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“W iadade bode irya te He RTS iti oie bale ss a had ba yeae i bate 4 nau ie eil oa ori is: ef quelled Pgnehe ihes ete id rt sai uel ett wine ft et ath ree nee ye vor fouet id Naiiou sbi 14 ied Hee gritlietadeasht had ety a Ne natant naeae wid ATT Adds totais baa ated ao Aaah i wn sae Hi sa fh 4 nites ithe yy a 4 4 a ‘ st wae ps pe Ray 4 4 rain MAS ascuee ys seared i cig Lad ite a) rt i Bu fi tute thagay ier Hietatice s sae ate tHe M4] 8 ci See tisinilla goecah sodrsstou Aruna (881 ye iA ie deo arate ade ei aM ade edtiel waar nie ate eae . - . we " slide iawn deovyede Ve Maen es ti es enraett)s + Ve aeaite tee be Serenade dnlees jeheane Hp ath i ie Re Sieh os Li dae Gey wee ate Meet sya aear ge beasae lest) Dirge ee ily desetnt ia 44+ AR HT raancdat an pasty Ne tt rat cneat tN + m beivonit he is fade ts be Vi) e inated oleae Hoek opie aay yakaseH aE oe wi Haven ews ada a ; 7 ve ‘ nue hy ie bia Veeder +Hhs2\slhetigtat et i | te *0e0e + med eg pa siMinduinaated apenas 4 4 ten ter groan VEL 4 ab ie us 1 nas aged u tn) 1 i ' vast watny us tery ans 3 chs ee ert TM MRE Ae Hiey Oa AiG 8 ; vinaate Fingratyt is anh M deo cman’ ry Bh deer Dedede” pastel sling wm teee FP tht ry ei io ingots Ho bere) enethes ont xp 49° ay tet N Wien ledatrtegiiinh Mate Ae peibeige gt in? 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ca ; het eas layeued ‘ ee tetetita ; ae aise Ni une yee setit ae i) pie Hw ‘ Fh pee fae ‘i saves ober Ye asae vorteig Aga OUte “weep hay eau TAGES haw be ey aha the itt ath ye vane igen? @ Re 4a at i ° ; ay Wesietite a i fete 1449 Ghia wife bei dihee een ri ye poekty itt hag rity hy he bhye Hai ye Hy Hive de Setar telsedtediaa ee 4) AF i re feqiatus itunes ie areraey 1°18 dower i +) i aa ' i ie 4 es Y a ves Wein st nee we ii Nein athe satan 4 96a Othe L suri es rad mgs aN Bis oa we ru my A be i adbe pha adint att a Mi J veegtan ol ra tegees Matete be dete ve aged hed meen 7 gt 7 meas year ge fein yy navhs * aaty as i At fate waies bien aly +4 eda art br a ; iM yaa gries the \ seydinar de sega widest atti edad i rehab) We As taped diet ty et ne ae ott ait as: RY ned epee at ect tMrattoat es tt iy ate tileitnattngtcnl tata i pass oy 2 ” P He + ase vote arg ¥ a) nS wis ’ anls Steves ie res teatiencaeys « PPE rer. Aveo we srae staat histtaetae hale Nictiatitasaheselsal at site ee ie Ke a riaytt een bet Abi home g! £4 1). Bowe tue weve PA iA piesa ‘ je hiew pe sister tear , wie al dratee 9 BE at ative veda dab atiaitiaindes if sharing? rey P44) bavloial) iE Err AS ALL et Ae 4 y yh TT TEELE tat eT oh ad es: ES a begat ae ti a y Rn Henn adad vate thera yhayiti ie Oa cae: safisetanse \ ea oop eB y bats eh Mead f Her RANE Vals asen' Wad vale? ppt bet ol 4 Ati teeede Titbealdg wheat nei 4 ee i a bed yh WPS AD aa ee rtae eee hea tbe se ari tN aA ‘ ities 14 dstas wight Hts be dye ia tilly vp ve had ¢h Jeshtoey Wes Vp tyeee aubtanaeas ae iaeewputs etirire git ‘ \ , . 4 ro rerenqent ‘ ay Feeetteesiss ae “4 b Her debby by ete aS eehtarhtor { Tee TT et iat iene Heng dn ae wshraanvh qiona) tet : 0 Hy ba) tine qr hedydemnye bet le sores ‘ 4 Vs aehe se bid et aalgoatt 2 ote ti supatenaset weve Wr dj i 4 we am tat nh fisgte as ver ; ‘veusy ees neil THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY ot. Ke dg a. NATURAL NST a A ai ca t y ‘ | Biya i vhs q i a Tat Ay ee Oy Aad best" Be Oy * ¢ urr this book on or before the _ Latest Date stamped below. A _ charge is made on all overdue 4 | books. U. of I. Library Mahe te at Up trae § geri i rane iey it ' tsexc3233aver ae lee hit ep, ie abet ni ih og} i y » ¥ WY Pa Saat i ( by d 4a) : ; A { ; ; ‘ ‘e ‘ ROE NAT t Sy fie we \ aS Dl i ey AE wy \ ’ hr ,) ul Fi ; » ; { y a . \ i | n ‘ 4 - ~ iid ~ ] P ay ed : ; ’ NA We 5 Faas * \ ‘ WG! ‘ & | | ™ 4 j i dy SGA ey Fea} J \ Ny ire) ‘aly i! [i : 5 | Mob aut sé r, : , Ray My ey a NC ee ul | * bh i Nei i NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. XXXII JULY, 1918, to APRIL, 1912 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Sciences PHILADELPHIA CHARLES W. JOHNSON Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History BOSTON INDEX Pawn AU TILUS, xX XI. INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES. Peemmunea enecica Oldroyd, n: sp. ..............0000 26 Achatine, types of generic names proposed for ......... 98 Amnicola oneida or bakeriana Pils. (pl. 2, figs. 9,10).... 21 Beene peraiela White .. 0.2... See te ees 60 ,e/Archachatina TRE repels yeh ho dolla tse w a4 ate dace 99 “ Avicula candeana of d’Orb., from Bermuda........... ais 1 Pemmoerry., MN: MEN. 2. i ee tes 12 Boston Malacological Club hg) WES SOOT Ge aga a 33 Bryan, Mrs. Elizabeth Letson (obituary ) PRS RCN Oe ane. 142 Bulimulus (Protoglyptus) brunoi von Ihering (pl. 4, fig.7) 54 Blue and White Mountains, Arizona, journey to the ..... 81 Cecum in New England, new forms of ................ 73 Ceeum annulatum Brown (pl. 5, fig. 1)............6... 1 Cecum auriculatum de Folin (pl. 5, fig. 4)............. 76 Peer welarman Garp. (pl.5, fie. 0)... oo. ee es 76 Pecumeooperm omith (pl. 5, fig. 2)......2.0. 0.0.20 08- io Cxeeum johnsonii Winkley (pl. 5, fig. 3) ............... 15 Peeeemuim timp. (pl. 5, fie. 6)).......0..0. 000008. 76 Camping im the Sierras and desert .............0..... 3 MM TCICCHION i ol ok ee iva woe wees 35 Beemmrmmrenetm Hale oo. a ak cee ee 62 INEM Roe ke le Peden dale ov ae edocs 99 Poentoseviamecatormis Mer. 2... ce ee 59 Cochlostyla polychroa buriasensis Bartsch, n. subsp. .... 16 Mietrost via wutoctadura, LeSS. 2. ee ees 59 DMM AMOUMMIGAMOTCS ofa oe hk chee ae ee aes 71 Cuspidaria (Tropidomya) nana Oldroyd, n. sp. ........ 28 Seeeeciicnt, psuells'at Monroe .............6- 00000 134 Cuban mollusk colonized in Florida................... 104 iil 1V THE NAUTILUS. Daniels, Lorenzo E. (obituary), portrait .............. 99 Eluptio dilatatus var. Sterkii Grier, n. var. ............ 9 Epiphragmophora tudiculata colusaensis Bartsch, n. subsp. 126 Kurynia: (Micromya) venusta (Lea) oc 0 ee 13 Frandetla candeana (d’Orb.)) (pl. 3) 00 a ee 38 Huseonaia flava var. Grier, n, vat. .).4400 i ee 11 Gillia altilis (luea) (pl. 2, fies: 1-8) 0200 oe 19, 22 Gillia and Amnicola, notes on nidification of ......... RBG) bs Glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavonius (Lea) ...... 17 Gonave Island shells... oo. oi ee a 72 Helerion pellucidum in America i 4. ere 77 Plelax vareolata ss, 0). Oe an a ee 55 Helix levis Pferfier 3) 005 Oe ee 56 Felix occidentalis M. & Hose er 63 Frelix pandora eo a a6 Hemiplecta sagittifera batanensis Bartsch, n. suber (i ai Lampsilis’ brevicula/Calh. id iol tale ee Lampsilis ventricosa cohongoronta in the Potomae Valley. 51 Land shells of Monroe, Connecticut ................06- 134 Lasmigona costata var. eriganensis Grier, 0. var......... 10 Liguus fasciatus, varieties from Cuba in Florida ....... 104 imax maxnnus'm. Colorado o.ee. ae rai himneea tenuicosta Nowe ee ea, Se ae 64 Liopistha (Cymella) montanensis Hend., n. n. for Phola- Gomiya: umicla ta} (2) on gels a cae a 0 Loboa brunoi von Ihering, the status of ............... aya) Lymniea auricularia To: in Colorado..: (4)... ae 71 ibymnwa hendersoni Baker’) wa 020.28 a ee ak Macrocallista orcutti/Dalk. mosp. ee ae 24 Malleus rufipunctatus Reeves... i.e de ule eee 38 Maliens ‘vesiculatus’ Reeve (oui eias peek ee 38 Marine mollusea about New York City, some ........... 90 Martyn’s universal conchologist .7.).2 2.0 is ee te ee ee 28 Meioceras, 1. sp! (pl. ib, eT) xe eee oe ee 76 Melania convexa var. impressa M. & H................. 61 Melania (Goniobasis?) sculptilis Meek ................ 61 Melania: multistriata: Mo HiGt is ee Te. eee 62 Naiades from Lake Erie, new varieties of .............. 9 Nenia cooki Pils. n. sp. (pl. 7%, tes. 11-13) oe 80 Nomenclature and systematic positions of some North American fossil and recent mollusks .............. 60 INOS 5 rd iG ial Re Lieut A Man ee Be Varma a et 34, 71, 103, 143 Obba listeri batanensis Bartsch, n. subsp. .............- 16 Olivella biplicata angelena Oldroyd, n. var. ............ 384 Orie: (Ste i ee a ORS Ie Tagen eaten ee ae 99 THE NAUTILUS. v Opisthosiphon berryi Clapp, nu. sp. (pl. 7, fig. 14)....... 86 etnompnon trom Cuba, a new .............seseeeee 86 Serene cooper: minor Ckll. 2. sk ec we eee 4] Oreohelix cooperi obscura Hend., n. form .............. 46 BIG UPTOUGNIGNA LICR... ck et ee ee ees 120 EE OES) 109, 110 MTOUMIUIOIIAUVG, ci cidg wesc vijtdiescebeseveees 113 PMPMERTE IGOR TINGTA EIAIG. | ok kk te ee ee ees 120 Semreimemaitirineata Wa Eb ik ee 62 EES RD PO 106 Panope (generosa Gould var.?) taeniata Dall, n.sp.?... 25 TIENT EE ee ira cae wale Hodis o ciepe ass 99 BIEIEITCH GMGUG, SOME (2 cee ee wee alee 58 Philippines, new land shells from the ................. 15 BEIDIER VIVIDATICR® Of |. bin. i eee cee eh eee 109 me ricata WM TT ee we ce whee 60 PPE re ot ak ved awe ees 2, Planorbis altissimus Baker, n. sp. (pl. 7, figs. 7-10)...... 95 Planorbis campanulatus, from Blue Sea Lake, Quebec, RMR MT DPA GON 35). eo b.22 oN sec Wale 4 oe ce dee ea be 127 Planorbis from post-glacial deposits, description of new RE AVCHIMCUION fo 6 ve aidiee soca we cad eee nnd 94 Planorbis parvus urbanensis Baker, n. var. (pl. 7, figs. 4-6) 94 eemrriawermds MOG oe ee ees 64 Pleistocene fossils of ,Magdalena Bay; Lower California, collected by Charles Russell Orcutt ............... 23 Piearouonte mardinella in Florida ...............20.. 104 Pmromeauricomea in Mlorida ... 0.06.66. oe ee 104 Peeme mascorum in Mlorida . 005.6... ove we ee 104 Praticolella campi Clapp & Ferriss, n. sp. (pl. 6, figs. 1-4) 78 Praticolella griseola Pfr. (pl. 6, figs. 5-7).............. 19 MO OOIVIU eke eke a ee hee es es bee 30 Pre wrecnatella constellata Mor. ../..........0.0...0.00- 48 Sememraceiia stellata Vel... co. ke ee ee 48 Priotrochatella torrei Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 4, figs. 1-6)...... 47 Pmmeations Pecelved 22... eee eee 35, 69, 106, 144 Rare shells collected in Puget Sound, Washington ...... 105 RE MMIII 1 ae ia aalasesi skids ee ccsidieee salle, « 58 EMER Pl he i ea i ie egy a Wid: oy Wialayas so lacecd ane 99 Shells from Angel and Tiburon Islands, Gulf of California 26 Strophitus edentulus pavonius, notes on the Glochidia of 17 (EG SEN OME E1213) ON ga ng a en 19 Stylobates aeneus Dall (pl. 6, figs. 8-10)............... 79 RE CNET (ODMMARY ee iy celui) ca we se ee eases 72 Systematic position of two species of mussels from the Mma TA en en ere ial tas WWE are 4 ei aia ila ace 13 v1 THE NAUTILUS. Tapes philippinarum okupi Bryan ... 2.60... J. eee 124 Thraciacurta Com... 6. esti. eee ee 105 Uhracia trapezoides Con.) ¢ 2... 0.4 .06).). Wide cl Woe ee 105 Thyasira bisecta Con., note om... ..), 4.0. cln se eee 108, 105 Trachydermon Carpenter, notes on the genus .......... 1 Trachydermon Carpenter, a further note on the genus... 12 Wamio fasclata Rak. 3. oo... ciel a ee ee 139 Unio luteolus Lamarck |...) eo) ic cae oe 139 Unio rectoides White’ 000) a aie Gea 60 Unio whitei Hend., n. n., for U. rectoides White ........ 60 Weens: SOUS. ee Oks AOE ie en 95 Viviparus contectoides limi, n. n., for V. c. compactus Pils. 71 Vivipara ancularis Bartsch)! ) 0. eel eee 114, 120 Vavyipara carinata Bartseh (60530005 6S ae 1138 Viviparus angularis (Mull) oe 3 ee ee 114 Viviparus burroughianus trinominis Wkr., n. subsp. .... 120 Waviparus costatus (Qik Goya oe 117 Viviparus cumingianus ‘Wkr., n. Bm. .. 2.2... onl aeee 118, 114 Viyiparus javanicus luzonicus Kob. 2... 22). ).!).6% 4h ee 122 Viniparus tricarmatus) (Anton) <2... 52.)4. .. :0eeeee 121 Viviparus zamboangensis Bartsch ...........0-.....8 123 Willeox; Joseph (obituary). 0 0)..02 20000.) 101 THE NAUTILUS. vu INDEX TO AUTHORS. PME rua Pedicle cs Rlwcje nescence 19, 94, 97 IMAGE Tal, bea elec cca e's 15, 538, 126 rai.) a)iiie ae. sca Aajcie's weinle cacslaeeaeeues 12 Se UE iy Ae es a 124 ML Tr i Oe ia ky ak doe ated ee del ba es 78, 104 ME iy ec e's eis ih ale cee sa wes 47, 86 re ok cle vad so Lc bale ales casein vues 58 Dall, OE 1, 23,79, 103 Ellis, MM re ee ie ee i oe seu ee de 17 ST NS lee vd dels erence 6 ase Gito, Ob, oe i Ue wg ale we bse wlele eles we 139 A ceils ly fe ea Wh a Ue wae ae 9 I i alg ces cities eee Uetee 12 See Wel UNIUG se ek wa 40, 60, 71, 187 GSS EERE DIRS ea 34 es foe eel a ce Clclnia dw cle cles sles es 90, 134 i eee ee cele waa s 36, 37, 69, 101, 107 EM Oe Ue Sic ea alae eal oleae ei didie's LY MMM el a alg crete s @eieisia due wees seas 51] Ny eh Nee alee dae. ou sale 0 ofae's as ht NT SSE OSS ae eae 26, 28, 105 ee Sai ae we ao aeala 34 MEET U e eS I SIS DD CG DG Ee ae en 13 Pilsbry, OS ae rao 70, 71, 80, 98, 106 i ee ee wee 72 Walker, ‘Bryant 2 EA ATES 2 ROSS igh i Ge a on 28, 35, 109 Whittaker, IE i IRS GSI ved URSA a 127 NERRMNNCIREEME bhi Uhh ieee i le ue, 65 ; Ce pss oe eee \ _ la , ria Aas a cee es aa ie . “nar ak : ’ VT ~ a. 2 ¥ “a y ; ae La . * Soon y ae ad nae Pe wg af = “ — ee f iT) a =e = a « - s id ¥ ‘ > a a e ; : P 4 4 ‘ied - ) ‘ ; a4 4 ‘ pe . i F 2 F J . ’ “ , tee j ty _ wee ‘ ’ * ' cere ie) ga I Dy ies i sl A f 4 6 Gy 4 -~ ee ry Ee * ’ t a : “ey! lt nit Sia ’ Ps Sats eee n 4 = , “| 4 ’ ‘ . i . ae rs ea os A 4 pee « Z : \ on ; ny - \ as a” ve q us et » + : 7 * WHNLVERSITY. OF (Line x Roms. > 2 PUR THE ee THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE I. SNOWBANKS IN AUGUST—GODDARD PASS, SIERRA NEVADA. NINETY ABOVE IN JANUARY—TWIN CACTI CAMP, ARIZONA. BONB. 43 \12Q) / \/ A IY FTL. Y, 35%. - ~ THE NAUTILUS. ACe “Sip, Vol. XXXII. JULY, 1918. No. 1 NOTES ON THE GENUS TRACHYDERMON CARPENTER. ' BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. Iredale has already called attention to the two names for Chitons by Gray in 1821. A little fuller discussion of the consequences of the adoption of Gray’s name Lepidochitona Seems desirable to make the situation perfectly clear. The synonymy which is pertinent is as follows: Lepidochitona Gray, London Medical Rep., XV, p. 234, 1821. Chiton marginatus (Pennant, = cinereus L., not of Mon- tagu). Stenosemus Middendorff, Malac. Ross. 1, pp. 108, 109, 117, 122, 1848; (1st sp. C. marmoreus Fabr.). Ischnochaton sect.tt, Gray, Guide Moll., p. 182, 1857 (Chaton marginatus) . Trachydermon Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc., 1864, p. 612 (Chiton dentiens Gould) ; ibid., p. 649: Bull. Essex Inst., p. 158, 1873 (Chiton ruber (L.) Lowe, not of Spengler). Craspedochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 114, 1878 (Chiton marginatus Pennant, = cimereus L., not of Montagu). Leptochitona Pilsbry, Man. XIV, p. 150, 1892 (err. typ.). Section Tonicella’ Carpenter. Platysemus Middendorff, (part) Mal. Ross. 1, p. 98, 1848 (C. submarmoreus Midd.). 438916 2 THE NAUTILUS. Toncella Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. V, p. 154, 1873 (Chiton marmoreus Fabricius). Boreochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 116, 1878 (Chiton ruber L., and C. marmoreus Fabricius). Tomcrella Thiele, Gebiss d. Schnecken, II, p. 389, 1891 (T. marmorea Fabr.). Section Cyanoplax Pilsbry. Cyanoplax Pilsbry, Man. XIV, pp. 40, 44, 1892 (Chiton hart- wegu Carpenter). Subgenus Spongioradsia Pilsbry. Spongioradsia Pilsbry, Man. XV, p. 65, 1894 (Trachyradsia aleutica Dall). In view of the similarity of names the following synonymy may be useful: Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso. Lepidopleurus (Leach Ms.) Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. IV, p. 267, 1826 (1st sp. L. cayetanus (Poli) Risso); G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 110, 1878. Section Leptochiton Gray. Leptochiton Gray, P. Z. 8., 1847, p. 127 (Chiton cinereus Mon- tagu (not Linné) =— C. asellus Spengler) ; Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 530, 612, 650, 1864 (1st sp. mentioned as a real member of the genus is Leptochiton nexus Carpenter). ? Lepidochiton Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 317, 349, 1857 (1st sp. C. lividus Midd.). Includes also C. merten- su Midd., C. scrobiculatus Midd., and C. proprius Reeve; the latter = C. dispar Cpr., not Sowerby. I confess to an inability to get anything like systematic order out of Middendorff’s extraordinary tangle of names, except where some subsequent author has fixed a species as type, as in the case of Symmetrogephyrus (Midd., Feb. 1848), which Chenu (Man., p. 388) has declared to be typified by THE NAUTILUS. 3 Chiton pallasit Middendorff, thus displacing the more familiar Amicula (auct. not Gray, 1847) for that group. Lepidochitona Gray, supersedes J'rachydermon as indicated by Iredale (Proc. Mal. Soc. London, XI, p. 127, 1914). With the first mention of the latter genus Carpenter associates only two species, C. pseudodentiens Cpr. (= dentiens Gould) and an undescribed C. gothicus. The former must therefore be taken as type, instead of flectens, though they are really con- generic. As type of Lepidochiton Carpenter, I select his first species, C. lividus Midd., which is an Ischnochiton, but Car- penter apparently regarded it as synonymous with Lepto- chiton, to which he refers the species in his index of 1872. Pilsbry refers the species, in the order above cited, respec- tively to Ischnochiton, Lepidozona, Ischnochiton, and Ischno- radsia. The genus would best be considered a synonym of Ischnochaton, especially as no one seems to have quoted it after Carpenter, and he did not clear it up in his MS. In regard to Leptochiton, I am inclined to agree with Berry that the west coast and Arctic forms are so different from the typical Lepidopleurus cayetanus that a sectional separation is appropriate. CAMPING IN THE SIERRAS AND THE DESERT. PLATEI. BY JAS. H. FERRISS. _ Late in June of last year, facing westward I departed from the home snailery in search of adventure, and returned about the first of May this year. At the Grand Canyon of the Colorado a couple of very warm days was devoted to the Bright Angel trail, digging vainly for Sonorella bethela. The Vernal Falls, Yosemite Valley, California, offered an- other opportunity, with a yield of three Epiphragmophoras, one of these the EF. hillebrandi yosemitensis, discovered there by Mr. Herbert N. Lowe. This was the opening of another season of delight in the California mountains. For nearly a 4 THE NAUTILUS. month we camped with the Sierra Club at the Tuolumne Meadows, making side trips from there in search of snails and other kinds of trout. Then eastward with our own pack train for more than another month over the high passes, with a side trip to Silver Lake, down into the branches of the San Joa- quin, and over the John Muir Pass to the Middle Fork of the Kings River. At Tehipite valley we left the Middle Fork, westward crossed the North Fork, and hit the main river at Trimmer, where we left our mules and took the auto stage for Sanger and Fresno. Out for health, and in no hurry, the opportunities for col- lecting were the best. The high altitudes, glaciers and snow banks were another world. In the valleys, with a wealth of flowers, birds, and trout, and the grandest scenery upon the continent, we rested several days at every camping place, as a rule. At Palisade creek we halted nearly a week and had gcolden trout for every meal. But the snails were small, and few in number of specimens and species. Riding up the zigzag out of the Tehipite valley the silvery track of a snail was found on the trail, and in half a day I dug up a dozen Epiphragmophoras, looking like £. traskt, the only large shell found since leaving the Yosemite. Like a Sonorella, they were living in a pile of rocks well cov- ered with leaves and rotten wood. Between trips we hunted up old friends and collections. Some of these were mail-order friends of long standing, and we were greatly pleased to see what they looked hike. At Berke- ley it was the Alaska bear skins, H. S. Swarth and Robert Grinnell. At Oakland, Fred L. Button, who gave us a two- night exhibition of his shells. At the Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, Barton W. Evermann and the Henry Hemphill collection of western land shells. At the Leland Stanford University, Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd and the Hemphill duplicates. At Los Angeles, the fossil bones from the asphalt beds. The collections and the collectors demonstrate the Cali- fornia spirit, and were far beyond our expectations. Tucson likewise, Thornber, Cummins, Voorhies and Taylor at the University of Arizona, McDougal and Shreve at the THE NAUTILUS. 5 Carnegie Desert Laboratory are ‘‘live wires’’ in the natural sciences. Also explorers. Exploring begets good health, and good health begets enthusiasm. Also, Arizona is apparently the head center of natural history, so many species in botany and zoology have their beginning here. By the way, a news- paper reporter at Tucson gave us a reputation for the dis- covery of 650 new species of snails in Arizona! In figures it is well to give out type-written copy to the press. Then no embarrassing apologies to university clubs will be needful. To eliminate a limp which interfered with snail-catching more and more, I went into a hospital at Tucson, and a month or two was taken out of this great vacation; but on the whole a large collection was made. With mules for the high desert ranges and a Ford for the smaller ones, one in the conva- lescent stage may make a good showing. Some of the hills are only 150 feet in height, and with a level desert floor we could almost collect from the machine. At one point it was not more than ten feet from snails to Ford. We seldom walked ten miles in one day, for with the larger mountains and their long and rough mesas we could ride within a half-mile of the snails. Within the recent geologic period apparently there was a heavy rainfall (Noah’s perhaps), so heavy that the large boulders were thrown out upon both sides of the channel, and thus these gulches are often heavily diked on the lower slopes of the mountain. These dikes are often the best collecting grounds, especially in dry weather; the fortifications of five or six feet in depth and twenty wide are easily explored. To eatch a live snail at home in some of the larger slides higher up, a steam shovel and a full equipment of quarrymen is needed. On horseback, with Frank Cole as guide, a trapper, hunter, prospector, forester, now a good snail-hunter and a wonderful cook, I made another trip through the Catalinas and Rincons, finding more of the rough-barked Sonorellas. Then into the Galuras, where we captured a smooth-bark Sonorella with a diameter of 32 millimeters. At Tucson my partner on the California trips and many others joined the party for a winter 6 THE NAUTILUS. in the desert. To her it seemed a dreary prospect, but a short trip into the Tucson range with its mesas forested with orchard-like trees and giant cactus, the ever-changing botan- ical societies, wild pigs, deer, mountain sheep, quail and very toothsome cottontails, told another story. The desert was as interesting as the mountains, and the weather in winter was summer-like without excessive heat or annoying insects. With extra tanks of gasoline upon our running-board, any place was home, the tent a parlor, and auto cushions a mattress. There was no lack of firewood or water. The Tucson range, only an hour or so from the city, was particularly home-like. The first day in camp, Cole brought in a wild pig and baked it. With hot biscuit and steaming coffee, and the fruit and goodies brought from town, we had such a Christmas dinner, with surely as good an appetite, as in ye good old days, and it was on Christmas day. And, too, in a dining hall with columns and arches of living green, with prickers so long an unruly guest would not scratch the var- nish. Our mistletoe decorations were generous, for there are eleven species and varieties in Arizona, Here we found our largest catch in Sonorellas, the rare fern Cheilianthes pring- leyt and the most beautiful member of the fish-hook group of eactus, Hchinocactus leconter. From our camps westward towards the Silver Bell range, twenty miles away, it was @ thick forest of the giant cactus, paloverde, mesquite and iron wood as far as the eye could see. Cole brought in a good pair of mountain sheep horns laid out by some lion or wolf about a year ago, and I dug up a nice diamond rattler the second day out. There are eleven species and varieties of rattlers in this state also. We made seven camps on the west side of the range—Pic- tured Rocks, Rattler, Sheephorn, Wild Pig, Twin Cacti (Plate I), Cat Mountain and Limekiln. Sonorellas were found at 37 stations in five weeks. I worked about half time. We also gave about the same amount of time to the ranges west, going as far as Ajo, and then I was in trim to work full time. These mountains west of the city of Tucson rise from a lower level than the Catalinas, Santa Ritas and the ranges THE NAUTILUS. 7 eastward. The higher peaks are supposed to run up to 8,000 feet above the sea. Very few are named, and so far as we could learn none have been surveyed. The Baboquivari sys- tem starts at the Mexican line and runs a little west of north. As the Baboquivaris, they are 40 miles in length, then known as Coyotes for 7 miles, as the Roskruge 20, as the Abbie Waterman 10, and as the Silver Bell 10 miles. We hit only a few high spots in the first three, and I collected at one small slide in the latter. On the road to Ajo we had good success in Sonorellas in the small hills along the Comovo route, and here we first saw the organ cactus and the crucifix tree. Around the Ajo moun- tains—Wall’s Wells and Montezuma Head—and the several nearby ranges, we were unable to find any traces of Sono- rellas. The last Sonorella station west was at a small group of hills where the sign board of the Interior Department read ““Tucson 101 miles’’. Beyond that the basalt rocks were cov- ered with white dust that may have been alkali, or the granite had a face so sharp and dry the snails on a hike would require tennis shoes and a canteen. A mining prospector afterwards told us shells were to be found near the south end of the Big Ajo range where there was a small spring and walnut trees, and that they were also in the Mesquites, a range near the Mexican border. We anticipated a change in conditions, and perhaps Mexican or new groups of snails, and: we still feel that something may be found in this field—perhaps in the Mesquite and border ranges, or in the Growlers, a forty-mile range west of Ajo—when the Mexican bandits are a little less active among the southern cattle ranges. On the back track we returned by way of the Covered Wells and White Wells crossing the Quijota range, but found only a few Pupas, Succineas, and other small ones until we camped near some abandoned silver prospects in the southern end. We hunted the placer holes for rattlers without success but found a tiger rattler and Sonorellas in the rocks. We also had further luck in the foot-hills at the southern end of the Cababi range, where Mr. Cole had found Sonorellas in 1914. Nearly all of this western half of Pima County is occupied 8 THE NAUTILUS. by the Papago Indians. Their horses, cattle, corn and wheat. fields, and villages are numerous, and we were under many obligations to them for their good wells. Converted by the Catholic Fathers some three hundred years ago, and with the assistance of the Presbyterians since, they have become an in- dustrious people, fat and very rich. Their housing is not pretentious, as with wealthy white men, but evidently sani- tary, for the male in weight averages about 260 and his help- meet about 180. The white men covet the Papago’s grass and browsing, and would like a mix-up; but Uncle Sam at present is plainly giving the Indian a square deal. Between the Tucson Range and the Ajo we collected at 55 stations, sampling the hills here and there. Other expeditions were made to the Serritas, to the Rosemont and Greaterville mining districts on the east side of the Santa Ritas, and to the Empire and Mustang Ranges on our way to visit old friends in the Huachucas. A. F. Berner, an old friend of the botan- ists and snail hunters, was found in hard luck. He is now blind and has been confined to his bed with rheumatism for two years. The entomologist, Biedermann, is more fortunate. He has been remarkably successful with beetles and moths, and he is now an acknowledged leader in grafting. With 99 per cent success he has made the Carr Canyon walnuts pro- duce the best of European walnuts, and the Black Hamburgs. are now picked from the wild vines of his homestead. He hopes to exhibit home-grown chestnuts in another year, from the mountain oaks. They doit in France. Happy Jack is a prosperous merchant on the Ocean-to-Ocean auto way. In the Empire Range, draining into the Santa Cruz River, and the Mustangs, draining into the San Pedro, we found both Holospira and Oreoheliz as well as Sonorella. Here was fur- ther evidence of ancient ‘‘Noah fiood’’ mischief. Deep in the clay of the gulches of the Mustang slopes were Sonorellas and Oreohelix, not to be found alive, or mixed in with the species now living. I worked hard a day and a half to find them alive or freshly dead, but other peaks and gulches had only subfossils of their kind. A like condition existed along the Bright Angel trail in the Grand Canyon. Since my former THE NAUTILUS. 4) visit floods had cut the clay banks and turned up a subfossil species of Oreohelix not now found alive on the south rim. Thus ends my longest adventure, and perhaps the most. fruitful. Collections were made at 187 stations, and with something over 140 sets of duplicates thrown into the basket by generous California friends, we will have about 500 sep- arate lots to check up and discuss later. Joliet, Ill., June, 1918. NEW VARIETIES OF NAIADES FROM LAKE ERIE. BY N. M. GRIER. While the general distinction between the Naiades of Lake Erie and their parent forms of the Ohio drainage have already been commented upon by Walker, (1) representatives in Lake . Erie of at least three of the parental forms have never been given the varietal distinction they deserve. The parent species following the nomenclatorial changes proposed by Frierson (2) and Vanatta (3) are Fusconaia flava (Raf.), Elliptio dila- tatus (Raf.), and Symphynota (Lasmigona) costata (Raf.). The comparisons between them and their Lake Erie represen- tatives were made with the aid of Simpson’s Descriptive Catalogue. ELLIPTIO DILATATUS Var. STERKII, new variety. Differs from typical dilatatus by its smaller size, less elon- gated and proportionately higher shell. Always inflated, not so pointed posteriorly. Ventral line rather straight, beaks more anterior in position. Epidermis in dilatatus dark brown and horn or yellowish, surface usually with uneven growth lines. In sterku, epidermis always smooth or polished, light olive green to yellowish brown to reddish brown. Nacre in dilatatus mostly dark purple, salmon and white; that of sterku is lavender, light reddish purple, pearl-blue. The following table gives maximum, minimum and mean dimensions of 52 shells each of parent and variety: 10 THE NAUTILUS. E. duatatus Var. sterku Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter 130mm. 60mm. 35mm. 87mm. 46mm. 28mm. 86mm. 41mm. 24mm. 59mm. 31mm. 18mm. 30mm. 16mm. 7 mm. 26mm. 13mm. 7mm. Factors obtained from above by comparison of length with height and diameter show that greater height and inflation rest with sterku—51% and 30% as against 48% and 25%. In variety sterku, the average distance of the beaks from the anterior extremity of the shell is 18% of the total length; in dilatatus this is 25%. There appears to be no substantial difference between values obtained with Simpson’s measure- ments and my own. This new variety is respectfully dedicated to Dr. V. C. Sterki, who first commented upon the distinction between it and the stream forms. (4) Type no. 61. 4268, card catalogue Carnegie Museum. LASMIGONA COSTATA var. EREGANENSIS, new variety. Variety eriganensis is smaller, less elongated and propor- tionately lower than costata. Ventral line straight. Epider- mis in costata light horn-color to dark chestnut in old speci- mens, surface usually with uneven growth lines. In eriga- nensis always smooth or polished, greenish olive to reddish brown to chocolate-brown, even growth lines. Nacre in costata eream-color to lavender or blue. In variety eriganensis, pink- ish, buff or salmon-color. Average for 20 shells: costata var. eruganensis Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter 137mm. 78mm. 42mm. 90mm. 46mm. 31mm. 96mm. 55mm. 27mm. 72mm. 40mm. 23mm. 55mm. 31mm. 14mm. 65mm. 36mm. 19mm. Factors secured as previously show that costata is propor- tionately higher than var. eriganensis, 56% against 53%, but THE NAUTILUS. 1] is not so inflated 27% against 32%. My measurements of costata check readily with those of Simpson. Type no. 61.4720, card catalogue, Carnegie Museum. FUSCONAIA FLAVA var. PARVULA, new variety. Variety parvula differs chiefly in size from flava, being smaller although proportionately higher and more inflated. Epidermis of flava yellowish to dark horn-color; in var. par- vula, yellowish green, greenish olive. Surface with even growth lines. Nacre of typical flava mostly white, tinged with salmon in the beak; of parvula, pinkish-color or to pale blue. Dimensions: flava var. parvula Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter 91mm. 60mm. 37mm. 59mm. 45mm. 30mm. 36mm. 48mm. 25mm. 36mm. 28mm. 18mm. 27mm. 24mm. 25mm. 13mm. 11mm. 8 mm. Ratio of length to height and diameter in flava—77% and 42%. Ratio of length to height and diameter in var. parvula— 79% and 51%. Similar results are obtained from Simpson’s measurements of flava. | Type no. 61.4513 card catalogue, Carnegie Museum. The type specimens of the above three new varieties were collected by Dr. A. E. Ortmann at Big Bend, Presque Isle Bay, Lake Erie, July 8-12, 1910, and kindly entrusted to me for description. They appear to be generally distributed throughout Lake Erie. 1. Walker, Bryant. ‘‘Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes.’’ Nautilus, 27, 1913. 2. Frierson, L. S. ‘‘Remarks on Classification of Unionide.”’ Nautilus, 28, 1914. 12 THE NAUTILUS. 3. Vanatta, E.S. ‘‘Rafinesque Type of Unio.’’ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, 1916. 4, Sterki, V. ‘‘A Preliminary Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Ohio.’’ Proc. Ohio Acad. Sci- ence, IV, pt. 8. A FURTHER NOTE ON THE GENUS TRACHYDERMON. _ BY §. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA. Since the publication of my note on the chiton genus Tra- chydermon in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (4), vol. 7, p. 245, September, 1917, Mr. Tom Ire- dale has supplied me with the interesting information that Trachydermon Carpenter 1864 is preoccupied, and hence can- not be used in Polyplacophora in any sense. This consider- ably clarifies the whole situation by rendering needless any further investigation as to which species is properly to be re- garded as the type of the genus. At the same time the pecu- liar group of West American chitons comprising the old Tra- chydermon. flectens Carpenter and the remarkable Mopala heathu of Pilsbry is automatically left without a name. Hav- ing ascertained from -Mr. Iredale that he is chiefly concerned with certain other consequences of the nomenclatural tangle we have discussed and has, himself, no intention of taking up the present question, I feel at liberty to propose the new generic name, Basiliochiton, based upon Mopalia heathu Pils- bry 1898 as its typical representative. A cogent argument for the selection of this rather than the older species as the type of the genus is that the whereabouts, if not the very existence, of the type specimen of Carpenter’s flectens appears to be unknown. I had supposed it to be in the British Museum, but Mr. Iredale writes me that it is not there. It is possible that it was destroyed along with so many other Carpenterian specimens in the San Francisco conflagration of 1906. A further and fuller discussion of this group of chitons will appear in a forthcoming publication. THE NAUTILUS. 13 THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF TWO SPECIES OF MUSSELS FROM THE OZARKS. BY DR. A. E, ORTMANN. Eurynia (MicroMYA) VENuUSTA (Lea). Lampsilis venusta Simpson, Synopsis, 1900, p. 548. — Deser. Catal., 1914, p. 89. A large number of specimens has been received from L. 8. Frierson, collected by A. A. Hinkley on July 30, 1914, in James River, at Galena, Stone Co., Mo. Specimens of this lot have been sent to B. Walker, who also believes them to belong to U. venustus Lea, a species closely allied, on the one hand, to L. ellipstformis (Conr.) (Simpson, 1914, p. 128), and, on the other hand, to L. pleasi (Marsh) (Simpson, p. 129). In fact, the latter is hardly anything else but a smaller and thinner venusta. I have no doubt that all three group together, and very likely the anatomy will be the same. Utterback (Amer. Midl. Natural, 4, 1916, p. 141) places ellipstformis in the genus Nephronazas, but I do not think that this is correct, since he describes the papille on the mantle edge. Call (Tr. Acad. St. Louis, 7, 1895, p. 57) believes that pleasi is identical with venustus, and, according to Frierson (in litt.), venustus is the same as ellapsiformis. Meek & Clark (Bur. Fisher, Doc. no. 759, 1912, p. 19) mention, from Big Buffalo Fork, Lampsilis venusta, which, according to their remarks, is this form. Anatomy: Soft parts (36 6 and 3 sterile 2° are-at hand) of the usual Hurynia-structure. Anal and supraanal openings separated by a moderate mantle connection. Anal with dis- tinct crenulations, branchial with papille. Posterior margins of palpi connected at base only. Inner lamina of inner gill entirely connected with abdominal sac. Marsupium in posterior half of outer gill, with a rather larger non-marsupial section at posterior end. Ovisacs about 15 to 20. Mantle margin, in front of branchial, slightly lamellar, with small, irregular papille, which are not crowded. 14 THE NAUTILUS. and extend forward nearly to the middle of the lower margin, becoming quite distant and small in front. Color of soft parts whitish, with black pigment around anal and branchial openings, and a brown or blackish streak run- ning forward on mantle margin on the inside of the papille. Edge of marsupium with brown pigment. This species undoubtedly belongs near the group, of which E. vanuxemensis may be regarded as the type. The anatomy is practically the same, and the papille on the mantle margin are very much alike. Also in the shell are certain common peculiarities, since E. venusta has, in the female, an indication of that peculiar ‘‘constriction’’ seen in the vanuxemensis group. Our species, however, differs in the more elongate shell, weak development of postbasal expansion of the female, which is located rather more anteriorly, thus suggesting, to a degree, the shape seen in Mediomdus plateolus (= conradt), with which species U. pleasi has been compared by Marsh. My specimens have a strong tendency to become more or less intensely of a salmon-color in the nacre. This seems to be a species characteristic for the Ozark region. LAMPSILIS BREVICULA (Call). L. brevicula and L. brevicula brittst Simpson, 1900, p. 533.— 1914, pp. 57, 58. L. brittst Simps. is an absolute synonym of brevicula Call: the differences mentioned by Simpson do not hold good at all. The emargination of the posterior basal margin of the female shell is not always present, probably only in old specimens [as in L. satura (Lea)]. Among my material there are no speci- mens which show it. A number of individuals is at hand from James River, Ga- lena, Stone Co., Mo., and from White River, at Cotter and Norfolk, Baxter Co., Ark. (L. S. Frierson donor). From Galena and Cotter I have specimens with soft parts, collected July 31 and August 2, 1914 (by A. A. Hinkley). Among them is a gravid female, caught in the act of discharging glochidia (July 31), so that this date indicates the end of the breeding season. THE NAUTILUS. 15 Anatomy of the Lampsilis type, and agreeing almost com- pletely with that of L. luteola (see: Ann. Carn. Mus., 8, 1912, p. 348). The mantle flap is of the same shape as in this species, with the edge irregularly toothed, the largest teeth standing on the free, anteriorly projecting lobe, giving it a lacerated appearance. Also the color markings are the same (streak of black or brown pigment, and I think I ean distin- guish in some of my specimens an indistinct eye-spot). Glochidia suboval, agreeing in shape and size with those of L. luteola; their L. is 0.23, their H. 0.28 mm. Surber has fig- ured them [Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1914, App. 1915 (Fish. Doe. no. 318), pl. 1, f. 14]. His measurements are: 0.230 0.290, while Utterback (for var. brittsi, Am. Midl. Nat., 4, 1916, p. 173 gives: 0.250 x: 0.305. According to its anatomy, this species falls in the luteola group of Lampsilis, and represents a peculiar type of it, which seems to be restricted to the Ozark region, and may be re- garded as having the same relation to L. luteola as has LD. fasciola (= multiradiata) to L. ventricosa. (Smaller, thin- shelled form, with numerous fine, broken rays; the shell is, in the average, less elongated than that of luteola). I do not understand why Utterback (1. c.) places this species in the genus Hurynia, since he describes very well the flap of the mantle margin. NEW LANDSHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINES.! BY PAUL BARTSCH. HEMIPLECTA SAGITTIFERA BATANENSIS, new subspecies. Mr. Walter F. Webb, of Rochester, N. Y., has sent to the U. S. National Museum two Hemiplectas from the island of Batan, off northern Luzon, which belong to the sagittifera complex. This is a dark-colored race, which agrees fairly well in size with typical sagittifera from the Sinait region of Luzon, the type locality of Hemiplecta sagittiffera, but is considerably 1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 16 THE NAUTILUS. more depressed and of much darker coloration. The basal portion of the last whorl is also less inflated. The aperture is proportionately longer and more compressed. The type, Cat. No. 218765, U. S. N. M., has 4.4 whorls and measures: alti- tude, 23 mm.; greater diameter, 50.2 mm.; lesser diameter, 38.5 mm. ; OBBA LISTERI BATANENSIS, new subspecies. The Obba from the island of Batan, is also distinet from any of the other forms known from the Philippines, as shown by specimens received from Mr. Webb. It belongs to the Obba listert complex. It is nearest related to Obba listeri costata Semper, from the island of Camigin, of the Babuyan Group, north of Luzon. It differs from this markedly by its more regularly conic outline, somewhat greater elevation, paler ground color, and rougher incremental sculpture. The type, Cat. No. 218764, U. S. N. M., has 4.4 whorls and measures: altitude, 10 mm.; greater diameter, 26.7 mm.; lesser diam- eter, 22.1 mm. COCHLOSTYLA POLYCHROA BURIASENSIS, new subspecies. Specimens of the Cochlostyla polychroa complex sent to the U.S. National Museum for determination have made it neces- sary to critically examine that group. This examination has revealed the fact that most of the specimens in collections passing under this name are from the island of Burias. The type locality for Cochlostyla polychroa is Temple Island, an island adjacent to Burias. A series of specimens from this island in the collection of the National Museum show that the shells of the typical form, that is Cochlostyla polychroa poly- chroa, are larger, decidedly more elevated and conic than the specimens from the island of Burias. The coloration, too, is much more vivid in the Burias shells than those from Temple Island. I shall therefore bestow the name Cochlostyla poly- chroa buriasensis upon the shells from Burias Island. | The type of this shell, Cat. No. 218788, U.S. N. M., has 4.7 whorls and measures: altitude, 35 mm.; greater diameter, 30.7 mm. THE NAUTILUS. 17 NOTES ON THE GLOCHIDIA OF STROPHITUS EDZNTULUS PAVONIUS (LEA) FROM COLORADO. BY M. M. ELLIS AND MARIE KEIM. While collecting material for class use from St. Vrain Creek, near Longmont, Colorado, December 6, 1817, 25 specimens of Strophitus edentulus pavonius (Lea) (det. J. Henderson) were obtained. Of these, 15 contained large numbers of well- developed glochidia. These glochidia soon freed themselves from the cords when the cords were placed in water after being removed from the gills of the parent mussels, and each individual glochidium began active snapping movements. Many individuals lived for two or three days after leaving the cords and continued active all the while. This record of gravid specimens of Strophitus edentulus pavonius is later in the year than any record given by Surber (Bur. Fish. Doe. 771, 1912) for Strophitus edentulus from the Mississippi River, November being the last month in which he found glochidia-bearing individuals of that species. When compared with the figures and description given by Surber (1. ce.) for Strophitus edentulus, the glochidia of these Colorado mussels of the variety pavonius were found to differ in both size and proportion from the Strophitus edentulus type. As these differences may have some taxonomic signifi- cance, occurring as they do in the glochidia of a variety of Strophitus edentulus taken near the western edge of the range of that variety, the following description of the glochidium of Strophitus edentulus pavonium is given. General shape that of the Anodonta type as given by Surber (1. e.) but of a form intermediate between that of Strophitus edentulus (fig. 3, 1. ec.) and that of Anodonta grandis (fig. 45, ]. ec.) ; hinge line straight; depth slightly greater than the length; marginal spines three, well developed, the median spine being slightly longer than the two lateral spines; from seven to ten rows of spines, counting the marginal row, on each valve; end of the adductor muscle showing from 35 to 50 distinct bundles of fibers. The exact measurements of 20 specimens are given below. 18 THE NAUTILUS. Length in micra Depth in micra , Length in micra Depth in micra 254 280 260 264 256 260 260 264 258 264 260 280 260 266 264 274 260 280 266 272 260 272 266 272 260 270 268 272 260 212 270 280 260 270 272 280 260 270 272 280 The modal average of the specimens examined gives an aver- age length of about 260 and an average depth of about 270, the range of variation being 254 to 272 for the length and 260 to 280 for the depth. Surber (p. 8, 1. ec.) states that the length is greater than the depth in Strophitus edentulus and gives 350 for the length and 285 for the depth as average measurements. The behavior of the living glochidia was interesting in the light of the work of Lefevre and Curtis (Bur. Fish. Doc. 756, 1912) on the metamorphosis of Strophitus edentulus without parasitism. These writers state (p. 178) that they were un- able to bring about the attachment of the glochidia to fish. Our glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavomus were offered gills from the Topminnow, Fundulus zebrinis Jordan & Gil- bert and of the Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque (these two species of fishes are found in St. Vrain Creek) imme- diately after the gills were removed from the body of the fish. Fish blood caused an evident increase in the activity of the glochidia and several glochidia seized gill filaments. Once attached the glochidia remained on the gill filament until the experiment was discontinued, 1. e. for several hours. No attempt to infect living fish with the glochidia of Strophatus edentulus pavonius was made, but the behavior of the living glochidia suggests physiological differences between the glo- chidia of Strophitus edentulus and these western specimens of Strophitus edentulus pavonus. University of Colorado, May, 1918. THE NAUTILUS. 19 NOTES ON NIDIFICATION IN GILLIA AND AMNICOLA. BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER. Observations on the nidification and embryology of our American fresh-water mollusks are rare; and contributions to our knowledge of this subject, though they may not be exten- Sive, are of value. With this need for additional knowledge in mind, the writer ventures to present the following frag- mentary notes on the nidification of two common genera of American Amnicolide, two species of which have but recently been described. | The observations were made while conducting quantitative studies of the animal life of Oneida Lake, New York State’s largest inland body of water. The eggs of four genera of mollusks were observed at this time (the latter part of July and the first part of August), Gillea, Ammnicola, Galba, and Physa. Only the first two genera are considered in this paper. It was hoped that time would permit a more extensive study of these embryos, but the quantitative studies extended to such a late date that there was no opportunity to carry on the very interesting studies on the development of these snails, which would have been of great interest and some value. The information gathered, however, may be consid- ered a contribution to our knowledge of the embryology of these mollusks and may stimulate other students to a study of our fresh-water gastropods. Gillia altilis (Lea). Pl. 2, figs. 1-8. Gulia altilis is a very common species in Oneida Lake in the quiet bays, among vegetation. Egg-laying apparently takes place late in June or early in July. In eggs examined July 31st, the embryos were nearly ready to be hatched, the embryonic shell being fully formed. Eggs were observed on six species of plants; Vallisneria spiralis (abundant near base), Pomatogeton robbinsi (on lower three or four leaves), Potamogeton perfoliatus, Scirpus smithu, Scirpus americanus, and Sagittaria latifolia. The eggs are laid singly (never in a capsule as in the 20 THE NAUTILUS. fresh-water pulmonates), either alone or in groups of one, two, or more, but never exceeding six in any one group (as far as observed). As a rule, many eggs were crowded in a small space on the plant surface (see figures 1-3). On some plants but one side of a leaf contained eggs while other leaves contained eggs on both sides of the leaf. Several areas of the leaves of different plants were measured and the number of egos in this area were counted, with the result shown in table No. 1. These figures indicate the great abundance of the eggs of this mollusk. The leaf used for attachment was generally of a living plant, but in many cases the dead and partly decayed leaves and pieces of plants were utilized for this purpose. In the table all leaves were about 6 mm. wide. Taste No. 1. Number of Eggs of Gillia altilis on Plants. Plant. Length of Leaf. No. of Eggs. Vallisneria spiralis ........... 50 mm. 70 ty Td aiken canes Metra 60 mm. 160 np TE Rho ianiaenbetcioe 50 mm. 22 i. EY ee atane re wee 100 mm. 69 ir UN aR tee 75 mm. 182 ie ok VAN SE Et 75 mm. 73 Me es Sera em. Be 90 mm. 68 on Pid hua hedveciay abot seitanne 45 mm. 33 The eggs are somewhat hemispherical in form, 1.25 mm. in diameter, the thickness being about a third of the diameter. Upwards of 80 per cent of the eggs contained living embryos, the balance being dead; a number of these were filled with protozoa. The envelope of the egg is very transparent and the embryo is transparent enough to permit some of the organs of the body to be seen through the mantle and trans- parent shell. The heart, placed near the aperture of the shell, was observed to pulsate very rapidly in all the embryos, in one individual 87 pulsations per minute. Nearly all of the embryos were in an advanced stage of de- velopment, the embryonic shell as well as the external organs of the body—rostrum, tentacles, eyes, operculum, etc.—being fully formed (fig. 4). The embryos moved about in the egg THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE Il. EMBRYONIC SHECL EGG TENTACLE e e EYE e a ROSTRUM LIVER A OPERCULUM B FOOT 6 4 BAKER: GILLIA AND AMNICOLA. THE NAUTILUS. 21 in the same manner that adult Gillia and other Amnicolide browse over vegetation, the proboscis moving slowly about and the radula being protruded as in the adult animal. There appeared to be a regular circular movement of the embryo around the area of the egg capsule. , 2 \ i + a ‘te Fa ’ = my , - * ae. hye ‘ y ire 4 z Pod ¢ ea A are A vor | oh te ie a rs PLATE X. THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. fee ee oS eee os tceriss ROR oath naetteiorssne WHITTAKER: VARIATION IN PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS THE NAUTILUS. 127 The largest of the three specimens, a dead individual, measures: altitude, 16 mm.; greater diameter 27,1 mm.; lesser diameter 21.2 mm. No race of Kpiphraygmophora tudiculata appears to have been described from that general region. The general form and the weak malleations of the surface distinguish this race from the other members of the tudiculata group and strongly suggest Epiphragmophora traski, but the nuclear characters as well as the other sculptural features all ally it with the tudiculata complex. NOTES ON VARIATION IN PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS SAY, FROM BLUE SEA LAKE, QUEBEC.! BY E. J. WHITTAKER. Variability in Planorbis campanulatus is much less common than it is in a related species, P. trivolvis, in which variation with reference to size and aperture of the shell has resulted in many varieties being established by conchologists. The shell in P. campanulatus may vary in size in certain localities, due to differences in bottom environment and food supply, but in the same area the form is apt to be constant. While at Blue Sea Lake, Wright County, Quebec, about eighty miles north of Ottawa, in the summer of 1918, the writer secured a large series of P. campanulatus, in which several well-marked deviations from the normal type were observed. PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS. Various observations have been made on variation in this species among which are the following: Tryon’ remarks: ‘‘ The plan of the spiral in this genus (1. e. Planorbis) is such as to yield readily to pressure, hence mon- strosities are rather frequent. This consists of a tilting-up of the whorls on one side, or even a conical elevation of the spire. The smaller forms appear to be most liable to this distortion.’’ 'Published by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. ?Tryon, Geo., Jr., Manual of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 106. 128 THE NAUTILUS. Dall* remarks of P. campanulatus rudentis: ‘‘ Very similar specimens were obtained from Anticosti, and from Marl Lake, Michigan, in which the coil is even more irregularly wound, a condition I take to be pathological.’’ Bryant Walker’ remarks of P. multivolvis: ‘‘ When it (i. e. the abnormality ) occurs, it bears the appearance of an abnormal extension of the last whorl being more or less irregular in form and usually deflected from the plane of the rest of the whorls; ”’ and adds that occasionally P. campanulatus has a similar ab- normality. This would appear to be the closest approach to No. 8 in the plate accompanying this paper. | Dr. Frank C. Baker* describes P. campanulatus smith. This species would seem to be very similar, with regard to the de- flection of the last whorl, to the ones discussed here, but the whorls of that variety are ‘‘ strongly carinated above and below, the last whorl being particularly so marked.’’ This serves to distinguish the forms. Mr. Baker observes, however, as in the specimens from Blue Sea Lake, the presence of the typical form of P. campanulatus which shows marked variation toward the smith type. Robertson ‘ states: ‘‘ Often distorted so that the tops of the whorls are inclined at various angles. Varies considerably in the length of campanulate expansion and thickness of shell.’’ This is of interest because the area, which his report covers, lies within the Archaean region of Georgian Bay, where similar conditions to those at Blue Sea prevail. Tryon® describes and illustrates an abnormal specimen of Planorbis bicarinatus, which has developed in exactly the same 1Dall, W. H., Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca, Harriman Alaska Ex- pedition, vol, XVIII, p. 90. 2 Walker, B., Mollusca of Michigan, NAavuTILUs, vol. 6, p. 136. 3 Baker, F. C., A New Planorbis from Michigan, Navuriius, vol. 25, p. 119. 4 Robertson, A. D., Mollusca of Georgian Bay, Contributions to Canadian Biology, Supp. 47th Annual Report, Dept. of Marine and Fisheries, Fish- eries Branch, Pt. 2, p. 101. ’Tryon, Geo., Jr., 4n Abnormal Specimen of Planorbis bicarinatus. Journ. of Conchology, vol. 2, p. 3. THE NAUTILUS. 129 manner as has the specimen No. 8 of this plate. From the illustration it would be taken for an ordinary dextral shell. DESCRIPTION. In the following description only the characters of interest in this discussion are noted: ‘‘Shell sinistral, discoidal, more or less rounded; surface shiny, lines of growth oblique; whorls four, rounded above and below, rather subcarinated; gently and regularly expanding; spire flat or on a level with the general plane of the whorls; periphery rounded, aperture lunate, mouth of the aperture dilated to a great extent forming a bell-shaped expansion; last whorl contracts slightly just before the dilation commences; heavy ridge inside aperture beneath constriction forms narrow throat.’’ The last whorl in many cases shows a tendency to turn slightly upwards, the effect of which is accentuated by the rapidly flaring aperture. In the normal type this is so incon- siderable as to be omitted in most descriptions of the species. Gould’ and Haldeman,’ however, mention this feature. The former says: ‘‘ The whorls enclose each other in a very regular spiral to the last fifth of the outer one, where there is a sudden enlargement and distortion toward the left’’ (7. e. upward). The latter says: ‘‘ Remarkable for the deflection and dilatation of the last whorl.’? The figures accompanying the above show the deflection of the lower edge of the aperture to be not more in any case than one-quarter the height of the body whorl. Binney’s figure 184, reprinted by Call* and others, shows a similar slight deflection. Dr. Baker’s* plates show no such deflection, and the writer has many specimens in the collections here in which that feature is very inconsiderable. It appears from the fact that so many descriptions are silent on this point, 'Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. Binney, p. 493. Haldeman, Monograph of the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca of the United States, part 7, p. 9. $Call, R. E., A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca of In- diana, p. 410, pl. 8, fig. 12. *Baker, F. C., Mollusca of the Chicago Area, Bull. 3, pt. 2, Natural His- tory Survey, Chicago Academy of Sciences. 130 THE NAUTILUS. that this distortion upwards is not readily observed on normal specimens, and any large degree of upturn of the aperture would seem to be a variation worthy of note. VARIATION (PLATE X). In the form from Blue Sea Lake this tendency of the extrem- ity of the last whorl has been greatly accentuated, as a study of Series c in the accompanying plate will show. Fig. cl, a form from Mackay Lake, near Ottawa, shows no deflection at all. The others are all from Blue Sea. In this series there is a gradual elevation of the extremity throughout. In c7 the lower edge of the aperture is more than half-way up the preceding whorl. In c8 the last whorl has been removed completely from the plane of the others, and the aperture is directed upwards at a high angle. The gradation throughout is such that all must be considered as variations within the species, though the end members are quite different. Such variation, however, if fol- lowed by the disappearance of intermediate forms would result in new species. The last shell of the series, No. 8, represents the extreme de- velopment of the tendency to deflection from the plane of the shell of the outer whorl. Viewed by itself, it would appear to be merely a rather odd dextral form. On closer inspection it proves to have four and a-half whorls to the point, where there is a small campanulate expansion and where the distortion commences. Therefore, so far, it is normal. The contraction forming the throat of the shell is much less than usual. The last whorl turns upward rapidly and, in a horizontal plane, almost at a right angle to the one preceding as shown in Figs. c8 and b8 respectively. In contrast to the latter, which is sub- carinated above and below, the last whorl is broadly rounded above, and irregularly sub-carinated below. The lines of growth on the body whorl, though inconspicuous, are spaced normally, and those on the small campanulate portion are much finer. However on passing this enlargement, the striae become coarse again, though more oblique and irregular than on the preceding whorl. Fi mS e D ‘. ae Rie ; ‘ cad =i Bu QV amere. , , Fig. 2. St. Augustine at present. 4 THE NAUTILUS. ing four jetties, one below and three above the ledge referred to, but the erosion apparently still continues. The following notes are based chiefly on those species that were very limited in their distribution and which therefore may have become locally extirpated by the many changes affecting their environ- ments. A list of about 200 species published by the writer in 1890+ forms the basis of some of the following remarks. Macrocallista nimbosa Sol. (1) This is the Callista gigantea Gmel. of my list. It was found only in the shoal water at the head of the ‘‘ Lagoon,’’ seeming to prefer the quiet water, as I never found a trace of it on the ocean beach. At most only six or eight specimens were found, and many of these were broken, probably by the large ray or ‘‘clam cracker’’ as the butterfly ray (Pteroplatea maclura) is called by the fishermen. Donax obesa d’Orb. (2) This little chunky species was formerly common on the sand bars at the mouth of the ‘¢ Lagoon,’’ where there was a slight shifting of the sand at every tide. The larger species, Donaz variabilis Say, was (and probably is) exceedingly abundant on the ocean beaches, especially the ‘‘South beach.’’ I was quite amused at Day- tona to hear the popular name of ‘‘ coquina’’ applied to this shell, and one young man talking about ‘‘coquina bouillon.’’ While this is entirely proper, as the Spanish word coquina means, broadly speaking, shell-fish, the name has become so generally used for the shell-rock (often made up largely of this species) that at first it sounded like pretty hard diet. J am sorry that opportunity did not permit my getting a large series of this species including the young, as I should have liked to have made some comparisons of the young of D. variabilis with that of the typical or more northern D. fossor Say. As I re- member I could never satisfactorily separate the two forms at St. Augustine and omitted the latter from my list, although it is recorded from the entire coast of Florida and westward to Texas. Mazyck in his ‘‘Catalog of Mollusca of South Caro- lina,’’ says of D. fossor, ‘‘ very rare, Sullivan Island.”’ 1 An Annotated List of the Shells of St. Augustine, Florida, Taz Navtt- Lvs, vol. iii, pp. 108, 114 and 137, vol. iv, pp. 4-6. THE NAUTILUS. 5 On one visit to the South beach I found it literally strewn with perfect specimens of Divaricella quadrisulcata d’Orb. (Lucina dentata of my list), but never again did I find them in such numbers. At another time quantities of an Arca referred to in my list as Arca americana Gray, were found. It is more elongated than those found in the harbor, with a thinner and lighter brown periostracum, and probably represents only a variety or ocean form of A. campechiensis Dillw. (Arca pexata Say). Lucia philippiana Reeve (Loripes edentula of my list). Large single valves were frequently found and occasionally at the mouth of Hospital creek shells were found in the mud with both valves intact, but like the Phacoides filosa Conr. in Portland harbor, Maine, always dead. It may also be of interest to note that two specimens of Solemya velum Say, and a few single valves of Mya arenaria were found on the north beach, the most southern records for the species. Panopea bitruncata Conr. (3) This large and variable shell which was referred to in my list under both Glycimeris reflexa Say, and G. americana Conr., was later the subject of a paper by the writer’ in which the synonymy was straightened out, and a fine specimen found on the bar east of Marsh island was figured. Common in the pliocene of the Caloosahatchie, but recent examples are exceedingly rare. Living deep in the mud they are difficult to obtain, unless on rare occasions extensive harbor dredgings might bring some to the surface. They are also very apt to be destroyed by changes such as encroaching sand bars, sedimentary deposits, and harbor pollution. The rocks that represented the ruins of the old Spanish lighthouse (the tower of which fell in June, 1880, while the keeper’s house had fallen several years before) were a favorite place for Thais floridana Conr. (Purpura haemostoma var. floridana of my list). During my recent visit I failed to find a living specimen of this species either on the ledge or jetties, but the tides were not very low and it may be that they could have been found at a lower tide. On all of the rocks including the 1THE NavriLus, vol. 18, pp. 73-75, pl. 4, 1904. 6 THE NAUTILUS. jetties were great numbers of Siphonaria naufragum Stearns (S. lineolata d’Orb.). One thing that seemed to impress me more than when I lived there, was the great abundance of oysters on all the rocks, even around the water battery of the fort and also on the piling. In speaking to an old friend regarding the matter, he said he thought that around the fort it was due to cleaning off the rocks a few years ago, thus presenting a clean surface for the young to cling to. This array of bristling oysters around the water battery of the fort deterred me from a hunt for Nerita peloronta and N. versicolor (5), three living speci- mens of which I found there together with Litorina angulifera, being the most northern record for the three species. Cerithidea scalariformis Say (6). The only place that I ever found this species at St. Augustine was in the more sandy por- tion of the marsh west of the city between King street and Orange street, not far from where the Y. M. C. A. building now stands. The filling-in of the marsh has probably locally ex- tirpated this species. Another related species Cerithium flori- danum Morch (7), C. atratum of my list, was also restricted to a small area, an old oyster bed at the west end of Marsh island. This is now a sand bar and the species may now be entirely absent in the harbor. At the latter place I also found my only living example of Murex fulvescens Sowb. (M. spim- costata Val.). At the mouth of Hospital creek was a large patch of the grass-like Gorgonia—Leptogorgia virgulata. On this lived the little Simnia uniplicata Sowb. 8 (Ovula uniplicata), as the Gor- gonia varied in color so did the shells of the Simnia, agreeing in color with the bunch of Gorgonia on which they were found— either white, light-yellow, orange or pink. On one occasion while hunting for Simnia a conspicuous object attracted my at- tention, its flesh-colored mantle with irregular blackish mark- ings was very striking, and as it contracted I found I hada Cyphoma gibbosa Linn. (Ovula gibbosa), common to the West Indies. For some time I wondered why the animal of this shell should be so very conspicuous; then the thought occurred to me that in more southern waters probably most of them live on the ‘‘sea-fans’’ (Rhipidogorgia flabellum) and with their THE NAUTILUS. 7 reticulated structure as a background the animals would be scarcely distinguishable, like the Sargassum fish (/terophryne histrio) in the gulf-weed (Sargassum). Oyrena carolinensis Bosc. (9). In making a bridge across a small branch of the St. Sebastian River I first discovered this species. It was a large and interesting variety in which the umbones were unusually high, many of the specimens closely resembling in size and form the figure of C. olivacea Carp. from Mexico, as given by Prime (Monograph American Corbiculidae, p. 17, fig. 12, 1865). Although the tide flowed freely up the little creek, there was at low tide a small stream of fresh water even at the driest time. At the junction of this little stream and the high ground there was a small colony of Neritina lin- eolata Lam. (UN. reclivata Say). I looked in vain for this species during my recent visit, nor did I find Cyrena near the little bridge, but it may still exist in other parts of the stream which time did not permit me to examine thoroughly. At the mouth of Pellican creek near the Matanzas Inlet was a colony of Neritina virginea Linn. They were the olive-green or more brackish water type and probably represent the most northern limit of this species on the Atlantic coast. About seven miles south of Matanzas Inlet was a large cypress swamp in what was known as ‘‘ Bike’s Hammock,’’ here was found Ampullaria depressa var. hopetonensis Lea, which seems quite distinct from those of the St. Johns River drainage. There were also fine specimens of Ancylus peninsulae Pils. & Johns.—erro- neously referred to A. filosuws in my list. The east coast canal has drained much of this section now called Bikes Prairie on the coast survey chart. In many places I saw truck arms as I passed through the canal on my way north from Daytona. These notes suffice to show some of the changes that can take place in a limited area in a comparatively short time, and the probable effect of such changes on certain species. It is not at all peculiar to St. Augustine, for similar changes are going on at many other places along the coast and in the vicinity of our cities. The importance of a careful study of a local fauna can- not be too strongly urged. The destruction of the forests, the 8 THE NAUTILUS. draining and filling of swamps and marshes, the construction of dams, etc., all tend toward lessening the fauna and flora of a given area. NEW LAND 8HELLS FROM ALABAMA AND TENNESS&EE. BY GEO. H. CLAPP. POLITA CUMBERLANDIANA, DN. sp. Shell widely umbilicated, flattened, very slightly convex above and below, glossy, thin and translucent, light horn color, regularly but lightly sculptured across the whorls by curved, closely set radiating impressed lines parallel with the lines of growth which are very faint; spire flattened; stature shallow; whorls about 4, rapidly increasing, the last decending at the aperture which is elongate-oval flattened above, lip very slight- ly reflected at the columellar insertion; umbilicus wide, display- ing all the whorls and contained about 4 times in the diameter of the shell. Greater diameter 3, lesser 2.5, altitude 1.25 mm. Collected by Herbert H. Smith on the Cumberland Plateau near Stevenson, Jackson Co., Alabama, also near Anderson, and near Sherwood, Franklin Co., Tennessee. Types No. 9157 of my collection. Paratypes in the collec- tions of the Academy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia and Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich. At first glance this species may be taken for immature V. radiatula as the general shape and the sculpture of impressed radiating lines are the same, but it is uniformly small with the same number of whorls, the sculpture is weaker and the shell more flattened. Under high magnification there is merely the faintest trace of impressed spiral sculpture. Itis much smaller than Polita rhoadsi. THE NAUTILUS. 9 Polita cumberlandiana: upper three figures. Vitrea pilsbryana: lower five figures, two at the right being immature shells, to show teeth of the neanic stage. VITREA (PARAVITREA) PILSBRYANA, 0D. sp. Shell widely umbilicate, elevated, convex above, flattened be- low, thin, translucent, highly polished when immature but be- coming more opaque and yellowish in adults, light horn color, sculptured with unequally spaced radial grooves stopping at the periphery which is rather high; suture well impressed; whorls about 8 very closely coiled and slowly increasing, the last flat- tened above and below; lip simple very slightly reflected where it joins the columella, ends united by a thin callus; umbilicus wide, contained a little more than 3 times in the diameter of the shell, and showing all of the apex. There are 3 or 4 pairs of large, tubercular, sometimes slightly oval teeth, visible thru the base of the shell at all stages of growth and in immature shells the upper teeth are visible from above. ‘The upper teeth, which are slightly below the periphery, are the larger, more elevated and round at thetop. The lower teeth are about centrally located on the base and are flattened 10 THE NAUTILUS. on top. When four pairs of teeth are present they are equally spaced at intervals of 90° and this appears to be the normal arrangement as only a few shells show three pairs which are spaced from 100° to 120°. The single fully adult shell (figured) appears to have but 2 pairs of teeth, but the shell is a dead one and quite opaque. Two young shells, 1.5 mm diameter with 3.5 whorls and 2.5 mm. diameter, with 4.5 whorls, each have 3 pairs of teeth. Greater diameter 5, lesser 4.5, altitude 2 mm. Collected by Herbert H. Smith in a ‘‘Cove’’ on the Cumber- land Plateau, 8 miles north of Anderson, Franklin Co., Tenn. Types No. 9159 of my collection. Paratypesin the collections of the Academy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, and Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich. This species belongs to the same group as V. capsella lacteodens and V. andrewse. It differs from both by the smaller size and wider umbilicus and from andrewse by the tubercular teeth arranged in pairs. I name this species after Dr. H. A. Pilsbry whose ‘‘Revision of Paravitrea’’, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1903, pp. 204-212, Pls. X, XI, has done much to clear up this most interesting group. A NEW FORM OF AMPULLABIA. BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. AMPULLARIA (FELIPPONEA) NERITINIFORMIS 0. sp. Shell solid, whitish or lurid purple under an olivaceous rather strong periostracum, frequently banded with four or five purple- black broad spiral bands which are most conspicuous on the white inside of the outer lip, the white interspaces being subequal; these bands however show but little on the exterior except at resting stages, in the specimens examined; the form of the shell viewed from behind, strongly recalls that of Neritina reclivata or meleagris though with a rounded base; from in front it looks like a. short spired heavy Campeloma. The nucleus is small and THE NAUTILUS. 11 blunt, always more or less eroded; there are about four whorls in the adult with indications of about five resting stages; the surface is smooth except for inconspicuous lines of growth; the young are somewhat naticoid, with a small umbilicus, but this shape rapidly changes; the whorls enlarge rapidly, being as it were appressed toward the suture which is distinct but not channeled, while the umbilicus becomes relatively larger and more or less funicular; the aperture is egg-ovate, entire, the posterior commissure solidly filled with callus, the outer lip internally thickened, patulous not reflected; the inner thickened, continuous over the body; height of shell 33; of last whorl 31; of aperture 23; maximum diameter (in front of the middle of the whorl) 26mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 332780. Habitat. Rio Uruguay, Department of Paysandu. The operculum is horny, concentric, with the nucleus at the inner third; the radula is typically Ampullarioid and might be quite accurately represented by Troschel’s figure of the radula of A. urceus, in the ‘‘Gebiss der Schnecken.”’ The literature has been carefully searched, both on the lines of Ampullaria and Campeloma, but nothing of the sort has been discovered. The subgenus is named in honor of Doctor Florentino Felip- pone, whose energy and interest in exploring the fauna of Uruguay are deserving of great praise. The peculiar form of this species, and its funicular umbilicus, so different from that of any other in the genus, seem to authorize its separation. A NEW SPECIES OF PHYSA FROM NEW YORK STATE. BY FRANK C. BAKER. PHYSA ONEIDA n. sp. Shell of medium size, ovate, slightly inflated; whorls about five, slowly increasing in diameter; spire short, broad, the whorls flattened; color yellowish-horn; surface smooth and shining, with rarely a trace of spiral striae, but the 12 THE NAUTILUS. lines of growth may form more or less marked raised lines in some specimens; sutures slightly impressed, bordered below by a wide white band; protoconch smooth, rounded, rich wine color; aperture long-ovate, twice the length of the spire; peri- stome bordered within by a thickened rib edged with dark brown; columella thickened, slightly twisted; parietal wall covered by a thin callus which is folded over into and com- pletely closing the umbilical region. Length, 11.0; width, 7.5; aperture length, 8.0: width, 3.5 mm. Type. Length, 138; width, 8.5; aperture length, 10.5 mm. Para- type. Length, 10.5; width, 7.2; aperture length, 7.5; width, 3.7mm. Paratype. Length, 15.0; width, 9.0; aperture length, 11.0; width, 5.0 mm. Paratype. This Physa has been included under warreniana Lea by the writer for a number of years. It is a small edition of that species agreeing in outline with Lea’s figure and description in all essential details except size (see Lea’s Observations, xi, p. 120, pl. 24, fig. 81). Lea’s species, however, differs not only ~ in size but has strong spiral lines on the surface which are ab- sent in oneida. The shell in the smaller species is also more swollen and less cylindrical, and the spire is more depressed than in warreniana. It resembles ancillaria and has been con- stantly associated by the writer with that species as a variety. The shell is not as broad as ancillaria and the whorls are not shouldered. It perhaps more nearly resembles Walker’s an- cillaria crassa, but differs constantly in being less solid, lacking the variceal bands, the body whorl is less swollen, the columella is not as heavy, the spire is higher, the outer lip is not as much arched, and the aperture is more elongate. The color of crassa is purplish-white with an opaque texture ‘while oneda is yellowish-horn, polished, with a translucent texture. Hetero- stropha has a longer, more acute spire, a rounder aperture, somewhat shouldered whorls, and a more twisted columella. There is some variation in oneida in the height of the spire, im- mature specimens having a somewhat longer spire than mature THE NAUTILUS. 13 shells. The surface is usually destitute of spiral sculpture, only a few faint impressions being observable in rare specimens, One individual, however, had been injured when the body whorl was about half completed and the part of the shell suc- ceeding the injured portion is very heavily impressed with spiral lines, while the rest of the shell is perfectly smooth. This shell was first recorded from Tomahawk Lake, Wis- consin, as Physa ancillaria warreniana. The same form occurs in Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana, on the shore of Lake Michigan at Chicago, and a somewhat similar form has been received from Georgian Bay, Canada. It is the most abundant mollusk in Oneida Lake where it occurs on a wave-beaten shore. It is probably widely distributed, and will be found in collections labeled ancillaria and heterostropha. Specimens that have sur- vived a second year and are of large size compare favorably with warreniana but may at once be separated by the absence of spiral sculpture which is especially strong in shells of Lea’s species from South Dakota and other western states. The bibliography of the new species is as follows: 1902. Physa heterostropha Baker (non Say). Moll. Chicago Area, Part II, p. 308, pl. 34, fig. 2 (part). Lake Michigan. 1911. Physa ancillaria warreniana Baker (non Lea). Trans. Wis. Acad. Arts, Sci. and Letters, XVII, p. 234. Tom- ahawk Lake, Wis. 1916. Physa ancillaria warreniana. Navtitus, XXX, p. 8 Oneida Lake, N. Y. 1916. Physa ancillaria warreniana. Tech. Pub., N. Y. State Coll. For., Syracuse Univ., No. 4, p. 2738, et seq., Fig. 45, nos. 34, 35. Oneida Lake. 1918. Physa warreniana. Nautitus, XXXI, p. 89. Oneida Lake. 1918. Physa warreniana. Tech. Pub., N. Y. State Coll. For- estry, No. 9, p. 178, et seg. Oneida Lake. 14 THE NAUTILUS. MOLLUSCA FOUND IN THE VICINITY OF DUBOIS, ILLINOIS. BY A. A. HINKLEY., For the identification of many of the species the author is indebted to Dr. Bryant Walker, Dr. V. Sterki, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, Mr. F. C. Baker and Dr. Geo. H. Clapp. Polygyra appressa (Say). Lowland timber, a small form. Polygyra pennsylvanica (Green). Upland timber, a small rough form. Polygyra thyroides (Say). General distribution, variable in size, some small and thin. Polygyra clausa (Say). Upland timber, depauperate, few found. Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Lowland, a few found but once. Polygyra monodon (Rack.) Upland timber, once found in numbers about old logs in a pasture from which the timber had been removed. This form has been known as P. leati (Ward). Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). On decaying logs and under leaves. Strobilops affinis Pilsbry. Found with the last. Pupoides marginatus (Say). R. R. embankment, scarce. Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Common. Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Common, also a variety for which Dr. Sterki has proposed the name abrupta. Gastrocopta corticaria (Say). Found in numbers on stand- ing trees. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Scarce, found in small num- bers in an outside entrance to the cellar of a deserted house. Gastrocopta tappaniana (Adams). A common species. Vertigo milium Gould. Scarce, under pieces of board and sticks. Vertigo ovata Say. But one specimen found. Circinaria concava (Say). Only one specimen. Vitrea hammonis (Strom.). Scarce. Vitrea wheatleyi (Bland). Rarely found. Vitrea indentata (Say). Common, generally found in open situations. | THE NAUTILUS. 15 Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp. With the above but not as plentiful. Euconulus fulvus (Mill). Not found often. Zonitoides arborea (Say). All situations, numerous. Zonitoides limatula (Ward). Lowland timber, scarce. Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Not common. Zonitoides milium (Morse). With the above, scarce. Taxodonta significans (Bland). One dead specimen. Agriolimax campestris (Say). During wet seasons they do more or less damage to the fruit in the strawberry fields. In the fall of 1916 they were innumerable in the orchard. Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.). Common. Pyramidula solitaria (Say). Under leaves in timber; like many of the species found here these are of small size. Pyramidula alternata (Say). A few found in one place. Pyramidula perspectiva (Say). Common in the bottom lands. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Rather scarce, a few have been found in cellars. Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). Generally distributed. Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.) One specimen only, although careful search was made in the same place three times. Succinea concordialis Gould. North of the R. R. bridge on the west side of the embankment, where they were found for three or four years; of late they have disappeared. Succinea avara Say. Individuals are scattering but found in various situations; some difference in size. Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Wet place below the reservoir, numerous under fallen leaves. Pseudosuccinea columella (Say). Generally distributed in the creeks. Galba caperata (Say). In pools of a small branch near Sheller lake. Galba modicella (Say). Pools and mud of a dry branch, Hinkley farm. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Beaucoup creek and Sheller lake. Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Little Muddy and Beaucoup creeks and Sheller lake. 16 THE NAUTILUS. Planorbis parvus Say. Pond north of the R. R. bridge. Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Generally distributed. Gundlachia stimpsoniana (Smith). Doubtfully determined. Associated with Ancylus fuscus, in the reservoir; generally on the under side of fallen leaves from the surrounding timber, never on the leaves of the elm and hickory. Both species were plentiful in 1908 and 1909, but have since disappeared. Ancylus rivularis Say. Little Muddy creek. Ancylus tardus Say. Beaucoup creek. Ancylus fuscus Adams. Reservoir and Little Muddy creek. Ancylus kirklandi Walker. Little Muddy and Beaucoup creeks. Physa heterostropha Say. Sheller lake. (This is a R. R. reservoir. ) Physa gyrina Say. All streams and other bodies of water. Physa sayi Tappan. Reservoir, one specimen; it may be a freak of gyrina. Physa hildrethiana Lea. Pond north of the R. R. bridge. Physa elliptica Lea. Above the R. R. bridge. | Physa integra Haldeman. Pond on the Hinkley farm. Physa oleacea Tryon. Pool near the R. R. bridge. Physa crandalli Baker. Pond on the Hinkley farm. Pleurocera neglectum (Anthony). Little Muddy between Du Bois and Sheller lake; quite different from C. subulare. Amnicola cincinnatiensis Lea. Puncheon, Locust and Little Muddy creeks. Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Low land of Little Muddy creek, scarce. Viviparus contectoides Binney. Beaucoup creek, a small variety. . Campeloma subsolidum (Anthony). Little Muddy, Locust and Beaucoup creeks. Quadrula latecostata (Lea). Little Muddy creek. Lampsilis distans (Anthony). Little Muddy and Locust creeks. Lampsilis subrostratus (Say). Little Muddy creek and Sheller lake. Lampsilis texasensis (Lea). Little Muddy creek. % THE NAUTILUS. 17 Lampsilis parvus (Barnes). Little Muddy, Beaucoup and Locust creeks. Anodonta imbecilis Say. Creeks and ponds. Anodonta grandis ovata Lea. Creeks and ponds, plentiful. Anodonta grandis salmonia Lea. Beaucoup creek. Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say). Little Muddy and Beaucoup creeks. Sphaerium sulcatum (Prime). Little Muddy and Puncheon creeks, Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.). Little Muddy and Locust creeks. Sphaerium stamineum (Conrad). Little Muddy and Locust creeks. Sphaerium solidulum (Prime). Little Muddy and Beaucoup creeks. Sphaerium occidentale (Prime). Little Muddy creek. Musculium transversum (Say). Little Muddy, Beaucoup and Locust creeks. Musculium contractum (Prime). Little Muddy creek. Musculium truncatum (Linsley). Little Muddy creek. Musculium elevatum (Hald.). Little Muddy and Beaucoup creeks and pond on the Hinkley farm. Closed to Musculiwm hodgsonit. Pisidium compressum Prime. Little Muddy creek, Sheller lake and pond north of the R. R. bridge. Pisidium fallax Sterki. Little Muddy creek. Pisidium fraudulentum Sterki. R. R. reservoir. Pisidium illinoisensis Sterki. Reservoir and pond on the Hinkley farm. Pisidium politum decorum Sterki. Pond north of the R. R. bridge. Pisidium punctatum Sterki. Little Muddy and Puncheon creeks. Pisidium punctatum inerme Sterki. Beaucoup creek. Pisidium sargenti Sterki. Puncheon creek. 18 ) THE NAUTILUS. LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA. BY E. G. VANATTA, The following species of land shells were picked from leaf mould collected in Lee County, Florida, by Mr. Clarence B. Moore on Keys not mentioned in Tur NautiLvus, volume XXVI, page 16. Weeks Place, Crawford’s Key near Marco. Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana Gastrocopta rupicola Say. Bld. Guppya gundlachi Pfr. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitoides minuscula Binn. Addison’s Key near Marco. Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Polita dalliana ‘Simps.’ Pils. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitordes minuscula Binn. Gastrocopta rupicola Say. Demorey Key. Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Gastrocopta rupicola Say. Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Strobilops hubbard: Br. Thysanophora plagioptycha Guppya gundlachi Pir. Shutt. Zonitoides minuscula Binn. Pupoides modicus Gld. Zonitoides singleyana Pils. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Josselyn Key, Pine Island Sound. Truncatella c. succinea Ad. Gastrocopta rupicola Say. Helicina orbiculata Say. Strobilops hubbardi Br. _ Thysanophora _plagioptycha Euglandina rosea parallela Shutt. Binn. Thysanophora ceca Guppy. Polita indentata Say. Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Guppya gundlachi Pfr. Gastrocopta contracta Say. Zonitoides minuscula Binn. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitoides singleyana Pils. THE NAUTILUS. 19 NEW LAND SNAILS COLLECTED BY THE FERRISS AND HINKLEY EXPEDITIUN OF 1919. BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS. Sonorella montana. Resembling S. walkeri in form. Umbili- cus one-eighth to one-tenth the diameter. Embryonic whorls densely granulose with rather sparse protractive threads, the next whorl indistinctly granose, later whorls very smooth. Aperture large, the outer margin expanded, basal somewhat re- flected. Anatomically it is distinguished by the extremely short and slender penis, smaller than in any other species ex- amined. Montana Peak, near the Montana mine, not far from Oro Blanco, and Bear canyon, further southeast, Pajarito range. Alt. 14, diam. 23.7, umbilicus 8 mm.; 4% whorls. Alt. 16.3, diam. 25.5, umbilicus 2.6 mm.; 5 whorls. Sonorella hinkleyi, n. sp. The shell is small, depressed, solid, umbilicus about one-sixth the diameter. Embryonic shell radially rugose with sparse, irregular divaricating threads, later whorls slightly striate. Peristome very little expanded. A dark band is normally present, but at Station 244 albinos were found in abundance. Alt. 8.5, diam. 16 mm.; 4} whorls. Cayetano Mountains. Anatomically characterized by the long penis and vagina, the latter with a weakly marked muscular dilation. Papilla spirally plicate. Sonorella cayetanensis, n. sp. Shell thin, light, the band pale- bordered above and below, umbilicus contained about 8 times in the diameter. Embryonic sculpture about as in S. hinkleyr, the later whorls polished, faintly striate. Peristome thin, little expanded. Alt. 11.7, diam. 21 mm.; 4$¢ whorls. A thinner, larger, more capacious shell than S. hinkleyi, resembling it con- siderably in soft anatomy. Highest peaks of the Cayetano Mountains. Sonorella tumacacori, n. sp. Except by its larger size, the shell is similar to S. hinkle,i. The genitalia differ by the larger node on the vagina, the more tapering penis-papilla and the very short penial retractor muscle. Alt. 10.4, diam. 17.8 mm. ; 44 whorls. Stations 209, 210, in a large gulch draining the northeastern side of Tumacacori Peak. 20 THE NAUTILUS. Sonorella patagonica,n. sp. The shell is rather capacious with umbilicus about one-seventh the diameter, polished, rather solid, the band rather wide, pale-bordered on both sides, sculp- ture and form about as in S. papagorum P. & F. The vagina is swollen at base; penis-papilla large, tapering, conspicuously wrinkled transversely; flagellum distinct. Alt. 18, diam. 22 mm.; nearly 5 whorls. Itis often larger. Mt. Washington, Patagonia Mts. Bulimulus nigromontanus, n. subsp. Differs from B. nigro- montanus by the narrower umbilicus, and is therefore tempor- arily separated as a subspecies. Pina Blanca in the Pajarito Mountains. Sonorella mustang, n. sp. The shell is rather openly umbili- cate, dilute cinnamon-buff with a pale-bordered dark band, glossy, nearly smooth, the embryonic shell coarsely, irregularly wrinkled with some irregular protractive threads. Last whorl descending rather deeply. Peristome expanded, the edge of parietal callus usually distinct. Alt. 15.8, diam. 26.5 mm.; 5 whorls. Mustang Range. Albinos were taken at Station 284. Sonorella montezwma, n. sp. The shell is small, narrowly umbilicate, cinnamon, fading to nearly white on the base and on both sides of the chestnut-brown band. Embryonic whorls without protractive threads. Peristome slightly expanded. Alt. 9.4, diam. 15 mm.; 44 whorls. Montezuma Canyon, Huachuca Mts. It is smaller than any known Huachucan species except S. g. parva, which inhabits the opposite end of the range. Sonorella elizabethae, n. sp. Shell dilute cinnamon-buff fading on the base and on both sides of the narrow chestnut-brown band. Embryonic whorl having numerous, irregular portrac- tive threads; later whorls microscopically lineolate-granulose. Aperture small, the peristome slightly expanded. Alt. 10.7, diam. 19.2, umbilicus 3.2 mm. Canillo Hills. : Sonorella cotis, n. sp. Shell dilute cinnamon-buff fading on base and on both sides of the chestnut-brown band. Embry- onic whorls with weak protractive threads. Last whorl rather deeply descending in front. Peristome somewhat expanded, edge of the parietal callus distinct. Alt. 12.3, diam. 20, um- THE NAUTILUS. 21 bilicus 3.8 mm.; 44 whorls. Whetstone Range. Most speci- mens taken this year are larger than the type lot, collected by Ferriss and Daniels in 1914. Sonorella insignis, n. sp. The shell is much depressed, rather solid, openly umbilicate. Band is broad with pale borders. Surface roughened by low wave-like ribs in the direction of growth-lines, and microscopic incised lines. Aperture small. Peristome very little expanded, blunt. Alt. 9.8, diam. 20.5 mm.; 44 whorls. Whetstone Range. One of the finest Sono- rellas collected in 1919, recalling S. dalli by its depressed form. MOLLUSCA OF FORRESTER ISLAND, ALASKA. UNIVALVES (Continued from page 69). BY GEORGE WILLETT. Tornatina carinata Gld. Tornatina culcitella Gld. Cylichna alba Brown. These three species were taken occasionally in the dredge, the latter being the most uncommon. Dentalium pretiosum Nutt. Very plentiful in 10-40 fathoms. Dentalium dali Pils. A few young specimens secured in 50 fathoms. Tnimacina pacifica Dall. Appeared swimming in the water in great numbers at times during calm weather. Extensively eaten by several species of fish. _ Siphonaria thersites Cpr. Abundant in some localities, mostly in short moss growing on the rocks considerably above low tide line. Crassispira perversa Garb. Dredged occasionally in 40-50 fathoms. Crassispira rotula Dall. More plentiful than the last in about same depth. Crassispira (Suavodrillia) sp.? A specimen dredged is now in National Museum. Stated by Dr. Dall to be undescribed. Mangilia oldroydi Arnold. Mangilia eriopis Dall. Mangilia crebricostata Cpr. A very few specimens of each of these three species were taken in the dredge. pa THE NAUTILUS. Bela tabulata Cpr. Bela fidicula Gld. Bela impressa Beck. Bela pyramidalis Strom. The two former fairly common, the two latter rare, all being taken in dredge. Taranis strongi Arnold. Fairly common in 45-70 fathoms. Dr. Dall informs me that my Forrester Island specimens are the first living ones known to science, the species having been described from fossils taken in California. Cancellaria modesta Cpr. A few dredged in 40-50 fathoms. Taken in inside channels, between Dall ae Prince of Wales islands, in less than 15 fathoms. Cancellaria couthouyi Jay. Three dead specimens dredged in about 50 fathoms. Olivella pedroana Conr. Very abundant 15-40 fathoms. Ap- parently much larger than along the California coast; many specimens being well over 20 mm. in length and correspond- ingly broad. Volutella pyriformis Cpr. Dredged occasionally; taken at Waterfall, Prince of Wales Island, under rocks near low tide line. Mitromorpha gracilior Hemp. A few taken in aa Alectrion mendicus Gld. Common 15-25 fathoms. Buccinum cyaneum Brug. Common under rocks in many localities well above low tide mark. Occasional on rock walls. Buccinum plectrum Stimp. Dead shells dredged occasionally in 40-60 fathoms. Not taken alive. Buccinum erronis Dall. Very few dead specimens taken in 50 fathoms. | Chrysodomus phoeniceus Dall. One dead shell taken in 40 fathoms. Chrysodomus liratus Mart. One dead young shell dredged. Rather plentiful in some localities in inside waters. Chrysodomus rectirostris Cpr. Fairly common 40-70 fathoms. Beringius crebricostatus undatus Dall. A dead young speci- men taken in 50 fathoms. Possibly brought to the locality by currents. Columbella tuberosa Cpr. Columbella gouldt Cpr. Former rather common 10-80 fathoms, and latter common in about 50 fathoms. THE NAUTILUS. 23 Columbella californiana Gask. One living specimen taken from root of kelp washed ashore in storm. Common under rocks at Waterfall. Amphissa corrugata Rve. Common on rocks near low tide line. Amphissa versicolor reticulata Dall. Abundant 15-20 fathoms. Purpura foliata Mart. Rather common on rocks near low tide line. Most specimens on Forrester Island are much worn by heavy seas. Boreotrophon stuartti Smith. Boreotrophon tenuisculptus. Cpr. Both of these forms dredged occasionally in various depths, the latter the most plentiful. Boreotrophon pacificus Dall. Occasional on rocks near low tide line, much more abundant at waterfall. Ocinebra interfossa Cpr. Ocinebra lurida aspera Baird. Fairly common on rocks near low tide line. Thats emarginata projecta Dall. Locally on rocks well up to- ward high tide mark. Extremely variable in color, running from gray through brown, purple and green into yellow and red. Practically all seem to have drawn-out spire typical of this form. Thais ima Mart. Thais canaliculata Ducl. Both these species are common on the rocks near low tide line. The former is the more gregarious and appears to favor the smoother rocks, while the latter is more scattered and is found mostly among short moss or in mussel beds. JT. lamellosa Gmel., abundant in in- side waters, apparently does not occur on Forrester Island. Epitonium wroblemskt Morch. Epitoniwm pluricostatum Dall. Both dredged at various depths, the former common, the latter rare. Epitoniwm gronlandicum Perry. Only noted from fragment dredged. Epitonium indianorum Cpr. LEpitonium columbianum Dall. Epitonium catalinae Dall. The first dredged quite commonly in 25-60 fathoms. The latter two taken in about same depths but much less frequently. Melanella micans borealis Bartsch. Melanella macra Bartsch. Melanella tacomaensis Bartsch. Four specimens of the first, 24 THE NAUTILUS. three of the second and one of the last species, represent all the Melanellas taken during the four seasons spent on the island. They were all dredged. Zurbonilla lordi EK. A. Smith. . Dredged occasionally in 25-50 fathoms. Turbonilla canadensis Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 52, p. 640). The type and eight more specimens dredged in 25-50 fathoms. Odostomia satura Cpr. Odostomia cookeana Bartsch. Odos- tomia amtchitkana Dall. Odostomia vancouverensis D. .& B, Odostomia stephensi D. & B. Odostomia columbiana D. & B. Specimens of all of these forms were dredged, though in small numbers. Satura and Amtchitkana were seemingly the most common. At Waterfall I also secured specimens of O. talpa D. & B., grippiana Bartsch, and willetti Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. No M: Vol.52." p. (666). Priene oregonense Redf. Common from the low tide line to about 15 fathoms. Specimens in former Jocality are shorter and heavier than those found in deeper water. Cerithiopsis stephensae Bartsch. A few dredged. Specimens of two other, apparently unnamed, species were also taken. Bittium filosum Gld. Bittium attenuatum Cpr. Common, the former a little above low tide line and the latter in 10-20 fathoms. Alvania dinora Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 52, p. 678). The type and four additional specimens dredged. Alvania carpenteri Wein. Dredged occasionally. Rissoina newcombei Dall. Dredged with last. Trichotropis cancellata Conr. Rather common from low tide line to about 20 fathoms. Trichotropis conica Moll. Two specimens dredged in 50 fathoms. Dr. Dall informs me that this is the first record for the Pacific coast. Caecum crebricinctum Cpr. Dredged abundantly in 20-30 fathoms. Veremetus squamigerus Cpr. Abundant on recks near low tide line. Tachyrhynchus lacteolus Cpr. Rather common 50-60 fathoms. THE NAUTILUS. 25 Tittorina scutulata Gld. Jattorina stitchana Phil. The former not very common, the latter abundant and varying greatly in color. Lacuna divaricata Fabr. Fairly common on rocks. Calyptraea mamillaris Brod. Common in 15-25 fathoms. Orepidula nivea Gld. Crepidula dorsata Brod. Neither very common, but found occasionally from low tide line to 30 fathoms. The young of the former species is frequently found on the operculum of Priene. Natica clausa B. & 8S. Rather common 15-40 fathoms. Lunatia pallida B. & 8. Not rare in 50-60 fathoms. Velutina laevigata Linn. Fairly common in spongy growth on rocks near low tide line. Velutina cryptospira Midd. Found common only in one local- ity. A short distance off shore was a large rock with a crevice ten to fifteen ft. wide worn right through the center from one side to the other. The water in this crevice was deep and the walls nearly perpendicular. On these walls at about the extreme low tide mark were great numbers of Ascidians and in these crypto- spira was found in abundance. Though it was seldom smooth enough to allow me to enter this crevice with a boat at extreme low tide, I was able to do so on two or three occasions and obtained a fine series of living specimens. Some of these were very large, one measuring 31 by 28 millimeters. I am very much averse to referring this and the next species to the genus Velutina, as in life they are so entirely dissimilar to laevigata, the type of that genus. In laevigata the shell is mossy and is, so far as I have seen, entirely bare, while in these two species the shell is smooth and completely covered by the animal. On the other hand, both the animal and shell differ markedly from the genus Lamellaria. Velutina rubra, new species. Description. In life similar to V. cryptospira but animal bright vermilion in color (this color soon disappears in alcohol). Shell smaller than that of crypto- spira, rounder and with only a trace of spire. The type meas- ures 134 mm. in length by 9 mm. in breadth. This type to- gether with four additional specimens were taken on Forrester Island by the writer. Three of these specimens were found at 26 THE NAUTILUS, extreme low tide mark and the other two were dredged in 40 fathoms. Lamellaria stearnsi Dall. Two living specimens taken from among Velutina eryptospira. Acmaea persona Esch. Acmaea pelta Esch. Acmaea patina Esch. Abundant on rocks, the first being found in somewhat more exposed positions than the other two. Acmaea instabilis Gld. Three living specimens were taken on stems of holdfast kelp at extreme low water line. One dead specimen also found, as well as a few fragments. : Lepeta concentrica Midd. Dredged rarely. Molleria quadrae Dall. Two specimens dredged. Leptothyra carpentert Pils. Rather common on rocks. Calliostoma costatum Mart. Calliostoma annulatum Mart. Calliostoma variegatum Cpr. The first was common on rocks near low water line, the second rather common from low water mark down to 20 fathoms, and the third was much less plentiful and taken only with the dredge in from 15-40 fathoms. Margarites pupillus Gld. Margarites helicinus Fabr. Marga- rites succinctus Cpr. Margarites laevior Jeff. All rather common about low water mark. Over 900 of the latter species were taken from the craw of a surf duck (Oidemia perspicillata). Tegula pulligo Mart. Fairly common along extreme low tide line. Solariella peramabilis Cpr. Abundant in from 15-50 fathoms. Some specimens taken were very large, measuring over twenty millimeters in height. Solariella cidaris A. Ad. Fairly common in from 30-50 fathoms. . Solariella obscura Couth. Seven specimens dredged in about 50 fathoms. Halistylus pupoides Dall. Three specimens dredged. Haliotis kamtchatkana Dall. Common at low water mark. Puncturella multistriata Dall. Puncturella cucullata Gld. Puncturella galeata Gld. Puncturella coopert Cpr. All four of these species were dredged in from 15-50 fathoms. Culcullata was also taken rarely at extreme low tide mark. Multistriata and galeata were rather rare. ; THE NAUTILUS. 27 Subemarginula yatesi Dall. It was a very pleasant surprise to find this species—previously known, I believe, only from near Monterey, California—occurring at Forrester Island. It was, however, quite rare and, though particularly sought for, only nine specimens were taken. Five of these were living when found and the other four dead. One small live one was taken at extreme low water mark and all the others were dredged in from 15-30 fathoms. The largest, a dead one, measures 77 x 57 millimeters. Fissuridea aspera Esch. Common along low water line. Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall. Fairly common on rock walls near low water mark. Largest measuring 18x13 millimeters. Leptochiton cancellatus Sby. Dredged in 20 fathoms. Tonicella lineata Wood. Adults common along low tide line. Young rather common in 15-20 fathoms. Tonicella ruber Linn. JTonicella submarmorea Midd. Dredged in from 15-30 fathoms; the latter the most plentiful. Cyanoplax raymondi Pils. Schizoplax brandti Midd. Common locally along low tide line, generally in crevices in rocks. Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld. Ischnochiton mertensi Midd. Abundant at from 10-20 fathoms. Ischnochston willettt Berry. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p. 236). Ischnochiton trifidus Cpr. Taken at about the same depth as the last but in much smaller numbers, willetti being fairly common and frifidus rare. J. radians was taken at Waterfall but not on Forrester. Ischnochiton retiporosus Cpr. Occasional in from 15-50 fathoms, occuring in deeper water than any other chiton found in the locality. Trachydermon flectens Cpr. A few dredged in from 15-30 fathoms. Mopalia ciliata Gld. Mopalia ciliata wosnessenskui Midd. Fair- ly common from a little above low water line to about 15 fathoms. I find considerable difficulty in differentiating these two forms but Dr. S. S. Berry tells me that, while most of my specimens are referable to wosnessenskii, there are a few that are nearer true ciliata. Mopalia hindsi Rve. Mopalia lignosa Gld. Rather rare on 28 THE NAUTILUS. rocks between tides. Seven specimens of the former and two of the latter were taken. All the former were exceptional in size, one measuring 90 x 45 millimeters. Mopalia wmporcata Cpr. Mopalia sinuata Cpr. Dredged in from 15-25 fathoms, the former fairly common, the latter rare. Placiphorella velata Cpr. Only two specimens, both taken at extreme low tide line. Placiphorella rufa Berry (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p. 241). The type and about fifteen additional specimens of this new form were dredged in from 15-25 fathoms. Katherina tunicata Sby. Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. The former abundant, the latter common between tides. The Katherina is eaten to a considerable extent by the natives. LanpD Mo..uscs. Circinaria vancouverensis Lea. Common. Ariolimax columbianus Gld. Abundant in following colors: white, black, gray, yellow and mottled. ( Polygyra columbiana Lea. Abundant. Pupa (sp. ?). A single Pupa was seen in a dead spruce cone. It was lost before being identified. A NEW CAMAENA FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. BY WM. F. CLAPP. CAMAENA FORBESI n. sp. Puate I. Shell solid, globose, depressed, opaque, with numerous faint oblique growth-wrinkles throughout, faintly spirally striate only on the post-nepionic whorls; the ultimate whorl naples yellow with a narrow russet line at the suture, a russet band between the suture and the periphery and a broader russet ‘band just below the periphery, the bands becoming fainter on the earlier whorls; whorls five, consisting of two nepionic and three post-nepionic, slightly convex, the last slightly deflexed, suture very slightly impressed, last whorl rounded; peristome expanded, light purple drab, excepting where the light sutural zone terminates; the slightly thickened and reflexed edge wal- nut brown, margins connected by a very thin transparent THE NAUTILUS. 29 callus; columellar lip reflexed over one-third of the umbilicus; aperture oblique showing the bands within. Four specimens give the following measurements: Altitude. Greater diam. Lesser diam. 1 type No. 35601 29.5 mm. 37.5 mm. 33. mm. 2 25.3 36.5 32. 3 24.0 35. 29.5 4 29.3 37. 31.5 Specimens of this new species were included in a large col- lection of Philippine shells given to the Museum of Comparative Zoology by W. Cameron Forbes, former governor of the Philip- pine Islands. They were collected by Mr. C. W. Weber at Bacuit, northern Palawan. I have named this shell for Gov- ernor Forbes as a slight acknowledgment of the great interest that he has taken, and the work that he has accomplished, in adding to our knowledge of the fauna of the Philippine Islands. The specimen selected as the type, and described, is the most typical of the species. The specimen designated as number two in the table of measurements, is exactly similar to number one in color, and in the arrangements of the bands, differing only in being more depressed. Number three is very similar to number two in size and shape, but differs from numbers one and two in color, the lower band in this form having spread over the entire base, the upper band extending to the suture, leaving only at the periphery a narrow band of the typical naples yellow. Number four is similar to the type in size and form, and to number three in color. The variation is therefore expressed along two independent lines; first, a tendency for the shell to become more or less depressed; and secondly, for the bands to become broader and darker. Intermediates between all forms are in the series before me. The tendency in each in- dividual specimen for the color to become darker as the shell increases in size, is constant in both the light and the dark forms. The differences between this species and the description of what appears to be the most closely related species, Camaena 30 THE NAUTILUS. avus, as described by Pfeiffer (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852, p. 83) are constant and may be tabulated as follows; Camaena avus Camaena forbest whorls 4 whorls 5 last whorl carinated last whorl rounded aperture scarcely oblique aperture oblique as usual in Camaena peristome thick peristome slightly thickened peristome white peristome dark margins joined by thick callus margins joined by very thin transparent callus altitude 18 mm. altitude 29.5 mm. The figures of Camaena avus in the Manual of Conchology (ser. 2, vol. 6, 1890, pl. 27, f. 15, 16, 17) were copied from Pfeiffer’s original figures in the Conchylien Cabinet, t. 157, f. 12-14, and, besides showing a much more widely expanded and thickened peristome than occurs in C. forbesi, also show that C. avus is far more widely umbilicate. Hidalgo (Obras Malacologicas, Estudios preliminares sobre la fauna malacologica de las Islas Filipinas, 1901, p. 196) states that the C. avus in the Quadras collection is similar to the C. avus of Mollendorff (Verz. Philipp. Landmollusk., 1898, p. 64) but differs from C. avus of Pfeiffer in size, in the bands, and in the umbilicus. It is possible that the C. avus of Quadray and Mollendorff is equal to C. forbesi. The figures of C. avus given by Hidalgo (loc. cit. pl. 138, fig. 4y5), however, do not repre- sent C. forbest. Note.—In the figures (pl. I) reproduced from photographs by Mr. George Nelson, the reflected light on the glazed surface of the parietal wall greatly exaggerates the parietal callus, mak- ing it appear somewhat heavy and opaque, whereas in the spec- imen photographed it is very thin and transparent. The photo- graphs have also failed to show sufficiently well the dark color of the lip. THE NAUTILUS. 31 NOTES, Mirra AMANDA: A CorreEctTIon.’—In my little preliminary paper ‘‘ New Marine Mollusks from the Philippine Islands,”’ Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 31, pp. 181-188, December 30, 1918, I published Mitra amanda new species from the Philippines, type Cat. No. 221815, U. S. N. M., collected by the author at Dumurug Point, Cataingan Bay, Masbate. In monographing this group I note that the same combina- tion was used by Lowell Reeve, Proceedings of the Zoological Society London, 1842, p. 59, and Conchologica Iconica, 1845, species number 318, type ‘‘from the islands of Burias and Negros, Philippines,’? now known as Turricula amanda Reeve. It is therefore necessary to bestow a new designation on my shell, which may now be known as Mitra signa.—PavL BartscuH. OPEAS PUMILUM PFrR. IN PHILADELPHIA.—This snail has been living in the decayed boards of fences at the rear of the houses in the 1800 blocks of North 17th and N. Willington Streets for some time. I found the first specimen in 1917 and collected eight others April 30 and May 22, 1919. It may be of interest to record this West Indian species as it is new to Philadelphia. The colony is in the built-up part of the city, at the sides of a cemented alley and not near any hothouse. The animal ex- cretes a white froth like soapsuds when it retracts into the shell. The eyes are very small and black. The body of the living specimens is pale yellow in color, with lighter tentacles. They are quite active in daylight after a rain.—E. G. Vanarta. Dr. HERMANN von IHERING, formerly Director of the State Museum of Sao Paulo, Brazil, has accepted the position of Director of the State Museum of Sta. Catharina, to be organized by him. During the last few months he has been sent by the government on a scientific expedition to Argentina and Chile, charged with the study of the fishes and fisheries of these Re- 1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 32 THE NAUTILUS. publics. He hopes to be back and take up his new work in May. His address is: Director do Museu do Estate, Flerianopolis (Estado de Sta. Catharina, Brazil). NorE on THE NamE Dvupticaria.—In 1908, in THe Navurtiuvs, volume XXI, p. 124, I used the name Duplicaria for a subdi- vision of the old genus Terebra. I had omitted to notice that Rafinesque had used the same name for a species of Chilina in 1833, in his Atlantic Journal, p. 165. I propose, therefore, to substitute for the preoccupied name the new appellation Diplo- meriza, with the same type, Terebra duplicata Lamarck.—W. H. DALL. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Two New Lanp SHELLS OF THE EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TRASKII Group. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 523-524, pl. 838, 1918). The new subspecies are EH. cwyama- censis lowei and EF. traskit isidroensis. New Marine SHELIS FROM PanaMA. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 571-573, pl. 88, 1918). The new species are Cylichnella zeteki, Odostomia zeteki, Heliacus panamensis, Discopsis panamensis and D. argentea. New Marine MoLuvusks FROM THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 31, pp. 181-188, 1918). Hight new species and two new subspecies are described. THREE New PuHI.ippine IstanpD Lanp SuHeEtis. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 31, pp. 189-202, 1918). A REVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN REPRESENTATIVES OF THE Genus IscHNoRADSIA. MoNOGRAPH ON THE GENUS STENOCHITON witH Descriptions oF Two New Species. Notes oN SouTH AUSTRALIAN PoLYPLACOPHORA, WITH ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA, TOGETHER WITH A List oF AUSTRALIAN POLYPLACOPHORA, SHOW- ING THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE AUSTRALIAN STATES. By Ed- win Ashby (Trans. Royal Soc. South Australia, vol. 42, pp. 62-87, pls. 13 and 14, 1918). THE NAUTILUS. 33 THe DoLABELLINAE. By F. M. MacFarland (Mem. Museum Comp. Zool., vol. 25, pp. 301-348, pls. 1-10, 1918). The systematic characters of the Opisthobranchiata, the bibliography of the described species of Dolabella and description of a new species Dolabella agassizi, is followed by a most extensive ac- count of its internal anatomy, beautifully and clearly illustrated. A New West Inpran Fosstn Lanp SHELL. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 605-6, pl. 93). Pleuro- donte debooyi, from kitchen-midden deposits on Salt River, St. Croix. This is the flat-whorled form long known from St. ’ Croix as P. caracolla. The same form occurs living in Vieques and some places in Porto Rico, such as Arecibo and Utuado. At Guayama and in the Sierra de Luquillo the whorls are not quite so flat, and it is rather difficult to say where the line is to be drawn between this race and typical P. caracolla.—H. A. P. ON THE GENERIC PosITION OF SONORELLA WOLCOTTIANA BartscH. By H. A. Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila., p- 189, 1918). The soft part shows that it belong to genus Micrarionta.—C. W. J. THE JOURNAL OF ConcHoLoey, SEptT., 1918, Vor. 15, No. 10. The Pisidium Fauna of the Grand Junction Canal in Herts, and Buck. By A. W. Stelfox, pp. 298-304, pls. 7-9. One new species P. tenwilineatum. Descriptions of a new Zebina and a new Inotina. By J. R. le B. Tomlin, p. 305, pl. 10. (Z. lis and LZ. cycloma, Japan. ) Description of three new species of Marginella from South Africa, with a note on M. sutoris Dunker. By J. R. le B. Tomlin, pp. 306, 307, pl. 10. (M. aphanacme, M. ithychila, and M. atractus. ) Neritina fluviatilis at Chester. By W. H. Davies, p. 307, PROCEEDINGS OF THE MAtacoLocicaL Society or Lonpon, Aua., 1918, Vout. 18, Parts 1 aNnp 2. On the Radula of the genus Acanthina, G. Fischer. By the Rev. A. H. Cooke, pp. 6-11. A paper of special interest to the West Coast Conchologists. A new subgenus Acanthicella is proposed for A. punctulata Sowb. ,(=Tlapilloides Conr. ); A. unicar- 34 THE NAUTILUS. anata Sowb. (=engonata Conr. ) and A. puncilirata Stearns. The subgenus Neorapana is proposed for Monoceros muricata Brod. and M. grandis Sowb. On the Taxonomic Position of Zemira H. and A. Adams. By the Rev, A. Cooke, pp. 12-14. The character of the radula would place it in the family Muricidae. On the Occurrence in England of Hygromia odeca ( Locard) [ Helix limbata Drap., 1804, non Da Costa, 1778]. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, pp. 14, 15. On Siliquaria wilmana n. sp., from South Africa. By J. R. le B. Tomlin, p. 16. Note on a white specimen of Ena montana (Drap.) By H. Over- ton, p. 17. Description of two new species of land Mollusca. By G. K. Gude, pp. 17, 18 (Khasiella fultoni, Assam; Plectotropis chondroderma var. subinflata) Tonkin. On Everettia klemmantanica n. sp. from Borneo. By G. K. Gude, p. 19. Note on the Malacophagous Propensities of Helix nemoralis Linn. By Dr. W. T. Elliott, p. 20. On the North American genus Oreoheliz. By Junius Hender- son, pp. 21-24. On the dates oy issue of the parts of Forbes and Hanley’s History of British Mollusca. By Alexander Reynell, pp. 25-26. | The Index Testaceologicus of W. Wood and S. P. Hanley. By A. Reynell, pp. 26-27. Molluscan Nomenclatural Problems No. 1. By Tom Iredale, pp. 28-40. The author starts this interesting article with the fol- lowing summary: Tritonia, Cuvier discussed. Euphurus, Rafinesque, 1815, should replace Triopa, Johns- ton, 1838. Sphaerostoma, Macgillivray, 1843, must be used instead of Tritonias Cuvier, 1803, and of recent authorities not of Cuvier- Lamarck, 1798-1801. Dotona, gen. nov. for Melibea fragilis Forbes—Doto, Oken, 1815, not 1807. Eubranchus, Forbes 1838, should be used for Galvina Alder and Hancock. THE NAUTILUS. 35 Laskeya, nom. nov. for Eumeta, Mérch, 1868, not Walker, 1855. Collonista, gen. nov. for Collonia picta, Pease. Talopena, gen. nov. for Monilea incerta, Iredale. Korovina, gen. nov. for Vanikoro wallacei, Iredale. Forskalena, gen. nov. for Trochus fanulum, Gmelin. Enigmonia, gen. nov. for Anomia rosea, Gray—=Aenigma aenig- matica, Ancti. Amyclina, gen. nov. for Buccinwm corniculum, Olivi. Pyreneola, gen nov. for Columbella abyssicola, Brazier. Caporbis, Bartsch, is a Vermetid nucleus. Propebela, gen. nov. for Murex turricula, Mont. Calceolata, nom. nov. for Calceolina A. Adams. Mirothyca, not Microtheca. Turrid names discussed: Colicryptus, gen. nov. for Buccinum fusiforme, Broderip. Siphonorbis marshalli, nom. nov. for Fusus attenuatus, Jeffreys. Cominella and Euthria subdivided: Afrocominella, gen. nov. for elongata, Dunker. Burnupena, gen. nov. for porcatum Gmel. = cincta, Bolten. Ewvarna, H. & A. Adams, must be used for linea, Martyn. Euthrena, gen. nov. for vittata, Quoy & Gaimard. Japeuthria, gen. nov. for ferrea, Reeve. Syntagma, nom. nov. for Donovania, Bucquoy, D., & Dollfuss. Acostza, Orbigny, will replace Mulleria, Ferussac, 1828. Gistel’s Molluscan Generic Names, 1848, enumerated. Damoniella, gen. nov. for Bulla cranchii, Fleming. Muricodrupa, gen. nov. for Purpura fenestrata, Blainville. Teretianax, gen. nov. for Scalenostoma suteri, Oliver. Presidential Address. By J. R. LeB. Tomlin. A Systematic Tist of the Fossil Marginellidae, pp. 41-56. A SYNOPSIs OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE FRESH WATER Moxuvusca oF NortH America north of Mexico, and a CatTa- LOGUE OF THE MORE RECENTLY DESCRIBED SPECIES, with notes. By Bryant Walker. Univ. of Michigan Mus. of Zoology, Misc. Pub. No. 6. Students of North American fresh-water mollusks of this generation have had as a basis the invaluable manuals 36 THE NAUTILUS. by W. G. Binney, Prime and Tryon, issued by the Smithsonian Institution, 1865-73, and the works of Lea on Unionidae, of about the same date. Some single groups have been elaborately treated since, the Uniones by Simpson, the Lymnaeidae by Baker; but most of the progress in the last fifty years has been recorded in a host of papers, by many authors and in many journals. To systematize this material and make it readily ac- cessible, Dr. Walker has prepared this synopsis of the classifica- tion as understood today, giving definitions of the families, genera and minor groups, with figures of types or typical species of each, frequently also of anatomical structures important in classification. The second paper is devoted to species published since the appearance of the monographic works alluded to above, together with those omitted, formerly misunderstood, or concerning which there has been diversity of opinion. The great utility of such a catalogue will be apparent. Together, these papers give a most interesting epitome of the progress made by the present generation in the study of our fresh-water mollusks, so far as classification and description are concerned. Dr. Walker’s long familiarity with the subject enables him to present it lucidly and completely.—H. A. P. New LAND SHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINE IsLanps. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, pp. 291-307, pl. 18- 20, 1919). Six new species and subspecies of Cochlostyla, one new Chlorea and a new Leptopoma are described and figured. Descriptions OF NEw SPEcIES OF CHITONS FROM THE PACIFIC Coast oF AMERICA. By William H. Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 55, pp. 499-516, 1919). Five new species of the genus Lepidopleurus ; two new Nuttallina, fourteen new Ischno- chiton, one new Chaetopleura, seven new Callistochiton, four new Mopatia, M. grisea being the type of a new subgenus Semimopalia, one new Acanthochiton and two Tonicia. None are figured. THE UNIONE Fauna OF ALABAMA. By Bryant Walker (20th Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1918). An interestingsummary. The State has the largest Unione fauna of any area of similar size in the world. Three faunas are represented known as the Tennes- see, Alabama and Atlantic faunas. Of the 533 species of Unionidae belonging to North America, more than 300 are found in Alabama.—C. W. J. PLATE | THE NAUTILUS, XXNIII CAMAENA FORBESI W. F. CLAPP é a o 4 é : a r - » ro » - SS £ f= Ps ate « THE NAUTILUS. Vol. XXXII OCTOBER, 1919 No. 2. ALONG THE MEXICAN BORDER, 1919. BY JAMES H. FERRISS. New Year’s day a turkey dinner in Tuscon with Frank Cole. The next day Sonorellas in the Santa Catalina foothills; but it was not until the 13th, at the Tumacacori Mission, on the Santa Cruz river that the whole party answered roll call. A. A. Hinkley, our Mexican and Central American explorer, of Du- Bois, [lJ.; Robert Camp, collecting everything, alive or dead, for the American Museum, of Brownsville, Texas; Miss Eliza- beth Pilsbry, of Philadelphia, daughter of our Nautitus Editor, and Mrs. Ferriss answered. Icalled the roll. Miss Rell Gelder, of Detroit, Michigan, joined the party later. This camp was in easy walking distance of the Tumacacori and San Cayetano ranges, and in an hour by auto we attacked the slides of the foothills south of the Santa Ritas. It was a rich location, also agriculturally and historically. Here came the Spanish priests from Mexico as early as 1601. The founda- tion of the Mission was laid in 1700 and the building still occu- pied in1911. Here too was a mining city, Tubac, in the midst of rich fields of gold and silver. The-priests were also miners, and later came a company equipped at Los Angeles, Texas, that _ prior to the civil war took out silver by the million dollars. In fact the Aztecs were energetic miners way back, and the ruins of a large city in the Tumac4cori mountains is supposed. to mark the town site of one of those seven cities of Cibola. Says J. Donald Mitchell, an Arizonian historian: ‘‘ On the sides 38 - THE NAUTILUS. of the mountain lie the ruins of many dwellings and on top, carved from the solid rock, is the Aztec god standing guard over the silent city. Near by on a large flat rock are the basins, or cups, carved in the rock, that held the bleeding hearts of the unfortunate victims that were sacrificed to appease the wrath of this stone god. History tells us that often the victims were pretty little girls chosen from among the thousands who visited these Aztec cities every year during the great fiesta.”’ Aztec legends tell us 2050 burro loads of white silver and 905 of gold and silver were buried by those Indians a certain num- ber of paces from a certain point, but the rare and noble Sonorella walkert aguacalientensis P. & F’. was again discovered by us in a small group of hills on Josephine Canyon between the Santa Ritas and the Cayetanos. Three new Sonorellas were dug up in the Tumacacoris, S. tumacacori, S. hinkleyt fraterna and S. walkeri montana ; in the Cayetanos S. hinkleyi and S. cayetanensis. Miss Pilsbry put the Mission on canvas and sketching pad. Camp gathered many kinds of bats and lizards. Others have given a lifetime here at Tubac, digging and exploring, tormen- ted by cat-claw, cacti and rough traveling, but have not found the Aztec gold or silver. These many generations of miners have left but little timber on the hills. A few oaks on the mesas and peaks, and only in the heads of deep gulches is there anything like reforestation. In earlier days, with Arizona snail hunters it was at least a climb of 8,000 ft. for Sonorellas, and rock covering of three feet or no work. In the Cayetanos without regard to elevation they were found in the soil next to boulders and under spawls lying about the gravelly cliffs. Often a cliff or rock slide ten feet square would yield a cocoa-can full. Once we obtained two cans full, 452 by count, and all albinos except 24. Near the peak of the highest mountain at the southern end of the range, on the north-east side, is a gentle sloping cove of about forty acres of Sonorella rocks. But the sun was just going down as it was discovered and only a few Sonor¢llas were gathered. The Pajarita Range is a wide expanse of rolling hills, a continuation of the Tumacdcori, on both sides of the interna- tional line, timbered, well watered and sodded. The Governor THE NAUTILUS. 39 of the state of Sonora has built a barbed-wire fence along the line to keep the cattle thieves on theirown side. Although not in the cattle business we did not cross over. It was a different country in character from anything seen in Arizona, and so pleasing we camped in these hills for three weeks. We spread our blankets under the wide branches of the live oaks and visited the Phil Clark ranch. A couple of caged eagles were at the door and young Clark was found reading by lamp light with a fool quail perched on his shoulder. This is one of the rarest of the quail family, a good introduction. We talked birds and things till a late hour. Clark junior-led us to the snail slides and the bat caves the following day, and ever after was a very helpful companion in our excursions. The first day out he heard something in an old mining tunnel he was explor- ing for bats, and a shot in the dark brought a wild pig. We ate about all but its head and feet. We camped again in Pina Blanca Canyon at the Moon U.S. Forest Station, and I went with Clark to the Bear Canyon, a scenic picnic resort, and found Aspleniwm jfirmum, a fern rare even in Florida, and again rediscovered Agave parvifolia, the smallest of the century plants. We picked up a new pin-cushion cactus large as a table bowl. Also a pair of whip snakes for Camp. We found Sono- rella walkert montana here and at the Tumacacori pass and it was also found by Hinkley at the Montana Mine, near Oro Blanco. Among the smaller Sonorellas in the Pina Blanca Canyon and again across the mesa in the Tumacacori, the first Bulimulus for Arizona was noted living in a strange situation, for it is a snail of the grass and brush. At old Calabasas at the mouth of Sanoita creek, emptying into the Santa Cruz, junction also of the two branches of the Southern Pacific Railway entering Mexico, we camped a few days to work that end and the best of the Cayetanos. Again we were in claw and thorn desert surroundings. At the Mission robins by the thousand, bluebirds, thrashers, cardinals and jays and Gamble’s quail came after the hackberries, but the Calaba- sas camp was a little tame. However Camp secured rats, mice and gophers on the kangaroo plan, and our luck in snails was pleasing. 40 THE NAUTILUS. In the Eighties Calabasas was one of the wonders of that dec- ade, according to the promoters’ literature in New York. The Metropolis of the Far West was its name. Side-wheel steamers plied the Santa Cruz, whereas we had a hard time crossing that stream in the dry sand. The docks were piled high with cotton and tobacco bales in the pictures, hogsheads of sugar and pigs of metal. Picturesque Mexicans hustled cattle into the stock yards. The Indians just across the river were chasing buffalo, deer and elk. Lithographs also revealed hotels, boards of trade and banks, their corridors filled with excited investors in silk hats and sombreros. The hotel and another large building re- main, but the land for miles around after being in the courts for many years is now in the possession of the heirs of a Spanish grant—the Bacca Float. On the west side of Mount Washington, of the Patagonia range, Sonorella patagonica can be found in the boulder dikes and islands of the canyons and the dead were plentiful in the foot hills west of the Nogales-Duquesne highway. A hard half-day in the brush and briars of the Red Mountain, property of the Red Mountain Mining Co., north side, netted two Sonorellas. Mt. Washington seemed to be above 8,000 feet high, and our camps about 5,000. There was much snow on both sides, east and west, and the pass was long and steep. Army-truck drivers. camped with us for the night as the pass was too difficult for anything except the best of daylight. It took three trips to get our party over and then Hinkley with the empty auto and empty trailer on the fourth trip was hung up on the brow of the mountain in a snow storm all night. Merely for company I was in the party. With a good fire we were fairly warm and dry, and slept some. At Duquesne Sonorella parietalis was found in the same colony with patagonica, sixty of them alive. A large collection of Pupas and other small ones were gathered and Mr. Hinkley is now sorting them out of the dirt. He also has the fresh-water collection. This mining property owned by the George West- inghouse heirs was the liveliest camp in our journey. Copper was being rolled out at war-time speed and the ore shipped to El Paso via a Mexican R. R. station, at the foot of the San THE NAUTILUS. 41 Jose peak, where Sonorella mearnsi dwelt at the time of the Boundary Survey. Bound for the Huachucas to pick up better sets of former collections, we dropped down the Patagonia mesa through a thick grove of young oaks with cultivated ranches in the can- yons. Then out upon a Kansas prairie landscape where the highway crosses the head of the Santa Cruz running south and the Barbacomari running north. Here are a number of prairies, without brush or thorns as beautiful to the eye as any state can produce. The Canillo Hills for thirty miles or more are covered with a thick growth of oak and juniper. At the high peak east of our road we found Sonorella elizabethae in abundance, and in the limestone hills west were small colonies of Holospira for three miles under spawls close to the stratified terraces, but a foot or so in height. Also in the rocky hillsides. Across another beautiful prairie we were again in the Huachu- cas at the Manilla mine, at the northwestern end. Here we were comfortably housed at the property owned by some of my Joliet friends, and at the home of the typical Holospira ferrissi Pils. It seemed convenient to have lamps and a cook stove. Again we camped in Carr Canyon, near the home of our friend Biederman the entomologist and father of walnut grafting. Side trips were made to Garden, Brown, Miller and Ash Canyons. Around the southeast point of the range we went into new territory, Montezuma and Copper Canyons, and again gathered Ashmunella heterodonta at Ida Canyon. These are rich canyons and so extensive they have not been thoroughly explored. One of the smallest of Sonorellas turned up in Montezuma Canyon, Sonorella montezuma. It was found abundant in lime, granite and porphyry. Again we had splendid quarters, a stove and lamp, on the State of Texas mining property. These mountain ridges run into Mexico, and ranchmen obtain permits from the Mexicans, when they desire to journey into Tombstone, Naco and Douglas with a vehicle. From the Huachuca camps several raids were made on the Mustang and Whetstone ranges about twenty miles away. The first range, about 6,000 feet, has shells in every stone-pile, and the climbing is easy and clean. It is a model for collectors to 42 THE NAUTILUS. follow. In one colony of large Sonorellas about one in ten was an albino, beautifully modeled and with yellow lips. We worked here into a bank of clay and broken stone until we had a face to our mine high as our heads. The Sonorellas dwelt in the spaces between the clay and stone and at twenty feet in live Sonorellas were found. It was then dark and I had undermined a large Ocotillo that rolled me over and left a bump on my head for this summer. Again we had trouble in finding Sonorella dalli Bartsch, at Garden Canyon (Tanner’s) in the Huachucas. Here we followed a wide crevice in the limestone filled with soil. Ata depth of about two feet we followed crevices a couple of times and found over seventy alive. The sixty Sonorellas at Duquesne and as many red Sonorellas in Miller Canyon were found in like manner. In Brown Canyon at the foot of a high cliff of limestone dead shells were abundant. Accidentally a scale of the cliff was torn off, and here was the live Sonorella granulatissima latior, we were looking for, with Oreohelix and Ashmunellas. About this time we admired our skill. After these many years, one of us said, we have become 100 per cent. shell collectors. On my first journey to Arizona I had raked over the leaves and turned logs and stones lying on the soil. I walked through the grand Tanner Canyon disdainfully past these rich | Sonorella mines. But to follow this mutual admiration convention, we did not find live Oreohelix in the Mustangs though dead shells covered the ground and crowded the rock slides. Here however the limestone cliffs did not scale. They were cracked apparently from one side to the middle, or the other side. Ve made two trips to the Whetstones before finding a shell of any kind. We thought we knew whether a mountain had shells or not by merely looking at it. On the third trip a long slide facing east was discovered. This had a great abundance of the most delicate and artistically constructed Sonorella so far identified. All were dead except a few less than half grown. The colony had been destroyed by some insect that had evi- dently dissolved the lime with some of its juices, making a hole in the shell large enough to crawl in and eat’em up. The THE NAUTILUS. 43 opening was usually oblong and about one or two millimeters long. Here the trail was so thorny and the gulches so deep we could walk only about a mile per hour in the mountain. ‘T'wo days were given to the slide. We had good success in the Tumacacori, Cayetano, Patagonia and other mountains on all sides of the peaks and had forgotten that in some ranges shells lived only on the north side. On the fourth trip to the Whetstone, while passing the north side of a small peak to get to the largest in the range, another Sonorella was found alive and plentiful. Also Oreohelix huachucana and a Holospira. We feel certain there are a considerable number of undis- covered snails in the limestone, well watered and timbered (8,000 feet) peaks of the Whetstones, on the north side. Some of these we examined, on the south side. The rains arrive in Arizona in July, which is the best grow- ing month; but this year in the first week of May the Mariposa group of lilies covered the slopes. The west mesa of the Santa Ritas was a golden yellow, for the poppies were in bloom. Also the large white thistle poppy. The Ocotillo (Crown of Thorns) with a deep crimson spike, and cactus bloom, white, crimson and orange, warmed up the desert hills. The last night out blankets were spread in the dry bed of a stream in a pass of the Mustangs. It was really a beautiful place. Gravel makes a good bed, as desert beds run, and the banks were decorated with spreading walnuts and oaks. The junipers and cottonwoods were artistically rounded and al] in full leafage. Three kinds of doves were talking, a cardinal, a thrasher and the vermillion fly-catcher were singing just at sundown, and the black and white scolding hummingbird in our tree, nervous in the face of distinguished company, had settled down in his thimble nest for the night. The Mustangs are not large mountain, but they have pleasing profiles, domes and table tops, for background purposes, when the moon is up a little way and the evening star is in close con- junction. Arizona nights are a cut-glass, crystal affair. Not smoky and beclouded. When the after-glow was just about right I led the partner 44 THE NAUTILUS. who has made life so pleasant these many years in housekeeping and business, over the shallow bank where only a few nicely terraced oaks were to be seen, and striking an attitude, front of stage, exclaimed ‘‘ Look at that. That is perhaps the one best view, celestial, we will ever get.’’ In the morning Henry was halted at the windmill to be filled up. The owner of the pasture, we had learned to like; ‘‘he is white’’ we said, with his helper was doing his chores. He carried a double row of cartridges in his belt; a forty-five and a telescope lay upon a barrel-head, and a rifle rested against the derrick. The equipment was the best. ‘¢Going a hunting?’’ I asked, innocent-like. ‘Not this morning,’ he answered. ‘‘The fact is,’’ he added, ‘‘it takes two of us to watch that fellow over in the other house. We have been shot at in this corral several times. Our fences have been cut and three horses and a cow shot this week. He wants me e buy him out and I don’t want his ranch at the price he asks.’ It is but a short distance from one thing to another all round the world. On the fifth of May we were again in Tuscon hav- ing collected at 134 stations. NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF FASCIOLARIA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON. The following notes of long standing are brought together for the purpose of pointing out some discrepancies that seem to have passed unnoticed. Another object is to supply a demand from some of our readers for something more pertaining to the marine mollusks. Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. F. papillosa Sowerby, Tankerville Cat. App. p. 15, 1825; Reeve, Conch. Icon., (Fasciolaria) vol. 4, pl. 1, f. la, 1b, pl. 7, fi dew td 1347: F. gigantea Kiener Icon. Coq. Viv., (Fasciolaria) p. 5, pl. 10 and 11. Tryon’s Manual Conch., vol. III, p. 75, fig. 14-16, 1881. THE NAUTILUS. 45 F. crocata Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. p. 25, 1848: Abbild. Besch. Conch. III, (Fasciolaria) Tab. I, f. 3, 1849. F. reevei Jonas, in Philippi, Abbild. Besch. Conch. III, (Fasci- olaria) Tab. III, f. 2, 1850. Even this large shell is not free from a nomenclatorial tangle. F. papillosa Sowb., as pointed out by Tyron, seems to be the oldest name. I have not access to the Tankerville Catalogue, but if the young specimen as figured by Reeve (fig. la, b) and copied by Tryon (fig. 15) is tne type, then this name seems somewhat doubtful. The spire and canal are both too long for a specimen of that size, in fact I cannot see any difference in figs. la and 1b, and the figure of F/. coronata Lam. as figured by Reeve (pl. VI, f. 14a, b.) Figure lc and d of Reeve and copied by Tryon (fig. 16) is F. gigantea. The F. crocata Phil. from Yucatan is undoubtedly the young of this species and not related to F. filamentosa as suggested by Tryon. In regard to its size, Tryon says: ‘* Length 1 to 2 feet. This is the largest known species of univalve shell.’’ Charles T. Simpson (Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., v, 51, 1886), says: ‘¢On the Keys I have seen dead shells two feet in length, the largest Gastropod in the world.’’ In THe Naurizus, XIX, 108, I had occasion to review Mr. Charles Hedley’s paper, ‘‘ On a large example of Megalatractus aruanus (L.), and incidentally mentioned that this Australian giant had a rival on our Florida coast, F. gigantea, quoting one of the above references. Mr. Hedley replied in a letter saying: ‘‘ Give it in inches, I do not like the sound of the word feet.’’? I remember a specimen 23 inches (about 575 mm.) in length, and there was a very large specimen in the collection of the late Joseph Wilcox which I cannot now locate. In writing to Dr. Dall, he says: ‘‘The largest specimen we have of F. gigantea measures 20 inches in length, with probably half an inch lost from the tip of the spire and as much more from the end of the canal; I have seen a bigger one but I do not remember the exact length of it. Call ours 530 mm. and it would, I think, be fair.’”’ The largest in the American Museum of Natural History is 20.25 inches and that in the Academy of Natural Sciences about the same. 46 THE NAUTILUS. Var. reevei Jonas. This is not a form of F. princeps as suggested by Tryon. Al- though the type is comparatively small (185 mm. in length) the form is easily recognized and not uncommon on the Gulf coast of Florida. It was found by the writer at Marco. The prominent nodes become obsolete or wanting, especially on the body whorl; the shell is also thinner and does not reach the size of the typical form. While F. gigantea and F. princeps (from the west coast of Central America resemble each other superficially, there is a most remarkable difference in their opercula. The former has only the prominent concentric lines of growth on the exterior, while the latter has five deep longitudinal furrows on the middle and inner edge and irregular diagonal ribs on the outer edge. The large bunches of egg-capsules of F. gigantea are conspicu- ous objects on the Florida beaches. These are poorly figured by Tryon (Manual, Vol. 2, pl. 7, figs. 78 and 79) as ‘‘ Capsules of an unknown Muricoid mollusk.’’ A bunch of capsules from Key West, Fla., nine inches in length and containing approximately 400 capsules was attached to a broad band which has no doubt contracted considerably in drying. Three of the capsules contained respectively 66, 70 and 76 embryonic shells. If these should average 70 per capsule, the entire bunch would produce upwards of 30,000 shells, but the death rate is enormous and very few ever reach maturity. Each capsule is wedge-shaped, the angles slightly winged and the sides with five or six irregular ridges. It is about 40 mm. in length, attached to the band by a pedicel about 12 mm. long. The capsules of F. tulspa are in small clusters attached to shells and stones. It is also wedge-shaped and pedunculate, the sides are smooth, but the upper edge is ornamented by numerous undulations around its entire margin. In F. distans there is only a single indentation on the upper edge, forming a lobe that extends over the opening through which the young shells escape. The latter is figured by Tryon (Manual II, pl. 7, fig. 77) as F. tulipa ? Fasciolaria tulipa (Linné). Colus achatinus Bolten, Mus. Bolt., 117, 1798. A variable THE NAUTILUS. 47 shell both in sculpture and color. +h bea a aN 12é PLATE II. THE NAUTILUS, XXXIll. THE LARGE ARGONAUTA COMPRESSA CYPRAEA PACIFICA OSTERGAARD THE NAUTILUS. Vol. XXXII JANUARY, 1920. No. 3. GONIOBASES OF OHIO. BY CALVIN GOODRICH. Some months ago I had occasion to map the known distribu- tion of Goniobasis livescens Menke and G. semicarinata Say within the borders of Ohio. This distribution is somewhat peculiar. Beginning on the western side of the state above the central line we find that livescens is the Goniobasis of the Maumee river system and of the shallows of Lake Erie as far as Sandusky Bay, where G. haldemanni occurs in company with livescens in the drift of the beaches. So far as exploration thence east shows, livescens appears alone to the northeastern corner of Ohio. It is the species of Sandusky River, flowing into San- dusky Bay, of Rocky and Cuyahoga Rivers which enter the lake at Cleveland, and of Conneaut Creek near the eastern border. Below the divide between the lakes and the Ohio River drainages, I found livescens in Beaver Creek, a tributary of the Wabash. There is then a great gap in its occurrence until the Hocking River is reached, east of a north and south central line drawn through the state. Just east of this, again, livescens has been collected in the Tuscarawas River of the Muskingum sys- tem by Dr. Sterki, and in at least one of the Tuscarawas branches. The G. gracilor Anth. of the Summit county lakes is plainly an offshoot of livescens, as indicated by connecting forms taken in this same region. Goniobasis senicarinata, less variable and more easily recog- nizable even in the field than livescens, is the species of the Great Miami, Little Miami and the Scioto Rivers, all in the 74 THE NAUTILUS. Ohio River drainage. Between the Scioto and the Hocking Rivers is a fairly large stream known as Raccoon Creek. It is now polluted with mine waste and at the time of my visit to it three or four years ago I found no living mollusks in the creek, and only one or two dead Unios. Kast of the Muskingum system is the Mahoning River and Beaver Creek, crossing the Ohio border into Pennsylvania. I know nothing of the Goniobases of these streams, but suspect that if any occur in them it is G, pennsylvanica Pilsbry, the Gonrobasis of the upper Ohio rivers. The chart of this distribution shows that livescens crosses the northern section of Ohio in the drainage of the Great Lakes and down two streams of the Ohio River drainage. Semicarinata occupies the three largest streams of the Ohio River drainage from the Scioto at about the center to the Great Miami, dis- charging at the southwest corner of the state. If we grant that the same laws which have governed the re- peopling of Lake Erie with Naiades have controlled in the case of livescens, this species entered the Maumee River through the Wabash, spread eastward to the Niagara and beyond. It man- aged—by means which the geologists might explain—to cross the divide between the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas River, possi-- bly thence into the Hocking. Other species of Goniobasis than those mentioned have been recognized as occurring in Ohio, and other local races may yet be described, but I feel certain they can all only prove to be descendants of the two parent stocks, livescens and semicarinata. SOME LARGE SPECIMENS OF ARGONAUTA. BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON. The largest species, or the largest example of a species, is always a subject of special interest, both to the biologist and the collector. Individual variation is not fully understood and cannot always be attributed to favorable or unfavorable environ- ment, or the abundance or lack of nutrition. Individual varia- tion has often led to arguments among conchologists as to THE NAUTILUS. 7D whether certain species dissolve their shells and construct new ones as their bodies increase in size. A large example of an Argonauta in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History has been frequently referred to in literature. At a meeting of the Society, held March 15th, 1854 (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 35), it was re- corded that ‘‘Dr. A. A. Gould made some remarks upon the collection of shells presented to the Society by the family of the late Col. Perkins. * * * Two one shell in particular he called attention, the large Argonauta, commonly called Paper Nauti- lus, and which is the largest specimen known to exist. lis measurements are 113 by 74 inches; the next largest specimen in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, London, measures ? of an inch less than this. This large specimen was brought from the Indian Ocean.”’ In the same vol., p. 370, this shell was again referred to under the title ‘‘On the Animal of the Argonauta Shell,’’ by John C. Warren. He says: ‘‘The beautiful specimen of the A. compressa Blain. presented to the Society by Col. Thomas H. Perkins was also exhibited; this shell, which cost him $500, is, according to Dr. Cabot who has made the comparison, the largest Argonauta shell in any cabinet in Kurope or America. D’Orbigny in his great work gives as the measurements of the ‘largest he has examined: greatest length of the shell 94 inches, while our specimen is 10 inches; greatest diameter of the open- ing 64 inches, in our specimen it is 64 inches; greatest width of the opening, including the auricular appendages, 3 inches, while in ours it is four inches.”’ In the Structural and Systematic Conchology, vol. I, p. 151, Tryon says: ‘‘ The Boston Society of Natural History possesses an Argonauta argo or Paper Nautilus shell, which is said to have been purchased for $500 by the gentleman who presented it to that Society. It is a common species, and the only reason for the great valuation of this specimen is that its diameter is about two or three inches greater than any other individual known to naturalists.’’ Tryon again refers to this specimen in the Manual of Con- chology, vol. 1, p. 186. This specimen was later figured and 76 THE NAUTILUS. mentioned in the Bull. No. 9 of the Boston Society of Natural History, April, 1917, where the exact size, 10% in greatest diameter was given, as there was a discrepancy of 1$ inches in the two accounts in the Proceedings. The writer is indebted to the Society for the use of the figure illustrating this article. In regard to the nomenclature, it seems hardly necessary to enter into any discussion when we consider that we are not dealing with a true shell, but a shell-like structure confined to the female, and only in part a secretion of the mantle, for a por- tion of it is formed by the two expanded tentacles. Internal partitions are lacking and the structure serves as a nest for the eges. Tryon, in the Manual of Conchology, places the Indo- Pacific A. compressa Blainville (A. maxima Gualt.) in the syn- onymy under A. argo Linn., of the Mediterranean. In the absence of a thorough knowledge of the animals it seems best to keep the various forms described from distant regions sepa- rate until such time as future investigations prove them to be either the same or distinct. In this connection I would like to call the attention of readers to a rival of the above specimen. It is a very large example of Argonauta nodosa Solander, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and measures 82 by 11 inches. I am in- debted to Mr. Arthur Jacot for these measurements. SOME AURICULIDAE AND PLANORBIDAE FROM PANAMA. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. The Panamic fauna has a particularly rich and interesting group of Auriculidae. The following new forms were found among the species collected by Mr. James Zetek. DETRACIA ZETEKI, n. sp. Figs. a, b, c. The shell is oval with short, almost straightly conic spire and minute, mucronate apex; dusky buff, the spire, a band near the suture and another near the base, carob brown. Surface glossy, rather closely marked with ripples of growth. Whorls of the spire narrow and flat, the greatest convexity of the last whorl above the middle. Aperture extremely narrow, having a THE NAUTILUS. 77 white, lirate callus a short distance within the outer lip. The very short columella bears a thin, wide, entering and descend- ing lamella. Above it, on the lower part of the parietal wall, there is a low, subtriangular callus. It is much more promi- nent in young than in adult shells. Length 8.6, diam. 5, length of aperture 6.7 mm.; 11 to 12 whorls. Panama City and Paitilla, near by. This species is very peculiar by its many narrow whorls, very narrow aperture, and the large, inwardly descending columellar lamella. It seems remarkable that it was not found by Pro- ‘fessor Adams, but nothing described in his catalogue agrees with it. Perhaps it is his unidentified No. 316. SEER : BSS LOSER SEER - pee ey ke ae © fajsivesi RES re a PRBS eee See = JANE SEN A VALI { Fig. a represents the type; fig. b is the basal part of the same specimen rolled more towards the left. Fig. c is the lower part of a young specimen, to show the larger lamellae of that stage. PHYTIA BREVISPIRA. Fig. d. The shell is oblong-conic, not very solid, cinnamon-brown, glossy marked with weak growth-lines only. The spire is straightly conic, shorter than the aperture; whorls very slightly convex, the last somewhat concave below the suture, with one or two spiral lines in the concavity defining a wide sutural margin. The aperture is pinched in above, becoming moder- ately wide and rounded below, the outer lip thin, without in- 78 THE NAUTILUS. ternal folds or callus. There is a strong, deeply entering diag- onal parietal lamella, a smaller one below it; columella termin- ating in a spirally entering lamella. Length 8, diam. 4.1, length of aperture 5.1 mm. (fig. d, apex lost). Panama City and Paitilla, near the city, collected by James Zetek, 1917. Also Taboga Island. This species stands near P. triplicata (Anton) and P. acuta (Orb.) both of which have similar teeth. It is, however, de- cidedly narrower than the first, wider than the second, so that while I hesitate to add another species to this genus, it appears that none of those described will receive lt. Phytia rhoadsi (Pils.), described as a Marinula, and P. setifer (Caop.) are more northern species, the former somewhat related to P. brevispira. In this species the aperture is longer than the spire, as in Mari- nula, but the other characters are decidedly those of -Phytia (Alexia). PLANORBIS ISTHMICUS, N. Sp. The shell is compressed, the thickness about one-third of the diameter, thin, very pale brown, somewhat transparent, glossy. Concavity of the right side showing three ~ whorls and a central pit, that of left side shallow, showing 44 whorls, the last whorl more convex near the sutures, rounded peripherally, not deflected to- LN ee. wards the left near the aperture. Sculp- COW. ture of fine growth-lines, very distinctly decussated by fine spiral lines on the inner whorls, the spirals weak, in part obsolete, ‘on the last whorl. The aperture is ob- a lique, heart-shaped, the lip thin. Diam. 10.5, alt. 3.7 mm. Panama City, in Chinese wells. Col- lected by James Zetek, Sept., 1918. Planorbis liebmanni Phil., maya and orbiculus Morel., are flatter shells, with the spire wider. P. boucardianus Prest. has a more oblique THE NAUTILUS. 79 aperture, no spiral striation, and is smaller. P. jfieldii Tryon is a much smaller shell without spiral lines, and higher relative to its diameter. Probably all of this group should be regarded as toothless forms of Planorbula. GUATEMALAN NOTES. BY A. A. HINKLEY. Coelocentrum gigas Von Martens, identified by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry as a dark variety,’ is the largest land shell the writer ever had the pleasure of hunting. On Feb. 20, 1918, the first dead specimen was found by a large log in a banana field. Probably an hour was spent searching for a live one but with- out success. Leaving the banana field, I followed up a branch of the Cavech River to where it issued from the mountain side. The labor of working through jungle and over rocks was re- warded by finding the finest specimens of Pachycheilus indiorum which I secured. From here the return was around the side of another mountain, heavily wooded; on this mountain 6 living C. gigas were found. This was considered a great find. The next day another place was visited beyond the mouth of the Cavech River to where the mountain came out to the shore of the gulf. After working through the thick undergrowth at the foot of a mountain, the vegetation was more open, making it easier to climb up or down. The first shell found was a fine C. gigas in the act of depositing eggs in a round pit about ? of an inch across, and probably a half-inch deep, scooped out of the mellow earth and containing 35 to 40 eggs. The best part of the day was spent on this mountain, looking for these shells, of which 19 were secured. They were nearly always partly covered with leaves. No more nests of eggs were found, but others were seen which had been destroyed by some enemy. 1 The specimens are not ‘‘ yellowish gray,’ but between walnut brown and burnt umber. as von Martens described it, 80 THE NAUTILUS. LEPTINARIA LIVINGSTONENSIS, nN. Sp. The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, the length twice the diameter, pale yellow, composed of 6 moderately convex whorls. Apex rather obtuse, surface glossy, coarsely but weakly striate. The sharp outer lip is strongly arched forward at its upper third. Columellar plait strong, dividing the columellar margin into two arcs, the lower one slightly shorter and deeper. Par- ietal lamella present in the embryos of 14 whorls. It is quite strongly developed in some shells of 6 mm. long, wanting in others. In older shells it becomes very low, and not quite one- fourth of a whorl long; or in others it disappears entirely. Length 9.5, diam. 4.7, aperture 4.5 mm. (lamella low). Length 11, diam. 5, aperture 5 mm. (lamella minute). Found in rubbish about the city of Livingston, Guatemala, with Subulina octona, taken February 19, 1913. This shell is about the same size as L. tamaulipensis, but differs from that species by having a parietal lamella and an imperforate umbil- ical region. The last whorl is less enlarged than in L. lamellata, L. else or LL. convoluta, which resemble this species in being imperforate with a lamellate parietal wall. The small lot taken in 1913 seemed divisible into two species, according to whether a parietal lamella was present or not, but in the abundant series collected on the second trip, it appears that the lamella is variable, being present in many but not all immature shells, but always very low or wanting in the large ones. SOME NOTES ON PHILOMYCUS. BY V. STERKI. In Ohio we had known only P. (Tebennophorus) caroliniensis Bose. Then a few dorsalis Binney were found here and there. Some years ago, near Chippewa Lake, Medina Co., I found two specimens of an entirely distinct species, as listed in the Ohio catalogue; the genitals, etc., remain to be examined. The slug may be the same as P. pennsylvanicus Pils., but closer compari- son is necessary. THE NAUTILUS. $I Fifteen and twenty years ago, in this vicinity, 1 found re- peatedly a form which then was taken for one of the color vari- ations of P. caroliniensis, although averaging larger, and unfoy- tunately and stupidly I did not examine it exactly. Some time ago one specimen of exactly the same was found, with about a dozen caroliniensis, as described by Binney and W. G. Binney. It was evident at first sight that the animal is of a distinct species, and it may be one of those named by Rafin- esque, as mentioned in W. G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 247, but I have not the literature for comparing. In order to have a designation, it may be named biseriates, provisionally the specimen was 70 mm. long when fully extended. The color, over most of the back, is brownish, not grayish, some- what irregularly mottled, and not sharply defined towards the margins. On the back there are two parallel series of 10-12 irregular black spots, streak-like when the animal is fully ex- tended, the largest in the middle, evanescent towards the an- terior and posterior ends. Irregularly distributed, mainly along the outer side of each series are irregular ‘‘ white’’ spots; that is, they appear whitish, but the ground color is a pale tan, and there are small dots, rather granules, of a glistening bluish white, and such dots are also distributed over the balance of the mantle surface. On each side, between the series of black apots and the lateral margin, there is another series of slightly marked, cloudy, dark spots, some of them barely visible. The sole is whitish without any color tinge, while in caroliniensis it has a rusty tinge from minute dots of that color, especially along the margins. Along the middle, mostly in the posterior part, there is an obscure line of dark, as it is also in caroliniensis and some other snails. The head and the posterior end of the foot are somewhat slate-colored, the eye peduncles darker. The whole body is different in appearance from that of caroliniensis, and somewhat more translucent. This description may be imperfect, but I believe that any specimens of the same kind will be readily recognized from it. While the genital organs of two P. caroliniensis, of the same size, were fullv developed, those of ‘‘ biserzatus’’ will still quite rudi- mentary, and nothing could be made out of them. The jaw §2 THE NAUTILUS. was of nearly the same shape in both species, but that of *‘ biseriatus’’ was dark-colored, from horn in the upper part to black at the cutting edge, while the jaw of caroliniensis is of a yellowish or reddish horn. The details of the surface must be compared with more material. The radula, with its anterior (older) end torn off, had 141 (++ . . .) rows of 45 + C + 45 teeth of rather the same shape as those of caroliniensis ; only the mesodonts of the outer laterals (about 18th-25th) seemed larger and longer; one of the caroliniensis had 210 rows of 54 + C + 54 teeth. As Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell suggested, some of the so-called color variations of P. caroliniensis may prove to be distinct species. This, and their interrelations, and those of variation, or varieties, should be carefully ascertained and also their dis- tribution. It may be mentioned, in this connection, that P. wetherbyi W. G. Binney, originally known from Kentucky, has also been found in northern Michigan, as stated by B. Walker. Scientifically it may not be justified to publish these rudi- mentary notes. But there is another reason for doing so. The season is already well advanced. ‘These interesting slugs have been badly neglected, and our knowledge of them is still far from satisfactory. Besides, they are getting more and more scarce in consequence of deforestation of the land, and will dis- appear in many sections before long, and faster than most other snails. Therefore, every conchologist should pay special atten- tion to anything in this line that can be found. And, to men- tion it again, by the way, the term ‘‘shells’’ is not the proper one to be used in books and catalogues; we should say mol- lusks! With respect to the generic name, I agree with W. G. Binney that the forms and species known should be ranged under one genus, whether their jaws be ribbed or not, if there are no other more significant differences. The jaw of the Chippewa slug seems to be really intermediate between the ‘‘smooth’’ and ribbed forms. W. G. Binney rejects the name Philomycus, be- cause Rafinesque did not correctly describe this genus under that name. There is hardly a conchologist who doubts now but that Rafinesque really understood the slugs under consider- THE NAUTILUS. 83 ation. In comparing them with Limaxz and Arion, he did not find the mantle shield much shorter than the body, and plainly evident, like the one of those slugs, and came to the conclusion that there was none at all; conceded that it was one of the care- less things he was in the habit of doing. Also, if Philomycus was not the same thing as Tebennophorus, etc., the family name Philomycide, in the sense as used, has no claim for recognition. THE SHELL OF PHILOMYCUS CAROLINIANUS (BOSC), BY WILLIAM F. CLAPP. Through the kindness of Mr. J. Henry Blake I recently re- ceived a specimen of Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc.), from Munsonville, N. H., to examine for internal pzxrasites. On laying open the mantle preparatory to removing the stomach and intestine, I discovered a rudimentary shell. When first noticed, it was not attached, either to the mantie or to the inner membrane which covers the viscera, but was floating free in the liquid in which the dissection was made. From its posi- tion I believed it to have been dislodged from some portion of the posterior fourth of the animal, between the mantle and the inner membrane. Losing immediately all interest in possible internal parasites, I gave my attention entirely to the problem of the shell, in an endeavour to ascertain its exact position, and also to discover whether it is to be considered a constant, or merely an occasional character in this species. From Dr. R. C. Rush, of Hudson, Ohio, I received fifty specimens (M. C. Z. 48211) of living Philomycus in excellent condition. The specimens in this lot show slight variation in color, the majority being of the typical pattern, of a yellowish- white ground color, variegated with brownish and _ blackish clouds and spots, forming three ill-defined longitudinal bands, one on the center of the back, and one on each flank. There are, however, three specimens easily separated from the rest be- cause of the reddish tinge in the brownish clouds and spots. In these specimens (M. C. Z. 48211 H) the lateral bands are 84 THE NAUTILUS. lacking entirely, there being one broad dorsal band of darker reddish brown, bounded on each side by a narrow row of more or less connected black spots. in the eighteen specimens of this lot examined, all possessed a rudimentary shell. In many cases, in spite of the greatest care in making the incisien in the mantle, the shell had become dislodged from its normal position. In eight specimens it re- mained attached to the animal when found. In all of these specimens it was adherent to the outer surface of the inner membrane or peritoneum, and not connected in any way to the — inner surface of the mantle. It also, in the specimens in which it remained fastened, was always in the posterior quarter of the animal, and over some portion of the liver. In two of the eight specimens it occurred on the left side, in two directly on top, and in four on the right side of the liver. The diagram (fig. 1) was made from a specimen (M. C. Z. 48211 H) meas- uring 40 mm. in length in a considerably contracted condition. On opening the mantle, the position of the shell was found to be 5 mm. from the posterior extremity of the animal and on = ¥ 1 Mauls Figs. 1, 2, 3, Philomycus carolinianus (Bose), Hudson, Ohio. Fig. 4, P. rusht, n. sp. the right side. It is of a light horn color, transparent, very iridescent, thin, delicate, wrinkled. It measures .5 mm, in length and .25 mm. in width. In appearance it greatly re- THE NAUTILUS. 85 sembles the periostracum of the shell of a Limaw maximus which remains when the shell has been decalcified in weak acid. In some of the shells extracted from specimens from Hudson, Ohio, a portion of the delicate membrane contains a few gran- ules of what appear to be calcareous crystals. In outline the rudimentary shell is irregular, the membrane becoming very thin, delicate and transparent at the edge. In some specimens it was folded on itself, but the general tendency is for it to be oblong rather than oval, and in outline, not unlike the shell of limax maximus. Specimens from the following localities were examined, in all but one of which the rudimentary shell was found. Spec’s. M.C. Z. No. Locality. Received from. 1 18540 Isle au Haute, Me. M. C. Z. 1 48207 Munsonville, N. H. J. Henry Blake. 1 48217 Mt. Monadnock, N.H. Dr. W. H. Dall. 2 42145 Duxbury, Mass. M. C. Z. (shell not found in one). 1 48212 Tannersville, N. Y. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry. 18 48211 Hudson, Ohio. Dr, C.: Rush, 2 48214 York Furnace, Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry. 2 482138 York Co., Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry. 4 48215 Wyoming Co., Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry. This species was originally described as Limax carolinianus (Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, suites 4 Buffon, ed Deterville, 1, p. 80, pl. 3, f. 1, 1802. Rafinesque (Annals of Nature, p. 10, 1820) gave the name of Philomycus to species which differed from Limaz, principally, in being entirely destitute of a mantle. Rafinesque, however, made no mention of Limaz carolinianus in this paper and it remained for Ferussac (Tab. Syst., p. 15, 1821) to place the species, which he spells caroliniensis, in Rafin- esque’s genus Philomycus. Binney (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 163, 1842), recognizing the fact that carolinianus Bosc. pos- sessed a mantle covering the entire upper surface of the animal, removed the species from Rafinesque’s genus Philomycus, where Ferussac had placed it, and made it the type of a new genus, 86 THE NAUTILUS. Tebennophorus, signifying ‘‘ wearing a cloak’’. In diagnosing the genus, Binney states that it is ‘‘ without testaceous rudi- ment’’. Wyman (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.,.4, p. 411, 1844) and Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. S., 1, p. 250, pl. 8, 1851) mm de- scribing the anatomy of Tebennophorus, did not mention finding a rudimentary shell. W. G. Binney (Terr. Moll. U. S., 5, p. 179, 1878) specifies that Tebennophorus has no external or in- ternal shell, and adds (p. 180) that ‘‘ the internal, rudimentary, nail like shell, described by Dr. Gray, has not been noticed by any American author’’. Dr. Gray’s description (Cat. Pulmon. Brit. Mus., part 1, p. 158, 1855) of the genus Philomycus, in- cludes the statement, ‘‘ Shell minute, nail like, concealed in the front part of the mantle’’. Yet (p. 155) in describing the tribe Philomycina, in which he places the genus Philomycus, he states, ‘‘Shell none’’. From Dr. Gray’s description of the shell as being ‘‘ nail-like’’, and ‘‘ concealed in the front part of the mantle’’, I doubt that he had the shell of Philomycus caro- hnianus. An examination of the jaw and radula of each of the speci- mens in which a shell was found, disclosed the fact that the jaw varies considerably in specimens apparently otherwise identical. In the fifteen specimens from Hudson, Ohio (M. C. Z. 48211), which I consider typical carolinianus (Bosc), as de- scribed by Binney, thirteen possessed a smooth Jaw, with very faint longitudinal and transverse striae showing only when highly magnified. The remaining two were strongly plaited (figs. 2, 3). Of the three specimens (M. C. Z. 48211 H) sepa- rated from the others because of the reddish tinge of the mantle, the jaw of one was similar to fig. 2, the others were smooth. This plaiting of the jaw, although it may be felt with a fine needle, is not to be confused with the ribbing of the jaw as seen in Pallifera dorsalis Binney (Morse, Journ. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 8, f. 5, 1864). That portion of the mouth which carries the jaw in Philomycus carolinianus, is always deeply fur- rowed, and it appears that these furrows may, or may not leave their impression upon the jaw. It is possible that the presence or absence of plaiting in the jaw may be entirely a question of age. In all of the specimens examined none of the other char- THE NAUTILUS. 87 acters showed noteworthy variation, and I have considered them all P. carolinianus. It is worthy of record that the specimens which were sent to me in such excellent condition by Dr. R. C. Rush, were shipped in a small wooden box filled with damp, absolutely clean moss. Every specimen was alive. The slightest amount of dirt or dust in the material in which the specimens are packed is fatal. From one of Dr. Rush’s letters I take the liberty of quoting some interesting notes regarding the habits of the species. ‘Tt is very easy to collect specimens of this species, but very difficult to send them any considerable distance and have them live. If kept too moist they suffocate, and if allowed too much air they dry up. I have had five-inch specimens die in twenty minutes in strong sunlight. To keep specimens alive, place them on the under side of an old piece of bark on the basement floor, making certain that they are absolutely in the dark. Feed them with any fungi and they will live for months. Cur- iously the large specimens of this species are not found in damp places in northern Ohio. They are found here in high, dry, hard-maple and beech forests, on stumps and logs which have not decayed much, in pockets under the bark. They feed at night and go back to th? same nest every morning. Very rarely one will find them feeding on the under side of fungi in daylignt. It will interest you to know that nine of the speci- mens I am sending came from a crack in a log, seven inches long by two inches wide, and I left seven behind. They were packed in like sardines.’’ Philomycus rushi, sp. nov. In alcohol, mantle smooth, drab gray above (Ridgway, Color Standards and Nomenclature, pl. 46, 1912), lighter on the sides, eye peduncles dark gray, eye spots black, tentacles, situated beneath and very slightly outside the eye peduncles, short, gray. Body terminating posteriorly in a sharp point. Foot narrow, half the width of the body, cream-white below, excepting at the anterior end, where it is dark red, fading at the posterior end. The separation of the foot from the body well defined. The body, showing at the sides between the foot 88 THE NAUTILUS. and the mantle, only as a narrow ridge at the posterior end, but broadening at the anterior, is also stained with red, darker at the anterior end. Respiratory orifice, small, on the right side, 2.5 mm. behind the anterior edge of the mantle, in the center of the narrow mantle furrow which curves upward and backward from the mantle edge. Total length 15 mm., width 3 mm. Internal rudimentary shell large, similar to that of P. caro- lintanus (Bosc), 6 mm. from the posterior extremity, and fast- ened to that portion of the peritoneum directly above the ovotestis. Approximately 2 mm. in diameter. The jaw is similar to that of P. carolinianus in shape, and in being but very slightly plicate. The radula, fig. 4, consists of about 150 rows of teeth hav- ing a formula of 38-1-38. The one specimen received in sufficiently good condition to examine the internal organs, was infested with two stages of parasitic Trematoda. Twenty of these were found in the vicin- ity of the lung, one beneath the shell, and one in the penis near the retractor muscle. Therefore the reproductive organs in this specimen may be in an abnormal condition, and on this ac- count I refrain from figuring them. One of the most noticeable differences is the complete absence of any glandular portion to the cloaca, a‘large and constant character in P. carolinianus. The ovotestis is nearly black, in sharp contrast to the light-col- ored liver and other organs in the posterior portion of the animal. Type M. C. Z. 48220. Hudson, Ohio, collected by Dr. R. C. Rush. I have connected Dr. Rush’s name with this species as a slight recognition of the care and perseverance he has exercised for many years in studying the life history of the land shells of Ohio. Dr. Sterki (Proc. Ohio State Acad. Sci., 4, p. 377) describes a closely related species as ‘‘ Philomycus sp. pennsylvanicus Pils.?’’ Dr. Sterki’s species is similar to P. rushi in that it possesses a ‘‘sole tinged with blood red’’ but differs in being twice as large (30 mm. long), and in the jaw having ‘‘a num- THE NAUTILUS. 89 ber of rib-like irregular ridges’’. P. pennsylvanicus Pils. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 22, 1894) is described as being ‘© smaller and less distinctly marked than P. carolinensis’’ and ‘‘having the jaw strongly ribbed’’, a description which could not be applied to P. rusht. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AS INDICATED BY LAND SHELLS OF THE ISLAND OF OAHU. BY J. J. GOUVEIA.' Since the early part of 1913 the writer and his brother A, Gouveia have been engaged in making a collection of Hawaiian land shells, both ground and tree. We have accumulated spec- imens of shells from nearly all valleys and ridges on the island of Oahu. We have complete data as to the exact locality and habits, so it can be seen that the writer has a good proof, from his series, of Gulick’s theories of segregation or isolation. This idea has been written and followed out by many other collectors and students until it is well known in the scientific world. One of the best examples of this is seen in Dr. Cooke’s paper on Achatinella multizona. DisTRIBUTION OF Achatinella cestus FROM Manos-PaLoLo RipGE To WaILuPE-Niv Ripes.—Achatinella cestus (Newcomb) is found mostly on lehua or one of its related plants having a rather large dark green and glossy leaf, on Ieie, Opiko and Lantana, and nearly always under leaves, with the exception of the Wailupe-Niu locality where they are found mostly on Lantana stems. They are nearly always found sealed. The only time they are found extended is when they are disturbed by wind or rain or accidentally brushed off, so they must be nocturnal as Dr. Cooke surmises (1). | They are very variable in color from white to very dark brown. They are lighter on the western part of the range and become darker towards the eastern part. The greater part of these shells have a white border band (2). | 1 Contribution from the Gulick Natural History Club. 10) THE NAUTILUS. The writer has specimens from five different localities. Four of these localities are on ridges and the other in a valley. First locality, Manoa-Palolo Ridge: Fossil specimens in collection as catalogued, Cat. No. 487, four sinistral and No. 492 three sin- istral, making a total of seven sinistral specimens. Second locality, Palolo-Waialae Nui ridge: Fossil and living specimens, Catalogue No. 61 nine dextral, No. 382 two dextral and two dextral fossil specimens not catalogued. Total, eleven dextral live specimens and two dextral fossil specimens. Third locality, Waialae-Nui valley: Catalogue No. 38 seven dextral specimens, No. 383 one dextral specimen, No. 89 seven dextral specimens. Total, fifteen dextral specimens. Fourth locality, Waialae Iki-Wailupe ridge: Catalogue No. 28, fifty-two sinistral specimens. Fifth locality, Wailupe-Niu ridge: Catalogue No. 14, two hundred and twenty-two sinistral specimens. Summary. Fossil. Live. Dextral. Sinistral. Dextral. Sinistral. ist locality . . -~ 7 — 2nd.“ : 2 — if — ore preety — — 1 — Athi ete — — 52 ae Sf a a aati — — — 27.2 Totala,2.. < % 2 a 78 222 Thus it can be seen from the above given data the specimens increase in number from west to east, the first ridge having no live specimens and the last having the most. What does this signify? Does not this signify that since Diamond Head and Punchbowl came into eruption, climatic conditions have changed which resulted in the elimination of cestus from the neighborhood of the two now extinct volcanoes ? Now, in relation to the fossils found on location one, this is the nearest locality to Diamond Head; the second locality a little further away; the third still further; and the fourth and THE NAUTILUS. 91 fifth, the furthest of all, say about seven miles comparing with about two and one-half miles, locality one. The foasils were found lower than the live specimens on the ridges, and as we go east the live specimens are found higher up on the ridges or further away from the lower limits as indi- cated by the fossils. Me) | PAST ENR OOF THE | /SLA BRQF OKH UV oH) Ay) ei arn PE . Tak WGA ys, y aT 4 faa \ PIT Ee “Arya ] ‘ SS ZS \ IN® PANG? . ; Liar ULES S A Ge a eS 8 ie Hh ee ee ‘\ isi 5 = > A\ N Sd a4 y Seah WS GRE PER GR SS AE fo Ne AAS AMES AS FB ie Me ee Ne INA Lf \F zh s Go Ns X (i } \A . J \ S RSS De 100 Sia a fo Joy il > Fo, ne In 1916 while the Honolulu Water Works were digging a ditch for a pipe line, fossils of Achatinella montaguei and buddi were found by A. Gouveia buried about four feet deep in Manoa valley near Manoa tennis court. The montaguet is now extinct and the duddi nearly so in other localities. They are however extinct in the above given locality. These shells thrived very low once, and owing to the climatic changes the forest has dis- appeared, thus explaining the present distribution. The strongest evidence yet is indicated by fossil ground shells, catalogue numbers 932 to 942 inclusive, Leptachatina oryza and a few other unnamed varieties which were collected on the western slope of Diamond Head, also catalogue Nos. 859 to 869 inclusive. Amastra transversalis also Endodonta and Lepta- chatina, Nos. 972 to 975 inclusive, collected on the town side of 92 THE NAUTILUS. Punchbowl. These shells are frequent in occurrence and now extinct. Dr. C. H. Hitchcock gives a very good account of the geological occurrence or position of these shells on Diamond Head and Punchbowl (8). We have also collected Amastra fossils from Kahuku, Moku- leia and Kwaihapai. The cause of recent disappearance is the destruction of the forest, collecting by people, and ravages of cattle and goats. An example of this is found on Olomana where Dr. Gulick col- lected in or about 1850. In the fifties this peak was covered with forest which has disappeared. Achatinella phxozona was found on Olomana where it is not now found owing to the dis- appearance of the forest. Papers referred to. 1. Cooke, C. Montague.—Distribution and Variation of Acha- tinella multizonata from Nuuanu Valley. Occasional Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Vol. II, No. 1-5, pp. 65-76. 2. Thwing, E. W.—Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History, Vol. III, No. 1, 1907, pp. 18. Original Descriptions of Acha- tvnella. 3. Hitchcock, C. H., and Dall, W. H.—Geology of Oahu, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. II, pp. 15 to 60, February, 1900. Notes of Fossil Land Shells on pp. 54-55. A NEW CYPRAEA FROM HAWAII. BY J. M. OSTERGAARD.! CYPRAEA PACIFICA, n. sp. Plate 2, lower five figs. Whitish to cream color, richly ornamented with chestnut- brown spots, evenly sprinkled over the dorsal surface; base, aperture and teeth, white; resembles C. cernica Sowb. in form, having in common with that species elevated and pitted mar- 1 Contribution from the Gulick Nat, Hist. Club. THE NAUTILUS. 93 gins, though less pronounced; teeth small and delicately cut, not confined to aperture, all extending evenly over a narrow zone of the base. The largest and the smallest of five specimens, dredged from Honolulu harbor channel in 1915, measure in length 20 and 14 mm. respectively. The shells were all dead, but in a good state of preservation. Type, one specimen in the author’s collection. REVIEW OF THE THYSANOPHORA PLAGIOPTYCHA GROUP. BY H. A. PILSBRY. In the course of identifying specimens of this group from Mexico and Panama it became necessary to examine all of the material in the collection of the Academy, some 46 lots of from one to several hundred specimens each. As some synonymy is involved, it may be well to put the results on record. Fig. 1. Thysanophora fuscula (C. B. Ad.), Jamaica. Fig. 2, T. plagioptycha (Shuttl.), Humacao, Porto Rico. Fig. 3, T. plagioptycha, Fikahatchee Key, Florida. Fig. 4, T. cecoides (Tate), Panama City. These forms were'considered to belong to the genus Acanth- inula by Strebel and some other authors. The sculpture, how- ever, is only superficially like that genus, but exactly like such 94 THE NAUTILUS. typical Thysanophoras as T. conspurcatella and horniit. There are also species intermediate in shape, such as T. fuscula and T. intonsa, leading from the depressed to the conic forms. It would be easy to tell absolutely where these snails belong if specimens containing the animal were available. Though not strictly germane to the subject of this paper, it may be mentioned that Trichodiscina crinita Fulton, Proc. Malac. Soc., London, XII, 240, from Colombia, is a species of Thysanophora. Some allied forms are known from Venezuela as well as from Mexico. It has about the shape of T. conspurea- tella or hornut. The latter, when perfectly preserved, also has hairs. THYSANOPHORA FuscuLA (C. B. Adams). Fig. 1. Helix fuscula C. B. Ad., Contrib. to Conch. no. 2, 1849, p. 35. Thysanophora fischeri Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. 8. Phila. 1903, p. 768, pl. 49, fig. 6, 6a. This Jamaican species has a wider umbilicus than others of the group, contained about 6.4 times in the diameter of shell. The figures are from a specimen from Adams, measuring: Alt. | 2.15, diam. 2.55 mm., umbilicus 0.4 mm. The sculpture of rather coarse growth wrinkles and minute, oblique, retractive cuticular threads, does not differ materially — from that of 7. plagioptycha. I can see no material difference between the Jamaican shells and those taken near Victoria, Tamaulipas by S. N. Rhoads, and in the region of Tampico by A. A. Hinkley, and which I described as T. fischeri. In these the umbilicus is contained about 7 times in the diameter. When describing this form I did not think to compare with the Jamaican snail. Like some other minute species of the region, it will probably be found to be more widely spread than now known. THYSANOPHORA PLAGIOPTYCHA (Shuttleworth). Fig. 2. Helix plagioptycha Shuttl., Mittheil. der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern, 1854, p. 37 (Porto Rico and Viéque). Helix ierensis Guppy, Proc. Scient. Asso. Trinidad, 1869, p. 242; Amer. Journ. of Conch. VI, 1871, p. 307, pl. 17, fig. 4. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. VII, p. 549. THE NAUTILUS, 95 A specimen from Humacao, Porto Rico, which may be taken as type locality, is figured. It scarcely shows growth striae, but the oblique cuticular threads are very well developed, extend- ing upon the base. The umbilicus is contained between 10 and 11 times in the diameter. Alt. 2.25, diam. 2.5 mm., umbil- icus 0.23 mm.; 44 whorls. The specimens from Florida (fig. 3, Fikahatchee Key) are often larger, diam. 3 to 3.2 mm., with the umbilicus slightly larger, 74 to 8 times in the diameter. The sculpture is rarely so perfectly developed (or preserved) as in the Porto Rico shells. It is a common species on the keys and in some places on the mainland, as at Miami and Osprey. A single small example from Brownsville, Texas, has the umbilicus remarkably small, contained about 14 times in the diameter. It is more depressed than T. cexcoides. It may rep- resent a distinct race, but further material is needed. Guppy has recorded the species (as Helix ierensis) from Trin- idad. Specimens are at hand from St. Lucia (Tate), Cariaco, Venezuela (F. R. Cocking) and the U.S. of Colombia (R. Swift coll.). Atl of these are rather openly umbilicate, like the most widely umbilicate Florida shells, but not as open as JT. fuscula. The late Mr. E. A. Smith, in his excellent paper on Trinidad shells (Journ. of Conch. VIII, p. 239), considered plagioptycha and ierensis synonyms of fuscula Ad., but while the difference is not great, I have been unable to trace a real transition in the size of the umbilicus, and for the present it seems best to recog- nize the distinction. I have seen but three Jamaican speci- mens, however. THYSANOPHORA CHCOIDES (Tate). Fig. 4. mad cxcoides Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch. V, p. 153, Feb., 1870 Helix guatemalensis Crosse et Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl. XX, Pee tors: XX) p.. 274, pl. 9, fig. = 1873; Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll., TL, p- "664, pl. i, figs. 9-95 (Guatemala, Sarg. ). Acanthinula granum Strebel, Beitrag Mex. IV, 1880, p. 31, pl. 4, f. 18 (Plantage Mirador). Yucatan: Progreso (Heilprin Exped. 1890). Guatemala: 96 THE NAUTILUS. Quirigua (W. P. Cockerell, 1912). Nicaragua: Chontales forest, in moss on trees (Tate, type of H. cecoides). Rep. de Panama: Boco del Toro (Tate, in A. N.S. P.); City of Panama (James Zetek ). This species differs very little from 7. plagioptycha or fuscula in size, general shape and sculpture, but is readily distinguished by the very small, partly covered umbilical perforation. The umbilicus, while small, is much larger in the other species. _ Part of the type lot of 7. cecoides is in the collection of the Academy, No. 12159, received from Prof. Tate. The original figures of H. guatemalensis are hardly recognizable, but those in the Mexican monograph are fairly good. I am not quite sure that the Kast Mexican Acanthinula granum Strebel (1880) be- longs to this species, but the photographic figure shows only a very small umbilicus as in cecoides. This may be taken up when topotypes are available. The locality records are all for specimens in the collection of the Academy. Specimens from Costa Rica are still wanting. LAND SHELLS OF MAINE. BY E. G. VANATTA. While botanizing in Maine in 1916 Mr. Bayard Long col- lected leaf mould containing land shells at numerous localities. A list of these stations with brief statement of the conditions and the dates is given below, the locality being condensed to a single word in the following list of species. While most of the species have been known from Maine, it is hoped that the list will have interest to those who may study the details of distribution in the State. York Co.—In moist woods bordering the salt marsh at Kittery, viii, 11; in moist woods at York, viii, 9; at the edge of a spring rill on the border of the salt marsh at Wells, viii, 8; in moist thickets along a small stream at Limington, viii, 29. Cumberland Co.—In a moist wooded gulley near Steep Falls in Baldwin, viii, 28; around Sand Pond, Baldwin, viii, 30; Douglas Hill ; in Sebago, viii, 30. THE NAUTILUS. 97 Sagadahoc Co.—Back River Creek, Woolwich, ix, 15; near a marsh at Bowdoinham, ix, 9 and ix, 14. Hancock Co.—In a deciduous woods near Green Pond, viii, 18. Kennebec Co.—On wooded terraces along Kennebec River at Sidney, viii, 18. Somerset Co.—On wooded terraces along Kennebec River at Fairfield, vii, 24. Piscataquis Co.—Under logs and boards along the Piscataquis River at Abbott, viii, 15. Penobscot Co.—On the wooded gravel terrace along Souadab- scook Stream at Hampden, ix, 8 and ix, 11; from the wocded rocky ledge along the Penobscot River near Hampden Corner in Hampden, ix, 8; near the Penobscot River at Veazie, viii, 4; Orono, vill, 38 and viii, 24; in alluvial woods along the Penob- scot River at Old Town, vii, 27; Otter Chain Pond at Milford, vill, 25; in moist river shore thickets at Winn, viii, 10. Aroostook Co.—In rich woods near Maduxnekeag River at Monticello, vii, 12; in rich woods at Houlton, viii, 13, 1916. Polygyra fraterna cava P. & V. Sebago, Sidney, Fairfield, Hampden, and Hampden Corner. Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Kittery, Green Pond, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Winn, and Monticello. Strobilops affinis Pils. Sebago. Gastrocopta pentodon Say. Sidney, Abbott, Hampden Corner, and Winn. Gastrocopta pentodon tappaniana Ad. Old Town. Vertigo ventricosa Morse. Kittery, Green Pond, Fairfield, Orono, and Winn. Vallonia excentrica St. Kittery and Orono. Acanthinula harpa Say. Fairfield. Columella edentula Drap. Sidney and Monticello. Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. Bowdoinham, Sidney, Abbott, Fair- field, Hampden, Hampden Corner, and Orono. Circinaria concava Say. Bowdoinham, Sidney, and Fairfield. Vitrina impida Gld. Kittery, Old Town, and Winn. Polktta hammonis Strom. York, Limington, Bowdoinham, Green Pond, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Orono, Old Town, Winn, and Monticello. 98 THE NAUTILUS. Polita binneyana Morse. Sebago, Sidney, Abbott, and Hampden. Polita indentata Say. York, Green Pond, and Fairfield. Paravitrea lamellidens Pils. Green Pond, Sidney, and Abbott. Euconulus chersinus Say. Abbott. Euconulus fuluus Mull. Sebago, Bowdoinham, Hampden Corner, and Winn. Zonitordes arborea Say. Kittery, Sebago, Bowdoinham, Green Pond, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden Corner, Orono, and Monticello. Zonitoides minuscula Binn. Sidney. Striatura ferrea Mrse. York, Steep Falls, Green Pond, Sid- ney, and Houlton. Striatura exigua Stm. Steep Falls, Sebago, Green Pond, Fairfield, Abbott, Old Town, Winn, Milford, and Monticello. Striatura milium Mrse. York, Baldwin, Green Pond, Sidney, Abbott, Hampden, Old Town, and Winn. Agriolimax campestris Binn. Orono. Agriolimax agrestis L. Orono. Arion circumscriptus Jhn. Orono. Pyramidula alternata Say. Sidney, Fairfield, Hampden, and Hampden Corners. Pyramidula c. anthonyt Pils. Kittery, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Orono, and Winn. Pyramidula c. catskillensis Pils. York, Limington, Sebago, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden Corner, Winn, and Monticello. Pyramidula (Planogyra) asteriscus Mrse. Winn. Helicodiscus parallelus Say. York, Steep Falls, Green Pond, Sidney, Abbott, Fairfield, Hampden Corner, Orono, Oid Town, Milford, and Monticello. Punctum pygmaeum Drap. York, Green Pond, Sidney, Fair- field, Abbott, Hampden Corner, and Winn. Succinea retusa Lea. Bowdoinham and Fairfield. Succinea ovalis Say. Kittery, Limington, Woolwich, Bow- doinham, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Hampden Corner, Veazie, Orono, Old Town, Milford, Winn, and Monti- cello. | THE NAUTILUS. 99 Succinea avara Say. Limington, Bowdoinham, and Veazie. Succinea aurea Lea. Wells. Carychium exile canadense Cl. Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, and Monticello. Carychium exiguum Say. Bowdoinham, Old Town, and Winn. ANCYLUS OBSCURUS HALDEMAN AND SPECIES REFERRED TO IT. BY BRYANT WALKER. ss The available information down to 1903 in regard to Halde- man’s species was summarized in my paper in the NAUvrTILUs, XVII, p. 25. The re-discovery of A. obscurus by Goodrich in 1913 (Naut., XXVII, p. 92) in the South Fork of the Powell River at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va., has enabled the specific standing of that species to be definitely determined and given a basis for comparison with other forms that have been referred to it. Through the courtesy of Miss Crystal Thompson, the Curator of the Amherst College Museum, I have been able to examine all of the Ancylide in the C. B. Adams collection. This material with some other in my own collection obtained from different sources has enabled me to come to conclusions, more or less definite, in regard to the recorded citations of Halde- man’s species in Florida and the West Indias. The doubt expressed by Bourguignat, Tryon and Clessin as to the correctness of the West-Indian citations proves to be fully justified. In the Adams collection are two lots labeled ‘‘ A. obscurus ? Hald.’’ These contain three very distinct species, none of which is obscurus. They will be considered separately. One of these, however, is identical with a set in my own col- lection received as ‘‘ A. obscurus’’ trom Sowerby and Fulton and these again are the same as a set in the MacAndrew collec- tion labeled ‘* A. chittyi Ads.’’ from Guadeloupe. The original 100 : THE NAUTILUS. label is with these specimens, but I have not been able to identify the handwriting. It is quite possible that they came from Marie as MacAndrew had considerable material from the Marie collection. These shells do not at all agree with Adams’ description of chittyi nor with the figure of that species given by Bourguignat in the J. de Con., IV, 1853, p. 172, pl. VI, fig. 10. Unfortunately Bourguignat does not state whether his figure was drawn from the unique type in the Chitty collection or not. It seems possible that the citation of obscurus from Guadeloupe by Fischer in 1853, which Mazé in 1883 states had not been verified to his knowledge, may have been based on similar specimens. Curiously enough, however, I hayea speci- men of this same species received from Geret of Paris as from the Crosse collection, which has no specific name attached whatever. The citation of A. obscurus from St. Thomas rests entirely upon Shuttleworth’s citation in his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Terres- trial and Fluviatile Shells of St. Thomas’’ (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., VI, 1854, p. 72) and repeated in his paper on ‘‘The Land and Fresh-water Shells of Porto Rico’? (Diag. Neuer Moll., No. 6, 1854, p. 99). Shuttleworth expressly states that he relied on Adams’ identification for the name. In the Adams collection is an unidentified set of a small Ancylus from St. Thomas received from Bland and, no doubt, collected by him on his visit to that island in 1852, which is entirely differ- ent from Haldeman’s species. Bland in his notes to Shuttle- worth’s paper (1. c. p. 68) states that he had sent to Shuttle- worth specimens of all the species that he had collected on St. Thomas and, though it is possible that Shuttleworth’s speci- mens were received from his own collector, Blauner, it is prob- able, especially as he relied on Adams’ identification, that were received from Bland and, if so, were, no doubt, part of the same lot in the Adams collection. As suspected at the time and intimated in my paper (1. c. 26) the Floridan species referred to obscurus by Dall is quite differ- ent also. I have not been able to obtain any additional information in regard to the species from Porto Rico referred to obscurus by THE NAUTILUS. 101 Shuttleworth (1. c. p. 98). But it is very improbable that it is really Haldeman’s species. All this leads to the very definite conclusion that A. obsewrus Hald. is restricted to the head-waters of the Tennessee system in Virginia and Tennessee and does not occur in Florida or the West Indies. Clessin (Con. Cab., Ancylus, p. 14) designated A. obscurus as the type of his group, Haldemania. As both the genuine ob- scurus and the species that he took for it are Lavapices it is immaterial which should be considered to be his type. Halde- mania having been preoceupied by Tryon (1862), Clessin’s name can not be used and must fall into the synonymy of Levapex. aya iis FERRIssIA (LA#VAPEX) oBscURA (Hald.).* Ancylus obscurus Haldeman, Mon., 1844, p. 9, pl. I, fig. 5; W. G. Binney, L. and F.-W. Shells, Pt. II, 1865, p. 139, fig. 232. Haideman’s unique type came from the Nolachucky River, below Greeneville, Tenn. It measured: Length 5, width 3.5, alt. 1.5mm. I have before me three specimens (Coll. Walker, No. 36292) collected by Goodrich in the South Fork of the Powell River at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va. They measure respectively: Length 6.5, width 5, alt. 2.5 mm.; length 6.3, width 4.5, alt. 2 mm.; length 5.3, width 4, alt. 1.5 mm. It will be noticed that the dimensions of the smallest speci- men agree quite exactly with those of Haldeman’s type. It also agrees in other particulars with his description and I have no doubt but that it is the same species. If so, the type was not fully matured and the largest specimen given above and to be figured hereafter represents the fully matured form. As shown by the figures it is an obovate shell, broadly rounded anteriorly and regularly, though more narrowly, rounded pos- teriorly, the lateral margins being about equally curved; the * The species will be figured in connection with the concluding part of this paper. 102 THE NAUTILUS. anterior slope is nearly straight; the posterior slope slightly concave; the left lateral slope nearly straight or only slightly convex and the right lateral slope concave; the apex is obtuse, smooth except for concentric wrinkles, situated nearly on the nedian line, slightly turned toward the right and at about one- third of the length; the lines of growth are tine, but distinct and regular, the surface is somewhat obsoletely wrinkled to- wards the margins, but there are no indications of radial strie; the color is a yellowish horn-color, slightly tinged with green. rompared with Ff. diaphana (Hald.) and F. kirklandi (Walk. ) to which it is most nearly related, it is less circular in outline, the apex is more prominent, the lateral and posterior slopes are unlike and the color is different from the former, and it is less elongated and has the apex more obtuse and less excentric than the latter. So far as appears from the small series examined, it would seem to be clearly entitled to specific distinction. IIT. FEeRRIssiA (LAVAPEX) DALLI, Nn. sp. ? Ancylus obscurus Clessin, Con. Cab., Ancylus, 1882, p. 19, pl. VI, fig. 4. Ancycus obscurus ? Walker, Naur., XIII, 1903, p. 26, pl. I, figs. 16-18. Type locality, Lake Helena, Volusia Co., Fla. Type No. 25521 Coll. Walker. Cotypes in the collection of A. A. Hinkley. Tne doubt expressed in my paper of 1903 (1. c.) as to the identity of the Floridan species referred to obscurus Hald. by Dall proves to have been well taken. As shown by a compari- son of the description and figures given in 1903 as cited above and those of the genuine obscurus herein, the Floridan species is entirely different and is more closely related to F. peninsulz (P. and J.) than it is to obscurus. I have already (1. c.) called attention to the resemblance of the shell described and figured by Clessin as A. obscurus to this form. He gives no information as to the history of the speci- THE NAUTILUS. 108 men figured, but it is so different from the genuine obscurus, that I have but little hesitancy in referring it to this species. As the Floridan form is a well-marked and distinct species, it must be recognized and I take pleasure in associating with it the name of Dr. Dall, who first called attention to its occur- rence in Florida. ( To be continued. ) A NEW SPECIES OF MITRA FROM CALIFORNIA. BY WM. HEALEY DALL. MITRA ORCUTTI, new species. Shell small, white, mottled with yellow brown, with five whorls of which the white smooth blunt nucleus comprises one; suture distinct, whorls moderately convex; spiral sculpture of (between the sutures four, on the last whorl about a dozen) strong rounded close-set cords closely undulated behind the periphery by numerous low narrow axial riblets with about equal interspaces; the cords in front of the periphery are not undulated, but extend to the end of the canal; there are also very fine axial striae in the interspaces; aperture narrow, simple, the pillar with two plaits, the canal hardly differentiated. Height of shell 5.6; of last whorl 2.6; diameter 2.7 mm. U.S. N. Mus. Cat. No. 334567. La Jolla, near San Diego, Cal.; C. R. Orcutt. CHANGES IN WESTERN MOLLUSCAN FAUNAS. BY JUNIUS HENDERSON. In 1889 Professor T. D. A. Cockerell (Jour. Conch., VI, 61) reported the following species as obtained by Mr. Charles T. Simpson in Lodgepole Creek, Northeastern Colorado: Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea). Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes). Lampsilis luteola (Lam. ). Anodonta grandis gigantea Lea. 104 THE NAUTILUS. Except the Anodonta these species have not yet been recorded anywhere else in Colorado, though we have in the University of Colorado Museum unreported specimens of the Anodontoides from Julesburg, Denver and Boulder. Possibly Lampsilis no longer lives in the State. In 1912, in company with Dr. Max M. Ellis, I visited Lodgepole Creek and searched the stream from the northern state boundary to its junction with South Platte River. We found no Unionidae except some dead shells of Anodontoides. Perhaps that species was still living in a deep pool a few rods south of the state boundary, though in seining it for fishes we found none. A rancher near by told us there were ‘‘clams’’ in the pool. The rest of the stream was shallow and so narrow one could step or jump over it in most places. Probably later in the summer of dry, hot seasons, when the natural flow was diminished and the demand {for irrigation water is great, it may entirely dry up in its lower course. I wrote to Mr. Simpson, calling his attention to present condi- tions and the evident disappearance of the Lampsilis, and ask- ing what the conditions were when he was there. He replied that as he recalled it the creek was then from 6 to 10 feet wide, but that the taking of water from the South Platte for irrigation had caused the river to go dry at Julesburg during his three | years residence, and suggesting that the same thing had likely since happened in the creek. This seems exceedingly probable. Mr. Simpson also added: ‘‘The Unio anodontoides is probably Lampsilis fallaciosus, not then recognized.’’ My intention in 1912 was to publish an account of our experience, but it was side-tracked and finally passed out of mind. It has recently been brought forward by finding in the report of the Fremont Expedition, 1845, p. 25, the statement that on July 6, 1842, Lodgepole Creek was a ‘‘clear, handsome stream’’ (hence at low water stage), with a ‘‘uniform breadth of twenty-two feet and six inches in depth.’’ This confirms the supposed dimin- ution of water in the stream in recent times. In 1906 the bed of the lower portion of Crow Creek, east and northeast of Greeley, Colorado, was dry, except just after storms, the water percolating through the deep sand in the channel, a characteristic of many western streams. Up stream, just above THE NAUTILUS. 105 where the water disappeared, was a series of clear, rather deep pools, called *‘ water holes,’’ connected by a tiny, clear rivulet. In one of these pools was collected that year the type lot of Sphaeriwm hendersoni Sterki. Then came the ‘‘boom’’ in dry lands in Eastern Colorado. Scores of small tracts of prairie sod, many of them on steep slopes, were broken by the settler’s plow. The dry soil, no longer held together by the sod, was carried into the valley by summer storms, filling many of the pools and depositing a thick coat of mud over the whole stream bed. In June, 1912, I revisited the locality, and found no clear water at all, and not a single mollusk of any species. The sluggish stream carried a heavy load of silt so fine it would not settle. Probably the Sphaerium is extinct at the type locality. It is likely that innumerable changes in the faunas of the West are occurring as a result of the settlement of the country and consequent changes in environment. This is known to be true of birds and mammals. For this reason it is desirable that biological work in this vast region be pushed as rapidly as pos- sible, to provide data for future estimates of biological changes. NOTES. Hopeson Cotiection. I have just secured the collection of the late Chas. S. Hodgson, containing some 2500 to 3000 species, a few fossils and books. Besides his work in Illinois he did considerable collecting in other places and added to the collection by exchange and purchase.— A. A. HINKLEY. Dr. G. Dattas Hanna, who for eight years has been an assistant in the United States Bureau of Fisheries, has been ap- pointed curator of invertebrate paleontology in the California Academy of Sciences. Dr. Hanna has for seven seasons been engaged in scientific work on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, hav- ing taken the census of the fur seal herd for five consecutive years. He brings to the museum of the Academy his collection of mollusks which numbers about 100,000 specimens. FLUKE In Puitomycus. It may be of interest to the readers 106. THE NAUTILUS. of the Naurixus to record the fluke found in Philomycus caro- linianus collected at Munsonville, N. H., July 7, 1919. So little is known regarding this interesting and important micro- scopic animal and its destructive nature to sheep, cows and even man, I think it is well worth recording. As far as I know this is the first instance of the fluke being found in Philomycus. The life history of the fluke is so meagre it is impossible for me to determine the species, but the accompanying enlarged figures will give an idea of their appearance. They were transparent and without pigment spots.—J. H. Buakg. Figs. 1, 2 fom life; fig. 3 camera drawing, under cover glass. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. DescrIPTIONS oF New Species oF MoLiusca FROM THE NoRTH PaciFIc OCEAN IN THE, COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES NationaL Museum. By William H. Dall (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 56, pp. 293-371, 1919). In this paper 222 new forms are described. The standing of the genus Neptunea Bol-. ten, is discussed, the name restricted to the boreal Trophons and Sars’ Borcotrophon relegated to the synonymy. New SPEcIEs OF AMNICOLA FROM GUATEMALA. By Bryant Walker (Univ. Mich., Occasional Papers, Mus. Zool., No. 73, Sept. 30, 1919). Four new species are described and figured. They were collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley. Notes oN NortH AMERICAN NatapEs II. By Bryant Walker (Univ. Mich., Occasional Papers, Mus. Zool., No. 74, Sept. 30, 1919). The Unio tenerus Ravenel, and the Lampsilis modio- liformis Lea, are both thoroughly reviewed and figured. THE NAUTILUS. 107 ONCHIDIUM AND THE QUESTION OF ADAPTIVE COLORATION. By W. J. Crozier and L. B. Arey (Amer. Nat., vol. 58, pp. 415- 430, Sept.-Oct., 1919). FAUNA OF THE CHILKA LAKE, MoLLusca, GASTEROPODA AND LAMELLIBRANCHIATA by N. Annandale and 8. Kemp. An- ATOMY OF SoLEN? FonEsr by E. Ghosh. NupiBrancHrata by Sir Charles Eliot (Mem. India Mus., vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 3827- 3879, pls. 14-16). The occurrence of Ostrea virginica in the warm waters of India seem very remarkable or problematic. THE INDIAN VARIETIES AND RAcEs OF THE GENUS TURBINELLA. By J. Hornell, with NoTE on THE GEOLOGICAL History oF TuR- BINELLA IN InpIA. By H. Vredenburg (Memoirs Indian Museum, vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 109-125, pls. 10-12). An exhaus- tive study of the variation of the Chank shell ( Turbinella pyrum Linn.). Four new varieties are recognized, obtusa, acuta, glo- bosa and comoriensis. The author’s ideas of the rule of priority seem somewhat vague as he makes rapa Gmelin » form of his new var. obtusa. FRESH-WATER MussELS AND MusseL INDUSTRIES OF THE Unitep States. By Robert EK. Coker (Bull. Bureau of Fish- eries, Oct., 1919, vol. 36, pp. 13-89, pls. 1-46 and map). A most interesting account of a great industry. Part I, describes and figures the species of economic value, about 41 in number. Part 2, the value and extent of the fishery, apparatus, methods, etc. Part 3, the manufacture of pearl buttons, with numerous illustrations. —C. W. J. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MaALacoLoGicAL Socrery oF LOoNpoNn, Vom tae 15.5 AND 6, Oct., 1919. Description of two new species and a new sub-genus of land shells from China. By G. K. Gude, pp. 118, 119. A new Trocho- morpha (T. lancasteri) and a new sub-genus and species of Cath- aica, C. ( Trichocathaica) lyonsae, are described and figured. Notes on Hygromia limbata (Drap.). By Hugh Watson, pp. 120-132, pls. 2 and 8. A full description of its anatomy, etc. On Helix revelata Britt. Anctt. (non Férussac, nec Michaud), and the Validity of Bellamy’s name of Helix subvirescens in liew of at for the British Mollusc. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Wood- ward, pp. 133-136. 108 THE NAUTILUS. On the generic names for two British Ellobiidae [olim Auricu- lidae]. Myosotis, Draparnaud, (= denticulatus Montagu) and bidentatus, Montagu. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, pp. 186-139. . Forbes’s notes in his copy of S. Lovén’s Index Molluscorum Scandinaviae occidentalia habitantiwm. By A. Reynell, pp. 140- 141. On Opeas strigile (M. & P.) and its allies. By M. Connolly, pp. 142-144, 4 figs. Addendum to remarks on the recent species of Morwm, Bolten. By J. C. Melvill, p. 145. Notes on the non-marine Mollusca observed in East Ross and the Orkney and Shetland Islands. By K. H. Jones and A. 8S. Ken- nard, pp. 146-152. Description of Ampullaria mermodi, n. sp. By G. B. Sowerby, pp. 152-153, with fig. On Ammonites navicularis Mantell. By the late G. C. Crick, pp. 154-160, pl. 4. On a Sandstone cast of Aturia aturi (Basterot), from the mrocene of Western Australia. By R. B. Newton, pp. 160-167, pls. 5, 6. The Mollusca of Marsascirocco Harbor, Malta. By G. Despott, pp. 168-183, with map. THE JOURNAL oF ConcHoLoey, VoL. 16, No. 2, Auaust, 1919. Brachypodella oropouchensts, nov. sp. from Trinidad, Wok, By Geo. C. Spence, pp. 42-43, pl. 1. Tropidophora standeni, nov. sp. from Madagascar. By Geo. C. Spence, p. 45, pl. 1. Field Notes on Helicodonta obvoluta Mull. By H. Beeston, pp. 44-50. Spirula peront Lamarck in North Devon. By Alan Gardiner, 50. ; Occurrence of Hartmannia septemspiralis and H. patula in Eng- land. By H. C. Huggins, pp. 51-52. Genitalia of Azeca tridens and Cochlicopa lubrica. By A. E. Boycott, pp. 58, 54, figs. Parthenogenesis in Paludestrina jenkinsi. By A. E. Boycott, p. 54. Sinistral Limnaea pereger Miill. ane its progeny. By J. H. Hargreaves, pp. 55-57. Notes an Limnaea pereger m. sinistrorsun. By W. H. Hutton, pp. 58, 59. On a colony of Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. By S. 8. Pearce, p. 59. Note on the reproduction of Obeliscus obeliscus. By Geo. C. Spence, p. 67. ies nt 20 juswaaien “BHL 40 “advuen THE Bp Apy OF THe. iol OF ears : AVAING Joe "SH VOU ‘ISlULIOG ULvoLIeMYy Wolf oul] Ye) -ePUuOZIIV NIVLINONOW OfFVAVN TWIXXX ‘SOTILAVN FHL THE NAUTILUS. Vol. XXXII APRIL, 1920. No. 4. THE NAVAJO NATION. BY JAS, H. FERRISS. Sixty miles west of the corner post of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Utah, the 1919 summer class in archeology, Arizona University, encamped at the foot of Navajo Mountain. Here is the greatest number of ancient cliff cities and villages and the greatest of known natural bridges. In scenery, colors, heroic size and architecture, it is Grand Canyon in character. Navajo Mountain astraddle the Arizona-Utah line stands on the south rim of the Grand Canyon, a short distance above Marble Canyon and Lee’s Ferry. In reality the region from the Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, on the east, to the Zion National Park, Virgin River, Arizona, on the west, it is something of a wonder-spot of the world, and all of it astonishing. The greater cliff ruins, Mesa Verde, Keet Seel, Betatakin and many others as interesting; the Monument Park, a plateau of natural pinnacles and steeples, and the Chinle and Canyon de Chelly valleys are along the eastern border. Then westward lie the painted deserts, petrified forests, the Grand Canyon, the Kaibab forest, underground lakes of Kanab, lava cones of Mount Trumbull, Hurricane Fault, Grand Wash, canyons of Virgin River, plains of wild horses and the largest Indian population in the United States still living in the Indian way. Except to the explorers, arche- ologists, geologists and mineralogists it is the great unknown of _ America, and the farthest from a railway. Dr. Byron Cummings, dean of archeology, Arizona Univer- 110 THE NAUTILUS. sity, and his explorer-companion, John Wetherill, post-trader and postmaster at Kayenta, Ariz., have explored and studied conditions here at this eastern border for more than twenty years, and by right of discovery (as in conchology) should have their names attached to the greater number of ruins and bridges, for they have been the first discoverers, scientifically. Herbert E. Gregory* for the government has made a thorough geologic survey of this eastern section covering the Navajo nation, some 22,725 miles. Others before Gregory have written and surveyed, but he is the latest and best authority. Col. Roosevelt and his boys, Zane Grey, the Kolb Brothers and other strenuous persons have visited the Rainbow Bridge but not over 150 white people all told have made the journey. ‘Thus to the students in botany, archeology, conchology, entomology and the reptile hunters, it is a field of great promise. The health seeker and tourist will soon follow, and with profit. The Indian population of the Navajo country as estimated in 1912 was 32,000, of which 30,016 were Navajo, 2,272 Hopis (‘‘Moquoi’”’ is a Navajo nickname for the Hopis), and 200 Piutes and 521 white Indian agents, teachersand traders. North of the San Juan River in Utah and Colorado adjoining is another large reservation of Utes. From a high elevation this country appears to be and it isa plateau formation. The average elevation is about 5,500 feet above the sea. The mountains rise above and the canyons fall below this level. To the traveler negotiating the sand dunes, diving into water-worn gulches, and sliding over the wind-swept bed rocks, the plateau definition may seem a gross exaggeration. However it isa plateau, 32 per cent. from 6,000 to 7,000 feet, and 10 per cent. from 7,000 to 9,000 feet above sea level. The water of the Colorado River is but 3,400 feet at this point, and in a distance of eight miles to the peak of Navajo Mountain, 10,416 feet, a horizontal difference of 4,016 feet. The mean annual rainfall at eight stations in and around the 1 Geology of the Navajo Country, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. By Herbert E. Gregory, 1917, U. S. Professional Paper, 93. Also by the same author, The San Juan Oil Field, Bul. 481. THE NAUTILUS. 111 Nation runs from 5 to 13 inches, but the variation by months or years shows a wide range, varying from one-half to twice the average. Over one-third of the rainfall may be credited to July, August and September ; about 12 per cent. to April, May and June. ( To be continued) ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF STATEN ISLAND, N. Y. BY ARTHUR JACOT. During the past summer I was enabled to continue a study of the shells to be found along the southeast shore of Staten Island working beyond the region reported upon in the January (1919) number of ‘‘ THe Navriuvs.’’ A week was spent at Great Kills Bay and vicinity. This bay was formed by asand-spit dropped by the lower New York Bay waters as they struck the current of. the Kills which flow out at this point. Though half a mile narrower than its width (one mile), the bay is very shallow; the upper section, enclosed by high grasses except at the base of the sand-spit, is but two feet deep at low tide and covered with eel-grass, while the lower section is lined on the land side with cottages, hotels, piers, etc., is free from eel-grass, averages six to seven feet deep at low tide and is choked with launches and oyster boats. Throughout its extent, the bottom is formed of a soft, sticky clay, which mixes readily with the water. Due to this clay, the number of gaso- line boats, and possibly the sewers near the entrance, the mol- luscan fauna consists of the hardiest species only. Although we diluted and strained clay for hours at a time at the stations indicated, we found very few species. At one locality, dug-up clay mixed with a little sand yielded shells which from their leached-out appearance might be considered fossil. These fossil shells were much more numerous than those found above them on the surface. Barnea truncata, whose valves I have found in abundance lying on the bottom of the upper part of the bay a year and a half before, was not noticed. 112 THE NAUTILUS. Alectrion obsoleta was everywhere very abundant, the shell reach- ing a length of an inch, and occasionally having the surface largely eaten away. One was found with a prominent, biangu- late carina just above the center of the body whorl so that it appears immediately above the suture on the penultimate whorl, becoming obsolete half way around that whorl. The other shells found, not including the countless fragments, were: Macoma balthica (Linné) few, mostly young. Mya arenaria Linné few, mostly young, Odostomia impressa (Say) few. Odostomia trifida (Totten) fairly common. Odostomia bisturalis (Say) few. Crepidula fornicata Linné occasional. Paludestrina minuta (Totten) rare. Lacuna vincta fusca Gould one. The fossil shells include: Mya arenaria (Linné) few. Crepidula fornicata Linné few. Crepidula glauca convexa Say few. Crepidula plana Say rare. Bittium alternatum (Say) The only specimen found meas- ures 7.25 mm. in length by 2.5mm. in width and has eight closely crowded spiral bands on each of the last two whorls. Alectrion obsoleta (Say) abundant. Alectrion trivittata (Say) few. Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) occasional. At the base of the sand-spit there is a small influx of sand where the waters of the bay have been cutting across during the last two or three years, and a new fauna is being introduced consisting of: Venus mercenaria Linné young. Gemma gemma purpurea (H. C. Lea) abundant. Mya arenaria (Linné) few. Ensis directus (Conrad) few. Crepidula fornicata Linné few. Alectrion obsoleta (Say) occasional. THE NAUTILUS. 113 Alectrion trivittata (Say) common. Kupleura caudata (Say) few. Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) occasional. The sod-bank or Modiolus demissus association was to be found on any clay or hard-mud bank exposed between tides. This association consists principally of Modiolus demissus pli- catulus packed tight one against the other or separated by Mytilus edulis packed just as closely, over both of which crawl Tatorina littorea and L. rudis. Modiolus demissus demiseus is found very thinly scattered among the individuals of the northern form. That the southern variety was once the predominant form over this area is evident from the fact that the sod banks on which plicatulus is now living contain the dead valves of the southern form exclusively, in large numbers and buried toa depth of 8 or 10 inches below the surface in company with Mya arenarta. Ido not think the two forms interbreed. Half a mile southeast of the bay where there is a stone jetty running out into water four to five feet deep at low tide, the rocks and bottom were searched but with very discouraging re- sults. The water all along this section of the island is heavily laden with fine mud from the red dirt characteristic of that part of the island. This we believe to be the reason for the scarcity of mollusca along the beaches southeastward. A shattered but uneroded and still united pair of valves of Modiolus modiolus (Linné) were found at Seaside Beach. Our survey of the island showed the north and northeast shore of the island to be rocky and built over by commercial interests. From Fort Wadsworth to Prince’s Bay (the south- east cost) there are sandy beaches interrupted by sod-banks. As one progresses southeastward these beaches become more and more rocky to Prince’s Bay, from which point and around the southern end of the island the shore is characteristically rocky. The remaining (western) coast line is lost in a maze of salt marsh. Thus there are but two places along the southeast coast of Staten Island where Mollusca are of special interest, namely, the sand flats between South and Midland Beaches and the complex about the base of the Great Kills Bay spit. The southern end of the island was not studied. 114 THE NAUTILUS. In connection with this work I have endeavored to learn what work has already been done on the Mollusca of Staten Island, The literature is as follows: Wheatley, Charles M., Catalogue of the Shells of the United States and their Localities, 12 pp., 1842 & 1845. Kleven species are here listed as coming from 8. I., of which Pertploma leanum, Pandora gouldiana, Lyonsia hyalina and Astarte castanea are mentioned as fairly common or abundant. The last one I have not as yet found on the island although it is found on the Long Island ocean beaches in increasing abund- ance with distance from the city. DeKay, James E., Nat. Hist. of N. Y., Zodlogy of N. Y., Mollusca, 271 pp., 40 pls., 1848. Pandora gouldiana, Pholas truncata, Odostomia trifida, Colum- bella avara and C. lunata are recorded from the island on the authority of Wheatley. Hubbard, Eber’ Ward & Smith, Sanderson, Catalogue of the Mollusca of Staten Island, Annals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist. of N. Y., vol. 7, pp. 151-154, 1865. This paper is revised in: Smith, 8., Catalogue of the Mollusca of S. I., Nat. Sci. Ass. of S. L., Proc., vol. 1, p. 35, 1886 and p. 50, 1887. Of the 78 species listed, Solemya velum, Yoldia limatula, Nucula proxima, Venericardia borealis, Rochefortia planulata, Cardiwm morton, Cumingia tellinoides, Siliqua costata, Zirfaea crispata, Epitonium lineata, E. humphreysu, Triphoris perversa nigrocincta, Cerithiopsis greenti, Bittiwm alternatwm, Columbella avara, Man- gilia cerina (M. plicata not mentioned), and Acteon punctostriata are the rarer species listed. Anomia aculeata, Pholas costata, Martesia smith, Litorina irrorata, Natica pusilla, Alectrion vibes: and Haminea solitaria are of special rarity. Ido not know of their having been again reported from the vicinity of the city. Astarte castanea is included on authority of Wheatley. The list is largely based on dredgings made about the southern end of the island by Hubbard whose collection was later sold to Crooke, whose collection now forms part of the American Museum col- 1The ‘* J’? in the literature is an error. THE NAUTILUS. 115 lection. Of these rarest species Martesia smithii [Martesia car- ibaea] is the only one now in the Am. Mus. (local) collection. Davis, W. T., Variations of Mya arenaria on the shores of S. I., Nat. Sci. Ass. of S. I., Proc., vol. 1, p. 20, 1885. On rocky ground the valves are of moderate size, the ends often broken and the exterior corrugated; in sandy ground the valves are very thin, of even growth, the markings complete, they are beautiful in form and color and of largest size; in peat the valves are very much deformed and much rounded. On the distribution of Litorina littoralis, idem., vol. 1, p. 61, 1888 and vol. 3, p. 50, 1893. It was first noticed by Mr. Hollick at the Narrows in 1888. Smith, 8., & Prime, Temple, Report on the Mollusca of L. I, and its Dependencies, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. 9, pp. 377-417, 1870. Herein Odostomia trifida, O. bisuturalis, Polinices’ triseriata, Paludestrina minuta, Intorina rudis, L. littoralis and Lacuna vincta are recorded as having their southern limit at S, I. This is certainly not the case with the first four species. From these records one is struck by the decrease in the fauna accompanying the expansion of the city. One of the important factors in the extermination of the less hardy species is the crowding of the beaches for miles beyond the city limits with cottages and bungalos and the accompanying gasoline boats. This evil is obviated by the purchase of the land for alc private estates and clubs. VITREA (PARAVITREA) MULTIDENTATA AND LAMELLIDENS. BY GEO. H. CLAPP. Having recently received a specimen of V. lamellidens from Norway, Me., I have gone over my collection with the idea of trying to find if lamellidens as it occurs in the north is really the same as the typical form from the Great Smoky Mountains or, as Dr. Pilsbry suggests in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1903, p. 209, merely ‘‘accelerated individuals (of multidentata), sporadically occurring.’’ 116 THE NAUTILUS. The figures on Pl. III are from camera-lucida drawings all magnified 10 diameters. The shells were selected for size only, that is as near the same size as possible from material at hand, and from localities as near together as I had them in my collec- tion. Figs. 13 to 16 are large shells of each species. 1—-lamellidens Thunderhead, Gt, Smoky Mts... ...\. « ». « Diam. 2,70 mm,, Unbilicua 2a pare 2—multidentata Oakdale, Morgan Co., t Manian 0k aes IS ie Wie CO Ve a amt Na cS Ba ee 3—lamellidens Anderson, Franti ) Go, ,, POna eis a tutte Mardin leans el ae) te i ae A anetenicee Sherwood, Pewniclin j Wo x TOMM cin, Miottsene PRCA AY SUR A) Winch TRIS 2 as ag S50 5—lamellidens Banners Elk, Wautauga 7} COLO th Ml OS EL ths eines i Tc Fe me! jer : 20)" eee FL abaeedeiedas Cranberry, Mitchell r rT MG ees ea ie han Bahai 8 8 A ara eR a ‘ae is) 0 7—lamellidens Litchfield, N.Y... ‘4 2.40 ¢ tf AQ \ 8—multideniata Litchfield, N.Y... ‘ 2,53 “ LB, et 9—lamellidens Deering, N. H..... . ‘ 2.13 © et Say seks 4 10—multidentata Hoosic, N. Y.. .. “ 2,53 “* 8 NE 11—lamellidens Norway, Me. . .. . ary eG ie. ns we ms \ 12—multidentata Quebec, Can. . .. ‘“ 2,70 “* os £0" FF 13—Jlamellidens No. 1, large shell . . ‘4 3.90 ¢ ‘ 6 08 14—multidentata Stevenson, Ala.,large ‘‘ 3.11 ‘¢ re (69. 1% 15—Jlamellidens No. 1 same size as No, } PRN caiites Ae cea ten Reni el hs aaah ea *y = " alee eLLiulédontase eget Onebeer ns ese ire e.OF OOS ee 17—lamellidens No. 1 same size as 7, 9 and lt sae, bie pce lMaie ey4) & Mh oy es 18—lamellidens No. 1 same size as 7, 9 PIG Mi oahu vo esac Bhakti ata Ra CaN i a From the measurements given above it will be seen that in shells of approximately the same diameter the umbilicus in lamellidens is about three-fifths of the diameter of that of multi- dentata, the single marked exception being Nos. 3 and 4. In figures 13, 14, 15 and 16, mature shells, it will be noticed that in multidentata the umbilicus widens rapidly in the last whorl while in lamellidens it does not. This can also be seen in the other figures, but it is not so pronounced. THE NAUTILUS. 117 A series of 76 multidentata from 13 localities and 45 lamellidens from 8 localities were measured. Where I had only a few from a given locality all were measured, but in the case of large series a few were picked out at random. These shells ran from 1.85 to 3.28 mm. diameter in multidentata, 9 of them being 3.00 mm. diam. and over, and from 1.55 to 4.03 mm. diameter in lamelli- dens, 23 of them being 3.00 mm. and over. 42 multidentata and 28 lamellidens, 2.50 mm. diameter and over, gave the following averages: V. multidentata av. diam. 2.79 mm., diam. umbilicus 0.51 mm. V. lamellidens av. diam. 3.39 mm., diam. umbilicus 0.39 mm. These averages show that the umbilicus is contained 5.5 times in the diameter of the shell in multidentata and 8.7 times in lamellidens. Another difference which is well shown in the figures is the angle made by the teeth and lamelle to lines drawn parallel to the lip and at right angles to it. The rows of teeth and the lamelle were counted in all of the 121 shells measured and were found to vary from 1 to 4 in multidentata and from 0 to 3 in lamellidens. In both species there is a tendency to complete absorption in the fully adult shell and in my largest lamellidens, 4.03 mm. diam. from Thunderhead, Gt. Smoky Mts., I cannot distinguish a trace of the lamelle. A lamellidens from Thunderhead has 4 lamelle,. one of the apparently 3 being double. The largest multidentata have from 6 to 6.25 whorls while the largest lamellidens have 6.5 to 7. V. multidentata when adult has a well-defined callus connect- ing the end of the lip which is entirely absent in lamellidens. In both species the lip is slightly thickened when adult while in immature shells it is very thin and generally broken in cab- inet specimens which accounts for the apparent difference in the shape of the aperture of the shells figured, as it was very. hard to trace. I believe that the figures and data given above prove that the: two species are distinct and that the northern shells, though smaller, are the same as typical lamellidens from the southern mountains. Compare Figs. 17 and 18, from the type locality, 118 THE NAUTILUS. with Figs. 7, 9 and 11 northern shells. An examination of the youngest shells that I have seen would seem to indicate that lamellidens may be the ancestral form as in very young multi- dentata the teeth are generally fused, so much so in fact that in one of two cases I had separated them as lamellidens; but care- ful focusing of the microscope brought out the fused teeth, and measurements showed the relatively larger umbilicus. THE NOMENCLATURE AND SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN FOSSILS AND RECENT MOLLUSKS. II. BY JUNIUS HENDERSON. Planorbis cirrus White, 1879, from the Tertiary of Wyoming, was the next year cited by the same author as though it were spelled cirratus. Since then the latter name has been univers- ally, but improperly, used instead of cirrus. Physa bullata White, 1886 (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 86), from the Eocene of Utah, is preoccupied by P. bullata P. and M., 1838, and P. bullata Gould, 1855. However, on page 12 of his bulletin, and in the legend of plate 3, White used the name bullatula for the same species, the use of bullata on page 22, where it was described, perhaps being unintentional. Hence White’s species should be known as Physa bullatula. Whether Gould’s species should be renamed depends upon whether it is a valid form or a synonym of some other form, which I am now unable to determine. Physa carletoni Meek, 1872, from the Cretaceous of Utah, is incorrectly referred to as P. carltont by Grabau and Shimer, 1900. Such a mistake is easily made, but unfortunately there is a prior use of carltont in this genus by Lea, 1869. Though confusing, I suppose the names are sufficienty distinct so that Meek’s name may stand. His species has been so frequently mentioned in various reports that it would be a shame to dis- turb the name unless required by the rules. Acella haldemani White (=Tortacella haldemani, in Auricu- lidae), from the Cretaceous of Wyoming, is preoccupied by Lymnaea haldemant Deshayes, 1867 (=Acella haldemant, accord - THE NAUTILUS. 119 ing to Baker). White’s species may hereafter be known as Tortacella wyomingensis. 'To disturb a name so well known is regrettable. Paludina subglobosa Emmons, 1858, from the Tertiary of North Carolina, is preoccupied by P. subglobosa Say, 1825. The type of Emmons’ species is lost and the figure too poor for definite generic reference. Indeed, it may even be marine. However, it may sometime be recovered, and as there is no way of eliminating it from the published literature and it must be included in any complete list of described species, it should perhaps haveaname. It may be known as Vivipara ? emmonsi. Conrad identified it with V. glabra, which is very doubtful. Dall, (Contrib. Tert. Fauna Fla., 1892, p. 277) says Compso- pleura trinodosa Conrad=Scalaria trigemmata Conrad, ‘‘ which is a Gonwobasis.’? Harris (Bull. Amer. Paleont., III, No. 11, p. 71) places trigemmata in Melania, says probably related to “* Terebra’’ plicifera (the quotation marks are Harris’s), and omits trinodosa from the synonymy. JI have not at hand the means for determining whether trigemmata is a Melania or a Goniobasis, if, indeed, it can be determined. If Dall is correct in referring it to Goniobasis, and if Harris is correct in suppos- ing that it is related to T. plicifera Heilp., a Tertiary fossil, then it would follow that the latter is also a Goniobasis, in which case its specific name would be preoccupied by Melania=Gonio- basis plicifera Lea, a recent species, unless the latter should be removed to some other genus, as Hannibal has done. The easiest way out of the dilemma is to leave trigemmata in Melania, where Harris placed it. I pass the puzzle on to the next fellow, with these clues as a starter. Tamnaea (Polyrhytis) kingia Meek, 1877, was described from beds designated as ‘‘ probably Miocene,’’ in Cache Valley, Utah. I had supposed these beds to be Pleistocene, and Han- nibal has suggested the same thing, but Dr. T. W. Stanton writes me that they are now generally considered Pliocene, or at least older than the Lake Bonneville beds, because they are more disturbed, though I believe Lake Bonneville extended into Cache Valley during its greatest expansion. I believe that Radix ampla var. utahensis Call, 1884, is a synonym of Lymnaea 120 THE NAUTILUS. kingt Meek. It occurs in Utah Lake and Bear Lake, both draining into Great Salt Lake, one from the south and one from the north. Obviously it could not pass from one river system to the other through Great Salt Lake as that body of water now is. Its distribution suggests that it may have passed through during the Pleistocene expansion, when its waters were fresh- ened by overflow to the north. It probably has had a long history in the region, and there is no reason to doubt that it occurred during Pliocene time and so was contemporaneous with kingi, if not identical with it. As the lake at its maximum overflowed to the north, it may occur now in Port Neuf River drainage also, though Daniels and I did not find it there during a brief visit. Dr. Dall writes: ‘‘Y think your identification of the Lymnaea is correct. However it is to be borne in mind that the plications which led Meek to propose a genus for his species are pathological and not specific characters. They are directly due to the increase in alkaline salts in the water inhabited by the mollusks and have been imposed upon various gastropods in the same situa- tion?! Cyrena californica Gabb, 1869, described from the Pliocene of California, is preoccupied by C. californica Prime, 1865, which is itself a synonym of C. californiensis Prime. Prime’s species was described by Deshayes in 1854 as Cyrena subquadrata. That name being preoccupied, Prime changed it to californiensis in 1860, without description, but citing Deshayes’ publication. In 1865 Prime described it as Cyrena californica, citing subqua- drata Deshayes and californensis Prime as synonyms. The name of Prime’s species must therefore stand as californiensis. Dall in 1903 transferred Gabb’s species to the genus Corbicula, subgenus Cyanocyclas. Under the circumstances it is unfor- tunate that Gabb’s name should have to be displaced. I pro- pose that it be called Corbicula gabbiana. Cyrena obliqua Deshayes, 1824, from the Tertiary of Europe, has been placed in Corbicula by Vincent (Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belgique, X XI, 1886, p. 186) and Taylor (Monog. L. and F.- W. Moll. Brit. Isles, No. 7, 1900, p. 418). Newton (Brit. Olig. and Eoc. Moll. in Brit. Mus., 1891, p. 57) left it in the THE NAUTILUS. 121 genus Oyrena. If correctly referred to Corbicula, it would have priority over Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves, 1885, from the Cre- taceous of Canada. Not having access to the literature neces- sary for the determination of this question, [ wrote to Dr. T. W. Stanton about it. He referred it to Dr. W. H. Dall, who replied as follows: ‘*Deshayes in his revision left obliqua in Cyrena. Cossmann puts it in Corbicula. The lateral teeth are smooth as in Cyrena but long as in Corbicula. It belongs to a small group of ovoid species which is neither typical Cyrena nor true Corbicula, Of the two attributions I regard Deshayes’ as the most nearly cor- rect, but I should include these small oval species in a distinct group from either. However, as the species has been referred at various times to Corbicula it would probably be best to regard the combination as preoccupying Whiteaves’ name if it was made before 1885, but not otherwise.”’ I have no citation indicating that the combination referred to was made before 1885. Under the circumstances I feel that Deshayes’ species should be left in Cyrena or placed in a dis- tinct genus, and Whiteaves’ name retained for the Cretaceous species. If anyone thinks the latter should be renamed, then it would be quite fitting to name it in honor of Whiteaves, a name that has not been used for any species of Corbicula as far as I can ascertain. Some of the fossil Mollusca described by Hall in the report of the Fremont Expedition, 1845, are exceedingly troublesome. Though all assigned by Hall to marine genera, he stated that he would have considered several of them fluviatile shells ex- cept for the occurrence of Nucula impressa and Cerithium fremonti ‘‘in the same association.’’ White, in his Review of North American Fossil Non-marine Mollusca, says they probably be- long to a fresh-water fauna, and several have been definitely transferred to fresh-water genera, being now well known. Fol- lowing is the list of Hall’s species under discussion: Nucula impressa— Yoldia impressa. Mya tellinoidea=Unio tellinoides. Cytherea parvula. Cerithium fremonti. 5 a THE NAUTILUS. Cerithium tenerus=Goniobasis tenera. Turbo paludinaeformis=Vivipara paludinaeformis. Turritella bilineata. Natica? occidentalis. Pleurotoma uniangulata. I have been unable to locate the types of any of these species. They do not appear to be at Albany, New York, Washington or Philadelphia. The last hope seems to be the Hall material at the University of Chicago, which has not been unpacked. The latitude given for the Mya, Nucula, Pleurotomaria, Cerithiwm tenerum, and C. fremonti (Lat. 40), is incorrect, as they are definitely reported to have come from where Fremont crossed the mountains from Muddy River, which flows eastward to Muddy Creek, which flows westward into Bear River. This would be in na itnbresterll Wyoming, above Lat. 41, probably not far from the locality of the Turbo and Cerithium paludinae- jormis, which is given as Lat. 414, instead of being 115 miles to the southward, as stated by Hall. It is not certain that these were all from the same formation or the same past locality. The Cytherea, Natica and Turritella are said to be from Lat. 43 N., Long. 115 W., which would place them in the Snake River Valley of southwestern Idaho, in a region occupied by fresh- water Tertiary Rocks, according to Dr. Stanton. Nucula impressa Hall is a Yoldia, and has priority over Nucula empressa Conrad, 1848, from the Tertiary of Oregon, which, as Dr. Dall informs me, is a Portlandia, and both are preoccupied by Nucula impressa Sowerby (Min. Conch., V, 1825), a Cre- taceous shell of Europe. MHall’s species may be known at Yoldia fremonti, and Conrad’s species may be known as Yoldia (Portlandia) astoriana. Natica ? occidentalis Hall, a ‘‘ delicate shell,’’ is said to be based upon one ‘‘ perfect specimen,’’ the mouth of which is not entire but shows that the lip was somewhat expanded, and several casts. Hall was in doubt as to its systematic position, and if the locality given is correct, it is probably not a naticoid shell. However, the name has priority over Natica occidentalis Meek and Hayden, 1856, from the Cretaceous of South Bower for which I propose the cern name dakotensis. THE NAUTILUS. 123 A NEW PLANORBIS FROM ILLINOIS.* BY FRANK C, BAKER. While making a study of the larger Planorbis of the Big Ver- milion River, Illinois, for a paper on the distribution of the mollusks of that stream, it became apparent that two forms were included under trivolvis which were quite separable. One of these is the large, wide form to which Say gave the name trivolvis. The other is a narrower form which the writer and others have been calling glabratus (see Baker, Cat. [1]. Moll., p. 106) but which is not the true glabratus of Say, which, ac- cording to Walker (Synopsis, p. 99), does not range outside of the State of Florida. Say credited his origina] specimens to Charleston, 8. C. The new Illinois form may be characterized as follows: Planorbis pseudotrivolvis n. sp. Shell sinistral, whorls 5; body whor! rounded above and _ be- low, the inner whorls carinated on both spire and umbilical region; the spire whorls are very flat and slightly concave; the earlier whorls are coiled so that they form a union with the carina of the preceding whor! but the last whorl gradually divides from this line, leaving a V-shaped depression between the dorsal carina and the body whorl; this condition is uniform for the dozen or so specimens examined; the base or umbilical region exhibits three full whorls to the umbilicus; aperture somewhat lenticular, rounded above and below, sometimes a trifle expanded, and bordered with red; color of shell yellowish or corneous inclining to brown; surface notably shining. Height, 9; greatest diameter, 20.5; aperture height, 8; breadth, 9mm. Holotype. Height, 9; greatest diameter, 19; aperture height, 8; breadth, 9mm. Paratype, 5 whorls. Height, 6; greatest diameter, 11.5; aperture height, 5; breadth, 5mm. Immature, 4 whorls. * Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of [linois, No. 8. 124 THE NAUTILUS. Height, 5; greatest diameter, 5; aperture height, 5; breadth, 2.5mm. Young, 3 whorls. (Collection Mus. Nat. Hist., U. of I., No. Z11398A.) This Planorbis differs from typical trivolvis in being less high in comparison with its diameter, in the separation of the last whorl, above, from the carina of the preceding whorl leaving a V-shaped trough, which is not present in trivolvis, and in show- ing three full whorls on the umbilical side while in trivolvis there are but two full whorls. The sculpture is also more regular than in ¢rivolvis, the rib-strie being more clear cut with wider interstices. The carina on the upper whorls in pseudo- trivolvis is also sharper and forms a raised keel bordering the spire whorls. This Planorbis has perplexed Illinois conchologists for many years, being uncertainly referred to Say’s glabratus as figured by Haldeman in the Monograph, plate 2. Whether all of the shells listed under this name in the Illinois Catalogue (p. 106) are referable to the new form is not known, specimens from these localities not being available for examination. The same Planorbis occurs in Pleistocene deposits in and about Chicago and has been referred to trivolvis in papers and references (cf. Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci., iv, p. 112). The fossil specimens referred to this species occur at the following places (see the writer’s Life of the Pleistocene, now in press by the University of Illinois, for the data concerning these and other sedimentary strata in the Chicago region): 200 feet north Dempster Street, station 47, stratum ix, silt. 200 feet south Dempster Street, station 45, stratum iv, silt. 200 feet north Oakton Avenue, station 42, stratum vii, silt. Lemont, Lincoln Park extension office, Santa Fe R. R., stratum ij, silt. Two fossil specimens measure as follows: Height, 8; greatest diameter, 23; aperture height, 8; breadth, 8mm. No. P3896 (Chicago). Height, 9; greatest diameter, 21; aperture height, 9; breadth, 9mm. No. P401 (Lemont). Pseudotrivolvis is not found in the earlier deposits in Wilmette Bay, Chicago, the Planorbis there being true trivolvis, while in THE NAUTILUS. 125 the later deposits the new form is the only large Planorbis found, an interesting case of distribution in point of time in the same locality. Whether the new Planorbis is to be considered a variety of trivolvis or a distinct species the writer is not prepared to decide at the present time. In the material examined, both fossil and recent, there are no intermediate specimens. Until more is known it had better be considered a separate species. A NEW FORM OF AMNICOLA FROM THE OHIO PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS WITH NOTES ON A PHYSA FROM THE SAME FORMATION.* BY FRANK C. BAKER. Recently, Dr. M. M. Leighton, of the Department of Geology of the University of Illinois, placed in my hands for study a large collection of Pleistocene fossil mollusks from a marl de- posit near Rush Lake, Logan County, Ohio. One of the species represented appears to be a new race of a recent species. The deposit is in the older Wisconsin drift. A paper is in prepara- tion describing the fauna of this deposit as well as that of a possibly older deposit in Bartholomew County, Indiana, in both of which a number of interesting cases of distribution occur. I am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Dr. Bryant Walker for assistance in determining the affinities of the species discussed in this paper. AMNICOLA WINKLEYI LEIGHTONI n. var. Shell differing from A. winkleyi in being larger, heavier, wider in proportion to its height, the body whorl being more globose than in the typical form; there are 44 whorls, the upper part of which is somewhat flat-sided just below the suture; this is especially marked on the last whorl of some individuals; the spire whorls are rounded and the sutures deeply impressed; the first whorl is flatter than in winkleyi ; the umbilicus is wider and deeper and the aperture is wider in proportion to its height than in winkleyt. * Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, No. 10. 126 THE NAUTILUS. Length, 5.0; diameter, 3.7; length of aperture, 2.5; width, 2.0mm. Topotype. | Length, 4.5; diameter, 3.9; length of aperture, 2.4; width, 2.0mm. Paratype. Length, 4.0; diameter, 3.0; length of aperture, 2.0; width, 1.5mm. Paratype. Specimens of A. winkleyr measure: Length, 4.8; diameter, 3.1; length of aperture, 2.2, Nau- tilus, Type. Length, 4.8; diameter, 3.0; length of aperture, 1.8; width, 1.5mm. Topotype. Winkleyi is a species of the New England States, its original locality being Saco, Maine, and that a form of this Amnicola should be found in Ohio, and in a Pleistocene deposit, is sur- prising. It is not unlikely, however, that winkleyi may occur in recent collections in the central States. The Ohio specimens. seem to depart varietally from the typical form as described by Pilsbry (Nautizus, XXVI, p. 1, pl. 1, figs. 9-10). Some thousands of specimens from this Pleistocene deposit show little departure from the race as described above. Occasional globose forms occurring with winkley: show the relationship of the form, although none have as wide a body whorl as the fossil race. It is possible that this race may occur in other Pleistocene mar! deposits. PHYSA ANATINA Lea. A large Physa occurring in the Rush Lake deposits differs slightly from anatina in being larger with shallower sutures and more flat-sided spire whorls; the body whorl is wider as is also the aperture; the spire is very sharply pointed and the colu- mella has a distinct plait. Characteristic specimens measure as follows: Length, 16.5; width, 9.0; aperture length, 11.5; width, 5.0 mm. Fossil. Length, 17.5; width, 10.0; aperture length, 13.0; width, 5.5 mm. Fossil. Length, 12.0; width, 7.0; aperture length, 8.5; width, 3.7 mm. Fossil. THE NAUTILUS, XXXIII. PLATE III. /6 Yi) ase CLAPP: VITREA MULTIDENTATA AND V. LAMELLIDENS THE NAUTILUS, XXXIII. PLATE IV. OLDROYD: WEST COAST SHELLS THE NAUTILUS, 127 Length, 12.0; width, 6.0. Lea’s specimen. This Physa is related to Physa anatina which is so common in the States west of the Mississippi River. ‘The occurrence of this species so far east of its usually recorded range (it is said by Walker to extend clear across southern Michigan, however) is as surprising as is the presence of the race of the New Eng- land Amnicola winkleyi. It was at first thought to be a recog- nizable race of anatina but the presence of narrow individuals indicates its relation to Lea’s species. It differs from Physa walkeri in having flat-sided whorls, walkeri having rounded whorls and deeply impressed sutures. Many of the Pleistocene mollusea differ somewhat from their living representatives but in most cases this difference is not enough to cause their sep- aration as new species or varieties. Among the Physas, also, the range of variation in the different species is known for but a few species; when this important characteristic is more gener- ally known it will be safer to describe new species in this poly- morphic genus. LASMIGONA VIRIDIS, RAFINESQUE, 1820. BY L. G. FRIERSON. The adoption of the above as the correct specific name of the old Unio pressus Lea having been urged by the writer (Nav- TILUS, X XIX, Sept., 1915), Mr. Bryant Walker filed an ‘‘in- terference’’ (Nautitus, XXIX, Nov., 1915) for the purpose he stated ‘‘ of suspending the general adoption of the proposed change until such time as certain important and probably conclusive facts can be obtained.’’ As the current year will round out a century since Rafinesque published his wiridis the acquisition of any new facts concern- ing the case would seem rather remote; and as silence might be construed as consent, and the proposed ‘‘suspension’’ become permanent, the writer, with the consent of Naurrius, makes bold to again appear in court. Rafinesque ascribed to his species the following characters: Shell inequilateral, elliptical, obliquely truncate posteriorly. A little convex; hardly thick. 128 THE NAUTILUS. Smooth, olive green; sometimes radiate with pale yellow; others are olive-brown. The beaks are seldom eroded, being thickened there by flexuous wrinkles—remarkable because the rest of the shell is smooth. Nacre bluish. The cardinal tooth is compressed, and de- current in shape. Being thin, it is crenulate instead of being furrowed (other members of the subgenus have them furrowed); truncature ob- lique, convex. Lateral tooth thin. Muscle scars lightly impressed, confluent behind. A smali species, at most one and a half inches in altitude. (The members of the sub-genus described just previously by Rafinesque are among the largest of the Ohio Naiades. ) Altitude 3 of length; diameter ;7,. Rare in the Ohio, but common in the Kentucky and ad- jacent ‘‘ petites rivieres.”’ While to the writer the above description can be mistaken for nothing else than the Symphynota compressa Lea, further evidence seems neces- sary, as Lea quotes one of his friends to the effect that ‘‘ rt equally applies to wis.”’ Luckily there remains further evidence which we may ad- duce. Rafinesque, as is well known, divided the Naiades into numerous Genera. These divisions being founded upon the more evident features of the shell, it follows therefore that the contained species of any Genus would naturally sustain a general outward resemblance to each other. Rafinesque described this species under the name of Unio (Elliptio) viridis. The Elliptio contained the Unio nigra; Unio purpureus, Say; Unio crassa, Say, and a few other shells, all having a general outward similitude, and in such an assemblage the Symphynota compressa finds congenial associates. Rafinesque moreover mentions the fact that the ‘‘ Unio ( Elliptio) leptodon and Unio ( Elliptio) fragilis’’ also ‘‘ resemble’? the viridis (with some others). The reader can easily select speci- mens of the two species mentioned, which resemble the Sym- — phynota compressa to a remarkable extent—differing, however (as Rafinesque observes), in their teeth. THE NAUTILUS. 129 Finally, we observe that Rafinesque in his description of a variety of ‘‘alasmidonta’’ wrote that the latter is so much like Unio viridis, as to be easily mistaken for it—for which cause he named the shell Alasmidonta viridis. This statement may be compared with an observation made by Mr. C. T. Simpson, who wrote that the ‘‘Unio pressus Lea, and the Margaritana rugosa Barnes sometimes resemble each other so much that one is labeled with the name of the other by competent students.’’ An Ohio shell, of subsolid texture, elliptical in shape, with an oblique posterior truncature; green, sometimes brownish, sometimes rayed with yellow; having its beaks crowned with flexuous wrinkles; a cardinal tooth thin, compressed and decur- rent, bearing an outward similitude to the old Unio gracilis Barnes, and a still more striking likeness to an ‘‘ alasmidonta’’ can but be, the writer thinks, the Symphynota compressa Lea. The main objections offered by Mr. Walker for his ‘‘inter- ference’’ arose from the failure of his records to show that the compressa Lea ever occurs in the Ohio River—the shell, Mr. Walker informs us, being ‘‘most emphatically a creek or small river species.”’ Mr. Walker’ s records however nught be profitably amended by the inclusion of the interesting circumstanee that the type locality of Lea’ s Symphynota compressa is the Ohio River at Cincinnati (Index Obs. Genus Unio). Mr. Walker's ‘‘ reason No. 4’’ is a slight variant of a state- ment made by Dr. Lea (Rectification, P. 35). If Conrad and Say radically differed as to what an identical valve was (which it is said was seen by both) the writer fails to see how their disagreement should be chargeable to Rafinesque’s diagnosis of the Unio viridis. Walker’s ‘‘ reason No. 5’’ need be discussed no longer, as it was categorically rejected by Dr. Lea long ago (Rectification, P. 34) with whom the writer is heartily in accord. The writer has seen it stated that the ratio which the altitude bears to the length, given by Rafinesque for viridis (5 to 9) does not agree with specimens of Symphynota compressa. Mr. C. T. Simpson (Catalogue, 1914) gives dimensions of three examples of the compressa. The writer takes it, that the 130 THE NAUTILUS. average of these three, given by such an authority, should satisfy the most exacting. The average of the examples given by Simpson, gives a per- centage of .556. The percentage which Rafinesque gives for viridis (5 to 9) is .555. A closer agreement is not to be found in the history of the Naiades ! Note—The translation of Poulson contains many errors. » 1, The dimensions, one and a half inch is that of the altitude, not as in Poulson. 2. The lateral tooth is thin, not slender. 3. The cardinal tooth is not divergent, but is decurrent—quite a different thing ! TURRITIDAE VS. TURRIDAE. BY S. STILLMAN BERRY. ‘The unfortunate rehabilitation of the nondescript names of the Museum Boltenianum has brought about as one direct con- sequence the overturning of the time-honored generic name Plewrotoma Lamarck in favor of Bolten’s Turris. Accepting the change as most seem to have been impelled to do, it thereupon follows that since Plewrotoma was the typical genus of its family, a change in the generic name necessitates a similar alteration in the family name to conform. The reigning regulation in Article 4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is ostensibly so explicit regarding such matters as the formation of family names that at first thought one would not anticipate much disagreement among students in its specific application. In the instance under consideration, however, two opposing views have found tzeir way into print.’ Both cannot be equally correct, and since the family is an abundant one and frequently referred to, while a general principle of orthography is likewise involved, it becomes a matter of some importance to determine which of the two, as we may adopt the spelling Turritidae or Turridae, is strictly the proper form to use. Curiously enough 1 Navtivus, v, 23, pp. 131, 144. THE NAUTILUS. 131 each variant appears to date back to the brothers Henry and Arthur Adams, who, although using the genus Twrris as of Humphrey rather than Bolten, wrote the family name Turritidae in the first volume of their great review of molluscan genera,’ and then later corrected it to Turridae.* Their more mature judgment is therefore plainly in favor of the simpler spelling. It is mainly very recently that the insertion of the extra syllable has been revived. The essential facts of the case are believed to be fairly stated thus: 1. ‘‘The name of a family is formed by adding the ending idae, the name of a subfamily by adding znae to the stem of the name of its type genus.’’ * 2. The name of the type genus of the particular family in question is Turris, presumably an exact transcription of the Latin noun turris, meaning in English, ‘‘ tower.”’ 3. The name of the family in question is variously spelled Turridae and Turritidae in the literature. The spelling Turriidae has also been suggested for consideration. 4. In Latin grammars (e. g., Allen and Greenough), turvis is often given as the example par excellence of an i-stem noun, the stem therefore ostensibly turv-. 5. A recent proponent of the spelling Turritidae writes that he ‘‘submitted the question of ‘Turridae versus Turritidae’ to two expert Latinists, who, after due consideration of all the data, concluded that, while either was correct, the latter term under the circumstances was to be preferred. Here the matter now appears to rest. Now the writer has been one of those adhering to the spelling Turridae, and being still unconvinced of his error, yet eager to arrive once for all at a correct and therefore permanent usage, he submitted the case essentially as outlined above to a friend, a well-known student of Latin, Professor B. O. Foster of Stan- ford University, adding thereto the following specific queries: 1 Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 87. ? Op. cit., v. 2, p. 614. * International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 4 (Smallwood edition, p. 4). 132 THE NAUTILUS. (1) What is the stem of Turris? (2) Is it possible to insert atin the second syllable of this stem without changing the nature of the word itself? (3) In view of the facts as stated, and in strict adherence to Article 4 of the International Rules, what do you consider to be the preferred orthography for the family name hased on this genus? (4) Do you consider any alternative spellings permissible? Professor Foster’s reply is so detailed and withal so interest- ing that with his kind permission I am reproducing the major portion of it here, especially since it seems conclusive regarding the points at issue. ‘“The stem of turris is turri; and the ending ides would give us turrudes. But it is a rule of word-formation that ‘the final vowel of a stem is lost before the initial vowel of a suffix, e. g., aur-eus (‘golden’) from auro- (aurum).’ (Hale and Buck, Latin Grammar, 205.2.) Therefore we may at once rule out Turrudae as a possible derivative, in favor of Turridae (I give the plural, as this seems to be what you want; the singular would be turrides). ‘“The ending in question is really a Greek suffix, used to denote that the name in question means the son (or descend- ant) of the person designated by the simple noun. Thus Turrides would mean ‘son of a Tower,’ and Turridae, ‘the sons of a Tower,’ or ‘the Tower family.’ When I say that it is Greek, I do not mean that it is not found in Latin; it is found frequently, but always, I think, in Greak patronymics (or Latin patronymics consciouslv formed in imitation of the Greek ones), which the Latin writer (usually a poet) has occasion to intro- duce into his text. Examples would be: Pelides ‘ son of Peleus,’ Philyrides ‘son of Philyra.’ ‘CAs to the form Turritidae, it is obviously meant as a deriva- tive from the adjective turritus. The stem of this adjective is turrito, but, as above, the final short vowel would be dropped before the initial vowel of the ending -idae, and Turritidae is therefore correctly formed. But it is to be observed that the suffix, or ending in question isemployed in Latin authors only in composition with the names of persons, nouns substantive, and that Turritidae would therefore be decidedly anomalous. THE NAUTILUS. 133 We might translate it ‘family of a the-turreted,’ but the fact remains that the Latin authors would not have said anything like that. . . . Unless there exists some zoological reason for preferring a word that would mean ‘members of the family of the thing that is provided with towers’ to one meaning ‘mem- bers of the Tower family,’ I should much prefer the shorter and more Latin (or may I say less wn-Latin?) Turridae.’’ The facts therefore seem decisive that Twrritidae is an impos- sible construction as a direct derivative of Turris, and that Turridae is correct and should be used. The spelling Turrinae for the typical subfamily logically follows by the same rea- soning. | REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA, December 29, 1919. ON CERTAIN OF LINK’S NAMES IN THE MITRIDAE. BY J. R. LE B. TOMLIN. The rarity of Link’s work entitled Beschreib. Nat. Sammi. Univ. Rostock (1807) is doubtless the reason why his specific names are but little known. Coming as it does before Lamarck or Dillwyn began to make their extensive contributions to no- menclature, it will, I believe, eventually be found to have an- ticipated these two authors in many cases. Link in the above work lists 20 Mitras, of which the following are noteworthy: Pt. iii, p. 127. Voluta stictica Link; V. papalis B. Gmel., 3459; Mart. iv, 147, 1356. It is curious that this shell was not differentiated by any 18th century author. Most of them considered it a var. of papalis ; Bolten confused it with cardinalis. The synonymy is: 1807. V. stictica Link. 1811 (early in). Mitra abbotis Perry. July, 1811. Mitra pontificalis Lamarck. p. 127. Voluta digitalis Link; V. pertusa J. Gmel. 3458; Chem, x, 151, 1432, 1433. This specific is generally ascribed to Dillwyn. Synonymy as follows: 134 THE NAUTILUS. 1807. V. digitalis Link. July, 1811. Mitra millepora Lamarck. 1817. Voluta digitalis Dillwyn. p. 127. Voluta papilio Link. No fig. quoted, but the ex cellent description enables one to recognize this as a synonym: of spherulata Mart. p. 127. Voluta clathrata Link. No fig. quoted, and the de- scription is not determinable. It is said to be like pertusa Gmel. but not coronate, cancellate, deeply punctured in the furrows. The name clathrata Gmel. is already in use in Mitra and therefore clathrata Link may conveniently be dropped. p. 127. Voluta elegans Link; V. plicaria B. Gmel. 3452; Chem. x, 151 (by error 157), 1444, 1445. This is a much earlier name for the Mitra universally known as regina Sow., which dates from 1828; but Link’s name cannot be used as it is preoccupied by Gmelin. Mitra elegans Reeve, Conch. Ic. pl]. 29, f. 233, may be called buriasensis, and M. elegans H. C. Lea, Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 40.102, alabamensis. p. 128. Voluta ornata Link. No fig. quoted, but I do not think that there can be any doubt that the description is a clear and accurate one of taeniata Lamarck as now understood. Mitra ornata will therefore supersede M. taeniata. M. ornata A. Ad., P. Z. S. 1851, 135, may be renamed MM. adornata. M. ornata Kien.—=M. rossiae Rve. M. ornata Schubert and Wagner never seems to have been: subsequently recognized. p. 128. Voluta variabilis Link. Mart. iv, 148, 1364. This is a synonym of Mitra rugosa (Gmel. )=corrugata Lam.. M. variabilis Rve., Conch. Ic., pl. 18, f. 95, 1s thus preoccu-- pied and I rename it polymorpha. p. 128. Voluta schroterti Link; Schroter’s Einl. I, 221, pl. 1, f. 18. Dillwyn quite independently founded a Voluta schroetert on the same figure, which has been considered by Martens and. KE. A. Smith to =Mitra picta Rve. (cf. Ann. Natal Govt. Mus.. I, pt. i, 832). It seems impossible to identify with certainty. THE NAUTILUS. 135 NEW SPECIES OF WEST COAST SHELLS. BY MRS. IDA S. OLDROYD, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL. Tritonalia fraseri n. sp. Plate IV, figs. 1 and 2. Shell of medium size, very elongate, narrow; whorls includ- ing the nucleus, which is present on nearly all the specimens collected, suture distinct and deep, whorls strongly shouldered, with six strong ribs spinose at the shoulder; body whorl with nine strong spiral cords and with incremental ones between. The shoulder is very strongly rugose, and has from one to two spiral cords, the second whorl has four strong spiral cords and three incremental ones; the third has three strong spiral cords and no incremental ones; aperture elongate-oval, interior yel- lowish to purple-brown, columella thickened and nearly straight, canal long, straight and closed in the adult. It differs from the typical form in the very elongate form, and the absence of the basket-like sculpture in some specimens on the fifth and sixth whorl the basket sculpture shows faintly. Type locality is Brandon Island, Departure Bay, Vancouver Island. It is named in honor of Dr. C. Mclan Fraser, of the Domin- ion Station, through whose help we were given every facility pos- sible for collecting while at the Station in May, 1919. The type is in the Oldroyd Collection, Stanford University. Cotypes are at Dominion Station and U. 8S. N. M. Pecten kincaidi n. sp. Plate IV, figs. 3, 4. Shell subcircular, the height and length being nearly equal; equivalve, both valves slightly convex; ears as in P. islandicus; base evenly rounded; color yellowish-white with reddish-brown markings. Left valve with 28 narrow round-topped imbricated ribs, and very faint intercalaries, the interspaces wider. Right valve with 25 broader flat-topped ribs, some of which are divided toward the margin. Anterior ear (the larger) with 7 ribs, the posterior ear with 5 ribs. This species resembles P. jordam Arnold, but the valves do not tend to contract suddenly at the basal margin as in P. jordani, and the right ear is larger. 136 THE NAUTILUS. The ribs on the right valve of jordani are all divided from near the umbones. One fine specimen (the type) living was obtained in July, 1919, and one was taken in July, 1918, but is much thicker shell, a little larger than the type. Named in honor of Prof. Trevor Kincaid, of the Univ. of Washington, to whom we owe so much good material. Type is in Oldroyd Coll., Stanford University, No. 89. Pecten islandicus pugetensis n. var. Plate IV, figs, 5, 6. Shell much smaller than the typical, sculpture coarser in pro- portion to the size. Shell more elongate and the ribs spinose. Ribs 17 with a very fine one in the interspaces. The type is in the Oldroyd Collection, Stanford University. Type locality off San Juan Island, Puget Sound. 12 specimens were obtained, two from the dredge, and ten from rocks on shore. HERBERT HUNTINGTON SMITH.! BY GEORGE H. CLAPP. The sudden death of Herbert Huntington Smith on March 22nd last, at University, Alabama, meant more, perhaps, to the conchologists of the United States than we now realize, although the collecting and serious study of shells was the work of the later years of his life. Born at Manlius, New York, on January 21, 1851, and grad- uated at Cornell University in 1872, he early in life became in- terested in natural history, and made some collections in differ- ent branches. Mr. Smith told me that his first real work was on fossils; and he later became interested in insects. When he began to collect the mollusca, I do not know; but when he joined the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, he had quite an ex- tensive general collection. Between the years 1870 and 1886 he made several trips to Brazil and altogether spent about eight 1A portrait of Mr. Smith was published in the number for July, 1919. THE NAUTILUS. 137 years in exploring and collecting. He collected such shells as he saw, but did not specialize on them. In answer to my inquiry Mrs. Smith wrote: ‘‘In Brazil I only remember a few odd lots of land shells until we got to Corumbé on our way home; it was rich in land shells, but Mr. Smith said that the mosquitoes were ‘ frightful.’ In order to do a morning’s work of collecting, he had to tie his sleeves tight at the wrist, do the same thing with his ankles; tie a bandana around his neck; fill his pockets with cigarettes and matches; put a cigar in his mouth, ‘grit his teeth,’ and start. All the collecting there was almost a torture, so I imagine shell collecting was quite a cursory affair.’’ The number of shells collected on that trip was very large, although the species were not numerous; but a number of them were new to science. These shells were widely distributed, probably by Dr. Newcomb, and when we see the locality ‘*Corumba, Brazil,’’ we may feel pretty sure that we are look- ing at Smith’s shells. During the time he was in the West Indies, for the Royal Society, and in Mexico, for Mr. F. D. Godman, he collected ‘*everything,’’ and naturally shells proved to be no small part of his ‘‘ catch.”’ When he went to Colombia, in 1898, I arranged to take all of his land shells, but he got so interested in collecting mam- mals, birds and plants that the return in shells was not very large, except in some of the larger and more conspicuous species. There he again ran into the ‘‘insect pests,’’ and at one place, near the coast at Santa Marta, he said the ‘‘ sand flies’’ poisoned him so that the skin even peeled off the palms of his hands. His final breakdown in 1902, he always attributed to the poison of sand flies, gnats, mosquitoes, and the thousand-and-one other curses of the tropics. In 1903 his health still being poor, he gave up the fight, and resolved to go to the South to live. He settled at Wetumpka, Ala., and at once started after shells. His first collecting there, so different from work in the tropics, was rather disheartening, and he wrote that there were no shells in that region. A little later he began to get results, and then he wrote, ‘‘ I didn’t know how to collect,’’ and when the first lot came in, it was seen that 1388 THE. NAUTILUS. he had struck a remarkably rich region. Then a ‘‘ Syndicate’’ was formed of T. H. Aldrich, of Washington, D. C., Mr. Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phlladelphia, Pa., and the writer, and the work was carried on steadily for over six years. Dr. Pilsbry dropped out in 1906, and he was replaced by Mr. John B. Henderson, of Washington, D. C. The naming and distribution of the thousands of land shells collected in all parts of Alabama, fell to the part of the writer, and the new species have all been described by him; 13 species and 4 varieties up-to-date, with probably several more to follow, as the material is more carefully studied. After the regular work for the ‘‘Syndicate’’ was stopped, Mr. Smith continued collecting fresh-water shells for Mr. Walker, and land shells for the writer, while collecting Tertiary fossils for the Geological Survey of Alabama, by which he was employed as Curator of the Museum at the University of Alabama. The sorting, naming and distributing of the fresh-water shells, was done by Mr. Walker, and I cannot do better than quote from a letter from him, on this subject: ‘¢T enclose the meager list of n. sp. and vars. that have been described from Mr. Smith’s material. But that does not begin to show the enormous amount of work that he did in develop- ing the fauna of Alabama. Besides going the whole length of the Coosa from Gadsden to Wetumpka by boat, he did the Black Warrior thoroughly before it was spoiled by the Govern- ment improvements (?) and spent a season on the Mussel Shoals of the Tennessee. Two or three summers were spent on the Connasauga and other head-waters of the Coosa, and in numer- ous side trips he had covered practically the whole state. Then, too, through local collectors, many of them trained by him, he had reached into many localities that he did not per- sonally visit. By these means he collected an enormous amount of material, practically none of which has been worked up. ve While he worked for the ‘Syndicate’ he collected every- thing; but when that arrangement ceased, he specialized in the Unionide and Pleuroceride. I have not any very accurate fig- ures on the number of specimens of Unionide that he collected, but I think that from 40,000 to 50,000 would not be an over- estimate. His Black Warrior collection alone he reported as 10,000. No report on this material has ever been made, and a THE NAUTILUS. 139 very large proportion of it still remains to be worked over. This I shal] do as rapidly as I have time. I also have on hand many thousands of specimens of Amnicolidx that haye not been sorted out. And the same is true of a very large amount of Ancylide from the Coosa and its tributaries. ‘* But it was especially in the Plewroceride that he put in his best work. He became exceedingly interested in that family and the many perplexing problems that its protean species pre- sented, and it was his expectation to work it up himself. The enormous collection, thousands upon thousands of specimens, and the familiarity that he had acquired in his many years of field work, especially fitted him for the work. But unfor- tunately the multitude of duties that pressed upon him, as Curator of the State Museum, prevented him from carrying his plan into execution. He had planned to publish a paper on the Anculose of the Coosa for some time, and expected to write it up this last spring. He had gone so far as to arrange a series of the species in the order that he intended to present them, but his untimely death prevented the completion of the work. Beyond this, and a somewhat similar arrangement of the Gyrotomas, nothing has been done and, except the manuscript names attached to many species that he believed to be new, and which he intended to describe, there is absolutely nothing left to show the vast knowledge that he had acquired of that mar- velous fauna. He had it all in his brain, and it all perished with him. I do not suppose that any other man ever had such an intimate knowledge of the variation of that family, and to think that it is all gone, is truly pitiful. ‘*T do not believe that the fauna of any other State in the Union has ever been so thoroughly worked as was that of Ala- bama, by him.”’ I do not know how many new species were collected by Mr. Smith in Brazil, the West Indies and Mexico, but the follow- ing is the list from Colombia and Alabama: COLOMBIA. Glandina callista Pilsbry and Aperostoma smithi Pilsbry Clapp. and Clapp. Circinaria ponsonbyi Pilsbry MHelicina sanctemarthe Pils- and Clapp. bry and Clapp. Circinaria ponsonbyi var. Helicina cacaguelita Pilsbry clara Pilsbry and Clapp. and Clapp. Aperostoma sanctzemarthie Pilsbry and Clapp. 140 THE NAUTILUS. ALABAMA. Musculium transversum de- Neoplanorbis umbilicatus cisum Sterki. Walker. Pisidium compressum coosa- Clappia clappi Walker. ense Sterki. Polygyra smithi Clapp. Pisidium compressum con- Polygyra inflecta approxi- trarium Sterki. mans Clapp. Pisidium limatulum Sterki. Polygyra decepta Clapp. Pisidium noveboracense ala- Polygyra barbata Clapp. bamense Sterki. Polygyra brevipila Clapp. Pisidium atlanticum dispar Polygyra brevipila chero- Sterki. keensis Clapp. Pisidium atlanticum albidum Polygyra cohuttensis Clapp. Sterki. Vertigo alabamensis Clapp. Rhodacmea cahawbensis Vertigo alabamensis conecu- Walker. hensis Clapp. Rhodacmea gwatkiniana Vertigo oscariana ‘‘ Var.’’ Walker. (not named. ) Somatogyrus decipiens Omphalina pilsbryi Clapp. Walker. Vitrea lewisiana Clapp. Somatogyrus hendersoni Vitrea aldrichiana Clapp. Walker. Vitrea cumberlandiana Clapp. Somatogyrus pygmaeus Vitrea (Paravitrea) conecu- Walker. nensis Clapp. Neoplanorbis carinatus Vitrea (Paravitrea) pilsbry- Walker. ana Clapp. Neoplanorbis smithii Walker. Carychium nannodes Clapp. Dr. W. J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum, Pitts- burgh, has written a very appreciative article on the life and work of Mr. Smith, in Science, N. 8. Vol. XLIV, No. 1278, pages 481-483, May 23, 1919, where other fields of activity are touched upon; but to cover the whole subject would demand a volume. It is to be regretted that Mr. Smith was not able to carry out a plan he long had in mind, of working up his ex- tensive series of notebooks into a story of his life as a collector, as it would have been an inspiration to future collectors, and would, I feel sure, have been worthy to place alongside of the THE NAUTILUS. 141 classic works of Bates and Wallace. He was a remarkably keen observer, as shown by his letters, so his notebooks undoubtedly contained a vast amount of most valuable observations. Hven when feeling ‘‘down in his luck,’’ he always saw the funny side of life, and had a large stock of humorous stories, which he would frequently insert in his letters, for no other reason, apparently, than that he just happened to think of them. NOTES. VERTIGO OVATA AND V. HEBARDI IN FiLorrpa.—Both Vertigo ovata and V. hebardi appear to be rare in Florida, as you will see by the list below giving records from my collection. The number found is added for each locality. Vertigo ovata Say. Snapper Creek Hammock, south of Miami (2). Madeira Hammock, southern Florida (1). Lower Matecumbe Key (5). Vertigo hebardi Van. Pumpkin Key (3-+fragments). Big Pine Key (1). Elliotts Key (2). Porgy Key (9-+fragments). Little Palo Alto Key (3). No Name Key (1). Lignum Vitae Key (1).—Gro. H. Crapp. In a most interesting article by W. J. Wintemberg, ‘‘ Arch- aeology as an Aid to Zoology’’ (Canadian Field-Naturalist, Vol. 88, Oct., 1919, pp. 68-72), an error in the distribution of TaAtorina irrorata Say has crept into print, in quoting from G. G. MacCurdy, ‘‘The Passing of a Connecticut Rockshelter”’ (Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. 38, p. 517, 1914). ZL. irrorata is not confined to Florida, but is found more or less common along the entire coast from New England southward. Vineyard Sound, ‘‘sparingly’’ (Verrill). New Haven, ‘‘ not at all com- mon’’ (Perkins). Stratford, Conn., ‘‘on high sedges’’ (Jinsley). 142 THE NAUTILUS. Huntington, L. Isl. (S. Smith). It is locally common in the marshes along the New Jersey coast.—C. W. JoHNson. FAScIOLARIA PAPILLOSA SOWERBY. In regard to my reference to this species in the October Nauritus, p. 45, Mr. J. R. LeB. Tomlin says: ‘‘I have the Tankerville catalogue before me and on p. xvi of its Appendix I find: 1552, Fasciolaria papillosa. F. testa fusiformi, apice papillosa, anfractibus transverse stri- atis, mediane nodosis; apertura intus laevis; cauda longa, long. ozs, lat. 13, une. ‘‘It is not figured nor is any locality given.’’ It may possi- bly be a young F. gigantea but from the above description it seems unrecognizable.—C. W. JOHNSON. PHYSA SMITHIANA new name for Puysa smiTHir.—Dr. Bryant Walker has kindly called my attention to the fact that the name Physa smithii used in my paper ‘‘ Fresh-water Mollusca from Colorado and Alberta’? (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLI, p. 585) is preoccupied by Clessin (Conch. Cab., Plan- orbis, p. 294) for a Physa smithit from Australia. I therefore change the name to Physa smithiana.—FRANK C. BAKER, Uni- versity of Illinois. AN AMENDMENT.—In the January number of the NauriLus, on page 103, I inadvertently omitted from the list of Simpson’s catch of Unionide at Lodgepole Creek, Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea. The omission makes the next sentence unintelligible or misleading, according to the interpretation placed upon it by the reader.—Juntus HENDERSON. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. EXXPERIMENTS IN THE BREEDING OF Certons. By Paul Bartsch (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1920). It is well known that in this genus each colony ‘‘ presents certain slight char- acters by which we can distinguish its members from those of other colonies. The question arises, are the forms in the var- THE NAUTILUS. 143 ious colonies fixed forms; that is, will generation after genera- tion yield the same mode in measurements, or will changes in the local environment from season to season affect the develop- ing organisms to such an extent as to produce an unending series of slight variations? These were the problems that called for a solution. The hope of throwing some light upon these questions prompted the breeding experiments which were started in 1912.’’ Colonies of 200 each of two species from Andros, Cerion casa- blance and C. viaregis Bartsch were originally introduced on certain of the Florida Keys. In 1915, 800 C, crassilabris from Porto Rico, and in 1916, 8,317 C. uva from Curagao were planted on Loggerhead Key. The shells were marked by filing. Some of these colonies have now produced a second generation of Florida-grown offspring. The present paper contains records of the results. In the case of C. viaregis Dr. Bartsch finds that the variations in the first and second generations are entirely within the range of the species in its original locality; the changed environment ‘‘ has not affected them in such a way as to produce such differences as one observes between the various colonies in the Bahamas.’’ C. casablancae gives practically the same result. The same holds with the first Florida generation of C. crassilabris. On Newfound Harbor Khy C. viaregis has hybridized with the native C. incanum. The offspring show a remarkable range of variation; forms near typical C. incanwm and typical viaregis, all intermediates between these, but also forms closely resem- bling the mottled C. martensi group of the Bahamas. A state of flux has been produced by cross-breeding. The experiments indicate also an unusual fertility, and the suggestion is made that ‘‘ crossing has an energizing effect which seems to enable the new product to surpass its associated congeneric forms in the production of offspring.’’ Dr. Bartsch suggests that during the glacial period, when the low state of water united the numerous Bahaman Keys, ex- tensive crossing took place, this resulting in the efflorescence of new forms which we find to-day. A valuable section treats of the soft anatomy, which shows 144 THE NAUTILUS. considerable divergence among the species. Other biologic notes and information on the ecologic relations of Cerions are given. 59 plates fully illustrate the material. Dr. Bartsch’s experiments clearly have important bearings. upon systematic zoology as well as upon the doctrine of evolu- tion generally.—H. A. P. MOoLLUscA OF THE CROCKER LanD EXPEDITION TO NORTHWEST GREENLAND AND GRINNELL LAND. By Frank C. Baker (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 41, pp. 479-517, pls. 25-27, Dec., 1919). An interesting review of some of the arctic mollusks, especially of the Buccinidae of which Buccinum tanquaryt and B. ekblawi are described as new. FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA FROM COLORADO AND ALBERTA. By Frank C. Baker (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. History, Vol. 41, pp. 527-539, Dec., 1919). Planorbis similaris, Physa smithi and Galba alberta are described and figured as new. NEW SHELLS FROM THE NORTHWEST Coast. By William H. Dall (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 32, pp. 239-252, Dec., 1919). Ten new species and varieties and a new genus Pantel- laria (type Megerlia monstruosa Scacchi) are described. LOCOMOTION IN TWO SPECIES OF THE GASTROPOD GENUS ALEC= TRION WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF PEDAL CILIA. By Manton Copeland (Biol. Bull., Vol. 37, pp. 126-138, 1919). THE CENTRAL NERVouS SysTEM OF NucuLA AND MALLETIA.. By W. A. Hilton (Jour. Ent. and Zool., Vol. 11, pp. 75-78, 1919). New Species OF MOLLUSCA FROM VARIOUS DREDGINGS TAKEN OF THE Coast oF NEw ZEALAND, THE SNARES ISLANDS AND THE Bounty Istanps. By Miss M. K. Mestayer (Trans. and Proc. N. Zealand Inst., 1919, Vol. 51, pp. 180-135, pl. 8). Liotia suturi, Orbestella hinemoa, Crossea cuviertana, Leucosyrina thomson, L. cuvierensis and Vepecula cooperi are described as new. mn ser. “a : . $2.00 per Year. ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts, a copy | ENSITY u F Abe he sheds id ert is A QUARTERLY : DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS : OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS: : H. A. Pitssry, Special! Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. C. W. Jounson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XXXII. APRIL, 1920. No. 4 CONTENTS: The Navajo Nation. By Jas. H. Ferriss . : ; é . 109 The Marine Mollusca of Staten Island. By Arthur “Jacot. ; es | Vitrea (Paravitrea) multidentata and lamellidens. By Geo. H., Clapp Se a The Nomenclature and systematic positions of some North American fossils and recent Mollusca. By Junius Henderson . : ‘ 2 eS A new Planorbis from Illinois. By Frank C. Baker, : . 123 A new form of Amnicola from the Ohio Pleistocene with notes on a Physa. By Frank C. Baker . , : . : ; : , « Loe Lasmigona viridis Rafinesque. By L. G. Frierson , ; : . ne i Turritidae versus Turridae. By S. S. Berry. . F : : | tee On certain of Link’s names in the Mitridae. By J. R. Le B. Tomlin. 2 Dans New Species of West Coast Shells. By lda S. Oldroyd . ‘ , . 135 Herbert Huntington Smith. By Geo. H. Clapp. , ; , : . 186 Notes . : : - : ; > , : . 141 Publications Receiv ed ; : ; : : : . , : . 42 C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager, Boston Society of Natural History, Berkeley Street, Boston, Mass. Entered as Second-Class matter atthe Boston Post-O fice, li THE NAUTILUS. Natural History Material from the Pacific! Am planning an extended field-trip through the South Seas, etc., touching at several seldom-visited islands. Can undertake a few commissions to collect nat- ura] history material in any line for institutions or individuals at reasonable rates, Land and Marine Shells a Specialty Write at once stating what you require, WILLIAM A. BRYAN Professor of Zoology and Geology College of Hawaii Honolulu, H. I. (Permanent and forwarding address) SHELLS Wanted: Fine American Land and Fresh Water Shells. Send list of what you have to exchange, or will collect. Offered: Fine Philippine Land Shells. WALTER F. WEBB, 2O2 Westminster Road, ROCHESTER, N. Y. FOR EXCHANGE OR SALE THE Navurizus, Vols. V-XXII inclusive. Structural and Systematic Con- chology, 3 Vols. Call’s Mollusca of Indiana and a few others. Duplicate shells for exchange. A. A. HINKLEY, DuBois, II. Otia Conchologica By A. A. GOULD Shells of the Wilkes, U. S. Explor. Exped.; Shells of the N. Pacific Explor. Exped., and descriptions of shells reprinted from various publications with rectifications, 1839-62. 256 pages, containing descriptions of 18 new genera and about 1290 new species. A library in itself. A few copies of this rare publication are available at the unusually low rate of $2.50. Address, SECRETARY, Boston Society of Natural History 234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass. THE NAUTILUS. iii ne ed Wew Shell Catalogue We have completed the preparation and publication of the fourth edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. This edition contains one hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and twenty-three illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of publication, we are unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata- logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter- leaved with blank pages, 70c.; and interleaved and cloth bound, 90c, We will credit the amount paid for catalogue on first order for shells amounting to five dollars. Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 76-104 COLLEGE AVE, ROCHESTER, N. Y. Illustrations of a Thousand Shella. | Nos. 1, 2 and 3 of this work, containing beautiful colored figures of 300 species has recently been published in Japanese style. Aside from its scientific value, it also offers a work suitable as a gift to an amateur. Price per number in- cluding postage, $1.50. Most of the shells figured and many others are for sale at reasonable prices. Y. HIRASE, Kyoto, Japan. FOR $5.00 BILL Sent by regist. letter, I will send you in two boxes by regist. sample post postpaid, the following lot of only showy and fine species. For species not desired you choose two of another one. Xestina citrina jine Moluccas. Anixa siquijorica Philippines. ee nemorensis “* Helicostyla collodes Philippines. Rhysota oweniana Philippines. Euhadra pancala Formosa. Obba moricandi Caracolus marginella Puerto Rico. ** parmula 3 Thelidomus lima she ‘* serobiculata sy Geotrochus gaberti N. Ireld. Pyrochil. pyrostomus jine Moluccas. Amphidr. interruptus Moluccas. Phoenicobius monochroa Philipps. iy palaceus oy f. palavanica r Bulimus Moritzianus Venez. Acavus phoenix Ceylon. Achatina fulica Madag. Anixa magistra Philipps. Cylophorus stigniferus Java. ‘¢ carbonaria ‘‘ oculus-capri Java. ‘¢ cebuensis ‘° The very rare Najad shell Muelleria lobata, Amazonas, $3.00 postpaid EXCHANGE DESIRED HERMANN ROLLE, Institute Kosmos Berlin, W. 30, Speyererstr. 8. Germany iv THE NAUTILUS. THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. The volume now in progress contains a monograph of the Pupillidae, Chondrina, Vertigo, ete. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition. $5.00. S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P. O. Address, GLEN RIDGE, NEW JERSEY, U.S. A. SOWERBY & FULTON (Proprietor, HUGH C. FULTON) The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World Specimens Sent on Approval © SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE Collections and Specimens Named and Arranged 27 Shaftesbury Road Ravenscourt Park, London W. 6. England For Marine Shells, Curios, Etc. Address J. H. HOLMES, Clearwater, Fla. Hi Path Noyes Buy Bae Hy TL 3 0112 00960211