CONCORD AREA TREES AND SHRUBS RAY ANGELO CONCORD FIELD STATION MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOCLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CONCORD AREA TREES AND SHRUBS Ray ANGELO "These were the shrines | visited both summer and winter." - Thoreau CONCORD FIELD STATION MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 02138 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Work on this guide could not have been completed without the assistance of a number of friends and neighbors, some now deceased. These individuals are: Esther Anderson, Jean Baxter, Sarah Chapin, Maymay Cook, Lenore Dickinson, Mary Fenn, Pennie Logemann, Marcia Moss, Lawrence Newcomb, Homer Pearce, Laurence Richardson, Mary Walker, and Pam Walker. My brother, Gary, provided a vital piece of equipment in the last stages. | am grateful for the use of the facilities of Harvard’s Concord Field Station, the Harvard University Herbaria, the Arnold Arboretum and the Botany Libraries of Harvard University. Special acknowledgements are due to Bill Newbury for encouragement and assistance in the early phases of this work and to the late Richard J. Eaton for sharing his enthusiasm for Concord’s flora with me shortly before he died and for laying the groundwork for this book with his A Flora of Concord. Dr. Elizabeth Shaw and Dr. David Boufford provided valuable assistance and advice in the production of this new edition. Lastly, | am very much indebted to the support of the Director of the Concord Field Station, Dr. C. Richard Taylor, from the inception of Concord Area Trees in 1976 to the present guide. Fruit, flower and glossary illustrations have been taken primarily from: Trees of the Northern United States by Austin C. Apgar Ornamental Shrubs of the United States by Austin C. Apgar The Standard Cyclopedia of American Horticulture by Liberty H. Bailey Blackberries of New England by E. Brainerd & A. Peitersen An Illustrated Flora of the Northern U.S. and Canada by Nathaniel Britton & Addison Brown Handbook of the Trees of New England by Lorin Dame & Henry Brooks Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts by George Emerson Vermont Shrubs and Woody Vines by L.R. Jones and F.V. Rand Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs by F. Schuyler Mathews Field Book of American Wild Flowers by F. Schuyler Mathews Deutsche Forest Botanik by Hermann Noerdlinger Manual of the Trees of North America by Charles S. Sargent Some leaf outlines have been taken from: Handbook of the Trees of the Northeastern States and Canada by Romeyn Hough Our Native Trees by Harriet Keeler The Tree Book by Julia Rogers Our Trees by Clarence Weed and Arthur Emerson The fruit illustrations of False-spirea, Hardhack and Meadowsweet on pp. 54,86 drawn by Mary L.F. Campbell for Winter Keys to Woody Plants of Maine by Christopher S. Campbell, Fay Hyland, and Mary L.F. Campbell (University of Maine Press; Orono, Me., 1975) have been used with permission. Illustrations of opposite simple leaves (p.5), alternate compound leaves (p.5), Hobblebush (p.44), Nannyberry (p.44), Witherod (p.44), Viburnum (p.44), Smooth Sumac (p.54), European & Japanese Barberry (p.63), Blueberry (p.79), Mountain-holly (p.71), Elaeagnus (p.72), Trumpet Creeper (p.88), and Bittersweet (p.92) have been adapted from Flora of West Virginia 2nd Ed. by P.D. Strausbaugh and Earl L. Core (West Virginia University; Morgantown, W.Va., 1970-7). Most of the illustrations from this work were drawn by William A. Lunk. Numerous other illustrations have been adapted from a variety of sources dating from the turn of the century. Copyright, 1976,1978,1990, by The President and Fellows of Harvard Colleae. TABLE OF CONTENTS RR EAG Byegede ecco es ere a0ea a Sate ais ails SU k Riseuleiollele e's [eye eels 8s 0 4 HOW MOZUSE MHES GULDE: 656 occa: susrieievero: sre inns Sie ssveie: op aie revel elie 5 TOENTEE LOCATION NOTES, (6.0 oo cs cs oc cs coe nt tet te we 6 BEARUPRIENT NODES (665 ce se eee lew ee hidis es ke ee eee es 7 TREE SPECIES ...... BEN CER he iescel ohacke, Wiavelia Gel ape Gk< erie! Liste sive eis 10 SHRUB, SPECIES 222% 0. oes icc. Bee Sogo. e eto Gas 35 VINEOSPECTES sos Mmm rae Ser EEL a COPE 88 BLACKBERRIES, RASPBERRIES, DEWBERRIES ............ 96 SMAME BOG, SPECIES 400 he. co uss cbs cee c ee st sness 102 CRABAPPEES SAND “APPLES! 6023 Sei co eee eis cee ee 103 EXCLUDED AND COMMONLY PLANTED SPECIES ........... 107 GIROSSARVeR yee ere ee wos ees ca wee eee a eeec'scces 108 BRB EGOGRAPEYAbiicss eS ciste RR Won es Oe ORR a ee ee es 111 PREFACE This is an informal but comprehensive guide to all distinctly woody plants growing wild in Concord, Massachusetts and neighboring townships. It is intended to serve students at Harvard's Concord Field Station, budding naturalists and interested Concord area residents. The more than 240 species covered in this guide include nearly all the tree, shrub, and woody vine species of eastern Massachusetts that are likely to be encountered growing wild. The additional 50 or so species that would be required to be added to be absolutely complete for eastern Massachusetts are almost all rare or uncommon species that the average user is unlikely ever to encounter. The primary exceptions are INKBERRY (//ex glabra), RUGOSA ROSE (Rosa rugosa), BEACH HEATHER (Hudsonia spp.), and GROUNDSEL-BUSH (Baccharis halimifolia), all of which are coastal shrub species. This guide should also be useful for New England as a whole since the majority of the woody species that are likely to be encountered anywhere in New England also occur in the Concord area. A number of prostrate or semi-woody species (listed on p.107) have been excluded since most people will not recognize them as woody plants. An exception has been made for dwarf shrubs found in bogs which, therefore, are of special interest. These have been treated in a special section on p.102. Introduced species (commonly planted in yards) that do not spread to the wild are excluded. Richard Eaton's A Flora of Concord (published by Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology, the parent institution of the Concord Field Station) has served as a starting point in deciding which species to include. My personal field experience in the Concord area over the past sixteen years and familiarity with the herbarium records upon which Mr. Eaton’s work was based has resulted in some corrections to his data that are reflected in this guide. The present work is essentially a reprinting and combination of my Concord Area Trees (1976) and Concord Area Shrubs (1978). The former has been out of print for about ten years, and our supply of the latter has just been exhausted. | have made many revisions to the text for the tree species and some revisions to the text for the shrub species. The separation of trees from shrubs, | believe, is a useful one for the amateur. Therefore, each group is treated separately, yielding some duplication. It has been my experience that the great majority of users (casual botanists, if you will) have little patience with keys to plant species which professional botanists construct and use. Most people prefer to thumb through the illustrations to find a match. The organization of this handbook continues to favor this approach. In this spirit | have omitted the shrub flower key of Concord Area Shrubs and placed most of the flower illustrations at the text entries for the species. A feature that has been added to this guide is the provision of family names in the index. Those who are interested in such plant relationships will be able to determine the family identity of any species treated in this book by using the index. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE STEP A Determine the plant type and turn to the appropriate section: TREES - p.10, SHRUBS - p.35, VINES - p.88 Special sections are provided for Blackberries, Raspberries & Dewberries (p.96); Small Bog Species (p.102), and Crabapples & Apples (p.103). STEP 8B: Determine the type (needle-like, compound, simple) and arrangement (opposite or alternate) of the leaves. See GLOSSARY (p.108) for definitions. STEP C: Based upon leaf type and arrangement classify into one of the following categories and locate the category section for the plant type using the bold headings at the top corner of the pages: OPPOSITE COMPOUND LEAVES LEAVES ALTERNATE COMPOUND-_~ . ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES LEAVES STEP D: Thumb through the category section to find the best leaf shape match. Use the subsection headings and species descriptions to rule out alternatives. [o>] IDENTIFICATION NOTES For the beginner some good advice is to learn the trees first. Start with plants that are clearly trees (taller than two meters and with a single, well-defined trunk). To the botanist the distinction between a tree and a shrub is of relatively minor importance. To the non-botanist the distinction is useful since the number of species that are trees is significantly smaller than the number of shrub species. Also, the distinctions between tree types (genera) are usually more noticeable than between shrub types (genera). Consequently it is easier to master the trees first. By doing so, the process of learning shrubs will be less confusing since tree seedlings and stump growth of trees frequently masquerade as shrubs. Whereas the tree fruit is usually characteristic of the type (genus) to which the tree belongs, the fruit of shrubs is often not distinctive. Many different types of shrubs have similar berry-like or capsule- like fruit. Together with the fruit type the arrangement of shrub fruit is often significant in distinguishing shrub types (genera) and species. For both trees and shrubs determination of leaf type and arrangement is usually the easiest and surest first step in identification. In determining leaf arrangement (opposite vs. alternate) strong- growing twigs (sprout growth) should be sought and spur branches (where leaves are crowded, as in birches and apple trees) should be avoided. Perhaps one of the most difficult skills for the beginner to learn is what differences in leaf shape and texture are significant and what differences are part of the natural variation of the species. One can see some of this variation on a single plant. Before selecting a leaf to use for identification purposes look the plant over to find a typical leaf. In determining the character (shape, texture, size, etc.) of the leaf it is best to use leaves of branchlets where fruit or flowers also occur rather than leaves of sprout growth (or other sterile growth). Leaves of sterile shoots are more likely to be atypical in shape, size and other characters, sometimes markedly so. Leaf vein patterns, which are frequently significant, are clearest on the underside of the leaf. The best strategy in the identification process is to rule out alternatives. If all alternatives are eliminated, the plant might be out of its known range or, more likely, it is an ornamental species. The latter can usually be diagnosed by the absence of seedlings of the plant in the vicinity. One or more of the books listed in the bibliography should be consulted for problem specimens. This guide is best used in summer and autumn when leaves and flowers or fruit are present. A hand lens is not essential but is helpful sometimes to see hair, glands and resin dots. Note: The metric system is used throughout. One meter (100 cm.) is a few inches more than a yard. A scale with divisions as fine as tenths of a centimeter (cm.) is provided on the inside back cover of this guide. These smallest divisions are millimeters (mm.). LEAF PRINT NOTES The method and equipment used to produce the leaf prints in this book were in essence very simple. Basic equipment: Glass plate, soft rubber brayer, roller (or second soft rubber brayer, the longer the better), tweezers, oil-based block printing ink. Basic method: 1. Using the brayer, spread a dab of ink thinly onto the glass plate over an area larger than the leaf to be printed. 2. Place the leaf (underside up) in the middle of the inked area of the glass plate. Using the brayer, roll the ink onto the exposed underside as evenly as possible. 3. Remove the leaf from the inking area with the tweezers and place the leaf carefully (underside up) inside a piece of paper folded once. 4. Roll the roller once over the sandwich (roller at an angle of about 45° to the fold) on a clean part of the glass plate (or on a second glass plate). Roll from the tip of the leaf toward the stalk. 5. Remove the leaf from the paper with the tweezers. Prints will have been made of the top and underside of the leaf. Usually the underside produces the more detailed print though not infrequently the top side gives a more ‘artistic’ print. Notes on the method: To continue producing good top-side prints the inking area should be rolled even using the brayer after each print. Fresh leaves give the best prints. Leaves may be kept suitably fresh for several days or longer by enclosing two or more leaves (without any folding) in a plastic sandwich bag and keeping them pressed flat inside a piece of folded cardboard. A given leaf may consistently yield mishappen prints no matter how the ink is spread. Therefore, it is best to have several alternate leaves at hand. Species with prominent veins beneath generally give the best results most easily. A leaf usually may be reprinted (or attempted) several times in succession (re-inking the leaf each time) before the print quality begins to suffer noticeably. For compound leaves, where stickiness between brayer and individual leaflets is often a problem, diluting the ink somewhat with a few drops of thinner may help. Notes on equipment: The piece of equipment most difficult to obtain is the roller. As indicated above, a second brayer can be used. The roller used to make the prints in this book was a gelatin roller 10" long and 1%." thick taken from an old hand-operated printing press. Softness and smoothness are Gesirable qualities for the roller to be able to pick up details of leaf texture. The book Nature Printing cited among the references below describes how prints can be made using one's fingers in lieu of a roller. This requires some patience to develop the necessary skill. The glass plate should be as flat and smooth as possible. The piece used in making the leaf prints for this book was thick and large enough not to require being clamped and provided ample working space. The rubber brayer was 4" long. A soft rubber brayer is to be preferred in order to spread the ink more thoroughly into the texture of the leaf. The brayer can usually be obtained at an art supply shop. Oil-based block printing ink (obtainable also at an art supply shop) was used. No more than one half of a modest-sized tube of ink was used to produce all the prints appearing in this book, including multitudinous misprints. Rather ordinary paper will give good results (e.g., photocopy machine paper). To pick up detail, the grain of the paper simply must be fine. Glossy magazine paper is recommended by one reference. References: The method described above is derived primarily from the first reference listed below. *Making Prints from leaves" by David Marx in School Arts, September 1954. A Modern American Herbal by David Marx & Chester B. Dugdale (1973); also printed in paperback under the title Leaf Prints of American Trees and Shrubs (1974). Nature Printing by Robert W. Little (1977). The Leaf Book by Ida Geary (1972); a book about Northern California plants. * TREES NEEDLE-LIKE OR SCALE-LIKE LEAVES EASTERN HEMLOCK Tsuga canadensis Flat needles 8-15 mm. long, whitened beneath, round-tipped, attached singly to twigs. Cones 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Moist woods, cool wooded slopes. Common. HEMLOCK PINES: NEEDLES IN CLUSTERS OF 2-5 WHITE PINE Pinus strobus Our only tree with 5 needles per cluster. Chiefly dry woods and old fields but tole- rates wet ground. Abundant. WHITE PINE PITCH PINE Pinus rigida OS Our only tree with 3 needles per cluster. Dry gravel, sandy, often barren soil. Common. RED PINE Pinus resinosa Needles 2 per cluster, 7-17 cm. long. Upper trunk not bright orange. Cones about five cm. long. Dry woods. Uncommon except near where planted. PITCH PINE SCOTCH PINE Pinus sylvestris Needles 2 per cluster, 3-7 cm. long. Upper trunk and branches bright orange. Roadsides, fallow fields, dry open woods. Frequent SCOTCH PINE escape from Cultivation. LARCHES: NEEDLES NUMEROUS ON A WARTY SPUR, ALL DROPPING IN AUTUMN EUROPEAN LARCH Larix decidua Cones with 30-50 scales. Needles 2.5-3 cm. long. Branchlets sometimes hanging down like tassels. Occasionally escapes cultivation. EUROPEAN LARCH AMERICAN LARCH Larix lJaricina Cones with fewer than 25 scales. Needles 1-2.5 cm. long. Branchlets never tassel-like Bogs and swamps. Uncommon. AMERICAN LARCH TREES NEEDLE-LIKE OR SCALE-LIKE LEAVES SPRUCES: NEEDLES ATTACHED SINGLY, USUALLY STIFF, 4-SIDED AND POINTED NORWAY SPRUCE Picea abies Large cones 10-15 cm. long. Needles dark co yaa green. Twigs hairless, or slightly hairy Ox ag (use hand lens). Branchlets of mature trees 4 a * : sometimes hanging down like tassels. Much planted; occasionally escapes in woods. NORWAY SPRUCE BLACK SPRUCE Picea mariana In our area a small tree. Cones 2-3 cm. long, dull grayish brown, remaining on the tree many years. Cone scales with slightly ragged edge. Needles usually bluish green, often somewhat whitened. Twigs hairy. Lengthwise ridges of twigs flattened (use hand lens). Branchlets never tassel-like. Bogs and swamps (and edges of these). Uncommon. RED SPRUCE Picea rubens BLACK & RED Cones 3-4 cm. long, clear or reddish SPRUCE brown, not persistent on the tree. Cone scales with smooth edge. Needles dark or yellowish green. Twigs hairy. Lengthwise ridges of twigs rounded as ff inflated (use hand lens). Branchlets never tassel- like. In northern New England an upland tree. In our area presently known from a single swamp. Rare. WHITE SPRUCE Picea glauca Cylindrical cones 3-6 cm. long. Cone scales with smooth edge. Needles bluish-green, usually somewhat whitened. Twigs hairless (use hand lens). A few seedlings have spread WHITE SPRUCE from a planted stand around Pickman Pond in Bedford. 11 TREES NEEDLE-LIKE OR SCALE-LIKE LEAVES CEDARS: SCALE-LIKE LEAVES RED CEDAR Juniperus virginiana Foliage sprays not flattened. Needle-like leaves occasionally present on young trees and vigorous shoots of older trees. Fruit berry-like. Pastures, fields, recent woodland. Common. ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR Chamaecyparis thyoides Foliage sprays mildly flattened. No needle- like leaves. Twigs (including foliage) less than 2 mm. wide. Cones small, globular. Wet woods, swamps, bogs. Uncommon. ARBOR VITAE TJhuya occidentalis Flat, fan-like foliage sprays. No needle- like leaves. Twigs (including foliage) 2 mm. or more in width. Cones small, more or less bell-shaped. Much planted but escapes only rarely. RED CEDAR ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR TREES OPPOSITE COMPOUND LEAVES HORSECHESTNUT Aesculus hippocastanum Our only tree with leaflets arranged like the spokes of a wheel. Nuts are somewhat poisonous raw. Frequently planted but escapes are rare. ASHLEAF MAPLE Acer negundo Leaflets mostly 3 or 5, toothed or untoothed. End leaflet often somewhat lobed. Small tree with trunk soon divid- ing into several parts. Fruits are typi- cal maple keys. Roadsides, waste land. Uncommon escape. WHITE ASH Fraxinus americana Leaflets 5-9, whitish beneath, toothed or not, on distinct stalklets that are 3-15 mm. long. Twigs hairless. Fruit body (not wing) 2.5-3.5 mm. wide. Rich woods, roadsides. Common. RED ASH Fraxinus pennsylvanica Leaflets 5-9, usually slightly toothed or wavy-edged, on short stalklets 3-6 mr. long. Twigs velvety-hairy. Fruit body (not wing) narrow (1-2.5 mm. wide) and often long. Low wocds, streambanks. Uncommon. GREEN ASH A variety of F. pennsylvanica with hair- less twigs. Leaflets green (not whitened) beneath. Fruit and habitat as in Red Ash. Uncommon. BLACK ASH _ Fraxinus nigra Leaflets 7-11, toothed, side ones Sstalkless, with small tufts of rusty hair where they are attached. Fruits squarish-tipped. Twigs hairless. Swamps, streambanks, shores. Uncommon. HORSECHESTNUT ASHLEAF MAPLE WHITE ASH y, 4 RED & GREEN ASH BLACK ASH 13 TREES. ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES PART A: LEAVES MOSTLY WITH 11 OR MORE LEAFLETS BLACK LOCUST Aobinia pseudo-acacia Usually thorny with paired thorns, less than 2.5 cm. long. Leaflets 7-21 with untoothed margins, 2.5-4.5 cm. long. Leaves 15-35 cm. long. Twigs smooth or tae (iti slightly hairy. Fruit pods 5-15 cm. EY & long. Flowers white. Roadsides, == fencerows. Naturalized. Common. HAR Inte iP ng iu aay Fadl «ditt CLAMMY LOCUST Aobinia viscosa Small tree or large shrub. Similar to Black Locust but thorns (if any) are not significant; leaflets 13-25; twigs and fruit pods sticky-qlandular; flowers rose-tinged. An occasional escape along roadsides. HONEY LOCUST Gleditsia triacanthos Often armed with vicious, branched thorns that are frequently much longer than 3 cm. Leaves may be twice-compound with 15-30 leaflets per division. Leaflets are finely toothed, .8-3.5 cm. long. Leaves 15-30 cm. long. Fruit pods large and twisted, 20-45 cm. long. Frequently planted in cities. An occasional roadside escape. EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH Pyrus (Sorbus) aucuparia Small tree with loose clusters of unpalatable, berry-like fruit. Leaflets 11-17, toothed, 2-6 cm. long. Leaves mostly 9-15 cm. long. Frequently planted and occasionally escapes to roadsides, thickets, and wood borders. EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH TREES ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES PART A: LEAVES MOSTLY WITH 11 OR MORE LEAFLETS BUTTERNUT Juglans cinerea Leaflets 7-19, toothed, 6-12 cm. long, attached to stalk that is densely sticky-hairy. Leaves 30-60 cm. long. Leaf scars with hairy fringe on upper margin. Fruits oblong, sticky-hairy. Kernel is sweet, edible, and very oily. Rich soil. Uncommon. BLACK WALNUT Jugians nigra Leaflets 11-23, toothed, 6-12 cm. long, attached to stalk that is downy (not sticky). Leaves 30-60 cm. long. Leaf scars lacking hairy fringe on upper margin. Fruits spherical, not sticky- hairy. Kernel is sweet, edible. Hedgerows, thickets, roadsides. Occasionally escapes cultivation. TREE-OF-HEAVEN Aillanthus altissima Leaflets 11-41, untoothed except for one or two pairs of teeth near leaflet base, 7-18 cm. long. Leaves 30-60 cm. long. Waste places, roadsides. Very common weed tree in cities, but presently uncommon in our area. STAGHORN SUMAC Ahus typhina Leaflets 11-31, toothed, 5-12 cm. long. Leaves 30-60 cm. long. Twigs and leaf- stalks densely velvety-hairy. Fruit in dense upright clusters, covered with red hair, used for flavoring. Small tree or, usually, a shrub. Dry thickets, roadsides, open, rocky slopes. Uncommon. (CONT. ) WALNUT & BUTTERNUT TIT iA SEA} is TREE-OF-HEAVEN STAGHORN SUMAC _ WV 16 TREES: . ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES PART B: LEAVES MOSTLY WITH FEWER THAN 11 LEAFLETS HOPTREE Prtelea trifoliata Leaflets three, 6-12 cm. long, resembling Poison lvy. Fruits wafer-like. A small tree or shrub. Thickets, edges of woods, roadsides. Uncommon escape. SHAGBARK HICKORY Carya ovata HOPTREE Leaflets 5-7 (usually 5), with tiny tufts of hair near tips of some teeth (use hand lens). End leaflet becoming 10-20 cm. long, 5-11 cm. wide. Trunk bark very shaqay (except on very young trees). Fruit 3.5-6 cm. long with thick husk (3- 12 mm. thick) splitting to the base when mature. Kernel is edible. Woods, road- sides, pastures. Uncommon. SHAGBARK HICKORY PIGNUT HICKORY Carya glabra Leaflets 5-7 (usually 5). End leaflet 8-17 cm. long and mostly 3.5-6 cm wide. Leafstalks not red. Fruit 1.5-3.5 cm. long, dark brown, somewhat shiny. Thin husk generally splitting only partly or not at all in fall. Kernel is bitter or slightly sweet. Catkins 5-8 cm. long. PIGNUT HICKORY Bark tight, furrowed. Considered a vari- ety of the next species by some botanists. Dry woods, pastures, roadsides. Uncommon. SHAGBARK HICKORY SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY Carya ovalis Leaflets 5-7. End leaflet 8-17 cm. long and mostly 4-8 cm. wide. Leafstalks often reddened. Fruit 1.5-3.5 cm. long, light brown, dull, scaly-dotted. Thin husk usually splitting freely to base when mature. Kernel is sweet, edible. Catkins 8-17 cm. SWEET PIGNUT long. Bark ridged, scaly or somewhat shaggy HICKORY when mature. Woods, pastures, roadsides. Common. +3 ‘ @ HICKORY FRUITS f PIGNUT HICKORY eS TREES ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES PART B: LEAVES MOSTLY WITH FEWER THAN 11 LEAFLETS (CONT. ) MOCKERNUT HICKORY Carya tomentosa Leaflets 5-9, hairy beneath, larger ones 10-20 cm. long and 5-12 cm. wide. Twigs and central stalk usually hairy. Fruit 3.5-5 cm. long. Nut has disappointingly small kernel which is edible. Bark of young trees and young bark of older trees has distinctive pattern of inter- weaving, smooth, flat-topped ridges. Woods, pastures, roadsides. Uncommon. BITTERNUT HICKORY Carya cordiformis Leaflets 5-11 (usually 7-9), somewhat hairy beneath, larger ones 8-15 cm. long and 2-5 cm. wide. Fruit about 2.5 cm. long, much ridged or winged partway along seams. Kernel is bitter. Buds with bright, yellow, powdery surface, elongate. Bark tight with shallow fissures. Various habitats from wet woods to roadsides. Rare. POISON SUMAC Ahus vernix Leaflets 7-13, untoothed, 4-10 cm. long. Fruit berry-like, whitish, in elongated clusters. Small tree or (usually) a shrub. All parts of plant irritate the skin of most people. Wooded BITTERNUT HICKORY swamps, bog margins, occasionally in wet woods. Common. TREES OPPOSITE SIMPLE LEAVES FLOWERING DOGWOOD Cornus florida Small tree or large shrub with untoothed leaves. Side veins curving strongly, tending to parallel leaf margin. Mature bark broken FLOWERING DOGWOOD into squarish blocks. Fruit red, berry-like, bitter. Frequently cultivated. Acidic woods. Uncommon. NORTHERN CATALPA Catalpa speciosa Leaves large, 15-30 cm. long, untoothed (occasionally lobed), sometimes in whorls of three. Fruit a long, narrow, bean-like pod. Roadsides, waste places. Uncommon escape. CATALPA COMMON BUCKTHORN Ahamnus cathartica Leaves opposite or nearly so, toothed with rounded teeth; main veins reaching strongly forward. Fruits black, berry-like, purgative. Small tree or large shrub. Thickets, roadsides. Naturalized. Common. BIRCHES Betula spp. - Pairs of alternate leaves crowded on spur branches give appearance of opposite arrangement. See p. 29. TATARIAN MAPLE Acer tataricum Typical leaves unlobed, very irregularly toothed, not whitened but more or less hairy on veins beneath. Fruit mature in G SN late summer or early autumn. Small tree ut ] or shrub. Escaped at single site in Concord. TATARIAN MAPLE MAPLE FRUIT SIBERIAN MAPLE Acer ginnala Leaves typically 3-lobed with central lobe much lengthened, not whitened and essentially hairless beneath. Often a shrub. Fruit mature in late summer or early autumn. Roadsides, woods, thickets. Uncommon escape. SIBERIAN MAPLE STRIPED MAPLE Acer pensylvanicum Leaves large (up to 20 cm. wide), 3-lobed, and very finely toothed. Bark greenish with white stripes. A small tree. Cool, rocky woods. Rare. STRIPED MAPLE TREES OPPOSITE SIMPLE LEAVES RED MAPLE Acer rubrum Leaves 3-5 lobed (rarely unlobed) with central lobe wide-based, undersides whitened. Fruit mature in late spring or ; early summer, each half 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Autumn color bright red and yellow. Wet woods, second growth areas. Abundant. RED MAPLE SILVER MAPLE Acer saccharinum Leaves deeply 5-lobed with central lobe Wg narrowed at base, whitened beneath. First i, native tree to blossom in spring. Fruit (X mature in late spring, each half 4-8 cm. ‘Y long. Autumn color yellow. Often planted. Riverbanks, bottomlands. Common. SILVER MAPLE SYCAMORE MAPLE Acer pseudo-platanus Leaves 5-lobed with lobes broader towards the tips than Red Maple. Mature bark flaky, similar to Sycamore bark. Flowers and fruit in elongated hanging clusters. Fruit maturing in midsummer or early autumn, each half 3-5 cm. long. Frequently planted, occasionally escapes. MOUNTAIN MAPLE Acer spicatum Leaves similar to Red Maple or Sycamore Maple, hairy beneath. Flowers and fruit borne on upright stalks in spike formation. Fruit maturing in late summer or autumn. Small tree or (usually) a large shrub. Introduced at a single site in Concord. NORWAY MAPLE Acer platanoides Leaves lobed but with few teeth, green beneath. Leafstalk sap milky. Mature bark with many firm, narrow ridges. Autumn color bright yellow, turning late in season. Commonly planted shade tree which sometimes escapes. NORWAY MAPLE Leaves lobed but with few teeth, paler beneath. Leafstalk sap not milky. Mature bark deeply furrowed or shaggy. Autumn color scarlet, orange, or yellow. In our area mainly an escape near roadside plantings. SUGAR MAPLE SUGAR MAPLE Acer saccharum 19 TREES: ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES HAWTHORNS: THORNY TREES WITH MOSTLY UNBRANCHED THORNS Reliable identification in this group may require examination of flowers. Leaf shapes may vary considerably on the same plant. Leaf characters used below apply primarily to mature leaves of fruiting branchlets. For problem specimens consult the illustrations and key in Seymour’s Flora of New England. Hawthorns in our area are found in old pastures, thickets, borders of woods and occasionally in woods. The fruits of some species are palatable and sometimes used for making jellies. SINGLE-SEED HAWTHORN Crataegus monogyna Leaves small, deeply sinused; veins running to sinuses as well as to lobes. Fruit usually with only one nutlet. Small tree, occasionally thornless, which uncommonly spreads from cultivation. COCKSPUR THORN Crataegus crus-galli SINGLE-SEED HAWTHORN Leaf base narrow. Leaves essentially unlobed, mostly less than 3 cm. wide, glossy above. Fruit with 1-3 nutlets. Calyx lobes untoothed. Small tree. Uncommon. COCKSPUR THORN LONG-SPINED THORN Crataegus macracantha for C. succulenta var. macracantha) Leaf base narrowed. Leaves sometimes with small lobes and mostly wider than 3 .cm., often glossy above. Fruit with 2-3 nutlets. Calyx lobes toothed. Small tree or stout shrub. Uncommon. LONG-SPINED THORN HAWTHORN TREES ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES SCARLET THORN Crataegus coccinea (including C. pedicellata, C. holmesiana, and C. pringlei) Leaf bases broadly wedge-shaped or rounded. Leaves lobed (but lobes sometimes small), with some straight hairs above (use hand lens), widest near middle. Calyx lobes toothed. Stamens with 5-10 pink or red heads. Small tree or stout shrub. Uncommon. SCARLET THORN VARIABLE THORN Crataegus macrosperma Our most common hawthorn. Leaves wide- based with distinct lobes, generally widest below the middle, with some straight hairs above (use hand lens). Leafstalks sometimes with slight glands. Calyx lobes untoothed (or with only one or two pairs of teeth). Stamens with 5-10 red heads (rarely pink). Small tree, sometimes shrubby. Common. VARIABLE THORN FROSTED THORN Crataegus pruinosa Fruit whitened dull red (or greenish) with calyx on a raised collar. Calyx lobes untoothed (or with only one or two pairs of teeth). Leaves similar to Scarlet Thorn but hairless above (use hand lens). Stamens 15-20 with pink heads. Small tree or shrub. Rare. TREES | ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES OAKS & SYCAMORE: EverRY LEAF LOBED OR COARSELY ROUND- TOOTHED; 3-5 MAIN VEINS NOT MEETING AT LEAF BASE; THORNLESS SYCAMORE Platanus occidentalis Bark On upper trunk and branches very characteristic: thin brown flakes coming off in jigsaw-puzzle-like pieces exposing whitish underbark. Ball-like heads of fruit mostly single on long stalks (introduced species with more than one per stalk). Low woods, near streams. Occasionally planted. Uncommon. SWAMP WHITE OAK Quercus bicolor Leaves mostly with ten or fewer pairs of shallow lobes (side veins) usually rounded, usually white-downy beneath. Acorns on long stalks (2.5-6 cm.), some- times sweetish, edible if properly prepared. Bark flaky or ridged, some- times deeply so. Mostly bottomlands, margins of streams, swamps. Common. CHESTNUT OAK Quercus prinus Leaves mostly with 10-16 pairs of rounded “teeth” (side veins), often slightly white-hairy beneath. Acorns on stalks shorter than leafstalk, or stalkless, sometimes sweetish, edible if property prepared. Trunk bark deeply furrowed. Dry, often rocky woods. Uncommon. WHITE OAK Quercus alba Leaves with rounded, distinct lobes, hairless when mature. Acorns on short stalks or stalkless, sometimes sweet, edible if properly prepered. Bark usually pale and flaky. Dry woods, roadsides, pastures. Common. ENGLISH OAK Quercus robur Leaves similar to White Oak but lobed at base rather than tapered. Acorns on long stalks. Mature bark deeply furrowed. Infrequently planted; occasionally escapes. SYCAMORE \ NY OAK SWAMP WHITE OAK CHESTNUT OAK WHITE OAK ENGLISH OAK TREES ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES SCRUB OAK Quercus ilicifolia Small tree or usually a shrub. Leaves relatively small (5-12 cm. long), whitish- felted beneath, lustrous dark green above. -Acorns small, about 1 cm. long, bitter. Dry, sterile scrub woods, or sandy-gravelly clearings. Common. SCRUB OAK SCARLET OAK Quercus coccinea Leaves with wide rounded sinuses reaching close to midrib, usually lustrous above, mostly hairless beneath, turning dark red in autumn. Leafstalk slender (mostly 1 mm. thick or less). Mature acorn cup (1.5 - 2.2 cm. across) enclosing % or more of acorn; upper scales of cup pressed together (not forming a definite fringe). Acorns bitter. Bark is somewhat intermediate SCARLET OAK between Red Oak and Black Oak. Dry woods, roadsides. Common. SCARLET & PIN OAK PIN OAK Quercus palustris Leaves similar to Scarlet Oak, but acorn cups shallow and only 1-1.6 cm. across. Main trunk essentially straight and undivided (like a pin). Main side branches often drooping or horizontal. Frequently planted. Occasionally escapes Cultivation. PIN OAK BLACK OAK Quercus velutina Leaves quite variable in shape, mostly 5-7 lobes, usually dark lustrous green above, somewhat hairy beneath early but becoming mostly hairless. Leafstalk thick, usually distinctly more than 1 mm. thick. Mature acorn cups (1.2-1.9 cm. across) enclosing % or more of acorn; upper scales somewhat loose, forming a rough fringe. Mature trunk bark dark, broken into short, irregular, block-like strips. Acorns bitter, inedible. Dry woods, roadsides. Abundant. BLACK OAK RED OAK Quercus rubra Large, shallow, saucer-like acorn cups are distinctive (1.8-3 cm. wide when mature). Leaves somewhat variable in shape, mostly 7-11 lobes with sinuses usually reaching about halfway to midrib (not more than % of the way), mostly hairless beneath. Trunk bark flat-topped ridges. Acorns bitter. Moist to dry woods, roadsides. Abundant. RED OAK 23 24 TREES... ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES SOME LEAVES LOBED SOME NOT SASSAFRAS Sassafras albidum Leaves untoothed, spicy fragrant when crushed. Fruit berry-like, unpalatable. Dry, Open woods and thickets. Uncommon. WHITE MULBERRY Morus alba Toothed leaves with 3-5 veins meeting at base, smooth above and mostly hair- less beneath. Leafstalk sap milky. Fruit berry-like, dark purplish, pink or white, sweet but without flavor. Roadsides, waste lots. Uncommon. MULBERRY CRABAPPLES Pyrus (Malus) spp. Sometimes lobed on vigorous shoots of some species. Leaves without 3-5 main veins meeting at base. See pp. 103-106. CRABAPPLE 7 LEAVES UNTOOTHED AND UNLOBED UMBRELLA MAGNOLIA Magnolia tripetala Leaves very large (30-60 cm. long), crowded in an umbrella-like cluster at ends of flowering branches. Low deciduous woods. Escaped cultivation at one site in Concord. MAGNOLIA SOUR-GUM (BLACK TUPELO) Nyssa sylvatica Leaves of flowering (fruiting) branchlets 3-15 cm. long; veins not reaching strongly forward. Fruits berry-like, sour, mostly two or three on long stalk. Mature bark blocky, often deeply fissured. Leaves turn scarlet in early autumn. Low woods, swamps, shores. Common. SOUR-GUM ALTERNATELEAF DOGWOOD Cornus alternifolia Leaves 6-13 cm. long; main veins reaching strongly forward. Mature bark shallowly Q fissured. Fruit berry-like, in roundish } V4 clusters, unpalatable. Small tree or shrub. ; DOGWOOD Wood borders, thickets, usually dry. Common. PUSSY WILLOW Salix discolor Leaves narrow, sometimes untoothed. See p. 26. TREES ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES POPLARS: LEAVES WITH 3-5 STOUT VEINS MEETING AT LEAF BASE. LEAFSTALKS USUALLY FLATTENED AND COMPARA- TIVELY LONG. AT LEAST UPPER TRUNK BARK SMOOTH AND PALE (USUALLY TAN-COLORED) . Note: Atypical leaves are not uncommon in this group, particularly late in the season after stripping of first leaves by insects. QUAKING ASPEN Populus tremuloides Leaves fine-toothed (sometimes obscurely) with 20-40 teeth on each margin. Lower bark usually pale-smooth as well. Name derives from leaves which flutter at the least breeze. A short-lived weed tree. Dry, open woods, recent clearings, poor soil. Common. BIGTOOTH ASPEN Populus grandidentata Leaves coarse-toothed with 5-15 teeth on each margin, densely hairy at first, becoming hairless in maturity. Most of bark pale-smooth. Dry, open woods, recent clearings. Common. BALM-OF-GILEAD Populus X gileadensis Leafstalks usually rounded. Leaves fine- toothed (3-4 teeth per cm.), somewhat hairy beneath especially on midrib and principal veins; young ones fragrant when crushed. Roadsides. Rare escape. COMMON COTTONWOOD Populus deltoides Leaves somewhat triangular, coarse- toothed; leaf tip tapered. Leafstalk with small glands at leaf base. Mature bark gray, ridged or scaly. Woods, river bottomlands, roadsides. Uncommon escape. WHITE POPLAR Populus alba Leaves irregularly very coarse-toothed or lobed, white-hairy beneath, very dark qreen above. Leafstalk usually rounded. Occasionally escapes cultivation. QUAKING ASPEN A BIGTOOTH ASPEN COTTONWOOD ASPEN BALM-OF-GILEAD WHITE POPLAR 25 26 TREES. ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES WILLOWS: LEAVES USUALLY VERY NARROW. LEAFSTALKS USUALLY QUITE SHORT. LEAFY GROWTHS (STIPULES) OFTEN PRESENT ON TWIGS AT BASE OF LEAFSTALKS. BUDS COVERED BY SINGLE SCALE (USUALLY VISIBLE FROM MIDSUMMER ON; EARLIER LOOK FOR DEAD BUDS). BLACK WILLOW Salix nigra Leaves pure green beneath, .5-1.5 cm. wide, usually 10-14 times as long as wide, fine-toothed. Leaf teeth gland-tipped. Leafstalks without glands. Leafy stipules DAG often prominent. Twigs becoming hair- less. Tree or shrub with flaky, dark brown STIPULES to blackish bark. Riverbanks, meadows, pond shores, occasionally swamps and low, damp ground. Common. PUSSY WILLOW Salix discolor Our only wild, tree-like willow blossom- ing before the appearance of leaves. Leaves sometimes nearly untoothed, 2-4 times as long as wide, whitened and becoming hairless beneath, green above. Leafstalks without glands. Tree or shrub. Damp situations. Common. BLACK WILLOW SHINING WILLOW Salix lucida Mature leaves not distinctly whitened beneath, 5-17 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, mostly with long-tapered tips. Leafstalk with glands near base. Small tree or PUSSY WILLOW large shrub. Meadows, shores, low ground, swamps. Rare. iy 4 ian WILLOW FRUIT SHINING WILLOW TREES ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES WHITE WILLOW Salix alba Leaves 4-6 times as long as wide, usually whitened and silky beneath, fine-toothed (7-12 teeth per cm.), 1-2.5 cm. wide. Leafstalk may bear small glands at leaf base. Branchlets droop somewhat but not conspicuously. Medium- sized or large tree. Frequently planted. An uncommon escape in low ground and along riverbanks. WEEPING WILLOW Salix babylonica Mature leaves whitened beneath, mostly more than 6 times as long as wide, mostly with less than 8 short teeth per cm., .5-2 cm. wide. Leafstalk may bear small glands at leaf base. Branchlets conspicuously hanging. Medium-sized or large tree. Frequently planted. Rarely escapes Cultivation to low ground. CRACK WILLOW Salix fragilis Branchlets very brittle at base (breaking Off easily). Mature leaves pale beneath, mostly with less than 8 prominent teeth per cm., 1.5-3 cm. wide. Leafstalks may bear small glands at leaf base. Medium- WEEPING WILLOW sized or large tree. Uncommon escape to shores and swamps. | WHITE WILLOW CRACK WILLOW 27 TREES ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES ELMS: LEAVES DOUBLE-TOOTHED, WITH UNEVEN, ROUNDED LEAF BASES. OFTEN SANDPAPERY ABOVE. AMERICAN ELM Ulmus americana When growing in the open, vase-shaped form of tree is distinctive. Leaves deeply coarse-toothed; main side veins fork a few times at most. Fruit Oy wafer-like, fringed along the edge. M) Rich soils, especially along streams, roadsides. Common (most often as young AMERICAN ELM trees because of Dutch Elm disease). SLIPPERY ELM Ulmus rubra Leaves 10-20 cm. long, shallowly toothed, hairy beneath (especially on veins); main side veins frequently forked. Twigs sandpapery rough. Fruit wafer-like, hairy at center, not fringed along edge. Common name derives frorn slimy inner bark. Rich woods, bluffs. Rare. WYCH ELM U/mus glabra Leaves mostly 8-16 cm. long, prominent- ly toothed, sometimes slightly 3-lobed toward tip; main side veins frequently forked. Twigs hairy. Fruit wafer-like, hairless, not fringed along edge, comparatively large (1.5 cm. or more in width). Rarely escapes cultivation to roadsides. @ ELM FRUIT 28 TREES ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES BIRCHES: UPPER TRUNK BARK MARKED BY NUMEROUS CROSS- STREAKS, SOMETIMES PEELING IN PAPERY CURLS. MAIN SIDE VEINS GENERALLY RUNNING DIRECTLY TO LEAF EDGE. SPUR BRANCHES TWO-LEAVED. a AN GRAY BIRCH Betula populifolia 4 fas FLOWERING DOGWOOD ROUNDLEAF DOGWOOD SILKY DOGWOOD RED-OSIER DOGWOOD (PRINTS FULL SIZE) vt 42 SHRUBS OPPOSITE UNTOOTHED LEAVES MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES. COMMON LILAC Syringa vulgaris Leaves more or less heart-shaped. Flowers in cone-shaped clusters. Fruit elongate capsules. Near former dwellings, road- sides. Uncommon escape. WHITE FRINGE-TREE Chionanthus virginicus Leaves 8-20 cm. long. Berry-like fruit purple or dark blue, 1-1.8 cm. long; edibility unknown. Large shrub or small tree. Thickets, roadsides. Rare escape. COMMON SNOWBERRY Symphoricarpos albus Leaves 1-5 cm. long, occasionally irregularly lobed. Berry-like fruit white, inedible. Near former dwellings, roadsides. Rare escape. EUROPEAN PRIVET Ligustrum vulgare Leaves 3-6 cm. long. Berry-like fruit black, 6-8 mm. long, somewhat poison- ous. Often planted for hedges. Some- times escapes to thickets and roadsides. WITHEROD Viburnum cassinoides Sometimes with untoothed leaves. Bundle scars 3. See p. 44. PALE LAUREL Kalmia polifolia Small bog shrub. See p. 102. SHRUBS OPPOSITE UNTOOTHED LEAVES A RN uty NAC eh Nites UE wi Ww F w oO Zz ive ire SNOWBERRY (PRINTS FULL SIZE) PRIVET WITHERCD SHRUBS OPPOSITE TOOTHED LEAVES VIBURNUMS (IN PART): FRUIT CLUSTERS OF 1-SEEDED "BERRIES". FLOWERS 5-PETALED, FORMING BROAD CLUSTERS. NORTHERN ARROWWOOD Viburnum recognitum Leaf teeth large. Main side veins prominent, running directly to leaf edge. "Berries" blue, dry and "puckery*. Damp thickets, borders of woods (occasionally in woods). Common. HOBBLEBUSH Viburnum alnifolium Leaves large (10-20 cm. long) and nearly as wide as long, fine-toothed. Fruit (flower) clusters essentially stalkless. *Berries* red turning nearly to black, edible when thoroughly ripe. Woods. Rare. NANNYBERRY Viburnum lentago Leafstalks warty-edged. Leaves sharply fine-toothed. Fruit (flower) clusters essentially stalkless. "Berries" dark HOBBLEBUSH blue, edible. Occasionally a small tree. Borders of woods, moist thickets, roadsides. Uncommon. WITHEROD Viburnum cassinoides Often toothed and untoothed leaves on same plant. Leaf teeth not sharp or large. Fruit (flower) clusters on stalks. *Berries* turning dark blue, covered with bloom, edible when fully ripe. Thickets, swamps, borders of woods. Common. NANNYBERRY VIBURNUM FLOWERS WITHEROD SHRUBS OPPOSITE TOOTHED LEAVES WITHEROD fe he iy a z, “a f : ; c by het AS ; for x= wo > Ff 4 a oo OQ x q a = iz 2 z = ARROWWOOD 45 SHRUBS — OPPOSITE TOOTHED LEAVES MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: Fruit CAPSULE-LIKE. OPPOSING LEAF SCARS CONNECTED BY LINES. COMMON BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE Dievvilla lonicera Leaves with long-tapered tips. Fruit (flowers) mostly in 3’s. Fruit long- pointed capsules. Low shrub up to 1 meter high. Dry, open woods, roadsides. Uncommon. PANICLE HYDRANGEA Hydrangea paniculata Leaves hairy on veins beneath. Flowers in showy, cone-shaped clusters appearing in late summer. Fruit small capsules. Sometimes a small tree. Wet woods. Rare escape. [MOCK-ORANGES Philadelphus spp. Leaves coarse-toothed, with main veins reaching strongly towards tip. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. A few species might escape in our area though none are yet recorded; often persistent near old house sites. ] BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE As AD, Fe ig 7 Wow thi b 7, ~e Stir bert, (PRINTS FULL SIZE) MOCK-ORANGE CAPSULE HYDRANGEA 46 SHRUBS OPPOSITE TOOTHED LEAVES MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: Fruit IF BERRY-LIKE, NOT 1-SEEDED. OPPOSING LEAF SCARS NOT CONNECTED BY LINES. COMMON BUCKTHORN Ahamnus cathartica Leaves essentially but not quite opposite; main veins reaching strongly forward. "Berries" black, 3-4 seeded, nauseous and purgative. Often a small tree. Naturalized in thickets and roadsides. Common. WINGED EUONYMUS Euonymus alatus Twigs and branchlets usually with corky wings. Leafstalks very short (1-3 mm. long). Fruit orange and red on long stalks, somewhat poisonous. Roadsides, COMMON BUCKTHORN woods. An occasional escape. EUROPEAN EUONYMUS Euonymus europaeus Leafstalks 6-12 mm. long. Leaves hairless. Fruit fleshy, pink to red, 4-lobed, on a long stalk, somewhat poisonous. Flowers usually in clusters of 3-5. Sometimes a small tree. Roadsides, waste places. An occasional escape. WEEPING FORSYTHIA Forsythia suspensa Usually also with some 3-lobed and 3-compound leaves. Fruit elongate capsules. Rare escape. See p. 36. PURPLE-OSIER WILLOW Salix purpurea Usually with alternate leaves at least é=! on sprout growth. Buds with single fax scale. Occasional escape. See p. 64. Es t2 B\S |: nS aN r F/ A 4 + (PRINTS LS ce.) FULL SIZE) = x os The FORSYTHIA EUROPEAN EUONYMUS 47 48 SHRUBS" ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES SHRUBS THORNY OR BRISTLY; LEAVES UNTOOTHED OR OBSCURELY TOOTHED BRISTLY LOCUST Aobinia hispida Twigs bristly. Leaflets 7-13, untoothed, bristle-tipped. Fruit bristly pods. Roadsides, dry slopes. Uncommon escape. COMMON PRICKLY-ASH Zanthoxylum americanum Stems with paired prickles. Leaflets 5-11, aromatic when crushed. Fruit small, BRISTLY LOCUST 1-2 seeded pods (without bristles). Occasionally a small tree. Rich woods, rocky pastures, stream banks. Rare escape. eae P o on : 7 ie ares Sy Ga sa See CC oN SIN S ee We hho BED pe {a7 <3 SS PRICKLY-ASH PRICKLY-ASH (PRINTS 2/3 SIZE) PRICKLY-ASH BRISTLY LOCUST SHRUBS ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES LEAFLETS 3; SHRUBS THORNLESS AND WITHOUT BRISTLES HOPTREE FPtelea trifoliata End leaflet very short-stalked. Fruits wafer-like. Sometimes a small tree. Thickets, edges of woods, roadsides. Uncommon escape. POISON IVY Ahus radicans End leaflet stalked (longer than stalks of side leaflets). Berry-like fruit whitish. All parts of this plant irritate HOPTREE the skin of most people. Often a trailing or climbing plant. Dry or damp open woods, thickets, roadsides, fencerows. Very common. POISON IVY | POISON IVY HOPTREE ? (PRINTS 2/3 SIZE) 49 SHRUBS ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES ROSES: SHRUBS THORNY; LEAFLETS TOOTHED; LEAFSTALK BASE WITH "WINGS". FRUIT BERRY-LIKE, SOMETIMES BRISTLY. ~ oan S MULTIFLORA ROSE Aosa multiflora < ee ‘2 Leafstalk wings" feathery or comb-like. & GLE ES Fruit (flowers) many per cluster. Flowers S Ac Oran a. oe small (24 cm. across), mostly white. Sy ‘Ag * ES <4 — Naturalized along roadsides, borders of aser | KS NEG woods, thickets, clearings. Common. ; Fit i SN S = SWEET-BRIER Rosa egj/anteria yy MULTIFLORA ROSE Leaflets glandular, often nearly round- shaped, aromatic when crushed. Flowers 3-5 cm. across. Thickets, clearings, roadsides. Uncommon escape. SHINING ROSE Aosa nitida New stems densely bristly with bristles usually purplish or reddish. Leafstalk ‘wings wide, not curled under. Leaflets fine-toothed, shiny dark green above, mostly only 4-12 mm. wide on flowering (fruiting) shoots. Swamps, meadows, bogs, pond shores. Common. (PRINTS FULL SIZE) SWEET-BRIER MULTIFLORA ROSE 50 SHRUBS ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES SWAMP ROSE Aosa palustris Leafstalk "wings" narrow, curled under Leaflets quite fine-toothed, dull green above. Prickles stout-based. Swamps, wet meadows, shores. Common. PASTURE ROSE Rosa carolina Leafstalk "wings" narrow, sometimes curled under. Prickles needite-like. Leaflets coarse-toothed, dull or only slightly shiny above. Fruit (flowers) mostly solitary. A low (less than 1 meter high) and slender (less than 8 mm. thick at base) shrub. Dry sandy, rocky or open habitats, or thin woods. Common. VIRGINIA ROSE Aosa virginiana Leafstalk "wings" wide-spreading, not curled under. New stems with broad- based, straight or curved prickles, not densely bristly, sometimes prickleless. Leaflets usually shiny above. Fruit (flowers) mostly solitary. Meadows, damp to dry thickets, roadsides, clearings. Common. BLACKBERRIES, RASPBERRIES, DEWBERRIES Rubus spp. Leaflets 3-5. Thorny or bristly. Not truly woody. See p. 96. SWAMP ROSE MM aad Ra tty 4 PAST i SBE j aH \ [5 (PRINTS Gif =e FULL SIZE) LEE We ; Tg Ne oa y\e RS Zz NOEL ye == Ee WOE SLY ens ae Ro Sta — 4 AUN \s) ee fv PASTURE ROSE <= NN Sie RS VIRGINIA ROSE ~ ~ 4 belt >» WELSs> 51 ia) SHRUBS — ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES SHRUBS THORNLESS, WITHOUT BRISTLES. LEAFLETS MORE THAN 3, UNTOOTHED OR WITH A FEW COARSE TEETH. SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL Potentilla fruticosa Leaflets mostly 5-7 and quite small (1-3 cm. long, 2-9 rnm. wide). Fruits small, dry, hairy. Open ground, old pastures, meadows, usually in sweet soil. Rare. i} AS if POISON SUMAC Ahus vernix ty yf VANE Leaflets 7-13, 4-10 cm. long. Fruit (flowers) SHRUBBY 2 ANN a —. in elongated clusters. Berry-like fruit CINQUEFOIL \Y ey whitish. Sometimes a small tree. All parts \ of this plant irritate the skin of most WwW people. Wooded swamps, bog margins, occasionally in wet woods. Common. SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL SHINING SUMAC Ahus copallina Leaflets 11-23, 4-10 cm. long., sometimes with some teeth towards the tips, shiny above. Midribd of the compound leaves winged. Fruit (flowers) in more or less cone-like clusters. Berry-like fruit red, hairy, used for flavoring. Dry fields, roadsides, openings in dry woods. Uncommon. INDIGOBUSH Amorpha fruticosa Leaflets 13-35 (or more), small (1-6 cm. long). Fruit (flowers) in erect, elongated clusters. Fruit small resin-dotted pods. Roadsides, thickets, waste land. Uncommon esCape. SHINING SUMAC INDIGOBUSH SHINING SUMAC . SHRUBS PN ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES et ° A "ys FS 1 , < , by ei read is f AR i ~ ~~ re wits ites », SNP re 4 Lexis SS k a Vie — POISON SUMAC INDIGOBUSH IA sey iP SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL | | Ka pe wae ohn avin (PRINTS 1/3 TO 1/2 SIZE EXCEPT CINQUEFOIL FULL SIZE) SHINING SUMAC SHINING SUMAC SHRUBS ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES SHRUBS THORNLESS, WITHOUT BRISTLES. LEAFLETS MORE THAN 3, MANY- (OR DEEPLY SHARP-) TOOTHED. YELLOWROOT Xanthorhiza simplicissima Leaflets usually 5-7, deeply sharp-toothed, often lobed, 3-7 cm. long. Fruit (flowers) in stringy, drooping clusters. Fruit small capsules. A low shrub (up to .6 meters high). Moist ground. Rare escape. FALSE-SPIREA Sorbaria sorbifolia Leaflets 13-23, finely double-toothed, 5-10 cm. long. Fruit (flowers) in erect, cone-like clusters. Fruit small capsules. Roadsides, waste land. Uncommon escape. STAGHORN SUMAC Ahus typhina Twigs and leafstalks densely velvety-hairy. Leaflets 11-31, 5-12 cm. long. Fruit in dense, cone-shaped clusters. Berry-like fruit red, velvety-hairy, used for flavoring Sometimes a small tree. Dry thickets, road- sides, open rocky slopes. Uncommon. YELLOWROOT SMOOTH SUMAC Ahus glabra Like Staghorn Sumac but twigs and leafstalks hairless. Berry-like fruit not quite so fuzzy, also used for flavoring. Fruit clusters FALSE-SPIREA not so compact. Dry fields, roadsides. Common. SMOOTH SUMAC SUMAC STAGHORN SUMAC SHRUBS ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES Dae AES sO” STAT P hg as op =“ A ? “ _— fifeeeee aN > hap > \ e ; fy

ELAEAGNUS Spain it SPICEBUSH Resign — ¢ AN Gel? aA ALTERNATELEAF DOGWOOD DAPHNE 74 SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: LEAVES UNTOOTHED (OR OBSCURELY FINE-TOOTHED). FRUIT NOT BERRY-LIKE. LEAVES LEATHERY EVERGREEN. LABRADOR TEA Ledum groenlandicum Leaves 2-5 cm. long, white or rusty woolly beneath, fragrant when crushed; margins curled under. Fruit elongate capsules. Small shrub 1 meter high or less. Bogs, peaty swamps. Rare. SWEETBAY MAGNOLIA Magnolia virginiana Leaves 8-15 cm. long, whitened and hairless beneath. Fruits in cone-like clusters, 3-5 cm. long. Swamps, low woods. Rare escape. LABRADOR TEA MOUNTAIN LAUREL Kalmia /atifolia Leaves 5-10 cm. long, sometimes arranged in irregular whorls, hairless and not whitened beneath. Fruit spherical capsules. Woods, clearings, rocky banks on acid soil; also frequently planted. Uncommon. MAGNOLIA DOWNY BOG-ROSEMARY Andromeda glaucophylla Low bog shrub with very narrow leaves, white beneath. See p. 104. MAGNOUA MOUNTAIN LAUREL MOUNTAIN LAUREL SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES LABRADOR TEA pPyat, SORES g ae oy ates SM ats SWEETBAY MAGNOLIA (PRINTS FULL SIZE) MOUNTAIN LAUREL (CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE) 75 SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES (cont.): LEAVES UNTOOTHED (OR OBSCURELY FINE-TOOTHED). FRUIT NOT BERRY-LIKE. DYER’S GREENWEED Genista tinctoria Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long, hairy-fringed, practically stalkless. Fruit bean-like pods. Small shrub 1 meter high or less. Dry fields, roadsides. Rare escape. GREENWEED LEATHERLEAF Chamaedaphne calyculata Leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, scaly-dotted beneath. Fruit (flowers) in elongated, leafy clusters. Fruit spherical capsules. Small shrub 1 meter high or less. Swamps, bogs, pond shores, peaty river meadows. Common. MALEBERRY Lyonia /igustrina Leaves 3-7 cm. long, resembling blueberry leaves but with a much finer meshed network of veins beneath (not visible in leaf print). Fruit (flowers) forming tree-like clusters. Fruit spherical capsules. Moist thickets, bogs, peaty swamps. Common. GREENWEED JAPANESE KNOTWEED Polygonum cuspidatum Leaf with unique shape. Fruit tiny LEATHERLEAF wafers in stringy clusters. This is not woody but will commonly be mistaken for a shrub. Roadsides, waste areas. Naturalized. Common. MALEBERRY MALEBERRY 76 JAPANESE KNOTWEED SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES GREENWEED LEATHERLEAF (PRINTS FULL SIZE) MALEBERRY 77 78 SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES CHERRIES & PLUMS: LEAVES TOOTHED, MAIN SIDE VEINS NOT RUNNING DIRECTLY TO LEAF EDGE. LEAFSTALKS OFTEN BEARING GLANDS NEAR LEAF BASE. FRUIT WITH SINGLE SEED. PLUM FRUIT SLIGHTLY LINED OR FURROWED LENGTHWISE; CHERRY FRUIT NOT LINED. BEACH PLUM Prunus maritima Leaves 3-6 cm. long, soft-hairy beneath. Fruit 1.3-2.5 cm. thick, purple or bluish (occasionally yellowish), sweetish, edible. Sandy soil, roadsides. Rare (mostly as escape). AMERICAN PLUM Prunus americana Leaves 5-12 cm. long. Fruit red to yellow, 2-3 cm. thick, sour but edible. Spur branches often spiny. Sometimes a small tree. Thickets, roadsides, wood borders. Uncommon. CHOKE CHERRY Prunus virginiana Leaves sharp-toothed, 5-12 cm. long. Fruit (flowers) in elongated clusters. Fruit pulp scarcely palatable but used in jellies and pies. Roadsides, thickets, borders of woods. Common. CHOKE CHERRY PLUM & CHERRY APPALACHIAN SAND CHERRY Prunus susquehanae Small shrub less than 1 meter high. Leaves sparsely or not toothed along bottom third, 2-3 cm. wide, hairless. Fruit 1-1.5 cm. thick; pulp edible. Sandy or open acid situations, dry woods. Uncommon. PIN (FIRE) CHERRY Prunus pensylvanica Leaves finely toothed, with tapered or gradually narrowed tips. Fruit small, 5-7 mm. thick, red; pulp edible. Often a small tree. Roadsides, recent burns, dry, open woods. Common. CHOKE CHERRY PIN CHERRY SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES (PRINTS FULL SIZE) BEACH PLUM SAND CHERRY PIN CHERRY Ass} | wy Ue aor od Aig pr bebe AMERICAN PLUM CHOKE CHERRY 79 80 SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES SHADBUSHES: LEAVES TOOTHED, WITH ROUNDED OR HEART- SHAPED BASES. LEAFSTALKS WELL DEVELOPED. BARK OF LARGER SPECIMENS OFTEN WITH INTERLACING STRIPES. FRUIT BERRY-LIKE, IN TREE-LIKE CLUSTERS, 10- SEEDED, EDIBLE. RUNNING SHADBUSH Amelanchier stolonifera f x Leaves becoming hairless, sometimes BS almost circular, mostly with only 5-7 ae pairs of main side veins. Small upright =: N SS SPECKLED ALDER (PRINTS FULL SIZE) SMOOTH ALDER SMOOTH ALDER 83 SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: LEAVES TOOTHED; LEAFSTALKS SHORT (LESS THAN 1.5 CM. LONG). FRUIT NOT FLESHY. NEW JERSEY TEA Ceanothus americanus Leaves with 3 main veins meeting at base and reaching strongly forward. Fruit 3-lobed capsules. Small shrub up to 1 meter high. Dry, sterile, scrub woods. Uncommon. SWEET GALE Myrica gale NEW JERSEY TEA Leaves narrow, taper-based, aromatic when crushed, coarse-toothed mostly towards tip. Fruit cone-like. Pond margins, shallow water, peat bogs. Common. NEW JERSEY TEA BAYBERRY Myrica pensylvanica Leaves taper-based, aromatic when crushed, few-toothed (or occasionally untoothed). Fruit globular, whitish, wax-coated nutlets. Dry or wet, sterile soil, thickets. Uncommon. SWEET GALE SWEET PEPPERBUSH Clethra alnifolia Leaves with main side veins extending to leat edge or nearly so. Fruit (flowers) in upright, wand-like clusters. Fruit spherical capsules. Low to swampy woods and thickets. Common. BAYBERRY / PEPFERBUSH 84 SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES ta eh ~ FT Ty Etat Pte “jes PENS ry NEW JERSEY TEA PEPPERBUSH r n 4 2 p z z BAYBERRY SWEET GALE (CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE) 85 SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: LEAVES TOOTHED; LEAFSTALKS SHORT (LESS THAN 1.5 cmM.). FRUIT NOT FLESHY. (CONT.) HARDHACK Spiraea tomentosa Leaves small (3-5 cm. long), woolly beneath, very short-stalked. Fruit (flowers) in narrow, spire-like clusters. Fruit tiny, dry, felted. Dry or wet acid soil in the open. HARDHACK Common. BROADLEAF MEADOWSWEET Spiraea latifolia Leaves coarsely (often doubly) toothed, hairless or nearly so beneath. Fruit (flowers) in Somewhat loose, pyramidal Clusters. Fruit tiny, dry, hairless. Dry or (usually) moist soil in the open. Common. SWAMP SWEETBELLS Leucothoe racemosa Leaves finely toothed; leafstalks short (1-5 mm. long). Fruit (flowers) in elongated clusters. Flower clusters one-sided. Fruit somewhat spherical capsules. Pond shores, moist thickets, cedar swamps, bogs. Rare. MALEBERRY Lyonia ligustrina Leaves obscurely fine-toothed. Fruit (flowers) in tree-like clusters. See p. 76. SWAMP SWEETBELLS MEADOWSWEET SWAMP SWEETBELLS SHRUBS ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES MEADOWSWEET HARDHACK SWAMP SWEETBELLS (PRINTS FULL SIZE) 87 88 VINES OPPOSITE LEAVES TRUMPET CREEPER Campsis radicans Leaves compound with 9-11 toothed leaflets. Flowers showy, reddish- orange (occasionally yellowish). Fruits cigar-shaped pods, 10-20 cm. long. Roadsides, thickets. Occasional escape. COMMON WINTERCREEPER Euonymus fortunei TRUMPET CREEPER Leaves simple, small, toothed, leathery- evergreen. Flowers greenish white. Fruit pinkish or orange, fleshy, somewhat poisonous. Roadside woods. Occasional escape. TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera sempervirens Leaves simple, untoothed; uppermost pairs near flowers (fruit) united at base. Twigs hairless or nearly so. Flowers red (rarely orange to yellow). "Berries" red, bitter. Woods, thickets. Uncommon. WINTERCREEPER JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera japonica Leaves simple, untoothed. Twigs hairy. Flowers white turning yellow. “Berries” black, bitter. Thickets, borders of woods, roadsides. Uncommon escape. JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE VINES OPPOSITE LEAVES WINTERCREEPER JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE TRUMPET CREEPER (PRINTS FULL SIZE) TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE 89 VINES ALTERNATE COMPOUND LEAVES POISON IVY Ahus radicans Leaves with 3 leaflets. "Berries" whitish. All parts of this plant irritate the skin of most people. Climbing on trees, stone walls, fences, or trailing, especially along roadsides. Common. VIRGINIA CREEPER Parthenocissus quinquefolia Leaves mostly with 5 toothed leaflets. Tendrils tipped with adhesive disks. Fruit (flower) cluster with a central axis. Berries bluish-black, 5-7 mm. thick, poisonous. Climbing on trees, POISON IVY walls, fences or trailing in woods and on rocky banks. Common. THICKET CREEPER Parthenocissus vitacea Leaves mostly with 5 toothed leaflets. Tendrils with very few or no adhesive disks. Fruit (flower) cluster forked (without evident central axis). Berries bluish-black, 8-10 mm. thick, poisonous. Trailing or slightly climbing in woods, thickets, along banks. Uncommon. VIRGINIA CREEPER THICKET CREEPER 90 VINES LEAVES ALTERNATE COMPOUND POISON IVY (PRINTS 3/4 SIZE) | VIRGINIA & THICKET CREEPER 91 VINES ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES COMMON GREENBRIER Smilax rotundifolia Leaves untoothed (or minutely jagged). Stems thorny. Berries blue-black, edible though possibly not palatable. Low, moist thickets and woods (especially near shores). Common. BITTER NIGHTSHADE Solanum dulcamara Leaves untoothed, lobed or unlobded. Berries red, somewhat poisonous. Thickets, clearings, and moist soil near dwellings. Naturalized. Common. AMERICAN BITTERSWEET Celastrus scandens Leaves toothed and unlobed. Flower (fruit) clusters at ends of branchlets with numerous flowers (fruits) in each cluster. Fruit yellow-orange on outside, opening to reveal red, berry-like interior, somewhat poisonous. Thickets, stone walls, woods, roadsides. Formerly common, now apparently rare. ASIAN BITTERSWEET Celastrus orbiculatus Similar to American Bittersweet but flowers (fruits) 2-4 per cluster along sides of branchlets where leaves are attached. Naturalized in same habitats as the native species, sometimes covering entire trees. Common, often locally abundant. ASIAN BITTERSWEET 92 NIGHTSHADE AMERICAN BITTERSWEET NIGHTSHADE AMERICAN BITTERSWEET VINES ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES BITTER NIGHTSHADE BITTER NIGHTSHADE GREENBRIER (PRINTS FULL SIZE) BITTERSWEET BITTERSWEET (CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE) 93 94 VINES ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES GRAPES & AMPELOPSIS: VINES CLIMBING BY TENDRILS. LEAVES TOOTHED AND USUALLY LOBED. AMUR AMPELOPSIS Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Leaves 3-lobed. Bark speckled, tight (not peeling or shredding). Stem pith white. Berries becoming bright blue (rarely whitish), edibility unknown. Roadsides, thickets. Occasional escape. RIVERBANK GRAPE Vitis riparia Leaves with large coarse teeth (often long-tapered), becoming mostly hairless beneath and not whitened. Grapes 8-12 mm. thick, with much bloom, sour. Rich AMPELOPSIS thickets, roadsides, moist woods, shaded riverbanks. Uncommon. FOX GRAPE Vitis labrusca Leaves permanently densely rusty or whitish felted beneath, shallow toothed, usually shallowly 3-lobed (occasionally unlobed). Tendrils or fruit (flower) clusters opposite at least 3-7 consecutive leaves. Grapes 15-25 mm. thick, becoming sweetish. A parent of the Concord Grape and most other American cultivated grapes. Roadsides, woods, thickets. Abundant. SUMMER GRAPE Vitis aestivalis Leaves with patchy or cobwebby, somewhat persistent, rusty hair beneath. Tendrils or fruit (flower) clusters missing each third leaf. Grapes 5-12 mm. thick, black, GRAPE with a thin bloom, variable in sweetness. Open woods, thickets, roadsides. Uncommon. VINES ALTERNATE SIMPLE LEAVES