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INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES. American Marine Conchology, Dates of publication . . 108 Amnicola deserta Pils., n. sp... ; ; ; pee a Amnicola neomexicana Pils., n. sp. ; ; Dam | Anodonta danielsi Lea in Colorado . } . 116 Anodonta imbecillis Say . ; ; “4, (0 Ariolimax columbianus, an edible slug : 143 Ashmunella danielsi Pils. & Ferriss, n. sp. (PI. II, fig. ee ie: 34 Ashmunella danielsi dispar Pils. & Ferriss, n. subsp. eee 2) : é : 8d Aye Ashmunella Macaoligaaneis Pils. : 29, 42 Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss (Pl. TI, f, 8) \ . 16, 42 Ashmunella proxima Pils. : 30 Ashmunella tetrodon Pils. & Ferriss, Tn. sp. (Pl. ui figs. Ay 2. 15 Ashmunella tetrodon inermis Pils. & Ferriss, n. subsp. (Fit, fig. 7) ; sf) hy a ee aancls tetrodon mutator Pils. & Ferriss, n. subsp. (Pl. I, figs. 3-6) PVN) umn | Bifidaria (Bensonella) landurensis Pils. 44. A. SP. } 73 Bifidaria minuta Sterki, n. sp. - 105 Bifidaria plicidens Bens. : ; ; a: Blanfordia bensoni A. Ads... : ; sade ee Blanfordia japonica A. Ads. . ; ; iil Blanfordia nosophora Robson . : : ; seal al Blanfordia simplex Pils. : ayy 2: Caecilianopsis . ‘ ; 7 i : ae Caecilioides, notes on ; itd Callocardia (Agriodesma) felipponei ‘Dall, n. p. ; . 118 Campeloma lewisii Walker in Illinois ; . 36 Cokeria southalli Marshall ; ; ; . 133 Conchological Museum for Japan . ) . 108 Cypraea, new Australian . : : : . 144 ( ili ) iv THE NAUTILUS. Dail banquet . Epiphragmophora ellipsostoma Pils. (Pl. I, fig. 6). Epiphragmophora zechae Pils., n. sp. sh i) Euconulus sterkii Dall in Florida Euglandina, appetite of EKupera, habits of Eupera singleyi in Louisiana Eurynia (Micromya) constricta (Conrad) Kurynia (Micromya) nebulosa (Conrad) . EKurynia (Micromya) perpurpurea (Lea) . Eurynia (Micromya) vanuxemensis (Lea) Ferriss banquet : ; ? Floridian land shells Fusinus centrifugus Dall, n. sp. Fusinus colpoicus Dall, n. sp. Fusinus, notes on the West American species of Fusinus orcutti Dall, n. sp. : : Fusinus porticus Dall, Nn. sp. Fusinus traski Dall, n. n. for F. rugosus Trask Fusinus monksae Dall, n. n. for F. robustus Trask . Glycymeris diaphorus Dall, n. sp. Harmandia Rochebr. : Helices of Lower California and Sinaloa Helix canescens Adams & Reeve Helix digueti J. Mabilla . Helix hortensis near Edgartown, Martha’s s Vineyard. Helix hortensis on Nantucket . Helix indigena J. Mabille Helix invecta J. Mabille . Helix lohrii Gabb Helix pisana Mill. in California Helix steganella J. Mabille Hemilastena ambigua Say Ilyanassa obsoleta, migration of Japanese species of Blanfordia . Karolus primus De Folin Katayama nosophora Robson . Lasmigona subviridis Conrad Lasmigona viridis Raf. ; Limax flavus L. in California . Limax maximus L. in California Litorina litorea and L. rudis, migration of Littorina littorea a fish Ly mnea (Pseudosuccinea) columella i in Oregon. Lymnaeids, on the classification of . Mactrella clissia Dall, n. sp. THE NAUTILUS. ¥ Mactrella (Harvella) elegans Sowb. . , : : . 62 Mactrella, notes on American species of . i : iy > | Margaritana margaritana . : ; ; } : a Margaritana monodonta . ‘ ‘ 3 : : Sing Marginella californica Tomlin . . : d f . 138 Marginella varia Sowerby : ‘ . 138 Michigan, mollusca from Berrien county — i ‘ Hie. Micrarionta veatchii : ; : heh ane. Microceramus perconicus anafensis Henderson . ; ate Mollusca of Anaheim Bay, California i : . 129 Montana Mollusca . : ‘ ; . 124, 144 Museum Boltenianum, an index to the 27 Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard, notes on collecting - 109 Najades, studies in . : ; ! ; ; : iGo New England, fauna of . : : ; : . 120 New Mexican Expedition of 1914 ’ : : 13, 29, 41 Ohio, mollusca of Geneva ‘ a2t Oklahoma, the Gastropoda of Payne county : 34 oe Oliva bulbosa var. immaculata Vanatta n. n. ‘ 7) 76S Oliva ispidula var. algida Vanatta n. var. : APtEL Oliva ispidula var. gratiosa Vanattan. var. . ; ey Oliva peruviana var. subcastanea Vanatta n. var. . MO Oliva peruviana var. vadi Vanatta n. var. : . . 132 Oliva, notes on ; , Jon Gis ted Olivella biplicata var. lapillus Vanatta n. var. . rea Olivella blanesi var. albata Vanatta n. var. , y werk Ontario, mollusca of Georgian Bay . . . 182 Oreohelix barbata Pils. : ; : F Se0 Oreohelix cooperi berryi Pils., n. subsp. . . 48 Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. : ‘ : . 142 Oreohelix haydeni utahensis Hemphill : : . 189 Oreohelix strigosa magnicornu Pilsbry . : . 141 Oysters of Oyster Run, Durham, N. H. . ; ; yee, Paludestrina salsa in New Jersey. : c : aD Philomycus ohioensis Sterki MS : : . 122 Pleistocone mollusks from I[llinois_ . : ; Sy Oe Pleurobema cor Simp. . ; ‘ ~iiG Pleurobema lewisii Lea . ; ‘ : : F . 114 Polygyra albolabris, edible F : : ; . 148 Publications received M ! : 24, 59, 106, 120, 132 Quadrula heros Say : : ‘ E ae Reversed or sinistral shells R : . 128 Shells of Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie. : ; .\ 48 Sierra de Cubitas, Camaguey, Cuba . : ie Sinistral shells : ; : . 128 Solenopsidae = Solenomorphid i . St vi THE NAUTILUS. Somatogyrus amnicoloides Walker, n. sp. (Fig. 3) 39, 52 Somatogyrus, apical characters in . 37, 49 Somatogyrus crassilabris Walker, n. sp. (Fig. 4) 40, 53 Somatogyrus wheeleri Walker, n. sp. (Figs. 1, ve ie Sonorella lioderma Pils. (PI. I, ‘ae 16, 98 Sonorella lohrii Gabb (PI. II, f. 8) . 16, 98 Sonorella merrilli Bartsch . 100 Sonorella peninsularis Pils. (PI. ti, f. 4) 16, 100 Sonorella ultima Pils. (Pl. I, f. 5) : 16, 101 South Dakota, Mollusca of 79, 90 Stain for Radule . WOE Tethys (Neaphysia) californica (Cooper) . . 84 Unio cor Conrad, observations on 102, 114 Unio crapulus Lea . aie Unio lewisii Lea . 114 Unio viridis Raf. 57, 74 Unionide, some exceptional cases of breeding among the. 4 Urocoptis cyclostoma anafensis Henderson A Uruguay, two new bivalve shells from » LZ Vallonia costata montana Sterki . 126 Venezuela shells 82 Vitrea carolinensis Ckll : 27 Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp, n. sp. (Fig. 1) 25 Vitrea indentata Say 27 Viviparus malleatus Reeve in Maseachusetts 30: THE NAUTILUS. vii INDEX TO AUTHORS. Allen, John A. : : y : ; . LG, 146 Baker, Frank C. . : : ; 20, 36, 47, 87, 144 Batchelder, C. H. . 4 : : 28, 43 Berry, 8.8. . , : ' ; .; . 124, 144 Chace, E. P. . . ' : ‘ ; 72, 129 Clapp, Geo. H. ‘ : ) . 26 Cockerell, T. D. A. . : ‘ , : 3h oe Dall, Wm. H. ‘ A : 56, 61, 112 Ellis, Max M. . f ‘ ; A A BUG Ferriss, Jas. H. : A { é 18, 29, 41 Frierson, L. S. é : ‘ ARAM T '82, 102 Greger, Darling K. . ; ; h E 88 Henderson, John B. , A : ; : 17, 135 Howard, Arthur D. : cine : ; 4 Johnson, C. W. , 1 ! : ; 35, 59, 83, 108 Latchford, F. R. . : , ‘ i , , » 96 Long, Bayard . : ; . 85 Marshall, William B. : : : . 1383 Oldroyd, Ida §S. : ; ; : ; : ; 5) LOT Ortmann, Arnold . : ; : : é ° 30, OS Over, W. H.. wiih! Oy OO Pilsbry, ae ae 13, 29, 41, 48, (EE 97, 104, 106, pa ee ob 139 Sampson, F. A. 128 Sterki, V. é ; : d ; 105, 121 Tomlin, 1. be B., : h : : : 138 Vanatta, EK. G. ; : : : 3 KOR 67, 82, 95, 143 Walker, Bryant. : é ; : 87, 49, 74, 82, 114 Warren, Shields ae i | Winkley, H.W... : ‘ : d : : . 109 Chae NURPRE DL VIN be Utes hey Nad Wei wey 7b F eu 5° a Mb ; eve ‘ 7 s © \UIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY. OF LLmOIs > a 4 ? — Ps + wy 4 Fey - a af Se bes OVbae a on a ~~ y Uj 4 y y WILLIAM HEALEY DALL 1915 THE NAUTILUS. Vou. XXIX. MAY, 1915. No. 1 THE JAPANESE SPECIES OF BLANFORDIA. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. I have recently received a series of Blanfordias, representing a new species, from Prof. Seitaro Goto of the Zoological Insti- tute of the Science College, Imperial University of Tokyo. Professor Goto writes as follows: ‘‘I am interested in these snails as the intermediate hosts of the Japanese blood fluke, whose life-history a former student of mine has succeeded in making out. He has already published a short preliminary paper on the subject and I hope that he may be able to quote your authority in his full paper in regard to the specific identity of the snails. The locality of these specimens is Sakai, Saga Prefecture (Kyushu).’’ BLANFORDIA NOSOPHORA (Robson). The shell is perforate, turrited, solid, of a russet color, the worn summit pink or dark vinaceous. The surface is glossy, faintly marked with growth-strie. The early whorls are want- ing in the adult stage, 5 to 7 whorls remaining. These are strongly convex, united by a deep suture. The last whorl swells out to form a rounded ridge or varix behind the peris- tome. The aperture is vertical, ovate, somewhat diagonal; deep within it is of a vinaceous color, then yellowish in a band under the varix, finally olive at the edge of the lip. The per- istome expands and is narrowly recurved at the edge, and a transparent callus connects the outer and inner margins. y, THE NAUTILUS. Length 7.2, greatest diam. 3 mm. (old specimen, 54 whorls remaining ). Length 8.2, greatest diam. 3 mm. (less eroded specimen, 74 whorls remaining). Length 6.6, greatest diam. 2.6 mm. (younger specimen, 64 whorls remaining). This species is related to Blanfordia japonica A. Adams, of Sado Island, both having a well-developed varix behind the lip; but the Sado shell has a higher varix, and a much more rapidly tapering spire, the later whorls much wider. A speci- men of B. japonica 7.8 mm. long is 4.8 mm. in greatest diam- eter. It is usually larger, about 8 mm. long, after having lost a whorl or two at the tip in the adult stage. Blanfordia is probably distributed over the whole of the main island of Japan, Sado, Kyushu and southern Yesso. The fol- lowing species are known to me by many specimens of all of them sent by Mr. Y. Hirase and also from other sources: a. Outer lip of the shell strengthened by a rounded varix. b. Shell slender, slowly tapering, the greatest diam- eter less than half the length. B. nosophora (Robson) Kyushu. bb. Shell stout, conic, the greatest diameter more than half the length. JB. japonica (A. Ad., 1861) Sado. aa. Outer lip of shell without any external varix. 6. Larger, the length 80r9mm. _ B. bensoni (A. Ad., 1861) Hokkaido. bb. Smaller, the length6to6.5mm. _ B. simplex Pils., 1902, Uzen, etc. I have a smaller form than B. simplex, with the apex perfect, from Izumo and Omi, but as there are very few specimens, I do not feel sure that it is distinct from B. simplex; especially since a snail which seems to be not specifically distinct from s¢mplex has been sent by Mr. Y. Hirase from Kajima, Satsuma (his no. 406). Erosion of the early whorls in fresh-water gastropods seems to be consequent upon extensive parasitization of the liver. It may be that on breaking down of the peripheral (terminal) cells THE NAUTILUS. 3 by the Distomata, etc., shell-material is deposited there, and the filled-up distal end of the shell becomes dead and liable to abrasion by mechanical, chemical or organic external agencies. Blanfordia has been associated with the Truncatellide by Fischer and Tryon. The first one I saw was referred to the genus Pomatiopsis (Amnicolidx), on account of the dentition, which I described in Navtitus for May, 1900, p. 12. Two years later I recognized that my species was a Blanfordia (cf. Proc. A. N. 8. Phila., 1902, pp. 26, 27); and I retained the Figs. 1, la, BLANFORDIA JAPONICA. 2, 2a, B. NOSOPHORA. 3, 3a, B. SIMPLEX. 4. B. BENSONI. genus distinct from Pomatiopsis because of small differences in the animal as described by Dr. Arthur Adams. The dentition is, however, that of Pomatiopsis, which is rather characteristic from the small number of denticles on the two outer teeth— nearly all other Amnicolid@ having very numerous denticles on these teeth. My removal of Blanfordia from the Truncatellide and its approximation to Pomatiopsis was, I believe, justified. The type of Blanfordia is B. japonica. If the genus be thought identical with Pomatiopsis, the name may be retained for the varicose species, in a subgeneric sense. P. S.—Since the above was written, I have received (April 16) a paper ‘‘ Observations on the Spread of Asiatic Schisto- somatosis,’’ by Dr. R. T. Leiper and Surgeon E. K. Atkinson, 4 THE NAUTILUS. R. N., in the British Medical Journal, Jan. 30, 1915, dealing with Schistosoma, and having as an appendix a note by Mr. G. C. Robson describing the mollusk which serves as host for its cercarie. This mollusk is called Katayama nosophora n. g. et sp. It is undoubtedly identical with the form sent me by Professor Goto, and described above. As I have already had the figures for my article engraved, I allow it to stand as writ- ten, merely substituting Mr. Robson’s specific name for my own. It may be useful to point out that the mollusk in question belongs to the long-known genus Blanfordia, and that the new genus Katayama is therefore superfluous. Mr. Rob- son was naturally misled by the wrong position assigned Blan- fordia by the older authorities. SOME EXCEPTIONAL CASES OF BREEDING AMONG THE UNIONIDZ:! BY ARTHUR D. HOWARD. In collecting material for the study of a somewhat peculiar case of breeding among the Unionida, I have incidentally come upon some other instances, which I believe have not been re- ported. In 1912 I undertook to work out for the United States Bureau of Fisheries, methods of propagation of the Washboard mussel, Quadrula heros Say, with other species of Quadrula. This species was somewhat uncommon in the vicinity of the laboratory where I was stationed, so that there was a question as to a supply of material. One day I noticed a boatload of shells containing an unusual number of Q. heros with many young shells. Enquiring of the owner the source of these, I learned they had come from Moline, II]., some 25 miles above. I subsequently visited the place, finding it accessible and the species sufficiently abundant to furnish considerable data on breeding as well as material for experiments in propagation. While collecting the Washboard mussel at this point I ob- tained evidence of peculiarities in the breeding of three other Unionide which, although they may not be of immediate im- 1 Contribution from United States Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. Pub- lished by permission of Commissioner of Fisheries. THE NAUTILUS. 5 portance to the commercial shell buyer, are of undoubted inter- est to the conchologist. These forms are Vargaritana monodonta Say, Hemilastena ambigua Say, and Anodonta imbecillis Say. Quadrula heros proved to be for this locality a fall breeder, thus an exception to the summer breeding habit of other known Quadrulas. Although the time of breeding is different, the evi- dence obtained pointed to no change as to tachytictic or short breeding habit characteristic of the Quadrula group. October seemed to be the principal breeding season, as an abundance of gravid mussels was then obtainable. In November, among many specimens examined, no gravid individuals could be found. I have been interested to learn of cases of breeding during later months. These come from localities further south,’ and apparently are explainable on the basis of climate. There is, however, the possibility of two breeding times in one season, as has been claimed for some other short-period breeders, for example, Margaritana margaritifera. I did obtain one breeding in May from many examined, and a similar case is reported by Lefevre and Curtis, who questioned the correctness of placing this form among winter breeders. These cases seem, however, to be very rare and quite exceptional. There is a difference here, worthy of note I believe, in that the time of retention of glochidia in Q. heros is relatively short as compared with other winter breeders. I have given other observations upon this mussel and a discussion of the literature in another paper,’ so need not cite them here. With the collections of Q. heros, Margaritana monodonta seemed fairly abundant, so that I saw an opportunity to in- vestigate the breeding of this species. Certain indications pointed to an early spring breeding season, and in one expedi- tion in search of it on March 10th, by reason of the collapse of the ice, I came nearer to its place of abode than I cared to be. 1Mr. U. T. Utterbach reports gravid heros for January and February, and I desire here to acknowledge his kindness in submitting to me material and notes. For other observations see Howard, A. D., 1914, ‘‘ Experiments in Propagation of Fresh-water Mussels of the Quadrula Group.’’ Appendix to the report of the U. S. Commissioner on Fisheries for 1913, pp. 1-52, 6 pls. * Howard, A. D., 1914, op. cit., pp. 28, 29. 6 - THE NAUTILUS. On May 2nd I succeeded in securing a gravid specimen with eggs and glochidia. All four gills were gravid, the inner con- taining many more than the outer. Upon removing the mussel from the water I at once placed a portion of the inner and outer gills in preserving fluid. Even with this precaution, the initia- tion of abortion was evident. The remainder of the mussel, shell and soft parts, I wrapped in cloth, not having a container large enough to fix at once. Upon arrival at the home station I found that complete abortion of the contents of the marsupia had taken place. Glochidia were present, somewhat immature, but Dnapping, with a number of eggs presumably unfertilized. The glochidia are sub-circular in form, 7. ¢., circular except for the rather short straight hinge line. Harms (1907-1909) figuring the glochidia of M. margaritifera presents them somewhat pointed and toothed. I can make out neither of these characters in M. monodonta. The dimensions are: Height 0.055-0.065 mm., length 0.055-0.0065 mm., thus being a little larger than those reported for M. margaritifera and among the smallest of glo- chidia. As the ovaries are well distended with eggs near maturity I think there is no doubt that at least two broods are produced in a season, as reported (Conner, Harms and Ort- mann) * for WZ. margaritifera. I observed segmentation of ovarian eggs in this species ina specimen which had been cut open and exposed to river water. No data to my knowledge has been obtained relative to the hosts for this species. : Hemilastena ambigua :—Nets placed near the mussel bed, for the purpose of determining the host fishes of Q. heros yielded some material that presented quite another problem. With the fishes caught were a number of mud puppies, Necturus maculosus, Rafinesque. From a total of fifteen caught twelve or 80 per cent were infected with glochidia of mussels. Upon attempting to identify these a few were found to be Q. heros not imbedded, nor becoming so, after an attachment for a known period of twenty-four hours and more. Evidently they were merely ac- 1See Ortmann, 1914. Annals Carnegie Museum, vol. 8, no. 2, 1912, p. 232. THE NAUTILUS. 7 cidental infections upon an inappropriate host. The great majority of infections were by a glochidium unknown to me. They were deeply imbedded in the external gills of the Necturus and by keeping the animals alive all winter I succeeded in car- rying the young mussels through to the juvenile stage, these being shed the last week in May, soon after which I obtained the young mussels. The parasitic period is a long one from the date the infected salamanders were captured, October 17th to the last of May, being over 7 months. By this test the appro- priateness of the host was satisfactorily demonstrated. These glochidia were different from any in our station collec- tion of which we supposedly had a complete faunal set with one or two exceptions which I knew did not answer the case in question. I looked up all the known Najades which might have a range to the Mississippi River in Eastern Iowa and found that one species was given which we did not have. This was Hemilastena ambigua, Say or Unio hildrethianus, Lea. An in- quiry at the Academy of Sciences, Davenport, Ia., disclosed the fact that there was one record of collection for Davenport.’ Lea? figures the glochidium of this species but it is so small and so like that of other species that without dimensions a cer- tain identification could not be made from it. As the likeli- hood of finding material in some collection seemed slight I de- cided to look for gravid mussels and make a direct comparison. From the literature and such information as could be gathered from experienced collectors, this rare species has the peculiar habit of living under flat stones. This seemed to present a difficulty in collection, for the water was deep at the point where the Necturus had been taken. I had dredged here considerably but no example of this species were in the hauls. Their habitat would seem to account for this failure to secure them as an or- dinary boat dredge would be likely to miss them protected as they are by the stone above. The best chance for success seemed to be to locate them in some small stream. In Mr. F. 'T am indebted to the Davenport Academy of Sciences for their assistance in this matter and especially to Mr. Paarmann and Miss S. F. Sheldon who kindly looked up the specimen and records. 7 Lea, Isaac, Observations on the Genus Unio, vol. vi, p. 49, pl. 5, fig. 31. 8 THE NAUTILUS. C. Baker’s ‘‘ Mollusca of the Chicago Area,’’ he cites the collec- tion of this species under such conditions. By correspondence with Mr. Baker I learned the names of the collectors’ who kindly gave me directions for locating the species which they had taken many years previous. The first five specimens I found were not gravid ; so that I feared it was too early or too late. Upon examination with a microscope all proved to be males. Returning to the stream again I found 9 gravid mus- sels out of a total of 17. The first of these contained glochidia which corresponded exactly with the glochidia found on Nec- turus in the Mississippi, thus giving me the link I desired to make out the life history. The glochidia are clear white in color, of the triangular type with well-developed hooks, contrary to the description given by Lea, who however suggested the possibility of hooks in more mature specimens. The dimensions are as follows: Height 0.265 to 0.274 mm., length 0.247 to 0.555 mm. All of the adult individuals were found under flat stones of the flag-stone type characteristic of the limestone in the region. Beneath a single rock I found four. While exploring the under surface of these I felt and seized a wriggling animal which proved to be a mud-puppy, demonstrating the manner in which Necturus becomes inoculated. Glochidia shed by the mussels in such a location would not have a rapid dispersal by currents so that the Necturus commonly seeking such a shelter would run the chance of a heavy infection. The finding of a mussel parasitic upon a salamander as the appropriate host in- stead of a fish is the first instance I have known recorded among American mussels. Faussek? in St. Petersburg experimented with Amphibia artificially infected with glochidia of Anodontas. He reported successful infection upon Axzolotl and Proteus. Anodonta imbecillis :—While endeavoring to identify the gloc- 1T wish here to acknowledge the kindly assistance and courtesies extended to me by the following gentlemen: Mr. F. C. Baker, Chicago Academy of Sciences; Messrs. J. B. Brown, J. H. Ferriss, J. H. Handwerk and Dr. Alfred Houston, of Joliet, Ill., and Mr. Bryant Walker, of Detroit. *Faussek, 1901. Ueber den parasitismus der Anodonta-Larven. Verhand- lungen des V. Internationalen Zoologishen-Congresses (Berlin), pp. 761-766. THE NAUTILUS. 9 hidia which have been described above as parasitic upon Nec- turus I observed a similarity to the glochidia of Anodonta imbecil- lis, Say. A minute comparison showed differences however and I made an effort to determine if the differences might come within the range of normal variation. To do this I secured as many gravid examples of A. imbecillis as I could from the place where the Necturus were captured. In a measurement of glochidia from 16 individuals I found that only the very lowest point of variation in A. imbecillis corresponded with the larger of the unknown. It was quite obvious they could not be the same species. While making this examination which yielded negative results to my original search I noted a peculiarity which proved quite a diversion. In measuring the glochidia I came upon in- dividuals which had advanced far beyond the larval stage, hav- ing in fact reached a point of development equal to that to be seen in most Unionidae after metamorphosis parasitically upon fishes. The young mussels, mostly of the same stage, lie crowded in the marsupial gill of the parent without apparently any matrix or conglutinate structure whatever. In this respect we havea condition quite different from that reported by Lefevre and Curtis’ for the non-parasitic development of Strophitus edentulus (Say), in which there is a matrix sub-divided into the so-called cords. Among the six lots of marsupial juveniles that I collected the degree of development varied slightly as to amount of shell growth, otherwise there seemed to be little difference. This growth consists of a narrow rim only, around the edge of the glochidial shell. The hooks of the glochidium are still much in evidence, but are much weaker than in parasitic forms. A noticeable feature is the large proportion of gaping shells as compared with a similar lot of glochidia. It would seem that with the loss of the powerful single adductor muscle the action of closing is less vigorous. Between the gaping valves can be seen the ciliated foot, two adductor muscles, the mantle, on each side, the gill papille, etc. 1Lefevre and Curtis. Bull. of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxx, 1910 (issued 1912). 10 THE NAUTILUS. Observations upon the seasons of breeding reveal further pecu- liarities. Among lots examined in May and November were found individuals carrying in the marsupial gills embryos rep- resenting all stages of development except unsegmented eggs. The following counts from two collections will illustrate this : Stage of Gravidity. . 6 1 sha Locality. Date. g p es = ; tS las ie WwW IOR|e Moline: TU Se ee November 7) 100g 5 oN ee 7| 3] 7| 6i22 Mareoort La 650 o ol are lee May by BOTs i. alae ster 2} 1) 5) 614 This lack of uniformity in the late fall and early spring counts, it will be seen, does not correspond with the usual con- ditions to be found in the bradytictic or winter breeders. In the absence of parasitism this species must lose the usual method of distribution through the migrations of the host fish. What seems to be a compensatory provision for this loss is to be seen in the peculiar light and flattened type of shell of the juvenile, which subjects it to ready transference by water cur- rents. I have described in another paper’ with fuller discus- sion the finding of this species in artificial ponds and reservoirs, whither, in the loss of the parasitic habit, they had been carried doubtless by the water supply. To summarize: 1. Quadrula heros as compared with other Quadrulas and members of the Crenodonta group shows a postponement of breeding time from summer to autumn and winter. 2. Margaritana monodonta possesses exceptionally small glo- chidia, and there is evidence of at least two broods in a season. 1 Howard, A. D., 1914. A Second Case of Metamorphosis without Para- sitism in the Unionide. Science N. S., vol. xi, no. 1027, pp. 353-355, Sept. 4, 1914. THE NAUTILUS. jl 3. Hemilastena ambigua is parasitic in nature upon the am- phibian, Necturus maculosus, which in the cases observed be- came inoculated in the fall, the young mussels being released the last of May. 4. Anodonta imbecillis develops without parasitism and gives evidence of broad limits in the range of the breeding season. THE DALL BANQUET. A banquet to Dr. William Healey Dall, commemorating the completion of fifty years of service to science, was given by his friends at the Cosmos Club, Washington, on the evening of April 21. Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- tution, was to preside, but in his absence, due to the death of his father-in-law, Dr. Robert S. Woodward, President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, took the part of toastmaster with wit and grace. The Toasts : Dall the Alaska Pioneer—Dr. Alfred H. Brooks. Dall the Anthropologist—Prof. Wm. H. Holmes. Dall the Coast Pilot—Mr. Isaac Winston. Dall the Malacologist—Dr. Henry A Pilsbry. Dall the Paleontologist—Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan. Dall the Zoologist— Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Dall the Nomenclatorist—Dr. Ch. Wardell Stiles. Dall the Poet—Justice Wendell P. Stafford. Dall the Man—General A. W. Greely. Dr. Dall’s response. Letters from ahsent friends of Dr. Dall were read by Dr. Whitman Cross, Dr. Frederick A. Lucas, Mr. W. E. Safford and Mr. Paul Brockett. The speakers were in friendly rivalry to claim Dall for their own special branches of science. Among- paleontologists he is acknowledged the great leader in all relating to cenozoic faunas. His ‘‘ Tertiary Fauna of Florida’”’ is a classic of American paleontology. For years he has been the foremost authority on zoological nomenclature in America. Malacologists almost forget that Dall’s work on recent mollusks is only one ‘phase of his many-sided scientific activity, since that alone seems so large an 12 THE NAUTILUS. achievement for one man. We study his works on deep-sea mollusks, on the rich Alaskan and West Coast faunas, the memoirs on land and fresh-water shells of Alaska, of Lower California, the Galapagos, the Mexican boundary, and hundreds of others, and each has the lucidity and easy command of the subject of a specialist in these several departments of con- chology. As an anthropologist, Dall is the author of several important papers, and the editor of standard books. As a geographer and hydrographer, the author of the Alaskan Coast Pilot, his works are in daily practical use. A portrait of Dr. Dall formed the frontispiece of the beautiful and epigrammatic banquet card. The arrangements of the committee, of which Dr. Paul Bartsch was chairman, were per- fect at every point. It was an occasion of delightful goodfel- lowship. Participants.—Charles G. Abbott, Vernon Bailey, Frank Baker, Job Barnard, Paul Bartsch, L. A. Bauer, Alexander Graham Bell, Marcus Benjamin, Paul Brockett, Alfred H. Brooks, H. P. Buehler, J. McKeen Cattell, Robert H. Chap- man, George H. Clapp, Frank W. Clarke, John M. Clarke, C. Wythe Cooke, F. V. Coville, W. T. Councilman. J. C. Craw- ford, Whitman Cross, Charles Whitney Dall, Charles A. Davis, Henry E. Davis, F. W. De Wolf, J. S. Diller, Edward A. Fay, James H. Ferriss, J. W. Fewkes, James M. Flint, Herbert A. Gill, Charles C. Glover, A. W. Greely, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Arnold Hague, Oliver P. Hay, Otto Heidemann, John B. Henderson, H. W. Henshaw, Arthur Hollick, William H. Holmes, A. D. Hopkins, George F. Kay, William Bruce King, F. H. Knowlton, E. de K. Leffingwell, A. F. Lucas, Frederic A. Lucas, Marcus W. Lyon, Jr., Wendell C. Mansfield, C. L. Marlatt, Collins Marshall, J. Rush Marshall, William B. Mar- shall, George C. Martin, George C. Maynard, Edgar A. Mearns, C. Hart Merriam, George P. Merrill, Truman Michelson, J. D. Mitchell, Charles E. Munroe, E. W. Nelson, S. N. D. North, | William A. Noyes, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Sidney Paige, Theodore 8. Palmer, E. W. Parker, George H. Parker, Francis H. Parsons, Henry A. Pilsbry, Richard Rathbun, Charles W. Richardson, Charles W. Richmond, Robert Ridgway, Henry C. Rizer, Alfred G, Robinson, W. E. Safford, Waldo 8. Schmitt, K. A. Schwarz, T. W. Smillie, Erwin F. Smith, George Otis Smith, Hugh M. Smith, J. W. Spencer, Wendell P. Stafford, T. W. Stanton, Leonhard Stejneger, Ch. Wardell Stiles, O. H. Tittmann, A. C. True, E. O. Ulrich, T. Wayland Vaughan, David White, Harvey W. Wiley, Isaac Winston, Robert S. Woodward, Fred. E. Wright. WHE NAUTILUS. Vou. XXIX. JUNE, 1915. No. 2 THE NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914—ASHMUNELLA. BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS. Few shells have been collected in the Mogollon range, in the western part of Socorro County, New Mexico, prior to the re- connaissance made by one of us and Mr. L. E. Daniels. The only Ashmunella known from there was A. mogollonensis Pils., collected by Prof. E. O. Wooton in 1900. In the limited time spent there last summer only a few canyons on the southwestern slope were explored, so that this paper, and those on the other genera to follow, may be regarded as a mere sketch of the snail fauna, to be filled out by further field-work. The localities mentioned may be found on the Mogollon Quadrangle of the U. S. Geological Survey Topographic Map, a rough tracing of which is given in Fig. 1, with the positions of collecting stations indicated by their serial numbers. The affinities of the snails seem to be with the Chiricahuan fauna. The species of Ashmunella are different, but they have an unmistakable Chiricahuan appearance. This leads us to believe that they were evolved from the same ancestral species, which must have been in Pliocene times able to migrate over a great area now destitute of snails. The gorges in the canyons of the south-west side of the Mo- gollon mountains were so narrow that the talus ran down to the edges of the stream, well shaded by the cliffs and the trees. Conditions were much alike with the different colonies except 14 THE NAUTILUS. in the item of shade, and in Dry Creek it was but a stone’s throw from one colony to another for two or three miles. The small stone-fields with sufficient depth contained the most liy- ing examples, perhaps because these contained the shortest routes to the outside feeding grounds. Where the trees had MILES 3 4 2 5 6 Fig. 1. Tracing reduced one-half from U. 8, G. S. Topographic Map, Mogollon Quadrangle, edit. of June, 1912, showing locations of snail colonies, numbered 37 to 80. fallen and let in the sun dead shells were numerous. In one thickly inhabited slide, no living specimens remained. If one of the moulds or a mouse or a chipmunk family moves in, there is trouble in snaildom. Otherwise, with a well-drained rock pile, not too deep nor too shallow, a little leaf mould and THE NAUTILUS. 15 the shade of a gooseberry, an elderberry or a rose, there is snail happiness. Perhaps the small gnawers like some snails better for dinner than others, but it has not been proven. For weeks of collecting there may be no broken shells, but the next day, another range or canyon, dead and broken shells will be the rule. Very few broken Oreohelix were found in the summer of 1914, but in 1913 the same species of Oreohelix met with terri- ble slaughter from the gnawers; some colonies were entirely destroyed. A group of Sonorellas equipped with an offensive odor seem to be well protected. Of the thousands turned up in 1913 not more than half a dozen had been broken, and these were probably mistakes made by meat-eaters lacking in the knowledge of conchology. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON n. sp. Plate 1, figs. 1, 2. The shell is umbilicate, width of umbilicus contained nearly six times in the diameter of the shell; depressed, angular in front, the angle situated above the middle, and nearly or quite disappearing on the last third of the last whorl; spire and base convex; thin, cinnamon or cinnamon-brown above, fading on the base. The surface has a silky luster, and is very weakly marked with growth-lines; on the hase some excessively weak spiral lines may be seen under strong magnification. There are 54 convex, closely-coiled whorls, the last descending a little in front, having a deep, narrow constriction or gutter behind the peristome; behind this gutter it is rather swollen and distinctly striate. The umbilicus is cylindric within, and enlarges at the last whorl. The aperture is very oblique; peristome white or pinkish, reflexed throughout, with a recurved edge, the face rounded. Outer margin bears a long, very slightly retracted, flat-topped or slightly notched tooth. Basal margin is armed with two marginal teeth, the outer one slightly larger. These two teeth are somewhat compressed laterally, and are yoked together by a callus on the edge of the broad lip. The spaces between the three teeth are about equal. The transparent parietal callous bears an obliquely radial tooth, set rather far in, and in old examples having the inner end slightly curved towards the basal lip. The outer end often has a low callus outwardly and sometimes one running in. 16 THE NAUTILUS. Young shells form a quite thin lip-callus at resting stages, but these seem to be absorbed subsequently, as no opaque streaks are visible in the adult stage. Height 6.7, diam. 15 mm. Locality. —A mile or two above the box of Dry Creek Canyon, Station 70, south slope of the Mogollon Mts. (4 miles south of the Little Whitewater station) ; elevation from 6000 to 7500 feet. Also at various stations mentioned below, in the same canyon. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Norre.—Figures on plate I, and figs. 1-3 on plate II, are 14 natural size; figures 4—8 on plate II are natural size. Plate I. Fig. 1. Ashmunella tetrodon. Type and paratypes. Station 72. Fig. 2. Ashmunella tetrodon. Station 79. Figs. 3, 3a. Ashmunella tetrodon. Variety with small parietal tooth. Station 60. Fig. 4. Ashmunella tetrodon mutator. Station 60. Fig. 5. Ashmunella tetrodon mutator. Type and paratypes. Station 80. Fig. 6. Ashmunella tetrodon mutator. Station 67. Fig. 7. Ashmunella tetrodon inermis. Type and paratypes. Station 69. Plate II. Fig. 1. Ashmunella danielsi. Type and paratypes. Station 57. Fig. 2. Ashmunella danielsi dispar. Type and paratypes. Station 55. Fig. 3. Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss. Fig. 4. Sonorella peninsularis Pils. Type. Lower California. Fig. 5. Sonorella ultima Pils. Type. Sinaloa. | Fig. 6. Epiphragmophora ellipsostoma Pils. Type. Lower California (?). Fig. 7. Sonorella lioderma Pils. Type. Lower California. Fig. 8. Sonorella lohrii (Gabb). Type. Lower California. (To be continued) THE NAUTILUS. 17 THE SIERRA DE CUBITAS, CAMAGUEY, CUBA. BY JOHN B. HENDERSON. Modern railway extension in Cuba has opened many new fields of exploration in that delightful island which were denied to the past generation of collectors. This is especially the case in the central provinces of Santa Clara and Camaguey. In northern Camaguey there is an east and west range of hills known as the Sierra de Cubitas which raise their limestone crests about six or seven hundred feet above the level plains of the province. Like all limestone elevations in Cuba these present a forested region of great variety and richness which in this in- stance contrasts strongly with the almost treeless prairies that surround them. | The first mollusk record from the Cubitas was made by Carlos de la Torre who gathered there a few shells some ten years ago. Stillman Berry traversed one of the passes of the range about two years ago and took a few specimens en route. These he gener- ously divided with me and at the first glance I then and there decided to take the very first opportunity to visit the region. All his shells were new. In December last, Mrs. A. C. Reed of Camaguey, an American who takes a great interest in Cuban land shells, spent a day collecting at the Loma de Borje, an outlaying isolated hill of the Cubitas system, and her catch was remarkable in the number of new operculates and long slender Microceramus belonging to quite a new group. Save for two species (Macroceramus henderson Torre and Microceramus longa Hend. ) none of the novelties obtained here have been published. In February last the looked-for opportunity arrived, and Charles T. Simpson, Carlos de la Torre and I proceeded to Camaguey, where we outfited for an assault upon the hills. Four days were spent in an almost frenzied siege upon the mol- lusks along a ten or twelve mile front, and I believe we have overlooked very little. We made little or no effort to collect the larger tree snails of wider distribution, but persisted in our search for the special things that are confined to this range. The two particular and striking elements are the development of a series of operculates that cannot very definitely be placed 18 THE NAUTILUS. in any genus unless in Dr. Dall’s Opisthosiphon, although even there they fit only by virtue of having a siphon back of the aperture, but otherwise do not resemble nor have much in common with the Ctenopomas that form the bulk of Dall’s genus; and secondly, the remarkable development of large Macroceramus of the M. hendersoni group and of long, slender Urocoptis-like Microceramus. Like the operculates these all appear to be new in species and groups. The absence of all Urocoptids (save the one U. camagueyana Torre) is striking. None of the other shells that do seem refer- able to published species are typical except the Pleurodonte and Inguus, which are widely distributed over the island, and signify but little in questions of local distribution. The strangeness of this mollusk group which appears to be removed from the Oriente and Trinidad groups gives rise to some perplexing queries in distribution. There seems to be a sort of vague line of connection with northern Santa Clara and diagon- ally south across the island and including the Isle of Pines. This is hinted at by a few species rather than proclaimed by the total. We have still much to learn about Cuban land shells. What we had anticipated would be a very hard trip turned out to be one of our easiest ones. The open, level country made travel in a volanta-like trap possible and the few natives living in this sparsely settled country are hospitable to the point of embarrassment. Weslept in our own hammocks and strangely enough our only discomfort was occasioned by the cold nights. We nearly froze to death. SHELLS OF PUT-IN-BAY ISLAND, LAKE ERIE. BY JOHN A. ALLEN. Put-in-Bay is a beautiful island in Lake Erie, nearly all cultivated with orchard and vineyard, but retaining some rocky forest. It is of limestone formation, contains caves, and at places is faced with cliffs, and in the wilder parts is adorned with brilliant flowers, scarlet Silene and blue Pentstemon . The island is about three miles from the Ohio shore, is about THE NAUTILUS, XXIXx, PLATE I. 1-3a. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON PILS. & FERR. 4-6. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON MUTATOR P. & F. 7. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON INERMIS P. & F. THE NAUTILUS, XXIX. PLATE II. 1. ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI PILS. & FERR. 2. ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI DISPAR P. & F. 3. ASHMUNELLA PILSBRYI FERRISS. 4-8. SONORELLA OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. THE NAUTILUS. 19 three and a half miles long and about one and a half miles across at the broadest place. It is divided into two unequal parts by an isthmus. Nearly the whole breadth of this isthmus is occu- pied by a pool, which until lately was bordered on one side by a little patch of woods. Here are found: Polygyra albolabris (Say), a reddish form characteristic of marshy woods on the Lake Hrie islands; Polygyra multilineata (Say); Polygyra monodon (Rack. ). Vallonia pulchella (Mull.); Vallonia excentrica Sterki; Vallonia parvula Sterki. Bifidaria armifera (Say); Bifidaria contracta (Say); Bifidaria pentodon (Say); Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki. Vitrea hammonis (Strom); Vitrea indentata (Say). Zonitoides arborea (Say); Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Agriolimax campestris (Binn. ) Succinea retusa Lea var. higgins: Bland. In 1914 a monument to Commodore Perry was set up at one corner of the pool, and incidentally this interesting shell station was ruined. It was doubtless the type locality of Succinea retusa higginst Bland. However, the same Succinea was found, though less copiously, beside a little bay west of the village. Still farther west a considerable piece of dry, rocky woods extends along the shore, and contains: Polygyra albolabris (Say), ordinary light-colored form; Poly- gyra zaleta (Binn.); Polygyra thyroidus (Say); Polygyra profunda (Say); Polygyra fraudulenta Pils.; Polygyra inflecta (Say). Philomycus carolinensis (Bose. ). Pyramidula solitaria (Say). Succinea ovalis Say ? (This Succinea, of which only fragmentary dead shells were seen, and also the two slugs enumerated, are given from memory. ) . Elsewhere on Put-in-Bay Island were found: Pyranidula cronkhitet anthony Pils. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Carychium exiguum (Say). While Pyramidula alternata (Say) is generally distributed. 20 THE NAUTILUS. A single shell of Lymnaea dalli (Baker) was found in a meadow just east of the isthmus, clinging like a land shell to the under side of a piece of wood. The pool of the isthmus has been ruined for shell life by the application of oil, and probably no fresh- water shells now inhabit any enclosed water on Put-in-Bay Island. Kelley’s Island, about five miles southeast of Put-in-Bay, was partially explored. It yielded: Polygyra albolabris (Say), ordinary light-colored form; Polygyra albolabris (Say), reddish form in marshy woods. Polygyra zaleta (Binn.); Polygyra thyroidus (Say); Polygyra pro- funda (Say); Polygyra fraudulenta Pils. ; Polygyra inflecta (Say); Polygyra multilineata (Say); Polygyra monodon (Rack. ). Vallonia pulchella (Mill. ). Bifidaria armifera (Say); Bifidaria contructa (Say); Bifidaria holzngeri Sterki. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Pyramidula solitaria (Say); Pyramidula alternata (Say). Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Succinea avara Say; Succinea retusa Lea. ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE LYMNZEIDE. BY FRANK C. BAKER. Recently several interesting contributions have appeared which contain valuable data bearing on the classification of the family Lymneide. These treat somewhat critically of the pre- vious classifications which have been attempted. Roszkowski’ presents a handsomely illustrated paper full of data on the structural and biological aspects of the Lymnzas of Lac Léman. This lake has already provided material for the pens of several distinguished malacologists; among them Forel and Brot. Roszkowski’s researches add greatly to what we already know concerning the deep-water and littoral fauna of this interesting lake. 1 Contribution a étude des Limnées du Lac Léman. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, xxii, No. 15, July, 1914, pages 457-539, plates 14-17. THE NAUTILUS. ya | In the first part of this paper (anatomical and systematic) the author describes the anatomy, radula and genitalia of Lymnexa stagnalis, Radix auricularia and ovata, and Galba palustris. It is apparent that there is great variability in the radula of many of the species of Lymneids. In the paper in question, auricularia is described and figured with both bicuspid and tricuspid lat- erals, the first lateral being invariably tricuspid. In the indi- viduals of the American form (introduced) which have been examined, the first lateral was always tricuspid, but the bal- ance were bicuspid or with a small entoconic swelling. Palustris in Roszkowski’s paper has both bicuspid and tricuspid laterals, while in the American form examined the laterals have in all cases been bicuspid. This is true also of reflexa, emarginata, catascopium and others of this group. As remarked elsewhere, the writer has not been able to observe a normal central tooth of Lymnea which was other than unicuspid, though several pathological examples have been seen in which there were one or more side cusps. Very high powers have been used and great care has been exercised in making examinations. In order to verify the form of teeth of American Lymnaeas published by the writer, several species, among them palustris, refiexa, mighelsi, danielsi, stagnalis, auricularia, obrussa, and col- umella, were reexamined, and no deviation from the published figures was observed. All of the lateral teeth of the palustris group were bicuspid. Stagnalis has a slight endoconic swelling which might be taken for a typical cusp. If the difference pointed out by Roszkowski for both stagnalis and palustris would prove stable there might be grounds for separating the European and American species, in which cases the latter species would become appressa Say and nuttalliana Lea. In auricularia the lat- eral teeth vary as shown by Roszkowski (plate 16, figs. 183-186) being, according to this author normally tricuspid though some- times with the first lateral tricuspid and the balance bicuspid, as figured by the present writer. Upon reexamination, the laterals of the Lincoln Park specimens were found to be as figured by the writer and by Roszkowski on plate 16 figure 183. Additional comparative studies are needed in which many individual radulae are observed to ascertain the amount of var- 22 THE NAUTILUS. iation and whether this variation increases with wear and age. Biometric studies upon hundreds of radulae would be of great service. A variable radula renders tooth formulas of little value as has been stated by Roszkowski. In the American species examined this variability has been of such small percentage as to : cause little or no difficulty in placing species in their appro- priate groups. The genitalia seem to provide characters of greater stability than do the radulae. The genitalia of the European and Amer- ican species agree in all essential details and it seems true that these organs offer characters sufficiently stable for the separation of groups of species as has already been done in the writer’s monograph of this family. Some years, ago the opinion was expressed in a letter to Roszkowski, that the short, pyriform receptaclum seminis without long canal which is found in ovata Drap and profunda Clessin would seem to provide.a character of group importance (see Roszkowski, plate 17, figs. 196-197). The length of the epiphallus allies these species with auricularia in the genus Radix. The writer hesitates to add another name to this already overburdened family, and simply suggests that this character may be found of value in a future classification should it occur in other species. This form of receptaculum seminis has not been observed in any American species of Lym- naea. Roszkowski’s paper is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the Lymnaeas and similar studies on other species (American as well as European) would greatly aid in providing reliable data for a satisfactory classification of this family. We wish that some American post-graduate student would elect such a theme for his doctorate dissertation. In a recent paper,’ Mr. Harold S. Colton publishes some valuable suggestions on the classification of the Lymneeids. While the writer would not for a moment claim that he has said the last word on the classification of this family, he does not believe that anything would be gained by a return to the old use of the name Lymnea. While the differences proposed for the separation of the names admitted to generic rank in the. 1 Navutitus XXVIII, pages 116-120, Feb., 1915. THE NAUTILUS. 23 writer’s monograph are slight, they have thus far proven reason- ably stable. In any classification it must be the sum-total of characters that provide diagnostic features of value, and even if these be small they are sufficient if they include certain groups to the exclusion of others. No single character, as the radula or the genitalia, will prove satisfactory. A case in point is Radix, in which the lateral teeth of the radula are now known to be either bi- or tricuspid. As the writer stated in his mono- graph diagnostic features must be based on the sum of the char- acters presented by the shell, radula, genitalia, or other organs. Colton says ‘‘ our present knowledge will not allow us to make a comprehensive classification of the Lymnaeids based on the anatomy of the snail.’’ This result cannot be attained by re- casting the data now available, but rather by the addition of new data on old species or on species now unknown anatomically. The writer can by no means agree with the statement made twice in this paper that generic names should not be added un- less based on undebatable grounds because of the inconvenience to the cataloger. If this criticism should be recognized we would revert to the use of many of the older names in the Pul- monata as well as in the Naiades. It is recognized, of course, that generic subdivision can be overdone, but in the advance- ment of science the convenience of the cataloger or teacher is not considered. Generic or other divisional names are simply for the purpose of bringing together groups of similar organisms which we designate as genera, subgenera or sections. In some cases the criteria for the separation of these genera will be of a distinct and decided character; while in others, where there are many species of similar characteristics, these distinctions will necessarily be founded on data of a less decided character. Such a condition obtains in the family under discussion and whatever the criteria used for the separation of genera or other groups, they can apparently be of only quantitative character. The relative value of these criteria will vary with the import- ance ascribed to them by different authors. We welcome all additions to knowledge and we know full well that the work of yesterday is rendered obsolete by the work of to-morrow, but the writer cannot see how the reduction to 24 THE NAUTILUS. subgenera and sections of the names used as genera and sub- genera in the monograph in question advances our knowledge of the family any more than the raising of a number of sub- genera and sections to generic rank, as Colton believes the writer to have done in his monograph. This rather resembles a game of see-saw! The provisional key of Colton (page 119) is good, and the writer would also be interested to know how useful it may prove to the workers in this family. We would suggest that there is a vast fund of useful information to be acquired from a bio- metric study of both the radula and the genitalia of the Lym- naeas. If we knew the range and the relative amount of varia- tion of these organs we could more intelligently use these criteria for purposes of classification. An abundance of time is needed for this work but the results would compensate for the time ex- pended. The studies which have thus far been made upon this family serve to emphasize the one fact which stands out clearly, the great variability of the shells and organs of the fresh-water pulmonates, a condition in strong contrast with the terrestrial pulmonata where the radule and genitalia are much more stable in character and hence more satisfactory for purposes of classi- fication. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Aw InDEX TO THE MusEUM BoLTENIANUM. By Wm. H. Dall. Smithsonian Institution Publication No. 2360. The republica- tion of Bolten’s work by Messrs. Sherborn and Sykes (1906) made it accessible to conchologists generally, but its use has been diffi- cult on account of the absence of any index to the great number of names, combined with the unfamiliar nomenclature, which often made even well-known Linnean species hard to find. Dr. Dall has very appreciably lightened this labor by a full and cross-referenced index. It is prefaced by a historical account of the work, a discussion of its nomenclature, and translations of the Latin Preface and the German Introductions. The Insti- tution desires to give the widest usefulness to this Index, and will supply copies to all who may be interested. —H. A. P. SHE NAUTILUS. Vou. X XIX. JULY, 1915. No. 3 VITREA CRY PTOMPHALA N. SP., WITH NOTES ON THE INDENTATA GROUP. BY GEORGE H. CLAPP. VITREA CRYPTOMPHALA Nn. sp. Fig. 1. Shell thin, polished, very light horn-color to white, generally white, translucent ; whorls 5 to 54, those of the spire regularly increasing, the last widening very rapidly and doubling the di- ameter of the shell. Aperture broadly lunate, sutures well impressed, all whorls showing through the shell. Surface sculptured with rather evenly spaced, radiating grooves contin- ued to the base as in V. indentata and carolinensis, there being from 23 to 34 on the body whorl. Micro-sculpture of even, close, clear-cut spiral engraved lines like those of carolinensis, best seen with a magnification of 25 diameters or over. Spire much depressed, almost flat, the termination of the last whorl slightly raised at the lip which is straight on the lower edge and well curved forward above, projecting about 1 mm. beyond the lower lip; at the columellar end the lip is thickened and joined to a tongue-like callus which completely covers the wmbilicus at all stages of growth. There is a thin, microscopically granular parietal callus, as in V. indentata. Base of shell well rounded and less impressed in the umbilical region than indentata or carolinensis. 26 THE NAUTILUS. Shell figured (Knox Co.,) 5.1x4.2x2.1mm., whorls 5, 23 grooves on body whorl. Largest, Knox Co., 5.7x4.8x2.7mm., whorls 5, 26 grooves on body whorl. Largest, Knoxville, 5.9x5.0x2.8mm., whorls 5, 34 grooves on body whorl. Smallest, Knox Co., 2.1x1.9x1l.lmm., whorls 3, umbilicus completely covered. The largest shell seen is from ‘‘along Coosa River, 2 miles N. of Wetumpka, Ala.,’’ it is 8.0x6.8x3.38mm. whorls 53, 28 NZS “ iy \s Types from a lot of over 400 shells collected by the late Mrs. George Andrews and labeled ‘‘ Knox Co., Tenn.’’ A lot of 18 shells in her cabinet series are labeled ‘‘ Knoxville, Tenn.’’: they all probably came from near Knoxville, perhaps from a favorite ‘hunting ground ’’ of hers, ‘‘The Cliffs’’ on the south side of the river. Type No. 7365 of my collection. Cotypes in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (No. 112421), U. 8. Nat. Mus., and collection of Dr. Bryant Walker. At first I was inclined to consider this a variety of V. caroli- nensis, but the flatter spire, the umbilicus covered at all stages of growth, the less excavated umbilical region and the wider aper- ture indicate a good species. I examined 250 V. indentata from 41 localities and 110 carolinensis and var. wetherbyi from 15 lo- calities and found no intermediates. In addition to the Knox Co. shells I have cryptomphala from 14 localities in Alabama, San Antonio, Tex., McComb City, Miss., Fayetteville, Tenn., and Albion, Ill., nearly 600 shells in all. A sectioned shell shows the thickening of the columella, caused by the callus, clear to the apex. Fic. 1.—ViItREA CRYPTOMPHALA. THE NAUTILUS. 27 In the box with the Knox Co. cryptomphala were over 70 shells which from the sculpture should be V. carolinensis wetherbyi, but if they were found in the North would be called indentata, and a single example of V. rhoadsi. Iam indebted to Mr. Walker for the suggestion of the very appropriate name. Some notes on Vitrea indentata (Say) and allies may be given here. In the Journ. Acad., 11, 372 (1822) Say described Helix indentata as imperforate, stating: ‘‘umbilicus none, but the umbilical region is deeply indented’’. Pilsbry, in The Nautilus, xii, p. 102, shows that this was an error :—‘‘ In Say’s types the perforation may be seen with a good lens, though it was not noticed by Say, who probably worked with what would now be thought an inferior glass’’. The Texas form of indentata is generally larger than the typical eastern form and was at one time identified by W. G. Binney as sculptilis Bld. In the British Naturalist, April 1893, p. 81, Cockerell speaks of the Texas form as ‘‘ Z. indentatus var. wm- bilicatus Singley’’ (See also Nautilus, xii, p. 120). This variety has a very distinct umbilicus. ‘* Zonites carolinensis’’ Ckll., is very inadequately described in Binney’s Supplement iv, p. 167, pl. III, fig. 7, and it will be noticed that the figure shows a distinct perforation. In the Nautilus, xii, p. 120, Cockerell gives his ‘‘ original descrip- tion’’, although I have been unable to find it in any other place. In this he says: ‘‘ Umbilicus small, narrow’’. In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1900, p. 180, Pilsbry describes the microsculpture of carolinensis as a character which separates it from indentata and calls all of the Great Smoky shells carolinensis. In a review of this paper, ‘‘ Mollusca of the Great Smoky Moun- tains’’, published in the Nautilus, vol. xiv, p. 45, Cockerell says: ‘‘ Thus in place of Vitrea indentata there is an abundance of V. carolinensis of a small type (var. wetherbyi Ckll. ined.) intermediate between indentata and carolinensis proper, the exact locality of which is unfortunately unknown’’. This is the only ‘¢ description’’ of var. wetherbyi that I have been able to find, except that in Proc. A. N. S., 1902, p. 480, ‘‘The Mollusca of the Mt. Mitchell Region, No. Car.,’’ Pilsbry says: ‘‘ The type 28 THE NAUTILUS. specimens (V. carolinensis) have 5 whorls with a maximum diameter of 10 mm’”’. Under V. carolinensis wetherbyi Ckll., he says :—‘‘In the report of the expedition of 1899 the speci- mens of V. carolinensis were found to belong to a small race, ranging from 54 to 7 mm. in diameter. Cockerell has since distinguished it under the above varietal name’’.... ‘‘It is intermediate between typical V. carolinensis and V. indentata.”’ From this it would seem that shells from say 74 mm. up to 10 mm. diameter are carolinensis and under 7 mm. diameter are var. wetherbyi, and as there is nothing said to the contrary it is safe to assume that the variety is umbilicate. Under the above differentiation by size the only carolinensis in my collection are 5 specimens collected by the late Mrs. Geo. Andrews at Cranberry, Avery Co., N. C.; they are narrowly umbilicate. All of the balance are either ‘‘ Var. wetherbyi’’ or the new species described above. Cockerell says that carolinensis has about 26 grooved lines on the body whorl, my three largest Cranherry shells have 38, 34 and 82 respectively, while a 64 mm. diameter shell from Mitchell Co., N. C., (labeled carolinensis by A. G. Wetherby) has 35 and a 64 mm. shell from Paint Rock, N. C. has 32 lines. THE NATIVE OYSTERS OF OYSTER RIVER, DURHAM, N. H. BY C. H. BATCHELDER. A natural bed of native oysters has persisted in Oyster river, Durham, New Hampshire, ever since the settlement of the town in 1635. This persistence of the oysters is interesting in view of the fact that they have been fished almost constantly. A superficial survey of the beds reveals the following very general information. The beds are found in from six to fifteen feet of water at low tide, in the channel of the stream, which varies from five to about twenty yards in width, and the bed extends along this channel fora half mile, in such quantities that one can rake a bushel easily in less than an hour. I am confident however, that the bed extends into deeper water for half a mile beyond THE NAUTILUS. 29 this. Wild oysters are also found on ledges and boulders at the half-tide mark along the entire river bank for a distance of two miles. A few of these fail to survive the exposure in win- ter but where Fucus fronds cover them completely and they are not molested they often grow to six inches in length. In these situations they are subjected to protracted low temperatures during the winter months and a short season for the growth of the ‘‘spat’’. The water temperature in the month of Septem- ber drops to the vicinity of 15° C. by the 30th. In the middle of October the temperature is down to 12° C. and by the middle of November down to 8° C. The density of the water varies between 1.015 and 1.0225. The ‘‘spat’’ first appeared, or per- haps more correctly, were first discovered on the twelfth of Octo- ber. At this time they were about 6.5 mm. in diameter. On No- vember 23 they were again measured and were about 11.5 mm. Notes and specimens taken at this time were only for idle curi- osity and are not absolutely reliable. The only enemies beside man that I know of are the boring sponge and Urosalpinz cinerea. Inquiry and repeated examina- tion have failed to discover the presence of the starfish or any of the commensal crabs and I believe they fail to ascend the river as far as the Durham beds. The beds are entirely self- propagating. No attention is ever paid to the need of the ‘‘spat’’; and clean shells or stones for their attachment have never been placed in the river. I have never heard of the oysters having been taken for commercial purposes, but many are gathered for ‘home consumption ’’. THE NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914—ASHMUNELLA. BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS. [ Continued from p. 16. ] ASHMUNELLA TETRODON P. & F. In the type lot the diameter varies from 12.8 mm. with 5} whorls to 15 mm. with 54 whorls. This is the usual range of variation in size. In stations 75 and 71 all are rather small, in the former from 12 to 14 mm.—mostly about 13 mm., and at 30 THE NAUTILUS. 71 from 11.3 t0 13mm. The smallest have barely 5 whorls. Probably some local condition dwarfs all the individuals in these stations. In several stations, 70, 71, 72, 73, there are very beautiful albino specimens of a transparent marguerite-yellow tint among the dark ones. See first two figures within second row, repre- senting an albino and one of the darkest examples, from station 72. Compared with A. proxima Pils. of the Chiricahua range, this species differs as follows : It is less depressed. The peripheral angle becomes weak and then nearly or quite disappears at the last part of the whorl where it is more swollen above. ‘There is a furrow behind the lip up to the suture, and the upper lip is refleced, while in A. proxima the upper lip is straight, not ex- panded, and there is a whitish triangular patch and no gutter above the end of the outer lip. A. proxima has one more whorl. The aperture is larger in A. tetrodon when specimens of the same diameter are compared. A. tetrodon is less depressed and less angular than A. pilsbry, which further differs by its papil- lose surface. All of these colonies in the box of Dry Creek Canyon were found in company with Oreohelix barbata Pils. The colonies farther up the stream had also A. mogollonensis for company. In color and teeth, A. tetrodon is much the same as the Cave Spring A. danielsi, with the addition in this of a parietal lamella. Dry Creek is dry at the crossing of the Silver City and Mogollon road. Six miles above it becomes a large and beau- tiful trout stream, boxed in for two miles so closely and roughly that the banks are not used for grazing purposes, and are never disturbed. Twenty snail colonies were found in the rock slides during a hasty search of these, two or three more miles above. Above the box shells were found in the grass and weeds also. In nearly every instance the colonies differed in size and in the character of the teeth. Some had no teeth (var. inermis); others, as with A. heterodon Pils., of the Huachucas, ran from no teeth to four, with all the variations between (var. mutator). In the colony at Station 60 there are some individuals differ- ing from typical tetrodon by having the parietal tooth reduced THE NAUTILUS. 31 (pl. 1, figs. 3, 8a). These are partly transitional to var. mutator. The following two are named as sub-species in order that we may have a convenient means of referring tothem. They inter- grade, but their modification has been as great as that usually distinguishing species of Helicide. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON MUTATOR n. subsp. PI. 1, figs. 3 to 6. In color, shape and sculpture this subspecies is like A. tetrodon. As in that species, the upper lip is well reflected from the inser- tion out; former resting stages are often marked by an opaque light streak on the base. In the typical colony there is no parietal tooth and the lip-teeth are much reduced; there are vestiges of the long tooth within the outer margin, and of the two teeth of the basal margin, but in many individuals of the typical colony these vestiges are exceedingly weak, hardly noticeable. There are about 54 whorls. Height 6.25, diam. 14 mm. Height 6.9, diam. 13.8 mm. Station 60. Height 6, diam. 12.5 mm. Height 7, diam.14 mm., whorls 54 Height 8, diam.15 mm., whorls 54 Locality.—Station 80 (1914), in Dry Creek Canyon, Socorro Co., N. M. Also Stations 60, 61, 62, 68, in the same canyon. 6,000-7,000 feet elevation. This is very abundant in some places, where large series of fresh ‘‘bones’’ were taken, but living ones were rare. It is one of those lawless species, such as we have described from the Huachucas—a species which has been caught in the act of los- ing its teeth. Its affinities are clearly with A. tetrodon of the same canyon, and there seems to be no decided break between the most fully toothed mutator and the tetrodon with smallest teeth. ; The specimen described as type of mutator is from a colony in which no specimens have a parietal tooth. Varying forms from this colony (Station 80) are represented in Fig. 5, all being perfectly adult shells. Similar are those from Stations 61, 62, 68. In the lot from Station 60 all the shells are rather distinctly } Station 61. pe THE NAUTILUS. striate. The most fully toothed example (pl. 1, figs. 3, 3a) agree with A. tetrodon, except that the parietal tooth is smaller. There are other examples, with all of the teeth smaller than in tetrodon, and still others, found with them (No. 60 A) have the lip-teeth very small, partly wanting, the parietal tooth either wanting or minute (pl. 1, figs. 4). This is the only instance where almost fully toothed tetrodon and mutator occur in the same colony ; but without transitional individuals. Lots from Stations 67 (pl. 1, figs. 6, four adult shells) and 78 vary from shells having four small teeth (like the tetrodon from Station 60) to shells having only weak rudiments of teeth. The lots from these stations therefore connect tetrodon and mu- tator, and cause us to rank the latter as a variety of the former. The varying condition of the teeth in different colonies may be briefly indicated in a few, to give an idea of this variation. Station 78. In nineteen examples, 10 were toothless; 2 had a full set of teeth and a lamella ; 3 had a lamella and thickened in both lip positions ; 1 had a lamella only ; 4 had three ‘‘ pim- ples’’ upon the lip in place of teeth, no lamella ; 1 had a ‘‘ pim- ple’’ at the basal position. Diameter 12 to 14.5 mm. Station 61, Hight had a full set of teeth and lamella ; 13 had teeth upon the lip in different degrees of development. 1 had a lamella only, 6 were toothless. Diameter 13.4 to 15.2 mm. Station 62. In 75 shells 12 had a lamella and a full set of teeth, varying from mere ‘‘ pimples ’’ to fully developed teeth, 28 had a full set of teeth on the lip only, also varying as much in development, 19 with one or two basal teeth, only 12 without teeth. Nearly all were dead or broken shells. Diameter 14.6 to 11.4 mm. Station 67. Coarser growth-lines and striations more distinct ; not guttered deeply back of the lip ; angulation more pronounced, umbilicus enlarged in the last half of last whorl. Spire more ele- vated than the two preceding colonies. Diameter 124 to14 mm. In a lot of 125 (dead and broken) 34 had a lamella and the full set of teeth, 54 had three teeth upon the lip, 6 had a basal tooth only, and 11 were toothless. Station 68. Same as the preceding, but smaller and smoother. Nine were collected alive. These measured 7 mm. in alt. and THE NAUTILUS. 33 12.6 in diameter. Two or three were toothless, the other had 3 teeth upon the lip. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON INERMIS n. subsp. PI. 1, fig. 7. Larger than the other forms, biconvex, indistinctly angular above the middle in front, the periphery becoming rounded on the last third of a whorl. There are 534 to 6 convex, closely- coiled whorls, the last descending a little in front, guttered behind the lip, swollen behind the gutter. Surface lightly marked with growth-lines, without spiral strie. The aperture has no teeth, or in some specimens shows extremely weak traces of them. The lip is reflexed, the edge recurved, but it is very narrow. Height 8, diam. 17.5 mm. Height 7.3, diam. 15 mm. Locality. —Station 69, Dry Creek. Also Station 63, where it is rare. This is a smaller and especially more depressed shell than A. mogollonensis, differing, moreover, by the noticeable peripheral angle in front and the absence of spiral incised lines. While it seems at first rather absurd to connect this form with A. tetrodon, yet except by its greater size it does not differ in any important respect from the least toothed of the variety mutator. We regard it as a final stage in the degeneration of teeth, like Ashmunella esuritor in the Chiricahuas. At first glance it seems to be without teeth, but it carries a suggestion of teeth in the slight thickening of the lip in the outer margin and a mere pimple at the basal position. Two in twenty-four had two ‘‘pimples’’ at the basal position. Seven had none. One with a ‘‘pimple’’ also had the mere suggestion of a parietal lamella. Parietal callus thin and colorless. One or two varix-streaks in every specimen, usually at or near the end of the penultimate whorl. This colony and the next seem farthest removed from the typical tetrodon. At this station also were found a few of the full-toothed form of tetrodon, but without transitional specimens. Station 63. Growth-lines deeper than in Station 69. Shell more depressed, larger. Three in six had the suggestion of a basal tooth. 34 THE NAUTILUS. Two largest—Height 8, diam.19 mm. Height 84, diam. 16.5 mm. Two smallest—Height 7, diam. 16.4 mm. Height 8, diam. 15.6 mm. ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI n. sp. Pl. 2, figs. 1. The shell is similar to A. tetrodon in shape, luster and color ; but it differs in the following characters. The fine spiral lines, when the surface is perfectly preserved, are numerous and dis- tinct. There is never any trace of a parietal tooth. The two teeth of the basal margin are closer together, and the inner one is much smaller than the outer, the umbilicus is a trifle smaller. Finally, the callous rim strengthening the lip of the young, in resting stages, is not absorbed, but remains visible as an internal varix, producing an opaque streak in the adult, visible extern- ally on the base, or if the surface is dulled, it may be seen by holding the shell up to the light. Height 7, diam. 14.5 mm. ; 54 whorls. Height 7, diam. 13.3 mm. ; 54 whorls. Locality.—Cave Spring Canyon (near the south fork of White- water Creek, Range 19 West on the parallel of 33° 20’, U. S. G. 8. Topographic Map, Mogollon Quadangle). Socorro Co., New Mexico. This species is remarkable for retaining large lip-teeth while the parietal tooth has totally disappeared, showing that these teeth are not connected in inheritance, though from the diminu- tion of all together in A. ¢. mutator a connection would be supposed to exist. The large series taken at stations 57, 58, 59 show very little variation. As in A. tetrodon, the basal teeth are yoked together, by a callus resembling the letter U. About seventy of these were collected in the lower station (56) of Cave Spring Canyon, a large number broken by the mice. Elevation about 7,000 feet. This canyon is about two miles north, running parallel with the Little Whitewater. No other large shells were found there. Station 57. About two miles farther up the canyon on large slides, one-half mile below Kitt’s new mine and cabin, were Ashmumellas in unlimited numbers, in company with Oreohelix THE NAUTILUS. 35 barbata Pils. A stiff shower during the night brought them out upon the rocks, and with sycamore shade in plenty they re- mained active during the following forenoon. The teeth upon the lower margin were smaller than at Station 56, lip more rounded, but no other difference of importance was noted. Compared with the former station, one example measured 7.4 mm, alt., 15 diam. Smaller examples were found than in the former colony. Two of these measured, alt. 6.2, diam. 13.5 mm.; alt. 6.4, diam. 13.4 mm. Sections 58, 59. Above the cabin, in a branch of the canyon north of east, and in the rocks around and above Cave Spring, were found shells smaller in diameter but otherwise unchanged. Three of this colony measured: Height 6.6, diam. 13.6 mm. Height 6.8, diam. 12.6 mm. Height 6.8, diam. 12.4 mm. These stations were at an altitude above 8,000 feet, the high point of the range. The upper two miles of this canyon was left unexplored. ( To be continued. ) NOTES Mr. Frank C. Baker announces that he has resigned his posi- tion as Curator and Acting Director of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. His address for the summer will be 1555 Highland Avenue, Rochester, N. Y. VIVIPARUS MALLEATUS REEVE IN MassacuusErts :—In April, 1914, Mr. William J. Clench brought in two specimens of the above species for determination, collected in Muddy River, a small stream dividing Boston from Brookline. Shortly afterwards a third specimen was found by Mr. Kendall Foster. At the time I was inclined to consider it a recent introduction from some aquarium, as the animals were dead when found and probably killed by the cold, being unable to stand the winter. On Noy. 2, 1914 a fourth specimen was found by Mr. P. S. Remington. On April 1, of this year four specimens were again 36 THE NAUTILUS. found by Mr. Foster, the largest measuring 47 mm., the small- est 11 mm., the other specimens found showing all gradations in size between these two. The length of time between the finding of the first and last specimens and the presence of both young and adult, would indicate that the species is probably established. They may have been introduced when goldfish were placed in the stream, which, I have been told, was done to destroy mosquito larvae. In THe Navrtitus, vol. 25, p. 31, 1911, Mr. Harold Hannibal records this species in California. C. W. JoHNsON. CAMPELOMA LEWISII WALKER IN ILLINoIs.—This characteristic Campeloma extends into Illinois, as suggested by Dr. Walker.’ Specimens are in the collection of the Chicago Academy of Sci- ences from Cache Creek, Pulaski County and Clear Creek, Union County. These conform closely to the published figure (Nauti- lus, plate v, fig. 3). As Dr. Walker remarks, they are much thinner than subsolidum and the whorls are not as convex. Union and Pulaski counties are in the extreme southern part of the state and probably mark the northern limit of the range of this species. ‘The specimens were collected by Dr. Howard N. Lyon, a Chicago physician, who has long been interested in the study of the Mollusca.—FRanxk C. BAKER. A banquet was given for Mr. James H. Ferriss by his friends in Joliet, on the occasion of his retirement from newspaper activity as editor of the Joliet Daily News. Incidents of the struggle for good government and social betterment of Joliet were recounted in the toasts by business men, professional men and clergymen of Joliet, most of whom had been associated with the editor of the News at one time or another during the thirty- eight years of Ferriss’s control of that newspaper. The high ideals of the editor of the News and their influence on the civic development of Joliet were alluded to. Mr. H. E. Hand of Chi- cago spoke of Mr. Ferriss’s attainments as a conchologist. His scientific tastes were further recognized by the gift of a micro- scope, the presentation speech being made by Professor Willard N. Clute, the well-known writer on ferns. 1 Nautilus, XXVIII, page 127. THE NAUTILUS. Vou. XXIX. AUGUST, 1915. No. 4 APICAL CHARACTERS IN SOMATOGYRUS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES. BY BRYANT WALKER In his description of Somatogyrus walkerianus, (NAUT., Xviii, p. 140), Aldrich stated that ‘‘ the nucleus is obliquely placed and projects markedly beyond the outline of the spire on the left side.’’ This is the only observation that has been pub- lished with reference to any special apical characters in this genus. Recently, while studying several lots of Somatogyrus collected by Messrs. Hinkley and Wheeler in Arkansas, I noticed, while examining an uneroded specimen with an ordinary glass, that not only was the apical whorl decidedly everted, but that it was apparently punctate. On putting it under a compound lens the spirally punctate sculpture was clearly developed. This led to a careful study of all of the described species with some very interesting results. The irregular coiling of the apical whorl, or partial eversion, as it were, is very common in Somatogyrus and is found, to a greater or less extent in all of the species in which the spire is more or less conically elevated and acute. In species having the apical whorls flattened, of which S. strengii is a conspicuous example, no eversion is found. The amount of apical eversion varies not only in the different species, but also in individuals of the same species. But when 38 THE NAUTILUS. it does occur in any species, it is, apparently, always present to some degree. As a specific character, therefore, the presence or absence of eversion can be relied upon, but the amount of eversion, when present, would seem to be an individual, rather than a racial or specific peculiarity. The amount of eversion is usually coincident with the height and acuteness of the spire. In species having a comparatively high, acute spire, the apical whorls are more closely coiled and the apical whorl, itself, is very convex and separated from the succeeding whorl by a deep, constrictive suture. In species with a blunter apex the apical whorl is less convex, being well rounded above, but less constricted below by the suture. In all of these forms, the apex itself, when viewed laterally, is not acutely pointed. It is more or less obliquely flattened on top and the tip, or what would be the tip if it were everted, is below the level of the surrounding whorl and often is, as it were, immersed in the axis. In species with flat or planorboid apices, there is no eversion of the apical whorl, which is not constricted by the suture, but is flatly rounded above and separated from the succeeding whorl by a well defined, but vertical suture. In nearly all of the species that have been examined, there is a well defined apical sculpture. In Somatogyrus, apparently, the embryonic shell has only a single whorl and the apical sculp- ture, when present, is confined to that whorl. It is wholly epidermal in character. The epidermis being very thin and delicate, it is extremely subject to erosion and frequently has entirely disappeared in specimens, which, so far as the shape of the whorl is concerned, are substantially uneroded. For this reason, in several of the described species none of the specimens on hand were sufficiently perfect to afford any information as to their apical sculpture and in others the apices of all of the specimens were entirely eroded. The apical sculpture, when present, is exceedingly fine and delicate and, even in perfect specimens, usually requires a lens of 100 diameters to develop it fully. It is, apparently, quite constant in its character in each species and, when different in detail, would seem to be a good specific character. THE NAUTILUS. 39 The apical sculpture begins with the earliest formation of the shell covering and, so far as I have observed, does not extend beyond the embryonic portion. Usually, at first, it consists of irregular wrinkles, which are, often, quite regularly transverse in position. After about the first half of the apical whorl, these develop into small punctations and become regularly spiral in arrangement. In some species these spiral lines of punctations extend back to the very tip of the shell. In the next stage of development, these rows of spiral pits become fused into a con- tinuous, more or less, perfect groove and the divisions between them become fine, spiral lire. The tendency to become lirate is stronger on the lower part of the apical whorl and, perhaps, the most usual form of sculpture is punctate-lirate above and lirate below. But not unfrequently the lirate sculpture covers the whole of the last half of the whorl. With the exception of the species with a planorbiform apex, I have not been able, as yet, to discover any sufficient differences in the apical characters that would serve to differentiate the characteristic species of the Alabama drainage, having a flat- tened, very heavily calloused columella, from those of the Ohio system with a relatively thin, rounded columellar lip. In the following species I have not been able to ascertain the apical characters on account of the eroded condition of all of the specimens on hand: S. aldrichi, biangulatus, constrictus, crassus, pumilus, pygmeus, tennesseensis and wmbilicatus. The following notes give briefly the results of my examina- tion of the rest of the described species: S. amnicoloides Walker. Apex blunt, flatly rounded. Apical whorl scarcely at all everted, not constricted by the suture, which is well impressed, but vertical. Sculpture practically obsolete under 100 diameters. S. awreus Tryon. Apex prominent. Apical whorl everted, sometimes very much so, convex, constricted by a deep suture, which varies as the whorl! is more or less everted. Sculptured, at first, with strong, irregular wrinkles, then regularly, spirally punctate, becoming obsoletely lirate on the second half of the whorl. The tendency to liration is stronger on the lower part of the whorl towards the suture. 40 THE NAUTILUS. S. coosaensis Walker. Quite different from any other species. Apex not prominent nor much elevated. Apical whorl flatly rounded, very rapidly enlarging, scarcely everted, not constricted by the suture, which is deep, but vertical. Apical tip not turned down, but up. Sculpture, wrinkled and punctate above, lirate below. S. crassilabris Walker. Apex subelevated. Apical whor) rounded, constricted by a rather deep suture, everted and ob- liquely flattened above. Sculpture, strongly and regularly spirally punctate above from the tip, lirate below. S. currierianus Lea. Apex rather prominent. Apical whorl rather low, nearly flat above, convexly rounded, but not con- stricted by the suture and not everted. Sculpture, spirally punctate-lirate above, lirate below. S. decipiens Walker. Apical whorl very slightly everted, obliquely flattened above, low, not constricted by the suture. Sculpture, wrinkled at first, then spirally punctate above, lirate below. S. depressus Tryon. Apex rather blunt, but higher and more rounded than in integer. Apical whorl slightly everted, obliquely flattened above, but not constricted by the suture. Sculpture, punctate or malleated, more decidedly than in integer ; no trace of lire. S. excavatus Walker. Only a single specimen sufficiently perfect to show any trace of the sculpture. In this, the erosion is not sufficient to destroy the shape of the apical whorl, but the sculpture is very indistinct. Apparently, it is irregularly, transversely wrinkled, but no distinct punctations are visible. The apical whorl is flatly rounded above, but not constricted by the suture. The apical tip is not immersed, but projects above the surrounding whorl. S. georgianus Walker. Apical whorl prominent, elevated, not much constricted by the suture, much everted and obliquely flattened above. The second whorl is shouldered. Sculpture spirally punctate. S. hendersoni Walker. No specimens with perfect apices. Apical whorl much elevated, though variable in this particular, more or less everted, usually much so, and constricted by the THE NAUTILUS. 41 suture. Sculpture, evidently irregularly punctate, no signs of liree. S. hinkleyi Walker. Apical whorls more or less elevated, bluntly rounded. Apical whorl flatly rounded, not constricted by the suture, apex immersed. Sculpture, very finely and irregularly punctate above and more or less lirate below. S. humerosus Walker. Apical whorl much elevated, everted, rounded and constricted by the suture. Sculpture, punctate above and lirate below. S. integer Say. Apical whorl not everted, flatter than in subglobosus. Sculpture, scarcely more than wrinkled, no lire. S. mexicanus Pilsbry. Apical whorls elevated, rather pyra- midal, more so than in any other species, closely coiled, rather acutely pointed. Apical whorl only slightly everted, not con- stricted by the suture. Sculpture, closely, finely and irregu- larly punctate, no lire. (To be continued. ) THE NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914—ASHMUNELLA. BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS. ( Concluded from page 35). ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI DISPAR n. subsp. Pl. 2, fig. 2. Smaller than A. danielst, composed of 5 whorls, and like that in having no trace of a parietal tooth. The long tooth in the outer lip is strongly developed. The two basal teeth are nearer together, and more or less completely united or sometimes fused into one. The umbilicus enlarges very little at the last whorl. Height 5.8, diam. 11.2 mm. Smallest adult, diam. 9.8, largest 11.25 mm. Locality.—Station 55 (1914), Little Whitewater Canyon, Mogollon Mountains. 3 One of the smallest Ashmunellas. It runs parallel to A. duplicidens of the Chiricahua range in structure of the basal teeth. One hundred examples were collected. No other shells were found at this station except a few of the smaller families. 42, THE NAUTILUS. The locality is at an elevation of about 7,500 feet, six miles east of Glenwood, Socorro Co., N. M. The canyon was ex- plored only to Kitt’s mining cabin. ASHMUNELLA PILSBRYANA Ferriss. Pl. 2, figs. 3. Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss, Nautilus Vol. 27, p. 109 (1914). Distinguished from other species of this region by its acutely angular periphery and granulose surface. Ashmunella pilsbryana has not been taken in the Mogollon range, but in the region westward. It has been found only in a small territory along the San Francisco river, and in company with no other large shell except Sonorella. A mile or so back in the hills from the Harper ranch, and four miles above Clif- ton, Arizona, a few dead shells were found in the rock slides. The removal of timber had apparently killed the snails. Only a couple of living Sonorellas were found here in half a day, but no living Ashmunellas. Two miles above the mouth of the Blue river colonies of A. pusbryana and asmall Sonorella were found in a thrifty condi- tion, and a couple of smaller colonies were located in between this station and the Harper ranch. All of these are within some twenty miles of river front. These colonies were in shaded talus that ran down to the flood plain. Be. his Horatia (Hauffenia) micra P. & F. Hyriopsis myersiana (Lea), the anatomy of Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm : ; Lampsilis luteola group, notes on. Lampsilis radiata oneidensis F. C. Baker, n. var. (Pl ID. Lampsilis ventricosa satur Lea . Lemiox rimosus Raf., the anatomy of Leptoxis Raf. , replaces Anculosa Limax Arborum in a Colorado greenhouse. Loboa brunoi von [hering n. gen. and sp. he | IV, i, 7). Macoma wilcoxi Hall & Ambrose, n. sp . Mactra beali Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. Martyn’s Universal Conchologist Melanella iotoides Bartsh, n. n. for M. iota Mesodesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose, n. sp Missouri mussels, breeding records of Missouri River as a faunal barrier Mollusca from San Bernardino Co., Cal., additional records. THE NAUTILUS. Vv Mollusca of Cincinnati. 14) 08 Mollusks collected at Castle Island, Boston, a list of . . 129 Neosimnia catalinensis Berry, n. sp. (P). 5, fig.) 3)... yee New Jersey shells. ; ; er: New Mexico, a new pleistocene mollusk locality i Mb: . 1384 New species from the cretaceous and tertiary of California 68, 77 Notes . } 12, 24, 48, 56, 71, 83, 96,120, 132 Nudibranchs, method of preserving . . 142 N udibranchs, the nature of conical bodies in the mantle . 103 Opeas mauritianum Pfr. in Philadelphia, Pa. . idee Operculum evolution, notes on. ; : ‘ be ADE Oregon, snails from near Mt. Hood . : : NET Oreohelix pilsbryi Ferriss, n. sp. . 102 Ostrea titan Conr. var. perrini Hall & Ambrose n. var. . 80 Ovula from California, anew . Vishoand Oxychona bifasciata Burrow CPI. iy ‘figs. 4, 8). 127 Oxychona bosciana blanchetiana Moricand (Pl. Iv, figs. 2, 3) 127 Oxychona, notes on the bifasciata group of : 125 Oxychona pyramidella currani Bartsch, n. subsp. : 53, 128 Panopea smithii Hall & Ambrose n. sp. . ‘he Parametaria Dall, n. n. for Meta Rve. sn ia an Pecten clarkensis Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. , 45 gOS Pecten tolmani Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . ! 2}d82 Pholadomya harrigani Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. : ome Pleistocene mollusca from Callaway Co., Mo. . ; . 64 Philomycus (Pallifera) arizonensis Pils., ee. Ope : ae WY Planorbis dilatatus and P. sampsoni ; oy ee) Pleurocera of Tryon becomes Ceriphasia Swains . 114 Pleurocera Raf., replaces Angitrema of Tryon’s Monog. . 114 Pleurocera subulare Lea . 122 Pleurodonte (Zachrysia) torrei Henderson, n. sp. (Pl fy, 49 Polygyra albolabris Say . . 140 Polygyra albolabris major and fuscolabris. ; . 24 Polygyra brevipila cherokeensis Clapp, n. banat : ne Polygyra labrosa fimbriata ee : , . 189 Polygyra zaleta ; : ) : : . 140 Popular names of shells . ‘ 87 Publications received ; : doy “48, 59, 96 Rafinesque’s genera of fresh- water snails . . 109 San Diego drift shells . ; : : : aera Scalenostoma babylonia Bartsch ; : : ee Scalenostoma rangii de Folin . ast es Schloenbachia templetoni Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. May Shell hunt in the Black Range . ; ; 2 Shells of Mt. Monadnock, N. H. } : : 57, 84 Sierra Nevadas, shell collecting tis), : : ‘ ih >” vi THE NAUTILUS. Smith, Edgar A. (obituary ) Sonneratia rogersi Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. Strobilops floridana in New Jersey Strombiformis lapazana Bartsch Strombina colpoica Dall, n. n. for C. subulata Sowb. Strombina fusinoidea Dall, n. n. for C. fusiformis Hinds Strombina liacina Dall, n. sp. . Strombina paceana Dall, n. sp. Subemarginula golischae Dall, n. sp. Subularia Monts., on the status of Subularia metcalfei A. Ad. Teredo diegensis Bartsch, n. sp. Teredo from the West Coast of America, a new. Unionidae ; ; Unio giganteus Barnes, observations on Unio, the Rafinesque—Poulson collection of Valvata micra, note on Vitrea (Paravitrea) conecuhensis Clapp Viviparus and Campeloma, new subspecies of Viviparus contectoides Binn. in Boston, Mass Viviparus contectoides compacta Pilsbry, n. subsp. Viviparus contectoides impolitus Pilsbry, n. subsp. . Viviparus malleatus in Boston, Mass. ‘ Zachrysia, a new Cuban THE NAUTILUS. vil INDEX TO AUTHORS. Ambrose, A. W. MONn > a a Baker, Frank C.. 5, 74, 135 Bartsch, Paul . ! 47, 53, 72, 73, 92, 133 tery, 5.3. : ) ' . 3%. 83 Blake, J. Henry ; : . 182 Byne, St. G. . : . 84 Chace, HE. P. . Oe ee Clapp, Geo. H. : ! : : Waa hes Cockerell, T. D. A. . : : 14, 9,420 Crozier, W. J. . ' 103, 140 Dall, Wm. H.. , ; ; i 25, 57, 61, 84 Ferriss, Jas. H.. . ' ; 98 Frierson, L. S. ; : ‘ ; BE) Goodrich, Calvin. ! Pik 'y/) Greger, Darling K. . . 64, 114 Hadley, E. E. h ‘ . 838 Pawn. Bb. .. : ! 68, 77 Heath, Harold ; «422 Hedley, Charles. : shen e Henderson, John B. : : : ' 49 Henderson, Junius . ‘ 49, 134 Johnson, C. W. ; ' ; 48, 54,72, 87, 130 Lowe, HN. . ; 20 Maury, Carlotta J oaquina oi\ ao Ortmann, Arnold . ene; ‘BO, 54, 85, 106 Pilsbry, H. A. sayiare: 6 9, Al, 58, 84, 95, 109, 117, 119, 124 Smith, H. H. ; 24 Sterki, 7: F . 84 Utterback, “eae ; : paibes Vanatta, E. G. , : : 12, 48, 72 Von Thering, H. ; , a A Walker, Bryant : : : P . 438 Warren, Shields. : fs : e)) 6G) 129 Winkley, H. W._.. f : ; : . 120 it THE NAUTILUS. VoL. XXX. MAY, 1916. No. 1 NOTES ON THE CALIFORNIAN SPECIES OF ADULA. BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. The genus Botula was proposed by Morch. in 1853, in the second part of the Yoldi catalogue, page 55, for Modiola vagina Lamarck and WM. fusca Gmelin, the latter better known as M. cinamomea Lamarck. The former seems not to differ materially from the typical Modioli except in its less arcuate form, and the latter by its small size, incurved umbones and boring habit must be relied on to carry the genus if it is valid. The group now under con- sideration differs but little from Botula so typified, the species grading from one to another so as to nearly bridge the gap be- tween Botula and Lithophaga. It can hardly rank higher than a subgenus at most. The subgenus Adula was proposed by the brothers Adams in December, 1857, in their ‘‘ Genera of Recent Mollusca,’’ for the single species Mytilus soleniformis of Orbigny, 1846, from Payta, Peru. | The generic name was used again in 1861, by Henry Adams for a Planorbis, probably by inadvertence. The typical species of Adula differs from those of the California coast by having more nearly central umbones, if Orbigny’s fig- ure can be relied upon. The earliest of the Californian species to be noticed was : 2 THE NAUTILUS. ADULA CALIFORNIENSIS Philippi. Modhola californiensis (Esch. ms.) Philippi, Zeitschr. Mal. for 1847, p. 113. California, Eschscholtz. Adula stylina Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1863, p. 644, 1864; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., vol. 14, p. 425, Dec. 1864 ; Smithsonian reprint, p. 237, 1872.. Neeah Bay, Wash. Modiola (Lithophagus) schmidtii Schrenck, Amurl. Moll., p. 500, pl. 21, figs. 4-7, Oct. 1867. West coast of Sakhalin Island. Sea of Tartary. Adula californiensis Dunker, Conch. Cab., neue Ausg., viii, pt. 3, Lithophaga, p. 22, pl. 5, fig. 19, 1882; Index Moll. Mar. Japan, 1882, p. 227. Distribution. Neeah Bay, Wash. to San Diego, Cal., North- ern Japan and the Sea of Tartary. This species is shorter than A. falcata, and destitute of the of fine transverse surface sculpture which in the latter recalls that of some species of Lithophaga. It is slender, with the radial ridges rather emphasized and the shell substance has usually more or less dark bluish coloration. The posterior dorsal area (where it has not been cleaned off by a collector or dealer) has a more or less velvety pile, such as is often found on Modiolas, underneath which the peri- ostracum has a brilliant polish. The umbones in the adult are invariably eroded. The Japanese specimens, received from Hirasé, are quite identical with those from California. ADULA DIEGENSIS Dall. Modiolus diegensis Dall, NautiLus, xxiv, No. 10, Feb. 1911, p. 110. San Diego, Cal. (young shells). Distribution. San Francisco Bay to San Diego, and Cape St. Lucas. The young specimens of this species are apparently free-living and have less of the arcuation found in the last species, which is a borer. The adult shell has the posterior portion much more capa- cious than in A. californiensis, nearly twice as wide and high as in specimens of the latter of the same length. The color seems variable. The young shells described by me were dark bluish, THE NAUTILUS. 3 the adults later received from Mrs. E. P. Chace were brownish. The relations of this group to Myrina remain to be cleared up. ApULA FALCATA Gould. Tithodomus falcatus Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist. iv, p. 92, Nov. 1851; Monterey, Cal.; Gulf of Cal. Shells, Apr. 1852, p. 30, pl. 6, fig. 9. Tithodomus griinert Reeve, Conch. Icon, Lithodomus, 1857, pl. iii, fig. 12. ‘‘ New Zealand ”’ in error. Lithodomus (Lithophaga) falcatus Gould, Otia. Conch., p. 218, 1862. Adula falcata Dunker, Conch. Cab. neue Ausg., viii, pt. 3, Tithophaga, p. 22, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 1882. Distribution. Straits of Fuca to San Diego, Cal., and south- ward, boring in indurated clay and soft sandstone. This is the largest of the genus and distinguished from either of the other Californian species by its much greater length and the sculpture of the periostracum. POLYGYRA BREVIPILA CHEROKEENSIS, NEW SUBSPECIES. BY GEO. H. CLAPP. Differs from typical brevipila (NavuTiILus, xx, p. 110) by its uniformly smaller size and darker color. In both these respects it resembles cohuttensis, for which it might be taken at first sight; but the form and details of apertural structures are almost exact reproductions, in miniature, of brevipila. At pres- ent, it seems better to regard the new form as a sub-species of brevipila, though a well marked one. The fact that it has been found in two localities, twenty miles apart, shows that it is not merely a dwarfed local variety. It should be remembered that nearly all the species of Stenotremes are markedly constant in size, even when they have a wide geographic range. Diam. 7 mm. alt. 5 mm. whorls 5. Type locality : near Pleasant Gap, Cherokee Co, Ala., ‘‘in a shady but dry ravine on the mountain side, about 1200 ft. generally under stones.’’ Collected by Herbert H. Smith, Aug. 4 THE NAUTILUS. 1915. A single specimen was found near Cave Spring, Floyd Co. Ga. about 20 miles N. E. of the Alabama locality. Types no. 7871 of my collection. Paratypes in collections of Academy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Alabama Museum of Natural Hist., and cabinet of Dr. Bryant Walker. Polygyra brevipila, cherokeensis and cohuttensis form an interest- ing and very natural group, differing from stenotrema, hirsuta and their allies by the continuous free lip and the shape of the lip notch. Other common characters are the fine, closely-set hairs and very convex, rounded body whorl. The fulcrum is long. The known localities are all in the southern extension of the Allegheny mountain range, from N. W. Georgia to central Alabama. All the species occur in wooded but rather dry ravines on mountain sides, and they commonly conceal them- selves by clinging to the lower sides of stones. Polygyra brevi- pila was collected in such a ravine, about 2000 ft. above sea level ; cohuttensis at about 1500 ft. ; and cherokeensis at 1200 ft. GONIOBASIS IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. BY H. A. PILSBRY. GONIOBASIS PENNSYLVANICA N. Sp. The shell is oblong-conic, rather solid, smooth ; periostracum strong and persistent, of a buffy citrine color. The spire is conic, with straight or slightly convex outlines, and is more or less eroded, the erosion beginning at an early age. The young up to a length of about 6 or 7 mm. are acutely carinate periph- erally, the carina appearing as a welt or seam immediately above the suture on the spire; after which the periphery becomes merely convex or somewhat flattened. The last whor! is large, tapering downward. Aperture more than half the total length, ovate ; outer lip very slightly sinuous, almost straight in pro- file view. Parietal callus rather thin. Length 16.5, diam. 10, length aperture 10 mm. Length 16, diam. 8.3, length aperture 9 mm. THE NAUTILUS. 5 Operculum with the nucleus at about the lower sixth of the total length. Distribution.—Ohio river system in western Pennsylvania, Ohio River at Coraopolis (type locality; S. N. Rhoads, Sept. 1898); Neville Island, Allegheny Co.; Beaver River below Wampum (Rhoads); Allegheny River (EK. A. Randall, 1868); Pittsburgh (H. S. Stupakoff, 1895). Type and cotypes No. 73954 A. N.S. P. While related to G. depygis (Say) and G. livescens (Mke.), this species is readily known by its short spire, bright olivaceous yellow color and the strong, persistent cuticle. It was found in abundance by Mr. Rhoads, and was listed by him as Gonio- basis depygis (Navutitus XII, April, 1899, p. 1387). Though I have not seen the specimens, it is apparently what Dr. Ortmann catalogued as Goniobasis translucens Anth. (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. 52, 1913, p. 328). If so, it occurs as far upstream as Warren Co., Pa. Some individuals have two rather wide carob-brown bands, occupying the middle of the spaces above and below the per- iphery. Sometimes there are narrow bands very near the suture and columella, the latter visible inside. THE FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OF ONEIDA LAKE, NEW YORK. BY FRANK C. BAKER. Oneida Lake lies near the center of New York State in lati- tude 43° north and longitude 75° west. Oswego and Oneida counties border the lake on the north and Onondaga and Madi- son counties on the south. It is 27 miles southeast of Lake Ontario. The Jake is oriented almost directly east and west, which is the longer axis, and is 21 miles in length by 5.50 miles in greatest width. The level of the lake is 369 feet above the sea or 124 feet above Lake Ontario. The greatest depth recorded is 55 feet, which occurs about one and a half miles southeast of Cleveland. The shores are relatively very low, as the lake is in the bed of an ancient glacial lake, lacking the 6 THE NAUTILUS. bold character of the land in the vicinity of the Finger Lake region farther south, where lakes Cayuga, Seneca, etc., lie in preglacial rock-cut valleys. The general depression of the country immediately surrounding the lake produces low, swampy shores on many parts of the lake, especially at the east and west ends. Large swamp areas occur in Big Bay, Maple Bay, west of Constantia, and at the east end where Fish Creek enters the lake. Oneida Lake is the largest inland body of water in the State, having an approximate area of 80 square miles and a shore line of approximately 65 miles. The areas bordering the shores are always shallow and usually deepen rather abruptly, forming in many places submerged terraces of greater or less width. These terraces are either sandy or bouldery in character, usually the latter, the rough water washing out the fine particles and removing them to the quieter bays and protected areas near the points. For this reason the points are always stony and bouldery and the bays sandy. A notable fact is the almost total absence of mud on the shores of the west end of the lake, mud areas being confined to a few small spots, principally at the mouth of small creeks. The shallow zones bordering the shores, 6 feet or less in depth, are from 200 to 1600 feet in width, and the approximate area of shallow water within the 6- foot contour is estimated to be upwards of 64 square miles or 8 per cent. of the entire area. This is significant when it is remembered that this shallow zone is nearly all covered with vegetation and is the area which supports all of the animal life and affords breeding grounds for the majority of the fishes in the lake. If we include the bottom area enclosed by the 12-foot contour, below which little or no vegetation lives, we find the total approximate area to be 8366 square acres (13 square miles), which afford feeding grounds for fish and other aquatic animals. The west end of the lake, which is the only part at present investigated, is very shallow, scarcely exceeding 20 feet in depth beyond Frenchman Island. The noteworthy species are Physa ancillaria warrenana, Plan- orbis binneyi, and Lymnea stagnalis lilliane, which appear to be new records for the State. These species are common in Toma- THE NAUTILUS. 7 hawk Lake, Wisconsin, where they occupy habitats similar to those in Oneida Lake. This is an interesting case of distribu- tion. Acella haldemani, Bythinia tentaculata and Vivipara con- tectoides add new localities to the State. The 10 species of Pisidia, 4 of which are still undetermined, is noteworthy... Margaritana had previously been reported from Oneida Lake and the record is now substantiated. A number of common species are reported for the first time from this general region. No list of Oneida Lake mollusks is known to the writer. Beauchamp, however, published an excellent list of the Mol- lusca of Onondaga County, some years ago, and this is the only paper on the mollusks of this region known to the writer. Further studies will doubtless raise the list to upwards of 100: species and races. Additions are to be expected in Pisidium, Spherium, Musculium, Ammnicolidx, Valvata, Physa, and Galba. The studies from which this list has been compiled have: been carried on by the writer for the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University under the direction of Professor C. C. Adams, Forest Zoologist, for the purpose of ascertaining the relation of the molluscan fauna to the feeding habits and breeding grounds of the fish fauna of the lake, especially the food and game fish. Full information concerning the ecological associations and economic value of the mollusks recorded may be found in Technical Bulletin No. 4, now in press, published by the College of Forestry. The author is indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, Dr. V. Sterki, and Dr. Bryant Walker for assistance in determining critical molluscan material. CLass PELECYPODA Family Unionidae. Lampsilis luteola (Lam. ) Anodonta cataracta Say. Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin ) Anodonta marginata Say. Lampsilis borealis (Gray) Anodonta implicata Say. Lampsilis wris (Lea) Anodonta grandis Say. Nephronyas ligamentina Anodonta grandis footiana (Lam. ) Lea. Strophitus edentulus (Say) Alasmidonta undulata (Say) Strophitus undulatus (Say) Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn) 8 THE NAUTILUS. Family Margaritanide Margaritana margaritifera (Linné) Family Sphaeriide. Spharium striatinum (La- Pisidium variabile Prime. marck ) Pisidiwm compressum Prime. Sphaerum vermontanum Pisidiumcompressum levigatum Prime. Sterki. Musculiwm securis (Prime) Pisidium henslowanum Musculium rosaceum (Prime) (Sheppard) Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. Pisidium, 4 undet. spp. Pisidvwm zxquilaterale Prime. CLass GASTROPODA. Family Viviparide. Viwipara contectoides W. G. Campeloma decisum (Say) Binney. Campeloma integrum (DeKay) Family Amnicolidz. Amnicola limosa (Say) Somatogyrus subglobosus (Say) Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry Gillia altilis (Say) Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry, Bythinia tentaculata (Linné) variety Family Valvatide. Valvata tricarinata (Say) Valvata bicarinata normalis Walker Family Plewroceride. Goniobasis livescens (Menke) Family Physide. Physa ancillaria warreniana Physa integra Haldeman. (Lea) Physa gyrina Say Family Ancylide. Ancylus tardus Say Ancylus parallelus Haldeman. Ancylus fuscus C. B. Adams. THE NAUTILUS. 9 Family Planorbide. Planorbis trivolvis Say Planorbis campanulatus Say. Planorbis trivolvis Say, var- Planorbis parvus Say. iety Planorbis hirsutus Gould. Planorbis binneyi Tryon. Planorbis exacuous Say. Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Family Lymnaeide. Iymnea stagnalis lilliane Acella haldemani (Deshayes) Baker. Galba palustris (Mueller) Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) Galba catascopium (Say) Pseudosuccinea chalybea Galba emarginata (Say) (Gould) Family Succineide. Succinea retusa Lea. Succinea avara Say. New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse University. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. THE CRUISE OF THE Tomas BARRERA: THE NARRATIVE OF A ScrenTIFIC EXPEDITION To WESTERN CUBA AND THE COLORADOS REEFs, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE GEOLOGY, Fauna AND FLORA OF THE Recion. By John B. Henderson.’—This is the narra- tive of a six weeks cruise during May and June, 1914, planned by the author with the advice of Dr. Carlos de la Torre of Havana. Other naturalists invited to join the party were Mr. George H. Clapp, Dr. Paul Bartsch, Mr. C. T. Simpson, Sr. Manuel Lesmes and Victor J. Rodriguez. Preparators and assistants, an am- phibious Patron (Captain) and a crew of seven completed the party. The Tomas Barrera was 65-foot fishing schooner, and the route was to Cape San Antonio and return to Havana. In- land trips were made to Pan de Azucar, the Sierra de Vifiales, Pan de Guajaibon and other places. 1Pp. 320; G. P. Putnam’s Sons. 10 THE NAUTILUS. Several of the classics of natural history were inspired by tropical America, but so far as we remember, no nature book of interest to the general reader has taken Cuba, our nearest tropical neighbor, for its subject. Although the author has special knowledge of mollusks, it is quite evident that he is first of all a lover of nature. Now it is the little Cuban tody which appeals to him, and again, a big luminous beetle or a marvelous palm. His description of the reef pools with their strange and beautiful families, of the wierd land crabs and their ways, and of collecting marine animals with a submarine electric light, stick in one’s memory. What naturalist can read about the ‘‘ Cove of delight’ in the Vifiales Sierra without longing to visit that wonderful region. The - human interest which even the most vivid nature-book needs, is supplied by the adventures and misadventures of the party from day by day, and the contact with Cubans, for whom the author evidently has a sympathetic liking. Thirty-seven full-page illustrations, charming Cuban views, and characteristic animals and plants, add much to the interest of the volume. The bird plates, by Fuertes, and those of coral-pool fishes, are in coior. Those who have been in the tropics will renew their thrills in Mr. Henderson’s pages, while naturalists who have not had that experience as yet, may realize the conditions a naturalist finds among the sierras, ‘‘ mogotes’’ and on the coral reefs of Cuba.—H. A. P. REVIEW OF SOME BIVALVE SHELLS OF THE GROUP ANATINACEA FROM THE WEsT Coast oF AMERICA. By William Healey Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 49, Nov. 1915). Pending the appearance of a comprehensive work on the West American marine shells, the series of descriptive and revisionary papers by Doctor Dall is indispensable to working conchologists. The present one deals with a group which has been little studied on the West Coast. Six new species of Thracia, six of Cyatho- donta, three Kennerlyia, one each of Coelodon, Foveadens and Lyonsia are described, several being from such well-known localities as Santa Barbara and San Diego Bay. Others are THE NAUTILUS. 11 from points between Alaska and the Strait of Magellan, and one, Cyathodonta cruziana, from Santa Cruz, West Indies. PRODROME OF A REVISION OF THE CHRYSODOMOID WHELKS OF THE BorEAL AND Arctic REGIONS. By W. H. Dall. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, pp. 7, 8, Jan, 25. 1916). An extended and intricate subject is presented here in tabloid form. A few changes affecting well-known American species may be noted. Chrysodomus dirus becomes Searlesia dira (Rve. ). Chrysodomus or Sipho islandicus and related species belong to the genus Colus. Chrysodomus kelseyi becomes Exilia kelsey: (Dall). REDISCOVERY OF PourTALES’ Hatiotis. By John B. Hender- son. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 48, 1915). In 1869 Count Pourtales dredged a Haliotis in the Straits of Florida, which was subsequently destroyed in the Chicago fire. It was de- scribed from memory by Dr. Dall in 1881, as Haliotis pourtalesit. In 1911 Mr. Henderson, dredging on the ‘‘ Pourtales Plateau ’’ off Key West, in 90 fathoms, had the good fortune to secure another specimen, which is described and figured in this paper. It was first announced in THE Nautitus, vol. 25, p. 81. As Haliotis on the Eastern American coasts had become almost mythical, this was one of the most interesting finds of recent years in those waters. A species from the Galapagos, which Dr. Dall had subsequently identified as H. pourtalesti, is renamed Haliotis dalli Henderson. Both are figured. THREE New SPEcIEs oF ANODONTITES FROM Brazit, By Wm. B. Marshall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, Dec. 1915). A salmonea, A. darochai are A. aurora are new species from Ceara, Brazil. A LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED IN ArIzONA, NEw Mexico, Texas AND OKLAHOMA BY Dr. E. C. Case. By Bryant Walker. (Occ. Papers Mus. of Zool., Univ. of Michigan, No. 15. Dec., 1915). These lists record shells taken from stream debris in many localities, often remote from places which have been 12 THE NAUTILUS. visited by conchologists. It is a valuable addition to our know]l- edge of these arid-region faunas. NEw FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE OzARK Mountains. By Anson A. Hinkley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 49, Dec. 1915). The following new species are described: Anculosa arkansensis, Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis and Somatogyrus crassilabris' all from the North Fork of White River, near Norfolk, Arkansas. THREE NEW HELIcEs FRoM CaLirornia. By S. S. Berry. (Univ. of California Publications in Zoology, Vol. 16, No. 9. January 5, 1916). Epiphragmophora petricola, E. tudiculata rufi- terrae, and Polygyra pinicola are described as new from the San Bernandino Mts., near Redlands and back of Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., respectively. H. A. P. NOTES. OpEAs MauritiAnum (Pfr. )—Subulina octona (Brug.) was reported from green-houses at Philadelphia, Pa. in THE Navti- Lus volume vi, p. 107, (1893) and volume xi, p. 120 (1898). Upon examining one of these sets collected by Mr. Robert Walton, I found one specimen of Opeas mauritianum (Pfr. ) This is an addition to the ‘‘ Mollusk Fauna of Philadelphia’’ published by Mr. Morris Schick in THE Navtitvs, volume viii, p. 183 (1895). The specimen is in the collection of The Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, tray No. 118421. We also have Opeas mauritianum in the the collection from a green-house at Garfield Park, Chicago, Illinois, being A. N. S. P. No. 91237, collected by Mr. F. C. Baker in 1906; also No. 11748 collected at Washington, D. C., by Mr. E. Lehnert many years ago.—E. G. VANATTA. WE have learned with deep regret of the death, on the 26th of March, of Dr. Wi1LHELM KoBELT, the distinguished German conchologist, at the age of 76. 1 This species was first defined by Walker, in Nautitus vol. 29, p. 53. THE NAUTILUS. VoL. XXX. JUNE, 1916. No. 2 BREEDING RECORD OF MISSOURI MUSSELS, BY W. I. UTTERBACK. The following record includes twenty-six of the most repre- sentative species of the different subfamilies of Naiades for Missouri. Actual numbers of mussels are recorded for those _ collected in north and northwest Missouri but no definite rec- ord of numbers of sterile and gravid individuals could be kept by the author in his survey of the Osage River from the latter part of June to the middle of August while under the direction of the U. 8. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa.’ The revised nomenclature for the Naiades is followed in this report since the revival of Rafinesque*® has been accepted by the leading students, and since, too, it has been found that the glochidial and marsupial characters are the best bases for classification ;* however, for the sake of clearness, the more familiar names appear as synonyms in parentheses after the revised names. In the following tables the kinds of glochidia are indicated thus: Lamp. = Lampsilis type (i. e., suboval-subelliptic, spineless glochidia). An.=Anodonta type (i. e., subtriangular, spined glochidia). Prop.=Proptera type (i. e., axe-shaped, spined-spineless glo- chidia). 1U. 8S. Bu. Fish., Econ. Cir., No. 10, 1914. ?L. S. Frierson, 1914 a, (NavTILUs, xxviii, pp. 6-8; E. G. Vanatta, 1915 a, (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 549-559). * Dr. A. E, Ortmann, 1911 b, (Mem. Carnegie Mus., iv, pp. 279-339 ; 1912 b, (An. Car. Mus., viii, pp. 222-365). NAUTILUS. THE 14 POR SREB Bee Mercy be (ti da eeeeee x x > ee OOo @ecere | eeeeee eens | weevereesies ( yey) VxXaTAAU VINVOOITAQ ‘OL (Avg) pwsn)p.47a) 01uU-Q) ewe Core mince aieei ee winaaee fee anes Se KX | teeeee | eeeeee eae Call ee areinte neanens( Lug) VWSVIVULEL SOUANOING 6 (soured ) vsogqid ou; x ee o | coccce | eocces eccvee x x Sacaed. [5 Sw0-x6 jee Rel.) EN eae sad watt eeeihe > | eoccccresecesce (yey) VLVLYTIG OMLdITIY *2 (‘duig) v2njnI109n} DjNLpoNH * weccee | conese | cocvee | coves x x ft secs: | cecvee | soevns tenees toes “s00(pytP) VLVINOUGEOL VINVANALOY *) (‘daitg) vynjnovaqgny nruobon. 7, go ees: see | eaceee | ceeece | eenee | teeeee x ainedincs, || lene selon | Wervicls noo MO eRIC Sb aaks saaeen (omar) VSOOOUUTA vInuavae ‘9 | (vary) nsowhuyon) Dpnupon? PR aan ease welhadeeieyctare.embie tee 'wre.ae [3 oeeue Ko | tees | eeeeee | ceeeee | ee eeee | weeeee Mibis aldielaleyncele's (je) yiovavad vrowayae ‘Ce a Samiewincl caluteneh | wuiaaiere 'Ilie.aleinae. fee: aeaars j tees Pe ee ee afetevevaranl|ivssaratare gal iaiareeiie aiviateretecm (vary) yso Toisna vinuavay so so.ay DInNLpoNY m= ee ee Ses era ae Se Be ee ee oe = es Re (Keg) souaH SVIVNOTYDaIX *¢ | nypayd nynupon?y Es neces | seveee | ecacese | seca oe eeeee | evccee x peesrs | coeved | soesee | eevee © | ecovce eorecsene anh S8svsn( a) WLYOIId VNGTANV - (vary) nuohi.4 nynupon?) ‘duey ove 00 | secce o | cecees seoees x | tte Se oe ee ee cee | coetee | vases: ‘--e(sguieg) VLVGNO VIVNOOSOY ‘1 eipryo | ‘9°d |AON | “290 |"Idag |“sny | A[n¢ oun f | Aeyy |dy |-zeyy | -qaq | -uee saloddg TASSATT VIGIHOOTS) ONIBVAG NAHA SHINO] (sdiodag OLOILAC Vag) sudauaug doluag (,,uaqWWOG,, XO) LAOH ao auooay ONIaKaIUg I Widgv THE NAUTILUS. ee a ed ee) eeneneenl Geen) eel (een Seen fete ‘qo jue BIPIYooly) jo pury (saIoddg OILOILACVug) suadaau wearer e el eeeese Peete w el eee sel eeeesee Seeeee al ere eenelerere es ‘0aq] "AON | *30Q |"3dag|‘Sny |Ajne joun C Aon ady KM vad va ol eeeerne — were r el eseseee VIGIHOOTS ONIUVAG NAHM SHLNOW eeree (soureg) vsoo1.yuaa sypsdunT (youve y]) VIOMLAT SITISANV'T reeeseeeees (BOTT) SHAIOLNOGONY SITISANV'T DIM.ysougns sipsdunT ereene Sa EE Sad 6% 1 VLYULsSougas VINAUOY . pauod sipsdwunT Sl ‘+ (souivg) VANVd VNITOONOUVY * apdno sursduny reeecessecerevorees (QQIN)) XVAVO VUALAOUT nunssnen) sipsdunT rrreeeeeee(BorT) VNISSIATVI VUALIOUT (Avg) vyoyp supsduny ereseeeees se eeeecerese (4g) VLV1LY Vualdoug (soureg) syonud sipsdwny treeceeseeecees (SQUIBG ) SITIOVUA SONONSV'T (vary) semuofionuop vjorbojig ‘|'**(@ar]) SINYOMIOVNOG SVIVNOTVGDAWV retreeleoeerereseesoee( KBQ) SOTOALINGGH SALIHAOULS seer eereerreeeeee **(£BQ) SIGNVUD VINOGONY (Avg) saproaque vywopoupy srececeoserevee( o¥gar) SISNAIHO VNAISV'T (Leg) pynpnoaigwogns vyUopoUP sees (KBQ) VIVINOIGNOMNS VNALSVW'T oA a Sa (Avg) SASODVAANOD SNAGIONY pyounjduos npoulydusig ‘reeeeee(SQUIRG ) VLIVNYIdWOO VNOSINSV'T teaee eeerve saloadg Tasso jy gq aomag (, YHINIM, ,, XO) SNOT 40 GuOodyY PNIGGANG—"]T WTAVL soseeeees( crear) VIGUVO SITISANVY ° as + wor 6 Oo b ace | 16 THE NAUTILUS. Special attention would be directed to the fact that this record includes four instances of the male discharging sperm, one in case of Lasmigona complanata (Say), two instances of Lastena suborbiculata (Say) and one of Lampsilis cardia (Raf.), all observed in the laboratory aquarium. In case of both com- -planata and suborbiculata this physiologic fact disproves the report that, like their nearest allies, Lasmigona compressa (Lea) and Lastena ohiensis (Raf.), are hermaphroditic. Another in- stance of sperm discharge for Lampsilis cardia was observed in nature. This discharge was observed as a tiny stream of milky white cysts. Upon examination with a lens, magnifying 385 diameters, these cysts were observed to be hollow globular masses of sperm, each cyst revolving through the water by means of the flagella of hundreds of sperm cells thrust out through the matrix. It was the pleasure of the author to ver- ify the observations of Dr. A. E. Ortmann, (1911la, p. 319), in discovering on several instances the female of this same species, (cardia), buried in the gravel with only the siphons, mantle flaps and two blackish ovisacs exposed. The ribbon- like flaps waved to and fro in an undulating manner and occas- sionally a white leaf-like conglutinate would be discharged. It was noted that the marsupia of this species were sterile and receptive on occasion of the sperm discharge. Another physiologic observation, made in the laboratory, should be mentioned here in connection with the reproductive functions of the Natades and that was in case of the rotary motion of the late embryos of Pleurobema obliquum coccineum (Conrad) and of Lastena ohiensis (Raf.). These are noted to be revolving clock-wise around one axis at the rate of about fifty times per minute. This phenomenon may be common with all species of Naiades and the reason why only seldom seen may be because of the short duration of this embryonic activity which may be necessary in the final development into the glochidial stage, for it was only in this structural stage that this rotary motion was seen. The most prolific and continuous breeder, found by the writer, is Lasmonos fragilis. This mussel, being the predomi- nant form in northwest Missouri and thus being the most THE NAUTILUS. 17 accessible, ample opportunity was given to obtain the most complete record and has been found gravid with ripe glochidia every month of the year except for March and August. How- ever, high water prevented the keeping of a complete record for any species during March. In all probability fragilis bears glochidia throughout this month also as more individuals of this species were found in glochidial gravidity during the month immediately preceding than at any other time of the year. Hence, we would conclude that this species is bradytictic (i. e., a long-period breeder) with an overlapping breeding season. Lastena ohiensis and Strophitus edentulus may be classed likewise because of the same character in that they also overlap in their breeding season. The fact of non-parasitism as the normal habit of these last mentioned may account for their eccentricities of breeding season. We may also account for the very peculiar marsupial structures of S. edentulus because of this independent metamorphosis of its larva. As far as now known all species of Naiades, except the last named, are dependent upon fish-hosts as their natural distributors ; however, the wide distribution of both S. edentulus and L. ohiensis has been considered to be due to the buoyancy of the placentulae, (gelatinous cords holding glochidia), discharged by the former and also to the very light papery shells of both juvenile and adult of the latter. Probably this account will show the smallest gravid individual on record. On March 38, 1913, a gravid Proptera laevissima, bearing mature glochidia, was collected by the writer in Lake Contrary, St. Joseph, Mo., measuring 39 mm. in length, and on September 10, 1914, 61 laevissima were collected, 32 of which were found gravid with ripe glochidia. Strange to say, these female shells were all smaller than the other 29 males ; however, none in this collection exceeded 43 mm. in length, two being only 39 mm. long. Upon further study it may be found that these so-called laevissima are really distinct species and that the occurrence of smaller shells may be found to be normal, as seen in case of Obliquaria reflexa and of Plagiola lineolata (Raf.) (=P. securis [Lea] ). The Breeding Record kept herein corresponds with those of 18 THE NAUTILUS, Ortmann, Sterki,’ Surber,” Howard,’ Lefevre and Curtis * in the exceptions which these authors make for the general rule that the species of the sub-family Unioninae are short-period breeders (tachytictic) and those of the sub-families Anodontinae and Lampsilinae are long-period breeders (bradytictic). The writer agrees with Surber’ and Howard * that Megalonaias heros should be classed as doubtfully bradytictic. Probably it would be more nearly correct to consider heros as tachytictic with the latest breeding season known. Another case of eccentricity of breeding season is that of Obliquaria reflexa. Although this species ‘belongs to the sub-family possessing long period of gravidity as the rule, yet the writer has only found it sterile during every month of the winter season. Amygdalonaias donaciformis has also been found to be sterile in a few instances throughout the winter months, yet this knowledge may be too meagre to estab- lish it as a short-period breeder. However, being found gravid with mature glochidia the early part of June may be partial evidence that this species is bradytictic. The writer is able to verify Surber’s discovery that donaciformis produces the smallest -glochidiwm (0.060x0.063 mm.) on record,’ and also that, in its metamorphosis, the encysted young shows the unusual growth of adult shell beyond the margin of the glochidial shell. In keeping this record it was occasionally noted that in a few cases, especially as found in Lasmigona complanata and Lasmonos fragilis, that the marsupia would contain early and late embryos, and even mature glochidia, at the same time. However, this irregularity is doubtless abnorma! since uniformity of develop- ment and maturity is the rule for all species. It may be of interest here to state how the author has been enabled to distinguish sterile females from males of those species which have no sexual dimorphism of shell and no definite dif- ferentiation of marsupium and of post-ventral mantel margin as seen in the Unioninae and Anodontinae. In most cases, as 11903a (American Nat., xxvii, pp. 103-113). ?1912a (U.S. Bu. Fish., Doc. 771). *1915 (Nautilus, xxix, pp. 4-11). 41912 (U. S. Bu. Fish., xxx, Doc. No. 756). THE NAUTILUS. 19 pointed out by Dr. Ortmann, even a macrospic examination will enable one to note that the septa (vertical partitions for the ovisacs) of the sterile marsupium are distinctly more crowded than those that separate the gill chambers of the male gills. A histologic study shows five or ten gill filaments between the septa of the sterile marsupium or brood pouch. Tables 2 and 3 are summarized accounts made out from com- plete individual records kept on the regular form issued by the U. $8. Bureau of Fisheries for Biological Stations. These indi- vidual accounts of the different species comprehended the sterile females as well as those gravid with early-late embryos and ~ mature-immature glochidia. As proof of this record the author still holds in his possession the preserved anatomical material, gravid with glochidia and also much that is gravid with early and lateembryos. The soft parts have been preserved with the shells, the latter having been cleaned in a solution of sodium carbonate (Na,CO,) made by dissolving five pounds of this chemical in five gallons of water. Then the soft parts were preserved in the marked shells after the right valves were cut loose and temporarily examined afield when the best studies can be made before the tissues are contracted or discolored by the preservative. The best preservative for the whole speci- mens has been found by the author to be 70 or 80 per cent. alcohol, since such preserving fluids as formaldehyde contain so much free acid that the shell is deteriorated by the chemical reaction upon the limy composition. While the writer was engaged for over three years in procur- ing data for his illustrated and descriptive catalogue of the Naiades of Missouri’ it was his good fortune to discover a few glochidia, which follow in the descriptive table here, as the first on actual record. The author is indebted to Dr. T. Surber for his acknowledgement of the novelty and also for his verifi- cation of measurements of these glochidia. The author is confident that fertilization of the ova takes place in the suprabranchial canals and when more data is at hand this determination may be set forth as a well-proven phe- 1 American Midland Naturalist, Vol. iv, 1915-1916, Plates I-X XVIII. THE NAUTILUS. 20 "ByU0} -wyeAy “yy wnsuetn} = «6aqenpugq —ssayautdg) ordiyya-ruiag | egg: | ogc" ‘BIpepag ‘A Jy] peamno Aus ag hy ai : or ; ¥ = oo ~~ S aay Zz iG oes “NUNN