54 yes 1 aa . oy ot Ag Ss oe t) an 5 Sian one EPRINTING 0 oRFIcA AM > ! ar i | DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR ),5, BUREAU OF FISHERIES GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commissioner CONDITION AND EXTENT OF THE NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 745 «= WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE L9LL / melt, Pilae, +, / 7If CONDITION AND EXTENT OF THE NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE By H. F. Moore Assistant, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 745 CONTENTS. Introdnetion: .. ...+ ss 2. eote «ut teek Pes ae oe eee eee et eee ee Methods‘of the survey~< =<: 222 8552 0ec ccc ee See ee eee eee DescriptionGf oyster grounds: =. 1.420222 25525. 5. ee eee a eee eee Bombay bed ..0:5: etic sse ei aecce cee Oe ecco ts eee ee ee Throm-cap bed:. 2.223.205 eos nc oe bdo tee ee Over-the-Bar bed. .......---.-. ond aa seaele qaraids Beate eee ee Lempsic Tock. 2220. 25.) o5 ped os eee See ee ee ee ee Bed'‘north of Silver bediit.24 2: ba es oe SE Pee ee Between Silver bed and Simonsi@reek-=--- = 55 soo oen. Sees eee Silver (bed fei: sce intt elec ie s Oehe See cabs gee gee ee Lumps between Silver and Ridge beds.:-. 222. .:..-. =. <2 see Drum Ded ss). 22 a BSS EA SS Se oe ee a Se Scattered patches between Ridge and Southwest beds.................--- Southwest bed... 0.0. .....60 2 Oe eee eee eee eee Stone Hed ..- i652. [5o. ocn 2 coed ace eee ee ee Hastnme bed 632535065... 02 eee See Re ie Jeh . 52 5E os, ann Blogger ised -. 3... .-2c 22 7e5.8 meee Se eee ee eee he ‘bedsumimummary.. :-co8 2: . cee ee Ce ee ee est => Physical and biological conditions .......... Dod 2cc gos ete eee en Tidesanidscurreiita: 2.2 26.2 ssc ca 8 oe So ae ee eee Salinity of the Water:.2...2-'-J... L.. Jc. 0422 ee ee ee eee Enemiesiof the oyster s).20% sc.iosce.o: ees dee eee eee oe ae eee 2 CONDITION AND EXTENT OF THE NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. By H. F. Moore, Assistant, United States Bureau of Fisheries. INTRODUCTION. At the solicitation of the Delaware Oyster Survey Commission the Bureau of Fisheries during the summer of 1910 undertook a survey of the natural oyster beds of Delaware Bay within the jurisdiction of the State of Delaware. The State, which was making a survey of the planted beds under the supervision of Mr. C. C. Yates, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, furnished the triangulation and made a small appropriation for the payment of two temporary em- ployees during part of the work, but the Bureau of Fisheries fur- nished all other personnel, in addition to launches, boats, and equipment. The steamer Fish Hawk was detailed for the work from June 1 to July 10, though, owing to unexpected delays in securing a launch able enough for the execution of hydrography in the open waters of the bay, she did not actually reach the field of operations until June 18. Part of the civilian personnel was ordered to the ship on May 26, in order to have the equipment in readiness for the anticipated com- mencement of work on June 1, on which date the entire party was assembled. The purpose of the survey was the accurate location and charting of the natural oyster beds and the investigation of their present condition and productiveness. No previous survey or investigation of the beds of this region has been made, and although their approxi- mate location is known to the local oystermen with reference to cer- tain more or less indefinable natural landmarks, it is difficult for them to indicate, even roughly, their general position on the charts. Con- cerning some of the beds, and especially the southern extension of Flogger bed, the information obtained from the various sources was extremely contradictory. 3 a NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. METHODS OF THE SURVEY. The methods employed were those pursued in former surveys of like character, and are explained in detail in a description of the beds of the James River,! from which some of the following is repeated: A ‘‘boat sheet’? was prepared, on which were accurately platted the positions, as determined by triangulation, of lighthouses and the towers erected as shore signals. These data were furnished by the State and were based on a development of the triangulation employed in the survey of the planted or leased beds. The oyster beds were discovered by soundings with a lead line, but principally by means of a length of chain dragged over the bot- tom at the end of a copper wire running from the sounding boat. The wire was wound on a reel and its unwound length was adjusted to the depth of water and the speed of the launch, so ‘that the chain was always on the bottom. Whenever the chain touched a shell or an oyster the shock or vibration was transmitted up the wire to the hand of a man whose sole duty it was to give heed to such signals and report them to the recorder. The launches from which the soundings were made were run at a speed of between 3 and 4 miles per hour, usually on ranges ashore to insure the rectitude of the lines. At intervals of three minutes—in some cases two minutes—the position of the boat was determined by two simultaneous sextant observations of the angles between a set of three signals, the middle one of which was common to the two angles, the position being immediately platted on the boat sheet. At regular intervals of twenty seconds, as measured by a clock under the observation of the recorder, the leadsman made a sounding and reported to the recorder the depth of water and the character of the bottom, immediately after which the man at the wire reported the character of the chain indications since the last sound- ing—that is, whether they showed barren bottom or dense, scat- tering, or very scattering growths of oysters. With the boat running at 3 miles per hour the soundings were between 80 and 90 feet apart, and, as the speed of the boat was uniform, the location of each was determinable within a yard or two by dividing the platted distance between the positions determined by the sextant by the number of soundings. The chain, of course, gave a continuous indication of the character of the bottom, but the record was made at the regular twenty-second intervals observed in sounding. The chain, while indicating the absence or the relative abundance of objects on the bottom, gives no information as to whether they are shells or oysters, nor, if the latter, their size and condition. To obtain these data it was necessary to supplement the observations 1 Moore, H. F.: Condition and extent of the oyster beds of James River, Virginia. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 729. NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE, 5 already described by others more definite in respect to the desired particulars. Whenever, in the opinion of the officer in charge of the sounding boat, such information was required, a numbered buoy was dropped, the time and number being entered in the sounding book. Another launch, following the sounding boat, anchored alongside the buoy, and a quantity of the oysters and shells were tonged up, separated by sizes, and counted. This boat at each station made a known number of ‘‘grabs” with the oyster tongs, exercising care to clean the bottom of oysters as thoroughly as possible at each grab. In a given depth of water and using the same boat and tongs, an oysterman will cover prac- tically the same area of the bottom at each grab, but, other factors remaining the same, the area of the grab will decrease with an increase in the depth. Careful measurements were made and tabulated showing the area per grab covered by the tonger employed on the work at each foot of depth of water and for each pair of tongs and boat used. With these data, and knowing the number of ‘“‘grabs,”’ the number of oysters of each size per square yard of bottom was readily obtain- able by simple calculation. The following example will illustrate the data obtained and the form of the record: a DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. BUREAU OF FISHERIES. FIELD RECORD OF EXAMINATIONS OF OYSTER BEDS. General locality, Delaware Bay, Delaware. Local name of oyster ground, Over-the-Bar. Date, July 9, 1910. Time, 8.50 a.m. Angle, B 146-B 147. Buoy No. 6. Depth, 18 feet. Bottom, soft. Condition of water, clear. Density, 7.008. Temperature, 25° C. Current, --.... Stage of tide, one hour flood. Tongman, M. A. Duffield. No grabs made, 8. Tongs, 20 feet. Total area covered, 2.5 sq. yds. 1m., 18:- 1 in—-8 m., 129. No oysters taken 15 fea gO AaY Eerie y Quantity shells, 74. Spat per square yard, 5.2. Result Cl per square yard, 51.6. Counts per square yard, 28.0. This furnishes an exact statement of the condition of the bed at a spot which can be platted on the chart with error in position of not more than afew yards. From the data obtained a close estimate may be formed of the number of bushels of oysters and shells per acre in the vicinity of the examination and, by multiplying the observations, for the bed as a whole. In the course of the survey 590 observations were made at various places, principally on the natural rocks, but some on the barren bottoms also. 6 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE, In estimating the relative productiveness of the bottoms it appeared advisable to depart from the methods employed in the James River survey on account of the difference in the conditions under which the industry is prosecuted. Where tongs are used exclusively, a bed with a given quantity of oysters lying in shoal water is more valuable, commercially, than one with the same quantity of oysters in deep water, owing to the fact that the labor of the tonger is more efficient on the former. As has been pointed out, the area covered by a ‘“‘orab”’ decreases with the depth, other factors being the same, and moreover the deeper the water the greater is the labor involved in making the grab and the smaller is the number of grabs which can be made in a given time. In Delaware Bay, while there is a certain amount of tonging during the fall and at such times as the weather will permit in winter and early spring, the most important and productive fishing is by means of dredges, the use of which is permitted from April 15 to June 30, inclusive. In dredging, the effects of varying depths of water, within reasonable limits, are practically negligible so far as the catch is con- cerned. The time required for winding in from deep water is greater than from shallow water, but as the dredge is approximately equally efficient whatever the depth, and as the difference in the time required in winding is small as compared with the period during which the dredge is on the bottom, the factor of depth, so important in tonging, is practically inconsiderable. The classification adopted in this report is as follows: Depleted bottom:....25.2)4 442-2 Less than 25 bushels per acre. Very scattering growth __--_-__ Between 25 and 75 bushels per acre. Scattering erowth.... =. .-.-5.2 Between 75 and 150 bushels per acre. Dense growth.__...-.-..-------Over 150 bushels per acre. As the region is important for the production of seed rather than market oysters, all sizes are included in the estimates of the density of oyster growth, but all loose shells and other debris commonly dredged are excluded. ‘‘Depleted bottom” is not necessarily that which was formerly productive but now practically barren, but is merely an expression of the present impoverishment of the bed without respect to its past. In some cases it may be a formerly barren area slowly coming into productiveness. é The bottom rated as bearing a ‘‘very scattering growth”’ is the least productive bottom capable of furnishing a livelihood to the dredgers. In the course of the survey 16,435 acres, or over 25 square miles, were explored with sounding lines and chains. Of-this area 2,144 acres were found to be included in oyster beds of varying degrees of productiveness. In the survey the chain was dragged over 124 miles of the bottom, soundings were made at 5,772 places, and the position of the boat was instrumentally determined at 819 points. a4 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. fi DESCRIPTION OF OYSTER GROUNDS. BOMBAY BED. This is the northernmost public oyster bed within the confines of Delaware. Its northern limit is opposite the upper pier at Woodland Beach, and its southern end is a little below the small creek known locally as Tombstone. Its inner or southwestern edge is from 200 to 400 yards from shore, the average width of the bed is about one- fourth mile, and the total length slightly in excess of 1 mile. The estimated area, density of growth, and contents of the bed are as follows: - OYSTER GROWTH ON BomBay Bep. Oysters per acre. Estimated Character of oyster growth. Area. content of Under 3 | Over3 Total oysters. inches. | inches. ae Acres. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. LOGS GS Aa SS ORO DOES ad CoS oe OCP Bs ae oan 111 250 115 365 40, 515 MERULCTIG peer Nee ene eee een ie ee os ae 12 103 23 126 2, 512 MenViSCHULERIN Pesan. 42. jen ss oecieis sae nes siete nee 6 22 5 27 162 We Mleledetse saetet ciceminc eas eisai aes eca cele caeeeek 26 0 0 0 0 HOLA oe ete ems Sactdss ascsoese Sasaee ee sae BSP ous ce ee aa msiaes set eaad siete: 43,189 The dense area comprises a broad strip running along the entire inshore edge of the bed. The scattering areas are two, the larger lying near the middle of the outer edge of the bed and the smaller, a very narrow strip, on the offshore edge of the lower end. Both - merge more or less gradually into the dense area with which they are continuous. The area of very. scattering growth is a small patch situated near the offshore part of the upper end of the bed, in the midst of the depleted bottom. The latter appears to be a formerly moderately productive area which has become covered by a deposit of mud and now produces no oysters, although there are numerous buried shells lying on a hard bottom about 6 inches beneath the present surface. This bed differs from all others of the region treated in this report in being founded on a stony bottom, a considerable proportion of the oysters taken being attached to rock fragments. The oysters are in small clusters, with thin, sharp shells. Small oysters predominate, not only numerically but by measure. No drills were found and, reasoning from the low salinity of the water, probably do not occur. The specific gravity of the water at the time of examination, July 10, 1910, was about 1.005, and it is likely that the bed suffers periodically during freshets. The average depth of water is about 8 to 10 feet. It was reported that there were oysters between the piers, but none were found, although there were a few attached to the piling and lying on the bottom in its vicinity. 68309°—11——2_. 8 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE, The details of the examination of this bed are shown in the following table: DETAILS OF EXAMINATIONS OF BomBAy BED. Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity Station} Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- | exami- of Character of growth. ber. nation. | water. Spat.| Culls. | Counts.] Seed.|/Market.| Total. 1910. Feet No. No. No. Bu Bu. Bu. (feS Ve aoe July 10.. TOA Dense sok nee Se Seen meee 1.6 35. 2 2.6 | 129 26 155 1340 (ckeBaae On| Wee GOs? oot ae a ne eee ee 10.5 42.0 12.6 184 126 310 to ee do... LON ese 2 GOs boy es ea ee 11.0 65.8 19.5] 269 195 464 LOD ee): dotscee MA ee (0a Res ee Td 15.8 34. 2 3.2] 175 32 207 UPA done. LOW Eee GOR bce Cae ae eer 28.4 54.2 |. 20.5} 299 205 504 OR eset -totoe a 12 GOe es Ae eae 9.5 17.9 9.5 96 95 191 it ean do... iP aa (oko TeS, Wee Fite LSS ot Se po 52.0 58. 4 13:7 387 137 524 1 he fe ee dozes- 1G eae CO? tae ee eee eer ene 74.2 57.4 10.0 | 461 100 561 ih) Golesae I2u SCatterine jor Jue once 11.0 12.6 3.7 83 37 120 HOR she ee LO seen Z| eee Ose pte cek es tee eee oo: 2 0.0 1.0 123 10 133 Sheek: we Owens 10))' Very scattering. 2-2-0 0.22... 0.0 6.3 0.5 22 5 27 GY eee ee OP= sae 11 | Depleted.-... Doe a ays aes Seen 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 USieeen pees TOs Eee 05 (oS eo ea at 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 teh PA do... TO esee GOES EH UL ERs Sa oe. ares 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 TODS ee sdosnee ri aes 3 Kee Ps STO ee Ae Rts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 THRUM-CAP BED. For a distance of about 5 miles below Bombay bed the bottom is reported to be barren, with the possible exception of a few patches of insignificant size, and it was not deemed warrantable to incur the expense of an examination. Thrum-cap bed is a somewhat triangular area lying about 1 mile offshore opposite the small stream known to the oystermen as Hay Ditch. It covers an area of about 78 acres, of which it is estimated 6 are covered by a dense growth, 14 by scattering, and 55 by very scat- tering, and 3 acres are characterized by a total absence of oysters, but with scattered shells buried in the mud. The areas of dense and scattering growth form a narrow strip on the inshore edge of the bed, with the denser area at the upper end. The bottom covered with very scattering growth stretches in gradually decreasing productiveness from the outer edge of this strip toward the deeper water. The depleted area is a small patch where the dense growth shades off into the surrounding barren bettom. The depth of water on the bed varies from about 18 feet at the inshore edge to 22 feet on the outer border. It is estimated that the bed contained at the time of examination 4,195 bushels of oysters of all sizes, of which the dense area bore 1,164 bushels, the scattering 1,106 bushels, and the very scattering 1,925 bushels. There were comparatively few dead oysters, and no indications of the presence of drills were observed. In July the specific gravity of the water varied from about 1.003 at low water to 1.011 at high tide. NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. 9 The results of the examinations of this bed are shown in the follow- ing table: DETAILS OF EXAMINATIONS OF THRUM-CAP BED. Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity Station) Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- | exami- of Character of growth. ber. nation. | water. Spat.| Culls. | Counts.) Seed.|Market.| Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No. | Bu. | Bu. Bu ily ee July 9 LOS pense S54 oct cw tees Sects 4.4 28.4 8.0} 114 80 194 1 ae Ae (6 eRe 20 | Scattering......-..- 5:5 12.2 1.7 62 17 79 Ue eee eee dosss:- 22 | Very scattering IBY; 3.3 uae 18 17 35 ik? (Se fee (3 a Lot Depletedes 2-522 s.asea Sch 050) 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 OVER-THE-BAR BED. This bed, like the preceding, from which it is separated by a dis- tance of a little over one-eighth of a mile, lies just beyond the edge of the shifting sands, which extend to about the 12-foot curve. It is about 14 miles from shore, and takes its name from its position some _ distance outside of a long sand bar, which, according to the naviga- tional charts, is covered by about 4 feet of water at low tide, but on which the present survey found water a little deeper. The depth on the bed itself varies from 15 to 20 feet. ‘ The extent and general condition of the bed in July, 1910, is shown in the following table: OYSTER GROWTH ON Over-THE-BAR BeEp. * Oysters per acre. Estimated Area. ; js content of Under 3 ver 3 oysters. inches. inches. Total. Character of oyster growth. Acres. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. TRO AB RS. 02S SE SRS Ss SEE coy sale ee 109 103 162 275 29,975 Very scattering............. Soci 3 AR eee 15 41 0 41 615 ED TEPID S70 We =<) o taal eS RS a ee aaa Bae, LSE 39 0 0 0 0 MOG heretes et eee eee ween te sc ie das woke eee HGS ete Geechee cera oo ee 30,590 The dense growth is found on two areas, 41 and 68 acres in extent, respectively, separated by a depleted area containing nothing but buried shells. The upper area is long and narrow and contains a large preponderance of oysters over 3 inches long. The northern end of the lower area is similar, with four or five times as many large oysters as small ones, but in the southern the two are in approximately equal quantity, and the average of both sizes is about 335 bushels per acre. The area of very scattering growth is found at the inshore edge of the southern part of the bed, and was apparently formed by a recent strike on a previously depleted area. The three depleted areas lie at the ends and the middle of the bed, the latter in reality separating the rock into two distinct parts. The depleted 10 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. bottom bears no oysters and but few exposed shells and, apparently, has been formed either by the silting of sparsely productive bottom or by shells dragged by dredging from the rock on to the adjacent muddy bottom. The oysters throughout the entire bed are long, narrow, sharp-edged, and inferior in quality, and are almost invariably in clusters, whose bases are buried in soft mud. The bottom throughout is soft, and there is apparent nowhere any depth of shell deposits such as are found on Silver bed and the Ridge. The details of the examinations made on this bed are shown in the following table: DETAILS OF EXAMINATIONS OF OVER-THE-BAR BED. Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity Station | Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- | exami- of Character of growth. ber. nation. | water. Spat.| Culls. |Counts. | Seed./Market.| Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No. | Bu Bu. Bu 169 See July 9 18). DONSO cw eaceeceee= iss eeee = 15.2 28.8 14.8 | 154 148 302 Oba Sets = 54 1RSy eceac GOfaee sees eee nee ee 12.0 28.0 8.4} 140 84 224 ie eso doe =e 13 eee GOs 2b -jae Sete wees cicers 5.2 51.6 28.0 | 198 280 478 DS See do 20 eer Gods stare 2. eee aoe ess 9.2 5.6 10. 4 52 104 156 W4 cee do 119i eee GOs stacks cone sarees 0.8 9.2 15.6 35 156 191 iW (Pee = OO= ee 7a | esac GOs 2: ee sagt eae 5.6 6.1 26.1 41 261 302 IGViseeue oe ed O see 17 | Very scattering........:..-..- 0.8 10.8 0.0 41 0 41 168S5552 se {00)soete 184|"‘Depleted’=- 22:2... h ja245 te 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 WiSeewee PedOeen= 20 Jessee OR Re Sash Sen Sesion eee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 Uy eS Sans doesen 20) see 52 GO! SG icess cece tele=enoseee 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0 0 0 (heya do PAN aes GOs Ss ES ee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 PATCHES BETWEEN OVER-THE-BAR AND SAND BEDS. In the area between these beds are several small scattered patches of oysters, but two of which were examined to determine their char- acter. One of these has an area of about 16 acres and is estimated to contain about 1,000 or 1,200 bushels of oysters. The other is about 5 acres in extent and contains probably about 200 bushels of oysters. On both beds and probably on other small: patches in the vicinity the oysters are long, thin, and narrow, and are found in scattered clusters. The following table exhibits the data obtained from the examina- tions: DETAILS OF EXAMINATIONS OF PATCHES BETWEEN OVER-THE-BAR BED AND SAND BeEbDs. Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity Station| Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- | examina- of Character of growth. ber. tion. water. Spat.) Culls. | Counts.) Seed.|Market.| Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No Bu. | Bu. Bu 160 Pee July 8 19 | Very scattering........../..-- 0 2.8 3.2 10 32 42 162.2... =» s00-sees iby eeane GO.28 8. Sats Soe sere eee 0 3.0 6.3 11 63 74 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. iT SAND BED. Sand bed lies nearly north of the Ridge and northeast of Silver bed, being separated from the latter by a distance of about one-third of a mile. It covers an area of about 54 acres, of which 16 acres are cov- ered by a dense growth of oysters and 11 acres by a scattering growth, the remaining 27 acres being depleted. The productive bottom forms a zone along the inner edge of the bed, the southern and middle portions bearing the denser growth. The depleted bottom occupies the outer half of the bed. It is esti- mated that the bed contained about 4,600 bushels of oysters of all sizes at the time of examination, and that of these 3,700 bushels were on the area of dense growth, 700 bushels on the very scattered growth, and 200 bushels on the depleted bottom. Oysters over 3 inches long preponderated on the productive portions of the bed, but were inferior in quantity on the depleted area. The oysters are superior in shape to those found on the bars north of this, being in smaller clusters and rounder. Dead oysters were ‘comparatively few, and no indications of the drill were noted. Several boats were observed working on Sand bed during the latter part of June, and it is reported that the bed was dredged to some extent earlier in the season. - The following examinations were made: DETAILS OF EXAMINATIONS OF SAND BeEp. — = = Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity Station! Date of Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- | examina- of Character of growth. ber. tion. water. Spat.| Culls. | Counts.| Seed.|Market.| Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No. Bu Bu. Bu i eee July 8 PAN WW ONISO eerie te ose a= Sacto ay 1.2 24.4 14.4 90 144 234 159e 2 <. - {ee00S os 19 | Very scattering. .............- 4.0 1.2 4.8 18 48 66 ODE =... - Ones a= USh|eWepletedeso-— 2-29.53. 85555252 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 3 GR eee doi.::. 195) .52.2 OE seyaoe cc ee eae eee 0.4 2.4 0.4 10 4 14 Reet. <--is8 OvSs22 1 eee GOs chek eee saeco s 1 Oe eee 0.4 4 10 LEIPSIC ROCK. This is a small but exceedingly prolific bed lying in the mouth of Leipsic Creek within one-eighth of a mile of the shore. It is approxi- mately circular in outline and consists of about 4 acres of very dense growth. It is estimated that the bed bears nearly 3,000 bushels of oysters, practically none of which is over 3 inches in length, and it is probable that it represents a recent rejuvenescence of an old bed. There is a deep deposit of shells forming the core of the bed, but around the edges this is covered by a deposit of mud which appears to be encroaching on and causing a gradual contraction of the pro- ductive area. It is probable that the oysters are subject to peri- odical destruction from fresh water and mud carried by freshets. 12 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. So far as could be learned the rock has not been worked for several. years. The following examinations were made: - 0 DeraIts OF EXAMINATIONS OF LEIPSIC ROCK. Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity Station | Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. Pane examina- of Character of growth. ‘| tion. water. Spat. | Culls. | Counts.) Seed. |Market.| Total. 1910. Feet. No. IVo. No. Bu. Bu. Bu. IMO. Soe. July 7 1] WDeONS@s 22 soc cots see eer ee ee 41.0} 114.5 1.4 544 14 558 iC? ae oe =dosie Yl epee do: 2 be: 247.2 eee 0. 0 14.8 0.4 52 4 56 145. a eOe a we LON |E aoe dOsscclonecsten csarerene 118.0 | 300.0 1.6 | 1,460 16 1, 476 BED NORTH OF SILVER BED. North of the western end of Silver bed and separated from it by about one-eighth of a mile of soft bottom in which scattering shells are buried is a nameless bed covering about 25 acres. There are about 8 acres covered by scattering growth estimated to contain about 900 bushels of oysters and about 17 acres of very scattering oysters containing about 750 bushels. The northern part of the bed, which bears the heaviest growth, has a substratum of shells, but the southern edge les on sandy bottom. The proportion of large oysters is greater than on Silver bed. The following observations were made: DetaAILs oF EXAMINATIONS OF BED NortH oF SILVER BED. Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity Station | Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. Tiber examina- of Character of growth. ‘| tion. water Spat. Culls. | Counts.|Seed |/Market.} Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No. | Bu.| Bu. ; 158see3 July 8 14) | Scattering soit. ae aeeacce eee 4.5 6.7 7.8 |> 39 78 117 152. - 20 ss 13 || Very scattering 23. -2-2.. 2.225 4.0 2.2 2.2 22 22 44 BETWEEN SILVER BED AND SIMONS CREEK. Almost continuous with Silver bed and stretching for a distance of nearly one-half of a mile toward the mouth of Simons Creek is a bed of about 17 acres lying on the mud and sand. Its most productive area is nearest Silver bed, and the opposite end is bare except of scat- tered shells. The best part, about 5 acres in extent, bears a scatter- ing growth of oysters estimated to contain about 375 bushels, and the area of very scattering growth which adjoins it bears about the Same quantity on its 7 acres. The depleted bottom is practically bare at present, but is in a condition to catch a small set under favorable conditions. NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. 13 - The following table shows the results of examinations: DETAILS OF EXAMINATIONS OF BED BETWEEN SILVER BED AND SIMONS CREEK. f Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity : Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. een exami- Co) Character of growth. *| nation. | water. Spat.| Culls. |Counts.| Seed. |Market.} Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No. |} Bu.| Bu. Bu 6625472 July 8 OuipSeattering 2h. o-eeees- See 2.9 3.4 5.4 22 54 76 NGS ecaeless owes. 9 | Very scattering...........-- 0.0 4.3 3.7 15 37 52 MOTE ee ah June 29 14) |) Depleted!se. 42). 24. cse8 4 ee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 SILVER BED. This bed, which is said to derive its name from the silvery color of the shells found on the hard rock, is, excepting the Ridge, the largest and most important natural bed in Delaware. It lies about 1 mile east of the mouth of Dona River, locally known as Simons Creek. The bed has a maximum extent of about a mile east and west and slightly over a half mile north and south, and it lies in a depth of water varying from 8 to 12 feet. The following table shows its general extent and condition in July, 1910: - OysTER GROWTH ON SILVER BeEp. Oysters per acre. Estimated Character of oyster growth. Area. content of Under Over Total oysters. 3 inches. | 3 inches. i Acres. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. 65 1 74 245 I CTISO Reni tees oe Act ed Ah Ne Soe asec tes! 71 15, 925 PVOCRDED Esa. ce L250 4.0 98 40 138 GOEztae- does 1S eee (lS: eae eee Ee Le oc 17.2 13.6 2.8 | 108 28 136 Lye June 27 1Galeeeae go MEO ess a ee eee 28.8 4.4 2.0 116 20 136 LOWES done MG) |e 2 AOS a eee ee oem cee 7.4 10.7 1.9 63 19 82 Glee ee June 26 14 | Very seatiering peste ee erae 4.8 ial 0.7 21 7 28 (GR ek oe doe T5tL Sd Ose eee eee oe BEE 5.2 21 52 73 it Sate June 27 LOM ee do pes Actors aes Cet = 1 058 10.4 2.4 39 24 63 9052 <<,.2 done 1 by a) eee G0i ct. aot coe Se 12.4 5.2 0.0 62 0 62 (eee June 26 16 DepEd ba Bt i oe oe ae 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 6652 ee Biles 16 Gore ae eee eee 1.2 2.0 0.0 11 0 11 mOLezr eS EdOene Thal eee ao SRE AE Eo Sot 2.0 2.4 0.0 15 0 15 SOV EEE SS June 27 15 eee G02: bese hee ace See 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 Nl Seo eee done. 1 At | ee doe eee 2.6 0.7 0.4 12 4 16 Seen pce Ao tapes 1G) |eeeee GOree sso eS ess 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0 0 0 Bo seeee = Rdoneees ty a eae Gn Tse se eee 0.4 0.4 0.0 3 0 3 3) eres doses 16 G2 28515 2A se Sees 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 S8e8oe- Td oesees 16s eee Coste at Se en eee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 ot eee TAOseeee is) eee 6 Coe ne As ere tee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 MOP s.652 Edo TS eae COM ee ce Risener 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 IK0R ease rdoiges By ees (0 (operates 5 re tee 0.0 0.4 ileal 1 11 12 SMALL BEDS NORTHEAST OF RIDGE BED. Northeast of the Ridge is a small patch of about 7 acres of very scattering growth which is estimated to contain about 200 bushels of oysters, most of them over 3 inches in length. The following results were obtained from an examination of this area: DeTamts OF EXAMINATIONS OF SMALL Beps NortTHEAST OF RIDGE BED. Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity Station | Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- |examina- of Character of growth. ber. tion. water. | Spat.| Culls. | Counts. ative & Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No. Bu. | Bu. Bu 7 ede June 27 18 | Very scattering............-.. 0)” asa] sea es 24 | 29 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. 19 OLD BED. Old bed lies close to the southeastern edge of the Ridge, from which it is separated by a narrow strip of mud with many buried shells. It is stated that the dredgers sometimes haul across the barren bottom from one bed to the other. The condition and extent of the bed-as determined by the survey were as follows: OystER GROWTH ON OLD BeEb. Oysters per acre. : Estimated Character of oyster growth. Area. content of Under 3} Over3 Total oysters. inches. | inches. . Acres. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. VE SRO TE! GOS EE See peoemosecoopapogaade sack 20 40 2 42 840 Deleted 5: ys 8. so 5su chee seiasiiee se ssescesas 17 10 3 13 221 Although the bed is at present not very productive it has the appearance of former greater value. It lies on a dense bed of shells . and is undoubtedly the remnant of an old accumulation. There are very few. large oysters to be found, but the young growth is fair in places and the conditions for a new set are good. -The bed evidently has been subjected to severe dredging. The following observations were made: DETAILS OF EXAMINATIONS OF OLD BED. Oysters caught per Estimated quantity Station | Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- }|examina- of Character of growth. ber. tion. water. Spat.| Culls. |Counts.| Seed.|/Market.| Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No. Bu. | Bu. Bu. (OSnoeee June 27 16), Very scattering. —-- 22... 3. - 10. 4 2.8 0.0 46 0 46 NSOE 22: June 30 UF al beer ee ee aoe eerie 6.0 1.4 0.0 26 0 26 TSE - 2 =| 588 oe ee 1 eee GOee eae ane cece eis 0.8 5.6 0.8 22 8 30 GPa eee do iio) eee COS ets see eeeeae es wcce 10. 4 11.6 0.0 77 0 77 53 Sees) Cs d fh eee OSas oboe? aescncoe oaepen 4.8 4.4 0.0 32 0 32 (( Seer June 27 Us|) Depletedesc2--.2-ee ceo et 0.0 2.0 0.0 7 0 7 (Ae eae [es Cy) 1 kes | Paes GOS eae ta ee eas ae 12 2.0 0.8 11 8 19 NSCs == =| st OOsecns 7p ese GOS aaa noe eee eases 0.0 1.2 0.4 4 4 8 134--:- = June 30 720) eee GOs 2825.22 Se ccsont neces 0.6 4.4 0.0 18 0 18 OUTSIDE OF OLD BED. Immediately outside of Old bed is an area of about 16 acres, sur- rounded by sand, for which the oystermen appear to have no name, if, even, they are aware of its existence. But one observation was made at this place, where a dense growth of young oysters was found. If the other parts of the bed are equally productive this patch con- tains about 6,800 bushels of oysters, practically all of them under 3 inches in length. The present growth is apparently of recent origin. 20 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. The following results were obtained from the examination: Deraits oF EXAMINATIONS OF BEDS OvuTSIDE OF OLD BED. Oysters caught per Estimated quantity Station | Date of Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- | examina-| of Character of growth. ber. tion. water. Spat.| Culls. | Counts.| Seed.|Market.) Total. 1910. eet. No. No. No. Bu. Bu. Bu. Wd aeseoe June 27 15+] MDENSOM Jcias cece nee eee en ee 35. 0 83. 4 15.0 | 414 15 429 SCATTERED PATCHES BETWEEN RIDGE AND SOUTHWEST BEDS. On the soft bottom lying between these two beds are a number of little patches of oyster growth, of which five were located with the chain and three were examined by tonging. The latter were all highly productive, and they probably represent the possibilities of oyster production in this vicinity on beds not frequented by the dredgers. The three beds examined covered a total of 11 acres, and it is estimated that they contained about 5,300 bushels of oysters, of which nearly three-fourths were over 3 inches long. Based on the results of the examination, and assuming that the other beds found are equally productive, the five beds probably contain about 11,000 bushels, and it is probable that at least 20,000 bushels are scattered i in little 2 to 5 acre patches in the vicinity. The following table shows the data obtained from examinations: DETAILS OF EXAMINATIONS OF SMALL SCATTERED PATCHES BETWEEN RIDGE AND SoutHwest Bep. Oysters caught per Estimated quantity Station] Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- | examina-| of Character of growth. ber. tion. water. Spat.} Culls. | Counts.| Seed.|Market.| Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No. Bu. Bu. Bu. a June 22 12 ')| Densess 2.6 a. 3o0 Ae eeoen = cer 20.3 Pai kg | 21.1 |: 145 211 356 A ae a G0:sce5 ar ae (Go Ppa oo Ree ota 8 2 ae ie 15. 2 30. 4 2007; 159 207 366 ell: es ae June 27 ae ae OO: 3.2% see ceaaceaae sare lose 14.4 71.5 104 715 819 SOUTHWEST BED. Southwest bed lies in the southeastern part of the present pro- ductive natural oyster grounds of the State and:its southern edge is about one-fourth mile north of the ‘‘east line’? which separates the private beds from the public ones. It has a north and south extent of upward of one-half mile and a maximum width of about one-third mile, containing all told about 106 acres. The extent and relative productiveness of the bottoms, as classified in this report, are shown in the table following. NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. ot OystER GROWTH ON SouTHWEST BED. ° Oysters per acre. eae eee A) 2 timated: Character of oyster growth. Area. content of Under 3 | Over3 Total oysters. inches. | inches. S Acres. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. 1 784 8 IDG Sac demppcoeSsdaace lee encore coSaeoaeossceoraec 1 40 744 , 62: SEE WUGHIIERS D5 seco qneadade SoequeSBS HEED auc bu conbacaEe 8 99 48 147 1,376 RVIET Ve SCR LUCKEN Peete ae ee cle salen a (eyare ajo lsiolminialolalginiai= < 31 18 13 31 961 IDEDIEte Mars sae eer cemeetncees aemice.stesie ee ane a meeeicsia soi 56 4 1 5 280 Motals. Feasts: t= fees |-te Seis nce eise coco re sek LOGE Sse sees asco ost 11,241 The area of dense growth is near the southern end of the bed and is flanked on the east and west_sides by a very scattering growth, and on the north and south by depleted bottom. Most of the oysters are over 3 inches long and they appear to be in numerous small patches on the soft mud. The place has the appearance of bottom which has been overlooked by the oystermen and may as a whole be somewhat smaller in area than is indicated in the preceding table. The bottom bearing scattering growth lies at the northeast edge of the bed and at its southwestern limits merges into a strip of very scattering growth running along the western edge of the bed as far as the densely covered bottom first described. There is another small patch of very scattering growth near the southeast corner of the bed. The depleted bottom lies in three patches, one at each end of the bed and the other at the middle of the eastern edge. Although it is not known whether Southwest bed was dredged during the past season, it bears every evidence that it has been over- worked. Excepting on the small area of dense growth there are few marketable oysters, and bare or almost bare muddy spots are of frequent occurrence. Many oysters had been killed by drills and many of these animals and their egg cases were found. The following table shows the results of examinations: DETAILS OF EXAMINATIONS OF SOUTHWEST BED. | Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity Station| Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- | examina-| of Character of growth. ber. tion. water. Spat.| Culls. | Counts.) Seed. |Market.| Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. | Bu Bu. Bu 126. <1. June 30 14.) Dense... oc. 10.0 74.4 40 744 784 bo) a June 22 13 | Scattering..... 22.7 4.8 99 48 147 17 ee June 30 13 | Very scattering 5.6 0.4 21 4 25 1p end Ea donee. ADRS Sat Goons S455. 7.5 0.4 31 4 35 1D Sel ae Gos o2 Nay eases Osea eee es eee Sec es 1.4 3.0 5 30 35 Tee, See ese dorks. PA ese. GOSS nse ak cca Ses secceee ce 4.4 1.5 15 15 30 Odie nae cis June 22 PSnWDeplened S25 oe see. tect ae 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 IP eaae June 30 TAY Roe Oe seus catee seeeaeasseee 4.4 0.0 17 0 17 1 be aes ee Gos: . Pal coer le en ee nose 1.4 0.4 5 4 9 107) Se eae domes CG i eo do. 0.0 0.4 0 4 4 1 eae ae doi... Th he aeoe (oe) AOS eee ape er 0.0 0. 0 0 0 0 1-7 RE! Se (6 (oa i Pete GOn eee se ee eee sees 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 22 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE, STONE BED. This bed possibly takes its name from the quantity of hard, sandy worm tubes, known to the oystermen as ‘‘stone coral,” which are found attached to and overgrowing the oysters. It is probable that a good many of the latter are stifled and killed by this growth, which is even more abundant on a small depleted patch lying between the Stone bed and the mouth of Mahon River. The bed covers an area of about 33 acres of very scattering growth, on which there is an average of about 53 bushels of oysters per acre. It is estimated that about July 1, 1910, there were on the entire bed about 1,750 bushels of oysters, the large and small being in about equal quantities. The following observations were made: Deraits oF EXAMINATION OF STONE BED. Oysters caught per Estimated quantity Station | Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- | examina-| of Character of growth. ber. tion. water. Spat.| Culls. |Counts. | Seed.|Market.) Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No. Bu. | Bu. Bu. stisosoas June 22 Si) WMenyiSCAtberin gs. see see eee aie 0.7 4.8 2.6 19 26 45 104 eee June 29 193 Pe. 32 GO! i 2 Re es eae walsee ee 10.0 2.4 35 24 59 EAST LINE BED. This bed lies just at the line which marks the southern limits of the public grounds, and it appears that for that reason it has a sentimental interest to the oystermen. It has a diameter not much greater than the length of a boat and is too small to plot on the chart, on which its position is indicated by a circle. Numerous examinations were made in its vicinity over an area of 6 or 8 acres, but at only one place were oysters found, and there they were very dense and mostly of marketable size. The data obtained at this station are shown in the following table: Deraits oF EXAMINATIONS OF East LINE BED. - Oysters caught per | Estimated quantity Station | Date of | Depth square yard. oysters per acre. num- | examina-| of Character of growth. ber. tion. water. Spat.) Culls. | Counts.) Seed.|Market.| Total. 1910. Feet. No. No. No. Bu. Bu. Bu. Sosa 2 June 30 13)\|\ Wenser fk cases conte seer ee 0.0 10.0 77.8 35 778 813 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. 23 FLOGGER BED. Flogger bed lies along Joe Flogger Shoal, which separates Blake Channel from the ship channel. As developed by the survey, it is the largest bed in Delaware, having a length of over 3 miles, an average width of about one-third mile, and an area of about 660 acres. Owing to its exposed situation and the depth of water, as well as to the con- tradictory information received as to its approximate location and extent, it was the most troublesome bed encountered by the survey. Lines were run across Joe Flogger Shoal from its extreme southern end, but no indications of shells or oysters were encountered until within about one-half mile of east line. From this point scattering shells were found, but when the bottom was examined with the tongs these were discovered to be more or less submerged in the sand. The bed as outlined on the chart was located almost entirely by means of the chain. At its upper end it lies on the eastern or ship- channel side of Joe Flogger Shoal, but about a mile from its upper end it expands to the westward over an area of somewhat deeper water, and thence, to its southern end, continues on the western or _ Blake Channel side of the shoal. It was at this pomt of expansion only that oysters were found, in one small patch of very scattering growth and two or three areas of depleted bottom. ~The results were not of sufficient importance to exhibit in detail on the chart. It is possible that oysters are to be found in limited quantities in some of the deeper water, but the chain readings did not indicate patches of sufficient importance to warrant the expense of making dredgings. It is reported that there are oysters in some of the deep water of the ship channel, but no indications were found in such places as were examined. It is understood that Flogger bed has not been dredged for several years, and the survey indicated that while formerly it may have been of importance commensurate with its area, it has become covered with sand throughout practically its whole extent. It may again become productive, but there is no present indication of this probability. Oysters were reported around the buoy at the head of Flogger Shoal and at another buoy on the opposite side of Blake Channel, but a care- ful examination, expecially in the latter place, failed to disclose them. THE BEDS IN SUMMARY. The oyster bottoms of Delaware all lie between Woodland Beach and the vicinity of Bowers Beach, covering an area about 21 miles long and with an average width of about 3 miles. South and west of a line running east from the old Mahon River Lighthouse and thence approximately southeasterly along Blake Channel, the bottoms are excluded from the common oyster fishery and a considerable propor- tion of the area is leased to private persons and firms for purposes of oyster culture. ; 24 NATURAL OYSTER BEDS OF DELAWARE. With this area this report will not deal, as it was examined by the writer in but the most cursory manner anid the survey of the private beds was being made solely as a State undertaking. It may be stated, however, that the private beds are planted partly with shells, mostly brought from points on Chesapeake Bay, but generally with seed oysters taken from the natural beds. The grounds are in large part leased or controlled by residents of Philadelphia and New Jersey, and the product is consumed principally in Philadelphia, being marketed through Maurice River Cove in New Jersey. The natural rocks, with which alone this report is concerned, le in a narrow strip between Blake Channel and the main ship channel on what is known as Joe Flogger Shoal, and between these channels and the Delaware shore in a belt which stretches from the east line above mentioned to about abreast of the upper pier at Woodland Beach, a distance of about 13 miles. At its southeastern end, where it adjoins the planted area, this zone is about 3 miles in width, but it gradually narrows to the northward until at its upper extremity it is hardly one-half mile wide. The most extensive beds lie in the lower half of the zone and the most intense fishery is carried on in that region. During the time of the survey this was practically the only place in which the dredgers were operat- ing, and we were informed that but little had been done elsewhere earlier in the season. The following tables summarize the data of the extent, condition, and general distribution of oyster growth on the several beds pre- viously discussed in more detail: AREAS OF OysTER BEDs. Character of oyster growth. Name of bed. erations |. ERY Not Total. Dense. ar seatter- | Depleted.| deter- 8. ing. mined. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. BOM AY jie wai tent oak wan seater ercins 111 12 6 26 155 Ab srqbbasecr4 yee el eee eee ee Se aoe 78 Oyer=phe2B ar sh ee. to eet tee: 163 Between Over-the-Bar and Sand 21 Sandete soe Fee le be oy cer 54 Melpsic UOC Ksee eee artes ee eens 4 INorthvoriSilvert: Samoans. nen oe ee ees cee 25 Between Silver and Simons Creek 17 Silvers eee Cate achicha eee ot te 270 Between Silver and Ridge................. 36 CU LOANED ape Came .(.", (Huet a AEE ee ee 68 TRG Ta Pega Pa oe Rei cee A NG 371 Northeast OfIRIdGPR ewe eee ee. eee a Sy Season abe Manel tie es Me eye ot 8 37 Outside OSiO GR 2 Sa yes el Soe) aes to's ‘Hin ab ; hal na ais) peel Hn BOs oz] ribadi | a: ri Ub. ry Ad () 7 ‘ “ae ei. raf ri ‘ ¥ : “al ’ o he » le ‘ a iy : - fe . ay im f ; h, ¥ ” yd Nh hell he ot ; } vad : 1 * : (4 i a Lane fs ie Pua y y s is . > a D y pA, ' hid eee . i ih 1g es ‘ WE ~ . papaya ieee wi we hee hae as = r Ge Bombay Hook Point Bombay oO BR Ship Joh Shoal Light Note Natura. Oyster Beds shown in red Area of dense growth of oysters | MPC oe ree eee ee 8815 Leipsic © (ee _Goose Point Leipsie p, ch he |r —~ Little Bombay Hook if red patches 22 se 14 h LU) Wy oy y Mahon River Light Bierg eo H / NATURAL OYSTER BEDS DELAWARE | os SURVEYED py as / 4 p STATES ‘ REAU OF FISHERIES a AND a Y COMMISSION TO MOTOM wea Jo 2ASTSS Sinkou @ C4 ~~ ' Tan rere OT is 18 US.BF —Doc.729 CHartl. TY Roundaries of Public Beds shown in broken Nack lines Natural Oyster Beds, sh po red: | trea of dense yg Z rket aysters , a: » SOtfered ” » ” ” : ae oe WY fea llered » ” ” ” é * ss Replotedt ” Sry » ] Stetione ad entiok dense growths of young eccur ; ‘ © \ | : & Soundings | Depth at varan low water avpresacd tn feet | atin Bottom symbols: Ay fer hard; 8 for sont > : 3 Note: Aor mare wenuiled anplanation eee tavt % —<—— — == =o. io Blunt « Point 1 “¢ . ‘ NEWPORT NEWS ue » whe 0 Church P i Yi f Porto >» Lez — £ O Middle Ground Le ars Bi > ht Blavators oe (Middle) Kee ee 7 ay iy il sof hoping | ere: ARP ini We ‘. Co \ AEs a oe h pte = ~ iD ey 4 uv \ag mS ® SCE cE ‘ a 40 a: ae io a s . 44 r 2 = white Shoal Roch, nu 66 Le ty ‘ P a ? i Nite Shoal Le. ‘ 10 3 \“ (White) Gprisent oy 4 n ie * Kou “Wi ; a ee Vint i] ¥ ao ir ¥ tA prem Shoa; j s » ( . w Se eR) % " Nuit, 4 Ay y H (uw) ry Channel 5 PERSE ‘ ot 1 : e Poo 9 e ~ ae 4 4 Ad ; 10 ©) a Beaoon i shoal Rock (Beak) \a ’ ry 6 rai Cay La oF 7 4 ~—- —O" _— Z i ye eye j e andes i}! i} ' NVansemone ek \ Days Point