Volume 3 Second Session Seattle, Wiashington Sept. 6-7 & Oct. 6, 1967 CONFERENCE ^ Pollution off the Navigable ^A/^aters of Pu mH Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca and ^^•^ Their Tributaries and Estuaries. Oi i -0 " CD : o I □ ■ r^ i □ : m ■ a I 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 MORNING SESSION, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 6, I967 CHAIRMAN STEIN: The Conference is open. This is the reconvened session of the Con- ference in the matter of pollution of the interstate waters of Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca, the tributaries and estuaries, involving the State of Washington and the United States Government, represented by the United States Depart- ment of Interior. The Conferees are Mr. Roy M. Harris on my right, who represents the State of Washington, Mr. R. F. Poston, on my left, who is the Regional Director for the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, United States Department of the Interior. My name is Murray Stein. I am from Washing- ton, D. C, United States Department of the Interior, and the representative of Secretary Stewart Udall. We recessed the second session of the Conference for a couple of weeks to get additional informa- tion and fully consider the matter. I think the Conferees have done that, and I also think this is a very appropriate place to hold the meeting. I am reminded of a statement of a former boss of mine, and I guess if you live long enough you amass more bosses than you know what to but President Harry Truman said, "If you can't stan^ heat, stay out of the kitchen." (Laughter.) V. 432- MR. STEIN Mr. Postorij may we call upon you for the additional statements received during these two weeks. Mr. Poston. SUPPLEf^NTAL PRESENTATIONS BY LETTER MR. POSTON: This is a letter received from Fibi^e- board Corporation. It is addressed to Mr. Harris and myself. FIBREBOARD CORPORATION "September l4, 1967 "Gentlemen: "The joint water pollution study by the FWPCA and the Washington State Pollution Control Commission has developed the report of March 19^7 and certain recommendations for implementation and enforcement plans for control of poten- tially polluted waters. "As the recommendations relate to the Port Angeles Harbor waters and the Fibreboard Plant, the Federal agency would require: "1. Primary treatment for settleable material and 70^ reduction in all volatile suspended solids; "2. A submarine outfall discharging fifty feet below the surface of the water; and "3. Removal of the sludge bed and depositing same on land. 432 1 FIBREBOARD CORPORATION 2 "The State recommends: 3 "1. Primary treatment for settleable material; 4 (They question the feasibility of the Federal's 70% reduction 5 in volatile suspended material). g "2. A submarine outfall with diffuser outlets; Y "and 3- Sludge bed removal and depositing same g on land. g "In addition^ our Port Angeles Plant has the requirement of connecting sanitary sewage facilities to the 10 jj City of Port Angeles system treatment plant when it is avail- 12 13 able. We have already made a verbal commitment to the City of Port Angeles to do this. j^ "This plant was constructed in I918 as a jc sulphite and ground wood mill. Although it operates at some .- competitive disadvantage with the newer, more versatile sul- ,m fate plants and even though it is somewhat removed geographi- 18 20 22 23 24 25 cally from our converting facilities, we have a continuing 19 program of needed and reasonable improvement to permit its continued competitive operation. We expect to continue this 21 program which includes reasonable requirements for pollution control. If, however, we are obliged to spend large sums for changes which serve no real purpose, our entire program will be in serious jeopardy. "Particularly, we are concerned about the 41i_ FIBREBOARD CORPORATION proposed requirement for the removal of sludge beds because of the great expense involved and the lack of any helpful results. This is evident from our statement, together with the statement of September 1, 196? of the renown Sanitary Engineering Consulting Firm, Brown & Caldwell. These state- ments are attached as Exhibits C and D, respectively. "Also, we feel that there is no evidence of direct damage to fish life in these Port Angeles Harbor waters At the hearings conducted by the Washington State Pollution Control Commission in Port Angeles on December 15, 1966, testimony was heard that there were no oyster beds in the area; It was also pointed out that these waters are too cold for swimming and that there were no beaches in the area. Mr. Edward Cavanaugh, Manager of our Port Angeles Plant, said, 'we would like to record our belief that these proposed standards have failed to take into consideration the use and value of the waters under consideration for industrial and other legitimate uses. We also believe that these proposed standards have failed to take into consideration the assimi- lating capacity of the waters in question '. A copy of his full statement is attached, as Exhibit A. "At the hearing held on June 6, 196? , at Olympla, Washington, by the Washington State Pollution Control Commission, we protested the high classification of the Port 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 434 FIBREBOARD CORPORATION Angeles Harbor waters^ as no evidence has been submitted that fish life In this area Is being harmed. The waters should be classified as primarily Industrial. A copy of the full statement made by Mr. E. Cavanaugh Is attached as Exhibit B. "On September 6-J , 196? at a joint conference of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and Washington State Pollution Control Commission, we again noted there was no direct evidence that fish life was being harmed by our effluent waters. "In considering anti-pollution measures. you should consider need, reasonablllty and the economic background. The assimilating capacity of a receiving body of water is an Important aspect bearing on these factors. "In review, we can summarize our viewpoints as follows: "1. There is no sufficient evidence to show that flshlife is being harmed in the Port Angeles Harbor waters; "2. There is no Justification for the removal of sludge beds; "3. There is no justification for discharging the effluent fifty feet below the surface of the water; FIBREBOARD CORPORATION "4. The Port Angeles Harbor waters should be classified as industrial waters; and "5. Considering the age of our plant, its location and competitive conditions, it is questionable as to whether there would be justification for the expendi- ture of large sums of money, without return on investment. "We respectfully ask you to give careful consideration to the points which we have enumerated. "Very truly yours, FIBREBOARD CORPORATION, William Geisler, Vice President." MR, POSTON: There are attachments to this, the exhibits mentioned, and I will submit those for the record, Mr. Chairman. CHAIRMAN STEIN: Without objection, they will be entered, (which said attachments to the Fibreboard Corporation letter are as follows:) EXHIBIT A STATEMENT FOR WATER QUALITY STANDARD HEARING ELKS CLUB PORT ANGELES, WASHINGTON December 15, 1966 FIBREBOARD STATEMENT My name is Edward J. Cavanaugh. I am Plant ^36. FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT A Manager of the Port Angeles Division of Fibreboard Corporation, Pibreboard Corporation would like to express to the Washington State Pollution Control Commission its concurrerjice in the suggested criteria for the Water Quality Standards and the supporting statements with reference to these suggested criteria made by Donald R. Graunke and Storrs Waterman, rep- resenting the Natural Resources Committee of the Association of Washington Industries, and which we believe have the support of industry generally. We also wish to express to the Commission our concurrence in the objective of the Commission in the promulgation of proper water quality standards for the waters of the state and of this region in particular, and we assure the Commission of our cooperation in the achievement of this objective and want to record our appreciation for the objective approach to this most difficult task. With reference to the proposed water quality standards set forth in the information bulletin which is the subject of this hearing, we would like to record our belief that these proposed standards have failed to take into consideration the use and value of the waters under consideration for industrial and other legitimate uses. We also believe that these proposed standards have failed to take into consideration the assimilating capacity of 43Z. FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT A the waters in question for Industrial waste which has received practicable treatment or has been placed under control. We also feel that they have failed to recognize the use of these waters as a proper and beneficial use for the people of this area. It is also our belief that the proposed standards have failed to take into account and to give due consideration to the practicability and to the physical and economic feasibility of complying with such standards. Based on our Attorney's opinion we would also voice our belief that pages 19 - 24 of the information bulletin do not constitute a plan within the meaning of the Federal Water Quality Act of I965 for the implemen- tation and enforcement of such water quality standards as may be adopted by the Commission pursuant to these hearings. We would submit that any determination made pursuant to these hearings, that any person or firm was not in compliance with such standards as may be ultimately adopted by the Com- mission or that any specific treatment or control should be established would be unlawful and would deprive such person of their constitutional rights. We therefore request that Table II and the subject matter of pages 19 - 24 of the information bulletin be deleted from any order of the Commission which Is intended to have the force of law or 5 438. 1 FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT A 2 any legal effect. 3 We appreciate this opportunity to comment 4 on the proposed standards and, in view of the holidays, request that the records be held open until January l6, g 1967 for any supplementary statement we wish to file. 7 8 FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT B g My name is Ed Cavanaugh, associated with jQ Flbreboard Corporation, a firm which has an industrial 11 plant in Port Angeles In reviewing the classification which you are considering today for the Port Angeles harbor waters, .4 it is our belief that based on testimony submitted at the j5 hearing held in Port Angeles on December 15, I966, relative to these waters and considering that this area has long jy been classified in the industrial category, the classification jg which you have proposed is much higher than necessary for proper protection of these waters. 12 13 16 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT C My name is Edward J. Cavanaugh, Plant Manager of Flbreboard Corporation, Port Angeles Plant. Based on a study made by Brown and Caldwell, a consulting firm of sanitary engineers, in I96I of offshore 439 FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT C water conditions at our Port Angeles Plant, I can find no justification to the requirements for the removal of sludge bed and the installation of a discharge line 50 feet below the surface of the water. To substantiate the above statement, we submit a copy of Brown and Caldwell's letter of September 1 dealing with the subject. FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT D BROWN AND CALDWELL Waterworks - Drainage CONSULTING ENGINEERS Wastewater Treatment San Francisco-San Marino-Seattle Rate Studies - Valuations 66 Mint Street-San Francisco, Calif. Chemical & Bacteriologica] YU 2-2442 Laboratories C.M.S K. W. Brown - 1944-1961 D. H. Caldwell - CE 6287 F. J. Kersnar - CE 8799 J. C. Luthin - CE 5697 J. T. Norgaard - CE 6821 R. F. Wilcox - CE 8274 September 1, I967 F145B Mr. Claude Stitt, Flbreboard Corporation, 1789 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, California 94l06 WATER WASTE DISPOSAL, PORT ANGELES MILL Dear Mr. Stitt: As you requested, we have reviewed reports and other data collected in the course of our oceanographlc Mo_ FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT D investigations of conditions in Port Angeles Harbor and are submitting herewith a summary of those observations. During December I96I our firm conducted an underwater investigation in the harbor offshore from the Port Angeles mill to determine the extent of deposition and the apparent effects on marine life in the vicinity. Per- sonnel involved in the work were sanitary engineers^ one of whom was a scuba diver, a biological oceanographer, and professional scuba divers. The underwater work was carried out for a total of seven days and also included inspection of areas in both Port Angeles Harbor and at Neah Bay, 75 miles westward, where conditions were unaffected by pulp mill discharges. Underwater photographs were taken and detailed field notes were kept. Effects of Solids Deposition The deposition area attributable to waste- water discharge from the Fibreboard mill covers an area of about 115 acres and, in general, was found to occupy a segment of a circle with a radius of about 2500 feet lying northerly and easterly of the mill. This area amounts to about 3-'^ percent of the area of the bottom of the Port Angeles Harbor as a whole. Bottom deposits in general did not exceed 24 inches in depth. At the outer edges, the deposition FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT D feathers out to a band or strip of isolated clumps of fibrous material. This strip ranges in width from a few feet to several hundred feet. Inspection indicated that a condition of general equilibrium existed between the depth and extent of the deposited material and the bottom currents . Observations by divers in the deposition area revealed an abundance of marine animals living on and immediately above the deposits. Those noted include: spider crab, anemone, limpet, starfish, shrimp, sculpin, and flounder. Existence of these creatures is indicative of aerobic conditions on the surface of the deposit. Except for a shallow surface layer, the water overlying the deposition area was found to be quite clear and schools of several different species of fish and other animals were observed. These included Pacific herring, yellowtail rockfish, Pacific staghorn sculpin, starry flounder, shrimp, krlll, spider crab, hermit crab, starfish, anemone, nudibranches, and octopus. Local divers, in addition, reported the presence of lingcod, marbled sculpin, and black rockfish. On several occasions, sports fishermen were observed catching salmon adjacent to the Flbreboard dock which is located in the deposition area. Observations of the marine biota on and In 442. 1 FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT D 2 the immediate vicinity of dock pilings revealed a profusion 3 of biological activity. Inhabitants included acorn 4 barnacles, sponges, anemones, nudibranches, sea urchins, 5 chiton, jingles, keyhole limpets, tubeworms, starfish, Q and spider crabs. •J Comparison dives were made at Neah Bay and g the Thunderblrd Boathouse, Just Inside Edlz Hook at Port 9 Angeles. At Neah Bay, pilings exhibited a more abundant growth of tubeworms and mussels, but not as heavy a growth 10 jj of anemones and sponges as found on the Fibreboard dock 12 13 pilings. Growth on pilings at Thunderblrd Boathouse was found to be quite similar to that at the Fibreboard dock. 14 Little or no differences in the variety of fish were noted 15 between the three areas. jg These studies demonstrate quite dramatically i» that a well balanced marine community exists on and over the Ig area of deposition offshore from the Fibreboard mill. As a result, we have concluded that the marine environment has not been adversely affected by deposition from the waste 21 discharge. Under these conditions, mechanical removal would not Improve the bottom environment and could cause 23 adverse conditions during the extended period which would 24 be required for such an operation, 25 19 20 22 PIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT D Effects of Proposed Submarine Discharge Because its density Is much less than that of seawaterj wastewater discharges at or near the surface form a relatively thin layer. During the 1961 study ;, It was found that clear underlying seawater was brought to the surface by a small boat's propeller. Such a surface Is exposed to wind and wave action and, therefore, tends to disperse quite rapidly. The Immediate oxygen demand of the waste is met by surface reaeration and by dilution in the surface waters. Accordingly, it has a negligible effect on dissolved oxygen levels in the great mass of underlying seawater. This con- clusion is attested to by the observation of marine life reported in the proceeding paragraphs. The question arises as to the relative merits of a deep water discharge into the harbor. By discharging through a multiple-port diffuser, it is possible to obtain rapid initial mixing, possibly as high as 60 parts of sea- water to 1 part of wastewater. The mixture, however, will form a relatively thick surface field which will have a lesser tendency to remain on the surface. Thus a higher concentration of sulfite waste liquor would exist in the underlying waters. As a result, a greater depression of dissolved oxygen levels would be expected that with a surface discharge . 444 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 FIBREBOARD CORPORATION - EXHIBIT D Normally, it is considered desirable in municipal waste disposal practice to provide for as deep a discharge and as great a degree of mixing with underlying waters as possible. In the present case, however, it appears that so doing could well cause adverse effects on the marine environment which do not exist with a surface discharge. For these reasons we cannot concur in an arbitrary requirement with respect to the depth of the discharge. We recommend that such a decision be based on results of a study of the dispersion characteristics and tidal currents, both surface and deep. in the vicinity of the discharge. We trust this summary will meet your needs at the forthcoming hearing. Please call if any questions arise. BROWN AMD CALDWELL (Signed) D. A. Relnsch D. A. Relnsch cc MR. POSTON: Next we have a letter from the Weyerhaeuser Company, which reads as follows: WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY "September 19, 196? "Weyerhaeuser Company would like to take advantage of the extension of time granted in holding open WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY the record of the reconvened State-Federal Conference on the subject of Pollution of the Navigable Waters of Puget Sound and the Straits of Juan de Fuca and Their Tributaries and Estuaries. "We would like to enter into the record the attached statement by Robert Knight, given in behalf of the Everett Mills Technical Committee as presented before the Washington State Pollution Control Commission Hearing on Water Quality Standards, held in Mount Vernon, Washington, February 9, 1967. The rather bulky report documenting Mr. Knight's statements is already in the possession of the Washington State Water Pollution Control Commission as part of the proceedings of the aforementioned hearing. "The FWPCA and the WSWPCC conducted fixed and mobile live-box salmon fingerling bioassays in April and May of 19^3 • Since that time several changes have been made which renders their data obsolete. This point of obsolescence was brought out in the statement of the Everett Technical Committee at the reconvened conference, September 5 and 7. The following are changes which affect waterfront quality at Weyerhaeuser Company's Everett Sulphite Mill. "1. A clarifier has been installed to treat woodroom wastes. This clarified effluent discharges via the main sewer. 446 WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY "2. An acid filter backwash salvage system has been Installed. "3. A knot pit was built. Knotter rejects, formerly sewered during times of failure of waste system, are now diverted to a holding bin. "4. Bleach plant fiber from washer vat drains and major floor drains are now routed to screen room stock system. "5. Chip and hogfuel barge unloading facilities have not been changed but the amount unloaded has been drastically reduced. Hogfuel is now trucked across town and dumped at powerhouse. Only about four barges each of chips and fuel are unloaded per month now. This has reduced spillage to the Bay. "6. Sulfur is now received molten by rail. Thus no more elemental sulfur is lost at the dock front while unloading ships. "7. The main sewer underwater outfall has a hard sand spit built up in front of it. This buildup alone shows the change in the composition of the settleable solids carried. "Very truly yours, J. 0. Julson, Director, Air and Water Resources." MR. POSTON: Mr. Chairman, I submit this 447 WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY for the record. CHAIRMAN STEIN: This has an attachment^ too. Without objection J they will be entered into the record. (Which said attachment to the Weyerhaeuser Company letter is as follows:) February 6, I967. Everett Mills Technical Committee, Everett, Washington. Gentlemen: My name is Robert Knight. I reside in Everett and am the Technical Director of the Sulphite Mill of Weyerhaeuser Company. I am here today as Chairman of the Everett Mills Technical Committee composed of various members of the technical staffs of the pulp and paper com- panies located in Everett, that is, Weyerhaeuser Company, Scott Paper Company and Simpson Lee Paper Company. This committee has, since 1953, conducted routine water monitoring in Port Gardner Bay and the Snohomish River. It is the Committee's responsibility to supervise routine water monitoring surveys and to administer research programs in Port Gardner Bay that are jointly sponsored by our companies. At this time I would like to submit the report of the Everett Technical Committee for the record. This 4M. WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY ATTACHMENT report is lengthy and documents in detail the following items: 1. The Water Survey Program of the Everett mills with emphasis on the existing quality of the waters, 2. The water uses within the area, 3. The standards proposed for these waters, and 4. Treatment needs. As a part of the Technical Committee report there are attached a number of statements or reports as follows : 1. A statement of conclusions and three technical reports covering the bottom fishes of Port Gardner Bay by Dr. T. S. English of the University of Washington Department of Oceanography. 2. A statement by the University of Washington Fisheries Research Institute covering their conclusions on studies regarding fingerling salmon migration in Port Gardner and the Snohomish River. 3. A statement by Vincent Barcott, operator and owner of the trawler 'Point Defiance', regarding bottom fishing in the waters between Everett and Whidbey Island. 4. A statement by Frank Barcott, Jr., owner and operator of the trawler 'Lemes', regarding bottom trawling. 449 WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY ATTACHMENT 5. A statement by A. C. Zuanlchj owner and operator of the trawler 'Voyager', regarding the hake fishery in Port Susan and Saratoga Passage. 6. A statement by Frank A. Zuanlch, owner and operator of the trawler 'Wisconsin', regarding the hake fishery in Port Susan and Saratoga Passage. 7. A statement by Kenneth G. Tapert of Puget Sound By-Products regarding Hake production. 8. A report by W. P. Breese of the Depart- ment of Fisheries and Wildlife at Oregon State University entitled 'Factors Influencing the Development of Pacific Oyster Larvae in 48 Hour Bioassays. 9. A statement by Leiter Hockett, deep sea diver, regarding observations while inspecting the deep water diffuser line. 10. A report by Dr. Max Katz entitled 'Trends in the Steelhead Sports Fishery in the State of Washington with Emphasis on the Fishery in Streams of the Puget Sound, Hood Canal and Grays Harbor Areas' will be submitted for the record within two weeks. 11. A report by R. Tollefson entitled 'Biological Survey - Port Gardner Bay and Snohomish River' will also be submitted for the record within two weeks. "Rather than read this document in its entirety^ 450 WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY ATTACHMENT we summarize as follows: A review and discussion of significant chemical and biological data has been prepared for the waters of the Everett area for consideration by the Wash- ington State Pollution Control Commission in establishing water quality standards. The 'Criteria for Water Quality Standards', as presented by the Association of Washington Industries, has been considered and found to provide a general rationale and a set of practical working standards which, if adopted, will ensure proper protection for all water uses, including waste assimilation. The deep water diffuser jointly operated by two sulphite pulp mills provides an example of a working waste dispersal zone compatible with the concept of multiple use of the waters. The variability shown in the compilation of water quality data cited exemplifies the complexity of the estuarial system and points to certain impractical aspects of the standards being proposed. The narrow limits proposed do not indicate sufficient consideration of seasonal, diurnal, hydrographlc, and meteorological factors. The oyster larvae bioassay as generalized evidence of pollution is subject to question. Only data derive: 451 WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY ATTACHMENT using organisms indigenous to an area are applicable for this purpose. Recent unpublished studies and an evaluation of the techniques of the test raise questions relative to test conditions and application of results. Research studies covering both the anadromous and demersal fisheries have been conducted. Results of these studies in conjunction with commercial and sports catches indicate thriving fisheries exist. Thus, an adequate food supply of necessity must be present and no deleterious effect from waste disposal is exhibited. Mr. Harris, we appreciate the opportunity to submit this report today, and we v;ish to emphasize our willingness to work with the staff of the Commission at any time in the establishment of equitable water standards. Thank you . MR. POSTON: We have a letter from the Halibut Fishermen's Wives' Association, Seattle, Washington. The letter reads as follows: HALIBUT FISHERMEN'S WIVES' ASSOCIATION "September 20, I967 "The Halibut Fishermen's Wives' Association concurs with the report given by the Federal and State Agencies, published in March of I967, on pollution control of Puget Sound waters. It is vital to the economy of the 452 HALIBUT FISHERMEN'S WIVES' ASSOCIATION State for both industrial and recreational usage to protect these waters. "Very sincerely yours, Barbara E. Sivertsen, Corresponding Secretary." CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you. MR. POSTON: We have a letter from the Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers. ASSOCIATION OF WESTERN PULP AND PAPER WORKERS "September 19, 1967 "My name is John R. Swanson, Northern Area Representative of the Association of Western Pulp and Paper Workers. The mills Involved in the pollutional effects of pulp and paper mill wastes in Puget Sound are mills whose hourly employees I represent for our Union. "I had the opportunity of being present at the recent hearings in Seattle and also since that time have had an opportunity to study the report dated March I967. As an Interested party, a union representative and a citizen, I was certainly very interested in the hearings and also the report filed by the Commission. I would very much like to point out my concerns in this matter for the record. "First, I am very interested and concerned about pollution controls in our streams and estuaries and in the waters of Puget Sound. As a citizen, I have always 4^i ASSOCIATION OF WESTERN PULP AND PAPER WORKERS been an avid sportsman, skin-diver and fisherman - particu- larly in the area around Port Angeles. "As a Union Representative, I am very con- cerned about the impact of the Government's study on the pulp and paper industry in the Puget Sound area and certainly I must admit that our actions - mine as well as other interest^ are motivated to a degree by selfishness. "In my every day dealings with the pulp and paper industry and my knowledge of the activities of other industries in the Puget Sound area, I must point out clearly - and it certainly is known to the Commission - that the pulp and paper industry has, through the past several years, spent considerable amounts of money on pollution control. They have also, diligently, through their research departments and technical help from other agencies, endeavored to find ways of cleaning up their waste disposal facility. The Government must agree that the contribution of the pulp and paper in- dustry toward pollution control in the past few years has been a considerable contribution and certainly this is not true of many of the other industries in the area. "It is easy to see in observing a pulp mill operation, their outfalls, the change in the color of the water by the discharge of sulphite waste liquors, and so it becomes a very obvious thing to point to by any and all . 454 ASSOCIATION OF WESTERN PULP AND PAPER WORKERS observers. It is also a fact that the affluents discharged by other industries are not so visibly seen and not so clearly recognizable to the untrained observer. Even though emissions by other industries and those emissions necessary for pest control and city sanitation are much more injurious and much more toxic to the various forms of sea life and fishes than pulp mill emissions. "I realize, of course, that the pulp mills have to continue in their efforts to clean up our streams and estuaries and Puget Sound. It must be pointed out however, that the Puritanical outcries of the shellfish and oyster growers are selfishly motivated far beyond any concern for public interests and public welfare. It certainly is well-known and clearly understood in the Puget Sound area, particularly in the area of Hood's Canal, that if the oyster growers and shellfish people had their way, my family and I would never be able to walk down a public beach and pick oysters and dig clams, etc. This land would be completely controlled and regulated by the oyster growers if they were able to perpetuate the aims that they seek. Shellfish were placed on this earth by divine providence and the will of the Lord. It took very little work, very little economic investment by the people in the shellfish industry. Certainly they have found ways to increase the yield, etc., by scientific 1 ASSOCIATION OF WESTERN PULP AND PAPER WORKERS 2 study. However, their initial investment in this industry 3 was made by someone other than themselves, and certainly any 4 large expenditure by the pulp and paper industry in the 5 area of further pollution control either necessary or un- g necessary, will yield a much greater boon to the oyster 7 grower J if what they say is true, than it ever could yield g to the public interest 9 "it would seem to me as a layman and an 10 observer, that if they are so interested in the public welfare 11 and have so much more to gain than anyone else in pollution 12 control, that they should then be willing to share sub- 13 stantially in the costs of any further pollution control, 14 and certainly it would seem that they could themselves then 15 pay at least half of any additional expenses necessary by Ig the pulp mills, unless their outcries are completely selfishly ly motivated. Ig "I must point out to the conferees that I 15 am very concerned about the pulp and paper industry being 20 treated in an unfair manner because this has become an issue 21 between the shellfish growers and the pulp and paper industry, 22 rather than an issue in the interests of public safety, public 23 health and public welfare. 24 "I sincerely hope that all of our interests are 25 devoted to the public welfare without regard for private 4^6 ASSOCIATION OF WESTERN PULP AND PAPER WORKERS Interest groups and that our primary concern Is for what is right. The point that I am trying to make is that our employees, working in the pulp and paper mills are private citizens first, and employees of the pulp and paper industry second, and certainly many, many of them have an interest in clean, pure water for fishing and recreational activities. They are also concerned that the Industry for which they work is treated fairly and justly and not penalized by un- founded outcries of any selfish-Interest group. "The report by the Government and the intensive research done by the Government seem to indicate there were a great many areas for honest differences of opinion and further seem to indicate that the Government and the Com- mission needed to do a great deal more work before any con- crete facts and recommendations could be established and put into effect. "I wish to reiterate that any unfair and un- necessary expenditures forced on the pulp mills makes it difficult for our people to secure the proper type of wages and conditions that they are entitled to through collective bargaining processes. If, in fact, a more stringent code must be adopted, and more strict procedures must be enforced, then this should only be done after the most complete study based on the absolute facts of the situation and not be 10 457 1 ASSOCIATION OF WESTERN PULP AND PAPER WORKERS 2 distated by outside pressures which would very much like to 3 impose what might very well be unnecessary restrictions on 4 the pulp and paper industry. g "In conclusion, gentlemen, I wish to state g that as a private citizen and a member of the community and » also as a labor representative, we want to work with you in g the Government and with your Commission in an effort to pro- g tect the general welfare of the people in the State of Wash- ington and everywhere in the United States. We must and J, will insist that our desires be motivated by what is just 12 and right, based on the best possible information, rather than based on the outcries of self-interest groups who con- .. tend their primary interest is the public welfare, while, -_ through the many years of their history, they have indicated that their primary concern was for their own self-interest. "Once again, I ask you to give consideration to the large expenditures that have been spent by the pulp mills and certainly the testimony indicates that the pulp and paper industry is willing to spend a great deal more money and a great deal more time and a great deal more study in an effort to cooperate and do what is necessary to guarantee that they will not destroy our natural resources or deny our natural resources to other water users. "I am certain that the conferees will study thiife 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ^58_ ASSOCIATION OP WESTERN PULP AND PAPER WORKERS matter carefully and I am certain that their dedication will allow no verdict that is not fair and just to all parties concerned. I have appreciated the opportunity of being able to listen to the testimony of both parties. I was somewhat chagrined that the Government findings were not more complete, but I am certainly pleased that the Government is working and will continue to work in the public interest. "It may seem that I have taken a position in support of the pulp mills. This is not necessarily the case. I feel that the primary consideration should be fair and equitable treatment. Federal pressure has been brought to bear regardless of the unfortunate necessity for this pressure, however, it must be admitted that the pulp mills have yielded to this pressure and are endeavoring to do something in the public interest. The union members' position as public spirited citizens and employees in industry must be considered by the conferees and their position on the horns of this dilema requires careful consideration and scrutiny by all parties. "Thank you very much for the opportunity to submit this statement on behalf of the private citizens in my area, on behalf of the employees in the pulp and paper industry in my area. On behalf of our Union, the Association '. 45a 1 ASSOCIATION OF WESTERN. PULP AND PAPER WORKERS 2 of Western Pulp and Paper Workers, 3 "Respectfully submitted, John R. Swanson, 4 Area Representative." 5 - - - 6 CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you. 7 MR. POSTON: I have a brief letter here from Thcfir g Tollefson, Director of the Washington Department of Fisheries. 9 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES 10 "September 21, 196? 11 "Enclosed herewith is our supplemental state- 12 ment concerning the second session of the conference in the 13 matter of pollution of the navigable waters of Puget Sound, 14 Strait of Juan de Fuca and their tributaries and estuaries - 15 September 6-7., I967, Seattle, Washington." 16 MR, POSTON: Included are a number of ap- 17 pendices which I submit for the record. 18 CHAIRMAN STEIN: Without objection, the 19 appendices will be Included as exhibits and the letter will 20 appear in the record. 21 (Which said appendices are as follows:) 22 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT A 23 September 20, 1967 24 SUPPLEMENT TO THE WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT 25 OF FISHERIES STATEMENT PRESENTED TO THE CONFEREES AT THE 460 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT A SECOND SESSION OF THE CONFERENCE IN THE MATTER OF POLLUTION OF THE NAVIGABLE WATERS OF PUGET SOUND, STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES AND ESTUARIES - SEPTEMBER 6-7, 1967, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON Mr. Chairman and Conferees: The Washington Department of Fisheries re- affirms its position concerning the findings and recommenda- tions of the joint Federal-State report, "Pollutional Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes in Puget Sound", March I967, presented in Seattle, Washington in September 1967. The use of the marine and estuarial waters by fish and shellfish is acknowledged here and in the Department of Fisheries statements on proposed water quality standards presented at the Washington State Pollution Control Commission hearings on December 15, I966 at Port Angeles and on February 9, I967 at Mount Vernon, Washington and are sub- mitted as part of this supplement. Further, to illustrate the complexity of salmon management, there is attached hereto a copy of our recommendations as proposed for the management of the 1967 Puget Sound commercial salmon fisheries. The proposed recommendations contain repeated references to hatchery production of chinook and coho salmon. Maintenance of these stocks within an exploitable level has 10 461 1 STATE OP WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT A 2 been achieved through increased production at our hatcheries 3 and at an increase in cost to the taxpayers. Hatchery pro- 4 duction of pink and chum salmon has not yet proven feasible 5 and maintenance of these stocks is even more critical. g The fact that these salmon runs have already Y been subjected to various fisheries prior to entering Puget g Sound further demonstrates the need for a thorough knowledge 9 of any given fishery. Therefore, we consider that the use of statistics on salmon and steelhead landings from selected jl area as presented by Dr. Max Katz to the conferees to demon- 12 strate that certain salmonid populations were doing as well J3 in areas of pollution, as in unpolluted waters, to be invalid. 14 Similarly, the statement of Dr. Thomas English to the con- 15 ferees concerning English sole is considered as unnecessary Ig objection. The joint Federal-State report clearly acknowledge jy no demonstrable adverse effect of pulp pollution on the bottom- 18 fish present in deep water in the Everett area. Further, 19 statements attributed to commercial trawl fishermen may be 20 discounted on the basis that the English sole and hake were 21 caught In deep water outside of Everett harbor. 22 We would stress that most of the speakers 23 for the pulp and paper Industry attempted to create the 24 Impression that the Federal Water Pollution Control Admlni- 25 stratlon recommendations were tied to economic damage to 462 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT A the fishery resources. Whereas ^ the key issue being con- sidered was whether the waters under discussion are or are not polluted, to what degree, and the measures that must be taken to alleviate the polluted conditions. Determination of water pollution through measurements of primary productivity and the use of the Pacific oyster embryo bioassay technique was critically commented upon by the pulp and paper industry. Referring first to the primary productivity studies, we feel that this matter was resolved by the speakers and the conference chairman. However, for the record we have attached a report (Westley, I967) indicating the interactive effect of sulfite waste liquor on photo- synthesis in estuarial waters. With regard to the oyster larvae bioassay, we feel that most of the questions are adequately answered in Appendix I of the original statement presented by the Washington Department of Fisheries to the conferees and in the report, "Measurement of Water Quality by the Pacific Oyster Embryo Bioassay" submitted for the record as part of this supplement. However, we will take this opportunity to offer our comments on some statements made by Messrs. Donald Benson, Gene Haydu, and Roger Tollefson. We must 463_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT A 2 point out that the work of Professor Breese referred to by 3 Mr. Benson was carried out with "stripped" rather than 4 spawned oyster eggs. The use of "stripped" eggs for any 6 sort of molluscan larvae work has been generally discredited g by Dr. Loosanoff and his co-workers as well as most other 7 researchers studying and growing bivalve larvae. Further, g we feel that the oyster larvae bloassays reported by the 9 FWPCA were conducted at a temperature considered to be quite IQ ideal by marine biologists working with oyster larvae. 11 Considering Mr. Haydu's statements on the 12 oyster larval bioassay tests, we agree that differences 13 exist between response levels of various forms (Mr. Haydu 1^ considers shrimp, fish and oysters) to some toxicants, and concur that safe levels for one species may be lethal to another. We also agree in principle with his comments re- 15 16 ly gardlng the use of "reference animals" to determine relative 18 19 toxicities. We would extend this particular point to in- clude the fact that if any reference animal is antagonized 20 in any way by the material being tested, such material not 21 be discharged to a water course until it is proven nontoxic. 22 We feel that an "appropriate margin of safety" should be 23 applied by the FWPCA with respect to oyster larvae. 24 Also even though species of shellfish native 25 to the area (Everett) have not been used as bioassay animals. 464_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES - EXHIBIT A we feel that the work by researchers referred to in "Measure- ment of Water Quality by the Pacific Oyster Embryo Bioassay" indicated general agreement of response levels of oyster larvae and forms similar to those native to the area in bloassays of a number of toxicants. While the statement of Mr. Roger Tollefson concerning the absence of oyster larvae in Port Angeles waters may be quite true^ it must be remembered that adverse oyster larvae responses attributable to SWL at present occur in water within a few hundred yards (straightllne measure) of commercial oyster beds. In view of the close proximity of the Port Angeles pulping wastes to oyster beds, we must reiterate our concern over their continued unregulated discharge into this area. In conclusion the quality of our water courses must not be based solely on today's economics of the pulp and paper industry versus the fishery resources in the immediate area. This Department is deeply concerned that all efforts and monies spent on water pollution abatement will result in the most effective improvement of the quality of these waters. We feel that reduction of the pollution load in the entire system can be achieved only by reduction at the source. Action to achieve this should be a No. 1 priority. 465, 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT B 2 APPENDIX I 3 BRIEF LIST OF REFERENCES RELATED TO THE 4 TOXICITY OF WASTES TO AQUATIC LIFE 5 1963. Condition factors for appraisal in g setting water quality standards with respect to protection y of marine life. Wash. Dept. Flsh.^, Shellfish Res. Lab. g Mimeo June, I963. 15 p. g Gunter, Gordon G. and Jack McKee. I960. On oysters and sulfite waste liquor, Washington Pollution 10 jj Control Commission. 93 p. 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hopkins, A. E., P. S. Galtsoff and H. C. McMillin. 1931. Effects of pulp mill pollution on oysters, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 47:125-186. Lasater, J. E. 1956. A biological assay of pollution in Port Gardner in 1954 and 1955 and the j,y Duwamish Waterway in 1955. Wash. Dept. of Fish. Ms. 64 p. LeMier, E. H. 1962. Bellingham Bay water quality study. May - June, 1962. Wash. Dept. Fish„ 9 p. and (72nd annual rept. 19-21 p.) McKernan, D. L. , V. Tarter and R. Tollefson. 1949. An investigation of the decline of the native oyster industry of the State of Washington, with special reference 24 to the effects of sulfite pulp mill waste on the Olympia 25 oyster (ostrea lurida). Wash. State Dept. Fish. Biol. Bull, 466 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT B No. 49-A, p. 117-165. Pollution Control Commission, State of Washington. 1957a. A reinvestigation of pollution in Grays Harbor. Tech. Bull. No. 21, 51 p. 1957ti. Pollution investigation in northern Puget Sound. Tech. Bull. No. 22, 27 p. 1962. Transcript of conference in the matter of pollution of interstate waters, Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca and their tributaries and estuaries - State of Washington. First session, January I6-I7, I962. Olympia, Washington. Volume I-III. Bill's Recording Serv., Portland, Oregon. Westley, Ronald E. 1956. Retention of Pacific oyster larvae in an inlet with stratified waters. Wash Dept. of Fish. Res. Pap. 1(4): 1-7. Westley, Ronald E. 1959- Olympia oyster reproduction in south Puget Sound 1942-1958. Olympia Oyster Problems, Bull. (5) 1-12. Dept of Fish., State of Wash. Westley, Ronald E. I96O. A summary of recent research by the Washington Department of Fisheries on the distribution and determination of sulfite waste liquor (S.W.L. Wash. Dept. of Fish. Research Bull. No. 6, 7-43. Westley, Ronald E. 196I. Evaluation of the effect of estuarine water quality on fish and shellfish. h6j_ 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT B 2 Wash. Dept. Fish., Shellfish Res. Lab . ^ Mimeo. 5 p. 3 Westley, Ronald E. 1964. Some relationships 4 between Pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) condition and the 6 environment. Reprinted from 1964 proceedings National 6 Shellfisheries Association Vol. 55. Wash. Dept. Fish., 7 Shellfish Res. Lab., 33 P. g Westley, Ronald E. 196? . Phytoplankton 9 photosynthesis and its relationship to oxygen in Grays Harbor, Washington. Wash. State Dept. Fish. 30 p. 10 jl Williams, R. W., E. M. Mains, W. E. Eldridge, 12 13 14 16 and J. E. Lasater. 1953. Toxic effects of sulfite waste liquor on young salmon. Wash. Dept. Fish. Res. Bull. No. 1. Woelke, Charles E. 1958. The effects of 15 spent sulfite waste liquor on the development of eggs and larvae to two marine molluscs and three of their food 27 organisms. Wash. Dept. Fish., Shellfish Res. Lab., Mimeo 18 5 p. Woelke, Charles E. 196?. Measurement of 20 water quality with the Pacific oyster embryo bioassay, 21 water quality criteria, ASTM STP 4l6, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., 22 1967, p. 112. 23 24 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C 25 STATEMENT OF CHARLES WOELKE TO WASHINGTON 19 468_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C STATE POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION HEARING ON WATER QUALITY STANDARDS SEATTLE, WASHINGTON - FEBRUARY 28, 196? . Mr. Chairman J ladies and gentlemen; my name is Charles Woelke, I am a graduate student at the University of Washington, on educational leave from the State of Wash- ington Department of Fisheries. May I express my appreciation for the oppor- tunity to present my views on the topic under consideration today. Many of my remarks will embrace marine water areas other than the one under consideration therefore I request that this statement be made a part of the record of all previous hearings dealing with marine waters. I have appended to this statement a list of reports which I feel support the stand I am taking. I am speaking as a taxpayer and waterfront property owner. I enjoy fishing, clam digging, swimming, boating, sunbathing or even just staring at or listening to the sounds of the water while relaxing. In purchasing waterfront property I paid a premium price to assure myself and my family of these pleasures of life. My views on the subject of water quality are those, or at least I believe should be those, of all owners of the approximately 265O miles of marine waterfront in Washington State - about 80O miles of which are Included in the area being considered 469 1 STATE OP WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C 2 today (l). 3 Though a taxpayer not an economist^ converting 4 2650 miles to feet and multiply this by $100 (which is neither 5 the highest or lowest price for which marine waterfront now 6 sells) gives the rather substantial figure of about 1.4 7 billion dollars as the present value of Washington's water- g front property. This estimated value is exclusive of com- 9 mercial oyster or clam lands, development tracts offering 10 "beach rights" or waterfront improvements such as dwellings, 11 docks and bulkheads. 12 Since waterfront is in limited supply I 13 think it is fair to assume that the value of this type of 14 property will increase over time. The increasing value 15 16 of waterfront has not gone unnoticed by our tax collectors. In at least one county of the area being considered today 17 (Mason), waterfront property is receiving special tax con- Ig sideration under the assumption that if you can buy water- 15 front you can pay higher taxes. Other counties and even 20 the state, in casting about for additional revenue, are 21 looking on waterfront property as a possible source of 22 additional revenue. My tax this year was $79.^3 for 100' 23 of unimproved property (2). I would like to stress that this 24 $80 tajc is on logged off, unimproved property on a dirt 25 road without water, electricity or tidelands. A little _^ 470 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C simple arithmetic indicates that if my rate is average, the property taxes from marine waterfront in this state will produce about 111,000,000 tax dollars this year. I suggest that based on these figures waterfront owners probably pro- vide the largest single block of real tax in the state of Washington - perhaps larger than that paid by any single industry. As a taxpayer I am sure that an economist in evaluating waterfront property as an area resource would also take into account the business generated in the form of boat sales, water sports equipment, outboard motors, fishing gear, and other water associated purchases and upkeep. Therefore I submit that owners of waterfront property have a substantial economic investment at stake and as such are vitally concerned with any factor such as pollution which might economically or aesthetically decrease the value of their property. It is my personal conviction that water pollution poses such a threat. I feel that any water quality standards set must protect my investment today and in the future. This is especially true in view of the laws under which these standards will be implemented and administered. It is my understanding that once water quality standards are established (whatever they may be), all who discharge waste materials will do so under a permit issued 4ll_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C by the Washington Pollution Control Commission. Please remember I am a taxpayer not a lawyer, but it is my im- pression that so long as the holder of such a disposal permit doesn't violate that permit, he is essentially immune to litigation from any party who feels he has suffered damage from waste materials discharged by the permit holder (3)- As a taxpayer this seems to say that under these conditions if the waste from some source killed clams or oysters on my beach, I could not, under civil law, recover damages from the party who discharged the waste. Even if the permit were violated I would stand little chance of collecting damages unless I could scien- tifically prove beyond reasonable doubt that this particular waste was the proximate cause of loss (4). In a less clear situation where perhaps my property value is depreciated due to unpleasant water color or a build up of sludge or silt, changing my sand or gravel beach to a mud hole, such as I have seen in several areas, my chances of economic recovery will indeed by very poor. Finally any aesthetic deterioration of my property - real or imagined is virtually beyond any type of recovery. Again I repeat I am not a lawyer but a con- cerned taxpayer with an investment to protect. Assuming that pollution may affect the value 472 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C of my property I must ask myself whether the proposed water quality standards will in fact protect my interests as a taxpayer. Therefore let's direct our attention to the proposed standards as taxpayers, not pollution biologists or engineers. It is my impression that with the possible exception of a few limited spots now looked on as waste "dilution" or "assimilation" zones, the standards proposed will bring about no significant reductions in either the quantity or quality of waste material presently discharged into our marine waters. In fact depending on methods of water sampling followed in implementation and enforcement of the final standards we might see Increased pollution in some areas. This is very possible in those areas not presently receiving the dubious benefits of enrichment, which some people prefer, nay insist on, calling certain types of pollution* Since in my opinion no major improvement, and possible further deterioration of our marine water qualityj may result from the proposed standards, the question resolves Itself to whether I think the present water quality in the state is acceptable. Now as a taxpayer and not a pollution expert, how can I decide whether present water quality is or is not satisfactory? Does the fact that oysters regularly reproduce successfully in the substantially unpolluted waters of 4I3_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C Willapa Bay, South Puget Sound and Hood Canal, while areas receiving pollutants, namely Grays Harbor, the Straits of Juan de Fuca, North Puget Sound, Everett, Seattle, and Tacoma have little or no oyster setting tell me that some areas have excessive pollution at present? (5). Does the fact that oysters successfully reproduced in Grays Harbor prior to 1959 but have not since then, tell me something about too much pollution there? Does the fact that the only commercially valuable natural attachment of Pacific oysters recorded in Bellingham and Samish Bays took place when the major source of pollution in the area was shut down tell me we have too much pollution there? (6). Frankly as a taxpayer these facts cause me to believe we may already have excessive pollution in some areas. I have considered possible pollution effects on the oyster because it is perhaps of the greatest interest to the waterfront owner for five reasons: First, since an oyster is a fish that swims like a rock, once it settles on or is placed on the beach, it can be considered the private property of the beach owner and the benefits accruing from this private ownership can be likened to those from an apple tree growing in my back yard; Second, of all the valuable animals one might find on the beach oysters and their close cousins the clams (not protozoa, plankton or 474 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C 2 fish eggs) are the ones most readily enjoyed; Third, I can 3 buy oyster seed and plant it on my beach Just as I can plant 4 an apple tree in my yard; Fourth, toxicity of various waste 5 materials have been measured with clam, musse} and oyster 6 larvae by Okuba and Okuba in Japan (?). Dimick and Breese 7 in Oregon (8), and Davis (9) in Connecticut; Fifth, oyster g larvae have been routinely and successfully used to measure 9 water quality in Washington waters (10) JO As a taxpaying waterfront owner I summarize jj my position as follows j2 1. I have a substantial investment in a j3 type of property which has aesthetic and economic value j4 to me (and a total market value of 1.4 billion dollars j5 to the State of Washington). 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2. These values have not escaped the eye 17 of the tax collector who has invited me to pay a substantial share of the cost of government (based on my estimate - waterfront owners will pay at least $110,000,000 real estate taxes this year) . 3. It seems that once standards are set (although it is said they could be revised in the future) and permits to pollute issued to those disposing of wastes, I will be stuck for any loss I might incur from a waste, so long as the standards are not violated by the permit holder 4Z^_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C 4c It appears to me that some biological damage may be occurring at present from existing pollution. 5. The proposed standards don't appear to greatly change the status quo and in effect may wind up legalizing pollution, now seen in limited areas, for all waters of the state. 6. Oysters and their larvae appear to give a measure of the toxicity of some of the wastes presently entering our state's waters. Based on the view I have taken of the subject being considered, I must conclude that the proposed standards might not protect my waterfront property from devaluation and subsequent degradation to a "marine slum" due to pollu- tion. Therefore I strongly urge that the standards proposed be considered as the minimum acceptable, and as reliable, reproducible, economically practical, biological measure- ments of water quality are developed - they be integrated Into the standards as a part of the "appropriate bioassays" referred to in the proposed standards. As a start in this direction, I urge that bioassays with oyster larvae be written into the present standards as one of the "appropriate measures" to be employed in defining and evaluating water quality. n - 476_ 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C 2 Substantlative material for statement of 3 Charles Woelke: 28 Feb. 6?, Seattle, Washington. 4 1. Hagen, Carlos B. (1958) "Length of 6 shoreline of Washington State." Dept. of Natl. Res., Bur. g Serv. and Maps. Olympla, Wash. 7 2. Copy of 1967 tax statement of Charles E. g Woelke for Tax No. 7, Sec. 30, Twn. 27, R. IW. (photocopy 9 attached). 10 3. Ellison vs State .of Wash, contesting waste 11 disposal permit No. 779 dated Oct. 2, 1957 issued to Rayonier Inc., Shelton, Wash. 4. Jablne, William, Attn, at Law (1964) 12 13 j4 "Pollution Damage Not Easily Proved." (Olympia Oyster Co. 15 16 vs Rayonier Inc., 229F. Supp. 855). Maine Coast Fisherman, October 1964. -„ 5- Washington Department of Fisheries, Shell- jg fish Laboratory spawning and setting reports for Willapa Bay and Puget Sound (annually since 1944). 6. "Natural setting of Pacific Oysters in 19 20 21 Washington Waters in 1958". Washington Department of Flsher- 22 23 24 25 les Shellfish Laboratory, Brinnon, Wash. Nov. 12, 1958. 7. Okuba, K. and T. Okuba (1962) "Use of fertilized eggs of sea urchins and bivalves." Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 32: 131-l40. ^77 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT C 8. Dlmlck, R. E. and W. P. Breese (I965) "Bay mussel embryo bioassay." Proc . Twelfth Pac . N.W. Indust. Waste Conf., U. of W., Coll. Engr. Seattle, Wn.: 165-175. 9. Davis, Harry C. (I96I) "Effects of some pesticides on eggs and larvae of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and clams (Venus mercenaria)" . Comm. Fish. Rev., vol. 23, No. 12, p 8-22. 10. Paulik, Gerald (I966) "Final statistical summary report on oyster larvae bioassay study." June 30, 1966. STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D State of Washington Department of Fisheries, Thor C. Tollefson, Director, Statement to Washington Pollu- tion Control Commission on Proposed Water Quality Standards for Coastal waters from the mouth of the Hoh River to Tatoosh Island, Strait of Juan de Fuca from Tatoosh Island to a line between Fort Casey and Fort Flagler State Parks, presented at Public Hearing Port Angeles, Washington, December 15, 1966. We appreciate the opportunity to present this statement of our Interest for the water quality of the marine, estuarial and fresh waters from the Hoh River to Tatoosh 4Z8^ 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 2 Island and Strait of Juan de Fuca from Tatoosh Island to a 3 line between Fort Casey and Fort Flagler State Parks, and 4 such other unidentified Interstate and/or coastal waters 5 being considered at this hearing. g Ocean waters, including estuaries and bays y too can be polluted. We take the position that close sur- g veillance should be maintained on marine receiving waters g as well as streams or lakes. There is little knowledge available on the long-term effects of emitted waste dis- charges upon the biota of these areas. There is a genuine 10 11 j2 need for such information. "Crash" investigations conducted 13 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 in the past have uncovered major or immediate adverse con- 14 ditions, but often failed to uncover the subtle or long- term effects on the biota. We are encouraged by the ig announcement that an extensive oceanographic research program is to be established in the Puget Sound area. The Department of Fisheries in co-operation with the fishery agencies of Canada and in compliance with treaty obligations through the International Pacific Salmon Commission, and in co-ordination with the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, has promulgated regulations to control the harvest of food fish in both interstate and International waters as part of its statutory responsibilities of propa- gation, protection, conservation, preservation, and management 479 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D of food fish and shellfish. Protection of water quality and quantity Is also a necessary objective of the Depart- ment of Fisheries in terms of its statutory responsibilities. Clean waters are essential for protecting^ maintaining, and managing our fisheries resource. We accept the fol- lowing definition of the term "water pollution": "The degradation or change of the physical, chemical, or biological qualities of surface or ground waters due to the activities of man, which adversely affect, directly or indirectly, the growth, reproduction, behavior, physio- logical condition, and survival of food fish and shellfish." The foregoing definition of water pollution does not, in our opinion, preclude the discharge of treated waste materials into public waters provided such treatment is sufficient to prevent water quality Impairment. We be- lieve that all marine and estuarial waters of the State are food fish and shellfish areas. We also recognize that it may be necessary to establish minimal marine water areas for purposes of dilution of emitted waste matter. Estab- lishment of a marine dilution area and the boundaries thereof will be based upon the quantity and type of discharge, current velocity, current direction, flushing rates and volume of the receiving water within the particular area. The Department of Fisheries should participate in the delineation of dilution 480 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D areas In order to minimize their impact on food fish and shellfish. Likewise, water-quality standards for dilution areas should only be established after consultation with the Department of Fisheries. It is our view that any man- made deterioration of water quality is unacceptable unless the water user meets the burden of proving that such use would be non-injurious, directly or indirectly, to food fish and shellfish. We believe that the use of the coastal waters (marine, esturlal and fresh) from the Hoh River to Marrow- stone Point by food fish (including anadromous species) and shellfish is a nonconsumptive, beneficial, and legitimate use of these waters and that such use is recognized by the Washington Pollution Control Commission. '1/ l7 Reference : Information Bulletin, Water Quality Standards, Coastal waters from the mouth of the Hoh River to Tatoosh Island and Strait of Juan de Fuca from Tatoosh Island to a line between Fort Casey and Fort Flagler State Parks, Port Angeles, Washington, December 15, 1966, p. 13, Table 1. Washington State Pollution Control Commission. The coastal rivers and streams from the Hoh River to Port Townsand are important spawning and rearing areas for resident and anadromous salmonlds. We feel it is imperative that high quality water be maintained in these 481 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D streams. In addition to use of the stream areas, anadromous salmonids utilize such areas as Ozette, Pleasant, and Dickey- lakes for rearing in addition to the estuaries and marine bays. Further, the Department of Fisheries is building a 1-million dollar Soleduck Salmon Production Development Station located in Clallam County, bordering the Soleduck River some 20 miles upstream from its confluence with the Pacific Ocean at La Push. The Department of Fisheries operates the Dungeness salmon hatchery on the Dungeness River, near Sequim. This station was built in 1902, rebuilt in 19^5 and today operates as a l6-pond station, stocking fall Chinook taken in the Elwha River and spring chlnook and coho taken from the Dungeness. Rearing capacity at this station will accommodate 1.5-million yearling salmon and 2.2-million fingerling salmon. Published records on marine and anadromous food fish and shellfish are available in the Department's annual statistical reports, 1935 through 19^5 . Figures 1, 2, and 3 illustrate the marine and anadromous food fishing areas of the Pacific Ocean inside the 3-rnile limit and the commercial salmon and bottom fishing areas from Tatoosh Island to Marrowstone Point. A brief lllustratlorji of the adult salmon sport landings and Indian catch of salmon in portions of the area under consideration is given herein. 482 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D Area Ozette River Quillayute River Queets River Qulnault River Suez River and Waatch Creek Hoko River Hoh River Raft River Range of Fishery annual landings (past 10 years) Indian 700 to 2,800 fish 4,800 to 25,700 fish 9,300 to 21,500 fish 37,700 to 136,000 fish 1,600 to 4,300 fish 1,100 to 3,800 fish 4,000 to 8,700 fish 1,200 to 2,400 fish The off-reservation sport fishery for salmon on the above named streams is on the upper reaches of the streams and amounts to about 1,800 salmon annually. Other important streams contributing to the ocean- and fresh-water fisheries are the Elwha, Dungeness, Pysht, Lyre, Bogachiel, Calawah, Clearwater, and Soleduck rivers. The ocean-sport fishery for salmon and marine bottom fish constitutes an important aspect to the economy and recreational value of these waters. A summary of the landings is given herein. Area Species Range of annual landings (past 10 years) Neah Bay and Strait Chinook salmon 18,000 to 46,000 fish Coho salmon 17,400 to 82,000 fish 483_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D Pink salmon 12,700 to 149,500 fish Bottomfish over 4,700 fish Sekiu-Pillar Pt. Bottomfish over 4,900 fish East Juan de Fuca Bottomfish over 15,500 fish Strait La Push Chinook salmon 1,200 to 7,000 fish Coho salmon 2,900 to 20,000 fish Pink salmon 400 to 6,100 fish Bottomfish over 3,900 fish The surf or silver smelt at Kalaloch on the coast and in the Port Townsend and Dungeness area support an important commercial and sport fishery. Commercial landings of salmon, bottomfish and shellfish are given in Tables 4 through 9^ Appendix I. Use by fish and shellfish of the marine and fresh-water area under consideration here is evident, but these stocks are being subjected to almost excessive stress by man's alteration of their natural environment. Favorable water quality conditions must be maintained throughout the various fresh-water phases of their life cycle. Some of the water-quality factors affecting fish, shellfish and other aquatic life are temperature, dissolved oxygen, siltation, turbidity (light penetration), nutrient concentrations, and toxic materials. For example, bloassay's indicate adverse ecological conditions within Wl STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D Port Angeles Harbor wherein significant production of bi- valve molluscs cannot be achieved (reference: Table VI, p. 30, Information Bulletin, Port Angeles, Washington, Decem- ber 15, 1965, Washington Pollution Control Commission). Successful propagation of anadromous fish in such protected areas as hatcheries, spawning channels, and special rearing ponds can be negated by the loss due to adverse natural environmental conditions encountered in the streams and estuarial waters on their seaward migration. Water temperature extremes are a prime factor affecting the propagation, growth and habitat of food fish and shellfish. Optimal temperatures of marine and estuarial waters for shellfish range between 40 F and 68 F and water uses which would alter water temperatures beyond the normal seasonal fluctuation should not be permitted. Optimal temperature range for resident and anadromous fish in fresh water is 45 F to 60 F, with a range of 45 F to 55 F during spawning, incubation and hatching. Water temperature of marine and estuarial waters should not be altered more than 5^ in the range between 40 F and 60 F. Dissolved oxygen content of marine and es- tuarial areas for food fish and shellfish should be greater than 6 mg/l throughout the year. Dissolved oxygen content of fresh-water areas utilized by resident and anadromous 485_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D salmonida should be greater than 95^ saturation throughout the year. The water quality standards as proposed by the Washington State Pollution Control Commission for the coastal waters from the mouth of the Hoh River to Tatoosh Island and the Strait of Juan de Fuca from Tatoosh Island to a line between Fort Casey and Fort Flagler State Parks and such other unidentified Interstate waters being con- sidered at this hearing will generally meet the water-use needs of food fish and shellfish with some exceptions. The present recommended changes or additions are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 and we feel these standards are appli- cable to all the waters being considered at this hearing. The complex interrelationship of fish and other aquatic organisms and their environment is not yet fully understood, but the total environment concept re- garding aquatic organisms must be recognized. Therefore it is realized that water quality standards now recommended may not be permanent but will need reconsideration and possible revision at regular intervals in the future, but always providing for enhancement of the water resource. Determination of water quality conditions in regard to accepted standards should be designed as to the where, when and how the samples should be obtained. 486. STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D Further, the limit of deviation, if any, from a water quality standard should be specified at the time the standard is established. The standard method for analysis of marine waters should be the "Manual of Sea-Water Analysis", Strickland and Parsons, (1965) Bulletin No. 125, Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Procedures included in "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater" should be employed for analysis of fresh water. We feel that other recognized methods that permit successful repro- ducibility of sample analysis are also acceptable; i.e., the use of bioassays for detection of materials that are at or near the lower limits of detectability Included in "Standard Methods" or "Manual of Sea-Water Analysis". Measurement of water quality as it affects fish or shellfish is best demonstrated by the response of the organism to its environment. Whenever bio- assays demonstrate adverse ecological conditions, results of these bioassays should take precedence and remedial action be initiated. We do not believe that the answer to water quality problems lies in litigation of existing laws, but instead requires the co-operation of all con- cerned in a sincere and determined effort to abate 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 2 pollution and enhance the quality of our water resource. 3 We encourage the support of the Washington 4 Pollution Control Commission in obtaining additional 5 funds and staff personnel required for their research, g surveillance and enforcement program. 7 (See figures 1, 2 and 3, which follow:) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 488 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES COASTAL FISHING AREAS COASTAL FISHING AREA NO. 2 includes those waters of the Pacific Ocean inside the three-mile limit between the Point of Arches and a line drawn across the Strait of Juan de Fuca from Tatoosh Island Light to Bonilla Point on Vancouver Island. COASTAL FISHING AREA NO. 1 includes those waters of the Pacific Ocean inside the three-mile limit between the Point of Arches and the mouth of the Columbia J^^^'"^^e^clusive of Grays Harbor Fishing May, 1965 Figure 1. 489 C A N A D A__ BELLIN6HAM TTLE PU6ET SOUND COMMERCIAL SALMON FISHING AREAS AND PRESERVES STATE OF WASHINGTON Figure 2. OEPT OF FISHERIES April 1966 490 PU6ET SOUND COMMERCIAL BOTTOM FISHING AREAS D WATER CLOSED TO OTTER TRAWL •* ftfL.LINftHAf.^ ^">:e EVERETT SEATTlE Figure 3. . ; 491 p 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 2 Table 1: WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR THE 3 COASTAL WATERS FROM THE MOUTH OF THE HOH RIVER TO TATOOSH 4 ISLAND AND STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA FROM TATOOSH ISLAND TO 5 A LINE BETWEEN FORT CASEY AND FORT FLAGLER STATE PARTS 6 Water Use: Fish Propagation and Habitat 7 (including the other aquatic and semi-aquatic life) 3 (Marine, estuarial, and fresh water as 9 indicated.) IQ 1. Organisms of the Coliform Group 11 (MPN or equivalent MF, using a representative 12 number of samples where associated with fecal sources.) 13 Marine and estuary 14 Not to exceed limits specified in the 15 National Shellfish Sanitation Program Manual of Operations, Ig USPHS. ly Fresh water Ig Consideration of the fishermen is required. 19 Recommend the same parameters as for bathing, swimming, 20 and recreational uses of water. (Average less than 240 21 per 100 ml and not exceed this in more than 20^ of samples.) 22 2. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 23 Marine and estuary 24 Greater than six (6) mg/l. 25 Fresh water 492 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D Greater than 95^ saturation with a minimum value of 7 mg/l. These values to be present at the diurnal and seasonal lows and when temperatures exceed 60 F (15.6 C). 3. PH Marine and estuary Hydrogen ion concentration expressed as pH. Between pH range of 7.8 and 8.5. Sudden changes of pH units of 0.5 or more should not occur as a result of man-made activities. Fresh water Hydrogen ion concentration expressed as pH. Between pH range of 6.5 and 8.5 unless historical natural values (conditions) lie outside that range. Sudden changes of pH values of 0.5 or more should not occur as a result of man-made activities. 4. Turbidity Marine and estuary Turbidity for marine and estuarial waters, upper 10 meters (32.5 ft) to be based upon vertical ex- tinction coefficient. Standards should be coastal maximums as listed in Table 22, p. 84 and by Figure 20, p. 85, The Oceans, Sverdrup, Johnson, and Fleming, 1946. A Secchl disc may be used for determination of vertical extinction coefficient using the ratio of 1.7 divided by Secchl disc 4q^ 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 2 reading (Secchi disc reading in meters for a 30 centimeter 3 diameter white disc) for blue light as developed by Poole 4 and Atkins, 1929> Journal Marine Biological Association, 5 United Kingdom (l6). g No material should be added to the water - that causes the extinction coefficient to become larger than the standard values as given in the above references. In the deeper waters (mid-depth and bottom samples) Jackson Turbidity Units should be less than 25 attributable to materials resulting from man-made activities Dredging operations should be planned to take into account the seasonal cycles of flow and turbidity so .. as not to exceed the proposed standards, Fresh water 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 Jackson Turbidity Units (JTU) of less than j_ 5 attributable to materials in fresh-water streams resulting from man-caused activities. Dredging operations should be planned to take into account the seasonal cycles of flow and turbidity so as not to exceed the proposed standards. 5. Temperature P(c) Marine and estuary 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Water temperature should not be altered more 25 than 5^ in the range between 40 F (4.4 C) and 60 F (15.6 C). 49i STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D Fresh water Fresh water - If natural temperatures of the receiving waters are in excess of 6o F (15.6 C), no additive or use that will cause a higher temperature should be per- mitted. The optimal temperature range of fresh-water areas for salmonids is 45 F (7.2 C) to 60 F (15.6 C). 6. Dissolved Inorganic Substances Marine, estuary and fresh water Inorganic materials especially the ionic forms of heavy metals are deleterious to fish and other aquatic organisms. None should be discharged to the re- ceiving waters that will create acute or chronic toxicity or significant ecological change. Reference: p: 423-426 "The Physiology of Fishes": and Water Quality Criteria, 2nd Ed., Pub. 3A, 1963 Calif. Water Qual. Control Bd. Control of abnormal enrichment from phosphates, etc. 7. Residues (fats, oils, grease, and floating solids, sludge deposits) Marine, estuary and fresh water Oils, tars, grease, animal fats: none allowable. It should be a consistent policy to eliminate oils, floating solids, suspended solids, sludge, and sediment before they can enter the receiving water. Includes earth or other materials from construction projects. 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 2 8. Sediment 3 Marine, estuary and fresh water 4 No deposition which adversely affects fish 5 or shellfish propagation, growth, and habitat. Conditions g ascribed to nature should be controlled wherever possible. Y Includes earth or other construction materials from road, g dike, or culvert projects. Also debris from construction Q or operation of dams and reservoirs. Absence of sludge jQ deposits. ji 9. Toxic or Other Deleterious Substances (pesticides, phenolics, and related organic and inorganic materials) 14 Marine, estuary and fresh water j5 None allowed from domestic. Industry, agri- jg culture or mining, including earth or other construction 2« materials from road, bridge, dike, or culvert projects 12 13 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 that will produce stress on aquatic organisms or result in a significant ecological change. Use of pesticides by any governmental or private entity to be stringently con- trolled. In no case shall pesticides or other material be allowed which could limit or prohibit the use of fish or shellfish for commercial or personal use. Absence of con- crete leachings, etc. Suggested reference: Water Quality Criteria, (I . 496 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 2 2nd Ed., Pub. 3A, 1963 Calif. Water Qual. Control Bd. 3 10. Color 4 Marine estuary 5 To be based upon effective light penetration 6 into the water as expressed by vertical extinction coefficient 7 Standards should be the coastal maximums as listed In Table 8 22, p. 84 and by Figure 20, p. 85, The Oceans, Sverdrup, 9 Johnson, and Fleming, 1946. No material should be added 10 to the water that causes the extinction coefficient to be- ll come larger than the standard values as given in the above 12 reference. 13 Fresh water 14 Fresh-water streams. The Platinum - Cobalt 15 method Is acceptable for determination of the true color, 15 which should be less than 50 color units. 17 11. Radioactivity 18 Marine, estuary and freshwater 19 Current USPHS Drinking Water Standards 20 except where concentration factors of aquatic flora and 21 fauna exceed PHS reduction factors; then MPC of radlo- 22 Isotopes shall be reduced below acute or chronic problem 23 levels. Conformance with U. S. Pure Food and Drug Admlnl- 24 stration standards. 25 12. Aesthetic Considerations (wastes STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D offensive to the senses of sight, taste, smell, or touch) Marine, estuary and fresh water Anything that is offensive to these senses should not be added to the receiving waters. Such wastes are nuisances to fishermen, although they may be in- noxious to fish, shellfish or other aquatic organisms. 13. Dissolved Organlcs (settleable solids, sewage) Marine, estuary and fresh water Secondary treatment of sewage wastes is recommended. No excess nutrients that cause biological imbalance, slime, or other nuisance aquatic growth. Non-biodegradable materials should not be added to the receiving waters. Free chlorine to be at concentration equivalents below O.O5 mg/1 of available chlorine (re- ceiving water) . Absence of foam. 14. Garbage, Agricultural and Other Similar Wastes Marine, estuary and fresh water The waters of the State of Washington should not be used for the disposal of garbage, agricultural or other similar wastes. No garbage or similar wastes, or drainage from]and disposal areas should enter the receiving waters. h9Q_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 15. Water Control Structures Marine and estuary No structure or alteration of flow should be allowed that will modify natural conditions by more than 5^ of their maximum value in respect to water tem- peratures, salinity, tide range, and tidal velocity. Changes beyond this magnitude may be considered only if it can be conclusively shown that the proposed change will result in enhancement of water quality and will not cause an ecological upset. Fresh water Restrictions as to dams, ditches, and other uses of waters and waterways shall be as set forth in Titles 43 and 75, Revised Code of Washington, Chap- ger 75.20, I966 and such other chapters of the Fisheries Code applicable.. Table 2: WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR THE COASTAL WATERS FROM THE MOUTH OF THE HOH RIVER TO TATOOSH ISLAND AND STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA FROM TATOOSH ISLAND TO A LINE BETWEEN FORT CASEY AND FORT FLAGLER STATE PARTS Water Use: Shellfish Growth and Propagation (Marine and estuarial waters.) 1. Organisms of the Coliform Group (MPN or equivalent MF, using a representative 4QQ 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 2 number of samples where associated with fecal sources.) 3 Not to exceed limits specified in the National 4 Shellfish Sanitation Program Manual of Operations, USPHS. 5 2. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) g Greater than six (6) mg/l in the larval 7 stage. Greater than 5 (5) mg/l in the adult stage. 8 3. PH 2 Hydrogen ion concentration expressed as pH. 10 11 13 15 16 18 19 20 22 23 Between pH range of 7.8 and 8.5. Sudden changes of pH units of 0.5 or more should not occur as a result of man- j2 made activities 4. Turbidity j^ Turbidity for marine and estuarial waters, upper 10 meters (32.5 ft) to be based upon vertical ex- tinction coefficient. Standards should be coastal maxi- 2» mums as listed in Table 22, p. 84 and by Figure 20, p, 85, The Oceans, Sverdrup, Johnson, and Fleming, 1946. A Secchi disc may be used for determination of vertical ex- tinction coefficient using the ratio of 1.7 divided by 21 Secchi disc reading (Secchi disc reading in meters for a 30 centimeter diameter white disc) for blue light as developed by Poole and Atkins, 1929^ Journal Marine Biological Asso- 24 elation. United Kingdom (I6). 25 No material should be added to the water soo STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D that causes the extinction coefficient to become larger than the standard values as given in the above references. In the deeper waters (mid-depth and bottom samples) Jackson Turbidity Units should be less than 25 attributable to materials resulting from man-made activities. Dredging operations should be planned to take into account the seasonal cycles of flow and turbidity so as not to exceed the proposed standards. 5. Temperature F(c) Water temperature should not be altered more than 5/^ in the range between 40 F (4.4 C) and 60 F (15.6 C). When natural conditions are above 68 F (20 C) man-made activity should not result in discharge raising the average water temperature in the dilution area more than 1%. 6. Dissolved Inorganic Substances Inorganic materials especially the ionic forms of heavy metals are deleterious to fish and other aquatic organisms. None should be discharged to the receiving waters that will create acute or chronic toxicity or significant ecological change. Reference: p: 423-426 "The Physiology of Fishes": and Water Quality Criteria, 2nd Ed., Pub. 3A, 1963 Calif. Water Qual. Control Bd. Control of abnormal enrichment from phosphates, etc. 501 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 7. Residues (fats, oils, grease, and floating solids, sludge deposits) Oils, tars, grease, animal fats: none allowable It should be a consistent policy to eliminate oils, floating solids, suspended solids, sludge, and sediment before they can enter the receiving water. Includes earth or other materials from construction projects. 8. Sediment No deposition which adversely affects fish or shellf ish propagation, growth, and habitat. Conditions ascribed to nature should be controlled wherever possible. Includes earth or other construction materials from road. dike, or culvert projects. Also debris from construction or operat ion of dams and reservoirs. Absence of sludge deposits. 9. Toxic or Other Deleterious Substances (pesticides, phenolics, and related organic and inorganic materials ) None allowed from domestic, industry, agri- culture. or mining. Including earth or other construction materials from road, bridge, dike, or culvert projects that will produce stress on aquatic organisms or result in a sign if leant ecological change. Use of pesticides 1 502 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D by any govGrnmental or private entity to be stringently controlled. In no case shall pesticides or other material be allowed which could limit or prohibit the use of fish or shellfish for commercial or personal use. Absence of concrete leachings, etc. Suggested reference: Water Quality Criteria, 2nd Ed., Pub. 3A, I963 Calif. Water Qual. Control Bd. 10. Color To be based upon effective light penetration into the water as expressed by vertical extinction co- efficient. Standards should be the coastal maximums as listed in Table 22, p. 84 and by Figure 20, p. 85, The Oceans, Sverdrup, Johnson, and Fleming, 19'^6. No material should be added to the water that causes the extinction coefficient to become larger than the standard values as given in the above reference. 11. Radioactivity Current USPHS Drinking Water Standards except where concentration factors of aquatic flora and fauna exceed PHS reduction factors; then MPC of radio- isotopes shall be reduced below acute or chronic problem levels. Conformance with U. S. Pure Food and Drug Admini- stration standards. 12. Aesthetic Considerations (wastes 5Q± 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 2 offensive to the senses of sight, taste, smell, or touch) 3 Anything that is offensive to these senses 4 should not be added to the receiving waters. Such wastes 5 are nuisances to fishermen, although they may be innoxious g to fish, shellfish, or other aquatic organisms. 7 13. Dissolved Organics (settleable solids, 3 sewage ) g Secondary treatment of sewage wastes is 10 recommended. No excess nutrients that cause biological 11 imbalance, slime, or other nuisance aquatic growth. Non- j2 biodegradable materials should not be added to the re- 13 ceiving waters. Free chlorine to be at concentration 1^ equivalents below 0.05 nig/l of available chlorine (re- 15 ceiving water). Absence of foam. Ig l4. Garbage, Agricultural and Other Similar 17 V/astes Ig The waters of the State of Washington should 19 not be used for the disposal of garbage, agricultural, or 20 other similar wastes. No garbage or similar wastes, or 21 drainage from land disposal areas should enter the receiving 22 waters. 23 15. Water Control Structures 24 No structure or alteration of flow should 25 be allowed that will modify natural conditions by more than sa^ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 5% of their maximum value in respect to water temperatures, salinity, tide range, and tidal velocity. Changes beyond this magnitude may be considered only if it can be conclu- sively shown that the proposed change will result in enhancement of water quality and will not cause an ecological upset. Restrictions as to dams, ditches, and other uses of waters and waterways shall be as set forth in Titles 43 and 75, Revised Code of Washington, Chapter 75.20, 1966 and such other chapters of the Fisheries Code appli- cable. Appendix I PORT ANGELES AREA SPORT FISHERY DATA (1960-66) Port Angeles enters our catch information as one of the major launching sites in our East Juan de Fuca Strait statistical area (Punch card area 6 - defined as: waters from Tongue Point east to Point Wilson, in- cluding waters off west Whldbey Island north of Point Partridge). The 196O through 1965 sport fishery catch data for Area 6 is given in Table 1 . In this area there are several other launching locations, but only two others of any real importance at this time: the Agate and Cresent Beach - Freshwater Bay area, and Coronet Bay in Deception 10 50i STATE OF WASI-ilNGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 2 Pass. 3 It would be very difficult to come up with 4 accurate figures showing the importance of Ediz Hook in 5 numbers of fish landed, because anglers in this area g many times launch at one location and run to another to - fish. It is possible, however, to indicate the relative g importance of each of the major launching sites to the Q angling public, through a check of the average number of anglers sampled at each place during a period when J, all were in operation. This period would be roughly from 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 June through September and is presented in Table 2. From October through May Port Angeles is the only major site operating within punch card Area 6 as the other locations .g are somewhat seasonal and launch very few boats during the fall-winter-early spring period. .- As you will note, in Table 3 I have shown the salmon catch and number of angler trips for the June through September period (1964 and 19^5 ) for all of Area 6 so that a comparison can be made between the angling intensity during this period and the relative importance of each of the major areas. The majority of the remaining catch and anglers trips (October through May) can safely be said to be connected with the Port Angeles area. There is a sport fishery of varying Intensity ^06- STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D around Edlz Hook proper throughout the entire year. The fishery inside the bay is concentrated mainly during the winter months (approximately late November through early February) . Table 1. Sport fishery catch data - punch card area 6 (East Juan de Fuca Strait). Calculated catch Calculated Catch/ angler angler Total trips trip 1,200 7,200 0.17 2,800 17,900 0.16 7,300 19,200 0.38 1963 6,700 7,700 49,100 63,500 51,800 1.23 1964 10,800 3,100 0 13,900 72,300 0.18 1965 15,100 5,400 3.000 23,500 86,900 0.27 Year* Chinook 800 Coho Pink i960 400 0 1961 1,900 600 300 1962 6,700 600 0 ♦ i960 through 1963 - calculated from catch sampling and boat house reports. 1964 and I965 - calculated from catch sampling and punch card returns. SOL 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT D 2 Table 2. Sport fishery catch data - punch 3 card area 6 (East Juan de Fuca Strait). 4 Average number of anglers per sample 5 Agate & Crescent Coronet Bay Beach-Freshwater Deception 6 June-Sept - Port Angeles Bay Pass 7 1964 56 23 (no data) 8 1965 47 61 28 9 1966 67 61 15 10 11 Table 3. Sport fishery catch data - punch 12 card area 6 (East Juan de Fuca Strait). 13 Calculated % of Calculated % of salmon yearly angler yearly 14 June-Sept catch total trips total 15 1964 10,254 75^ 61, 410 85^ 16 1965 17,843 1^% 69,921 80^ 17 1966 (no data at - (no data at this time) this time) 18 19 20 (See tables 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, which 21 follow: ) 22 23 24 25 508 19 Table 4. Port TcwnoenJ Area Fish Cntchos 1961-C5 Tti N''.'.:yber of Founds Spocic-. Ce.-r 1961 1962 1963 l'.''- 1965 Chinook GN 35 120 1,951 208 304 II PS 10,A35 2,131 63.278 2,558 32 , 144 Chum CN 6,9;i 12,991 31,342 19,560 12,405 I' PS 63,C56 108,130 79,809 191,182 102,875 Pink GN 2,86'3 -- 102,315 10 6,333 r P3 116,693 -- 2,474,1^^2 -- 115,024 Silver GN 32,280 37,653 38,044 32,498 13,768 " PS 86,787 65,034 58,374 63,374 147, 8 IF Sockeye GU 21 -- 145 -- 20 II PS 257 -- 2,738 6 174 Sturgeon OT -- 21 125 -- -- Shad OT -- 110 89 527 -- Halibut T -- -- 125 139 -- Dover sole OT 1,860 7,426 4,557 45 -- En3] ish sola OT 39,547 186,979 80,607 7 6,0 61 52,979 Rock sole OT 20,37A 11,4C9 9,352 2,082 2,371 Sand sole OT 5,962 2,500 3,085 -- 3,595 Rex sole OT -- -- 52 -- -- Petr^le sole 01 335 2,067 2,370 2,963 -- Flounder OT 4,333 33,810 4,125 8,215 3,425 Turbo t OT 600 -- -- -- -- Blc-ck cod OT -- 88 15 -- -- Lin-3 cod PS -- -- -- -- 17 1' II OT 10,853 33,295 13,925 18 , 2 54 4,226 II II T 64,130 48,30 3 2 7,890 56,41? 27,9-^5 True cod OT 110,767 333,213 523,394 418,A/v7 117,711 II II T -- -- -- 102 II II SN- -. 4,370 -- -- -- Toricod OT -- 180 2,500 4,200 605 Rcckfish OT 9,446 32,338 113,605 56,574 7,529 II T 85 29 -- 167 43 Surf perch OT 72 2,663 87 590 96 Mink food OT -- -- 7,350 1,150 -- Skate OT 4,077 10,996 4,110 9,810 -- R^Cfi->h OT 103,100 19,^00 -- -- 23,1G0 Scrarif ish OT 228,950 148,740 79,550 -- 569,040 Oct onus OT 183 1,469 1,442 322 80 Butter clans 3h 13,119 16,746 14,451 10,538 11,501 1' 1' Dr .- -- 680 18,240 LittU-; Neck cla- -. Sh 116,865 86,113 71,4 ?1 62,396 60,215 II 1 II Dr 15,159 67 -- -- 16,6"0 Horse cls-r. Dr -- -- -- — 1,920 Pac :-:d3hl cL^:--3 Sh 3,l«9 5,56^ 6,143 2 , ^04 6,341 Sr-;lt, KilLisut B3 -- 1,C98 ~ ~ ■ - " ~ 509 20 Table 5. Port An-elos Area In Uuv.b Fish Catcho er of Pounds s 1961-65 Srccips Cear GN 1961 416 1962 70 1963 462 1?64 1,727 1965 Chinook 267 ti PS 16 -- .- .- — II T -- -- -- -- 44 Chum GN 26 20 356 -- 7 Pink GN 2,552 -- 54,116 29 964 r PS 292 -- -- • - -- Silver GN 12,482 1,745 3,323 1,345 1,180 1' PS 15 -- -- -- Sockeye GN 15,866 6,693 34,607 7,808 6,370 f PS 17 -- -- -- Stur-^con OX -- -- -- -- 45 Shad OT 18 -- • - -- 28 It GN -- 68 -- -- .. Halibut T 479 165 885 261 170 r HL -- 77 -- -- .- Dover sole OT 22 -- -- -- 970 Enj'^lish solo OT 11,220 13,897 -- 7,555 52,724 Petrale sole OT 2,048 -- 110 5,468 4,518 1 II T -- -- -- 3 .. Rock scle OT 3,246 370 -- 425 5,969 Sand iole OT -- -- -- .- 70 Flounder OT 140 2,765 -- -- 10,475 Tuibot OT -- -- -- -- 4,310 BlacV. cod OT -- 9 -. 782 Linj cod GN 41 16 59 18 54 II II OT 8,542 670 -- -- 12, 4 IS It !• T 166,712 67,748 78,707 67,939 62,879 II 1' HL 15,42£ 6,946 905 386 580 True cod OT 64,211 4,552 6.270 40,192 207,613 II !• SN 7,670 -- -- -- .- Rockf ish GN 305 -- -- 6 19 II OT 19,364 263 -- 9,323 34,311 II T 4,138 905 939 1,667 823 IT HL 403 874 60 49 -- Surf perch OT -- -- -- -- 198 Skace OT 6,660 516 -- -- 17,799 t; T 62 -- -- -- -- Mink Food OT -- -- -- 8,f65 -- Octopus OT .- 225 45 398 11 HL -- -- 98 -- -- It Pot -- 77 -- -- -- 510 21 Table 6. Discovery Bay Area Fish Landings 1961-65 In Ni^p.bcr of Pounds Spec ios Gc?.r 1961 1962 1963 19 64 1965 Ch inook GM 229 83 3,585 5,511 7,54S II PS 1,707 120 83,059 83 57,916 Chum GN 26,083 26,874 66,433 128,066 100,724 II PS 21,981 33,069 50,195 77,151 139,677 Pink GN 539 -- 95,776 -- 11,829 r PS 3,927 -- 1,010,299 -- 48,770 Silver GN 26,894 19,472 19,569 36,651 50,115 II PS 9,631 3,872 11,707 10,139 63,872 Sockeye GN 16 11 469 -- 69 It PS 13 -- 2,403 -- 1,182 English sole OT 56,977 18,435 18,470 46,650 53,794 Petrale sole OT 57 -- -- -- -- Rex sole OT 6 -- -- -- -- Rock sole OT 9,784 10,580 1,975 6,207 7,365 Sand sole OT 4,363 -- 890 -- 3,770 Flounder OT 10,433 4,332 140 17,056 5,370 Turbot OT 1,555 -- -- -- 290 Ling cod OT 5,460 400 -- 934 2,163 It 1 T -- -- 3,800 -- -- It II PS -- -- 10 -- -- True cod OT 35,530 29,230 28,843 65,103 116,565 Tomcod OT 12 -- 300 5,320 4,690 Pollack OT -- -- -- ICO -- Rock fish OT 4,279 1,648 1,530 5,896 8,317 11 GN -- -- -- 16 -- Surf parch OT 175 38 -- 480 -- Octopu5 OT 203 538 50 210 90 t: Pot -- 2.569 -- -- -- Skate OT 62 1,600 120 -- -- Mink food OT 240 -- -- -- 18,8C5 Scrapf ish OT -- -- -- -- 8,000 Butter cl'i.Tis Sh 3,881 26,781 4,944 2,208 3,924 Little i.'3ck cla'-'.s Sh 281,427 351,203 292,316 234,166 295,851 Pac Hd3hl clams Sh 1,194 273 807 -- 45 Oy s t e r ? 14,499 142 502 -- Tablp 7. Sequim Bay-Washinjtcn Harbor Fish Landings 1961-65 In NuT.bsr of Pounds 511 22 Species Gear 1961 1962 1963 1964 1955 Butter clams Sh 15,859 18,032 20,159 19,467 8,302 M I- Dr 35,192 2,655 1,130 1,233 -- Little Neck clans Sh 234,620 227,438 201,217 177,913 84,912 11 11 , i; Dr 113,252 17,099 24,153 16,791 -- Pac Hdshl clams Sh 350 -- -- -- -- Horse clars Sh 50 -- -- -- -- Oysters -- -- 18 -- -- Table 8. 1 [)un3enc iss Area Fish In Number Landings of Pounds 1961-65 Species Gear 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 Ling cod T 194 216 -- 291 Snelt BS 1,106 10,082 1,321 2,352 1,729 Octopus Pot 13,682 80,367 25,399 25,504 24,673 Crab Pot 21,410 12,179 13,835 11,271 5,372 Butter clair.s Sh -- -- -- -- 150 Little Neck clams Sh -- -- -- -- 8,658 Oysters -- -- -- -- 53,229 512 23 Table 9. Washington State Cap3 Johnson-Cape Flattery and Strait of Juan de Fuca Salrron Landings, 1965, In Nur.ber of Founds Species Gear Chinook ON PS T Chum GN PS T Pink GN PS T Silver GN PS T Sockoye GM PS T Strait of Juan de Fuca Cape Johnson-Cape Flattery 7,020 559 1,532 545 4,091 454,450 5,142 291 27 1,270 77,647 39,089 4,412 518,289 235,925 38 23,032 83 14,057 3,086,421 54,450 3,279 22 950 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E 2 State of Washington Department of Fisheries, 3 Thor C. Tollefson, Director, Statement to Washington Pollu- 4 tion Control Commission on Proposed Water Quality Standards 5 for Puget Sound waters north of Port Townsend and Mukilteo, g Skagit River, Sumas River, presented at Public Hearing Mount 7 Vernon, Washington, February 9, 196? g We appreciate the opportunity to present 0 this statement of our interest for the water quality of 10 13 the marine, estuarial and fresh waters of Puget Sound jj north of Port Townsend and Mukilteo, including the Sumas 12 River, Nooksack River, Skagit River, Stillaguamish River, the Snohomish River and such other unidentified interstate 14 and/or coastal waters being considered at this hearing, 15 Marine waters. Including estuaries and bays too Ig can be polluted. We take the position that close survell- ly lance should be maintained on marine receiving waters as 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 well as streams or lakes. Evaluation of the biological productivity of the marine and estuarial waters of northern Puget Sound indicates the tremendous food production po- tential of these waters, and that only a small portion of the potential is presently being utilized. There is little knowledge available on the long-term effects of emitted waste discharges upon the biota of these areas. There is a genuine need for such information. "Crash" Investigations — ^14 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E conducted in the past have uncovered major or Immediate adverse conditions, but often failed to uncover the subtle or long-term effects on the biota. We are encouraged by the announcement that an extensive oceanographlc research program is to be established in the Puget Sound area. We feel that additional research on water quality conditions is also needed. The Department of Fisheries in co-operation with the fishery agencies of Canada and in compliance with treaty obligations through the International Pacific Sal- mon Commission, and in co-ordination with the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, has promulgated regulations to control the harvest of food fish in both interstate and International waters as part of its statutory re- sponsibilities of propagation, protection, conservation, preservation, and management of food fish and shellfish. Protection of water quality and quantity is also a necessary objective of the Department of Fisheries in terms of its statutory responsibilities. Clean waters are essential for protecting, maintaining, and managing our fisheries resource. We accept the following definition of the term "water pollution": "The degradation or change of the physical, chemical, or biological qualities of surface, ground, and 10 515_ 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E 2 marine waters due to the activities of man^whlch adversely 3 affect, directly or indirectly, the growth, reproduction, 4 behavior, physiological condition, and survival of food 5 fish and shellfish." g The foregoing definition of water pollution ^ does not, in our opinion, preclude the discharge of treated g waste materials into public waters provided such treatment Q is sufficient to prevent water quality impairment. We be- lieve that all marine and estuarial waters of the State jj are food fish and shellfish areas. Because total and j2 immediate clean-up of each waste is difficult we recognize J2 that it may be necessary to establish minimal marine water j4 areas for purposes of dilution of emitted waste matter on an interim basis. However, continuing reduction of all sources of wastes should be required to the end that dilution areas established could be reduced or eliminated. jg Establishment of a marine dilution area, including its jft location and delineation is a complex problem and each area should be considered as a separate entity. Limiting factors on the quantity, concentration and type of dis- charge should include but not be limited to the biota present, velocity, direction and transport (volume) of water currents, vertical mixing of the water, flushing rate, volume and chemical characteristics of the water 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 ^16_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E area, and the additive or synergistic effects of other wastes in the receiving water. The Department of Fisheries should participate in the delineation of dilution areas because of biological considerations that are paramount and necessary in order to minimize the impact of emitted waste on food fish and shellfish. Likewise, water-quality standards for dilution areas should only be established after consultation with the Department of Fisheries. It is our view that any man-made deterioration of water quality is unacceptable unless the water user meets the burden of proving that such use would be noninjurious, directly or indirectly, to food fish and shellfish. We believe that the use of the waters (marine, estuarial and fresh) of northern Puget Sound by food fish (including anadromous species) and shellfish is a nonconsumptive, beneficial, and legitimate use of these waters and that such use is recognized by the Washington Pollution Control Commission. \/ 1/ Reference : Information Bulletin, Proposed Water Quality Standards for Puget Sound waters north of Port Townsend and Mukilteo, the Skagit River, Sumas River, Mount Vernon, Washington, February 9. 196?, PP 13-18, Tables I through VI. Washington State Pollution Control Commission. The marine and estuarial waters of North 51L STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E 2 Puget Soundj along with the Inter-tldal and sub-tidal areas 3 of the marine bays and harbors, are extensively utilized 4 for the propagation and habitat of bottomfish^ shellfish 5 and other marine organisms. All of which contribute to g the industrial, recreational, and general economy of the 7 State . g Anadromous salmonids utilize the main body 3 of marine waters for rearing and as transport water in IQ addition to the estuaries, bays and fresh-water streams. jj An extensive commercial fishery for food 22 fish and shellfish, plus the sports fishery, occurs in the j3 waters of north Puget Sound. Commercial landings of j4 bottomfish, salmon, and shellfish for the waters of north 15 Puget Sound are available in the statistical report printed jg annually by the Department. Additional statistics on the lY following areas are presented herein: Everett-Port Susan- 18 Saratoga Pass (Table l). Blaine-Gulf of Georgia (-Table 2), ig Bellingham Bay, Samish Bay-Rosario Straits (Table 3)^ North 20 22 23 24 Puget Sound (Point Roberts-Rosario Straits) (Table 4), Belling- 21 ham-Nooksack (Table 5), San Juan-Salmon Banks (Table 6), Skagit Bay (Table 7), Anacortes-Padilla Bay (Table 8), and West Beach (Table 9). Statistics on the sport fishery catches of salmon are given in Tables 10, 11, and 12. Figures 25 1 and 2 illustrate the marine fishing areas for bottomfish 518 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E and salmon in Puget Sound. Use by fish and shellfish of the marine, estuarial, and fresh-water area under consideration here is evident, but these stocks are being subjected to almost excessive stress by man's alteration of their natural environment. Favorable water quality conditions must be maintained throughout the various phases of their life cycle. Successful propagation of anadromous fish in such protected areas as hatcheries, spawning channels, and special rearing ponds can be negated by the loss due to adverse environmental conditions encountered on their seaward migration, including the stream, estuarial and marine waters. Alteration of the aquatic environment by man's steady progress toward higher levels of urbanization and industrialization has required more strlngest regu- lation of both the commercial and sports fisheries. This is especially applicable to the salmon fishery resource. The Department of Fisheries now operates four salmon hatcheries and three spawning beaches*to supplement the stream production of chlnook and coho salmon in north Puget Sound. Production at these stations has been in- creased from 50,000 lb. in 1956 to 150,000 lb. of fish in 1965 (Table 13). This increased production coupled * Sockeve 31± 1 ' STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTI4ENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E 2 with other management practices necessary to maintain the 3 stocks within exploitable levels has been achieved at 4 considerable increase in cost to the taxpayer. We fully 5 appreciate their interest in maintaining these fisheries. 6 Hatchery production of pink and chum salmon has not yet 7 proven feasible and maintenance of these stocks is even g more critical. For example, studies of pink salmon in 9 recent years by Department personnel revealed that the 10 adult spawning escapement in certain stream areas of the 11 Snohomish River where they were once abundant j now no 12 longer occurs. In I963 the Puget Sound pink salmon run was 13 the largest on record, yet it was necessary to place emer- 14 gency restrictions on the Port Susan-Port Gardner fishery 15 in September to assure an adequate escapement to the Sno- jg homish River. This closure was enacted at the expense of 1» permitting an undesirable over escapement to the Stllla- 18 20 22 guamish River. Despite this emergency action the pink jg salmon escapement to the Snohomish was considered inadequate to provide the recruitment needed to increase this stock. 21 Juvenile pink salmon do occur in abundance in Everett harbor as indicated by studies in I962 conducted by the Pollution 23 Control Commission biologists. Further they found that 24 almost Instantaneous mortalities of young salmon occurred 25 in the inner harbor on several occasions during the study . 520. STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E period (spring, 1962 and I963). The most prevalent periods of acute toxicity occurred during minus low tides. We feel that poor water quality conditions have not been eliminated as a direct or indirect factor influencing Snohomish River salmon production. The co-operative State-Federal Study and conference preceeding the study in the Bellingham-Anacortes area attest to the existence of poor water quality con- ditions which at times endanger the survival of food fish and shellfish, and to marginal conditions which seldom cause directly observable fish losses, but can result in significant losses over extended periods by reduction of survival rates of fish and shellfish and prevent achieving their maximum potential production and growth. We expect the complete results of this co-operative study (Washington State Enforcement Project) will soon be published. We recognize and acknowledge with deep appre- ciation the increased co-operation between governmental agencies. Industries, and the public regarding water pollution abatement, However, it would appear that any gain made in the abatement of water pollution in north Puget Sound apparently has been largely overshadowed by the expansion of industry, urbani- zation, and the population growth. The waste discharge, quality effect sources, treatment needs, and results of oyster ^21^ 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E 2 larvae bioassay \/ indicate the problem of water pollution 3 TT Information Bulletin, Proposed Water 4 Quality Standards for Puget Sound waters north of Port 5 Townsend and Mukilteo, the Skagit River, Sumas River. Mount Vernon, Washington, February 9j 1967, Tables VII and XII . Washington Pollution Control Commission. 6 7 g in north Puget Sound is by no means solved. (Selected 9 references to the water pollution problems in north Puget 10 Sound are given in Appendix l), 11 We offer our compliments to the Washington Pollution Control Commission and its staff for their work in initiating the water quality standards proposed for 14 the marine, estuarial and fresh waters being considered 15 at this hearing. We feel the proposed standards will Ig generally meet the water-use needs of food fish and shell- ly fish with some exceptions. Our present recommended changes 12 13 18 19 20 or additions, which we feel more adequately consider the biological aspects, are summarized herein (Tables l4 and 15). .... . • 21 ' The complex interrelationship of fish and 22 other aquatic organisms and their environment is not yet 23 fully understood, but the total environment concept re- 24 gardlng aquatic organisms must be recognized. Therefore 25 it is realized that water quality standards now recommended . 522 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E may not be permanent but will need reconsideration and possible revision at regular intervals in the future, but always providing for enhancement of the water resource. Determination of water quality conditions in regard to accepted standards should be designed as to the where, when, and how the samples should be obtained. Further, the limit of deviation, if any, from a water quality standard should be specified at the time the standard is established. The standard method for analysis of marine waters should be the "Manual of Sea-Water Analysis", Strickland and Parsons, (I965) Bulletin No. 125, Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Procedures included in "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater" should be employed for analysis of fresh water. We feel that other recognized methods that permit successful reproducibility of sample analysis are also acceptable; i.e., the use of bioassays for detection of materials that are at or near the lower limits of detectabillty included in "Standard Methods" or "Manual of Sea-Water Analysis". Measurement of water quality as it affects fish- or shellfish is best demonstrated by the response of the organism to Its environ- ment. Whenever bioassays demonstrate adverse ecological conditions, results of these bioassays should take precedence 523 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT E 2 and remedial action be Initiated. 3 We do not believe that the answer to water 4 quality problems lies In litigation of existing laws, but 5 Instead requires the co-operation of all concerned In a 6 sincere and determined effort to abate pollution and en- 7 hance the quality of our water resource. g We encourage the support of the Washington 9 Pollution Control Commission In obtaining additional funds 10 and staff personnel required for their research, surveillance 11 and enforcement program. 12 (See tables 1 to 13, Inclusive, and figures 13 1 and 2, which follow:) 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 524 jgjjj^g ^ Everett-Port Sus^n-Sarato^a Pass . Fl?h_I^i'din-;s in I.'Mmber of Pounds Year Chinook Chun Pink Silver Sockeye Sturgi^on Kcrring Candle fish 1965 150,250 34,13S 362,313 573,953 567 64 78,845 166,472 37 450,570 63 65,048 55,419 1,690,116 194,642 50 62 54,787 75,992 9 602,619 61 143.435 59,105 397,752 637,337 34 1960 77,687 25,514 10 82,666 70 59 38,930 343, r21 516,610 194,944 83 58 74,041 263,570 31 493,055 280 11 100,856 639 - 90,104 179 50 38,9c7 - 81 115, f41 - 25 Ul,07ii 1 , 344 18 U0,331 278 IS 27 7, 69 i 28 - 177,792 670 Bellin^h^ir' Dover inglish Petrale Rock Srnd Misc. Year Shad Sralt Sole Sole Sola Sole Sole Sole Sol" 1965 - 1^, £41 . lA, ,065 576,440 . 14,362 • . 64 A, 753 - - 703,611 1. 810 6,590 1,940 - 63 - 38, 205 - 1, ,455 707,040 - 6,791 1,950 - 62 - 22. ,438 880 14, ,640 559,492 4, 775 4,335 395 - 61 - 34. 708 - 12, ,410 534,450 - 36,859 6,504 1.644 1950 38 24, ,566 158 1, ,850 576.263 - 23,933 1,345 - 59 - 14, ,054 • 11, ,043 5->5.: ?13 - 7,172 692 - 58 7, ,603 " 52, L^il 546. < 501 — 11,032 * 40 Li True Surf Year Floundsr Sable lioh Coi Cod ! ilockf ish Perch Hake Ratfish 1965 63.312 . 1. 035 29 ,797 20, ,743 35,346 735 i.2C0 229,850 64 48,3S1 - 4, ,854 80 ,059 25, ,152 13,577 -- 387,700 63 190.9^0 . 4. 545 63 .547 25, ,632 33,759 -- 80,300 62 83,432 . 15. 599 96 ,623 26, ,283 8,652 -- 411.630 61 90,090 1,397 26, 030 89 ,607 23, ,474 24,173 -- 315.817 1960 151,744 . 13, ,949 SI ,U5 51, ,940 10,633 -- 27,900 59 44,592 . 12, ,607. 172 ,902 39, ,195 13,255 -- -- 58 13,414 14 11, ,320 216 ,9^1 9, ,966 — 5,216 80,240 Do-i :ish Mil nk <- Year Skate & Sera? Food Crab Octopu 13 Shr i-.? 5c ?nito 1965 1,365 559, ,040 -- 33,753 - - 64 585 255, ,400 -- 35.709 153 5,9^2 - 63 45, ,500 -- 23,399 145 4,170 9 62 5,193 3^7, ,920 5 40 23,55? 620 5,123 - 61 3,282 153, ,533 0 SO 26,495 72 2,484 - 1960 5 . 910 30 3, ,350 1.^ 40 21,721 387 5,610 • 59 4,327 94D, ,972 10,853 717 -- - 58 3.237 973, ,237 -- 27,749 921 3,743 • State of Va^hir^ton DvP.-JiTVi.i:.T 0? ?i5:-z:ai£s Statistics 12/14/65 525 IM X 1-C U 3 k' C/] 01 P. j: a •*j u. ^ o 0 Ci ti 3 -3 k^ C H O C 73 •-< c J o « ^ to t' H-^ re •^ O c c (7 ^ 3 ■^ c o C c o p- ^-4 Ul u fc:- 0 1-1 c '-^ 0 o (0 5 u •U 0) w^ 1 c C '-J 0 c^ ^ U 3 f-l 3 z 3 W e c 1 f t— ; ^ o r.. c u •-' 0 0 •H •c =i en <3 3 1— ( f-i ca u c X M -■ O c u 01 01 ca c/3 ki o o U r-l 4J O 3 W ta <« U Ij — < V 0 c yj ^ 01 N o « H Wi A •c ft 0> H J-l m lA 00 C 0^ C^ (^ sO vO O r^ m m CN C tn O lA O O vO fO >-( ir> o ro vC «-H %3- o f^ rMmOcsjr^occsir^r-'o (-H r^ •> m CM ■k CM ^ n m C: rM o o r^ O (MO^OOC—'O -? 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O u u O o o 1 m in CM CM r^ ^ f-i t— 4 CM CM O 1 m 1 o c o ::3" o o en I I I o CM r-l o o in cr« m CTs O r-l CT\ m CM CM O rH o sj vO rn lO CM u-i m r^ «a- « •» which follow:) 8 563 fj ^ •P 0) h o +J ^ o +> o a c Pi (rt 0) ^ e « 0) p. -p crt •H CJ b() w (rt W M CQ <> u V • ^ VO -P o\ a H O I H -b •vO o H U a) c c3 C! o p, \Q O (7\ H i • H O ir>vo 0\0\ H H I "H ^^ lA ^< ON d H o O 11^ aJ -d 01 ■p t.: -P o -H •g§ +> d ca o « ^•g O -P O d q o U o3 •H >.'d 05 C PQ R +> ^1 •H O t)0 c w <« . O to V •H > t-t bJ A & •H 10 565 H 85 O I ■p •H I c Q c w >J o o V o m 4J J3 o Q (^ uourn-Bs noouTUQ JO SJaqamM . 566_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F Belllngham Bay The Nooksack River and Samlsh River runs of Chinook still appear to be responding quite well to hatchery plants, with the I967 run expected to be 3-6,000 fish larger than the I966 run. This should result in a catch of about 26,000 chinook or about 4,000 above the record catch of 22,000 attained in 1966. From the relationship derived from hatchery plants and returns for the Nooksack - Samish systems (Figure 6), it appears that the run of chinook in this area during August and September is being sustained by hatchery plants. Timing of the I966 catch from Bellingham and Samish Bays, as illustrated in Figure 7, was normal. Since eggs for the Puget Sound hatchery system are supplied on a pool basis and no chinook eggs will be taken at Samish in 1967, there is little liklihood that future production will be seriously harmed by increased fishing pressure. The original hatchery stock for this area came from the Green River Hatchery, and the hatcheries at the Samish and Nooksack Rivers will be supplied from this source in 1967, as they were in 19^5 and I966. For these reasons, it is proposed that Belling- ham Bay (Areas 3 and 7) be opened 5 days per week from July 30 to September 9, and 4 days per week thereafter. This STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F 2 would permit the largest harvest when the fish were bright 3 and bringing their best price (30 to 45^ per pound). It 4 is also recommended that the Samish Bay Salmon Preserve 5 opened to commercial net fishing in 1966 be opened even g further in I967, as shown in Figure 8. This special 7 opening would extend from July 30 until September 9. The 8 1966 Samish River escapement of approximately 3^000 fall 9 Chinook exceeded our preseason goal of a minimum of 1,000 I 10 spawners. No Chinook eggs will be taken at this station 11 In 1967. 12 Inner-Puget Sound 13 It is proposed that Port Susan - Port 14 Gardner (Area 5), Admiralty Inlet (Area 4a), and the 15 waters south to Tacoma (Area 6) be opened to gill nets 16 containing mesh of at least 8 Inches for 5 days per 17 week, from July 30 to August 12. In I966, a five day Ig per week fishery in these areas, during the last two 19 weeks in July, yielded only 22 chlnook to the non-Indian 20 gill nets. We, therefore, have recommended that these 21 areas not open prior to July 30 in I967 . 22 (See figures 6, 7 and 8, which follow:) 23 24 25 568 12 : ; i ' ' ! 1 1 1 1 ' ! 1 ' ; ; ' ; i 1 i . 1 1 1 1,1 1 1 1 . ' ' 1 ■111.,,! 1 1 1 1 1 1 irr n:+ i i LL " I "jj ^'' — r- i-n-r-r 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 , : 1 1 -^r I^ ^^Xr r -^r 4" "'"n rn -i— -1 1 1 1 1 ■ , 1 1 ! ! 1 1 j:] . rrrr : -| t + ^' ; , , i ; , ,- --f; !'!'!, 1 1 1 ; ir.LTi^..i,. i -'irr~ r'> .....u rx -| t ■ 1 ' ' . 1 ! 1 il 1 _4_._ .M _M 1 _i 1 "^ ■q 1 ,1 1 M ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 n^^ ^ ~r ■ -r 1 1 1 ; ' i-U--4-i- ' ' - "■' UX"^ 1 ■" ■ ' L _lJ 1 ' 1 L _L _^ _i4-. - u! Li_ ~r -r --H- - r 1 1 1 {1 1 1 1 1 1 , M 1 1 1 M I '1 -r- 1 < -f ■ ,- Mill' ! 1 ' ; 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 'Ml'' ■ ' ' M -l-U 1 1 1 , 1 ! 1 I 1 1 1 M 1 ' 1 1 Mill |_ . 1 :■ -T _• -. ' 1 . ! 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M II ; > ; ! . 1 1 1 1 I . 1 ; ; 1 1 I 1 ' i I i : 1 I 1 1 ' ■ ' ■ ' ' ' 00 H U 0) •i V -p O 0) H W O o CO cvj H 0) •a c oj CO m ■^ " "^ ^ •H cd « ■H P4 o o Q O o o o ir\ o ir\ o ir» H c~ J- q c- m CVJ H H H uocrt^S n.oouTHo jo saequm.M lU 570 Figure 8. - Sanish Bay saLnon preserve 571 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F 2 Northern Puget Sound 3 It is proposed that the early chinook fishery 4 permitted in northern Puget Sound since 1964 be continued 5 in 1967 with the following provisions: 1 . Season to open May 21 and terminate June 24 (same as in 1966). I g 2. Season to be open 5 days per week 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 10 20 21 22 23 24 25 (same as in I966) . 3. The southern boundary, prior to June 17, be at Lime Kiln Light and the south end of San Juan Channel and Lummi Rocks to Point Lawrence (same as in I966). 4. It is proposed that this early chinook 14 fishery be extended to all of Area 1 from June 18 through June 24 for 5 days (West Beach) (1 week less fishing time than in 1966). During this early period fishery at Point Roberts, the U. S. fleet took 8,562 chinook of probable Eraser River origin, while the Canadian Eraser River gill net fishery landed 13,600 chinook. It appears that the 1967 run will be of the same general magnitude as in I966. The IPSFC has made provisions in their recommendations for a chinook fishery during the two week closure from June 25 through July 8. All nets used during this time would have to be 8" mesh or greater. The result 5Z2_ STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OP FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F of such a season would be elimination of purse seines and establishment of a gill net fishery on West Beach. With the proposed reduced fishing time in Skagit Bay, extra fishing time on West Beach would not be desirable, and it is recommended that this one week period remain closed. Chum At the present time, catch, age, escapement, hydraulic fry sampling, and marine surveys of juvenile abundance point to a continuance of the same general magnitude of runs as in 19^5; that is, fairly poor runs in all areas except Hood Canal and South Sound, with the runs to these latter areas expected to be less than in 1966. For the Everett area, the outlook for 3 and 4 year old chum is only fair at best, while in Skagit Bay 3 year old chum are expected to reflect the apparent good survival of the 1964 brood. The overall abundance of chum salmon in Skagit Bay, and Bellingham Bay, is expected to approximate the low 1966 level, with only enough chum present to meet needed escapements. Closure of the eastern Puget Sound chum fisheries in 1966 resulted in much improved escapements to every river system involved. It appears at this time that the closures imposed in 1965 will be desirable for 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F 2 the next three years, at least, 3 Recommendations are similar to last year 4 on chum salmon with 4 days per week in Area 6 and a small 5 portion of Area 4A, and no fishing elsewhere. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 It is proposed that all areas except the portions of Areas kk and 6, lying southerly of a line from the southwest end of the Indian Island bridge to Liplip Point on Marrowstone Island to Double Bluff on Whidbey Island to the Point Wells Range Light, be closed to all fishing after October 20 (Figure 9). Secondly, that the remaining open area be closed on November 17. The October 20th closure is to protect chum runs to all eastern Puget Sound streams and the Fraser River, while the November 17th closure will minimize the steelhead catch and provide additional protection to southern Puget Sound chum runs. The I966 catches in Areas 4, 4a and 6 are shown in Figure 10. As can be seen, the major portion of the chum catch in I966 occurred prior to the proposed closure on November 17 . Further information on numbers of fish landed and percentage of the total harvest normally taken after November 17, is presented in Table 1. A summary of the proposed fishing time is given in Table 2 and is compared by area and gear for all years since 1958. (See figures 9 and 10 and tables 1 and 2. which follow: ) ' -■ . \ - - v A.. ' ■ ■ ■ V s \ ji^A.-.! \^'' '9 ~ C/^ :\ : \;. '^. \ i>^ Figure 9^ - Proposed AdTJ.ralty Inlet closure line during chim season. 575 18 u V (U H CO H H f-l H - ITN OJ VD o CO u -* CJ CJ H en CI CO LTN VD •( o p c 4) O >^ QJ Ph 20 577 Tabla 2. Annual nuiiber of gi! throu"h 1560 ■-.'ith 1 Ll-n2t nights ani pursa-seine days, 1958 :o'J proposals. Yaar 1958 G^ar Ar5£;s 1 2 3 £■- 7 k I;A 5 0 0-9-10 PS GN 87 82 62 58 oil 100 2k 100 2k 100 2k 100 2U 100 2U 92 1959 P3 Gil 70 69 68 67 28 86 24 80 2k 80 2k 80 2U 80 21+ 78 I90O Po Giy 93 73 41 28 68 16 68 16 63 16 68 16 68 16 Gk 1961 P3 Gi; 53 60 h3 kk 27 87 27 72 27 75 27 75 27 75 27 85 1962 P3 g:i 52 77 ^5 kG 21 85 21 52 21 80 21 80 21 80 21 80 1963 P3 GIT io 78 i|2 h2 12 83 33 53 33 75 12 67 32 Ik 12 8!| 1961+ F3 GIJ 99 99 43 43 20 81 31 92 31 66 21 79 31 92 20 00 1965 P3 Gil 82 82 38 38 Ik 61 k2 75 k3 86 Ik 61 3!^ 90 \k 76 1966 PS GN 59 81 51 50 16 51 16 Gk 16 68 16 68 38 91 16 89 1967 Proposed PS GN 78 78 ^3 h3 9 5i| 2k 51 2k 9 U5 25 6U 9 77 *Note: If part of area was open, it is sha^-n as whole area open for coorputation of fishing tine. ^A. STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F The following seasons are proposed for Puget Sound in I967 . Seasons by area: Dominant species and minimum mesh size shown by ( )( ). Area 1 - (northern portion only) - May 21 through June 17 - 5 days per week (Chinook) (8" GN) Area 1 - June 18 through June 24 - 5 days (chinook) (8" GN) June 25 through July 8 - Closed (sockeye) July 9 through July 22 - 2 days per week (sockeye) (5" GN) July 23 through August 12 - 3 days per week (sockeye) (5" GN) August 13 through September 30 - 4 days per week (pinks - coho) (5" GN) October 1 through October 21 - 4 days per week (coho-chum) (5^" GN) October 22 through November 30 - Closed (chum) Area 2 (Strait of Juan de Fuca) - June 25 through August 5 - Closed (sockeye) August 6 through August 12 - 3 days (sockeye) (5" GN) 52^. 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F 2 August 13 through September 30 - 4 days per 3 week (pink-coho) (5" GN) 4 October 1 through October 21 - 4 days per week (coho-chum)(55-'* GN) October 22 through November 30 - Closed (chum) rj I Areas 3 and 7 - (Bellingham Bay) - Portion g of Area 3 East of line from Carter Point on Lummi Island 0 to Vendovi Island to Clark Point on Guemes Island. June 11 through July 29 - Closed 10 11 12 July 30 through September 9 - 5 days per week (chinook)(8" GN) (Samish preserve to be open July 30 through j2 September 9. ) 14 September 10 through September l6 - 4 days (chinook)(8" GN) September 1? through October 21 - 4 days per week (coho)(6" GN) October 22 through November 30 - Closed (chum) Area 4 - (Discovery Bay) - June 11 through July 8. - Closed 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 July 9 through July 22 - 2 days per week 22 (sockeye) (5^" GN) 23 July 23 through August 12 - 3 days per week 24 (sockeye) (5^" GN) 25 August 13 through September 30 - 4 days 580. 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F 2 per week (pinks - coho)(5^" GN) 3 October 1 through October 21 - 4 days per 4 week (coho)(5r" GN) October 22 through November 30 - Closed (chum) Area 4a - (Admiralty Inlet) - June 11 through July 29 - Closed July 30 through August 12 - 3 days per week (chinook)(8" GN) August 13 through September 2 - 4 days per week (plnks)(5¥" GN) September 3 through September l6 - 3 days per week (pinks)(5i" GN) September 17 through October 21 - 4 days per week (coho)(5r" GN, 5" PS) October 22 through November 30 - Closed (chum) Area 6 (Hood Canal to South Sound) - June 11 through July 29 - Closed July 30 through August 12 - 5 days per week 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (chlnook)(8" GN) 2j August 13 through September 2 - 4 days pei? 22 week (pinks) (5^' GN) 23 September 3 through September l6 - 3 days 24 per week (pinks) (5^" GN) September 17 through November l8 - 4 days 6 1 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F 2 per week (coho-chum) (5u" GN, 5" PS) (except - portion of 3 Area 6 to be closed after October 21 (Figure 9). 4 November 19 through November 30 - Closed (chum) 5 Area 3 - (Port Susan - Port Gardner) June 11 through July 29 - Closed fj July 30 through August 12 - 5 days per week 8 (Chinook) (8" GN) g August 13 through September l6 - 3 days 10 per week (pinks )(5i" GN) ji September 17 through October 21 - 4 days per week (coho) (6" GN, 5" PS) October 22 through November 30 - Closed (chum) j4 Areas 8, 9 and 10 - (Skagit) j5 May 21 through July 29 - 3 days per week Ig (Chinook) (8" GN) jy July 30 through August 19 - 5 days per week 12 13 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (chinook)(8" GN) August 20 through September l6 - 3 days per week (pinks) (5i" GN) September 17 through October 21 - 4 days per week (coho) (6" GN, 5" PS in Area lO) October 22 through November 30 - Closed (chum) Point Roberts: Blowback area for protection 25 of delaying pink salmon. ^82. STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F September 3 to September l6 - Waters lying westerly of a straight line^ projected true south from Lily Point, on Point Roberts, to the intersection with the international boundary line - Closed September 17 to September 30 - Waters lying northerly and westerly of a straight line projected from Iwersen's dock on Point Roberts to Georgina Light at Active Pass - Closed SPECIAL PROPOSALS 1. Under IPSFC rules, purse seines and reef nets fish first from July 9 to August 12; gill nets fish first from August 13 to September 30. During the fall of 1964 and I966, gill nets fished first, while in 1963 and 1965 purse seines fished first, It is, therefore, the purse seines turn to be first during the 1967 fall season. Propose to fish purse seines first after October 1. 2. It is recommended that the Samish pre- serve area west of a line from the northwest end of Halloran Road on Samish Island north to Pidgeon Point be opened for commercial fishing during all open, fishing periods in Area 3 from July 30 to September 9, I967 (Figure 7). 3. It is recommended that the following areas be closed from October 21 through November 30 to 8 9 10 11 ^81. STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F 2 increase chum salmon escapements where needed: Areas 1, 2, 3 3:, ^, 5} 7, 8, 9, 10, and that portion of Areas 4a and 6 4 lying north and east of a line across the Indian Island 5 Bridge and from Liplip Point on Marrowstone Island to 5 Double Bluff on Whidbey Island; thence, to the Point Wells 7 range light. All remaining waters would close on Novem- ber 18. 4. It is proposed that the southern end of the Snohomish River preserve be moved 2,800 yards westward to the Point Elliot Light House at Mukilteo. (P^roposal 12 from John LaPlante - patrolman.) 13 5. Propose to set a fishing season for 14 purse seines only in that portion of the Strait of Juan 15 de Fuca salmon preserve lying easterly of a line projected IQ northerly from the south shore of Dungesness Bay through 17 the outer end of the abandoned dock and the Dungesness Spit Light House (Figure 2). 19 Proposed Openings for Special Purse Seine 20 Season; 21 5:00 AM August 3 to 4:00 PM August 4 (2 days) 22 5:00 AM August 10 to 4:00 PM August 11 (2 days) 23 5:00 AM August 24 to 4:00 PM August 25 (2 days) 24 5:00 AM August 30 to 9:00 PM August 31 (2 days) 25 6. Propose to change the chinook mesh sizes 18 581 STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT F for Puget Sound gill nets from the existing Ti?" , 8" and 8^" to a standard 8" as required in Areas 1, 4, 3, and 7 under IPSFC proposals. This will standardize all chinook gill net mesh limits and should not eliminate any nets presently in use. STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT G (Exhibit G, entitled "Measurement of Water Quality with the Pacific Oyster Embryo Bioassay," by C. E. Woelke, follows on pages 584a to 584 j, inclu- sive . ) STATE OP WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT H (Exhibit H, entitled "Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Its Relationship to Oxygen in Grays Harbor, Washington," by Ronald E. Westley, follows page 584 j. ) MR. POSTON: We have a statement next from- the Congress of American Fishermen. CONGRESS OF AMERICAN FISHERMEN "Congress of American Fishermen, 2l42 - 8th Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, Telephone AT 4-6176 58i^a STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES - EXHIBIT G c. £ Woeike Measttrement of Water QUiality withtht Padfrc 0>5ter Embryo Sioassay Authorized Reprint from the Copyrighted Water Quality Criteria, Special Technical Publica- tion No. 416. Published by: American Society for Testing and Materials 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 58i^-b C. E. Woelke' Measurement of Water Quality with the Pacific Oyster Embryo Bioassay REFFRICNCE: C. E. Woeike, "Measurement of VValcr Quality with the Pacific Oyster Embryo Bioassay," Waicr Qiuility Criteria, ASTM STF 416, Am. Soc. Testing Mats, 1967, p. 112. ABSTRACT: Meaningful water quality standards or criteria must be e.x- pressed in terms of consumer needs. If these needs are based on chemical parameters, the criteria or standards should be based on chemical meas- urements. If consumer needs are based on biological factors, standards or criteria should be based on biological measurements. Methods have been developed in which Pacific oyster embryo bioassays measure water quality in terms of response by a type of animal (consumer) found in many of our bays and estuaries. The method has been successfully em- ployed in the laboratory to measure relative toxicity of pulp and paper wastes. Both polluted and unpolluted water from bays and estuaries are routinely bioassayed with oyster einbryos. Based on these bioassays, areas of acceptable and unacceptable water quality have been delineated relative to oysters. It is recommended that this method and similar bioas- say techniques be adopted as part of the measurements employed in de- fining water quality standards and criteria. KEY WORDS: water, water pollution, water quality, estuaries, bioassay, oysters, toxicity, molluscs, industrial wastes, pulp mills, paper mills, re- fineries The previous papers have indicated some of the complexities in- volved in evaluating water quality in an environment subjected to wide short-term physical and chemical changes. While not specifically spelling it out, they have implied that the plethora of physical and chemical measurements in routine use may still not detect unsatisfactory biological conditions. Biological assays are actually the most logical, and frequently the only available, method for defining water quality. Doudoroff et al [/]- de- scribed a standardized bioassay procedure for fish, and Woeike [2] pro- posed the use of bivalve larva for bioassays of waters in which oyster ' Washington State Department of Fisheries, Olympia, Wash. 'The italic numbers in brackets refer to the list of references appended to this paper. 112 584c WOELKE ON PACIFIC OYSTER EMBRYO BIOASSAY 1 1 3 and clam populations arc present. Bioassays with bivalve larva of simu- lated wastes prenared in the laboratory have been reported by a number of investigators [3-]0]. Dimick and Brcose [I J] propose the bay mussel as a standard bivalve for marine water bioassays because these molluscs are found in nearly all estuarine areas in the world. In this paper I shall give a brief description of a rapid, inexpensive, and dependable bioassay technique I developed while working for the Shellfish Research Unit of the Washington Department of Fisheries. For the remainder of my presentation I shall deal with my subject in four steps. First, state the assumptions and justifications; second, describe the method itself; third, present data obtained in a series of toxicity bioassays conducted on 29 samples of pulp mill and oil refinery wastes; and fourth, describe how this technique has been extended to actual estuarine pollution problems. In developing this technique I assumed a general acceptance of the need for and merit of biological assays in the field of water quality re- search. I further assumed an acceptance of the concept that development of a bioassay procedure with a commercially valuable marine organism, which could be applied at any time of the year with the same ease and reproducibility currently attributed to the biological oxygen demand and coliform mean probable number tests, would be a useful tool for evaluat- ing water quality. It is my contention that the first 48 hr in the develop- ment of fertilized eggs of the Pacific oyster, Crassosirea gigas, provides a biological system whose response can be utilized to satisfy these as- sumptions. During this 48-hr period the fertilized eggs normally develop into free-swimming, fully shelled veliger larvae. My final assumption is that failure to develop to fully shelled (normal) larvae in 48 hr will break the life cycle of the Pacific oyster. I consider failure of the eggs tu develop, or the proportion (per cent) of larvae developing in an ab- normal manner to constitute a measure of the biological response to a particular stimulus. Method The basic steps I have followed in carrying out bioassays with fertil- ized Pacific oyster eggs are relatively simple and straight-forward. Adult oysters (spawners) are thermally conditioned at 20 C in flowing sea- water until they can be readily spawned. This usually requires about four to six weeks. To insure the availability of spawners during all months of the year, several groups of oysters at various stages of sex al maturity are kept on hand at all times. Several hours before a bioassay is to be conducted, 10 to 20 mature oysters are placed into Pyrex dishes filled with filtered ultraviolet-light-treated water. These dishes are placed in a water bath and the temperature is raised to 28 to 30 C. About 30 min before the time the spawning is desired, a sperm suspension from 584d 114 WATER QUALITY CRITERIA _ 1 i:s?5 u < ■, 1 -o E «! c k^ o M 3 *1 o c S> (-1 < a. pa "-, a< 5 «i s o Q «< •^ c ■0 ^ a _3 ^ ^> a W 1 0 Z u a >J B. n < H M E 3 z a ■• £ OOOOOlNr-irltNtNloOOOOOOOOOO — mr-, OOOOIN ooooooooooooooooooScSooooooc — rj (N — — rs -^ r.1 rj — rj rst — r-j 1:10 >2 0 6S paper machine >1:10 >0,0 74 oil refinery >1:10 >0.0 80 paper mill >1.10 >4.0 beakers containing the water to be bioassayed are each inoculated with a sufficient amount of the egg suspension to give 20,000 to 30,000 fertilized eggs per liter. Approximately 10 per cent of the cultures in a given bioassay are controls. The culture containers are placed in a 20 C water bath for 48 hr. At the end of this time the cultures are poured through a 37 /i sieve to collect the oyster larvae. Samples containing about 150 to 250 larvae taken from each culture are preserved and later examined under a microscope. The number of normal and abnormal 58^f 1 1 6 WATER QUALITY CRITERIA TABLE 3 — Gallons of diUaioii waler needed per day lo reduce the waste streams toxicities to 0 and 20 per cent response levels. Bioassay Dilution Present Waste Million Gallons Per Day Sample N"o. Volume, million Required for 0 response 20% response Gallons per day ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^I^^^ 44 > 20 000 19 000 2.74 > 54 800 52 060 63 100 000 11500 13.15 1315 000 151225 71 100 000 »7 9t)0 70 100 000 7 800 4.50 450 000 35100 43 10 000 4 540 29.09 290 900 130 680 66 100 000 3 400 5 67 567 000 192 780 39 10 000 2 100 4.60 46 000 9 660 48 2 000 920 13.20 26 400 12 144 73 1 000 700 67 2 000 690 8.00 16 000 5 520 47 1000 620 17.30 17 300 10 726 77 2 000 560 2.92 5 840 1635 72 100 000 550 7.80 780 000 42 900 40 > 100 000 525 0.70 > 70 000 367 64 1000 170 40.32 40 320 6 854 42 2 000 145 9.00 18 000 1305 45 1 000 72 1.13 1 130 81 68 10 000 68 69 200 65 5.00 1000 325 78 200 62 0.91 182 56 41 100 61 0.70 70 43 76 1000 59 5.90 5 900 348 79 100 59 1.34 134 79 46 100 22 1.43 143 31 75 100 18 62 20 <10 3.49 69.8 <35 65 <10 <10 8.40 <84 <84 74 20 <10 80 100 <10 Totals 187.29 3 706 273 654 038 larvae are counted in each sample. The response which forms the basis of the bioassay is the per cent abnormal larvae. The effect of any varia- ble tested is described in terms of the per cent oyster larvae which de- velop abnormally. Results In a study comparing the toxicity of 29 composite wastes serial dilu- tions of one part waste sample to 10, 20, 100, 200, 1000, 2000, 10,000, 20,000, 100,000, and 200,000 parts of fresh seawater were prepared. Each dilution was divided between three one-liter beakers for replication of the bioassay. At least nine beakers were filled with pure .seawater to be used as controls in each of the nine separate bioassays made during the study. The mean per cent abnormal larvae from each dilution of each waste bioassayed was plotted on probability paper, and levels of no WOEIKE ON PACIFIC OYSTER EMBRYO BIOASSAY 1 17 584g OYSTERS WATER CONDITIONING 4-6 Weeks ot 20° C CARRY -ALONG 4 Liter sea wotct from loboralory. COLLECTION 4 Liter somple by seoplane. SPAWNING Temp, roised to 25° - 30° C. for 2-3 hours; sperm added. TRANSPORT All samples to loboralory within 3 hours of collection INOCULATION 20 - 30 Thousands zygotes, J'j hours old or less, added to each culture. 3 ONE-LITER CULTURES Incuboted ot 20°C for 48 hours. TERMINAL S.W.L. AND SALINITY 250 ml ALIQUOT SAMPLE Containing 100-200 lorvae. CHLOROPHYLL 500 m\. INITIAL S.W.L. AND SALINITY 250 ml. INDEX Percent obnormal lorvoe determined. FIG. 1 — Flow diagram for oyslcr larva bioassay. effect, 20, 50, and 100 per cent abnormals (response), were determined. The Pearl-Benson Index (PBI), a chemical measure commonly used for measuring pulp and paper wastes, was determined for each dilution of each waste bioassayed. The results of this study are shown in Table 1. In Table 2 these wastes are arranged in order from most to least toxic, based on the amount of dilution needed to reduce their toxicity to 'he 20 per cent abnormal level. It should be noted that when ranked in this manner, the PBI values for the waste dilutions designated do not follow any particular pattern. This indicates that the PBI does not measure the relative toxicity of the different wastes. To give a more practical de- scription of these results, the gallons of dilution water needed to reduce 584h 118 WATER QUALITY CRITERIA c o ft. 581^1 WOELKE ON PACIFIC OYSTER EMBRYO BIOASSAY 1 1 9 the waste streams bioassayed to the 0 and 20 per cent response levels are summarized in Table 3. In a further refinement of this bioassay procedure, water samples are collected by airplane from various estuarine environments and are flown to the laboratory where they are bioassayed within a few hours of the time collected. In this type of bioassay, a control water sample is carried from the laboratory on the airplane and is subject to the same handling stresses as the samples to be bioassayed. The water is collected in one- gallon polyethylene containers. As many as 50 water samples have been collected for a single bioassay. These samples are divided between four one-liter beakers. Three samples are inoculated with freshly spawned oyster embryos, and the fourth is used for chemical analysis. At the end of the 48-hr bioassay, further chemical measures are often made on the waters in which the embryos actually developed. The flow diagram in Fig. 1 outlines the procedure followed in this type of bioassay. Average per cent abnormal larvae and average PBI values from seven consecutive monthly bioassays in one area of Washington state are summarized in Fig. 2. High larva response levels in the Port Angeles area which decrease with increasing distance from Port Angeles are readily apparent. At present, water quality is being monitored annually with oyster larvae at more than 130 stations, which include 95 per cent of the oyster growing areas of Washington state and over 80 per cent of the estuarine areas of the state. Conclusions I feel that the results achieved with the oyster embryo bioassay justi- fies considering it for general use in: 1. Evaluating existing estuarine water quality. 2. Monitoring estuarine water quality. 3. Determining toxicity of new potentially toxic materials. 4. Measuring relative toxicity of wastes or potential wastes and esti- mating their probable effect on moliuscan populations. 5. Aiding in determining the degree and type of treatment a particular waste might require. 6. Evaluating the effectiveness of waste treatment facilities discharg- ing into estuarine waters. 7. Establishing estuarine water quality standards. Among the advantages of this method are its speed (relative to many other types of bioassays), its simplicity, its low cost, the fact that it is based on a commercially valuable species, the availability of test organ- isms on a 12-month basis, and the clear-cut response of the oyster em- bryos. While not mentioned previously, biological problems such as age, size, sex, and prior exposure of the animals to stress, which tend to confound the results of bioassays with many other organisms, are not 584j 1 20 WATER QUALITY CRITERIA present with this method, since all embryos have the same parents and are exactly the same age and size. I would be less than honest if I did not caution that while the results of oyster embryo bioassays can be used with a fair degree of confidence when defining water quality for molluscs, the extension of the results to cr..bs, shrimp, swimming fish, diatoms, or the plankton forms on which these animals feed may be a hazardous and ill-advised procedure. At present it appears that where water quality does not interfere with em- bryonic development of oyster larvae, other animal forms will thrive. In spite of this it is my firm belief that similar bioassay procedures must be developed with species representing the other major groups of organ- isms found in the estuarine environment, particularly those of social or economic importance to man. I feel strongly that water quality criteria must include bioassay meas- urements of water of the type outlined here, in addition to chemical or physical measurements. References [1] P. Doudoroff et al, "Bioassay Methods for the Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of Industrial Wastes to Fish," Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol 23, No. 11, 1951, pp. 1380-1397. [2] C. E. Woelke, "Bioassay The Bivalve Larvae Tool," Proceedings, 10th Pacific Northwest Symposium Water Pollution Research, U.S. Department HEWPHS, Portland, Ore., 1961. [3] H. C. Davis, "Effects of Some Pesticides on Eggs and Larvae of Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and Clams (Venus mercenaria)," U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Commercial Fisheries Review, Vol 23, No. 12, 1961. [4] H. C. Davis and P. Chanley, "The Effects of Some Dissolved Substances on Bivalve Larvae," Proceedings, Nat. Shellfisheries Assn., Vol 46, pp. 59-74. [5] H. Hidil, "Effects of Synthetic Surfactants on the Larvae of Clams (M. mercenaria) and Oysters (C. virginica)," Journal, Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol 37, No. 2, pp. 262-270. [6] V. L. Loosanoff, "Some Effects of Pesticides on Marine Arthropods and Molluscs," U.S. Public Health Service, Transactions, 2nd seminar on Biological Problems in Water Pollution, April 20-24, 1959. [7] K. Okubo and T. Okubo, "Study on the Bioassay Method for the Evaluation of Water Pollution. II. Use of Fertilized Eggs of Sea Urchins and Bivalves," Bulletin, Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory No. 32, 1962. [8] C. E. Woelke, "The Effects of Spent Sulphite Waste Liquor on the Develop- ment of Eggs and Larvae of Three Marine Molluscs and Three of Their Food Organisms," Washington State Department Fisheries, Research Bulletin No 6, 1960. [9] C. E. Woelke, "Effects of Sulfite Vvaste Liquor on the Normal Development of Pacific Oysters {Crassostrea gigas) Larvae," Washington State Department Fisheries, Research Bulletin No. 6, 1960. [10] C. E. Woelke, "Bioassays of Pulp Mill Wastes with Oysters," U.S. Public Health Service, Transactions, 3rd seminar on Biological Problems in Water Pollution, 1962. [//] R. E. Dimick and W. P. Breese, "Bay Mussel Embryo Bioassay," Proceedings, 12th Pacific Northwest Industrial Waste Conference, University of Washing- ton, College of Engineering, 1965, pp. 165-175. PHYTOPLANKTON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OXYGEN IN GRAYS HARBOR, WASHINGTON State of Washington DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES Research Division Ronald E. Westley Fisheries Biologist March 1967 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES 11 ABSTRACT 111 INTRODUCTION 1 RESULTS 2 DISCUSSION 3 General 3 Effect of reduced photosynthetlc rate on dissolved oxygen content of the water of Upper Grays Harbor 5 SUMMARY 6 LITERATURE CITED 8 APPENDIX (Figures) 9 LIST OP FIGURES IiSL£e Page 1. Map of study area. 10 2. Grays Harbor temperature. 11 3. Grays Harbor salinity. 12 4. Grays Harbor sulfite waste liquor. 13 5. Grays Harbor dissolved oxygen. 14 6. Grays Harbor Inorganic phosphate. 15 7. Grays Harbor total phosphate. 16 8. Grays Harbor Secchl disc observations. 17 9. Grays Harbor chlorophyll A. 18 10. Grays Harbor photosynthetlc rate. 19 11. Grays Harbor assimilation number. 20 12. Wlllapa Bay temperature. 21 13. Wlllapa Bay salinity. 22 14. Wlllapa Bay sulfite waste liquor. 23 15. Wlllapa Bay dissolved oxygen. 24 16. Wlllapa Bay Inorganic phosphate. 25 17. Wlllapa Bay total phosphate. 26 18. Wlllapa Bay Secchl disc. 27 19. Wlllapa Bay chlorophyll A. 28 20. Wlllapa Bay photosynthetlc rate. 29 21. Wlllapa Bay assimilation number. 30 11 ABSTRACT A study has been carried out by the Washington Department of Fisheries to determine the contribution from phytoplankton photosynthesis to the dissolved oxygen content of the waters of Grays Harbor. It was found that phytoplankton photosynthesis Is Inhibited In Upper Grays Harbor because of water turbidity and some undetermined Inhibiting factor. Sulfite waste liquor contributed to the turbidity and was a factor In the low Inorganic phosphate content of the water. It was calculated that the waters of Upper Grays Harbor failed to receive about 1.7 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved oxygen every 10 days during summer due to the reduced phytoplankton photosynthesis. Ill INTRODUCTION Because of concern about water quality conditions and possible deleterious effects on salmon, there has been considerable investigation of the water conditions of Grays Harbor. Particular attention had been directed to the problem of low dissolved oxygen content In the upper portion of the estuary. During the summer of 196A and 1965, a study of the general hydrography and the primary productivity of Grays Harbor was carried out by the Washington Department of Fisheries as a contribution to the Grays Harbor Cooperative Study Program.— This study was undertaken — A cooperative Investigation of the pollution problem in Grays Harbor by Washington State Departments of Fisheries and Game, Washington State Pollution Control Commission, United States Geological Survey, and Weyerhaeuser Timber Co. to gather further Information on the general water conditions of the harbor, to gain information on the nutrients and conditions Important to primary productivity, to determine the levels of primary productivity; and, since low dissolved oxygen is a major problem in parts of Grays Harbor, ultimately to determine the contribution of oxygen from phytoplankton photosynthesis. The complete data collected have already been presented in Washington State Department of Fisheries Hydrographic Data Bulletin, Vol. V, No. 1 (Westley and Tarr, 1965). This present report gives a summary and analysis of that data from the above bulletin which relates to primary productivity In Grays Harbor, with particular attention to the contribution of oxygen from phyto- plankton photosynthesis. For comparative purposes a summary and analysis of similar data from Willapa Bay is also presented. Grays Harbor is a broad, shallow estuary located on the Washington coast about 35 miles north of the mouth of the Columbia River. Surface 2 area of the harbor is about 90 miles , maximum water depth Is about 60 ft and a majority of the bottom is exposed at low tide. The estuary is fed directly from the Pacific Ocean. Major tributary streams are the Chehalls, Wlshkah, Hoqulam, and Humptulips rivers. METHODS The location of the stations used in the study is shown in Figure 1. Each station was sampled at four depths simultaneously. Water properties measured were salinity, dissolved oxygen content, temperature, sulfite waste liquor (SWL) , Inorganic and total phosphate, nitrite, nitrate and ammonia, pH, and alkalinity. The phytoplankton was evaluated by determination of photo- synthetic rate through uptake of radioactive carbon, and determination of the standing crop was made through chlorophyll extraction and microscopic examination. In general, the methods used were those presented by Strickland and Parsons (1965). SWL was measured by the method presented by Westley (1960). Samples for determination of photosynthetlc rate were held in a deck Incubator exposed to natural sunlight with appropriate neutral density filters to compensate for water turbidity. Trips were planned to sample the area of the harbor mouth at high tide and the upper harbor at low tide. In- sofar as possible sampling was done against the direction of tidal flow. Station 17 was intended to measure the ocean feed water. Station 2 was Intended to measure the inflowing Chehalis River water. In Grays Harbor, Trip 8 was on August 18, 1964; Trip 9 on September 9, 1964; Trip 10 on July 21, 1965; Trip 11 on August 18, 1965; and Trip 12 on September 21, 1965. In Willapa Bay, Trip 29 was on August 12, 1964; Trip 30 on September 2, 1964; Trip 38 on July 15, 1965: Trip 40 on August 25, 1965; and Trip 41 on September 14. 1965. RESULTS The Grays Harbor station data were combined into five units represent- ing five major sections of the bay (Figure 1). Data from all depths and all stations in each section were averaged to provide one value in each section for each property for each trip. Figure 2 presents the water temperature data. Figure 3 presents the salinity data. Figure 4 presents the sulfite waste liquor data. Figure 5 presents the dissolved oxygen data. Figure 6 presents the inorganic phosphate data. Figure 7 presents the total phosphate information. Figure 8 the Secchl disc observations. Figure 9 chlorophyll A, Figure 10 photosynthetlc rate, and Figure 11 presents calculations of photo- S3rnthetic efficiency expressed as assimilation numbers (the aaouat of olioto- synthesls per unit of chlorophyll A per 1,000 foot candlas (fC-c]). These data show that the lowest average oxygen values on mmeh trip always occurred in Section II and the highest occurred at Section V (in the mouth). The SWL values were highest in Section II and the lowest in Section V. Inorganic phosphate was lowest In Section II and highest In Section V. Total phosphate was highest in Section II and lowest in Section I. Chloro- phyll A was lowest in Section I, slightly higher in Section II, and there- after increasing, with the highest values observed in Section V. The data on photosynthetic rate indicates the lowest levels to occur in Section II and the highest in Section V. Water turbidity was greatest in Section II and lowest in Section V. DISCUSSION General A major objective was to determine the contribution of oxygen from phytoplankton photdsynthesls to the water of Grays Harbor. The data indicate lowest oxygen values and lowest photosynthetic rates both occur in Section II. Therefore the data were closely examined to determine the reason for the lack of photosynthesis in this area. The chlorophyll data shows that some plankton is present in Section II but the low photosynthetic rate and the low assimilation numbers indicate that the phytoplankton present, if alive, are not photosyntheslzing. The data also demonstrate that water turbidity is quite high in Section II, inorganic phosphate is quite low, and organic phosphorus is high. The highest photosynthetic rate occurred when the Secchl disc values (light penetration) were greatest (Trip 8) and lowest photosynthetic rate occurred when Secchi disc values were lowest (the higher the value the clearer the water) . The magnitude of the differences in the Secchi disc observations, however, is not great. Of the above, information relative to phosphate and water turbidity seem par- ticularly important. Inorganic phosphate is needed for primary productivity, and, in general, particulate organic phosphorus is not immediately available for primary productivity. Turbidity of the water decreases light penetration and causes a corresponding decrease in the photosynthetic rate. To evaluate the findings in Grays Harbor from a different point of view, comparisons were made with similar data from Wlllapa Bay. Wlllapa Bay is similar to Grays Harbor in many respects. It is located on the coast of Washington immediately south of Grays Harbor. Surface area is about 100 miles and the bay is generally shallow with a majority of the bottom exposed at low tide. The Department of Fisheries has been carrying on a major hydro- graphic study of Willapa Bay since 1961. This study has been for the purpose of establishing the general features of the water, for measuring levels of primary productivity In the bay, and for determining the exchange of water between Willapa Bay and the ocean. While Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor are as similar as any two estuaries can be, we do recognize differ- ences between them and do not consider Willapa Bay an identical control* Data from five trips in Willapa Bay, carried out at almost the same time as the Grays Harbor trips, were treated in the same manner as the Grays Harbor data (Figure 1) . This information is presented In Figures 12 through 21. There Is no direct discharge of SWL Into Willapa Bay. The SWL values shown In Figure 14 are primarily due to so-called "natural background". It is, however, possible for minimal amounts of SWL to enter Willapa Bay with the ocean feed water. In Willapa Bay relatively high chlorophyll A and high photosynthetic rate values were found in Section II. The assimilation number shows a relatively high photosynthetic efficiency and there was also considerably more Inorganic phosphate pres-^nt in Section II of Willapa Bay (Figure 1). In general these conditions observed in Section II are almost the opposite of those observed in Section II of Grays Harbor. The conditions observed in Willapa Bay seem typical of what has been found in many other estuaries, with interrelationship between flushing, nutrients, and photosynthesis resulting in a phtosjmthetic peak in the head of the estuary. Because of the presence of SWL, the Grays Harbor data were compared with results from previous studies carried out in this laboratory (Westley and Tarr, 1966), on determination of some effects of SWL on seawater using ammonia base liquor in concentrations up to 128 ppm. From these laboratory studies it appears that the levels of SWL observed In Grays Harbor were not high enough to inhibit photosynthesis through direct toxicity. However, in these laboratory studies it was observed that in the presence of SWL a majority of the inorganic phosphate is converted to the organic form and also that a fairly dense brown bloom develops in the water. Figures 6 and 7 Illustrate the low inorganic phosphate and the high total phosphate that occurs in Section II of Grays Harbor and it appears that the SWL present is affecting both water turbidity and inorganic phosphate content of the water. The data collected show that the rate of phytoplankton photosynthesis was very low in Section II of Grays Harbor during the fall of 1964 and 1965. Comparisons with Wlllapa Bay, and with laboratory studies provide some understanding of why primary productivity was low. A major factor in the reduced photosynthesis in Section II of Grays Harbor seems to be reduced light penetration or turbidity. However, photosynthetic efficiency expressed in terms of an assimilation number indicates that photosynthesis is also inhibited by some other cause. The data do not clearly indicate the reason for this additional inhibition. However, the highest levels of SWL were observed in Section II. Thus, lack of light penetration and some undetermined inhibiting condition are the immediate reasons for lack of photosynthesis in Upper Grays Harbor. The data also indicate that if these inhibiting conditions were corrected the problem created by the con- version of inorganic phosphate to organic phosphate by SWL would then soon block any major increase of photosynthesis in Section II of Grays Harbor. The reason for the turbidity seems to be a combination of factors. The Secchi disc data and the SWL data indicate a general relationship, with the higher SWL values corresponding to the low light penetration. The notable exception to this is Trip 9 when both the SWL and Secchi disc values (light penetration) were the lowest observed. At that time the water of the entire bay was observed to be quite muddy. Primary productivity of water is a complex subject, and it is not the writer's intent to imply that turbidity and SWL are the only factors in- fluencing primary productivity in Section II of Grays Harbor. However, the data seem to indicate fairly clearly that both turbidity and SWL are major factors in reduced phytoplankton photosynthesis in Section II of Grays Harbor. Effect of reduced photosynthetic rate on dissolved oxygen content of the water of Upper Grays Harbor. The process of photosynthesis is known to be an important source of oxygen to water and in studies earned out by various workers relatively high dissolved oxygen content of the water has been observed to result from major photosynthetic activity. To make an estimate of the oxygen deficit in Grays Harbor due to reduced phytoplankton photosynthesis it is necessary to first estimate the extent that photosynthesis is depressed in Grays Harbor. For this purpose we assumed that the photosynthetic rate in Section II of Grays Harbor should be similar to that of Willapa Bay. This assumption is based upon the similar size, and tidal range of the two bays. Their proximity provides similar weather conditions and a great deal of similarity in the composition of the ocean feed water. The available data suggest somewhat similar rates of exchange with the ocean, but Grays Harbor does receive more fresh water than Willapa Bay. We averaged the photosynthetic rate observed on the 5 trips in Section II of Grays Harbor and compared this average with similar values derived for Willapa Bay. The difference was 6.44 milligrams (mg) carbon per cubic meter per hour. (These data are uncorrected for variation in light intensity). Then using the formula suggested by Westlake (1963) (grams oxygen x 0.300 = grams carbon) and using a P Q of 1.25, assuming 12 hours of effective light per day and that the radioactive carbon method with a dark bottle correction measures net photosynthesis; and applying a correction factor for nightlme (dark) respiration from Westlake (1963) and Ryther (1959), we calculated that due to reduced photosynthesis, the waters of Section II of Grays Harbor have failed to receive the equivalent of .17 ppm dissolved oxygen each day or 1.7 ppm dissolved oxygen for each 10-day period during the summer. While several assumptions were made for this calculation, we have tried to be conservative in these assumptions. Therefore, the actual value should be at least as great as .17 ppm per day. The significance of this is that this potential cumulative oxygen production per 10-day period (1.7 ppm) Is equal to one-half of the amount of oxygen present in the waters of Upper Grays Harbor during the seasonal oxygen minimum (3.0 ppm). SUMMARY A limited study was carried out to learn the contribution of oxygen from photosynthesis to the waters of Grays Harbor. It was demonstrated that photosynthesis is nearly absent In the upper portion of Grays Harbor (Section II), the area where the lowest dissolved oxygen values occur. Turbidity of the water is a major season for the lack of photosynthesis. By comparing the data with previous studies it Is indicated that SWL Interacts with other factors to reduce photosynthesis both by increasing turbidity and by converting inorganic phosphate to organic phosphate. Calculations Indicate that if the photosynthetic rate had not been depressed, the water of Section II of Grays Harbor would have received the equivalent of 1.7 ppm more of dissolved oxygen every 10 days during the summer. LITERATURE CITED Ryther, John H. 1959. Potential productivity of the sea. Science, 130(3376); p. 602-608. Strickland, J. D. H. 1960. Measuring the production of marine phytoplankton. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 122. Strickland, J. D. H. and T. R. Parsons 1965. A manual of seawater analysis. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 125, (2nd ed.) 203 p. Westlake, D. F. 1963. Comparisons of plant productivity. Biological Reviews, 38: p. 385-A25. West ley, R. E. 1960. A summary of recent research by the Washington Department of Fisheries on the distribution and determination of sulfite waste liquor (SWL) . Wash. Dept. Fish. Res. Bull. 6, p. 7-43. Westley, R. E. and M. A. Tarr 1965. Physical-chemical and primary productivity data. Grays Harbor, Trips 8-12, 1964 & 1965. Wash. Dept. Fish. Hydro. Data, 5_5(1) : 25 p. 1966. SoB« effects of pulp mill wastes on seawater. Unpublished manuscript. Wash. Dept. Fish. APPENDIX Figures 1 through 21 Pages 10 through 30 WILLAPA BAY- 6RAYS HARBOR HYDROGRAPHIC STATIONS Figurt 1. Map of study area. 11 i / i '/ p> / h •• 1 1 1 / 1 •• / / n // ^ I b q: Oli j / ' f / / • / / / / 1 / • • 1 1 oQq: / '/ / • • / / .* • 0:3 // 1 X < t / /. / 1 1 Bn Q f I i/ / 1 ^ cr>^ 1 ' • ! i 1 >-Q- / .4 <2 / 1 ! • 1 oruj / • 1 it / / oH : I I 1 1 1 1 / / ( 30 6 G> 9 z ^ d d d d~ M 1 • 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 . z z z z z f 1 t 1 a. Q. a. CL Q. 1 ,' E E E q: q: t 1 1 • H H K h- H 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 i I- 1 1 1 1 1 H CsJ o q: to UJ 0. CD 1 s +j u 13 0 ^ z u (0 3: z 0 •e 1. ^ C3 H 0 • CM UJ V 12 V v\ (T 1 t O \" CD 1 \ \ \ OC >- 1 < -=^- z 't ^_ V C/) -J \ >- < < CO \ CD \\ k 1 \ V ^ «v o — cu _ 00 0> _ _ \ ..\ \ \ Ik ^ \ \ TRIP NO TRIP NO. TRIP NO TRIP NO. 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I CO o ro 't do - ^ a: o: o UJ d q: »- I. ro d (VJ d o d 585_ CONGRESS OF AMERICAN FISHERMEN "statement of CAP Executive Secretary Dick O'Keef "October 6, I967 "My name is Dick O'Keef and I am the Executive Secretary of the Congress of American Fishermen. The Congress of American Fishermen^ called CAF, represents the vast majority of West Coast commercial fishermen. ■ ■■ "CAF President Vlilliam G. Saletic^ who could not be here today because of a previous commitment, has' instructed me to read into the record the position of CAF in the matter at hand. - ~ . "CAF is unalterably opposed to the pollution of our waters. The wanton dumping of wastes into our waters by the pulp mills and other industrial offenders has been going on for years. There is no question of the validity of the findings in the study presented on this subject and the offenders know it. Stringent controls are long overdue. "it must be obvious to all concerned that the offenders are not going to take corrective action until forced to do so. Therefore, CAF calls for immediate im- plementation of the Faderal recommendations.' CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you. Will you continue? 586 LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS, BELLINGHAM, WASHINGTON MR. POSTON: The letter from the League of Women Voters, Bellingham. LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS, BELLINGHAM, WASHINGTON "September 29, 196? "The League of Women Voters of Bellingham, Washington, is concerned with the effects of existing and potential polluters to the waters in the Puget Sound area, particularly Bellingham Bay and the adjacent Straits of Georgia. "Our regional planners have as yet done nothing to protect our natural resources from industrial expansion which threatens an important fishing and shell fish industry as well as an unusual diversity of year- round recreational activities. "The Washington State Pollution Control Com- mission proposes to assign at this time a "B" classification to Bellingham. Bay and a "C" classification to Inner Belling- ham Bay hoping to raise water quality to those levels in five years. After that time the commission plans to raise the classification standards for Bellingham Bay from "B" to "A" and for Inner Bellingham Bay from "C" to "B" . "Our studies indicate that setting v/ater quality standards in a series of five-year plans for these two bodies of water would seriously complicate pollution LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS, BELLINGHAM, WASHINGTON abatement for the Port and the City of Bellingham. With the lower standards very little additional work is needed at present to meet these standards. Five years from now, however, it will be more costly to proceed to install the required new equipment to meet higher standards. If higher standards have to be met now, all work could be done efficiently with great savings of tax money. "A thorough, comprehensive watershed plan (including Lake Whatcom, polluted by logging activities, farms, residences and uncontrolled recreation, as a part of the Nooksack River system which eventually flows into Puget Sound) would greatly expedite water management in Whatcom County. Instead we are solving our problems of aesthetics, sanitation and a potable water supply erratically on a piecemeal basis. ■ • . ■ "As part of our National Program, the League of Women Voters supports national policies and procedures which promote comprehensive long-range planning for con- servation and development of water resources and improve- ment of water quality. Although the League thinks that costs of pollution abatement are a responsibility of the polluter, it acknowledges that some help should be made available because of the urgency and immediacy of the problem and the immense costs involved. 5sa„ LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS, BELLINGHAM, WASHINGTON "We request that this statement become a part of the present Conference on the Matter of Pollution on Interstate Waters of Puget Sound held in Seattle, September 6 and 7, I967 , and on October 6, I967." Signed by Mrs. Vernon Tyler and Mrs. Frederick Ellis. _ _ _ . - • . MR. POSTON: Mr. Chairman, this concludes the matters that we have received during the interim period. CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you. Without objection, these letters will appear in the record with the dates and the salutations and the conclusions in the form they were received. I would like to thank all the people who did write in. I think, as you can tell from the record, that they gave careful consideration to their points of view. I think they were admirably expressed. I don't know if any positions were changed, but the Conferees and I have had the benefit of these views. We have a very excellent record and the transcript no doubt will be useful for anyone who wants to see clearly expressed the various views on water pollution control. Now we will move on to the statement by Mr. Harris and Mr. Poston. I believe they have a joint statement. 582_ JOINT STATEMFjINT OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONFEREES Mr. Poston? JOINT STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONFEREES MR. POSTON: Mr. Harris and I felt that some statement concerning the consideration that we have given to the matters presented here should be made before the announcement is made of our conclusions and recommendations. Mr. Harris has kindly agreed to give a joint statement for the both of us. CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you. Mr. Harris. MR. HARRIS: As Mr. Poston indicated, this is a joint statement of the two Conferees to be read for the record. "During the several weeks that have passed since this Second Session opened on September 6, ISGj , we have spent considerable time reviewing the contents of over thirty presentations made at the conference and submitted during the two weeks after it recessed. "All of the statements centered around the joint Federal-State study in Puget Sound from which the results and recommendations were published in the report, "Pollutional Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes in Puget Sound," March, I967. This study was conducted at a cost of over $1.5 million to the Federal Water Pollution 59Q_ JOINT STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONFEREES Control Administration and the Washington Water Pollution Control Coiranission, and utilized the best professionally and scientifically trained people on their respective staffs, other State and Federal agencies^ and major Northwest universities. The study and the pro and con arguments thereon provide a comprehensive basis from which to draw firm conclusions and form recommendations. "Basically, the report stated that certain well defined areas of Puget Sound waters were polluted from pulp and paper mill wastes. This pollution exerted itself at great distances from the mills by being toxic to adult and juvenile oysters, oyster larvae, and flatfish eggs. Nearer the mills, in the confined areas near river mouths, the decomposing sludge beds and large volumes of liquid effluents produced conditions toxic to fingerling salmon and steelhead migrating from the rivers to the ocean. In order to reduce this pollution, the report recommended that all of the pulp and paper mills studied provide primary treatment facilities for wastes containing settleable solids, provide adequate outfall lines, and remove the existing accumulations of sludge beds. The report recommended that four of the mills recover a percentage of sulfite waste liquors from their pulping effluents. 591 JOINT STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AND S'J'ATE CONFEREES "Agreeing with the report conclusions were representatives of the oyster companies, interest groups, and private citizens as well as the following public agencies: the State Department of Fisheries, Game, and Health, the U. S. Public Health Service, Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries and Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. Disagreeing with the conclusions were representatives of the pulp and paper mills Involved, representatives of the pulp and paper industry, special consultants called by the pulp and paper industry, and certain interest groups. "Those agreeing with the report pointed out that Puget Sound is a unique and important resource in the State of Washington in terms of food production and recreation, and must be fully protected for these uses. The increasing population of the area and the Nation makes this need for protection even more important. Doubt was expressed by some that the recommendations of the report were strong enough to adequately protect use of these waters. "The objections to the report may be summarized as follows: "1. That present levels of sulfite waste liquor in outer bays and harbors are not harmful to any 592_ JOINT STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONFEREES legitimate water uses. "2. That the Pearl Benson Index is not a proper and scientifically valid test at levels of minimum detectability of sulfite waste liquor. '*3. That results of tests using arti- fically spawned oyster larvae cannot be applied in the natural environment because conditions are different. Also, that oyster larvae do not exist in the areas in question. "4. That toxicity of sulfite waste liquor decreases with age. "5. That data do not support the con- clusion that the English sole are harmed by sulfite waste liquor. "6, That no evidence was given that troubles beset naturally migrating fingerling salmon in inter-harbor areas. "7. And that no improvement in water quality would be observed (as present levels of sulfite waste liquors are not harmful to other uses) if recovery facilities were installed. "In order to arrive at our own conclusions in this matter, we carefully considered each of these points. . 591 JOINT STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONFEREES "Both the oyster larvae and flatfish egg bioassays demonstrated to our satisfaction that sulfite waste liquor is toxic to these important marine species during their early stages of development. If it is toxic to the two organisms tested, then it may also be toxic to the early-life form of other resident fish, or shellfish such as clams or crabs. Any substance dis- charged into the environment, such as sulfite waste liquor, causing organic deformities in an organism as complex as the Pacific oyster, must be controlled. We cannot wait for pollution to cause mass mortalities in ». the marine environment. When recognized chemical and biological tests indicate that water pollution is present, and that toxic conditions exist to the degree demonstrated in this study, these conditions must be corrected. There- fore, we believe present toxic levels of sulfite waste liquor in outer bays and harbors are harmful to other water uses. ' '- ' ■■ '' "The presentation discussing the results of the water quality studies answers to our satisfaction the question regarding the validity of the Pearl Benson Index test results. Pearl Benson Index readings taken from the waters under question demonstrated PBI at or near zero during mill closures and far above 10 ppm during JOINT STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONFEREES mill operation. There were no "background" substances to cause the PBI reaction in these waters. It is clear to us that the PBI test in these study areas was^, in fact, measuring sulfite v;aste liquor. "To answer the question regarding the use of artificially spawned oyster larvae, we have gone to some supplemental material submitted for the record by the Washington State Department of Fisheries during the two weeks following the conference. We have learned that the conditions under which these tests were run are most favorable to the proper development of oyster larvae. This conclusion is well substantiated by the high rate of survival in the control portion of these tests. "To resolve the question of the toxicity of sulfite waste liquor decreasing with age, we again went to the presentation describing the oyster larvae studies. For the most part, the oyster larvae bioassays were conducted with individual water samples collected from each station by float plane. In other words, the sulfite waste liquor for which toxicity levels were es- tablished had gone through the natural aging process in the receiving water. Therefore, even if the toxicity of the waste liquor does decrease with age, this decrease was accounted for in the tests and in the report recommendations, JOINT STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONFEREES "The studies regarding the English sole dealt mostly with the toxicity that sulfite waste liquor exhibited toward the development of the eggs. The material presented in opposition to these findings included quo- tations from commercial fishermen who fish for sole in the Everett area, and a bioassay study using 24 flatfish eggs which had been collected from Port Gardner. We con- clude thatj since English sole are known to migrate for many miles during their growth stages, the presence of commercial quantities of adult sole in an area is not necessarily indication of good egg survival in that area. The report's bioassay data showed that a reduction of sulfite waste liquor in these areas would increase the number of English sole eggs developing properly. We cannot consider biological information obtained by using only 24 flatfish eggs from Port Gardner to be sufficient to refute the report's findings. "As in the discussion on the differences of opinion on the English sole egg studies, the data presented to refute the study's conclusions that naturally migrating fingerling salmon were endangered in the inter- harbor areas cannot be correlated with the data used to arrive at those conclusions. Fish (fingerling salmon) were held in boxes in areas known to be used as migration 1 JOINT STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONFEREES 2 routes. On many occasions these fish were killed by toxic 3 conditions. On a few occasions the fish were not killed. 4 These studies demonstrated that conditions toxic to 5 flngerllng salmon do exist In the Inter-harbor areas, g and flngerllng salmon do use these areas for migration, - The fact that a good adult population of salmon and g steelhead return annually to the streams In these areas g Is a credit to the State Departments of Fisheries and 10 12 13 20 22 23 24 25 Game who provide so many hatchery-reared fish to migrate J. through these areas. We believe that Improved water quality in these areas will Increase the number of down- stream migrants that survive the trip to the ocean. 1^ "Finally, it has been demonstrated to our j5 satisfaction that, if the recommendations are followed, jg enhancement of water uses will be achieved in the waters j» being considered. jg "There is no question now, from the water ift quality standpoint, that pollution exists and abatement is needed. We believe the recommendations of this con- 21 ference are reasonable and feasible from both the technical and economic standpoint. No more is being asked of the Puget Sound mills than has been asked of similar mills located on the Columbia and Willamette Rivers in Washington and Oregon and other regions of the Nation. The fact that JOINT STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONFEREES these mills are now in the process of building primary treatment and recovery facilities points out that our goals of having both pulp and paper mills and clean water can be achieved. "We grant that the cost of carrying out the conference recommendations may be large. We believe these costs can be absorbed by the pulp and paper in- dustry and the users of their products. The contribution of sulfite pulp and paper production to the Northwest's economy will not be lessened by our recommendations, and because of the nationwide adoption and enforcement of water quality standards, these recommendations will not endanger this industry's competitive position. We cannot afford the cost in terms of degradation of the environment in not exercising adequate water pollution control. "The only remaining question is whether or not the conference recommendations for abatement will be followed. Actually, there should be no question here either. The desire to have clean water, as clean as practically and technically possible, has been expressed by lawmakers at all levels of government in our Nation. The issues and controversy have been debated in the legis- lative chambers. Both the laws of the State of Washington 528_ JOINT STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONFEREES and the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration require that all known, available and reasonable methods be employed to enhance and maintain water quality at a high level. With this directive, we can do no less than make the recommendations established here today." CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you. MR. HARRIS: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. CHAIRMAN STEIN: Thank you, Mr. Harris and Mr. Poston, for that statement. We now have the summary of the Conference and conclusions and recommendations. But before I go into that, I would like to announce that in the work done by the State of Washington and the Federal people an economic report and study was included. The material, I understand, on this report is being gathered together and will be available by November 1st at the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration's offices in Portland for full inspection by any interested party. SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE CHAIRMAN STEIN: The summary of the Con- ference follows, and I would like the entire summary to appear in the record as if read. I will skip the pre- liminary material dealing with jurisdiction and the SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE attendance of the Conference in order to save time. There are copies of this which will be available at the conclusion for those who may want to look at this preliminary material, but it is largely what we call in the trade "boiler plate" language and will contain no surprises . SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE Second Session POLLUTION OF INTERSTATE WATERS OP PUGET SOUND, STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA, THEIR TRIBUTARIES AND ESTUARIES Seattle, Washington September 6-7 and October 6, I967 "The Second Session of the conference in the matter of pollution of the interstate waters of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, their tributaries and estuaries, was held on September 6-7, I967, at Seattle, Washington, under the provisions of Section 10 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U. S. C. 466 et seq.). The First Session of the conference was held on January 16-I7, 1962, in Olympia, Washington, at the request of the Governor of the State of Washington. "The conferees at the First Session agreed that Puget Sound and adjacent waters were polluted as a result of discharge of pulp and paper mill wastes, and that 600_ SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE such pollution was subject to abatement under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The recommendations of the conferees at the First Session called for a joint Federal- State program to study the extent of pollution and its effects and to define the abatement requirements necessary to protect the water uses, particularly the fisheries, in and around Puget Sound. "The Second Session of the conference was called specifically to review the findings of the joint Federal-State program, as published in the report entitled, "Pollutional Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes in Puget Sound." The report was published in March 196j , and re- ceived wide distribution in the Puget Sound area. The conferees heard statements regarding the study, its findings and recommendations, from representatives of Federal, State, and local governmental agencies, the fishery industry, the pulp and paper industry, and universities. "The following conferees represented the Washington Water Pollution Control Commission and the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration at the Second Session of the conference: "Roy M. Harris Washington Water Pollution Control Director Commission, Olympia, Washington "Richard F. Poston Federal Water Pollution Control Regional Director Administration, Portland, Oregon Northwest Region 601 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE "Murray Stein Federal Water Pollution Control Assistant Commis- Administration, Washington, D. C sioner for Enforce- ment "The following individuals and agency representatives participated in the conference: "Marvin 0. Allum Federal Water Pollution Control Water Quality Stan- Administration, Northwest Region, dards Coordinator Portland, Oregon "Herman Amberg Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Manager, Manufac- Camas, Washington turing Services "R. H. Bailey Citizens for Clean Waters Managing Director Seattle, Washington "William J. Beck Shellfish Sanitation Laboratory Chief Public Health Service, Gig Harbor, Wash. "Donald J. Benson Northwest Pulp & Paper Association Executive Secretary Seattle, Washington "Bob 0. Bower Pacific Coast Oyster Growers Assn. President Olympia, Washington "E. J. Cavanaugh Fibreboard Paper Products Corporation Plant Manager Port Angeles. Washington "William J. Dittrich Lake Whatcom Improvement Committee Bellingham, Washington "John Douglas Washington Game Department Fisheries Biologist Olympia, Washington "J. H. Dunkak Georgia-Pacific Corporation General Manager Bellingham, Washington Puget Sound Division "Thomas Saunders Everett Mills Technical Council English Everett, Washington "B. J. Gilshannon Lake Whatcom Improvement Committee Chairman Bellingham, Washington Executive Committee 602 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE "John B. Glude Deputy Regional Director Pacific Northwest Region (J. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Seattle, Washington "Edward J. Gruble President Oyster Institute of North America Seattle, Washington "Eugene P. Haydu Biologist, Pulp Research Department Weyerhaeuser Company Longview, Washington "J. 0. Julson Director, Air Water Resources Weyerhaeuser Company Tacoma, Washington "Earl N. Karl, Acting Federal Water Pollution Control Director, Technical Administration, Northwest Region, Programs Portland, Oregon "Max Katz, Research Department of Fisheries, Associate Professor University of Washington, Seattle, Washington "J. E. Lasater Washington Department of Fisheries Assistant Director Olympia, Washington of Research "Norman J. MacDonald Corps of Engineers, Seattle Chief, Water Control District, Seattle, Washington "Joseph L. McCarthy Professor Pulp Mills Re- search University of Washington, Seattle, Washington "A. Murl Miller Senior Process Engineer Scott Paper Company Everett, Washington SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE 603 "Fred J. Overly Regional Director Pacific Northwest Region Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Seattle^ Washington "Phil Parker Pacific Coast Oyster Growers Executive Secretary Association, Olympla, Washington "James E. Phillips President Port Angeles Chamber of Commerce Port Angeles, Washington "James C. Plunter Head, Sanitary Engineering Section Washington State Department of Health, Olympla, Washington "Ernest 0. Salo Fisheries Research Institute Associate Professor University of VJashington Seattle, Washington "R. N. Steele Owner Rock Point Oyster Co. Blanchardj Washington "Robert 0. Sylvester University of Washington Professor of Sanl- Seattle, Washington tary Engineering "Robert I. Thleme General Manager West Coast Division Scott Paper Company Everett, Washington "Roger Tollefson Rayonler Incorporated Research Supervisor Shelton, Washington Olympic Research Division "John J. Vlastellcla Federal Water Pollution Control Acting Chief Administration, Northwest Technical Operations Region, Portland, Oregon Branch 604 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE "Charles S. Yentsch Woods Hole Oceanographlc Institution^ Woods Hole, Massachusetts "The waters considered by the conferees were Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, their tributaries and estuaries. The geographical region generally known as Puget Sound supports a population of approximately two million, supported by a diverse economy centering upon the aircraft industry, oil refining, pulp and paper manufacturing, and ser- vice industries. The waters of Puget Sound and adjacent area serve a variety of uses contributory to the area's economy, including a valuable commercial and sport fishery, water transportatlon--both com- mercial and recreational--varied recreational oppor- tunities, tourism, and a valuable aesthetic environment for homes and services. "The specific areas investigated for purposes of complying with the First Session of the con- ference were the Bellingham, Anacortes, Everett, and Port Angeles areas of Puget Sound. Eight pulp and paper mills 60 5 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE and three municipalities were shown to be discharging untreated wastes into these waters: "Georgia Pacific Corporation, Bellingham, Washington; "Scott Paper Company, Anacortes, Washington; "Scott Paper Company, Everett, Washington; "Weyerhaeuser Company, Everett, Washington; "Simpson Lee Paper Company, Everett, Washing- ton; "Flbreboard Paper Products Corporation, Port Angeles, Washington; "Crown Zellerbach Corporation, Port Angeles, Washington; "Rayonler Incorporated, Port Angeles, Washington; "City of Belllngham, Washington; "City of Everett, Washington; and "City of Port Angeles, Washington. "At the conclusion of the Second Session of the conference, the Chairman granted a request to hold the conference record open for two weeks to allow submittal of additional materials. The Chairman also directed a team to be named by the Washington Water Pollution Control Commission and the Federal Water Pollution Control . 6o6 1 ' SUMMARY OP CONFERENCE 2 Administration, Northwest Region, to visit the pulp mills 3 to review the waste treatment and control recommendations 4 of the joint study. Based upon information received 5 during the conference and during the succeeding two weeks, 5 the conferees reached the following conclusions: 7 "1. Sulfite waste liquor discharged into g the waters of Puget Sound from the four largest sulfite 9 mills (Georgia Pacific Corporation at Bellingham, Scott 10 Paper Company and Weyerhaeuser Company at Everett, and 11 Rayonier Inc. at Port Angeles) produce concentrations of 12 sulfite waste liquor well in excess of ten parts per 13 million throughout large areas of Puget Sound in the 14 vicinity of Bellingham, Everett and Port Angeles. 15 "Bioassay studies conducted by the joint Ig Federal-State project showed that sulfite waste liquor ly concentrations in excess of ten parts per million were Ig damaging to oyster larvae and English sole eggs, and, 15 in some cases, caused adult and juvenile oyster mortality. 20 To reduce these damages and provide minimum protection 21 of fish and shellfish during their most sensitive period 22 of development, the report recommended that sulfite waste 23 liquor concentrations not exceed ten parts per million 24 in the surface fifty feet of water depth outside an initial 25 dispersal zone. 6px_ SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE "Nearer the mills, within the inner harbor areas, sulfite waste liquor concentrations often exceed 1000 parts per million and, when combined with other wastes from the mills, produce conditions toxic to more mature life forms, and cause severe dissolved oxygen depression. "2. Waste waters containing large volumes of settleable solids that are discharged into the water near the mills have caused extensive bottom sludge de- posits in these areas. Toxic components in these effluents, and the toxic sulfides produced by the decomposition of these sludge deposits, have been demonstrated to produce conditions toxic to Juvenile salmon migrating through these areas. "3. Bacterial studies demonstrated that the waters of Belllngham Bay, Everett Harbor, and Port Angeles Harbor are bacterially contaminated for water contact use because of inadequately treated sewage dis- charges from the city of Bellingham, Everett and Port Angeles. "4. The contributions of other less significant waste discharges Into the study areas were considered in the March I967 report. Since significant changes have occurred with these discharges since the 10 11 12 13 . ._6o8_ SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE 2 report was published, and their contribution Is very small 3 when compared to the discharges from the pulp and paper 4 mill, specific recommendations of the conference are not 5 required at this time. g "Based upon the preceding conclusions, the Y conferees unanimously adopted the following recommendations: g "1. Georgia Pacific Corporation at Belling- g ham shall: "a. Design and construct primary treatment facilities to remove all settleable solids from mill effluents prior to discharge into Puget Sound. Adequate facilities for the disposal of recovered solids or sludge 24 shall also be provided. These facilities shall be placed 15 in operation no later than September 30, 1970, IQ "b . Design and construct facilities which jy will either remove a minimum of 80 percent of the sulfite j8 waste liquor from mill effluents or limit sulfite waste 20 liquor discharges to 3^600,000 pounds per day, based on 2Q 10 percent solids by weight. These facilities are to be 21 completed and placed into operation no later than Septem- 22 ber 30, 1972, 23 "c. Provide a submarine outfall equipped 24 with an adequate dlffuser to permit discharge of all 25 residual wastes into the deeper waters adjacent to the 609.-^ SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE mill to achieve maximum waste dilution and dispersion. The outfall is to be designed and located by an extensive outfall evaluation of the receiving watercourse and is to be completed and placed in operation no later than September 30, 1970. "d. Remove, by dredging, the existing sludge bed in the waterways adjacent to the mill and dispose of the sludge on land when feasible. The schedule for this operation will be dependent upon Integrating it with the construction of primary treat- ment and outfall facilities. "e. Modify chipbarge unloading operations to eliminate spillage of wood chips. This shall be completed no later than September 30, 1970. "2. Scott Paper Company at Anacortes shall: "a. Design and construct primary treatment facilities to remove all settleable solids from mill ef- fluents prior to discharge into Puget Sound. Adequate facilities for the disposal of recovered solids or sludge shall also be provided. These facilities shall be placed in operation no later than September 30, 1970. "b. Provide a submarine outfall equipped with an adequate dlffuser to permit discharge of all residual wastes into the deeper waters adjacent to the 610 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE mill to achieve maximum waste dilution and dispersion. The outfall is to be designed and located by an extensive outfall evaluation of the receiving watercourse and is to be completed and placed in operation no later than September 30, 1970. "3. Scott Paper Company at Everett shall: "a. Design and construct primary treatment facilities to remove all settleable solids from mill ef- fluents prior to discharge into Puget Sound. Adequate facilities for the disposal of recovered solids or sludge shall also be provided. These facilities shall be placed in operation no later than September 30, 1970. "b . Design and construct facilities which will either remove a mimlmum of 80 percent of the sulfite waste liquor from mill effluents or limit sulfite waste liquor discharges to 5,500,000 pounds per day, based on 10 percent solids by weight. These facilities are to be completed and placed into operation no later than Septem- ber 30, 1972. "c. Provide a submarine outfall equipped with an adequate diffuser to permit discharge of all residual wastes into the deeper waters adjacent to the mill to achieve maximum waste dilution and dispersion. The outfall is to be designed and located by an extensive I 611 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE outfall evaluation of the receiving watercourse and is to be completed and placed in operation no later than September 30, 1970. "d. Remove, by dredging, the existing sludge bed in the waterways adjacent to the mill and dispose of the sludge on land when feasible. The schedule for this operation will be dependent upon integrating it with the construction of primary treatment and outfall facilities. "e. Modify chipbarge unloading operations to eliminate spillage of wood chips. This shall be completed no later than September 30, 1970. 4. Weyerhaeuser Company sulfite mill at Everett shall: "a. Design and construct primary treat- ment facilities to remove all settleable solids from mill effluents prior to discharge into Puget Sound. Adequate facilities for the disposal of recovered solids or sludge shall also be provided. These facilities shall be placed in operation no later than September 30, 1970. "b. Design and construct facilities to either remove a minimum of 80 percent of the sulfite waste liquor from mill effluents or limit sulfite waste 612 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE liquor discharges to 2,200,000 pounds per day, based on 10 percent solids by weight. These facilities are to be completed and placed into operation no later than September 30, 1972. "c. Provide a submarine outfall equipped with an adequate diffuser to permit discharge of all residual wastes into the deeper waters adjacent to the mill to achieve maximum waste dilution and dispersion. The outfall is to be designed and located by an extensive outfall evaluation of the receiving watercourse and is to be completed and placed in operation no later than September 30, 1970. "d. Remove, by dredging, the existing sludge bed in the waterways adjacent to the mill and dispose of the sludge on land when feasible. The schedule for this operation will be dependent upon integrating it with the construction of primary treat- ment and outfall facilities. "e. Modify chipbarge unloading operations to eliminate spillage of wood chips. This shall be com- pleted no later than September 30, 1970. "5. Simpson Lee Paper Company at Everett shall : "a. Design and construct primary treatment _6l.3_ SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE facilities to remove all settleable solids from mill effluents prior to discharge into Puget Sound. Ade- quate facilities for the disposal of recovered solids or sludge shall also be provided. These facilities shall be placed in operation no later than September 30, 1970. "b. Provide an outfall equipped with an adequate diffuser to permit discharge of all residual wastes into the waters of the Snohomish to achieve maximum waste dilution and dispersion. The outfall is to be designed and located by an extensive outfall evaluation of the receiving watercourse and is to be completed and placed in operation no later than Septem- ber 30, 1970. "6. Crown Zellerbach Corporation at Port Angeles shall: "a. Design and construct primary treat- ment facilities to remove all settleable solids from mill effluents prior to discharge into Puget Sound. Adequate facilities for the disposal of recovered solids or sludge shall also be provided. The date that these facilities shall be placed in operation is contingent upon a reasonable length of time for the company to stabilize mill property now being eroded away through 6l4 1 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE 2 wave action. 3 "b. Provide a submarine outfall equipped 4 with an adequate diffuser to permit discharge of all 5 residual wastes Into the deeper waters adjacent to the g mill to achieve maximum waste dilution and dispersion. _ The outfall Is to be designed and located by an extensive g outfall evaluation of the receiving watercourse and is g to be completed and placed in operation concurrently with the primary treatment facilities. "c. Remove, by dredging, the existing sludge bed in the waterways adjacent to the mill and dispose of the sludge on land when feasible. The |. schedule for this operation will be dependent upon •e integrating it with the construction of primary treat- -- ment and outfall facilities -- "7. Flbreboard Paper Products Corporation .g at Port Angeles shall -g "a. Design and construct primary treat 20 ment facilities to remove all settleable solids from 22 mill effluents prior to discharge into Puget Sound. Adequate facilities for the disposal of recovered solids or sludge shall also be provided. These facilities shall be placed in operation no later than September 30, 1970. "b. Provide a submarine outfall equipped 10 11 12 13 22 23 24 25 615^ SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE with an adequate dlffuser to permit discharge of all residual wastes into the deeper waters adjacent to the mill to achieve maximum waste dilution and dispersion. The outfall is to be designed and located by an extensive outfall evaluation of the receiving watercourse and is to be completed and placed in operation no later than September 30^ 1970. "c. Remove, by dredging, the existing sludge bed in the waterways adjacent to the mill and dispose of the sludge on land when feasible. The schedule for this operation will be dependent upon integrating it with the construction of primary treat- ment and outfall facilities. "8. Rayonier Incorporated at Port Angeles shall: "a. Design and construct primary treat- ment facilities to remove all settleable solids from mill effluents prior to discharge into Puget Sound. Adequate facilities for the disposal of recovered solids or sludge shall also be provided. These facilities shall be placed in operation no later than September 30, 1970. "b . Design and construct facilities to either remove a minimum of 80 percent of the sulfite . 6i6_ 1 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE 2 waste liquor from mill effluents or limit sulfite waste 3 liquor discharges to 3,700,000 pounds per day, based on 4 10 percent solids by weight. These facilities are to be 6 completed and placed into operation no later than 6 September 30, 1972. 7 "c. Provide a submarine outfall equipped g with an adequate diffuser to permit discharge of all 9 residual wastes into the deeper waters adjacent to the 10 mill to achieve maximum waste dilution and dispersion. 11 The outfall is to be designed and located by an extensive 12 outfall evaluation of the receiving watercourse and is 13 to be completed and placed in operation no later than 14 September 30, 1970. 15 "d. Remove, by dredging, the existing Ig sludge bed in the waterways adjacent to the mill and dispose 17 of the sludge on land when feasible. The schedule for Ig this operation will be dependent upon Integrating it 13 with the construction of primary treatment and outfall 20 facilities. 21 "9. The City of Belllngham shall: 22 "a. Provide for collection and treatment 23 of wastes discharged by the Falrhaven sewer and other 24 unlntercepted waste discharges no later than March 31, 25 1970. 617 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE "b. Construct a submarine outfall from the present primary plant into the deep water of Belllng- ham Bay to achieve maximum waste dilution and dispersion no later than March 31, 1970. "c. Conduct an engineering study to determine whether a higher degree of treatment than primary treatment will be necessary to comply with receiving water standards and submit an engineering report no later than December 31^ I969. "10. The City of Everett shall: "a. Provide chlorination of the waste stabilization pond effluent no later than July 31, I968. "11. The City of Port Angeles shall: "a. Provide for collection of all domestic waste discharges and treatment of the wastes by providing primary treatment and effluent chlorination with discharge into a deepwater outfall no later than March 31, I969." CHAIRMAN STEIN: This concludes the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the Conferees. I would like to remind all concerned that Mr. Harris' door, Mr. Poston's door and mine are open at all times for individual consultation by any of the people named, any corporations named in this report, any municipalities, or any interested 61.8 1 SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE 2 parties, with a view toward clarification or discussion 3 of a plan for meeting these requirements. I think we 4 are at the end of a long road here and I hope at the 5 beginning of another one, the road toward clean waters. g We have copies of the statement and the 7 summary which will be made available so long as the g supply holds out. If you are not able to get one today, 9 they will be made available to you through Mr„ Harris 10 and Mr. Poston. 11 We would like to thank all for coming. 12 This Conference stands adjourned. 13 j^ (Whereupon, the Conference adjourned 15 at 10:30 a.m. ) 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ' U S GOVCRHMENT PRrttTING OFFtCE ItfS 0 — 2M-0O«