lip ochreous-tinged above and at the edge, the teeth white; parietal tooth well-developed, outer tooth long, basal tooth always bifid. Max. diam. 14-165 mm.
Tentacles and dorsal surface of animal dark plumbeous; foot a lighter brownish-grey ; exposed part of mantle grey. Genitalia as in typical Ashmunella: penis with the thick basal part 4 mm. long, the narrow terminal part (scarcely broader than the epipliallus) 3 mm.; epiphallus 28 mm. with the retractor muscle 3 mm. from its beginning (thus higher up than in A. miorhyssa) ; flagellum 1 mm.; spermatheca filiform, 21 mm. long including duct, Eggs pellucid white, 8x 24 mm. |
Beulah (Upper Sapello Canon), New Mexico, 1899: numerous specimens collected by Miss Wilmatte Porter, after whom the variety is named. Other specimens later collected by Miss Helen Blake at the same place.
This form will fall into the first division of the two keys to the species of Ashmunella given by the writers in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila., 1899, p. 193.’
1“ Ashmunella, a new genus of Helices,’ by H. A. Pilsbry and T. D, A, Cockerell.
50 THE NAUTILUS.
The following modification of the key may be made:
a. Aperture strongly 3-dentate or 4-dentate,
b. Basal tooth simple, tubercular or somewhat elongate; diam. 12-13 mm. A. thomsoniana.
b*. Basal tooth distinctly bifid; diam. 14-164 mm.; umbilicus wider. A. thomsoniana portere.
a’. Aperture toothless or without teeth on the outer lip, ete., ete.
To those who do not have access to Ancey’s original description, it may be useful to have his note on the supposed variety orobena. He says: “Very closely allied to the preceding [thomsoniana], being similar in the number of whorls and size, but differing in hav- ing the Jast whorl scarcely descending at its termination, higher, the aperture larger and less oblique.”
These characters seem to be merely individual rather than racial. It is from the same locality as A. thomsoniana. Besides the speci- mens of thomsoniana in the Academy received from the late Mr. J. H. Thomson, of New Bedford, Mass., part of the original lot, we have received A, thomsoniana from Mr. Ashmun, who has lately col- lected a few specimens in Santa Fé Canon, the original locality. The species differs widely from Polygyra levettei, which is not an Ashmunella but apparently a true Polygyra.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS,
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
U. dispalans, sp. nov.
Shell uniformly thin, oblong-elliptical, flattened, inequilateral, smooth, with close slightly elevated growth ridges; anterior margin abruptly and uniformly rounded, base very slightly rounded, anterior abruptly pointed, dorsal margin straight; epidermis yellowish and nearly occulted by the light green fasciculated rays; beaks small and surrounded by four or five irregular undulating ridges ; umbonal _ slope uniformly rounded or subangular; beak cavities slight; cica- trices smooth, slightly impressed and showing the successive nacreous layers, anterior ones distinct, posterior ones indistinguishable ; dorsal notch very long and shallow, ligament long, depressed, thin; cardinal teeth low, very oblique, thin and obliquely striated, lateral teeth slender, long, nearly straight, double in the left and single in right
THE NAUTILUS. 51
valve, and extending quite up to the cardinals by a fine thread-like elevation ; dorsal plate entirely wanting ; nacre silvery white, tinged with pink towards the beaks and more or less spotted with thin layers of vitreous-like matter; pallial line hardly discernible. Width 24, length 1,%-, diameter @ inches.
Habitat: Suwannee River, Florida.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks: Affinity, U. /amellatus Lea. A large series of this shell has been in hand for two years and for a time it was doubtfully referred to U. subinflatus Con. Mr. Simpson compared them with authentic specimens of that species in the National Museum without being impressed with their likeness, but said they seemed nearer to that species than to any other. A comparison of the teeth with that of the Indian species, given as its affinity, leads to the conclusion that they should group together. The cardinals are shorter and more robust, but have the same direction and sculpture. At first glance the shell reminds one of U. camptodon, Say, but the radical differences in the beak sculpture and teeth clearly distinguish it from
members of that group. To be Continued.
PLANORBIS RUBELLUS STERKI, AND P. HARNI PILSBRY. BY H. A. PILSBRY.
In this Journal for April, 1891, Mr. E. H. Harn gave a list of the shells found in western Pennsylvania, chiefly around his home in Blairsville. A few of the species had been submitted to me for de- termination, among them a Planorbis of the eracutus group, which I consider a new species, or possibly a new variety of exacutus. ‘This was entered in the list as ** Planorbis (? var.) Harni Pilsbry.” (Nautilus IV, p. 137.) I intended at the time to describe the species; but other matters crowded it out of mind, and the name remains a nude one to this day.
Mr. KE. G. Vanatta has recently called my attention to the specific identity of my types of P. Harni with a form received from Dr. V. Sterki as “ P. exacutus var. rubellus.’”’? This variety was described by Dr. Sterki on page 7 of a privately printed brochure entitled ‘* The Land and Fresh Water Mollusks in the vicinity of New Philadel- phia,”’ (Beobachter Press, New Philadelphia, Ohio, 1894).
52 THE NAUTILUS.
As Dr. Sterki stated the differential characters of his variety while my own was without a description, his name for it will stand, my P. Harni becoming a synonym, though several years earlier in date.
The species is smaller than P. exacutus, the last whorl seen from above less wide, the suture deeper and the apex a little more sunken. Below, the umbilicus of P. rubedlus is very much wider and less deep, and the last whorl is consequently far narrower than in exacutus, and the aperture is smaller. As in exacutus, the form is biconvex and the periphery acutely keeled, color reddish corneous. Alt. 1, diam. 45 mm., or somewhat smaller.
The localities now known are as follows: Pennsylvania: Blairs- ville, Indiana Co., in a small stagnant pond, adhering to the under sides of dead leaves (KH. H. Harn, March, 1889). Ohio: Tuscaroras Co., near New Philadelphia.
There is also a tray of 8 specimens in our collection without locality record.
The shells seem always to be covered with a ferruginous crust. I regard P. rubellus as specifically distinct from P. exacutus, the char- acters being quite constant in the series of some twenty-four speci- mens examined. /. exacutus is a wide-ranging species, extending
from New England to New Mexico.
COLLECTING ON THE GULF COAST OF FLORIDA.
BY E. J. POST.
The keys at the entrance to Tampa Bay, are perhaps one of the most favorable collecting grounds on the gulf coast. The result of a twelve days’ trip in March is shown by the accompanying list, with the number of specimens collected ; most of the collecting was done at Pass-a-Grille, Long Key, and the north end of Mullet Key. All dredging was done with a small hand sieve at low tide. Haminea succinea were very abundant in the drifts between Point Pinellas and St. Petersburg. Melampus coffeus and M. coffeus var. gundlachi, were collected on the south end of Long Key; they were unusually large and fine. There was an immense wash of ittiwm varium ashore, the second that has come under my observation in eight years collecting. Helices were very abundant on Long Key. I collected 175 specimens under one thistle, 85 of which were Polygyra uvulifera,
THE NAUTILUS. 58
the other being P. cereolus and the var: carpenteriana.
Very large
specimens of P. cereolus were also collected on Mullet Key.
List of Species ¢ Yollected.
Anomia simplex Orb. . . 80 Pecten dislocatus Say. . . 1 Pecten nucleus Born . 205 Avicula atlantica Lam.. . 1 Modiolatulipa lL. . ... . 25 Modiola plicatula Lam. . 0 Modiolaria lateralis Say . . 15 Nucula proxima Say. . . 1 Cardita floridana Conr. . 370 Parastarte triquetra Conr.. 12 Lucina floridana Conr. . . 12 Lucina costata Il & H.... 4 Lucina crenulata Conr.. . 1 Hmeina lintea Conr..... 12 Cardium magnum Born. . 6 Cardium isocardia L.. . . 1 Cardium mortoni Conr. . 30 Venus cancellata L. . 20 Venus rostrata Sowb. . 295
Cytherea hebrea Lam.. . 4 Cytherea conradina Dall . 12 _Cyrena floridana Conr.. . 75
Donax variabilisSay.. . 3 Tellina alternata Say. ... 2 Macoma tampaénsis Conr. . 4
Solen americana Gould . Dentalium disparile Orb. . 6
Dentalium eboreum Conr. . 4 Actzon punctostriatus C. B. Ads. . F ; 1
Tornatina canaliculata Say. 17 Bulla occidentalis A. Ads . 6
Haminea succinea Conr. 170
Melampus coffeus L. 320
Melampus coffeus var. gund- Rett si25 . . 170
Marginella minuta Pfeiffer. 900 Marginella succinea Conr. . 4
Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. = 2 Pasciolaria tulipa L. 2... 27 Fasciolaria distans Lam... Fulgur pyrum Dill's..'... 6 Falgur perversum' Lb... .'.° 45 Melongena corona Gruel: . 40 age ColumbellarusticoidesHeilp. 95 Columbella avara Say. . . 22 Columbella similis Ravenel. 10
Nassa vibex Say.
Columbella lunata Say . 54 Murex rufus Lam... . . 2
Eupleura caudata Say. . . 2 Urosalpinx perrugatus Conr.
Kulima gracilis C. B. Ads. 21
Pyramidella candida Morch. 298 Turbonilla conradi Bush. 460 Turbonilla hemphilli Bush } 935 Turbonilla dalli Bush . Caecum floridanum Stimp . 1 Meioceras nitidum Stimp. . numerous Syrnola caloosaensis Dall. . i) Pyrula papyratiaSay.. . 3 Erato maugerie Gray.. . 1 Cerithiopsis emersoni C. B. Eo mata ts Teor gf “5! | 1 Bittium varium Pfeiffer numerous Cerithium floridanumMérch. 140
210
Cerithium minimum Gruel. 6
Cerithium muscarum Say .
Cerithidea scalariformis Say 210
Modulus floridanus Conr.. 498
54 THE NAUTILUS.
Terebra dislocata Say. . . 1 Vermicularia spirata Phil. 110 Terebra protexta Conr.. . 20 Litorina angulifera Lam. . 296 Conus pealii Green... . . 95 Rissoina chesnelii Michaud. 338 Drillia leacocyma Dall.. . 10 Crepidula fornicata L. . . 4 Drilliathea Dall, .'. . .» 20° “@fepidula plana Sageee oe 5 Mangilia biconica C. B. Ads. 85 Crepidula aculeata Gruel . vb Mangilia stellata Stearns . 65 Natica pusilla Say. . . . 120 Mangilia cerinella Dall. . 25 Neverita duplicata Say. . 2 Oliva Iiterata, amc +. a + 6 Sigaretus perspectivus Say. 23 Olivella mutica Say . . . 1450 Ischnochiton papillosus C.
Olivella floralia‘Ducl... . 12 B. Ads. ... 4; 4.00 eee
Olivella bullula Reeve Acanthochites spiculosus (QOUNE) Peter ccekseep ees | 100) Reeve .. .:\..:. eine Marginella aureocincta Polygyra cereolus Muhlf.. 440
Stearns. . ....... .. 150 Bolygyra’ cereolus Carpens Marginella apicina Menke. 630 ~ teriana Bland. . ... 96 Marginella denticulata var. Polygyra uvulifera Shutt. . 2070
opalina Stearns . . . . 54 Succinea campestris Say. . 35
NOTES ON POLYGYRA APPRESSA.
BY G. H. CHADWICK.
In Messrs. Pilsbry and Johnson’s recent catalogue of North Amer- ican Land Shells, Polygyra ( Triodopsis) appressa (Say), is accredited to Scott Co., Va., among other localities. A fine series from that locality having come under my notice, I perceived a considerable difference between them and northern specimens, and a careful ex- amination and comparison with examples of the typical form from Bernadotte, Ill., and var. perigrapta Pilsbry, from Tennessee, seem to fully confirm the distinction, 7
The Virginian variety, for which I propose the name sewlptior, may be known by the following characters :
Surface costulate above, horn-colored inclining to reddish chestnut, becoming smoother and greenish beneath, entirely covered with a fine spiral granulation ; upper lip-tooth obsolete; parietal tooth as in typical appressa. Diam. 14 to 18 mm.; alt. 7 to 9 mm.
While the warm color and coarse ribs are noticeable and constant features, the microscope discloses the most important diagnostic char-
THE NAUTILUS. 55 acter, namely the beautiful fine granulation which covers even the ribs and shows a markedly spiral arrangement. ‘This is quite differ- ent from the spaced spiral incised lines of perigrapta, which while slightly waved, cut the growth strix so regularly as to produce a can- cellated effect, the intervening surface being moreover always marked with excessively fine vertical scratches. A compound lens reveals incised spirals in typical appressa also, but exceedingly minute and rather irregular or punctate. Finally, in seulptior the whorls are generally narrower and more convex than in either of the other forms. In the tray-full examined there was but a single departure from the normal, and that was a tr?dentata /
The types are deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE OWN THE MOLLUSCA ASSOCIATED WITH THE MASTODON IN BERRIEN COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
The material which formed the basis of Mr. W. Hilles Smith’s in- teresting paper in the July Nautilus, is the same covered by my ar- ticle in the Nautilus for March, 1898 (Vol. XI., p. 121). The undetermined Pisidia there mentioned have been submitted to Dr. Sterki, who, with his usual good nature, has determined them as follows : |
1. Pistdiwm pauperculum St.
2. Pisidium sp. near ‘‘abditum,” Distinct.
3. Pisidium sp. ‘‘near abditum.”
4. Pisidium roperi St.
. Pisidium medianum St.
. Pisidium sp. “‘ Resembles most vesiculare.”’ . Pisidium ventricosum Prime.
. Pisidium milium Held.
In this connection it is interesting to note that these forms are identical with those from the marl deposits in Tuscola County, which were examined by Dr. Sterki at the same time. This not only goes
=1..65 Ox
co
to prove that these shells were contemporaneous with the mastodon, but also that the post-pleistocene fauna was substantially the same throughout the lower peninsula of Michigan.
56 THE NAUTILUS.
NEW JAMAICAN FORMS OF LUCIDELLA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
There are in Jamaica three strongly marked specific stocks of Lucidella: L. aureola Fér., with the variety undulata; L. depressa Gray (placed by Pfeiffer in Helicina), with the aperture like aureola, but the shell smaller, more depressed, and weakly sculptured ; and Z. lineata C. B. Ad., of which L. nana Pfr., is doubtless a variety or synonym. These are quite small, with a strong, squarish tooth on the basal lip, and strong, sharp spiral lire.
Another well marked species of the ineata type was collected by Messrs. Wm. J. Fox and C. W. Johnson in a cave at Port Antonio, on the northeastern coast of Jamaica.
L. Foxi, n. sp.
Shell with the depressed general form, size and color, and the acute lire, of L. lineata Ad.; the lire bearing sparse, rather long and equi- distant prostrate hairs, easily rubbed off. Whorls 44, the last com- pressed but not keeled at the periphery, descending in front, exca- vated at the umbilical region, which is covered by a thin callus which is sparsely and very minutely asperulate or roughened by minute pointed granules. Aperture very oblique, subtriangular, the outer and upper margins expanded, scalloped, with four to six projecting ' points; the basal margin narrowly reflexed ; basal lip bearing a large, squarish, projecting tooth, as in Z. lineata; upper margin with a tubercular tooth well removed inward from the lip-edge; outer ip with a small tubercular tooth, distinctly developed only in fully mature specimens.
Alt. 2, diam. 3.8 mm., or smaller, diam. 3.5 mm.
Cave at Port Antonio.
L. trochiformis n. sp.
Small and distinctly trochoidal, the base flattened, smooth except for some radial wrinkles, and one or two spiral threads close to the periphery ; upper surface convexly conoidal, radially undulated and spirally lirate; periphery acutely carinated and irregular or serrate; whorls 44, but slightly convex, the last a little deflexed, somewhat impressed in the axial region below. Aperture oblique, triangular, the lip narrowly reflexed ; basal lip being a prominently projecting, squarish tubercle, upper margin with a small submarginal tubercle,
THE NAUTILUS. 57
and there is another smaller one on the outer lip below the external angle.
Alt. 2, diam. 2.7 mm.
Differs from Uineata and Foxit in the trochiform shape, almost complete freedom from spiral threads on the base, and in the acute periphery. It has a small tubercle on the outer lip, as in 4. Port, a larger species with sculptured base, rounded periphery, scalloped upper lip and different contour.
The specimens were found associated with Z. lineata.
NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF OWASCO LAKE, N. Y. BY FRANK C. BAKER.
Recently the Chicago Academy of Sciences has received from Dr. Howard N. Lyon, of Chicago, a fine lot of the shells of Cayuga Co., N. Y., collected for the most part by himself about Owasco Lake and River. Dr. Lyon was very precise concerning his data, and for this reason a list of the species in the collection may be of value.
For brevity I have used the following symbols for localities :
* Near Auburn, in Owasco River.
** Hayden’s Mills, six miles below Auburn.
Tt Foot of Owasco Lake. |
t Cascade.
Tt Marsh at foot of Owasco Lake.
{i North end of Owasco Lake.
1. Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes,*f July, 1893.
2. Alasmodonta pressa Lea,*f in brook four miles north of Auburn, July 1893 and 1882.
3. Strophitus edentulus Say.t
4. Unio complanatus Solander,* in South Street Brook, July, 1879.
5. Anodontopsis subcylindraceus Lea,* in South Street Brook, var- ious collections from 1880 to 1885.
6. Lampsilis luteolus Lam,* July, 1883.
7. Spherium simile Say,* in South Street Brook, 1882.
8. Vallonia pulchelia Muller, April, 1882.
9. Polygyra albolabris Say.}
10. Polygyra thyroides Say, var. bueculenta Gould.
58 THE NAUTILUS.
11. Polygyra palliata Say.{
12. Polygyra tridentata Say.{
12a. Polygyra tridentata var. juxtidens Pilsbry.t{
126. Polygyra tridentata var. bidentata Baker.}{
13. Polygyra monodon Rackett.t
Nos. 9 to 13 were collected on a well-wooded limestone hill, well watered.
14. Bifidaria armifera Say.*
15, Pupa muscorum Linné, Auburn. Common in damp grass throughout the city, often found in private grounds.
16. Vertigo milium Gould,** 1880.
17. Cochlicopa lubrica Muller,** 1880 and 1876, on driftwood in Owasco River at Auburn.
18. Omphalina fuliginosa Griff. 1883.
18. Vitrea hammonis Strom,** April, 1882.
20. Conulus fulvus Mull.,** on roots of grass near edge of river, April, 1882.
21. Zonitoides arboreus Say.t{
22. Zonitoides nitidus Miller,** April, 1882.
23. Gastrodonta ligera Say,** April, 1882.
24. Agriolimax campestris Binney.
25. Pyramidula alternata Say,* very abundant in low meadows, under bark of trees and the under side of logs where the ground is partially shaded.
26. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.{
27. Succinea retusa Lea, tf on logs and trunks of trees near high water mark, July, 1880.
28. Succinea avara Say, tt July, 1880, in company with the above.
29. Limnea palustris Muller, tf 1884.
30. Limnea emarginata Say, tf ** also in Owasco River, at foot of lake, 1880, and April, 1882.
31. Limnea desidiosa Say, tt on weeds, 1880.
33. Planorbis bicarinatus Say, t, 1881, Port Byron, 1883.
34. Planorbis trivolvis Say,f old and new outlets, 1880, Port Byron.
35. Planorbis campanulatus Say, * 1882, also in brook emptying into lake at Cascade.
36. Planorbis parvus Say, * on big dam.
37. Physa heterostropha Say,* Port Byron, 1879 to 1882.
THE NAUTILUS. 59
38. Physa ancillaria Say, tf 1879 to 1885.
39. Aplexa hypnorum Linne, tf 1883.
40 Valvata tricarinata Say, * found in driftwood at the tail race of the * Big Run,” spring of 1881.
41. Campeloma decisum Say, } Owasco River near Owasco Lake, August, 1882, also in Owasco River three miles below lake.
AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENT.
{Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Association, by its General Secretary, Dr. W. 5, Strode.)
During the last year I have done all the work possible towards collecting the Pisidia of the northeast of Maine. About 50,000 specimens have been obtained and worked over by Dr. V. Sterki of New Philadelphia, Ohio. The material has been finely preserved in nearly every locality. The cold water of our streams is favorable for the development, of this minute clam. In all about twenty species and some varieties have been obtained. Many of these species have proved new to the State, and a few have been published by Dr. Sterki as new species. A part are very difficult to identify until a larger amount of material is obtained. It sometimes results that among thousands of specimens there will be only one individual representing a certain species. Pts¢dium contortum Prime, has been found living in a small lake in the northeast of Perham. It had heretofore only been found fossil, in Maine and Massachusetts.
The little Piéstdium milium Held, so common in the north of Europe (a straggler like myself), has been found living in the south branch of Caribou stream in Woodland. It is curious how this little creature came across the ocean.
Two years ago I found Planorbis crista Lin., var. cristata Drap., a species of Northern Europe, in Barren Brook, Caribou. This sum- mer IJ have found it fossil in the marl deposit of Lovely Brook in the town of Fort Fairfield. I think this is proof that it was not imported by any accident or in the outfit of any emigrant coming to this con- tinent. In my last report I had about 81 species collected in this region. This year I have of land shells 33 species, fresh water gas- tropoda 23 species, and of Unio 1, Margaritana 2, and Anodonta 1 species; Sphzrium 5, and Pisidium 20 species and several varieties.
60 THE NAUTILUS.
Total 85 species. The Prstdia will be published by Dr. Sterki, and the results will thus be made known to those interested in these little animals, | O.tor O, NYLANDER,
GENERAL NOTES.
We regret to record the death on August. 16th of Dr. W. D. Hart- man, of West Chester, Pa. Further notice will appear next month.
POMATIA ASPERSA IN CALiIrorNIA.—I found a fine living speci- men of Pomatia aspersa, Miill., this summer at Pacific Grove, Cali- fornia. A small colony of this European snail was established many years ago at San José, more than fifty miles from the spot where this specimen was found. ‘The species is apparently becoming naturalized. —Josiah Keep.
PoLtyGyrRa BiInNeyANA.—Owing to hasty proof reading, several errors appear in the article on ‘* New Southwestern Forms of Poly- gyra’’ in the July issue. On page 38, sixth line from top, the word umbilicus should be inserted between divesta and narrow. Qn p. 39, second line, for ‘‘ county” read ‘“* eountry.”—H/. A. P.
Tue British PLriocens Non-Marixe Morrusca are revised by Messrs. A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, in Proce. Malae. Soc.,. Lond. IT1.; ‘pt. 4; March, 1899). It is in. the Red ands Mor wich Crags that the genesis of our present molluscan fauna is to be sought. It is a noteworthy fact that many of our existing spécies are met with for the first time in these beds, and are not known "to have existed on the continent until a much Jater date. This may result from the imperfection of the geological record, or it may indi- cate that these forms have been derived from a region to the north- ward.” Of 38 species discussed, 6 are extinct. 6 species, Corbicula fluminalis, Helix lactea, Hygromia rubiginosa, H. incarnata, Helr- codonta lens, and Hulota fruticum are now extinct in England, though living on the continent; C. fluminalis and Eulota fruticum having existed to the Post-Pliocene. It is interesting to find that Hudota extended in the Pliocene so far to the westward. Helix luctea and Helicodonta lens, each represented by very scanty but apparently authentic material, are now restricted to the circum- Mediterranean fauna. One new species, Puludestrina Reever, is described from the Norwich Crag. It is allied to the Upper Oligocene and Lower Mio- cene P. obtusa (Sandb.) of Germany.
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Vou- XL Pratt I.
DR. WILLIAM D. HARTMAN.
THE NAUTILUS.
VoL. XITI. OCTOBER, 1899. No. 6.
WM. D. HARTMAN, M. D.
Dr. William Dell Hartman, whose dealh occurred on August 16th, at West Chester, Pennsylvania, was born in East Pikeland township, Chester county, Pa., December 24, 1817. He was the eldest son of General George Hartman. ‘The founder of the Hartman family in Chester county was his great-great-grandfather, John Hartman, a native of Schwerin, Hesse Cassel, Germany, who came to Philadel- phia in 1753.
After receiving an education in the schools of the neighborhood, William Hartman attended the famous school of Jonathan Gause and the academy of Jonathan Strode. He studied medicine with Dr. Wilmer Worthington and about that time became profoundly inter- ested in the study of botany. Dr. William Darlington, in his ‘‘ Flora Cestrica,”’
29 .
mentioned him as ‘‘a zealous and promising young botan- ist He attended the University of Pennsylvania and graduated from the Medical Department in 1839, at the age of twenty-one years. After graduation he returned to West Chester and engaged in the practice of his profession. His practice soon became very extensive and was maintained until the infirmities of advanced years compelled him to relinquish it. Even then many patients visited him at his office. , :
Dr. Hartman devoted all the time that could be spared from his medical practice to the study of natural ‘science. Besides botany, he studied entomology, mineralogy and conchology, and became an
62 THE NAUTILUS.
authority in each of these branches, especially as they related to Chester county. The latter science, however, finally engrossed Hart- man’s attention; and it is by his work on mollusca that he became most widely known. For over forty years he corresponded upon conchological topics with the leading authorities in the science in this country and abroad. Among his correspondents and co-laborers were Isaac Lea, LL. D., of Philadelphia ; Charles Wheatley, of Phoenix- ville; George W. Tryon, Jr., J.G. Anthony, Dr. J. C. Cox, Andrew Garrett, W. H. Pease, E. L. Layard and many others.
Through Mr. Garrett he obtained what is perhaps one of the finest collections of Polynesian land shells in the world, especially of the genus Partula, of which he described 25 species. The critical study of the genus Partula particularly engaged his attention during several years; and his careful work and extensive writings on the group, have given him high rank asan authority thereon. His beautiful col- lection of Achatinellide was purchased by the Bremen Museum some time before his death. The last conchological work that Dr. Hart- man undertook was a revision of the Helicintide. He gathered much interesting material, but failing health prevented the carrying out of his intentions. His collection of marine shells is rich in Polynesian species and contains many varieties.
One of the best known publications from the pen of Dr. Hartman
99
was ‘* Conchologia Cestrica,”’ treating of the mollusca of Chester county, Pa. In its preparation he was associated with the late Dr. Ezra Michener, of New Garden township, but Dr. Hartman did the larger part of the work. It is illustrated with 207 wood-cut figures of shells described in the work. This book, published in 1874, was formerly used as a text-book in many schools in Chester and Dela- ware counties.
He was also the author of the following papers:
Opercula of the family Strepomatide. Amer. Jour. Conch. vi, 316, 1871.
Description of a Partula supposed to be New, from the Island of Moorea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 229, 1880.
A catalogue of the genus Partula Fer. (privately printed in West Chester), 1881.
Observations on the species of the genus Partula Fer., with a Bibliographical Catalogue of all the species. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl. ix, No. 5, pp. 171-190, 1882.
7 ee . pees amelie ce el ee
THE NAUTILUS. 63
Observations on the duplicates of the Genus Partula Fer. contained in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Mass., formerly belonging to the collection of the late Wm. H. Pease, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl. ix, pp. 91-96, 1882.
Descriptions of new species of Partula and a synonymic catalogue of the genus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 208-228, 1885.
New species of Partula from the New Hebrides and Solomon Is- lands. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 30-35, pl. 11, 1886.
A bibliographic and synonymic catalogue of the genus Auriculella, Pfeiffer. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 14, 1888.
A bibliographic and synonymic catalogue of the genus Achatinella. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 16-56, 1888.
New species of shells from the New Hebrides and Sandwich Isl- ands. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 250, pl. xiii, 1888.
New species of shells from New Hebrides. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 91-94, pl. v, 1888.
Descriptions of new species of shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 284— 288, pl. iii, 1890.
Catalogue of the genus Partula. Ture NavrTitvus, vi, 73 and 97, 1892.
Melania yokohamensis, new species. THe NavuTiLus, xi, 41, 1897.
Dr. Hartman was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1853, and the same year he was elected a corresponding member of the Lyceum of Natural His- tory of New York city. He was a member of the West Chester His- torical Society and one of its organizers ; also a member of the West Chester Philosophical Society, the Geological Club of Chester County, and an honorary member of the Chester County Medical Society. He was a member of the Episcopal Church.
In 1883 Dr. Hartman went abroad, visiting the British Museum, Jardin des Plantes and other museums.
Personally Dr. Hartman was of a most kindly disposition and social so far as his busy life would allow. His kindness professionally and to his. scientific friends and co-workers was unlimited. He was ever ready to assist young men in their studies in the various branches of science, and many owe their first impulse to his encouragement and kindly assistance.
Dr. Hartman married Mary Jane Kabel, a daughter of John Kabel, of Jefferson county, West Virginia, on December 3, 1841. Mrs. Hartman survives her husband, as do also five children.
64 THE NAUTILUS.
MOLLUSKS COLLECTED BY R. C. McGREGOR IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Mr. R. C. McGregor being eugaged during the summer of 1898 in Fish Commission work which took him over a considerable area in northern California, interested himself in the collection of mol- lusks, which he sent me for study.
The region is one which has been very superficially examined hitherto, and it is not surprising that a number of very interesting species were found. But few land shells were taken, among them the extremely rare Polygyra ropert, and a peculiar Cireinaria. Pyramidula striatella occurred in many localities, the specimens be- ing referable, probably, to the ill-defined variety cronkhitet.
Among the fresh-water pulmonates, the re-discovery of Ancylus patelloides Lea, a species falling into Clessin’s genus Lanz, and A. altus Tryon, also a Lanx, are the most important finds. These species will be fully treated elsewhere, with illustrations of the anatomy.
_ The series of Gondobases collected induced me to attempt a revision of the West American species, the results of which are included below.
Tie list of species is as follows:
Epiphragmophora mormonum (Pfr.), Redding, Shasta Co.
Polygyra loricata (Gld.). Battle Creek, s. boundary Shasta Co.
Polygyra ropert (Pils.). Redding, Shasta Co. One adult specimen.
Vallonia pulchella (Mull.). Redding, Shasta Co.
Circinaria sp. undet. Redding. I cannot refer the single fresh adult shell collected to any of the described forms.
Pyramidula striatella (Anth.). Goose Lake, Modoe Co.; Duck Lake, 20 miles west of Susanville, and Eagle Lake, Lassen Co.; Bartle’s, Siskiyou Co., on McCloud River.
Vitrea hammonis (Strom). Bartle’s and Duck Lake.
Vitrina pfeifferi Newe. Bartle’s and Duck Lake.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Goose Lake, Modoc Co.
Succinea nuttalliana (Lea). Goose Lake, Modoc Co.
Succinea stretchiana (Bld.). Duck Lake and Bartle’s.
Limnea stagnalis (L.). Upper waters of Willow Creek, trib. to Susan R., Lassen Co.
Limnea proxima (Lea). South Fork Pitt R., Modoe Co.
THE NAUTILUS. 65
Limnea desidiosa (Say). Redding (reported as L. adeline on p. 60 of vol. xii.).
Limnea humilis (Say). Duck Lake, Lassen Co,
Pompholyx effusa (Lea). Shasta Co. in the Sacramento R. at Red- ding, in Battle Creek, and Pitt R. below the falls; Grasshopper Lake, Lassen Co.; also Klamath River at Klamathton, Siskiyou Co.
Carinifex newberryt (Lea). Eagle Lake; Head of Fall River, southeastern Siskiyou Co.
Planorbis trivolvis horniit Tryon. Upper waters of Willow Creek, Lassen Co.
Planorbis parvus Say. Duck Lake, Lasson Co., and a small sink- ing creek on Van Loan’s ranch, 20 miles S. of Alturas; also Red- ding, Shasta Co.
Ancylus oregonensis Clessin. Redding.
Lanz patelloides (ea). Shasta Co., at Redding, Battle Creek, and Pitt R. below falls. At the latter two localities a spotless form or variety occurs, associated with spotted specimens.
Lanx altus (Tryon). Klamath River at Klamathton, Siskiyou Co. This is probably only a variety of Lea’s Ancylus newberryi, but it is rounder and higher, and the young are more conic and not ele- vated at the ends as in L. newberryt.
Physa triticea Lea. Battle Creek, S. border of Shasta Co.; S. Fork Pitt R. at South Fork P. O., Modoc Co.; West Fork Feather R., -Morgan Spr., Plumas Co.; Duck Lake and Willow Creek, Lassen Co.; Dunsmuir, Siskiyou Co. A common species in northern Cali- fornia, originally described from young specimens.
Goniobasis plicifera (Lea). Klamath River at Klamathton, Sis- kiyou: Co. A form heavily striate throughout, but folded on the earlier whorls only.
Goniobasis nigrina (Lea). Battle Creek, southern boundary of Shasta Co., 10 miles above its mouth; West Fork Feather River, Plumas Co.; small spring at Eagle Lake, Lassen Co.; headwaters of Fall R., southeastern Siskiyou Co.
Goniobasis occata (Hinds.). Battle Creek, southern boundary of Shasta Co. The upper keels are generally nodose, as in G’. acutifilosa, which is evidently a form derived from occata.
Goniobasis acutifilosa (Stearns). Small creek at Eagle Lake. Sculpture less strong than in the typical form.
Goniobasis acutifilosa siskiyouensis n. v. Excessively variable in
66 THE NAUTILUS.
sculpture, spiral carine wholly absent on the last whorl or two, or reduced to two or three low angles ; or when developed, more numer- ous and less prominent than in the type form. Contour about as in acutifilosa. Based upon a series of 94 shells from the headwaters of Fall River, S.-E. Siskiyou Co. There is also a series of the same form in the collection labelled ‘‘G. etrcumlineata Tryon, California.”
The Goniobases of the West Coast are fully as variable as those of the East ; and far too many species have been made. The following synopsis is believed to be in accordance with the facts.
a. Earlier (or all) whorls longitudinally costate. plicifera.
a’. Earlier (or all) whorls spirally keeled.
6. Last whorl with many spiral keels. occata. 6’. Last whorl with few spiral keels. acutifilosa. b’. Last whorl rounded, not sculptured. rubiginosa.
a. Earlier whorls convex, without spiral or longitudinal sculpture. bulbosa, nigrina, circumlineata.
G. plicifera Lea includes the following synonyms or slight local races: stlicula Gld., 1847, shastaensis Lea, 1856, rudens Reeve, 1860, bairdiana Lea 1862. Its range extends from the southern end of Puget Sound, Washington, to Pitt and Feather Rivers, California.
G. bulbosa Gld., 1847, described from the Columbia River, and before me from the Owyhee River, includes newberry: Lea, 1860, from the upper: Des Chutes River, both streams being tributary to the Columbia. |
It is doubtful whether G. nigrina Lea, 1856, should be included in bulbosa, but it seems to me very likely. G. ntgrina includes’ draytonit Lea, 1862, and Melania californica Clessin, Malak. Blatter (n. F.) v, p. 189, pl. 4, f. 9, 9 (1882), as synonyms, and G. evreum- lineata Tryon is probably only a variety, distinguished by larger size and more or less malleated whorls, which show spiral flat faces like some forms of Limnea palustris, or sparse low spiral carine. G, nigrina, in its several forms, is distributed over northern California from Sonoma and Napa counties notth to Humboldt, and east to Lassen and Plumas counties. It is characteristic of the Sacramento, as bulbosa is of the Columbia, drainage.
The fossil G. tayloriana Gabb has the sculpture of occata and acutifilosa, and is probably an ancestral form of these species.
Fluminicola seminalis (Hinds). Small creek at Eagle Lake; head of Fall River, Southeastern Siskiyou Co.; S. Fork Pitt R., Modoe Co.
THE NAUTILUS. 67
Valvata virens Tryon. Willow Creek, tributary to Susan River, Lassen Co.
Anodonta californiensis Lea. Upper waters of Willow Creek.
Margaritana margaritifera (L.). Sacramento R. at Redding.
Pisidium ultramontanum Prime. Duck Lake, Lassen Co.; W. Fork Feather R. at Morgan Spr., Plumas Co. Another species of Pisidium occurred in Modoc and Siskiyou counties.
A NEW PLIOCENE POLYGYRA FROM FLORIDA. BY CHAS. W. JOHNSON.
Polygyra caloosaensis, ). Sp. Whiorls six, slightly depressed, crossed on the body whorl above by about 65 coarse, oblique, subarcuate costae, that end rather ab-
ruptly at the periphery; toward
Pratl TMS the apex they become gradually MEK smaller or obsolete, apical whorl th i, (/ f { ( SS
smooth; below the periphery the costze, become obsolete and the surface has an indented or malleated appearance. Umbili- cus wide, one entire whorl (be- side the body whorl) being visible below. Aperture sublunate, nar- rowed above, lip broad, unevenly reflected, slightly thickened on the base, giving the appearance of an obsolete tooth, callus con- tinuous over the parietal wall and bearing a prominent oblique : process, that is subtruncate 4 above, but extends narrowly toward the base. Alt. 6 mm., . greatest diam. 1] mm. ‘ _ Two specimens, (one immature) from the material collected by the ; late Dr. H. G. Griffith from the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie River, Florida.
68 THE NAUTILUS.
Type No. 9316 Collection of the Wagner Free Institute of Science. This species belongs to the typical cereolus section, but has the size and form of P. uvulifera. Dr. Dall records P. cereolus microdonta from the Caloosahatchie beds (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. iii, pt. 1,
p. 19), but this species cannot be confounded with that. a
VIVIPAROUS MIOCENE TURRITELLIDE. BY FRANK BURNS,
I have lately made one of the most interesting discoveries that I have met with in all my work in the Southern Tertiary, and send you below the facts for publication.
I lately went to Plum Point, a classical spot in Maryland, to try to get a fair representation of the fauna there, as the beds and shells are so friable that it has been heretofore almost impossible to do so. I have a large amount of marl and many hundreds of the larger bi- valves, collected to get the small things enclosed in the matrix be- tween the valves, also in such gastropods as I could get out without breaking. In looking over some sand I came across a small frag- ment of Zurritella cumberlandia Con., 21 mm. long and 11 mm. wide, and out of this I obtained over two hundred embryonic shells that were enclosed in the mother shell. Of all the great number of thousands of such shells that I have heretofore collected, I never saw anything like this, nor have I read of it.
These embryonic shells were never born, so to speak. Their mother died with them enclosed, and, as the animal decayed, the front of the aperture was closed with fine silt, leaving the embryonic shells intact, where they have remained for an immense period of time, as this is the lowest fossiliferous bed in the Miocene. These embryonic shells are about one millimetre in length and about.as wide. I have heretofore collected very young Turritellide from fine sand where they had died, but never before saw one in the parent fossil. A fine point for investigation is whether the recent Turri- tellide are oviparous or viviparous. The literature that I have access to is a little hazy on the subject.
Since writing the above I have found another specimen in the same condition, but of a different species, Zurritella indenta Con.; both from the same bed at Plum Point.
THE NAUTILUS. 69
The last specimen was bored by a mollusk and, of course, died before spawning. As soon as I removed a small portion of sand the little fellows came pouring out by the hundred, so that I have du- plicated the most interesting find of my life.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
Unio unicostatus, sp. nov.
Shell thin, obovate, somewhat inflated, inequilateral. Smooth, with distant and inconspicuous growth lines; epidermis olivaceous with numerous, well separated, indistinct, broad green rays through- out the entire disk, but which are usually most distinct on the pos- terior half: dorsal margin short and straight, anterior margin very short and abruptly rounded, base sub-emarginate, posterior margin rounded and usually (in the male) biangulated; umbos prominent, beaks eroded, umbonal angle obsolete; posterior area with a single little rib extending from beak to the superior posterior margin; beak cavities well defined; dorsal cicatrices deep and close up under the beaks, anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior ones confluent and all smooth; lateral teeth slender, straight and prominent; cardinals lamellate, oblique and prominent; nacre pale flesh color, pink or red. Width 12, length 1, diameter 2 inches.
Habitat: Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks: Affinity, U. lenosus. A large lot of these shells has been in hand for two years—and some have been distributed to con- tributors to the collecting fund under the name of U. nigrinus Lea, and JU. lienosus Con. var. Its outline is much more obovate than either species and it is smaller and thinner than the latter. The female shells of unicostatus show a still further departure from both of the above-named species in developing a far greater degree of ex- pansion on the base. The little rib on the posterior area is also a distinguishing feature, though it is sometimes nearly obsolete. Its epidermis is never black like that of U. nigrinus.
70 THE NAUTILUS.
GENERAL NOTES.
LAND SHELLS OF Berks Co., PENNSYLVANIA.—During August of the present year I spent some days in Amity township, Berks Co., Pa. Only a few hours were given to collecting, the following species being obtained:
Polygyra albolabris (Say), P. tridentata (Say), P. hirsuta (Say).
Vallonia pulchella (Miuill).
Bifidaria armifera (Say).
Pyramidula striatclla catskillensis (Pils.).
Flelicodiscus lineatus (Say).
Zonitoides arboreus (Say).
Gastrodonta suppressa (Say).
Vitrea rhoadsi Pils., V. indentata (Say).
Agriolimax campestris (Binn.).
This extends the range of Pyramidula striatella catskillensis, not hitherto found in Pennsylvania, and adds another locality for Vitrea
rhoadsi. The other species are of course common and widely dis- tributed.—H. A. Pilsbry.
PHYSA CUBENSIS IN Froripa.—The small, slender, glossy Physa of peninsular Florida often goes under the name P. pomilia Conr., in collections. Recognizing that this was incorrect, I gave the MS. name “P. heterostropha peninsule”’ to the specimens col- lected at Miami by Mr. S. N. Rhoads (this journal, p. 48). On comparing with Antillean forms I find that the species is Physa cubensis Pfr., described from western Cuba.—H. A. Pilsbry.
SHELLS COLLECTED aT OAKDALE, Morcan Co., Tenn.—Dur- ing a few hours stay, the following species were collected on the bluffs along the Emory River.
Polygyra stenotrema Fér.
Polygyra exoleta Binn. 2 dead and poor.
Polygyra wetherbyt Bld. 4 alive and poor.
Polygyra tridentata Say Var. 4 alive, one dead.
Polygyra appressa sculptior Chad. Saw many dead ones.
Polygyra appressa perigrapta Pils. 1 alive—saw a few dead.
Omphalina laevigata Pfr. 1 young alive—several dead.
Gastrodonta interna Say.
Am sending you one of the tridentata. You will note the teeth are
Rree
THE NAUTILUS. 71
like var. complanata but the sculpture is like tridentata. My largest shell, the dead one, is 204 mm. diam. I thought at first they were complanata but on comparing with typical shells from Burnside, Ky., collected by Sargent, I saw the difference.—Geo. //. Clapp.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
Notes ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE ARABIAN SEA, PERSIAN GuLF, AND GuLF or Oman, mostly dredged by Mr. B, W. Townsend, with descriptions of twenty-seven species by Jas. Cosmo Melvill. Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. ser. 7, Vol. iv. pp. 81-01 pls. i, ii, Aug. 1899.
ReporT ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OBTAINED DURING THE First ExprpiTion oF Pror. A. C. Happon To THE TorRREsS STRAITS in 1888-89. By Jas. Cosmo Melvill, and Robt. Standen. Linn. Soc. Journ. Zodl, Vol. xxvii, pp. 150-206, pls. 10, 11, 1899.
Review of the work done in that region with a list of the collect- ing stations of Prof. Haddon is followed by a catalogue of the species. 449 species are recorded, including 24 that are new. One new genus of Neritide, Magadis, and a new subgenus of Pholadomya Sowb., Parilimya, are described. The paper closes with some very interest- ing remarks on the few recent species of Pholadomya.—C. W. J.
West AmerIcAN Eviimip#, By Edw. G. Vanatta. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1899, pp. 254-257, pl. xi. Three new species are described and Hulima compacta Cpr., H. micans “ Cpr.” Reeve, and Z. rutilis Cpr. are redescribed and figured.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Vol. III, no. 5, July, 1899. Lieut-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen deliv-
livered the Presidential Address on February 10 on the subject of
Indian malacology, a field which he has made peculiarly his own. The address begins with an interesting sketch of the workers on In- dian mollusks, and continues with a review of the progress and _ pre- sent state of our knowledge of the most prominent and characteristic forms of the mollusk life of India. Particularly interesting are the paragraphs upon Camptoceras and the Zonitide. The development of the latter group in India is enormous in number of genera and species, and remarkable in the series of forms leading to slug-like genera such as Girasia. And as it is to Godwin-Austen himself that
2 THE NAUPEEUS.
we owe a knowledge of the anatomy of these forms, his ideas of the succession and relationships of the genera will naturally carry great weight. Godwin-Austen is emphatic in opinion that the slug-like genera trace their ancestry to forms with well-developed shells, Macrochlamys standing in an ancestral relation to Austenta and Girasia. This goes to confirm the doctrine that naked forms are never primitive pulmonates. The address will well repay careful reading by those interested in land ‘snails.
Messrs Wm. Moss and W. M. Webb give the results of the dis- section of Zrachycystis, Dorcasia and Lsomeria. In Dorcasia globulus the genital system was found to be simple, as in Polygyra, but the vas deferens is bound to the penis distally. Jsomeria subcastanea is the first species of its subgenus to be dissected, and the anatomy proves it to have been rightly located in the genus Plurodonte. It has aspecial feature in having the penis retractor muscle inserted on the epiphallus, as in the allied Oriental forms. ‘* The male organs in particular ré- semble those of Chlorites portert more nearly than they do Pleuro- donte.”’
In his notes on the non-marine molluscan fauna of the Hawaiian Is., Mr. Ancey gives descriptions, notes and figures of numerous little-known and new forms; a new genus, 7haanumia, is proposed. In a succeeding paper, Mr. Sykes figures numerous hitherto unfigured Hawaiian land shells described by Ancey and Gulick. This is a most valuable and welcome contribution.
A new Dinoplax, D. fossus, is described by Mr. E. R. Sykes. Like the type of the genus, it is from South Africa.
Mr. Smith describes a large snail from Perak as Hemiplecta flower.
Mrs. Agnes Kenyon gives the history of the seven specimens of Voluta Roadnighte at present known, all being from various localities on the coast of Victoria. ‘The largest measures 8 inches in length.
The number closes with an article by Mr. H. Suter, describing six new forms of New Zealand land shells. The soft anatomy of several is figured, andin Ylammulina (Pyrrha) virescens a peculiar flat ap- pendiculum, inserted opposite the entrance of the spermatheca, was found. This is a new structure for the Hndodontide, and the ex- amination of allied species will be looked for with interest.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vou. XIII. NOVEMBER, 1899. | No.
~I .
DONAX STULTORUM, MAWE—CONRAD’S SPECIES, CYTHEREA CRASSATELLOIDES,
BY ROBT. E. Ca STEARNS.
On delving into the literature and resurrecting the little known work of some good old forgotten author, in pursuance of the law of priority, we have to rehabilitate an overlooked name at the expense of a better and more appropriate one, that has been in use for nearly two-thirds of a century. Of course this results in some confusion, and the revision of labels, catalogues, etc., which is no trifling affair. An instance of this kind is seen in the case of the well-known Cytherea (Tivela) crassatelloides of Conrad (1837), of Californian waters, which now, though the specific name is highly appropriate, is found to conflict with that of stultorum of Mawe, who figured it in 1823, from a young example, assigning it to the genus Donar. The late Dr. Philip Carpenter, who was inclined to be conservative in eases of this kind, while mentioning Mawe’s species in the British Association Report, 1863, p. 524, and in the tabulated list of the shells of the Vancouver and Californian province, same volume (p. 640), adheres to Conrad’s name and says, “jun. = stultorum Gray.” With over a hundred juniors before me, measuring from three- fourths to an ‘inch and a half (19 to 37 mm.) in length, it seems strange that this form, even in its adolescent stages, should have been regarded as a Donaxr. On page 526, of his report as above, Carpenter says ‘‘[the young of this Pachydesma is ‘ Trigona stult-
74 THE NAUTILUS.
orum Gray,’ Desh., MS., in British Museum.]’’ The earlier syn- onymy may be arranged thus:!
1823. Donax stultorum Mawe. The Linn. Syst. Conch., pp. 37, 40, pl. 9, f. 7 (no description; locality ‘‘ Indian Seas’’).
1828. Donax stultorum Mawe, Gray. Index Testaceologicus, Suppl., pl. 2, Donax, f. 2. Also Hanley’s edit., 1856 (no deserip- tion).
1837. Cytherea (Trigonella) crassatelloides Conrad. Journ. Acad. - Nat. Sei, Phila.,.vii. pt. 2; p. 258, jipeeix tio. are
1838. Trigona stultorum Gray. The Analyst, viii, p. 8304 (no de- scription; refers to ‘* Venus stultorum Gray, Wood, Suppl., t. 2, f. 2.” This is a false reference for Donax stultorum, loc. cit.).
1843. Cytherea crassatelloides Con., Hanley. Descript. Catal. Rec. Biv. Shells, p. 106.
1843. Oytherea stultorum Gray, Hanley. Descript. Catal. Rec. Biv. Shells, p. 106. (First description of stultorum.)
1844. Oytherea (Trigonella) crassatelloides Con., Hinds. Zool. Voy..H. M.<S)** Sulphur,” Moll. s.greeapepl. 21) ie
1849. Trigonella crassatelloides Conrad, Journ. A. N. S., Phila., Alera r led.
18— (?). Cytherea crassatelloides Con., Sowerby. Thes. Conch., li, p. 612, pl. 127, f. 1-3. (C. stultorum placed in synonymy as the young. )
1853. Trigona crassatelloides Con., Desh., Catal. Conchif. Coll. B. M., pt. 1, p. 46.
1853. Trigona stultorum Gray, Deshayes. Catal. Conchif. Coll. BoM. pti. 26:
1864. Cytherea crassatelloides Con., Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol. Kv) pl. Ito.
1898. Cytherea (Tivela) crassatelloides Conrad. Stearns in Proce. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. xxi, pp. 371-378, plates xxiii-xxv.
Conrad never actually used the combination ‘“ Pachydesma cras- satelloides,”’ though it is implied in his brief note of 1854.
This species exhibits many varietal aspects, as is shown in the paper last referred to.
The generic synonymy is as follows:
Trigonella Conrad, 1837. Journ. A. N. 8., Phila., vii, pe aaa
1 Dr. Pilsbry has kindly assisted me in compiling the literary history of this species,
THE NAUTILUS. 76 253 (proposed as a subgenus of Cytherea; type and sole species Cytherea crassatelloides Cour. ).
Trigonella Conrad, 1849. Journ, A. N.%., Phila., I, 213 (diag- nosis of genus). ,
Pachydesma Conrad, 1854. Proc. Acad. N.%., Phila., vii, p. 31 (‘note on the genus 7>rigonella Con. This name being superseded, I propose to substitute that of Pachydesma’’).
Prior to 1848 no description of Donax stultorum was published— not a line except the name and the locality, “ Indian Seas.” The specimen figured by Mawe is young, and apparently the color-var. triserialis.
The first description was by Hanley in 1843. Gray.merely refers to the plate in Index ‘Testac. Suppl., not even to Mawe’s earlier publication.
Query: Should Mawe’s fi
without description and with a false locality and erroneous generic
gure, which is quite recognizable, but reference, displace Conrad’s name, which was from a known locality, was well defined, and was accompanied by a good figure of the typi- eal many-rayed shell ?
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
Unio singularis, sp. nov.
Shell uniformly and mo.erately solid, wide, rather inflated and very inequilateral. Surface sulcate, with distant growth lines; epidermis dark olive, rayless, finely wrinkled, and towards the base becoming fuscous; dorsal margin slightly arched, anterior margin abruptly rounded, base straight or subemarginate, posterior margin bluntly rounded or biangulated; beaks not prominent, and sur- rounded by five or six sharp concentric ridges which gradually merge into the sulcations on the umbos; umbonal ridge bluntly rounded ; lateral teeth erect, solid, straight, widely separated from the cardinals and, in the left valve, from each other, single in the right and double (?) in the left valve, the superior division possessing scarcely prominence enough to warrant calling it a tooth; cardinal teeth solid, double in the left and single in the right valves ; the single one being deeply serrated on its summit; beak cavities very slight ;
76 THE NAUTILUS.
anterior cicatrices smooth, well-impressed and distant; posterior cicatrices slightly impressed, smooth and confluent ; nacre pale blue, white or coppery. Width, 23; length, 13; diameter, 7% inches.
Habitat: Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga.
Type lot in National Museum.
Remarks: Affinity, Unio scamnatus Morel. The roughness of the surface of this singular shell is the one feature that at once arrests attention. We know of no other U.S. species of this class (as to outline) that possesses such a surface. It is not, however, so con- spicuously furrowed as its affinity.
AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE THE NATURAL GROUPS OF STROMBS.
BY GEO. HALCOTT CHADWICK.
Having recently had the privilege of studying a fine series of the living species of Strombus, Pterocera and Terebellum, the opportunity seemed favorable for a critical examination of the entire group. As IT am not aware that any similar attempt has been made to revise the Strombi, the results obtained are respectfully submitted to the scien- tific world. Lacking anatomical data, I have freely used neglected and sometimes indefinable features of the shells as guides to their inter-relationships. Forced to recognize some new groups, I have left the secondary matter of names to those more skilled in nomen- clature, but have indicated the probable application of the titles already in use, as to the types of which scarcely any two authors, save Tryon and Fischer, agree.
Of the species and varieties of Strombus recognized in Tryon’s monograph,.I have seen all but S. tnteger, taurus, listert, dilatatus, labiosus, deformis, septimus, minimus, sibbaldi, erythrinus (true), pul- chellus, hellit, scalariformis and bulbulus, although S. goliath, fustfor- mis and terebellatus were not now before me. All ten of the Ptero- cerz were at hand.
The grouping of the species which seems to me most in accordance with their natural relations, as indicated by shell features and geo-
graphical distribution, is as follows:
Group A (Monodactylus). Canal lengthened, bent abruptly dorsally; lip with margin straight- ened, incurled, truncated at both ends, bearing a posterior digitation
THE NAUTILUS. 77
originating above the shoulder angle; body regularly sculptured with spiral striw and rows of nodules ; spire elegant, high, without varices; suture suddenly, vertically ascending at aperture ; columellar callus thinning rapidly, or with an impressed area, posteriorly; no conspic- uous periostracum.
S. auris-diane, melanostomus, aratrum, australis.
Distribution: Mauritius to Japan and Polynesia.
The American forms and ¢tricornis, included by Tryon, differ con- siderably (note the italicized passages above) from this very natural little Indo-Pacific group, and are grouped elsewhere.
Group B (nov.).
Canal bent back, the columellar callus terminating below in a prom- ment knob, giving a bilobed appearance ; lip with the antesinual lobe directed forward, the outer margin inrolled and thickened, descending from the suture and lobed in the posterior sinus; body with spiral rows of squarish nodules ; spire moderate.
S. papilio, lentiginosus.
Distr.: Zanzibar to Polynesia.
The wide difference between these two species and the smooth ones allied to daciniatus is readily seen from the above definition, while many points of resemblance with Group A will be detected, suggest- ing community of origin.
Sub-group B 2.
Callus prominent below, hardly knobbed ; lip edge sharp, ‘‘hooded”’ posteriorly, but not lobed; spire Adgh, nodular.
S. granulatus.
Panama and Galapagos.
This species, which differs utterly from all other American forms, agrees too closely in many respects with the dentiginosus group, and seems to form a geographically isolated section. | Group C (Strombus).
Shell large and strong; canal not much lengthened, somewhat curved or s’nwous; lip widely expanded, especially above, where it is sometimes lobed; suture ascending at aperture; body spirally corded ; periostracum thick and coarse, sprrally wave-striolate.
S. gallus, gigas, goliath, costatus, integer, bituberculatus, bubonius, galeatus, peruvianus.
-Distr.; American, South Carolina to Brazil, Mazatlan to Peru; West African.
78 THE NAUTILUS.
I can find no reliable feature by which to separate the American ‘‘monodactyl ” species (the posterior lobe, which is derived from the shoulder-angle and is not homologous with the digitation of the Oriental forms, being incipient in gigas itself), and I have detected the peculiar periostracum in all but gallus. Moreover in the char- acters of spire and body gallus agrees with gigas, bituberculatus with costatus (and has a variety corresponding with ¢nermis), and peruvi- anus with galeatus, and this accords with their geographical range.
Sub-group CO 2.
Canai short, straight ; lip scarcely expanded, with margin faintly incurled, deeply receding at the, suture, and not surmounting the shoulder of the penultimate whorl ; body nearly smooth; periostracum finely, densely, vertically lamellose; inner lip spreading.
S. pugilis, gracilior.
Antillean and West Mexican.
The last clause of the definition is needed to distinguish this small American group from Conomurex luhwanus, which it strangely par- allels. Only a conservative spirit and the occasional presence of wave-striolations on the periostracum induce me to give this group secondary rank under group C.
Group D (Euprotomus).
Canal very short, with the dorsal margin produced beyond the short tip of the straightened columella; lip with the antesinual lobe broad, rolled upward and inward, the outer margin broadly and abruptly inflected ; body with a large node; spire high, whor!s nodulous.
S. laciniatus, latissimus, ponderosus, taurus.
Distr.; Japan to Fiji Is.
iS. tricornis. Red Sea.
The last species is aberrant in its single posterior lobe and obso- lescent inflection of the lip margin, but the resemblance to perurtanus- is evidently deceptive. S. tawrus strikingly emphasizes the close al- liance of this group to
Group E (Pterocera).
This group need not be redefined. It has the peculiar form of -antesinual lobe of the preceding group, and differs mainly in the elongated canals and numerous lip-claws.
(To be continued.)
THE NAUTILUS. (
NOTE ON SOME NEW MEXICAN SHELLS.
BY H. Av PEILSBRY.
Professor T. D. A. Cockerell recently sent a small box of fluvia- tile debris containing shells, obtained during the past summer by Professor J. D. Tinsley at South Spring Creek, near Roswell, N. M. The list of species follows:
Polygyra texasiana ( Moric.) Planorbis exacutus Say. Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Ancylus rivularis Say. Zonitoides minusculus ( Binn.). Physa virgata Gld. Carychium exiguum (Say). Paludestrina seemanni (¥ fld.). Limnea humilis Say. Amnicola sp.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Pisidium compressum Prime.
There was a single dead specimen of the Amnicola, which is prob- ably a new species somewhat like A. micrococcus, but more conic. With the shells were numerous minute bivalve crustaceans of the Oypris type, and some of the Valvata-like larva-cases of Helicupsyche, composed of much coarser materials than are chosen by our eastern HH. arenifera.
AMONG THE UNIOS OF THE SABINE RIVER. BY L. S. FRIERSON.
The Sabine River forms part of the boundary between Texas and Louisiana. The Houston, East & West Texas Railroad crosses the river at Logansport, a thriving village of about one-half mile in diam- eter. This town derives its support from an immense saw-mill, one of the largest in the world. It is worthy of a trip to see the huge logs pulled about, and in a few minutes turned into finished lumber, loaded into cars and ready to go unto the uttermost parts of the world.
But it was not lumber for which I took my trip to the Sabine, but to describe the river and its inhabitants. This river flows through and over immense sand banks. Its walls are fifty feet high, and mainly of pure sand from top to bottom.
At the time of my visit it was so low that even a flat-bottomed skiff could not be paddled up it, except here and there in pools. As
80 THE NAUTILUS.
soon as we were out of sight of the town we waded into the river. In the clear water the Unios could be seen and picked up, and in a couple of hours we had collected about 1,000 and returned to the town, and shipped our catch home. By this time the August sun was at a heat of about 92°, and we spent the rest of the day trying to keep cool. By the next train we came home, and cleaned up and assorted our booty. ‘They were a rich lot. You lovers of Unio, read the list:
Unio multiplicatus Lea.
Unio trapezoides Lea.
Unio perplicatus Con. with several ‘‘aliases.”’
Unio purpuratus Lam., very numerous and large.
Unio anodontoides Lea., rather scarce, and very poor.
Unio cornutus Barnes. Fine.
Unio sphaericus Lea.
Unio refulgens Lea.
Unio hydianus Lea.
Unio castaneus Lea.
Unio gracilis Bar., very abundant.
Unio nigerrimus Lea. A very distinct species, and most certainly not subrostratus Say, as has been claimed.
Unio cerinus Conrad, scarce.
Unio askewii Marsh, abundant.
Unio chunii Lea, scarce.
Unio riddellii Lea. This shell is so rare that Mr. Chas. T. Simp- son writes me that these from the Sabine river are the only undoubted specimens he has ever seen (excepting the type).
Unio asper Lea.
Unio elegans Lea.
Unio satur Lea. Another “rara avis.”” (Some uniologists think this shell to be a variant of U. occidens, but, from the study of 105 specimens, I believe it a ‘ good”’ species.)
Unio amphichenus Frierson. This is a remarkable shell, and its
>
novelty has now “stood fire’? without loss.
Anodonta imbecillis Say.
Anodonta edentula Say. (From a tributary of the Sabine river, and by odds the largest specimen [ have ever seen. )
Anodonta virens-stewartiana, etc., ete.
Margaritana confragosa Barnes.
THE NAUTILUS. 81
Besides these, there are a lot of * suspects”? also, which may yield the following species :
Unio cuneus Con,
Unio hebetatus Con.
Unio
Finally, our box yielded two large univalves, which Mr. Marsh
New species ; has pink nacre.
pronounces to be Campeloma geniculum Conrad.
ABALONE FISHERY IN CALIFORNIA--PROTECTIVE REGULATION.
BY R. E. C. STEARNS.
The continued gathering or ‘ fishing ”’ of Abalones (//aliotis, Ear- thells or Ormers, as they are variously called), along the coast of California, has recently led to restrictive action by some of the county authorities. The supervisors of Monterey, and of other of the sea- board counties, have taken the necessary legal steps to regulate the fishing, which has been carried on continuously from about 1864 to the present time by the Chinese, and of late by the Japanese. The well-known species, Haliot’s rufescens and H. eracherodii, so abund- ant between tidemarks a few years ago, have, owing to the uninter- ‘mittent collecting by the Asiatic fishermen, become comparatively scarce.
An ordinance recently passed by the authorities of Monterey County, makes it unlawful to “fish”? for Abalones except in deep water, and by means of diving apparatus or other deep-sea devices. A license of $60 is also to be charged in the future for “ fishing ”’ for abalones. (This license fee is presumably for the term of a year.) The ordinance is said to be ‘“ the result of a fight’? between the city of Monterey, seeking to stop the gathering and shipping out of the county (or country ?) of Abalone meats and shells, and the Japanese cannery, that has carried on an extensive business at a plant on Car- mel Bay, about six miles south of Monterey. Practically, the ordi- nance is a compromise between local parties; the fishermen being restricted to “ deep water,’ excepting a limited portion of the littoral
82 THE NA@PEUS,
zone, between a line drawn due west from Carmel river and the southern boundary of the county.
Monterey City, with its Del Monte hotel and fine surroundings, Pacific Grove with its many attractive features, the beautiful Car- mel Valley and the old Mission church, make the region hereabout the most popular seaside resort in Central California, and draw great numbers of people from all parts of the state. The rambles along the shore, collecting the beautiful Abalones and other shells, by visitors, who carry them away as souvenirs, has been one of the many attractions, and has had no doubt something to do with the above action on the part of the authorities, to prevent the extermin- ation of one of Nature’s most beautiful forms. Whatever may have been the motive that has led to this restrictive regulation, it is amply justified on the broad ground of public interest, and the example of the Monterey supervisors should be followed by tbe officials in all of the coast counties. R. E.sGeas.
CORRESPONDENCE.
Hono.tutvu, Hawaiian Ips., Sept. 16, 1899.
* * * My trip to Alaska was most interesting and successful. My attention was chiefly given to geology and paleontology, so I had little time for collecting shells, still I did something and added a few points to our knowledge of geographical distribution. The most in- teresting was the discovery at Biorka Island, at the entrance of Sitka sound, that a number of the southern species creep up along the seaward margin of the archipelago much further north than they do among the islands. Thus I found Leptothyra carpentert, Psam- mobia californica, Calliostoma filosum, ete., at Biorka, though they do not occur in Sitka Sound nor, as far as I know, much north of Vancouver Island, in the inner channels. Prof. Ritter, of Cala. State University, did the dredging tlfat was done, but the results in mollusks were less novel than in other directions.
After our return to Portland I came down here Aug. 9th per steamer, making the passage in six days very comfortably. The sea en route was much less supplied than I had expected with pteropods
THE NAUTILUS. 835
and other pelagic life, and there was hardly a trace of plosphores- cence, a great contrast to the northern seas, which fairly reek with life in a myriad forms. We saw Velella and flying fish (once) and a few porpoises, one petrel, and away from land were attended as usual by thé black-footed albatross.
Here I have been revising the catalogue of the shell collection of the Bishop Memorial Museum, a surprisingly well developed and outfitted museum of Polynesian ethnology and natural history. After Mr. Bishop, formerly of Honolulu, a wealthy banker who founded the museum in memory of his wife (who belonged to the royal fam- ily of Hawaii), the existence and flourishing condition of the museum is largely due to Dr. W. T. Brigham, the director, who has been a resident here for many years.
The shell collection is that made by Andrew Garrett, and (apart from the great collections like those of the Nat. Museum at Wash- ington, the Academy at Philadelphia, the British Museum, etc.) is one of the best in Pacific Ocean species that exist. ‘There are 8,000 or 9,000 species and about 22,000 specimens, mostly in excellent condition, neatly mounted on tablets with printed labels. Local col- lecting is poor. The land shells are found in the wet region high up on the mountains and not near the town, where irrigation alone en- ables anything to grow. ‘There is little on the reefs near the town ; I noticed a Zectarius and a Melaraphe. Plecotrema striata Phil. was the only thing at all common. ‘The animal is much like that of Alexia; there is no transverse sulcus to the sole of the foot and the eyes are directly over the middle line of the tentacles at their bases.
There are one or two species of JMelania here, very similar to the Oregonian species as regards the shells, but these are true Melanians with a fringe on the mantle edge. ‘The muzzle is rather long, flat and tapering, the mouth is a vertical slit; the colors gray, dotted with opaque yellow and white. A singular fact appeared on trying to drown some for dissection ; although there were no eggs on the shells, there appeared a lot of young Melanians with about six smooth, glassy nepionic, and one subsequent sculptured, whorls. There seems to be no escape from the deduction that these species are viviparous.. The grown shells are always decollate. I shall try and bring some home. ‘The live Achatinellas and Auriculellas look like other pulmonates (Helicide). * * *
Wm. H. Datt.
84 THE NAUTILUS. GENERAL NOTES.
POLYGYRA TRIODONTOIDES IN New Mexico.—Prof. J. D. Tins ley has just brought me several specimens of P. tridontoides Bland,
which he collected this year on South Spring Creek, near Roswell,
in the Pecos Valley. This adds a species to the fauna of New Mex- ica, and extends its range considerably to the west.—T, D. A. CocKERELL.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
THe Moxuuusca oF Funaruti. By Chas. Hedley. (Memoirs of Australian Museum, IIJ., 1899.)
Several expeditions have recently been made to the Ellice Islands, in which is situated the Funafuti Atoll. In his introductory remarks Mr. Hedley says: ‘* The poverty of the fauna of the atoll, compared with that of any continental area lying under corresponding latitudes, such as Queensland, New Guinea, or the Melanesian Plateau, again asserts itself. Whole groups, the Brachiopoda and the Poly placophora, are missing, giving to the fauna an unsymmetrical aspect. Especi- ally significant is the absence of mollusca with large eggs, such as Nautilus, Melo or Voluta, from this drifted fauna. In many cases the Funafuti shells are smaller than the usual stature of their respective species.”
‘‘Tt comes as a surprise to a naturalist to find the pelagic fauna scarce in this latitude. One Pteropod, one Heteropod, and a frag- ment of Janthina were all of this class that came under my notice. The quiet waters of the lagoon prove a richer field for a collector than the storm-swept ledges of the ocean beach. The sole representative of a fluviatile fauna was a species of Melania, which occurred in some abundance in the native wells.”
Part I. contains the Gasteropoda, Part II., the Pelecypoda and Brachiopoda, followed by a summary of the entire fauna, and later by a supplement.
Four new genera, Obtortio, Contumax, Thetidos and Mecoliotia, 58 new species and four new varieties of Gasteropoda; 6 new Pelecy- poda, one new Scaphopoda, and one new Brachiopoda are described. Upwards of 650 species are recorded from the atoll.
> ei
THE NAUTILUS.
Vou. XITI. DECEMBER, 1899. No. 8,
NOTE ON SIGARETUS OLDROYDII.
BY W. H. DALL.
Nearly two years ago (NauTiLus, December, 1897, p. 86), I de- scribed, from a single specimen obtained in deep water at San Pedro by Mrs. Oldroyd, an interesting shell belonging to the Naticidex. Although of rather naticoid shape, it showed a well-marked fine spiral striation and a flaring umbilicus, recalling S. concavus La- marck, but with a much thinner and more delicate shell and larger umbilicus. Recently Mr. J. S. Arnheim, of San Francisco, dredged in Drake’s Bay, Cal., a larger shell which proves to be the adult form of S. oldroydii. In this the Naticoid form has become more pronounced, the umbilicus smaller and narrower, and a basal zone of paler color than the rest is well marked. The shell continues to be very thin, the soft parts in life cover it almost entirely, though the thin extension of the mantle over the shell contracts greatly when the creature is placed in alcohol. The soft parts and operculum are typically Sigaretoid, but the shell when adult might almost be taken for a Lunatia. The dimensions of the adult are alt. 50, max. diam. 55mm. It is almost exactly intermediate, as far as the shell goes, between Sigaretus, Eunaticina and Lunatia.
86 THE NAUTILUS.
MODIOLA PLICATULA LAMARCK IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY. BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.
The cry is, ‘* Still they come.”” In my short note in the February number of Tae Nauriius, I suggested the probability that Mytilus hamatus Say, would sooner or later be detected in the San Francisco Bay region. ‘Though not as yet reported, its near relative, Modiola plicatula, is there sure enough, and has been for several years.
Through the kindness of Dr. J. P. Smith, of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University, I have received an example nearly two inches long, collected on the eastern shore of the bay by Mr. N. F. Drake, in 1894, at a point ‘3 miles north of Stanford University.”” Iam fur- ther indebted to Dr. Smith for specimens of Urosalpinx cinereus, from the oyster beds near Redwood city; these were eollected by Mr. E. E. Smith in 1898.
Some time ago, Mr. Hemphill sent me several examples of Gemma purpurea Lea.; these were compared by Mr. Dall with specimens in the National Museum; he wrote to me, saying, they ‘‘ were about midway between the typical southern form and the large flat north- ern var. Zottent Stm.’’ The shells were all dead, and might have been brought in mud with the seed oysters, at the time the latter were planted on the Alameda flats.
Los Angeles, Cal., October, 1899.
NOTE ON THE CLAUSILIA OF CELEBES. BY E. R. SYKES.
In their very valuable work’ on the land-shells of this island, Herr P. & F. Sarasin describe (p. 218) two new species of this genus —C. bouthainensis and C. menahasse—and list the forms known hith- erto. Unfortunately, a little note by the present writer,’ in which the species were listed, two new forms described, and the name of C. balantensis proposed for C. celebensis, Bttg. non Smith, appears
1 Wiesbaden, Oct., 1899, 4to. 4J. Malac. vi, pp. 23-4, pl. iv, pars (Aug. on
Pras,
THE NAUTILUS. 87
to have escaped their notice. Judging from their descriptions and figures, C. bouthainensis appears to be a synonym of O. pyrrha Sykes, and ©. minahasse is very close to C. makassarensis; indeed these last two may be identical, but their figures indicate a shell in which the whorls increase at a more even rate. In both cases the plicz palatales seem to be similar in number, size and position.
Further, they place C. celebensis Bttg. (non Smith) as a variety of O. moluccensis, following Dr. Boettger,’ who has also proposed Para- phedusa as a new section for C. subpolita Smith.
If these conclusions be correct, then the Celebes list will stand as below:
C. alternata Moellendorff.
C. celebensis Smith.
C. cumingiana Pfr.
Var. moluccensis Mts. celebensis Bttg. non Smith. balantensis Sykes.
Var. s¢millima Smith.
C. makassarensis Sykes.
C. minahassé Sarasin.
C. pyrrha Sykes.
bouthainensis Sarasin.
C. subpolita Smith.
C. usitata Smith.
I feel some doubt as to whether C. s¢millima be not a good species, distinct from C. cumingiana.
NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF CANANDAIGUA LAKE REGION, N. Y.
BY DR. CHAS. T. MITCHELL.
During the past summer I have collected, mounted and placed in my collection in the Union Free School Building in this village the shells of the following species of mollusca found in the above men- tioned region, which consists of the Lake, its inlet and outlet, and its shores, and glens opening toward the lake; most of the species are plentiful, while a few are rare :
1 Nachrbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1899 (April), pp. 56-9.
88
= SOMDNADT PSP & Ww
poi —
a ley ee) S| ep ey PS Se)
THE NAUTILUS.
- Unio complanatus Sol. Outlet. . Lampsilis luteolus Lam. Lake.
Lampsilis iris Lea. Outlet. Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes. Outlet and Lake.
. Alasmodonta pressa Lea. Outlet, rare.
Alasmodonta marginata. Say. Outlet.
. Anodonta grandis Say. Outlet.
. Anodonta excurvata De Kay. Inlet.
. Anodonta fragilis Lam. Inlet.
. Anodonta implicata Say. Lake.
. Anodonta footiana Lea. Outlet, rare.
. Anodonta salmonia Lea. Outlet.
. Anodonta simpsoniana Lea. Lake, rare.
. Anodonta lewisit Lea. Lake.
. Anodontordes subcylindraceus Lea. Outlet, rare. . Anodontoides ferrussacianus Lea. Outlet, rare. . Spherium striatinum Lam. Lake.
. Spherium rhomboideum Say. Lake.
. Spherium simile Say. Lake.
20.
Polygyra albolabris Say. Glens.
20a, Polygyra albolabris var. dentata Walk. Glens, rare.
21. 22. 23. 24. 20. 26. 21s 28. 29. 30. dl. O2. 38. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38.
Polygyra thyroides Say. Glens. Polygyra sayvi Binn. Glens. Polygyra palliata Say. Glens. Polygyra appressa Say. Glens, rare. Polygyra fallax Say. Glens, rare. Polygyra tridentata Say. Glens. Polygyra monodon Rack. Glens, rare. Polygyra hirsuta Say. Glens, rare. Pyramidula alternata Say. Glens. Omphalina fuliginosa Griff. Glens. Omphalina inornata Say. Glens. Circinaria concava Say. Glens. Succinea obliqua Say. Glens. Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Shores. Vallonia pulchella Mull. Shores. Limnea stagnalis Linn. Lake. Limnea emarginata Say. Lake. Limnea palustris Mull. Lake, rare.
THE NAUTILUS. 89
39. Limnea ampla Migh. Lake.
40. Limnea catascopium Say. Lake. 41. Physa ancillaria Say. Lake.
42. Physa sayti Tapp. Lake.
43. Physa heterostropha Say. Lake.
44. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Lake. 45. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Lake.
46. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Lake. 47. Campeloma integer Say. Lake.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
Unio conjugans, sp. nov.
Shell thick, solid, inflated, inequilateral, quadrate ; dorsal margin arched, posterior margin truncate and subemarginate, basal margin emarginate, anterior margin uniformly rounded; umbos rounded, umbonal ridge prominent, with a marked depression in front; epi- dermis dark chestnut; tuberculate throughout, the tuberculations being without apparent order of arrangement or uniformity of shape, except that they expand downward and each base terminates at a growth-line, and near the base of the shell they become joined into two broken ridges on the anterior half of the shell; cardinal teeth very heavy and deeply serrated, those in the left valve being tripar- tite and those in the right valve double; lateral teeth, which extend to the abrupt posterior dorsal angle, are solid, depressed, curved and comparatively smooth; anterior cicatrices deep, contracted and barely distinct ; posterior cicatrices well impressed and widely sepa- rated; pallial line deeply impressed and the pallial margin much thickened in the anterior portion ; dorsal cicatrices many, small, and arranged in a long oblique row under the cardinal teeth ; beak cavity deep, wide and bluntly terminated; nacre dead white with large umbraceous spots. Width 33, length 23, diam. 2 inches.
Habitat : Hiawassa river, Polk Co., Tenn.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks: Affinity, U. blandianus Lea and U. tuberculatus Barnes. This species fills the gap between these species, and removes the latter from the isolated position it has heretofore held, uniting the
90 THE NAUTILUS.
members of the group into a continuous chain, one end of which is U. cylindricus Say, U. cylindricus Say var. strigillatus Nobis, JU. tuberculatus Barnes, U. conjugans Nobis, U. blandianus Lea, 0. asperrimus Lea, etc., and at the other extreme U. nodiferus Con.
Anteriorily the shell reminds one of tuberculatus, except that it is much more inflated in that region. Posteriorly it resembles blandi- anus Lea — rumphianus Lea. It is wider and more inequilateral, however, than that species.
(70 be Continued.)
PISIDIUM HANDWERKI, N. SP.
BY DR. V. STERKI.
Among a lot of Pisidia from the Lilycash Creek, Joliet, Ill., col- lected and sent for examination by Mr. J. H. Handwerk, in 1898, there were a few specimens of evidently a new species. Yet it needed confirmation by more materials. But all efforts of Mr. Handwerk to secure more examples were in vain until a few weeks ago, when he sent a lot of several thousand specimens from the same creek, containing P. compressum, fallax, cruciatum, punctatum, one of the abditum group, and a few dozen of the Pisidium under consid- eration, which is now confirmed as a n. sp. and named in honor of its discoverer.
Mussel small, rather rounded in outline, rather high, moderately inflated; beaks moderately large, somewhat papilliform; superior margin strongly, inferior moderately curved; posterior rounded or slightly truncated, anterior end rounded or with a slight indication of an angle; surface with dense, almost regular and sharp striae, and with a silky gloss, tops of beaks smooth and shining, slightly flattened; color of epiconch pale to yellowish horn; shell rather
o, nacre colorless or whitish, hinge stout, strongly curved, plate
strong,
moderately broad, lateral teeth stout, rather high, short; cardinal teeth small, fine; the right one angular, with the posterior part somewhat thicker, inserted.in a longitudinal groove on the hinge plate, formed by a sharp, tooth-like prominence along the lower edge of the plate; posterior cardinal tooth of the left valve rather long, longitudinal, nearly straight, its ends sloping ; anterior oblique, quite small, or almost obsolete ; ligament rather small.
THE NAUTILUS. 9]
Long. 2.4, alt. 2.2, diam. 1.7 mill.
Hab.: Lilyeash creek, Joliet, Ill. Probably it has been over- looked in materials from other places, owing to its resemblance to immature specimens of some forms of P. compressum Pr. When once known it will always be recognized. It also resembles some forms of P. pauperculum Sterki in size and shape, but its compara- tively coarse striation will distinguish it at once. Pis. handwerki is not a showy Pisidium, with striking features, but nevertheless a good species.
New Philadelphia, O., Nov., 1899.
ORIGIN OF THE MUTATIONS OF OSTREA.’
The oysters are a proverbially difficult group, owing partly to their adherent situs and partly to the fact that they have not hitherto been studied with regard to the direct influence of the environment on individual specimens. That this is very great I have convinced myself from a prolonged study of a multitude of specimens of O. virginica of which the provenance was known, and of many hundred specimens of our tertiary species, which usually show from the character of the scar of attachment something of the circumstances in which they grew. The conclusions to which I have been led by this study may be regarded as in part provisional, but in the main highly probable, and as furnishing a first contribution to the sort of study which is essential if we would understand the processes of nature through which these animals acquire their most conspicuous external characters. They may be regarded as especially applicable to the Crassostrea group.
Leaving out of account the nepionic characters, the characteristics of the adult shell may be summarized and derived as follows: The most permanent characters of the shell, and the best, if not infallible guide to specific recognition among the puzzling mutations a large series presents, are the form of the hinge-margin, the minute sculp-
1This interesting extract by Dr. Wm. H. Dall is taken from his review of the Tertiary Osireide in the Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of, Science, Vol. III, Part 1V, p. 675, 1898. As the original paper deals chiefly with ter- tiary forms, and is probably not accessible to many interested in recent oysters, we reprint it here.
92 THE NAUTILUS.
ture of the superficial layer of the shell (often denuded in otherwise perfect fossils), and the sculpture of the valve-margins near the hinge and on each side of it. While not invariable in all specimens, these characters, taken together, will usually enable one to refer the indi- vidual to its proper place.
The characteristics due to situs may be partially summarized as follows: When a specimen grows in still water, it tends to assume a more rounded or broader form, like a solitary tree compared with its relatives in a crowded grove. When it grows in a tideway or strong current, the valves become narrow and elongated, usually also quite straight. Specimens which have been removed from one situs to the other will immediately alter their mode of growth, so that these facts may be taken as established. When specimens are crowded together on a reef, the elongated form is necessitated by the struggle for ex- istence, but, instead of the shells being straight, they will be irreg- ular, and more or less compressed laterally. When the reef is dry at low stages of the tide, the lower shell tends to become deeper, probably from the need of retaining more water during the dry period. Such oysters are the so-called ‘‘raccoon oysters,” a name which they get from the visits of that animal at low water to feed upon them. The so-called “raccoon oysters” figured in Dr. C. A. White’s Review of the Ostreide (Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1883, pl. 81-2) are not the reef oysters which first acquired this name, but deep-water specimens which had grown in a place where they were subjected to current action. When an oyster grows in clean water on a pebble or shell, which raises it slightly above the bottom level, the lower valve is usually deep and more or less sharply radially ribbed, acquiring thus a strength which is not needed when the attachment is to a perfectly flat surface which acts as a shield on that side of the shell. Perhaps for the same reason oysters which lie on a muddy bottom with only part of the valves above the surface of the ooze are less commonly ribbed. When the oyster grows to a twig, vertical mangrove root or stem of a gorgonian, it manifests a tendency to spread laterally near the hinge, to turn in such a way as to bring the distal margins of the valves uppermost, and the attached valve is usually rather deep, the cavity often extending under and beyond the hinge margin; while the same species on a flattish sur- face will spread out in oval form with little depth and no cavity un- der the hinge.
THE NAUTILUS. 93
The average life of the ordinary O. virginica when “ planted” for sale is about four or five years. In prehistoric times, when the reefs were undisturbed, the favored individual might attain a much greater age; in which case the lower valve especially took on excessive thickness, and the cavity of the shell often became considerably elongated and somewhat hour-glass-shaped, as in O. contracta Conr., whose characters in typical specimens are distinctly senile, while younger specimens of the same species have the normal form.
In the hinge of the oyster the resilium occupies the central ridge, while the ligament covers the edge of the depressions on each side of that ridge. The form and relative position of the muscular scar of the adductor is, within certain limits, a useful character, but its depression below the general interior surface of the valve or its occa- sional elevation above it, as in Plicatula, is of no systematic value, being merely a corollary of the rate of growth from the various secreting surfaces. The habit of rapid growth, causing a vesicular character of the shell substance, is more pronounced in some species than in others, and in some specimens of a species than in others ; it is rarely the case that this habit (as in O. percrassa Conr.) has attained a constancy entitling it to systematic significance.
AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE THE NATURAL GROUPS OF STROMBUS.
BY GEO. HALCOTT CHADWICK.
(Pterocera continued.) 1. Lip armed with closed spines, a. Within smooth, orange,
(Heptadactylus. ) Pt. aurantia, lambis, bryonia.
Distr.: Red Sea and Mauritius to Japan, Australia and Polynesia. b. Within wrinkled, violet,
(Millipes. ) Pt. scorpio, pseudoscorpio, millipeda, elongata. Distr.: Zanzibar and Mauritius to Japan and New Guinea.
2. Lip deeply cut into numerous open lobes, within finely, deeply, regularly grooved.
94 THE NAUTILUS.
Pt. violacea. Indian O., Zanzibar.
The last species is certainly quite distinct, but the other two minor groups are of slight value, the apertural wrinkles being a dynamical feature incipient in dambis itself.
Group F (Harpago.)
Here the antesinual lobe gives rise to one of the great claws, a fea- ture unique among living Strombs, and sundering it widely from the previous group, from which Dr. Gill long ago divorced it.
HT. chiragra, rugosa.
Distr.: Zanzibar to Japan and Polynesia.
The six groups previously considered agree in the strong and heavy shells, usually of large size, with spreading callus. Those which fol- low are usually rather small and of lighter structure, and have the inner lip restricted or defined.
Grouper G (Gallinula).
Shell usually light, elegant ; antesinual lobe diminished, lip ex- panded medially, descending rapidly from the suture with a broad sinuation ; posterior canal narrow, hugging the spire ; body somewhat flattened in front of the aperture, usually with four or five sagittate color bands; the early whorls with small varicose ribs at intervals.
Contents as given by Tryon, with the probable addition of JS. pul- chellus, which is unknown to me autoptically.
Distribution: Red Sea and Zanzibar to Japan and Polynesia.
S. canartum, tsabella.
Red Sea to Japan and Australia.
The last two species, erroneously grouped with the American forms by Tryon, but correctly placed by Chenu and others, are aberrant in their heavier growth, obscure posterior canal and undefined inner lip. These differences, however, hardly seem to warrant the institution of a sub-group.
Group H (Conomurex).
Shell conozd, often distorted ; lip with margin rather straight and incurled, posterior sinus deep, anterior sinus distinct, oblique, remote from the canal; inner lip narrow, scarcely defined; color bands sagittate.
S. luhuanus, mauritianus, fasciatus, gibberulus.
Distribution: Red Sea and Natal to Japan and Polynesia.
THE NAUTILUS. 95
Forms of fasciatus approach closely to the variety contformis of mauritianus, and the aperture of the former species is indifferently smooth or finely ridged. It, therefore, becomes necessary to enlarge the group. S. duwhwanus has the epidermis thickly lamellose, almost velvety. The sagittate bands are more numerous than in the pre- ceding group.
Group J (Canarium).
Shell small, but solid; posterior sinus absent, posterior canal a slight groove in the calloused angle at the suture ; anterior sinus very near the canal; aperture finely ridged ; lip margin with an external rib, but not expanded.
S. ustulatus, dentatus, corrugatus and var. elegans, urceus (= flori- dus), hemastoma, hellii, scalariformis, maculatus.
Distribution: Red Sea to Hawaii and Australia.
In form and sculpture, S. elegans is very suggestive of Rimella, but the exaggerated canals of the latter genus sufficiently distinguish it.
Sub-group J 2.
Surface smooth or with low vertical folds, polished; lip sinus almost merged into the canal; body drawn out, narrowed. S. samar (bulbulus, terebellatus). Distr.: Japan to Australia and Polynesia.
The last two species are not before me, but apparently they are allied to samar and indicate close affinity of this group with the fol- lowing. The accessory sinuses developed in samar must not be con- fused with the true lip-sinus.
Group K (Seraphs).
In this group, which need not be redefined, we find the culmina- tion of the features incipient in samar. ‘The lip-sinus is broad, basal and merged in the canal. The beautiful color-forms of the single protean living species of “ Zerebellum”’ inhabit the Indo-Pacific re- gion from Mauritius to Japan and the Fijis.
’
Groupe L (Rimella).
Not studied. The living forms inhabit Chinese and Philippine waters.
Group M (Rostellarta).
Not studied. Red Sea to China and Moluccas. The groups above recognized are probably by no means all of equal
96 THE NAUTILUS.
rank. Nevertheless, each appears to be clearly distinct from all the others, and no species occur which cannot be at once referred to one or another of them. Whether they may be recognized as genera is mainly a question of personal opinion, but it seems evident to me, as I have intimated in several places, that the extreme forms, such as Pterocera and Terebellum, to which the older authors have unan- imously given generic rank, are in nature more closely allied to the various types gathered into the old genus Strombus than the latter are to each other. One more relationship should be pointed out, namely, that apparently existing between groups G, H and J. It remains for the paleontologist and anatomist to verify or correct de- ductions based on the recent shells alone, and I await their final judgment.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
Strombus goliath.—Ponderous and distorted specimens of gigas are sometimes mistaken for this species, probably because Tryon remarks: ‘‘nerhaps a variety of S. gigas.’ Not long since, I had the good fortune to find a very fine example of the true goliath lying unknown and unhonored in a collection once famous but forgotten. So com- pletely does it differ from all its cousins that none need ever mistake it. Through the munificence of Pres. Jesup, this king of Strombs is now enthroned at last in the American Museum, New York City.
Strombus costatus inermis.—Mr. Frederick Stearns reports “ 1 live mature shell” of this species from the Loo Choo Islands. Can a form so commonly reported from the West Indies be also living in oe. tal waters? Or has an error crept in?
Strombus corrugatus.—I have been led to separate this (above) from dentatus, and to consider elegans a variety of it, judging by the material at hand. A few other forms, usually considered varieties, are restored to specific rank, merely as an expression of personal opinion.
Distribution: The Strombine occupy two great areas: An Ameri- can, centering in the West Indies and spreading to Senegal, Brazil, and West America; and an Oriental, apparently centering in the Philippines, reaching to Natal, the Red Sea, Japan, Hawaii and the South Seas, and sending a single species (granulatus) into American waters. Europe has no living forms, although rich in fossil ones.
THE NAUTILUS.
Syvon, XITT. JANUARY, 1900. ; No. 9.
CHANGES WITH GROWTH OF LITHASIA OBOVATA (SAY). BY BRYANT WALKER.
Having lately received from Mr. A. C. Billups, of Lawrenceburg, _Ind., a package of unsorted material from the Falls of the Ohio, I have been able to trace out the various stages in the growth of this “species, which are quite peculiar, and, I believe, have not been de- scribed.
The difference in shape between the mature shell and the young is -yery striking. In the adult, the very large, almost shouldered body, - and long, narrow aperture, nearly twice as long as the short, rapidly
acuminating and generally eroded spire, is characteristic of the
species, and was well described by Say in his original description
published in 1829; while the young shell, until it attains the sixth whorl, is almost spindle-shaped, and would be taken at first glance for a young Goniobasis; the spire is sharply conical, and longer than the aperture, which is broadly triangular, the long (columellar) side of the triangle being slightly concave.
‘The manner in which this remarkable change in shape is brought about is as follows: The first two whorls are smooth and well rounded, and the apex rather obtuse. At about the beginning of the third whorl, a sharp carina is developed on the periphery of the body whorl, which rapidly ‘increases in strength for the next four whorls. During this stage the
98 THE NAUTILUS.
junction of the lip with the body whorl is beneath the carina, in some eases a short distance below, so that the carina is well marked on the upper whorls, but usually the lip starts from just under the edge of the carina, so that the side of the spire is almost straight, the edge of the carina projecting but very slightly, if at all, beyond the surface of the adjoining whorls; the aperture is decidedly triangular, both extremities being acutely angled, and the lip itself is sharply bent in the centre where the carina appears.
At about the beginning of the fifth whorl, the lip ascends and crosses the carina, and from thence, until it finally disappears alto- gether, the carina emerges from the upper part of the aperture. This change in the relative position of the lip and carina induces a radical change, not only in the shape of the lip, but of the whole shell. The lip, in order to clear the carina, becomes broadly rounded above and curves in rapidly to meet the body whorl at almost a right angle, forming a deep channelled suture, while the body whorl becomes more ventricose, more or less shouJdered, and rapidly increases in size.
For about a whorl after the change takes place, the carina retains its size and position, but after the sixth whorl is reached it gradually diminishes and finally disappears entirely, although the body whorl at all subsequent stages of growth is more or less flattened in its upper part. ‘
With the disappearance of the carina, the shell rapidly assumes its mature form and, with the usual erosion of the apical whorls, becomes the short, stout, heavy specimen customarily seen in collections.
NOTE ON THYSANOPHORA HORNII GABB. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
My attention has been called by Mr. Geo. H. Clapp, of Pittsburg, to the fact that some specimens of 7hys. hornit show very fine deli- cate cuticular riblets, more or less uneven at their free edges, and running much more obliquely than the growth-lines, on the surface of the last whorl.’ This is usually obscured by the thin coat of earth which encrusts the shell, and which it is evidently the function of
1This structure has been lucidly described by Dall, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. xix, 1896, p. 336.
THE NAUTILUS. 99
these riblets to collect. Only a good lens reveals this sculpture, and in specimens which have been collected dead, or cleaned by ordinary methods, it is usually Jost. Still, a sufficiently patient examination will generally show some trace of it somewhere on most specimens. Thys. conspurcatella, of eastern Mexico, the type of the genus, has similar cuticular riblets, but they are more widely spaced and rather more persistent.
In young and half-grown shells, if perfectly preserved, the riblets bear rather sparsely scattered and long hairs, very delicate and easily rubbed off. I do not know that adults ever retain them ; though in several Mexican species such hairs occur on the full-grown shell, and many West Indian species bear close bristles.
The foregoing observations are based upon the entire series of specimens in the collection of Mr. E. H. Ashmun, which he most liberally sent me for examination, and those in the collection of the Academy, including Gabb’s types.
The pubiished figures and descriptions of this species leave much to be desired. Gabb gives quite a good description, though none of his specimens show 44 whorls, as he states. The dimensions, “height .09, greatest diam. .16, smallest diam. .13 inch” = 24, 4, 81 mm., are in a rough way accurate. The figures are bad.
Binney’s figures (Man. Amer. L. Sh., p. 169, fig. 159) are too narrowly umbilicated, the spire is too conic, and the terminations of the lip do not approach enough. Moreover, they do not indicate the surface-sculpture. ‘The whorls are described as “ scarcely convex ”’ whereas they are unusually so; the ends of the peristome are said to
99
be “hardly approaching” while they actually converge so as to nearly meet in adult shells. The dimensions, ‘‘ greater diam. 4, les- ser 34, height 1 mm.” are erroneous, the largest in Gabb’s type lot measuring 4 mm. in greatest, 3.5 in least diameter, with a height of 2.6 mm. An adult specimen from Jerome, Arizona, collected by Mr. Ashmun, measures: diam. 3.5, alt. 2.3 mm.
Gabb’s types were from ‘“‘ Fort Grant, at the junction of the Ari- vapa and San Pedro rivers,” in Graham Co., southeastern Arizona.
Mr. Ashmun has collected specimens in the following localities: Jerome, Patagonia Mts., Crittenden, Prescott and Nogales, Arizona, and Cook’s, New Mexico. The International Boundary Commis- sion collected hornzi at the summit of Hachita Grande Mt., Grant Co., N. M., and Dall mentions seeing the species from the drift of the Yaqui River, Mexico. No other localities are known for the species.
100 THE NAUTILUS. A NEW SPECIES OF CAPULUS FROM CALIFORNIA. BY W. Ho DALL.
Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd, of Los Angeles, Cal., recently sent me a species of Capulus which appears to be new, and which adds to the fauna of California a genus not hitherto known to belong to it.
Capulus californicus 1. sp.
Shell only moderately elevated, oval or more or less conformable with the object upon which it roosts, the apex small, somewhat later- ally compressed, incurved almost symmetrically, nearly concealing the smooth, one-whorled nucleus, situated near the posterior margin ; surface nearly smooth, somewhat irregular, mesially with small faint radial not very close-set ridges, covered with an imbricated dense soft glistening periostracum which projects beyond the margins ; in- terior polished, white, with faint rosy rays extending from the apex to the anterior margin; Alt. 10, lon. before the apex 50, behind it 5.0, total basal length 86.5, average width 29 mm.
This fine shell was found on the flat valve of Pecten diegensis Dall (floridus Hinds non Gmelin), in 20 to 25 fathoms off San Pedro, California.
Carpenter reported some fragments of Capulus from Mazatlan, but
these were not really sufficient to establish the presence of the genus.
The present species is related to O. calyptra Martyn, of Japan, and C. hungaricus of the northeast Atlantic. It is less elevated than either, the sculpture is much fainter than in CQ, hungaricus and the apex is less conspicuous, more posterior and less coiled.
I have several times received a small shell collected among kelp roots and variously mottled or tinted with purple or reddish-brown and yellow. A very young specimen of this kind was described by Carpenter under the name of Psephts tellimyalis. It is not a Psephis but has the characters of Petricola. J have suspected for a long time it was the young of P. carditoides, but have not yet seen enough material to make this certain, and therefore suggest that Pacific coast students should endeavor to solve the problem.
MOLLUSCA ASSOCIATED WITH MASTODON REMAINS.
I have received from Dr. Arthur Mead Edwards, the well-known microscopist of Newark, N. J., certain Molluscan forms for deter-
PEAT Oe tat.
THE NAUTILUS. 101
mination. It will be noticed, they are all common fresh-water species. The first lot includes Planorbis parcus, P. campanulatus, Limnea humilis, Physa heterostropha, Valvata carinata and V. sin- cera; all of the above Say’s species. The foregoing are from the ‘fossiliferous sands overlying the clays of Essex county,’ Ontario, Canada (‘Pleistocene’), and are associated with Mastodon remains.
They were collected in 1897 by Dr. Henry M. Ami, of the Can- adian Geological Survey, and sent to Dr. Edwards by the collector, presumably with microscopic material.
In the second lot, there is only the single species Planorbis parvus Say; this was found associated with Mastodon remains at Newburgh, N. Y., by F. W. Schaffer (in 1899), who sent the examples to Dr. Edwards. Of the species named herein, P. parvus and L. humilis exhibit a wide distribution in the past as well as in the present times. Both of these are reported as occurring living, and fossil, in the Lahontan and Bonneville areas of the Great Basin ; P. heterostropha, living in both, but semi-fossil only in Bonneville. V. s¢ncera credited to Salt Lake, living, by its collector Henry Hemphill, is represented as a semi-fossil in the Bonneville area by Call’s var. Utahensis. The occurrence of living examples in either of the areas mentioned, is not noted in Call’s list of Great Basin mollusea.t!’ While LZ. hum- lis is everywhere, east and west, north, and pretty widely dispersed towards the south, P. campanulatus has a much more restricted range and has yet to be reported west of the Rocky Mountains.
_ IJ have to thank Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Wagner Free Institute for kind attention connected with the above.
Rost. E. C. STEARNS. Los Angeles, Cal., October, 1899.
DREDGING IN SAN DIEGO BAY.
BY F. W. KELSEY.
The use of the dredge has afforded me a great deal of pleasure, while furnishing me with a goodly amount of wholesome physical exercise so much needed by those following sedentary occupations, and the specimens thus obtained add largely to my local collection.
While working in the bay I use a dredge cutting but 14 inches,
1 Bulletin No. 11., U.S. Geographical Survey.
102 THE NAUTILUS.
operated from a roomy, flat-bottomed skiff propelled by oars, and I do most of my work alone, during the early morning hours while the water is quiet. The dredgings are carefully worked over while rest- ing between ‘* pulls,” and when I am ready to return home the re- sults of my day’s work are, so to speak, ‘all in a nutshell.”
In from 2 to 5 fathoms on mud bottom I find Marginella pyrifor- mis, Marginella regularis, Myurella simplex, Drillia hemphilli, Eulima micans, Hulima rutila, Thracia curta, Mactra californica (young), Ollivella boetica, Angulus modestus, Angulus variegatus, Angulus ob- tusus, Dentalium neohexagonum, Lyonsia californica, Mangelia angu- lata and Cadulus nitentior.
As we go toward the channel the depth increases and the bottom is a mixture of sand and mud. Here in from 5 to 8 fathoms we find Yoldia coopert (young) and Leda taphira.
The channel proper ranges from 8 to 14 fathoms and the bottom generally consists of coarse, yellow sand and decomposed and broken shells, among which we find both live and dead specimens of Semele pulchra, Oorbula luteola, Isapis fenestrata, Isapis obtusa, Caecum cali- fornicum, Caecum crebricostatum, Scala hindsii and Aesopus chrys- allovdeus. | |
Scattered among the above species, we find many stray specimens of such shells as Massa perpinguis, Nassa coopert, Nassa mendica, Nassa tegula, Calliostoma tricolor, Calliostoma gemmulatum, Callios- toma canaliculatum, and many other species which are generally found upon the low flats at low tides and which are scarcely worth mention- ing as dredge species. I find that for dredging in shallow waters a dredge made of galvanized iron without any net but having a screen bottom produces as good results as any, and is much more easily
manipulated.
A LIST OF SHELLS FROM NORTHEASTERN MAINE. BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER, CARIBOU, MAINE,
The following is a list of land and fresh water shells collected in the northeastern part of Maine, principally along the Aroostook and Fish Rivers.
Valuable assistance has been received from Prof. H. A. Pilsbry and Mr. Bryant Walker.
All the Pisidia, and nearly all the minute land shells have been
THE NAUTILUS. 108
critically examined by Dr. V. Sterki, without whose generous assist- ance it would have been impossible to determine the many small species.
There is some additional material in the hands of Dr. Sterki, which when straightened out will probably add a number to the list. Most of the species are distributed over the whole area, and the names of localities are only cited in referring to species that are very local in their distribution.
In this list are included a number of species that have been cited as doubtful in Maine, and the new species recently collected by me.
List OF SPECIES.
Acanthinula hurpa Say. One specimen at Fort Kent.
Vallonia pulchella Mill. Gardens in Caribou and Presque Isle.
Vallonia excentrica Sterki. Rare, Caribou.
Polygyra albolabris Say. Not common,
Polygyra Sagit Binn. Well distributed.
Polygyra dentifera Binn, Rather common.
Polygyra monodon Rackett. Common in some localities.
Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Plentiful in this region.
Strobilops virgo Pils. Rare (identified by Dr. V. Sterki).
Bifidaria pentodon Say. ‘ Resemble ecurvidens more than any others I have seen ”’ (Sterki). Near Caribou stream, Woodland.
Vertigo ventricosa Morse. Plentiful in some localities.
Vertigo ventricosa elatior Sterki. Common along streams, in Woodland, Caribou and New Sweden.
Vertigo bollesitana Morse. Rare; collected in woodland.
Vertigo Gouldii Binn. Not very abundant.
Vertigo Gouldii paradoxa Sterki. “ Fine examples with the two palatal folds continuous and one angular” ( Sterk?). Woodland, rare.
Cochicopa lubrica Mill. Houlton, Presque Isle, Caribou, Fort Kent and Portage Lake, abundant in these localities.
Vitrina limpida Gld. Caribou and Presque Isle, found in large numbers this summer at Fort Kent.
Vitrea hammonis Strom. Fairly distributed.
Vitrea Binneyana Morse. Little Madawaska Lake and along Caribou stream in Woodland and Caribou.
Vitrea ferrea Morse. In company with V. Binneyana. These species are rarely found.
OConulus fulvus Mull. Everywhere.
104 THE NAUTILUS.
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Common everywhere.
Zonitoides exiguus Stimp. Fairly common.
Zonitoides milium Morse. Quite rare. Woodland.
Pyramidula alternata Say. Common.
Pyramidula alternata alba. One living specimen obtained in the north of Woodland.
Pyramidula striatella Anth. Plentiful.
Pyramidula striatella? var. Shell greenish-white, animal nearly white. Can this be Patula cronkhited Newe.? 1tis about the same size as P. striatella.
Pyramidula asteriscus Morse. Caribou, Woodland and Madawaska Lake. Rare.
Flelicodiscus lineatus Say. Widely distributed, nowhere abundant.
Punctum pygmeum Drap. Rare.
Sphyradium edentulum Drap. Well-distributed.
Succinea obliqua Say. Common everywhere.
Succinea ovalis Gld.
Succinea avara Say. Common in wet places on lake shores and river fiats, together with S. ovals.
Carychium exiguum Say. Very abundant in wet places every- where.
Carychium exile Lea. Not common; found with C. extguum.
Aplexa hypnorum Linne. In ditches along the roads in three dif- ferent places in Woodland; specimens abundant.
Physa heterostropha Say. Common in all streams.
Physa ancillaria Say. Only seen at Square Lake Inlet. _
Lenmea emarginata Say = ampla Mighels and Limnea emarginata Mighels, Binn. From Cross Lake, Square Lake, Portage Lake, Fish River, Saint John River, at Fort Kent and Aroostook River.
This is an extremely variable species, Caribou individuals differ greatly in every locality. :
Limnea desidiosa Say. Aroostook River, Caribou stream, Salmon Brook.
Limnea humilis Say. Common in damp places and ditches along the roads.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Common in Barren Brook, Caribou. In Caribou Lake, Washburn, and in nearly every small lake I have seen in Aroostook county, fine specimens can be obtained.
Planorbis campanulatus Say. Cross Lake, Square Lake, Eagle Lake and Portage Lake.
£5 Capea
tiie ok oles
BD ROPE Ne A i bi os
THE NAUTILUS. 105
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Aroostook River, Fish River and Saint John River.
Planorbis bicarinatus aroostookensis Pils. Kast branch of Salmon Brook, Woodland, and Caribou stream, in Caribou.
Planorbis hirsutus Glad. Common and widely distributed.
Planorbis deflectus Say. Salmon Brook Woodland, rare ; Portage Lake.
Planorbis parvus Say. Common in brooks and lakes.
Planorbis exacutus Say. Portage and Square Lakes ; rare.
Planorbis crista Linné, var. cristata Drap. Barren Brook, Cari- bou. This species was recorded in Tur Nauvritus, Vol. X, page 117, by Mr. Bryant Walker as P. nautileus Linne.: Mr. A. W. Hanham, on page 130, and Geo. W. Taylor, on page 139 of the same volume use ee name of P. nautileus. Dr. v. Sterki and Prof. H. A. Pilsbry say “it is Planorbis erista Linné, var. eristatus Drap. It occurs in ate Europe.”
Ancylus rivularis Say. Caribou stream, Collin’s Millpond, very large specimens.
Ancylus parallelus Hald. Cross Lake and many smaller lakes and streams.
Ancylus ? Madawaska River, New Sweden.
Ancylus tardus Say. Aroostook River, Caribou.
Ancylus borealis ? Morse. Saint John River, Fort Kent. Mr. Bryant Walker says it is identical with this rare form.
Valvata tricarinatu Say. Little Madawaska River, New Sweden and the Fish River Lakes.
Valvata sincera Say. Dredged in the Fish River Lakes.
Campeloma decisum Say. Widely distributed throughout Aroostook and Fish Rivers. Four young sinistral shells were taken from a nor- mal dextral female from Portage Lake.
Amnicola limosa Say. Common everywhere, and very variable in form. In my former article ‘in THE peter us: Woks serps 10, at is called Pomatiopsis.
A. Cinctnnatiens’s Lea.
Unio complanatus Sol. Lakes and streams ; common.
Margaritana margaritifera Linné, Aroostook River.
Margaritana undulata Say. Lakes and rivers.
Anodonta fragilis Lam. Generally distributed, some very large specimens in the muddy bottom of Salmon Brook Lake. Perham.
106 THE NAUTILUS.
Spherium simile Say. Generally distributed.
Spherium striatinum Lam. Fish River and Saint John River at Fort Kent,
Spherium rhomboideum Say, Fine specimen in Gelot Lake, New Sweden, and all the smaller lakes of the Little Madawoska river system.
Calyculina securis Prime. Aroostook River.
Calyculina securis cardissa Prime. Square Lake and other localities.
Pisidium abditium Hald. Common. |
Pisidium adamsi Prime. Cross Lake Inlet.
Pisidium equilaterale Prime. Portage Lake. Little Madawaska River.
Pisidium contortum Prime. Rear Mud Lake, Perham and West- moreland.
Pisidium compressum Prime. Generally abundant.
Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. Fogelin Lake, New Sweden and many other localities.
Pisidium fallax Sterki. Aroostook River.
Pisidium fallax boreale Sterki. Aroostook River at Caribou and Little Madawaska River, New Sweden.
Pisidium milium Held. South branch Caribou Stream, Woodland and Sawyer’s Brook, Castle Hill.
Pisidium medianum minutum Sterki. Hacket’s Mill Brook, a tributary of Caribou Stream in the northern part of Woodland.
Pisidium pauperculum Sterki. Little Madawaska River.
Pisidium pauperculum nylanderi Sterki. Dredged in Portage Lake.
Pisidium politum Sterki. Portage Lake and Cross Lake.
Pisidium punctatum Sterki. Portage Lake, Little Madawaska River.
Pisidium ropert Sterki. Johnson Brook on the Fort Kent road and north of Perham.
Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Barren Brook, Caribou and many other localities.
Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Barren Brook, Caribou.
Pisidium variabile Prime. Common everywhere.
Pisidium walkert Sterki. Barren Brook, Caribou.
Pisidium walkeri mainense Sterki. Hacket’s Mill Brook, Wood- land and many other localities.
THE NAUTILUS. 107
SOME ZONITIDH COLLECTED BY J. H. FERRISS IN ARKANSAS AND THE CHOCTAW NATION,
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Some account of shells collected by Mr. J. H. Ferriss in Arkansas and Choctaw Nation was published in Tue Nautitus for August of this year. <A series of Zonitid@ collected at the same time affords some interesting data. Vitrea simpson ( Pils.) was taken at Poteau, in the eastern part of the Choctaw nation on Poteau river, near the State of Arkansas. It resembleseV. capsella, but differs in the tri- angular form of the aperture.
Gastrodonta demissa, typical, was taken in Arkansas near 'Texar- kana, and at Tushkabomma and Poteau in the Choctaw Nation.
At both Tushkahomma and Poteau a form having the characteris- tic lens-shaped contour, brilliant gloss and basal striation of demissa occurred, differing from demissa in having a long and strong lamella within, like the outer lamella of G. gularis. There is no trace of an inner or columellar lamella, such as gularis and suppressa generally show, and the general form of the shell is entirely that of demzssa, quite unlike suppressa. The umbilicus is a small round puncture, as of a pin stuck through a sheet of paper, quite as in typical demissa ; and the periphery is subangular. In G. suppressa the periphery is well rounded and the umbilicus larger. ‘This variety may be called var. lamellata. It is most interesting as connecting the gularis group with the dgera group of Gastrodonts.
The form I described some years ago as Zonttes brittsii, trom Hot Springs, Ark., belongs also to demissa, from which it differs in the imperforate axis, and very slight excavation of the base in the center.
A NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELL. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Polygyra uvulifera bicornuta n. v.
Shell differing from the typical P. weulifera (the type locality of which is Long Key, above mouth of Sarasota Bay), in being less de- pressed, the last whorl strongly grooved within the umbilicus, the aperture everywhere more contracted; parietal margin of the peri- stome strongly elevated, produced in two erect processes or ‘ horns,”’ one at the junction of outer lip and parietal lip, another upon the part- etal lip near its inner termination, situated like the corresponding lobe
108 THE NAUTIMGUS:
of P. auriculata; a conspicuous pit penetrates under the parietal fold. Striation fine but regular and equally developed above and below. Size about that of typical weulifera.
Alt. 63, greatest diameter 145 mm.
Alt. 6, greatest diameter 14 mm.
Alt. 61, @ greatest diameter 13 mm.
Aripeka, “Hernando ee Fla. (Mr. Geo. Pine); Hernando Co. and Longwood, Fla. (Mr. Van Hyning’s coll.).
This form resembles P. auricu/ata at first sight, but the deep notch in the basal lip near its inner end, and the peculiar, flat, forward- running inner end of that lip, as well as the strong semicircular ridge on the parietal margin, one end ofewhich enters ; the deep notch men- tioned, the other forming the lower border of the main parietal fold =—all ally it rather to P. ue ulifera. In P. auriculata there is no such notch in the basal lip, and the inner end of the latter is attenuated, not flattened and bent forward, It is an interesting intermediate form
P. uvulifera varies a good deal in texture, color, size and striation, the largest and most solid shells before me bathe from Long Key, the type locality, where they are nearly smooth, the striation obsolete ; diam. 13-14 mm. I have seen a great many specimens from both sides of the peninsula and the keys, but saw no variation toward the variety described above.
In most localities P. wulifera diverges from thie ‘ historic type,” as found on Long Key, i in being less chalky, and decidedly more strongly striate, the strie thread-like. The size varies with locality. Thus at Miami, where it is numerous about a mile up the river on the south side, they measure 9 to 105 mm, diameter. They occur here under stones (limestone) in a hot, sparsely-wooded plain exposed to the sun, in company with P. cereolus carpenteriana, Urocoptis, Macroceramus and Chondropoma with an occasional Vaginulus, and moderate numbers of large black scorpions and tarantulas. At Palm Beach they are much larger, diam. 125-13 mm., and here the soil is sandy, and the forest luxuriant.
Mr. Pine sent numerous specimens of wenulifera from Hernando Co. which differ from the Long Key types in being strongly striate and smaller. They are more narrowly umbilicated than P. wulifera bicornuta, with the opening rather less contracted, the umbilical groove on the last whorl generally less strong, and they want the accessony “horn” of the parietal margin. ‘They are also more coarsely striate, and may be separated from young or immature bicor- nuta by the narrower umbilicus. Ido not know whether these occur with the variety or at separate stations. The largest sent measures 12 mm. diameter.
P. auriculata extends some distance down the east coast, and over to the middle of the State in the lake region. I have never seen it from the west coast counties, and would be glad to have data on its occurrence there if it has been found.
——
NAUDInUS- VOE. Xr PLATE IT.
Unto HAGLERI FRIERSON.
THE NAUTILUS.
——
Von. XIII. FEBRUARY, 1900. No. 10.
A NEW ALABAMA UNIO.
BY LORRAINE 8S. FRIERSON.
Plate LI.
Unio (Pleurobema) Hagleri. Shell smooth, elliptical, unequilateral. Length, 2.1. Height, 1.6.
Diameter, 1 (inches). (Dimensions are of a medium-sized shell ; they are sometimes larger.)
Beaks low ; umbos somewhat inflated; umbonal slope rounded. Epidermis dark reddish brown, striate, rayless. Lines of growth numerous and well impressed. Nacre white, rarely rose, frequently spotted with green, iridescent in posterior. ‘Teeth double in left valve, single in the right. The anterior sinistral cardinal tooth is wedge-shaped, and nearly squarely cut off on top. Its axis is inclined at an angle of about 75° with that of its fellow, which is low, thick and triangular. The laterals are stout and slightly curved. Dorsal plate rather large. Muscle scars frequently confluent in front. Distinct behind and well impressed. Pallial scar well impressed in front, fainter behind.
Cavity of the beaks shallow. Cavity of the shell excavated from the region of the beaks toward the posterior margin. The shell var- ies in form from an almost perfect ellipse (lower figure) to a form swollen in the post-basal region (upper figs.) similar to the females of Lampsilis. But there is no good reason to suppose this a sexual character.
110 THE NAUTILUS.
Habitat, North River, Alabama, near Tynes. Examples may be seen in the National Museum and in the cabinet of Mr. W. A, Marsh, of Aledo, Illinois, and in my own. ‘Thirty specimens re- ceived. The sbell is allied distinctly to ¢nstructus Lea, and also to rubellus Conrad, and to troschelianus Lea. Some of them remind one of fassinans Lea.
From rubellus Conrad it may be distinguished by being longer, not so stout or inflated, It need not be confounded with the other shells “named, as it differs from them entirely, although allied. It is named
for the collector. Figured specimens are deposited in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.
SPECIES OF CHLOROSTOMA OF SOUTHERN AND EASTERN PATAGONIA. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The genus Ohlorostoma is essentially Pacific, being chiefly devel- oped upon the Pacific shores of Asia and North and South America. The former open strait between the Americas allowed it to spread to the Antillean region and eastern shores of the United States, where a number of species have existed from the tertiaries to the present time. <A few forms also found their way around Cape Horn. The species have been generally divided ‘between two genera, Ompha- ius, including the umbilicate forms; but this division is purely arti- ficial and unnatural, very closely allied species being separated by it. It would be better to drop Omphalius into the rubbish-heap of syn- onymy. The etymology of Chlorostoma, ‘* green mouth,” is not very appropriate to most of the species. .
There are no species of the genus known from European or Afri- can seas. On the eastern coast of South America, south of Brazil, the following occur:
Chlorostoma patagonicum (Orbigny).
Trochus patagonicus Orb., Voy. dans l’Amér. Mérid., Mollusques, p. 408, pl. 55, f. 1-4 (1835-1846).
Trochus corrugatus Koch in Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib, ete., I, Trochus, pl. 2, f. 7 (Nov., 1848). - This species was found by d’ Orbigny in the Bay of San Blas, Patagonia; Philippi gives the locality Brazil. Dr. Wm. H. Rush collected a few specimens in Maldonado Bay, Uruguay. ‘The sculp-
THE NAUTILUS. 111
ture is very fine grained, the suture narrow but deeply plowed, and the columella armed with two or three small denticles at the base, as in the genus generally, The outer lip is weakly grooved within on the thick part near the margin. The deep umbilicus readily sepa- rates this species from the following form,
The exact date of d’Orbigny’s publication of this species is not known to me.
Chlorostoma Hidalgoi n. sp.
Shell very similar to Chlorostoma patagonicum Orb., ( Trochus cor- rugatus Koch), but wholly imperforate, the umbilical region covered with a white callus. Fleshy-cinereus, with the apex eroded, white. Sculpture of crowded spiral series of small, irregular granules, simi- lar to those of O. patagonicum. Spire conic, periphery rounded, the base flattened. Aperture very oblique, somewhat triangular; colu- mella armed with two small teeth at its junction with the basal lip.
Alt. 15, diam. 17 mm.
Serio Nearo, Patagonia,” coll. A. N.S. P.
This form differs conspicuously from C. patagonicum Orb. (corru- gatus Koch) in the completely imperforate axis, the other species being conspicuously umbilicated at all stages of growth. (C. Hidalgot is also more conical. In color, sculpture, and the deeply scored suture, the two species are extremely similar.
It is named in honor of the author of the Moluscos del Viaje al Pacifico, a meritorious work on the South American fauna.
Chlorostoma Orbignyanum, 1). sp.
Shell imperforate, conic, with flattened base; purplish-gray, with blackish spirals above, black below. Surface dull, sculptured with numerous low spiral lire, several below the suture obscurely beaded, the others nearly smooth; the lire near the suture separated by narrow intervals, those toward the periphery more widely spaced, with one or several interstitial threads in each interval. ‘There are about 10 lire on the penultimate whorl, and 10 below the periphery on the base. Whorls 5, very convex, separated by deep sutures, the last whorl flattened below the suture, obtusely angular at the peri- phery ; the base free from spiral sculpture in the center, eroded and brilliantly pearly in front of the aperture. Aperture very oblique, pearly within, with a rather wide dull border within the thin outer lip, acute; columella short, concave, porcellanous, terminating in a small tubercle below, adjacent to which there is a minute denticle ;
TI2 THE NAUTILUS.
umbilical region somewhat cailoused, the place of the umbilicus marked by a moderately sunken pit, surrounded by a weak spiral rib which terminates in a faint denticle at the junction of the colu- mellar and basal margins of the peristome. Alt. 14, diam. 165 mm.
Beagle Channel, Patagonia (Dr. H. von Ihering).
This species (No. 1020 of von Ihering’s register) is obviously unlike the forms of eastern Patagonia, and there is nothing like it in Mabille and Rochebrune’s work on Cape Horn mollusks. Of the Chilian species, it is allied only to C. fuscescens Phil.,* but in C. Orbignyanum the whorls are more convex, the prevailing color black, and it is imperforate.
ON A COLLECTION OF FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM RHODE ISLAND. BY FRANK C. BAKER.
During the month of July, 1899, the writer made a collection of marine and fresh-water shells in the state of Rhode Island, and a list of the fresh-water species may be of interest. Collections were made at the following places :
1. Nayatt, R. I. A small pond between the railroad depot and the bay.. The bottom is made up of soft, black, carbonaceous ae and the shores are lined with dead leaves and twigs.
2. Newport, R. I. Bailey’s Pond, near Bailey’s Beach. A ee of good size and considerable depth, bordered by cat-tails.
3. Providence, R. I. Cat Swamp. A small clear stream, flowing through a flag-swamp. The numbers after the species indicate the above localities.
Calyculina partumeia Say. 1, 2.. Common.
Calyculina truncata Linsley. 1. Common.
Calyculina securis Prime. 2. Not common.
Pisidium, near abditum, but possibly P. lens Sterki. 1. Common.
Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. 1, 2. Not common.
Limnea palustris Miller. 38. Common.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. 2, 3. Common.
Planorbis deflectus Say. 1. Common.
Planorbis parvus Say. 1, 2,3. Common.
ood
* Conchylien Cabinet, Zrochus, p.182; Man. of Conch., XI., Zrochide, p. 181.
THE NAUTILUS. 113
Segmentina armigera Say. 1,2. Common.
Physa heterostropha Say. 1, 2,3. Common.
Aplexa hypnorum Linné. 2. Common.
Campeloma decisum Say. 1. Apparently not common.
My thanks are due to Dr. V. Sterki for determining the Pisidia.
JOHN H. THOMSON, PH. D.
The subject of this memoir was born in Westport in 1824, and died in the city of New Bedford, Mass. (but a few miles from his birth- place), July, 1896, aged 71. He had the usual public school and academic education of the time. In early life, like so many New England coast town boys, he took to the sea, and soon reached the post of master. He spent some years in California and South Amer- ica, and returning to New Bedford, he settled there for life. He developed an early fondness for natural history, and in this, finally narrowed down to the science of conchology. He at once became fascinated with the subject, and spared no time, pains, or money in his enthusiastic determination to master his subject. He was fortu- nate at this juncture to fall into the hands of so capable and sympa- thetic an instructor as Dr. Augustus A. Gould, to whom he ever felt grateful for giving him a fuller and clearer insight into the delicate minutiz, so essential in describing many species and varieties of shells. By this association he was greatly aided and stimulated in his subsequent pursuit and study. He soon became known as a most conscientious and reliable student of conchology, and soon made many friends ; his correspondents were among the most noted of his time, in both hemispheres. He obtained and carefully studied the works of the leading conchological authorities, without regard to price, al- though he was never a rich man.
As a collector, his success in securing species from remote parts was really phenomenal. He sold his earliest and largest collection, during the Franco-Prussian war, to an institution, I think, in Bel- gium, but through the misfortunes of war it was in some manner con- fiscated, and so the purchaser lost his prize. His later and last col- lection is owned hy the writer of this article. Among the many societies of which Dr. Thomson was a member, two stand pre- eminently conspicuous, The Zodlogical Society of London and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I am credibly in-
114 THE NAUTILUS.
formed the degree of Ph. D. was bestowed upon him by Columbia College of New York City.
Among his published articles is a monograph on the Terrestrial Mollusca of his native county. He was a most careful and _ pains- taking worker in his chosen field, and was an acknowledged authority among his peers. The doctor was a most delightful companion, and the many hours he spent in my family are remembered and cherished with keenest pleasure. ‘To that noble band of pioneers in conchol- ogical study and labors in the United States (of whom, alas, so few survive) we offer our most grateful thanks, and to the departed write, Requiescat in pace. A. B. Kenpie.
Brookline, Mass., Dec. 19, 1899.
.
NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF AMERICAN LAND SNAILS. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Pyramidula alternata rarinotata n. v.
Similar to the typical form in size, form and sculpture, but very sparsely marked with comparatively small chestnut spots on a pale brownish-corneous or dirty buff ground; streaks on the base nearly obsolete. |
Caldwell, Fayette and Jackson counties, Texas.
Mr. Bryant Walker called my attention to this form, sending spe- cimens from Caldwell and Fayette counties, collected by Mr. J. A. Singley ; and I find in the collection of the Academy some speci- mens sent me by Hon. J. D. Mitchell, from the Navidad. River bot- tom, Jackson Go.
Zonitoides neomexicanus Cockerell & Pilsbry, n. sp.
Shell minute, depressed, in form similar to Zonitoides minusculus ; whitish corneous, somewhat translucent, fragile, the umbilicus wide, its width contained 24 times in the greatest diameter of the shell. Surface marked with very fine but rather sharp growth striz, and crowded, microscopic spirals throughout, the spirals conspicuous to the apex. Whorls 34, quite convex, the last everywhere well rounded. Aperture round-lunate, the penultimate whorl excising about one fourth the circumference of the peristome; lip thin and acute, a little dilated at the columellar margin. |
THE NAUTILUS. 11d
Alt. nearly 0.8, greatest diameter 1.7 mm. Another specimen is
slightly larger, diam. about 2 mm.
Dripping Spring, Organ Mts., New Mexico, about 5,700 feet alt., Sept., 1899, coll. by ‘T. D. A. Cockerell.
This species differs from all the minuseulus group in being con- spicuously though very minutely striate spirally, the strive extending to the very apex, as in the southern race of. Zonitotdes milium. It differs from medium in wanting the peculiar wrinkle-sculpture so characteristic of that form. 72. extguus is evidently a nearer cousin of the new form, having a similar system of spirals, likewise extend- ing upon the nepionic whorl, but it is larger, with less broad umbil- icus, and a conspicuously different coarser sculpture of. oblique lam- ine. Zonitoides neomexicanus may well go between exiguus and milium in the list of species.
FIELD NOTES AND REMINISCENCES.
Mr. Simpson’s entertaining account of Helicina Dysoni under difficulties, in the June, 1897, Nauritus, is exceedingly entertain- ing; the shower of Helicinas that followed the stirring up with a pole was decidedly unique, the first of the kind on record, for though ‘raining cats and dogs” is an old story, a shower of snails, like snailing with a pole, is a new departure. As an humble disciple of Izaak Walton, I have in years gone by done considerable in the way of fishing with a pole; the man that goes_snailing with a pole will bear watching—by the snails. The special habitat or station of ZH. Dysoni, roosting in the palms, brought to mind what my friend, the late Henry Edwards, well known as a good entomologist, good actor and a good fellow, told me about the babits and habitat of the cur- ious Helix (Paryphanta) Busbyi collected by him in New Zealand. (The specimens he gave to me are now in the U. S. National Museum. ) Helix Busby lives in the tops of. the tall Kauri pines, hiding in the axils where the birds ‘ go for him.” In order to sepa- rate the soft parts, which they want, from the shell, which they do not want, they seize the animal when protruded from the shell and whack away to the right and left ag: uinst the twig or branch they are perching on until their purpose is accomplished, when the shell drops to the ground, and is found generally in a battered condition. The Maoris have a name for these shells which signifies that they come from heaven, which is probably a mistake.
116 THE NAUTILUS.
When in Florida, in 1869, on Long Key, one pleasant morning I noticed several specimens of Polygyra septemvolva here and there on the sand. ‘All dead,’ I said to myself, lest the snails might hear me, ‘‘ there must be fire where there is so much smoke, there must be live snails where there are so many dead ones,” so I started in to hunt close. After a while I detected them snugly lurking in the axils of some very large thistles. I did not gather them in, as Simpson did, when on the war path for his Helicinas, by charging on ’em with a pole. My legs being well protected by high-cut hunting boots, I kicked out vigorously a la mustang in an underthrust way against the butt of the thistle plants, and the result was a jerking of numerous snails hither and yon in a somewhat promiscuous way ; the success of the performance, judged by the result, caused me to second the motion, and I gathered in a goodly number, enough for my own col- lection and for distribution among my friends. What the snails thought of the performance I have never learned, and Simpson, it will be noticed, is reticent on this point touching his Helicinas.
As to my prowess as a collector, it would be unwise to say anything as long as my friend Henry Hemphill is on the face of the earth, but I dare to say that dear old Doctor Neweomb, of blessed memory, was so generally successful in that line as to justify my placing him near the head of the class. Well, the good Doctor and myself once on a time, away back in June, 1867, went conchologizing up the coast of California to Bodega Bay. We found the collecting ground very limited in extent, though we got about 90 species; we also gathered in nearly 500 dead shells of Helix MNickliniana, grouped formerly with Arzonta, but now Doctor Pilsbry, expert, editor, etc., comes to the front and unblushingly says these west coasters must tumble to the name of Hpiphragmophora, which is hard on the poor snails, and a rather long word to write. Well, there were hundreds of ’em on the surface of the sand, but not one living one could we find. That is what we didn’t get, one live Nickliniana. Where they kept themselves we couldn’t discover. We hunted high, we hunted low, dug into the sand around the roots of the stunted shrubs that manage to live in this cold, windy, exposed locality, and rummaged about generally, without success, and when the sun went down we retired from the field in good order with our flags at half mast, somewhat the worse for the rough day and bad luck in the snail business, though we had the pleasure of each other's company, and that counts
THE NAUTILUS. 117
for a good deal as the world goes. Probably the snails had stepped out through fear of being called Hpiphragmophora; who knows? per- haps, Dr. Pilsbry can tell, Ae ought to know, jee ae Oe
[ But I don’t.—H. P.]
SOME NOTES ON RUMINA DECOLLATA LINN. BY C. W. JOHNSON.
In March, 1897, Mr. T. L. Montgomery, Librarian of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, brought from Bermuda some live specimens of Rumina decollata. Some of these were given to my young friend, Mr. H. 8. Viereck, while the others were placed among some plants kept in the museum of the Institute. Mr. Viereck placed them in his yard in Philadelphia. They flourished and increased greatly in numbers during the summer and survived the winter of 1897-98. During the summer of 1898 they again thrived, but in the following spring only dead shells could be found ; the blizzard of February, 1899, was probably too severe for them.
The specimens kept at the Institute are still vigorous, but produced only one brood. ‘Through the kindness of Mr. Viereck, I obtained, in September, some live European Helices, including Helicella ertce- torum, collected by his sister in Germany. An old aquarium. was quickly turned into a snailery ; thinking that the Rumina would en- joy new quarters, a few were also placed in the snailery. A day or so afterwards, when giving the Helices some cabbage leaves, I noticed that the Rumina seemed very close to the Helicella. On picking up a specimen, I was greatly surprised to find the former greedily de- vouring the poor ertcetorum. I could not blame the carnivorous fel- low, for it was probably the first ‘‘square meal” it had had since it was taken from its island home. The lesson to be learned is, do not put your carnivorous and herbivorous shells in the same quarters, if you want to keep both alive.
GENERAL NOTES.
Limax coccineus, Gistel.—Through the kindness of Dr. T. S. Palmer, I have been able to see the hitherto overlooked description of Limax coccineus, Gistel, Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, 1848,
118 THE NAUTILUS.
p- 168. This slug is said to be 9’ long, bright red (hochroth) in front, with blackish stripes behind the head, tentacles red-granular, mouth, white. Is it not surely the common red Arion of Central Europe, now known as A. rufus (or empiricorum), var. lamarckit, Kal., 1851? If so, Gistel’s name coceineus has priority for the variety, and must be adopted.
This work of Gistel’s has in it several other new names for mollusca. On p. 173, Hugira is proposed for Jridina, Lam. This appears to be needless, but some may hold that it interferes with the later Hugyra, Ald., 1870. The following are. supposed new species : Helix platychela from Sicily, p. 167; H. erycina from Sicily, p. 167 ;. H, jenisoniana from Montenegro, p. 167; Clausilia grossa from Croatia, p. 167; Bulimus meridionalis, p. 167; B. pellucidus from S. Russia, p. 167; Linneus flavescens from Spain, p. 168. The #. platychela and erycina are probably the Sicilian forms already in the literature, otherwise credited. Clausilia grossa may be the species of Ziegler. The other names seemed to have been overlooked.—T. D. A. CocKERELL. |
POLYGYRA AURICULATA IN WeEsTERN FrLoripa.—Mr. L. E. Daniels, of La Porte, Indiana, has recently sent me typical speci- mens of P. auriculata collected by him in a hammock one mile south of Tampa, Florida, thus supplying an authentic gulf coast locality for the species. Since they were received, I thought to look in Mr. C. T. Simpson’s ‘‘ Contributions to the Mollusca of Florida,’’ Proce. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., V., 1889, p. 65, where he reports P. auriculata as common in Manatee county. There is a possibility that some locality records for auriculuta may have been based on specimens of P. uvulifera bicornuta.—H. A. P.
CorrEcTION TO List OF SHELLS FROM NORTHEASTERN MAINE In JANUARY NumBeEr.— Page 108, line 12, for hurpa read harpa.
Page 103, line 16, for Sagi read Sayit.
Page 103, line 28, for fine read five.
Page 104, lines 27, 28, read Limnea emarginata mighelst Binn.
Page 104, line 30, omit Caribou.
Page 105, line 33, read Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis Lea, and line 34 omit A. cincinnatiensis.
Page 106, line 13, for rear read rare, and for Westmoreland read Westorgulant ilocos O. NYLANDER. |
a
THE NAUTILUS. 119 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
Synopsis OF THE SOLENIDA OF Nortnh AMERICA AND THE AnTILLES. By Wm. H. Dall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXII, pp. 107-112, 1899.)—In monographing the fossil species, Dr. Dall has found it necessary to make many changes in nomenclature involving many of the recent species. The following is a list of the recent species as revised by Dr. Dall:
East American Species.
Solen viridis Say. Rhode Island to Georgia.
Solen (Solena) obliqua Spengler. Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Thomas.
(S. rudis Sowb. not C. B. Ads. + philippinarum Sowb. not Hanley are synonyms. ) .
Ensis directus Conrad. Labrador to Indian Key, Florida, Pliocene to recent.
(‘“‘H. americana Beck,” of H. & A. Ads., is probably a manuscript name. Solen siliqua Chickering, not Linn, is a synonym. ‘This species was generally confounded with Solen magnus Schumacker, under the name of Soden ens’s Linn., by the earlier American authors,
In this connection Dr. Dall seems to have overlooked as a synonym S. americana Gould. (Invertebrates of Mass., Binney ed., p. 42, 1870), a name used by most American conchologists. .Solen directus was described by Conrad (Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., p. 325, 1843) as a fossil, from what he considered a miocene deposit fifteen miles below New Berne, N.C. This formation is now known as the Croatan beds of
the Pliocene.
Ensis minor Dall. Cape May to Florida and Texas, ‘This is
Solen ensis var, minor of some of the earlier writers, and bears to #.
directus the same relation the Hns7s ens?s Linn., of Europe, does to the North European /. magnus Schum. It differs from the young of #. directus in having the valves wider behind than in front and relatively narrower as a whole.
Siliqua squama Blainville, Grand inks of Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence..
“This is Machera nitida Gould, and Cultellus medius Sowb. (not Gray).”
Siliqua costata Say. Gulf of St. eee south to Cape Hatteras, iC.
‘<The following are synonymous names: Solecurtoides nahantensis Desmoulins; S. sayi Gray; S. radiatus Ravenel (not Linnzus) ;
120 THE NAUTILUS.
Cultellus grayanus Sowb. (not Dunker?); Cultellus subsulcatus Sowb.; Cultellus belcheri (as of Gray manuscript) Sowb.; not C. ecostatus Middendorf nor Sowerby.
Psammosolen sancte-marthe (Chemn.) Orbigny. N. Carolina, Bermuda, the Antilles and south to Rio Janeiro.
Psammosolen cumingianus Dunker. N. Carolina to Texas and Sao Paulo, Brazil.
West American Species.
Solen sicarius Gould. Vancouver Island to San Pedro, California.
Solen rosaceus Carpenter. Santa Barbara, Cal., south to the Gulf of California. .
Solen mexicanus Dall. West coast of Tehuantepec, Mexico.
Solen (Solena) rudis C. B. Adams. Panama.
« Confounded with S. obliquus Spengl. of the Antilles, by Carpenter and Sowerby.”
Ensis californicus Dall. Monterey, Cal., south to the Gulf of California.
Siliqua lucida Conrad. Monterey to San Diego, Cal.
Confounded with the young of S. nuttallii by Carpenter and Gabb.
Siliqua media Gray. Okhotsk and Bering Seas northward to the Arctic Ocean at Cape Lisburne.
Syn. Machera costata Midd. (not Say); S. borealis Conrad.
Stiqua patula Dixon. Okhotsk Sea, the southern border of Ber- ing Sea and the Gulf of Alaska to Sitka. |
Syn. Solen maximus Wood (not Gmel.); S. gigas Dillw.; S. gran- dis (Hinds’ manuscript, as of Gmelin) Dunker; Carpenter; S. sp/len- dens Chenu.
Siliqua (patula var.) alta Brod. and Sowb. Bering Sea and Strait.
Syn. Cultellus costatus Sowb. (not Say).
Stliqua (patula var.) nuttallii Conrad. Lituya Bay, Alaska, south to Oregon and Monterey, California.
Syn. S. californica Conrad, and S. nuttali Sowb.
The following new species are described :
Solen mexicanus. Gulf of Tehuantepec.
Ensis californicus. From 14 fathoms sand, off the Island of San Pedro Martir, Gulf of California.
Tagelus poeyi. Cuba; mouth of Old River, Belize; Greytown, Nicaragua, and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Some scattered notes on Tagelus gibbus Spengler, are also given. :
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor. XIII. MARCH, 1900. | No. 11.
NOTE ON PETRICOLA DENTICULATA Sby.
BY W.H. DALL.
The enquiry suggested by me in the Nautitus for January (p. 100) has been quickly answered. Mrs. Oldroyd has kindly forwarded to me three specimens of Petricola from Long Beach, Cal., collected by Mrs. Blood, which solve the problem as to the adult form of Car- penter’s Psephis tellimyal’s beyond all shadow of a doubt. The little brown radiated nepionic shells appear with astonishing distinctness against the white shell of the adult Petricola. What is still more curious is that these dark-colored tips must fade, as in all the museum series extending from San Pedro to Peru not a single one retains the color, and one of Mrs. Blood’s specimens has very little. There are two species of Petricola, belonging to the section Petr/colar/a Stol- iczka, on the coast of California, neither of which goes much north of San Pedro. One is the elongate P. cognata C. B. Adams (the analogue of the east coast P. pholadiformis), also named gracilis by Deshayes. The other has the following synonymy, and very likely more.
PETRICOLA DENTICULATA Sowerby.
P. denticulata Shy. P. Z. S., 1834, p. 47.
P. ventricosa (Deshayes Ms.) Sowerby, Thes. Conch., p. 773, pl. 166, figs. 6, 7, 1854 (in synonymy ).
P. nivea Sowerby op. cit., p. 778, pro parte, not of Gmelin, 1792.
P. tenuis Sowerby 1834, C. B: Adams and others, pro parte.
122 THE NAUTILUS.
Psephis tellimyalis Cpr. B. A. Rep. Moll. Western N. Am., p. 641, 1864; Journ. de Conchyl. xii, p. 185, 1865 (larval shell). —
This species belongs to the middle American or Panamic fauna and is known to extend as far north as San Pedro and south to the Peruvian coast. The P. cognata is somewhat more restricted and seems most abundant in the Gulf of California. It has been found as far north as San Diego. The P. nivea (Mytilus niveus Chemn.) Gmelin, is an Indo-Pacific species, very similar to P. denticulata and confounded with it by most of the early writers.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CALIFORNIAN LAND SHELL.
BY F. W. BRYANT.
Epiphragmophora Bowersi, n. sp.
Shell umbilicated, convex ; epidermis olivaceous; spire slightly elevated ; whorls between 4 and 5, convex, gradually increasing ; suture well defined ; aperture transverse, nearly circular; peristome whitish, thin, very slightly expanded at the basal portion, at the columella broadly reflected, yet leaving the umbilicus entirely open, showing within the whorls to the apex ; base convex,
A well-defined, moderately broad, light-chestnut band revolves above the centre of the body whorl, and is visible above the suture on the whorl preceding the last ; lines of growth close and distinctly marked.
Greater diameter 13, lesser 10, height 6 mm.
Location, San Jacinto Mts., Riverside County, California.
THE CORROSION OF SHELLS IN CABINETS!
The above is the title of a paper of the greatest importance to all collectors of shells, and especially to those having charge of museums where the shells are usually glued to cards or tablets. Although no corrosion of shells has been noticed in the coilections of this country, it is well to be on the lookout, and to guard against all apparent
causes.
1 The Corrosion of Shells in Cabinets. By L. St. G. Byne, M.Sc. With a prefatory note by T. Cosmo Melvill, M. A., F. L.S. The Journal of Conchol- ogy. Vol. ix., pp. 172-178, and pp. 253-254, 1899,
Seay Mee CSS ae
THE NAUTILUS. 125
Mr. Melvill says: I first noticed the deterioration of a Mitra (Zierliana) ziervogeliana in our National Collection, now many years ago, and a year or two afterwards the disease had spread to another example on the same tablet. I have never had any specimens in my own collection thus attacked, excepting one, and that I fancy must have come into my possession diseased, and it was forthwith destroyed. But none of these are glued or affixed in any way to tablets, as is the case in most museums, but are either placed loose on cotton wool, or in glass-topped boxes. I may add that I have seen too frequently in the almost hermetically-sealed drawers under the cases in the British Museum a dulness first pervading the exter- ior of certain smooth species more markedly e. g., Conus; Cypraa, and especially Naticide, ‘Then grey acid efflorescence, both tasting and smelling strongly of vinegar, covers the whole surface like a powder, rising doubtless from the interior, and the specimens are soon almost irretrievably ruined. This evil being, therefore, of most serious sig- nificance, the sooner one is able to cope with it satisfactorily the better, and I am sure our best thanks are due to Mr. Byne for hav- ing been the first to take the matter in hand.
From Mr. Byne’s exhaustive paper we extract the following :
“ The shells which formed the subject of my experiments were from the National Collection at South Kensington, furnished me through the courtesy and kindness of Mr. E. A. Smith. ‘These alone are referred to unless where otherwise distinctly stated. The shells in the cabinet drawers are in many instances either partially or en- tirely destroyed, the surface being corroded and covered with a fine white powder substance, which can be easily scraped off with a knife. This caused them to resemble Eocene mollusca.
Many species are quite unrecognizable on account of the surface being eaten away so deeply. The destruction has traveled from shell to shell and drawer to drawer, like a disease, several valuable specimens being spoilt.
The mischief has assumed large proportions, and being still on the increase causes the greatest anxicty.
The most remarkable facts are—
1. Only marine species are attacked.
2. Highly polished shells, such as those of Cyprea, are the most liable to be affected.
3. It does not extend to every specimen in a drawer, and of sev- eral mounted on the same tablet, perhaps one only is attacked. .
124 THE NAUTILUS.
4. Loose shells are also destroyed, but there are comparatively few _ of these compared with the number of those mounted on ecards.
). The shells affected are from twenty to fifty years old, but the corrosion does not appear until after the lapse of about ten years. The process is thus an extremely slow one.
6. It occurs principally amongst the shells kept in drawers in the dark, where the air is confined and seldom changed.
7. If the tongue be placed against one of the shells, an astringent alum-like taste will be observed.
We now come to the consideration of possible causes of corrosion. They appear to me to be four in number.
I. Damp.—lIt the shells were placed in a room or gallery that was not properly warmed, a very probable reason would be that a fungus had been formed, eating away the surface of the shell. The shell gallery of the Natural History Museum is, I am assured, excessively dry. This cause is, therefore, excluded.
Il. The action of sulphuric acid.—It is well known that the atmos- phere of cities contains free sulphuric acid (in addition to other sulphur compounds) derived from household fires and the burning of coal-gas. This acting over a period of years would slowly eat away the calcium. carbonate of the shell, forming calcium sulphate. If this were the explanation, then the whole of the white powdery substance on the surface of the shell would consist of calcium sulphate. Analy- sis, however, showed that none was present.
IlI. Presence of salt.—Shells that had not been soaked in fresh water before being placed in the cabinets would contain salt, not only in the epidermis, but also held mechanically amongst the parti- cles of calcium carbonate. It is highly probable that its presence would exert a deleterious influence.
Chemical tests showed that it was practically absent in the shells examined, a fact that occasioned some surprise,
IV. Action of an acid substance.—After carefully considering all the facts in my possession, I have come to the conclusion that the corrosion is due to the action of butyric acid,
Upon opening the box of shells sent me by Mr. EK. A. Smith, I at once noticed a pungent vinegar-like odor, which pervaded the fin- gers and everything that came in contact with them. ‘This pointed to the presence of acids of the acetic series. Analysis showed that every shell contained butyric acid, as calcium butyrate. A few contained
THE NAUTILUS. 125
calcium acetate. Butyric acid is a product of the fermentation of animal matter, and its original source was found in the following manner; A specimen of Strombus tricornis was soaked in ‘distilled water for a week. <A piece about the size of a pea, of a grayish gela- tinous substance was found at the bottom of the glass vessel. This had come from the interior of the shell, and chemical tests showed it to beorganic matter. The shell had probably been more than twenty years in the Museum.
This at once furnished the explanation which I now bring forward, namely: That the pieces of the animal left in the shell, through in- sufficient cleaning or otherwise, ferment, setting free butyric acid. This substance is extremely volatile, and pervades the whole of the drawers and cabinets. ‘The amount present can only be extremely small, but acting as it does for so many years, it slowly eats away the surface to a considerable extent, converting the calcium carbon- ate into calcium butyrate.
The reason that land and fresh-water species are not attacked is that their epidermis acts, so to speak, as a coat of mail. Hence, highly-polished species of Cyprwa, ete., are the most liable to corro- sion through lack of such protection.
The fact that the shells exposed to daily public inspection in the top cases are less attacked is explained on the hypothesis that the light acts as a deterrent. I have also come to the conclusion that the gum used in attaching the shells to the tablets has something to do with the corrosion. The majority of the shells affected in the Na- tional Collection are gummed to tablets. As far as can be ascer- tained, the corrosion has never occurred in private collections where the shells are and always have been loose. The gum ferments, acetic acid being formed. This eats away the calcium carbonate, forming calcium acetate; this latter substance was found in several of the shells examined, in addition to the calcium butyrate.
V. Prevention.—In the case of those shells which are badly affected, nothing can be done, and their instant removal is absolutely essential, for if left, they only increase the mischief with those just beginning to show signs of corrosion. I recommend that they be soaked for twenty-four hours in a solution of corrosive sublimate (1 part in 1,000 water) and then thoroughly dried.
As an experiment, all shells should be subjected to such treatment, in the hope that it may prove effectual. It is quite impossible to say
126 THE NAUTILUS.
beforehand whether this will be an infallible remedy. Time only can prove its efficacy.
On page 235 of the same volume Mr, Byne gives the following supplementary notes to his former observations :
“At the time of writing my former paper I did not possess any knowledge of bacteriology, but I had come to the conclusion some months before that the corrosion was due originally to the action of bacteria. I am now enabled, through the kindness of Dr. Ewart, to adduce a considerable amount of evidence in support of this. I still adhere to the five items of my previous summary.
The white powdery substance upon the surface of the shells was found to consist of calcium butyrate, in some instances mixed with calcium acetate. It was formed by the action of butyric and acetic acids upon the calcium carbonate of the shell structure.
Since butyric acid does not occur in the atmosphere, it can hardly have had an external origin. It must, therefore, have been derived from fermentative processes occurring in the organic material of the shell, or of adhering portions of the molluscan inhabitant. Both aérobic and anaérobic bacteria are known which can cause various carbohydrates to ferment, producing butyric and acetic acids. It is very often the case that a portion of the liver is left attached to the . shell, especially to the apex. This might easily undergo butyric fermentation, and, moreover, the same might occur with the adhesive substance used to fix the specimen to its card. Both aérobic and anaérobic butyric bacteria exist, but the common forms are anaéro- bic. Hence we should expect to find the danger of spoiling in- creased with imperfect aération in closed or hermetically sealed cases, in which at the same time there would be no possibility of the acid products escaping. A little moisture is required to start the fermentation ; hence, dry cases should escape, and even in damp air the process can only take place with great slowness, for so soon as the products accumulate to a certain extent, fermentation ceases until they have been removed.
That the mischief is of bacterial origin is supported by the follow- ing facts :
1. Butyric acid has been found.
This could only be produced by the butyric fermentation of carbo- hydrates, or even proteid substances. Acetic acid is amongst the fermentative products of butyric bacteria, and calcium acetate has
been found in some of the shells.
THE NAUTILUS. 127
2. The shells in the top cases that are exposed to light are practically unaffected.
This points strongly to bacteria. The deadly action of direct sunlight on bacteria is well known, and may produce death in from five minutes to an hour when they are in the vegetative condition. Even strong diffuse daylight suffices to retard or even inhibit the de- velopment of many bacteria.
3. The shells in the drawers kept in the dark are the worst at- tacked. |
This necessarily follows from the above statement. Darkness is favorable to the development of these fermentative organisms. Within the shell the bacteria would even in the top.cases be pro- tected from the inimical effect of light.
I stated in my former paper that the corrosion had not occurred in private collections. Since its publication I have been informed that some shells in a large private collection at Birmingham have been badly corroded, and have caused anxiety for some time past.
PREVENTION.
It must surely be conceded that an infallible remedy cannot be given. My critics have either overlooked or paid no attention to the fact that the corrosion does not appear until after the lapse of about ten years.
The suggestions received are:
1. Boiling in oil. |
2. Rubbing over the surface with such substances as oil of tur- pentine oil of cloves, and formalin.
I am of the opinion that these may be dismissed as ineffectual. Now that we know that the corrosion is caused by bacteria, I am more than ever convinced that soaking in corrosive sublimate solution, combined with previous thorough cleaning, will prove effectual. It must be remembered that corrosive sublimate is an extremely potson- onous substance. The drawers should be thoroughly aérated at in- tervals, to remove accumulated acid vapors, which will never be present in more than minute traces.
The drawers should also be kept well dried.
128 THE NAUTILUS. NOTE ON THE VARIETIES OF EPIPHRAGMOPHORA MORMONUM. BY H. A. PIESBRY.
In treating of this species both Binney and Stearns have com- mented on its variability. In examining the series in our collection it appears to me that three well-marked races or subspecies exist, which may be readily distinguished.
Typical mormonum is large and depressed, pale reddish corneous, often fading to a paler tint on the base ; the brown girdle is conspic- uously darker, and broadly bordered with white above and below. Surface glossy, sculptured with growth-wrinkles only, or if spiral strie are present they are very faint; apex minutely granulose. Diam. 29-31, alt. 14-15 mm., sometimes smaller. Whorls 6.
Mormon Island, in the American River, Sacramento Co., Cal. (type locality); Tuolumne Co. (Hemphil!).
Binney’s figures represent Pfeiffer’s type.
Var. cala, nev. Smaller and less depressed ; dark reddish brown, the peripheral girdle not conspicuously darker, yellow-bordered ; sur- face sculptured with dense minute spiral strive ; whorls 55; diam. 22, alt. 14 mm., or diam. 26,alt.15 mm. Types from Big Trees, Cala- veras co., Cal.; Fred. L. Button, H. Hemphill.
Much commoner in collections than the pale, glossy typical form.
Var. buttont, n. v. Color as in var. cala, but shell more depressed, periphery more or less carinated in front, the surface studded with minute prominences which bear rather long golden-brown hairs when unrubbed ; granulation of the apex more strongly developed. Whorls 03. Diam. 22-24, alt. 114-12 mm.
Nassau Valley, Calaveras Co., Button. Redding, Shasta Co.; McGregor. Probably some larger shells collected by Hemphill at Cave City, Tuolumne Co., belong to this variety, but the specimens before me are in poor condition. The largest measures 29 mm. diam.
This variety forms a transition to 4. hillebrandi, which is only an- other term in the variation series, as Stearns has already remarked.
A NEW CALLIOSTOMA FROM FLORIDA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
=
Calliostoma Veliei n. sp. Shell imperforate, high-conic, moderately solid, white, with a series of small, reddish macule at the periphery of each whorl. Whorls
THE NAUTILUS. 129
nearly 7, the first one smooth and rounded, the rest lightly concave avove and sculptured with four equal beaded spirals (and some inter- stitial threads on the last whorl or two), with a much broader, more prominent spiral rib at the periphery and projecting above each su- ture, where a narrower spiral shows below it; the last whorl quite convex just below the prominent rib, the base moderately convex, and sculptured with 14 beaded spirals, contiguous toward the periph- ery, but more separated and with interstitial threads in the intervals on the rest of the base, which is further sculptured by fine, curved, radial grooves. Three or four of the spirals are rather sparsely dotted with red. Aperture trapezoidal, white and pearly within ; columella pearly, white and concave above, ending below in a slight tooth. Alt. 104, diam. 93 mm.
Caxambas Pass, S.-W. Florida, collected in 1898 by Dr. J. W. Velie, in whose honor it is named.
GENERAL NOTES.
Onty A ONE-TENTH OysTER Crorv.—Thbis has been the poorest year in ten in the oyster industry of Maryland. In years past from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 bushels of oysters have been taken from the bay. This year the yield will be about 1,000,000 bushels.
The question of legislation for the protection of the oysters has agitated the state for years, but in the meantime the bivalve is dis- appearing. Notwithstanding the diminishing supply, however, there have been sufficient oysters to keep going all the packing houses in Baltimore. which employ about 5000 people. Nearly 500 dredging boats are sailing out of Baltiniore.— Phila. Record, Dec. 30.
BivaLvE SuHevi_s Usep in Manita ror Winpow PAnNes.— -In Manila, where there is an interesting field open to the naturalist, the natives have an odd substitute for glass. It is a bivalve shell of about nine inches of surface, so transparent that print can be readily seen through it, and admitting a mellow light in a room where it is used as window glass. The shell is an attractive object, flat, and in appearance resembles isinglass. One could almost imagine that it was some skillful invention of the natives, could not the growth rings be readily observed. ‘The outer side of the shell is perceptibly rough, while the interior is perfectly glazed over and in the light has the pearly lustre found in many of the thin-shelled, oyster-like mollusks
130 THE NAUTILUS.
of the tropics. The shell is the Placuna placenta of science, and is well known in China, the common name being -the Chinese window oyster. It is employed there also for windows and used in lanterns. The Chinese grind up the shell and make from it the silver paint so common in their water colors. The bivalve is very common in the Philippines, and forms a very good and cheap substitute for glass.— The Phila. Record.
Unionip& 1n A TUNNEL.—I am interested in two examples of Margaritana margaritifera var. falcata, taken in a water tunnel near Santa Cruz, in this state (California), 700 feet from the mouth of the tunnel, and 3800 feet underground. They differ from the normal specimens in being both unusually large and thin, the nacre being very richly colored.—F rep L. Button.
PURPURA CORONATA Lam. in AMERICA.—This well-known West African species has been reported from Demerara and ‘Trinidad by the Rev. A. H. Cooke. Living specimens were collected at Liv- ingston, Guatemala, in the spring of 1899, by Mr. Silas L. Schumo, and are now in the collection of the Academy.—H. A. Pivspry.
ADDITIONAL CHITONS FROM THE PLIOCENE OF THE CALOOSA- HATCHIE River, FLoripa.—In recently working over (with the assistance of Mr. E. G. Vanatta) a lot of fine material, mostly ob- tained in cleaning the larger mollusca, collected by the late Dr. H. E. Griffith, ten valves of Chitons were found. These were kindly stud- ied by Dr. Pilsbry, with the following results :
Chetopleura apiculata Say. One head and two central valves.
Ischnochiton papillosus C. B. Ads. Two central valves.
Ischnochiton striolatus Gray. One head and one central valve.
Acanthochites pygmaeus Pilsbry. One central valve.
The two other central valves were too imperfect for determination.
Isch. striolatus has only been recorded recent from St. Thomas and Barbados.
Dr. Dall, in his work on the Tertiary Fauna of Florida” (Trans. Wagener Free Inst. Sci., Vol. III, pt. 2, p. 485), records but one species, Acanthochites spiculosus Reeve; ‘‘A fragment of a central valve,” ‘‘ too imperfect to make the identification certain.””—C. W.
JOHNSON.
THE NAUTILUS. 131
Nores On VERONICELLA.—lIn Journ. Institute of Jamaica, Vol. 2, p. 601 (1899), Mr. H. Vendryes publishes without descriptions the names of two varieties of V. s/oanii credited to me. I had not in- tended to publish these names, as they seem to represent mutations only, but since they are published, it may be well to explain that v. maculata is F, No. 24, and vy. subpallida is G, No. 20, of CkIl. & Larkin’s paper on the Jamaican species of Veronicella in Journ. of Malacology, Vol. 3, pt. 2, 1894. Mr. Vendryes lists Limacellus lactescens from Jamaica, but it belongs to North America, and has not been found in the West Indies. When the locality of it was unknown, I guessed that it might possibly have come from Jamaica, along with the Veronicella described at the same time by Blainville. Dr. Simroth has lately (cf. Zool. Record for 1898, Mollusca, p. 62) applied the name decipiens to an African Veronicella. This must be changed, as Semper has used the same name for a South American species.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.
My friend, F. W. Kelsey, of San Diego, Cal., recently sent me a peculiar Lithophagus, taken near that city, which I at once recog- nized as a Myoforceps, and Dr. Dall afterwards kindly determined the species as M. aristatus Dillwyn. The finding of this interesting species, with its elongate, crossed ends, in shell ground which has been well worked for so many years, is worthy of note and to the eredit of the enthusiastic collector named. The fact that mature specimens are found imbedded in hard rock is proof that it is not of very recent introduction.—F rep. L. Burron.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OF THE RECENT AND TERTIARY LEPTONACEA OF North AMERICA AND THE West INpvies. By Wm. H. DALtt. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxi., pp. 873-897, plates 87 and. 88, 1899.)
“The Leptonacea form a very interesting and puzzling group. Their characters combine features characteristic in other Teleo- donts of immaturity, with such as are more probably due to environ- mental modifications. Without being in themselves prototypes, they exhibit features which we may readily suppose might have been characteristic of prototypic Teleodonts. Groups which are really
132 THE NAUTILUS.
staiting. points for numerous subsequently developed genera, are usually notable for their tendency to vary and interchange charac- ters. In the present case, perhaps, the very general habit of com- mensalism or parasitism, has produced degeneration, accompanied by a revival of atavistic primary characters.”’
Other introductory remarks are followed by a list of species from the east and west coasts of North America, with synonymy and dis- tribution. From the east coast there are recorded 13 genera, 34 species and one variety ; from the west coast 12 genera, 33 species are listed.
A list of the tertiary species of the United States is also given, containing 73 species, divided among 13 genera, followed by ‘ de- scriptions of new species and remarks on others imperfectly known.” 18 new recent species are described, all of the new species are in- cluded in preceding lists. On plate 87 is shown a crab (Gebia pu- getensis, Dana), with Hrycina rugifera, Carp., attached by its bys- sus to the underside of the abdomen of the crab. C. WE
Tue Mouiusk FAUNA OF, THE: PRIBILOF IsLanps.—By Wm. H. Dall. (Extracted from, The Seals and Fur-Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, Pt. IIT, pp. 539-546, 1899.)
A very interesting paper on the geographical distribution of species and the physical characteristics of the region. The faunal summary gives a total of 86 forms. Only three land shells are known from the group: Succinea chrysis, Vitrina exilis and Pupa decora var. A fauual summary of the Commander Islands given for comparison, shows a total of 74 species from those islands, including six land and three fresh-water forms: Limax hyperboreus, V. exilis, H. radiatula, Conulus fulvus, Patula ruderata var. pauper, P. decora, Limnea ovata, L. humilis and Pisidium e@quilaterale. Fossil mollusks were found
only on St. Paul Island.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEw GENus, AUSTROSAREPTA, AND NOTES ON OTHER Mouiusca FrRoM New Soutu Wass. By Charles Hedley. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., pt. 8, pp. 429-434, Dec. 1899.) Following Dr. Dall’s classification, Mr. Hedley places this interesting genus in the subfamily Sarepting; the type is a new species A. picta. A new species, 7einostoma starkeye, is described and figured. Solen sluanit Gray, Neritula lucida, Cassis nana 'T. Woods, Cantharus
waterhousie Braz., are also figured.—C. W. J.
= 4
NAvutTILUS, Von. XIII. PLATE AIT.
PLANORBIS CORPULENTUS SAY.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vou. XIII. APRIL, 1900. No. 12.
THE GENUINE PLANORBIS CORPULENTUS, SAY.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
The sound judgment and critical acumen of that great naturalist, Thomas Say, has been exemplified not only in the large proportion of his species which have withstood the scrutiny of the ‘ higher criti- cism ”’ of the modern school of conchologists, but also by the number which in recent years have been rescued from the synonymical bone- yard, to which they had been relegated by his immediate successors, and restored to their original integrity.
The fine species which he described in 1824 as Planorbis corpulen- tus has been one of the most unfortunate of these forgotten species in its scientific history. Owing, no doubt, in a large measure to its - extreme rarity, it has been constantly misapprehended, not only by all the descriptive writers, but by nearly every one who has had oc- casion to refer to it.
The earlier American conchologists were unanimous in referring to it unusually large specimens of P. trivolvis, and generally consid- ered it a form of that species and doubtful, even, of varietal rank.
In 1841, Haldeman referred to it a large Planorbis collected by Nuttall, in the Lewis river, Oregon, and his example was followed by Gould, Chenu, Clessin, Tristram and Sowerby. W. G. Binney (1865) was “inclined to believe that Say had before him a form of P. trivolvis when he drew his description of P. corpulentus,” and con- sidered the west coast species referred to that form by Haldeman,
134 THE NAUTILUS.
Gould and others, to be a distinct species. It is evident from the museum register given by Binney, that he had no Canadian exam- ples of the species before him, although he remarks that he “had seen no specimens from the localities visited by Mr. Say while on Long’s expedition that were not forms of P. trivolvis.”’
Tryon, in his supplement to Haldeman, affirmed Binney’s opinion, referred corpulentus to trivolvis, and described the western form as P. binneyt.
This decision, so far as it differentiates the west coast form from Say’s corpulentus, is undoubtedly correct, and all the west coast cita- tions of that species must be eliminated.
Following the lead of eastern naturalists, the species has been cited either specifically, or as a variety of trivolv’s in many of the eastern local lists, but without description or remarks. Such are Anthony, ‘‘ Cincinnati ;’’ Wheatley, ‘‘ New York to Ohio; Hub- bard, ‘“‘ Ohio,”’ and Lewis, ‘ Little Lakes, N. Y.”
Jay is the only one of the eastern cataloguers who appears to have had a specimen from near the original locality, and which possibly may have been true. He gives the locality of his example as “* Win- nepeck river.”’!
{t follows therefore that all the citations of this species from the eastern and central states must also be rejected.
There thus remain for consideration only the few citations from the Manitoba region of Canada and the northern central part of the United States. Say’s original description cites the Winnepeck river, Winnepeck Lake, Lake of the Woods aud Rainy Lake. Dawson in the ‘‘ Report of the British North American Boundary Commission,” quotes it from Flag Island, Lake of the Woods, and remarks that ‘‘the specimens are from Say’s typical locality and agree perfectly with his description. If P. corpulentus is a variety of trivolvis, as has been suggested, it is a very well marked one, and is character- istic of the open reaches of the lake.”
1 Part of Say’s collection is now in the American Museum of Natural History of New York. Mr. R. P. Whitfield, the Curator, writes: ‘‘ We have in the Say collection one shell from the Winnepeck river, but it is not the one figured by Say in Long’s Expedition, but is smaller, lacking the outer volution as com- pared with that figure. We have one quite large specimen from the J. J. Cooke collection from Lake Superior, and four specimens from the W. A. Haines’ col- lection, which are labelled Winnepeck river. But I can find no evidence as to who collected them or where.”
THE NAUTILUS. 135
Grant in the “ Sixteenth (1887) Annual Report of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota,” cites it from ‘* Vermilion Lake and all over St. Louis and Lake Counties,” and says: ‘it is found clinging to rocky shores and reefs, and seems to seek places where the water is quite rough.”
Hanham in his recent “ List of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of Manitoba,” published in Tue Nauritus, quotes simply Dawson’s original citation of the Lake of the Woods.
These references, with Jay’s citation in his Catalogue, which pos- sibly may be one of the original lot collected by Long’s expedition, are the only ones, which I have been able to find, that can with any probability be referred to Say’s species. :
Having before me four different lots, aggregating sixteen speci- mens, of what is undoubtedly the genuine corpulentus of Say, I can confidently affirm that the species is entirely distinct from P. trivol- vis, and must be accorded specific rank.
Say’s description is very exact, and when read so as to apply toa a sinistral species, as this undoubtedly is, as shown by the young shell (fig. 7), leaves but little to be added.
The characteristic features of the species are the high, narrow, bi- carinate, rugosely striate whorls, with widely separated raised growth lines and large expanded aperture, which is higher than wide. The superior surface is either almost perfectly flat, or more or less con-_ cave, sometimes deeply so, varying as the shell is coiled horizontally or somewhat obliquely to the axis; the superior carina, until the last half of the last whorl is reached, is almost a right angle, the sides of the whorl being but little convex, with the greater convexity below the middle; the body-whorl enlarges very rapidly during the last half of its growth, and become more ventricose, and botk carinz be- come less prominent; the superior, however, retains its position and sensibly modifies the shape of the aperture, while the lower one from the rounding out of the base of the shell, becomes subobsolete and does not affect the convexity of the lower part of the lip; the umbilicus is large and crateriform, the base of the shell until the body-whorl] begins to enlarge towards the mouth being flat, and slopes sharply from the carina into the umbilicus, so that the lower carina, during that period of growth, is much more acute than the superior one; the whorls of the young shell are very narrow and high, and ‘owing to the rapid increase in height in proportion to width, the col-
136 ' THE NAUTILUS:
umellar insertion of the lip is on the base of the preceeding whorl between the umbilicus and the lower carina (fig. 7), which thus forms a strong spirally entering fold slightly below the centre of the inner margin. Compared with this species, P. trivolvis is distin- guished by its greater width in proportion to its height, wider and more convex whorls, finer and closer striz#, wider and more oblique aperture, less prominent superior carina, which is nearly central on the penultimate whorl, the constantly rounded base of the whorls in all stages of growth, never sharply and acutely carinate as in corpu- lentus ; and smaller umbilicus, not exhibiting the apical whorls.
The specimens before me are from the following localities :
1. Michigan. Coll. University of Michigan (figs. 1, 2 and 3).
Exact locality and collector unknown. These specimens have been in the University museum for many years, and no further infor- mation in regard to them is attainable. They are much heavier and thicker than those from the other localities represented, but are other- wise very similar. In all probability they were part of the material turned into the museum from one of the early geological surveys, and quite likely are from the western part of the Upper Peninsula, as noth- ing like them has been found in the upper part of the Lower Penin- sula, or in the eastern portion of the upper. ‘They were originally catalogued as P. trivolvis Say.
2. Rat Portage, Keewatin, Manitoba.
Coll. Fred’k Stearns. Collected by A. C. Lawson in 1884.
3. Vermillion Lake, Minn., (fig. 4, 5 and 6).
Received from H. F. Nachtrieb of the Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur- vey of Minn.
4, Vermillion Lake, Hudson Bay Territory (fig. 7.)
From the collection of the late Dr. James Lewis. Collector un- known.
Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, of the Geological Survey of Canada, has kindly furnished the following data in regard to the material belong- ing to the Survey:
‘¢In the Museum of the Geological Survey of Canada, there are five typical examples of Planorbis corpulentus collected by Dr. James Fletcher, in 1882, at the Lake of the Woods; by A. C. Lawson in 1884, at Rat Portage, above the Falls, and by W. McInnes in 1890, at Greenwater Lake, Thunder Bay District. There are also speci- mens which are at least very similar to P. corpulentus in the same
THE NAUTILUS. 137
museum, collected by J. B. Tyrrell, in 1879, at McLeod Lake and by Dr. G. M. Dawson, in 1889, at Nicola Lake, both in British Columbia.
«*] have never seen any of the land or fresh water shells referred to by Dr. Dawson in his Brit. N. Am. Bound. Report, and believe that they went to the British Museum.”
Rev. George W. Taylor of Nanaimo, B. C., writes that a pair of the shells collected by Lawson are the only ones in his collection and that “the large Planorbis occurring on this (western) side of the Rockies is P. ammon.”
In conclusion, therefore, it may be said that P. corpulentus Say, is a valid species and entirely distinct from either the eastern P. trivol- _ vts on the one hand, or the western P. ammon or binneyzi or the other; that it is a characteristic form of the Manitoba lake region, and ex- tends from there into northern Minnesota and Michigan. Nothing is known in regard to the animal.
Bibliography. 1824 Say—Long’s Expedition II. 262, pl. XV, f. 9. 1837 Beck—lIndex Molluscorum p. 118. 1840 Whittemore—Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts O. 8S. XXXVIII, 193. 1848 Anthony—List of L. and F. W. Shells found in vicinity of Cincinnati. 1844 Haldeman—Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll. 19, pl. III. fig. 7-9. 1842 Adams—Thompson’s Hist. of Vt. 155, Reprint 5. 1843 DeKay—dZoology of N. Y.—Mollusca—64, pl. VIII, 185* a. b. 1845 Wheatley—Cat. Shells of U. S. 21 1852 Jay—Cat. of Shells 267. 1852 Gould—U. S. Ex. Ex. Moll. 114, f. 130, 130 a, 130 b: 1856 Lewis—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII, 260. 1856 Carpenter—Rep. Moll. W. Coast of N. ee pp. 210 and 316. 1858 Say—Binney’s Ed. 128, pl. LXXIV, f. 9. 1859 Cooper—Rep. Moll. P. R. R. Survey 378. 1861 Tristram--Cat. Coll. T. and F. Moll. in Guatemala, i: a © 5 aot. 1864 Carpenter—Sup. Rep. Moll. W. Coast of N. A. pp. 558, 599, 607, Gf5:"" 1865 Binney—L. and F. W. Shells I, 114, f. 190. 1870 Tryon—Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll. pp. 199 and 202. 1872 Carpenter—Moll. West N. A. pp. 18, 44, 85, 93, EGE. _1876 (?) Sowerby—Conch. Icon. XX. f. 4. 1886 Clessin—Conch. Cab. Planorbis, 144. pl. 17, f. 4; pl. 22, f. 1. 1887 Grant—léth An. Rep. Geo. & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn. 484. 1893 Walker—Nautilus VI. 136. 1894 Walker—Rey. Moll. Fauna of Mich. 18.
od
138 THE NAUTILUS.
1899 Hanham—Nautilus XIII, 1.
— Anthony—List of L. and F. W. Shells found in vicinity of Cincinnati. — Hubbard—Cat. Terr. and Fluv. Shells of Ohio.
1859 Chenu—Man. de Conch. I, 482, f. 3560.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
Unio Kingii, sp. nov.
Shell small, moderately thin, plicate behind, inflated, elliptical and very inequilateral. Epidermis dark yellow and covered through- out with fasciculated rays, which are more or less interrupted, form- ing arrow-shaped markings. Sides rounded, and with a slight enlargement from umbo to base, causing a slight emargination be- hind it. Beaks quite prominent and surrounded by ten or twelve fine, irregular, broken concentric folds. Umbonal ridge well defined and the terminus of all the knotty plications that thickly cover the posterior area. Lateral teeth slender, straight and quite smooth ; cardinals erect and well roughened. Anterior cicatrices scarcely distinct and often confluent ; a deep extension running well under the cardinals. Beak cavity slight; cavity of shell profound and uniform, Nacre variable, from greenish gray to rose. Width, 12 in.; length, 2 in.; diam, 3 in.
Habitat. A branch of the Flint R. in Baker Co., Ga.
Type lot in National Museum.
Remarks: Affinity, Unio Walkert, Wrt. and U. penicillatus Lea. From the former they are easily distinguished by their greater infla- tion and rounded sides, and more rounded umbonal angle, the finer and rougher plications and diminished length; from the latter it is also more inflated, darker and coarser, and has a sharper um- bonal angle. In some specimens the rays almost disappear, and again are so dense as to give a green appearance to the shell.
Mr. Charles T. Simpson has compared the type lot with the Lea types and considers it nearer to U. penicillatus Lea than to Walk- eri, but sufficiently distinct from both to warrant the standing we here give it. Mr. Simpson also suggests a generic name, by which this group will be distinguished in his forthcoming Synopsis of the family. ?
It affords me pleasure to name this species for the discoverers,
’ *
pts
. THE NAUTILUS. 139
Messrs. G. F. and B. H. King, who take great interest in natural history, and who are about to engage upon a thorough exploration of S. W. Ga. and W. Fla. in the interest of science. Their address is Mimsville, Ga.
NOTES ON SOME SOUTHERN MEXICAN SHELLS. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
A small collection of shells from the state of Tabasco, Mexico, re- ceived from Prof. José N. Rovirosa, is interesting as supplying a new species of the genus Ohondropoma, a genus common to southern Mexico and the West Indies, but far more fully developed in the latter region.
A new Unio of the Lampsilis group also occurred. The following is a list of the species ;
Polygyra Yucatanea Mor. var. helictomphala Pfr. San Juan Bau- tista.
Thysanophora conspurcatella Morel. San Juan Bautista.
Oxystyla princeps Brod.
Subulina trochlea (Pfr.). San Juan Bautista.
Opeas micra (Orb.). San Juan Bautista.
Glandina Ghiesbrechti Pfr.
Succinea Guatemalensis Morel.
Planorbis tenuis Phil.? (Young.)
Planorbula obstructa Morel. Margin of the Grijaloa R.
Aplexa aurantia Cpr. Macajuca.
Aplexa Tapanensis Cr. & Fisch. San Juan Bautista.
Chondropoma Martensianum Pilsbry. Montafias de Poana. See below.
Helicina lirata Pfr. Garden of the Juarez Institute, San Juan Bautista.
Neritina virginea L. Pueblo “ La Ceiba.”
Pachychilus vulneratus Crosse & Fischer. Upper Puyacatengo R. near ‘T’eapa. This is the form referred by Morelet (in coll.) to P. Helleri, and made by Crosse & Fischer a variety of P. chrysalis Brot., under the above name. The form seems to offer considerable differences from P. chrysalis, typical specimens of which were col- lected by Sr. Rovirosa at Ixtacomitan, Chiapas, and it may prove specifically independent. The specimens are old, more truncated
140 THE NAUTILUS.
than any other Pachychilus I have seen, one with a greatest diam- eter of 24 mm., measuring 39 mm, in height, and having less than two whorls remaining, the suture describing only one spiral turn. The shells from Morelet’s collection before me are much smaller, though doubtless this exact form.
Unio Rovirosai Pilsbry. Laguna de Atasta, near San Juan Bau- tista. See below.
Descriptions of New Species. Chondropoma Martensianum n. sp.
Shell perforate, turreted, truncate, thin, corneous, with many faint reddish-brown narrow spiral bands interrupted into dots. 445 to 54 whorls remaining in adults, very convex, separated by very deeply impressed sutures, the last whorl well rounded below. Sculpture of numerous very low spiral cords, a median one often larger, giving the upper whorls a subangular appearance, crossed by very numer- ous vertical lamellae with scalloped edges, about 4 or 5 lamelle in the space of a millimeter, on the latter half of the last whorl. Aper- ture circular ; peristome broadly and equally reflexed on the outer, basal and columellar margins, its face somewhat lamellose, nearly 1 mm. wide.
Alt. 18, diam. 6.6, internal diam. of aperture 3.2 mm. (54 whorls. )
Alt. 11.3, diam. 6.5, internal diam. of aperture, 3.3 mm. (44 whorls.)
Montanas de Poana, Tabasco, Mexico (José N. Rovirosa).
This species is most nearly allied to OC. radiosum Morelet, but differs as follows: It is smaller and more slender; the lamellze are not produced into short spines where they cross the spiral cords ; the peristome is decidedly narrower, recurved instead of flat or flaring for- ward ; finally, the aperture itself is as large as in C. radiosum, though the shell is smaller.
It is named in honor of Dr. E. von Martens, who is now publish- ing an extensive work on the non-marine mollusks of Mexico.
Unio (Lampsilis) Rovirosai n. sp.
Shell large, ovate, rather thin (about as in U. luteolus), inflated, nowhere gaping, covered with a rather thin black cuticle, sculptured with coarse and irregular growth-wrinkles, lamellose toward the basal margin; beaks rather small, situated a little behind the’ anterior
TIIE NAUTILUS. 141
fourth of the length; hinge margin slightly curved, anterior end narrowly rounded, posterior end much wider. Interior white, faintly pink tinted in the cavity, hardly iridescent. Right valve with one strong wedge-shaped cardinal tooth standing nearly at a right angle to the larger axis of shell, slight rudiments of accessory teeth in front of and behind it on the hinge-line; the lateral single, stout and high, separated by nearly its own length from the cardinal. Left valve with two stout, subequal, oblique, crenulated cardinal teeth and two strong laterals. Anterior adductor and pedal scars deep, posterior sears very shallow, the adductor and foot retractor completely united. Dorsal scars well within the cavity of the beaks, the major row (of about 6-8 small deep scars) extending obliquely across the cavity from below the cardinal to the lower side of the hinge-plate ; some smaller, shallower scars below the main series. Pallial line deep an- teriorly and below, shallow posteriorly. Length 111, height 71, diam. 43 mm.
Lacuna de Atasta, near San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico.
Type isa 9 specimen. It is allied to U. umbrosus Lea, differing in the narrower anterior end and consequently triangularly oblong form, the hinge-line and basal margin converging strongly forward ; the lateral teeth are also shorter. The female is much more swollen posteriorly than in U. umbrosus.
It is named in honor of Prof. José N. Rovirosa, known for his botanical explorations in southern Mexico.
This species falls into the genus Lampsilis as understood by Simp- son. Pending the publication of his classification of the group, it is here placed under Unio.
SOME NOTES ON THE LAND SHELLS OF WESTERN FLORIDA.
BY C. W. JOHNSON.
The following notes on the land mollusca are based on a few ob- tained incidentally while collecting fossils in Western Florida during the latter half of February and the first week in March.
These notes give a more southern and western distribution for a number of species than has heretofore been recorded.
The more southern distribution is undoubtedly due to the direct southerly course of all the rivers, which during freshets carry down great quantities of drift-wood to which a number of the land shells
142 THE NAUTILUS.
usually cling for preservation. A more western range for a number of the eastern species would be expected, and more thorough and ex- tended researches would probably show a much greater distribution westward.
In the woods just east of Tallahassee, among the leaves around the foot of some large magnolias and oaks, a number of Polygyra pus- tula and P. hopetonensis and a few Omphalina levigata and Strobilops labyrinthica were found. Near by in an old decayed log were found Glandina truncata (young), Vitrea indentata, Zonitoides arboreus, Z. milium and Philomycus carolinensis.
At Jackson’s Bluff on the Ocklocknee river, 24 miles west of Tal- lahassee, is a fine exposure of the Chesapeake miocene. Here a few favorable logs and stones were hastily turned over; under the lime- stone was found Helicina orbiculata and Glandina truncata, while from the logs were taken Omphalina levigata, Gastrodonta sup- pressa, a form in which the umbilicus is but slightly perforate, G. demissa, Vitrea indentata, Helicodiscus lineatus and Polygyra inflecta; for the latter species this is a more southern locality than has previously been given.
Two miles below Jackson’s Bluff is Larkin’s Bluff; under some boards and wood near the Bluff only Polygyra hopetonensis was found ; this is the most western locality from which I obtained this species.
About half a mile below Bailey’s Ferry, on the west side of the Chipola river, 11 miles west of Blountstown, is the farm of Mr. J. P. McClellan; here the Chipola bed comes to the surface and the shells are ploughed out inthe field. After obtaining a fine lot of the Chipola fossils and several boxes of the marl from which the clay and sand had been washed through a seive, I turned over an old log, just as I was leaving, and found Gastrodonta intertexta, the strongly carin- ated form, but with the usual internal callus. G. demissa, the most southern locality from which this species has been recorded. Poly- gyra appressa var. perigrapta, formerly recorded only from the mountainous portions of Tennessee and adjacent States, P. inflecta, and P. pustula, which has not before been reported west of Cedar Keys. In crossing the field near by I found an immature specimen of P. albolabris.
While waiting for the steamboat at Blountstown a short stroll was taken through the woods; a search beneath the oak logs dis- closed a number of Polygyra fallax. It seemed strange how these were confined exclusively to the oak; numerous pine logs were turned over, close by the oak, and all conditions seemed equally favorable, but not a single shell was obtained. /. fallax has not to my knowl- edge been recorded south of northern Georgia. Under the bark of logs, in the drift along the Apalachicola river, was the ever present Zonitoides arboreus.
As the steamboat did not connect with the east-bound train, I was obliged to go to Marianna for the night. I had noticed from the car
THE NAUTILUS. 143
window the week before an outcrop of limestone at the railroad bridge across the Chipola river, one mile east of town, that I wanted very much to examine, so before train time, the next morning, | made a grand rush for the river. ‘The nummulitic limestone con- tained but one mollusk, Pecten perplanus, but what it lacked paleon- tologically, it made up malacologically in furnishing a suitable en- vironment for numerous species of snails. A glance showed it to be an ideal collecting ground ; limestone, moisture, a varied vegetation, a cave and an old quarry with moss-covered rocks in all directions, is just what the snails want, and visions of a new species or variety formed an active stimulant; for I felt sure that Hemphill, Ferriss or Sargent had not been there. But alas, while the snails were thick, a nov. sp. was not to be found by ‘dis chile.” Ferriss would no doubt have found one, for I stil! believe it’s there.. Pyramidula alternata was very abundant, a coarsely sculptured and beautifully marked form, among which I found a sinistral specimen. P. per- spectiva was also plentiful; neither of these have previously been re- corded from Florida. Among the leaves in front of the cave were numerous fine specimens of G'astrodonta demissa, the majority of which are slightly more depressed than the typical form. Ompha- lina laevigata chiefly frequented an old log, while Helicina orbiculata were found among the rocks in the drier portions of the quarry. A few specimens of the following species were also obtained: Glandina truncata, Zonitoides arboreus, Vitreaindentata, Strobilops labyrinthica, Bifidaria armifera, Polygyra inflecta, P. appressa var. perigrapta, and P. stenotrema. The latter species have not before been recorded from Florida. In the river drift near the bridge were numerous specimens of Polygyra auriformis and afew Succinea luteola. As this drift was not the direct wash of the river, but was formed by the water backing up over the low ground along the railroad, I am in- clined to think that the two species could be found living among the grass and sedge along the high-water mark.
-EPIPHRAGMOPHORA HARPERI, N. SP.
BY F. W. BRYANT.
Shell unbilicate, translucent, white; suture well defined; spire a depressed cone composed of five regularly increasing convex whorls, the first three smooth, the remainder marked by obscure, closely- crowded, oblique lines of growth; base convex; aperture nearly circular, oblique; peristome thin, broadly expanded, and reflexed at lower third of baso-columellar portion, its extremities joined by an elevated ridge, bordering which is a somewhat triangular callus bounded on the inner side by a ridge extending from the middle of the base of the reflected portion of the peristome obliquely to the
144 THE NAUTILUS.
upper part of the basal whorl; width of umbilicus about one-fifth greater diameter of shell.
Numerous dark microscopical lines extend from the acetone over the body whorl nearly perpendicular to the lines of growth.
Greatest diam. 17, least diam. 14,.alt. 9 mm.
Locality, San Jacinto Mts., California.
A NEW N.-E. AUSTRALIAN AMNICOLOID. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The species described below was received from Mr. D. Thaanum. It is evidently referable to the genus Petterdiella, the synonymy of which is as follows: |
Ampullaria sp., Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 1876,
Ate ; Amnicola sp. of various authors.
Brazieria Petterd, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1888, p. 76. Not Brazierta Ancey, 1887 (see Man. Conch. IX, p. 29).
Petterdiana Brazier, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1896, p. 105.
Pseudampullaria Ancey, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Marseille I, 1898, p- 148.
Allof the above names are based upon Ampullaria tasmanica Ten.-
Woods.
Petterdiana Thaanumi n. sp.
Shell small, globose, Ampullaria-shaped, narrowly perforate ; light brown ; smooth except for slight growth-lines. Spire short. Whorls 4, quite convex, the last perceptibly flattened below the suture, globose, not angular at the periphery; narrowly excavated around the perforation. Aperture oblique, roundly ovate, narrowly rounded above; outer lip simple; columella concave, wide .and flattened ; parietal callus short and rather heavy, though very much less thick than in P. tasmanica. Alt. 3.3, diam. 2.8 mm.
Near Cairns, Queensland, Australia,
This species ditfers from P. tasmanica in having the last whorl much less dilated towards the aperture, this difference being particu- larly noticeable when the shell is viewed in the line of the axis from above ; the aperture is consequently less ample, and the outline of the shell in a front view is more regular. There is also a fraction of a whorl more than in P. tasmanica, the columella is not so wide, and the callus across the parietal margin is comparatively thinner, while in P. tasmanica the heavy columellar callus continues across the parietal wall.
This is the second species of the genus, and so far as I know the first to be recorded from Australia,
Tre
NAUTILUS.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS.
VOL, XIV.
MAY, 1900, to APRIL, 1901.
PHILADELPHIA : Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.
P] bto¥ - Fi - , 3 4“ C4) f vie A ; s iE y rj ' ‘ p
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INDEX
TO
Pow NAUTILUS, VOL. XIV.
INDEX TO ARTICLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.
Alasmodonta marginata Say and A. truncata Wright . . 143 Alexia myosotis marylandica Pils.,n. var. . : ; a ae Amnicola letsoni Walker, n. sp. 113 Argyrotheca Dall. new name for Cistella Gray 1853, Pak of
Gistel 1848 : : . 44 Ariolimax steindachneri ier, a new Pirncrican ales a | Ashmunella SO) aah ites on (rufescens and _ alba,
n. var.) : : , : 12 Asiatic shells. new Ponies of : : : 49, 83 Atrina oldroydii Dall.,n.sp. . ; : . 148 Bathysciadium conicum Dautz . : : 48, 60 Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki in New Aioaieo nS, Bifidaria hordeacella from Cape May, N. J. ; es Ue Bonnanius Jouss. ‘ : BeOS Browne, Francis C. . . 1382 Buliminus callistoderma Pils., n. sp. . ; -t33 Buliminus callistoderma var. opaaseane Pils. meevare-- alas Buliminus eucharistus Pils., n. sp. F : 128 Buliminus extorris var. omiensis Pils.,n. var. . 27! Buliminus hirasei Pils.,n. sp. . . : MNASe Buliminus luchuanus Pils, Nn. Sp. Bhs pa Buliminus (Petroeus) iste y nite Ancey, a new Asiatic
Species”; 2 >. : By Ae 8) Bulimulus (Drymeeus) et atu: Maleon, n. Sp. (Coste Rica) 87 California, exotic mollusks in ; ei ig Cape May, N. J., land shells of . ere: ; a iin
(iii )
lV THE NAUTILUS.
Cerion stevensoni Dall.,n. sp. (Bahamas) . ae. OD Cheilea Modeer 1793 in place of Mitrularia Schum, 1817 . 45 Circinaria hemphilli in California .. a Cistella Gray 1853 not Gistel 1848.—Argyrotheca Datl, eee 344 Clausilia euholostoma Pils., n. sp. : . ye ALS Clausilia hiraseana Pils., n. sp. ; weber Clausilia harimensis Pils. one sp. 1 Ds . sos Clausilia hokkaidoensis Pils. sys be ; : ; ae aye) Clausilia iotaptyx var. clava Pils.,n. var. . ; . 108 Clausilia japonica var. interplicata Pils., n. var. . 108 Clausilia perpallida Pils.,n. sp. . . 108 Conus consors Sowb. . ; f PUB Cyclotus (?) micron Pils.,n. sp. ; ; hd Diplommatina uzenensis Pils, ) Dh: Sawa eye, Epiphragmophora fidelis in conten Calitacnia ; , 144 Epiphragmophora traski, aestivation of, . 13 Euconulus Reinhardt for Conulus Fitz, 1833 mee of Raf, 1814 ; ‘ , : : » seis tie Kuconulus reinhardti Palen 1. Sp eT ae v2 06k EKuhadra (?) recnblocaniny laa Ancey, n. sp. ; SD Kulota (Euhadra) caliginosa (Ad. and Rve.) , eel EKulota callizona dixoni Pils., n. var. , ; , 7 OD EKulota callizona maritima G@ulice and Pilsbry, n. var. one: Eulota (Plectotropis) elegantissima var. cara Pils., n. var. . 107 Eulota gainesi Pils., n. sp. . : : : ; 60 Eulota gudeana Pils., n. sp. . , iit EKulota gudeana hakodatensis Pils., n. n. for Helix laeta Gould, pre-occupied : . 60 Kulota Ween Pils. sasp-, i it Hak Kulota (eicatoraph) inornata Pils., n. sp. . 129 Julota (Plectotropis) kiusiuensis Pils., Ns SDig as ; Prthi e: Kulota luhuana idzumonis Pilsbry and Gulick, n. var. Wi8R Kulota luhuana aomoriensis Gulick and Pilsbry,n. var. . 89 Kulota (Aegista) martensiana Pils., n. sp. . . 129 Kulota mesogonia Pils..n. sp... gaan jigs al Kulota (Euhadra) mercatoria (Gray, Pfr. te ; 91 BO Kulota mercatoria atrata Pilsbry and Gulick, n. var. . 7B
Euryta A. Adams 1858 not of Gistel 1848.—Mazatlania Dall. ; demu: : f eee . 44
a sill
THE NAUTILUS. Vv
Hurytus conturesi 2 he A new land shell from South
America , ; , . 42 Ganesella jacobii Bile: Bidn, 4.7 ae Ganesella myomphala var. omulislndse Pils., n. var.."'. , Bas Ganesella wiegmanniana Pils., n. sp... POERG Gastranella tumida Verr. at W oods Holl, Mags, . 93 Gastranella tumida Verr., the young of Petricola dacty isan . 106 Gastrodonta intertexta Ciidbin Pils., n. var. (Florida) . 40 Gastrodonta walkeri Pils. . d ; : . 52 General Notes. : Paap, #7, 60,71, 98, 118,180 Glandina (Varicella) deflorescens Vendryes nia, Bs . 134 Glandina iberingi Pils.,n. sp. ,: ; od Glandina (Varicella) taylori Viauaien. Bene .! 133 Glomus Jeffreys 1876 not of Gistel 1848. Pricwalaina Dall. 44 Glyptostoma newberrvanum W. G. B. Saag : meee Great raft, an hour on the . ; ENT Great Smoky Mountains, Collecting in mabe) eS at us Helicina hakodadiensis Hartman , : : nb28 Helicina reinii var. uzenensis Pils., n. var. . . 128 Helicina osumiensis Pils., n. sp. ; 127 Helicina sundana fenbey. 1 a for H. exserta aniebe net
of Gundlach . : : : ; ; , . 84 Helicina verecunda Gould . : : ALP ELS Helicodiscus eigenmanni Pils., n. sp. (Texas) . 41 Helix albolabris, Growth of : : saat, S Helix feralis Hemphill, n. sp. (sub- al fies. 2 - P2) Helix kelletti Fbs. : (RSG Helix hortensis in Nee toandiand . ceemiy Helix sodalis Hemphill, n. sp. (sub-fossil) ae 3 mwi22 Helix tryoni major Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossil) figs. . 128 Helix tryoni maculata Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossil) figs. . 123 Helix tryoni minor Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossii) figs. . 128 Holospira minima Martens, for H. pfeiffer var. minor Mart.,
preoccupied. KVP ES Japanese Mollusks, Matices of some new a 32, Dos To) 8 Senor,
115, 127 Kaliella fraterna Pils., n. sp. : UH Kaliella symmetrica Pils., n. sp. MSO Kennebunkport, Maine, nd Mallgees 1 a eN63
vi THE NAUTILUS.
Kentucky, Mollusca of southern. ae 4) Lampsilis simpsoni Ferris, n. sp. (ieeamianes 2-388 Land shells from rejactamenta of the Rio Grande at Mesiilal
N. Mex. and of Gallinas R. at Las Vegas, N. Mex. . aaa Lasea rubra Montg. and L. bermudensis Bush, the same
Species. ' : : ‘ : . 106 Las Vegas, N. Mee Shells of , . AT Lima hamlini. Dall, n. sp. (cretaceous, see page 36) ; nae aD Limicolaria oviformis Ancey, A new Asiatic species . ee Limneea mighelsi W. G. Binn. Note on the habits of ea, Limpet, Note on a new abyssal . ; : : 48, 60 Los Angeles, Cal., Age of deposit Taidleriaing ; 36 Mazatlania Dall, praposed for Euryta A. Adams 1858 rue
of Gistel 1848 5 ; . 44 Mitrularia Schum, 1817 = GHellee Medeer: 1798 5 . 45 Mollasks in grass : : : 93 Murex petra Dall. A new Murex from California —. me af Naiades, « review of Simpson’s Synopsis. ; p40 Names which must be discarded (Dall.) ; Poe New Mexican snails, new records of . : : : 82, 85 Odostomia, variation in ee Omphalina levigata latior Pils., n. var. mere 6 Omphalina levigata perlaevis Pila., n. var. . 5G Pecten (Lyropecten) dilleri Dall, n. sp. (fossil) . age Phenacolepas, catalogue of species of the genus . et Philomycus secretus Cockerell, n. sp. . , . 09 Phyllaphysia, a genus new to the Pacific Gag : : OF Phyllaphysia taylori Dall., n. sp. ; Ree Physe of Northeastern Illinois, a revision of the Meet Physa ancillaria var. fadgrialnoustten Walker, n. var. . A949 Physa ancillaria var. crassa Walker, n. var. . 98 Physa gyrina Say 3 f : : Saunas Physa gyrina elliptica Lea . A ee Physa heterostropha Say . ; aa Physa integra Hald. . NDS Physa moussoni Ancey,n. sp. . or: Physa sayii Tappan ; ‘is Pinna from California,a new . . 148
Pisidia, some general notes on. ; - . 5,6
THE NAUTILUS. vil
Pisidium imbecille Sterki, n. sp. . , ; nD Pisidium monas Sterki, n. sp. , . 100 Pisidium peraltum Sterki, n. sp. . ; ee. Pisidium streatori Sterki, n. sp. . : . . 100 Pisidium tenuissimum Sterki, n. sp. . : ’ Oe Planorbis corpulentus Say, supplementary note on. ds Planorbis persicus Ancey, n. sp. : : : . 84 Planorbis umbilicatellus Cockerell, in New ee ; ee 4, Pleurobranchus californicus Dall.,n. sp. . HERZ Polygyra albolabris alleni . i : ; : 27, 28 Polygyra andrewse altivaga Pils. ae Polygyra andrewse normalis Pils. . : ; . o4 Polygyra binneyana . ; . 26, 27, 28 Polygyra edwardsi Peenifamose Pils. : ne 3) Polygyra ferrissi , ; : : . 50, 51, 53 Polygyra hirsuta pilula Pils. j ; a, tale Polygyra pilsbryi Ferriss, n. sp., in needs of ; Ai Wao Polygyra stenotrema mithout alip-notch . ; , 135 Pomatiopsis hirasei Pils., n. sp. ; oy hae Pristogloma Dall. fe sposed for Gahus Aearey ai 1876, not
of Gistel 1848 . : 4 : ; ae Publications received . : . B4, 45, 94, 104, 119, 130 Punctum blandianum Pils. . : cy OS Punctum japonicum Pils., n. sp. ; ; 82 Pyramidula elrodi Pils.,n. sp. . ‘ . 40 Quintard, J.B. . , : gy NEAR Rochester, N. Y., shell plleoue near sieod
fe tomins of ihe West Coast, notes on the eceachctian of the . ; ; |
Shell patie fing-.c on gia Mesquite Const : SiGe Shells of the marl-deposits of Aroostook county, Mesh! » 102 Sistrum nicocheanum Pils., n. sp. Vie Spherium crassum Sterki, n. sp. , ; . Abs Spherium walkeri Sterki, n. sp. : . 1 Spiraculum assamense Hertel n. bap. ( eat) et of Subemarginula yatesi Dall, a new species from euittocnin S425 Succinea campestris vagans Pils.,n. var. . , : s AA To a slug (in alcohol). : ; 21a
Trishoplita cretacea var. bipartita Pils. pie VEE! © ; 4s AO7
Vill THE NAUTILUS.’
Trishoplita goodwini var. kyotoensis Pils.,n. var. ©. . 90 Trishoplita goodwini var. suprazonata Pils., Ay Varnes See Trishoplita smithiana Pils., n. sp. é : ¥ S Sls Trivia paucilirata Sowb. . . ne . 144 Truncatella clathrus Lowe at Key West, Fla; | : “Led Unionide of Indiana (Review of Dr. Call’s work) : Soo Vallonia pulchellag. io." > 130 Vallonia pulchella, in Los Angeles and elsewhere in Cali- fornia, etc. ; ; 7 ' 1 00 Vertigo hirasei Pils., n. sp. pas . 128 Vitrea petrophila pentadelphia Pils. : : pale Vitrea rhoadsi Pils., Note on .. ' : ANE Vitrinizonites latissimus uvidermis Pils. ; £4107 West Coast conchologists, to. ; cab West Coast conchology, a contribution to : . 109s 12d
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Ancey, G2. eee is pean: : 42, 83
Baker, Frank C. . ae Te, 99,99 Bruenn, H: H.: . . : a Button, Fred L. . ; ae mai. Clapp, Geo. H. aay 63, 72, 130 Cockerell, T. D ‘A. 2, Boy 59, 72, 85 Dall, Wm. H. ; ‘15, oT, ‘44, 48, GD polis dee 117, 125, 143 Ferriss. A es & Chae 25, 38, 49 Binck, War Ho =. ; : : eee Frierson, Lorrain 8S. . ; Seg Fulton, Hugh . Bo ae ; ; ft OF Gifford, Edw. W. ; : ; i ; : ; . 144 Hemphill, Henry . 109, 121 Keep, Josiah ; cee . 3 OS Morrell, Jennie M. Ee ; «PS eee 9 Nylander, Olof O. : { 101 Pilsbry, Henry A. 3, 4, 11, 32, 40, aid) ais 13, 79, 82, 85, 88, Lis
115, 197, 132 Price, Sadie F. .. : Ee as Pe ‘yi ae Stearns, R. H. C. 1, 65 Sherkisy Vane : ; ; ; 5, 99, 139 Vendryes. Henry , : ee . 138 Walker, Bryant ; . 8,33, 9iyauie Wheeler, Chas. Le Roy : ; : ; . 86, 148 Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton en Nite ; : es
Winkley, Henry W. jk A Ras USP ae6
THE NAUTILUS.
Von. XIV. MAY, 1900. Wo. 1.
NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF AND CERTAIN CHARACTERS IN THE SAXIDOMI OF THE WEST COAST.
BY ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.
Four species of Saxidomus have been described from the West coast of North America and one from Japan. On the American shores its distribution extends from the Gulf of Alaska to San Diego, a range of about 2500 miles. It is remarkably prolific, being found in great abundance in the waters of Puget Sound and in many places between the points above named.
The foregoing applies particularly to the two species S. aratus Gould (= 8S. gracilis Gld.), and S. Nuttalhi Conrad. The other forms, S. squalidus Desh., and S. brevisiphonatus Cpr., may prove to be only varietal. With our present knowledge, the latter appear to be quite local, or of infrequent occurrence, apparently restricted to Vancouver Island and the shores around the Strait of Juan de Fuca, though Carpenter credits sqgualidus to Oregon and the neighborhood of San Francisco bay, S. Nuttallit appears to be more generally distributed and more abundant throughout the region named than S. aratus, though in one instance as many as a hundred bushels of the latter were included in a single consignment in 1867 to a San Francisco commission merchant. Notwithstanding its superior qual- ity from an edible point of view, there was no sale for them; it was not a familiar form and the greater part was dumped into the bay.
2 THE NAUTILUS.
These were obtained from some point on the shore of Sor.oma county in the neighborhood of Bodega, the exact locality unknown.
The Indians, Wintuns and Pomos, who formerly inhabited the general region bordering this part of the coast, collected and dried great quantities of the meats of this species, which formed an im- portant part of their food supply, and they also made their disk- shaped beads and money, hawock, out of the shells.
Harford’s' Alaska collection contained examples of S. Nuttallit, from Kodiak Island, Sitka, Carter’s Bay, and Port Simpson. Dall’s voluminous Alaskan notes when published will, probably, show that it is generally distributed throughout the Alaskan region. At San Pedro in the south, it occurs in gravelly mud and sand, associated with Zapes laciniata, a sharply sculptured species belonging to a genus that like Saxtdomus is without a representative on the At- lantic coast. S. Nuttallii is ordinarily a much coarser sculptured shell than S. aratus, and as would be inferred when its wide distri- bution and great abundance are considered, varies greatly in propor- tion of length to breadth and both of these to thickness. The sculp- ture varies according to the local character of the ground it inhabits.
There are other features worthy of notice; among these the hinge cartilage, ete., and the adductors, the mechanism by which the valves are opened and closed, which is exceedingly conspicuous in Sexido- mus as compared with Zivela crassatelloides, as will be s en at a glance when individuals of the two forms, of the same size, are placed side by side.
Following Dall’s analysis of the so-called cartilage,? which he says ‘is not a cartilage, and which is frequently spoken of as ‘ligament,’ or ‘internal ligament,’ [there is] a great need of a distinctive name, and I propose that of ‘ resilium,’ which clearly indicates its
function ;”’
the term ligament being used for the upper or external portion or member, which operates by pulling, while the resilium or inner portion may be said to operate by causing a rebound when pressed, so resisting the closing of the valves when they are open; thus these two parts or members act reciprocally, each assisting in
its special way in opening the valves. The function of the adductor
1 Shells collected by the U.S. Coast Survey Expedition to Alaska in the year 1867; Proce. Cal. Acad., Dec. 2, 1867.
*Trans. Wagner Free Instltute of Science, Vol, 3, Part JIT, March, 1895.
THE NAUTILUS. 8
muscles is, on the contrary, that of closing the valves, and the position of these as related to the position of the compound ligament facilitates exactness in the inter-locking of the binge teeth. ‘Now these organs or devices for opening and closing the shells are of exceeding promi- nence in S. Nuttallii, and the opportunity for examining a fine series has recently been afforded me, by the gift of a large number for culi- nary purposes,’ by Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd.
The adductors are exceedingly large for shells of the size and weight, and the ligament being in proportionate size to these muscles, makes this form particularly desirable for the study of these charac- ters. When alive and gaping, the least disturbance will be followed by an energetic closing of the shell, with a snap so vigorous as to cause a chipping or fracture of the vertical edges of the valves. The streneth and tenacity of the grip, when the powerful adductors are brought into action, may be easily proven by the insertion of the finger-tips into a partially open shell.
The texture or substance of the shells in the Saxidomi is less com- pact or solid than in Z%vela crassatelloides, and the comparative weight of examples of the same dimensions is as 10 to 13; while the mass of the adductors and ligaments are fully twice as large in Saxi- domus as in Tivela, examples of the same size being compared.
The differences exhibited by these forms, both belonging to the Venerida, indicate differences in habits and environmental conditions, and no doubt others not readily perceived.
A NEW SPECIES OF SISTRUM. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Sistrum nicocheanum, n. sp. Shell imperforate or rimate, fusiform, thick and strong, brownish
flesh-colored, the spiral lire brown. Sculpture of strong, rounded, longitudinal waves equal to their intervals, 8 or 7 in number on the last whorl; these waves crossed by rather strong spiral cords, which widen into transversely oblong low tubercles upon the summits of the waves. Between these cords there are several spiral threads in most or all of the intervals. Whorls about 54, convex, the last one with concave outlines below, -prodnced in a rather long anterior
'This “clam” makes an exceedingly delicious soup or broth.
4 THE NAUTILUS.
canal. Aperture oval, flesh-colored within; peristome thick or beveled, armed with six subequal teeth within; columellar margin angular at the origin of the anterior canal, bearing a single small transverse fold above the angle; canal rather straight and long for this genus.
Length 214, diam. 11, length of aperture and canal 12 mm.
Nicochea, Argentina, Dr. H. von Ihering. Types no. 72640 coll. Ay Nid. -P,
This species is no. 877 of Dr. von Ihering’s register. It has much the general appearance of Urosalpinx cinereus (Say), which has about the same contour. The common Antillean Sistrum nodu- losum is more abbreviated, with far stronger tuberculation and a short anterior canal. It extends southward to Rio Janeiro and Cabo Frio, Brazil (Cf. Hidalgo, Mol. Viaje al Pacifico, p. 67, as R. tuber-
culata Blv. var.?).
A NEW GUATEMALAN GLANDINA. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Glandina Iheringi n. sp.
Shell obesely fusiform or biconic, the diameter half the altitude ; pale brown, with occasional dark chestnut or purplish-brown variceal stripes, inconspicuously bordered on the left side with whitish. Surface shining, finely and evenly striated throughout, excepting the smooth apical whorls; spire conic, with nearly straight lateral out- lines, the apex rather acute. Whorls 74, a little convex, the earlier 24 smooth, separated by a simple suture, the rest very distinctly mar- gined below the suture by an impressed line which defines a narrow band of bead-like tubercles, Last whorl obese, its latter half not rapidly descending, the last suture being consequently nearly parallel with the others, in a dorsal view. Aperture somewhat over half the shell’s length, narrow ; outer lip regularly arcuate; columella subver- tical, concave above, then sinuous and abruptly truncated and ex- cised. Alt. 25, diam. 124; longest axis of aperture 144, greatest width 52 mm. i |
Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. Type no. 78036 Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci. (no. 413 of Dr. H. von Ihering’s register).
This elegantly marked species is somewhat allied to G. cordovana
fHE NAUTILUS. 5
and G. speciosa, both of which, on comparison of specimens, are seen to be much more cylindrical. The latter differs in being decidedly smoother below, even glabrous, while G. /heringi is striated to the base. The body-whorl is strongly swollen and convex, and the nar- row moniliferous subsutural border is particularly distinct and ele- gant.
NEW PISIDIA, AND SOME GENERAL NOTES.
BY DR. V. STERKI.
Pis. IMBECILLE n. sp. Mussel minute, ovoid-oblong in outline, rather inflated ; superior and inferior margins moderately curved, posterior slightly truncated obliquely outward, rounded below, antero- superior slightly curved or almost straight (oblique), anterior end rounded ; beaks somewhat posterior, broad and low, slightly raised above the hinge margin in the adult; color pale yellowish horn to whitish ; surface with very fine striation and a few slightly marked lines of growth, and with a slight waxy gloss; shell thin, kinge very fine and plate quite narrow; cardinal teeth very small, thin, or al- most obsolete, lateral teeth small, the outer ones of the right valve scarcely visible ; ligament fine.
Size: long. 2.3, alt. 1.8, diam. 1.8 mill.
Habitat: Byer’s Trout Pond, and Button Lake, Kent Co., Mich., collected by Dr. R. J. Kirkland.
This is a well characterized species, not nearly related with any other, and can not be mistaken for mature specimens of any one. But it has much resemblance with very young examples of Pis. variabile Pr., of the same size, and it takes good care to discern them.—Our species will doubtless be found in other places ; in Byer’s Pond Dr. K. collected over four hundred specimens, and twenty- five in Button Lake. The name has been derived from its small size, thin shell, low, broad beaks, and some similarity in shape with Anodonta imbecillis Say.
Pis. peraltum, n. sp. Mussel of moderate size, somewhat oblique, very high, much inflated, beaks large, full and prominent; hinge margin strongly curved ; posterior part, behind the beaks, very short, the margin high, slightly to distinctly truncated, passing into the well rounded inferior, with a wide, regular curve; antero-superior
6 THE NAUTILUS.
margin slightly curved in a steep slope to the slightly angular, rounded anterior end; color light yellowish horn in the young and a zone along the margins in older species, in which the upper parts usually are grayish ; surface slightly shining, finely and irregularly striated, with some deeper lines of ‘growth usually of darker color ; shell rather strong, nacre whitish to grayish, muscle insertions distinct; hinge stout, strongly curved, plate moderately broad; cardinal teeth short, the one in the right valve curved, its posterior part thick, and usually grooved; the anterior of the left valve short, stout, triangular, abrupt, with a deep groove, posterior short, oblique, curved; lateral teeth short, stout, high, pointed, the outer ones in the right valve quite small; ligament short, moderately strong. Size: long. 3.8 alt. 3.8 diam. 2.8 mill. i Habitat: Crystal Lake, Benzie Co., Mich., collected (over 600 specimens) by Dr. R. J. Kirkland; also in Illinois, Iowa and Kentucky. Typical specimens are easily distinguished from all other species —except an extreme form of P. compressum Pr., from the same place, having rounded beaks without ridges. Yet they are quite distinct. P. peraltum is somewhat variable: in some specimens, there are small but distinct projecting angles at the scutum, or scu- tellum, or both. Others are less high, and the beaks are not so full and prominent. A few specimens (dead valves) from Havana, Ill., had been re- ceived from the Illinois State Laboratory of Nat. Hist. (Mr. Kofoid), in 1895; a few. valves from Iowa City, Ia., were sent, in 1896, by Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss, and a few good specimens from Bowling Green, Ky., by Miss 8. F. Price in 1899. While all these evidently were of the same Pisidium, they seemed not sufficient for establishing a new species upon them, but now proved identical with the Michigan form, and are valuable in showing a wide geographical distribution of our species.
Pisidia are becoming an important factor of our molluscan fauna. Owing to the efforts and the kindness of many conchologists in the United States and Canada, the writer had chances to examine a large number of specimens—over two hundred thousand, during the last five or six years, besides ten thousands of Sphaeria and Calycu-
ie, cel
THE NAUTILUS. 7
line. Yet they still represent only a small part of the country, and diligent, careful collecting in many more places and sections is badly needed.
That among such materials there should be many new forms was to be anticipated, but the results were beyond all expectations. This is partly proved by the many species already published. It seems to be necessary to add that the greatest care has been taken in estab- lishing new species. All of them lave been seen in every stage of growth; most are represented by hundreds and thousands of speci- mens, and, in fact, the geographical range of almost all is a wide one. And numerous new forms are in hand, partly have been for years, awaiting new materials for their confirmation.. Not only the species in themselves are of interest and value, but also the study of their geographical distribution and their variations. Some of the Pisidia are extremely variable, and the same can be said of some of our Sphaeria and Calyculine, and their study is very difficult.
This is not the place for an account of the work done by all con- tributors, a summary of which will be given in a revision to be pub- lished. Yet two conchologists have done such work and their suc- cess is so unparalleled, the example given by them so suggestive and encouraging, that we can not pass them over in silence.
Mr. Olaf O. Nylander has, since ’95, worked up Aroostook Co.,
Me., and, beside other mollusca, collected and sent for examination
about 32,000 recent specimens and large numbers of fossil Pisidia. His careful collecting, under great difficulties, in many places over an extensive area of that northeastern part of our country, has added very materially to our knowledge of the molluscan fauna.!
During the last four years also, Dr. R. J. Kirkland, of Grand Rapids, Mich., has collected and sent for examination about 123,000 Pisidia (over 70,000 in 799), and many thousand Spheria and Pisidia, most from Kent and some other counties of Michigan. And it is of importance that both these enthusiastic collectors, like some others also, have paid special attention to even the smallest speci- mens. Thus we became acquainted with some minute species, while the study of the young of all was greatly facilitated. On the other hand, it is very desirable, or rather indispensable, to have as jarge numbers of specimens as possible at disposition, from every locality.
1 See Mr. Nylander’s list in Tur Navrinus XIU, p. 102. (Jan., 1900.)
8 THE NAUTILUS.
considering the enormous variability of some species, in order to as- certain whether certain forms are really species, or varieties, or local variations.
J. B. QUINTARD.
ft is with great regret that we learn of the death of our old cor- respondent, Mr. J. B. Quintard, which occurred at his home near Silver Lake, Shawnee county, Kansas, on December 17, 1899.
Born at Norwalk, Connecticut, October 21, 1839, he moved with his parents to Knox county, Ohio, in 1847. In December, 1859, he married Miss Madeline I. Watkins, and in May, 1860, they moved to Kansas, where he selected a site on the open prairie and made a home, which he occupied until his death.
He was a great lover and careful observer of nature, and early took up the study of Conchology. By his own labor in collecting and exchanging, he got together a large collection of shells, and especially of the land and fresh-water species. Mr. Quintard was known by correspondence to most western collectors of fresh-water shells, especially the Unionide.
GENERAL NOTES.
Nore on VITREA RHOADSI Pils.—The distribution of this species would seem to be much more extended than was indicated when first described (Naut. XII, 101). I have specimens from Traverse City and Charlevoix in this State, and Dr. R. J. Kirkland has recently discovered it in Ottawa county, which would indicate a general dis- tribution through the western part of Michigan. It has not as yet been noticed in any of the eastern counties, I have also specimens from County Carlton, Ontario ; Amherst, Mass., and Orange county, Va., which extend the range much further to the north and east than indicated by Mr. Pilsbry.—BryanT WALKER.
Note on THE Hasits or LIMN#A MIGHELSI W.G. Binn.— Extract from a letter of Dr, R. J, Kirkland: “I made a visit to Crystal Lake, Benzie county, Mich., in July and again in October. Along the shores are thousands of dead Limnea mighelst W. G. Binn.,
THE NAUTILUS. 4)
and though many hours were spent in July in searching for living ones, not one was found, until an improvised dredge brought them to view from a depth of about twelve feet. Hiring a couple of men to row, about two hundred were taken in half a day’s work. This fall, however, I was surprised to see them in shallow water (one to three feet), and I collected over a thousand by wading and picking them up one by one. They were not in groups at all, but scattered irreg- ularly in patches over the bottom. Some of them were half buried in the sand and the greater part resting with the head toward the shore, and where a track was visible, it was a line from deeper to shallower water. During the few days under observation, not a sin- gle individual was seen floating on the surface.’—Bryant WALKER.
ee
Toe GrowTi or LAND SNAILS. sent me two Helix albolabris which I put in my wardian case, and
Two years ago, nearly, I had
have had some thirty or more young from them in two annual crops; the first are about 21 mouths old. One of these perfected the white lip last year. Whether from being so often handled and being in the room where people are moving has made a difference in their habits I cannot say, but this year a portion of their ‘“‘ growing ”’ has been done in full view, and they often do not go into their shells when I take them up.
One snail put an addition to his house of a full half inch at once. I happened to see him as he was finishing; he had built from the umbilicus on one side, then from the farther side which we call the top, and was connecting the two sides when I found him. The con- nections seemed like tiny crystals thrown from each side, as ice forms in a pail of water, then it was covered with a jelly-like sub- stance, and in a few days after he had added the first thin gelatine- like wall of lip, and now he has the finished hard white lip.
I have often seen one which has the new addition as wnuch like gelatine as possible, then so brittle that the merest touch will break, then like the old shell.— Jennie M. H. Morrett, Gardener, Maine.
LAND SHELLS FROM REJECTAMENTA OF THE RIO GRANDE AT Mersityta, New Mexico, AND oF THE GaLLiInas R. at Las Veeas, N. M.—Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell sent the following species from the localities named. <A previous Mesilla list has been given in NavutTiuus X, p. 42.
10 THE NAUTILUS.
Shells from flood-debris of the Rio Grande, Mesilla.
Vallonia eyclophorella Ane. Pyramidula striatella Anth. Pupoides marginatus Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. " a variety. Zonitoides minusculus Binn. Bifidaria procera Gld. et singleyanus Pils. %§ hordeacella Pils. Limnea humilis Say. se hebes mexicanorum Ckll.Planorbis parvus Say. Pupa blandi Morse. z umbilicatellus Ckll. Vertigo ovata Say. Physa, undet. Young shell.
Gallinas River at Las Vegas.
Vallonia cyclophorella Ane. Vertigo ovata Say.
Bifidaria armifera Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Be procera Gld. Zonitoides minusculus Binn. <e hordeacella Pils.
The species of principal interest is Planorbis umbilicatellus, not hitherto known from the Rocky Mountain region south of Montana to my knowledge. H. A. Piissry.
TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGISTS.
Kind Friends: Nearly thirteen years have passed since I published my little book entitled “ West Coast Shells.” It was issued with a double purpose; first, to increase the interest of young people in the study of conchology; and secondly, to assist collectors in the work of identifying their specimens. It is believed that both objects have to some extent been realized.
During these years students of conchology have not been idle. Numerous new species have been brought to light, especially on the southern coast, while the scores of intelligent collectors all over the Pacific Slope have learned much concerning the haunts and habits of well-known species. Eastern and foreign investigators and pub- lishers have been busy also, and there has been more or less change of names and classification.
Repeated requests have been coming to me for a revised edition of “West Coast Shells.”? I have delayed undertaking the work of revision, partly from the pressure of other duties, and partly from a desire to secure the latest and most complete information concerning the shells themselves, and the most approved names by which they
~
TAIE NAUTILUS. 11
should be known. While I am strongly opposed to changing otd names except for the best of reasons, it is necessary to know whit the authorities are doing in these particulars.
My object in sending out this circular is to invite all who are in- terested in this matter to assist in the work of revision. I shall be grateful to all who have found difficulties in using ‘ West Coast Shells” if they will write to me concerning their difficulties and make suggestions as to improvements.
I wish also to be informed of any errors, either in names or de- scriptions, that have been discovered, and shall be thankful to receive suggestions that would be helpful in writing new descriptions. —In- formation concerning new species is especially desired; also any recently discovered facts concerning well-known species.
I would be especially grateful to those who have specimens of new species if they would loan me such as I do not already possess, and give me information as to the names, localities, etc., of any species which are not already mentioned in ‘* West Coast Shells,” or of any unusual varieties that should be noticed.
Jostan Keep.
Mills College P. O., Alameda Ov., Calif., March 21, 1900.
NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
The following specics were mostly sent by Mr. Y. Hirase. They will be illustrated in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science. |
Eulota horridan. sp. Shell broadly and perspectively umbilicated, depressed, the spire very low conoid, nearly flat, periphery angulated, the angle situated high, base convex, inflated. Surface dull, yellow- ish-brown, shaggy with epidermal flattened processes and filaments, which are arrayed in six or eight concentric series, on the base, and at the periphery; the upper surface smoother. Whorls 53. Aper- ture oblique, subcircular, a little excised by the preceding whorl; peristome thin, slightly expanded on the outer and basal margins, Alt. 6, diam. 14, umbilicus 4 mm. Allied to HM. cil/osa Pfr. and probably to H. setocinctu A, Ad., but the spire is | wer.
Eulota (Trishoplita?) mesogonia n. sp. Shell umbilicate, with
12 THE NAUTILUS.
moderately raised, conoidal spire, distinctly angular periphery and convex base. Uniform chestnut colored. Striatulate and densely though indistinctly granulate, the granules elongated in the direction of growth-lines. Whorls 54, slowly increasing, the last angular at the periphery, slightly descending in front. Aperture oblique, rounded-lunate, the peristome slightly expanded. Alt. 75, diam. 104mm. Proy. Tonga (Gaines).
Ganesella Jucobti n. sp. Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, semi- globose, thin, pale yellowish corneous : surface striatulate, decussated with incised spiral lines; spire convexly conoidal ; whorls 54, slowly increasing, the last one very indistinctly angular at the periphery in front, becoming rounded on the latter half, convex beneath, exca- vated around the narrow umbilicus. Aperture oblique, lunate, the peristome narrowly expanded, white, base-columellar margin reflexed. Alt. 185, diam. 183 mm.; umbilicus slightly over 1 mm. wide.
Cyclotus (2?) micron, n.sp. Shell very minute, somewhat discoidal, with low conoid spire and widely open umbilicus; composed of 32 tubular whorls, separated by deep sutures, the last one barely in con- tact with the preceding at the aperture ; pale corneous, subtranslu- cent, with delicate growth-striz. Aperture circular, vertical, the peristome simple and thin, continuous. Operculum lodged at the edge, presenting a densely concentrically lamellose external face, the center deeply sunken, Alt, 3, diam. 1.6 mm.
Pomatiops’s Hiraset, n. sp. Shell perforate, turreted, in shape re- sembling Pomatiopsis californicus Pils.; general color pale yellowish yreen, produced by buff streaks and lines on a light green ground ; surface nearly smooth. Whorls remaining 5 (the earlier being eroded or decollate), quite convex, separated by deep sutures. The last third of the last gyration of the suture does not descend as much as the preceding turns, giving the effect of a slightly ascending whorl toward the mouth. Aperture ovate, subangular above, the outline a little flattened on the parietal margin; peristome simple, continuous, black-edged ; the columellar margin arcuate, a little thickened and perceptibly dilated. Alt. 9, diam. 4.8, longest axis of aperture 3.6 mm. Qperculum ovate, brown, the cicatrix oblong, large, occupy- ing the inner half of the inside face, its edge raised.
I at first thought to place this species in the Realiide; but on ex- amining the radula, I found it could belong neither to that family nor to the Assiminiida, the dentition being far nearer that of Poma- tiopsts. The formula of denticles is = , 0, 6, 6. The median den- ticle in the central and admedian teeth is larger than its fellows. This radula differs from that of the American Pomatiopses in having two, instead of one, basal denticles on each side of the central tooth. See Nautitus XII, 127; X, 37, for information on the American species,
mee NAUTILUS.
Von. XIV. JUNE, 1900.
INO: 2.
FESTIVATION OF EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TRASKII IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.
When the frost is on the ground and autumn leaves lie scattered over orchards and forests, it is no surprise to find that land snails (Helices) have begun their period of hibernation, and lie sheltered under the layers of dead leaves or hidden in decaying trunks of trees. The annual sleep of the snail in winter corresponds well with the enforced rest of the vegetable world; but in a tropical or semi- tropical climate the atmospheric conditions are different, and in place of a winter rest, snails take their annual sleep in summer. The hibernation of snails in colder countries is reversed, and in its stead estivation of snails is the result. In the eastern states helices take their annual siesta in winter, but in southern California snails differ from their congeners, presenting an illustration of the power of en- vironment in modifying instincts. Instead of going into winter quarters in October and remaining from four to six months without food and motionless, the greatest activity of the southern California Helix is during the winter months. The reason for this is that the food supply is plentiful in the winter when the warm rains prevail ; and during the summer months the arid condition of the foot-hills, the habitat of these quiet creatures, made the estivation of snails a necessity, a question of economy, an adjustment of demand and supply. In process of time the necessity for estivation rather than hibernation became a habit.
When snails require rest in southern California they attach them- selves to the under surface of dead cacti, pieces of wood, stones, or
14 THE NAUTILUS.
burrow in the soil; in every case the aperture of the shell is upward, with the apex below. With its mucus the Helix securely glues this aperture to the under surface of any substance to which it attaches itself. These land snails, being non-operculated pulmonates, their apertures are covered by an epiphragm. (In experimenting on a number of Helix tudiculata and Helix traski, my experience has been that if the epiphragm has been badly punctured, or broken, the snail will die unless circulation is started by applying moisture.) This covering is composed of several layers of hardened mucus which resembles the tough white skin that lines a hen’s egg.
In experimenting with helices in a snailery, a wooden box covered with a wire screen and partly filled with soil, I have found that while one species of snail (Hpiphragmophora traskii Newe.) would fasten themselves to the strip of wood that braced the lid of the snailery, the other species (Glyptostoma newberryanum W. G. B.) would burrow in the soil, their black shells almost hidden from sight. In order to test them I have repeatedly interrupted their estivation by placing their shells in Juke-warm water until the helices could crawl about, but they would eventually be found in separate places, . traski suspended above and G. newberryanum below in the soil.
During estivation the snail’s functions are in a state of coma, respiration is nearly suspended, and having retired as far as possible within the shell the mollusk is the embodiment of rest. Its waking is not a voluntary action. Without humidity the snail will estivate for months and continue in a state of torpor for years if the at- mosphere is dry around it. Conchologists frequently quote the example given by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, of the U. S. National Museum, of a Lower Californian Helix that rested, or rather re- mained in a state of torpor for six years! Other cases of prolonged relaxation of the vital functions of snails are recorded,
Some years ago, in March, 1890, I collected a few land snails (E. traski Newe.) from some of the low foot-hills in Los Angeles, and on reaching home, finding them glued to the glass jar, they were left on a stand. In the morning two snails had crawled out of the jar and up the wall and were snugly ensconced in one corner of the ceiling, another one had traveled far in the night and had pre- empted his claim in one corner of the hall ceiling. In order to study developments they were allowed to remain én situ. One soon fell down upon the carpet but the other two remained intact. The
vs
THE NAUTILUS. 15
household orders were that the helices were to be left undisturbed by brush or broom. The summer came and went, autumn followed, winter came on and still our hermaphrodites ‘held the fort.” No sound of mirth nor music aroused ‘them.
But the rains came on, heavy drenching showers that rushed down the mountains, washed the foot-hills, overflowed the ozanjas, and all nature was in a dripping condition. During one of these storms in January, 1891, the rain came down with such force that it made in- vidious incursions into the hall during the night, and the snail was found on the floor. In an hour it was as willing as ever to struggle for existence. It ate heartily of celery with its little rasping tongue (radula) beset with multitudes of tiny siliceous teeth.
It was not until February 23 that the other Helix had been sufficiently overcome by the forces of nature to loosen its epiphragm enough to descend to the floor. It was placed in a shallow saucer of water, and it assumed its functions as though they had not been arrested.
While these house snails were glued to the ceilings, their relatives in the snailery in the garden had been aroused to activity by the first rain as it pattered through the screen cover; and on January 2, 1891, I found a number of tiny pellucid-looking balls carefully hidden in the moist earth in the snailery. These were the eggs of the snails. In less than three weeks there were young snails. Time had been lost by the house snails, their zstivation extending beyond the requirements of nature had gained them nothing.
It was my intention to study all these forms, and while giving a
b)
rest to the ‘‘ house snails,” compare their longevity with the garden helices. But, alas, for the rapacity of the animal kingdom, sowbugs, ants and insects from the rose bushes made war upon the whole snail colony, adults, babies and eggs, and by summer time the houses
were empty, the tenants were gone !
A NEW SPECIES OF LIMA.
BY W. HyDALL.
Recent excavations involved in the construction of a _ tunnel through a hill at Los Angeles, California, on the line of Third street, have developed the presence of fossils, probably Pliocene, in the blue clay through which the tunnel is being cut.
16 THE NAUTILUS.
Several specimens, more or less crushed, of a iarge Lima are among the forms collected. This species belongs to the general type of Lima excavata Fabr., L. goliath Sby, etc., and reaches to a length of four and a half inches. The valves are brilliantly polished, and in the middle part unsculptured, the anterior and_ posterior thirds are finely radially grooved with shallow grooves of which the outer slopes are less steep than the inner; the incremental lines, obsolete elsewhere, appear in the channel of the grooves and cross striate it here and there, giving the effect of obsolete punctation. I may add that close to the impressed area of the shell there are two or three coarser, deeper radial grooves. The species differs from the South Pacific and all other forms of its group known to me in its much finer and more delicate sculpture and brilliant polish. I await more perfect specimens before trying to figure it, but would propose the name of Lima Hamlini for the-species in honor of Mr. Homer Hamlin C. E., Asst. City Engineer of Los Angeles, who is much interested in the geology and paleontology of the region, and has made valuable studies of the southern California Tertiary. The specimen in hand was kindly forwarded for examination by Dr. R.
EK. C. Stearns.
A REVISION OF THE PHYSH OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
While working up the fresh-water mollusks of the Chicago area for a report on the Mollusca, the genus Physa came up for considera- tion, and the chaotic condition of the group, judging by the conflict- ing opinions of conchologists, seemed to warrant a somewhat critical revision of the species found in northeastern Illinois, and incidentally of northern Illinois. The best-known species, heterostropha, is little understood, and seems to be more frequently confounded with gyrina than with any other form, excepting, perhaps, integra.
A large collection of Physide, from different parts of the United States as well as from northern Illinois, has been examined, and the writer believes that all of the species found within the area have been elucidated. It is very probable that there are but ten or fifteen valid species of Physa in the United States, six or seven of which are to be found in the northern part of this region east of the Rocky Mountains.
THE NAUTILUS. 17
During a visit to the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences some time ago, Mr. Pilsbry called the writer’s attention to the fact that heterostropha had a smooth shell, while gyrina and some others had a shell with impressed spiral lines. Following up this suggestion a large number of Physx have been examined, with the result that in- stead of there being two species in northern Illinois, there are at least four species and one variety.
The following notes have been made from fully adult specimens, and the figures are outline drawings of photographs, and are there- fore accurate.
Key to Northern Illinois Phys@. A. Shell smooth, broad, spire short. heterostropha. B. Shell with impressed spiral lines.
a. Shell rather broad, ovate, spire short, acute ; aperture wide and spreading; whorl 43-5 ; shell thinner than b and ¢; peristome callus bordered by red. sayvt.
b. Shell elongated or cylindrical, narrow, spire generally long ; apertur every narrow ; whorl 5-6; peristome callus bordered by red. | gyrina.
c. Shell broad, inclining to be shouldered ; spire sharply conic ; aperture roundly oval; whorls 45-5; peristome callus white without red border. integra.
Physa heterostropha Say. Fig. 1.
Limne heterostropha Say, Nich. Encycl., Amer. ed., pl. 1, fig. 6, 1817. Physa fontana Harpeman, Mon. pt. 2, p. 3 of cover; Physa, p. 26, 1841.
Shell polished, subovate ; whorls 4—44; spire moderately elevated, acute, the whorls slightly convex; color varying from light horn to greenish ; sculpture consisting only of fine
growth lines; sutures impressed, margined by a white line which is frequently bordered by ae
a dark chestnut line; protoconch consisting of
one whorl, which is smooth, and varies from porcelain-white to rather dark horn color; aperture rather large, oval, occupying from two-thirds to three-quarters of the length of the entire shell; peristome thin, acute, thickened on the inside by a whitish or bluish callus, which is bordered on the inside with red; columella almost straight, with a whitish callus which is sometimes lined with red.
18 THE NAUTILUS.
Length 14.00; width 8.50; aperture length 10.00; width 4.00 mill. (Rochester, N. Y.)
Length 13.00; width 8.50; aperture leneth 10.00; width 4.50 mill. (Rochester, N. Y.) 3
Length 13.50; width 9.00; aperture length 10.50; width 4.50 mill. (La Porte, Ind.) ?
Length 9.00; width 6.00; aperture length 6.50; width 3.00 mill. (Chicago.)
Animal simiiar to that of gyriva. Jaw and radula in all respects like those of gyrina. Distribution: eastern and southern states from Maine to Georgia and west to Michigan and Illinois; Southern Canada. Geological distribution: Pleistocene ; Loess. Habitat : in ponds and streams, adhering to sticks and stones, and crawling over the muddy bottom.
Only a single lot of shells has been found which could be referred to this species and that was collected in the drift along the shore of Lake Michigan at Miller’s, Indiana. The nearest typical heteros- tropha have been found living in Pine Lake, La Porte Co., Indiana. It is very probable that this species is not found in any abundance west of Indiana, its place being taken by gyrina, sayit and integra. Under distribution above, only those states are given from which the writer has seen authentic specimens,
Physa Sayii Tappan. Fig. 2.
Physa sayit Tappan, Amer. Journ. Sci. (1), vol. xxxv, p. 369, pl. iii, fig. 38, 1839. Physa warreniana Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad. Dciz, p. Ld, 1364.
Shell polished, ovate, whorl 5-54; spire elevated, very acute, the whorls moderately convex ; color light horn to light chestnut; sculpture consisting of rather coarse growth lines, crossed by numerous fine, impressed spiral lines, giving the surface of the shell rather a wavy appear- ance, as figured for gyrina; sutures slightly
res2! impressed, bordered as in_ heterostropha; protoconch consisting of one and a_ half smooth, glossy whorls of a dark chestnut color; aperture very large, long oval, three-fourths to four-fifths the length of the whole shell ; peristome thin, generally not much thickened within, whitish some- times bordered with reddish ; columella slightly twisted and cov-
THE NAUTILUS. 19
ered with a spreading callus; the lower part of the aperture is somewhat produced,
Length 22.00; width 13.50; aperture length 16.00; width 7.50 mill. (Chicago. )
Length 19.00; width 12.00; aperture length 14.00; width 6.00 mill. (Chicago. ) |
Length 16.00 ; width 11.00; aperture length 12.00; width 6.00 mill. (Chicago.)
Animal similar in external appearance to all Physide. Jaw and radula as in gyrina. Distribution: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illi- nois, Missouri. Geological distribution: Pleistocene ; Loess. Habi- tat: In stations similar to heterostropha and gyrina.
Remarks: This species was at first identical as ancillaria Say, but that species, while having the same surface sculpture as sayiz, is more inflated, the outer lip more spreading and the body whorl more gibbous, the spire being always much shorter and the whorls more convex. The surface sculpture is very beautiful and precisely as de- scribed for gyrina. This species is not common, and has been found at Joliet, Maywood, Lake Calumet and Lake Michigan near the foot of Oak Street. Sayiz is apparently closely related to ampullacea Gould, a Pacific coast species.
Physa gyrina Say. Fig.3.
Physa gyrina Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 2, p. 171, 1821. Physa striata Menxe, Syn. Math., ed. 2, p. 32, 1830. Physa hildrethiana Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 2, p. 32, 1841. Physa cylindrica Newcoms, in DeKay, N. Y. Moll., p. 77, pl. V, fig. 82, 1843. Physa plicata DeKay, |. c., p. 78, pl. V, fig. 85, 1843. Physa saffordit Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 115, 1864. Physa hawnit Lea, |. c., p. 115, 1864. Physa parva Lea, |. ¢., p- 115, 1864.
Shell elongated, generally polished, whorls 5-6; spire always very long (as compared with the last two species), acute, the whorls in some cases almost flat, and at best but slightly convex, color varying between light-greenish horn and brick-red; sculpture consisting of well-marked growth lines, crossed by numerous fine impressed spiral lines, giving the shell a wrinkled appearance (see figure of sculp- ture); these lines appear at first to be raised, but when viewed through the microscope are seen to be impressed between two wrin- kled ridges, as seen in the cut; sutures scarcely impressed, but
20 THE NAUTILUS.
bordered by a porcelain-white line which is rarely edged with chest- nut; aperture rather long, long-oval in form, much narrowed at the upper part, more than a half and less than two-thirds the length of
i yy)
pny =-----—
WH ie pit
the entire shell; peristome thin, thickened within by a callus which is either bordered by a dark chestnut band or else is itself of that color ; columella thickened with a decided white callus or plait; the lower part of the aperture is produced ; the periods of winter hiber- nation are frequently marked by a whitish band in the body of the shell; protoconch consisting of a trifle more than one smooth,
Gwen
rounded, dark chestnut-colored whorl.
Length 17,00; width 9.00; aperture length 11.00; width 4.50 mill. (Chicago. )
Length 26.00; width 12.00; aperture length 14.00; width 5.50 mill. (Chicago.)
Length 24.00; width 11.50; aperture length 13.00; width 5.50 mill. (Chicago.)
Length 19.00; width 10.00; aperture length 12.00; width 5.00 mill. (Chicago.)
Length 22.00 ; width 10.00; aperture length 12.50; width 5.00 mill. (Chicago.)
Animal with a long and rather narrow foot, acutely pointed be- hind and rounded before, where it is produced into lateral lobes ; the foot does not extend much beyond the edge of the shell; color blackish or yellowish gray, dotted or flecked with whitish or yellow- ish, the dots being distinctly seen through the transparent shell; the front of the head is ornamented by two yellowish spots of good size, composed of numerous minute dots; the mantle is brown,
spotted with yellowish, is reflected over a portion of the shell on the
right side, and produced into four filiform digitations ; tentacles very long and slender, tapering to a point; head distinct, separated from
a
TIE NAUTILUS. 21
the foot by a short neck ; mouth large, in the lower plane of the head, showing plainly the jaw and radula while the animal is grazing alongthe side of an aquarium ; eyes placed on swellings at the inner base of the tentacles; respiratory cavity on left side of the shell at
Die od. the lower point where the peristome meets the body whorl. Length of foot 15.00; width 4 mill, extended (Fig. 4).
Jaw in one piece, arched, striated, provided with a central fibrous
projection from the superior surface ; ends rounded (Fig..5, J).
Radula: Formula 2 - ! ae - (190-1-190) ; central
tooth more or less quadrate, the lower outer corners being very much attenuated ; cusp 9-dentate, 5 denticles being long and narrow, and two on each side smaller and more blunt; laterals in two alternate ser- jes, the primary teeth large, obliquely inclined, comb-like; the cusps are very peculiar, and vary to a large degree ; some teeth have five long, pointed cusps with six small ones, one between each large one and one at each end (Fig. 5); others have but two small denticles, while still others have one or more between (Figs. 5, 2, 3, 4). The secondary teeth are long and narrow, with a wide, blunt cusp. ‘These latter, as also the central tooth and small teeth between the cusps of the primary teeth, are very difficult to observe (Fig. 5). Distribution : Probably inhabits the whole of the northern and central parts of the United States and Southern Canada. Geologi- cal distribution: Pleistocene; Loess. Habitat: Found very abund-
22 THE NAUTILUS.
antly in ponds and streams of greater or lesser size, adhering to sticks or stones, and crawling over the muddy bottom. Inhabits either running water or stagnant pools.
Remarks: This is a very common and handsome species, Its habits are active, moving with a rapid, steady, gliding motion. It is very interesting to watch a number of Physe in an aquarium; as they are crawling along the bottom, one will be seen to rise suddenly to the top of the water and move along with the foot applied to the surface, the sheil hanging down. Again, they may be seen descend- ing
g, suspended by a thin thread of mucus. When the animal rises
suddenly, the branchial cavity opens with a faint clicking sound, probably due to the pressure of air in the lung. This species fre- quently inhabits water as cold as the freezing point, and may be ob- served in winter gliding along the bottom of a pond when the surface is frozen. ‘The eggs are deposited on stones, the under side of sticks, etc., and are composed of large, glairy, transparent masses.
Several Physz kept in captivity laid four egg masses on April 28, 1897. The egg masses measured 20 by 4 mill., and contained from 120 to 200 eggs. On April 24, ten additional egg masses were laid. The jar contained 15 individuals. On June 3, in the afternoon, the writer noticed a number of young in a jar containing egg masses deposited probably in the latter part of April. The young were half a mill. in length, vitreous in appearance and perfectly transparent. They were very lively, crawling about the jar and feeding voraciously upon the scum found on the sides of the glass. The heart pulsated 120 times per minute. On June 15th the young had increased to. one mill. in length. About a week later, unfortunately, the whole lot died, so that no further notes could be taken.
Physa gyrina is by far the most common species of the genus (I might say of any genus) found in the area, and has been found in all parts of northern Illinois. It was at first confused with heterostropha, but that species has a smooth shell (see above) and is not found in any: numbers in the area; it is very probable that heterostropha is not found west of the Mississippi River, and the quotations of this: species from western localities were probably founded on gyrina,. saytt, gabbi, integra, etc. This species is very variable in this region, some forms approaching ampullacea Gould, while others. might be taken for gabbi Tryon, or virginea Gould, so far as form goes. It is probable that some west coast names will be added to the above synonymy, when more study is given to this genus.
a
CHE NAUTILUS. 23
Physa gyrina elliptica Lea. Fig. 6.
Physa elliptica Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc,, vol. V, p. 1145, pl. xix, fig. 83, 1837. Physa aurea Lea, l.c., vol. VI, p. 18, pl. xxiii, fig. 106, 1839. Physa troostiana La, Proc. Am. Phil. Soce., vol. II, p. 32, 1841. Physa nicklinti Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p- 114, 1864. Physa altonensis Lea, 1.c., p. 114. 1864. Physa febigerti Lua, l.c., p. 114, 1864. Physa oleacea Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. II, p. 6, pl. ii, fig. 6, 1866.
Shell differing from typical gyrtna in being more elliptical, having a shorter, more rounded spire, and hence more convex whorls, the spire, as described by Tryon, ** with the outline not elevated above a continuation of the general curve of the body.’? The shell is also more aC, solid and the outer lip thicker with a very heavy, Reve bluish-white cailus. The surface sculpture is the same as in gyrina.
Length 15.00; width 7.50; aperture length 9.50; width 3.50 mill.
Length 11.00; width 6.00; aperture length 7.00 ; width 2.60 mill.
Length 12.00; width 7.50; aperture length 9.00 ; width 3.75 mill.
Animal, jaw, and radula, as in gyrina. Distribution: evidently the same as gyrina. Geological distribution: Pleistocene ; Loess. Habitat : Almost always associated with gyrina.
Remarks: The typical form of this variety seems at first quite distinct from gyrina, but in a multitude of forms (the writer has ex- amined several thousand specimens) is seen to fade imperceptibly into the typical form. From observations in the present area, gyrina would seem to be dimorphic, consisting of the typical gyrina with long spire, and the variety e/iptica with short, dome-shaped spire. This belief is strengthened by the fact that the two forms are always associated together. It is not quite as common as the typical form.
Physaintegra Haldeman. Fig. 7.
Physa integra HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 33, pl. IV, fig. 7, 8, 1841. Physa niagarensis Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 114, 1864.
Sheil oval, whorls 44-5; spire short, pointed, the whole convex ; sutures well marked, sometimes banded by a faint white line; color varying from light yellowish horn to pale brown; sculpture as in gyrina, the lines being very deep and the wrinkled edges very convex ; protoconch consisting of one anda half smooth, rounded, wine-colored whorls; aperture oval, rather wide, produced at the
24 THE NAUTILUS.
anterior end, about two-thirds the length of the entire shell; peris- tome thin, thickened within the aperture by a heavy white or yellowish callus, which shows through the shell very plainly; it iS never bordered by any color stripe; the callus of two or three former peristomes may always be seen on the body whorl and some- times one or two on the spire; columella broad, flat, white, a callus spreading over the parietal wall. Length 12.00 ; width 8.00; aperture length 7.50; width 3.00 mill. Length 10.50; width 7.50; aperture length 7.50; width 3.50 mill. Length 10.00; width 6.00; aperture length 5.50; width 3.00 mill. Animal not differing essentially from gyrina. Jaw similar to that of gyrina. Radula similar in form to that of gyrina, but differing in having six large, nearly equal cusps, instead of five, in the absence, generally, of small cusps between the larger ones, and in the reflec- tion being wider than in gyrina or heterostropha. The radula of this species is remarkably uniform in the form of the teeth and in the number of the cusps.. The central tooth and secondary teeth appeared to be the same as in the species previously described. Distribution: Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River, New York, Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, Michigan, Wisconsin. Found in great
hives ee
abundance in Allen’s Creek, near Rochester, New York. Geologi- eal distribution: Pleistocene; Loess. Habitat: At stations similar to gyrina.
Remarks: This species has been generally confounded with heter- ostropha, but will at once be separated from that species by the spiral lines; the general form also is different from any other shell found in this area, and the white callus on the lip is peculiar. It is a com- mon shell at Hickory Creek, Lockport and Joliet, and has been found, though more sparingly, at Calumet Grove, Maywood and at Edgewater. It is more common than sayz7, but less so than gyrina. The specimens from Hickory Creek are quite typical, resembling closely Haldeman’s figures (pl. 4, figs. 7, 8) in his monograph of fresh water mollusca.
THE NAUurTILUS.
Von. XIV. JULY, 1900. No. 3.
IN SEARCH OF POLYGYRA PILSBRYI.
BY JAS. H. FERRISS.
In the month of February, both in 1899 and 1900, I made trips to Arkansas for health and shells, and on both occasions stopped at Hardy, Sharp county, Ark., on Spring River, which heads at the famous Mammoth Springs, in Missouri. This part of America at some time was plainly lifted by an enormous upheaval, and the lime- stone came down without regard to good order. The highest points are probably 1000 feet above the sea.
Spring river is a beautiful stream. The water so pure and deep is of a Nile green in color, but in every half mile or so at this point there is a natural dam, covered with fine unios and ‘* periwinkles.” When Messrs. Sterki and Simpson have helped me over the hard places, a list of these will be given, I found this year one new Unio anyhow.
Half of one day this year was given to Little Rock, where good collecting is to be found in a rocky bluff near the Iron Mountain bridge.
Upon both trips I jumped to DeKalb, Bowie county, Texas. Last year I went with a party of turkey hunters as far as Little River, in the Choctaw Nation, all in the low lands, then by rail to Tulskahoma and Poteau, on the Frisco road—another blown-up limestone coun- try. In this part of the Indian nation the road passes between two mountain ranges. It is the prettiest of landscapes, and I am sure in the month of May the snails swarm out of the damp corners and fern- clothed rocks in great numbers to view the scenery. Judging by the government maps of near-by territory, these mountains are about
26 THE NAUTILUS.
1,000 or 1,500 feet above the sea. From Poteau, Sugarloaf, a dozen miles away, could be seen, and this knob runs up to 2,000 feet ; but a cold wave drove me home before I could make this mountain a Visit.
In three days, at Poteau and Tushkahoma I found Polygyra Bin- neyana Pils,, Poly. divesta indianorum Pils., Poly. dorfeuilliana per- costata Pils. and Gastrodonta demissa lamellata Pils. These places are about 80 and 40 miles east of Limestone Gap, where Simpson found Poly. kiowaensis; 50 miles west of Mena, and Mena is: 70 west of Hot Springs, where Poly. kiowaensis arkansaensis Pils. was found. I never saw either, and I hunted hard.
But in the winter many shells surely could not be found. It was next to impossible to find a mature Omphalina friabilis or a Pyramt- dula solitaria alive, but their dead shells were common. Perhaps many of these species, as in the Tennessee mountains, are clannish sticklers for locality.
The P. dorfeuilliana, monodon and G. demissa colonize under logs, a pine log sometimes if charred, but the oaks with a rough bark suit them better. The Mesodons were found by digging. In fact nearly all of my new shells were found by quarrying. The first was Poly. eragint, described by Call. This I found on my old farm at Thayer, Kansas, while quarrying sandstone in search of fossil plants. Since then I have been a great digger, looking on the well-drained and ventilated rock, dampened only by the soil, as the best locality to find a new species. High up on the mountains is good ground, I have always supposed because it is a poor place for lazy collectors.
This year a Texas friend, who had a team, wagon and canvas cover, went with me from DeKalb, Texas, to Naples, Texas, on one trip, and then to Mena, Arkansas. I walked, and rolled over the rocks and logs, and he good-naturedly drove the team, and at good places stopped the procession and helped gather the shells. In this journey of over 200 miles I do not think I rode over 15, and I do not think he walked that far, except in our side journeys on foot. At night we made a shed of our wagon sheet, and with a roaring pitch- pine fire in front and plenty of blankets, got along nicely through snow and rain, or when the thermometer dropped to zero a few times.
The rivers were high after having been very low, but we could tell by the remains that it was a very rich region in Unionide for the seasonable comer. From Naples to the mountains, P. dorfewill-
THE NAUTILUS. 27
ana, monodon alicia, cragint and thyrotdes were the rule, except on a chalky uplift called Rocky Comfort in Arkansas. Here we found FHelicina orbiculata tropica, Bulimulus dealbatus and Omphalina Friabilis in the uplands, and Poly. texasiana (banded) and Poly. monodon friersont in low land.
Striking the hill country near Horatio, under the first stone out- crop we found P. albolabris Allent and the first Poly, Binneyana I had seen alive. Wherever we found a shaded hill-top after that, with an outcrop of rock, we found these shells; and from the number of “bones” scattered about, they must be plentiful on warm spring days. Sometime I hope to get enough for all of my friends. We occasionally found P. Binneyana traveling, for there were times a week together when we walked in our shirt sleeves and the frogs and birds were singing.
P. albolabris was found more frequently under logs, but I found only one binneyana in that situation. Two P. albolabris alleni here usually hibernate together, just under the soil, face upwards. At Hardy I found as many as eight under one log, but the Hardy shell seems to me another variety, or a subdivision of a variety. It is the same as I have found in Kansas, smaller than the Mena adleni, more solid and compact, and more perfectly opaque.
From Horatio to Mena it is a clay hill country, and the shells were much the same. At Mena we seemed to strike a truly snail territory. Here the Rich Mountain range is 2,750 feet above sea level, the Fourche and Black Fork ranges were about as high, the Chastats about 2,000 feet, and it was but a little distance to the Magazine Mountain and the Petit Jean range, as high as the Rich Mountains. I found deep, mossy, ferny coves that in the Tennessee mountains would be jeweled with snails. Gastrodonta demissa brittsi here was large as acerra, and the species were more numerous. It looked altogether more promising. Some day, with an industrious collector, I should like to start from Hardy and never stop until we had gone into the panhandle of Texas. Limestone bluffs and coves are on every hand. There could be new shells every day. With the ex- ception of Simpson’s visit to Kiowa, in the Indian nation, and my own trips, the rocks were probably never scratched.
The following is my catch, named with much assistance from Mr. Pilsbry, numbered after the Pilsbry check list :
9a. Helicina orbiculata tropica Say. DeKalb, Lanesport, Rocky Comfort, Gilham, Mena.
28 THE NAUTILUS.
48. Vallonia pulchella (Miill.). Lanesport, one specimen in 1899.
68. Polygyra leporina (Gld.). From Mt. Pleasant to Horatio, the animal black as Z. nitidus (Mull.), in damp situations, under logs and stones, or feeding about near by; active in winter.
70. Poly. Dorfeuilliana Lea. Naples to Mena, sometimes over one hundred in little pockets under logs and stones in well-drained soil. Every lot seemed a little different in color or size, and upon this last trip I collected 1,281, It is abundant in my travels from Arkansas City, Kansas, to Hardy, North Arkansas, to Waco, Texas, and all in between.
70a. Poly. Dorf. Sampsoni Weth. Tushkahoma, Ind. Ter., 1899. Fairly plentiful in the rocks.
70b. Poly. Dorf. percostata Pils. Poteau, Ind. Ter., 1899. Fairly plentiful on dry mountain side under slabs of sandstone and small logs.
72. Poly. Jacksoni Bld. At Poteau in ’99. One large specimen found at Mena this year ‘“‘of the variety with wholly closed axial perforation not uncommon at Fort Gibson.”’
79. Poly. Texasiana (Moric.) Opposite Lanesport in Texas, at Rocky Comfort and Chapel Hill, Ark., next to the water under drift. At Rocky Comfort, banded.
95e. Poly. Cragini (Call). Naples, to Mena, under logs in low land, usually. The animal is black and the shell more robust and about one mm. larger than the Kansas type, which is 84 and 9. The types are a bright, cherry red, these of Ark. nearer the flat corneous brown color of the usual P. thyroides.
97. Poly. inflecta (Say). Rocky Comfort to Mena.
(109a. Poly. albolabris Alleni (Wetherby). Horatio to Rich Mountain Station, and at Tushkahoma, I. T. This variety has a thin shell and the color same as divesta, glossy. Measures from 28 mm. to 32, and in some cases the umbilicus is partly open.
110. Poly. exoleta (Binn.) Mena.
112. Poly. divesta (Gld.) A few dead specimens in ’99 at Tushkahoma.
112a. Poly. divesta indianorum (Pils.) a few dead specimens and young (now alive in my snailery), at Tushkahoma and Poteau in 1899.
112-1. Poly. Binneyana (Pils.) a few dead shells and young at Tushkahoma and Poteau in 1899, and one dead at Hardy in drift.
EE
==
THE NAUTILUS. 29
I found it this year from Horatio to Rich Mountain most plentiful in the rocks scattered over the creek bottoms near the city of Mena, in company with Gastro. demissa Brittsii and Poly. hirsuta uncifera. The measurements were from 23 diam. 11 alt., to 28 mm. diam., 13 alt.; all 54 whorls. In the Chastat Mountains four miles south I found a smaller variety and got a few alive by digging down a couple of feet. These ran from 16 diam., 8 alt., to 20 diam., 9 alt., with not quite 5 whorls.
124. Poly. thyroides (Say). DeKalb to Mena, occasionally, under logs in damp situations. Pilsbry will have much to say on this species, I think, as they run from the clausa size to the largest thy- rotdes, and were so without regard to locality. The large size were usually found in situations suitable for maltilineata, while the smaller were about the rocks and under logs upon higher ground.
134-1. Polygyra Pilsbryi, n. sp. Shell imperforate, lens shaped, about equally convex above and below, corneous-brown, the surface rather glossy, sculptured above with strong, slightly curved, uneven riblets, running with the growth lines; the riblets on the base very uneven or interrupted as though composed of compressed radial lam- inz, arranged in several concentric circles. Whorls fully 5, slowly increasing, the last carinated at the periphery, abruptly and shortly deflexed in front. Aperture basal, hook-shaped or like the letter “¢ J’ reversed; contracted by a long, arcuate parietal lamella, which extends to the axis and is decidedly curved in, or entering, at its outer end, and is connected with the end of the outer lip by a slight callous ridge. Basal lip reflexed and prostrate, with a rather shal- low median notch, much more conspicuous in a front than in a basal view. Alt. 5, diam. 10mm. Rich Mountain Station (Mt. Mena), Polk Co., Arkansas, on mountain, by roadside leading from R. R. station to the hotel, two specimens (one dead).
Allied to P. labrosa, from which it differs in the remarkable scup- ture and the form of the basal lip and notch. This shell was picked up by my partner, Mr. Jolly.
At the suggestion of Bryant Walker it is named in honor of Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the very one who of late years has given con- chologists the most delight, by his enormous zeal and industry, and his untiring exactness. I was instructed by Mr. Walker to find something for the occasion as large as tndianorum or Ferrisst, but this shell has unusual features to make up for the disappointment in
30 THE NAUTILUS.
size. It is the best novelty in American shells found, I believe, for some time.
138. Poly. stenotrema (Fer.). Found a few on the slope of the Chastat Mountains south of Mena.
139c. Poly. hirsuta uncifera (Pils.) n. var. In both the Chastat and Rich Mts. at Mena. From its silvery, clean appearance and un- usually prominent basal lip, 1 believed this to be a new variety, and gathered all I could find. When one is out in the woods, by the way, he cannot always tell what is what.
14la. Poly. monodon fraterna (Say). Rocky Comfort on the bank of a creek in company with friersont and aliciae.
141b. Poly. monodon aliciae (Pils.). Mt. Pleasant and Naples, Texas, to Horatio and Ultima Thule, Ark.
141d. Poly. monodon friersont (Pils.). DeKalb, Texas; Rocky Comfort.and Cove, Ark.
141le. Poly. monodon imperforata (Pils.),n. var. Rocky Comfort, Mena and Cove. Mr. Pilsbry has thrown a bomb into the monodon- Leai camp, and I merely list these, leaving the description for the article he promises the readers of the NAUTILUS.
153. Bulimulus dealbatus (Say). DeKalb, Rocky Comfort, Gil- ham, Mena.
180. Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Cove, one specimen.
184. Pupotdes marginatus (Say) [Leucocheila fallax of authors |. At Cove under rails in an abandoned field, and at Cerro Gordo un- » der logs; plentiful in company with small red Poly. thyroides and hifidaria contracta.
186. Bifidaria armifera (Say). DeKalb, Lanesport and Mena.
187. Bifidaria contracta (Say). Cove.
247. Omphalina friabilis (W. G. B.). DeKalb to Mena, most plentiful at Rocky Comfort.
263. Vitrea petrophila (Bld.). Mena. This is the first time this species has been found west of the Mississippi. Three others were also found in this catch that may turn out to be a variety of V. wheatleyi (Bld.).
270. Vitrea indentata (Say). From Morris’ Ferry to Mena.
285. Vitrea Simpsoni (Pils.). Morris’ Ferry to Mena, both under logs and in the rocks, active.
278-1b. Conulus chersinus trochulus Reinh. Cerro Gordo, Hat- ton’s Gap and Chastat Mts., rocks and under logs, rare.
THK NAUTILUS. 31
283. Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Mt. Pleasant, Texas, to Mena, Ark.
291. Zon. laeviusculus (Sterki). One in the Red River bottoms in 1899.
297. Gastrodonta demissa (Binn.). Morris Ferry to Mena.
297a. G. demissa Hrittsi (Pils.). Ultima Thule and Mena. At the latter place in stone piles in the creek bottoms I found a large form. ‘The largest measured 10 mm., and I supposed at the time I had run upon acerra.
297b. G. dem. lamellata (Pils). From Morris Ferry to Mena. ‘This was generally found under the logs and very often in company with demissa. The largest of both measured about the same, 8 and 9 mm. diameter.
3338. Pyramidula alternata (Say). From Rocky Comfort to Mena. All rather strongly ribbed and dark in color.
367. Succineaavara Say. At Mt. Pleasant, Texas,and Cove, Ark.
As space is valuable in this journal, and my search at these points was far from thorough, I will merely give a list of species found at Hardy and Little Rock, Ark., and Dennison, Texas, not included in the above. Hardy is a particularly good locality, as there is a wide range of species. I found Vitrea s¢mpsoni here on my last trip, the most northern and eastern limit so far recorded.
119¢. Polygyra appressa (Say). At Hardy a highly sculptured variety with small denticle upon the upper lip. This variety is known as Say’s ‘variety A.”’ It measures from 18 to 20 mm. diameter.
119d. Poly. appressa perigrapta (Pils.), typical. Little Rock. I also have this from extreme northwestern Arkansas.
120. Poly. elevata (Say). Hardy.
125. Poly. clausa (Say). Hardy.
134. Poly. labrosa (Bld.). Little Rock.
190. Bifidaria procera (Gld.), At Hardy in 799.
198. Bi. curvidens (Gld.). At Hardy in ’99.
199. Bi. pentodon (Say). At Hardy in 799.
278-la. Conulus fulvus dentatus (Sterki). At Hardy in 799.
338c. Pyramidulaalternatararinotata (Pils.). At Dennison, Texas.
239. Circinaria concava (Say). Hardy and Little Rock.
340. Pyramidula solitaria (Say). Hardy.
342. Pyr. perspectiva (Say). Hardy.
346. Helicodiscus lineatus (Say). Hardy.
32 THE NAUTILUS. NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
[ Continued from May No., p. 12.] Buliminus Hirasei n. sp.
Shell rimate, cylindric-conic, rather solid, whitish-corneous or pale reddish corneous, with opaque white streaks and lines. Surface ir- regularly striatulate and very finely though rather irregularly spirally striate. Spire with quite convex outlines, a trifle attenuated near the obtuse apex. Whorls 8, the first slightly convex, following whorls almost flat, the last one more convex. Aperture but slightly oblique, pale reddish-brown within, ovate; peristome white, ex- panded, thickened within; columella simply concave, without a fold; parietal callus very thin in the middle, thickened toward the ends, having a low tubercle near the posterior angle.
Length 19, diam. 9, of last whorl above aperture 8; length of aperture 83 mm.
Length 19, diam. 8, of last whorl above aperture 7.5; length of aperture 7.6 mm.
Kikai, Prov. Osumi, Japan (Y. Hirase).
This species differs from 3B. reintanus Kob. and andersonianus Mlldff., in the obese form and especially the light coloration. It is much smaller and especially shorter than B. japonicus Mildff., which was described from a single beached specimen. 4. japonicus while decidedly larger, alt. 28, diam. 11 mm., the aperture 11 mm. long, has a half whorl less (74), and no mention is made by Dr. v. Mol- lendorff of a tubercle near the posterior angle of the peristome, such as occurs in B, Hiraset.
It is named in honor of Mr, Y. Hirase, of Kyoto.
Buliminus extorris var. omiensis n.
Shell rimate, resembling B. cantor? in general form, large, solid and dark chestnut brown; irregularly striate, the striz more or less cut into granules by very irregular spirals. Spire with convex out- lines below, straight above, the last two whorls of about equal diam eter; apex obtuse. Whorls 83, convex, the last rather compressed. White, somewhat thickened within, the ends connected by a white cord across the parietal wall, thickened into a slight tubercle near the posterior angle. Columella concave below, having a short strong fold above.
THE NAUTILUS. 33
Length 29, diam, 10, length of aperture 10.3, width 8.3 mm. Length 29.5, diam. 10, length of aperture 11, width 7.8 mm. Ibuki, prov. Omi, Japan (Y. Hirase).
I refer this form with some doubt to /. extorr’s Branesik (Jahr- esheft Nat. Ver. Trencsiner Comitates, 1891, p. 81, pl. 7, f. 3), de- scribed as probably from Japan; but that species has a narrower aperture very like that of &. cantort, and is a more slender shell than this one, with the aperture and diameter less than one-third the length of the shell, while in var. omdensis these measarements ex- ceed one-third. B. e. omiensis is a narrower shell than 2. japonicus, with an additional whorl and folded columella. The peristome and parietal callus are more developed than in Lb. reinianus.
Buliminus callistoderma, n. sp.
Shell rimate, thin, conte, somewhat translucent, of a brownish olive color; somewhat glossy, densely granulose in spiral series. Spire rather straightly conic; apex obtuse, Whorls 53, convex, the last a little ascending in front, swollen, convex beneath. Aperture irregularly ovate ; pertstome thin, expanded ; columellar margin di- lated, reflexed above; parietal callus a mere translucent film, not tuberculate or thickened near the posterior angle.
Length 10, diam. 5.5, length of aperture 4.9 mm.
Ogasawara Shima (Bonin I.), Japan (Y. Hirase).
Quite unlike other Japanese or Loo Choo species in its short, conic form, the small number of whorls, thin shell, and densely granulose
surface. (To be continued.)
SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE ON PLANORBIS CORPULENTUS SAY.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
Dr. E. W. Hubbard, of Elyria, Ohio, whose catalogue of shells of that State was published at an early date, and who there cites P. cor- pulentus as one of the species represented in his collection, was a grandfather of Mr. George H. Clapp, of Pittsburg, Pa. Mr. Clapp has kindly sent to me for examination two sets of Planorbis from Dr. Hubbard’s collection, labeled P. corpulentus, one from Elyria, the other without locality. Both are P. trivolvis and do not differ from that species as usually found. This unexpected verification of the
34 THE NAUTILUS.
misconception of Say’s species, entertained by the early collectors, is both interesting and valuable. |
My attention has been also recently cailed to the fact that Tryon first formally differentiated the west coast form from P. corpulentus as P. binneyi, in his review of Binney’s “Land and Fresh-Water Shells,’ Part II, in the Am. Jour. of Conch., III, p. 197 (1867). This citation should, therefore, be added to the bibliography appended to my article in the April NavuTiLus.
The following typographical errors in that article should also be corrected :
In foot-note on page 134 delete the words “ part of.’’ Also for “¢ Say,’”’ in lines one and three, read “ Jay.”
On page 136, in the quotation from Mr. Whiteaves’ letter, for chive “rea “nine. —
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE FamiLy DIpto- DONTIDZ. By W.H. Dall (Extracted from the Jour. of Conch. Vol. IX. pp. 244-246, Oct. 1899). Dr. Dall says: ‘ The family Diplodontidz comprises the genera Felania, Diplodonta, Ungulina and Joannisiella. ‘The Cryptodontide which have been by some au- thors united with this group, possess very remarkable anatomical characters, and should be kept separate. Joannisiella has long been confounded with Cyrenotdes, from which much misconception has arisen. The former is a brackish water Diplodonta with a flattened foot, the latter belongs to a distinct group. The typical Jelania is close to Diplodonta, but many Lucinoid shells have been mistakenly referred to Felania.
East American Species,
Diplodonta punctata Say (Amphidesma). Syn. D. venezuelensis Dkr. D. janeirensis Rve., D. subglobosa C. B. Ads. D. braziliensis Mittre, D. orbella Gabb, Mysia pellucida Heilp. Cape Hatteras to South Brazil.
Diplodonta nucleiformis Wagner. Syn. D. elevata Conr., D. car- olinense Conr. Coast of the Carolinas, 15-52 fathoms ; fossil in the Miocene of Virginia and N. Carolina.
Section Lelaniella Dall, 1899. Diplodonta candeana Orb. Marco, Florida, to Brazil. Diplodonta vilardiboana Orb. Brazil and Argentine coasts. Section Phyctiderma Dall, 1899. Diplodonta soror C. B. Ads. Jamaica, north to the Florida Keys and Texas; fossil in the Miocene of Virginia and N. Carolina.
i = - a
‘ e ia .
THE NAUTILUS. 35
Diplodonta semiaspera Phil. Syn. D. granulosa C. B. Ads., L. semireticulata Orb. Cape Hatteras to Rio Janeiro, Brazil; fossil in the Pliocene of Florida.
Diplodonta puncturella Dall, n. sp. Jamaica; fossil in the Oli- gocene, Bowden, Jamaica.
Diplodonta platensis Dall n. sp. In 11 fathoms off Rio de la Plata.
Section Spherella Conrad.
Diplodonta verrilli Dall, = D. turgida V. & §., 1881, not Conr. 1848. Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., to N. Carolina, in 15-69 fathoms. West American Species.
Diplodonta orbellu Gould. (Sphaerella tumida Cour. Ms.) Brit- ish Columbia to Lower California.
Diplodonta tellinoides Reeve. Panama to Guayaquil.
Diplodonta discrepans Cpr. Mazatlan.
Diplodonta subquadrata Cpr. Not D. subquadrata Gabb, but perhaps D. undata Cpr. Cape St. Lucas to Acapulco and Maz- atlan.
Section Felaniella Dall.
Diplodonta obliqua Phil. (Lucina calculus Reeve). Cape St. Lucas, Mazatlan.
Diplodonta cornea Reeve. Gulf of Nicoya.
Diplodonta sericata Reeve. Felania sericata Cpr. Gulf of Cal- ifornia.
Diplodonta nitens Reeve. Gulf of Guayaquil.
Section Ph/lyctiderma Dall.
Diplodonta celata Reeve. Bay of Guayaquil.
Diplodonta semirugosa Dall, n. n. = D. semiaspera Cpr. not Philippi. Gulf of California.
Dit CONCHYLIEN DER PATAGONISCHEN Formation. By H. von Ihering. (Neues Jahrbuch tur Mineralogie, Geol. und Palxon. Bd. II, pp. 1-46, taf. 1, 11, 1899.) There are recorded from this for- mation 69 species. 9 new species are described, followed by general observations on the formation and fauna.
LAND AND FRESHWATER Mottusca OF INp1A, Vol. II., pt. 9. By Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen. The part now before us continues the account of the Zonttid@, a large part of both text and plates relating to the soft anatomy of the various forms. The groups Macrochlamys, Eurychlamys (n. s.-g.), Ratnadvtpia (n. s.-¢), Hu- plecta, Girasia, Austenia, Microcystina, Microcystis, Mariella, Ben- sonia, Haughtonia (n. s.-g.), Nilgira, Ariophanta, Khasiella (n. s.-g) are treated in more or less detail.
In so large an amount of new and interesting information, only a few points can be specially mentioned.
In Macrochlamys pedina the spermatheca was found to contain not less than seven spermatophores ; and the morphology of the
36 THE NAUTILUS.
spermatophore in various Indian genera is discussed at some length. The value of this organ in classification is stated to be not inconsid- erable, as it is subject to modification probably generic in constancy. In Huplecta semidecussata the vagina (or free oviduct) is swollen above its union with the spermatheca duct, the author interpreting this structure as a provision for retaining the ova, and terming it the ‘ovitheca.””' In treating of Mariella, Godwin-Austen adopts Cockerell’s suggestion that the J/. dussumiert was from Mahé on the southwest coast of Peninsular India, not Mahé, one of the Seychelles. The genus is shown to be closely allied to Girasia.
By restricting several parts of his work to Zonitid anatomy, a quantity of data invaluable to other workers in this difficult group has been amassed, although, as Godwin-Austen modestly points out, the time for definite classification of the whole group has not yet arrived.—H. A. P.
GENERAL NOTES.
AGE OF DEPOSIT UNDERLYING Los ANGELES, CAL.—The dis- covery of the remains of a species of Radiolites, R. Hamlini Stearns, in the Third Street Tunnel clays in the city of Los Angeles, of which we have been informed, is of exceeding interest through its bearing
on the question of the geologic age of the region, which has been”
in doubt (Cf. Navtitus, June, 1900, pe! 15). The Radiolites is a Cretaceous form and not heretofore reported from the west coast.
Errata.—For “vertical”? in the sixth line of the second para- graph, page 3 of the May number, read “ ventral.” In the next paragraph, fourth line, after the word ligaments, read ‘“‘is”’ instead Oe are.”
Lists of Recent Mortrtusca.—Messrs Sowerby & Fulton have issued a series of iists of recent mollusks, enumerating a large num- ber (11,300) of the known species of most of the genera, classified according to late authorities. They are well and accurately printed, and collectors will find them useful and interesting.
To a SLuG. (AN ALCOHOL.) Hail, Limax!—clammy, slimy thing, Poor houseless wretch, of thee I sing! Though ended is thy earthly run, Thy glory is but yet begun.
For Science, with obtrusive pride, Will keep intact thy mortal hide And suffer thee, for future gain, In best of spirits to remain.
Oakland, Cal., Apr. 15, 1900. H. H. BRueEnn.
1 Perhaps ‘‘ o6theca” would be better, ovitheca being a hybrid word.
ee ete Te Se ee
Pees hae) eee
THE NAUTILUS.
Von. XIV. AUGUST, 1900. No. 4.
A NEW MUREX FROM CALIFORNIA. BY WM. H. DALL.
Murex petri Dall, n. sp.
Shell solid, when perfect with an acute produced apex of four or five whorls, followed by four ordinary whorls; nepionic shell with convex shouldered whorls with up to six rounded varices, spirally sculptured with rather prominent threads ; color of the shell purplish- brown more or less minutely mottled or articulated with paler spots; surface with obsolete flattish spiral threads stronger on the backs of the varices, and, when perfect, also showing very minute spiral stria- tion; whorls between the varices with a single not very prominent knob; varices flattish, with five or six projecting points or digita- tions separated by shallow emarginations and slightly excavated on the forward face ; these projections are not recurved ; anterior face of the varices covered with profuse crinkled imbricating lamelle; a marked sulcus between the anterior digitation and the canal; aper- rure ovate, thickened with a projecting yellowish margin without any dentiform process; tle interior shows about six nodular denticles on the anterior two-thirds of the outer lip; canal closed, rather long, sharply curved to the right; lon. of shell 65, lat. 32; of aperture lon. £0; tate 11.5 mim.
Habitat, San Pedro, in rather deep water. Mr. and Mrs. Old- royd. |
This shell belongs to a group of Murices which is exceptionally developed on the Pacific coast; having three varices and sometimes a basal tooth projecting from the margin of the aperture. Those
38 THE NAUTILUS.
with the tooth belong to the genus Pterorhyt’s Conrad (long called Cerostoma) and those without a tooth have had various names applied to them from Ocinebra to Pteropurpura. Of the allied species IZ californicus has scaly spirals of three sizes, ending in sharply pointed channelled recurved varical digitations; JZ. trialatus Sowerby has dark brown and white color bands. the shoulder of the whorls ex- cavated, the large posterior digitation of the varices curved toward the apex of the shell, and the varix has no anterior sulcus next the canal. M. carpentert Dall, is nearly smooth, thinner than the others, and with no knobs between the varices on the whorls. All have
similar opercula of muricoid type.
A NEW LAMPSILIS FROM ARKANSAS.
BY JAMES H. FERRISS.
Lampsilis Simpsoni. Shell sub-solid, elongated, slightly obovate, narrowed in front, and
rather evenly rounded at both ends, somewhat inflated, having the greatest diameter at the middle and gradually tapering each way to the ends, feebly gaping at the anterior base and behind, beaks rather low but distinct, their sculpture consisting of ill defined, irregular
subnodulous corrugations; epidermis well developed, in the young
specimens projecting beyond the shell all around, slightly concentri- eally wrinkled, and showing the rough trregular growth lines; tawny with green rays and coppery beaks in the young, brownish or black- ish in the old state ; posterior ridge well marked in the earlier stages of growth. Hinge line evenly curved; pseudo cardinals reduced to mere stumpy vestiges; there are two feeble, remote laterals in the left valve and one in the right ; epidermal matter folded in along the hinge line; anterior cicatrices rather deep, irregular; posterior cica- trices shallow; nacre shaded violet, bluish and coppery, iridescent behind. Length 95, height 50, diameter 32 millimeters, Spring River, Hardy, Arkansas.
This specimen seems to stand between Lampsilis tenuissimus and L. gracilis. The former is more compressed, has a stronger posterior ridge, ig, pointed behind, and is inflated at or just behind the center of the base, and gaps more decidedly behind. It has something the form of certain specimens of ZL. gracilis, but is more elongated and
THE NAUTILUS. 89
straighter on the basal line. Three specimens were obtained, one adult, which is probably a male, and two young shells. The latter are very different from young gracilis, having the epidermis well projected around the border of the shell, and the outlines of the adult state.
To help commemorate the memory of one who has given nearly a life work towards perfecting the history of the humble clam, I
name this in honor of Chas. T. Simpson of the National Museum. Types in my own collection.
40 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTICES OF NEW AMERICAN SNAILS. BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Gastrodonta intertexta volusia, n. var.
Shell small, thin and fragile, subtranslucent, pale brown, somewhat glossy, the surface decussated by impressed spirals cutting fine but sharp strize above, smoother but still decussate below ; rather widely perforate. Whorls 53, the earlier 15 smooth, last whorl slightly angular at the periphery, quite convex beneath. Aperture without the slightest trace of callus within. Alt. 5, diam. 8 mm.
Near ‘* Mount Taylor,” an aboriginal mound on the St, John’s River, south of Volusia, Volusia Co., Florida; coll. by Pilsbry & Johnson. Types no 75,769 coll. A. N.S. P.
This sheli differs from intertexta in the very small size, fragile texture, and total lack of an internal callus within the last whorl near the aperture. Some 56 specimens collected agree in these characters; and as I have seen no intermediate specimens, the form may prove be specific. However, the St. John’s valley is deficient in lime; the land shells are in some other cases quite thin for their species, a fact which has its weight. But in the Tanners- ville valley of the Catskills, a sandstone region where snails are rare and actually eat each other’s shells for lime, the ¢ntertexta I found still had the characteristic callus within the mouth.
Alexia myosotis marylandica, n. var.
Inner lip triplicate; outer lip with a conical tooth at its upper third, below which it is thickened by a callous rib.
Mouth of St. Leonard’s Creek, Patuxent River, Maryland, col- lected by Charles W. Johnson.
Pyramidula Elrodi, 0. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, much depressed and acutely keeled, moderately solid. Spire but slightly convex; whorls 5, the first. smooth, the next 14 rather convex, finely and regularly ribbed, the following whorls flattened, impressed above an acute keel which fills the suture, the last two whorle very strongly, irregularly ribbed, the ribs running with growth-lines, wrinkle-like; last whorl with an acute peripheral keel, pinched and concave above aud below tt, the keel of the preceding whorl projecting more or less above the suture ; base convex, heavily ribbed, the umbilicus large and funnel- shaped. Aperture oblique, irregularly oval, angular at position of
THE NAUTILUS. 41
the keel; peristome simple, the margins converging ; parietal callus short and rather thin.
Alt. 9, diam. 21-22 mm,
Mission Mountains, Montana (Prof. M. J. Elrod).
This species holds toward /. strigosa a relationship like that of P. cumberlandiana toward P. alternata. Except in being more widely umbilicated and with a wider last whorl, it would be well resresented by the published figures of Hpiphragmophora cireum- eartnata (Stearns). The ribs are less regular than in the typical form of P. ¢dahoensis, but are equally strong. None of the wonder- ful series of strigosa varieties discovered by Hemphill approach this form; which could not, with present information, be considered a sub-species of strigosa. It is, like ¢dahoensis and haydeni, doubtless the terminal member in a differentiation-series from the strigosa stock, but the connecting links are wanting tn the recent fauna, so far as present collections show.
It is named in honor of Prof. M. J. Elrod, of the University of Montana.
Helicodiscus Eigenmanni n. sp.
Shell similar to H. lineatus, but attaining a much greater size, the umbilicus much smaller in comparison with the diameter of the shell. Whorls 4? to 5, strongly lirate spirally. Aperture more lunate, embracing more of the preceding whorl, usually armed with a pair of small teeth within, as in A. lineatus. Umbilicus rather deep and cup-shaped. Alt. 1.9, diam. 4.8 mm., umbilicus 2 mm. wide.
Beaver Cave, near San Marcos, Hays Co., Texas.
This species was collected by Dr. C. H. Eigenmann, the well- known writer on fish morphology.
The specimens are very uniform in character, differing markedly from the common and wide-spread H. lineatus. ‘The latter shows but little variation throughout its enormous range, and so far as I can see from a very large series, there is nowhere a tendency to be- come more narrowly umbiiicated. The present form has been found only in the cave mentioned above, and may possibly be a modifica- tion induced by underground life, although until the immediate sur- roundings of the cave are searched, it would be unsafe to more than suggest this. I find only the ordinary Z. lineatus from other Texan localities. Nothing like H. Ligenmanni occurred to me at San Antonio, New Braunfels, or Austin.
42 THE NAUTILUS.
DESCRIPTION OF A LAND SHELL FROM SOUTH AMERICA.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Eurytus Couturesi. Anc. ,
Testa ovata, tenuiuscula, subimperforata, nitidula, sub epidermide tenui virenti vel luteo-fusca, plus minusve decidua, sordide purpurea. Spira brevis, obtusa, apice fusco-purpurea, ad summum rotundate sub- conoidea. Anfractus 4, celeriter crescentes, convexiusculi, sutura impressa, striis incrementi notati et minute granulati; penultimus ad dextram tumidulus ; ultimus post mediam partem longe deflexus, malleatus et minutissime granulosus, striis ad suturam_ pliculosis. Apertura fere verticalis, irregulariter ovalis, superne angulosa, plica columellari callosa preedita, intus livide purpurea. | Peristoma undique revolutum et incrassatum, roseo-purpureum, marginibus callo nitido junctis, columellari ad insertionem paululum dilatato.
Long. 38, diam. 22, alt. apert. cum peristomate 22 mill.
Hab. Bolivia (teste G. Coutures).
This is more egg-shaped than either Z. pulicarius or EL. catheartia, Reeve, which seem to be its immediate allies. In form it resembles E. cardinalis Pfr., from Quito, but is a smaller and much thinner shell. I have seen two specimens precisely alike, differing only in size ; the larger one, the type, is in my collection.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW ASIATIC SPECIES.
BY C. F. ANCEY. 1. Limicolaria oviformis, Anc.
Testa obtecte minuteque rimata, obtuso-oblonga, solida, opacula, nitida, sub epidermide decidua pallide stramineo-lutescente, griseo- lactea strigisque pallide fuscis exilibusque in medianis aufractibus variegata vel flammulata, Spira oblonga, relative parum attenuata, apice valde obtusa. Anfractus 7 convexi, regulariter et lente cres- centes, sutura satis impressa, subirregulari; striis incrementi aliisque spiralibus paulo inter se distantioribus regulariter decussata; ultimus
OEE
CHE NAUTILUS. 43
oblongus, rotundatus, post medium levigatus (striis spiralibus evanidis). Apertura subobliqua, oblongo-angustata, albida. Col- umella reflexa, incrassata, fere recta. Peristoma rectum, acutum, margine extero antrorsum haud arcuato,
Long. 44, lat. 21, alt. apert. 18} mill.
Hab. Mountains above Aden, Arabia (Jousseaume).
This is a Limicolaria of the typical African group and bears no relation to the species hitherto known from the opposite coast of the Somalis, like Z. Revotli, Bourg., Armand, Bourg., etc. It is re- markable in being very obtuse and of an oblong shape. The mark- ings are but faint, at least as far as the original specimen is con- cerned. | 2. Buliminus (Petrceus) Pilsbryanus Anc.
Bulimus Jousseaumei, Bourg., in coll.; mot Buliminus Jouss- eaumei, HE. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc., Vol. I., part 4, p. 142 (1894).
Testa oblonga, clause rimata (rima obliqua, basi arcuata), candida, statu omnino recenti verisimiliter pallide iuteotincta, solidiuscula, nitida. Spira conideo-oblonga, apice minuto, obtusiusculo, levigato. Anfractus 74 convexiusculi, regulariter crescentes, sutura parum profunda discreti, superiores confertim oblique costulati, sculptura in sequentibus debiliore, in inferioribus obsolescenti et proeterea lineis spiralibus numerosis indistinctis sub valida lenti passim impressa ; ultimus postice convexus, ad dextram excentricus, versus aperturam breviter ascendens, circa rimam impressus et obtuse subangulatus. Apertura fere recta, superne oblique lunata, irregulariter subovata, ad dextram excentrica, ad marginem columellarum leviter oblique rectiuscula, extus valde convexa. fPeristoma crassum, callosum, continuum, valide labiatum, planiusculum, latum, undique reflexum. Columella oblique recta, subs:nuosa, intus plica valida in dentum acutum desinenti munita. Margines approximati, callo crasso juncti.
Long. 21, lat 104, long. apert. (perist. incluso) 10; long. ejusd. (peristom. excluso 64); diam. ejusd. (peristom. incluso) 8; diam. ejusd. (sine peristomate) 43 mill.
Mountains of Yemen, above Aden, Southern Arabia (Dr. Jous- seaume).
44 THE NAUTILUS. SOME NAMES WHICH MUST BE DISCARDED. BY WM. H. DALL.
In January, 1853, Gray (Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach., p. 114) insti- tuted the genus Cistella for Terebratula cuneata of Risso and allied forms. This name has been generally adopted and, in the last re- vision of the Brachiopods by Schuchert, is not credited with any synonyms. But in 1848, Gistel, in his Naturgeschichte des Thier- reichs, p. xi, proposed the name Cisted/a for a group of Insects. For the Brachiopod, therefore, I propose the name Argyrotheca, with the same type.
The name Huryta was proposed for a subgenus of Terebra, by H. and A. Adams in 1858, and is in general use, but Huryta had already been used for an acaleph by Gistel, in 1848, and must therefore be rejected. In its place I would propose Mazatlania. In 1876 Jef- freys proposed Glomus for a remarkable bivalve allied to Leda, but he had also been preceded by Gistel, who had proposed the name Glomus for a beetle (Naturg. p. xi, 1848). The genus may take the name of Pristigloma.
The dismemberment of the heterogeneous Linnean genus Patella was one of the first tasks of naturalists after the publication of the Systema Nature. The first author to undertake this necessary work has been generally overlooked. This was Modeer, who in 17938 (K. vetensk. Akad. nya Handl. xiv, pp. 110-111) divided the true limpets from those with internal septa or processes and gave to the latter group, with a proper diagnosis, the name of Chezlea. This group was subsequently divided by authors who, however, omitted to reserve any portion of the original genus Chevlea to preserve the name, as required by the rules of nomenclature. On the five species cited as examples by Modeer, four genera were instituted by Hum- phrey (after Hwass) in 1797, two belonging to his genus Orypta, more generally known as Orepidula. In 1799 Lamarck made two subdivisions with new names for three of the species, and added a third in 1809. Ferussac added a synonym to one of Humphrey’s names in 1807, and Schumacher did the same in 1817, while a subgeneric name was proposed by Moérch, for one of the two Crepidulas, in 1852. What name must we now reject, to reinstate
TAK NAUTILUS. 45
Cheilea in its rights? There was no diagnosis given with Hum- phrey’s names, only lists of species. Passing them over, we find Lamarck eliminated Crepidula and Oalyptrea with proper diag- noses, though his Calyptrea comprised species of two genéra. THe left behind a single species, which, if Lamarck had been the first to divide the genus, would have kept the name Cheilea. On the other hand, he included in his genus Calyptrea, a species he should have omitted. The first was named Septarta by Ferussac in 1807, and this left only one genus included in the original Ohedlea un- named. This was called Mitrularia by Schumacher in 1817, but in our opinion this name must be rejected for that of Modeer, which should be adopted for the group represented by the Patella equestris of Linnaeus.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
Mo.Luvusca OF THE GREAT SMOKY Mountains. By Henry A. Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, pp. 110-150. This is the most interesting faunal list the writer has seen in a long while. It results from the explorations of Messrs. Pilsbry, Ferriss, Bryant Walker, Clapp and Sargent in July and August, 1899, along the Tennessee-North Carolina boundary, among the valleys and on the peaks of the Great Smoky Mountains. In all, fifty-six species of terrestrial mollusca were obtained, among which Gastrodonta walker, Punctum blandianum, and several varieties of different species are described as new. ‘Two things are especially noticeable, one the abundance of endemic species and varieties, the other the absence of many species which one is accustomed to regard as universally dis- tributed in the mountains of this continent. Of course more of the latter may yet be found, but it cannot be purely accidental that the party came upon no Vitrina, no Pupa, only one Vertigo, and that very rare, only one bifidaria, also rare, and no Vallonia! In some cases widely-distributed species are represented by segregates which have attained specific rank; thus in place of Vitrea indentata there is an abundance of V. carolinensis of a small type (var. wetherby?, Ckll. ined.) intermediate between indentata and carolinensis proper, the exact locality of which is unfortunately unknown. In the case
46 THE NAUTILUS.
of Polygyra tridentata the differentiation has not gone so far, so that while Dr. Pilsbry describes a mountain race with a more or less double basal tooth, he hesitates to give it a name. Throughout the paper the author, while naming a number of local races, shows a natural reluctance to recognize in the nomenclature all the incipient species which his studies have brought to light. As with the mam- mals in the hands of Merriam, Allen, Rhoads and others, abundant specimens with exact data have proved what the older authors did not expect; that everywhere segregation is going on, and that the recognizable species and subspecies are far more numerous than we had been led to suppose. Lord Salisbury’s statement of a few years ago, that nobody had seen evolution actually going on in nature, ap- pears absurd to the modern zodlog|st or botanist. Even the attitude of those who do not believe in varietal nomenclature or the recogni- tion of subspecies has changed. Thus Dr. Skinner, who from sundry published opinions might be regarded as a ‘lumper,” is. familiar with and has represented in his:splendid collection of butter- flies more geographical races than entomologists dream of; and I believe he will admit that if be were converted to the policy of splitting, he might produce a work which would astonish us all.
The writer of this notice believes that detailed studies like those of Dr. Pilsbry are of the highest importance from a philosophical point of view, and that until zodlogists are prepared to recognize the wonderful complexity and variety of living forms, they cannot hope to understand the larger problems of biology. And it seems to him, furthermore, that we should be rational enough to weigh and con- sider all characters, not merely those which strike the eye. We think of the Sandwich Island Achatinellide as being wonderfully diverse, because their diversity is largely that of bright colors and pretty patterns. Why may not the less conspicuous diversity of our simply-colored snails be just as real, and just as worthy of recog- nition by students of molluscan life ?
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Tue ARMATURE OF Hexricorp Lanp SHELLS, by G. K. Gude (Science Gossip). Mr. Gude has now brought to completion his long series of articles on the genera Plectopylis and Corilla, giving a synopsis and key to the former group, a discussion of its geographic
THE NAUTILUS. 47
range, and a much-needed index, as the papers extend over a period of several years. <A classification into seven sections is offered. These seem in all cases to be excellently founded groups, and de- cidedly useful in classifying some 75 species which now compose the genus. Few if any groups of Helices of similar extent have been so well monographed. ‘The workman-like manner of the per- formance shows Mr. Gude to be an acute observer and clear expositor. He is a welcome recruit to the first rank of Helicologists.
List OF SWELLS collected by Vernon Bailey in Heron and KHagle Lakes, Minnesota, with notes. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXII, p. 135- 138. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF HALIOTIS FROM CALI- FORNIA, with faunal and geographical notes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Paeteepwtee—i4e. By R. KE. C. Stearns, Ph. D. . The first. list enumerates some 18 species, all aquatic except Succinea ovalis Gld., reported from the shore of Heron Lake. A number of noteworthy variations of Limm@ea emarginata from Eagle Lake are discussed, shouldered, lirate, patulous and variously distorted forms occurring. The second paper describes Haliotis fulgens walallensis (Nautilus, XII, no. 9).
GENERAL NOTES.
SHELLS oF Las Veacas, N. M.—We have received from Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell another small lot from this locality, collected by Miss Mary Cooper, and including the following species: Vitrina pfeiffert Newe. Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb). Bifidaria armifera (Say). Bifidaria procera (Gld.). Pupa blandi (Morse). Planor- bis deflectus Say. Pisidium compressum Pme,
Dr. Rudolph Bergh discusses the anatomy of various Tecti- branches in the part of the Malacologische Untersuchungen, Vol. VII., just issued. He adopts the erroneous spelling Haminza for Haminea, and retains it in the Bullideg, where it does not belong. An excellent account of the anatomy of H. cornea Lam. follows. Oryptophthalmus follows, also referred to the Bullid@, and the anatomy is now first described. ‘The genus Chelidonura is described anatomically, and referred for the first time to the family Doridiida, doubtless correctly. This is a most interesting discovery. The
48 THE NAUTILUS.
genera Lobiger and Lophocercus are then discussed. The anatomy of Akera bullata and of a new Pacific species of Phyllaplysia is also described.
Notre on a New Asyssat Limpert. Under the name of Bathysciadium conicum Dautzenberg and H. Fischer have described* a new deep-water limpet which combines some curious characters. The specimens are simply conical with radiating riblets and an al- most membraneous shell, and have a diameter of 1.5 mm. and a height of 0.9 mm. Some anatomical details are given by Dr. ‘Pelseneer in a note appended to the description. The animal was obtained from the beak of a cuttlefish dredged by the Prince of Monaco off the Azores in 845 fathoms.
Like Lepeta it is without eyes or ctenidia, the ee being carried on by the surface of the mantle. The muzzle appears to be without lappets, the right tentacle has an appendix like that of Cocculina (supposed to be a degenerate verge), there are no posterior filaments ; an unpaired mandible and long radula are present, the nervous system is that of the Docoglossa, and the otoliths are single. | Dr. Pelseneer regards the genital gland (otherwise strictly deco- glossate) as hermaphrodite, a condition so exceptional, and, consider- ing the minute size of the animal, so difficult to determine, that judgment may fairly be suspended pending further confirmation of it. The radula as figured leads to the belief that except in the absence of the rhachidian tooth (often degenerate in abyssal lim- pets) the teeth are like those of Lepetella; the major lateral being broken into three pieces which have been taken for three separate teeth by the author cited. If this suspicion be correct, the formula is 1-+2.0.2+ 1, for a transverse series of the radula. The creature will be the first true limpet (Docoglossa) to show any trace of a verge, and if really hermaphrodite, the first to exhibit this charac- ter. The single otolith is very likely correlated with the small size of the animal. The genus will stand next to Lepetella among the Abranchiate Docoglossa.— Wm. H. Datu, (Sczence, June 8).
* Bull. Soc. Zodi. de France, xxiv., p. 207.
THE NAUTILUS.
SEPTEMBER, 1900. No. 5.
Von. XIV.
THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS. BY JAMES H. FERRISS.
There was a general round-up of the snails in the Smokies last summer. When the roll of diggers was called at Cades Cove, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry answered to his name, and so did Geo. H. Clapp, of Pittsburg, Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Prof. H. A. Sargent, of Ann Arbor, and I did too. Prof. A. G. Wetherby and Mrs. M. L. An- drews intended to be with our party until the very last moment. The year before, I made the trip as far as Mirey Ridge with Mr. Clapp. With this exception it was my first excursion in company with up-to-date scientists. I have made four trips to the Smoky Mountains and expect to go again this year. On two occasions short stops were made at Burnside, Kentucky, on the Cumberland; at Oakdale, Tennessee, on the Emery; Lookout Mountain, at Chatta- nooga, and a side trip to the Little Tennessee, at Caringer post-office, or Talassee Ford, and one trip was made into the Unaka range. The Smoky Mountains on the north of the Little Tennessee and the Unaka range on the south (not the Unakas near Roan Mountain), form the boundary between Tennessee and North Carolina.
The readers of the Nauritus, I am sure, will be pleased to know something of this party. Briefly in ages, its members ran from 35 to 50; at least I am that high, but they are boys still, and can climb more trees and wade streams worse than ever. Mr. Walker, an at- torney, and Mr. Clapp, a business man, I think the handsomest members of the party ; and their dispositions, their patience, their interest in the comfort of others really approach the domain of the
50 THE NAUTILUS.
angels, and when Mr. Blair, our mountain host, was with the party it made three of them. Mr. Clapp can suffer more and complain less than any entirely earthly being. When lame enough to put an ordinary man in a hospital he will sprinkle on a little talcum pow- der, keep up with the procession and never say a word. Mr. Walker did not sleep the night after our party separated because Sargent and I were out on the mountains without blankets, and the heathen, the two of us, at that very time were as near the happy hunting grounds, both in altitude and spirit, as we may ever be; with a bed of dry moss and a roaring fire at our feet, we slept sweetly as doves, under a massive balsam in the prettiest park I ever saw in the mountains. The next morning we got over 80 Polygyra Ferrissi each, and three were albinos.
For industry, zeal and business (shell business), Sargent and Pilsbry are not to be excelled. Sargent always hunts longer and gets more than any other, and Pilsbry, after a hard day’s digging, was ready to clean up my catch any time I would bake biscuit. Not one was a believer in ghosts. It was the most sensible, kindly, lovable collection possible. A sad day came when the company sep- parated. Dr. Pilsbry then borrowed soda of a herder and attempted to bake his own biscuit. He did not have any sour milk, and I think that yellow spot remains in the camp site to-day, a wonder to pass- ing herders and a puzzle to those practical mountain scientists who condense their bulky corn crop into convenient form for transporta- tion in jugs.
Cade’s Cove, in Blount county, Tennessee, lying at the base of the Smokies, is 1,700 feet above the sea. It is six miles long, in some places two in width, and out of this valley are many other deep coves running up to the top of Boat and Rich mountains, 3,500 feet above the sea. This valley has been searched more than any we have visited. But last year we found four more kinds, and one of those a new variety. The soil is so fertile in shells, like the sea coast of Florida it will be good ground for many years.
With mountain friends, camp dunnage and mules, we left the set- tlement soon as possible. ‘There was much rain, and the puncheons in the herder’s cabin where we slept the first two nights were very hard, but it was a light-hearted company. There were plenty of snails, and school children were never more delighted or delightful. The pleasant days we climbed the mountain sides, when Mr. Pilsbry
a
THE NAUTILUS. ae
and company talked snails, geology, botany and fungi, is a memory will long live pleasantly with your humble author.
Thunderhead is 5,500 feet according to the government maps, and it rains there every week in my experience and it is more storm- swept than many of the higher peaks. The beech trees and buck- eyes are mere scrubs. Blockhouse mountain, of the same height, Coontown, Russell’s field and other good coves were hunted over from the first camp. Then we moved along the backbone of the range to Clingman’s Dome, some 15 miles farther, passing Briar Knob, the Derricks, Mirey Ridge, Siler’s Bald and the Balsam, all over a mile high, and good collecting ground.
Clingman’s Dome is 6,600 feet high, covered with balsam fir, and the sphagnum is so deep walking is like tramping on a spring mat- tress, and very tiresome. When away from a well-beaten trail it is difficult to walk a mile in less than an hour or an hour and a half. Many of the rocks were large as houses, and when we went under for rare shells we carried candles. These feed on the microscopic fungi, I suspect, growing upon the roof, and they seemed to select a roof nearly level. One of the P. ferriss? at a time is the rule, but on Andrews Bald, afterwards, we sometimes found as many as eight on one roof. Occasionally P. clarkit, andrewse@ altivaga, depilata, or a Gastrodonta lamillidens or clappii, would be found on the same roof, but not often.
Bidding the remainder of our party and the mules farewell, as our vacation was longer, Prof. Sargent and I, with a couple of mountain friends, carrying our camp outfit upon our backs, parted company from Pilsbry, Walker and Clapp, and made a trip to Andrews Bald (5,900 feet) from Clingman, though we really started out for Mt. Collins, some 600 feet higher. On Andrews, besides ferr7ss?, we found our finest red andrewse altivaga, banded with a still darker band.
The next day we retraced our steps over Clingman and the Bal- sam to Siler’s Bald, where we took the Welsh Bald trail and con- tinued in a southwesterly direction in North Carolina for the next three weeks, with the exception of the two last days. Sometimes we were on the trail all day, while on other days we went only a mile or two. Sometimes we stayed several days in one place. The weather man furnished his best, and only twice were we compeiled to build bark shelters to keep us dry.
a2 THE NAUTILUS.
On Welsh Bald, at an altitude of 5,000 feet, we first found the new variety of Polygyra edwardsii, and from a little spring that oozed out from near the top, we found Pisidium ropert Sterki. Sargent found this in Minnesota and I had found it in a small pool near Joliet, but the shell is still rare.
We descended to Chambers’ Creek one bot afternoon, where it was only 1,500 above the sea. - It was a tough slide and both of our mountain friends were sick before starting. From there Sargent made a side trip by rail to Hayesville, N. C., and I first found Poly. monodon cincta. And then and afterwards they were mostly dead and found around the basswood and buckeye trees. After a few days’ rest, we crossed over to Tuskegee Creek, and in Ramp Cove, on the Tuskeegee side of the Yellow Creek Mountains, we first found Gastrodonta Walkeri Pilsbry, a new species. It was in company with significans. These mountains run up about 4,000 feet, with soil on the slopes rich as a garden. .
Passing down Yellow Creek, between the Cheowah and Yellow Creek Mountains, we loaded up with green corn, sweet potatoes and other good things, as the valley is settled. Here we discovered that Poly. christyt has a great fondness for the shrub called poison hem- lock. The streams were swift and rocky. We found no clams and very few univalves.
At Cheowah river we were down to 1,500 feet again. Hangover and Mount Hayo, in the Unaka range, 5,200 feet, overlook the ford, and the trail we took to these peaks was up a dry pine ridge, steep as the roof of a house, and for the first time in our trip, good drinking water was a little scarce. It took us until 3 o’clock in the afternoon to get up, and all were sore and some were cross.
Every day brought new delights, One afternoon, on Bob Strat- ton’s Bald, 5,400 feet (there is another peak a few miles away called John Stratton’s Bald), near Hayo, we found over 200 G. lamellidens. We found these in company with Helicodiscus lineatus, and Vitrea carolinensis, by turning over slabs of stone that lay on top of the ground, and there were sometimes a half a dozen under one stone. The general rule is.one /amellidens to a dozen or two rocks. The next day, at Glen Cove, a couple of miles lower down the range, we found 130 Poly. chilhoweensis. Back on the Little Tennessee river again at Talassee ford, we again found Gastro. walkeri at a point less than 1,000 feet above the sea—the lowest point in our trip. One of the
THE NAUTILUS. 538
mules and a good walker came to our rescue at ‘Talassee ford and we returned to Cade’s Cove, 25 miles in a day. In all we traveled about 150 miles, as measured in a straight line, besides our side trips.
There is much land for the snail hunter here. From the highest peaks we could see mountains 125 miles distant, and it was all moun- tains as far as we could see in three directions, and over much of this roughness no specimen hunter has traveled.
In the proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, Dr. Pilsbry has given one of his best reports on the shells of this region. I will, therefore, give merely the list with little more than locality. A number of varieties have been added by Mr. Pilsbry, but not enough, 3
10. Helicina occulta (Say). Rowan Creek in Cade’s Cove, 54 mm., farthest record south.
67. Poly. pustuloides (Bld.). Talassee Ford, 2 first trip.
90. Poly. tridentata (Say). A double-toothed variety. Rose flats in Cade’s Cove, Welsh Bald, Talassee Ford.
91. Poly. fraudulenta (Pils.). One only, 13 mm. Welsh Bald, Swain Co., N. C.
96. Poly. rugeli (Shuttl.). Everywhere 9 to 15 mm. (Two kinds here sure, the big one is a dirty fellow.)
97. Poly. inflecta (Say). Tuckaleeche Cove.
105. Poly. profunda (Say). One on Slick Rock Creek in the Unakas in 1898. |
106a. Poly. chilhoweensis (Lewis). Cade’s Cove, Block House, Mirey Ridge, Clingman’s Dome, Yellow Creek Mountains, Unakas, Talassee Ford, 274 to 40 mm.
109. Poly. albolabris Say). Rose Flats in Cade’s Cove, Yellow Creek, Cheowah Mountain, 3,400 ft., Cheowah River, Slick Rock Creek (Monroe County, Tenn.). Found in dry situations, dry mountain tops, 32 to 55 mm.
110. Poly. exoleta (Binn.). Cade’s Cove, Thunderhead, Glen Cove, Talassee Ford.
116. Poly. ferrissi (Pils.). Mirey Ridge, Clingman, Andrew’s Bald, Welsh Bald. We found only three in two days on Welsh Bald, but got 160 in half a day on Andrew’s. I offered to exchange a dozen of these shells with a dealer at the rate of $6 per dozen. After we had been in Ferrissi territory a couple of days my expert brethren held a council of war and called me down. They said the price
34 THE NAUTILUS.
should certainly be high as a dollar each. The next day they raised it to $3 and before we parted they said, taking the rarity and beauty of the shell and the difficulties of finding it all into consideration, the price should be $5 and railroad fare paid to the spot. Our experi- ence at Andrews would tend to lower this price, but Andrews is 25 miles from civilization, the miles are wild ones, and whoever starts out to hunt ferrisse on speculation, [ still believe will earn his money.
118. Poly. palliata (Say). Cade’s Cove, Russell Field, Chamber’s Creek, Tuskeegee Creek, Slick Rock Creek, Talassee Ford.
119d. Poly. appressa perigrapta (Pils.) all along the route.
121. Poly. clarki (Lea). General in deep coves but sparingly, 18mm.
123a. Poly. andrewse normals n. var. (Pils.). Mr. Pilsbry has added two varieties to andrews@ and some day there may be others. Those on Thunderhead (altivaga) approached the small, thin, green- ish, smoky type, but many are banded. They measure 22 to 24 diameter. The types I have from Roan Mountain are 20 to 28. Normalis finds its way to the lower altitudes, 1,000 ft., and appar- ently thrives as well as upon Mirey Ridge or Bobs Bald, and it is quite generally distributed—Cade’s, Welsh Bald, Chamber’s Creek, Tuskeegee, Yellow Creek, Slick Rock, Citico Creek and Talassee
Ford. It has been white or russet colored so far, and the largest
with the highest spires were found on Mirey Ridge at an elevation of 4,500 and on Citico Creek at 3,000. The largest measures 40 mm. diameter, 25 altitude (Citico), 385. diameter, 24 altitude (Mirey). Usually 31 to 385 diameter, occasionally with a small tooth on parietal wall. Sociable and active. The best traveler in the range.
123b. Poly. andrews@ altivaga (Pils.). n. var. Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge, Clingman’s Dome, Andrew’s Bald. We did not find this after leaving this range, and it was always at the mountain top or the nearest basswood and buckeye belt, under stones or moss. On Mirey Ridge only, it occupies the same territory with normalis, but not often found in the grass or in the open. Unless further divided its colors are white, greenish or smoky white, cherry red, and both colors sometimes banded with a darker red band as in profunda. Sometimes there is an additional line at the suture and some are half and half, dark above and light below. (Mirey, N.C. side.) 22 to
ee a a A)
TITK NAUTILUS. 55
25 diam. Largest red colored forms were found on Andrews but our stay was short and we found but few. This variety is more often toothed than normalis. In some localities 483 per cent. had teeth on the parietal wall. About 5 are banded. On one slope of Mirey Ridge all were white, upon another all half and half, and upon another a fourth were red, the others white and banded. Upon
b
Clingman and Andrews the choice ‘rediis ”? were the most common. This variety furnishes the most entertainment and has caused more shouting and singing and expressions of joy and perplexity of any in the Smokies.
124. Poly. thyroides (Say). Welsh Bald, Chamber’s Creek, Tal- assee Ford.
125. Poly. clausa (Say). Talassee Ford.
126. Poly. wheatleyi (Bld). All along the route in very damp situations.
This is the most variable shell of this region. At Cade’s the meas- urements were 16to18 mm.diam. All dentate, all hirsute, large flar- ing lip and a few were albinos. ‘The same measurements prevailed at Block House. On Clingman they dropped back to 13 and 14 diam. and some were not toothed or hirsute and quite globose, with narrow lip. At Welsh Bald we found part of both. At Tuskeegee and Cheowah all were small and only partially dentate or hirsute. Ascending Mt. Hayo, we again found the 18 mm. variety up the sides and at the top. Two miles further we found on Bobs Bald a large variety I first supposed to be ferrissiz. It was not hirsute but deeply sculptured and 2 or 3 were dentate. 23 mm. On our return to Cade’s in Brannon’s Cove, we again found the small globose form, the smallest being only 12 mm.
127. Poly. christyi (Bld.). Cade’s Cove, Tuskeegee Creek, Cheo- wah river, in flat ground near streams.
136a. Poly. edvardst magnifumosa (Pils.). n. var. Welsh Bald, Chambers’ Creek, Tuskeegee Creek, Mt. Hayo, Glen Cove. Mr. Sargent also found this at Hayesville, N. C.
138. Poly. stenotrema (Fer.). Cade’s, Welsh Creek and south of Little Tennessee. At Chambers’ Creek south side of Little Tennes- see and at Talassee Ford we found it measuring 138 mm.
138b. Poly. depilata (Pils.). Cade’s, Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge, Clingman, Andrew’s Bald aud Bobs Bald. Under moss and stones.
139a. Poly. hirsuta pilula (Pils.). n. var. Cade’s Cove and
56 THE NAUTILUS.
Thunderhead only. Do not remember of ever finding the typical hirsuta in these mountains.
141e. Poly. monodon cincta (Lewis). Tuskeegee Creek, Yellow Creek, Mt. Hayo, Glen Cove, Talassee Ford.
180a. Strobilops labyrinthica strebeli (Ptr.). Cade’s Cove, Yel- low Creek Mountains.
187. Bifidaria contracta (Say). Cade’s Cove.
194. Bifidaria corticaria (Say). Cade’s Cove.
225. Vertigo gouldit (Bid.). Cade’s Cove.
226. Vertigo bollesiana (Morse). Cade’s Cove, These four species very rare.
235. Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull). Sugar Cove in Cade’s. One specimen by Sargent.
239. Circinaria coneava (Say). General. Largest 234 diam.
246a. Omphalina fuliginosa polita (Pils.). Cade’s Cove, Coon- town, Chambers’ Creek, Talassee Ford, At the two last named places on the Little Tennessee the shells were as light colored as the typical fuligimosa, but polished. There were no black forms at these points.
248. Omphalina levigata (Pfr.). Cade’s Cove, Cheowah river. Only a few found at the latter place and these were dark colored and as well polished nearly as Omp. Andrewse. Largest 20 mm. diam., 12 altitude.
248a. Omp. levigata perlevis (Pils.). n. var. Talassee Ford.
248b. Omphalina levigata latior (Pils.). n. var. This variety has given me trouble since I saw it on my first trip to Tennessee. It is much larger than type, much depressed and a light ‘¢ Melantho” blue in color. As I read shell music by ear, it has very little re- semblance to the typical form. ‘The largest from Talassee Ford measured 28 diam., 10 altitude. Also found at Chambers’ Creek.
250, Omphalina subplana (Binn). All along the route in damp moss. On the Unakes the shells were very fragile, sometimes the shell was a mere membrane but large and healthy otherwise. It is as much of a cannibal as concava. Largest (Mt. Hayo) 24 diam., 10 altitude.
252. Omphalina andrewse (Pils.). All along the route. In Cade’s Cove there is a light colored form, faintly banded with darker color. Largest 18 mm. in diam. 16 is large.
252a. Omp. Andrewse montivaga (Pils.). Cade’s Cove, Mirey
THE NAUTILUS. 57 Ridge, Welsh Bald, Mt. Hayo. Largest 205 greatest diam., 16 smallest diam.
253. Vitrinizonites latissimus (Lewis), Cade’s Cove, Block House, Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge, Siler’s Bald, Balsam, Clingman, An- drew’s Bald, Welsh Bald, Mt. Ilayo, moss and stones.
253a. Vitrinizonites latissimus uvidermis (Pils.). mn. var. ‘Thun- derhead, Mirey Ridge, Clingman’s Dome. These two often asso- ciate with the above, but not always. It is more active in its habits. The elastic shell is so thin our specimens collapsed, and in fact the shell is worn indented and crushed in by its rightful owner. It is darker and larger than the type. The largest are 19 greatest diam.
263a. Vitrea petrophila pentadelphia (Pils.). n. var. Named after the five of us. At Cade’s Cove, Cheowah River and Bob’s Bald; found by mining.
270. Vitrea indentata (Say). Cade’s Cove. Greatest diam. 5 mm.
271. Vit. seulptilis (Bld.). At nearly all points high or low, but never abundant. It is one of the most beautiful of mountain shells, being a warm pink in color, but from improper handling, perhaps, this beautiful tint fades away. Largest 10 diam. Binney reports 124.
272. Vit. carolinensis (Ckll.). Generally distributed along the route, under rocks; a brigadier indentatus. Largest 84, found by Mr. Clapp on Mirey Ridge.
274. Vit. capsella (Gld). Cade’s Cove, Chambers’ Creek.
276. Vit. capsella placentula (Shuttl.). Cade’s Cove.
278. Conulus chersinus (Say). Cade’s Cove, 3 in 1898.
283. Zonitoides arboreus (Say). As far as Tuskeegee river and again at Talassee Ford.
287. Z. patulordes (Pils.). Cade’s Cove, very sparingly.
295. Gastrodenta intertexta (Binn,). Cade’s Cove, Mirey Ridge, Welsh Bald, Chambers’ Creek, Yellow Creek Mts., Tallassee Ford. Largest 17 diam. Never plentiful, fond of poison hemlock ; some- times albino as all these mountain shells seem to be.
296. Gastro. acerra (Lewis). One of the common kind all along the road. It shows much variation without change of locality. My largest is 18 diam., 104 alt. Another of only 17 diam. is 134 in alt. |
297. Gastro. demissa (Binn.). Cade’s Cove.
301. Gastro. gularis (Say). Common on the route.
58 THE NAUTILUS.
302. Gastro. suppressa (Say). Brannan’s Cove and Chestnut Flats in Cade’s Cove, Chambers’ Creek. |
305. Gastro. elliotti (Redf.). General but not plentiful.
306. Gastro. interna (Say). Welsh Bald and south of Little Tennessee, plentiful.
807. Gastro. significans (Bld). Cade’s Cove, Yellow Creek Mts.
309. Gastro. multidentata (Binn.). Talassee Ford, found one first trip.
810. Gastro, lamellidens (Pils.). Thunderhead Block House, Coontown, Mirey Ridge, Clingman, Cheowah River, Bobs Bald.
4mm.
310-1. Gastro. Clappi (Pils.) Thunderhead, Block House, Mirey —
Ridge, Clingman. ;
310-2. Gastro. Walkeri (Pils.). n. sp. Cheowah river, Yellow Creek Mts., Talassee Ford. Diam. 29, altitude 1.45.
The last five belong to the Taxeodonta group; the other member, andrews, is found at Roan Mt., about 75 miles east of Clingman.
338. Pyramidula alternata (Say). Andrew’s Bald, Chambers’ Creek, Yellow Cr. Mts., Yellow Creek and Unaka range; depressed and small, 18 mm. At Cade’s two were found of the Knoxville type, large, whorls round and epidermis crinkled. 25 mm.
338b. Pyr. alternata costata (Lewis). Cade’s Cove and Thunder- head only. 20 mm.
342. Pyr. perspectiva (Say). Common, large and toothed. 10 mm.
346. Helicodiscus lineotus, Cade’s Cove, Mirey Ridge, Tuskeegee Mts., Bob’s Bald.
347. Helicodiscus fimbriatus (Weth.). Talassee ford, two first trip.
348. Punctum Blandianum (Pils.). n. sp. Found by Mr. Clapp, in 1898, on a tulip tree stump at Brannon’s in Cade’s Cove. These stumps beginning to decay, make fine feeding ground for little fellows.
362. Suecinea obliiqua (Say). On the very top of Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge and Clingman.
Gontobasis saffordi (Lea). Chambers’ Creek.
Goniobasis proxima (Say). Welsh Bald branch. Tuskeegee Creek.
Pleurocera trivittatum (Lea). Talassee Ford.
THE NAUTILUS. ov
Pisidium roperi (Sterki). Welsh Bald.
Between Knoxville and Cade’s Cove, 35 miles, the following are found, Poly, elevata, form cincta, Taylor; Poly. spinosa (Lea) ; Omphalina kopnodes (W. G. Bin.); Gastrodonta macilenta (Shuttl. ) and Pyr. Bryant (Harper).
A NEW PHILOMYCUS. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Philomycus secretus Nn. sp.
Length (in alcohol) 12 mm Mantle very dark grey, with numer- ous small black spots, best seen at the sides. Body pallid, sole whit- ish with an ochreous tint.
Jaw light yellow, arched, with five strong ribs in the middle, nearly the outer thirds being ribless. Teeth 9-11—13-—1—13_-11 _9. The side cusps on both centrals and laterals are very small. Penis- sac as Binney describes for P. hemphilli.
Hab.—Roan Mtn., Mitchell Co., North Carolina. (A. G. Weth-
erby.)
_ Mr. Wetherby sent me two specimens with these remarks: ‘“‘A small slug found here which [ am quite sure has never been de- scribed. It is never larger than these specimens; lives deep down in drifts of damp leaves, and never comes to the surface so far as my careful observation of it for the last ten years goes to show. It is ‘sluggish’ in its habits; about all it will do when brought to the light is to cautiously protrude its very short tentacles.”” (Litt., March 22, 1899.)
By its jaw characters, this resembles only P. hemphilli. From that, as described by Binney, it differs mainly in being only half the size. Mr. Wetherby knows both species, and states that the present animal is uniformly small ; further, although I was not able to make a satisfactory examination of the anatomy, the genital organs appear to be fully developed.
ON SOME JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY H. A-ePIESBRY.
In a former paper on Japanese snails, I identified a species of Hiulota from Ushika, proy. ‘Veshio, with the Helix leta of Gould, but
60 THE NAURMUS.
that name being pre-occupied, I gave the new name Lulota gainesi to my specimens. Further study of the group with more material, and notes on the type specimen of deta, kindly supplied by Prof. Dall, shows that 4. gainesi is perfectly distinct from deta.
I propose now to designate as #. gudeana n. sp., a large greenish species, also from Ushika, 'Teshio prov., Hokkaido, which has some- what the aspect of Natalina caffra, and which differs from Z. gainest in the broader form, less plicate surface, and the peristome, which is barely everted outwardly, becoming expanded below and reflexed at the columella, whorls 5.
Alt. 273, diam. 37 mm.
IT regard Helix leta Gld. (not Pfr.) as a less-developed race of this species ; and the name being pre-vecupied, I propose to call this Hakodate form Hulota gudeana hakodatensis. It is more fragile than gudeana, smaller, diam. about 26 mm., and yellowish-brown, with two brown bands above. Types of #. gainesi, H. gudeana and E. q. hakodatensis are in the collection of the Academy.
Figures-of these several species and races will appear in the Pro- ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Eulota callizona dixoni n. var.
Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, globose-pyramidal with high- conic spire, rather thin and smooth ; greenish-corneous, usually with a black brown peripheral band, a narrower subsutural band, and a large basal patch formed of the united basal band and umbilical patch. Aperture rounded-lunate, oblique, the lip broadly expanded, thickened within, reflexed below, purplish flesh colored, and at the terminations of the bands purple-black. Alt. 825, diam. 33 mm.
Inga, prov. Hoki, in southwestern Hondo. Type no. 76268 coll. A.N. S. Phila.
This form has hitherto been erroneously united to #. callizona Crosse, or #. amalig Kobelt. The latter is probably nearest, its area of distribution lying chiefly northeast of that of dixoni, while LE. cal- lizona is undoubtedly the northern fringe, so to speak, of the amalie stock, and came in all probability from. the Hakone region.
A small form before me from Hagi, Nagato Province, is clearly related genetically to d’ronz, and not referable to callizona.
GENERAL NOTES.
Apropos of the note on Bathysciadium in the last number (p. 48), it might be well to state that Prof. Wilcox found Aemea fragilis of New Zealand to be hermaphrodite, and exceptional specimens of another species have also been stated to have both male and female reproductive organs. These facts render the case of bathysctadium less exceptional. It is noteworthy that the deep-water limpets, like the Chitons, belong to the lowest groups in their respective orders.
THE NAUTILUS.
VoL. XIV. OCTOBER, 1900. No. 6.
CATALOGUE OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS PHENACOLEPAS, PILSBRY.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Some years ago I compiled a list of the species of this genus with a view to writing a more complete monograph than that in the Man- ual of Conchology. Other work preventing this undertaking, I think it may prove useful to publish the mere list of species described up to 1900, with appropriate references, and the original localities. Most of the species were originally described as Scutellina, a pre- -occupied name which I changed as above (NautTitus V, p. 88, Dec., 1891). The arrangement of species in this list is chronological, and each is given under its original generic name.
1819. Patella galathea Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., vi, pt. 1, p. 334; Delessert, Rec. de Cogq., pl. 23, f. 10.
1834. Scutella crenulata Broderip, P. Z. 8., 1834, p. 48. Chain Island, S. Pacific. See also P: Z. S., 1865, p. 197 (Formosa).
1846. Patella cinnamomea Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 151; U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 345. f. 449. New South Wales.
1852. Crepidula osculans C. B. Adams, Catal. Shells Panama, p. 234. Panama. .
1854. Scutellina arabica Riippell, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll., i, p. 461 (nude name), iii, pl. 52, f. 66.
(1854. Scutellina ferruginea A. Adams, Genera i, 461 ; iii, pl. 52, f. 6, 6a = P. cinnamomea Gld., teste Angas, Smith and Brazier.
1854. Scutellina asperulata A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name). = P. galathea (Lam.), teste E. A. Smith.
62 THE NAUTILUS.
1854. Scutellina costata A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name) = P. galathea (Lam.), teste E. A. Smith.
1854. Scutellina elongata A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).
1854. Scutellina granulosa A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).
1854. Seutellina levicostalis A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).
1855. Scutellina navicelloides Carpenter, Mazat. Catal., p. 211: Mazatlan. = P. oseulans (C. B. Ad.), teste Carpenter, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 361.
1857. Acmea hamillet Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl., v, 1857, p. 277; 1872, p. 145, pl. 5, f. 6. Guadelupe, French West Indies.
1859. Scutellina unguiformis Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 162. Kagosima, Japan.
1859. Sceutellina scobinata Gould, t.¢., p. 162. Oosima, Japan.
1860. Scutellina cancellata Pease, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 487. Sand- wich Is. Mr. D. Thaanum has found this species at Hilo, Hawaii.
1868. Scutellina compressa Pease, Amer. Journ. of Conch., iv, 99. Tahiti.
1868. Scutellina granocostata Pease, t. ¢., p. 100. Hawaii.
1868. Seutellina aculeata Pease, t. c¢., p. 100. Hawaii.
1871. Scutellina pulchella Lischke, Mal. Blatter xviii, p. 41; Jap. Meeres-Conchy]l. ii, p. 100, pl. 6, f. 20-28. Nagasaki, Japan.
1877. Scutellina squamosa Garrett in Catal. Mus. Godeffroy, vi, p- 91, no. 11030, Viti Is., no description, probably = P. galathea - Lam.
1882. Scutellina fischeri Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philomathique, L881, p. 295 Nouv. Arch. du Mus: @V, 1881, p.269, plete Santiago, Cape Verde Is.
1890. Scutellina antillarum Shuttlw. in Dall, Blake Gastrop., p. 342, pl. 31, f. 10, 11. Key West, Fla. = Phenacolepas hamillei (Fischer), see Man. Conch. xiii, p. 36.
1899. Phenacolepas senta Hedley, Mem. Australian Museum, iii, pl. 7, p. 4038, fig. 1 (March 9, 1899). Funafuti.
1899. Phenacolepas linguaviverre Melvill & Standen, Linn. Soc, Journ. Zool., xxvii, 179, pl. 10, f. 11. Torres Straits.
Mr. E. A. Smith kindly examined the specimens in the British Museum, where the types of Adams’ undescribed species are pre- served, and writes that he regards S. elongata, granulosa and levi- costalis as well as arabica Riipp., as distinct species, but asperulata ‘and costata are identical with galathea.
THE NAUTILUS. 63
There seem to be about 15 valid species, not counting Adams’ undescribed forms. The largest is Phenacolepas galathea Lam., of the South Pacific.
LAND MOLLUSCA OF KENNEBUNKPORT, ME. BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.
The collection was made during the months of July and August of this year. Most of the shells were found in the woods back of the ‘‘Casino”’ and extending from there to the ocean. The timber is principally pine and spruce, with a few deciduous trees around the edge of the woods and in swampy places. The best collecting ground was in a small group of oaks and beeches at one corner of the woods, and it was here that Polygyra sayii and most of the Pupide were found. ‘The only species found everywhere through the woods were Zonitoides arboreus and Pyramidula striatella. In no place were shells plentiful; it was a case of collecting one at a time, rarely two or three under the same stick or piece of bark.
As the country rock is granite the molluscs probably get their lime from the marine shells and “ carapaces’”’ of crabs (the common shore-crab, Cancer irroratus (?)) which are scattered all through the woods. I noted the following species: Mytilus edulis L., Modiola modiolus L., Mya arenaria L., Lunatia heros Say, Buccinum wun- datum L.
Qn wet days one or more mollusks would be found “ feeding” on
nearly every dead shell. Polygyra albolabris appears to be particu- larly fond of the crab shells. The scarcity of some of the Pupide and other moisture-loving species may be accounted for by the fact that the season was very dry. The shellsof P. albolabris were some- what darker than those found inland and are rather fragile, they range from 24 to 28 mm. greater diameter, altitude 144+ to 19 mm.
Polygyra sayw is also dark-colored and very thin; they range from 1934 to 22 mm., greater diameter, altitude 11 to 14 mm-
I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for identification of some of the minute species.
106. Polygyra say (Binn.), 7.
64
109. 141. Lot: 199; 220. 260. 264. 268. 278.
THE NAUTILUS.
Polygyra albolabris (Say), 17.
Polygyra monodon (Rack.), 10.
Strobilops virgo (Pils.), 124 (17 albino, the others reddish). Bifidaria pentodon (Say), 9.
Vertigo gouldit (Binn.), 16.
Vitrea hammonis (Strom), 9.
Vitrea binneyana (Mse.), 13,
Vitrea ferrea (Mse.), 20.
Conulus fulvus (Mill.), 10.
2786. Conulus chersinus polygyratus (Pils.), 88.
283. 293. 294. 315. 333. 304, 344, 346. 348. 362. 367.
Zomitoides orboreus (Say), 64. Zomitoides exiguus (Stimp.), 80. Zonitoides malium (Mse.), 6. Agriolimax agrestis (L.), 2. Philomycus carolinensis ( Bosc.), 2. Philomycus dorsalis (Binn.), 7. Pyramidula striatella (Anth.), 40. Helicodiscus lineatus (Say), 37. Punctum pygmeum (Drap.), 4. Succinea obliqua (Say), 7. Succinea avara (Say), 1.
Carychium exiguum (Say), 17.
The following species occurred in the mud in placcs that would be swamps under favorable conditions. |
Pisidvum abditum Hald., 30. LTimnea caperata Say, 11.
While out driving one day, I stopped on Mt. Agamenticus, Me., for about twenty minutes, and got the following on the eastern side
near the base:
Strobilops virgo Pils., 4.
Pupa pentodon Say, 1.
Vertigo bollesiana Mse., 1. Conulus fulvus Mull., 2. Zonitoides arboreus Say, 1. Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.), 1. Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept. 9, 1900.
THE NAUTILUS. 65 A NEW SPECIES OF CERION.
BY W. H. DALL.
Mr. J. A. Stevenson, of Palm Beach, Florida, recently collected a number of land shells in the Bahamas, adding several species already known from other localities but not from Nassau, to the Bahaman fauna. Among those obtained from Long or Berry Island, was a form of Cerion which appears to be undescribed and is related to the group of ©. scalarinum Pfr., called Umbonis by Maynard. Cerion Stevensoni n. sp.
Shell very variable in general form, but in general roughly cylin- drical, with the nuclear whorls as it were jammed down into the blunt summit of the cylinder, with the base carinate at the periphery, where the ribs cease, and below that constricted; whorls 8-10, nuclear ones nearly smooth, gradually developing fine transverse ribbing with subequal interspaces; these become stronger, with a strong revolving thread behind the suture; at the third whorl then the diameter of the shell suddenly increases the sides develop strong transverse rather irregular ribbing with wider interspaces, the ribs extending from the suture to the basal keel, beyond which they rarely extend ; the base beyond the keel is constricted, rudely trans- versely wrinkled, inside the verge of the umbilicus centrifugally im- pressed and axially deeply perforate; aperture very variable in shape, with a broad, flattish, rather thin reflected margin ; there is a parietal short lamina centrally situated and strong, but no trace of an axial fold; color light brownish or ashy to white, the whole surface sharply spirally striated, the striz sometimes crowded, sometimes distant. Alt. of two specimens, A, 27; B, 21; diam. A, 12; B, 14.5 mm.
Types, U. S. Nat. Museum; specimens in Stearns’ collection, De- troit, Mich,, and Mr. Stevenson’s collection.
The entire absence of the axial fold is notable.
VALLONIA PULCHELLA MULL., IN LOS ANGELES AND ELSEWHERE IN CALIFORNIA, ETC.
BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.
For several months past, I have been making a careful search for slugs, in the interest of Dr. Pilsbry, with poor results, as these ani-
66 THE NAUTILUS.
mals, for some reason, are of rare occurrence on my grounds; neither my own nor those of my immediate neighbors containing any. About the middle of last August, I made my regular examination of certain bricks, bats and pieces of wood, that have been turned over for the hundredth time, with the usual experience in the way of slugs, but had my reward by finding, to my great surprise, a large number, over a hundred, of Vallonia pulchella. This species has not before been reported as occurring in Los Angeles or elsewhere in this re- gion. Many species and some varieties of the general Vallonia form have been made by Dr. Sterki and others, based on the American aspects of this genus. Dr. Pilsbry, referring to the examples sent to him from my premises, says it is our “old friend pure and simple,” and further remarks that ‘ Curiously we did not find it in the Great Smokies, but Ashmun gets some costate forms (not pulchella) in
P)
Arizona and New Mexico.”’ Raymond obtained one specimen of the var. costata in Bloody Canyon, east side of Mono Pass, at an altitude of about 8000 feet, in 1889. Mr. R. C. McGregor,’ collected JV.
pulchella “in a‘yard at base of rose bushes,”’ at Redding, in Shasta
toy] county.
In Dr. Cooper’s catalogue of West North American shells, he gives the distribution as ‘‘ circumboreal,”’ south to Mono county, Cal., and subsequently, ‘* Donner Lake, and near Truckee,” in the Cali- fornia Sierras. Mr. Button informs me that he found it plentiful some years ago in Mountain View Cemetery, near Oakland; that specimens from that locality “are light-colored, living on white mar- ble copings.”” Mr. Hemphill states that he has ‘‘ found V. pulchella at Julian City, San Diego Co., and at several other places in Cali- fornia, Oregon and Washington.”? The late A. W. Crawford, ac- cording to Mr. Raymond, collected it at “San Jose,” in Santa Clara county.
It will be seen by the above that this pretty little snail is quite widely dispersed in California, as well as elsewhere in the Pacific States. In Pilsbry and Johnson’s list? of American Land Shells, etc., it is credited to ‘* Montana eastward, from Canada to, or nearly to, the Gulf of Mexico. Europe.”
1See Nautitus, XII, Sept., 1898, p. 60, and Mrs. Williamson in same for Oct., 1898, pp. 71-2.
2 Philadelphia, April, 1889, p. 7.
——— a
THE NAUTILUS. 67
The wsthetic taste exhibited by Vallonia pulchella is noteworthy ; from under the Roses of Shasta county in the north, to the Verbena beds of Los Angeles in the south, and among the marbles of Moun- tain View, in Alameda county, suggests a refinement of discrimina- tion in this “ mere atom of humble life,” that would furnish a good text forasermon. _
Mr. Button, in his note to me referring to the cemetery habitat, writes, ‘Query—Brought from the East in plants?” As to the occurrence of V. pulchella in my grounds, I am wholly at sea, for no plant forms, from the neighborhood or elsewhere, have been intro- duced by me for a long time, and these little snails have appeared in numbers, within six weeks. ;
In considering the hypsometric distribution, the altitude of Donner Lake is, according to Gannett,’ from whom these various elevations are quoted, 6095 feet; Truckee 5820 and Redding 555 feet; Julian 4500 and Los Angeles about 300 feet, while the Mountain View Cemetery grounds are probably slightly less than the Los Angeles figure.
Los Angeles, California, Sept. 12, 1900. '
AN HOUR ON THE GREAT RAFT.
BY LORRAINE S. FRIERSON.
While the readers of NAuTILUS are waiting to hear of the results of the exploration of the Great Smokies by Ferriss, Walker & Co., perhaps they would like to hear about a trip to the Great Raft of the Red River.
This raft of logs was at one time 150 miles long, but it has long since been removed from the main river. ‘There still remains in an arm of the river about five miles of the oid raft. This raft is not continuous, but consists of separate pieces from a mile long down to fifty yards. These logs are in some places only one log deep, 7. e., the surface of the water is covered by a single layer of logs.
In other places, however, the river is completely filled with a solid mass of logs from ten to fifteen feet deep. These logs are covered
1Dict. of Altitudes in the U. S., 3d Ed., U.S. Geol. Survey, 1899.
68 THE NAUTILUS.
with a mass of vegetation consisting of smart-weed, various species of sedges, grasses and bushes. Near the water, on a zone of about two inches wide, which is permanently wet, may be found two minute snails: Vertigo rugosula Sterki and V. ovata Say. On the tops of old and large logs there is frequently a deposit of earth, which sup- ports a colony of land shells. Among these may be found Polygyra
thyroides and its variety bueculenta, Polygyra monodon var. friersoni.
Pilsbry. Rarely may be obtained Polygyra carolinensis Lea.
Roaming about on the logs may be found colonies of Succinea of a black color. That is to say, the animal itself is black, covered with small golden-colored spots, making a handsome animal. These Sucsineas would be found here in untold numbers, probably, were it not for two enemies who derive a considerable part of their living from them. One of these enemies is the whole Heron family, and the other is the frog family. Between the heron and frogs the Suc- cineas have a poor chance.
As before remarked, bunches of various sedges grow on these logs. These sedges grow in bunches about two feet high and about one foot in diameter. Hidden in these bunches, down near the roots, may be found another species of Succinea. These are of a straw- yellow color. Between these and the blacks are several points of difference. The blacks live on the logs, the yellow ones live on the tussocks of sedges. Here is a nut for the evolutionist. Is the straw- colored snail colored like straw because it lives on straw? or does it live on straw because it is straw-colored? Another point is that the straw-colored snail (who is nearly always hidden in the bunches of erass) is sweet tasted, or at any rate 1s not nauseous; while the blacks who roam about considerably have quite a pronounced bitter taste. Both of these snails have been called S. salleana, but being sure that there were two species, they were submitted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, with the result that the blacks are Succinea luteola Gid., while the yellow fellows are Succinea salleana Pfr.
Out in the water, among the floating roots of the duck weeds, etc., may be found Planorbis trivolvis Say, and a minute Limnea. This Limnea is the only representative of its tribe thus farseen in North- ern La. No specimen over one fourth of an inch long has ever been secured. It is labelled DL. caperata Say, but with a good deal of doubt.
More about this raft and its inhabitants could be written, but hot /
THE NAUTILUS. 69
Gracious, how the perspiration rolls off a fellow! Down between the banks, with an August sun overhead, and the steam arising from the rank vegetation, and the sun’s rays reflected from the water, we thought of Ferriss digging snails on the mountain tops, and we quit, but we had at least 100 Succineas.
SHELL COLLECTING NEAR ROCHESTER, N. Y.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
For the past five years the writer has made annual pilgrimages to Rochester, New York, partly to spend his summer vacation, and partly to get better acquainted with the mollusks which flourish about the “ Flower City.”” The vicinity of Rochester is peculiarly adapted for mollusean life, owing to the fact that the Niagara limestone out-crops in various places, affording an abundance of lime for the secretion of their shells, which are, therefore, large and fine.
The Eskers known as the Pinnacle and Cobb’s Hill, are my favorite localities, and many fine species have been collected. The former locality is a rounded, dome-shaped hill some 200 feet in height, the slope being from 10 to 30 degrees, well wooded on its summit, with a little ravine between the main hill and a small knoll, and littered by fallen, rotting logs and dead leaves. Helices are here very abundant, such forms as Vitrea arborea, V. indentata, Omphalina Juliginosa, Gastrodonta intertexta, Pyramidula alternata, P. striatella, Polygyra albolabris, P. sayvi (rare), P. monodon, P. tridentata (many varieties), and Cochlicopa lubrica being readily collected. Cobb’s Hill, just across Monroe avenue, yields about the same fauna.
At a point in the Erie Canal where the waters widen to form a pond, hence called ‘ wide-waters,” the fresh water mollusks are numerous, and such species as Limnea stagnalis (large and fine), L. palustris, L. catascopium, L. desidiosa, Planorbis trivolvis, Physa heterostropha, Pleurocera subulare, Goniobasis livescens, Bythinia tentaculata, Valvata sincera, and V. tricarinata are common. Between Rochester and Pittsford, in the canal, a colony of Vivipara contec. toides has established itself, and a large number of fine specimens may be gathered at any time. When the water is drained from the
70 THE NAUTILUS.
canal in the spring, it is a fine place for unios, such species as Anodonta salmonia, A. benedictii, Alasmodonta marginata, A. del- tovdea, Unio gibbosus, Anodontopsis ferussacianus, Quadrula plicata, Q. undulata, Lampsilis gracilis, iris, nasutus, liteolus,. ventricosus, rectus, alatus, and cariosus being found in great abundance and beauty ; the bottom is covered knee-deep with black mud, affording a fine retreat for the mussels.
The Genessee River, both above and below the falls, affords good collecting, the unios being abundant above and the gastropods below the falls. The characteristic species above the falls are Alasmodonta marginata, A. rugosa, A. pressa, Quadrula rubiginosa, Lampsilis iris, L. luteolus, L. alatus, Spherium simile, S. stamineum, S. trans- versum, Limnea palustris, Planorbis trivolvis, Physa heterostropha, Goniobasis livescens and Campeloma decisum, while those below are Spherium transversum, Limnea catascopium, Planorbis trivolvis, Physa heterostropha, and Bythinia tentaculata.
Both the east and west banks of the Genessee River below the falls are good localities for mollusks, about the same species being found as on the Pinnacle, with the addition of Pupa muscorum, Circinaria concava, Vallonia pulchella, V. costata, Polygyra thyroides, P. hirsuta and P. palliata. 'The wooded banks of Seneca Park afford good retreats for mollusks, and they may be found here in great abundance.
One of the pleasantest trips near Rochester is to Irondequoit Bay, an inlet from Lake Ontario, five miles long and about one in breadth. The hills about are from 100 to 200 feet high, and the water has a maximum depth of 80 feet. Mollusks are correspondingly numerous : Spharium simile, S. transversum, Succinea ovalis, Limnea palustris, L. desidiosa, Planorbis campanulatus, P. trirolvis, P. bicarinatus, P. deflectus, P. parvus, Segmentina armigera, Ancylus tardus, Physa heterostropha, Pleurocera subulare, Goniobasis semicarinata, bythinia tentaculata, Amnicola lustrica, Valvata sincera and V. tricarinata are found in great abundance along the shore or living on the lily pads. The wooded banks yield the common helices in great abundance.
The best fresh-water beach collecting which the writer has ever experienced is to be found at Charlotte and Summerville, on Lake Ontario, the former on the west and the latter on the east side of the mouth of the Genessee River. ‘There is always a line of ‘ sea- wrack ” which is alive with fresh-water mollusks. Here we have
THE NAUTILUS. 71
always collected Lampsilis luteolus, Spharium simile, S. stamineum, S. fabale, Pisidium abditium, P. bukert (= P. amnicum Mull., teste Sterki), Limnea palustris, L. desidiosa, Planorbis campanulatus, P. trivolvis, P. bicarinatus, P. deflectus, P. parvus, Ancylus parallelus, Physa heterostropha, Pleurocera subulare, Bythinia tentaculata, Amnt, cola limosa, A. lustrica, A. obtusa, A. cincinnatiensis, Gillia altil’s, Somatogyrus subglobosus, Valvata sincera, V. tricarinata and VY. obtusa. Pisidium bakeri Pilsbry has been found in great abundance at Summerville, where specimens nearly a quarter of an inch in length have been collected. Valvata obtusa Drap. was found at both Charlotte and Summerville in 1899 fully as abundant as V. sincera! This species was reported from this country for the first time in 1897, when but a few specimens were obtained. In the interval between that time and August, 1899, it had increased a hundred fold. It is probable that many introduced species will be found in our Great Lakes if the shore debris be carefully searched.
The localities mentioned above have yielded altogether 150 species, many of which may be found here in as great abundance and perfec- tion as at any locality in the northern part of the United States.
NOTES AND NEWS.
A New American Stuc.—Dr. J. F. Babor has described an in- teresting new form, Ariolimax ste‘ndachnert, from a specimen col- lected by F. Steindachner on Puget Sound, in 1874.’ It is large, length 80 mm., breadth 19, height 21 mm., about the size of Ario- limax columbianus, and differs externally from that species in having the well developed tail pore an open slit, as in Hesperarion, not plugged as in the other Ariolimaces. The teeth are as in A. califor nicus. ‘The genitalia lie free, the ovotestis anterior, at the stomach. The penis contains a large papilla but is otherwise hollow, much as in Hesperarion. ‘‘here is no appendiculum, and no ‘retensor”’ muscle, but a vaginal retractor is developed.
~The species is clearly intermediate to some extent ‘between Hes- perarton and Artolimax, and may indicate that the former group
1 Annaien des K. K. Naturhist. Hofmuseums, xv, 1900, p. 95.
72 THE NAUTILUS.
should be reduced to the rank of a subgenus. Zodlogists who have opportunity to collect in the Puget Sound region should be on the lookout for this slug, for it is important that its anatomical characters be confirmed by additional specimens, as only one was examined by Dr. Babor. It can probably be recognized externally by the dif- ferent tail pore. It has not been figured.
Notr on ASHMUNELLA HyporRHySSA (Ckll.).—I have recently visited Cloudcroft, in the Sacramento Mts., N. M., and found hypo- rhyssa excessively abundant, under pine logs and pieces of pine bark upon the ground. The Cloudcroft form differs from the type of hyporhyssa (rhyssa var.) in uniformly lacking the parietal tooth, but otherwise the shell seems quite the same. It may be called var. edentata. There are three color-mutations, as follows:
(1) Edentata proper; shell horn-color or pale greyish-brown. The commonest form.
(2) Rufescens, n. mut.; shell deep ferruginous or chestnut color, lip tinged with pink. Quite common. Analogous to the mut. rubens of Hygromia rufescens.
(3) Alba, n. mut.; shell creamy white. Rare, only three or four found. The first albino reported in Ashmunella.—T. D. A. Cock- ERELL.
CIRCINARIA HEMPHILLI IN CALIFORNIA.—I have specimens of Circinaria hemphilli from Central California, as follows :
1. Mission Peak, near eastern shore of San Francisco Bay.
2. Forest Hill, Placer Co., in Sierra Nevada Mts., west slope, 3,700 ft, alt. I think this species has not heretofore been reported from further south than Oregon.—F rep L. Burron.
HELIX HORTENSIS IN NEWFOUNDLAND.—A friend has just brought me a living example of H. hortensis (12345) from the ‘‘ headwaters of Robinson’s River,’’ west coast of Newfoundland, and promises a lot of them next year. Isn’t this a new locality ?—G, H. CLAPP.
THE NAUTILUS.
NOVEMBER, 1900. No.
WOR. aol.
~I .
LAND SNAILS OF CAPE MAY, NEW JERSEY.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The littoral of Southern New Jersey is perhaps as unpromising collecting ground for the land shell hunter as can be found in the Eastern States. The general physical features of the region are well known, now that the whole coast has become a great summer play- ground; but it may be said that the land snails are nearly or entirely confined to the occasional patches and strips of cedar scrub on the islands and along the shore, usually within a couple of hundred yards of the beach, and often separated from it by a narrow strip of shifting sand dunes. Between these littoral cedar groves and the mainland proper, wide stretches of salt marsh intervene, intersected by inlets, and inhabited by myriads of Melampus lineatus, Litorina trrorata and Modiola plicatula.
Such situations occur at frequent intervals from Atlantic City to Cape May. At the latter place the salt marshes are reduced to a minimum; but in common with the more northern localities, the shore strip is insulated, so far as the land snail fauna is concerned, by the pine belt of the interior. There are, however, many deciduous trees and a rich soil at Cape May, while at the more northern locali- ties the deciduous trees are wanting, except where imported, and the dark soil is a mere film over nearly pure sand.
The snails are everywhere, so far as my own experience goes, con- fined to the cedar groves. At Cape May Point there is a dense growth of cedar, oak, dwarf plum, bay, with more or less holly and prickly pears. It need not be mentioned to a New Jersey naturalist
74 THE NAUTILUS.
that in these choice retreats mosquitoes are abundant. The New Jersey mosquito, like Napoleon’s famous Old Guard, dies, but never surrenders. You wipe him off, and the gore flows freely. Here were found Polygyra albolabris maritima, Bifidaria hordeacella, B. pento- don, Vertigo milium, Zonitoides arboreus, Agriolimax campestris and Succinea campestris vagans. Only one specimen each of the Zont- toides and Agriolimax were found. An additional species, Zonitoddes minusculus, occurred a few miles further northwest.
In Cape May city, on mounds around the tanks at the gas works at 703 Lafayette street, I found Vallonia pulchella and Pupoides mar- ginatus quite abundant. ‘These may possibly be imported species, as nothing of them was seen except in the old and long settled part of town.
The most remarkable records are Lifidaria hordeacella, a species of the Gulf States, hitherto not known north of the Georgia Sea Islands, and the very distinct variety of Swecinea, which may be de- fined thus: |
Succinea campestris vagans, n. v.
Shell similar to S. campestris in the wrinkled surface and very convex last whorl, but smaller, with only 22 whorls in fully mature specimens, the aperture shorter and less ovate, and the color a rather pale olive-green, translucent, with scarcely any whitish layer within ; surface rather dull.
Length 9, diam. 6.5, longest axis of aperture 6.2 mm.
Length 7.6, diam. 5.6, longest axis of aperture 5.4 mm.
Cape May Point, N. J. (H. A. P., August, 1898.) Types No. Tosoe2, coll: A. NaS.
I cannot refer the specimens to any Northern species. They are nearer S. campestris, which extends from the Georgia coast, through- out Florida, and west to the mouth of the Mississippi, the western specimens being the thin, smooth and glossy variety unicolor of Tryon.
Some years ago, Mr. W. B. Marshall reported Suecinea avara from Cape May. ‘* The exact locality was on the ocean front at 8th avenue, Mt. Vernon, between Cape May City and Cape May Point,
Il Some
and was not more than 200 f. et from the line of high tide. of these specimens are now before me, and seem referable to S. aurea
Lea rather than to avara; though it must be acknowledged that the
1Nautitus, VI, p. 19, June, 1892.
THE NAUTILUS. 75 determination of Suecineas is often far from certain. Similar shells were sent by Mr. C. Le Roy Wheeler, also from Cape May, exact locality not given.
My collection was made in August, 1898.
MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHERN KENTUCKY! BY SADIE F. PRICE.
While engaged in botanical work, I have collected the following land and fresh-water shells, most of them in Warren county :
Polygyra plicata Say.
Polygyra divesta Gld. Scarce. Probably the first time this spe- cies has been listed so far east or north. Bowling Green.
Polygyra troostiana Lea.
Polygyra monodon Rack.
Polygyra palliata Say. Warren, Barren and Edmonson counties, and East Kentucky at Burnside.
Polygyra appressa Say. Common, Warren and Edmonson coun- ties.
Polygyra inflecta Say. Common, Warren, Barren and Edmonson
counties.
Polygyra rugeli Shuttl. Bowling Green,
Polygyra tridentata Say. Common, Warren, Edmonson and Bar- ren counties.
Polygyra obstricta Say. Not common. Under rotten logs. War- ren and Barren counties.
Polygyra albolabris Say. Warren, Barren and Edmonson counties.
Polygyra elevata Say. Common throughout South Kentucky.
Polygyra exoleta Binn. Very common.
Polygyra clausa Say.
Polygyra thyroides Say. Very abundant.
Polygyra thyroides bucculentus Gld. Bowling Green,
Polygyra downieana Bld. Rare. Warren and Edmonsen counties.
Polygyra profunda Say. Scarce. Edmonson county.
Polygyra stenotrema Feér.
1T am indebted to Mr. C. T. Simpson, National Museum, for naming doubtful Unios.
76 THE NAUTILUS.
Vallonia pulchella Mull. Rather common. Bowling Green.
Pyramidula perepectiva Say. Rather common throughout South- ern Kentucky. Also found at Torrent, East Kentucky Mountain.
Pyramidula bryanti Harper. Only one specimen found. This
Mr. Simpson says is considerably out of its usual range.
Pyramidula alternata Say. Barren, Edmonson and Warren coun-
ties, East Kentucky in the mountains.
Pyramidula alternata carinata Pils. Rather common.
Green.
Pyramidula alternata mordax Binney. Not common.
Green. Strobila labyrinthica Say. Bowling Green. Pupoides marginatus Say. , Bifidaria contracta Say. Bifidaria armifera Say. Bifidaria procera Gould.
Circinaria concava Say. Bowling Green, Brownsville.
Vitrea indentata Say. Warren county. Zonitoides arboreus Say. Warren county.
Vitrea sculptilis Bld.
Bowling
Bowling
Omphalina levigata Pfr. Warren and Edmonson counties.
Gastrodonta ligera Say. Throughout southern Kentucky.
Gastrodonta acerra Lewis. Barren county. Gastrodonta demissa Binn. Common.
Gastrodonta interna Say. Southern Kentucky and in the moun-
tains of Kast Kentucky.
Bulimulus dealbatus Say. Common on rocky hillsides. Green.
Succtnea avara Say.
Succinea ovalis Gld.
Succinea totteniana Lea (?). On ferns in sink-hole. Green.
FHeliodiscus lineatus Say. Bowling Green.
Helicina orbiculata Say.
Bowling
Bowling
Limnea humilis Say. Near Green and Barren rivers, under damp
moss. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Rather common. Planorbis trivolvis Say. In ponds. Common. Planorbis parvus Say. On rocks in pounds.
THE NAUTILUS. 77
Ancylus rivularis Say. In ponds and rivers.
Physa gyrina Say. In springs and creeks throughout southern Kentucky and at Lexington.
Physa pomilia Con. In ponds. Not uncommon.
Physa heterostropha Say. Barren River.
Physa heterostropha, var. Creeks.
Campeloma obesum Lewis (?). Barren River.
Campeloma integrum Say. Barren River.
Campeloma ponderosum Say. Common.
Lioplax subcarinata Say.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Bank of Barren River.
Pleurocera filum Lea. Very common.
Pleurocera sycamorense Lea.
Pleurocera undulatum Say.
Lithasia planispira Anthony.
Lithasia nuclea Lea.
Lithasia undosa Anth.
Lithasia obovata Say.
Goniobasis curvilabris Auth.
Goniobasis curvilabris, var. Rather common.
Goniobasis abreviata Lea.
Goniobasis curreyana Lea. Common.
Goniobasis costifera Hald. Green and Barren Rivers.
Gontobasis costifera, var.
Goniobasis vicina Anth. Warren county.
Goniobasis athleta Anth. Barren county.
Goniobasis depygis Say.
Goniobasis nassula Con. var. Indian Creek.
Goniobasis infantulum Lea.
Goniobasis saffordii Lea. Indian Creek.
Goniobasis edgariana Lea. Creeks.
Goniobasis elegantula Anth. Barren River.
Gonvobasis paupercula Lea.
UNIONID.
Quadrula undulata Barnes. Common in all streams. Quadrula trigona Lea. Common.
Quadrula rubiginosa Lea.
Quadrula pyramidata Lea.
78 THE NAUTILUS.
Quadrula coccinea Con.
Quadrula pustulosa Lea. Very common. Quadrula obliqua Lam.
Quadrula verrucosa Barnes.
Quadrula globata Lea.
Quadrula lachrymosa Lea.
Quadrula plicata Say.
Quadrula cooperiana Lea.
Quadrula heros Say. Barren county. Quadrula metanerva Raf.
Quadrula cylindrica Say,
Quadrula solida Lea.
Plagiola elegans Lea.
Plagiola securis Lea.
Plagiola donaciformis Lea.
Lampsilis ventricasus Bar. Barren River. Lampsilis multiradiatus Lea.
Lampsilis ligamentinus Lam. Very common. Lampsilis ligamentinus Lam. var. Lampsilis gracilis Barnes.
Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. Ohio, Green and Barren Rivers. Lampsilis rectus Lam.
Lampsilis cumberlandicus Lea.
Lampsilis luteolus Lam. L. lienosus Con. Lampsilis texasensis Lea.
Lampsilis ovatus Say. L. obscurus Lea. Lampsilis regularis Lea.
Lampsilis alatus Lea. Common. Lampsilis iris Lea. Lampsilis perdix Lea.
a
Lampsilis subrostratus Say.
Lampsilis planicostatus Lea.
Lampsilis parvus Barnes.
Lampsilis caliginosus Con.
Lampsilis vanuxumensis Lea.
Lampsilis nigerrimus Lea.
Lampsilis fatuus Lea.
Unio grandiferus Lea. Rather common.
Unio gibbosus Barnes. .Both the purple and salmon-colored forms
are found in all streams.
CHE NAUTILUS. (
Obliquaria refleca Raf. Common, Obliquaria lens Lea.
Ptychobranchus phaseolus Wild.
Strophitus edentulus Say.
Truncilla perplexa Lea.
Truncilla perplexa rangiana Lea.
Truncilla triquetra Raf.
Pleurobema clara Lam.
Pleurobema esopus Green.
Pleurobema edgariana Lea.
Obovaria circulus Lea.
Tritigonia verrucosa Raf. U. tuberculatus Barnes. Cyprogenia trrorata Lea. Common. Micromya lapillus Lea.
Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes. Common. Alasmodonta deltoidea Lea.
Alasmodonta minor Lea. Gasper River. Alasmodonta truncata (Say) Wright. Anadontoides ferussacianus Lea,
Anodonta imbecilis Say. Rivers and ponds near rivers. Anodonta grandis Lea.
Anodonta grandis gigantea Lea.
Spherium suleatum Lam.
Spherium fabale Prime. River and creeks. Calyculina partumeia Say.
Calyculina transversa Say.
Pisidium virginicum Gm. Rivers and ponds. Pisidium peraltum Sterki. Ponds.
NEW SPECIES OF JAPANESE LAND MOLLUSCA.
BY H. A.-eLESBRY.
Eulota (Plectotropis) kiusiuensis n. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, acutely carinate, light yellow- ish brown, slightly shining. Surface densely but lightly striate spirally, under a thin cuticle which bears rather wide-spaced, irregu- larly developed lamellz ending in short shreds at the periphery, the
80 THE NAUTILUS.
lamelle frequently interrupted on the base. Spire very low-conic ; whorls barely 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last a little pinched above and below the peripheral keel. Base much more convex than the spire, flattened and sloping below the keel, swollen towards the middle, obtusely angular around the conic umbilicus. Aperture oblique, irregularly squarish, the peristome white, some- what thickened within, angular at the terminations of the peripheral and umbilical carine, the upper margin hardly expanded, basal margin expanded, somewhat reflxed, columellar margin a little dilated. .
Alt. 8.5, diam. 17.5 mm.
Alt. 8.5, diam. 17 mm:
Kikai, Osumi, in southern Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).
This species is closely related to E. trochula (A. Ad.), known only from Tsusima, differing from that species in the much more angular aperture, far flatter spire and more convex base.
Trishoplita goodwini var. suprazonata n. var.
Shell similar in form to 7. goodwini, but with apex obtuse; thin, somewhat translucent, corneous-brown, paler around the umbilicus, and with a wide white zone bordering the suture, ascending the spire. Whorls 54. Alt. 9.5, diam. 13.5 mm.
Ushirokawa, Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).
A smaller form, alt. 8.5, diam. 11.5 mm., occurs at Kagoshima, -
Satsuma, in southern Kiusiu. This variety is more conic than the variety fusca of Gude, which is moreover smaller and without the whitish band above.
Kaliella symmetrica n. sp. Shell minutely perforate, turreted-pyramidal, the spire with convex
lateral outlines and blunt, rounded apex; yellowish-corneous ;
sharply striated above with excessively fine, densely crowded longi- tudinal strie, which give it the luster of silk, the base glossy, show- ing faint, spaced spiral lines under a high magnification. Whorls
54, very convex, the last obsoletely subangular at the periphery,
moderately convex beneath, impressed around the perforation. Aper-
ture basal, rather narrow, curved, shaped like the middle third of a.
crescent with the ends cut off; outer and basal margins of the peri-
stome acute and simple, the columella vertical, its edge triangularly
reflexed, Alt. 2.1, diam. 2 mm. Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).
— .~
THE NAUTILUS. 81
This species somewhat resembles Hyalina pustulina Reinhardt, but it is proportionately higher, smaller, the last whorl less enlarged, the spire being more prominent ; consequently the aperture issmaller. I would consider this shell an Huconulus were it not so closely allied to the following species, which I do not doubt is a Kaliella. Walf- grown specimens are still only obtusely angular at the periphery.
Kaliella fraterna n. sp.
Shell similar to K. symmetrica, except that it has an acute, pro- jecting, thread-like peripheral keel, like that of KX. labilis (Gld.), ex- tending undiminished to the aperture.
Kashima, Harima, with K. symmetrica (Mr. Y. Hirase).
Euconulus Reinhardti n. sp.
Shell globose-conic, perforate, fragile, pale corneous yellow; glossy, with sparse rather conspicuous oblique growth-wrinkles and extremely fine subobsolete, crowded spiral stria. Spire elevated, the apex rather acute. Whorls 54, quite convex, separated by deeply impressed sutures, the last whorl large, subglobose, rounded at the periphery, but showing the almost obsolete trace of a peri- pheral angle; base strongly convex, slightly impressed around the narrowly perforate axis. Aperture somewhat oblique, roundly lunate, the peristome thin, very fragile, simple, the columellar margin rather broadly dilated above. Alt. 3.9, diam. 3.7 mm.
Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).
A globose-conic species which I first thought to identify with H. pupula Gould; but it differs from that insufficiently defined species in the rounded last whorl and various other characters.
It has been shown that the name Conulus is preoccupied in Mol- lusca by Rafinesque, who proposed that name for the genus Conus. This will prevent its use for the common Helix fulva of Miiller, and various European authors have now abandoned Conulus in favor of Arnouldia of Bourguignat. It has apparently escaped the notice of these gentlemen that Huconulus of Reinhardt was proposed for the fulvus group some seven years before Bourguignat’s publication. The genus will therefore stand thus:
Evconutus Reinh. Conulus Fitz., 1833, not of Rafinesque, 1814. Euconulus Reinhardt, Sitzungs-berichte Ges. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1888, p. 86 (E. fulvus and praticola).
82 THE NAUTILUS.
Arnouldia Bgt., Bull. Soc. Mal. France, VII, 1890, p. 828.
It is doubtful whether any Japanese species really belong to Euconulus. Most of them have all the shell characters of Kadliella, a genus abundantly developed in India, China and indeed the whole Orient. Reinhardt’s Japanese ‘* Trochoconulus”’ I refer to Kaliella. His ** Discoconulus,”’ judging from sinapidium, the only species I have seen, might belong to Vitrea. Arnouldia nahaénsis of Gude is
a Kaliella.
Punctum japonicum n. sp.
Shell minute, openly and rather widely umbilicate, depressed, thin. light brown. Spire convex, low ; whorls 34, quite convex, separated by deeply impressed sutures, regularly and rather slowly increasing ; last whorl tubular, rounded at the periphery. Sculpture of delicate spaced, irregular lamellar riblets, the intervals sharply finely striated, and with close spiral striz. Width of the umbilicus is contained about 33 times in the diameter of the shell, all the whorls readily visible within it. Aperture rounded-lunate, oblique, the peristome simple and acute.
Alt. 0.7, diam. 1.25, width of umbilicus 0.387 mm.
Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).
The only other known Japanese species of Punctum is ** Helix (Patula) lepta’”’ of Westerlund, described from Nagasaki. It has a much narrower umbilicus than P. japonicum, the last whorl is sub- angular above, and it is described as with dense riblets.
NEW RECORDS OF NEW MEXICAN SNAILS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
August 25th last, Professor T. D. A. Cockerell collected a few snails *¢in Chicorico Canon, near Raton, New Mexico, ‘This is in the region of Quercus gambeli and Robinia neomexicana, at an eleva- tion of about 7000 ft. There are no previous records of mollusca from this region. It is quite in the northern part of the State, only a few miles from the Colorado boundary.’ The species are :
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.
Vitrina pfeifferi Newe.
Euconulus fulvus (Mull.).
THE NAUTILUS. 85
Zonitoides arboreus (Say).
Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki. A form with the crest more devel- oped than in the type, and the palatal folds standing upon a callous ridge,
In this connection I may mention that a specimen of Dbifidaria hulaingert (Sterki) has been found among minutiz collected by Prot. Cockerell at Mesilla, N. M., in drift of the Rio Grande. So far as I know, this species has not been reported before from west or south- west of Wichita, Kansas,
Ashmunella chiricahuana (Dall) has been collected by Prof. E. O. Wooton in a pine region on the west fork of Gila River, near
Mogollon Peak, N. M.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF ASIATIC SHELLS.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Euhadra (?) pseudocampyleza Ane.
Testa convexo-depressiuscula, omnino tecte perforata, nitidiuscula, parim solidula, sub epidermide tenui fusco lutea sordide albescens vel pallide brunnea, lineolis incrementi subtus magis conspicuis obso- lete notata. Spira convexa, parum elevata, obtusissima. Anfractus 54+ convexi. sutura impressa separati, sat lente et regulariter cres- centes, ultimus supra prope aperturam leviter malleatus, antice leniter descendens, dein ad peristoma paululum ascendens, supra convexus, ad peripheriam rotundatus, basi convexo-depressus, in umbilici loco profunde impressus pone aperturam breviter constrictus. Apertura transverse suboblonga, lunata, obliqua, marginibus distantibus, callo tenui junctis, extero regulariter arcuato, basali subdeclivi. Peristoma album, incrassatum, breviter expansum, ad basin et columellam precipue reflexum, angustum, supra perforationem prorsus clausam dilatatum.
Diam. max. 30, min. 254, alt. 17 mill.
Hab.: Tatsién-lof, ad limites Thibeti et provinciz sinensis Sse- tchuen (Comm. Cl. Abbé Méze).
This is a very distinct species, and at once recalls to mind a large and more globose Helicigona pyrenaica with a closed umbilicus. It is provisionally referred to Huhadra, but the generic position is diffi- cult to ascertain. <A single dead example was obtained, and is in my collection. With this I received a fine example of the very rare Helicarion Bottgeri, Hilber, of which the Austrian expedition of
84 THE NAUTILUS.
Szechenyi obtained a single specimen. These shells were detected by French missionaries, and the locality, although furnishing several species of mollusca, is not a rich one as far as shells are concerned. Planorbis persicus Anc.
Testa compressa, non carinata, olivaceo vel subgriseo-cornea, oblique confertim striata, nitidula, pro genere relative solidiuscula, utrinque lateumbilicata et concava, discoidea. Spira apice minute immerso. Anfractus 5, convexi, sutura impressa, sat lente crescentes; ultimus supra convexo-declivis, post medium rotundato-subangulatus, infra depressus. Aperture obliqua, transverse oblonga, sublunata, intus obscure albo-labiata (in peradultis), marginibus callo appresso junctis. Diam. mag. 9, min. 74, alt. 22 mill.
Hab.—Téhéran, prov. Trak-ajemi, Persia; Salmas, north of Lake Urmiah, Persia (Comm. G. Negele).
This is allied to, but different from, Pl. subangulatus Phil., from which it is easily distinguished in being much less distinctly angled below the periphery. The above description is drawn from the largest specimen sent me by Herr G. Nzgele; some also probably mature are much smaller and more rounded.
Ph ysa Moussoni Ancey.
Physa lirata, Mousson in Journ Conch., 1874, p. 48, non Tristram (1863), nec Craven (1880).
The name Physa lirata having been used several times, I should call attention to the fact that Dr. Rudolf Sturany (Catalog der Suda- frik. Land- und Stisswasser-Moll., 1898, p. 76), not being aware that several years ago I proposed to substitute Physa Craveni for lirata Craven (not of Tristram), calls the latter Cravent Sturany, while I should claim for the priority of Cravent, Ancey ; but this induces me also to change lirata Mousson to Moussoni Ancey, as the specific name lirata must be retained for the species originally described from Madagascar.
Ph. Moussoni Ancey was discovered in Mesopotamia by Dr. Schaefli.
Helicina Sundana Ancey, nom, nov. The above name I suggest for Helicina exserta Martens, a species
occurring in the islands of Saleyer, Kalao and Jampea, between Cel- ebes and Flores, as another Helicina from Cuba has long ago been described under the same name of exerta, ‘‘ Gundlach, MSS.,” by L. Pfeiffer (see Malak ae v, 1858, p. 194).
THE NAUTILUS.
DECEMBER, 1900.
Von. XIV.
RECORDS OF MOLLUSCA FROM NEW MEXICO. BY H. A. PILSBRY AND T. D. A. COCKERELL.
The Mollusca of the Sandia Mts., New Mexico.
Nothing has hitherto been reported concerning the mollusca of the Sandia Mountains, near Albuquerque, so it may be well to enum-
erate a small collection made there by Miss Maud Ellis, and submit-
ted to us for determination. ‘The precise locality is Las Huartus Cafion, alt. 8-9000 ft. The species are similar to those of the Colo- rado mountains, and the Sandias, so far as our present knowledge goes, marks the southern limit of this fauna as a whole, though certain of its members extend much further south.
Vitrina pfeifferi Newc. Pyramidula cockerelli Pils, Euconulus fulvus (Drap.). P. cockerelli mut. viridula (Ckll.).’ Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey.
Z. minusculus (Binney). Pupa blandi Morse.
Thysanophora ingersolli (Bland). Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki. Pyramidula strigosa (?) Young.
Miss Ellis also collected Helicodiscus lineatus (Say) in the Sandia Mts., but the exact locality is forgotten. The young Pyramidula doubtfully listed as strigosa may be a form of P. hemphilli.. No Ashmunella was found.
It is somewhat surprising that the Huconulus of New Mexico is not the Texan race, but the Northern fulvus.
1Nautiius, 1890, p. 102, the pale greenish form. T.D. A.C.
86 THE NAUTILUS.
Shells from recent flood debris of Arroya Pecos, Las Veyas, N. M.
A series of shells lately collected by one of us gives the following species. The source of the shells is unknown, until the Arroya is followed up and their station found. In wanting Ashmumnella, and in
the abundance of Bifidaria, the assemblage is unlike that of the ad- jacent mountains.
Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miull.). Vertigo ovata Say. Pupoides marginatus (Say). Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb). Euconulus fulvus (Drap.). Pupa blandi (Morse). Helicodiscus lineatus (Say). Bifidaria armifera (Say). Limnea humilis Say. Bifidaria holzingeri (Sterki). Planorbis parvus Say.
Bifidaria hordeacella (Pils. ). Physa sp., broken. Bifidaria procera (Gld.).
The specimens of Difidarta armifera vary in length from a trifle over 3 mm, with 55 whorls, to fully 4 mm. with 64 whorls.
CONUS CONSORS SOWB. BY CHARLES LE ROY WHEELER.
My attention has been attracted to the above species while identi- fying a mixed lot of cones from Zanzibar, embracing about four thou- sand specimens, from the fact that many collectors, and some mus- eums, have in their collections specimens labeled ‘ Conus consors Sowb.”’ that are far from what Sowerby evidently figured under that name. But Tryon’s description appears to authorize the errors in identification. I, therefore, offer the following description :
Conus consors Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 492.
Spire concavely elevated, with shallow channel and revolving striz, delicately tessellated with orange, apex acute and of pinkish tint; body-whorl slightly depressed in centre and inflated above, grooved toward the base; ivory white, with an orange band below the center, and one above sometimes reaching to the shoulder, the upper part of this band more or less broken ; aperture white ; epider- mis velvety, light brown, tough and very adherent.
THE NAUTILUS. 87
The entire absence of dotted revolving lines and the constant orange color are characteristic features.
Dimensions: height 60, diameter 82 mm.; of others 59x32, 58x31, 96x31, 50x32, and 50x27.
The illustration in Tryon’s Manual, Vol. VI, plate 15, fig. 96, is a good representation ; but the list of synonyms should probably be either placed under C. magus Linn. or recognized as veritable species.
A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMULUS FROM COSTA RICA AND A NEW SPIRACULUM FROM ASSAM.
BY HUGHSEULZON.
Bulimulus (Drymzus) inusitatus, n. sp.
Shell sinistral, elongate, narrowly perforate, thin, translucent, am- ber yellow throughout ; whorls 74, engraved with faint spiral lines ; nucleus with minute close-set crossed striz ; aperture ovate; peri- stome thin, lower portion slightly expanded; columella reflexed at point of insertion nearly covering the umbilicus.
Alt. 294, diam. maj. 13, length of aperture 124 mill. Hab.: Costa Rica (Underwood).
Compared with tropicalis Morelet, the only other known reversed Drymeus. The present species is thinner, has half a whorl more and is easily separated by its different ground color and the absence of bands.
Spiraculum assamense n. sp.
Shell discoidal, flat above, very broadly umbilicated, dark brown with a few oblique stripes of a lighter color, encircled by four rows of hairs arranged in tufts, one being at the periphery, one above, and two below, the latter two are often worn off in older specimens ; whorls 44, slightly convex above, last rounded ; tube erect, short, in- clined towards the apex, situated 2 mm. from the margin of the aper- ture ; peristome white, somewhat thickened, bordered by a narrow flange ; aperture oblique, circular; operculum shelly, whorls 5.
Diam. maj. 14 mm., min. 12 mm., alt. 5 mm.
Hab.: Khasi Hills, Assam.
In most respects this species is very like nagaensis Aust. & Bedd., but can be easily separated by the position of the breathing tube,
88 THE NAUTILUS.
which in assamense is much nearer the aperture. The operculum of nagaense does not appear to have so many whorls as our species, a large part of the central portion being quite flat and smooth. These characters appear to be constant in the numerous specimens I have examined of both forms.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND ADDISON GULICK.
Diplommatina uzenensis Pilsbry, n. sp.
Shell dextral, cylindric-oblong, pale brown or nearly white, finely, delicately and evenly costulate. Whorls 6, very convex, the upper 3 forming a short cone, the last whorl contracted, a little distorted, ascending in front. Aperture subcircular, nearly vertical, the peri- stome continuous, flatly reflexed, duplicate, having a thin lamina or second peristome close behind the lip in quite mature specimens. Columella concave, ending in a tooth, as usual. Palatal fold less deeply immersed than usual, lying to the left of rather than above the aperture.
‘Alt. 2.6, diam. 1.4, alt. and diam. of aperture 1 mm.
Nishigo, Uzen (Mr. .Y. Hirase). ‘Types no. coll) aes from no. 510 of Mr. Hirase’s collection. ;
This species is the most northern yet known, I believe. It is de- cidedly larger than D. pusilla Martens, somewhat smaller than D. nipponensis MOolldff., which is its nearest ally. The sculpture is about
the same as in nipponensis, but the cone of the spire is not nearly so _
long, the later three whorls being large, while in nepponensis the last two are wide, the four or five earlier strongly tapering. The palatal fold is further to the left in D. wzenensis than in D. nipponensis, and the aperture is comparatively larger.
Eulota callizona var. maritima Gulick and Pilsbry, n. var.
This name is proposed for the race inhabiting Awaji Island and other districts mentioned below, specimens from Fukura, Awaji, being the types. These differ from H. peliomphala and its varieties brandtit, herklotst and nimbosa in the more conoidal form of the spire; from #. callizona and its varieties chiefly in pattern of coloration. These are as follows :
(a) Purple-brown, with light buff streaks.
a i i i gs
CHE NAUTILUS. 89
(6) Corneous and buff with red-brown streaks, a narrow band above the periphery or none, often a dark umbilical patch.
(c) Banded (bands 02345, 00345 or 003805) with deep brown on a pale ground, and generally streaked with opaque buff, or without such streaks.
(d) Corneous, with some opaque, buff streaks above, no bands.
Pattern (a) resembles that of H. peliomphala nimbosa; (b) that of E. callizona congenita; (c) that of H, peliomphala or peliomphala brandtii ; and pattern (d) that of 2. eallizona hickonis.
Alt. 20-22, diam. 30 mm.
Alt. 19, diam. 25,
We regard the var. maritima as very near the original, stock which gave rise to /. callizona and its varieties, and as a connecting link between these and LH. peliomphala.
It inhabits Awaji Island, the adjacent shores of the Kii channel on the east, all of Shikoku Island, some parts of the east coast of Kiusiu, and the west end of Hondo, and intergrades on the shore of the Inland Sea with congenita, hickonis and amale.
Eulota luhuana idzumonis Pilsbry and Gulick.
Shell large and solid, with the color-patterns of £. quesita or perry?, dull, roughly sculptured with irregular growth-wrinkles, and differing from Juhwana in the more capacious, less depressed form, and the umbilicus, which is decidedly wider and much more open inside than in duhuana. Alt. 30, diam. 43 mm.
Types from Takeya, Idzumo. It has affinities with senckenbergiana and the following variety.
Eulota luhuana var. aomoriensis Gulick & Pilsbry, n. var.
Shell smooth and glossy, pale buff with deep chestnut bands 00305 (or sometimes 00000, or with wide pale, diffuse bands in place of 2 and 4, asin #. peliomphala herklotsi or H. quesita perryt), the spire moderately conoidal, whorls 5, the last capacious; umbilicus deep and more open within than in /whuana or senckenbergiana. Aperture oblique, the peristome white or reddish, nearly in a plane, but a little advanced sometimes at the termination of band 3.
Alt. 25, diam. 40 mm. (Chojamura.)
Alt. 20, diam. 32 mm. (Asanai.)
Chojamura and Gonohe, Mutsu; Asanai, Ugo (Mr. Y. Hirase).
A more globose and smoother form than #. luhwana, and more northern in distribution, inhabiting the northern extremity of Hondo, in Aomori Ken or prefecture.
90 THE NAUTILUS. i
It may be noticed in this connection that towards the north, /’. quesita becomes smoother and more glossy than toward the southern limit of its range in middle Hondo.
Trishoplita goodwini var. kyotoensis Pilsbry, n. v.
Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, thin, somewhat translucent, pale brown throughout, glossy, striatulate, but without spiral lines. Spire low-conic ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded at the periphery, hardly descending in front. Aperture oblique, rounded, about one- fourth of its circumference excised at the parietal margin; peristome narrowly but distinctly expanded, thin, pale. Alt. 54, diam. 84 mm.
Kyoto (Mr. Y. Hirase).
This form resembles 7. goodwint var. fusca, but the umbilicus is smaller, there is a half whorl less, and no spiral striz, which in fusca are visible on the base. It is decidedly less conical than Trishoplita conospira Pfr. as defined by von Martens, and has a whorl less.
EULOTA MERCATORIA AND E. CALIGINOSA.
These species were treated as distinct in the Manual of Conchology, Vol. VI, but in dealing with them in the Catalogue of Marine Mol- lusks of Japan issued by Mr. F. Stearns and myself, I seem to have lost sight of the real differences between them, the intergradation I saw being a matter of color and size rather than of the details of form.
The receipt of a large series of specimens gives opportunity to cor- rect the error I committed of lumping these really distinct species.
Eulota (Euhadra) mereatoria (‘ Gray’ Pfr.).
This species varies in size from 26 to 38 mm, diam., and in color from a pale yellowish-brown to red-chestnut and blackish-chestnut, always with a narrow dark peripheral band bordered with yellowish on each side. In some light forms there is a dark umbilical patch. The pattern therefore varies from that of the H. swecincta group to the perryi or herklotsi pattern. The periphery is more or less
angular ; the base is evenly rounded, and the lower lip in conse- quence is regularly curved.
Pfeiffer’s figure of his type is excellent EConeten Cab. Helix, pl. 132, figs. 1, 2, copied in Man. Conch. VI, pl. 31, f. 26,27). I have figured a smaller specimen in Catal. Mar. Moll. Japan, pl. 10, fig. 5 (by error said to be 174 mm. diam. in the text, p. 162). #. merea- torta occurs on Okinawa.
—— =
THE NAUTILUS. 9]
‘E. mereatoria atrata n. var.
Much larger than mercatoria, very dark colored, and strongly ribbed or costulate; periphery subangular in front. Whorls 65 to 6#, the last shortly deflexed in front; lip purple-brown, evenly arcuate, not sinuous. Alt. 35, diam. 50 mm.; alt. 32, diam. 46 mim.
Received from Mr. Hirase as from the Loo Choo Is.; from Mr. Stearns as from Okinawa. It is represented in the Cat. Mar. Moll. Jap., pl. 10, f. 4.
Eulota (Euhadra) caliginosa (Ad. & Rve.).
This species differs from . mercatoria in the narrower, more slowly increasing whorls, the last one more swollen below the suture ; the flattened base, producing a straighter basal lip; in the different shape of the aperture, and especially in the narrower lip, which ¢s stnuous below, being curved forward at the middle of the basal margin. It is not so solid a shell as /. mercatoria, is rounded at the periphery, and has much the coloring of the lighter specimens of mercatoria, though the ground is generally yellower. The pale border above the peripheral band is often not well developed, and sometimes it is yellow throughout except the peripheral band.
In the Catal. Mar. Moll. Jap., this species is excellently repre- sented in figures 1, 2, 3 and 6 of plate 10.
It was supposed by Adams and Reeve to be from Mindanao, but there can be no doubt that it is a species of the Loo Choo (Okinawa) fauna.
ON A GENUS (PHYLLAPLYSIA) NEW TO THE PACIFIC COAST. BY WM. H. DALL.
The Rev. Dr. Geo. W. Taylor, of Wellington, British Columbia, has recently forwarded to me some marine slugs which were found on floating sea-grass near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. An exam- ination shows that these animals represent a genus, Phyllaplysia, not hitherto known except in Southwestern Europe, and an unde- scribed species.
The animal in most respects differs very little from P. lafonti Fischer, the type of the genus. It is subtranslucent, smooth, of a uniform pale lemon-yellow color, very much flattened, resembling some of the Planarian worms. The specimens sent by Dr. Taylor are presumably somewhat contracted by alcohol, which may account
92 THE NAUTILUS.
for the form of the rhinophores and tentacles, which are short, con- ical, and strongly transversely wrinkled, but without tuberculation or color pattern, being of the same pale yellow as the rest of the body. The ‘“‘rainure” extending from the right tentacle to the branchial opening is a plain line barely perceptible; the branchial pit with two minute lobes is short and in about the same relative position as in P. lafonti. The body is much depressed and the margins thin, sharp and even. ‘The eyes appear as conspicuous small black spots in front of the bases of the posterior tentacles. The general form is elongate oval, the ends of the rhinophores, unlike the tentacles, are blunt, and these organs are sulcate inferiorly as usual. The length of the larg- est specimen, as contracted in alcohol, is about 20 mm., and the breadth about 9 mm. I propose for it the name of Phyllaplysia taylort in honor of its discoverer.
Of the three other species known, P. lafonti is pale green, with darker bands and numerous violet spots; P. depressa is green-buff, variegated with black; and P. imacina is of a dusky green. All of these are from western and southern Europe.
A NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROBRANCHUS FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY WM. H. DALL.
Some time since Mrs. Oldroyd sent me two specimens of Plewro- branchus, from San Pedro, which I could not spare time to examine microscopically at the moment. I can now specify their chief diagnostic characters as follows:
Pleurobranchus californicus, n. sp. Animal when fresh of a waxen white, with a surface apparently
smooth, or rather like the skin of an orange, not tuberculate, but, under a glass, showing obsolete distant pustules hardly raised above the general surface; body elongate-oval, the foot longer than the mantle behind. The gill short, its stem finely granular, not tuber- culate, with ten or eleven alternate short vanes, the whole adnate nearly to the tip, medially situated, with the contiguous genital orifices just in front of its anterior insertion and the anus just over the posterior insertion between the gill and the mantle. Eyes, rhinophores, muzzle, jaws and teeth, as described by Pilsbry, for the Gulf of California species collected by Fischer (Man. Conch., xvi, pp. 201-2). Shell rather long and narrow, subrectangular, longi-
, an ee |
so Sw
BAe
THE NAUTILUS. 93
tudinally obsoletely striate on the left side, obscurely obsoletely punctate near the anterior edge, and covered with a very thin peri- ostracum which reflects nacreous tinges of color. The shell itself is white and thin, with a small spiral nucleus; the left margin some- what recurved, the central part moderately convex ; the whole ex- tends more than half the length of the body and measures 12 by 6.5 mm.
This species differs from /. d/gueti Rochebrune in color, in the proportional size and number of pinnules of the gill, in having a larger and differently shaped shell, and in the position of the anal orifice. These remarks apply to the form described by Pilsbry anatomically ; Rochebrune states that his species was scarlet above and whitish below, but gives no anatomical data.
GENERAL NOTES,
Dr. Jousseaume publishes a monograph of the Clausilioid group Nenia in the current number of the Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (1900), Among other novelties introduced in the same paper is a supposed new genus Bonnanius, which seems to be the same as Passamaella, a curious Buliminoid group of Socotra.
Mo.uusks 1n Grass.—Mr. Virginius H. Chase recently sent me from Valley township, Stark Co., Illinois, a piece of sod thickly cov- ered with growing grass, and which was fairly alive with living pul- monates. The piece of sod was eight by four inches in size, and from it I picked the following specimens and species :
1. Polygyra monodon Rackett.
2. Pyramidula striatella Anthony.
136. Bifidaria armifera Say.
5. Bipidaria contracta Say.
1. Bifidaria pentodon Say.
The locality from which the sample came was a moist prairie. If this number was collected in a piece of ground less than a foot square, what must the whole prairie have contained!—FRANK C. BAKER.
In the early seventies Prof. Verrill dredged a minute bivalve off New Haven and gave the name Gastranella tumida Verrill to it., Since then it has been unknown until some of my minute materials
94 THE NAUTILUS.
revealed one specimen from Summerside, P. E. I., and two speci- meus from Woods Holl, Mass, This indicates a wide distribution. —Henry W. WINKLEY.
SHELL COLLECTING ON THE Mosquito Coast.—The following extract is from a letter to Mr. 8. Raymond Roberts, from a former Ohio collector. Wounta Haulover, Nicaragua, Sept. 27, 1900. This coast, for twenty miles back from the sea, is a net-work of lagoons, rivers, creeks, channels. The ‘“‘dry” land is mostly swampy, inun- dated, or partly so, during the wet season. In fact, this Mosquito Coast, which upon the map is so firm and solid-looking, is in reality a Dismal Swamp, multiplied by about five. Hence, so far as I am able to judge, it is not a good locality for Buli’mulide and other land shells. Back from the sea, say twenty miles, and also south and west of Bluefields, where the land is more elevated, I believe there is better collecting. Right down here on the very coast I have found but four species, one of which I afterwards lost. Bylimulus corneus Sowb. I found plentiful at Bluefields. Also another lot, which I take for Stenogyra octona Linne, I found in abundance. Another shell, presumably a Pupa, was collected sparingly. These last two also in Bluefields. Here, Wounto Haulover, is a good locality for Littorina columellaris D’Orb., and Principulka, just twenty miles south of here, is an ideal place for superfine Donax cayennensis Lam. —Wiiiam H. Fruck. |
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
A DeEscrRipTIVE ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA or InpiANnA, by R. E. Call, Ph. D. (24th Annual Rep. of the State Geologist for 1899, Indianapolis, 1900). ‘* This catalogue is intended to be complete and to fully exhibit the present state of knowledge concerning the group of which it treats, as presented in the fauna of Indiana.”’ It is accompanied by a bibliography, and illustrations of the species. The latter are reproduced from the Smithsonian series ‘‘ Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. A.,’”’ except the Unionide, most of which were drawn by the author. The figures only rarely repre- sent Indiana specimens, and are rather rough.
Fifty species of land shells are enumerated, 55 aquatic gastropods, and 110 bivalves. The table of distrfbution shows the Ohio and
Ts1K NAUTILUS. 9H
Wabash basins to be by far the richest in species, the Lake Michigan basin poorest, though with a good representation of Limnaida.
The catalogue is interesting and useful, though it would be better, we think, if Dr. Call had followed modern classification, and had adopted the rectifications regarding many species which have been made in the last decade. He apparently thinks that progress in the anatomical and systematic study of Mollusks abruptly stopped fifteen or twenty years ago, as no innovations of later date are adopted, ex- cept a few, mostly wrong, made by himself. Aside from these matters, there are but few errors, and these not of grave consequence ; a fig- ure of Strobilops is given for Zonites fulvus (p. 876); Tebennophorus dorsalis is said to be “ the most common slug in Indiana,” though we think what he had was dark Agriolimax campestris. We note also that the descriptions of Tamarck’s Unios are quoted not from the original but from the Deshayes edition, and the accents of the French remarks are badly ‘+ balled up.”—H. A. P.
Unionip# or Inpiana.—In Mr. Call’s Descriptive Catalogue of the Mollusca of Indiana, the author repudiates the attempt at a natural classification of the Unionidz made in Mr. Baker’s Mollusca of the Chicago Area, and cannot realize that such a system is pro- posed seriously. He cannot understand why, for instance, such a form as Unio trigonus is placed in the same subgenus as Unio plicatus.
Now it is a fact that has been repeatedly demonstrated by Dr. Lea’s, Dr. Sterki’s and my own observations of the anatomy of these mollusks that Unio trigonus and the allied forms, the different species of the Plicatus group, Unio pustulosus and its allies,. Unio coccineus, U. subrotundus, U. kleinianus, and the forms belonging to the Chicka- sawhensis group which have been placed in the genus Quadrula, all have the embryos contained in all four of the gills, and when they are thus filled they form thick, smooth pods. And there are certain conchological characters which hold good in all these species. Their shells are all solid, short, more or less inflated; they generally have a wide, flat hinge plate and almost invariably deep beak cavities. Many specimens occur among species belonging to the Pl’catus group in which the plications are nearly or even wholly wanting, and the epidermis varies from greenish to brown and black. Such specimens are not far removed conchologically from the smoother forms of the Pustulosus group or from U. subrotundus and U. kirtlandianus.
96 THE NAUTILUS.
The true Untos, which in the United States are well represented by such forms as U. complanatus, U. buckley, U. crassidens and U. gibbosus, have longer shells than the Quadrules, they are generally less solid, and as far as I have seen, the beak cavities are compara- tively shallow, while the hinge plate is never wide and flat as in Unio pustulosus. In these the embryos are found in the outer gills only.
Mr. Call uses the time honored names Unio, Margaritana and Anodonta for the Indiana Unionide. These names are applied in a subgeneric sense, but he neglects to tell us what genus he places them under, whether it is Unto of Retzius or the Margaron of Lea. In his artificial key to the groups of Unio, excluding Anodonta and Margaritana, he places the species in groups, typified by U. luteolus, U. ligamentinus, U. crassidens, U. tuberculatus, U. personatus, ete. These groups have been recognized as natural assemblages by Lea, Lewis, Marsh, Wetherby, and most of the other American students of the Unionidae. I consider them as natural and reasonable as any that can be made among large assemblages of nearly related species, and every amateur who gets together a collection of naiades begins to perceive them after a little study. Yet Mr. Call seems to con- sider them as mere artificial or laboratory devices of little value.
The Anodonta edentula of Say is placed by Mr. Call in the genus Anodonta. In this remarkable species there are more fully devel-
oped vestigeal hinge teeth than in any of the true anodontas, and the
hinge plate is incurved in front of the beaks, while in Anodonta proper it is evenly curved throughout. This species carries the young in the outer gills in short, distinct ovisacs running directly across the gill, instead of in long ovisacs running vertically, as in the true anodontas. These contain from 8 or 10 to 20 or more embryos and finally break out through the outer walls of the outer gills and are discharged entire, with their contents, into the water. After this the gills assume the ordinary unionoid form. It is probable that a few other species from the southern states which have been placed in Margaritana have similar marsupia, I have examined gravid speci- mens of most of our American anodontas and of the A. woodiana Lea of China, and in all of them the marsupia are radically different from that of A. edentula.
Mr. Call’s synonymy of Unio elavus Lamarck is certainly aston- ishing, and includes species as different in shell characters as can be
~\ °
found among the North American unios.—C. T. $
—_—-: *
zx: "=
THE NAUTILUS.
Von. XIV. JANUARY, 1901. No. 0.
NEW VARIETIES OF PHYSA ANCILLARIA SAY. BY BRYANT WALKER.
Physa ancillaria var. magnalacustris.
Shell subglobose, thick, solid, semi-opaque ; incremental striz fine, stronger toward the suture and somewhat irregular; transverse striz very minute or subobsolete ; purplish-horn color, darker toward the apex, which is dark brown or black ; body whorl with one or more broad white varicose bands, more or less suffused with white toward the lip and at the base; whorls 5, regularly and rapidly increas- ing, the first minute, the last very large, regularly rounded, not shouldered, the greatest width being in the centre; spire slightly elevated, acute; suture but slightly impressed, margined below with white; aperture large, expanded below so that the greatest width is below the centre’; outer lip thin, sharp, more or less expanded and broadly rounded below ; thickened within by deep yellowish-brown or liver-colored callus, which appears externally as a broad white band, extremities connected by a thin callus, which is broadly re- flected over the body whorl: columella white, straight, scarcely twisted.
Alt. 122, diam. 11, length of aperture 114 mm.
Alt. 174, diam. 124, length of aperture, 145 mm.
Alt. 134, diam. 104, length of aperture 105 mm.
Types from Frankfort, Benzie County, Michigan. It has also been found at Charlevoix, Beaver Islands, Mackinac Island, Mackinaw City and Port Austin, Huron County, Michigan. These localities indicate distribution along the coast-line of the upper part of the lower
98 THE NAUTILUS.
peninsula from Saginaw Bay on the Lake Huron shore to nearly as far south on the Lake Michigan coast. This form is the character- istic Physa of the lake shore, and is commonly found clinging to the large stones along the rocky or stony beaches. Its thick wine-col- ored or purplish shell with prominent white varicose bands, basally expanded aperture, and the regularly curved outline from the apex to the columella, give it an aspect peculiarly its own, and render it easily distinguishable from the typical form or any of the allied species. Specimens from the Beaver Islands, Lake Michigan and Mackinaw City on the mainland, while retaining the peculiar form, are thinner, more inclined to be horn-colored and have a narrower marginal band, which internally is red rather than brown, and in these respects seem to connect the variety with the typical form. Were it not for these intermediate examples, there would be good ground for considering the form worthy of specific rank,
Physa ancillaria var. crassa.
Shell oval or obovate, thick, solid, opaque, smooth, shining, longi- tudinal striz very fine, transverse stria minute or subobsolete ; white, more or less tinged with vinous or pale purple; darker toward the apex, Which is dark brown; whorls 4-5; regularly and rapidly in- creasing, the first minute, the last very large, roundly shouldered and frequently flattened laterally ; spire short, scarcely elevated above the general contour of the shell; suture but slightly impressed, bor- dered below with white; aperture large, but slightly shorter than the shell; widest in the centre, somewhat narrowed below and slightly effuse at the junction of the basal lip with the columella ; outer lip broadly rounded, thin, acute, thickened within by a strong callus which is yellowish-brown within and white externally ; inter- ior of body whorl light yellowish-brown or liver color; extremities of lip connected by a thin callus which is broadly reflected over the body whorl; columella strong, white, nearly straight, but slightly twisted.
Alt. 174, diam. 124, length of aperture 14 mm.
Alt. 16, diam. 124, length of aperture 135 mm.
Alt. 15, diam. 11, length of aperture 135 mm.
Higgins Lake, Roscommon County, Michigan.
This form, while related to the variety magnalacustris in its tex- ture, differs entirely in its shape, which is quite similar to the typical form in the roundly-shouldered body whorl, and more elongated and
THE NAUTILOS. 99
less expanded aperture. The lip joins the body-whorl at a more obtuse angle and lacks the basal expansion characteristic of the lake form. ‘The spire is also less produced. Compared with the typical form, this variety is easily distinguished by its heavy, solid, opaque shell.
NEW PISIDIA.
BY DR. V. STERKI.
Pisidium tenuissimum, n.
Rather small, little to strongly oblique, moderately to rather well inflated, with the edges usually acutish, elongated or rather short, rhomboid to oblong-ovoid in outline, hinge margin little, inferior mod- erately curved, posterior end rounded or subtruncate obliquely in a postero-anterior direction with a rounded angle above ; anterior more or less curved, truncate obliquely with the rounded-angular end inferiorly, or the whole anterior part rather regularly parabolic, with the end in the longitudinal median line; beaks slightly posterior, somewhat broad, moderately elevated over the hinge line, somewhat mammillar ; surface very finely, almost regularly striated, highly polished ; color horn to smoky, or to greenish, or to light grayish ; shell very thin, translucent; hinge very fine, plate very narrow, cardinal teeth very small, short, thin, scarcely or slightly curved ; those of the left valve very close together, longitudinal-parallel, the upper little posterior; lateral teeth rather long, markedly straight, slender, thin, with short cusps ; also the outer ones in the right valve quite distinct ; ligament fine.
Long: 3.4, alt. 2.8, diam. 2.1 mill.
Habitat : Straits and Orchard lakes, in Oakland Co., Michigan,’ collected by Messrs. Walker and Sargent; Pine Lake, Marquette Co., Mich. (Upper Peninsula), and other waters in the same state ; also seen fossil.
As pointed out in the description, the species is very variable in shape, and extreme forms, if found separate, might well be taken for different species. Thies one from ;fine’ Lake (collected by Mr. Walker) is especially notable: the beaks are narrower and more
1 Close together, but at the heads of different river systems.
100 THE NAUTILUS.
elevated ; the anterior part of the mussel is more rapidly and directly tapering to a rounded point, the color is light grayish with concen- tric, irregular, narrow zones of a darker shade. Some forms have resemblance with P. splendidulum, the more rhombic ones, with a corresponding form of P. pauperculum, but in case of doubt, the thin shell and very fine hinge with the markedly straight, slender lateral teeth will distinguish our species.
Specimens have occasionally been seen for several years, from different places, both recent and fossil, yet it seemed not safe to establish an. sp. upon them. The recent finds of Messrs. Walker and Sargent have put an end to all doubts.
Pisidium monas, n.
Minute, rather well inflated, oval in outline, without any project- ing angles, except a very slight one at the scutum, and the slightly pointed, rather inferior, anterior end; beaks little posterior, broad, rounded, little elevated; surface with comparatively coarse, micro- scopic, rather regular striz, tops of beaks smooth and shining; shell thin, hinge fine, cardinal teeth very small, almost straight, longi- tudinal, the posterior (upper) of the left valve sometimes almost obsolete ; ligament small.
Long. 1.7, alt. 1.4, diam. 0.9 mill.
Habitat: Mountain Lake, Marquette county, Michigan, collected by Mr. Bryant Walker.
Among the specimens seen (some twenty), little variation was noticed ; the species may be recognized by its minute size and its shape, the low, comparatively broad beaks, and the somewhat coarse striation. The latter is about as in Pis. punctatum, small forms of which are also of about the same size; but the latter Pisidium is more inflated, more angular in outline, its beaks are narrower and -more elevated. P. monas is also smaller than zmbecille, and less elongated, its striation is coarser.
Being known from but one locality, the species has been estab- lished only after a most careful examination and comparison with P. punctatum, imbecille, harfordianum, handwerkii, as well as with the young of the other species occurring in the same lot.
Pisidium streatori, n.
Of medium size, almost equipartite, short oval-rounded to almost circular, without any projecting angles, or with a slight, rounded one t the scutum, moderately inflated, lentiform; beaks slightly pos-
THE NAUTILUS. LO]
terior, low, rounded, scarcely or little elevated over the hinge margin, approximate; surface with moderate to rather coarse, irregular striae, and usually a few coarser lines of growth, shining ; color light yellowish horn, to straw or slightly reddish ; shell rather thin, some- what translucent; hinge rather fine, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth well formed, the right one strongly curved, or angular, its posterior part thickened, simple, or grooved, or split in two diverging parts ; the left anterior is angular, the posterior is oblique, slightly curved, short to rather long; lateral teeth rather small, little projecting into the cavity of the mussel, but well formed, the cusps short, pointed ; ligament moderate. .
Long. 5, alt, 4.4, diam. 2.6 (New York and some Ohio exs.).
Long. 5.5, alt. 4.8, diam. 3.4 (large Ohio ex.).
Habitat: Canaseraga river, N. Y.; Garrettsville, Ohio, in a swamp.
A lot of good specimens, from the former place, were kindly sent by Mr. Hy. Prime, in 1894, and then regarded as new, yet retained, as it might have proved to be a local form of some other species. Last fall Mr. Streator and the writer collected some specimens of exactly the same Pisidium, in a dried up swamp near Garrettsville, Ohio, the mussels living and propagating in the damp muck, under dead leaves, etc. Later on we found that Mr. Streator had collected quite a number during several years previous.
Our species is well characterized, and can not be mistaken for any other Pisidium. PP. roperi, with nearly the same color and surface appearance, is larger, more elongate, much more inflated, its beaks are higher and more voluminous in the adult. I take pleasure in naming the present species after Mr. Geo. J. Streator, an enthusi- astic conchologist, who has, for many years, collected and studied the mollusca of northeastern Ohio.
SHELLS OF THE MARL-DEPOSITS OF AROOSTOOK COUNTY, MAINE, AS COMPARED WITH THE LIVING FORMS IN THE SAME LOCALITY.
BY OLOF O. NYLANDER.
In the part of Aroostook county underlaid by the Aroostook lime- stone of Niagara age, there are many deposits of shell marl. I have only examined two localities: Barren Brook Bog, in Caribou, and Lovely Brook Bog, in Fort Fairfield.
102 THE NAUTILUS.
U
Barren Brook Bog, in Caribou, is covered by vegetation ; but the Lovely Brook Bog is wet, dangerous and difficult to approach, ex- cepting in one place.
I have just received from Mr. Bryant Walker a paper upon the ‘Shells of the Marls of Huron County,” reprinted from the Geo- logical Survey of Michigan, Vol. VII, part II, pp. 247-252, in which comparisons are made with specimens from Aroostook county, Maine. To my knowledge there has been no extensive list pub- lished of the shells found in the marl deposits of Maine, and no comparison made with the living species in the same localities.
Samples of marls have been sent to me from Presque Isle, Lime- stone, California Town, in New Brunswick, Canada, and other places. The most abundant species are Limnea desidiosa, Planorbis pareus and Pisidium contortum,} in all the localities.
Fossils in the Marl of Barren Brook Bog.
Vertigo sp. Fragments only.
Succinea obliqua Say. Rare.
Succinea ovalis Gld. Rare.
Physa heterostropha Say. Rare.
Limnea desidiosa Say. Abundant.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Common.
Planorbis companulatus Say. Rare.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Rare.
Planorbis parvus Say. Abundant.
Planorbis (?). One specimen related to P. erista Lin., probably a new species.
Ancylus parallelus Hald. Two specimens only.
Valvata sincera Say (?). Not common.
Anodonta fragilis Lam. Rare.
Spherium simile Say. Rare.
Spherium rhomboidium Say. Rare.
Calyculina securis Prime (?). Rare.
Pisidium adamsi Prime. Few.
Pisidium compressum Prime. Few.
1 Dr. V. Sterki has kindly examined all the Pisidia in my collection. Some of the specimens are still held by him, pending the receipt of more material for comparison with specimens from other parts of America and Europe. I am under the greatest obligations to him, and also to Mr. Bryant Walker, for valuable information,
TMK NAUTILUS. 108
Pisidium contortum Prime. Abundant.
Pisidium pauperculum Sterki. Rare.
Pisidium rotundatum Prime. Not common.
Pisidium scutellatum Sterki(?). Rare.
Pisidium variabile Pme. Rare.
Pisidium ventricosum Pme. Common.
Pisidium walkeri var. mainense Sterki, Rare.
Living shells in Barren Brook, one quarter of a mile below the marl deposit, in a small pond on the brook, the land shells obtained at the water’s edge.
Succinea obliqua Say. Rare.
Succinea ovalis Gld. Common.
Succinea avara Say. Rare.
Strobilops labyrinthica Say.
Bifidaria pentodon Say.
Vertigo ventricosa Morse.
Conulus fulvus Mull.
Zonitoides arboreus Say.
Zonitoides exiguus Stimp. Common.
Carychium exile Lea. Common.
Physa heterostropha Say. Rare and small.
Limnea desidiosa Say. Small compared with the fossils.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Abundant.
Planorbis parvus Say. Common.
Planorbis crista Linné, var. cristata Drap. Common.
Anodonta fragilis Lam. Rare.
Spherium simile Say. Common in the brook below the pond.
Sphzrium rhomboideum Say. One small living specimen.
Pisidium abditium Hald. Rare.
Pisidium compressum Prime. Few where the road crosses the brook.
Pisidium rotundatum Prime. Rare.
Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Abundant; type locality.
Pisidium variabile Prime. Abundant.
Pisidium seminulum Sterki?. Few specimens referred to this species.
Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Common.
Pisidium walkeri var. mainense. Common.
104 THE NAUTILUS.
Fossils in the Marl Deposit in Lovely Brook Bog, Fort Fairfield, Aroostook County, Maine. Physa heterostropha Say. Large, specimens rare. Limneea desidiosa Say. Planorbis parvus Say. Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Rare. Planorbis crista Linné, var. cristata Drap. One good specimen. Pisidium variabile Prime. Pisidium abditum Hald. Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Pisdium ventricosum Prime. Pisidium contortum Prime.
Living Shells in the Lovely Brook Bog.
Physa heterostropha Say. Rare.
Limnzea desidiosa Say. Rare.
Pisidiam variabile Prime. Common.
Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Small but abundant, especially on the marl deposit.
Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Common and very variable.
Pisidium medianum var. minutum Sterki. The type locality ; small but very fine specimens.
Pisidium contortum Prime, so abundant among the fossils, is one
of the rarest living Pisidia. Only a few specimens have been col- -
lected in Mud Lake, in the northeast corner of Perham, Aroostook County, Maine. It is dangerous to go near the water’s edge, as the boggy shores break through and one sinks in the mud.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TERTIARY Fauna oF FLORIDA, with especial reference to the Silex beds of Tampa and the Pliocene bed of the Caloosahatchie River; including in many cases a complete revision of the generic groups treated of and their American tertiary species. By Witiiam Hearry Dari, A. M. Transactions of. the Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia, Vol. III, Part V, Dece., 1900.
This part contains about 270 pages, and 12 plates, treating of the families Solenide, Donacide, Psammobiide, Semelide, Tellinide,
— ee
THE NAUTILUS. 105
Petricolide, Cooperellide, Isocardiide, Cardiide, Diplodontide and the Leptonacea; in all 145 new tertiary species are described.
This interesting work on the tertiary fauna contains so many changes in nomenclature that also affect the recent fauna, that it is looked forward to with as much, if not more, interest by the Con- chologist than by the Paleontologist — the numerous generic and specific references, distribution of species, and synopses of genera, forming a very valuable feature to the student.
The first family discussed is the Solenidz, which follows closely the synopsis of the recent species, published by Dr. Dall, in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 107, which was reviewed in the Navtitus for Feb., 1900. In the Donacide the synonomy of the two common Californian species is given as follows :
1. Donax Californica Conrad, not of Carpenter and the majority of Californian authors, nor Deshayes. Donax navicula Hanley.
2. Donax levigata Deshayes. Donax Californica Carpenter and several Californian authors, not of Conrad or Deshayes. Donax obesa Gould, not Orbigny.
The generic standing of the various genera constituting the family Psammobiide are fully discussed; the following genera being repre- sented: Psammobia, Lam. (Gari of some authors), Sanguinolaria, Amphichena, Heterodonax, Asaphis, and Tagelus; regarding the latter Dr. Dall says: ‘* The genus Zagelus is distinguished from any of the Solenide by its long and distinct siphons.”
A number of changes of familiar specific names have been made in the Semelide. For the Semele reticulata L. of authors (S. orbicu- lata Say) the name of S. proficua Pulteney, 1799, is adopted, the reticulata of Linné being based on an oriental species. S. purpur- ascens Gmel. has priority over both obhqua Wood and variegata Lam. S. bellastriata Conrad, 1837, is substituted for cancellata Orb., 1853. Cumingia coarctata Sowb. is recorded from Florida, the synonomy being given as follows: Lavignon antillarum and petitiana Orb.; C. fragilis and sinuous A. Ads., and C. tenuis H. and A. Ads.
An extensive discussion of the Tellinide is followed by descrip- tions of 51 new species.’
Of the family Petricolide, four species are recorded from the
1This family will be more fully discussed in a review of Dr. Dall’s synopsis of the recent North American species,
106 THE NAUTILUS.
Atlantic coast : Petricola lapicida Gml., P. typica Jonas, P. pholadi- Sormis Say, and P. dactylus, Sowb. In referring to the latter Dr. Dall gives the following interesting note: ‘The curious little shell named in 1872 by Verrill Gastranella tumida, is certainly a Petrt- cola, and I suspect it to be the young of P. dactylus, which has when very young and fresh a purplish tinge on the umbones in some individuals. The tinge is precisely the same in both. Carpenter similarly took the nepionic young of P. denticulata Sowerby for a Psephis and described it under the specific name of tellimyalis. This was the more excusable, since the fry are brightly colored with orange and purple, while the adult and adolescent stages of the Petricolaria are pure white. I have a series showing the latter with its purple umbones strongly contrasting with the white valves, but this condition lasts only a short time, the color fading entirely out in most specimens before they attain full growth.”
A most excellent synopsis of the Cardiidz is followed by a review of the species, of which 28 are new. Cardium floridanum Heilp, is a syn. of C. emmonsi Conr.; for OC. magnum Born (not Linné), C. robustum Solander is adopted. Cardium bullatum of authors as of Linné not of Morch, becomes C. spinoswm Meuschen; C. semt- sulcatum Gray, has priority over O. ringiculum Sowb., and C. Pettti- anum Orb., C. (Levicardium) serratum L., and C. levigatum Lam., are considered synonymous.
A provisional table of the families and genera constituting the Leptonacea’* is adopted. Montacuta bidentata Montg., and Kellia planulata Stimp., are both placed in the genus Rochefortia Vélain. Lasea rubra (Montg.) is thoroughly discussed. Dr. Dall finds no permanent specific character to separate ZL. bermudensis Bush. “Small shells like Zasea which attach themselves by a byssus to algz, may be widely distributed by ocean currents. Differences of temperature and food cannot fail to make their mark upon the differ- ent colonies. When, in addition, we have a normal crudity and want of definition in the hinge characters throughout the genus, it would seem -inadvisable to subdivide the type too minutely.” Montacuta elevata Stimp, is placed in the genus Aligena H. C. Lea.
The work closes with the Diplodontidz; a synopsis of the recent
1 A synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary Leptonaccea of North America and the West Indies, was published by Dr. Dall in the Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxi, pp. 873-897, 1899.
Clik NAUTILUS. 107
species inthe Jour. of Conch., ix, pp. 244-246, Oct., 1899, was re- viewed in the NauTitus, xiv, p. 84. Dr. Dall states that this part carries the text so far that it seems certain that another part will conclude the work.
NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
A recent sending from Mr. Y. Hirase, of Kyoto, Japan, contained a number of novelties, some of which are briefly diagnosed below, Illustrations will follow later. .
Eulota (Aegista) mimula n. sp. Shell thin, openly umbilicate, de- pressed, with low-conic spire; brown, lustreless, rather weakly striate, and bearing sparse cuticular processes, like short, prostrate and adnate hairs. Whorls 54, convex, the last a trifle angulated in front, slightly descending to the aperture, rounded beneath. Aper- ture oblique, subcircular, the peristome whitish, narrowly expanded, subreflexed below, scarcely thickened, the margins approaching. Alt. 5.5, diam. 9mm. Kyoto.
Much like a miniature 4. aperta, but the spire is somewhat higher, the umbilicus rather less open, the striation less strong, and the peristome not thickened within.
Trishoplita cretacea var. bipartita n. v. Somewhat smaller than T. ecretacea, with conic spire, whitish above, brown or copiously streaked with brown below, a brown line ascending the spire border- ing the suture above ; surface striate and rather indistinctly eranu- late by the decussation of fine spirals. Aperture very oblique, toned oval. Alt. 9 d:am. 14.5 mm.; alt. 9.5 diam. 12.5 mm, Toyonishikami, Nagato.
In T. cretacea the minute granules are irregularly scattered, not produced by decussation as in this variety. In specimens from Ushirogawa, Tosa, Shikoku Island, which I refer to T. eretacea as a variety, the sculpture is also decussate, though very indistinctly so. T. cretacea v. bipartita reminds one somewhat of Heltcella pyranidata, from the form of the spire.
Eulota (Pl.ctotropis) elegantissima var. cara n.v. Larger than LE. elegantissima, more depressed, with wider umbilicus and more rapidly widening last whorl. Alt. 10, diam. 29; alt. 7, diam. 204 mm. Loochioo Is.
108 THE NAUTILUS.
Clausilia euholostoma n. sp. An exceedingly peculiar Huphedusa. The shell is very small, alt. 7.6, diam, 2.4 mm., with broadly oval (not in the least pyriform) aperture, continuous white peristome, and only a single lamella, the inferior, developed. This lamella is shaped as in Cl. monelasmus Pils. The principal plica and the lamella spiralis are extremely short and lateral in position; short upper and lower palatal plice are developed. There are about 75 whorls, the surface densely striated. The clausilium is Euphedusoid. Hab., Mikuriya, prov. Suruga (No. 563 of Mr. Hirase’s register).
Clausilia japonica var. interplicata n. v. A dark colored, glossy variety, with several palatal plicae developed between the usual upper and lower palatals of typical C. japonica. Nishigo. Uzen (No. 403 of Mr. Hirase’s register). Other specimens from Takeya, Izumo, are less glossy, and irregular in the development of the ‘‘interpalatal ”’ folds.
The following species belong to the section Hemiphedusa :
Clausilia perpallida n. sp. General form of C. aurantiaca var. erbert; pale corneous, finely striate. Superior lamella moderate, in- ferior receding, subcolumellar deeply immersed; closing apparatus lateral, the principal plica long, upper palatal well developed, a low, broad, nodule-like lunella below but not joining it; no lower palatal fold. Length 11.5, diam. 2.6 mm. Nishigo, Uzen (460 b of Mr. Hirase’s register).
Clausilia harimensts n. sp. Similar to C. aurantiaca or a little more slender, but with the weakly developed peristome of C. awaji- ensis, the lunella and closing apparatus generally being similar to that species, and lateral, not ventral as in C. aurantiaca. Whorls about 10; color greenish-brown, when unworn. Length 11.5, diam. 2.7 mm. Kashima, Harima. Types no. 79133 coll. A. N.S. (306 a of Mr. Hirase’s register).
Clausilia hokkaidoensis n. sp. About the size and general form of C. monelasmus, with which it occurred. Whorls about 10, the last two striate. ‘General characters of the aperture as in C. subaurantiaca, the subcolumellar lamella deeply immersed, closing apparatus lateral, the upper palatal fold well developed, not connected with the straight low lunella; no lower palatal fold. Much smaller than the allied O. subaurantiaca. Length 11, diam. 2.6 mm. Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido I. Types no. 79321 coll. A. N. S. (546b of Hirase’s register ).
Olausilia totaptyx var. clava n. v. General form of Cl. cotaptyx, the spire being abnormally thick above, though attenuated for half the length of the shell. Whorls 12, the Jast with a crest or ridge be- hind the peristome. Superior lamella moderate, inferior receding, not visible in a front view, subcolumellar emerging. Principal plica long, upper and lower palatal plice developed, a rudimentary lunella between them, not connected with the upper plica. Length 12.5, diam. 2.8 mm. Senzan, Awaji Island.
mee NAUTILUS.
Von. XIV. FEBRUARY, 1901. No. 10.
A CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY. BY HENRY HEMPHILL.
Between San Diego and Point Conception, a distance of about two hundred miles, there lies off the coast of Southern California (not Lower California) a number of islands generally called the Santa Barbara group. In all, there are eight of these islands, varying in length from one to thirty miles and from one to six or eight miles in width, the nearest being about twenty-five, and the most distant about seventy-five miles from the mainland.
All of them bear the name of some saint whom tradition, supersti- tion and religion have invested with supernatural power for good or evil toward men. Beginning with the most northerly island of the croup and ending with the most southerly one, their names run as follows: San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, San Nicolas, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente.
Here is an array of saintly names that should satisfy the most de- vout, and, if there is any virtue in a name, it should bring peace hope and quiet rest to those whose lot might be cast upon these rock- ribbed and storm-beaten islands. But this does not seem to have been the case, for when they were first discovered by the old Spanish or Portuguese navigators, colonies of peaceful and, perhaps, happy Indians inhabited them, whose time and occupation in life was prin- cipally devoted to securing something to eat and very little to wear. Soon after the advent of the white man these poor creatures began to disappear, decreased in numbers, and finally became extinct. There still remain evidences of their home life, the shell heaps on their old
110 TILE NAUTILUS.
camping-grounds, an occasional broken stone-implement, and a few shell ornaments that have been over-looked by the white man in his search for curios or prehistoric relics.
Several theories have been advanced by scientists and others in regard to the origin and age of these islands, but I can add very little to these flights of the imagination. How often, if more than once, all or some of them have been submerged and raised above the sea level, or whether those of the group which are composed principally of metamorphic rocks are the remains of the highest peaks of a range of mouutains that once formed or ribbed the most western part of the continent, it is quite impossible to say.
San Nicolas Island, however, is of sand-stone formation, and con- tains beds of marine fossils, the forms being similar to those now living all along the coast of the mainland, and I think we are safe in suggesting that this island was thrown up at or about the time tle general elevation of the coast line and adjacent mesa-lands took place.
There are always some curious expectations associated in the human mind with thoughts of the islands of the sea. To the con- chologist these expectations are often greatly multiplied, and these little isolated patches of land become intensely interesting, and espec- ially so to the student of terrestrial mollusks, for the islands of the sea the world over are noted for their richness in land shells.
In this respect, our Californian islands are no exception to the gen- eral rule, While the number of so-called species fouiid upon them, so far as we know them at present, is not very numerous, several are peculiar to these islands and not found elsewhere, while their coloring, varied through closely related forms, adds unusual interest and makes them very desirable for study, especially by those who are interested in problems of evolution.
The origin of the land shells of these islands and of the west coast generally has been the subject of speculation by various writers on the distribution of animal life for some years. In their attempts to account for the affinities and resemblances, in a few instances, between our land shells and some forms found in Asia, they have bridged over Bering Strait, or “ Behring Straits,” several times had bands of snails, or perhaps single ones ‘‘in pairs,’’ as Pat would express it, cross this bridge into America, travel southward to Cape Horn, establish colonies all along this long line of travel, and subsequently spread eastward over the continent, and finally cross another imagin-
LfUE NAUTILUS. 111
ary bridge into the West Indies; and the present shell fauna of this whole region is supposed to be the descendants of those Asiatic emi- erants.
We are also to infer from these theorists and their writings, I sup-
> of Asiatic snails took
pose, that during the time this “ dispersion’ place there was not a native terrestrial mollusk in all this land, no matter what other kind of organisms may have originated and existed here at that time.
In order to have a clear and comprehensive conception of life, the
rigin and development of the material forms of organisms, and their distribution over our planet, we must study them all from a funda- mental standpoint, and I will here briefly allude to the fundamental as I understand it.
Time and space are infinite. Existing within the infinite there are elements that possess the properties of attraction and repulsion (energy—life), which, by their combinations, form two great factors that enter into and produce all the phenomena we see around us. These we know as energy and matter. Their relations to each other may be more clearly understood by stating that without energy matter could not be formed, and without matter energy could not demonstrate its presence, as it would have nothing to act upon, hence both are necessary to a demonstration of any kind, and must be regarded as equals in every respect. Development is a principle inherent in the elements—the hand-maid of life itself. Evolution, diversity and variation are natural processes belonging to develop- ment. ‘These constitute the fundamental; they are coexistent and immortal, eternal, without beginning and without end. The funda- mental alone is immortal; all the phenomena arising from the fundamental, the superficial and complex, are evanescent, fleeting and constantly passing away, even as the grass of the meadows and the forests of the plains, and are replaced by other similar phenomena, though varied in form. Development is the regular order of nature, and the regular order of development is from the simple to the complex and vice versa (disintegration). Wherever matter, heat, moisture and air exist together, there life (omnipresent energy, Howison), with her hand-maid development, will be found industri- ously refining and preparing inorganic matter, from which they will evolve organic forms in due course of time.
As the form and structure of terrestrial mollusks are not of a very
112? THE NAUTILUS.
high or complicated nature, we may suppose that not many centuries would pass, after the Rocky, Sierra Nevada Mts. and the adjacent territory rose above the ‘‘ Mesozoic Sea,’’ before these creatures would originate, perhaps in many places at or about the same time; and as they multiply in numbers quite rapidly, under favorable con- ditions, there would have been a large native population of terrestrial mollusks existing here long before those Asiatic stragglers could have reached Cape Horn and the West Indies via Bering Straits bridge. If the present land shells of America are the descendants of Asiatic emigrants, what has become of tlie land shells that have originated here?
“ Westward the course of empire takes its way ”’ is as true as it is poetical, and if animals obey the same general laws that human be- ings do in this respect, then the snail emigration must have been the other way. Wecanas readily imagine bands of snails from America crossing this bridge at Bering Strait and establishing colonies on the other side as vice versa, and thus we could account for these re- semblances and affinities by a westward movement as well as by an eastward emigration of these slow-moving creatures, if there were no causes or conditions in the environment in both countries to produce similar results in the organic structure of the same class of animals, which I believe is the case.
Without having investigated the matter very closely, I am under the impression that the resemblances and affinities of the West Coast shells, as well as those of America generally, are as close to those of Europe as they are to the shells of Asia. Compare the following American and European shells :
American. Huropean. Helix nickliniana Lea. Helix arbustorum Linn. Helix kelletti Fbs. Helix aspersa Mull. Helix levis Pfr. Helix pisana Mull. Helix inflecta Say. Helix personata Drap. Patula striatella Anth. Patula ruderata Stud.
Compare the entire Zonitidz of both continents. Many of Limne- idx, Physidee and Planorbidz on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean are identical, or so near alike that they could hardly be separated if mixed together.
I think, then, we may reasonably conclude that if the emigration
TIIK NAUTILUS. 113
of animals is generally toward the setting sun, it would be more reasonable and more in harmony with this general law to base the distribution of animal life on a westward movement across each con- tinent, spreading north and south as food and climatic: conditions were found to be favorable to the existence of each class of creatures, rather than upon a haphazard exodus of animals from Asia via Bering Strait bridge.
Undoubtedly a few shells have been introduced into America from other continents, but, after two centuries of close commercial inter- course between America and Europe, we can count all the known introduced land shells on the fingers. I venture to suggest that the distribution of animal life is determined by the laws of attraction and repulsion as much as the revolutions of the earth in its orbit around the sun. There are life centres on each continent around which animals revolve, and from which they radiate and to which they re- turn, with possibly a westward tendency of these life centres. In obedience to this law of attraction birds return each spring to their old nesting places; some fish, like the salmon, return each season to the rivers and creeks in which they were hatched to deposit their spawn, and many other circumstances of a similar kind might be cited in support of such a theory.
I have visited all of the islands off the coast of Southern Cali- fornia, except San Miguel and Anacapa, for the purpose of collecting shells, but before presenting a complete list of the land shells, I will offer descriptions of some forms that seem to be undescribed.
In referring to the Helices I use the general term “ Helix,’’ under which genus they have been described, and which, it seems to me, is quite as suggestive, and certainly as useful, as the long cumbersome names that have been recently adopted ; leaving to others the choice of half a dozen or more genera and subgenera to which they have been referred from time to time by several distinguished eastern and foreign conchologists.
[ Zo be concluded. |
A NEW AMNICOLA.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
Amnicola letsoni.
Shell small, elevated, solid, thick, white ; subimperforate, whorls
V4 THE NAUTILUS.
44, more or less flattened laterally and inclined to be shouldered ; smooth ; suture deep; spire short, less than one-third of the entire length, apex obtuse; aperture small, ovate, angled above, rounded below, flattened on the parietal margin, which is quite oblique to the axis. Peristome thick, continuous, entirely free from contact with the body-whorl in fully mature specimens.
Alt. 34, diam. 24, length of aperture 14 mill.
Alt. 8, diam. 2, length of aperture 14 mill.
Habitat: Goat Island, Niagara River, N. Y.
Amnicola sheldoni Pils. is the only species with which this can be compared. The present species, however, is to be distinguished by its flattened, shouldered whorls, deeper suture and more acuminate spire. Six mature examples were found which, though differing somewhat in the relative proportions of length and width, are, asa whole, quite uniform. In four of them, the peristome is distinctly separated from the body-whorl; in one, while continuous, it is so close as to be almost adnate, while in the remaining specimen, the parietal margin, although somewhat broken, seems to have been appressed to the body-whorl for a short distance. Associated with these specimens were two other examples quite similar, but much more cylindrical in outline, less solid, and with the aperture less angled posteriorly. Neither is quite mature, judging from the thin- ness of the lip. In view of the considerable variation in these par- ticulars in other well-known species of the genus, such as Amnicola lustrica Pils. and of the few specimens now at hand, it is not deemed advisable at the present time to do more than call attention to the fact. Dr. Pilsbry, to whom some of the specimens were submitted, suggests that, like Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis Pils., it is probably an extinct species, and will be found in some quarternary bed along the Niagara or some tributary creek.
The type specimens were collected by Miss E. Jennie Letson, of Buffalo, N. Y., and the species is named in her honor.
EXOTIC MOLLUSKS IN CALIFORNIA. BY JOSIAH KEEP.
In a recent pamphlet, Mr. R. E. C. Stearns speaks of twelve exotic species of mollusks that have been found in California. Sev-
THE NAUTILUS. . 115
eral of these are increasing rapidly. Recently two bright lads of our ** Tsaac Lea Chapter,’’ Masters Doe and Gifford, brought me fine specimens of Modiola plicatula Lam. which they had found on the southwestern shore of San Francisco Bay. ‘They also guided me to numerous colonies of Uvrosalpinx cinereus Say. on the Alameda shore, which they had naturally mistaken for the native Ocinebra eircumtexta Stearns. ‘They showed me several dead valves of Venus mercenaria Linn. which they had picked up on the same shore, but of which they had not been able to find living specimens. We can- not, therefore, certainly add this species to Mr. Stearns’ list, but it is quite probable that living forms of the same will soon be found in deeper water.
Of the land species included with the twelve, two at least are be- coming quite common. Zonites cellarius Mull. appeared abundantly the past season in the college garden, and Helix aspersa Mull. I have artificially propagated with much success, using a frame like a board- covered hot-bed, and feeding with cabbage leaves and similar vege- tables. I have now introduced several native species into the frame and am awaiting the spring-time with much interest. Helix califor- miensis Lea does not thrive, as it evidently sighs for the sands of Monterey and the toothsome rattle-weed; but its near neighbor, Helix dupetithouarsii Desh., from Cypress Point, seems quite at home, and is as happy as if it were shaded by the venerable trees on that rocky promontory. Possibly it is because the frame is sheltered by a hedge of tall cypresses, lineal descendants from the trees on Cypress Point. I have often wished that the long and cumbrous name of this species could be changed to the short and highly- suggestive one, Helix cupressa, the cypress snail. But I suppose that the law of priority is like the law of the Medes and Persians, *‘which altereth not.”
Mills College, Cal.
NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Clausilia Hiraseana n. sp. A Megalophedusa with the size and general form of Cl. japonica, but strongly sculptured with rib-strie, far coarser than in any other known Japanese species. The sub-
116 THE NAUTILUS.
columellar lamella is immersed and there are four strong palatal plice. Length 29, diam. 6 mm. Okinoshima, prov. Tosa (Y. Hirase).
Trishoplita Smithiana n. sp. Shell about the size and color of 7. goodwint (Smith), but much more depressed, the spire low, convexly conic, whorls 54, the last angular at the periphery, descending in front; sculpture of slight growth-wrinkles and extremely fine, crowded spiral striz. Aperture transversely oval, oblique; peris- tome thin, expanded, reflexed below, the margins approaching, parted by a parietal wall in length about one-fifth the circumference of the peristome. Umbilicus open. Alt. 8, diam. 18, width of um- bilicus 2 mm. Arakura, prov. Tosa (Mr. Hirase). Much mere depressed than 7. goodwint, with lower spire and wider umbilicus. named for Mr. E. A. SmrtH, who has given us several valuable papers upon Japanese mollusks.
Ganesella myomphala var. omphalodes n. v. Similar to G. myom- phala in color and texture, but much depressed and openly umbili- cate, the columellar lip but slightly overhanging the umbilicus. Alt. 19, diam. 32, width of umbilicus 8 mm. Omikado, prov. Inaba (Mr. Y. Hirase). Specimens in the collection of Mr. Addison Gulick show that in true myomphala the umbilicus is not always wholly closed, but, unlike this variety, the columellar lip is flattened and spreading. :
Ganesella Wiegmanniana n. sp. Shell deeply and (for the genus) — openly umbilicate, much depressed, thick lens-shaped, angular at the periphery, encircled by a faint reddish-brown band above the periphery, surface somewhat glossy, sculptured with oblique growth- wrinkles, but without spiral striz other than a few rather coarse, irregularly-developed spirals sometimes visible on the base. Spire low, convexly conoid; whorls 54, moderately convex, the last angular at the periphery, somewhat convex beneath, but slightly descending in front, more or less constricted behind the lip. Aperture oblique, irregularly lunate-oval, the peristome white, narrowly expanded, thickened within, the basal margin straightened, thickened or obso- letely toothed in the middle; columellar end dilated, slightly over- hanging the umbilicus.
Alt. 11, diam. 184 to 205 mm.; width of umbilicus 2 mm.
Kochi, prov. Tosa (Y. Hirase).
This species is clearly distinct from the strongly carinated form of
THE NAUTILUS. 117
G'. japonica called patruelis or tabuensis by some authors, but which is probably not really that species. The much depressed form like a thick lens, the open umbilicus and want of spiral striae are its more prominent features. It is named in honor of FrRiepRicn W1£G- MANN, of Jena, author of numerous and valuable works on the anatomy of land snails.
A NEW LYROPECTEN. BY W. H. DanLo
The group of Pectinide named by Conrad Lyropecten, of which P. Heermanni Conrad is the type, is known to have its precursors in the Oligocene, to be in its developed form characteristic of the Miocene of the Northern Hemisphere on both sides of the Atlantic, and to be represented in succeeding horizons only by degenerate types which can hardly be referred to the same section of the genus, though apparently descended from it.
The Pacific coast species hitherto known are P. Heermanni Con- rad, 1855 (+ P. estrellanum Conrad, 1856, not 1857); P. magnolia Conrad, 1857 (+ P. crassicardo Conrad, 1862). The first men- tioned is a species of moderate size with no analogue in the Atlantic Miocene; its exact horizon is still doubtful. The second, which cor- responds in the West American fanna to P. Jeffersonius Say is found in the upper or San Pablo horizon of California. From the still newer (?) horizon of Rio Dell on the Eel River, California, Mr. J. S. Diller of the U. S. Geological Survey has obtained a new form of which this preliminary notice is given, not only as a new species of interest but as one of the largest species of Pecten yet known, It will be illustrated later in the Survey publications. It is the ana- logue of P. Madisonius Say.
Pecten (Lyropecten) Dilleri n. sp.
Shell large, rather compressed, nearly orbicular with a relatively short, straight hinge-line, dorsally rectangular, nearly smooth, sub- equal ears, the posterior with three small riblets; a well marked though shallow byssal fold; and moderately thick valves. The right valve is somewhat more convex and strongly sculptured, bear-
1 By permission of the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey.
118 THE NAUTILUS.
ing 29-80 high, narrow, T-rail-shaped ribs, flattened above, over- hanging narrower, deep, nearly smooth channels; and with marked concentric imbrication, fecble on top of the ribs but articularly scaly at their sides. The sculpture of the left valve is less pronounced, hidden in the matrix, but apparently similar. Alt. 192, lat. 175, diam. about 85 mm. The lateral edges are slightly defective, the submargins very narrow.
GENERAL NOTES.
HoLosprra MINIMA v. Martens.—In my opinion the northwest Mexican forms referred to Holospira pfeiffert by Crosse and Fischer and von Martens, are distinct from that central Mexican species ; and as the varietal name minor is preoccupied (7. teres v. minor), the name minima of von Martens may be used.
Dr. von Martens describes var. minima as ‘‘dense tenuiter lamelloso-costata, length 115 mm. only, 4 in the largest diameter ; aperture 24 mm.; whorls 11, distinctly convex; color reddish- yellow, the costa white.’”? The locality was not known, but the figure shows the angular early whorls of the N. W. Mexican form described as a variety of pfeifferc by Fischer and Crosse, and I do not doubt that the type came from that region.
The shells collected at Hermosillo, Sonora, by Reéemond, are larger, alt. 124 to 134, diam. of penult. whorl 4 mm. The riblets are rather stout and crowded, though not quite as wide as their intervals, and number 32 to 34 0n the penultimate whorl. ‘These ribs, or many of them, have the peculiarity so strongly developed in Urocoptis elliotti and some other species, of being hollow, and there- fore easily broken down, showing only the edges of the two lateral lamine. There are 124 whorls, and the color is nearly uniform. The internal column is perfectly simple and the lumen of the whorls is free from folds or lamelle of any sort.
Specimens sent by Mr. Fred L. Button, exact locality not given, are a little smaller, alt, 115 diam. above aperture 4 mm., have 11 to 114 whorls, and decidedly coarser ribs, 23 to 26 on the penultimate whorl.
Evidently the species is a variable one, and the varieties are probably local.
Tryon’s figure of 1. pfeifferi (Amer. Journ. of Conch. iii, pl. 15,
THE NAUTILUS. 119
fig. 34) is a bad copy of Pfeiffer’s figure of typical //. pferffert in the Conchylien Cabiuet, pl. 6, f. 31; but the specimens before him were the N. W. Mexican form from near Hermosillo, collected by Rémond.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OF THE Famity TELLINIDZ AND OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SpEciEs. By WittiaAm Heatey Datu. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxiii, pp. 285-326, 1900,
Some interesting notes on distribution and a list of the works re- ferred to by dates in the text, is followed by a synopsis of the genera, subgenera and sections, an annotated list of the species, and descrip- tion of new species, illustrated by three plates.
From the eastern coast are recorded: Tellina interrupta Wood, 7. laevigata L. T. lineata Turt. (7. brasiliana Lam.), 7. radiata L., T. erystallina Wood, also on the Pacific coast. 7. intea Con., T. aequistriata Say, T. americana Dall (n. sp.), 7. fausta Donov., 7. alternata Say, T. angulosa Gmel. (7. punicea Orb.), separated from pink var. of alternata by the pallial sinus reaching the anterior adductor scar. TZ. georgiana Dall (n. sp.). 7. squamifera Desh., T. Gouldit Hanley, erroneously referred to the Pacific coast by author. T. martinicensis Orb., T. magna Spengl., 7. tenera Say, 7. tenella Verr., 7. texana Dall (n. sp.), 7. versicolor Cozzens, 7. sybaritica Dall, 7. polita Say,' T. pauperata Orb., 7. tampaensis Conr., 7’, mera Say, T. promera Dall (n. sp.), T. semplex Orb., 7. flagellum Dall (n. sp.), 7. similis Sowb. (7. decora Say), T. tris Say, T. extlis Lam., T. candeana Orb.; Strigilla carnaria L., S. rombergii Morch, almost identical externally with the preceding, but the pallial sinus does not reach the anterior adductor scar. It seems to be more plentiful than carnaria on the Florida coast. S. flexuosa Say, and pisiformis L.; Tellidora cristata Recl. The left valve is the flatter; in 7. burnett? Sowb. from the Pacific coast the reverse is the case. Metis intastriata Say; Macoma constricta Brug., M. krauset Dall. (n. sp.) M. balthica Linn., circumboreal, JZ. calcarea Gmel., also on the Pacific coast, M. inflata Stimp., MW. cerina C. B. Ad. M. leptonoidea Dall, also on the Pacific. MM. mitehell/
1This name being preoccupied, Dr. Dall has adopted the MSS. name of Sayit, proposed by Deshayes, see Trans. Wagner Inst., Vol. ili, pt. 5, p. 1034.
120 THE NAUTILUS.
Dall, /. phenax Dall (n. sp.), M. tenta Say, W. orientalis Dall, WM. Ri gokmevnis Dall (n. sp.), J. oe Say, WM. limulu Dall, ©. extenuata Dall (n. sp.).
The species of the western coast are: Tellina cumingti Hanley, T. ide Dall, 7. lyra Hanl., 7. lamellata Cpr., T. reclusa, Dall. (n. sp.), 7. declivis Sowb., T. pacifica Dall (n. sp.), T. pristiphora Dall (n. sp.), 7. rubescens Hanl., 7. viridotincta Cpr., T. ochracea Cpr., 7. broderipii Desh., 7. cognata C. B. Ads., T. salmonea Cpr., T. merophis. ‘This is the T. gouldii Cpr. 1865, not of Hanley 1846.” 7. pazina Dall (n. sp.), T. amianta Dall (n. sp.), T. macnetlii Dall (n. sp.), 7. suffusus Dall (n. sp.), T. carpenteri Dall, * This is the vartegatus Cpr. 1864, not variegata Gmel. 1792,” T. cerrosiana Dall (n.sp.), 7. reeurva Dall (n. sp.), 7. modesta Cpr., T. virgo Hanley, T. buttoni Dall, “This is the var. obtusus Cyr. 1864, not T. obtusa Sowb. 1818.” TT. lutea Gray, T. bodegensis Hinds, 7. santarose Dall (n. sp.), Strigilla fucata Gld., S. sincera Hanl., S. ctcercula Phil.,'S. lenticilé Phil., Met's alta Conr. * This is the Scrobicularia biangulata Cpr., and is also the Lutricola alta of the same author.” Macoma middendorffii Dall, this is M, edentula Midd. 1851, not of Brod. & Sowb. 1839. MW. incongrua v. Mart., WM. Krause Dall. This is Tellina lutea Krause, 1885, not of Gray, 1828. M. edentula B. & S., M. sitkhana Dall (n. sp.), WZ in- flatula Dall, M. nasuta Con., M. carlottensis Whiteaves, M. l“iotricha Dall, M. expansa Cpr., M. yoldiformis Cpr., MM. alaskana Dall (n. sp.), WZ. undulata Hanl., M. secta Conr., MW. indentata Cpr., and var. tennirostris Dall (n. v.), MM. elongata Hanl., M. panamensis Dall (n. sp.), J. aurora Hanl.
Two NEw Cyrpra#ipa. By Mrs. Acnes F. Kenyron.—Proc. Mal. Soe. of London, vi, 68, Aug., 1900. Cyprea kanilawi is a new species from the Hawaiian Islands. The description and figure seem very close to a large sized (28 mill.) C. helvola L.; specimens of this species from Hawaii differ considerably from those of the Indo-Pacific region. Trtvie acutisulcata is described without habitat,
DeEscrRIPTION OF Two SPECIES OF CYPR&ZA, BOTH OF THE SUB- GENUS TRIvIA. By JAMES Cosmo MELVILL. ee and Maga- zine of Nat. Hist., Aug., 1900, p. 207. Both species were received from Mr. Fred L. Button. C. (Trivia) galapagensis from Albe- marle Isl., Galapagos, is a new peculiar form having a ‘shining enameled callosity aver the whole centre of the dorsal region, com- pletely obliterating the sulcus if any exists.”” C. (Trivia) Buttoni is a small globular straw-colored species with few, continuous ribs. Its habitat is unknown.
y
AUTILUS, XIV
Reshhaosopeanmninnetingiemaas:
FossiIt LAND SHELLS OF SAN NICOLAS. ISLAND, CAL.
Figs. 1, Hela tryonii, vars. major and minor Hemph. Figs. 2, Helix feralis Hemph. Figs. 3, Helix sodalis Hemph. Figs. 4 a, Succinea avara Say.; b, S. a. vermeta Say.; c, S. a. guadalupensis Dall.
wae NAUTILUS.
MARCH, 1901.
Von <1LV.
Wo.
A CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY.
BY HENRY HEMPHILIL.
Helix var. feralis Hemphill.
Shell imperforate, smooth, compact, globose, white (faded), con- sisting of five convex whorls, the last with an obscure band at the periphery, and slightly descending at the aperture; spire elevated, somewhat pointed; sutures well impressed; aperture oblique, cramped, not effuse, about as wide as high; peristome reflected, thickened, its face rounded, the basal portion in some of the speci- mens slightly appressed to the body, its terminations very little approached. Subfossil.
Diam. 18, alt. 13 mm.; diam. 16, alt. 11 mm.;- diam. 15, alt. 11 mm.; diam. 10, alt. 8 mm.
Habitat: San Nicolas and Santa Barbara Islands.
The Santa Barbara Island specimens measure as follows: Diam. 15, alt. 10 mm.; diam. 14, alt. 9 mm.; diam. 124, alt. 74 mm.
This shell appears to be somewhat rare. Thirty-five specimens all told—good, bad and indifferent—were all I found in the week I had on San Nicolas Island, and about:ten occurred on Santa Bar- bara Island..
The lot shows considerable variation in the elevation or depres- sion of the spire, as well as in size, as will be seen by the measure- ments. :
I regard it as a variety of the very variable H. rujicincta Newe., but perhaps the species-makers would be better pleased to call it distinct. . ;
122 THE NAUTILUS.
Helix var. sodalis Hemphill.
Shell umbilicated, very variable in size, white (faded), globosely depressed ; whorls 5, the last flatly convex above and beneath, smooth, under a good pocket lens appearing very minutely granu- lated, falling slightly at the aperture ; spire a little elevated, obtusely pointed; sutures distinct and moderately impressed; peristome roundly thickened and reflected, its terminations approached and joined by a thin callus, the basal one crowding the umbilicus ; aper- ture subcircular, about as broad as high; umbilicus quite variable in width, showing a portion of the penultimate whorl in some of the specimens. Subfossil.
Diam. 14, alt. 8 mm.; diam. 12, alt. 6 mm.; diam. 10, alt. 5 mm.: diam. 84, alt. 4 mm.; diam. 7, alt. 4 mm.
Habitat: San Nicolas Island, California.
If this interesting little shell was found in Colorado, New Mexico, or along the eastern line of Arizona, it would very probably be called an Ashmunella; if it had been collected in the Ohio Valley it cer- tainly would be called a Polygyra; but as it is found away out here on the western limits of the continent, conchologists will be highly delighted to call it Hpiphragmophora (Micrartonta) ruficincta sodalis Hemph. Sometimes there is certainly a great deal (of length) ina name.
Besides the extreme variations in size, as shown by the measure- ments, the larger forms show about the same extremes in the width of the umbilicus. In the living state it must have been of about the same color as H. ruficincta Newc., as a few specimens retain the rufus-colored lip and a very faint trace of a peripheral revolving band.
At my request, Dr, Dall compared a series of this shell with his types of H. guadalupiana, and has kindly sent me the: following notes on the differences of the two forms:
‘‘The fossil helices are interesting. They are nearly related to the recent cataline, and yet not quite the same. The large ‘speci- mens of No. 3 from San Nicolas are nearest, but have a different shaped mouth, are more rounded at the periphery and rather more elevated. The small form of No. 3 seems to be the same as your No. 2, which are labeled guadalupiana var. sodalis. No. 1 is very near guadalupiuna Dall, but more solid, more rounded and with the upper and lower lips on the body further apart than in the guada- lupiana proper.” “I regard Gabbi as distinct, as the umbilicus is
THE NAUTILDS. 125
closed and the shell more compact; it is very close to facta.” ** Doubtless all are branches of one stem.”
It will be seen by Dr. Dall’s remarks that our shell stands closely related to his cataline and guadalupiana, with very great differences in size, besides those he has pointed out, which entitle our shell to a name as a variety. As they are ‘‘doubtless all branches of one stem,’ and as we have the stem in Helix ruficincta Newe., let us be consistent, follow nature, and call all of them branches (varieties) and not distinct stems.
Helix Tryonti major Hempb.
This variety is very much larger than any of the very many specimens that I have collected. One of the specimens is globosely depressed, with an effuse subcircular aperture and a prominent tubercle on the basal portion of the peristome near the termination of the columella. The peristome is thickened, not reflected, the ends not approaching, but they are joined by a heavy callus. The other specimen is narrower, with a conical elevated spire; the aper- ture is very oblique, laterally expanded, and wider than it is high; the peristome is greatly thickened near the columella, but without a tubercle, not reflected ; the ends are very much approached, no per- ceptible callus joining them.
Diam. 30, alt. 28 mm.; diam. 27, alt. 26 mm.
Habitat : San Nicolas Island, Cal.; subfossil.
Helix Tryonit minor Hemph.
The shell is very much smaller than the types, and shows about the same differences in the elevation and depression of the spire and in the form of the aperture as var. major. ‘There is no tubercle on the basal lip, which is very little thickened.
Diam. 17, alt. 13 mm.; diam. 164, alt. 134 mm.
Habitat: San Nicolas Island, Cal.; subfossil.
This small form is very close to Helix var. feralts.
Felix Tryontt maculata n. color-var.
Ground color ashy white, lighter beneath than above; the body whorl and spire speckled with darker spots, banded or bandless at the periphery, form variable in size; spire elevated or depressed.
Diam. 25, alt. 19 mm.; diam. 20, alt. 165 mm.; diam. 22, alt. 15 mm.
Habitat: Santa Barbara Island, Cal.
124 THE NAUTILUS.
I now offer a complete list of the land shells, their varieties, and their range over these islands, as far as I know or have collected them myself, with the single exception of Helix ayresiana, from San Miguel Island: :
Selenites Duranti Newe. Santa Barbara, San Clemente Islands.
Selenites Duranti catalinensis Hemph. Santa Catalina Island.
Zonites Shepardi Hemph. Santa Catalina Island.
Ariolimax columbianus stramineus Hemph. Santa Cruz Island.
Binneya notabilis J. G. Cooper, Santa Barbara Island, recent and sub-fossil.
Helix ayresiana Newc. San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz Islands.
Felix intercisa W. G. Binn., with varieties minor Hemph., elegans Hemph., xepos Hemph., albida Hemph. San Clemente Island.
Helix Tryonit Newe. Varieties var’us Hemph., nebulosa Hempb., fasciata Hemph., californica Hemph., albida Hemph., maculata Hemph. Santa Barbara Island. |
Felix Tryonii var. major Hemph., minor Hemph. San Nicolas Island.
Felix Tryonti var. subcarinata Hemph. Santa Barbara Island.
x * * * ** *k *
Helix ruficincta Newe. Santa Catalina Island.
Helix ruficincta feralis Hemph. San Nicolas, Santa Barbara Islands.
Helix ruficincta Gabbi Newc. Santa Catalina, San Clemente Islands.
Helix ruficincta facta Newc. Santa Barbara Island.
Helix ruficineta cataline Dall. Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara Island.
Helix ruficineta sodalis Hemph.
* aye ers * * * *
Felix kelletti Fbs. Varieties (a), castaneus Hemph., nitidus Hemph., multilineata Hemph., frater Hemph., californica Hemph., Forbesti Hemph., bicolor Hemph. Santa Catalina Island.
Helix kelletti var. redimita W. G. Binn., hybrida Hemph., (0) castaneus Hemph., ‘clementing Dall, San Clemente Island. * |
Pupa clementina Sterki. San Clemente Island. |
Pupa californica catalinaria Sterki. Santa Catalina Island.
Pupa californica elongata Sterki. San Clemente Island.
THE NAUTILUS. 125
* * S k * * *
Suecinea avara Say.
Succinea avara vermeta Say.
Succinea avara guadalupensis Dall.
Succinea avara oregonensis Lea.
Succinea avara rusticana Gld.
This completes the list of the land shells of these islands so far as I know them. |
The above arrangement of the Succineas may not. meet the approval of some conchologists, but these subfossils, as well as the recent forms, go through those successive changes in the develop-
ment of the shell. [ To be concluded. |
A NEW SPECIES OF SUBEMARGINULA FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY W. H. DALL.
Subemarginula Yatesii n. sp.
Shell large, coarse, strong, whitish gray, or pale olive green on the fresher portions, especially a very narrow margin about the base; sculptured with strong, not dichotomous, radial ribs, of which about 20 are primary, between each two of which lie from one to four secondary riblets, most numerous at the sides of the shell; besides these there is a very strong anal fasciole, higher and stronger ex- ternally than any of the ribs, extending from the apex, and ending in front at a notch about 3.5 mm. deep and rounded above and behind ; the radiating sculpture is sharply and irregularly imbricated by the rude and profuse incremental sculpture, which is too close and irre- gular to form reticulation; apex small, pointed, not much elevated, situated three-fifths of the way from the front to the posterior margin; the fasciole descending from it swerves a little to the right of the median line of the shell; interior white, the extreme margin pale olive green but almost linear; anal furrow deep, extending nearly to the apex, where it is lost in a very pale olive deposit of shelly matter ; margins crenulated by the sculpture ; muscular impressions strong, the two recurved scars unequal, the right one larger. Lon. of shell 51, lat. 36, alt. 13 mm. ,
This shell was received from Dr. L. G. Yates, of Santa Barbara,
126 THE NAUTILUS.
who obtained it from a dealer at Monterey, Cala., who asserted it to have been obtained alive from the bay of Monterey. Two specimens were obtained, which the possessor would neither lend nor sell; but finally Dr. Yates succeeded in obtaining one of them, which he courteously forwarded to the National Museum for examination.
It can only be compared with S. gigas von Martens, of Japan, in which the furrow is obsolete, and there are no secondary ribs, and the primary ribs are feeble, low, wide, and obsolete on the anterior part of the shell. If the locality is confirmed, the species is a notable addition to the Californian fauna.
VARIATIONS IN ODOSTOMIA. BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.
The question is frequently asked, why do we not have an up to date work on New England shells? The answer can be made, but only by one who is in the work. New England shells are fascinating to study, very difficult to obtain and presenting curious resemblances. Much work has been done, but there remains considerable more before the small forms can be determined in such a way as to give a true list of species. Such generaas Bela, Turbonilla and Odostomia represent some of the problems of the New England fauna. During | the past two years the writer has been located at Branford, Conn., and opportunity is thus afforded for consultation with Prof. Verrill and his assistant Miss Bush. These two have handled the great mass of materials dredged by the Fish Commission, and one would suppose all the fauna of New England would be exhausted. On careful examination of the writer’s cabinet some half dozen new species have been detected—several of these are Odostomias. One is from Woods Holl, another from an isolated colony in Maine, one from Prince Edward’s Island, ete. As these species will be described in due time by Prof. Verrill we will not anticipate his work. Other changes in the genus Odostomia will be noted by him, among them some based on the following facts which the writer has been led to observe. ‘“ Binney’s Gould ” gives the species O. ampressa, bisuturalis and ¢trifida as distinct species. Let us study the three. O.¢mpressa from Florida is a thick, deeply grooved shell, and at first sight
THE NAUTILUS. 127
appears as a very good species. Side by side with New England specimens there is practically no difference except in the thickness of the shell. That counts for iiothing in determining a species. For example take New England Purpura lapillus and see the thin paper shell from one region and the heavy robust one from another locality. Add now O, bisuturalis and trifida. What determines the species ? Revolving lines are interesting marks, but we have no standard, variety iseverywhere. I take afew examples from my own cabinet ; for convenience I will number the grooves from suture to the shoulder on the last whorl 1, 2, 3, 4. Here are some results :
Branford specimens vary thus: 1000—1004—1200-1204-1234.
Woods Holl: 1000-1004—1200-1204.
Sheepscote River, Maine: 0000—1000-1200-1234-+.
Prince Edwards Island: 1000-1234-+.
The plus sign means that additional lines appear, usually less con- spicuous, between the more usual grooves. Perhaps this list may be altered, but I let it stand. There is so much difference, some deeply grooved while others are faintly marked. The above is the result of using a good lens and strong light across the lines. It looks as if these three species would have to shake hands and be one. I may add that the specimens from Maine and Prince Edward’s Island are more deeply marked than the shells from southern New England.
NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Helicina osumiensis n. sp.
Shell depressed, convex above and below, bluntly angular at the periphery, rather thin, red; striatulate, and under a strong lens showing fine spiral striz. Spire low-conic, the apex obtuse ; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last somewhat flattened above the peripheral angle. Aperture oblique, irregularly semicircular, the peristome very slightly expanded, upper margin nearly straight; a moderately thick, smooth callus on the base. Alt. 24, diam. 4 mm.
Kikai, province Osumi, southern Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).
Closely related to H. verecunda Gould (Otia Conchologia, p. 105) from the Loo Choo Islands, but much smaller, with the basal callus smooth, not roughened or pitted as in that species.
128 THE NAUTILUS.
Hf. verecunda is cream-white with reddish streaks, or red with or without whitish streaks; the color ‘‘luteo-virens’”’ described by Gould being due to the dried animal which shows through in places with a dark green tint. The half dozen specimens of 1. osumiensis before me are uniform red..
Mr. Y. Hirase has distributed H, verecunda as No. 470, from Loo Choo (Riu Kiu, or Ryu Kyu). The specimens agree with one of Gould’s original lot, in the collection of the Academy. I suppose they are from Okinawa Island. So far, we know scarcely anything of the snail fauna of the other islands of the group. Recent sub- sidence and breaking up into islands, of a ridge running from Okinawa to Kiusiu is suggested by the close alliance of the southern Kiusiu and Loo Choo faunas,
The Helicina hakodadiensis of Hartman (1890) has been rediscov- ered by Mr. Hirase at Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido Id. (No. 595). It is quite a distinct species, more angular at the periphery than other Japanese forms, and with the ruddy color of H. osumiéensis and the American /Z. occulta. H. hakodadiensis is, next to the last-named species, the northernmost of its genus, its locality lying in about 42° N. Lat., while occulta extends to about 44° N.
Flelicina Reinwi var. uzenensis n. var. Shell differing from 1. reini Kobelt in being larger, pink or whitish-pink under a yellowish chestnut-colored cuticle, which remains in shreds and streaks only, and in the closely and deeply striated surface. Alt. 12, diam. 15 to 16mm. Nishigo, Uzen.
Vertigo Hirasei n. sp. A minute, ovate, glossy-brown species with 435 whorls, the aperture having a parietal and a columellar lamella, and two palatal folds, the lower larger, elongate, the upper tuberculiform, sometimes obsolete. Alt. 1.5, diam. 1 mm. Yana- gawa, prov. Chikugo, Kiusiu Id. (Mr. Hirase, No. 570).
Buliminus callistoderma var. ogasaware n. v. Similar to callisto- derma in texture, sculpture and color, but distinctly longer, with 7 whorls, the spire perceptibly attenuated below the thick, obtuse apex. Length 13, diam. 54, length of aperture 5 mm.; length 123, diam. 54, aperture 53 mill. Ogasawara or Bonin Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 602).
Buliminus eucharistus n. sp. Shell rimate, high-conic, solid, purplish-brown, closely streaked with whitish or yellow. Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse ; whorls 84-9, moderately convex,
THK NAUTILUS. 129
sculptured with growth-wrinkles and in places faint spiral stria, Aperture slightly oblique, ovate, purplish-black within, the peristome white or flesh-colored, reflexed; parietal callus transparent; colu- mella not perceptibly folded, oblique above, brown within, Length 26.5, diam. 11, length of aperture 10.38 mm.; 25.5, 11, 11 mm. Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 597). This is by all odds the handsomest Japanese Buliminus, being remarkably rich in color for the genus.
Buliminus luchuanus n. sp. Shell dextral, rimate, oblong-fusiform, rather thin, dark brown, copiously streaked with ragged cream- white stripes; obliquely wrinkle-striate and very minutely striated spirally. Outlines of the spire a little convex, apex. obtuse, whorls 8, moderately convex. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique, orange- brown within, the peristome white, reflexed ; columella oblique, the margin dilated; parietal callus transparent and thin. Length 21, diam. 7.5, length of aperture 8 mm. Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 598). Streaked like the sinistral Chinese B. Pultoni S$. & B., or like B. fasciolatus Oliv., of Rhodes.
Eulota (Aigista) Martensiana n. sp. Somewhat similar to £. Friedeltiana, but more elevated, the whorls larger in calibre, more slowly increasing, color darker, and sculpture stronger and more dense. Spire low-conic, whorls almost 7, convex, the last slightly carinate, shortly descending in front; sculpture rasp-like, consisting of densely crowded, short, erect scales, which are not shaggy. Umbilicus open, its width contained 84 times in that of the shell. Aperture oblique, subcircular, one-fourth excised by the parietal margin, lip narrowly reflexed, white. Alt. 105, diam. 175 mm. Sedake, Osumi, Kiusiu Id. (Mr. Y. Hirase). Named in honor of Prof. E. von Martens, of Berlin, whose wide-spread labors in- clude several valuable papers upon the mollusks of Japan.
Hulota (Plectotropis) tnornata n. sp. Shell umbilicate, the diam. of umbilicus contained about 6 times in that of the shell, low conoid with convex base, thin, somewhat translucent, pale corneous, sculp- tured with slight growth-wrinkles and fine, close spiral striz. Whorls 52, somewhat convex, the last with an acute, submarginate, smooth, peripheral carina; hardly descending in front. . Aperture oblique, angular, the peristome thin, very narrowly expanded and subreflexed below, dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt. 6.3, diam, 12.5 mm. Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase).
130 THE NAUTILUS. GENERAL NOTES.
VALLONIA PULCHELLA.—You may remember that in ’97 I sent you a note concerning the sudden appearance of Vallonia pulchella in immense numbers in Pittsburg, Pa. A similar case has just been brought to my attention by a friend who lives about 6 miles out of town. Sometime in September he found his front walk (stone) cov- ered with “thousands of small shells,’? and about two weeks later they appeared again. He saved a few for me and they prove to be Vallonia pulchella. Are such occurrences common?—G. H. Cuiapp.
AN AppITION TO THE U.S. Lanp Snait Fauna.—For the past three years I have had three adult and three young examples of a Truncatella from Key West, Fla., collected by Hemphill, which I had labeled, provisionally, 7. belabiata (they were sent as “ 7. pul- chella var.’’), but which I was satisfied, from the very coarse and widely-spaced ribs, were something else. Your Bermuda paper has put me on the right track, as they agree perfectly with the “ key” to and figure of Zruncatella clathrus Lowe, so we must add this species to the U. S. faunia.—G. H. Capp.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OF THE NAIADES, OR PEARLY FRESH-WaAtER Mus- SELS. By Charles Torrey Simpson. viii+ 544 pp. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxii, 1900.) This work presents an epitome of the author’s studies during many years upon the classification of the fresh-water mussels, the synonymy of the species, and their geographic distribution. It is, in fact, a continuation of the famous series of synopses issued by Isaac LEA; an arrangement of the mussels, not a work for the determination of species.
The classification of the family Unionide is almost completely original with Mr. Simpson, and it need not be said, must appear strange to those acquainted with the old arrangement of the group. The treatment of Mutelidg is less revolutionary. The fundamental division of the Unionide rests upon the nodifications of the ovisacs, or modified gill pouches of the female carrying the embryos; the sculpture of the beaks of the shell also affording characters of great value, being shown to be correlated with features of the soft anatomy.
THE NAUTILUS. 15]
Some 63 genera are recognized in the Unionidae, over two-thirds of them being formed from the old genus Unio of authors, while Margaritana has also been dismenbered. Anodonta is retained in nearly its old limits, except that the South American forms have been transferred to the genus Glabaris of the Mutelida, a change made by Dr. von Ihering some years ago. While a large portion of the genera are based upon the peculiarities of the ovisacs or other internal organs, Mr. Simpson finds that ’*when these are once dis- covered and understood, it will be found on careful examination that there are minor shell characters that correspond with those of the marsupia’’ so that a vast number of species unknown anatomically can be correctly grouped generically by the shells alone, although in some cases the record is not thus easily to be read. This is about the way the case stands in the Helictd@; and in fact tallies with con- clusions reached by workers on widely diverse groups of mollusks. The people who decry “mere shell characters” as valueless, are those who know little about them; but the fact remains that without knowledge of the internal anatomy, the real significance and compara- tive value of the shell characters could never have been discovered. Practical conchologists should give Mr. Simpson’s system the test of rearranging their species by it. We hazard little in saying that once this is done, the naturalness of his generic groups will win gen- eral acceptance for the new classification. In many cases one cannot but be struck by the happy grouping of species which uever before seemed to fit in anywhere.
Regarding the synonymy, Mr. Simpson seems to have exercised fair and temperate judgment. He is no species-splitter, but on the other hand, he has steered clear of an equally dangerous reef, which has wrecked several promising investigators. In other words, he has never allowed tle reaction toward extreme “ lumping” of species, which followed the era of Lea, to warp his judgment. As it is, the list of synonyms under some species, such as Unio complanatus, tuomeyt, obesus, etc., is appalling. The treatment of the Lampsil’s parrus group is particularly commendable.
In the geographic relationships of the genera, a close affinity between the groups of southeastern Asia and tropical Africa is stated to obtain. This accords with the distribution of Ampullariide, Viviparide, and many land shells such as Zonitide and Streptaxide. The faunal ‘relation between the mollusks of eastern Asia and
132 THE NAUTILUS.
America, s0 conspicuous in land snails, also seems to hold in Unionide. 'The discussion of the dispersal and migration of the Unionidae is one of the most interesting chapters, Mr. Simpson be- lieves that the earliest Uniones had radial beak sculpture and carried the embryos in the inner gills; but these characters now persist chiefly in austral species, such as the South American genera (Hyriane) which have been replaced in the north by forms with ex- ternal ovisacs and concentric beak sculpture (Unioning). The genus Truncilla (‘Unio triangularis,” etc.) marks the highest differ- entiation of Naiad life. Space denies further discussion of this topic, which, though highly theoretical, is handled with firm grasp of the facts and probabilities in the case.
Mr. Simpson’s synopsis is destined to work a revolution in the study of fresh-water mussels, though there will naturally be opposi- tion to the new ideas and methods among some reactionists. It is to be hoped that a sufficient edition has been prepared to enable all in- terested in the subject to obtain copies, and that a way will be opened for Mr. Simpson to continue his work to its logical end in a fully illustrated monograph of the ‘‘ naiades.”’
FRANCIS C. BROWNE. —
It was only recently that the editors of Tur Navurixus learned with regret of the death of one of their old correspondents, Francis C. Browne, which occurred at his home in Framingham, Mass., Jan. 9, 1900, in the 70th year of his age.
He graduated from Harvard College in 1851, and the same year went to Florida, where he joined Prof. Agassiz’s party at Key West. He camped in the Everglades and upon the Miami River, and secured many rare and valuable specimens. Later he visited Labra- dor and obtained many rare specimens of birds. For several years Mr. Browne would frequently send us boxes of shells for verification or determination, and his enthusiasm and appreciation made the work always a pleasure. He was also a devoted lover of -birds, being an associate member of the American Ornithologists’ Union and an occasional contributor to “The Auk” and “ Nuttall Bul- letin.” }
He leaves a daughter, to whom we are indebted for the facts of this brief sketch.
THE NAUTILUS.
Von. XIV. APRIL, 1901.
Nox 12%
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF GLANDINA FROM JAMAICA, BY HENRY VENDRYES.
Glandina (Varicella) Taylori, n. sp. Fig. 1.
Shell much elongated, oblong-fusiform. Not very shining, often semi-pellucid, of a brown color, deeply-tinted with rose orange; with narrow dark, reddish-hued or chestnut transverse streaks, crossing completely over all the whorls but not always extending to the base of the last whorl, but always coincident with 16: !: and bordering the varices, of which there are four to five upon each whorl. Shell sculptured with fine transverse striz, which become more apparent on the upper shoulder of the body whorl, next to the suture. Whorls 7, slightly convex, but in most cases perceptibly flattened or con- stricted at the periphery; the last whorl more than one- half the entire length of the shell. Suture impressed, {\\\ the edge somewhat crenulated at one margin by the in- \\ A trusion of the transverse strix. Spire with the outlines
somewhat curvilinear, rather pointed at the summit, Aperture not large, semi-ovate; labrum sharp, slightly produced towards the middle and below that point, grad- ually retreating, expanding and rounding off to meet the twisted, arcuated and obliquely truncate columella. Length 23 to 25, greatest diam. 7, or slightly less. Length of aperture 9, largest diam. 4 mill.
Habitat: Half Way Tree Pen, Parish of St. Catherine, Jamaica,
This shell resembles G. nemorensis in form but is considerably larger. In the outline of the spire it comes between G. nemorensis and G. similis, but it is larger than either of these species, The
134 THE NAUTILUS.
strige are slightly broader than in nemorensis and not nearly so broad as in s¢milis. In color it differs from both. | The shell is named in honor of Mr. C. B. Taylor, well known for his work on the birds and for his attainments in the general natural history of Jamaica, and by whom the species was first collected.
Glandina (Varicella) deflorescens, n. sp. Fig. 2.
Shell elongated, sub-fusiform, turreted, shining; color rather pale brown, generally with dark chestnut-brown, somewhat arcuated streaks, a set of which run coincidently with the varices completely across each whorl. The painting of the shell is singularly varied ; each successive whorl presents at the start a semi-trans- lucent, sharply-defined and pure white stripe, which grad- ually passes into pale brown, then slowly deepens in color as the whorl progresses, into a warmer tint and finally merges into an intensely dark-brown stripe, covering the varix forward, which varix marks the termination of a stage of growth, This gradually changing color scheme is always repeated between the several varices, but it is less noticeable upon the upper part of the spire, although actually traceable almost to the apex. Shell regularly sculptured with not very crowded rib-like striz. Whorls 8, very slightly convex and obsoletely angular just below the upper margin, which is crenulated by the passing ~ over of the striz. Suture moderately impressed. Last whorl a little more than one-third the entire length. Outline of spire slightly curvilinear; apex pointed. Aperture ovate, oblong, considerably dilated at right side of base; labrum not sharp. Columella white, straight, well truncated with a strong callosity deeply impressed and folded by the entering striz and varices which pass to and over it from the shell. .
Total length, 17 to 184 mill., diam. 5. Length of aperture 6, diam. 2 mill.
This remarkable species is named in allusion to the singular char- acter of its painting. JI am indebted for examples to Mr. P. W. Jarvis, who received them from Mr. Geo. Nutt, by whom they were for the first time collected at Moore-Town in the Parish of Portland, Jamaica.
The peculiarities of the columellar callus, impressed with the
THE NAUTILUS. 135
marks of the sculpture of the shell, and of the dilation of part of the labrum on the right side of the base of the aperture, allies this species with Glandina leucozonias and domrnicensis, both of which occur in the Parish of Portland in the extreme eastern part of the island.
POLYGYRA STENOTREMA WITHOUT A LIP-NOTCH. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Mr. Bryant Walker has sent me for examination a specimen agree- ing with Polygyra stenotrema in the main, except that the basal lip is without the usual median nick or notch. ‘The parietal lamella is strong and high, as usual in the species. Form rather elevated. Alt. slightly over 6, diam. 8.7 mm. It was taken by Mr. Walker at Dalton, Georgia ; being the only stenotrema collected at that place.
In the collection of Mr. Geo. H. Clapp are two specimens, formerly in the James Lewis collection, labeled ‘‘ Kast Tennessee,’ which agree with Mr. Walker’s Georgia shell in lacking the lip-notch, although in one a slight wide sinuation of the lip in place of it, is perceptible. They measure 8 and 8.5 mm. diam., one with high, the other moderately low spire. All of the specimens show hairs or their traces, as in P. stenotrema, though not very conspicuously.
The lip-notch in the stenotrema species corresponds of course to the space between the lip-teeth in 7rzodopsis, the thickened ledges on each side of the notch being homologous with the basal and outer teeth in such species as P. tridentata. These notchless shells there- fore represent cases of confluence or concrescence of teeth, a some- what rare occurrence in Helices.
The question arises, are these she!ls merely abnormal forms pro- duced by some mantle injury cr other abnormal condition, or do they represent a rare race of which the notchless lip is characteristic ? The former alternative seems most probable, except that the shell and lip seem quite without trace of any evidence of a diseased con- dition of the mantle, which is usually manifested by some roughness in the deposition of lime at the lip, or irregularity in the cuticle be- hind it. 3
However, the question is not one to be decided off-hand, but by the examination of more material; and I would ask collectors to go over their specimens of P. stenotrema and allied species, and report
136 THE NAUTILUS.
full results to Toe Nauritus. Locality of specimens and number examined from each locality should be given, as well as the occur- rence of specimens without the notch. Any other notable variation might also be noticed; and negative results, so far as regards the matter of the notch, will be useful. The entire results can then be collated and published in THE NavtTILus.
A CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY — Continued. BY HENRY HEMPHILL.
As the original locality, ‘‘ Santa Barbara,” given for Helix kellettt, Fbs., is undoubtedly a mistake, some writers on our land shells have referred that shell to Santa Barbara island, which is equally as erro- neous. Santa Barbara island is about one or one and one-half miles long and perhaps one mile wide, and quite easy of exploration. On my first visit to it, 25 years ago, I was left there alone for seven days, while the vessel went to San Pedro to be cleaned and repaired. During that time I explored every part of the island, collecting the land shells, which was the especial object of my visit. Last August I made another visit to that island for the same purpose, and gave four days more to collecting the land shells, and during these eleven days not a single specimen of Helix kellettt was found, and as dead Helix tryonit may be picked up by the thousands, and as no shell of © that description was mentioned in Forbes’ report of the ‘‘ Herald and Pandora” surveying expedition or voyage, during which time the original kedlett: was collected, we may reasonably suppose that the vessels of that expedition did not even visit Santa Barbara island.
It is quite interesting and instructive to note the various opinions that have been expressed from time to time by distinguished con- chologists on this matter. In the Am. Jour. of Conch., vol. 4, pl. 4, p. 214, 1868, Dr. J. G. Cooper writes: ‘ Kellett’s specimens were probably from one of the small islands off the coast of the peninsula (Lower Cal., H. H.), though credited to “Central America,” and were a dwarfed form, the species attaining its highest development on Catalina island, within this state (Cal., H. H.), not Santa Bar- bara island, as stated by Newcomb, where ¢ryonii replaces it.”
«‘ Prof. A. Wood found specimens on the summit of a mountain twelve miles east of San Diego, and at one or two thousand feet ele-
THE NAUTILUS, 137
vation, which although much smaller were finely colored, more like the original type, or like Mr. Gabb’s stearnsiana.”’
In his Manual of American Land Shells, p. 150, Mr. W. G. Bin- ney credits A, kelletti Fbs. to San Diego, Santa Catalina Island, San Nicolas Island in the California region ; ‘also 12 miles east of San Diego at 2000 feet elevation,” and remarks, “ The specimen figured is from Catalina Island. Iam positive it is correctly referred to kellett’.”” ‘ Forbes’ original figure is copied in Terr. Moll., V.” On turning to Terr. Moll. v., I find the figure identical with the one in his Manual, on page 149, which is undoubtedly the Catalina Island form. I may add here that I found no specimens of ZH. kel- , letti on San Nicolas Island, but my time and operations were lim- ited while there to the south end of that island.
Ina paper published in the Proceedings of the Academy Nat. Sci- ences of Philadelphia, 1900, entitled, ‘‘ Additions to the Insular Land-Shell Faunas of the Pacific Coast,” ete. Dr. Dall writes of H7. kelletti, “ the typical LH. kellettt is that found in the vicinity of San Diego. It has six whorls and they are well rounded. It differs from the Catalina Island form, in its less flattened and more inflated whorls, more dome-like spire, smaller size and browner aspect, the contrast between the upper and lower sides of the last whorl being less marked. Specimens from Coronado Islands are like those from San Diego. The National Museum has this species only from the above-mentioned three localities authentically. “Santa Barbara,” frequently mentioned as a locality, should read ‘Santa Barbara Islands,” as it is improbable that the shell occurs at the town of Santa Barbara on the mainland. A lot in the National Museum are labelled, ‘*‘ Oregon City,” Shumard, which is, of course, an error,
If the San Diego and Coronada Islands forms are accepted as the typical H. kellett? Fbs., as suggested by Dr. Dall, then HZ. stearnsiana Gabb. must fall into the synonymy of that species, notwithstanding the former is said to have six, and the latter five whorls ; and then the Catalina Island form would be undescribed or rather unnamed. Some of the Catalina specimens are an exact imitation of San Diego and Coronado Island examples in coloring, as well asin size. £4. stearnsiana, at Santo Tomas, and on Todas Santos Islands, lower California, attains a greater size than any specimens of JH. kelletiz that I have ever seen, and associated with them individuals occur as small as the San Diego or Coronado Island forms.
138 THE NAUTILUS.
Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, in his usual thorough manner, ventilates this matter of the locality of H, kelletti in a paper published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, May, 1881, entitled, ‘‘ Helix aspersa in California.” He quotes the following from Dr, Car- penter’s Report on the Mollusks of the West Coast of North Amer- ica. ‘Among the wasted opportunities of obtaining very valuable information on geographical distribution must unfortunately be re- corded the surveying voyage of the Herald and Pandora, Capt. Kellett, R. N. C. B., and Lieut. Wood, R. N.”
‘¢ Flere was an exploration in competent hands on the very incog- nita itself; and yet, alas! Prof. E. Forbes further states that unfor- tunately the precise locality of many of the individual specimens had not been noticed at the time, and a quantity of Polynesian shells mingled with them have tended to render the value of the collection, as illustrative of distribution, less exact than it might have been.”
The following also from Dr. Carpenter’s report refers to the local- ity of some of the land shells:
‘Helix pandore Forbes. Santa Barbara, as per box-label. San Juan del Fuaco, teste Forbes.
¢_______ elletti Fbs. Allied to A. californiensis Lea, same locality. ese aspersa. Marked Santa Barbara, probably imported.”
To the above Dr. Stearns pertinantly remarks: ‘‘ The closing line of Dr. Carpenter hardly justifies the previous remark, ‘ an explora- tion in competent hands.’ ”
Dr. Stearns further remarks: ‘+ Binney, in the volume quoted, properly credits H. pandore to ‘ Margarita Bay, Lower California.’ Forbes’ habitat of this species is only seventeen hundred miles too far north, and of kedlett?, eleven hundred.”’
‘«‘Another distinguished author has placed the Lower Californian Felix levis on the Columbia River—about fifteen hundred miles too near the north pole.”
As Helix stearnsiana Gabb is so closely related to H. kelletti Fbs., I will add the following:
Mr. Binney, in the Manual Am. Land Shells, says of Hl. stearnsi- ana: It has 5 whorls, the measurements are given as, greater diam. 22, lesser 17 mm., height 12 mm. Tryon, in his Manual Conchology, writes, whorls 5, diam. 22 mm.
Mr. Gabb describes the shell in the Am. Jour. Conch. as having
THE NAUTILUS. 139
54 whorls, gives no measurements, and remarks: ‘ As compared with //. kelletti Fbs., this shell has not the peculiar flat sloping top to the whorls so characteristic of Forbes’ species, the mouth is much less oblique, the umbilicus is not covered, nor are the ends of the lip connected by either callus or plate over the body whorl. I have made minute comparisons of a large series of the present species, with specimens in the collection of Dr. Newcomb labeled Kellettd I'bs., and sent to him by Hugh Cuming.”
“Another point of difference is the locality. Forbes’ species has never been found farther south than San Diego, and its true habitat is probably on one of the islands of the coast, while our species is essentially a Lower Californian, being found under stumps of Maguey from St. Tomas to a little beyond Rosario.”
I may add here that the form we call stearnsiana is very variable in size, though quite constant in general coloring. ‘To show these variations in size I add the measurements of two specimens I col- locted myself at Santo Tomas, in Lower California, Gabb’s original locality. ‘The largest measures, great diam. 31, alt. 23 mm.; small- est specimen, great diam. 22, alt. 16 mm.
I have quoted from these eminent conchologists not only to show how much they differ in their opinions about the locality and form of H. kelletti, Fbs., and Helix stearnsiana, Gabb, but because their writings have become a part of the history of this shell (4. kedlettc) *¢ without a country.”
One fact is sure, the exact locality of H. kedlett’, Fis., is lost, and suppositions, probabilities and surmises count for nothing in this case.
As Catalina Island is the nearest point to Santa Barbara, one of Forbes’ localities for hellett?, where that shell is known to exist, and as it has been largely distributed as the typical form, I think it will be wise to let it remain so, and not attempt any change. If we make the San Diego shell the typical kelletti, then stearnsiana must fall into the synonymy of that species, for no one with a good series of these shells to study from can by any character whatever separate them. Even some of the Catalina Island shells are an exact imita- tion in general coloring of the San Diego and Coronada Island stearnstana, and with the same number of whorls.
While upon this chapter of errors, blunders and mistakes, I will call attention to such expressions as the following that occasionally appear in print: “ Californian conchologists call such a shell ‘so and
140 THE NAUTILUS.
999
so. ‘‘ West Coast conchologists are in error,” etc., ete. One esteemed correspondent quite recently wrote me, “ Some West Coast conchologists are a little mixed.’’ When we understand that most all West Coast conchologists have depended on the ‘“‘ Wise men of the East’ for the names and all that pertains to the study of con- chology, and that many of their mistakes are simply a reflection back to the East of the blunders that have been sent out to the West by Easterners, we can see just where the smile comes in. My own experience of thirty-five years “on these lines”? has two sides to it, one very pleasant and the other very exasperating. I fear there have gone out of my shell den some expressions for which I cannot be held responsible, for in my way of thinking the provocation has been very great. 7:
The fact is we all make blunders and mistakes, and West Coast conchologists do their share; but when we follow monographs pub- lished by Eastern conchologists that contain mistakes, and when we depend on Eastern conchologists for the names, and many of these names prove to be erroneous, it seems hardly fair to refer to West Coasters in such a way that those who do not know all the facts would think that West Coast conchologists were nothing but a lot of blunderers. ‘ Wise men of the Kast,’ please take a rest, and pick the beam out of your own eye!
NEW NORTH AMERICAN SPHERIA. BY DR. Ve, SLE REIT
During the last seven years I had chances to examine tens of thousands of Spheria and Calyculine, alongside with the Pisidia, owing to the efforts and the kindness of many conchologists and partly to my own collecting. Yet I refrained from publishing any- thing on the subject before I should have acquired some knowledge about the range of variation of the several species, almost endless in some instances. There are some new forms, however, so very differ- ent from those published that they must be named and described.
Spherium crassum, n. sp. Mussel large, strongly inflated, almost equipartite, somewhat rhomboidal in perpendicular outline; beaks a little anterior, large and full, slightly flattened on top, prominent over the hinge line; superior margin rather strongly, inferior mod-
THE NAUTILUS. 141
erately curved; scutum and scutellum distinct with slight projecting, rounded angles at their terminations, the one at the scutum being less marked in full-grown specimens; anterior and posterior ends almost equally, obliquely truncated, especially in specimens not quite mature, while in the adult the posterior end forms more a regular curve from the beaks down to the rather low-situated rounded end; surface with rather sharp, fine and crowded sulcations, usually some- what coarser on the beaks, dull or with a slight gloss; a few strongly marked lines of growth; color grayish or whitish-brown in the young, and the same in slightly marked marginal zones of older specimens plumbeous in half grown, and reddish or brownish, or smoky-brown, in the adult, with narrow, darker zones on the lines of growth; shell thick, muscle insertions distinct, nacre white, almost porcellaneous, with bluish zones corresponding with the lines of growth; hinge strong, plate rather broad, cardinal teeth comparatively large, the right strongly curved, emarginate at the free edge, its posterior part thick, slightly to deeply grooved; the inferior in the left valve short, curved, the superior shorter to longer than the inferior, moderately posterior, oblique, little curved; lateral teeth strong, those of the left valve with very high pointed cusps, ligament rather large, covered. Size: long. 15, alt. 11.5, diam. 9.5 mill. Long. 14, alt. 11.5, diam. 9 mill.
Habitat: Carp Lake, near Mackinaw City, Michigan, collected by Mr. Bryant Walker.
This is aremarkable Sphaerium. It stands near some large forms of stamineum, yet by its shape, large diameter and very large beaks, is different ; S. solidulum is more rounded in its outlines, less inflated, its beaks are smaller, and the sulcation is coarser. In its surface appearance, sulcation and color, our species resembles S. simile, but is much shorter, comparatively, its beaks are higher, the hinge mar- gin is more curved and the hinge very much stronger.
Spherium walkert n. sp. Mussel small, well inflated, almost equi- partite; beaks little anterior, rather broad, rounded, not high, some- what projecting over the hinge margin; the latter rather short, little curved ; scutum and scutellum scarcely marked, with slight, project- ing rounded angles; inferior margin slightly curved; anterior end well rounded, passing into the inferior without any indication of an angle; posterior slightly truncated obliquely, passing into the inferior with a low: situated, rounded angle; surface with very fine, some-
142 THE NAUTILUS.
what irregular striation, also on top of the beaks, shining ; color yel- lowish to brownish horn; shell thin; translucent; muscle insertions slightly marked; hinge rather short, slightly curved, fine, plate nar- row ; the right cardinal tooth little curved or almost straight, thin ; the left inferior, short, slightly curved, the superior longer, rather posterior and curved down at the posterior end; lateral teeth fine, the outer ones in the right valve quite small, those in the left valve with short sharp cusps; ligament small.
Size: long. 5.3, alt. 4.5, diam. 3.4 mill. (largest specimen, long. 4.6, alt. 4, diam. 3.2 mill. and probably full grown.)
Habitat: Lake Michigan, off New York Point, in deep water, dredged by Mr. Bryant Walker, at 24 meters.
The present Spherium ranges under the group Corneola, with Sph. rhomboideum Say and occidentale Pr., but is quite distinct from both, not only by its small size ; from the former it is distinguished by its well-rounded anterior part, from the latter, by its broader, less prominent beaks and the oblique posterior end. It has some resem- blance, in shape, with some forms of Sph. corneum Lin. of Europe, but is very much smaller, its beaks are somewhat different and so is the surface appearance.
The specimens were first seen in November, 1894, and then re- garded as representing a new species, and named in honor of Mr. Bryant Walker, the indefatigable scientist and collector to whom we owe so much conchological knowledge.
A NEW PINNA FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY WM. He. DALI.
No species of the Pinnide has hitherto neen known from Cali- fornia, or reported from any point more northerly than the Gulf of California on the Pacific coast. It was therefore a surprise when I received from Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd a specimen taken alive by fish- ermen in 25 fathoms, San Pedro Bay. This is rather an excep- tional depth for a species of its solid and heavy character, the deep water Pinnidg usually belonging to the small, delicate and spinose forms, and the coarse imbricate species being more commonly found gregariously, at no great distance below low water mark, where their sharp edges have often been referred to as injurious to small boats landing in the shallow water. The present form belongs to the genus
CHE NAUTILUS. 145
Atrina, characterized by the absence of any slit in the umbonal part of the shell, such as is found in all the typical Pinnas.
Atrina oldroydii n. sp.
Shell solid, heavy, blackish-gray, subtriangular, rather inflated ; umbonal end slender (somewhat defective in the specimen); hinge margin straight ; ventral margin contracted in front, convexly arcuate behind; posterior margin arched; exterior smooth, except for more or less concentric wrinkling on the ventral side and numerous rather fine imbricate elevated ridges (about 38) radiating from near the umbo on the dorsal and middle portions of the valve, not extending to the ventral surface and obsolete over the distal fourth of the valve ; the scales or spines are worn off, but appear to have been numerous and small; interior of a livid dark olive gray, with a lurid iridescence over the visceral area, the ventral edge of which extends in a zigzag line almost directly anterior from the ventral edge of the rather small adductor sear, leaving more than a third of the ventral surface of the inside of the valve exterior to the visceral area. Length of ventral margin 238 ; of dorsal margin 175; of the distal margin 156; maximum diameter of the valves 63 mm. J.ength of the visceral area from the umbo 172 mm. ‘The byssus is quite small and of a’ dark blackish-brown color.
The form of the visceral area, which in these shells is generally regarded as a pretty constant character, is entirely different from that of any of the other described Pacific coast species. In the form which, as described, comes nearest to A. oldroydii (A. tuberculosa), has the posterior margin of the visceral area forming a straight line from the dorsal nearly to the ventral margin of the valves.
The present species appears to be an analogue of our Atlantic coast A. serrata Sowerby, but as regards the exterior characters prob- ably submits to a variation which only the study of a larger number of specimens wil! enable us to determine.
Though not a particularly handsome shell, this is one of the most notable among the many additions made to the mollusk fauna of Cal- ifornia in recent years.
ALASMODONTA MARGINATA, SAY, AND A. TRUNCATA, WRIGHT. —In his “ Synopsis of the Naiades,”’ Mr. Simpson says the former is from ‘‘ Lower St. Lawrence, southward in streams draining into the
144 THE NAUTILUS.
Atlantic to South Carolina;” the latter, ‘‘ Upper Mississippi drain- age, Ohio, Cumberland and Tennessee systems; Michigan, Upper St. Lawrence drainage.”’
In his description (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., I., p. 459) Mr. Say gives the Scioto river as the locality of the types of ‘‘Alasmodonta marginata,”’ and states that the types are in the Academy collection. There is one good specimen in the collection of the Academy, of the truncata species, labeled A. marginata, Say, from the Scioto river. Mr. Say must have been familiar with the eastern form. Did he decide to change the name of the western truncate form to “ trun- cata’’ and let ‘‘ marginata”’ cover the eastern form? Probably no one living can answer this question, but we can imagine it answered in the affirmative, and label the Atlantic slope shell ‘‘ marginata, Say,” and the Ohio shell ‘ truncata, Wright,
39
in accord with Mr. Simpson’s magnificent synopsis CHARLES LERoy WHEELER.
GENERAL NOTES.
TRIVIA. PAUCILIRATA Sowb.—Some months ago, upon looking
?
which have been for many years in my collection, unidentified and collector unknown,
over some small shells labeled “ Sarasota Bay,’
I noticed a very small 7rivia which seemed to correspond to Sower- by’s description of 7. paucilirata, a well-marked species. Upon sending it to Mr. Melvill, he has confirmed my opinion and pro- nounces it an undoubted representative of that species, the habitat of which seems to have been hitherto unknown, at least so far as the monographs would indicate.—F rep L. Burron.
EpipHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS (GRAY) IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA. —During a short yachting cruise south, on San Francisco Bay, we anchored during the night of Feb. 16, 1901, at Point San Mateo, San Mateo Co. As it rained quite heavily during the night I an- ticipated that snails would be out in foree on the heavily wooded slope of the point, so-landed for a hunt inthe morning. I saw under the eucalyptus and pine trees hundreds of specimens of Hpiphrag- mophora arrosa Gld., Epiphragmophora californiensis nickliniana Lea, and Otrcinaria vancouverensis Lea, of which I secured numerous fine specimens. I also found, to my great surprise, two fine speci- mens of Hpiphragmophora fidelis Gray, hitherto recorded as being found from Humboldt and Shasta Cos., Cal. to Vancouver Island.— Epwarp W. GIFFORD.
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA
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