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FOOD Os titi gags LOG: Othe ya G5g9) 0: Vs tebe doth Pe > POMS OH aot: pags a wh deh sive» Ge the ba o48 Hoey, 9 tay Asrted + te hhihiliiraint Tie tH -hitede deye tebe ob a $99 Ft 9 AHO hae, Ae 209 Hoppe, CoG ihe medeQeyy AE Bek: Gaig rs he bho eee T th ie Oot arth s Sestooe Cr bee nth Mie D rie: Hide hong: ore" hes a 24 0944 429966 eure sss ay At bee Liebe 0 da ipen: tap hie’ Phibeed tt hea (Shales 7h F494 Dota ge ly. Hh apelin: | oH rab aoaihs ysdateeh btdeh ok boot © a oeeanas beg Seo: + * Hee Hie ~ too When iobsisereinietat Sho trite Os base etl ie: Hows aie aye SoH Wests behets deieibe thee Hw he oe ah a BANC fete bany atte db a Sbmesibe ps ett eee t= thm the hs he Seth oA GE 5 Ah nls ape cae fy its hs ih pe he Ntgymby weds ips gad bp erfhietencrinn tele 1 i YebMe bode Fo: © done Way deo miaty 0G ois bene rea Getrocatect eye a: ReRetee Mabe. ae oth ent Paleud mihsdadog dogt al xt the egg-membranes and more or less loosely held together in slimy strings, are discharged at irregular intervals through the exhalent siphon. Being heavier than water, they sink rapidly to the bottom, coming to rest with the outer surface of the shell directed downward and the valves gaping widely apart.’’ The belief was formerly general that they ‘‘swim”’ about by rapidly opening and closing the valves, after the manner of Pecten, and in spite of frequent denials by Schier- holz (’88), Latter (’91) and others, the same statement is still occasionally encountered. In the recent volume on Mol- lusca in the Treatise on Zoology, edited by Lankester, this inexcusable error is represented. ‘‘The glochidia,’’ we are again informed, ‘‘swim actively by clapping together the valves of the shell’’ (p. 250). They are, on the contrary, as is now well known, entirely incapable of locomotion and re- main in the spot where they happen to fall, and that ‘‘The THE NAUTILUS. 17 glochidia remain in this helpless situation until they die, un- less they happen to come in contact with the host on which they pass through the post-embryonic development as para- sites.’’ The same statement occurs in the ‘‘Studies on the Reproduction and Artificial Propagation of Freshwater Mus- sels’’ by the same authors in the Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXX (Document No. 756, page 152). The occurrence of glochidia in plankton is noted and com- mented on in some fullness of detail by Kofoid in his report on the Plankton of the Illinois River, Part 2, page 287, where, under the heading ‘‘Lamellibranchiata’’ he remarks: ‘‘This group is represented in the plankton by the larval stages or glochidia of the Unionide, which form an important part of the bottom fauna of the stream and its tributaries.’’ Among those mentioned as occurring in the plankton are Anodonta corpulenta Cooper, glochidia ‘‘referred with some uncer- tainty’’ to Lampsitls anodontoides, and glochidia presumably belonging to Arcidens confragosus. Kofoid’s remarks concerning the abundance, numbers and percentage of occurrence, temperature relations and seasonal distribution, as well as his remarks on identification of the glochidia encountered, preceding as it does the strenuous attempts at description and identification of glochidia and ascertainment of breeding seasons of different species of mus- sels later entered into with such avidity in behalf of mussel propagation, form one of the most fascinating episodes in scientific research. His discussion is unfortunately too long to quote in‘a brief article like that intended here, but too interestingly precious to be missed by anyone studying the history of mussel propagation. Peremptorily dismissing the temptation to quote remarks illuminating other but what would anciently be called imper- tinent phases of the subject here, it only remains to remark that what is really the one pertinent query, that of the rela- tion of the glochidia to the surface, is left in doubt. The wording of the one introductory sentence quoted, doubtless perfectly clear when written, develops an ambiguity which increases with a growing interest in glochidia rather than 18 THE NAUTILUS. mussel. Kofoid took his plankton by means of a pump, and at all depths, from near the bottom to the surface. He may, therefore, have obtained his glochidia anywhere between those extremes of depth. During the spring and summer of 1920, in an attempt to ascertain the relation, quantitatively and qualitatively, be- tween the river, the reservoir and the various ponds of the Fisheries Biological Station at Fairport, Iowa, occasional surface towings were made with a fine bolting-cloth net in all the places mentioned. On April 12, ten short hauls were made at the surface of the Reservoir near its outlet, in about 12 feet of water. In the portion of the haul examined (in most cases, especially where a considerable amount of mate- rial was taken, only a small portion, usually about one-tenth, was examined carefully) a glochidium of the Anodonta type, probably that of Anodonta corpulenta, was taken. It was at first supposed that it was dead, but four hours after capture it was observed to snap its valves. On July 3, the river, which was high and muddy, showed a slightly greenish cast, suggesting an abundance of plankton. Accordingly several short draws, almost dips, were taken at 11:15 a. m. from the end of the pier, from the surface in shallow water near shore. One glochidium, provisionally iden- ~ tified as that of Lampsilis anodontoides, and 12 shorter, rounder, probably of some species of Quadrula, were taken. On July 29 a towing was taken in water a considerable dis- tance from shore, from a boat and in the current. Only a small amount of the material — mostly silt — was examined ; but in the part scrutinized was found a glochidium. On July 30, the townet was held under the edge of the mass of water coming up from the river and falling in an inverted bowl-shaped mass from the vertical inlet pipe, where it enters the Reservoir. The net was held here only about 3 minutes, and naturally strained only a small portion of the water fall- ing from the pipe—hardly a hundredth part. A good deal of material, chiefly detritus, was obtained and only a small amount of this examined; but in this small amount was ob- tained 8 glochidia of the Lampsilis type. THE NAUTILUS. 19 On August 14, twenty-five liters of water was dipped from the surface out in the river in fairly deep water and in the channel. In the part examined one very minute glochidium was taken. On August 19, in taking a surface towing by dragging the townet from a boat going down stream from a bar above the station, and in fairly deep water, three glochidia were cap- tured. To sum the matter up, there was not a single collection of surface plankton taken from the river in which there was not one or more glochidia, and indeed, until the river became low and calm, permitting the development of plankton organisms, the glochidia usually outnumbered any other organism; the river, except during the conditions above mentioned, being remarkedly plankton-poor. In every instance, too, where ex- amined repeatedly and at long enough intervals, the glochidia proved themselves alive by a feeble snapping of their valves. The flapping of the valves was always too feeble and too widely separated in time intervals to be effective as a means of locomotion. It may, of course, have been much more vigor- ous and frequent for a time after first discharged, but there is no probability that it could ever have resulted in swim- ming.’ On the assumption that the glochidia le on the bottom where discharged, and there die unless they become attached to a fish, one of the most important advantages served by parasitism is that of dissemination. In the light of the obser- vations recorded above, it becomes evident that distribution down stream is common and that perhaps many, if not most, natural infections take place some distance from and below the place of discharge. The importance of parasitism as re- gards dispersal is therefore confined chiefly to up-stream migration, although of course dispersal in other directions is greatly assisted and accelerated by means of the fish. The surface-floating habit of glochidia explains also the occurrence of Anodonta imbecillis, a species which is capable of developing without parasitism, in floating crates, the bot- toms of which are considerably above the level of the bottom 20 THE NAUTILUS, of the river, as has happened in crates moored at Fairport, Jowa, and at New Boston, Il. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. FLORIDA WEST COAST LIGUUS. BY CHARLES TORREY SIMPSON. In the April, 1921, number of the Nautinus, Mr. M. G. Miller states that Capt. W. D. Collier, long a resident of Key Marco, brought tree snails from Middle Cape Sable and ‘‘planted’’ them at Caxambas, Goodland Point, and Marco, all on Key Marco. This was done forty-eight years ago and there were no Jiguus snails on Marco previous to this, but they multiplied and spread rapidly. As a matter of fact there have been found no less than four subspecies of Ligwus belonging to two species, and one species of Oxystyla in the Marco region and for some forty miles southeast of it. Liguus fasciatus roseatus has been found on Marco Key, Horr’s Island, near it, at Gomez Old Place, ten miles southeast, at Caxambas, and at Chokoloskee farther down the coast. The form of Ziguus which I have called lineolatus has been found at several places on Marco Key, Horr’s Island, Gomez Old Place, Russell’s Key, Turner’s River, Caxambas and Chokoloskee. Liguus fasciatus castaneo- zonatus has been found at Rabbit Key, just below Choko- loskee, and on the island of the latter name, but nowhere to the northwest of these places, so far as I know. Liguus cre- natus marmoratus, the ‘‘black snail’’, was obtained by Mr. Clarence B. Moore, who got it from a Mr. C. G. McKinney from land which he cleared somewhere near Chokoloskee, ac- cording to Pilsbry in his ‘‘Study of the Liguus of Florida,’’ page 453. Some five years ago I visited Chokoloskee and was taken by a resident to the island where he said the black snails which Mr. Moore obtained were found. The hammock had been cleared but diligent search brought to light some fragments and three dead, badly-faded specimens, one of which is marmoratus, I believe. Oxystyla floridensis has been THE NAUTILUS. 21 found at Chokoloskee, its northernmost limit, Pavillion Key and Seminole Point. Now then, what I would like to know is if Capt. Collier brought all these forms of Liguus and Oxystyla from Middle Cape Sable and distributed them in the various localities on the west coast I have mentioned. Forms of most of them have actually been found on the Middle Cape, the Oxystyla, Liguus fasciatus roasatus, L. castaneozonatus, L. crenatus marmoratus, and a couple of other forms of crenatus which it seems he did not bring, or if he did they never became estab- lished. How did it come that the Oxystyla only is found as far north as Chokoloskee, that castaneozonatus is only known from this locality and Rabbit Key? Why did he carry mar- moratus to a key four miles from Chokoloskee and not put it on the trees of the latter island — why didn’t he take all the forms and plant them on Marco Key? As a matter of fact I have never found any snail on Middle Cape Sable which is really very close to any of these upper west coast forms. The castaneozonatus are a little differently marked ; the marmoratus I have from there is of a different pattern from the Chokoloskee shells and something like a single dead specimen I obtained on Key Vaca. I never found during several visits to the Middle Cape anything that could certainly be referred to lineolatus. While Capt. Collier may have brought tree snails from Middle Cape Sable and planted them on or around Marco, it is doubtless true that several forms of Liguus and the great Oxystyla crossed from the Upper Florida Keys to the southwest coast of the mainland of Florida over a now destroyed land bridge, that this migra- tion was probably made many thousands of years ago and that they reached the Chokoloskee, Marco region after the aborigines had built and abandoned the shell mounds, that they made part of their migrations to the region of their most northern distribution from island to island by water, on the trees they lived on. This subject of the geographical distribution of the Liguus and Oxystylas in Florida and the manner in which they migrate will be discussed later in a separate paper. As to the 23 THE NAUTILUS. blue tree snails of the southwest coast, I obtained several of them from residents of Chokoloskee. These were Ozystyla floridensis pure and simple, and they had been boiled in water containing a little indigo. We made a number of specimens of this new species aboard the boat in the same way and they were just as nice as those sold by the natives. This receipt is absolutely free to anyone desiring to make new species. NEW FORMS OF PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM ILLINOIS. BY FRANK C. BAKER.* A recent examination of Pleistocene material from Grundy County, Illinois, submitted by Mr. Harold E. Culver, of the Illinois State Geological Survey, reveals several new forms of mollusks which seem to need recognition. Upwards of twenty species and varieties occur in the marl deposit, which is post-Wisconsin in age. . AMNICOLA LUSTRICA GELIDA N. var. Shell differing from lustrica in being narrower, with more convex whorls, more deeply impressed sutures, a smaller, rounder aperture, the lip of which is usually thickened within. There are six full whorls in adult individuals. Length, 4.25; diameter, 2.25; aperture length, 1.25; width, 1.0 mm. Topotype, Collection Museum of Natural History, U. of I., No. P926. | Length, 4.50; diameter, 2.30; aperture length, 1.40; width, 1.0 mm. Paratype. Museum No. P927. Length, 4.0; diameter, 2.50; aperture length, 1.50; width, 1.10 mm. Paratype. Museum No. P927. Types from near Morris, Grundy County, Illinois, in marl deposit. This small Amnicola is one of the most abundant species in Pleistocene deposits, and seems to be widely distributed, * Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of [llinois, No. 16. THE NAUTILUS. 23 occurring in Ohio as well as in the known Illinois localities, Chicago, Joliet, and Grundy County. In a previous paper (Journ. Geol., XXVIII, p. 448, 1920) it was listed as Amm- cola lustrica variety, its differentiation having been suggested by Dr. Pilsbry. It is so markedly different from lustrica as found recently, and as represented in some marl deposits, that a name seems very necessary. Three forms of Ammnicola related to lustrica have come under the writer’s observation. The typical form, wide, with moderately convex whorls and a large body whorl; this is in the collection of the Museum from Milwaukee, Wis. (30th Street) ; a wide form like the type but with thickened lip and solid shell; specimens of this form have been seen from Randolph County, Indiana; and the form herein described, which is narrower and more scalariform than the type. These all represent, probably, different types of environments. The likeness of gelida to Amnicola oneida Pilsbry, from Oneida Lake, N. Y. (Nautitus, XXXI, p. 46, 1917) is striking, and suggests that oneida may be the recent manifestation of the fossil form. It will be remembered that the old Rome outlet, in use for the discharge of the waters of the Great Lakes, was by way of Oneida Lake, and western species had easy access to this waterway. AMNICOLA LEIGHTONI Baker. This recently described Pleistocene Amnicola (NaAuTILus, XXXII, p. 125, 1920) also occurred in the Grundy County material. The shells are more variable in Illinois than in the type locality in Logan County, Ohio, the spire being long or short and the body whorl varying greatly in obeseness. Con- tinued study of this species in comparison with the Maine species (winkleyi) lead the writer to consider the fossil form as a distinct species, as indicated above. VALVATA TRICARINATA Say. This common species is most abundant in nearly all lacus- trine and fluviatile deposits of the Pleistocene period. Like the recent shells, it varies greatly in the carinate condition of 24 THE NAUTILUS. the shell. On the whole, the fossil individuals appear to be more variable than the recent forms. The variations in cari- nation have been recognized to some extent and names have been applied to the most striking of these variations. Seven combinations are apparently possible. These are indicated in the following table: FD IICATUIUAE Wn ho Oke ee ee eS ee tricarimata Say. Noiddle carina absent). .c00 sek oy perconfusa Walker. Upper and lower carine absent ...... unmcarinata DeKay. hower, ‘carina, absent, 2 0... seee secure basalis Vanatta. Middle and upper carina absent ..... infracarinata Vanatta. Middle and lower carina absent ..... supracarinata Baker. AM earinge abSeME.).). 06s One ot some ake simplex Gould. VALVATA TRICARINATA SUPRACARINATA Nl. var. Shell differing from the other described varieties of the tricarinate series in lacking the carina on the periphery and base. Otherwise similar. Length, 3.5; width, 4.5; aperture length, 2.0; width, 1.8 mm. Topotype, Collection Museum of Natural History, U. of I., No. P928. Type locality, near Morris, Grundy County, Illinois. This variation is apparently rare, as but four specimens were found in sorting several hundred tricarinata. In the deposit under study (Grundy County) the perconfusa form was in much greater abundance, followed by the tricarinata form. See Nauritus, XV, p. 124; XXXI, p. 36; XXVIII, pp. 104, 105, for descriptions of the other variations of this polymorphic species. SOME CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES OF NAIDES, BELONGING OR ALLIED TO THE GENUS ELLIPTIO. BY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D. Frierson (NAvTIL. 27. 138, p. 14) has described a new species as Unio (Nephronaias) ortmanni, and says that it ‘‘ is clearly placed in the Nephronaias division by its evident near kinship to melleus Lea and to persulcatus Lea’’. THE NAUTILUS. 25 Later (Nauti. 31.’ 17 p. 47) he distinguishes as Nephronaias (s. s.) a group of species, containing plicatulus, persulcatus, melleus, dysoni, ortmanni, ravistellus etc., of which he says that the anatomy resembles that of Ziliptio, but that it ‘‘ differs from Elliptio in its sulcated disk, in its beak sculpture etc.’’ But it should be remembered that only the anatomy of ortmanni was known. My own determination of the genus Nephronaias (Ann. Carn. Mus. 8. 712 p. 326) rested upon the examination of the soft parts of NV. sapotalensis (Lea), which surely is a Lampsiline shell; but I have pointed out that it is all important to determine the position of the type species of the genus, Unio plicatulus Charpen- tier. Frierson now assumes, from the characters of the shell, that plicatulus has the same anatomical structure as ortman. This may be correct, but has not been demonstrated; but if correct, the name Nephronaias becomes either a synonym of Elliptio, or a subgenus of it, or a genus closely allied to it. In view of the great deficiency in our knowledge of the Mex- ican and Central American species, I prefer, for the present, to leave those species, which have Eilliptio-structure, in the genus Elliptio. Of the following forms, the anatomy is more or less known to me. ELLIPTIO ORTMANNI (Frierson) (1. c.). Specimens, cotypes, from Rio Conchins, Quirigua, Guatemala, have been investigated, collected Febr. 4 and 6, 1913. Frierson (1. c., p. 15) has already indicated the essential features of the anatomy of this species. It should be added, that the anal opening has crenulations, the branchial papillae; that the mantle connection between anal and supraanal is moderate (in most of my specimens torn by rough handling); that the posterior margins of the palpi are connected for about half of their length. The inner lamina of the inner gills is free from the abdominal sac, except at its anterior end. The mar- supium is in the outer gills, placentae are present, sublanceo- late, not very solid. Marsupium moderately swollen, its edge remaining sharp, when charged. Glochidiwm subcircular, L. 0.23, H. 0.22 mm. Color of soft parts (in alcohol) pale. Male 26 THE NAUTILUS. and female shells indistinguishable. The breeding season seems: to fall in the winter months of the northern hemisphere. ELLIPTIO CALAMITARUM (Morelet) (?). This species has been mentioned incidentally by Frierson: (1. c., p. 15) from Rio Blanco, near Livingston, Guatemala, collected Febr. 18, ’13, but there is some doubt about the identification; in a recent letter, Frierson thinks that this is U. dysoni Lea. I do not want. to express an opinion; the speci- mens investigated by me belong to the same lot, and they have absolutely the same structure of the soft parts as E. ortmanni. Also the glochidia have the same shape and dimensions: L. 0.23, H. 0.22 mm. The breeding season also is in winter (glo-. chidia in February). ELLIPTIO YZABALENSIS (Crosse & Fischer) (Simpson Descript.. Catal. ’14, p. 276). Two specimens, with soft parts, have been sent by A. A.. Hinkley, collected Jan. 6, ’17, in Saja River, Guatemala (trib- utary to Rio Dulce, below Lake Yzabal). Both are females, and are gravid, but have not yet formed glochidia. Frierson thinks that these specimens might be a new species, but they agree, in my opinion, quite well with Simpson’s de- scription of yzabalensis, and very well with v. Martens’ figures (Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll. 1900, p. 507, pl. 89, f. 9-11), and in my identification I rely chiefly on 10 and 11 of these figures. Their chief character is the great height of the shell as com- pared with the length. One of my specimens has white, the other has purple nacre. The anatomy is identical with that of EF. ortmanni and calam- itarum in every particular. Of course, the glochidia have not been observed. There is no question that the three above species are closely allied to each other, both in anatomy and shell characters (sul- cated epidermis), and I should not be astonished if finally they turn out to be forms of one and the same species. THE NAUTILUS. 27 EXLLIPTIO RAVISTELLUS (Morelet). (Nephronaias rav. Simpson, 14, p. 283). Specimens from Lake Yzabal, at Jocolo, Guatemala, are at hand, collected by A. A. Hinkley in January, 1914. Among them are 1 male, and 3 females with soft parts; one of the females is gravid, but has only eggs, no glochidia. Seven others from Lake Yzabal were collected January 9, 1917; among them 1 male, and 6 gravid females, three of them with glo- chidia. The identification is undoubtedly correct, and has been made chiefly according to v. Martens (Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll. 1900, p. 516, pl. 388 f. 2). The color of the nacre, in my specimens, varies from white through lead color and pinkish to dull purple. The breeding season seems to be similar to that of the preced- ing species (eggs and glochidia in January). The anatomy resembles that of E. ortmagni,, but the posterior margins of the palpi are connected at their bases only, and re- markably enough, the inner lamina of the inner gills, in all specimens before me, is free from the abdominal sac only for about one-half of the length of the latter (or very slightly more), while it is connected with it in the anterior half (or slightly less). This is a rather unusual condition in American Union- anae. Of course, in this case, this character cannot be regarded as essential, before a larger number of Central American shells have been investigated. Gills, marsupium, and placentae of the Elliptio-type. Glo- chidia absolutely identical with those of K. ortmanni and cala- mitarum: L. 0.28, H. 0.22 mm. Color of soft parts (in alco- hol) pale, with black pigment in the region of the branchial, anal, and supraanal openings. NOTES. Dr. Paunt BartscH spent part of May and June in the Bahamas and Florida, continuing his studies of Cerion. Dr. C. MontacguE Cooks, who has been working on the 28 . THE NAUTILUS. anatomy of Hawaiian land snails at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for the past nine months, has re- turned to Honolulu. He expects to resume his studies m Philadelphia next September. Pror. T. D. A. CockrRELL, of the University of Colorado, returned from England early in July, stopping at New York, Philadelphia and Washington on his way to Colorado. Mr. FRANK C. Baker, curator of the Museum of Natural History, University of [llinois, will spend the summer in Wisconsin, continuing his study of the molluscan fauna under the auspices of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural His- tory Survey. Dr. FreED BAkeErR has joined an expedition for work on the fauna of Lower California. Om INJsuRING OystTERS. — A suit for $200,000 has been brought against the Mexican Petroleum Corporation for dam- ages done to some of the oyster beds of Narragansett Bay. The question of sewage has also entered largely into the dis- cussion. The oyster industry of the bay began to decline im 1914 and has steadily deteriorated ever since. Prof. T. C. Nelson of Rutgers College, and biologist of the Shell Fish Commission of New Jersey, said that oil was responsible for the death of the oyster ‘‘sets’’ in 1916 and 1917. There seems to be a general complaint that oil and sewage is gradually destroying the marine life of our bays and harbors. During the winter even marine birds, such as the little auks, were brought to the museum with their feathers thoroughly satur- ated and discolored by oil. C. Wea. rt . bh * . ya Ay P | ns ad ¥ * *,. . - es af ™ cr ‘ ‘ 7 ‘ aq ¢ . #, - 4 s ay 2 “univens:7: br tLLmnis THE NAUTILUS, XXXV. PLATE I 1. EGG-CAPSULES OF BUCCINUM UNDATUM L. 2. EGG-CAPSULES OF CHRYSODOMUS 10-COSTATA SAY. THE NAUTILUS. Vol. XXXV OCTOBER, 1921. No. 2 COLLECTING MOLLUSKS ON A BEAM-TRAWLER. BY A. B, FULLER. Collecting mollusks on a beam-trawler while not an ideal way to collect, is nevertheless interesting. These vessels are about 135 feet long, 22 feet beam, tonnage about 150, and run by steam. August 6, 1920, found me on one of these steel boats bound for the Georges Bank. Our first set was made about 118 miles southeast of the Boston light in about 45 fathoms, inside of the Georges Bank proper. The trawl consists of a sweep net about 90 feet wide and 9 feet deep, held apart and in position by two heavy oak doors about three feet by seven feet, shod with heavy iron on one long side. This makes it ride upright and prevents it from wearing as it drags on the bottom. These doors act as kites to the net, as it were, one at each end of the opening, and each hung by achain bridle to a steel cable. The cables are attached to steam winches which work simultaneously in lowering and pulling in the net. A heavy rope cable about three inches in diameter stretches from door to door and drags on the bottom, acting as a ground line to which the lower edge of the net is fastened. In the center of the net is a large pocket of coarse meshes, but smaller than the meshes of the net proper. This is called the ‘‘cod end,’’ and is protected by a blanket of heavy double-meshed netting, so that in dragging on the bottom it will not snag and tear. A portion of the ‘‘cod end”’ 30 THE NAUTILUS. is pursed and tied with a special knot; when the bag is hoisted aboard full of fish a pull on the knot opens the purse and the fish are dumped upon the deck. The net is ‘‘ fished’’ two hours at a time, and the time con- sumed in hauling, dumping and resetting is very short. The fish are then cleaned and are often all on the ice in the hold in about thirty minutes after being taken from the water. Three to four thousand pounds of good fish at a haul was fair fishing and about the average. Most of the fishing is in water ranging from 30 to 50 fathoms, in a zigzag course across the grounds. The net sweeps nearly everything before it of any size and all goes back into the ‘‘cod end.’’ The collection that is dumped upon the deck is therefore miscellaneous in character. From two to three tons of mixed fish, sponges, mollusks and other in- vertebrates is quite a sight to a collector. Large monk fish, skates, cod, haddock, hake, red snapper, halibut, flounders and sculpins, comprise the principal fish. Owing to the large mesh the majority of the mollusks pass through, leaving only the very large ones or a few of the smaller ones entangled in the net. Each haul presented three chances to collect. First, when the net comes up; a few minutes of hasty inspection brought to light some fine nudibranchs ( Dendronotus frondosus) and many little hermit crabs bearing various species of shells and a few very minute shells (Cingula carinata) imbedded in the strands of the ground line. Second, the fish are sorted by sluicing them down the deck with a stream of water, the men pushing the re- fuse fish along with pitch forks and picking out the good ones as this procession goes by, the shells, etc., may be snatched up and not much passes by without being seen. Pecten magellanicus Gmel. were sometimes very common, at other times missing. Oyprina islandica Linn., Modiolus modiolus Linn., Buccinum un- datum Linn., Chrysodomus decemcostatus Say, Colus stimpsoni Morch., Polinices heros Say, and the rare P. levicula Verr., were taken in this way, and all varied greatly in numbers according to bottom conditions. Some of the Buccinum and Chrysodomus were unusually large. Attached to some of the Pecten were the ege-capsules of Chrysodomus decemcostatus, called by the fisher- THE NAUTILUS. 31 men ‘‘sea corn.’? These were described and figured by Mr. Charles W. Johnson, ‘‘ Occasional Papers,’’ Vol. 5, pp. 1-4, pl. 1, 1921, Boston Society of Natural History. I am indebted to the Society for the cut illustrating these capsules. The third method of collecting is from the fish stomachs as the men were cleaning the fish; I was often able to get a bucket full of material from the haddock, later washing and sifting out the shells, wrapping them in cheese cloth and throwing them into a can of formaline. Sometimes the contents consisted mostly of small crustacea mixed with sand, with but few shells. The cod pro- duced but little in the mollusk line except fragments of Cyprina and Modiolus, which they had evidently been able to crush. There were also pieces of large gasteropods, probably Buccinum and Chrysodomus. Crabs, however, seemed to be the main food of the cod. Sometimes the net would come up plastered with large starfish, then it would bea yellow sponge (Desmac- idon palmata) that the fishermen call ‘* boxing gloves,’’ from their resemblance; another haul would show large numbers of ascidians, the ‘‘sea lemons,’’ or the ‘‘stemmed sea peaches ”’ (Pyura). Many times the net was filled with hydroids, known to the fishermen as ‘‘ moss,’’ clusters of long rubbery worm- tubes, dubbed by the men ‘‘ macaroni,’’ as it resembles that product, was very plentiful in one place. Thus the men would say, ‘‘ we are on the boxing gloves,’’ or on the moss, or in the lemons, or in the macaroni, as the case might be. The following is a list of species obtained from the fish stom- achs, with the exception of Polypus arcticus. For their deter- mination I am indebted to Mr. Charles W. Johnson. Nucula proxima truncula Dall. Nucula tenwis Montg. Leda tenuisulcata Couth. Yoldia linatula Say. Pecten magellanicus Gmel. (young). Anomia aculeata Mill. Anomia simplex Orb. Modiolus modiolus L. (fragments). Musculus substriatus Gray. Musculus corrugatus Stimp. THE NAUTILUS. Crenella glandula Totten. Periploma leanum Cony. Thracia truncata Migh. & Ads. Cyprina islandica L. (young). Astarte portlandica Migh. Cardium pinnulatum Conr. Macoma calcarca Gmel. (young). Ensis directus Conr. (fragments). Siliqua costata Say (fragments). Spisula polynyma Stimp. (young). Saxicava arctica L. Solariella obscura Couth. Odostomia sulcosa Migh. Epitonium groenlandicum Perry. Epitonium costulatum Migh. & Ads. Natica clausa Brod. & Sowb. Polinices heros Say (young). Polinices triseriata Say. Polinices immaculata Totten. Polinices groenlandica Moll. Velutina undata Brown. Crepidula plana Say. Cingula carinata Migh. & Ads. Turritellopsis acicula Stimp. Aporrhais occidentalis Beck (young). Alectrion trivittata Say. Anachis avara similis Rav. Buccinum undatum L. (young). Chrysodomus 10-costatus Say (young). Colus stimpsonu Morch. (young). Colus pygmaeus Gld. Bela scalaris Moll. Bela harpularia Couth. Bela pleuwrotomaria Couth. Bela bicarinata Couth. Retusa pertenuis Migh. Retusa gouldu Couth. Cylichna alba Brown. Polypus arcticus Prosch. THE NAUTILUS. 33 EGG-CAPSULES OF BUCCINUM UNDATUM L.* BY OLOF 0. NYANDER, The interesting paper on ‘‘ Egg-capsules of the Ten-ribbed Whelk,’’ by Charles W. Johnson (Occasional Papers, Boston Soc. Nat. History, Vol. 5, pp. 1-4, pl. 1, May, 1921), brings to mind a collecting trip which in this connection may prove of interest. In the summer of 1906 I spent one month collecting Silurian fossils in Cabscook Bay from Eastport to Whiting, Maine, and as my work was mostly in the tidal zone I could not help but observe the common marine shells while collecting fossils at Broad Cove, near Eastport, where the average tide is about 22 feet. Shackford Head is at the west of the cove and near to the deep water; there is an isolated rock outcrop just above low water. In a part of this rock sheltered from the sun and among the rock weeds was hanging a large bunch of Buccinum undatum egg-capsules, and three large specimens were depositing their eggs in different parts of the bunch, which was 6 inches long, nearly 3 inches broad and 2 inches high. As this mass of eggs was hanging free about 5 or 6 feet above low-water mark, the observation was perfect. I took the shells and the egg-capsules which are now in my collection. This large egg-cluster must have been the nest of many individuals, as I think they only deposit a few eggs at a time and sometimes only one. During my collecting trip I found many eggs of B. undatum deposited on the rocks, on the rock weeds and on dead shells, ranging from one single capsule to 25 and probably sometimes a hun- dred or more. See Plate I, fig. 1. I have always been interested in the eggs of shells, and at Newport, R. I., I collected, between 1886-92, many of the egg- capsules of Busycon carica and B. canaliculatum, as they are very common on the east shore of the island. When collecting at Lake Worth, Florida, in March, 1892, I found some very large * The editors are indebted to the Boston Society of Natural History for the use of the cut illustrating this and the article by Mr. A. B. Fuller. 34 THE NAUTILUS. strings of egg-capsules of Busycon perversum ; one in my collec- tion is 27 inches long and full of young shells. On this same string are attached seven capsules of Fasciolaria distans full of young shells. EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS (GRAY) NEAR SAN FRANCISCO BAY ? BY G. DALLAS HANNA. Several years ago Edson (Tur Navtitus, XXV, 18, 1911) gave a list of land mollusks which he found at the high head- land called San Mateo Point in San Francisco Bay. He there questioned the former record by Gifford (THE Nautitus, XIV, p- 144, 1901) of the above species at that locality. Button (THE Navtintus, XXV, 59, 1911) suggested that the specimens were perhaps exotic, having been brought to that locality in the oyster traffic which took place between Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay some years before. This was followed by Gifford (op. cit., p. 60) again, who stated that he was not only positive of his identification but that he had collected the species there a second time, in 1910. The locality is so far from the usual range of this northern species that the record seemed to warrant investigation on the ground. So far as available records show it has not been taken south of Cape Mendocino, Humboldt County, California. The point on the bay referred to is known as Cayote Point on many maps. It is a hill of Jurassic chert about 100 feet high which projects into the bay about 18 miles south of San Fran- cisco. A roadway leads to it across a salt marsh from Burlin- game. It consists of about 300 acres, not one and one half as stated by Edson, densely wooded with eucalyptus. A few Mon- terey cypresses and pines have been planted here and there. The soil is very dry. The point is an island in so far as land snails are concerned. Under present conditions they could not reach the place of their own accord. It happened that in August 1921 fire swept through the forest and consumed all leaves, sticks, grasses and underbrush, leaving only the bare ground. Among the ashes are the charred re- THE NAUTILUS. 35 mains of the snails that lived there, literally thousands of them. It takes a fire such as this to bring to one’s attention the enor- mous abundance of snails at some localities. Many of the specimens are badly burned but there would be no difficulty in recognizing forms so distinct as Hphragmophora fidelis and arrosa. Of all the many thousands which I saw on August 28th, 1921 every one except three belonged to the latter species. The ex- ceptions belonged to the FE. californiensis complex, doubtless the same as Edson recorded as FH. nickliniana. A small strip of ground aroung the northeast side was left unburned and this was also searched without success for LH. fidelis. E. arrosa here is exceptionally abundant. Some 200 speci- mens were picked up incidentally during the search. Consid- erable variation is noted in this large series. Some approximate the size and shape of fidelis and the umbilicus is occasionally almost closed asin that form. Moreover, numerous shells are very dark as compared with the usual arrosa. But in no case is the coloration and banding of fidelis approached, and the sur- face sculpture in all specimens is positively that of arrosa. It must therefore be said that Gifford’s record cannot be con- firmed. If E. fidelis existed on San Mateo Point it was a very small and inconspicuous colony which has now apparently dis- appeared. It will be an interesting study in the distribution of mollusks to learn how long it will take the several species to repopulate the area from the small number of specimens left living. Ariolimax californicus Cooper was found living on the Point. It should be added to the list given by Edson. Museum, California Academy of Sciences. SOME LAND SNAILS OF SHASTA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. BY 8. STILLMAN BERRY. During an automobile trip through northern California and Oregon in the summer of 1920, that industrious collector, Allyn G. Smith, managed to find time to stop by the way long enough to unearth a few snails. Of particular interest is a small series 36 THE NAUTILUS. of specimens taken as chance gave opportunity in Shasta County, still almost a virgin field for the Californian malacologist. Along a stream band near the highway, about two miles south of Weed, occurred a number of species, the following list of which furnishes strange reading for California. The proportion of eastern, or, rather, boreal types 1s particularly noteworthy. A note is made of the number of specimens taken as furnishing some indication of the probable relative abundance of the species. Euconulus fulvus (Miller) (alaskensis Pilsbry ?), 8. Zonitoides arborea (Say), 3. Polita hammonis (Strom), 5. Polita binneyana (Morse), 2. Vitrina alaskana Dall, 1. Polygyra sierrana n. sp., 31. Gonyodiscus cronkhitec (Newcomb), 25. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miller ), 4. Succinea avara Say, 9. A description of the new Polygyra is appended below. Polygyra sierrana new species (plate II, figs. 1-2). Description: Shell small, conical, thin. Growth lines numerous and strong enough almost to resemble fine ribbing under a lens. Embryonic whorls at first almost smooth, then finely radially wrinkled, the periostracum soon showing a sys- tem of dot-like papillae, bearing minute periostracal hairs over most of the surface of the shell. Spire moderately low, slightly convex, with impressed sutures. Whorls about 54. Body whorl with a suggestion of an angle at the shoulder, and a deep, abrupt constriction just back of the peristome, the base moder- ately swollen; slightly decending in front. Lip light brown, thickened and reflected, but not very wide; narrowed below the pillar, then very slightly flaring again. Umbilicus small but distinct; contained about eleven to fourteen times in the diam- eter of the shell. Lip sometimes with a slight extra thickening at base, otherwise without evidence of teeth, although a small, whitish, narrowly crescentic parietal tooth is sometimes de- veloped. Color close to Verona brown of Ridgway’s nomen- clature. THE NAUTILUS. 37 Dimensions: Type. Paratype. Paratype. mm, mm, mm. Sepenter diameter. ....+ ses 9.0 9.0 8.4 MME CRIBIGLOT . 5 5 ww kt kl el +P 7.4 By Deol 5.7 5.8 5.2 Diameter of umbilicus ....... 0.8 0.7 0.6 Number of whorls ........ . 654 54 5} Type: Cat. No. 5087 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes have been deposited in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, as well as the private collection of Allyn C. Smith (Cat. No. 2236). Type Locality: Two miles north of Weed, Shasta County, California; Allyn G. Smith, August 10, 1920; 22 adult speci- mens, 9 juvenals. Remarks: From the evidently nearly allied loricata the pres- ent species differs in its larger size and more simple toothing of the aperture. In some ways it more nearly resembles germana, but again is larger, has a much less tumid body whorl! and dif- fers strongly in being distinctly umbilicate. From columbdiana it differs in its compactness and smaller size, but it is neverthe- less not very unlike this species on a greatly reduced scale. I have a small series of a similar but rather thinner-shelled and more depressed race of Polygyra, collected in the high Sierras of central California between Glenbrook and Al Tahoe, by Mr. E. P. Chace in 1919. The differences are not great, however, and they are apparently referable to the same species as the Shasta County form. Near La Moine Mr. Smith collected a considerable series of a peculiar race of Polygyra columbiana (Lea) which seems suffi- ciently characteristic to be described. The ground was very dry and no other species were taken there, but the Polygyras were found almost in the water, under sticks and stones. Polygyra columbiana shasta new subspecies (Plate II, figs, 3-4). Description: Shell of moderate size, conic, thin; smooth, ex- ‘cept for the numerous and fairly strong incremental lines, 38 THE NAUTILUS. which, however, become much weaker on the base; surface pol- ished and lustrous, especially on the base. Embryonic whorls, where not eroded, at first rather rudely radially wrinkled, but, at least after the first half turn, strongly, coarsely papillose, as well. Spire low, almost straight sided except toward the summit; sutures well impressed. Whorls usually 52 to 6. Body whorl subangulate at the shoulder, but becoming more rounded as the aperture is approached; slightly decending and rather abruptly constricted just back of the peristome, the base moderately swollen and rounded. Lip whitish or stained a very light brown; thickened and reflexed but not very wide; obscurely angled and narrowed below the pillar, which is somewhat re- flexed over the narrow but permeable umbilicus; lip often showing a slight extra thickening on the base, but aperture otherwise without denticles save for an occasional specimen showing the merest trace of a parietal tooth. Color of body whorl fairly near tawny olive, deepening to snuff brown or Saccardo’s umber on the earlier whorls. Measurements: Type. Paratype. Paratype. Paratype. mm. mm. mm. mm. Greater diameter ....... 14,0 13.5 13.3 12.7 esser diameter) oo.) rely See 12.0 11.4 11.3 10.6 RST sei iia eae ee EEN an 9.0 8.2 8.7 8.0 Diameter of umbilicus ..... 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.8 Wumber of: whorls’ 6/303 h.0 Seas 6 5s 52 5} Type: Cat. No. 5089 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes have been deposited in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and Leland Stanford Junior University, as well as the private collec- tion of Allyn G. Smith. Type Locality: La Moine, Shasta County, California; Allyn G. Smith, August 1921; 25 adult specimens. Remarks: Although I have been gathering material of Poly- gyra columbiana for several years, with a view to possible mono- graphic treatment of the species, I am still uncertain how far it will be wise to go in giving taxonomic recognition to the in- numerable weakly differentiated races of this widespread snail. THE NAUTILUS. 39 The present form is, however, not like anything which has been seen by me heretofore. Its warm brown color, smooth, polished surface, lack of any sort of persistent periostracal fringings, and narrow, though permeable umbilicus, are features serving to set it quite distinctly apart. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. Fig. 1, 2.—Polygyra sierrana n. sp. Type, from near Weed, Shasta County, California; x 3. Fig. 3, 4.—Polygyra columbiana shasta n. subsp. Type from La Moine, Shasta County, California; x 2. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON LAND MOLLUSCA OF THE MADEIRA IS. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. Though Porto Santo is the home of so many endemic snails, there still seems to be room for aliens from Europe. Cochli- cella acuta is abundant in certain spots north of Villa Baleira. Helix pisana swarms everywhere. In a spring in the valley of the Serra do Dentro I found specimens of a small Hydro- biid, which Dr. Pilsbry has kindly identified as Psewdammcola similis (Drap.). This species was already known from Ma- deira, but is the first record of a freshwater shell from Porto Santo. In 1848 (Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., p. 110) Pfeiffer described some shells from the Cuming collection, including a species Helix calcarea, collected by Count Vargas in Porto Santo. This shell has since been ignored ; Wollaston does not mention it. Pfeiffer subsequently listed it as a fossil. In the British Museum I found the type specimen. Mr. Tomlin, to whom I showed it, recognized Pfeiffer’s writing on the label under- neath the slab. It is a recent shell, and is a form of Helix pisana, white without bands. The name calcarea cannot be used even in a varietal sense, as there is an earlier H. calcarea Born. Also in the British Museum, from the Cuming collection are five specimens of Vitrea miguelina (Pfeiffer), said to be * Plate II will appear in next issue. 40 THE NAUTILUS. from Madeira. They are only 11 mm. diameter, but Azores Specimens in the Norman collection are 14 mm. The species seems to me to be the European V. lucida. Probably the Cuming specimens did not come from the Madeira group, as the Cumingian localities are very unreliable. I found in the Cuming collection five other Helicoids labeled as from Ma- deira, but all known from quite other places and, with one exception, very distinct from anything in the Madeiran fauna. The exception is Pyramidula retexta Shuttl., a Canarian shell resembling P. semiplicata (Pfr.) in appearance, but brown all over, not mottled. It must be a rare species, as Wollaston had not seen a specimen. In the Norman collection is a subfossil Helix ustulata Lowe, said to be from Madeira (Rev. B. Watson). It is genuine ustulata, but is from the Salvages, as shown by the rest of Watson’s series in the possession of Mr. Tomlin. Punctum pygmeum and Vitrea crystaluna have been re- corded as fossil in the Pleistocene beds at Canical, Madeira, on the authority of Boog Watson. Mr. J. R. LeB. Tomlin has Watson’s specimens, and was so kind as to lend them to me for examination. Both species appear to be correctly named, though the V. crystallina is a single very immature shell. I do not believe, however, that they are fossil. Such shells are easily carried by the wind over the sand hills, and thus mixed with the fossils. No other collectors have been able to find these species in the Canical beds. . MOLLUSCA OF PISGAH FOREST, NORTH CAROLINA. BY MINA L. WINSLOW. The material on which the following list is based was col- lected for the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, during a part of the months of July and August, 1916. The Pisgah Forest region was approached by rail from Asheville to Brevard, thence by wagon to Pisgah Forest station, and by log railroad about seventeen miles northwest along the THE NAUTILUS. 41 Davidson River and Lookingeglass Creek. Headquarters were made in the Schenck cabin in the Pink Beds at bench-mark 3278. The cabin was loaned through the kindness of the United States Forestry Service, and is so located that it forms a convenient base for work in the Pink Beds and the south- east slopes of the Pisgah Ridge. The valley called the Pink Beds is wide, covered with a dense growth of rhododendron and laurel (whence the name), and lies in Transylvania County between the Pisgah Ridge and mountains to the south. It is all a part of the drainage basin of the French Broad River. Asheville les about thirty miles northeast and Waynesville a somewhat shorter distance northwest. It should be remarked here that an exceptionally heavy and continuous rainfall delayed arrival and interfered with field work, reducing the actual time spent in the field to a mere fraction of the expected amount. Living was compli- eated by the isolation of the community, due to flooding and landslips, so that supplies could not come in and communica- tion was cut off for almost three weeks. The mountains are heavily timbered, with an occasional ““bald’’ at the top. In some places the trees have been thinned by lumbering operations which have been supervised to such an extent that the forest has been left in good condition. In the valley and along the creeks rhododendrons and laurel grow densely. Chestnut and oak are the prevailing trees, with intermixture of many others, such as whitewood, maple, beech, and so forth, with an occasional pine. There seemed to be a decided aversion for chestnut wood on the part of the snails. Oak forests were the more favored habitats, the woods of Rich Mountain, a long fiat-topped hill, yielding the greatest variety of snails. Gastrodonta elliotti was found everywhere, and a small Zonitoides arboreus was fairly abundant. Of the larger shells, Polygyra andrewst normalis was the common form, and often showed a decided rosy tint. The ten specimens of Omphalina cuprea polita are all small, possibly immature, and no others were taken. The lack of lime in this granite country may account in part for the scarcity of mollusks and the extreme fragility of most of the larger shells. 42 THE NAUTILUS. The writer is indebted to Mr. G. H. Clapp for identifica- tions and notes on material submitted to him. All the mol- lusks listed are in the Museum of Zoology, Catalog Nos. 10331 to 10463 inclusive. LIST OF SPECIES WITH NOTES ON HABITAT, Polygyra albolabris (Say). Rich Mountain, Pigeon Gap Trail, Pink Beds. On the ground, on dead wood, on white oak and maple trees as high as twelve feet from the ground. 6 specimens. Polygyra andrewsae normals Pilsbry. Pigeon Gap Trail, Wagon Gap Trail, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude. Crawling on the ground, on dead leaves; along the road, under boards on a saw-dust pile, on maple and oak trees as high as twelve feet from the ground, on a clay bank along the road. 40 specimens. Polygyra christyi (Bland). Pink Beds, Bennett Gap Road, Rich Mountain. In woods on a north slope, on the ground, on dead wood. 4 specimens. Polygyra clarkw (Lea). Rich Mountain, south of the Pink Beds, Davidson River. In decayed log, on clay bank along log railroad, in river débris. 3 specimens. Polygyra hirsuta altispira Pilsbry. Rich Mountain, Ben- nett Gap Road, Wagon Gap Trail, Pink Beds. Under oak logs, in forest débris, under old beech log. The species seems to prefer dark habitats, under rather than on logs and stumps. 21 specimens. Polygyra wheatleyi (Bland). Pink Beds, Chubb Gap Trail, Pigeon Gap Trail, Rich Mountain, Wagon Gap Trail. On the ground above a spring, near a brook, on dead wood and in débris. 8 specimens. Polygyra rugeli (Shuttleworth). Pink Beds. One speci- men only, taken in woods on a north slope. Polygyra zaleta (Binney). Pigeon Gap Trail. One speci- men only, taken on leaves along the trail. Circinaria concava (Say). Asheville Road, Rich Mountain, Pink Beds. On clay bank beside the road, on leaves on the ground. 4 specimens. THE NAUTILUS. 43 Omphalina cuprea polita Pilsbry. Pink Beds, Bennett Gap Road, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude. Under dead wood near a creek, in forest débris, under stones near a spring, under rotten wood in rhododendron thicket. 10 specimens. Mesomphix rugeli (W. G. Binney). Pink Beds. Along the log railroad. 1 specimen. Mesomphix andrewsae Pilsbry. Pink Beds. In decayed wood and débris in the rhododendron and laurel tangle. 2 specimens. Vitrea carolinensis Cockerell. Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude, Davidson River débris, Bennett Gap Road. In débris above the road, and along the river. 4 specimens. Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp. Pigeon Gap Trail. Under a stone. 2 specimens. Vitrea indentata (Say). Pink Beds, Bennett Gap Road, Asheville Road, Rich Mountain, Davidson River débris. In leaves and forest débris, under a stone near a creek, under stones and débris beside a spring, under dead oak log. 8 specimens. Vitrea lamellidens Pilsbry. Pink Beds. Under moss on a beech stump. 1 specimen. Vitrea multidentata? (Binney). Débris from Davidson River. 5 specimens. Vitrea sculptiis (Bland). Débris from Davidson River. 1 specimen. Vitrinizonites latissumus Lewis. Bennett Gap Road, Pink Beds, Asheville Road. Under stones and in débris near a spring, on dead leaves near a brook, in débris. 14 specimens. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Rich Mountain, Bennett Gap Road, Asheville Road, Davidson River débris. On rotten wood, abundant under bark on a decayed stump as high as ten feet from the ground, on an oak log. The shells from the high stump are smaller than normal, and have ‘‘very fine im- pressed radial lines’’ (Clapp). 50-+ specimens. Gastrodonta elliotts (Redfield). Pigeon Gap Trail, Pink Beds, Rich Mountain, Asheville Road, Bennett Gap Road. Under and in rotten wood in the open woods and in the rhododendron-laurel thickets, under moss on a beech stump, 44 THE NAUTILUS. in debris of Davidson River, under stones, and under a mossy rock wet with spring water. 100+ specimens. Gastrodonta mterna (Say). Pink Beds, Rich Mountain, Bennett Gap Road. In rotten sae in charred wood, among chips. 10 specimens. Gastrodonta gularis (Say). Pigeon Gap Trail, Bennett Gap Road, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude, Rich Mountain, Pink Beds. Under stones beside a spring, under logs and stones, in forest débris. 13 specimens. Gastrodonta intertexta (W. G. Binney). Rich Mountain, Bennett Gap Road. In decaying wood (beech and birch), and in forest débris. 4 specimens. Helicodiscus fimbriatus? Wetherby. Rich Mountain. Un- der an old oak log. Two imperfect specimens, not fully grown. Philomycus carolumanus (Bose.). Bennett Gap Road, near Avery Creek, Pink Beds, Rich Mountain, Pigeon Gap Trail. Under a stone near the road, on a stone at a spring, under boards and beech and oak logs, under moss and bark of stumps and trees, under mossy rock, on saw-dust heap. 16 specimens. NOTES ON THE GENUS ACTEOCINA, GRAY. BY A. M. STRONG. Dr. Dall in his new ‘‘Summary of Marine Shell-bearing Mollusks of the Northwest Coast of America’’ (Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 112, p. 61) lists seven species of the Genus Acteocina (formerly known as Tornatiwa), described by the early workers on West Coast shells, and adds one new species. The ranges given in the Bulletin would seem to add confusion to an already badly confused situation. The following table shows the ranges given by the different authors: THE NAUTILUS. 45 Acteocina Dall? Gould? Cooper ® Arnold * Pilsbry ° A. culeitella Kodiak Santa Monterey to Living Santa Gld. Island to Barbara San Diego Moaterey to Barbara Puget Sound (Col. Jewett) San Diego San Pedro A, cerealis (A. cutcitella, Santa Monterey to Living Vancouver to Gld, Junior) Barbara San Diego Monterey to San Diego (Col. Jewett) San Diego A. eximia Bd, ~=— Kodiak ae wid Living Vancouver Island to Vancouver to Island Puget Sound San Diego A.inculta Monterey to San Diego San Diego sida te San Diego Gld, Gulf of Calif, Monterey A, infrequens SantaMonica, a ei ae Panama 0. 8, Ad. Cal. to Mazatlan Panama A, carinata San Diego to “eect: Tk Mazatlan Cpr. Gulf of Calif. San Diego A, planata San Diego ee aah tay te See seep Cpr. A.smirna San Diego to aural ie axes aa Dall. San Salvador To this should be added Packard’s Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay (Univ. of Cal. Pub., Vol. 14, 1918, p. 345), in which A. cerealis Gould is listed and the statement made that this is the furthest north that this southern species has been found. Also Zetek’s late list of Panama Shells (La Re- vista Nueva, Tomo V, p. 521) in which A. carimata Cpr. is the only member of the genus given. Most if not all of the species given in this genus are found living on the bottom of shallow bays. It does not seem pos- sible that the different species could have the extreme ranges indicated by the different authors. In citing localities they have quoted largely from other writers, and the correctness 1List of West Coast Shells, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 112, pp. 61-202. 2 Otia conchologica, pp. 184-185, 3 Catalogue of West North American Shells, Bull. Cal. State Min. Bur. 4 Paleontology of San Pedro, Memoirs Cal. Acad. of Sci., Vol. 3, p. 189. 5 Manual of Conchology, Vol, 15, p. 187. 46 THE NAUTILUS. of the range depends largely on the accuracy with which the identifications were made. The type localities give an idea of the probable range. They are given as follows: A. eximia (Baird), Vancouver Isalnd A. culcitella (Gould), Santa Barbara A. cerealis (Gould), Santa Barbara A. wmculta (Gould), San Diego A. planata (Cpr.), San Diego A. smirna Dall, San Diego A. carmnata (Cpr.), Mazaltan A. mfrequens (C. B. Ad.), Panama It does not seem reasonable that A. culticella Gould would be found at Kodiak Island in the Arctics, or that A. infrequens C. B. Ad. would be found at Santa Monica, California. A. cart- nata Cpr. looks equally out of place in Zetek’s list. All these species are comparatively little known, and the differences seem to be small. The confusion in range would seem most probably to be caused by a failure to secure a cor- rect identification. The following comparative notes are taken from the above listed authors: Gould. Bulla (Akera) culcitella. ‘‘B. tenuis Adams is the only species approaching this. Some of its charac- ters bring it close in alliance with the genus Torna- tina.”’ Bulla (Tornatina) cerealis. ‘‘In form and size it is scarcely to be distinguished from B. gracilis A. Ad., which is transversely striated. In terms, it agrees with B. infrequens C. B. Ad., but Prof. Adams himself considers it a different species.’’ Arnold. Tornatina cerealis Gld. ‘‘Distinguished from TI. culcitella by more angular whorls, mammillated apex, more keeled upper edge of whorl and smaller size.’’ Tornatina eximia Baird. ‘‘Resembles T. culcitella, but has a whorl narrowed anteriorly, a spire de- pressed nearly to the rim of the body whorl, a nar- THE NAUTILUS. 47 rower aperture and less prominent plait on colu- mella.’’ Pilsbry. Tornatina carinata Cpr. ‘‘Resembles 7’. infrequens C. B. Ad. more than 7’. cerealis Gld.’’ These notes would indicate a close similarity between at least several of the species, but a distinction between culcitella and cerealis which would make Dr. Dall’s statement that the latter is a junior form of the former to seem very doubtful. One species of Acteocina is occasionally found on the mud flats of southern California bays in considerable numbers. The shells average about 4 mm in length and are of the char- acteristic shape of the genus, but the rather flat apex is always more or less eroded and pitted. These have been identified as A. inculta Gld. The description of this species calls for an ivory-white shell. As found by the writer, they are colored to varying extents with a brownish ferruginous stain. These are found traveling just under the surface of the mud and their presence is shown by a trail very similar to that of a small Olivella. Like the Olivellas, a large number are always found traveling together. Associated with the last few specimens of a quite different and slightly larger species are sometimes found. Under a hand-glass the brownish surface is seen to be covered with very fine, slightly undulating spiral lines. The shoulders of the whorls are sharply keeled, so that in looking down on the apex the suture has the appearance of a deep spiral groove. The shores of a large tide pool just inside the entrance to Newport Bay has furnished Southern California collectors with a considerable number of specimens of a large Acteocina which has always been classed as A. culcitella Gld. These vary from 10 to 20 mm. in length but otherwise are very similar to the previously mentioned form. The microscopic brown spiral lines are quite distinct on the under side of the shell next to the aperture, but on the opposite side are very faint, leaving the shell almost white. It is quite probable that the color has been worn off the portion of the shell which is not protected by the mantle of the animal when burrowing 48 THE NAUTILUS. through the mud and sand. This may be the adult of the preceding, and the identification is not at all certain. These notes are not written in he hopes of straightening out the seeming tangle in the ranges and identification of the different species of the genus Acteocina, but only to call atten- tion to the matter. A careful comparison of the type speci- mens with specimens from all along the coast will be required to form any definite conclusion. It is hoped that others will be able to throw more light on the subject. LAND SHELLS FROM PALM CANYON, CALIFORNIA, AND THE GRAND CANYON. BY H, A. PILSBRY. Dr. C. Montague Cooke and his son C. M. Cooke 3d, col- lected shells, as occasion offered, while en route westward in June, among them the following: Micrarionta wolcottiana (Bartsch). Palm Canyon, River- side Co., California. ‘‘Found under dead plants of one species of low-growing cactus at the mouth of the canyon, about 6 miles above Palm Springs.’’ Small specimens, 15.5 to 21 mm. diameter, only one out of 18 exceeding 19 mm. ~ Sonorella coloradoensis (Stearns). Bright Angel Trail, Grand Canyon. Small, 15.8 mm. diam., like the Bass’ Trail specimens. Oreohelix s. depressa (Ckll.). ‘‘Collected along the Bright Angel Trail, from about 1000 to 3400 ft. below the rim. I found the first specimen very close to the last pine on the trail, just below the foot of the high yellow cliffs. Dead specimens were seen along the trail to just below the part of the trail called Jacob’s Ladder. Unfortunately, we were with a rather large party and I had a mule that wouldn’t stop. I collected six specimens, which I am sending you, and saw 15 or 20 additional along the trail.’’ This species has been found high on the northern side of the Canyon, but not until now on the southern side. Oreohelix yavapa angelica P. & F. About 50 ft. below the rim, Bright Angel Trail, at ‘‘Hermit’s Rest’’. THE NAUTILUS. 49 A RADIODISCUS FROM BOGOTA, COLOMBIA, BY H. A. PILSBRY. Among a few shell received by Dr. Bryant Walker from Sefior H"™: Apolinor Maria there is a species of Radiodiscus which may be defines as follows. RADIODISCUS MARI N. sp. The shell is closely similar to R. millecostatus, from which it differs by the narrower umbilicus and by the perceptibly greater height of the last whorl. The sculpture is essentially similar except that the riblets are noticeably lower as seen where they pass over the periphery, and the interstitial sculpture of delicate striae parallel to the riblets and fine spiral lines, is also less dis- tinct, though present. Alt. 1, diam. 1.85 mm.; width of umbilicus nearly 0.5 mm. Riblets about 21 to one mm. at the periphery. Rh. herrmanni (Pfr.), R. orizabensis (Pils.) and R. pata- gomca (Suter) differ in sculpture. I have not seen the fol- lowing species, which from the descriptions appear to belong to Radiodiscus: Helix coppingert and H. magellanicus BH. A. Smith, Patagonia; Helix corticaria, H. muscicola, H. bryo- phila, H. exigua, H. hypophlea, all of Philippi, Malak. BL, 1856, Chile. NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES. BY W. H. DALL. In 1838 Sowerby figured in the Conchological Illustrations and described in his Malacological Magazine an Arctic shell under the name of Margarita acuminata. In 1842 Mighels and Adams in the Boston Journal of Natural History identified and figured a Margarita from the Gulf of St. Lawrence under Sowerby’s name, at the same time pointing out (as has every subsequent author) certain discrepancies between the two. Owing perhaps to the rarity of the shell, which has been well figured by Morse 50 THE NAUTILUS. in Binney’s Gould, no action has been taken. A comparison of the figures shows at once that the two forms are distinct. For the New England shell I propose the name of Margarites Johnson, in honor of Mr. Chas. W. Johnson, author of the valuable ‘‘ List of New England Mollusca.’’ Specimens have been collected by the Canadian Neptune Expedition at Port Bur- well, Ungava, Hudson Bay. Cypraea pacifica was described by J. M. Ostergaard in THE Nautiuus for January, 1920, p. 92, and wellillustrated. I have had the opportunity of comparing a specimen with the varieties of C. helvola from the dump at Honolulu, to which it bears a suspicious resemblance, though apparently very distinct, but the bleaching of the specimens from this dredged material plays strange tricks with the Cypraeas. However the name is long preoccupied by Gray, in the Conchological Illustrations p. 15, pl. 7, fig. 89%, 1832. I would suggest that this interesting form, whether variety or good species be named ostergaardi after its discoverer. ON THE STATUS OF CHIORAERA (GOULD) WH. P. KJERSCHOW-AGERSBORG From the Zoolegical Laboratery, University of Illinois BERGH’S description of various species of Melibe (1875, Melibe capucina, M. rangu; 1880, M. vexillifera; 1884, M. papilosa; 1888, 1890, M. ocellata; 1902, M. bucephala; and 1907, M. rosa Rang), emphasizes the following as Melibeani characteristics: ‘‘ Bulbus pharyngeus cum mandirbulis ut im Phylliroides; margo masticatorius mandibulis fortiter denta- tus;’’ (1875) p. 362. Perhaps the only exception to this may be found in the species collected at the mouth of the Columbia River, in the State of Washington (1904), in which ease, the author is not sure of the mandibles. He says: ‘* Bulbus pharyngeus lingua destitutus. Die Mundrohre und der Schlundkopf scheinen sich wie sonst bei den Meliben zu THE NAUTILUS. H1 verhalten; die gelblichgrauen Mandibel ganz zerbréck- elt, ...’’ Ihave previously called attention (1919, 1921) to the possibility that this species may be the same as the one described by Gould (1852), from the Puget Sound region. Not all Melibes, however, have the same characteristics as indicated by Bergh; this is shown by Alder and Hancock (1864), and substantiated by Eliot (1902). The generic char- acteristics as enunciated by Bergh (1875) do not necessarily hold, even though this author thinks that Hancock’s (Alder and Hancock, 1864) description is incorrect. Bergh says: ‘“ Ks kann kaum bezweifelt werden, dass die von Hancock untersuchte Form, mit der von mir besprochenen congene- risch. Es werden sich daher die bei dem englischen Verf. vorkommenden, von den untenstehenden abweichenden ana- tomischen Angaben wahrscheinlich als unrichtig erweisen,’’ p. 363. ‘‘ Besonders wird solche wohl der Fall sein, wo Hancock den Anfang des Verdauungscanals bespricht: ‘ The buccal organ is provided with neither tongue, jaws nor collar; it is not by any means very distinctly marked, formed as it were by a mere enlargement of the oesophagus, and having little or no increase of muscular power,’ ’’ p. 364. But Eliot (1902) verifies Hancock’s claim when he writes: **T also found Alder and Hancock’s description of the in- ternal anatomy to be correct, particularly as regards the absence of jaws. ... Mr. Crossland and I have, ... dis- sected several specimens of Melibe fimbriata, and in all failed to detect any trace of jaws.’’ Gould’s Chioraera leonina (1852) corresponds very closely in the general anatomy to that of Melibe fimbruta (Ald. & Hance., 1864) ; this is also true as regards the species discov- ered by Rang (1829) and subsequently described by Bergh (1875), as well as other Melibes described by Bergh (18683, 1871, 1875, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1890, 1902, 1904, and 1908), The only difference is on the point in regard to the mandibles. Some authors, Rang, Gould, Pease, Cooper, and Fewkes, do not touch on this point and in that way, one cannot tell whether the particular specimens with which they dealt actually had such organs. Without considering the mandi- Dy, THE NAUTILUS. bles, all the generic characteristics as set forth by the earliest writers on this type of the mollusks agree (Rang, 1829; Gould, 1852; Pease, 1860; Cooper, 1863; Alder and Hancock, 1864; De Filippi, 1867; Tapparone-Canefri, 1876; and Fewkes, 1889; as well as the numerous descriptions of Bergh, 1863- 1908). The discovery of the genus Melibe by Rang (1829) Seems to have been unknown to Gould (1852) who created a new genus (Chiraera) for this type. Cooper (1863) and Fewkes (1889) employed the nomenclature of Gould. The generic characteristics as enunciated by the original author for Melibe (Rang, 1829) are practically identical with those set forth by Gould twenty-three years later for Chioraera. - Tryon, Jr., (1883) p. 382, without stating a reason, classifies Chioraera as synonym of Melibe. Owing to the fact that Gould, and Cooper were ignorant of the actual discovery of the genus Melibe, the name Chioraera was invented by Gould and subsequently used by Cooper. The name is, in fact, a mythical term that is related in meaning to the former; and neither, of course, is descriptive of the form to which it be- longs. Bergh (1904) describing a species from the territory: of Gould, Cooper, and Fewkes, does not hesitate to employ the nomenclature of Rang (1829), so similar is this form to the Melibes from other parts of the world. No other author except Bergh gives mandibles as a generic characteristic, and this feature, as stated above, is not observed by Rang (1829), Gould (1852), Pease (1860), Cooper (1863), De Filippi (1867), Tapparone-Canefri (1876), and Fewkes (1889). Al- though Melibe Rang (1829) and Chioraera Gould (1852) dif- fer somewhat in shape, they are very similar in most other respects; Rang’s description is as follows: ‘¢ Anim. pélagien, gélatineux, transparent et limaciforme ; la téte distincte et comprenant un voile membraneux, con- tourné en fore d’entonnoir, garni intérieurement de cirrhes dirigés a l’extérieur, et du milieu duquel s’éléve une petite trompe terminée par la bouche; tentacules au nombre de deux, situés a la base du voile, trés allongés, coniques, terminés par une petite capsule, de laquelle port un organe conique et rétractile; pied aussi long que l’animal, mais extremement THE NAUTILUS. 538 étroit, en forme de sillon; branchies formées de deux séries peu nombreuses de massues oblongues, arrondies a leur sommet, pédiculées a leur base, et recouvertes de petits tuber- cules; organes de la génération réunis au cdoté droit antérieur, anus plus en arricre.”’ And Gould’s description of the genus Chioraera reads: ‘* Corpus limaciformis, caput enorme, pedunculatum, semi- globosum; pagina ventrali discoidea; ore longitudinali, seriebus binis cirrhorum cincto; tentaculae cephalice foliate, retractiles ; lobi branchiales flabelliformi, serie unica utrinque ordina; foramen generativum ab anali remotum, fere dor- sali.’’ In his comment in the English he says: ‘“This curious and hideous animal seems to belong to the family 7'ritoniadae, with which it agrees in all respects except its curious oral apparatus. (As regards the family rank, vide Kjerschow-Agersborg, 1919, 1921). The mouth is inferior, surrounded by a double series of long cirrhi, each of which has an independent motion. Two auriform append- ages, on the back of the head, differing in no respect from the branchial expansions except in being destitute of reticula- tions, seem to be the true tentacles, and are retractile. The generative aperture is at the usual place on the right side, the vent being distant, near the back.”’ Both Melibe Rang, and Chioraera Gould, have a series of papille (epinotidia) on each side dorso-laterally; a large hood, cowl, or veil; a pair of tentacles, (the so-called rhino- phoria) carried on leaf-like stalks, and situated anteriodorso- laterally on the veil; the veil is fringed with at least two rows of cirrhi; and a narrow grooved foot which is blunt in front and pointed behind; the head is distinctly separated from the body, by a neck, and in each case it is very large; the gizzard is lined with a ‘“‘ keratinized ’’ secretion of its epithelium, and this keratinized secretion is the so-called stomach-plates of Alder and Hancock, or Magenzahnen of Bergh, which pro- tects the delicate epithelium and may also help in the mastica- tion of the food; these two types are carnivorous; both are pelagic; and both are distinctly cladohepatic. On a prior, 54 THE NAUTILUS. the species of the American west coast which falls within this description must be of the same genus Melibe. The effort, therefore, to build further on the nomenclature of Gould, as has been done by Cooper (1863), Fewkes (1889) and more recently by Dr. O’Donoghue (1921) seems to me to be inde- fensible, and, owing to the fact, that the genus Melibe may either possess mandibles (Bergh, 1875) or not, (Alder andi Hancock 1864, De Filippi 1867, Tapparone-Conefri 1876, Eliot 1902), the generic description may be modified to read in part: | Bulbus pharyngeus aut cum mandibilis aut sine mandibilis ; radula et lingua destitutus. In point. of fact, Bergh (1908) pp. 94, 95, for the family; Tethymelibidae Bergh (1892) pp. 1039-1043, after consis- tently having reported mandibles for each species of Melibe he described during a number of years (1875, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1890, 1892, 1902, 1904) finally admits of the following: ‘‘ Forma corporis quasi ut in A®olidiidis. Caput perma- onum et cuculliforme; rhinophoria vagina magna retractilia, clavo perfoliato; tentacula nulla. Epinotidia (papille dor- sales) cclossee sine bursis cnidogenis. Bulbus pharyngeus rudimentarius, lingua et interdum quoque mandibulis desti- tutus.’’ In the family Tethymelibidae there are only two genera, Tethys and Melibe. In the genus Melibe he includes eleven species, but he thinks that continued examination will likely’ reduce this number. Among the species mentioned he in- cludes Chioraera leona (Gould) and now, (1908) emphasizes the following as Melibean characteristics: ‘¢ Corpus nonnihil compressum. Branchie (proprie) nulle. ce uiecny angustius. Bulbus pharyngeus solum lingua destitutus.’ It is thus seen that he admits, in ahite of his controversy with Hancock, that: the tongue and sometimes also the man- dibles are entirely lacking. None of the authors, (Gould, Cooper and Fewkes) who have not employed the nomenclature of Rang for this type, have described mandibles, and O’Donoghue, (1921) states defini- THE NAUTILUS. 55 tely: ‘‘ The radula and jaws or any representatives of such structures are entirely absent.’’ The reasons set forth by Dr. O’Donoghue for disagreeing with Bergh’s classification are to my mind not warrantable. This author, in fact, compares it with Tethys Linneus, with which it disagrees in several respects, and he uses this as a reason for placing it in the genus created by Gould. Neither Cooper nor Fewkes made an intensive study of the type, which is evident from their description; a careful study of Gould’s Chioraera, I think, will bring out sufficient reasons to merge it with Melibe as indicated by Tryon, Jr., (1883) and Bergh (1908). And as shown in my work on the mor- phology of Melube (s. Chioraera) leonina (Gould), now in press, the general characteristics as well as the structure of Chooraera leomna Gould, correspond in many details with those of the Melibes of Rang, Pease, Bergh, et al. For this reason I have adopted, and indeed used in previous writings (1919, 1921) the name as indicated by Tryon, Jr., and by Bergh, and also suggested to me by my friend, Professor Trevor Kincaid, viz., Melibe leonina. Chioraera leonina (Gould) stands as synonym of this. The correctness of this classification may be verified by comparing the descriptions of Rang, Alder and Hancock, Gould, Pease, Eliot, Bergh, and Kjerschow-Agersborg, et al. References : 1864, Alder, J. and Hancock, A. Notice of a collection of Nudibranchiate Mollusca made in India, by Walter Elliot Esp., with descriptions of several genera and species. Tethidae, Ald. & Hanc. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, 5. - 1868, Bergh, R. Campaspe pusilla, en ny ¢legtform af Den- m/ drofotidernes gruppe, samt bemerkinger om Dotidernes / familie. Prof. J. C. Schiddte, Naturhistirisk Tids- skrift, 3 Rekke, 1 bind, 3 hefte. Kjobenhavn. 1871. Doto, Oken; Scyllaea pelagica. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Mollusken des Sargassomeeres. Verh, zool,-bot. Gesell. in Wien, Bd. 21, Seit. 1275-1276, 1288, 1292. 1875, C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, II, 2, Heft. 9. 1880, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Japanischen Nudibranchien I, (Melibe vexillfera), Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell., 30. 56 THE NAUTILUS. 1884, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Melibe Rang (Melibe papillosa De Filippi). Z%. wiss. Zool., 41. 1888, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Aeolidiaden IX, (Meliba ocellata). Verh. zool,-bot. Gesell. Wien, 38. | 1890, Die Nudibranchien des ‘‘ Sunda-Meeres’’. (C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen Il) 2 Bese 1892, Ibidem, wissenschaftliche Resultite III, malacologische Untersuchungen, Heft. 15-18. 1902, Den Danske Expedition til Siam J, (1899-1900), Opis- thobranchiata, (Melibe bucephala). D. kel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrif., 6 Reekke, 12. 1904, Nudebranchiata kladohepatica, (Melibe pellucida), on the Columbia River, Washington. C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel Philippinen, wiss. Resultite, 9, VI. Lief I. 1908, The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa; Tethymelibide:- Trans. S. Africa Phil. Soe., 17. 1863, Cooper, J. G. On new or rare Mollusca inhabiting the Coast of California, II. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 3, (1863-1867) p. 60. 1902, Eliot, C. N. E. On some Nudibranchs from Zanzibar. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 2. ' 1889, Fewkes, Walter J. New Invertebrata from the Coast of California. Printed for the Author: Boston. 1867, De Filippi, (On Jacunia papillosa, syn. Melibe papil- losa, etc.). Atti della R. Accademia della Scienze di Torino pubblicati dagli Accademici Secretari delle due Classi. Volume 2, 1866-1867. 1352, Gould, Agustus A. Mollusca and Shells (Chioraera Ico-. nina, syn. Melibe leonina Gould). United States Ex- pedition, during Years 18388, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Boston. » BLO, 1919, Fase aoa H. P. Notes on Melbe leonina (Gould). Pub. Puget Sound Biol. Station, 2, No. 49. 1921, Contribution to the knowledge of the Nudibranchiate Mollusk Melibe leonina (Gould). Amer. Nat., 55. 1922, The morphology of the Nudibranchiate Mollusk Melba (s. Chioraera) leonina (Gould). Jour. Morph. 1921, O’Donoghue, Chas. H. Nudibranchiate Mollusca from the Vancouver Island Region. Trans. Royal Canad, Inst., Toronto, 13, No. 1. 1860, Pease, W. Harper, Description of a new species of Mollusca from the Sandwich Islands, (Melibe pilosa). Proc. Zool. Soc., London, Part 28, p. 34. 1829, Rang, Sander, Mélibée melibe, Rang. Manuf des Mollusques, pp. 129-130. Paris. THE NAUTILUS. 57 1876, Tapparone-Canefri, C. Genere Melibe Rang; Melibe, papilosa De Filippi. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Sér. 2, T. 28, pp. 219-220. 1883, Tryon, Jr., George W. Structural and systematic con- chology. Mollusea, 2. ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS MULLER BY BRYANT WALKER In discussing the availability of Ancylastrum Bet. as a generic receptacle for Ancylus fluviatilis Miull., in case Ancy- lus could not be used, (ante, p. 5) I stated that the position of Kennard and Woodward in claiming that Potella lacus- tris L. was the correct type of Ancylus was ‘‘ by no means free from doubt ’’. A subsequent and exhaustive considera- tion of the argument advanced by them in support of their proposition convinced me that from the data then known their position was untenable. But Mr. Kennard has recently unearthed an ancient paper, apparently entirely overlooked by the bibliographers, which puts an entirely different com- plexion on the question. It appears that in 1823-4 there was published anonymously in Vol. XV of ‘‘ The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts ’’ of the Royal Institution of Great Britain a series of articles on ‘‘ Lamarck’s Genera of Shells’’. In 1823 these articles were reprinted from the original type, with only a change of pagination, bound together and published with a new title page and a portrait of Lamarck. This title-page reads as follows: ‘¢ Lamarck’s / Genera of Shells / Translated from the French / By J. G. Children F. R. 8. / with plates / from original drawings / by Miss Anna Children / 1823.”’ In this paper (p. 231 of the original, p. 94 of the re- print) there is given a sufficient generic diagnosis of Ancylus followed by this statement: ‘“Type. Ancylus lacustris (Patella lacustris Linn.).’’ A very fair figure of the type species, which is the species commonly called lacustris, is given on pl. VII, fig. 121. 58 THE NAUTILUS. Mr. Kennard tells me ‘‘ that Children was the first Eng- lishman to use ‘‘ Type ’’ as we do now ”’. It follows, therefore, that this was the earliest designation, of a type for Ancylus and forecloses any further discussion on that point. ‘ ‘ ‘ NA UNIVERSITY QO} LLINOIS LIDKARY v3 a. rx 23 |9Z2 $2.00 per Year. ($2.40 to Foreign Countries.) D0 Clo, BeCOP Ve enemy. THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS: Hi, A. Prussry, Special Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. C. W. Jounson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XXXV. APRIL, 1922. No. 4 CONZENTS: The Helicoid Genus Leptaxis Lowe. By 7. D, A, Cockerell . ; ee a Some Notes on the Hinge of the Spheride. By V. Sterk. a‘ . 104 Observations on the Nomenclature of Slugs. II, By H. A. Pilsbry, a ky 4 Rambles of a Midshipman. I, By P. S, aria JH 4 : a8 Notes on Acteocina. By A. M. Strong . ‘ ; : : IR 42, Sonorellas and Scenery. By Edwin A. Hand . : , Me New Species and Varieties of Mollusca from Lake Winkebso, Wisdonsin: with new records from this State. By Frank C, Baker. : . 130 Notes : : ‘ : : p ; : ; - les Publications Rachiced ; i P ; : ; - : , theo C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager, Boston Society of Natural History, Berkeley Street, Boston, Mass. Entered as Second-Class matter atthe Boston Post-Ofti ce. ll THE NAUTILUS. A New Work on the Cerionidae By CHARLES J. MAYNARD This book is the result of fifty years’ study in field and laboratory, with 200,000 Cerions in hand. Many new species are described and valuable facts given. Nos. 1 to 9 now issued, 150 pages, 37 hand-colored plates. Catalogue of Cerions for sale now ready, over 100 species. For Circulars, address the author 457 Crafts St., West Newton, Mass. SHELLS Wanted: Fine American Land and Fresh Water Shells. Send list of what you have to exchange, or will collect. Offered: Fine Philippine Land Shells. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Road, ROCHESTER, N. Y. Otia Conchologica By A. A. GOULD Shells of the Wilkes, U. S. Explor. Exped.; Shells of the N. Pacific Explor. Exped., and descriptions of shells reprinted from various publications with rectifications, 1839-62. 256 pages, containing descriptions of 18 new genera and about 1290 new species. A library in itself. A few copies of this rare publication are available at the unusually low rate of $2.50. Address, SECRETARY, Boston Society of Natural History 234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass. EXCHANGE NOTICES For Excuanee: New England and Florida Land Shells for species not in my collection. WILLIAM J. CLENCH, 26 Rowena St., Boston 24, Mass. For ExcHANGE: Southern California Marine Shells for other American or Foreign Marine Shells new to my collection. Please send list with first letter. C. E. Wuirs, 2814 Pasadena, Ave., Los Angeles, California. For Excuanae: Land and Fresh-water Shells of Washington Co., Ark., for species not in my collection. A. J. Brown, Sulphur City, Washington Co., Ark. | THE NAUTILUS. lii Wew Shell Catalosue We have completed the preparation and publication of the fourth edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusea, ‘This edition contains one hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and twenty-three illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of publication, we are unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata- logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter- leaved with blank pages, 70c.; and interleaved and cloth bound, 90c. We will credit the amount paid for catalogue on first order for shells amounting to five dollars. Ward's Natural Science Establishment, 76-104 COLLEGE AVE, ROCHESTER, WN. Y. : Illustrations ot Pee asand Shells. Nos. 1, 2and 3 of this work, containing beautiful colored figures of 300 species has recently-been published in Japanese style. Aside from its scientific value, it also offers a work suitable as a gift to an amateur. Price per number in- cluding postage, $2.25. Most of the shells figured and many others are for sale at reasonable prices. Y. HIRASE, Kyoto, Japan. FOR $9.00 BILL Sent by regist. letter, I will send you in two boxes by regist. sample post postpaid, the following lot of only showy and fine species. For species not desired you choose two of another one. Xestina citrina jine Moluccas. Anixa siquijorica Philippines. ca nemorensis ‘‘ | Helicostyla collodes Philippines. Obba moricandi Caracolus marginella Puerto Rico. Rhysota oweniana Philippines. | Euhadra pancala Formosa. ‘© parmula Thelidomus lima te ** scrobiculata iS Geotrochus gaberti N. Ireld. Pyrochil. pyrostomus jine Moluccas. Amphidr. interruptus Moluccas. Phoenicobius monochroa Philipps. a palaceus a rH f. palavanica o Bulimus Moritzianus Venez. Acavus phoenix Ceylon. Achatina fulica Madag. Anixa magistra Philipps. Cylophorus stigniferus Java. “+” earbonaria *‘ oculus-capri Java. 4 66 cebuensis The yery rare Najad shell Muelleria lobaia, Amazonas, $3.00 postpaid EXCHANGE DESIRED HERMANN ROLLE, Institute Kosmos Berlin, W. 30, Speyererstr. 8. Germany iv THE NAUTILUS. THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. The volume now in progress contains a monograph of the Pupillidae, Pupoides, Pupilla, etc. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition. $5.00. S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer, P.O, Address, GLEN RIDGE, NEW JERSEY, U.S. A. SOWHRBY & FULTON (Proprietor, HUGH C. FULTON) The Largest and Finest Steck of Shells in the World Specimens Sent on Approval SALE PURCHASH EXCHANGE Coilections and Specimens Named and Arranged 27 Shaftesbury Road Ravenscourt Park, London W. 6. England FOR SALE A collection of land and sea shells, about 7000 specimens, made by the late Alphonse Bel. Named and classified, ready for exhibition. MRs. A. BEL 162 South Beacon St., Hartford, Conn. a ‘yn 3 0112 009602134