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CONCHOLOGISI’S FIRST BOOK:
A
S Yas’r E M

TESTACEOUS MALACOLOGY,
Arranged eypressly for the use of Schools,

IN WHICH

THE ANIMALS, ACCORDING TO CUVIER, ARE GIVEN
- WITH THE SHELLS,

A GREAT NUMBER OF NEW SPECIES ADDED,

AND THE WHOLE BROUGHT UP, AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE, TO
THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE SCIENCE.

BY EDGAR A. P@nreS
: Division of Mollusk
@Bectioncai | ibr ory

SECOND EDITION.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN SHELLS,
PRESENTING A CORRECT TYPE OF EACH GENUS.

PHILADELPHIA :

PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY
HASWELL, BARRINGTON, AND HASWELL,

AND FOR SALE BY THE PRINCIPAL BOOKSELLERS IN THE
UNITED STATES.

1840. .

amen according to act of Gouaees: in die’ year 1839, by
Evear A. Por, in the clerk’s office for the eastern district of

A Pennsylvania.
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Pa ih ge kerr I
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: Printed by ay
é Haswell, Barrington, and Haswell.
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PREF AGE
TO THE FIRST EDITION.

Tue term * Malucology,’ an abbreviation of ** Malacozoo-
logy,” from the Greek uaazzes, soft, Cwov, an animal, and
Agyos, @ discourse, was first employed by the French naturalist
De Blainville to designate an important division of Natural
History, in which the leading feature of the animals dis-
cussed was the softness of the flesh, or, to speak with greater
accuracy, of the general envelop. This division compre-
hends not only the Mollusca, but also the T'estacea of Aristotle
and of Pliny, and, of course, had reference to molluscous
animals in general—of which the greater portion have shells.

A treatise concerning the shells, exclusively, of this greater
portion, is termed, in accordance with general usage, a Trea-
tise upon Conchology or Conchyliology ; although the word
is somewhat improperly applied, as the Greek conchylion,
from which it is derived, embraces in its signification both
the animal and shell. Ostracology would have been more
definite. cf

The common works upon this subject, however, will ap-
pear to every person of science very essentially defective,
inasmuch as the relation of the animal and shell, with their
dependence upon each other, is a radically important con-
sideration in the examination of either. Neither, in the at-
tempt to obviate this difficulty, is a work upon Malacology
at large necessarily included. Shells, it is true, form, and,
for many obvious reasons, will continue to form, the subject
of chief interest, whether with regard to the school or the
cabinet ; still there is no good reason why a book upon Con-
chology (using the common term) may not be malacological
as far as it proceeds.

In this view of the subject the present little work is offered
to the public. Beyond the ruling feature—that of giving an
anatomical account of each animal, together with a descrip-

4 PREFACE.

tion of the shell which it inhabits,—I have aimed at little
more than accuracy and simplicity, as far as the latter quality
can be thought consistent with the rigid exactions of science.

No attention has been given to the mere History of the
subject; it is conceived that any disquisition on this head
would more properly appertain to works of ultimate research,
than to one whose sole intention is to make the pupil ac-
quainted, in as tangible a form as possible, with results. To
afford, at a cheap rate, a concise, yet sufficiently comprehen-
sive, and especially a well illustrated school-book, has been
the principal design.

In conclusion, I have only to acknowledge my great in-
debtedness to the valuable public labors, as well as private as-
sistance, of Mr. Isaac Lea, of Philadelphia. To Mr. Thomas
Wyatt, and his late excellent Manual of Conchology, 1 am
also under many obligations. No better work, perhaps, could
be put into the hands of the studeut as a secondary text book.
Its beautiful and perfectly well-coloured illustrations afford
an aid in the collection of a cabinet scarcely to be met with
elsewhere. Le Ob ee

PREFACE
TO THE SECOND EDITION.

In issuing a second edition of this ‘* Conchology,” in so
very brief a period since the publication of the first large im-
pression, the author has little more to do than to express the
high pleasure with which he has seen his labors well received.
The success of the work has been decided ; and the entire de-
sign has been accomplished in its general introduction into
schools.

Many important alterations and additions are now made};
errors of the press carefully corrected ; many more recently
discovered American species added ; and the work, upon the

whole, is rendered more worthy the public approbation.
E. A. P.

iNET RORpDUC TION.

Tue term “ Concholozy,” in its legitimate usage, is applied to
that department of Natural History which has reference to ani-
mals with testaceous covering or shells. It is not unfrequently
confounded with Crustaceslogy, but the distinction is obvious
and radical, lying not more in the composition of the animal’s
habitation, than in the organization of the animal itself. This
latter, in the Crustacea, is of a fibrous nature, and has articulated
limbs ; the shell, strictly adapted to the members, covers the crea-
ture like a coat of mail, is produced at one elaboration, is cast or
thrown aside periodically, and, again at one elaboration, renewed ;
it is moreover composed of the animal matter with phosphate of
lime. In the Testacea, on the contrary, the inhabitant is of a
simple and soft texture, without bones, and is attached to its
domicil by a certain adhesive muscular force; this domicil, too,
is a permanent one, and is increased, from time to time, by
gradual additions on the part of the tenant; while the entire
shell, which is distributed in layers, or strata, is a combination of
carbonate of lime, with a very small portion of gelatinous matter.
Such animals, then, with such shells, form, alone, the subject of a

proper “ Conchology.”
1*

6 INTRODUCTION.

Writers have not been wanting to decry this study as frivolous
or inessential ; most unjustly assailing the science itself, on ac-
count of the gross abuses which have now and then arisen from
its exclusive and extravagant pursuit. ‘They have reasoned much
after this fashion :—that Conchology isa folly, because Rumphius
was a fool. The Conus Cedo Nulli has been sold for three
hundred guineas; and the naturalist just mentioned gave a thou-
sand pounds sterling for one of the first discovered specimens of
the Venus Dione (of Linneus). But there have been men in
all ages who have carried to an absurd, and even pernicious ex-
treme, pursuits the most ennobling and praiseworthy.

To an upright and well regulated mind, there is no portion of
the works of the Creator, coming within its cognizance, which
will not afford material for attentive and pleasurable investigation ;
and, so far from admitting the venerable error even now partially
existing to the discredit of Conchology, we should not hesitate to
acknowledge, that while few branches of Natural History are of
more direct, very few are of more adventitious importance.

Testaceous animals form the principal subsistence of an im-
mense number of savage nations, inhabitants of the sea-board.
On the coast of Western Africa, of Chili, of New Holland, and
in the clustered and populous islands of the Southern seas, how
vast an item is the apparently unimportant shell-fish in the wealth
and happiness of man! In more civilized countries it often sup-
plies the table with a delicate luxury. Nor must we forget the
services of the pinna with its web, nor of the purpura with its
brilliant and once valuable dye, nor omit to speak of the pearl-
oyster, with the radiant nacre, and the gem which it produces,
and the world of industry which it sets in action as minister to
the luxury which it stimulates.

Shells, too, being composed of particles already in natural com-

INTRODUCTION. ; Z

bination, have not within them, like flowers and animals, the seed
of dissolution. While the preparation of aspecimen for the cabi-
net is a simple operation, a conchological collection will yet re-
main perfect for ages. These important circumstances being
duly considered, in connexion with the universally acknewledged
beauty and variety, both of form and colour, so strikingly observa-
ble in shells, it is a matter for neither wonder nor regret that these
magnificent exuviz, even regarded merely as such, Should have
attracted, in a very exclusive degree, the attention and the admi-
ration of the naturalist. The study of Conchology, however,
when legitimately directed, and when regarding these exuviz in
their natural point of view, as the habitations, wonderfully con-
structed, of an immensely numerous and vastly important branch
of the animal creation, will lead the mind of the investigator
through paths hitherto but imperfectly trodden, to many novel
contemplations of Almighty Beneficence and Design.

But it is, beyond all doubt, in a geological point of view that
Conchology offers the most of interest to the student; and here, by
reference to the fair pages of a profound and mighty knowledge»
to which it has pointed out the searcher after truth, are triumph-
antly refuted all charges brought against it of insignificance or
frivolity.

“In fine, the relations of the mollusca,” says De Blainville,
“with the mineral kingdom, and consequently with the mass of
the earth which they contribute to form, are not devoid of interest,
for without seeking here to resolve the physiological question—
whether the conchyliferous mollusca borrow of the inorganic king-
dom the calcareous matter which composes their shells, or whether
they form it of themselves, it is still certain that they produce, at
least, changes upon the surface of the earth by accumulating this

material in some places more than in others, and in consequence

8 INTRODUCTION.

that they alter the physiognomy of the superficial structure of the
globe, the study of which constitutes geognosy.”

«By this,” says Parkinson, “we are taught that innumerable
beings have lived, of which not one of ‘the same kind does any
- longer exist—that immense beds composed of the spoils of these
animals, extending for many miles under ground, are met with
in many parts of the globe—that enormous chains of mountains,
which seem to load the surface of the earth, are vast monuments,
in which these remains of former ages are entombed—that, though
lying thus crushed together, in a rude and confused mass, they
are hourly sufiering those changes, by which, after thousands of
years, they become the chief constituent parts of gems, the Jime-
stone which forms the humble cottage of the peasant, or the mar-
ble which adorns the splendid palace of the prince.” Fossil,
wood, coral, and shells, are, indeed, as Bergman very forcibly —

observes, the only true remaining “medals of Creation.”

EXPLANATION OF THE PARTS OF SHELLS.
MULTIVALVE.

A muttTivatve shell is composed of more parts than two.
Every part of a shell which is connected by a cartilage, ligament,
hinge, or tooth, iscalled a valve of such shell; thus, the Chitens
have eight transverse, broad, but very short valves, placed on the
back of the animal, and inserted at their sides into a marginal
tough ligament. Platel. fig. 1l,aaa.

Operculum consists of four small valves on the summit of the —
Lepas, which shut up the superior orifice ; it is in a certain degree
stationary, and different from the operculum of univalve shells,
which will hereafter be described. Plate I. fig. 1,4. Fig. 9 re-
presents a profile view of the operculum removed from its place,
a the front valves, 6 the back valves. Fig. 10 a front view of
the operculum. ;

Base is that part of the shell by which it is fixed to rocks and
other bodies. Plate I. fig. 1 and 2,8 8 B.—nisa piece of stone
to which the base is fixed, and e& a piece of wood to which the
shells of this section are generally attached.

Ligament is the membranous or tendinous substance by which
the valves or parts of the shell are attached. Some multivalve
she]ls are connected by the parts of one valve locking into
another. Plate I. fig. 2,» p p. The ligaments vary considerably
in their texture, being scaly, prickly, smooth, or punctated.

Ridges are certain convexities in many of the Lepas tribe,
sometimes longitudinal and sometimes transverse. Plate I. fig. 1,
FF.

Peduncle. A sort of stem by which the shells of the Anatifera
are attached to wood, &c. It is a membranaceous substance,
similar to a bladder but materially thinner, and filled with a liquid
which evidently affords nourishment to the animai. Plate I. fig.
2,c c; the peduncle is usually affixed to a piece of wood as re-
presented at c.

10 ‘INTRODUCTORY

Feelers are those crenated arms, evolved from the side of the
Anatifera. While the animal is in the water it continually moves
its feelers, evidently for the purpose of entangling minute marine
insects, as food. Plate I. fig. 2, £ x.

Accessory valves are small plates which cover the apex at the
hinge of the Pholades, or are situated below the hinge. Plate I.
fig. 3, a.

Margin. A fleshy border in which the valves are attached in
the genus Chiton. Plate I. fig. 11, dd.

BIVALVE,

Bivalve shells consist of two parts or valves, connected by a
cartilage, and a hinge which is generally composed of teeth ; those
of the one valve locking into a cavity in the other.

The valves of some bivalve shells are formed exactly alike, and
others are very different ; the one being smooth, the other rugose ;
one flat and another convex; and often one is shorter than the
other.

The shells of the Mya, Solen, Tellina, Venus, and others, have
in general both valves alike, while those of the Spondylus, Ostrea,
and Anomia, have in general dissimilar valves. The first of these
kinds are called equivalve, and the latter inequivalve. |

Equilateral shells, are those whose sides are alike, as in the
shells of the genus Pecten. Plate II. fig. 2, and Plate VII. fig.
14, This is also exemplified in the Pectunclus.

Inequilateral valves are shells whose sides are unequal; and
of different shapes, as in the Mactra, Donax, &c.

Summit is the most elevated point of that part of the shell in
which the hinge is placed. Plate I. fig. 4, 7 k.

In naming this the summit we do not follow the axiom of
Linneus, but because we consider it more properly the summit
of the shell than the opposite extremity.

Base is the reverse of the above, or that part of the shell im-
mediately opposite the summit. Plate I. fig. 6 and 7, d d.

Sides, the right and left parts of the valves. Plate I. fig. 6, c.

Posterior slope is that part of the shell in which the ligament

EXPLANATION OF THE PARTS OF SHELLS. 11

is situated. In viewing the posterior slope in front, the beaks of
the shell retire from view. Plate I. fig. 4, 7.

Anterior slope, that part of the shell opposite the posterior
slope ; in viewing it in front, the beaks point to the observer.
Plate 1. fig. 4, k.

Disk, the convex centre of a valve, or most prominent part of
the valve, suppose it with its inside lying undermost. Plate I.
fig. 4, 0.

Inside, the concave part of a valve. Plate IV. fig. 6, m.

Muscular impression is the impression left on the inside of
the valves, by the adhering muscles of the animal. It differs in
most shells, according to the shape of the animal, as semi-ovate,
round, lunate, elongated, &c. Asaspecific distinction, it is often
of great use; being, with a very few exceptions, alike in shells
of the same species. Some shells have only one cicatrix, as the
Edible Oyster and Mytilus; others have two, and some few more ; -
the Tellina for example. Plate I. fig. 6 and 8,e eee.

Lwunuie. The lunated depressions, situated in the anterior and
posterior slopes. In different species of Venus they are promi-
nent characteristic marks, often of much service in ascertaining a
species. Plate I. fig. 4, 5 0.

Ligament perforation. The circular aperture, or perforation
through which the ligament passes ; by which the animal of the
Anomia attaches itself to stones and other marine extraneous
bodies, it is in general situated in the flat valve, though there are
a few exceptions to the contrary. Plate I. fig. 7, m.

Hinge is the point at which bivalve shells are united; it is
formed by the teeth of one valve inserting themselves between
those of the other, or by the teeth of one valve fitting into the
cavities or sockets of the opposite one.

It is on the peculiar construction of the hinge that the generic
character of bivalve shells is principally founded, together with the
general contour of the shell. Plate II. fig. 1 and 3, ¢ q q.

Teeth of the hinge. Upon the number and relative situation
of the teeth principally depend the specific distinctions ; they are
of various forms, and very differently placed; some are single
and large, others numerous and small, orbicular, spatuliform, la-

ji INTRODUCTORY

minated, &c. Some hinges have no visible teeth, and are termed
tnarticulate.—When a primary tooth has a groove or hollow in
its centre, it is called complicated. Plate IV. Fig. 6, e¢; those
with few teeth are termed articulate. Plate IV. fig.1 and 12; and
those with many teeth multiarticulate. Plate IV. fig. 2, 3, 4,
&c. Plate I. fig.6, and 8, ee 9 2.

Primary teeth are those teeth in general situated in the centre
of the hinge, and are for the most part broad, large, and distinct,
often elevated ; and in general are inserted in a cavity in the op-
posite valve. ‘They however differ very much in some shells,
but may easily be distinguished. Plate IV. fig. 1, 3, and 7, aa
aaa. These are also termed the Cardinal Teeth.

Lateral Teeth, Plate IV. fig. 10, are teeth which diverge from
the Umbo, and are in general long and flat, often double and di-
vided by a groove or hollow. Plate IV. fig. 2, 4,6, and 7. 56
bb.

Double Teeth, Plate IV. fig. 1, c ¢.

Incurved Teeth are those which are bent round, as in the single
tooth of the Solen. Plate IV. fig. 8, ff.

Recurved Teeth, are those which are bent backwards, as in the
hinge of the Panopea and Spondylus.

Middle Teeth, Plate IV. fig. 4, dd. These are also termed
Cardinal Teeth.

Numerous Teeth, are those small upright teeth, set in rows, of
which the hinges of all the species of the genus Arca are formed.
Plate IV. fig. 10, k k.

Cavity of the Hinge. The hollow depression in which the
ligament of the Ostrea is situated, generally of a triangular form.
Plate IV. fig. 11, 2.

Ligament of the Hinge, or cartilage, is that flexible fibrous sub-
stance by which the valves are united, and the hinges kept in
their proper places ; generally situated under the beaks of the shell.
Plate Il. fig. 1, 3, and 4, 222; Plate IV. fig. 3, n.

Beak is the extreme point of the summit of bivalves, which in -
many species turns spirally downwards or to the one side, as in
some species of Venus, &c. From this circumstance it is seldom
the highest part of the shell. Plate IL. fig. 5,r7.

EXPLANATION OF THE PARTS OF SHELLS. 13

Seam. When the valves are closed, the line of separation
between them is so called. Plate II. fig. 6, ¢ ¢.

Umbo. That partsituated immediately under the deak. Plate.
fig. 6, w; and Plate Il. fig. 4, w.

Ears. The processes on each side of the beak,in most species
of that division of Ostrea, called Pecten ; some have one ear very
large, and the other small; and some are scarcely observable on
one side. Pl. II. fig. 2, h A.

Superior Ear. Plate IV. fig. 11, h.

Inferior Ear. Do. doe” n=

Margin. 'The extreme edge of the whole shell, or the circum-
ference of either valve, allround. Plate I. fig. 4, #; and Plate II.
rg ay

Crenulated margin. That fine notched edge of shells, which
unite into notches in the opposite valve, as genus Donax. Plate
IV. fig. 6, m 1m.

Striz are fine thread-like lines, generally on the exterior surface
of shells, and are sometimes both longitudinal and transverse.
When the strie of shells appear indistinct, as if worn out, it is
termed obsolete striz. In some instances the insides of shells are
striated; for example, the Fasciolaria Tulipa. The character of
the strie is often of much use in distinguishing species. Plate II.
fig. 2, f

Right Valve is that valve which, when viewed with the inside
uppermost, has the anterior slope pointing to the right hand.
Plate I. fig. 8; and Plate IV. figs. 5 and 6, B.

Left Valve. The opposite of the above; the anterior slope
points to the left hand, when viewed from the inside. Plate IV.
figs, 3; G; 7,9, &c. :

Length of the Shell is taken from the ligament, or the beak, to
the opposite margin. For example, Mytilus: it is longer than it
js broad, and the Solens are broader than long. Plate I. fig. 5,
uu; and Plate II. fig. 4, v v.

Breadth is measured from the most extreme edge of the ante-
rior and posterior slopes, being in a contrary direction from its
length. Many shells are broader than long, such as most of the
Mye, Solene, Telling, &c. ; and the Mytilus, Ostrea, Pinna, &c.,

2

14 INTRODUCTORY

are in general longer than broad. Plate I. fig. 5, vv. Plate II.
fig. 4, vv.

Byssus, or beard, is an appendage composed of filaments of a
silky texture, by which some of the Bivalves fasten themselves
to their beds, such as the Mytilus, Pinne, &c. Plate II. fig. 6, s.

UNIVALVE.

The shells called univalve, or those composed of one part only,
are far more numerous than the two preceding, both in genera
and species ; and it requires a considerable degree of attention to
discriminate many of the sfeczes, as they run into each other so
much ; and they are divested of the strong and distinct character
afforded by the teeth of bivalves; besides many of the species
there are several varieties.

In the examination of shells of this order, the general contour
or outline of the whole shell is the first particular to be attended
to, as this leads to those distinctions necessary in the defimition of
simple, spiral, or turbinated shells, Univalves with a regular spire,
and those without a regular spire. ‘The genera of this order are
formed principally from the shape of the aperture, taken in con-
junction with the general shape of the shell ; from the spire being
lengthened or depressed, being with or without a canal, the
length of the beak and its direction, together with the particular
form of the outer lip: the colour of shells only serves as a specific
distinction, and cannot in this respect, in all cases, be depended
upon, although in others it is an unvarying test. The particular
manner in which the spots are disposed frequently characterises
species.

Apex. The summit, tip, or highest part of the spire. Plate II,
HES MANS, 9,104 wh wt,

Base is the opposite extremity from the apex, or tip of the spire.
In shells with a beak it implies the tip of such beak; Plate II.
fig. 11, B. In shells without a beak it is understood to be the
lower part, as before-mentioned, opposite the apex ; Plate II. figs. 8
and 9, B B. In the Patella and some others, the base of the
shell is that part on which it rests when it is laid on its mouth.
In the Dentalium and Teredo it is the wider end.

EXPLANATION OF THE PARTS OF SHELLS. 15

Body of the shell is the first or lower whorl of the spire, in
which the aperture is situated, and is in general longer than the
remaining whorls. Plate II. figs. 10 and 12, #' F'; and Plate III.
figs. 7 and 9, F F.

Front of the shell is that side where the aperture is situated.
Plate II. fig. '7, 7; and Plate III. fig. 8, 7.

Back is the opposite side to that in which the aperture is
placed or turned directly from the observer. Plate III. figs. 5 and
10, G G.

The venter, or belly, is the most prominent part of the lower
whorl or body, generally situated in the vicinity of the lip over the
aperture; and formed by the convexity of the aperture. It is in
general only made use of in describing shells whose body is large
in proportion to the size of the spire. Plate III. figs. 5 and 10,
HH.

Sides. 'The extreme edges of the shell, when viewed either in
front or from the back. Plate Il. fig. 11,K KKK KKK RK.
Right side is, when the shell is viewed in front that side next
the observer’s left hand. Left side, the side with the aperture
in it.

Aperture, or mouth, is that part of the lower whorl or body
by which the animal protrudes itself. This is one of the principal
generic distinctions of Univalve shells, and differs very much in
shape ; some apertures being rounded, others semilunar, angular,
&c. Plate II. figs. 9 and 11, € C; and Plate III. figs. 1, 3, and
14, C C C. Some apertures have a canal at their base, and
others are devoid of it. In various genera it extends the whole
length of the shell, as in the Cyprea, and some of the Cones with
depressed spires. This in several individuals is either entirely
open, or is closed by an operculum or lid, which is usually affixed
to the foot of the animal.

Canal, or gutter, is the inside of the elongations of the aper-
ture, or both lips of the shell of those species with a beak, in
which it forms a concave channel or gutter, running from its
commencement in the aperture to the extremity or base. Plate
II. figs. 10 and 11, Q Q. Plate III. fig. 8, Q@. Some species are
furnished with two canals, one situated at the junction of the outer
lip and body, as in the Murex.

16 INTRODUCTORY

Beak is that lengthened process in which the canal is situate ;
it commences a little higher up, on the outside, than the insertion
of the canal in the inside, which is always distinctly marked by the
line of the aperture. Plate II. fig. 11, . This process is not so
conspicuous in some of the species of Voluta, but is more marked
in the genera Murex, Fusus, Pyrula, &c.

Pillar, or columella, is that process which runs through the
centre of the shell in the inside from the base to the apex in
most univalve shells, and appears to be the support of the spire:
and, indeed, seems to form that part of the shell: it is in general
grooved or folded ; but, as it is situated in the interior of the shell,
a minute description is unnecessary. Plate II. figs. 10 and 12,
MM MMM; and Plate III. fig. 9, WWMM. The internal
edge of its base is frequently described as having plaits, &c.

Plaited Columella are those folds, or plaits, which are the dis-
tinguishing characteristic of the Volute and other genera. Plate
Ti. fie. N75.

Pillar Lip is a continuation of the glossy process with which
the aperture is lined, and expanded on the columella. Plate IU.
figures 7 and 8, O O. This is termed the inner lip by some
authors.

Outer Lip. The expansion, or continuation of the body of
the shell on the left margin of the aperture, and is also lined
with the glossy process of the aperture. Plate II. fig. 7, 7; and
Plate III. fig. 8, WW. The latter isan example of the alated
or winged shells.

Operculum, or lid. This is only an appendage to the turbi-
nated or spiral shells affixed to the foot of the animal, sometimes
of a testaceous, in others of a horny or cartilaginous substance.
It acts as a door or lid, and is calculated for the protection of the
animal, when it retires within its dwelling, from the intrusion of
its enemies, and adapted to the shape of the aperture, which it
closes nicely up: as exemplified in the operculum of the Turbo,
and is of a hard, stony appearance. Plate III. fig.*4.

Spire consists of all the whorls of the shell, except the lower
one, which, as before observed, is termed the body of the shell.
Plate IL. fig. 12, D; and Plate III. figures 7 and 8, D D.

The spire is a prominent feature of the Univalve; and upon

EXPLANATION OF THE PARTS OF SHELLS. 17

its being elevated, depressed, &c., depends much of the generic
and specific definition. Adanson, in his ‘ Natural History of
Senegal,’ says that the external character of the spire varies
according to the plane they turn upon, which, he observes, is
either horizontal, cylindrical, conic, or ovoid. At the same time,
he admits that there are a great many intermediate forms which
cannot properly be defined.

It must be remembered that many of the young shells have not
the same number of wreaths as the adults; from which it would
appear, that the part of the animal nearest the apex never
increases in size. The number of wreaths cannot, at all times,
be depended upon. A full grown shell may, however, be known
from the outer lip, which has generally an unfinished appearance
in young shells. Indeed, in all the land and fresh water shells it
is a distinct criterion, as they are never complete in the form of
the outer lip till full grown.

_ Whorlis one of the wreaths or volutions of the shell. Plate II.
fig. 8, 1; and Plate III. fig. 10, Z.

Depressed Spire is when the spire is very flat, as in the shells
of the genus Planorbis, &c. PI. II. fig. 12, DY; and PI. III. fig.
5, S.

A flat shell is figured in Plate III. fig. 14.

Involuted Spire, those shells which have their whorls, or
wreaths, concealed in the inside of the first whorl or body, as in
some of the Nautili and Cypreza.

Suture of the Spire, or whorls, is a fine spiral line, which sepa-
rates the wreaths or whorls from each other; it issometimes crenu-
lated, undulated, or sulcated, and not unfrequently elevated or
projecting. Plate II. fig. 9, E E.

Reversed, or Heterostrophe Spire, is when the volutions of
the spire revolve in the same manner as a common corkscrew,
or when the aperture is placed downwards, the nature of the
spire runs upwards from the right hand to the left, Plate III.
fig. 13.

In some of the more depressed species of Helix, or Nautilus,
great attention is requisite in order to ascertain which is really
the upper side of the shell, for it is on that side the spiral turns

are to be take from the centre or apex; and, in most instances,
a
od

18 INTRODUCTORY

this is to be determined by the oblique direction of the aperture
to the under part, where the lip rarely extends so far as on the
upper part. In fixed shells, such as Serpule, there is no difficulty,
as the side which is sessile must be considered as the base or
under part. ‘Thus, in the Serpula Lucida the fixed part is some-
times very small, and the mouth turns spirally upwards, in a
contrary direction to the sun ; and therefore must be considered a
reversed or heterostrophe shell, the same as if the volutions nearest
the mouth had turned laterally upon the centre or fixed ones.
This shell, indeed, is most frequently found with regular lateral
volutions; and though subject to great variety, with respect to
contortions, it invariably turns the aperture one way.

In some species of Nautilus, however, there can be no rule to
ascertain whether the shells are dextral or sinistral; for when the
aperture is exactly central, the lip embraces the body equally, and
the sides of the shell are similar.

Chambers are the cavities divided by partitions, at regular or
irregular intervals; as in the Spirula.s Plate III. fig. 11, WW
WW yw.

In some of the Serpule there are also divisions, but they are
not regular asin the Nautili and Spirule ; and besides, they differ
from them in being devoid of a siphunculus or communication
between the chambers, the animal forms a complete partition, and
adds to its shell, which it would appear to be necessitated to do
from its body growing too large for its abode.

Several of the Patelle have chambers formed of laminous par-
titions, subspiral cells, or processes; these in general lie horizon-
tally, and are quite open at one end, as in the Patella Testudinaria,
the Crepidula, and Calyptrea.

Umbilicus is in general a circular perforation in the base of
the lower whorl, or body, of many univalve shells. This is com-
mon to most of the Trochi, in some species of which it penetrates
from the base to the apex; widest at the base, and gradually~
tapering to the top. Plate III. fig. 1, 2.

Sub-umbilicated shells are those which have the umbilicus
covered in a greater or less degree by a thin process; which, in
some, almost entirely closes the opening or mouth. This charac-

EXPLANATION OF THE PARTS OF SHELLS. 19

ter is most commonly to be met with among species of Buccinum
and Murex.

Shells which have no umbilicus are termed imperforate.

Siphunculus is that small round perforation which forms a com-
munication between the chambers of the Spirule, and penetrates
through the whole spire of the shell. Plate II. fig. 11, v.

Varices are transverse ribs which cross the whorls of shells in
some species of Buccinum, Murex, and Tritonia, and exemplified
in the Cassidaria. Varices are formed by the periodical growth
of the shells, these being the margin of the outer lip, to which the
animal has attached its periodical enlargements. In some species
they have more the form of sutures than ribs; this is owing to
the margin of the outer lip being but slightly developed.

Ribs are those longitudinal and transverse protuberances which
are in many of the univalve shells. Plate II. fig. 12, RRRR.

Teeth of univalves, or tooth-shaped y;rotuberances, are fine,
white lamin, or ridges, running spirally backwards, in a parallel
direction to each other; those on the exterior lip may, in most
instances, be traced through the outside of the shell, and are
nearly alike in length. Plate III. fig. 13, a.

Epidermis is a skin, or cuticle, covering the exterior surface of
shells, destined by nature to protect their surface from being in-
jured. It is membranaceous, somewhat similar to the periosteum
which covers the bones of animals. This substance is the pro-
duction of the animal inhabiting the shell ; it is uniformly observed
in some species, and not at all in others. Shells with a rugged
or uneven surface have almost always this epidermis. In some
it is strong, laminated, velvety, fibrous, or rough, often beset with
long hairs, and in others very thin, smooth, and pellucid, and
admits the colours of the shell to shine through it. In some
species it is so dusky that it entirely obscures the beautiful colour-
ing of the shell beneath. Although many shells are very beauti-
ful, even with this cvticle on them, they are much more so when
it is removed; but I would by no means advise the collector of
shells to remove it, unless he may have several duplicates of the
same species; and then he may do it by way of variety. It is
always preferable, however, to keep them ina state of nature.

20 INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATION, ETC,

A shell with epidermis is represented in Plate III. fig. XY; and
the effect of the epidermis removed.

All other protuberances, furrows, &c., will be described at the
end of this work in a Glossary of Terms used in the Science.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV.

HINGES OF BIVALVE SHELIS.

Fig. 1. Hinge of the Unio pictorum, a Primary tooth, ¢ c¢
double teeth.

Fig. 2. Hinge of the Solen. 6 Lateral teeth.

Fig. 3. Hinge of the Lucina radula, a a Primary teeth, 2 car-
tilage.

Fig. 4. Hinge of the Cardium. 6 Lateral tooth, d d middle
teeth, / Z spines.

Fig. 5. Hinge of the Lutraria.

Fig. 6. Inside of both valves of the Donax trunculus. A is
the left valve, and B is the right valve, } lateral teeth, e primary
complicated tooth, or cleft in the middle, m m crenulated margin.

Fig. 7. Hinge of the Venus, a a Primary teeth.

Fig. 8. Hinge of Spondyius gzederopus, f fincurved teeth.

Fig. 9. Hinge of Isocardia Cor.

Fig. 10. Hinge of the Pectunculus, k & numerous small teeth ;
the distinguishing characteristic of the Family Arcacea.

Fig. 11. Hinge of the Pecten, 2 cavity of the hinge, A superior
ear, 7 inferior ear.

Fig. 12. Hinge of Anomia Ephippium.

. Maldania.

. Cirrhipeda.

CLASSIFICATION.

4

CLASS I.
ANNULATA.

FOUR FAMILIES.

Fam.
1. Dersalia.

Two genera.
1. Arenicola. Species 1
2. Siliquaria. - 8
Two genera.

1, Clymene. Species 1

2. Dentalium. . 21
. Amphitritea. Four genera.
1. Pectinaria. Species 2
2. Sabellaria. a 2
3. Terebella. 2 4
4, Amphitrite 4 7
. Surpulacea. Five genera.
{. Spirorbis. Species 6
2. Serpula. ” 26
3. Vermilia. bs 9
4, Galeolaria. is 2
5. Magilus. 7 2
CLASS I.

CIRRHIPEDA.
ONE FAMILY.
Ten genera.

1. Tubicinella. Species 1
2. Coronula. = 5
5. Balanus. 30
4. Acusta. 39 4
5. Creusia. 2 3
6. Pyrgoma. x 1
7. Anatifera. 2 6
8. Pollicipes. a 6
9, Cineras. pA 1
10. Otion. = 2

CLASS Hl.

CONCHIFERA.

TWENTY FAMILIES.

Fam.
1. Tubicola. Six genera.
1, Aspergillum. Species 4
2. Clavagella. - ,, 4
3. Fistulana. Ba 4
4, Septaria. oe 2
5. Teredina. * 2
6. Teredo. He 3
2. Pholadaria. Two genera.
1. Pholas. Species 18
2. Gastrochena. ,, 3
3. Solenea. Four genera.
1. Solen. Species 21
2. Panopea. Be 1
3. Solecurtus. ss 10
4, Glycimeris. Me 2
4, Myaria. Two genera.
1. Mya. Species 8
2. Anatina. ss 12
5, Mactracea. Seven genera.

. Corbulacea.

1. Lutraria. ‘Species 14
2. Mactra. " 44
3. Crassatella. is 1l
4, Erycina. z 2
5. Ungulina. 9 2
6. Solemya. F 4
7. Amphidesma. _,; 45

Two genera.
1. Corbula. Species 10
2. Pandora. = 4

. Lithophaga. Three genera.

1. Saxicava. Species 9
2. Petricola. he 13
3. Venerirupis. __,, 8

22

Fam.

8.

9,

10.

id

Dee

a
Sd

14,

15.

CLASSIFICATION,
Fam.

Mymphacea. Ten genera.|16. Mytilacea, Three genera.
1, Sanguinolaria. Species 9 1. Mytilus. Species 42
2. Psammobia. oer ete 2. Modiola. 4 32
3. Psammotea. - 1 3. Pinna. ff 15
4. Tellina. » 68/17. Mallacea. Five genera.
5. Tellinides. . 2 1. Crenatula. Species 7
6. Corbis. “ei 2 2. Perna. a 10
7. Lucina. Pail 6 3. Malleus. 93 6
8. Donax. Pet 4, Avicula. bs 19
9. Capsa. = 3 5. Meleagrina. se 2
0. Crassina. eS 1|18. Pectinea. Seven genera.
Conchacea. Seven genera. 1, Pedum. Species 1
1. Cyprina. Species 2 2. Lima. eae 6
2. Cytherea. ae Se 3. Pecten. H. 62
3. Venus. 5 LOO 4, Plagiostoma. ,, 10
4, Veniricardia. ” 5 5, Plicatula. as 5
5. Cyclas. bey LS 6. Spondylus. * 21
6. Cyrena. se, LOY 7. Podopsis. # 2
7. Galathea. cs 1/19, Ostracea. Six genera.

Cardiacea.
1. Cardium.

Five genera.
Species 57

2. Cardita. ‘ 23
3. Cypricardia. _,, 5
4. Hiatelia. oe 2
5. Isocardia. C 4

Four genera.
Species 41
1

Arcacea.
1. Arca.

2. Cucullea.
3. Pectunculus. 22
4. Nucula. se 45
Trigonacea. 'Two genera.
1. Trigonia. Species 1
2. Castalia. 1

9?

9

bh)

Naiadea. Four genera.

1. Unio. Species 167
2. Hyria. 55 2
3. Anodonta. 5 49
4, Tridina. 6

3?
Chamacea. Three genera.

1. Diceras. Species 1
2. Chama. <5 18
3. Etheria. 53 5
Tridacnea. 'Two genera.
1. Tridacna. Species 7|
2. Hippopus. 3 1

}

t

20

1. Ostrea.

2. Gryphea.

3. Vulsella.

4. Placuna.

5, Anomia.

6. Crania.
Brachiopoda.
1. Orbicula.

2. ‘Ferebratula.
3. Lingula.

Species 49
» 1

29 6

”) 3

” 9

9 1
Three gen.
Species 1
13
i

93
”

CLASS IV.
MOLLUSCA.

TWENTY-THREE FAMILIES.

1. Pteropoda.

Six genera.
. Hyalea. Species
. Clio.

. Cleodora.
. Limacina.
. Cymbulia. »

. Pneumodermon ,,

9

QOnr Wwe
mH me do Ww 9

CLASSIFICATION. 23
Fam. Fam.
2. Phyllidiacea. Six genera.| 9. Melaniana. Three genera.
1, Phyllidia. Species 3 1. Melania. Species 54
2. Chitonellus. oe a 2. Pirena. 3 6
3. Chiton. att oOo 3. Melanopsis. s 3
4. Patella. » 49)10. Peristomiana. Three gen.
5. Umbrella. 3 2 1, Valvata. Species 3.
6. Pleurobranchus. ,, 2 2. Paludina. mr ae: ie
3. Calyptracea. Seven gen. 3. Ampularia. np 13
1. Parmophorus. Species 4| 11. Weritacea. Four genera.
2. Emarginula. “3 1, Neritina. Species 27
3. Fissurella. tes ae 2. Nerita. Bey |
4, Pileopsis. at 9 3. Navicella. ao 4
5. Calyptrea. sa 9 4, Natica. ih oO
6. Crepidula. » 13112. Lanthinea. One genus.
7. Ancylus. Pet Ale 1. Ianthina. Species 3
4, Bullacea. Three genera.| 13. Macrostomiana. Four gen.
1. Acera. Species 1 1. Sigaretus. Species 6
2. Bullea. x4 2 2. Stomatella. 5 5
3. Bulla. ee a 3. Stomatia. ee 2
5, Aplysiacea. 'Two genera. | 4, Haliotis. - pu O49
1. Dolabella. Species 2| 14. Plicacea. Two genera.
2. Aplysia. iat ok 1, Tornatella. Species 6
6. Limacina. Five genera. 2. Pyramidella. % 6
1, Limax. Species 5,15. Scalarina, Three genera.
2. Vitrina. . 3 1. Scalaria. Species 14
3. Testacella. Pe 2 2. Vermetus. $i 2
4, Parmacella. A 2 3. Delphinula. 6 5
5. Onchidium. a 2\/16. Turbinacea. Hight gen.
7. Colimacea, Eleven genera. 1, Solarium. Species 7
1. Helix. Species 203 2. Trochus. » 99
2. Carocolla. Pag 3. Monodonta, aS
3. Achatina. Bink ae 4. Turbo. yy Ob
4, Anostoma. a 3 5. Planaxis. EEE
5. Helicina. eared 6 6. Phasianella. ss Saree
6. Pupa. 2 20 7. Turritella. eer |
7. Clausilia. iS 8. Rotella. cet 7
8. Bulimus. » 63)17. Canaliferu. Eleven gen.
9. Succinea. Be meee 1, Cerithium. Species 45
10. Auricula. Hae 1 2. Pleurotoma. Praha Ae
11. Cyclostoma. aes: 3. Turbinella. gee
8. Lymnacea. Three genera. 4, Cancellaria. yy 49
1. Lymnea. Species 33 5. Fasciolaria. ns 8
2. Physa. Bee 6. Fusus. oa
3. Planorbis, wee 7. Pyrula. Simi ee

24

Fam

18,

19,

8. Struthiolaria.
9. Ranella.
10. Murex.
11. Triton.

Allata. ‘Three genera.

1. Rostellaria.
2. Pterecera.
3. Strombus.

Purpurifera. Eleven gen.

1. Cassidaria.
2. Cassis.

3. Ricinula.

4, Purpura.
5. Monoceros.
6. Concholepas.
7. Harpa.

8. Dolium.

9, Buccinum.
10. Eburna.
11, Terebra.

CLASSIFICATION.
Fam.

Species 2 | 20. Columellaria. Five genera.
Paes 5) 1.Columbella. Species 20
eee Sai 2. Mitra. ae
wee 3. Voluta. » 44

4, Marginelle. 24

Species 4 5. Volvaria. - 7
A 7|21. Convoluta. Six genera.
she ae 1.-Cyprea. Species 118

2. Ovula. Feet

Species 5 5. Terebellum. es
a1 Be 4, Ancillaria. bs 4
9 5. Oliva. wi ee
Ge 6. Conus. 3° LBA
» 98| 22. Mautilacea. Two genera.
ie 1 1. Spirula. Species 1
vi 9 2. Nautilus. +p : ae
» «|23. Heteropoda. 'Two genera.
i (GG 1. Argonauta. Species 3
2 5 2. Carinaria. sy 3

24

The American species are designated by a *.

Parts al Shells

PS. Duval, Litre. Phil*

EL.

Parts of Shells:

PS. Duval, Lith .PRil*

BS. Duval, Lith. Pht ~

Dl ee

PS. Duval, Lith. Phit*~

1 Siliquaria, 2 Dentalium.§ Pectinaria.4 Sabellaria. 3 lerebella,
6 Amphitrite, 7 Spirorbts. 0 Serpula. 9 Vermitta.s0 Galeolarca.
WU. Mages. LT ubtcinella, 72. Coronula, J¢# Balanus. (5_Acasta.

16 Creusia, 17 Pyrgoma, 18 Anatifera, 19 Pollictpes 20 Cenrer|as.
2/4. Otton. 22. Aspergiltum.

PS Duval Lith. Priel

20

A Clavagella, 2 Fistulana.3 Seplarta. 4 Teredina.3 Teredo
6 Phclas. 7 Gastrochaena, 8 Solen.9 Panrapea. 10. Solecur tus.

MU Glyctmeres 12 Mya. 13 Anatina. [4 Lutrarta. 75 Mactra.

16. Crassatela.J7 Kryeina, 18 Ongulina. 19 Salenimya.
20.Amphidesma. 21 Corbyla. 22 Pandora.23 Savtcava,

*

PS Duval 11t2. Ppl

tg

ae ae Er
rn i]
ny ape ee

/ Petricola 2Venerirupis 3 Sanguinolaria, 4Psammobta,

5 Psam motea, 6.Teltina, 7 Teltinides, 8. Corbis, Lucia,

10. Donax, 1. Capsa, 72. Crassina, 73.Cyclus, 74% Cyrena,
16. Galathea, 16.Cyprina, 17 Cytherea, 18.Vénus. 19 Venert-

cardiz, 20 Cardium, 21 Cardtita,22.Cypricardia, 23. Hiatella.

4 5
PS Luval, Lith PRilt es P

/ Tsocardia. 2. Cucutlea, 3? Area, 4 Pectuncules. 5. Vicula.
CTrigonta, 7 Castalia. 3 Unio, 9 Hyria, 10 Anodonta,

W. Iredina, 7? Diceras. 72, Chana, [1 Htfeerva: Wi Tridacna.
lo tppopis. 7%. My tiles, 18. Aodzola, 19. Pinna, 20 Crenatula.

4h Perna 22. Mattews,

eos cs P 8 Duvet, Lith Li ~

1 Avicula. 2 Meleagrina. 3 Pedum. # Lima. J Lecter.
6 Plagiostoma 7 Plicatala, @Spondrtus.9 Gryplhea.
70 Ostrea, (]Viulsela. J2 Placuna. lidAnomia 14 Crarnia

Orbteula, /OTerebratiula, (7 Linguta, 18 Hyatea -

79 Cleodora, 20Ltmucina, 24 Cyuiiitia, 22 Chitonellas .
23 Chtton. 24 Patella, 25 Pleurobranchus.2¢ Umbrella.
27 Parmophorus. 2S Linurginula, 2 $Fousurella.

LS wuvacs Lith? Pail

/Priteopsts, 2 Calyptera, § Crentdulu, ¢Ancylus, 5 Ballac.

6 Bulla, 7Aplysia. 8 Dotlabelia.I Parmacetia./OLtiIiiaxr,
UW Testacella 72 (tbs-ina. 73 Helix. (¢ Carveotla. sFAnostoma
V6 Helicava 17 Pipa lecluusitia (9B ulimus. 20 Achalind.
2] Succtnea.22.durvicuta. 23 Cyclostoma 24+Llanorbis

25 Physa. 26 Lyminea. 27 Melania. 23 Melaropses. 29Lirenia
JO Vatvata. 3/ Patudina.32 Ampularia.33 Verivtinc.
S4+Navicella. Zi NEerita

PS Duval, Lith Rril*

/Natica, 2 Janthira. 3 Sigaretus.4- Stomalella.5 Stomatia.

6 Aattotis. 7Tornatella.8Pyramidella.9 Vermetius. 10 Scataria.
UMDephinili l2 Solarcure. 73 Rotella. 74# T rochiws. li Mono -
aonta. J6Turbo. 17 Planaxrts 8 Phasianella,79 Turritella.
20 Cerithtum. 2/ Pleurotoma.22Turbinella. 23 Canciltlaria.
24 Fasciolaria. 25 Fusus. 26 Pyrutla. 27 Struthiolarcta.

28 Ranella. 29 Murex, 80 Triton, 34 Rostellarta.

LS. Duval Litw-Prtt~

f. Pleroceras. 2 Strombas. 3 CaSStUar th, 4 Ciessts, Sicilia.
6 Puarpura.Zs. Wonoceros.3 Concholepas. $Harpa lO dolum.
MB uccecrnum (2h bourna.Terecbrua. 14 Columbelia. 15 Mitre
16 Votata /7 Marginella. 18 Folvarta. 19 Ovila. 20 Cypren
WTercbellurm.22 Ancitllarta.2§3 Oliva... + Conus. 25 Sptriute
26 Véutilus 27_1rgonauta. 28 Cartraric.

CONCHOLOGY.

CLASS I.
ANNULATA.

AnImaAt soft, elongated, vermiform, naked or inhabiting a tube,
which it never entirely quits; the body furnished either with seg-
ments or transverse wrinkles; often without a head, eyes or
antenne; without articulated feet, but most of them having in
their place bristly, retractile knobs, disposed in lateral rows : mouth
-subterminal, either simple, orbicular, with lips, or in the form of
a proboscis; often with jaws, a knotted longitudinal medulla, and
nerves for sensation and motion; the blood red, circulating by
means of arteries and veins: respiration by external or internal
branchie, which are sometimes imperceptible. Four Families.

FAMILY I.

Dorsatta. Two Genera.

1. Genus Arenicola.
Animal. The gills, or respiratory organs dorsal, or disposed.

lengthways on the body.
Shell. Supposed to be tubular. One species.
Arenicola piscatorium.

2. Genus Siliquaria. Pl. V.

Animal. See Arenicola.
a

e /
26 CONCHOLOGY.

Shell very thin, conical, tubular, involuted in a spiral manner,
joosely and irregularly ; aperture circular, sharp edges, interrupted
in the middle by a notch, extending like a slit through the greater
portion of its length, and stopping abruptly at some distance from
the summit. Inhabits the Indian seas. Eight species.

Siliquaria anguina. Siliquaria rugosa.

S. muricata. S. terebella.

S. laevigata. S. lima.

S. lactea. S. spinosa.
FAMILY II.

Matpanta. Two Genera.

1. Genus Clymene.

inimal. Respiratory organs not determined, suppesed to be
at the posterior part of the body.
Shell. Tube thin and slender, open at both ends, encrusted
externally with sand and fragments of shells. One species.
Clymene amphistoma.

2. Genus Dentalium. Fl. V.

Animal. Body elongated, conical, sub-vermiform, enveloped
in a fistula mantle as far as the anterior third, and ending in a
bourrelet pierced in its middle by an orifice with fringed edges ;
foot altogether anterior, proboscidiform, terminated by a conical
appendage, contained in a kind of cup with festooned edges ; head
distinct, oval, with a terminal mouth in the middle of a digitated
lip; a pair of lateral jaws, formed each of two little oval shells
garnished with points.

Shell. Tubular, regular, symmetrical, slightly curved longitu-
dinally, tapering gradually to the rear, and opening in a round
orifice at each end. Inhabits the British seas. Twenty-one

species,
Dentalium elephantinum. Dentalium pscudo-antalis.
D. aprinum. D. radicula.
D. sulcatum. D. antalis.

D. fasciatum. D. arictinum.

CONCHOLOGY. 27

D. octogonum. D. corneum.

D. deforme. D. nigrum. r
D. novemcostatum. D. politum.

D. sexangulaire. D. eburneum.

D. striatum. -D. clava.

D. dentalis. D. fissura.

D. coarctatum.

FAMILY III.
AMPHITRIT=HA. Four Genera.

1. Genus Pectinaria. PI. V.

Animal. Respiratory organs in general known, and disposed
at or near the anterior part of the body ; not separated or covered
by an operculum.

Shell. A membranous papyraceous tube in the form of a
reversed cone; unfixed; exterior covered with sandy adhesions.
Two species.

Pectinaria capensis.

P. belgica.*

2. Genus Sadellaria. Pl. V.

Animal. But slightly differing from the Pectinaria.

Shell. ‘Tubes numerous, united in a common mass, composed
of agglutinated particles of marine substances, cellular at the
base; orifice expanded. Found in the Indian Ocean. Two
species.

Sabellaria alveolata. Sabellaria crassissima.

3. Genus T'erebélla. Pl. V.

Animal. Body tubicular, elongated, cylindrically depressed,
attenuated posteriorly ; a row of nodulous and setiferous papill«
on each side ; numerous filiform, twisted tentacula surrounding the
mouth.

Shell. An elongated cylindrical and membranous tube with

28 CONCHOLOGY.

Jash-like appendages at the end ; covered with adhesions of sand
and shells. Inhabits the coast of New Holland. Four species.
Terebella conchilega. Terebella cristata.

T. ventricosa. T. vermicuta.

4, Genus Amphitrite. Pl. V.

Animal. Body tubicular, elongated, cylindrical, attenuated
behind with many annulated segments.

Shell. An elongated cylindrical tube growing anaer towards
the base, of a tough membranous texture, and generally without
adhesions. Mediterranean sea. Seven species.

Amphitrite ventilabra. Amphitrite vesiculosa.
A. penicilla. A. volutacornis.
A. magnifica. ~ A. infundibula.
A. minima.
FAMILY IV.

SERPULACEA. Five Genera.

1. Genus Spirordis. Pl. V.

Animal. Gills or respiratory organs separated or covered by
an operculum.

Shell. A testaceous tube turned spirally on a horizontal plane,
the lower portion of which is attached to marine substances, gen-
erally fuci: opening of the tube terminal, rounded or angular.
Found on Alge on the British coast. Six species.

Spirorbis nautiloidis. Spirorbis bicarinata.
S. spirilla. S. carinata.
S. tricostalis. S. lamellosa.

2. Genus Serpula. Pl. V.

Animal. Body tubular, elongated, depressed, and attenuated
behind; segments numerous and narrow ; small bundles of awl-
shaped bristles in a single row on each side.

Shell. A solid calcareous tube, brown, purple, yellow, tawny,
pink, white, or tinged with green. The shells are irregularly

CONCHOLOGY. . 29

twisted, in clusters, and affixed to other substances. Inhabits tho
coast of Britain. ‘Twenty-six species.

Serpula vermicularis. Serpula filaria.
S. fascicularis. S. pellucida.
S. intestina. S. intorta.

S. contortuplicata. S. cristata.

S. plicaria. S. spirulea.

S. glomerata. S. quadrangularis.
S. decussata. S. minima.

S. protensa. S. echinata.

S. infundibula. S. sulcata.

S. annulata. S. costalis.

S. cereola. S. dentifera.
S. filograna. S. sipho.

S. vermicella. S. arenaria.

3. Genus Vermilia. Pl. V.

Animal. Body tubicular, elongated and attenuated towards the
posterior part, and provided superiorly with a simple testaceous
orbicular operculum. \

Shell. A testaceous cylindrical tube, narrowed in the rear,
twisted, and adhering by the side to marine substances, aperture
round, the margin armed with from one to three teeth. Inhabits
the British coast. Nine species.

Vermilia rostrata. Vermilia subcrenata.
V. triquetra. V. plicifera.
V. bicarinata. V. scabra.
V. eruca. V. teniata.
V. plicata.

4. Genus Galeolaria. PI. V.

Animal. Distinguished from the vermilia by a very peculiar,
operculum.

Shell. In groups, testaceous, cylindrical, subangular, wavy,
adhering by the base, and open at the summit; aperture orbicular,
terminated on the side by a spatular tongue ; operculum orbicular,

3*

30 -CONCHOLOGY.

quamose, and consisting of from five to nine testaceous parts or
valves. Inhabits the Indian seas. Two species.
Galeolaria cespitosa. Galeolaria elongata.

5. Genus Magilus. Pl. V.

Animal. Unknown,

Shell. Usually found imbedded in a species of Madrepore.
Base bent into a spiral form, oval, with four contiguous, convex
volutions (the last of which is the largest), and prolonged into a
straight waved tube, convex above, carinated beneath. Inhabits
the sea at the Isle of France. ‘Two species.

Magilus antiquus. Magilus muricatus.

CLASS II.
CIRRHIPEDA.

Animal. Soft, without head or eyes, testaceous, body fixed as
if reversed, inarticulated, furnished with a mantle, having above
tentacular arms, with curled tufts multiarticulated, mouth beneath,
not projecting, dentated transverse jaws disposed in pairs.
Number of arms, unequal and varying, disposed in rows, each
composed of two rows of curled tufts of bristles; fringed ; a cor-
neous skin supported by a pedicle. Medulla longitudinal and
knotted ; gills external, sometimes concealed ; circulation by heart
and vessels. One Family.

FAMILY.

Cirruirpepa. Ten Genera.
1. Genus Tubicinella.

Animal. Body inclosed in a shell, with small setaceous and
unequal cirri.

Shell. Univalve, operculated, tubular, erect, a little attenuated

CONCHOLOGY. oL>

towards the base, bound with annular transverse ribs, truncated
at both ends, open at the summit, and closed at the base with a
membrane. Operculum with four obtuse valves. South American
seas. One species.
Tubicinella balenarum.

2. Genus Coronula. Pl. V.

Animal. Body seated, enveloped in a shell with small setaceous
and cirrous arms.

Shell. Sessile, apparently indivisible, suborbicular, conoidal
or blunt, conical, the extremities truncated, the sides very thick,
the inside hollowed into radiating cells. Operculum composed of
four obtuse valves. Inhabits the North seas. Five species.

Coronula diadema. Coronula balenaris.
C. testudinaria. C. pulchra.

C. denticulata.*

3. Genus Balanus. Pl. V.

Animal. Body sessile, inclosed in an operculated shell;
branchie numerous, placed in two rows, unequal, articulated,
cilliated ; each composed of two cirri, supported by a peduncle,
and exsertile ; mouth with four transverse dentated jaws, with four
hairy palpi-like appendages.

Shell. Formed of six distinct coronary valves, one dorsal, one
ventral, and two pairs of laterals, with a calcareous support;
operculum forming a sort of pyramid, by four articulated pieces
in the aperture of the shell. Is found in almost all seas. Thirty
species.

Balanus angulosus. Balanus calycularis.
B. nigrescens. B. subimbricatus.
B. roseus. B. palmatus.

B. amphimorphus. B. dupluconus.

B. crispatus. B. semiplicatus.

B. stalaciferus. B. levis.

B. patellaris. B. punctatus.

32 CONC HOLOGY.

B. perforatus. B. sulcatus.

B. rugosus. B. cylindraceus.

B. latus. B. ovularis.

B. plicatus. B. radiatus.

B. galeatus. B. fistulosus.

B. spinosus. B. Lyonsii. F
B. placianus.

B. tintinabulus.* B. miser.*

B. geniculatus.*

4, Genus JAcasta. Pl. V.

Animal. Body without a peduncle, and inclosed in a multi-
valve shell, found in sponge or marine bodies, mouth and tenta-
cula placed in the apex, or upper part of the body.

Shell, Patella-shaped, sub-conically oval, formed of six lateral
unequal valves forming the base, which being convex prevents
the shell from standing by itself in an erect position, when de-
tached from the substance which envelopes it. Inhabits the Bri-
tish seas. Four species.

Acasta Montaguii. Acasta glans.
A. sulcata. A. tubulosa.

5. Genus Creusia. Pl. V.

Animal. Body, subglobular, inclosed in an operculated shell ;
having three or four pairs of tentacular arms: mouth at the
anterior part of the body.

Shell. Sessile, fixed, orbicular, conical, consisting of four
united unequal valves; attached to madrepore and other marine
substances, they are almost microscopic, and found only in the
seas of hot countries. Inhabits the China seas. Three species.

Creusia stromia. Creusia spinulosa.
C. verruca.

6. Genus Pyrgoma.- Pl. V.

Animal. <As above.

CONCHOLOGY. 33

Shell. Sessile, univalve, rather globular, ventricose, convex
above; apex perforated; aperture small, elliptical, operculum
quadrivalve. Inhabits the Indian seas. One species. .

Pyrgoma cancellata.

7. Genus Anatifera. Pl. V.

Animal. Body covered with a shell, supported by a long
tubular tendinous peduncle ; with long, numerous, and unequal
tentacular arms, which are articulated and ciliated, and emanating
from the summit on one side.

Shell. Compressed on the sides, with five flat valves, the valves
contiguous and unequal; the lower lateral ones the largest: the
whole of them united and kept together by means of their mem-
branes. Inhabits the British seas. Six species.

Anatifera levis. Anatifera dentata.
A. villosa. A. striata.
A. vitrea. A. aculeata.

8. Genus Pollicipes. Pl. V.

Animal. Body covered by a shell, and supported on a tabular,
tendinous, scaly peduncle ; with many tentacular arms.

Shell. Consisting of thirteen or more valves, the smallest at
the sides, which are very flat and compressed, the peduncle short,
wrinkled, rigid, and often covered with scales like shagreen.
- Inhabits the European and American seas. Six species.

Pollicipes cornucopia. Pollicipes mitella.
P. scalpellum. P. peronii.
P, homii.

P. Mortoni.*

9. Genus Cineras. Pl. V.

Animal. Body pedunculated, and encased in a membranous
tunic, which is swollen above, with an opening below the summit,
from which protrude many ciliated articulated arms.

Shell. Composed of five testaceous oblong valves, two at the

34 CONCHOLOGY.

sides of the aperture and three on the back, not covering the —
whole of the body ; supported by a peduncle of a greenish colour
with several longitudinal stripes. Inhabits the British coast.
One species.

Cineras vittata.

10. Genus Otion. Pl. V.

Animal. Body pedunculated, enveloped in a membranous
tunic, which is ventricose above; two horn-like tubes, directed
backwards, truncated, and open at their points, and situated in the
apex of the tunic; having a Jateral opening, with many articulated
and ciliated arms.

Shell. Composed of two testaceous valves, attached near the
lateral opening, the centre aperture admitting the animal’s tenta-
cule, the singular form of which prevents its being blended with
the genus cineras without a further examination of its structure.
Inhabits the North seas. Two species.

Otion Cuvieri. Otion Blainvillii.

CLASS III.
CONCHIFERA,

Animal. Soft, inarticulated, always fixed in a bivalve shell,
without head or eyes, having the mouth naked, concealed, and
without any hard parts; a large mantle enveloping the whole of
the body, forming two laminiform lobes; the edges detached or
semetimes united in front. Gills or respiratory organs external,
situated on each side between the body and the mantle ; circula-
tion simple, the heart with one ventricle; some few ganglions of ;
the different nerves, but no knotted medullary cord.

Sheil. Always bivalve, enveloping the animal entirely or par-
tially, sometimes free, sometimes affixed; the valves most. fre-
quently united on oné side by a hinge or ligament. Sometimes
attached to the shell are: testaceous accessory pieces. Twenty
families.

CONCHOLOGY. : 3:

FAMILY I.

Tupicotra. Six Genera.
1. Genus Aspergillum. Pl. V.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. Oval, somewhat elongated, striated longitudinally, conic,
club-shaped, having two valves incrusted on one side of the club,
open at its attenuated extremity, and terminated at the other by
a convex disk, pierced by a number of small perforations, and
encircled by a dilated margin of papyraceous tubes, resembling a
plaited ruff—smaller extremity always open. ‘This is a well
known, but rare shell, found in sandy places in low water in the
Indian ocean, Four species. :

Aspergillum Javanum. Aspergillum Nove Zelandie.
A. vaginiferum. A. agglutinans.

2. Genus Clavagella. Pl. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. A tubular sheath, testaceous, attenuated, and open before ;
terminating posteriorly in an oval, sub-compressed club, roughened
by spiniform tubes—one valve fixed in the side of the club, the
other free in the tube. Inhabits the Indian seas. Four species.

Clavagella aperta. Clavagella tibialis.
C. cristata. C. Brocchii.

3. Genus Fistulana. Pl. VI.

Animal. Provided with two protuberant calcareous tubes,
covering parts of its body at the open end of the tube, each of
which is terminated with from five to eight cup-shaped calcareous
or corneous appendages. It inhabits the sand, and perforates

~ wood, stones, and sometimes shells.

Shell. Lamarck asserts that the tube and shell of this genus
are quite distinct. They have the shell free and detached within
the sheath, and neither of the valves fixed into the partition of the
tube, which is most generally testaccous, closed, and retort-shaped

36 CONCHOLOGY.

at the posterior extremity. Inhabits the Indian seas. Four
species. i
Fistulana clava. Fistulana gregata.
F. corniformis. F. lagenula.

4. Genus Septaria. Pl. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. A very long testaceous tube, gradually attenuated to its
upper end, and divided internally by vaulted divisions seldom
complete, the extremity of which is terminated by two slender
tubes without interior partitions. Specimens of this genus have
been found five feet long. Found in sand on the shores of the

Indian seas. ‘Two species.
Septaria arenaria. Septaria maculata.

5. Genus Teredina. Pl. VI.

A fossil genus; consisting of a testaceous cylindrical sheath,
the posterior extremity closed, and exhibiting the two valves
of the shell it encloses; the anterior end open. T'wo fossil

species.

6. Genus Teredo. PI. VI.

Amimal. Body very much elongated, vermiform: mantle very -
fme, tubular, opening only at front and below for the issue of a
teat-shaped foot ; mouth small ; very short, distinct tubes ; the in-
ferior or respiratory one somewhat larger than the superior ; labial
appendages short and striated; branchie very long, narrow,
united, and prolonged throughout the extent of the tubular cavity
of the mantle; only one large contractile muscle between the
valves ; at the point of junction of the mantle and tubes is a mus-
cular ring, in which is implanted a pair of corneo-calcareous ap-
pendages.

Shell. Thick, solid, very short or annular, open before and
behind; valves equal, equilateral, angular and trenchant before,
only touching each other by the opposite edges ; no hinge ; a con.
siderable spoon-like cavity ; only one feeble muscular impression.

CONCHOLOGY. 37

Tube more or less distinct from the substance in which the ani-
mal lives, cylindrical, straight or winding, and closing with age at
the bucal extremity so as to envelope the animal and its shell; at
the other end it is always open, and divided internally into two
syphons by a partition in the middle. Inhabits the European
seas in timber. Three species.

Teredo navalis. Teredo palmulata. Teredo gigantea.

FAMILY II.
Proraparia. Two Genera.
1.Genus Pholas. Pi. VI.

Animal. Without a tubular sheath, projecting anteriorly into
two united tubes, frequently surrounded by a common skin, and
the posterior extremity provided with a short muscular foot, flat-
tened at its extremity.

Shell. Multivalve, equivalve, transverse, gaping at both ends,
with various accessory pieces either on the hinge or below it.
Inhabits the Indian seas and American shores. Eighteen species.

Pholas dactyla. Pholas papyracea.
P. orientalis. P. tuberculata.

P. candida. P. silicula.

P. dactiloides. P. callosa.

P. costata.* P. truncata.*

P. clavata.* P. californica.*

P. ovum.* P. penita.*

P. lancellata.* P. oblongata.*

P. crispata.* P. cuneiformis.*

2. Genus Gastrochena. PI. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

Always without accessory pieces, therefore easily distinguished
from the Pholas.

Shell. Equivalve, somewhat cuneiform with a very large oval

a

38 ~ CONCHOLOGY.

and oblique aperture anteriorly ; posterior extremity nearly closed ;
hinge linear ; marginal and without teeth. Three species.
Gastrochena cuneiformis. Gastrochena mytiloides.
i G. modiolina.

FAMILY III. ’
Sorenea. Four genera.

1. Genus Solen. PI. VI.

Animal. Body cylindroid, much elongated; the mantle in
form of a canal open at both ends, closed in the rest of its extent
by a thick epidermis which surrounds it; a cylindroid anterior
foot.

Shell. Equivalve, extremely inequilateral, the summits very
small, and entirely at the commencement of the dorsal line ; one
or two teeth in the hinge. Inhabits the seas of America and Eu-
rope. ‘Twenty-one species.

Solen vaginus. Solen antiquatus.
S. corneus. S. vaginoides.
S. pygmeus. S. siliqua.

S. ambiguus, S. cultellus.
S. Dombeii. S. planus.

S. Javanicus. S. constrictus.
S. Caribeus. S. coarctatus.
S. violaceus.

S. ensis.* S. centralis.*
S. minutus.* S. rostratus.*
S. viridis.* S. giganteus.*

2. Genus Panopea. Pi. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

The situation of the ligament, and the prominency of the
apex, are the characters which distinguish it from the Mya.

Shell. Regular oval, elongated, gaping at both ends, equivalve,
inequilateral ; summit little marked and anterodorsal ; hinge com-

CONCHOLOGY. 39

plete ; similen formed by a conical primary tooth, before a short,
compressed, ascending callosity, ligament. exterior, attached to
the callosity ; two muscular impressions. Inhabits the Mediter-
ranean Sea. One species.

Panopea Aldrovandi.

3. Genus Solecurtus. Pl. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Oval, elongated, equivalve, subequilateral, with edges
nearly straight and parallel, the extremities equally rounded, and,
as it were, truncated; summits but little marked ; hinge without
teeth, or formed by some rudimentary primary teeth, ligament pro-
jecting, affixed to thickened callosities ; two distinct rounded mus-
cular impressions.—Mediterranean Sea and coasts of America.
Ten species.

Solecurtus radiatus. S. strigilatus. S. legumen.
S. fragilis.* S. lucidus.*
S. costatus.* S. Nuttallii.*
S. Caribzus.* S. subteres.*

S. Californianus.*

4, Genus Glycimeris. Pl, VI.

Animal. Unknown.

The few species of this genus yet known have been blended,
by previous authors, either with the Mya or Solen, but from
either they are easily distinguished.

Shell. Covered with epidermis, slightly irregular, elongated,
gaping at both ends, equivalve, exceedingly inequilateral ; sum-
mits little marked; hinge toothless; a longitudinal callosity.
Ligament exterior, affixed to very projecting callosites on the
shortest side of the shell ; two distinct muscular impressions. In-
habits the North seas. ‘Two species.

Glycimeris margaritacea. Glycimeris siliqua.

40 CONCHOLOGY.

+

FAMILY IV.

Myanrra. Two genera.
1. Genus Mya. PI. VI.

Animal. Subcylindrical, enveloped in a mantle pierced only
with one interior and inferior hole for the passage of a very small
-and conical foot; the tubes very considerable, and completely
united; a tolerably large mouth, oval, and with simple lips;
very small labial appendages: branchial lamine inconsiderable ;
the external very short, the internal united with that of the oppo-
site side.

Shell. Surrounded with a thick epidermis, which is prolonged
upon the tubes and the edges of the mantle of the animal; tolera-
-bly solid, with fine trenchant edges; the summits very little
marked ; hinge dissimilar; one or two oblique cardinal folds, di-
vergent, behind a horizontal spoon-shaped hollow upon the left
valve, corresponding with a hollow; horizontal and cardinal in
the right valve ; two distinct muscular impressions. Inhabits the
British and American coasts. Eight species.

Mya truncata. Mya erodona.
M. arenaria. M. solenimyalis.
M. hyalina.* _ M. acuta.*

M. canceliata.* M. mercenaria.*

2. Genus Anatina. Fl. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Transverse, subequivalve, gaping at both valves, or in
one only; no cardinal teeth; one broad primary tooth in both
valves, projecting interiorly ; a lateral plate running obliquely
under the primary teeth. Sometimes there is a fissure extending
from the apex, giving the appearance of a second plate or rib.
Inhabits the British and American seas. ‘I'welve species.

Anatina laterna. Anatina trapezoides.
A. truncata. A. rugosa.
A. subrostrata. A. imperfecta.

CONCHOLOGY. 41

A. longirostris. A. myalis.

A. globulosa. A. rupicola.

A.. Leana.* A. papyracea.*
FAMILY V.

Macrracea. Seven genera.
1. Genus Lutraria. Pl. VI.

Animal. Body oval, much compressed, or subcylindrical ;
the mantle enclosed only in the half of its inferior side: foot
small and projecting but little beyond the abdominal mass, tubes
long, distinct or united. This genus is perfectly distinct from
the Mactra, to which it formerly belonged, on account of its
having no lateral teeth. It is called by De Blainville, Lutricola,
from its being found very deep in mud or sand at the mouth of
rivers.

Shell. Oval or elongated, regular, equivalve, more or less
inequilateral, sometimes but slightly gaping: edges always simple
and trenchant ; summits feebly marked; hinge subsimilar, formed
by two very small divergent cardinal teeth; two very distinct
muscular impressions united by a palleal impression profoundly
sineous to the rear. Inhabits the seas of Europe and America.
Fourteen species.

Lutraria solenoides. Lutraria elliptica.
L. rugosa. L. papyracea.

L. compressa. L. plicatella.

L. piperata. L. crassiplica.

L. tellinoides. L. complanata.
L. candida,

L. lineata.* L. Nuttallii.*

L. caniculata.*

2. Genus Macitra. PI. VI.

Animal. Body oval and pretty thick; edges of the mantle
4*

42 CONCHOLOGY.

thick, smooth, or without tentacular papille, augmented behind
by two indistinct tubes ; mouth small and oval; labial appendages
narrow ; branchial lamine very small, and united in their length
among themselves and with those of the opposite side ; foot oval,
trenchant, very long.

Shell. The Mactra has a peculiar hinge distinguishing it from
all other genera. It is triangular, with a curved or angular com-
pressed tooth on each valve, with a small oblique cavity on each
side, to which is attached the ligament. ‘T'wo lateral teeth, one
near the primary tooth and one near the ligament. ‘The shape
of the shell is subtriangular or oblong; exterior smooth, striated,
or ribbed transversely ; two muscular impressions united by a
narrow marginal tongue. Inhabits the British and American
coasts. Forty-four species.

Mactra spengleri. Mactra helvacea.

SSSSS

. striatella.
. carinata.

. straminea.
. Australis.
violacea.

. fasciata.

. turgida.

. plicataria
rufescens.
. maculata.
. subplicata.

<zzeeeeeee

. lactea.
. abbreviata.
. crassatella.

= ss 55

gigantea.*

. solida.*

. oblonga.*

. californica.*
. arctata.*

. nucleus.*

. triangularis.

M. grandis.
M. stultorum.
M. maculosa.
M. ovalina.
M. castanea.
M. rufa.

M. squalida.
M. Brasiliana.
M. donacina.
M. depressa.
M. lilacea.
M. trigonella.
M. deitoides.
M. alata.

M. alba.*

M. similis.*
M. fragilis.*
M. lateralis.*
M. deaurata.*
M. planulata.*

M. tellinoides.*

CONCHOLOGY. — 43

‘ 3. Genus Crassatella. Pl. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Close, suborbicular or transverse, striated longitudi-
nally, denticulated, regular, equivalve, inequilateral, summits
well marked, and turned to the front: primary teeth somewhat
divergent with a hollow at the side; no lateral teeth nor obsolete
ones ; ligament internal and inserted into a pit in the hinge-
It is easily known from the Mactra and Lutraria by the valves
fitting exactly. The living species of this genus only exist in the
seas of Australasia, while in a fossil state we find at least seven
species in France. Eleven species.

Crassatella kingicola. Crassatella subradiata.
C, donacina. C. contraria.

C. sulcata. C. cuneata.

C. rostrata. C. Erycinea.

C. glabrata. C. cycladea.

C. striata.

4, Genus Erycina. Pl. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Somewhat longer than high, subtrigonal, regular equi-
valved, inequilateral, gaping but little or not at all; summits well
marked and a little inclined to the front; hinge subsimilar; two
unequal cardinal teeth converging to the summit; two oblong,
compressed, short, and inserted lateral teeth; ligament internal
and situated in a pit. Owing to the equivocal character of this
genus it is somewhat difficult to judge of the hinge. | Inhabits the
Indian and American seas. Two species.

Erycina cardioides. Erycina striata.

5. Genus Ungulina. Pl. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Vertical or sublongitudinal, a little irregular, not gaping,
equivalve, subequilateral, with summits a little marked; hinge
dorsal, formed by a cardinal tooth; two long muscular impres-
sions, one short primary cleft tooth in each valve, with an oblong

44 CONCHOLOGY.

groove divided in the middle of the margin, ligament internal
inserted in a pit. Two species.
Ungulina oblonga. Ungulina transversa.

6. Genus Solemya. Pl. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Covered with a thick epidermis, enclosing it entirely
except at the extremities, regular, somewhat thick, oval, elongated,
straight and parallel edges, also rounded at its two extremities,
valves equal, very inequilateral; the anterior side much longer
than the posterior; summits feebly marked; hinge subsimilar,
formed by a cardinal tooth, dilated, compressed, and a little reflexed
above ; subexterior ligament inserted upon the tooth, and nearly
at the posterior extremity of the shell; two small, rounded, widely
separated muscular impressions, without any visible abdominal
impression. Four species.

Solemya Australis. Solemya Mediterranea.

S. velum.* S. borealis.*

7. Genus Amphidesma. Pl. VI.

Animal. Very imperfectly known.

Shell. Transverse, inequilateral, somewhat rounded or sub-
oval ; sides slightly gaping ; hinge with one or two cardinal teeth,
and a narrow groove for the internal ligament; ligament double,
the external one short, the internal one fixed in the internal
grooves. The two ligaments distinguish this genus from all other
bivalves. Inhabits the West Indian and American seas. Forty-
five species,

Amphidesma variegatum. Amphidesma Tenuii.
A. donacillum. A. purpurescens.

A. lacteum. A. nucleolum.

A. corneum. A. physioides.

A. albellum. A. pulchrum.

A. flexuosum. A. pallidum.

A. prismaticum. A. formosum.

A. phaseolinum. A. roseum.

CONCHOLOGY. 45

A. corbuloides. A. ellipticum.

A. glabrellum. A. subtruncatum.
A. lucinale. A. solidum.

A. Boysii. A. cordiforme.
A. lenticulare. A. rupium.

A. cancellatum. A. lamellosum.
A. reticulatum. A. crenulatum.
A. duplicatum. A. punctatum.
A. leve. A. multicostatum.
A. prismaticum. A. siculum.

A. transversum.* A. orbiculata.*
A. rubro-lineata.* A. equalis.*

A. decisa.* A. punctata.*

A. bellastriata.* A. radiata.*

A. lepida.*

FAMILY VI.
Corsuracea. Two genera.
1, Genus Cordula. PI. VI.

Animal. Unknown.

“Shell. Tolerably solid, regular, inequivalve, inequilateral with
a conical, flexed, ascending, primary tooth in each valve ; a cavity
at the side; no lateral teeth; ligament interior, placed in the
cavities ; two neighbouring muscular impressions. Inhabits the
British and American seas. Ten species. Four fossil.

Corbula Australis Corbula Taitensis.
C. sulcata. C. nucleus.

C, erythrodon. C. impressa.

C. ovalina. C. porcina.

C. semen.

C. contracta.*

2. Genus Pandora. Pl. VI.

Animal. Body much compressed, somewhat enlongated, in

46 CONCHOLOGY.

form of a furrow, in consequence of the union of the edges of the
mantle, and its continuation with the tubes, which are united and
short ; foot small, thickest in front, and issuing through a tolerably
large cleft in the mantle.

Shell. Regular, white, elongated, much compressed, inequi-
valved, inequilateral ; right or upper valve quite flat, with a fold ;
summits feebly marked ; hinge anomalous, formed by a transverse
cardinal tooth on the right ; valve entering a corresponding cavity
in the left; ligament internal, oblique, triangular, inserted in a
somewhat deep pit, with edges a little projecting on each valve ;
two round muscular impressions. Inhabits the Mediterranean,
British, and American seas. Four living species, and two fossils,
according to Defrance.

Pandora rostrata. Pandora obtusa.

P, trilineata.* P. punctata.*

FAMILY VII.

LiruorHaca. Three genera.

1. Genus Saxicava. Pl. VI.

Animal. T.ong, subcylindrical, the mantle closed in all parts,
prolonged behind by two long tubes, thick and close together
externally, pierced interiorly and in front with a round orifice, for
the passage of a very small foot; mouth very large ; labial appen-
dages small; branchial lamine free, the external pair much shorter
than the internal.

Lamarck has thought proper to remove this genus from the
Mytilus; it possesses the faculty, like the Pholas, of penetrating
rocks and substances, and cannot be extracted but by breaking
the substance in which it is imbedded.

Sheil. Thick, with an epidermis, a little irregular, elongated,
subcylindrical, obtuse at both ends; summits feebly marked ;
hinge toothless, or with a very small rudimentary tooth ; ligament
external, somewhat inflated ; two round muscular impressions
distinct, and several others irregular. Inhabits the British and

CONCHOLOGY. 47

American seas, in cavities, which they bore in rocks or wood.
Nine species.

Saxicava rugosa. Saxicava pholadis.

S. gallicana. S. Australis.

S. veneriformis.

ed

S. distorta.* S. carditoides.*
S. rhomboides.* S. californica.*

2. Genus Petricola. Pl. VII.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Subtrigonal, more or less irregular, transverse, inequi-
lateral; upper side narro-ved and a little gaping; lower side
rounded ; hinge with two teeth in each valve, or in one valve
only. Inhabits the Australian seas, boring into wood and rocks.
Thirteen species.

Petricola lamellosa. Petricola recellaria.
P. Ochrolenca. P. exilis.

P. Semilamellata. P. ruperella.

P. lucinalis. P. chamoides.

P, striata, P. pholadiformis.
P. costeilata. P. labagella.

P. linguatula.

3. Genus Venerirupis. PI. VII.

Animal. Unknown, but probably resembling the Venus.

Another lithophagous shell, taken from the genus Venus, and
distinguished from it by the different disposition of the teeth.

Shell. Transverse, inequilateral, posterior side short, the an-
terior gaping slightly. Hinge with two teeth on the right valve,
three on the left, and sometimes three on both—these are small,
near together, and parallel. Ligament exterior. Inhabits the Bri-
tish seas, boring into rocks and clay. Hight species.

Venerirupis perforans. Venerirupis exotica.
V. nuclea, VY. distans.
V. Ira. V. crenata.

V. corditoides. V. alata.

48 CONCHOLOGY.

FAMILY VIII.
pee a Ten Genera.

This family is divided into N. Solenaria and N. Tellinaria,
from their resemblance to the Solen and Tellina.

N.Sorenarta. Three genera.

1. Genus Sanguinolaria. Pl. VII.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Oval, compressed, a little elongated, gaping but little,
equivalve, subequilateral, rounded at both extremities; no mark
of posterior keel; summits feebly marked; hinge formed by one
or two contiguous cardinal teeth upon each valve ; ligament pro-
jecting, two round muscular impressions, distant and joined by a
narrow palleal impression strongly sinuous behind. Inhabits the
sea at Jamaica and shores of America. Nine species.

Sanguinolaria occidens. Sanguinolaria livida.
S. rosea. S. rugosa.

S. alba.

S. fusca.* S. Nuttallii.*

S. lusoria.* S. Californiana.*

2.Genus Psammobia. Pl. VII.

Animal. Unknown.

Resembling the Tellina, from which it was taken, but not
having an irregular plait on the anterior part.

Shell. Transverse, oblong-ovate, or elliptical, flattened, slightly
gaping at one side; summits projecting; hinge formed by two
primary teeth in the left valve, and one in the opposite one
Inhabits the European and American seas. Twenty-one species.’

Psammobia virgata. Psammobia alba.
P. ferroensis. P. Cayennensis.
P. vespnrtina. P. levigata.

P. muculosa. P. Tellinella.

CONCHOLOGY. 49

P. cerulescens. P. aurantia.
P. elongata. P., fragilis.
P. flavicans. P. livida.
P. sqamosa. P. galathea.

P. pulchella.

P. lusoria.* P. Pacifica.*
P. fusca.* P. Florida.*

3. Genus Psammotza. Pl. VII.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Of the same form as the Psammobia, but differing in
the number of teeth, the left valve of the Psammotza having only
one tooth; and sometimes one valve is without teeth, while the
other has two; ligament exterior, attached to callosities at the
hinge, and without an irregular plait. Inhabits the Australian
seas. Seven species. One fossil species.

Psammotea violacea. Psammotea candida.
P. zonalis. P. tarentina.
P. pellucida. P, donacina.

P. serotina.

N. Tettmnaria. Seven Genera.

The two last of these genera have no lateral teeth, the rest have
one or two.

4, Genus Telina. Pl. VII.

Animal. Body triangular, much compressed : the free edge of
the mantle furnished with a row of tentacular, largest and longest
in the rear; foot very large, compressed and pointed to the front;
buccal appendages nearly as large as the bronchial lamine, of
which the external pair are much smaller than the internal ; the
anterior contractile muscle larger than the other; tubes very dis-
tinct.

Shell. Of a somewhat variable form, generally striated longi-
tudinally and much compressed, equivalved, more or less inequi-
lateral; the anterior side almost always longer and more rounded

5

r

50 CONCHOLOGY.

than the posterior, which constantly presents a flexuous fold, at
least at its inferior edge; summits feebly marked; hinge similar;
one or two cardinal teeth; two lateral teeth, far apart with a pit
at their base in each valve; ligament posterior, large; round
muscular impressions. The finest species of this beautiful shell
are found in the pearl fisheries of Ceylon ; and numerous species
on’the American shore. Sixty-eight species.

Tellina unimaculata. Tellina margaritina.

T. virgata.

T.. semizonalis.

T. staurella.
T. lutirostra.
T. rostrata.
T. Spengleri.
T. radiata.

T. crucigera.
T. elliptica.
T.. albinella.
T. rosea.

T. foliacea.
T. operculata.
T. chloraleuca.
T’. remies.

T’. sulcata.

T. crassa.

T.. exilis.

T. donacina.
T. nitida.

T. striatula.
T.. decussata.
T. obliqua.
T. nymphalis.
'T’. capsoides.
T. seradiata.

T.. ostracea.*
T.. intastriata. *
T. polita.*

T. strigosa.
T. planata.
T. depressa.
T. pulchella.
T. fabula.

T. tenuis.

'T. sulphurea.
T. cornuta.
T. iris.

T. levigata.
T. linguafelis.
T. rugosa.

T. lacunosa.
T. gargadia.
T. pristis.

T. gigas.

T. scalaris.
T. psammotella.
T. scobinata.
T. Brasiliana.
T. umbonella.
T, deltoidalis.
T. multangula.
T. solidula.
T. polygona.

T. tenera.*
T. flexuosa.*
T.. secta.*

CONCHOLOGY. dl

T. decorate.* T. alta*

T. lateralis.* I’. nasuta.*
T. alternata.* T. lineata*
T. vimaculata.* T. sordida.*

T. pumicea.*

5. Genus Tellinides. Pl. VII.

Animal. As above.

This genus is very nearly allied to the Psammobia, Tellina,
and Lucina, but upon close examination it will be found to be
distinct from either.

Shell. Equilateral, transverse, somewhat elongated, nearly
without the flexuous plait ; two divergent cardinal teeth, of which
the anterior is but little distant from the summit. Inhabits the
Bay of Naples. Two species. One species is found on the
shores of America.

Tellinides Timorensis.

T.. rosea.*

Genus Corbis. Pl. VII.

Animal. Differing slightly from the Lucina.

This genus was classed by Lamarck with the Lucina, but the
great difference in the organization of the animals discovered by
Cuvier, has made this a distinct genus.

Shell. Equivalve, transverse, without any imepalde fold on
the anterior margin, having the beaks flexed inward and opposite ;
two cardinal teeth ; two lateral, the posterior of which is nearest
the hinge ; muscular impressions simple, ligament external. In-
habits the Indian Ocean.

Corbis fimbriata. Corbis maculata.

7. Genus Lucina. Pl. VII.

Animal. Very imperfectly known.

Shell. Inequilateral, suborbicular, beaks small, pointed, and
oblique ; two divergent cardinal teeth, one of which is bifid, and
which vary or disappear with age; two lateral teeth sometimes
obsolete, the posterior approaches nearest to the cardinal teeth ;

52 CONCHOLOGY.

two muscular impressions far apart, the posterior in shape of a
band, sometimes very long; ligament external. Inhabits the
British and American seas. ‘Twenty-six species.

Lucina Jamaicensis. Lucina divaricata.

L. circinaria.
L. columbella.
L. mutabilis.
L. squamosa.
L. Peruviana.
L. fimbriata.

_L. edentula. L. scabra.
L. radula. L. sinuata.
L. lactea. L. lutea. iF

L. globularis.
L. digitalis.

L. Pecten.

L. reticulata.
L. carmaria.
L. concentrica.

L. undata.

L. Californica.*
L. Nuttallii*

L. bella,*
L. Pennsylvanica.*
L. speroides.*

8. Genus Donax. PI. VII.

Animal. As in Tellina.

Shell. Transverse, inequilateral, equivalve ; anterior side short
and obtuse ; two primary teeth in one or both valves; one or two
lateral teeth varying in distance ; two round muscular impressions ;
ligament, external, short, and inserted at the posterior impres-
sion. Inhabits the seas of Europe and America. Thirty-one

species.
Donax pubescens. Donax columbella.
D. cuneata. D. Australis.
D. radians. D. bicolor.
D. abbreviata. D. merois.

D. scripta.

D. trunculata.
D. flabagella.

D. Martiniensis.

D. ringens.

D. Cayennensis.
D. denticulata.
D. cinatina.

D. cardioides.
D. scorta.

D. compressa.

D. triquetra.
D. rugosa.
D. elongata.

CONCHOLOGY. 53

D. deltoides. D. granosa.
D. veneriformis. D. epidermia.
D. Vittata. D. minima.
D. variabilis.* D. fossar.*

D. Californica.*

9. Genus Capsa. Pl. VII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Transverse, equivalve, valves approximate and close ;
three primary teeth in the right valve, and a single bifid tooth in
the left, inserted into a cavity in the opposite one; no lateral
teeth ; ligament external and on the short side, as in Donax, from
which it was separated by Lamarck, on account of the peculiarity
of the hinge. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. ‘Three species.

Capsa levigata. Capsa Braziliensis.
C. Donavides.

10. Genus Crassina. PI. VII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Distinguished from the Venus by having only two teeth
on each valve, and from the crasatella by the position of the liga-
ment ; solid, sub-orbicular, thick, hinge with two strong diverging
primary teeth in the right valve, and two unequal ones on the
‘other ; ligament external. Inhabits the Scottish and Devonshire
coasts. One species.

Crassina Danmoniensis.

FAMILY IX.
Concuacea. Seven Genera.
This family is divided into Conchz Marine, and Conchz
Fluviatiles.

Concuaz Marina. Four Genera.

t.-Cyprina. Pl. VIL.
Animal. Thick, oval, foot compressed, falciform, geniculated

5x*

54 CONCHOLOGY.

mantle closed behind, and pierced by two oval apertures with
cirrous edges: no veritable tubes.

Shell. With epidermis; thick, regular, substriated longitudi- _
nally, subcordiform, equivalved, inequilateral ; summits strongly
flexed to the front and often contiguous ; hinge thick, subsimilar,
formed by three slightly converging cardinal teeth, and by a pos-
terior lateral tooth, sometimes obsolete ; ligament very thick ; mus-
cular impressions distant, subcircular, and united by a narrow
marginal band. Inhabits the Atlantic Ocean and British seas.
Two living species. Seven fossil.

Cyprina tennistria. Cyprina Icelandica.

2. Genus Cytherea. PI. VII.

Animal. Oval or round, generally but little compressed ; edges |
of the mantle undulous, and garnished with tentacular cirri in
one row; foot considerable, compressed, trenchant, in other re-
spects diversiform ; tubes tolerably elongated, and most usually
united; mouth small; labial appendages quite small; branchie
wide, short, free, or not united either with one another or with
those of the opposite side.

Shell. Solid, equivalve, regular, inequilateral ; summits equal,
reflexed, and slightly projecting ; four primary teeth on one valve,
of which three are divergent, and approximating at the base, and
one remote—this circumstance easily distinguishing it from the
Venus. On the other valve are three primary divergent teeth
with a distant cavity parallel with the edge. Inhabits the British,
Mediterranean, and American seas. Eighty-three living species.
Nine fossil,

Cytherea petechialis. Cytherea tigrina.
C. morphina. C. pulicaris.

C, Castanea. C. numulina.

C. casta. C. abbreviata.

C. lusoria. ~ C. pectinata.

C. graphica. C. flexuosa.

C. impudica. C. ranella.

C. purpurata. C. Iunularis.

C. zonaria. C. divaricata.

CONCHOLOGY. a5

C. corbicula.
C. meretrix.

. lunaris.

. tigerina.

ornata.

. umbonella.

. placunella.

concentrica.
sulcatina.

. interrupta.

C. tripla. . cygnus.

C. erycina. . juvenilis.
C. impar. gigantea.
C. Guiniensis. . Venetiana,
C. pectoralis. lilacina.
C. Arabica. rufa.

C. Florida. erycinella.
C. immaculata. Dione.

C. Chione. . planatella.
C. hepatica. trimaculata.
C. citrina. nitidula.
C. lactea. pellucida.
C. lata: maculata.
C. lincta. lucinalis.
C. trigonella. . albina.

C. prostrata. exoleta.
C. Hebrea. mactroides.
Bs

C.

C

C.

C.

canananaaanaanesagaggssa ae eange

castrensis. punctata.
picta. undatina.
C. scripta. . gibbia,
C. mixta. macrodon.
C. muscaria. . testudinalis.
O. plicatina. . rugifera.
C. dentaria. aspergata.
C. nodulosa. C. squamosa.
C. cuneata. C. cardilla.
C. occulta.* C. callosa.*

C. crassatelloides.*

3. Genus Venus. Pi. VII.
As above.

Solid, thick, regular, perfectly equivalved and close,

Animal.
Shell.

56 CONCHOLOGY.

more or less inequilateral: summits well marked and inclined to
the front; hinge subsimilar; the middle cardinal tooth forked, or
three cardinal teeth more or less contiguous and convergent towards
the summits ; ligament thick, often areuated, convex, exterior ; two
distant muscular impressions ; cordiform depressions beneath the
beaks. Inhabits the British and American seas. One hundred
living-species. Nine fossil. ;

Venus reticulata,
V. rugosa.

V. corbis.

V. crebiscula.

. discina.

. cancellata.

. marica.

. sulcaria.

. cardivides.

. texturata.

a<d<<

. elliptica.

. rariflamma.
mercenaria.
. pullastra.
gallina.

. truncata.
. pectinula.
. anomala.
. lamellata.
. exilis.

. rufa.
Scotica.

. hiantina.

Eke ee ee ce ee

=

. Virginea.

V. corugata.

V. ovulea.

V. papilionacea.
V. callipyga.

V. punctifera
V. nebulosa

V. literata

Venus floridella.
V. aphrodina.
V. pulchella.
V. aphrodinoides.
V. tristis.

V. flammea.
V. puerpera.
V. verrucosa.
V. pygmea.
V. casina.

V. crenulata.
V. plicata.

V. granulata.
V. pectorina.
V. cingulata.
V. textilis.

V. grisea.

V. geographica,
V. Dombeii.
V. decussata.
V. lagopus.
V. glandina.
V. gallinula.
V. retifera.

V. sulcata.

V. galactites.
V. exalbida.
V. scalarina.
V. dorsata.

V. aurea.

V. crassisulca.

CONCHOLOGY. a4

V. carneola. V. marmorata.
V. petalina. V. Malabarica.
V. cornularis. V. laterisulca.
V. adspersa. V. subrostrata.
V. opima. V. phaseolina.
V. turgida. V. Florida.

V. flammiculata. V. bicolor. -

V. strigosa. V. catenifera.
V. Perronii. V. sinuosa.

V. elegantina. V. rimularis.
V. undulosa. V. ovata.

V. vermiculosa. V. pumila.

V. vulvina. V. inquinata.
V. notata.* V. Nuttallii.*
V. preparea.* V. staminea.*
V. elevata.* V. Californica.*
V. inequalis.* V. lamellifera.*
V. castanea.* V. Mortoni.*

4. Genus Venericardia. Pl. VII,

Animal. Nearly as above.

Shell. Suborbicular, inequilateral, equivalve, sides having
usually longitudinally rayed ribs ; hinge with two oblique cardinal
teeth in each valve, turned in the same direction. Five living
species. ‘Ten fossil species.

Venericardia Australis. Venericardia flammea.
V. imbricata. V. Tankervillii.
V.. crassicosta.

Concum Fuvuyratites. Three Genera.
5. Genus Cyclas. Pl. VII.

Animal. Body oval, thick ; edges of the mantle simple ; tubes
short and united; foot wide, compressed at base, and terminated
by a sort of leg or appendage.

The shells of this genus are very small, found buried in the

58 CONCHOLOGY.

mud of fresh watets; summits never eroded, but some species
are so thin as to be transparent.

Shell. With an epidermis, oval, or sub-orbicular, regular, equi-
valved, inequilateral; summits obtuse, contiguous or turned
anteriorly ; hinge similar, complex, formed by a slightly variable
number of cardinal teeth, and by two separated lateral teeth with
a pit at the base; ligament exterior, posterior, and inflated ; two
distant muscular impressions, united by a faintly marked abdomi-
nal band, and without posterior excavation. Fifteen species.

‘Cyclas cornea. Cyclas rivicola.
C. obliqua. C. lacustris.
C. obtusalis. C. calyculata.
C. Australis. C. fontinalis.
C. striatina. C. sulcata.

it C. Sarratogea.* C. similis.*
C. Rhomboidea.* C. Partumeia.*

C. dubia.*

6. Genus Cyrena. Pi. VII.

Animal. As above. :

Shell. Rounded and trigonal, ventricose, inequilateral ; hinge
with three teeth on each valve ; two lateral teeth, one of which is
near the primary ones; ligament exterior, situated on the largest
side. ‘The apices are always eroded or carious in shells of this
genus. Inhabits the rivers of China. One is found en the coast
of Carolina. ‘Ten living species. One fossil.

Cyrena orientalis. Cyrena trigonella.
C. depressa. cor:

C. fuscata. C. fluminea.

C. violacea. C. Bengalensis.

C. Ceylonica.

©. Caroliniensis.*

7%. Genus Galathea. Pl. VII.

Animal. As above.
Shell. Equivalve, subtrigonal, covered with a greenish epi-

ia

CONCHOLOGY. 09

dermis; the surface beneath is white, with several violet streaks
radiating from the summit to the margin; two furrowed cardinal
teeth upon one valve, three upon the other, the middle one being
largest and callous; muscular impressions double and lateral.
Inhabits the rivers of Ceylon. One species.

Galathea radiata.

FAMILY X.

Carpiacea. Five Genera.

1. Genus Cardium. Pl. VII.

Animal. Body somewhat inflated; mantle edged with tenta-
cular cirri in all its inferior part ; tubes united, of moderate size,
and provide with cirri at the extremity; mouth transverse, very
wide, with moderate labial appendages ; foot very large, cylindri-
cal, somewhat inclined anteriorly ; branchie thick, rather small,
especially the external lamine: the internal united in all their
extent.

Shell. Inflated, equivalve, sub-cordiform (when viewed ante-
riotly, usually costated from the apex to the circumference) ;
summits very evident, but slightly flexed to the front; hinge com-
plex, similar, formed of two oblique, conical cardinal teeth, and of
two distant lateral teeth, upon each valve ; ligament dorsal, poste-
rior and very short. Inhabits the European and American seas.
Fifty-seven living species. Fourteen fossil.

’ Cardium indicum. Cardium costatum.
C. Asiaticum. C, ringens.
C. fimbriatum. C. tennicostatum.
C. aculeatum. C. psudolima.
C. tuberculatum. C. erinaceum.
C. apertum. C. Basilianum.
C. bullatum. C. papyraceum.
©. echinatum. C., ciliare.
C, biradiatum. C. levigatum.
C. pectinatum. C. eolicum.
C. isocardium. C. elongatum.
C. angulatum. C. rugosum.

C, serratum. C. unedo.

60 CONCHOLOGY.

C. medinum. C. fragum.

C. tumotiferum. C. lineatum.

C. retusum. C. edule.

C. rusticum. C. latum.

C. Greendlandicum. ’ C. exigunum.
C. crenulatum, C. rosenum.

C. minotum. C. hemicardium.
C. scobinatum. . Junonie.

C. cardissum. . muricatum.

(er il a.

C. inversum. C. marmoreum.

C. ventricosum. ©. sulcatum.

C. obtusum. C. cifidium.

C. Mortonii.* C. Californianum.*

C. quadragenarium.*
C. Pennulatum.*

C. substriatum.*
C. Nuttallii*
C. pubescens.*

2. Genus Cardita. YI. VII.

Animal. Body suborbicular, terminated superiorly by a sort
of hook; mantle but little open; foot terminated at its extremity
by a part much narrower than the base; superior lobes of the
branchie very short. .

Shell. ‘Thick, solid, equivalve, more or less inequilateral ; sum-
mit dorsal always much flexed anteriorly ; hinge similar, formed
by two oblique teeth, one short, cardinal or apicial, the other
post-apicial, long, lamellous and arcuated; ligament elongated,
subexterior and inserted; two very distinct muscular impressions,
united by a palleal band, narrow and semicircular. Inhabits the
Mediterranean and American seas. ‘Twenty-three living species.
Four fossil.

Cardita Ajar.
C. squamosa.
C. crassicosta.
C. calyculata.
C. nodulosa.
C. trepezia.

Cardita sulcata.
C. turgida.

C. phrenetica.
C. rufescens.
C. subaspera.
C. intermedia.

CONCHOLOGY. 61

C. depressa. C. bicolor.

C. sinuata. C. concamerata.
C, citrina. ; C. aviculina.

C. orbularis. C. sublevigata.

C. lithophagella.

C. borealis.* C. incrassata.*

3. Genus Cypricardia. PI. VII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Obliquely elongated, equivalve, inequilateral; valves
striated, not ribbed; distinguished from the Cardita by having
three teeth beneath the apices, and a callous lengthened tooth or
ridge. Inhabits the coast of Guinea and California. Five living
species. Three fossil.

Cypricardia angulata. Cypricardia coralliophaga.
C. Guinaica. C. rostrata.

C. Caiifornica.*

4, Genus Hiatella. Pt. VII.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. ‘Thin, elongated, subrhomboidal, equivalve, very ine-
quilateral, gaping at its inferior edge, and at its posterior extre-
mity ; summit very anterior, and much flexed to the front ; hinge
formed of a single tooth upon one valve corresponding to an
emargination in the opposite valve, or of a small tooth with a
cardinal pit upon each valve; ligament exterior and dorsal. In-
habits the British seas. ‘wo species.” |

Hiatella Arctica. Hiatella biaperta.

5. Genus JIsocardia. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Body very thick: edges of the mantle finely papilla-
ceous, separated inferiorly, and united behind by a transverse
band, pierced with two orifices surrounded with radiating papille ;
foot small, compressed, trenchant.

Shell. Free, regular, inflated, equivalve, very inequilateral,

6

62 CONCHOLOGY. :

with diverging summits, strongly flexed anteriorly and outwardly,
in a commencing spiral, hinge dorsal, long, similar, formed of
two flat cardinal teeth and one lamellous behind the ligament ;
ligament dorsal, exterior, diverging anteriorly towards the sum-
mit; muscular impressions very distant and small. Inhabits the
Mediterranean and British seas. Four living species. One fossil.

Isocardia Moltikana. Isocardia cor.

I. retusum. I, semisulcata.

FAMILY XI.

Arcacra. Four Genera.

1. Genus Arca. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Body thick, slightly variable in form; abdomen pro-
vided with a pedunculated foot, compressed, fit for adhesion, and
cleft throughout its extent; mantle supplied with a simple row
of cirri and slightly prolonged posteriorly ; buccal tentacula
very small and very thin.

Shell. Somewhat diversiform, but most usually elongated and
more or less oblique at the posterior extremity, often very inequi-
lateral; summits more or less distant and little flexed to the front ;
hinge anomalous, straight, or a little flexed, long, and formed by a
line of short vertical teeth, decreasing from the extremities to the
centre ; ligament exterior, wide, nearly as much before as behind
the summit; two muscular impressions united by a band or
palleal impression, not very distinct. Inhabits the American and
British seas. Forty-one living species. Nine fossil.

Arca semitorta. Arca inequivalvis.
A. tetragona. A. tortuosa.

A. sinuata. A. Noe.

A. cardissa. A. umbonata.

A. retusa. A. avellana.

A. ovata. A. ventricosa.

A. scapha. A. sulcata.

A. fusca. A. Helbingii.

A. Domingensis. A. barbata.

A. trapezina. A. Magellanica.

CONCHOLOGY. 63
A. pisolina. A. lactea.
A. callifera. A. cancellaria.
A. bisulcata. A. irudina.
A. senilis. A. rhombea.
A. auriculata, A. corbicula.
A. Cayennensis. A. Indica.
A, antiquata. A. granosa.
A. Braziliana. A. squamosa.

A. pistachia.

A. pounderosa,* A. incongrua.*
A. pexata.* A. transversa.*

2. Genus Cucullza. Pl. VIII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Trapeziform, inequilateral, equivalve, heart-shaped ;
beaks far apart, separated by the angular groove of the ligament,
which is altogether external; hinge linear, straight, with small
transverse teeth, having at its extremity from two to five parallel
ribs ; valves minutely striated longitudinally ; margins crenulated.
The Cucullea is distinguished from the Arca by the muscular
impression, to one side of which is an auriform testaceous appen-
dage; the shell also is more trapeziform. Inhabits the Indian
ocean. One living species. One fossil.

Cucullea auriculifera.

3. Genus Pectunculus. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Body round, more or less compressed ; mantle with-
out cirri or tubes; foot securiform, cleft at its inferior anterior
edge; buccal appendages linear.

Shell, Orbicular, equivalve, subequilateral; summit nearly
vertical, and more or less distant; hinge formed upon each valve,
of a numerous series of small teeth disposed in a curved line,
sometimes interrupted beneath the summit; ligament as in Arca,
but usually much narrower. Inhabits the British and Mediterra-
nean seas. T'wenty-two living species. Nine fossil.

Pectunculus pilosus. Pectunculus Pennaceus.
P. marmoratus. P. castaneus.

64 CONCHOLOGY.

P. angulatus. P. striatularis.
P, palleus. P. pectinatus.
P, zonalis. P. rubeus.

P. glycimeris. P. pectiniformis.
P. undulatus. P. nummarius.
P. scriptus. P. radiatus.

P. stellatus. Pp, vitreus.

P. violacescens. P. inscriptus.
P. aggregatus. P. cinerosus.

4, Genus Mucula. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Body subtriquetral ; mantle open in its inferior half
only, with whole edges, denticulated throughout the extent of the
back, without posterior prolongation; foot very large, thin at the
root, enlarged into a wide oval disk, the edges of which are fur-
nished with tentacular digitations; anterior buccal appendages,
pretty long, pointed, stiff, and applied one against the other like
jaws ; the posterior ones also stiff and vertical.

Shell. More or less thick, subtriquetral, equivalved, inequila-
teral, with summits contiguous and inclined anteriorly ; hinge
similar, formed by a numerous series of very sharp teeth, pecti-
nated and arranged in a line interrupted under the summit; liga-
ment internal, short, inserted in a little oblique pit in each valve ;
two muscular impressions. Inhabits the British and American
seas. Forty-five living species. Four fossil.

Nucula lanceolata. Nucula rostrata.

N. pella. N. Nicobarica. °

N. obliqua. N. Margaritacea.

N. elongata. N. Costellata.

N. tellinoides. N. gibbosa.
N
N
N
N

N. crenifera. . eburnea.
N. Arctica. . polita.

N. curvirostra. . nasuta.
N. glacialis. . fabula.
N. fluviatilis. N. Elenensis.
N. minuta. N. cuneata.
NN. para. N. striata.

N. Mauritiania. N. rugulosa.

CONCHOLOGY. 65

N. Limatula. N. nitida.
N. levis. ‘ N. tenuis.
N. concentrica. N. convexa.
N. decussata. N. Pisum.
N. exigua. N. carinifera.
N. squamosa. N. torta. ;
N. gigantea. N. plicaria.
N. navicularis.* N. proxima.*
N. tenuisulta.* N. acuta.*
N. myalis.*

FAMILY XII.
Triconacrd. Two genera.

1. Genus Trigonia. Pl. VIII."

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. Subdtrigonal or suborbicular, thick, regular, equivalve,
inequilateral; summits but slightly prominent, little flexed, ante-
rodorsal ; hinge complex, dorsal, dissimilar ; two thick oblong teeth
joined angularly under the summit, strongly furrowed upon the
right valve, penetrating into two excavations of the same form,
also furrowed, in the left valve ; ligament postapicial ; two distinct
muscular impressions, not united by a band. Inhabits the Aus-
tralian seas. One living species. Fifteen fossil.

Trigonia pectinata.

2. Genus Castalia. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Body large, slightly compressed, or moderately thick,
more or less oval; mantle with thick edges, simple or broken,
open in all its circumference except towards the back ;. a kind of
small, incomplete tube, furnished with two rows of somewhat
elongated cirri for the respiratory cavity ; flamelliform and tren-
chant.

Shell. Subtrigonal, equivalve, inequilateral ; umbones eroded,

6*

66 CONCHOLOGY.

covered with epidermis, and flexed anteriorly ; hinge with two
lamellar teeth transversely striated, one distant, posterior and
shortened, the other anterior, long, and lateral; ligament ex-
terior. Habitation unknown. One species.

Castalia ambigua.

FAMILY XIil.
Narapea. Four genera.

oGenue iinin. sel WiLL:

Animal. See Castalia.

Shell. Usually very thick, nacred within, covered with epi-
dermis, corroded at the summits, which are dorsal and suban-
terior; dorsal hinge formed by a double precardinal tooth, more
or less compressed, irregularly dentated on the left valve, and
simple on the right, together with a long Jamellous tooth under
the ligament: ligament external, dorsal, and postapicial; two
muscular impressions, well marked, besides those of the retractils
muscles. The species of this genus grow more numerous daily ;
they are found in all countries, but particularly in North Ame-
rica. One hundred and sixty-seven defined species. Numerous
fossil.

Unio Batayus. Unio crassidens. ase aa
U. crassissimus. U. obliquus. aT
U. elongatus. U. plicatus. * ceceuun cell
U. litoralis. U. purpuratus. A
U, pictorum. U. radiatus. p}

U. platyrhonchus. U. rectus.

U. marginalis. U. retusus.

U. tigris. U. rotundatus.

U. Egyptiacus. U. Australis.

U. Niloticus. .U. Nova Hollandica.

U. Leaii.

The following species are American :
Unio Bengalensis.- Lea. U. lamellatus. Lea.
U. bilineatus. o U. Morchisonianus, _,,

U. ceruleus.
U. corrugatus.
U. Corrianus.
U. Graianus.

. alatus.

. andontoides,
. Augustatus.
- apiculatus.
arceformis.
arctior,

apis

aqdacq

asperimus.
asper.
Blandingianus.
U. Barnesianus.
U. brevidens.

U. camelus.

U. capseformis.
U. carbonarius.
U. castanus.

U. Claibornensis.
U. circulus.

U. occineus.

U. compressus.

eco

U. complanatus.
U. confertus.

U. congareus.

U. contradens.

U. Cooperianus. »
U. creperus.

U. cuprinus.

CONCHOLOGY.

Lea.

iL. Cumberlandicus. 5

U. decisus.

U. dolabriformis.
U. donaciformis.
U. Dorfeuillianus.
U. uromas.

U. ebenus.

U. elegans.

U. olivarus.

U. ponderosus
U. divaricatus,
U. acutissimus.
U. fabalis.

U. Fisherianus.
U. folliculatus.
U. fulvus.

U. gibber.

U. glaber.

U. glans.

U. globosus.

U. graniferus.

U. Griffithianus,
U. Haysianus.
U. heterodon.

U. Hildrethianus.
U. Hopetonensis.
U. Hydianus.
U. inflatus.
U. interruptus.

U. iris.

U. irroratus.

U. Jayensis.

U. jegunus.

U. Katherine.

U. Kirklandianus.
U. levissimus.

U. lacrymosus.

U. lancolatus.

U. Lecontianus,
U. lens.

U. lugubris.

U. luteolus.

U. Medellinus.

U. Menkianus.
U. metanever.

U. Miihlfeldianus,

CONCHOLOGY.

U. elipsis. Lea, U. multiplicatus. Lea.
U. multiradiatus. 3 U. subovatus. a
U. modiolioformis. __,, U. subrotundus. ‘
U. notatus. 3 U. sulcatus. -
U. Novi-Eboraci. Sy U. Taitianus. #
U. obesus. 3 U. Tampicoensis. .
U. obsurus. 4 U. Tappanianus. >
U. occidens. e U. teniassimus. 5
U. palliatus. 53 U. trapezoides. 3
U. patulus. a. U. trigonus. ‘
U. stapes. 55 U. Troostensis. 5
UW. perdix. - U. turgidus. >
UD. perplexus. + U. Vanuxemensis. __,,
U. pictus. a U. varicosus. -
U. pileus. . U. Vaughanianus. _,,
U. pliciferus. FI U. venustus. b
U. pulcher. +s U. Watercensis. a
U. pumilis. } U. Zeiglerianus. bs
U. pustulatus. * U. zigzag. ij
U. pustulosus. 3 U. alatus. Say,

U. pyramidatus.
U. Rangianus.
U. Ravenelianus.
U. Roanokensis.
U. rubigunosus.
U. Schoolcraftensis.
U. securis.

U. Shepardianus.
U. simus.

U. solidus.

U. Sowerbianus.
U. spinosus.

U. splendidus.

”

”

3)

U. apiculatus
U. camptodon.
U. cariosus.
U. crassus.

U. cylindricus.
U. declivis.

U. dehiscens.
U. monodontus.
U. nasutus.
U. ovatus

U. personatus.
U. subtentus.

U. tetralasmus.

2. Genus Hyria, Pl. VIII.
Animal. As above. .
Shell. Solid, nacred, equivalve, obliquely triangular, auricu-
lated ; base straight and truncated; hinge with two projecting

eaten CONCHOLOGY. 69

teeth, the cardinal divided into numerous radiations, anterior ones
smaller, the others lamellar and long. Inhabits the lakes and
rivers of America. ‘Two species.

\ Atyria avicularis.* Hyria corrugata.*

Notre.—Alasmidonta. Separated by Say from the Anodonta by its pri-
mary tooth, and from the Unio by being destitute of the lamelliform teeth.
Shell. Transverse, equivalve, inequilateral ; hinge with a primary tooth
in each valve; cicatrices three. Four species.
A. undulata. A. marginata.
A. ambigua. A. confragosa.

3. Genus Anodonta. Pl. VIII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Rather thin, regular, close, equivalve, inequilateral ;
summit anterodorsal; hinge entirely without teeth, with a post-
apicial lamina ; ligament external, dorsal, and postapicial, two well
marked muscular impressions, besides those of the retractile
muscles. Inhabits fresh-water lakes in Europe and America.
Forty-nine living species; and many fossil.

Anodonta areolatus. Anodonta anatina.

A. marginata. A. sinuosa,

A. rubens. A. Patagonica.

A. anatina. A. cygnea.

A. fragilis. A. sulcata.

A. trapezialis. A. cataracta.

A. rufa. A. exotica

A. uniopsis. A. crispata.

A. intermedia. A. Pennsylvanica.

A. glauca. A. maximus.

The following species are American.

Anodonta magnifica. Lea. Anodonta gigantea. Lea.
A. Woodiana 4 A. incerta. is
A. angulata. 3 A. Pepiniana. FP
A. Benedictensis. a A. plana. Es
A. cylindracea fe A. salmonia. “4
A. decora. ss A. Stewartiana. 5

A. edentula e A. subcylindracea. __,,

70 CONCHOLOGY.

A. Ferussacina. Lea. A. Wahlamatensis. Lea.
A. fluviatilis. 2 A. Wardiana. if
A. Newtonensis. i A. gibbosa. Say.
A. Nuttalliana, * A. grandis. +
A. Oregonensis. a A. impura. 4
A. ovata. A. suborbiculata. 5s
A. pavonia. i A. undulata. “
A. lugubris. 3

4. Genus Jridina. PI. VIII.

Animal. As above.

The principal difference between the Anodonta and the
Iridina, consists in the tuberculated hinge of the latter.

Shell. Thin, oval, much elongated, inauriculated ; hinge very
long, linear, and crenulated throughout its length, ligament ex-
ternal and marginal; two distinct muscular impressions. Inhabits
the Nile and American coasts. Six species.

Iridina exotica. Iridina Nilotica.
I. celistis.* I. elongata.*
I. rubens.* , I. McMurtria.*

FAMILY XIV.
Cuamacea, ‘Three genera.

1. Genus Diceras. Pl. VIII.

Animal.

Shell. Inequivalve, adherent ; beaks conical, very large, diverg-
ing in irregular spiral contortions; hinge with a large, thick,
concave, subauricular tooth in the larger prominent valve; two
muscular impressions. One species. Fossil.

Diceras arietina.

2. Genus Chama. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Body suborbicular terminated superiorly by a sort of
hook; mantle very slightly opened for the passage of a foot, termi-

CONCHOLOGY. 71

nated at its extremity by a part much narrower than the base ;
superior lobes of the branchie very short.

Shell. Irregular, adhering, inequivalve, inequilateral ; summits
more or less twisted spirally, especially in the lower valve by
which these animals have the faculty of affixing themselves to
other bodies ; hinge dissimilar, thick, formed by asingle lamellous
tooth arcuated, subcrenulated, postcardinal and articulated in a
furrow of the same form ; ligament anterior and postapicial ; two

large muscular impressions, distant. British and American seas.
Eighteen living species.

Chama damecornis. Chama eruginosa.
C. crenulata. C. decussata.

C. arcinella. C. ruderalis.

C. cristella. C. Japonica.

C. Lazarus. C. limbula.

C. gryphoides. C. asperella.

C. unicornis. C. albida.

C. radians. C. croceata.

—_

C. exogyra.* C. Florida.*

3. Genus Etheria. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Adhering, irregular, thick, much nacred, inequilateral,
inequivalve ; summits subcephalic, thick, indistinct, in a species
of heel, growing longer with age; hinge without teeth, callous,
irregular and thick ; ligament subdorsal in the exterior portion of
the shell, and prolonged to a point internally ; two irregular
oblong muscular impressions, one superior and subposterior, the
other inferior and anterier, with a marginal palleal impression.
Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Five species.

Etheria elliptica. Etheria semilunata.
E. trigonula. E. transversa.

E. Carteronii.

, CONCHOLOGY.

FAMILY XV.

Tripacnesa. Two genera.
1, Genus Tridacna. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Body somewhat thick; edges inflated, lobes of the
mantle adhering, and united in nearly all their circumference, so
as to present but three apertures, the first inferior and anterior, for
the egress of the foot; the second superior and posterior for the
bronchial cavity, the third much smaller and in the middle of the
dorsal edge ; two pairs of labial appendages, thin, nearly filiform,
in the middle of which is a very small buccal orifice ; branchie
long and narrow; abdominal muscular mass considerable, and
giving issue, as if from a cup, toa thick bundle of byssoid muscu-
lar fibres.

Shell. Thick, solid, of variable size, regular, triangular, inequi-
lateral; summits inclined posteriorly, hinge dissimilar, entirely
anterior to the summit; a lamellous precardinal tooth and two
distant lateral teeth upon the left valve, corresponding with two
precardinal lamellous teeth, and one distant lateral tooth upon
the right valve ; ligament anterior, elongated ; a large, bifid, sub-
median muscular impression; another anterior one smaller and
less distinct. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Seven living species.

One fossil.

Tridacna gigas. Tridacna crocea.
T. squamosa. T. mutica.
T. elongata. T. serrifera.

T. pustulosa.

2. Genus Hippopus. Pl. VIII.

Animal. As above.
Shell. More elongated and inequilateral than in the Tridacna,

the anterior side being longer than the posterior ; the posterior
slope closed with a dentated margin. Inhabits the Indian seas.

One species.
Hippopus maculatus.

CONCHOLOGY. 73

FAMILY XVI.
Myritacea. Three genera.

1. Genus Mytilus. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Body oval, somewhat inflated; mantle open in its
inferior half only, and terminated posteriorly by an oval cleft with
fringed edges ; a linguiform, canaliculated, abdominal appendage,
with a byssus at its base behind, and several pairs of retractile
muscles; mouth with simple lips; two contractile muscles, of
which the anterior is very small.

Shell. Of a serrated tissue, elongated, more or less oval, some-
times subtriangular, equivalve, summits anterior, more or less
curved, sloping inferiorly in a slight degree; hinge toothless, or
with two very small rudiments; ligament dorsal, linear, subin-
terior, inserted in a narrow and very long furrow; two muscular
impressions, of which the anterior is very small, besides those of
the retractile muscles. Inhabits the British and American seas.
Forty-two species.

Mytilus erosus, Mytilus Magellicanus.
M. decussatus. M. crenatus.

M. elongatus. M. hirsutus.

M. Zonarius. M. latus.

M. violaceus. M. ungulatus.

M. smaragdinus. M. opalus.

M. edulis. M. corneus.

M. Hesperianus. M. retusus.

M. exustus. M. perna.

M. ovalis. M. bilocularis. :
M. Domingensis. M. ustulatus.

M. Afer. M. Senegalensis.

M. ungularis. M. achatinus.

M. borealis. M. planulatus.

M. augustanus. M. Galloprovincialis.
M. lacunatus. M. lineatus.

M. incurvatus. M. canalis.

M. abbreviatus. M. sanguineus.

74 CONCHOLOGY.

M. hamatus.* M. lateralis.*
M. croceus.* M. Californianus.*
M. cubitus.* M. leucopheeatus.*

2. Genus Modiola. Pl. VIII.

Animal. As above. -

Separated by Lamarck from the Mytilus, on account of its
being more transverse than longitudinal, the beaks instead of being
terminal are placed beneath the apex.

Shell. Smooth, subtransverse, equivalve, regular, subtriangu-
lar, posterior side short; summits nearly lateral; hinge toothless,
linear and lateral ; ligament partly interior, situated in a marginal
furrow ; one sublateral, elongated muscular impression in each
valve. Inhabits the British and American seas. Thirty-two
species.

Modiola Guyanensis. Modiola Papuana.

M. pulex. M. tulipa.

M. discors. M. albicosta.

M. cinnamorea. M. vagina.

M. plicata. M. picta.

M. lithophaga. M. sulcata.

M. Adriatica. M. plicatula.

M. discrepans. M. semifusca.

M. trapezina. M. purpurata.

M. silicula. M. barbata.

M. semen. M. caudigera.

M. levigata. M. squamosa.
M. securis.

M. Americana.* M. capax.*

M. castanea* ’ M. recta.*

M. opifex.* M. Carolinensis.*

M. semi-costata.*

3. Genus Pinna. PI. VIII.
Animal. Body oval, elongated, moderately thick, enveloped in

Ri CONCHOLOGY. 75

a mantle closed above, open below, and especially to the rear,
where it forms sometimes a sort of tube furnished with tentacular
cirri: a flabelliform abdominal appendage, and a very consider-
able byssus ; mouth provided with double lips, beside two pairs of
labial appendages ; a single large rétractile muscle apparent.
Shell. Subcornate, fibrous, brittle, regular, equivalve, longi-
tudinal, triangular, pointed anteriorly, in which direction is the
summit, which is straight, wide, and frequently truncated poste-
riorly ; hinge dorsal, longitudinal, linear, toothless ; ligarhent occu-
pying nearly all the dorsal edge of the shell; a single and very
wide muscular impression posteriorly ; a trace of the anterior in
the summit. Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea. Fifteen species.

Pinna rudis. Pinna flabelium.
P. seminuda, P. angustina.
P. nobilis. P. squamosa.
P. marginata. P. muricata.

P. pectinata. P, saccata.

P, ingens. P. dolabrata.

P, varicosa. P. vexillum.

P, nigtina.

FAMILY XVII.

Mattracea. Five genera.
1. Genus Crenatula. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Irregular, much flattened, subrhomboidal, subequivalve,
gaping posteriorly ; summit anterior; hinge longitudinal, dorsal,
toothless ; ligament submultiple, or inflated from place to place,
and inserted in a series of round cavities corresponding with the
dorsal edge ; muscular impression unique and subcentral. In-
habits the Red Sea. Seven species.

Crenatula modiolaris. Crenatula bicostalis.
C. avicularis. C. viridis.
C. nigrina. C. mytiloides.

C. phasianoptera.

76 CONCHOLOGY.

2. Genus Perna, Pl. VIII.

Animal. Body much compressed, the mantle-prolonged pos-
teriorly in a sort of lobe, and fringed at its inferior edge only; a
byssus; a single contractile muscle.

Shell. Irregular, much compressed, subequivalve, form some-
what variable, gaping at the anterior part of its inferior edge ;
summit very small: hinge straight, vertical, buccal, toothless ;
ligament multiple, and inserted in a series of longitudinal and
parallel furrows ; a subcentral muscular impression. Inhabits the
Indian seas. Ten species living. Two fossil; one found in
France and one in Virginia.

Perna ephippium. Perna sulcata.
P. isognomon. P. vulsella.

P. femoralis. P. nuclea.

P. marsupium. P. avicularis.
P. obliqua. P. canina.

8. Genus WMalleus. Pl. VIII.

Animal. Imperfectly known, but certainly byssiferous, with a
single retractile muscle.

Shell. Subnacreous, irregular, subequivalve, inequilateral,
generally much auriculated anteriorly, and prolonged posteriorly
into the body, so as to present some resemblance to a hammer;
summits entirely anterior ; between them and the inferior-auricle,
an oblique slope for the passage of the bissus; hinge linear, very
long, buccal, toothless ; ligament simple, triangular, inserted in a
conical oblique pit, partly external ; a moderately large subcentral
muscular impression. Inhabits the Australian seas. Six species.

Malleus normalis. Malleus vulsellatus.
M. vulgaris. M. anatinus.
M. albus. M. decurtatus.

4. Genus Avicula. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body much compressed; mantle cleft throughout
its circumference, except along the back, and garnished at its
free edge with a double row of very short tentacular cirri; foot

CONCHOLOGY. Tt

small, canaliculated ; a byssus; mouth surrounded with fringed
lips, besides two pair of labial appendages, a large contractile
muscle, nearly posterior.

Shell. Foliaceous or not; always nacred, subequivalve, of a
subregular form, but somewhat variable ; valves oblique, the left
one with a little notch, through which the byssus passes; hinge
linear, toothless, or with two small rudimentary teeth; ligament
more or less exterior, placed in a narrow groove; one very large
posterior muscular impression and one very small anterior. In-
habits the British and American coasts. Nineteen species.

Avicula nudata.
A. macroptera.

Avicula heteroptera.
A. crocea.

A. semi-sagitta. A. Atlantica.
A. falcata. A. papilionacea.
A. Tarentina. A. physoides.
A. squamulosa. A. virens.

A. Costellata. A. trigonata.
A, lotaria. A. phalenacea.

A. hirundo.* A. pallida.*
A. nebulosa.*

5. Genus Meleagrina. Pl. IX.

Animal. As above. :

Shell. Subequivalve, rounded, squamous, a sinus posteriorly
for the passage of the byssus, at which place the left valve is
notched and narrow; hinge linear and destitute of teeth; liga-
ment marginal, elongated, partly exterior, and dilated in the
centre. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. ‘T'wo species, of which the
first is the pearl-oyster.

Meleagrina margaritifera. Meleagrina albina.

FAMILY XVIII.
PecTines. Seven genera.

1. Genus Pedum. PI. IX.
Animal. Unknown, but probably byssiferous.

7T*

78 CONCHOLOGY.

Shell. Subtriangular, inequilateral, inequivalve, with rounded
summits, freely marked, unequal and distant: the right valve
inflated, widened at its inferior and posterior edge, sloped ante-
riorly, and subauriculated, the left not being so; hinge toothless,
anterior or buccal; ligament inserted in an oblique cavity pro-
longed outwardly to the summits, and carried within into a spoon-
like cavity. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. One species.

Pedum spondyloideum.

2. Genus Lima. PI. IX.

Animal. Body moderately compressed; a byssiferous abdo-
minal appendage ; edges of the mantle furnished witk tentacular
cirri in several rows ; mouth surrounded with a very thick fringed
lip.

Shell. Oval, more or less oblique, nearly equivalve, subaurt-
culated, regularly gaping at the anterior portion of the inferior
edge ; summits anterior and distant; hinge buccal, longitudinal,
toothless ; ligament rounded, nearly exterior, inserted in an exca-
vation in each valve ; a central muscular impression, divided inte
three very distinct parts. Inhabits the Indian, Australasian,
American, and Mediterranean seas. Six living species. Eleven
fossil.

Lima inflata. Lima glacialis.
L. squamosa. L. fragilis.
L. annulata. L. linguatula.

3. Genus Pecten. PI. LX.

Animal. Body more or less compressed, orbicular ; mantle
furnished with a single row of tentacular papille, and with small
oculiform, pedunculated disks, with regular spaces between them ;
rudiment of a canaliculated foot, and a byssus ; mouth surrounded
with fleshy appendages, irregularly ramified.

Shell. Free, regular, thin, solid, equivalve, equilateral, auricu-
lated ; summits contiguous; hinge toothless, a ligamentous mem-
brane throughout all its extent, besides a short, thick, ligament,
almost altogether internal, and filling a triangular excavation
under the summit; a single subcentral muscular impression.

CONCHOLOGY.

Found in almost all seas.
Defrance, ninety-eight fossil.
Pecten maximus.

nels Ia Ba- la-la-la-la

Ry ego tt

2g 9}

Animal.

WoO

. Jacobus.
. bifrons.

zigzag.

. medius.

Latirentii.
pleuronectes.
purpuratus.
pallius.
impricatus.
asperimus.
varius,

. glaber.

. grisens.

. flabellatus.

. quadradiatus.

. Tranquebaricus.
. hybridus.

. obliteratus.

Magellanicus.

. lineolaris.
. hodosus.

pusio.
gibbus.

. ornatus,

. florens.

. opercularis.
. tigris.

. histrionicus.

. dislocatus.*
. concentricus.*

4, Genus Plagiostoma.

79

Sixty-two species; and, according to

P. lineatus.

P. Pealii.*

Entirely unknown.

Pecten turgidus.
P, aspersus.

P. plicus.

P. rastellus.
P. flagellatus,
P, flavidulus.
P. Japanicus.
P. radulus.

P. pes-felis.

P. sauciatus,

. aurantius.

. sinuosus.

. virgo.

. Isabeila.

. flexuosa.
inflexus.

. miniaceous.
lividus.

- sulcatus.
unicolor,
. distans,

acia Tha a ia- Bea a-a a

. irradians,

. dispar.
Islandicus,

. sulphureus.
- pellucidus.

. sanguineous.
. senatorius.

gla ~ ilesclig~lils » ig a> Rela a)

. lunatus.

. monotimeris.*
. Latiauratus.*

aoa

Ph yb:

80 CONCHOLOGY.

Shell. Moderately thick, regular, free, subequivalve, sub-
auriculated, the two valves nearly equally dilated, both provided
with a distinct summit reflexed to the middle of a plane surface,
with a large triangular slope in the middle; articulation trans-
verse, straight, and by two distant lateral condyle. ‘Ten species.
Fossils only. |

5. Genus Plicatula. Pl. IX.

Animal. Unknown. s
Shell. Solid, adhering, subirregular, inauriculated, inequi-
valve, pointed at the summit, rounded and subplicated posteriorly ;
inferior valve without heel; hinge cephalic, longitudinal, pro-
vided upon each valve with two strong teeth, entering in corres-
ponding cavities ; ligament altogether internal and inserted in a
median cavity. Inhabits the American seas. Five species.
Plicatula ramosa. Plicatula cristata.
P. depressa. P. Australis.
P. reniformis.

6. Genus Spondylus. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body moderately compressed, provided inferiorly
with a rudiment of a foot, without byssus ; mantle open in all its
inferior and superior portion; mouth surrounded with very thick
and fringed lips.

Shell. Solid, adhering, subregular, more or less spined, sub-
auriculated, inequivalve; the right or inferior valve fixed, much -
more excavated than the other, and having posteriorly at the
summit a triangular face enlarging, and elongating with age ;
hinge longitudinal, provided in each valve with two strong teeth
entering corresponding cavities; ligament short, nearly median,
partly exterior ; muscular impression single and subdorsal. Found
in all the seas of hot climates, and even in the Mediterranean.
Four or five fossils are found in.France, one in South America.
Twenty-one species.

Spondylus candidus. Spondylus gedaropus.
S, coccineus. S. arachnoides,
S. spathuliferus, S. multilamellatus.

CONCHOLOGY. 81

S. longitudinalis. S. crassisquama.

S. costatus. S. ducalis.

S. longispinous. S. violascens.

ee FeEGise, a S. microlepos.

S, variegatus. S. crocens. '
~ S, avicularis. S. radians.

S. zonalis. S. aurantius.

S,. Americanus.*

8. Genus Podopsis. Pl. IX.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Subregular, somewhat thick, equilateral, symmetrical,
inequivalve, adhering by the extremity of the shorter valve; the
other terminating in a pointed, reflexed, and median summit.
Two fossil species.

FAMILY XIX.
OsrracEa. Six genera.

1. Genus Ostrea. PI. IX.

Animal. Body compressed, more or less orbicular ; edges of
the mantle thick, not adhering or retractile, and provided with
a double row of short and numerous tentacular filaments; two
pairs of elongated and triangular labial appendages; a subcentral
bipartite muscle.

Shell. Irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, roughly foliaceous,
the left or inferior valve adhering, larger and deeper than the
other, its summit prolonged with age into a sort of heel; the right
or superior valve more or less operculiform ; hinge oral, toothless ;
ligament subinterior, short, inserted in an oblong cardinal cavity
increasing with the summit; muscular impression single and sub-
central. Found in all seas near the mouths of rivers. Defrance
enumerates one hundred and twenty species. Lamarck thirty-
three fossil, forty-nine living.

Ostrea edulis. Ostrea ruscuriana.

82

CONCHOLOGY.

O. borealis. O. Canadensis.
O. cochlear. O. mytiloides.
O. gallina. O- trapezina.
O. lingua. O. rufa.

O. Braziliana. O. gibbosa.

O. rostralis. O. eliptica,

O. denticulata. O. deformis.
O. cornucopie. O. plicatula.
O. doridella. O. fusca.

O. Limacella. O. cristagalli.
O. hippopus. O. virginica.
O. Adriatica, O. excavata.
O. cristata. O. simuata.

O. numisma. O. tuberculata.
O. tulipa. O. Magaritacea.
O. scabra. O,. Australis.
O. parasitica. O. haliotidea.
O. spathulata. O. fucorum.
O. cucullata. O. glaucina. -
O. rubella. O. turbinata.
O. erucella. O. folia.

O. labrella. O. hyotis.

O. radiata. O. imbricata.

O. semicylindrica.*

2. Genus Gryphza. Pl. IX.
Animal. Unknown.
Shell. More finely lamellated than in the Ostrea, free, or

slightly adhering, subequilateral, very inequivalve; the inferior

valve very concave, with a summit more or less recurved in a

hook; the superior opiculiform and much smaller; hinge tooth-

less; ligament inserted in an elongated and arcuated cavity; a

single muscular impression. Habitation unknown. One species.
; Gryphea augulata.

3. Genus Vulsella. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body elongated and compressed ; mantle much pro-

CONCHOLOGY. &3

longed posteriorly, and edged with two rows of very close tuber-
cular papilla ; a moderately large abdominal foot, proboscidiform,
canaliculated, without byssus; a very large transversal mouth
with well-developed triangular labial appendages ; branchie nar-
row, very long, and united in nearly all their extent.

Shell. Subnacred, irregular, fiat, elongated, subequivalve, ine-
quilateral, with summits anterior, distant and flexed inferiorly ;
hinge oral and toothless ; ligament undivided, thick, inserted in a
round pit excavated in a projecting apophysis upon each valve ;
a moderately large subcentral muscular impression, and two very
small ones altogether anterior. Inhabits the Indian and Austra-
lasian seas. Six living species. One fossil.

Vulsella hians. Vulsella lingulata.
V. rugosa. V. mytilina.
V. spongiarum. V. evata.

4. Genus Placuna. Pl. IX.

/Amimal. Entirely unknown.

Sheli. Free, subirregular, very fine, almost entirely translucid,
flat, subequivalve, subequilateral, slightly auriculated ; hinge alto-
gether internal, formed upon the superior valve, which is the
smaller, by two elongated, unequal, oblique, crests ; converging to
the summit, at the internal side of which a ligament is attached
in the form of a V, a single, small, subcentral muscular impres-
sion. Inhabits the Indian seas. ‘T'wo fossils in France, Three
living species.

Placuna sella. Placuna papyracea.
P. placenta.

5. Genus JAnomia. PI. IX.

Animal. Much compressed ; edges of the mantle very fine;
not adhering, and furnished exteriorly with a row of tentacular
filaments; contractile muscle thick, divided into three parts, the
largest of which passes partially across a slope of the inferior
valve, and often contains a calcareous substance or small bone,
adhering to marine bodies.

Shell. Adhering, irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, ostrace- -

84 CONCHOLOGY.

ous; inferior valve a little flatter than the superior, divided at the
summit into two sloping branches, whose approximation forms a
large oval hole ; the superior valve, which is the larger, has an
oval excavation under the summit ; a subcentral muscular impres-
sion, divided into three parts. Inhabits the British coasts. Two
beautiful species are found on the shores of Rhode Island and
New Jersey. Nine species.

Anomia patellaris. Anomia cepa.
A. pyriformis. A. electrica.
A. lens. A. membranacea.

A. squamula.

—_—

A ephippium.* A. fornicata.*

6. Genus Crania. Pl. IX.
Animal, See Anomia.
Shell. Orbicular, the upper valve gibbous and conical; lower
valve, fiat, with three perforations. Inhabits the Indian Ocean.

One species.
Crania orbicula.

FAMILY XX.
Bracuwioropa. Three genera.
1, Genus Orbicula. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body much compressed and rounded; mantle open
throughout its whole circumference; two ciliated tentacular ap-
pendages.

Shell. Orbicular, much compressed, inequilateral, very inequi-
valve ; inferior valve very thin, adhering, imperforated, the superior
patelloid, with the summit more or less inclined towards the
posterior side. Inhabits the Norwegian seas. One living species.

Two fossil.
Orbicula Norwegica.

2. Genus Terebratula. Pl. IX.

Animal. Depressed, circular or oval, more or less elongated,
with two, long, pectinated, labial tentacula.

CONCHOLOGY. 85

Shell. Thin, inequivalve, regular, subtrigonal; one of the
valves larger and more dilated than the other, which is sometimes
operculiform; hinge condyloid, in a straight line, and formed by
two oblique articular surfaces in one valve placed between corres-
ponding projections in the other. Inhabits the sea at the Zetland
Islands. T'wo species are found in America. Thirteen living
species. Thirty-eight fossil.

Terebratula dilatata. Terebratula globosa.
T. flavescens, T.. caput-serpentis.
T. dorsata. T. psittacea.

T. Vitrea. T. rotunda.

T. dentata. T. pisa.

T. sanguinea.

T. septentrionalis.* T. truncata.*

3. Genus Lingula. Pl. IX.

Animal. Depressed, oval, somewhat elongated, inclosed be-
tween two lobes of a mantle, slit throughout its anterior half, and
having pectinated branchie adhering to the internal surface ;
mouth simple, having on each side a long tentacular appendage
ciliated in all its external edge, and rolling itself up spirally in the
shell. .

Shell. With an epidermis, subequivalve, equilateral, depressed,
elongated, truncated anteriorly ; the summit median and posterior ;
no trace of ligament; a long fibro-gelatinous peduncle fixing the
shell vertically to submarine bodies ; muscular impression multiple.
Inhabits the Indian Ocean. One species.

Lingula anatina.

CLASS IV.
MOLLUSCA.

Animals soft, inarticulated, furnished with an anterior head |
projecting or salient ; most frequently with eyes and tentacule, or

8

86 CONCHOLOGY.

possessing, at their summit, arms disposed in the form of a coro-
net: their mouth either short, elongated, or tubular, exertile, and
generally armed with hard parts. Mantle diversified, having its
edges free on the sides of the body, or the lobes united, forming a
sack, which in part envelopes the animal; gills or respiratory
organs various, circulation double, one particular, the other gen-
eral; heart unilocular, sometimes with the auricles divided, and
very distant; no medullary cord along the body, but scattered
nerves and ganglions. ‘Twenty-two families.

FAMILY I.

Preroropa. Six genera.

Some genera of this family are without a testaceous covering,
mentioned only to preserve the family entire.

1. Genus Hyaleza. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body enclosed in a shell, winged before, two opposite
wings, somewhat retractile, inserted at the sides of the mouth,
head distinct, mouth terminal, placed at the junction of the fins ;
without eyes.

Shell. Symmetrical, very thin and transparent, valves unequal,
flat above, convex below, open like a cleft anteriorly, summit
truncated and tridentated posteriorly. Inhabits the Mediterranean.
‘T'wo species.

Hyalea tridentata. Hyalea cuspidata.

2. Genus Clio. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body free, naked, more or less elongated, tapering to
the rear, head very distinct; provided with six, long, conical, re-
tractile tentacule, separated into two groups of three each; mouth
altogether terminal and vertical, eyes sessile, rudiment of a foot
under the neck.

This is a molluscous animal without any testaceous covering,
but is here placed as leading to other genera which have shells. -
Inhabits the Indian seas. ‘Two species.

Clio borealis. Clio Australis.

CONCHOLOGY. S87

3. Genus Cleodora. Pl. IX. —

Animal. Body oblong, gelatinous, contractile ; a head in front
with two wings, and the posterior part enveloped in a shell, head
distinct, projecting and round ; two eyes ; mouth in the form of a
small beak ; destitute of tentacule ; two, opposite, membranaceous,
pellucid, and cordated wings, placed at the base of the neck.

Shell. Pyramidal, triangular, of a gelatinous or cartilaginous
substance, very thin and transparent; aperture obliquely trun-
cated. Inhabits the South American seas. Two species.

Cleodora pyramidata. Cleodora caudata.

4. Genus Limacina. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body soft, oblong, two branchial fins situated at the
base of the neck ; posterior part of the body spiral, and enveloped
in a shell. ;

Sheil. Thin, fragile, papyraceous, spiral, the whorls reunited
in a planorbis form, and deeply and largely umbilicated on one
side ; aperture large and entire. Inhabits the North seas. One

species.
Limacina helicialis.

5. Genus Cymbulia. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body oblong, gelatinous, pellucid, enclosing a shell ;
- head sessile ; two eyes, and two retractile tentacula; mouth with
a retractile proboscis ; two, opposite, oblong, ovate, branched wings,
connate at their posterior base.

Shell. Gelatinous, cartilaginous, very transparent, crystalline,
oblong, in shape of a shoe, from which it has derived the name
of the slipper, truncated at the summit.; aperture lateral and ante-
rior. Inhabits the Mediterranean. One species.

Cymbulia Peronii.

6. Genus Preumodermon. Pl. IX.

A molluscous animal, without any testaceous covering, and
much resembling the genus Clio. Inhabits the Indian seas. One
species.

Pneumodermon Peronii.

88 ; CONCHOLOGY. i

FAMILY II.
PuHYLLipIacEA, Six genera. “s

1. Genus Phyllidia. Pl. IX.

A mollusca similar to the preceding genus, without a shell, but
its back covered with a rough or coriaceous skin. Inhabits the
Mediterranean. Three species.

Phyllidea varicosa. Phyllidea pustulosa.
P. ocellata.

2. Genus Chitonellus. Pl. TX.

Animal. Body creeping, elongated ; middle of the back pro-
vided its entire length with a detached, multivalve shell; the
alternate pieces for the most part longitudinal; sides naked ;
branchie disposed around the body ; foot cleft longitudinally by a
deep furrow.

Shell. Each valve with strie radiating from its apex; the
margins serrated; the base of the last valve obtuse. The testa-
ceous plates of this genus are never joined like those of the Chiton,
so that the animal can move in every direction. Upon the con-
traction of the animal after death, however, these valves become
nearly united. Inhabits the seasof New Holland. 'T'wo species.

Chitonellus striatus. Chitonellus larveformis.

3. Genus Chifon. Pl. IX.

Jmimal. Body creeping, ovate oblong, convex, round at botls
extremities ; marginated with a coriaceous skin: the back covered
by a longitudinal series of testaceous, transverse, imbricated, and
moveable plates; head before, sessile, with the mouth placed below,
destitute of tentacula or eyes; branchie placed round the body,
under the margin of the skin; and orifice at the posterior ex-
tremity.

Shell. Eight imbricated valves, nearly smooth, slightly cari-
nated, and rounded at the margins : summit more or less marked

CONCHOLOGY. 89

and curved by longitudinal elongations. Inhabits the British
and American coasts. Sixty-three species,

Chiton fulvus.
C, pisceus.

C. ruber.

C. levis.

C. spinosus.

C. fascicularis.
C. marginatus.
C. crinitus.

C. siculus.

C. niger.

C. spiniferous.
C. coquimbensis.
C. lumingii.

C. granosus.

C. glauco-sinctus.
C. disjunctus.

C. elegans.

C. lineatus.

C. sulcatus.

C. bicolor.

C. cerasimus.

C. Magellanicus.
C. marmoratus.
C. nebulosus.

C. olivaceous.

C. latus.

C. punctatus.

(. viridus.

C. cinerus.

C, tunicatus.

C. Emersonii.*
C. fulminatus.*

Chiton gigas.
C. squamosus.
C. Peruvianus.
C. tesselatus.

C. Carmichaelis.
C. echinatus.

C. striatus.

C. lineolatus.
C. chilensis.

C. tuberculatus.
C. hispidus.

C. thalassimus.
C, porosus.

C. larvaformis.
C. undulatus.
C. luteolus.

C. fuscus.

C. minimus.

C. cimex.

C. ascellus,

C. Icelandicus.
C. fasciatus,

C. setosus.

C. variegatus.
C. asselloides.
C. indus.

C. albas.

C. castaneus.

. amoena.*
. alternata,*

ee!

C, sagrinatus.*

g*

90 CONCHOLOGY.

4, Genus Patella. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body completely covered by the shell; head with
two acute tentacule, and the eyes situated at their exterior base ;
branchiz placed under the mantle and around the body.

Shell. This numerous and beautiful genus of Linneus has
been subdivided into the several distinct genera of Fissurella,
Emarginula, Navicella, Umbrella, Pileopsis, Calyptrea, Crepidula,
Parmophora, and Ancylus; each of which possesses sufficiently
well-defined characters to authorize a separation, by which they
may be more easily distinguished from the still widely extended
family of Patella. Oval, conic, or a little depressed, outside green
or brown, sometimes radiated with various colours ; having di-
vergent striz and concentric wrinkles, inside glossy, iridescent,
with yellow or fawn-coloured, purple, blue, or brown radiations.
Inhabits almost every coast. Forty-nine species.

Patella safiana. Patella Australis.
P. testitudinaria. P. apicina.

P. cochlear. P. granatina.
P. compressa. P. oculus.

P. granularis. P. Galathia.
P. decaurata. P. pectinata.
P. Magellanica. P. viridula.

P. stellifera. P. scutellar.
P. vulgata. P. radians.

P. mammillaris. P. cerulea.

P. lineata. P. plumbia.

P. leucopleura. P. umbrella.
P. notata. P. pyramidata.
P. Tarentina. P. luteola.

P. punctata. P. aspera.

P. puncturata. P. spinifera.
P. Javanica. P. longicosta.
P. tuberculifera. P. barbata.

P. miniata. P. angulosa. =~
P. pellucida. P. saccharina.
P. tricostata. P. laciniosa.

P. plicata.

CONCHOLOGY. . 91

P, amena.* P. alveus.*
P. alternata. * P. candida.*

5. Genus Umbrella. Pl. [X.

Animal. Body very thick and oval, provided with a dorsal
shell ; foot large, smooth, and flat, surrounded by a border, ante-
riorly notched, attenuated behind; head indistinct; four tenta-
cula, the two upper ones thick, short, and truncated, the other
two thin, and shaped like pedunculated crests; having foliaceous
branchie.

Shell. External, orbicular, subirregular, nearly flat, slightly
convex above, white, with apex near the middle; margin acute,
internal surface rather concave ; having a callous disk, coloured,
depressed in the centre, surrounded by asmooth border. Inhabits ©
the Indian Ocean. Two species.

Umbrella Indica. Umbrella Mediterranea.

6. Genus Pleurobranchus. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body creeping, fleshy ; mantle and foot expanded ;
branchie placed on the right side; cloak enveloping the shell ;
neck short, contracted in some species, with an emarginate front,
exhibiting the commencement of the inferior tentacula, the upper
ones tubular and cloven; gills at the edge of the dorsal plait,
mouth provided with a short, retractile proboscis.

Shell. Depressed, oval, oblong, concentrically wrinkled, almost
entirely open, rounded and convoluted; the vertex with a single
turn. Inhabits the coast of Devonshire in England Two
species.

Pleurobranchus Peronii. Pleurobranchus Laqueare.

FAMILY IIL.
Catyprracea. Seven genera.

1. Genus Parmophorus. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body creeping, thick, oblong ovate, broad behind,
obtuse at the extremities ; border of the mantle cleft before, and

92 - CONCHOLOGY.

suspended vertically around ; head distinct, and slit below ; two
conical contracted tentacula, at the base of which are placed the
eyes, which are somewhat pedunculated; mouth below, funnel-
shaped, oblique, truncated, and concealed ; branchial cavity open-
ing anteriorly behind the head by a transverse fissure.

Shell. Oblong, very depressed, slightly convex above, obtuse
at extremities, anteriorly channeled bya slight sinus, and having
towards the posterior part a small pointed apex, inclined back-
wards; the lower surface slightly concave. Inhabits the Austra-
lian seas. Four species. One fossil.

Parmophorus Australis. Parmophorus granulata.
P. brevicula. P. ambigua.

2. Genus Emarginula. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body creeping, with two, conical, tentacular eyes at
the external base ; mantle Jarge, partly covering the margin of the
shell ; foot very large and thick.

Shell. Shield-like, conical; summit inclined ; the cavity simple,
having a notch or hollow cut on its posterior margin; shells of
this genus are generally very small. Inhabits the British seas.
Five species.

Emarginula Blainvillii. Emarginula fissura.
E. Cuvierii. E. rubra.
E. marginata.

3. Genus Fissurella. PI. IX.

Animal. With the head truncated in front ; two conical ten-
tacula, with eyes at their exterior base; mouth simple, terminal,
and destitute of jaws; two pectinated branchie projecting from
the cavity ; mantlelarge, protruding beyond the shell.

Shell. Shield-shaped, conical recurved, summit entire, de-
pressed, concave below, perforated at the summit in the form of a
key hole, without a spire; the exterior surface ribbed longitudi-
nally. Inhabits the European and American seas. ‘Twenty-two
species. -

Fissurella Cayennensis. Fissurella Javanicensis.
F. lilacina, F. fascicularis.

CONCHOLOGY. 93

F. rosea. F. pustula.

F. Barbadensis. F. hiantula.

F. radiata. F. viridula.

F’. nodosa. F. depressa.

F. nimbosa. F. Peruviana.
F. crassa. F. gibberula.
F. Greca. F, minuta.

F. picta. F. plicata.

F. alternata.* F. redimicula.*

4, Genus Pileopsis. Pl. X.

Animal. With two conical tentacula, and the eyes at their
base ; branchie formed in a row under the anterior margin of the
cavity, near the neck.

Shell. Obliquely conical, anteriorly recurved, apex bent,
almost spiral; aperture rounded, elliptical, the anterior margin
shortest, acute, slightly sinuated ; the posterior largest and round-
ed. One elongated and arched muscular impression, situated
under the posterior margin. Inhabits the seas of Europe. Nine
species.

Pileopsis intorta. Pileopsis ungarica.
P. subrufa. P. mitula.

P. spirirostris. P. pennata.

P., retortella. P. squameformis.

P. depressa.

5. Genus Calyptrea. Pl. X.

Animal. The same as preceding genus.

Shell. This genus derives its common name, “the Cup-and-
Saucer Limpit,” by having in the interior cavity a cup-shaped
appendage, which is sometimes vertical, and sometimes like a
horse shoe, with a muscular impression of variable form, vertex
ending in a small volution; smooth, margin entire, very glossy
within, and provided with a laminar plate. Inhabits the Chinese
and S. American seas. Nine species.

Calyptrea porcellana. Calyptrea equestris.

94 ; CONCHOLOGY.

C. fornicata. C. tecum-sinense.
C. peziza. C. scutellata.
C. angulata. , C. poculum.

C. striata.*

6. Genus Crepidula. Pl. X.

Animal. Head anteriorly forked, having two conical tentacula,
with the eyes placed at their exterior base; mouth simple, desti-
tute of jaws, and situated in the bifurcation of the head; branchie
with tufts and projecting from the branchial cavity ; the mantle
never bordering the shell; foot minute, orifice lateral.

Shell. Ovate, or oblong; the back almost always convex,
concave beneath ; the spire very much inclined towards the mar-
gin ; the aperture partly closed by a horizontal lamina. Inhabits -
the American seas. Thirteen species.

Crepidula extinctorum. Crepidula unguiformis.
C. aculeata. C. dilata.
C. levigata. C. Peruviana.

asa
C. gigas.

C. fornicata.* C. plana.*
C. depressa.* C. intorta.*
C. glauca.* : C. convexa.*

7. Genus Ancylus. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping, enveloped in the shell; two com-
pressed subtruncated tentacular, with eyes situated at their inter-
nal base ; foot short, elliptical ; somewhat narrower than the body.

Shell. Thin, obliquely conical ; aperture oval, with a pointed
apex, which very much inclines backwards ; margins simple. This
is a fresh water shell, found in the lakes of Europe and rivers of
America. Five species.

Ancylus lacustris. Ancy lus fluviatilis.
A. spinarose. :

A. rivularis. A, filosus. ;

CONCHOLOGY. 95

FAMILY IV.

Buutacea. ‘Three genera.

1. Genus Acera.

Animal. Body ovate, convex, transversely divided above into
two parts; the foot with dilations in the form of wings below ;
head indistinct; branchie situated on the back, greatly behind,
and covered by a mantle destitute ofa shell. Inhabits the Medi-
terranean. One species.

Acera carnosa.

2. Genus Bullza. Pl. X.

Animal. Body ovate, somewhat convex above, and divided
into two parts transversely; lateral lobes of the foot very thick ;
head indistinct, and without tentacula; branchie placed on the
back.

“Shell. Concealed in the mantle, very thin, rolled and spiral
on one side; without a columella and spire ; aperture very large
and wide, dilated at the upper part. Inhabits the British seas.
Two species.

Bullea aperta. Bullea striata.

3. Genus Bulla. Pl. X.

_ Animal. Body oblong ovate, slight convexity ; divided into
two portions transverse above, mantle slightly folded posteriorly ;
visible tentacula ; branchie dorsal and covered, opening only on
the right side.

Shell. Univalve, ovate globular, convolute, no columeila, spire
not projecting but visible, aperture the whole length of the shell,
external margin sharp and smooth. Inhabits the British and
American seas. Nineteen species.

Bulla physis. Bulla fragilis.
B. naucum. B. aplustre.
B. hydatis. B. ampulla.

B. rugosa. B. lignaria.

96 CONCHOLOGY.

B. fasciata. B. solida.

B. striata. : B. cornea.
B. Wyatii. B. lactea.

B. solitaria.* B. hiemalis.*
B. triticea.* B. Gouldii.*

B. lineolata.*

FAMILY VY.

Aptystacea. ‘Two genera.

1. Genus Dolabella. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping, oblong, narrowed in front; and pos-
teriorly widened; area round, sloping, and truncated obliquely ;
margins folded over the back; four tubular tentacula, disposed
in pairs; bronchial operculum inclosing a shell; orifice dorsal,
near the branchie.

Shell. Oblong, slightly arcuated, thick, callous, and somewhat
spiral on both sides, singular in formation, and its characteristic
unlike most other shells. Inhabits the Isle of France. Two
species.

Dolabella Rumphii. Dolabella fragilis.

2. Genus Aplysia. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping, oblong, convex above; bordered on
each side by a broad mantle, which covers the back when the
animal is in repose ; head and neck elevated, with four tentacula,
the two upper ones ear-shaped, eyes situated near the mouth;
dorsal shield simicircular, subcartilaginous, adhering on one side,
and covering the branchial cavity.

Shell. Nearly round, left margin somewhat reflected; outer
lip acute; yellowish horn colored, with brown radiations, and two
concentric bands. Inhabits the Indian seas. Thirty-seven
species.

Aplysia depilans. Aplysia hassetlii.
“A. teremida. A. punctata.
A. gigas. A. marmorata.

CONCHOLOGY. 97

A. dolabrifera. A. Kerandrenii.
A. ascifera.’ A. lessonii.

A. petalifera. A. camelus.
A. unguifera. A. alba.

A. Limacina. A. Napolitana.
A. Jeachii. A, viridis.

A. saviguana. A. longicornis.
A. fasciata. A. ecaudata.
A. bresili. A. virescens.
A. dactycomela. A. poliana.

A. protea. A. fusca.

A. sorex. A. pleii.

A. tigrina. A. citrini.

A. maculauta. A. undata.

A. longicauda. A, rosea.

A. Ferrusacii.

FAMILY VI.
Limactna. Five genera.

1. Genus Zimazx. PI. X.

Animal. Cuvier merely mentions that the animal is “fur-
nished with a coriaceous, subrogose shield, with a flat, longitudi-
nal disk beneath; four tentacula retractile, eyes at the tips; orifice
for respiration on the right side.”

Shell. Ovate oblong, both margins reflected; very thin, dia-
phanous, slightly wrinkled, of a pale yellow colour. Inhabits the
gardens in Britain and France. Five species.

Limax rufus. Limax albus.
L. cinerus. L. agrestis.
* L. punctata.

2. Genus Vitrina. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping, elongated, snail shaped, nearly
straight ; posteriorly separated from the foot, and spirally wound
into a shell.

Shell. Small, very thin, depressed, terminated above by a very

9

98 CONCHOLOGY.

short spire, the last whorl very large; aperture large, rounded
oval; the left margin arched, slightly involute. Inhabits dry
places of Europe. Three species.
Vitrina parilis. Vitrina dentilis.
V. pellucida.

3. Genus Testacella. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping, elongated, snail shaped, having a
shell placed on the posterior extremity ; four tentacula, the two
longest with their eyes at their tips; respiratory organs behind.

Shell. Very small, external, ear-shaped, apex absolutely spiral,
aperture very large and oval, left edge sharp and rolled inward
behind. Inhabits the middle provinces of France. Two species.

Testacella Haliotidea. Testacella Neritoidea.

4. Genus Parmacella. _ Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping oblong; middle of the back mode-
rately convex, and _ shield-shaped ; hind part in form of a tail,
laterally compressed, acute above; shield ovate, fleshy, adhering
at its posterior part, free before, enveloping a shell, with a notch
in the centre of its right margin; four tentacula, two posterior
largest; respiratory organs, wider the notch of the shield, placed
between the two tentacula of the right side.

Shell. Ovate, left margin broad and reflected ; right margin
reflected at top and acute beneath; very thin and pellucid, of a
pale yellowish-brown. Inhabits the gardens of Europe. Two
species.

Parmacella Olivieri. Parmacella Cuvierii.

5. Genus Onchidium. Pl. X.

Animal. Body oblong, creeping, marginated on all sides;
head projecting, the lower part with a prominent margin, two re-
tractile, cylindrical, tentacula; two auriform appendages, nearly
lateral; mouth beneath, destitute of maxillary processes; respira-
tory orifices distinct, under the extremity of the body.

Destitute of a shell. Inhabits the gardens of Europe. Two
species.

Onchidium Typhe. Onchidium Peronii.

CONCHOLOGY. 99

FAMILY VII.
Cotmmacea. Eleven genera.

1. Genus Helix. Pl. X.

Animal. Of a slightly variable form, the mantle forming at its
free edge a kind of ring or thick collar, especially in front, and
faintly divided into two lips; foot oval, plane, smooth beneath,
inflated and granular below, joined to the visceral club by a nar-
row peduncle ; head sufficiently distinct ; anterior tentacula very
evident and inflated at top, the posterior very long; the mouth a
vertical cleft provided with two labial lobes, a sort of marginal
tooth, with a small, oval, lingual club.

Shell. The name Helix was given to this genus from the
spiral shape of the shell, which varies much in form, but generally
globular, and ventricose, conoid but never turriculated ; summit
generally obtuse, aperture varying much in size, sometimes very
large, sometimes small, always regulated by the turn of the spire ;
oval, semilunar, more wide than long, edges disunited, entering
little into the interior ; right lip or margin thickened or reflected
inwards. Inhabits the groves and woods both of America and
Europe. Two hundred and three species.

Helix vesicalis. Helix cepa.

H. gigantea. H. heteroclites.
H. polyzonalis. H. discolor.

H. monozonalis. H. lactea.

H. pulla. H. zonaria.

H. lIineolata. A. guttata.

H. mutata. H. Madagascarensis.
H. pomatia. H. Javanica.
H. aspersa. H. Peruviana.
H. vermiculata. H. simplex,

H. Alonensis. H. cidaris.

H. vesicolor. H. citrina.

H, naticoides. H. algira.

H. picta. H. verticellus.

H. galactites. H. olivetorum.

100

Hl,

pt at tt bt ft tt tt

mtb fat at bt ft St oh bh at tt tt tt

hemastoma.
melanotragus.

. extensa.

. lucana.

. globulus.

- melanostoma.

ceelatura.
microstoma.
maculsa.
Richardi.
Bonplandii.

. planulata.

labrella.
unguina.
pellis-serpentis.
senegalensis.

. unidentata.

fructicum.

. neglecta.

crespitum.
ericetorum.
intersecta.
Carthusianella.
diaphana.
concolor.
velutina.
obvuluta.
Cookiana.
pileus.
papilla.
punctifera.
plicatula.

. planorbella.

scabra.
cariosa.

. crenulata.
. planorbula.
. macularia.

CONCHOLOGY.

pt Est Sp et tt Et ee pt at at tt ot ott

planospira.
Barbadensis.
sinuata.
hippocastanum.
bidentalis.
argilacea.
vittata.
arbustorum.
candidissima.
memoralis.
Hortensis.
sylvatica.
pisana.
splendida.
serpentina.
niciensis.
variabilis.
auriculata.
turgidula.
helicella.
zonula.
tridentata,
septemvalva.
monodan.
fraterna.
coniformis.
concamerata.
nigrescens.
Tripolitana.
Sayii.
globulosa.
Caffra.
conformis.
prunum.
Pouzolzii.
contusa.
bicarinata.
vitrinoides.

CONCHOLOGY. 101

H. maritima. H. unbeculata.
H. strigata. - H. deformis.

H. muralis. H. Niceensis.
H. rugosa. - H. meridionalis.
H. cornea. H. melitensis.
H. liquifera. H. circumornata.
H. incarnata. ~ H. gronosa.

H. cinciella. H. Lima.

H. cellaria. H. dentiens.

H. Gaymardii. H. parilis.

H. nitidia. H. imperator.
H. plebuim. H. zodiaca.

H. personata. - H. concisa.

H. hispidia. ; H. pellicuta.

H. rotundata. H. strobilus.

H. apicina. H. alanda.

H. striata. ‘Ai. carina.

H. conspurcata. H. Bulverii.

H. conica. H. pileolus.

H. conoidea. H. vipartita.

H. pulchella. H. sinistrorsa.
H. formosa. H. fibula.

H. orbiculata. H. supplicata.
H. squamosa. H. Porto-santara.
H. tectiformis. H. punctulata.
H. Madeirensis. H. exalbida.

H. Mitchelliana.* H. Californiensis.*
H. Vancouverensis.* H. Townsendiana.*
H. Caroliniensis.* H. Nichliniana.*
H. Nuttaliana.* H. Oregonensis.*
H. Columbiana.* H. magnifica.*

H. hirsuta.* — H. profunda.*

H. perspectiva.* H. albolabris.*

H. lineata.* H. alternata.*

H. multilineata.* H. irrorata.*

H. appressa.* H. inorata.*

H. palliata.* H. indentata.*

O*

102 CONCHOLOGY.

H. inflecta.* _H. fallax.*

H. clausa.* H. egena.*

H. obstricta.* H. arboreus.*
H. elevata.* H. glaphyra.*
H. interna,* H. Thyroides.*
H. chersina.* H. labyrinthica*
H. gularis.* H. major.*

H. ligera.* H. Pennsylvanica.*
H. solitaria.* H. subglobosa.*
H. jejuna.* H. Zaleta.*

H. concava.* H. dentifera.*

H. delabata.*

2. Genus Carocolla. Pl. X.

The Animal of this and the following genera of this family are
precisely the same as in Helix.

Shell. Orbicular, more or less convex or connoidal above ; the
circumference or periphery angulated or keeled ; aperture trans-
verse, contiguous to the axis of the shell; the right margin or lip
subangular, often toothed or plaited beneath. Inhabits dry situa-
tions in Europe and America. Twenty-two species. :

Carocolla acutistima. Carocolla bicolor.

C. albilabris.
C. angistoma.
C. labyrinthus.
C. lucerna.

C. inflata.

C. hispidula.
C. Gaulteriana.
C. albella.

C. Hydiana.*
C. helicoides* (new sp

co

A

ecies)
Lea.

. Mauritiana.

. Madagascarensis.
. Marginata.

. lychnuchus.

. planata.

. planaria.

. lapicida.

elegans.

aqgoeoaqaca

C. grata.* 7
C. Spinosa* (new species)
Lea.

3. Genus Achatina. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

CONCHOLOGY. 103

Shell. Variable in form, but generally subturriculated, oval or
oblong, aperture entire, the right lip sharp, never reflected, colu-
mella smooth, of which the anterior extremity is always open and
truncated. Inhabits South America. T'wenty-four species.

Achatina perdix.
A. immaculata.
A. acuta.

A. Mauritania.
A. ustulata.

A. virginea.

A. Marminii.

A. fusco-lineata.
A. columnaria.

Achatina zebra.
A. purpurea.
A. bicarinata.
A. castanea.

A. vexillum.
A. Priamus.

A. Peruviana.
A. albo-lineata.
A. fulminea.

A. acicula. A, folliculus.
A. oleacea.

A. glans.* A. Vanuxemensis.* -
A. solida.*

4. Genus Anostoma. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Somewhat extraordinary in its formation, orbicular,
the spire convex and obtuse, aperture round, dentated grinning,
turned upwards to the side of the spire, margin of the lip reflected.
Lakes in America and the Sandwich Islands. Three species.

Anostoma dentata. Anostoma depressa.

A. globosa.*

5. Genus Helicina. Pl. X. f

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. ‘Terrestrial, distinguished only from the Helix by its
columella being transverse callous; much depressed and dimin-
ished in thickness at the lower part, subliglobular, imperforate ;
aperture entire, demioval, margin acute, forming an angle at the
lower base of the right lip ; operculum corneous. Inhabits groves
in Europe. Nineteen species.

Helicina neritella. Helicina rhodostoma,

104

H. striata.

H. fasciata.

H. virida.

H. pulchella.
H. substriata.
H. Braziliensis.
H. costata.

H. aurantia.
/

6. Genus Pupa.

See Helix.
Cylindrical, generally thick ; aperture irregular, semi-

Animal.
Shell.

CONCHOLOGY.

H. Tankervillii.

. submarginata.
. unifasciata.

. Brownii.

. depressa.

. aureola,

. orbiculata.

Pl. ox

ovate, rounded, and subangulated beneath ; margins of outer lip
nearly equal and reflected outwardly, unconnected at their upper
parts ; the plait of the columella interposed between them. Most

frequently found in moss in Europe and America.

species.
Pupa numia.
Peuva.
P. sulcata.
P. candida.
P. labrossa.
P. fusus.
P. tridentata.
P. fasciolata.
P. zebra.
P. unicarinata.
P. maculosa.
P. clavulata.
P. ovularis.
P. Germanica.
P. cinerea.
P. tridens.

P. contracta.*

Forty

Pupa quadridens. ’

P
lg
FP
P
P
Pp
i
Pp:
F
P
FP
Fr
P
P
FP.

P. dentata.

2.

. polyodon,

. variabilis.

. frumentum.
. secale.

. avena,

. granum.

. fragilis.

dolium.

. umbilicata.

. mMuscorum.

. angilicus.

. rufescens.

. edontulis.

. odontostoma.

petiveriana.

rupicola.*

CONCHOLOGY. 105

-P, exigua.* P. fallax
P. armifera.* P. ovata.*
P. pentadon.*

7. Genus Clausilia. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Cylindrical, generally fusiform ; summit obtuse, the
last whorl smaller than the preceding ; aperture irregular, rounded,
oval; margin united, and externally reflected. Inhabits dry
situations both in Europe and America. Fifteen species.

Clausilia torticollis, Clausilla denticulata.
C. truncatula. C. collaris.-

C. retusa. C., papillaris.

C. costulata. C. plicatula.

C. corrugata. C. rugosa.

C. inflata. C. gracilis.

C. Mediterranea. C. chrysalis.

C. teres.*

8. Genus Bulimus. Pl. X.

Animals of this genus in formation are precisely as the Helix ;
they are, however, oviparous, producing eggs with the shell con-
taining the animal perfectly matured ; they are frequently as large
as a pigeon’s egs.

Shell. Oval, sometimes turriculated, oblong; the summit of
the spire obtuse, and the last whorl larger than all the others
together; aperture oblong, oval, edge disunited ; in adults the lip
much reflected ; columella smooth, with an inflection in the mid-
dle, the base entire, not channeled. Inhabits mountainous situa-
tions in Europe and America; some beautiful specimens have
been found in the woods of Ohio. Sixty-three species.

Bulimus ovatus. Bulimus multifasciatus.
B. hemastomus. B. Bengalensis.

B. gallina. B. Caribeorum.

B. sultana, B. octonus.

B. zigzag. B. terebraster.

106 CONCHOLOGY.

- B. undatus. B. articulatus.
B. Richii. B. acutus.
B. inversus. B. scobinatus.
B. citrinus. B. planidens.
B. sultanus. B. ventricosus.
B. Pythogaster. B. montanus.
B. ovoideus. B. hordaceus.
B. interruptus. B. lubricus.
B. Peruvianus. B. iostoma,
B. Favannii. B. geniostoma.
B. Kambeul. B. odontostoma.
B. papyraceus. B. formosus.
B. calcareus. B. Listeri.
B. decollatus. B. Kingii.
B. Lyonetianus. B. Dufresnii.
B. inflatus. B. pulcher.
B. radiatus. B. maugeri.
B. fragilis. B. levis.
B. Gaudalupinsis. B. auris leporis.
B. Mexicanus. B. vexillum.
B. glandiformis.* B. maculatus.*
B. parvus.* B. Pealianus.*
B. virgo.* B. lacteus.*
B. gracilis.* B. decoratus.*
B. Gibbonius.* B. Columbianus.*
B. multilatus.* B. multilineatus.*

B. corneus.*
9. Genus Succinea. PI. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. ‘Terrestrial, very thin, pellucid, ovate oblong, with a
conical, pointed spire, formed of only one or two whorls; aperture
very large and oval, edges disunited; right edge always acute, the
left arched, formed by a smooth attenuated columella. The shells of
this genus never having their lip thickened or reflected, distinguish
them from those of the genus Bulimus, to which they bear a

CONCHOLOGY. 107

“strong resemblance. Inhabits the sides of ditches and lakes, both
in Europe and America. Seven species.

Succinea cuculata. Succinea oblonga.
S. amphibia. S. patula.
S. rubescens. S. pellucida,

S. aperta.*

10. Genus Auricula. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Solid, thick, and smooth, oval, oblong spire very
obtuse, aperture entire, enlarged, ear-shaped, much contracted
behind ; edges not united, right lip thick and generally reflected
outwardly: the left or columella with one or more teeth or callous
plaits. This genus derives its name from its resemblance to the
ears of certain animals. It is a land shell found chiefly in the
East and West India Islands. Sixteen species.

Auricula Mide. Auricula scarabeus.
A. Jude. A. bovina.

A. sileni. A. caprella.

A. leporis, ‘A. myosotis.

A. felis. A. minima.

A. Dombeiana. A. coniformis.

A nitens. A. monill,

A. angiostoma. A. labrella.

11. Genus Cyclostoma. Pl. X.
Animal. See Helix.
Shell. ‘Terrestrial, distinguished from the preceding genera by
a perfectly round aperture, reflected lip, and horny operculum,
summit papillose; left edge having its origin very detached from
the spire. Inhabits the East Indies. A few species are found in
America. Thirty-eight species.

Cyclostoma planorbula. Cyclostoma rugosa.
C. volvulus. C. labeo.

C. carinata. C. interrupta.

C. sulcata. C. ambigua.

C. unicarinata. C. semilabris.

108 CONCHOLOGY.

C. tricarinata. C. flavula.

C. obsoleta. C. fasciata.

C. patulum. C. mumia.

C. truncatum, C. quarternata.
C. pulchrum. C. ferruginea.
C. Jamaicense. C. decussata.
C. lineolata. C. mammillaris.
C. elongatum. C. maculatum.
C. mirabile. C. ligata.

C. orbella. C. elegans.

C. aurantium. C. tortum.

C. mirabile.

C. maculata.* C. lapidaria.*
C. Popayana.* C. marginata.*
C. dentata.*

FAMILY VIII.
Lymnacrea. Three genera.

1. Genus Lymnea. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Aquatic, oval, sometimes turrited ; spire produced, thin,
smooth, edges disunited, the left with a very oblique plait rising
on the columella, forming an oval aperture, destitute of an oper-
culum. Inhabits the ponds of America and Europe. Thirty-
three species.

Lymnea columnatis. Lymnea minuta. |
L. stagnelis. L. luteola.

L. palustris. L. acuminata.

L. auricularia. L. intermedia.

L. ovata. L. leucostoma.

L. peregra.

L. rubiginosus.* L. Emmoniensis.*
L. solida.* L. lessoni.*
L. Virginiana.* L. apacina.*’

CONCHOLOGY. 109

L. catascopium.* L. lapidaria.*
L. columella.* L, dissimilis.*
L. elongatus.* L. ponderosa.*
L. reflexus.* L. integra.*
L. appressus.* L. porata.*

L. elodes.* L. lustrica.*
L. limosa.* L. grana.*

L. subglobosa.*

2. Genus Physa. PI. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. General sinistral, oval, oblong, or globular, very smooth,
spire prominent, aperture oval, contracted posteriorly, right edge
sharp, columella twisting obliquely, and enlarging to join itself to
the anterior part of the margin, the whorls turning to the left
hand gives this shell the appellation of heterostrophe. Inhabits
the ditches of America and Europe. Ten species.

‘Physa fontinalis. Physa hypnorum.
P. subopaca.

P. castanea.* P. aurea.*
P- decisa.* P. gyrina.*
P. elongata.* P. heterostropha.*

P. ancillaria.*

3. Genus Planorbis. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Discoid, spire depressed, or involuted almost in the
same vertical plane, causing the shell to be depressed on each
side, aperture oblong, luniform, axis remote, margin not reflected ;
no operculum. Inhabits the lakes of America and Europe.
Twenty-two species.

Planorbis cornu-arietis, Planorbis orientalis.
P. corneus. P. carinatus.

P. spirorbis. P. lutescens.

P. hispidus. P. nitidus.

10

110 CONCHOLOGY.

P. angulatus.
P. deformis.

P. lens.*

P. glabratus.*
P. armigerus.*
P. parallellus.*

P, imbricatus.
P. contortus.

P. vortex.

P. exacuous.*

P. campanulatus.*
P. trivolvis.*

P, bicarinatus.*

P. parvus.*

FAMILY IX.
Metanrana. Three genera.

1. Genus WMelania. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.
Shell. 'Turreted ; aperture entire, spire slightly pointed, mar-
gin of the whorls often surmounted by spires, columella smooth

and arched, closed by a thin horn-like operculum ; this is a flu-
viatile shell, often covered by a thick epidermis. Inhabits the
rivers of India. Many fine species are foundin America. Fifty-

four species.
Melania inquinata.
M. asperata.
M. spinolusa.
M. gronifera.
M. aurita.
M. lineolata.
M. trunculata.
M. carinefera.
M. truncata. -
M. coarctata.
M. punctata.
M. subulata.

M. Troostiana.*

Melania Helvetica.
M. lineata.

M. Byronensis.
M. sulcata.

M. levigata.
M. clavis.

M. decollata.
M. amarula.
M. thiarella.
M. fasciolata.
M. levissima.
M. corrugata.

M. plicifera.*

CONCHOLOGY. lil

M. Sayii.* M. plicata.*

M. elevata.* M. inflata.*

M. armigera.* N. conica.*

M. multilineata.* M. catenaria.*

M. proxima* M. simplex. *

M. Hydeii.* M. excurta.*

M. salebrosa.* ! M. annulifera.*

M. bitaeniata.* M. pyrenella.*

N. lema.* M. coma.*

M. nassula.* M. alveare.*

M. trochiformis.* M. cylindracea.*

M. elevata.* M. vestita.*

M. laqueata.* M. caniculata.*

M. semicarinata.* M. Virginica.*

M. subularis* (Lea). M. tuberculata* (Lea).
'M. acuta.* oe M. elongata.* ss

2. Genus Pirena. PI. X.

Animal. Much elongated, mantle prolonged into a canal at
the left side, but without distinct tube ; foot short, oval, with an
anterior marginal furrow; head terminated by a depressed pro-
boscidiform muzzle; tentacula very distant, thickly annulated,
dilated in the inferior half of their length, and having the eyes at
the summit of this dilation; mouth a terminal and vertical slit,
without labial tooth, and with a very small tongue; a single long
and narrow branchia.

Shell. Distinguished from the preceding genus by having a
sinus at the base, and another at the summit; turreted ; aperture
longitudinal, right lip sharp, base of the columella inclined to the
right. Inhabits the rivers of India and Africa. One species is
found in America. Six species. ’

Pirena terebralis. Pirena aurita.
P. cancellata. P. spinosa.
P. granulosa.

~ P. scalariformis.*

3. Genus Melanopsis. Ph. X.
Animal. As preceding genus.

112 CONCHOLOGY.

Shell. The Melanopsis is distinguished from the Melanaia, by
the columella being callous in the upper part, and the base trun-
cated as in the Achatina, and differs from the Pirena in having
only a sinus or widened opening at the base of the shell; aperture
covered by a horny operculum. Inhabits the rivers of the Archi-
pelago. Three species.

Melanopsis costata. Melanopsis levigata.
M., prerosa. :

FAMILY X.

Peristomiana. Three genera.

1. Genus Valvata. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Found only in fresh water; subdiscoid or conoid, um-
bilicated, spiral, whorls, rounded ; angular at the summit ; aperture
round, not modified by the penultimate whorl; the margins sharp
and united ; operculum orbicular and horny. Inhabits the rivers
of Europe and America. Three species.

Valvata piscinalis.

V. arenifera.* (Leda.) V. tricarinata.*

2. Genus Paludina. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Generally found in fresh water, though some species
have been found where it is salt; conoid covered with a greenish
epidermis; the whorls rounded or convex, spiral cavity modified
by the last whorl; aperture rounded, oval, oblong, angular at the
summit; margins united, acute, never reflected outwards ; opercu-
lum orbicular and horny. Inhabits the rivers of America and
Europe. ‘Thirty-one species.

Paludina vivipara. Paludina achatina.
P. Bengalensis. P. Australis.
P. viridis. P. impura.

P,. Francesil. P. muriatica.

P, sinistrosa.*
P. Nuttaliana.*
P. virens.*

P. pallida.*

P. subcarinata.*
P. genicula.*
P. magnifica.*
P. limosa.*

P. subglobosa.*
P. lapidaria.*
P. Virginica.*

CONCHOLOGY.

113

P. hyalina.*
P. unicolor.*
P. nuclea.*
P. decisa.*
P. fuscus.*
P. dissimilis.*
P. ponderosa.*
P, integra.*
P. porata.*
P. lustrica.*
P. grana.*

P. Nickliniana.*

3. Genus Ampullaria. Pl. X.

Animal. Inflated, globular, spiral; foot oval, with a trans-
verse furrow at its anterior edge; head wide; tentacula superior,
very long, conical, and pointed; eyes situated at their external
base, and supported upon a very apparent peduncle; mouth ver-
tical, situated between two lips disposed in form of a horse shoe
and forming a kind of muzzle; no superior tooth; a bristly lingual
band, but not prolonged into the abdominal cavity; a very large
respiratory cavity, divided in two by an incomplete horizontal
partition.

Animals of this genus are oviparous; producing an egg nearly
as large as that of a pigeon, in which is found the young animal
complete, and in a perfectly formed shell.

Shell. This genus appears to partake of the characteristics,
both of the Paludina and the Natica, being fluviatile and fre-
quently attaining a large size; spire very short, the last whorl
much larger than all the others together; globular, very ventri-
cose, umbilicus small, forming a compressed funnel-shaped aper-
ture, without interior callosity ; aperture'longer than broad, with
margins united; columellar lip thickened, projecting and reflected.
over the umbilicus; operculum horny. Inhabits the rivers of
Europe. Thirteen species.

Ampullaria vivipara.
A. fasciata.

Ampullaria rugosa.
A. canaliculata.

10*

114 CONCHOLOGY.

A. effusa. A. Guinica.
A. virens. A. carinata.
A. avellana. A. intorta.
A. fragilis. A. conica.

A. Pealiana,*

FAMILY XI.

Neriracea. Four genera.

1. Genus Weritina. Pl. X.

Animal. Globular; foot circular, thick, without a furrow ante-
riorly, or a lobe for the operculum posteriorly, with a bipartite
columellar muscle; conical tentacula; eyes subpedunculate at
their external side; mouth without labial tooth, but with a den-
ticulated tongue prolonged into the visceral cavity; a single
large pectinitorm branchia.

Shell. ‘Vhis genus was formerly classed with the Nerita,
which in form it much resembles, but from the circumstance of
the latter inhabiting the sea, and Neritine fresh water, it now
forms a separate genus. Thin, smooth, or finely striated, in all the
species known, the right side of the aperture does not possess any
crenulations or teeth; the operculum is provided with a lateral
tooth on one side. Some species are armed with spines; aper-
ture semicircular ; left margin smooth and sharp ; spire imperfect,
generally dissolved by the animal. Inhabits the fresh water
rivers of Europe. ‘Twenty-seven species.

Neritina perversa. Neritina semiconica.
N. pulligera. N. strigilata.

N. dubia. N. meleagris.

N. zebra. . N. virginea.

N. zigzag. N. fluviatilis.

N. gagates. N. viridis.

N. lugubris. N. Betica.

N. lineolata. N. careosa.

N. fasciata. N. caffra.

CONCHOLOGY. 115
N. Domingensis. N. Smithii.
N. auriculata. N. spinosa.
N. crepidularia. N. Oweni.
N. brevispina. N. pulchella.
N. corona.

2. Genus Werita. Pl. X.

Animal. See Neritina. .

Shell. Marine, but never spined, solid, semiglobular, flattened
beneath, not imbilicated ; aperture large, entire, semilunar, the
external margin much hollowed ; the columella sharp and often
dentated, operculum horny, subspiral, with a projecting tooth.
* Inhabits the seas of S. America and W. Indies. ‘Twenty species.

Nurita exuvia. Nerita lineata.
N. textilis. N. scabricosta.
N. undata. N. plicata.

N. peloronta. N. tassellata.
N. chlorostoma. N. signata.

N. atrata. N. ornata.

N. polita. N. Australis.
N. albicella. N. rudis.

N. chameleon, N. Ascensionis.
N. versicolor. N. Malaccensis.

3. Genus Wavicella. Pl. X.

Anima!. Oval, not spiral, foot elliptical, very large, with a
thin subpapillary edge, advanced rather anteriorly, without mar-
ginal furrow, but attached on each side to the visceral mass in
all its posterior portion so as to form a sort of cavity open trans-
versely behind; head very broad and semilunate; tentacula
conical, contractile and distant; eyes subpedunculated at the ex-
ternal root of the tentacula; mouth Jarge and longitudinal.

Shell. Fluviatile, elliptical, or oblong, convex above, summit
straight, depressed to the margin, concave beneath ; no columella ;
the columellar edge replaced by a sharp partition, covering part
of the aperture ; a sinus at its left extremity ; muscular impres-
sion horse-shoe shaped, open in front and interrupted behind ;

116 CONCHOLOGY.

thin, calcareous operculum, with a subulate, lateral tooth adhering
to the posterior margin. Jnhabits rivers in the Isle of France.
Four species. i

Navicella elliptica. Navicella lineata.

N. tesselatus. N. porcelanica.

4. Genera Watica. PI. XI.

Animal. Oval, subspiral; foot profoundly and _ transversely
bilobed anteriorly, and having a horny or calcareous operculum ;
head provided with long setaceous tentacula, flat, and auriculated
at the base ; eyes sessile at the external side of the root of the ten-
tacula ; mouth armed with a labial tooth.

Shell. Marine, distinguished from the Nerita by having no
teeth, and having an umbilicus modified by a collosity ; very
smooth and glossy ; no epidermis; spire evident, but low; columel-
lar edge not toothed; right edge without teeth ; operculum calca-
reous and smooth, semispiral, with concentrical ribs, fitting a
groove on the columella. Inhabits the W. Indian Ocean and
American seas. ‘Thirty-six species.

Natica ampullaria. Natica unifasciata.
N. plumbea. N. lineata.

N. conica. N. fulminata.

N. aurantia. N. maculosa,

N. melanostoma. N. vitata.

N. mamilla. N. castanea.

N. mamillaris. N. arachnoidea.
N. albumen. N. zebra.

N. glaucina. N. Marochiensis.
N. canrena. N. Javanica.

N. cruentata. N. zonaria.

N. millepunctata. N. cancellata.
N. vitellus. N. patula.

N. helvacea. N. duplicata.

N. collaria. N. intricata.

N. monilifera. N. glabrata.

N. labrella. N. Chinensis.

N. rufa,

CONCHOLOGY. 117

N. consolidata.* N. pusilla.*
N. duplicata.* N. triseriata.*
N. heros.* N. rugosa.*

FAMILY XII.

JANTHINEA. One genus.

1. Genus Janthina. Pl. XI.

Animal. Of oval form, spiral, provided with a circular concave
foot, accompanied with a vesicular subcartilaginous mass, and
natatory appendages on each side; head very thick; tentacula
scarcely at all contractile; eyes situated beneath the extremity of
long peduncles placed at the external side of the tentacula, and
appearing to form a part of them; mouth at the extremity of a
very thick proboscidiform muzzle, between two vertical, subcarti-
laginous lips furnished with sharp spines.

Shell. Of a beautiful violet colour, found in numbers floating
on the surface of the ocean, suspended by a vesicular appendage
which gives a rich purple stain. Extremely thin and fragile, spire
low, lateral, pointed, with sibcarinated whorls; aperture large,
subangular, modified by the last whorl of the spire, edges dis-
united, the left formed by the columella, which is straight, con-
tinuing beyond the base, right edge sharp, with a sinus in the
middle. Inhabits the Atlantic Ocean. Three species.

Janthina naticoides. Janthina communis,
J. exigua,

FAMILY XIII.
Macrostomrana, Four genera.

1. Genus Sigaretus. Pl. XI.

Animai. Body oval, flat beneath; edges of the mantle ver-
tical, thin, extending beyond the body in all directions, sloped
anteriorly ; the mantle itself dilated superiorly.

Sheil. More or less thick, internal, without colour, much de:

118 CONCHOLOGY.

pressed, with a short, low, lateral spire ; left edge of the aperture
trenchant; two lateral muscular impressions very distant. In-
habits the Indian Ocean. Twospecies are foundin S, America.
Six species.

Sigaretus convexus Sigaretus cancellatus.
S. Haliotoideus. S. levigatus.
S. perspectivus.* S. maculatus.*

2. Genus Stomatella. Pl. XI.

Animal. Unknown.
Shell. Distinguished from the Stomatia by being destitute of
a tranverse rib, orbicular, oblong ear-shaped, imperforate ; aper-
ture entire, large, sublongitudinal; right lip effuse, dilated, open.
Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Five species.
Stomatella imbricata. Stomatella sulcifera.
S. rubra. S. auricula.
S. planulata.

3. Genus Stomatia. Pl. XI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Ear-shaped, imperforate, spire prominent ; aperture en-
tire, large, oblong ; right margin aad columella equally raised; a
transverse and tuberculated rib on the back. Inhabits the Indian
Ocean. Two species.

Stomatia phymotis. Stomatia obscurata.

4. Genus Haliotis. Pl. XI.

Animal. Body oval, much depressed, slightly spiral poste-
riorly, provided with a large foot doubly fringed at its circum-
ference; head depressed; tentacula a little flattened ; eyes at the
summit of prismatic peduncles situated at the external side of the
tentacula ; mantle very thin, deeply slit at the left side; thetwo
lobes pointed, and forming by their union a kind of canal to con-
duct water into the branchial cavity, and including two very long
unequal branchial combs.

CONCHOLOGY. 119

Shell. This beautiful genus derives its name from its resem-
blance to the human ear. The exterior, tuberculated, and gene-
rally loaded with marine substances, giving it an uncouth appear-
ance, but its irridescent interior furms a magnificent contrast ; it
is pearly, with all the hues of the rainbow, recurving very de-
pressed, oval, spire very small, sometimes eroded, almost posterior,
aperture as large as the shell, with margins reflected inwards,
the right sharp, left flat, and enlarged; disk pierced with holes,
disposed in a line parallel to and near the left margin, the last
commencing with a notch. ‘These holes formed by the animal,
as it increases the size of the shell, to admit the passage of a short
syphon ; they adhere to rocks, and are removed with much diffi-
culty. Inhabits the sea at Molucca. Nineteen species.

Haliotis tuberculata. Haliotis dubia.
H. striata. HH. iris.

H. asinina. H. tubifera.
H. glabia. H. excavata.
H. lamellosa. H. Australis.
H. unilateralis. H. Mide.

H. rugosa. H. rubra.

H. canaliculata. H. tricostata.
H. tricostalis. ; H. corrugata.

H. Marie.

FAMILY XIV.
Puicacea. ‘T'wo genera.

1. Genus Tornatella. Pl. XI.

Animal. Body oval, subspiral ; foot divided into two heels by
a wide transverse furrow; head provided with two vertical cylin-
drical tentacula, having the eyes placed sessilely upon their inte-
rior side.

Shell. Convolute, oval, cylindrical, mostly striated trans-
versely ; no epidermis ; spire very short, last whorl much larger
than all the others together; one or two large plaits on the
columella. Inhabits the coast of Britain. Six species.

120 CONCHOLOGY.

Tornatella fasciata. Tornatella nitidula.
T. solidula. T. pedipes.
T. auricula. T. flammea.

2. Genus Pyramidella. Pl. XI.

Animal. As preceding genus.

Shell. Smooth and turreted, without epidermis; elongated,
conical, or subturriculated; aperture entire, demioval; the outer
lip sharp and dentated within, columella produced, subperforate
at the base, furnished with transverse plaits. Inhabits the Ame-
rican and W. Indian seas. Six species.

Pyramidella terrebellum.

Pyramidella maculosa.* Pyramidella plicata.*
P. dolabrata.* P. ventricosa.*
P. corrugata.*

FAMILY XV.
Scatarmna. Three genera.

1. Genus Scalaria, Pl. XI.

Animal. Spiral; foot short, oval, and inserted beneath the
neck ; two tentacula terminated by a filament, and having the
eyes at the extremity of the dilated portion ; a proboscis.

Shell. Marine, aperture circular, spire more or less pressed
and furnished with longitudinal ribs, formed by the preservation
of the reflected margin of the aperture ; edges united, thickened,
and outwardly reflected ; operculum horny and thin. Inhabits
the American and Indian seas. Fourteen living species, and
three fossil.

Scalaria coronata. Scalaria varicosa.
S. communis. S. raricosta.

S. Australis. S. lamellosa.

S. tenebralis. S. pretiosa.

S. Martinii.* S. Novanglia. *

he

7

CONCHOLOGY. 121

S. lineata.* S. multistriata.*
S. subulata.* S. turbinata.*

2. Genus Vermetus. Pl. XI.

Animal, -As preceding genus.

' Shell. Very similar to the Serpula, but the organization of
the animal makes it a distinct genus; often found clustered to-
gether, and attached to marine substances ; conical, thin, tubular,
loosely spiral, aperture straight, circular, edges sharp and com-
plete, several partitions not perforated towards the summit, oper-
culum horny and complete. Inhabits the sandy shores of the W.
Indies and Africa. 'T'wo species.

Vermetus lumbricalis. Vermetus maximus.

3. Genus Delphinula. Pl. XI.
Animal. See Scalaria.
Shell. Thick, and pearly in the interior, stibdiscoid or conical ;
spiral whorls rough or‘angular, often detached, spiny ; large umbi-

~ licus, sometimes triangular; the margins united, mostly fringed

or ventricose. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Five
living species. Seven fossil.

Delphinula laciniata. Delphinula distorta.

D. turbinopsis. D. rugosa.

D. laxa.*

FAMILY XVI.

Tursinacea. Eight genera.

1. Genus Solarium. Pl. XI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Orbicular, depressed, umbilicus large and conical, crenu-
lated or dentated on the inner margin of the whorls; aperture
not modified by the last whorl of the spire, which is entirely flat ;
no columella. Inhabits the Indian seas. Seven living species.
Eight fossil.

11

22 CONCHOLOGY.

Solarium granulatum. Solarium levigatum.
S. perspectivum. S. stramineum.
S. hybridum. S. variegatum.

S. luteum.

2. Genus Trochus. Pl. XI.

Animal. Spiral, having the sides of the body often ornamented
with digitated or lobed appendages, and provided with a short
foot, rounded at its two extremities; head provided with two
tentacula more or less elongated, having the eyes upon a dilation
of their external base; mouth without superior tooth, but fur-
nished with a spiral lingual band.

Shell. Marine, found in almost all parts of the world, some
smooth, others knotted, spined, tuberculated, or undulated ; thick,
generally pearly, spire sometimes depressed, at others elevated and
pointed at the summit, sharp or carinated at its circumference, fre-
quently umbilicated, not always; aperture transversely depressed,
the margins not united at the upper part; columella arched and
twisted, often projecting forward; operculum horny, thin, with
numerous spiral whorls, increasing from the centre to the circum-
ference. Inhabits the European seas. Ninety-nine living species.
Eight fossil.

Trochus imperialis. Trochus jujubinus.
T. longispina. T. Javanicus.
T. solaris. T. annulatus.
T. Indicus. T. doliarius.

T. radians. T. granulatus.
T. pileus. T. granatum.
T. calyptreformis. T. moniliferus.
T. fimbriatus. Tres:

T. brevispina. T. ornatus.

T. rotularius. T. bicingulatus.
T. stella. T. calliferus.

T. stellarius. T. umbilicaris.
T. asperatus. T. undatus.

T. rhodostomus. T. Pharaonis.
T. spinulosus. T. sagittiferus.

Animal.

T. costulatus.
T.. inermis.

T. agglutinans.
T. coelatus.

T. tuber.

T. magus.

- merula.

FT
T. argyrostemus.

T. Cookii.

T. niloticus.
T. pyramidalis.
T. noduliferus.
T. cerulescens.
T. obeliscus.
T. virgatus.

T. maculatus.
T. granosus.
T. squarrosus.
‘T. incrassatus.
T. flamulatus.
T. elatus.

T. marmoreus.
T. Mauritianus.
T. imbricatus.
T. triseliatus.
T. crenulatus.
T. asperulus.
T. acutus.

T. concavus.
T. lineatus,

T. zizyphinus.
T. conuloides.
T. conulus.

T. zonatus.

CONCHOLOGY.

T. Montagui.

T. carneolus.
T.. cinerarius.
T. excavatus.
T. nanus.

T’, pyramidatus.
T, erythroleucos.
T. undosus.

T. unguis.

T. olivaceus.
T. Smithii.

T. maugeri.

T. Mediterraneus.

T. reticulatus.
T. indistinctus.

T. pellioserpentis.

T. armillatus.
T. acuminatus.
T. elegantus.
T. granosus.
T. teniatus.
T. articulatus.
T. pictus.

T. callosus.

T. clanguloides.
T. interruptus.
T. levis.

T. albidus.

T. celandii.

T. quadricostatus.

T. Byronianus.
T. elongatus.
T. filosus.

T. clangulus.
T. sulcatus.

3. Genus Monodonta. Pl. XI.

See Trochus.

123

124 CONCHOLOGY.

Shell. 'This genus appears to be the connecting link between
the Trochus and Turbo; distinguished from the former, by an
entirely rounded aperture, slightly depressed; from the latter, by
the toothlike projecting angle the truncated columella occasions at
the base; an operculum. Inhabits the Chinese seas, Thirty-four
species.

Monodonta bicolor. Monodonta badia.

4, Genus Turbo.

M. pagodus, M articulata.
M. tectum-persicum. M. lugubris.

M. papillosa. M. punctulata.
M. coronaria. M. caniculata.
M. Agyptiacea. M. seminigra.
M. carchedonius. M. rosea.

M. modulus. M. lineata.

M. Listeri. M. rugosa.

M. tectum. M. zebra.

M. labio. M. reticularis.
M. Australis. _ M. trochlea.

M. canalifera. M. atrata.

M. viridis. M. obscura.

M. fragarioides. M,, concamerata.
M. constricta. M. odontis.

M. tricarinata. M. pulcherrima.

PL At.

Animal. Very similar to that of Trochus, the sides sometimes
ornamented with tentacular appendages, varying in number and
form; head proboscidiform ; tentacula thin and setaceous.

Shell. Depressed conical, or subturreted; sometimes umbili-
cated, frequently carinated at its circumference; interior pearly;
aperture round or depressed, the middle of external edge hollowed ;
edges rarely joined by a callosity; columella arched, rarely
twisted, not truncated at the base; an operculum. JInhabits the
Indian and American seas. Fifty-one species.

- Turbo marmoratus. Turbo muricatus.
T. imperialis. T., littoreus.
T. torquatus. T. ustulatus.

T. Sarmaticus.
T. cornutus.

T. argyrostomus.
T. chrysostomus.
T. radiatus.

T. setosus.

T. Splenglerianus.
T. petholatus.

T. undulatus.

T. pica.

T. versicolor.

T. smaragdus.

T. cidaris.

T. diaphanus.

T.. rugosus.

T. coronatus.

T. crenulatus.

T’.. margaritaceus.
T.. vestitus.

T. incarnatus.

T. irroratus.*
T. canaliculatus.*

CONCHOLOGY.

T. saxosus.

HHH AH AHH ERAS HAHAHA

. Nicobaricus.
. neritoides.

. retusus.

. bicarinatus.

rudis.
obtusus.
pullus.
cerulescens-

. cancellatus.
. costatus.
. niger.

minimus.

. tuberculatus.

zebra.
pintado.
crassus.

. fluctuatus.

. hippocastanum.
. cinereus.

. obscurus.

. palliatus.*

obligatus.*

125

5. Genus Planaxis, Pl. XI.
Animal. Unknown.
Shell. Ovate conical, solid; aperture ovate, sublongitudinal,

columella flat and truncated at the base, separated from the right
margin by a narrow sinus. Interior surface of the right margin
furrowed or lineated, and a callosity running under the summit.
Inhabits the American and W., Indian seas.

Planaxis sulcata.

Four species.
Planaxis bicolor.
P. undulata.

P, levigatum.*
11*

126 CONCHOLOGY.

6. Genus Phasianella. Pl. XI.°

Animal. Spiral; foot oval ; upon each side an appendage
ornamented with filaments ; head edged anteriorly with a kind of
veil formed by a double, bifid, fringed lip ; two, long, conical ten-
tacula ; eyes borne upon short peduncles and situated at the ex-

ternal part of their base ; rhouth between two vertical subcornate

lips.
Shell. Marine; many of them very rare and valuable; their
beauty of colouring disposed so as to resemble the plumage of a
pheasant. Oval, rather thick, smooth and glossy, spire pointed ;
columella uniting itself with the left edge, forming interiorly a
longitudinal callosity ; aperture oval, larger before, with edges
disunited ; operculum calcareous, oval, oblong, subspiral, the
summit at one extremity. Inhabits the British coast. ‘Twelve

species.
Phasianella variegata. Phasianella sulcata.
P. rubens. P. angulifera.
P. bulimoides. P. lineolata.
P. elegans. P. perdix.
P. lineata, P. Mauritania.
P. nebulosa. P. Peruviana,

7. Genus Twrritella. Pl. XT.

Animal. Spiral; foot fringed anteriorly by a transversely
wrinkled band ; tentacula long, very fine towards their extremity,
somewhat thick at their base, and having the eyes upon an infla-
tion; the head skirted with a veil or fringe garnished with fila-
ments. ‘

Shell. Turreted, not nacred, rather thin, striated in the direc-
tion of the decurrence of the spire; very pointed, and with
numerous whorls ; aperture rounded; the edges posteriorly, the
right exceedingly thin, and slightly sinous towards the middle;
operculum horny. Inhabits the Indian and American Oceans.
Twenty-one living species. Thirty-seven fossil.

Turritella duplicata. Turritella terebra.
T. imbricata. T. replicata.

CONCHOLOGY. 127

; T. fuscata. T. cornea.
T. brevialis. T. bicingulata.
T. trisulcata. T. exoleta.
T. carinifera. T. Australis.
T. Virginiana.* T. saturalis.*
T. alternata.* T. equalis.*
T.. impressa.* T. erosa.*
T, concava.* T.. reticulata.*

T. bisuturalis*

8. Genus Rotella. Pl. XI.
Animal. See Turbo.

Shell. Orbicular, glossy, destitute of epidermis; spire short,
subconic ; lower parts convex and callous; aperture half round.
Indian Ocean. Seven species.

Rotella lineolata, Rotella formosa.
R. Javanica. R., saturalis.
R, rosea, R, equalis.

R. monolifera.

FAMILY XVII.

Canatirera, Eleven genera.
1. Genus Cerithium. Pl. XI.

Animal. Much elongated ; the mantle prolonged into a canal
at its left side, but without a distinct tube; the foot short, oval,
with an anterior marginal furrow ; the head terminated by a de-
pressed proboscidiform muzzle.

Sheil. More or less turriculated and tuberculous; aperture
small, oval, and oblique; the columellar edge much excavated
and callous, the right edge trenchant, and slightly dilating with
age. Operculum horny, oval, round, subspiral, and striated,
upon the external face. They are found in almost every sea.
Forty-five living species. Sixty fossil.

128

CONCHOLOGY.

Cerithium palustre.
C. telescopium.

C. nodulosum.

C. obeliscum.
aluco.

. giganteum.

. sulcatum.

ebeninum.

vulgatum.

. granulatum.
. echinatum.
subulatum.
zonale.
tortulosum.

morus.
erythreonense.
. radula.

. decollatum.
semigranosum.
lineatum.

CRORES A= eRe honor eae heohone ©

Cerithium fasciatum.
C. muricatum.

C. crassum.

C. obtusum.

C. asperum.

C. vertagum.

C. literatums>

. heteroclites.

. semiferrugineum.
C. tuberculatum.
ocellatum.
atratum.
eburneum.

lima.

C
C
C
C
zonatum.

rugosum.
mitriforme.

C
C.
C.
C.
C.
C. punctatum.
C. perversum.

C. petrosum.

C. Emersonii.*
C. Nigrocinctum.*
C,. Greenii.*

C. exasperatum.*
C. dislocatum.*

2. Genus Pleurotoma. Pl. XI.

Animal. Body oval, spiral above, enveloped in a mantle of
which the right edge is furnished with lobes ; foot oval and some-
what short; eyes situated at the external base of long, conical,
retractile tentacula; mouth having a long extensible proboscis
armed with hooked teeth; organs of respiration formed by two
unequal branchiz.

Shell. Fusiform, a little wrinkled, with a turriculated spire ;
a small oval aperture, terminated by a straight canal more or less
long, with the right edge trenchant; a horny operculum. Dis-
tinguished from the Cerithium by having a notch in the margin.
Twenty-nine living species. Thirty fossil.

CONCHOLOGY.

Pleurotoma muricata.

. echinata.

. flavidula.

. imperialis.

. auriculifera.
- Spirata.

. bimarginata.
. cingulifera.
» Babylonia.
. marmorata.
. crispa.

. nodifera.
P. maculata.

ac Beta” a? el faa es oo la oa a = eg |

P. decussata.*

P. curvirostris.

3. Genus Turbinella.

Animal,
Shell.

Imperfectly

known.

Usually turbinated (but

129

Pleurotoma interrupta.
P. cincta.

P. crenularis.
P. unizonalis.
P. lineata.

P. fascialis.

P. buccinoides.
P. virgo.

P. undosa.

P, tigrina.

P. albina.

P. mitra.

P. elegans.

P. bicarinata.*

Ply ee

sometimes turriculated),

wrinkled, thick; spire slightly variable in form; aperture elon-
gated, terminated by a straight canal, and often rather short; the
left edge nearly straight and formed by a callosity concealing the
columella, which has two or three nearly transverse and unequal

folds ; the right edge entire and trenchant.

torial or Australian seas.

Found in the Equa-

Twenty-three species.

Turbinella scolymus.

T. napus.

T. pugillaris.

T. rapa.

T. pyrum.

T. leucozonalis.
T. cingulifera.
T. mitis.

T. infundibulum.
T. lineata,

T. triserialis.

T. variolaris.

Turbinella ocellata.

T. rustica.

T. polygonia.
T. carinifera.
T. rhinoceros.
T.. cornigera.
T. ceramica.
T. capitella.
T. globulus.
T. craticulata.
T. nassatula.

130 CONCHOLOGY,.

4, Genus Cancellaria. Pl. XI.

Animal. See Purpura, hereafter.

Shell. Oval or globular, wrinkled ; spire middling and pointed;
aperture wide, ovate, grooved, and sometimes canaliculated ante-
riorly; the right edge concave and trenchant; the left nearly
straight and marked in the middle with two or three folds; oper-
culum horny. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. One species only
is found in America. Forty-nine living species. Twenty fossil.

Cancellaria crispa. Cancellaria littoriniformis.

Animal.

C. costifera.
C, articularis.
C, brevis.

C. pusilla.

C. bullata.

C. tuberculosa.
C. pulchra.

C. cancellata.
C. similis.

C. chrysostoma.

C. rugosa.

C. hemastoma.
C., rigida.

C. costata,

C. goniostoma.

C. trigonostoma.

C. levigata.

C. spirata.

C. obliquata.
C. scalata.

C. contabulata,
C. crenifera.
C. scalarina.

C. elegans.

C. asperella.
C. oblonga.

C. tesselata.
C. nodulifera.
C. cassidiformis.
C. Australis.
C. reticulata.
C. candida.

C. ovata.

C. Obesa.

C. acuminata.
C. solida.

C. gemmulata.
C. decussata.
C. indentata.
C. alba.

C. clavatula.
C. uniplicata. |
C. mitriformis.
C. tritonis.

C. granosa.

C, piscatoria.

C. buccinoides.*

5. Genus Fasciolaria. Pl. XI.

Entirely unknown.

CONCHOLOGY. 131

Shell. Separated from the Murex on account of having no
varix fusiform or subfusiform; spire middling ; aperture oval,
elongated, nearly symmetrical, terminated by a rather long, straight
tube, the external edge trenchant, the columellar edge having two
or three oblique folds. Inhabits the Indian Ocean and Mediter-
ranean Sea. Hight living species. Seven fossil.

Fasciolaria trapezium. Fasciolaria ferruginea.

F. aurantica. F. tarentina.
F. filamentosa. F. tulipa.
F. coronata. F. distans.

6. Genus Fusus. Pl. XI.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. With an epidermis, wrinkled, fusiform or dilated in the
middle, prolonged posteriorly by the spire, and still more so ante-
riorly by the canal ; aperture oval; the columellar edge straight or
nearly so, the exterior trenchant; a horny and oval operculum .
Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Forty-six living species.
Thirty-seven fossil.

Fusus aculeiformis. Fusus colus.

F., contrarius.

F. longissimus.
F. laticosta.

F. collosseus.

F. tuberculatus.
F. distans.

F. incrassatus.
F, sulcatus.

F. despectus.

F. proboscidiferus.
F, morio.

F. cochlidium.
F. raphanus.

F. polygonoides,
F. lignarius.

F. strigosus.

F. crebricostatus.

F. Nicobaricus.
F. tortulosus.
F. multicarinatus.
F. antiquirus.
F. carinatus.

F. Islandicus.
F. coronatus.
F. corona.

F. filosus.

F. verruculatus.
F. Syracusanus.
F. varius.

F. afer.

F, rubens.

F. Nifat.

F. buccinatus.
F. scalarinus.

132

F.. curvirostris.
F. inconstans. |

CONCHOLOGY.

F. pleurotomarius.*

F. harpularis.*
F.. cinereus.*

F. sinistralis.
F. articulatus.

F. fluviatilis.*

_F. decemcostatus.*

F. bicolor.*

7%. Genus Pyrula. Pl. XI.

Animal.
Sheil.

Unknown.
Pyriform on account of the depression of the spire,

which distinguishes it from the Fusus; the canal conical, very
long or middling, sometimes a little sloped; aperture oval, rather
large; the columella edge somewhat excavated, entire and-tren-

chant ; an operculum.
seas.
Pyrula salmo.
P. carica.
P. candelabrum.
P. tuba.
P. melongena.
P. ficus.
P. spirata.
P. elongata.
P. bezoar.
P. angulata.
P. nodosa.
P. abbreviata.
P. deformis.
P. lineata.

8. Genus Struthiolaria.

Animal.
Shell.

Twenty-nine living species.

See Triton, hereafter.
Ovate ; spire prolonged ; aperture sinuous, terminated

Found in the Northern and American
Six fossil.

Pyrula plicata.
P. canaliculata.
P. perversa.
P. bucephala.
P. vespertilio.
P. reticulata.
P. ficoides.

P. spirillus.
P. ternatana.
P. rapa.

P. galeodes.
P. squamosa.
P. citrina.

P. neritoidea.

P. papyracea.*

ey.

at the base by a very short, straight canal : columellar edge callous ;

CONCHOLOGY. 133

right edge having a thickened varix. Inhabits the Mediterranean

and Northern Seas. Two species.
Struthiolaria nodulosa. Struthiolaria crenulata.

9. Genus Ranelia. Pl. XI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Oval, and, as it were, depressed by the preservation of
each side of a longitudinal thickened band ; aperture oval, almost
symmetrical by the excavation of the columellar edge, terminating
anteriorly by a short canal, often a little sloping; a ‘sinus at the
posterior junction of the two edges. This genus forms a distinct
division between the Murex and Struthiolaria. Inhabits the
Northern and Mediterranean Seas. One species is found in
America. Ffteen living species. Five fossil.

Ranella gigantea. Ranella leucostoma.
R. candisata. R. Argus.
R. ranina. R. spinosa.
R. bufonia. R. granulata.
R. granifera. R. semigranosa.
R. bitubercularis. R. crumena.
R. anceps. R. pygmeza.

R. caudata*.

10. Genus Murex. Pl. XI.

Animal, See Pleurotoma, above.

Shell. Usually oval; the spire but slightly elevated, roughened
with longitudinal, transversal bands or varices; aperture small,
quite oval, and symmetrical by the excavation of the left edge,
formed by a lamina applied upon the columella, terminated an-
teriorly by a middling canal sometimes very long and closed ; the
right edge more or less furnished with varices. Operculum horny,
complete, oval, nearly circular, with sub-concentric partitions;
summit terminal. This genus comprehends only such shells as
have only three or more variceson each whorl. These varices
show how often the animal has increased the size of its shell.
Found in all seas. Seventy-three living species. ‘['wo fossil.

12

134

Murex cornutus.
M. tenuispina.
M. ternispina.
M. motacilla.

M. palmarose.
M. adustus.

M. crevicornis.
M. microphyllus.
M. phylopterus.
M. trigonularis.
M. brandaris.
M. rarispina.
M. haustellum.
M. inflatus.

M. brevifrons.
M. rufus.
acaleatus.
capucinus.

crassispina.

=

1. brevispina.
tenuirostrum.
elongatus.

calcitrassa.

M.

M.

M.

M. ucinarius.

M.

M.

M.

. axicornis.
longispina.

M

M

M

M
asperrimus.

M. tripterus.

M. hemitripterus.

M

. gibbosus.

=

. brassica.
M. radix.

M. scorpico.
M. turbinatus.
M. melonulus.

M. erinaceus.

CONCHOLOGY.

acanthopterus.

Murex costularis.

M. angularis.
M. cingulatus.

M. torosus.

M. granarius.
M. aciculatus.

M. ferrugo.

M. pinnatus.

M. triqueter.

M. saxatilis.

M. melanomathos.
M. secundus.

M. trunculus.
M. Magellanicus.
M. tarentinus.
M. polygonulus.
M. crispatus.

M. cinguliferus.

M. lyratus.

M. fimbriatus.
M. regius.

M. funiculus.
M. pictus.

M. trigonulus.
M. endivia.

M. hexagonus.
M. quadrifrons.

M. anguliferus.
M. lamellosus.

M. scaber.

M. vitulinus.

M. fenestratus.
M. subcarinatus.
M. concatenatus.
M. pulchellus.
M. cristata.

M. lubiosus.

CONCHOLOGY. 135

11, Genus T'riton. Pl. XI.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Oval with straight spire and canal, middling generally
wrinkled, furnished with varices, rare, scattered, and preserved in
longitudinal rows; aperture suboval, elongated, terminated by a
short open canal; the columellar edge less excavated than the
right and covered by a callosity; operculum horny, oval, round,
and rather large. Found in the Northern and Mediterranean
seas. Thirty-one living species. Three fossil.

Triton variegatum. Triton tripus.

T. lampas. T. clavator.

T. corrugatum. T. chlorostomum.
T. lotorium. T. subdistortum.
T. cynocephalum. T. clandestinum.
T. retusum. T. dolarium.

T. vespaceum. T. australe.

T. clathratum. T.. Splengleri.

T. maculosum. T. pileare.

T. cutaceum. T. pigrum.

T. undosum. T. canaliferum.
T. nodiferum. T. tuberosum. r
T. scorbiculator. T. anus.

T. succinctum. T. cancellatum,
T. femorale. T. rubecula.

T. tranquebaricum.

FAMILY XVIII.

Auata. Three genera.

1. Genus Rostellaria. Pl. XI.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. Subdepressed, turriculated, with a produced and
pointed spire ; aperture oval on account of a rather large excava-
tion of the columellar edge, the right margin dilating with age
and having a sinus contiguous to the pointed canal which ter-

136 CONCHOLOGY.

/
minates the shell; an operculum. This genus is distinguished
from the Strombus by having a sinus in the lower part of the right -
margin contiguous to the canal. Inhabits the European seas
four living species. Three fossil.
Rostellaria curvirostris. Rostellaria pespelicani.
R. rectirostris. R. cancellata.

2. Genus Pieroceras. Pl. XII.

Animal. See Strombus, below.

Shell. Oblong-ovate ; canal elongated, attennated and often
closed ; right margin dilating by age into an expanded digitated
wing, attached to and covering a short spire with a sinus in the
lower part not contiguous to the body. Distinguished from the
Strombus by not having the canal at the base shortened or trun-
cated, and from the Rostellaria by having the sinus of the right
margin distant from the body. Found in the Equatorial seas.
Seven species. Five fossil.

Pteroceras truncata. Pteroceras chiragra.
P. lambio. P. millepeda.
P. scorpio. P. pseudoscorpia.

P. aurantia.

3. Genus Strombus. Pl. XII.

Animal. Spiral; the foot rather wide anteriorly, compressed
posteriorly ; mantle thin, forming a prolonged fold anteriorly,
whence issues a sort of canal; head very distinct; mouth a ver-
tical slit at the extremity of a proboscis, provided in the inferior
median line with a lingual band having prickles flexed posteri-
orly ; tentacular appendages cylindrical, thick, and long, with the
eyes at their extremity.

Shell. Thick, subinvolute, dilated in the middle, terminating
in a cone anteriorly and posteriorly ; aperture very long and
narrow ; terminated anteriorly by a canal more or less elongated
and flexed; edges parallel, the external dilating with age, pre-
senting posteriorly a gutter at its point of attachment with the
spire, and, anteriorly, a sinus behind the canal, through which
the head of the animal passes; operculum horny, long, and

narrow ; summit terminal.

CONCHOLOGY.

137

Found in the Indian and Equatorial
Thirty-two living species.

seas, and one species in Florida.
Five fossil.

Strombus gigas.

Strombus accipitrimus.

S. latissimus. S. tricornis.
S. Canarium. S. Isabella.
S. vittatus. S. epidromis.
S. gallus. S. bituberculatus.
S. cristatus. S. dilatus.
S. bubonius. S. lentiginosus.
S. auris-Diane. S. pugilis.
S. pyrulatus. S. gibberulus.
S. Luhuanus. S. Mauritianus.
S. colomba. S. succinctus.
S. troglodytes. S. tridentatus.
S. urceus. S. plicatus.
S. lineatus. S. papilio.
S. turritus. S. marginatus.
S. cancellatus.
S. Floridus.*
FAMILY XIX.
Purrurirera. Eleven genera.
1. Genus Cassidaria. Pl. XII.
Animal. Somewhat elongated, widened anteriorly ; mantle

with simple edges and provided with a distinct tube; foot very
wide, elliptical, sub-biolate anteriorly, and having a large opercu-
lum upon the dorsal face of its posterior part; head wide and in-
distinct ; tentacula anterior, approximating at base, sub-cylin-
drical, and having the eyes at two-thirds of their length; mouth
inferior, concealed by the foot; two pectiniform branchie, nearly

parallel.
Sheil.

Sub-globular, tuberculated or channeled, with a short,
pointed spire; aperture long, ovate, subcanaliculated anteriorly ;

12

138 CONCHOLOGY.

right edge folded back ; éélanicle covered by a wide, smooth cal-
losity, uniting posteriorly with the right edge. Inhabits all seas
except the Northern. Five living species. Seven fossil.
Cassidaria echinophora. Cassidaria striata.
C. Tyrrhena. C. oniscus.
C. cingulata.

2. Genus Cassis. Pl. XII.

Animal. Spiral, with the foot (which is shorter than the shell)
rounded anteriorly ; mantle provided, before the respiratory cavity,
with a long open canal, used as an organ of prehension ; head
furnished ; a single pair of blackish tentacula, having the eyes at
an inflation about half way from the base; mouth armed with a
proboscis.

Shell. Inflated, oval, subinvolute; spire slightly projecting’;
aperture long, oval, sometimes very narrow, terminated anteriorly
by a very short canal, sloped, and flexed obliquely towards the
back ; columella covered by a large callosity, indented throughout
its length; operculum horny. Found in the Indian, Mediterra-
nean, and Equatorial seas. ‘Twenty-five living species. Eight
fossil.

Cassis cornuta. Cassis crumena.
C. flammea. C. zebra.

C, rufa. C. sulcosa.

C. achatina. C. canaliculata.
C. areola. C. semigranosa.
C. abbreviata. C. Madagascariensis.
C. saburon. C. glauca.

C. Ceylonica. C. testiculus.
C. erinaceus. C. plicaria.

C. tuberosa. C. decussata.
C. fascinata. C. granulosa.
C. pennata. C. pyrum.

C. vibex.

3. Genus Ricinula. Pl. XII.
Animal. As above.

CONCHOLOGY. 139

Shell. Oval or subglobular, thick, armed with points and with
a depressed spire ; aperture narrow, elongated, notched, sometimes
canaliculated anteriorly and digitated exteriorly ; left edge more
or less callous; operculum horny, oval, and transverse. Found
in the Indian seas. Nine living species.

Ricinula horrida. Ricinula clathrata.
R. arachnoidea. R. miticula.
R. digitata. R. pisolina.
R. aspera. R. morus.
R. mutica.

4, Genus Purpura. Pl. XII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Oval, tuberculated, thick; spire short, the last whorl
much larger than all the others united; aperture oval, greatly
dilated, terminated anteriorly by a short, oblique canal notched
at the extremity; the columellar edge nearly straight, covered
with a callosity ; operculum horny, fiat, nearly semicircular, with
faintly marked transverse strie. Found in the European and
South American seas. Sixty-two species.

Purpura Persica. Purpura Francolinus.
P. columellaria. P. cruentata.
P. armigera. P. lagenaria.
P. undata. P. plicata.
P. bufo. P. rustica.
P, planospira. P. hystrix.
P. carinifera. P. retusa.
P. syuamosa. P, fasciolaris.
P. sertum. P. nucleus.
P, ligata. P. subrostrata.
P. imbricata. P. patula.
P. bicostalis. P. consul.
P. thiarella. P. hippocastana,
P. echinulata. P. mancinella.
P. unifascialis. P. neritoides.
P. clavus, P. coronata.
P. bizonalis, P. sacella.

140

. bulbus.

. cariosa.

. Rudolphi.

. succincta.

. bitubercularis,
. hemastoma.

. callosa.

. callifera.

. scalariformis.
. rugosa.

ig? Baca ila ibe” Mila ela |i o Pel

. engonata.*
. brevidens.*

lachalgefi ae]

. lapilloidis.*

P. macrostoma.

CONCHOLOGY.

P. tectum.

5. Genus Monoceros.

Animal. As above.

Shell.

argicks) fy

aa MaMa Ba-Bas

. textilosa.
. lambosa.
. lapillus.

- cateracta.
. fiscella.

semi-imbricata.

. deltoides.
. trochlea.
. vexillum.
. distorta.

. harpa.*
. Floridana.*

. dumosa.*

PLE

Differs only from the Purpura by a long, conical

pointed, somewhat reflexed tooth in the outer lip. Five species.

Monoceros cingulatum.

M. imbricatum.

Monoceros striatum.

M. glabratum.
M. crassilabrum.

6. Genus Concholepas.

Animal.
Shell.

Entirely unknown.
Wide, rough, ovate; spire very short; aperture very

Plea

large, oval and sloped anteriorly ; the edges united, the right
very thick and dentated ; muscular impression almost in form of a
horse-shoe ; operculum horny and rudimentary. It was formerly
considered a Patella, from which it differs by the operculum. One

species.

Animal.

Concholepas Peruvianus.

7. Genus Harpa.

Unknown.

Pl. XII.

CONCHOLOGY. 141

Shell. Oval, inflated, rather thin, with longitudinal parallel
ribs, formed by the perservation of the band of the right margin ; -
the spire very short and pointed, the last whorl much longer than
all the others together; aperture large, ovate, with a wide slope
anteriorly ; the right edge much hollowed, and thickened out-
wardly ; the columella smooth and terminated in a point ante-
riorly. A beautiful genus. Found in the Indian Ocean. Nine
species.

Harpa imperialis. Harpa nobilis.
H. ventricosa. H. articularis.
H. conoidalis. H. rosea.
H. minor. H. striata.

H. mutica.

8. Genus Dolium. PI. XII.

Animal. As in Purpura.

Shell. Subglobular, thin, surrounded by decurrent flutings ;
spire very short, the last whorl much larger than all the others
together; aperture oblong, very large, on account of the great
excavation of the right edge, which is crenated throughout its

length ; columella twisted. Found in the Indian Ocean and Medi-
terranean seas. Seven species.

Dolium galea. Dolium variegatum.
D. fasciatum. D. perdix.
D. pomum. D. olearium.

D. maculatum.

9. Genus Buccinum. Pl. XII.

Animal. See Purpura.

Shell. With a light epidermis, oval, elongated; the spire '
moderately elevated; aperture oblong, oval, notched, sometimes
subcanaliculated anteriorly ; right edge thick, not reflexed; colu-
mella simple and dilated superiorly ; operculum horny, complete,
and oval. Found inallseas. Sixty-six living. Fourteen fossil.

Buccinum undatum. Buccinum tenniplicatum.
B. papyraceum. B. levigatum.

142

B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
‘B:
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
5.
B:
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.

naw

Animal.

Shell.

CONCHOLOGY.

crenulatum.
lineatum.
maculosum.
mutabile.
ventricosum.
fasciatum.
arcularia.
pauperatum.
achatinum.
olivaceum.
Brazilianum.,
vinosum.
Ascanias.
aciculatum.
glaciale.
annulatum.
reticulatum.
fuscatum.
politum.
inflatum.
gemmulatum.
miga.
coronatum.
neriteum.
glans.
canaliculatum.
semiconvexum.

. ornatum.*
. trivittata.*
. acuta.*

alba.*

10. Genus Edurna.

Entirely unknown.

Oval or elongated, smooth ; spire pointed, its whorls as
if softened off; aperture ovate, elongated, widely notched anteri-

B. corniculatum.
B. Anglicanum.
B. levissimum.

B. Tranquebaricum.
B. lineolatum.

B. suturale.

B. retusum.

B. Coromandelianum.
B. lyratum.

B. Thersites.

B. testudineum.
B. papillosum.

B. tricarinatum.
B. fasciolatum.

B. subspinosum.
B. flexuosum.

B. cribarium.

B. grana.

B. zebra.

B. aurantium.

B. gibbolusum.

B. marginulatum.
B. coccinella.

B. dermestoideum.
B. pediculare.

B. pullus.

B. polygonatum.

B. vivex.*

B. obsoleta.*
B. unicincta.*
B. lunata.*

Ph. XII.

CONCHOLOGY. 1438

orly ; the right margin entire ; columella callous posteriorly, um-
bilicated, and subcanaliculated at its left side; an operculum.
Found in the Indian and South American seas. Five species.
Eburna glabrata. Eburna spriata.
E. Ceylonica. E. areolata.
E. lutosa.

11. Genus T'eredra. Pl. XII.

Animal. Spiral and high ; foot oval with a transverse anterior
furrow, and two lateral auricles; head bordered with a small
fringe ; tentacula cylindrical, terminating ina point and very dis-
tant; eyes indistinct, situated at the foot, and at the external side
of the tentacula ; mouth without proboscis ; tube of the respira-
tory cavity very long.

Shell. Without epidermis, ovate, with a pointed spire, low,
or subturriculated ; aperture wide, oval, with a strong slope an-
teriorly ; lower end of the columella twisted. Found in tropical
seas. ‘I'wenty-four species.

Terebra macalata. Terebra Senegalensis.
T. crenulata. T. cingulifera.

T. dimidiata. T. scabrella.

T. raphanula. T. lanceata.

T. muscaria. T. granulosa.
T. flammea. T. duplicata.
T. striatula. T. corrugata.
T. chlorata. T. cerulescens.
T. cerithina. T. myuros. r
T. subulata. T. strigilata.
. T. oculata. T. aciculina,
T. Babylonica. T. vittata.
FAMILY XX.

CotumELtaria. Five genera.

1. Genus Columbella. Pl. XII.

Animal. Imperfectly known; eyes placed much below the
middle of the tentacula.

‘f

144 CONCHOLOGY.

. Shell. Thick, turbinated, with a short obtuse spire ; aperture
narrow, elongated and terminated by a very short canal, narrowed
by an inflation at the inner side of the right edge, and by some
folds on the columella; a very small horny operculum. Inhabits
the Indian and American seas. ‘Twenty species.

Columbella rustica. Columbrella pardalina.
C. Hebrea. C. ovulata.

C. semipunctata. C. zonalis.

C. reticulata. C. mendicaria.

C. strombiformis. C. punctata.

C. mercatoria. C. scripta.

C, flavida. C. nitida.

C, bizonalis. C. fulgurans.

C. turturina. C. unifascia lis.

C. labiosa.* C. avara,*

2. Genus Mitra. Pl. XII.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. Turriculated, subfusiform and oval; spire always
pointed at the summit; aperture small, triangular, widest anteri-
orly where it is strongly emarginated ; external edge trenchant,
nearly straight, always longer than the columella, which is formed
by a very thin callosity, and marked with oblique parallel folds,
the anterior of which are the shortest; no operculum. Inhabits
the Chinese seas. Eighty species.

Mitra papalis. Mitra crocata.
M. puncticulata. M. nexilis.

M. cardinalis. M. scabrinscrula.
M. versicolor. M. crenifera.

M. pedicula. M. teniata.

M. cornicularis. M. corrugata.

M. striatula. M. lyrata.

M. cornea. M. cinctella.

M. melaniana. M. Caffra.

M. episcopalis. M. stigmataria.

M. pontificalis. M. fissurata.

Animal.
head very distinct ; tentacula rather short and triangular; eyes

large, altogether sessile, and situated a little posteriorly ; a thick
trunk furnished with hooked teeth at its extremity ; two pectini-
form branchie.

Sheil.

CONCHOLOGY.

M. millepora. M. clavula.
M. archiepiscopalis. M. Peronii.
M. sanguinolenta. M. oniscina.
M. lactea. M. terebralis.
M. lutescens. M. granulosa.
M. subulata. M. costa.
M. tringa. M. olivaria.
M. ferruginea. M. granatina.
M. adusta. M. serpentina.
M. plicaria. M. arenosa.
M. costellaris. M. literata.
M. melongena. M. obliquata.
M. vulpecula. M. scutulata.
M. sanguisuga. M. fenestrata.
M. filosa. M. texturata.
M. amphorella. M. limbifera.
M. patriarchalis. M. paupercula.
M. harpeformis. M. torulosa.
M. ficulina. ' M. retusa.
M. conularis. M. unifascialis.
M. dermestina. M. larva.
M. dactylus. M. tabanula.
M. conulus. M. crenulata.
M. coronata. M. aurantiaca.
M. muriculata. M. cucumerina.
M. semifasciata. M. ebena.
M. nucleola. M. microzonias.
M. plumbea. M. bacilla.
M. granulifera. M. pisolina.

3. Genus Voluta. Pl. XII.

145

Oval, involuted, provided with a very broad foot;

Oval, more or less ventricose ; the first whorls of the

13

146 CONCHOLOGY.

spire rounded into a teat; aperture generally much longer than
wide and sloping anteriorly ; the right edge bent outwardly, entire
and soft; the columellar-edge garnished with large folds more or
less oblique, and slightly varying in number with age. Found
chiefly in the seas of the Torrid Zone. Forty-four species.

Voluta nautica.
V. armata.

V. tesselata.

V. cymbia.

V. proboscidalis.
V. diadema.

V. ducalis.

V. Neptuni.

V. olla.

V. poreina.

V. pellis-serpentis.
V. chlorosina.
V. polyzonalis.
V. magnifica.
V. Magellanica.
V."fulminata.
V. scapha.

V. mitis.

V. Braziliana.
V. Guinaica.
V. undulata.
V. festiva.

4, Genus Marginella.

Voluta Atthiopica.
. Imperialis.
. vespertilio.
. musica.

. levigata.
nodulosa.
ancilla.
Pacifica.
Junonia.
melo.

. Hebrea,

. serpentina.
carneolata.
fulva.
nuclea.
Lapponica.
. volvacea.

*

. mitreformis.
nivosa.
thiarella.

V. sulcata.

V. vexilla.

Addaddd4ddd aad AS885

Pl. XII,

Animal. Oval, involuted ; foot elliptical, very large, and widest

in front, where its edge presents a transverse furrow ; head small,
distinct, with two long, very sharp tentacula, the eyes at the ex-
ternal part of their base; mouth provided with a trunk.

Shell. Smooth, polished, oval-oblong, a little conical, with a
short mammelonated spire; aperture somewhat narrow, slightly
oval on account of a light curve of the right edge, which is dilated
outwardly ; the columellar edge marked with three oblique dis-

CONCHOLOGY. 147

tinct folds. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Twenty-four living
species and nine fossil, according to Defrance.

‘Marginella radiata. Marginella nubeculata.
M. limbata. M. aurantia,

M. lifasciata. M. longivaricosa.
M. dentifera. M. eburnea.

M. builata. M. persicula.

M., avellana. M. tessellata.

M. glabrella. M. cerulescens.
M. quinqueplicata. M. bivaricosa.
M. rosea. M. muscaria.

M. faba. M. formicula.
M. dactylus. M. lineata.

M. cornea. M. interrupta.

5. Genus Volvaria. Pl. XII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Cylindrical, convolute; spire obsolete or concealed ;
aperture narrow, extending the whole length of the shell, with
one or more folds on the lower portion of the columella. Inhabits
the Indian Ocean. Seven species.

Volvaria pallida. Volvaria triticea.
V. monilis. V. oryza.
V. miliacea. V. bulloides.

V. canaliculata.

FAMILY XXI.
Convotuta. Six genera.

1. Genus Cyprza, Pl. XII.

Animal. Oval, elongated, involute ; head provided with two
very long conical tentacula; eyes at the extremity of an inflation
which forms a part of them; a transverse buccal orifice at the ex-
tremity of a kind of cavity, at the bottom of which is the true
mouth between two thick vertical lips; a lingual band, bristled
with small teeth, and prolonged into the abdomen.

148

Shell. Oval, convex, very smooth, involute ; spire entirely
posterior, very small, often concealed by a calcareous layer de-
posited by the lobes of the mantle; aperture longitudinal, very
narrow, slightly arcuated, as long as the shell, and with the edges
internally dentated, and notched at each extremity.
W. Indian seas and Sandwich Islands.

teen species.
»

Cyprea princeps.

mappa.
. tigris.
pantlerina.
mauritania.
stercoraria.
aurora.

. leucodon.

. sulcidentata.
Arabica.

. lynx.
vitellus.
carneola.
cinerea.
Reevi.
obscurus.
achatina.
arenosa.
nivosa.
Broderipii.
exanthema,
cervus.

. testudinaria.
talpa.
exusta.
argus.
scurra.

. pulchra.

. Isabella.
controversa.
lurida.

aecaegganeaageaocefaassaoanaceada

CONCHOLOGY.

Cyprea dediculus.
C. oryza.

C. coccinella.

C. Australis.

C. Childrini.

C. depauparata.
C. solandri.

C. Californica.

C. suffusa.

C. Pacifica.

C. pediculus.

C. nivea

C. oryxa.

C. stercus-muscarum.
C. pulex.

. fusca.

Europea.

. sanguinea.

. quadripunctata.
. rufescens.

. Maugerie.

- aperta.

. Adansonii.

. caput-serpentis.
. Lamarchii.

. Cumingii.

. Goodalii.

. Humphreysii.
. Walkeri.

. Listeri.

. pulchella..

Meme Nenerel

ole Be Me Ot eo ilo ew

aC G

Inhabits the
One hundred and eigh-

Cre

Animal.

- microdon.
- Scottii.
mus.

. tessellata.
. annulata.

. cicercula.
globulus.

tigrina.
. cerina.
Argus.
histrio.
alba.
zonata.
icterina.
lota.
ovulata.
helvola.

. pustulata.
nucleus.
limacina.
moneta.
obvelata.
. annulus.
. radians.

. oniscus.

ceaeasaeasteaaseaaenaceceacaada

2. Genus Ovula.

. Margarita.

staphylea.

Arabicula.

As above.

- CONCHOLOGY.

149

C. pyriformis.
C. piperita.
C. algoensis.
C. edentula.
C. similis.

C. fusco-dentata.
C. gangrenosa.

C. bicallosa.

C. poraria.

C. guttata.

C. Xanthodon.

C. nigro-punctata.
C. pallida.
C. zigzag.
C. moneta.
C. aurantia.
C. fimbriata.
C. variolaria.
C
C
C
Cc

C

C

C. moniliaris.
C. ursella.

C, hirundo.
C. olivacea.

Plt,

Oblong, convex, distinguished from the Cyprea by the

13*

want of a spire, and by not having teeth on the columellar lip;
the two extremities of the aperture notched, and more or less pro-
longed like a tube; left margin dentated. Inhabits the Indian
Twelve species.

Ovula oviformis.

Ovula carnea.

150 CONCHOLOGY.

QO. verrucosa. . gibbosa.
O. spelta. . volva.
O. angulosa. . lactea.

O. hordacea.
O. birostris.

. triticea.
. acicularis.

© O-O7e7e

3. Genus Terebellum. Pl. XII.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. Thin, shining, subcylindrical, involute, pointed poste-
riorly, truncated anteriorly; aperture longitudinal, triangular ;
edges entire ; columella truncated, and prolonged beyond the aper-
ture. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Three living species and two
fossil.

Terebellum subulatum. Terebellum convolutum.
T. fusiforme.

4. Genus Ancillaria. Pl. XII.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Smooth, oval, oblong posteriorly, widened and trun-
cated anteriorly; aperture oval, somewhat elongated, angular
posteriorly ; a wide but not deep slope anteriorly; columella
covered anteriorly with an oblique callous band ; right lip obtuse,
Inhabits the Australian seas. Four living species, and five
fossil.

Ancillaria cinnamonea. Ancillaria candida.
A, ventricosa. A. marginata.

5. Genus Oliva. Pl. XII.

Animal. Oval, involute, mouth somewhat thin at its edges,
prolonged to the two angles of the branchial aperture in a ten ta-
cular band, and, anteriorly, by a long branchial tube ; foot very
large, oval, subauriculated, with a transverse cleft anteriorly ;
head smail, with a labial proboscis,

Shell. Thick, solid, smooth, oval, elongated, subcylindrical ;
the whorls of the spire very: small, and separated by a canal ; aper-
ture long and narrow, the columellar edge dilated anteriorly by a

CONCHOLOGY. 151

band striated obliquely in all its length. Found in the Austra-
lian and Equatorial seas. Only one species has been found in
America. Sixty-three species. Six fossil.

Oliva textilina. Oliva reticularis.

oO

» pica.
. angulata.
. sepulturalis.

O. mutica.*

. granitella.
. literata.
. tricolor.

O
O O
O O
O. irrisans. O. mustelina.
O. episcopalis. O. funebralis.
O. venulata. O. Peruviana.
O. leucopheea. O. fusiformis.
O. inflata. O. acuminata.
O. harpularia. O. luteola.
O. ustulata, O. hiatula.
O. tessellata. O. Ceylonica.
O. espidula. O. fabagina.
QO. candida. O. undatella.
O. tigrina. O. nana.
O. utricula. O. oryza.
O. porphyria. O. flammulata.
O. erythrostoma. O. araneosa.
O. themulina. O. scripta.
QO. maura. O. sanguinolenta.
O. fulminans. O. lugubris.
O. elegans. O. glandiformis.
O. guttata. O. senagalensis.
O. undata. O. auricularis.
O. bicincta. O. subulata.
O. hepatica. O. testacea.
O. avellana. O. obtusaria.
O. carneola. O. nebulosa.
O. oriola. O. conordalis.
O. volutella. O. eburnea.
O. Brazilliana. O. Zonalis.

152 CONCHOLOGY.

6. Genus Conus. Pl. XII.

Animal. Elongated, much compressed, involute; foot small,
oval, long, widest in front, where it is edged by a transverse fur-
row; head tolerably distinct; tentacula cylindrical, having the
eyes near their summit, which is setaceous; mouth at the bot-
tom of a long labial trunk; a somewhat short tongue, although
projecting into the visceral cavity, and bristled with long styly-
form hooks in two rows.

Shell. Covered with a periosteal membrane, thick, solid, invo-
lute, conical ; summit of the cone anterior, spire slightly projecting,
or not at all; a very narrow longitudinal aperture ; external edge
straight and trenchant; the internal also straight with oblique
folds in its anterior portion ; a very small horny operculum, sub-
spirated, with a terminal summit. Found in the Australian and
Mediterranean seas. One hundred and eighty-one species.

Conus Bandanus, Conus betulinus.

C. Nicobaricus. C. puncticulatus.

C. zonatus. C. Proteus.

C. fuscatus. C. augur.

C, regius. C. nivosus.
marmoreus. C. acuminatus,
nocturnus. C. Janus.

C. lithoglyphus.
imperialis. C. venulatus.
viridulus. C. muscosus.
tulipa. C. Mozambicus.
C. Franciscanus.

araneosus.

punctatus.
musicus. C. rattus.

Barbadensis.
geographicus.
teniatus.
miliaris.
lividus.
roseus.
cedo-nulli.

C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
Oe
C.
C.
C. mus.
CG
C.
Cc.
C.
C:
C.
C.
C. nebulosus.

C. amabilis.
C. nobilis.

C. terminus.
C. gubernator.
C. terebra.

C. raphanus.
C. spectrum.
C. leoninus.
C. pertusus.

CONCHOLOGY.

. sulcatus.

. vermiculatus.
pulicarius.
obesus.

. millepunctatus.
. eburneus.

. generalis.

. Malacanus.

. monile.

. Vitulinus,

. flavidus.
daucus.

. Capitaneus.

. Vittatus.

vexillus.
figulinus.
. aurantius.
minimus.
. Hebreus.

. arenatus.
. fustigatus.
varius.
literatus.

. tesselatus.
. Maldivus.
lineatus.
centurio.
. vulpinus.

°

virgo.
pastinacus.

. classiarius.

. mustelinus.

. Sumatrensis.
. quercinus.

. cardinalis.
C. distans.

C, Caledonicus.
C. puncturatus.

Chee te toto lomege RotcRekehel rh yoko hwohie le iohic wie, (ol ew ola Marie eal gle Mie acy

153

C, fulgurans.
C. amadis.

C. flammeus.
C. testiludinarius.
C. questor.

C. Narcissus.
C. guinaicus.
C. informis.

C. Jamaicensis.
C. Omaicus.

C. aurisiacus.
C. striatus.

C. grannulatus.
C. verulosus.
C. magus.

C. Bullatus.

C. auratus.

C. omaria.

C. panniculus.
C. Timorensis.
C. prefectus.
C. nimbosus,
C. archiepiscopus.
C. legatus.

C. canonicus.
C. textilis.

C. Australis.

C. Mauritianus.
C. eques.

C. catus.

C. acutangulus.
C. Japonicus.
C. columba.

C. memocanus.
C. fusiformis.
C. Aurora.

C. Adansonii.
C. Portoricanus.

154 CONCHOLOGY.

. strigatus.

. Mitratus.

. aulicus.

. colubrinus.
. auricomus.

. lamellosus.
exiguus.
hyena.
amumiralis,
papilionaceus.
Prometheus.
Suratensis.

. rubiginosus.
. prelatus.

. fumigatus.

. luzonicus.

. verrucosus.

. ranunculus.
. achatinus.
stramineus.
. lacteus. . mindanus.
pusio.

. madurensis.
. cancellatus.
. cerulescens.

. Vicarius.
orchraceus.
Mediterraneus.
Magellanicus.
pontificalis.
sponsalis.
Ceylonenis.
pusillus.
asper.

miles.

. genuanus.

. slamensis.

. Taitensis.
. tinianus.

. crocatus.
glans.

. nussatella.

. clavous.

. pennaceus.

cervus.

dux.

. stercus-muscarum.
. tendineus.

. melancholicus.

glaucus.
- monachus.
. anemone.
}. cinereus.

Sa oop oO sae haeeenoepasaeeeceaca

GGGCGCGCHCSeGGCCHEOD SOS COO eseeee ooo

C. zebra. . episcopus.
C. cingulatus. . pyramidalis.
C. mercator. . abbas.

C. gloria-maris.

FAMILY XXII.
Navtitacea. - T'wo genera.

1. Genus Spirula. Pl. XII.

Animal. Body elongated, cylindrical, terminated posteriorly
by two lateral lobes partially concealing the shell; head provided

CONCHOLOGY. 155

with five pairs of tentacula, of which two are longer than the
others.

Shell. Very symmetrical, longitudinally twisted throughout
nearly all its extent; the cone spiral, conical, regular, circular ;
whorls of the spire very evident ; partitions simple, concave, and
pierced by a single syphon. Inhabits the West Indian seas. One
species,

Spirula Peronii. (Nautilus spirula. Zin.)

2. Genus Wautilus. Pl. XII.

Animal. Body round and terminated posteriorly by a tendi-
nous or muscular filament, attaching itself to the syphon, by
which the partitions of the shell are pierced; the mantle opening
obliquely, and prolonged into a sort of hood above the-head
(which is provided with digitated tentacula), and surrounding the
aperture of the mouth. )

Shell, Discoid, but slightly compressed, with a rounded or
subcarinated back, umbilicated or not, but never mammelonated,
the partitions simple, not visible exteriorly ; the last profoundly
sunk, and perforated by a syphon running through them all. In-
habits the Indian Ocean. Two living species. Fifteen fossil.

Nautilus Pompilius. Nautilus umbilicatus.

FAMILY XXIII.
Hetreroropa. Two genera.

1. Genus Argonauta. Pl. XII.

Animal. Body conical, elongated, enrolled longitudinally,
widened anteriorly, and provided on each side with an arcuated
subtriangular, aliform appendage ; mouth at the extremity of the
angle formed by two inferior lips. De Blainville denies that this
animal is at all known, and speaks of one described by M. Oken
as a small polypus of the genus Ocythoe.

Shell. Navicular, symmetrical, very thin, compressed, bicari-
nated, longitudinally subinvolute in the same plane; aperture
very wide, symmetrical, complete, square anteriorly, slightly mo-

jx

156 CONCHOLOGY.

dified by the turn of the summit, and provided on each side with
an ear-like appendage having thick and smooth edges. Inhabits
the Mediterranean. Three species.
Argonauta argo. Argonauta tuberculosa.
A. nitida.

2. Genus Carinaria. Pl]. XII.

Animal. Body elongated, prolonged behind the nucleus inte
a veritable tail, edged at its extremity by a vertical fin; head suffi-
ciently distinct ; two, long, conical tentacula; two sessile eyes ; the
organs of respiration and the nucleus entirely enveloped in a
mantle with lobed edges.

Shell. Very thin, symmetrical, a little compressed, without
spire, but with the sumnit a little reflexed posteriorly ; aperture
oval and entire. Inhabits the African, Mediterranean, and Aus-
tralian seas. ‘Three species.

Carinaria vitrea. Carinaria fragilis.
C. cymbium.

Cie s 8 AR. Y

OF TERMS USED IN CONCHOLOGY.

A.

Abbreviated, cut short.

Abdomen, the belly.

Acuminated, sharp pointed.

Aculeated, prickly.

Alated, winged.

Annulated, divided into rings.

Annulations, rings.

Aperture, the orifice or opening
of the shell.

Apex, the point of the spire.

Approximating, approaching to-
gether.

Arcuated, of an arch form.

Area, surface between the lines.

Articulations, junctures or
joints.

Attenuated, thin, slender.

Aurated, having ears, as the
Pecten.

Auricled, having ear-like appen-
dages.

Auriform, ear-shaped.

iB:
Barbed, bearded.
Base, lower extremity of the
shell.
Beak, prolongation at the base.

Beard, see Byssus.

Bi, signifying two.

Biangulated, having two corners
or angles.

Bidentate, having two teeth.

Bifid, opening with a cleft.

Bilobate, divided into two lobes.

Bimarginate, two margins or
lips.

Biradiate, having two rays.

Bivalve, having two valves.

Blunt, obtuse, opposed to acute.

Borer, a piercer.

Bulging, gibbous, swollen out.

Byssus, common in the Mytilus
and Pinna, by which they
attach themselves tu ob-
jects.

C.
Callous, indurated.
Callosity, a protuberance.
Calcareous, relating to lime.
Canal, the prolongation of the
beak.
Canaliculated,
grooved.
Cardinal, see Teeth.
Carinated, like a boat’s keel.

channeled or

14

ee ee

Cartilage, a flexible fibrous sub-
stance by which the valves
are united.

Cartilaginous, resembling a liga-
ment.

Chambered, divided by partti-
tions.

Cicatrix, the muscular impres-
sion.

Ciliated, edged with bristles or
hairs.

Cinerous, of an ash colour.

Clavate, club-shaped.

Columella, the upright pillar of
the shell.

Complicated, doubled together.

Compressed, flattened.

Concave, hollowed out.

Concentric, running to the cen-
tre.

Cone, the form of a sugar loaf.

Convolute, whorls running
round.

Confluent, running together.

Conoid, figure like a cone.

Contorted, twisted in oblique
direction.

Contracted, shortened, shrunk
up.

Cordate, heart shape.

Cordiform, form of a heart.

Coriaceous, leather-like consist-
ence.

Corneus, resembling horn.

Coronal, resembling a crown.

Coronated, crowned towards the
apex.

Costated, ribbed.

Cortex, anterior skin.

Crenulated, notched at the mar-
gin.

Crispated, with waving lines.

Cuneform, wedge form.

Cylindrical, round like a roller.

Cybiform, boat-shaped.

CONCHOLOGY,

D:
Decollated, truncated trans-
versely.
Decorticated, divested of epi-
dermis.

Decussated, lines intersecting
each other.

Deflexed, bent aside.

Dentated, having teeth.

Depressed, shallow, flat.

Diaphanous, clear, pellucid.

Digitated, having finger-like
claws.

Disk, the highest part of the
valves.

Divaricated, spreading out.

Divergent, tending to a point.

Dorsal, belonging to the back.

Dotted, punctured like a thim-
ble.

Duplicated, divided into plaits
or folds.

E.
Ears, projections on the sides
of the hinge.
Echinated, set with spires.
Effuse, spread out.
Elliptical, oval.
Elongated, drawn out.
Emarginated, with the edge
notched.
Ensisform, sabre-shaped.
Entire, whole.
Epidermis, the outer coating of
a shell.
Equilateral, all sides alike.
Equivalve, both sides alike.
Exserted, protruding.

F.
Falcated, hooped like a scythe.
Fasciated, covered with bands.
Ferruginous, of an iron colour.
Filament, a thread-like process.

GLOSSARY.

159

Filiform, thread-shaped, slender. | Inequilateral, when the anterior

Fimbriated, fringed.

Fissure, a cleft or slit.

Flexuous, zigzag, with angles
widening.

Flexure, a bending.

Fluviatile, belonging to fresh

water.

Foliaceuus, lamina or leave-
shaped.

Fragile, brittle, easily broken.

Front, the aperture next the
observer.

Furcated, forked.

Furrow, a trench or hollow.

Fuscated, darkened, obscured.

Fusiform, spindle-shaped, coni-
cal, or oval.

G.

Gaping, when the valves do not
close.

Geniculate, kéeled.

Genus, characters by which
they are distinguished from
others,

Genera, plural of genus.

Gibbous, bulged.

Glabrous, having a smooth sur-
face.

Globose, globular, round.

i.
Hemispherical, in the shape of
a half globe.
Heterostrophe, _ shells
spires reverse.
Hispid, hairy.
Hinge, the part where the

valves are united.

whose

T&F:
Jagged, denticulated, uneven.
Imbricate, covered with scales.
_ Imperforate, having no umbili-
cus.

and posterior parts of the
shell are dissimilar.
Inequivalve, when the valves
are dissimilar.
Inarticulate, indistinct.
Incumbent, one lying over the
other.
Incurved, bent backward.
Indented, unequally marked.
Inflated, tumid, swollen.
Inflected, bent inward.
Inflexed, bent towards each
other. :
Intercostal, placed between the
. ribs.
Interrupted, divided, separated.
Interstice, space between.
Intortion, turning or twisting.
Involute, without a spire.
Involution, that part which in-
volves another.
Juncture, the joining of the
whorl in univalves.

Ke
Keel, the longitudinal promi-
nence in the Argonauta.
Keeled, see Carinated.

i.

Labra, the lips.

Laciniate, cut in irregular seg-
ments.

Lacunodse, surface covered with
pits.

Lamellar, films on plates.

Lamellated, divided into distinct
plaits or foliations.

Lamine, thin plates, laid one
above another.

Lanceolate, oblong, tapering
like the head of a lance.

Lateral, extending to one side
from the centre.

Latticed, see Decussated.

160

Lenticulate, doubly convex.

Ligament, a solid body which
connects the valves in bi-
valves.

Linear, composed of lines.

Linguiformed, tongue-shaped.

Lip, the outer edge of the aper-
ture of univalves.

Lobated, rounded at the edges.

Longitudinal, the length of the
shell.

Lunated, formed like a half
moon.

Lunule, crescent-like.

Luniform, shape of a crescent.

M.

Margin, the whole circumfe-
rence or outline of the
shell in bivalves.

Marginated, having a promi-
nent margin or border.

Membrane, a web of fibres.

Mouth, see Aperture.

Muscular impressions, marks
made by the animal in ad-
hering to the shell.

Mottled, clouded or spotted.

Mucronate, ending in a sharp
point.

Multilocular, many chambered.

Muricated, clothed with sharp
spines.

‘ N.
Nacred, pearly. .

Nemoral, belonging to a wood.

Nited, glossy.

Nodose, knotty.

Nucleus, a kernel.

O.
Obsolete, obliterated.
Oblong, oval.
Ocellated, eye-like spots.
Ochreous, colour of yellow ochre.

CONCHOLOGY.

Offuscated, darkened, clouded.

Olivaceous, of a greenish olive
colour.

Operculum, which closes the
aperture of the shell.

Orbicular, circular, round.

Orifice, an opening or perfora-
tion.

Ovate, shaped like an egg.

Ovoid, oval.

P:

Papillose, pimple, dotted.

Papyraceous, thin as paper.

Patulous, with a gap or opening.

Partitions, processes dividing
the shells of the Nautilus,
Serpula, &c.

Pectinated, resembling the teeth
of a comb.

Pedicle, the support of the Ana-
tifera and its corresponding
species, j

Peduncle, a tube on which any
thing is seated.

Pellucid, transparent,
bright.

Pentagonal, having five sides.

Perforated, pierced with holes.

Pervious, admitting passage.

Pillar, in univalves the internal
continuation of the colu-
mella or inner lips, extend-
ing from the dase to the
apex.

Pinnated, winged.

Plaited, folded.

Plaits, folds.

Plicated, folded or plaited.

Posterior, see Margin.

Produced, lengthened out.

Protrude, to thrust forward.

Punctuated, like the punctures
of a thimble.

Pyriform, pear-shaped.

clear,

GLOSSARY.

Quadrangular, having four right
angles.

Quadriplicated,
plaits.

having four

Radiated, furnished with rays.

Radicated, fixed by the base to
another body.

Rectangular, having right an-
gles.

Recurvated, turned backward.

_ Recurved, bowed back.

Reflected, bent backward.

Refracted, abruptly bent.

Reniform, kidney-shaped.

Replicated, folded or plaited.

Reticulated, formed like a piece
of net-work.

Retuse, ending in an obtuse
sinus.

Reversed spire, see Heterostro-
phe.

Revolute, rolled backward.

Ribbed, having longitudinal ribs.

Ridge, the upper part of a sJope.

Rostrum, the beak.

Rugose, wrinkled.

S.
Sanguinaceous, divided into
chainbers.
Scabious, rough, rugged.
Scalloped, indented at the edges.
Scuttelated, shield-shaped.
Seam, line formed by the union
of the valves.
Semi, the half.
Semi-cordate, half heart-shaped.
Senfi-orbicular, shape of a half
globe.
Semi-lunar, shape ofa half moon.
Septiform, shape of a partition.
Serrated, like the teeth of a saw.
Sessile, sitting or seated.

161

Seta, a bristle.

Setaceous, covered with bristles.

Setiferous, bearing bristles.

Sinister valve, is the left valve.

Sinus, a groove or cavity.

Siphunculus, a cylindrical per-
foration as in the Nautilus,
Spirula, &c.

Spatulate, rounded and broad at
the top.

Species, the division of a family
or genus.

Spiny, thorny.

Spinous, like a hedgehog.

Spire, all the whorls in univalves
except the one in which the
aperture is situated, which
is termed the body.

Spiral, twisted like a corkscrew.

Squamose, scaly.

Striated, covered with thread-
like lines.

Sub, almost.

Subarcuated, somewhat arched.

Subconic, somewhat conical.

Subulate, awl-shaped.

Sulcated, furrowed.

Summit, the tip or apex.

Suture, a hollow line of division
in univalves, the spiral line
of which separates the
wreaths,

i ys

Teeth, pointed protuberances
within the hinge in bi-
valves by which the valves
are united.

Tentacula, the feelers of snails,
which inhabit shells.

Tessalated, checquered like a
chess board.

Testacea, that order of animals
covered with a testaceous
shell.

14*

162

Testaceous, consisting of car-
bonate of lime and animal
matter.

Tortuosity, flexure.

Tortuous, twisted.

‘Transverse, crossways.

Trapeziform, shaped like a tra-
pezium.

Trigonel, having three angles.

Truncated, cut short, ending
abruptly.

Tubercle, knot or pimple.

Tuberculated, knotted, pimpled.

Tubular, in the shape of a hol-
low tube.

Tunicated, coated.

Turbinated, shape like a top or
pear.

Turgid, swollen.

U and V.
Valves, the various pieces which
compose the shell.
Varices, longitudinal ribs in uni-
valve shells.
Variety, difference in species.
Vaulted, roofed.
Ventral, belonging to the belly.

CONCHOLOGY.

Ventricose, inflated, swelled in
the middle.

Vermiform, worm-shaped.

Vertex, the top of a most pro-
minent part.

Verrucose, warted.

Verticulated, whorled

Umbilicated, having a depres-
sion in the centre.

Umbo, the round part which
turns over the hinge.

Undulated, waved.

Ungulata, shaped like a horse’s
hoof.

Unilocular, chambered singly.

Univalve, shells of one valve
only.

Volutions, the turnings of uni-
valves.

W.
Whorl, a spiral convolution.

Z.
Zigzag, having reverse turnings
and windings.
Zoned, surrounded by belts or
girdles.

Acasta, -
Acera, -
Achatina,
Alata, -
Amphidesma,
Amphitritea,
Amphitrite, -
Ampullaria, -
Anastoma, -
Anatifera, -
Anatina, -
Ancillaria, -
Ancylus, -
ANNULATA, -
Anodonta,
Anomia, -
Aplysiacea, -
Aplysia, -
Arca, -
Arenicola, -
Arcacea, =
Argonauta, -
Aspergillum,
Auricula, =
Avicula, =

Balanus -
Bivalve shells,
Brachiopoda,
Buccinum, -
Bulimus, -
Bulla, ~
Bullacea, -

Bullea,

| Chamacea,

Calyptracea,
Calyptrea, -

Canalifera, -
Cancellaria, -
Capsa, -
Cardiacea, -
Cardita, -
Cardium, -
Carinaria, -
Carocolla, -
Cassidaria, -
Cassis, -
Castalia, -
Chama, .
Cerithium, -

Chiton,
Chitonellus, -
Cineras, -
CirRHIPEDA,
Cirrhipeda, -
Classification,
Clausilia, -
Clavagella, -
Cleodora, -
Clio, -
Clymene, -
Colimacea, -
Columbella, -
Columelluria,
Conchacea, -
Convoluta, -
ConcHiIFERA,
Conus, -

Corbis, -

164

Corbula, 7
Corbulacea, -
Concholepas,
Coronula, -
Crania, 5

Crassatella, -

Crassina, -
Crenatula, -
Crepidula, -
Creusia, =
Cucullea, -
Cyclas, =
Cyclostoma, -
Cymbulia, -
Cyrena, >

vy prea, =
Cypricardia, -
Cyprina, =
Cytherea, -

Delphinula, -
Dentalium, -
Diceras, -
Dolabella, -
Dolium, -
Donax, -
Dorsalia, -

Eburna, - -
Emarginula, -
Erycina, -
Etheria, -

Fasciolaria,
Fissurella,

Fistulana, -
Fusus, -

Galathea, -
Galeolaria, -
Gastrochena

INDEX.

45 | Glycimeris, -

45 Gryphea,

84 | Haliotis,
43 | Harpa,
53) Helicina,
75 | Helix,

94 Heteropoda, -

32) Hiatella,
63 | Hippopus,
57 | Hyalea,
107 | Hyria,

147 | Iridina,
61 Isocardia,

Janthinea,
Janthina,

a
nw
—

70 | Lima,

96 | Limacinea, -

141 | Limacina,
52 | Limax,
25 | Lingula,

Lucina,
Lutraria,

—
=
tw)

Lithophaga, -

92 | Lymnacea, -

43 | Lymnea,

Mactracea, -

130} Mactra,

92) Macrostomiana,

35| Magilus,

131) Malleacea,

Malleus,
Maldania,

58| Marginella,

29| Melaniana, -

37| Melania,

ie fg

ae

L.

M.

Melanopsis, -
Meleagrina, -
Mitra, -
Modiola, -
Moutvsca, -
Monoceros, -
Monodonto, -
Murex, .
Multivalves,

Myaria .

Mya, =

Mytilus, -
Mytilacea, -

Naiadea,_ -
Natica, -
Nautilacea,

Nautilus, -
Navicella, -
Nerita, -
Neritina, -
Neritacea, -
Nucula, -
Nymphacea,

Oliva, -
Onchidium,

Orbicula, -
Ostrea, -
Ostracead, -
Otion, -
Ovula, -

Paludina, -
Parmacella, -
Parmophorus,
Patella, -
Pandora, -
Panopea, -
Pecten, -
Pectinaria, -
Pectunculus,

INDEX.

Page;

lil Pedum,

77, Pectinea,

144) Peristomiana,

74° Perna,

85 Pertricola,

140 Phasianella, -

123. Pholas,

133 Pholadaria,

9 Physa,
40 Phyllidia,

40 | Phyllidiacea,

73
73

Pirena,
Pinna,
Pileopsis,

Planorbis,

66 | Plicacea,
116, Planaxis,
150); Placuna,

155

Pleurotoma,

Pleurobranchus,

Plicatula, -
Plagivstoma,

Pneumodermon,

Pollicipes, -
Podopsis, -
Psammobia,

Psammotea, -
Pteroceras, -
Pteropoda, -
Pupa, -
Purpura, -
Purpurifera,
Pyramidella,

Pyrula, -
Pyrgoma, -

Ranella, -
Ricinula,

Rostellaria,
Rotella, -

Sabellaria, -
Sanguinolaria,

S.

166

Saxicava,
Scalaria,
Scalarina,
Septaria,
Serpula,
Serpulacea,
Sigaretus
Siliquaria,
Solarium,
Solecurtus,
Solen,
Solenea,
Solenaria,
Solemya,
Spirorbis,
Spirula,
Spondylus,
Stomatella,
Stomatia,
Strombus,

Struthiolaria,

Succinea,

Tellina,
Tellinides,
Terebella,
Terebellum,
Terebra,
Terebratula,
Teredo,

INDEX.

143
84

36 |

Teredina, -
Testacella, -
Tornatella, -
Trochus, -
Tridacna, -
Tridacnea, -
Trigonia, -
Trigonacea,

Triton, -
Tubicola, -
Tubicinella, -
Turbo, a
Turbinacea,

Turbinella, -
Turritella, -

U & V.
Umbrella, -
Ungulina, -
Unio, -
Univalves, -
Valvata, -
Venericardia,
Venerirupis,
Venus, -
Vermilia, -
Vermetus, -
Vitrina, -
Voluta,
Volvaria, -
Vulsella, -

THE END.

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