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Bulletin No. 29 1934

State of Connecticut

Department of Agriculture

OLCOTT F. KING, Commissioner

The Connecticut
Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

By
BRAINERD T. PECK

Published by

BUREAU OF MARKETS

Sidney A. Edwards, Director

Service Press, Inc.
Hartford, Connecticut

FOREWORD

In these days we are trying to appreciate the value of Connecti-
cut's climate and soil and other natural conditions which have to do
with producing high-grade fruits and vegetables. Due to the
increased interest in these industries it seems fitting to present at this
time a sort of guide for those who want to go forward.

Competition is keen in this fine market for fruits and vegetables
and the pressure from outside producers must be met with knowledge
and good judgment. The facts presented in the following pages are
an attempt to aid Connecticut producers in working out their prob-
lems. With quality, uniform grading and packing, and a regional
market as our objective, we should go a long way to solve our
problem of the proper distribution of these very essential fresh-food
products.

Commissioner of Agriculture.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this handbook is to furnish interested parties with
information pertaining to the marketing and distribution of Con-
necticut fruit and vegetables.

Some of this material has appeared in printed form elsewhere
while much of it has now been assembled for the first time. It is
hoped that the bringing together of this marketing information in
handbook form will be of assistance to persons engaged in the pro-
duction or distribution of Connecticut fruit and vegetables and to
those making a study of marketing.

The author feels especially indebted to the following persons who
have supplied valuable technical information or have otherwise given
assistance: A. C. Edwards of the Foreign Agricultural Service
Division of the United States Department of Agriculture ; Robert
Tyson of the Food Products Inspection Service, United States
Department of Agriculture; William R. Cole of the Massachusetts
State College; Dr. G. B. Clarke, A. W. Manchester, A. E. Wilkinson,
Harold Rollins and Sherman P. Hollister of the Connecticut State
College ; John Lyman of Middlefield ; Harold M. Rogers of Southing-
ton ; Earl H. Hodge of Glastonbury ; Peter Ham of the Federal Land
Bank of Springfield, Mass. ; Mrs. Gertrude Crehan and Sidney A.
Edwards of the Connecticut State Department of Agriculture.

BRAINERD T. PECK.

CONTENTS

Page

Foreword 3

Introduction 4

Chapter I. Fruit and Vegetable Legislation.

A. Authorizing Act Permitting Commissioner of Agriculture to
Establish Grades.

1. Establishment of standards. Market Information 9

2. Labels for standard grades 9

3. Notice of establishment to be published 9

4. Penalties . . . . 10

5. Inspection. Certification 10

6. Rules and regulations . 10

7. Reports by persons engaged in wholesale marketing.

Penalty 10

B. An Act Concerning the Protection of Grades for Farm Products.

Act defined, penalty for violation, enforcement agency 11

C. An Act Concerning "Culls" of Farm Products.

Act defined, provision for the adoption of rules and regula-
tions, penalties, enforcement agency 11

"Culls" as Applied to Potatoes ........... 12

Rules and Regulations 13

D. Apple Grading Law.

Law defined, penalty for violation, enforcement agency 14

Chapter II. Fruit and Vegetable Grades.

A. Connecticut Grades for Fruit and Vegetables 17

B. The New England Quality Label .17

C. Analysis of Quality and Size Factors Found in Official Con-
necticut Grades for Fruit and Vegetables 18

Chapter III. Methods of Selling Fresh Fruit and Vegetables
in Connecticut.

A. Producer to Consumer 21

B. Producer to Retailer 21

C. Producer to Jobber . . 21

D. Producer to Wholesaler and Commission Men 21

E. Various Market Routes which Connecticut Grown Fruit and
Vegetables may Follow 22

Chapter IV. The City Fruit and Vegetable Markets of
Connecticut.

A. General Statement 23

B. Hartford Municipal Market ... 24

C. New Haven Farmers' and Wholesalers' Produce Market ... 24

D. Waterbury Municipal Market 25

E. Bridgeport Municipal Market 25

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

Chapter V. Growers' Cooperative Marketing Organizations in
Connecticut.

A. Auction Marketing Organizations.

1. New Haven and Manchester Strawberry Auctions 26

B. Non-Auction Marketing Organizations.

1. Connecticut Potato Growers' Marketing Association, Inc. 27

2. Other Marketing Organizations 28

Chapter VI. Transportation Facilities Available to Connecticut
Growers.

A. The Use of Railroad Cars by Connecticut Shippers 29

B. The Use of Motor Trucks by Connecticut Shippers .... 30

Chapter VII. Package Trends and Marketing Practices.

A. Apples 31

B. Mistakes to Avoid in Packing and Marketing Apples 34

C. Containers Used for Fruits and Small Fruits Other than Apples.

1. Peaches 35

2. Other fruits 36

D. Containers Used for Connecticut Vegetables 36

E. Federal Standard Containers 40

Chapter VIII. Improved Storage Facilities for Connecticut
Fruit.

A. Types of Storages, Construction, Management, etc 43

B. Refrigerated Apple Storages in Connecticut, 1934 46

Chapter IX. Federal Inspection of Fruit and Vegetables 47

Chapter X. Apple Export Information.

A. General Statement 49

B. Apple Export Regulations 49

C. European Markets ... 50

Chapter XI. Regulations Regarding the Licensing of Hucksters
and Peddlers of Fruits and Vegetables in Certain
Connecticut Cities and Towns 52

Chapter XII. Federal Agricultural Credit Facilities Available
to Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Growers.

A. Farm Credit Administration 55

B. Seed Loans 57

Chapter XIII. Roadside Marketing in Connecticut .... 58

Chapter XIV. Fruit Production in Connecticut.

A. Number of Fruit Trees in Connecticut Compared with Several
Important Producing States.

1. Apples 62

2. Peaches 62

3. Plums 62

4. Cherries 63

5. Grapes 63

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

B. Recent Plantings of Leading Commercial Apple Varieties, 1930 63

C. Production of Commercial Apple Orchards by Counties, 1930 64

D. Production of Commercial Apple Orchards by Leading Varieties,
1925, 1930 64

E. Connecticut Bearing Apple Trees, 1930 65

Chapter XV. Estimated Acreages of Vegetables in Connecticut,

1933 66

Chapter XVI. Carlot Receipts of Fruit and Vegetables.

A. Receipts by Freight in Connecticut of Apples from Out-of-State
Sources, 1928-1934 67

B. Carlot Unloads of Fruit and Vegetables in Bridgeport, Hartford,
New Haven and Waterbury During the Calendar Year 1933 68

Chapter XVII. Weighted Seasonal Average Jobbing Prices of
Connecticut Vegetables on Four Connecticut Markets
for 1933 and 1932 70

Chapter XVIII. Directory of Fruit and Vegetable Organizations
and Local Cooperative Purchasing Associations in
Connecticut.

A. State and Regional Growers' Organizations 71

B. State Trade Associations 71

C. Local Growers' Cooperative Purchasing Associations

(by Counties) 72

Chapter XIX. Fruit and Vegetable Educational, Research,
Regulatory and Service Agencies in Connecticut.

A. Educational Agencies.

1. Connecticut State College, Storrs, Resident Teaching

Department 74

2. Connecticut State College, Storrs Extension Service . 74

3. County Farm Bureaus 74

4. Vocational Agricultural High Schools 75

5. Jewish Agricultural Society 75

B. Research Agencies.

1. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.

a. State Station, New Haven 75

b. Sub-station at Windsor 76

2. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station 76

C. Regulatory and Service Agencies.

1. Connecticut State Department of Agriculture . ... 76

2. United States Department of Agriculture, Food Products

Inspection Service 76

Chapter XX. Fruit and Vegetable Magazines, Newspapers and
Periodicals.

A. Fruit and Vegetable Publications of General Interest 77

B. Agricultural Publications Containing Fruit and Vegetable
Information . . 77

C. Publications Containing Economic and Marketing Information of
Special Interest to Fruit and Vegetable Growers and Dealers 77

CHAPTER I

Legislation Pertaining to Establishment of Grades, Labels and

Inspection of Farm Products; the Definition of "Culls"

and Compulsory Marking Thereof and the Protection

of Grade Terms.

A. Authorizing Act Permitting Commissioner of Agriculture to
Establish Grades.

Chapter 107, General Statutes Revision of 1930

1. Sec. 2060. Establishment of standards. Market information.

The commissioner of agriculture is authorized to investigate market-
ing conditions and to establish and maintain standard packages,
grades, classifications and state brands for farm and horticultural
crops, such standards, as far as possible, to be identical with similar
standards established under authority of the congress of the United
States. He may obtain, prepare and disseminate information concern-
ing the marketing, prices, supply and demand for any or all farm
products and their movement through commercial channels and the
quantity and condition of such products in cold storage, and may
obtain and furnish quotations upon any such product or article and
farm supplies on request.

2. Sec. 2061. Labels for standard grades. The commissioner of
agriculture may determine or design brands to be used on labels for
identifying farm products packed in accordance with the official
grades and standards established under the provisions of section 2060,
and shall cause such labels to be printed and distributed at a reason-
able price. A written application to the commissioner for permission
to use any such label and a written permission therefor, signed by the
commissioner or a duly authorized assistant, shall be a condition
precedent to the use of any such label. The commissioner may
revoke the right to use any such label whenever it shall appear on
investigation that such label shall have been misused.

3. Sec. 2062. Notice of establishment to be published. Upon the
establishment of such grades or standards and upon the determination
of such brands, notice thereof shall be published for three successive
weeks in three newspapers, stating the grade or grades so established
and the brands so determined and the date on which such establish-
ment or determination is to become effective. The commissioner
shall distribute information relative to the grades or standards so
established and the brands so determined.

10 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

4. Sec. 2063. Penalties. Any person who shall use a brand pro-
mulgated under the provisions of this chapter without having written
permission as provided in section 2061 shall be fined not more than
fifty dollars for the first offense and not more than two hundred
dollars for each subsequent offense, and any person who shall obstruct
or hinder the commissioner or any of his assistants in the perform-
ance of his duties under the provisions of this chapter shall be fined
not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars.

5. Sec. 2064. Inspection. Certification. The commissioner, in
person or by some person authorized by him, shall have free access
at all reasonable hours to any building or other place wherein it is
reasonably believed that farm products labeled in accordance with
official grades established and promulgated by the commissioner are
being marketed or held for commercial purposes. The commissioner,
in person or by some person authorized by him, shall have power to
open any bag, crate or other container of such farm products and
examine the contents thereof, and may, upon tendering the market
price, take samples therefrom. The commissioner may employ inspec-
tors to inspect farm products labeled in accordance with official grades
or standards established and promulgated by the commissioner for
the purpose of determining and certifying the quality and condition
thereof and other material facts relative thereto. Certificates issued
in pursuance of such inspection and executed by the inspector shall
state the date and place of inspection, the grade, condition and
approximate quality of the farm products inspected and any other
pertinent facts that the commissioner may require. Such a certificate
and all federal certificates relative to the condition or quality of such
farm products shall be prima facie evidence in all courts of the state
of the facts required to be stated therein.

6. Sec. 2065. Rules and regulations. The commissioner may
prescribe rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of
this chapter, including the fixing of fees for inspections under the
provisions of section 2064. Such fees shall be paid monthly into the
state treasury.

7. Sec. 2066. Reports by persons engaged in wholesale market-
ing. Penalty. Any person, firm or corporation not a producer, who
shall engage in the business of marketing or selling any farm or
horticultural products on a wholesale or commission basis, shall file,
on such blanks as the commissioner of agriculture may designate, on
the first days of January and July in each year, with said commis-
sioner, a report of the quantity of any such product held by or for
such person in commercial storage in this state, and shall furnish at
such times as said commissioner may require special reports concern-
ing the supply, demand, consumption, cost, value, price, condition
and period of holding any such product. Any person who shall
violate any provision of this section shall be fined not more than one
hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days or both.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 11

B. An Act Concerning the Protection of Grades for Farm
Products.

Chapter 254, Public Acts of 1933

Sec. 1. No person shall use any words, titles or names designated
by the commissioner of agriculture, under the provisions of chapter
107 of the general statutes, for use in grading or marketing of farm
products, unless the products which he is identifying, advertising,
designating or describing thereby shall fully meet the requirements
of the official grade indicated by such words, titles or names. If, in
the opinion of said commissioner or his representative, any lot or lots
of such products so identified, advertised, designated or described are
not of the grade indicated, said commissioner shall cause inspections
thereof to be made by regularly appointed inspectors for the purpose
of determining the actual grade of such products.

Sec. 2. Any person, firm or corporation which shall violate any
provision of this act shall be fined not more than fifty dollars for the
first offense and not more than two hundred dollars for each
subsequent offense.

C. An Act Concerning "Culls" of Farm Products.

Chapter 269, Public Acts of 1933

Sec. 1. The commissioner of agriculture may, after investigation
and public hearing, establish and promulgate definitions of "culls" as
applied to farm products, or any of them ; and may alter such
definitions from time to time.

Sec. 2. No person shall sell, expose for sale or transport for sale
farm products in open or closed packages, if the package containing
them or the label on them shall bear any statement, design or device
regarding such farm products which shall be false or misleading in
any particular. No person shall sell or offer for sale or transport for
sale in either open or closed packages farm products packed in such
manner that the face or shown surface shall not be an average of the
contents of the package.

Sec. 3. The commissioner shall adopt and promulgate such rules
and regulations generally to supplement and give full effect to the
provisions of this act, and specifically to regulate the marketing, pack-
ing, labeling and shipping of "culls", as he shall deem necessary.
Such rules and regulations shall be filed and open for public inspec-
tion at the principal office of the department of agriculture and shall
be published at least once in three newspapers published in this state.

Sec. 4. Any person, firm or corporation which shall violate any
provision of this act shall be fined not more than fifty dollars for the
first offense and not more than two hundred dollars for each
subsequent offense.

12 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

"CULLS" AS APPLIED TO POTATOES

Definition of "Culls".

Any lot of potatoes which contains :

(a) more than 1%* soft rot

(b) more than 6%* in the aggregate of the defects enumerated
below

(1) "soft rot"

(2) freezing injury

(3) serious damage caused by

(a) dirt or other foreign matter

(b) sunburn

(c) second growth

(d) growth cracks

(e) air cracks

(f) hollow heart

(g) cuts

(h) shriveling

(i) scab

(j) blight

(k) dry rot

(1) disease

(m) insects

(n) mechanical or other means

All percentages shall be calculated on the basis of weight.

* While the above percentages of 1% and 6% may not be
exceeded in any lot of potatoes not defined as culls, no more
than 2% and 12% respectively shall be allowed for any one
container.

Definition of Terms.

1. "Diameter" means the greatest dimension at right angles to
the longitudinal axis. The long axis shall be used without
regard to the position of the stem (Rhizome).

2. "Serious damage" means any injury or defect which seriously
injures the appearance of the individual potato or the general
appearance of the potatoes in the container, or which cannot
be removed without a loss of more than 10 per cent, of the
total weight of the potato. Any one of the following defects
or any combination (if defects the seriousness of which exceeds
the maximum allowed for any one defect shall be considered
as serious damage:

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 13

(a) Dirt when the general appearance of the potatoes in the
container is seriously affected by tubers badly caked with
dirf, or other foreign matter which seriously affects the
appearance of the potatoes.

(b) "Cuts" when both ends are clipped or when more than an
estimated one-fourth of the potato is cut away from one
end or when the remaining portion of the clipped potato
weighs less than 6 ounces. Other cuts which seriously
affect the appearance of the individual potato or which
cannot be removed without a loss of more than 10 per
cent of the total weight of the potato.

(c) Shriveling when the potato is excessively shriveled,
spongy or flabby.

3. "Mature" means that the outer skin (epidermis) does not
loosen or "feather" readily during the ordinary methods of
handling.

4. "Bright" means practically free from dirt or other foreign
matter, and that the outer skin (epidermis) has the attractive
color normal for the variety.

5. "Well shaped" means the normal shape for the variety and
that the potato is not pointed, dumb-bell shaped, excessively
elongated or otherwise ill-formed.

6. "Injury" means any defect which more than slightly affects the
appearance of the individual potato or the general appearance
of the potatoes in the container, or which cannot be removed
without a loss of more than 2 per cent of the total weight
of the potato.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

Rules and regulations to supplement and give full effect to Chapter
107, General Statutes Revision of 1930 and Chapter 269, Public Acts
of 1933.

1. In describing or marking potatoes packed or repacked within
this state and offered for sale on a graded basis, the letters "U. S."
may be prefixed to any of the grade terms, and when so prefixed the
potatoes to which they relate shall be regarded as represented as
graded according to the Connecticut Official Potato Grades.

2. Any lot of "cull" potatoes, regardless of place of origin, when
sold or offered for sale in this state, shall be definitely represented as
cull potatoes. Every invoice rendered in connection with the sale
of cull potatoes shall describe the potatoes as "cull" potatoes.

14 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

3. Any lot of "cull" potatoes, regardless of place of origin, when
exposed for sale or transported for sale within this state, either in
closed containers, open containers, or in bulk, shall 'be plainly and
conspicuously marked "Culls". When "cull" potatoes are delivered
to a common carrier for shipment or are being moved to market in
a truck or other medium of transportation, such delivery or such
movement shall be presumptive evidence of transport for sale.

4. Any lot of potatoes containing more than 5% under \y2 inches
in diameter, unless otherwise specified as to size, must be marked
"Culls".

D. Apple Grading Law with Revisions to Date.

Chapter 108, General Statutes Revision of 1930

Grading of Apples

Sec. 2067. Definitions. The word "person", as used in this chap-
ter, shall include persons, firms, corporations, societies and associa-
tions, and the acts of agents and employees shall be construed to be
the acts of their principals and employers as well as of the agents
and employees. The words "closed package" shall mean a barrel,
box or other container the contents of which cannot be sufficiently
seen for the purposes of inspection without opening the container.
Apples packed in closed or open packages shall be deemed to be mis-
branded if their measure, quality or grade shall not conform in every
particular to the brand or mark upon or affixed to the package or if
the faced or shown surface shall give a false representation of the
contents of the package.

Sec. 2068. Administration. The commissioner of agriculture shall
have -authority to enforce the provisions of this chapter. When the
commissioner shall become cognizant of the violation of any provision
of this chapter, he shall cause notice of such violation, together with
a copy of his findings relating thereto, to be given to the person or
persons concerned. Any person so notified shall be given a hearing
under rules and regulations prescribed by the commissioner. Notices
of such hearing shall specify the date, hour and place of the hearing.

Sec. 2069. Standard barrels. The standard barrel of apples shall
be of the following dimensions when measured without distention of
its parts : Length of stave, twenty-eight and one-half inches ; diameter
of head, seventeen and one-eighth inches; distance between heads,
twenty-six inches ; circumference of bulge, sixty-four inches, outside
measurement, and the thickness of staves not greater than four-tenths
of an inch ; provided any barrel of a different form having a capacity
of seven thousand and fifty-six cubic inches shall be a standard barrel.
The standard bushel for apples shall be a container having a capacity
of not less than one United States standard bushel or twenty-one

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook IS

hundred fifty and forty-two hundredths cubic inches. Containers for
apples other than the standard barrel or bushel shall be marked in
terms of capacity or count.

Sec. 2070. (As amended by Section 337 a, P. A. 1931.) Establish-
ing standards. The commissioner of agriculture shall establish and
promulgate official Connecticut grades and standards for closed pack-
ages of apples packed or repacked within the state and, from time to
time, amend or modify such grades and standards. Such grades and
standards shall include the right to pack, ship and sell, either within
or without the state, apples packed in accordance with official United
States grades as promulgated by the United States Department of
Agriculture. Before establishing, amending or modifying any such
Connecticut grades or standards, the commissioner shall consult with
growers and shippers of apples relative to proposed grades or stand-
ards, or, upon a written petition of twenty-five or more growers pro-
ducing an aggregate of fifty thousand bushels of apples, the commis-
sioner shall, after reasonable notice, hold a public hearing and shall
specify the date and place of such hearing and that it is to be held
for the purpose of obtaining information with a view to establishing
grades and standards of apples. Upon the establishment of such
grades or standards, a notice shall be published for three successive
weeks in three newspapers in general circulation within the state,
stating the grades and standards so established.

Sec. 2071. (As amended by Section 338 a, P. A. 1931.) Packages
to be marked. Each closed package of apples packed or repacked in
the state and intended for sale, either within or without the state,
shall have marked in a conspicuous place on the outside of the pack-
age in plain letters the following statements: (1) The minimum size
of apples contained therein ; (2) the name of the variety ; (3) the
name and address of the person by whose authority the apples were
packed. If the true name of the variety shall not be known by the
person by whose authority the apples were packed, such statement
shall include the words "variety unknown". Each closed package of
apples which is repacked shall bear the name and address of the
person by whose authority the apples are repacked in place of that
of the original owner. The minimum size shall be determined by
taking the transverse diameter of the smallest fruit in the package at
right angles to the stem and blossom end, shall be stated in variations
of one-quarter of an inch and may be designated by figures instead
of words. The word "minimum" may be designated by using the
abbreviation "min." The branding or marking of barrels shall be in
block letters and figures of a size not less than one-half inch in height.

Sec. 2072. Taking of samples. The commissioner of agriculture
or any of his agents may, at any reasonable time, enter any building
or place where apples shall be packed, stored, sold or offered or
exposed for sale and may open therein any box, barrel or other con-
tainer of any such apples and may take samples therefrom upon
paying or tendering the payment of the retail market price for the

16 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

quantity of each such sample taken. Any person who shall refuse to
allow the commissioner of agriculture or any of his duly authorized
agents to enter any premises described in this section, or shall other-
wise interfere with him in the performance of his duties of inspection
under the provisions of this chapter, shall be subject to the penalties
specified in section 2073.

Sec. 2073. Penalty. Any person who shall misbrand or pack,
repack, sell, distribute or offer or expose for sale or distribution apples
in violation of any provision of this chapter, or who shall wilfully
alter, efface or remove or cause to be altered, effaced or removed,
wholly or partly, any brands or marks required to be put upon a
closed package under the provisions of this chapter, shall be fined
not more than fifty dollars for the first offense and not more than
two hundred dollars for each subsequent offense.

Sec. 2074. Seller or distributor not liable when. No person
who shall sell or distribute or offer or expose for sale or distribution
misbranded apples shall be deemed to have violated any of the pro-
visions of this chapter if it shall appear that he acted in good faith
solely as a distributor, or if he shall furnish a guaranty signed by
the person from whom he received the apples, with the address of
such person, that the apples are not misbranded. In any such case,
the person from whom the distributor received the apples shall be
liable for the acts of the distributor who relied upon his guaranty to
the same extent as the distributor would have been liable under the
provisions of this chapter.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

17

CHAPTER II
Fruit and Vegetable Grades

A. Connecticut Grades for Fruit and Vegetables.

Official Connecticut grades have been established for apples,
potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, asparagus, strawberries, celery
and certain root vegetables. The state grades for apples and
potatoes are identical with the United States standards except
that in the case of the Connecticut Extra Fancy grade for apples
there is no corresponding United States grade. Connecticut
grades for other products are, in most cases, the same as
United States standards although the grade names have been
changed to include state designations.

A brief analysis of the principal grade requirements will be
found on pages 18-20. Copies of the complete text including
rules, regulations and tolerances for any of these grades may
be secured by writing the State Department of Agriculture,
State Office Building, Hartford, Connecticut.

B. The New England Quality Label.

The New England Quality Label was established as a part of
the New England Councils' agricultural program for the pur-
pose of identifying native farm products of good quality
in order to more effectively meet competition and stimulate
a greater demand for New England farm products on home
markets and in out-of-state regions.

The New England Quality Label
may be used only to identify prod-
ucts packed and graded according to
the requirements of the official state
grades as established by the Com-
missioners of Agriculture in the
New England States. In order to
obtain the use of the label in
identifying his products, a producer
must first receive permission from
the Commissioner of Agriculture in
his state. He is then assigned a

registry number which must appear together with his name
and address and the name of the grade on all of the labels or
on the packag-e he uses. The labels are secured at cost through
the State Department of Agriculture.

All farm products identified with the New England Quality
Label are subject to inspection by the Commissioner of Agri-
culture or his representatives for the purpose of insuring con-
formity to grade and the proper use of the label.

18

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

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Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 2 1

CHAPTER III

Methods of Selling Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in Connecticut

A. Producer to Consumer.

In Connecticut, direct selling from the producer to the con-
sumer is divided chiefly into two classes: (1) house to house
peddling by farmers and (2) the operation of farmers' road-
side stands. The latter method came into prominence with
the development of a state-wide system of improved highways
and attained even greater popularity during the depression
years as a means of obtaining a larger share of the consumers'
dollar.

B. Producer to Retailer.

Producers of fruits and vegetables make direct contacts with
retailers principally in the four following ways: (1) sales to
independent retailers and hucksters, (2) sales to chain stores,
(3) sales to roadside stand operators and (4) sales to hotels
and restaurants. The bulk of fruit and vegetables consumed
within the State are marketed through the first two channels
mentioned above.

Within recent years there has been an increasing tendency
among the larger Connecticut producers to sell direct to chain
stores. In most cases the produce is delivered to a central
warehouse, but occasionally farmers service a group of stores
in a given territory.

C. Producer to Jobber.

Many sales of fruit and vegetables are made to trucker-
jobbers at the farm or at a public market or auction for ship-
ment to points both within and without the State. The
trucker-jobbers in turn dispose of their purchases to inde-
pendent retailers, chain stores, wholesalers and commission
men, hotels, restaurants, etc. Among the products which in
season are trucked by jobbers to New York City from Con-
necticut points are apples, peaches, strawberries, melons,
cauliflower, spinach, beans, peas, peppers, cabbage and many
others. Tomatoes and peaches are often taken to Massachu-
setts and other states to the north.

D. Producer to Wholesaler and Commission Man.

A large quantity of locally produced fruits and vegetables
are sold direct to wholesalers and commission men in Con-
necticut cities and also in New York City, the principal out-
of-state market. Local producers also ship to Massachusetts
and Rhode Island cities to some extent. The larger growers
often truck certain specialized crops out of the state while
the small growers generally conduct a more local business.

22

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

E. Various Market Routes which Connecticut Grown Fruit and
Vegetables may Follow.

The accompanying diagram illustrates the existing methods
by which the products of Connecticut growers are distributed
to the consumer. The Connecticut fruit or vegetable grower,
being relatively near his market, has the choice of several
market channels for his products while growers in distant
states often have but one. Local growers may sell directly
to retailers and consumers. During periods of high prices for
farm products, many growers find it to their advantage to
devote more of their time to production problems and allow
middlemen to perform the various marketing functions.
During periods of low prices, however, they often find it
necessary to produce less and devote a larger portion of their
time to making direct contacts with consumers and retailers.
In this way the grower attempts to maintain his income by
keeping for himself certain marketing and distributing costs
which under more favorable circumstances he is quite willing
to share with dealers.

TO - tfOVS£ P££>GC/NG

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C/Mtsine/s of TraJe

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 23

CHAPTER IV

The City Fruit and Vegetable Markets of Connecticut
A. General Statement.

Municipal wholesale markets have been held in the four
largest cities of the state for many years, principally as a
place where farmers may gather during the fruit and vege-
table season and sell their products. These markets have not
been regarded as ideal marketing channels due to their inability
to cope with seasonal gluts and the general individualistic
selling practices of farmers which often result in lower prices
than necessary being received. Nevertheless, they comprise
an important outlet for local farm products.
In an effort to solve the two 'problems cited above several
cooperative marketing movements have taken place, among
which are the two strawberry auctions and the potato market-
ing association. There has also been a growing tendency
to increase shipments to out-of-state markets and to make
direct sales to local chain store warehouses. The principal
need has been the development of marketing practices which
relieve temporary local surpluses in an orderly manner and
prevent distress sales at disastrous prices.

Among many farmers there is a general resentment toward
the presence on certain city markets of trucker-jobbers and
wholesalers who rent stalls and sell fruits and vegetables.
Growers who sell their products on those markets often feel
that non-growers, dealing in either native or shipped-in fruits
and produce, are giving them severe competition. There is a
large element of truth in this where trucker-jobbers attempt
to dispose of the same product which is also being offered
for sale on the market by farmers. For instance, during the
season for a local product, when supply and demand on a
certain city market are such that growers are receiving a
reasonable price, a trucker-jobber will appear with a large
load which has been obtained in a distant locality and proceed
to cut under the prevailing price and break the market. This
practice should be curtailed insofar as it is harmful to the
stability of the market. On the other hand, non-competing
fruits and vegetables offered for sale by trucker-jobbers or
wholesalers serve to attract additional buyers who, in turn,
patronize the farmers. It is much better from the growers'
point of view to have most of the trading taking place on or
near the market grounds rather than force buyers to do a
substantial part of their business elsewhere.
Municipal markets in Connecticut are practically always
located in the wholesale fruit and produce district, with
resulting convenience to all parties concerned.

24 Connecticut Fritit and Vegetable Handbook

B. Hartford Municipal Market.

The Municipal Market is located between Connecticut Boule-
vard and the Connecticut River, just south of the Hartford
Bridge, on city owned property. The market is operated
by the city, which maintains the grounds and supervises the
rental of stalls, for which market gardeners pay 25 cents for
one morning or $4.00 monthly. The season during which the
market is open extends from May 1 to December 31 of each
year, and the bulk of business is usually conducted between
5 :00 A. M. and 8:00 A. M. daily, except Sundays and holidays.
The majority of stall renters are farmers, a few being trucker-
jobbers and wholesalers. The Hartford Market Gardeners'
Association, Inc., maintains a box exchange on the market
grounds.

Hartford serves as a regional market for an area in the
northern and central portion of the state. Fruits and vege-
tables from this market are regularly distributed to cities such
as Bristol, New Britain, Manchester, Willimantic, and many
smaller towns. Trucker-buyers also make up loads of certain
products such as tomatoes, spinach, etc., for shipments to out-
of-state points. However, the utilization of the Hartford City
Market as a depot for out-of-state shipments of vegetables
has not been developed to compare with the market in New
Haven, where a very large volume of out-of-state business is
done. The confinement of a relatively large part of the
market's business to points within the State often serves to
intensify gluts for certain products at the height of the season.

C. New Haven Farmers and Wholesalers Produce Market.

A farmers' and wholesalers' market is conducted in New
Haven by a private company, whose manager is Mr. D. Maisano
of New Haven. The market is located on a vacant lot on
Silver Street, in the vicinity of the wholesale fruit and produce
district. The lot is divided into two sections, one being
assigned to growers and the remainder to trucker-jobbers.
The trucker-jobbers occupy a relatively important position
on this market, inasmuch as it serves as a large center for the
assembling of native products for out-of-state shipment and
in disposing of produce trucked in from states along the
Atlantic seaboard.

Both a night and a morning market is conducted, the former
being held partly for the purpose of making up loads of native
products for shipment out-of-state and receiving shipments of
out-of-state products, and the latter for supplying local pur-
chasers with native products.

The market rules and regulations for the 1934 season are as
follows: The night market is scheduled to open at 7:00 P. M.
and close at 11 :00 P. M. The morning market opens at 2:00
A. M. and closes at 8:30 A. M. Rates for transient farmers

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 25

are $1.00 per night and 50 cents per morning and the season
rate for farmers is $120.00. Transient jobbers are charged
$2.00 or $3.00 per night, according to the size of the truck.
The season rate for jobbers is $150.00. The New Haven
strawberry auction is conducted on these market grounds.
During the summer the New Haven market serves as a source
of supply to numerous resorts along Long Island Sound, as
well as inland towns and cities.

D. Waterbury Municipal Market.

The Waterbury Municipal Market is located near the railroad
station on property owned by the N. Y., N. H. & H. Railroad.
This market is operated by the city and is chiefly a farmers'
market. It is much smaller than either the Hartford or New
Haven markets, but somewhat larger than the market in
Bridgeport. Trucker-buyers make occasional purchases when-
ever market conditions elsewhere create an opportunity for
profit, but the bulk of trading is done with local hucksters,
retailers, wholesalers, restaurants, etc. The stall rental fees
are 50 cents per day, $10.00 per month or $50.00 per season.

E. Bridgeport Municipal Market.

A public market is held, in season, in the open square on
Water Street. The market is supervised by the city police
department and is restricted to farmers handling native prod-
ucts. The bulk of trading is done with hucksters and concerns
in and about the city. As a result of the relatively small size of
the city market, the principal portion of native fruits and vege-
tables consumed in Bridgeport are trucked direct from outside
sources to local wholesalers, retailers, etc. The rental fee is
50 cents per morning.

26 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

CHAPTER V

Growers Cooperative Marketing Organizations in Connecticut
A. Auction Marketing Organizations.

1. New Haven and Manchester strawberry auctions: The auc-
tioning of Connecticut strawberries by growers was started
two years ago in New Haven. The venture proved a success
from the start, and in the summer of 1933 auctions were con-
ducted at both New Haven and Manchester throughout the
strawberry season.

New Haven and Manchester lie in the heart of the two prin-
cipal strawberry growing districts of Connecticut, and as the
production is ordinarily far above local needs, an efficient and
satisfactory method was needed to dispose of the surplus.

At the time the auctions were organized an advertising pro-
gram was conducted to attract local and out-of-state buyers.
A large proportion of the growers cooperated at both auctions
with the result that sufficient volume was accumulated to
enable large loads to be made tip for shipments to distant
points.

Among the types of buyers at the auctions were wholesalers
and commission men, large independent retailers, chain store
buyers and trucker-jobbers.

Trucker-jobbers, in particular, came regularly from New York
City, Philadelphia, Boston and other large out-of-state mar-
kets. The other buyers generally came from Connecticut
cities.

The New Haven Farmers' Cooperative Auction Association,
Inc., was organized by strawberry growers in the New Haven
district. The auction was conducted on the growers' and
jobbers' market grounds on Silver Street at 6:00 P. M.,
D. S. T., daily except Saturdays, during the strawberry season.
Sales by auction represented approximately two-thirds of
native strawberries sold at the market place, the bulk of the
remainder being disposed of on the morning public market.
The Producers' Marketing Association, an organization of
growers from the Bolton-Glastonbury strawberry district,
began an auction in Manchester in 1933.

The auction was conducted at 3 :00 P. M., D. S. T., daily
except Saturdays. Small lots of blueberries, cherries, peas,
red raspberries, black caps and currants were also marketed
through the same channel.

The growers usually disposed of their morning picking at the
auction while the afternoon picking was brought to the
Municipal Market in Hartford the following morning.

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The two upper views show the Manchester Strawberry Auction in operation.
Below — A scene at the Hartford Municipal Market.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

27

Record of business done on the New Haven and Manchester
strawberry auctions, 1932-1934:

NEW HAVEN

MANCHESTER

1932

1933

1934

1933

1934

Volume of Sales

32 qt. crates
7,78954

32 qt. crates
10,543

32 qt. crates
13,643

5,421*4
24 qt. crates

9,966
32 qt. crates

25,252^4
24 qt. crates

36154
32 qt. crates

Average Price
per Quart

$.078

$.07

$.083

$.098

$.119

Duration of
Auction

June 12 to
July 1

June 7 to
June 22

June 6 to
June 26

June 11 to
July 7

June 11 to
July 6

B.

Non-Auction Marketing Organizations.

Aside from the strawberry auctions, several growers' cooper-
ative marketing organizations have been formed during the
past few years for the purpose of performing the functions of
marketing for groups of growers, who are thereby relieved
of a large part of individual effort in disposing of their prod-
ucts. Potatoes and apples have been the chief products sold
in this manner. These marketing associations are non-
profit organizations which act as selling agencies for the
products of their members.

1. Connecticut Potato Growers' Marketing Association, Inc.

The headquarters of this association is in Hartford which is
located in the principal potato growing district of the state
The office of the association receives orders for potatoes from
wholesalers, commission men and chain stores and notifies
members who make their own deliveries. All potatoes sold
in this manner are packed by the growers under the United
States No. 1 grade, in uniform 100 pound sacks, bearing the
name of the association and the grower's name. Lots packed
for shipment are inspected at intervals by the local Federal
inspector in order to insure conformity to grade as marked.
The quantity sold at one time varies from 100 sacks to a car
lot. The bulk of the business done is with wholesalers, com-
mission men and chain stores in Connecticut, but occasional
shipments are sent to out-of-state markets. Deliveries are
usually made by motor truck but freight cars are often used
for large orders.

The association determines the price and the members agree
to sell their No. 1 potatoes through this channel. The seconds
are usually disposed of by the growers individually.
The cooperative marketing of potatoes by the association has
proven successful during the past two seasons in which it has
been operating. A more orderly system of marketing has

2S Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

thereby been promoted, and the sale at an agreed price of a
large volume produced by many growers, has helped to
stabilize the Connecticut market.

Other Marketing Organizations.

An association of fruit growers in Washington and an asso-
ciation in Bristol market their apples cooperatively during
certain seasons when market conditions are such that they
feel it pays them to do so.

The New Haven-Highwood Association cooperatively ships
peaches, beans and other products to out-of-state markets by
rail.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 29

CHAPTER VI
Transportation Facilities Available to Connecticut Growers
A. The Use of Railroad Cars by Connecticut Shippers.

Shipments by rail of Connecticut fruits and vegetables com-
prise a relatively small part of total shipments to out-of-state
markets due to the proximity of large marketing centers such
as New York City, which are readily accessible by motor
truck. However, freight cars are sometimes used by Con-
necticut shippers when volume is sufficient.
According to United States Department of Agriculture
Statistical Bulletin No. 42, car lot shipments of Connecticut
fruits and vegetables were reported by calendar years as
follows: 1928, 74 cars; 1929, 41 cars; 1930, 141 cars, and
1931, 41 cars. The principal Connecticut grown product
shipped in this manner was apples. Freight shipments were
also made of peaches, sweet corn and beans.
During the past three years, however, a decline in freight
shipments of certain products has come about. Several of
the larger Connecticut apple growers have erected cold stor-
age plants of their own, with the result that their fruit is
put into storage on the place at the time of harvesting instead
of being immediately shipped by freight to large city storages,
as was formerly done.

Apples are sometimes shipped by freight, however, when a
carload or more is to be sent at one time. Most of the lots
scheduled for export are shipped to the port by freight for
various reasons. In the first place most of the lots of apples
exported by Connecticut shippers are in car lot quantities.
Also, it is generally more desirable to have an inspection
certificate issued on a freight car of apples than on lots to be
shipped by truck.

The following freight rates on apples were in effect during
the later part of the 1933 season from two points in Connec-
ticut to New York City: Hartford to New York City, 23
cents per 100 pounds, and New Haven to New York, 21 cents
per 100 pounds. Ordinarily a bushel of apples is figured at
50 pounds, and a barrel at 150 pounds. The rates given above
are known as regular rates. Special rates are made where a
sufficient number of cars are to be shipped from one station.

In Connecticut the number of tub bushel baskets ordinarily
packed in a freight car varies from 450 to 550 with 525 the
most common loading. Most of the apple growers who use
barrels for export pack 200 to the car. Approximately 600
to 625 orchard crates constitute a carload.

30 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

B. The Use of Motor Trucks by Connecticut Shippers.

The bulk of Connecticut produced fruits and vegetables are
marketed by motor truck. Many of the shipments are made
by grower-owned trucks while common carriers, wholesalers,
and trucker-jobbers also play an important part.
Among Connecticut products which are trucked in large
quantities to New York City are apples, peaches, strawberries,
cauliflower, spinach, lettuce, melons and many others.
Truck rates vary considerably with the location and due to
the fact that both trucking companies and individual truckmen
are involved. In general, however, apple growers report
having paid rates varying from 10 cents to 15 cents per bushel
for delivery to New York City from Connecticut points during
the 1933 season.

Many states have restrictions on the operation within their
jurisdiction of commercial vehicles registered in other states.
As Connecticut growers and shippers have occasion to truck
produce into nearby states, restrictions affecting them are
described below :

Maine — Unlimited except commercial vehicles of over \l/2
tons capacity require Maine registration before entry into
that state.

New Hampshire — For trucks of 3 tons or less carrying
capacity, an aggregate of 20 days in the state is allowed with-
out securing New Hampshire registration. If one truck is
used 20 days is allowed, if two trucks are used 10 days each
are allowed, etc. For trucks of over three tons carrying
capacity, a permit good for 5 days must be secured before
entering the state.

Vermont — Unlimited for commercial vehicles of 3,000 pounds
or less carrying capacity. Commercial vehicles of more than
3,000 pounds carrying capacity, or carrying a load of over
4,000 pounds, must either have a Vermont registration or
secure a special permit at a fee of $20.00 a trip.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 31

CHAPTER VII

Package Trends and Marketing Practices

A. Apples.

Within the past few years there has been a decided change
in the type of containers used for storing and marketing
apples in Connecticut. Whereas a large number of barrels
were formerly used, the common use of this container has
approached the vanishing point except for export. Bushel
baskets still maintain an important position in the market
although they have been replaced to a large extent by crates
and boxes.

Field crates of fairly heavy construction have long been used
for orchard and storage purposes but their use as a trans-
portation and sales package is a more recent introduction.
There has been a growing tendency to adopt packages which
provide a minimum of bruising together with decreased
handling costs. The use of open crates for long distance
truck hauls came about as the result of an effort to lessen
bruising in transit, and also to reduce expenses in repacking
and handling. Commercial cold storage rates are also lower
on crates and boxes than on baskets.

An increasingly popular practice among many of the larger
Connecticut apple growers during the past two years has
been to place the fruit into open crates in the orchard at the
time of picking, culls being removed. The crates are then
taken directly to the storage, usually an improved common
storage or a refrigerating plant. As the apples are marketed,
the grower may repack into bushel baskets or boxes or he
may sell in the crate in which the fruit is stored, a fee being
charged the purchaser to be refunded when the crate is
returned. When the fruit is repacked into baskets or gift
crates, no special package charge is made. Trucker-buyers
from New York City and other marketing centers often bring
crates of their own to be filled at the growers' storage. In
this way the grower is relieved of the cost of the container
and yet sells his apples at a good price. Sometimes these
crates are apple crates, but often second-hand egg cases are
used. The latter are obtained at a small cost from the egg
markets in New York City and make satisfactory packages for
transporting apples with a minimum of bruising, Egg cases,
however, hold approximately \y2 bushels and growers should
take the capacity into consideration when making sales. As
standard apple crates are more universally used, egg cases
and other non-standard containers may become displaced on
the market.

32 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

Apples in open crates are often delivered to wholesalers in
the city to be either sold "as is" to retailers or to be repacked
into bushel baskets. With the increased use of crates,
"Mcintosh", in particular, are marketed in better condition,
since they are more susceptible to bruising than most other
common varieties.

Several of the larger apple growers, however, grade their fruit
shortly after picking and pack into boxes or baskets for direct
shipment to city cold storages. The chief objection to early-
season packing for late winter consumption lies in the pos-
sibility of decay and other storage diseases and condition
factors occurring. This difficulty is minimized by careful
handling, good storage management and the storing of good
quality fruit.

The bushel basket is popular as a display package and is used
most satisfactorily where it is possible to pack within a short
distance of the market and where handling is kept at a min-
imum. Storage crates, which are of heavier construction and
more expensive than gift crates or boxes, are sometimes
delivered to retailers to be returned as the fruit is sold. The
chief objection to this plan is that unless a charge is made
for the container, difficulty is often experienced in getting
them back. Chain stores, who make many deliveries over a
widespread area from a central warehouse, often do not like
to assume the risk of returning crates. It would seem feasible
in such cases to make deliveries to retailers in gift packages.
Where apple growers are located in the immediate vicinity
of the marketing center, they often make some of their early
season deliveries in 16-quart peach baskets. This package,
together with 4, 8 and 12-quart baskets, is also very popular
at roadside stands.

With the increased use of crates for apples within the past
few years, there arose the need for the introduction of stand-
ard crates in order to facilitate marketing throughout the
Northeastern states.

At first, crates of various sizes and descriptions came into
common use and immediately created confusion in the mar-
kets. Buyers would experience difficulty in making up large
lots for sale or storage and often there was considerable
trouble in estimating the true capacity of a mixed lot of crates.
In order to standardize the apple crates used in New England
and New York State, a group of representatives of the apple
industry met in 1933 at a conference in Springfield, Massa-
chusetts. After much discussion the conference recommended
that a crate of \7l/2" x 14" x 11" inside dimensions with
triangular posts inside be made standard and urged its
adoption by growers.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

33

A subsequent meeting- of the conference in 1934 made the

following recommendations, after discussion by the original

group and a later meeting of a special committee :

1. That the Approved Eastern Apple Crate be not less than

2,618 cubic inches capacity nor more than 2,645.5 cubic

inches capacity; and that the 2,618 cubic inch crate (Style

T and B) be 17" x 14" x 11" inside size; the 2,645.5 cubic

inch crate (Style 5) be \7y2" x 14" x 11" inside size with

inside corner posts of 1J-4" face.

jtylh <4 T^ndB

3TYLE <?

JTylz 2

-JTYLE S

2. That the Approved Eastern Apple Crate is intended to
be a jumble pack container and it is recommended that it
be so used.

34 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

3. That Style 4 T and B is highly satisfactory in usage and
in cost.

4. That stock used in making the crate be %" for sides and
Yq" for bottoms.

5. That on Style 4 T and B the cleats be ^" x \y2" and the
top cleat bevelled on its bottom edge for better hand hold.

6. That the end stock on Style 5 ; triangular inside corner
post type, 2,645.5 cubic inches ; be yq" thick.

7 . That this crate be marked "Approved Eastern Apple Crate.
Minimum Volume 1 1/5 bushels", and that letters be Yz"
type, figures 1" type, if permission to do so be obtained
from those in authority.

The committee instructed the secretary to request of State

Departments of Markets a ruling authorizing the marking of

this crate as "Minimum Volume of 1 1/5 Bushels".

The capacity of the Approved Eastern Apple Crate was so

determined to enable such a crate to hold, level full, the exact

amount of apples necessary to fill a properly ring-faced

standard bushel basket.

The Approved Eastern Apple Crate has come into general

use in New England and New York State within the past

year and is replacing many of the non-standard crates as they

are worn out.

B. Mistakes to Avoid in Packing and Marketing Apples.

All of the practices mentioned below are more or less com-
monly found in the markets, both in Connecticut and else-
where. Some of these practices are violations of the laws
of the state, while others merely represent poor judgment on
the part of the grower, packer or dealer. All of them, how-
ever, tend to result in lower returns for the grower or dealer
who is in business to stay and they also injure the reputation
of Connecticut apples in competition with well-packed and
graded fruit from other sections.

1. The corrugated cap should not be placed with the ridges
against the fruit.

Always place the smooth side of the cap next to the fruit
when packing apples in baskets or barrels, otherwise the face
will be bruised and present a poor appearance when on display.

2. Avoid slack packs.

The appearance of a poorly filled container often results in a
much lower return to the grower than the difference in value
of a few apples.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 35

3. Avoid filling containers too full.

A ring-faced bushel basket should be well rounded but not
overstuffed in such a manner as to cause excessive bruising
or crushing in storage or transit.

4. Do not overface your fruit.

The face or shown surface of an open or closed package of
apples must reasonably represent the contents of the package.
See Section 2067, Chapter 108, General Statutes of Connect-
icut, Revision of 1930.

5. Absence of proper marking.

Occasionally a lot of apples in closed packages is found in
the market without the necessary markings as required by
law. Each closed package of apples must have marked con-
spicuously the minimum size, the name of the variety, the
name and address of the packer. See Section 2071, Chapter
108, General Statutes of Connecticut, Revision of 1930.

6. Avoid Rough Handling.

Apples on display in retail stores are often badly bruised and
show evidences of having been improperly handled, although
they were in good condition at the orchard or storage.

7. Keep apples in a cool place.

Apples often lose much of their flavor during the period
between removal from cold storage and consumption. Apples
on display at stores or roadside stands should be kept in the
shade and not allowed to lose their crispness by long exposure
to warm temperatures. Display apples should be constantly
renewed from a supply kept in a cool place.

C. Containers Used for Connecticut Fruits and Small Fruits Other
than Apples.

1. Peaches.

Since the removal of the outlawed 14-quart peach basket from
the market, the 16-quart basket has largely taken its place
particularly on local markets. The half bushel tub basket is
used by some of the larger growers in making shipments to
out-of-state marketing centers, such as New York City.
A new type of crate was introduced in Connecticut in 1933
which holds two 16-quart peach baskets, thus enabling a
freight car or truck to be loaded several crates deep without
damaging the fruit. In loading freight cars, these crates are
usually placed three deep, making a total of around 324 crates
or 648 16-quart baskets to the car (36-foot car). In deter
mining freight costs, one bushel of peaches is figured at 60
pounds. The cost of two 16-quart baskets and crate is
approximately the same as the cost of two half bushel tub
baskets equipped with liners and excelsior pads.

36 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

2. Other Fruits.

Plums — - 16-quart peach baskets, used for local trade. Half

bushel tub basket used for long hauls.

Cherries — 32-quart crate holding 32 1-quart baskets.

Pears — Bushel baskets, boxes, crates. 16-quart peach baskets

for local trade.

Red and Black Raspberries — 32-quart crate holding 32

1-quart baskets or 60 pint baskets.

Blueberries, Huckleberries and Blackberries — 32-quart crate

holding 32 1-quart baskets.

Strawberries — 32-quart crate holding either 32 or 24 1-quart

baskets.

Currants and Gooseberries — 32-quart crate holding 32 1-quart

baskets.

D. Containers Used for Connecticut Vegetables.

Standard containers for vegetables are a comparatively recent
introduction among Connecticut growers.

A few years ago the bulk of Connecticut produced vegetables
were marketed in numerous types of second-hand crates,
boxes, baskets, sacks, etc., a situation which led to general
confusion in the markets and a poor advertisement for local
products as compared with those from other states. Long
continued competition with well packaged out-of-state prod-
ucts, both in Connecticut and in outside markets, created an
urgent need that our containers be standardized. While the
situation is far from satisfactory at the present time, some
very significant gains have been made in the use of standard
containers by Connecticut vegetable growers, particularly in
the Hartford area.

The introduction of the standard farm box and half box and
the use of bushel baskets in good condition has helped to
greatly improve the package problem. A significant reason
for the trend away from nondescript containers by the more
progressive growers has been the demand for better packages
by certain types of buyers. The larger trucker-jobbers who
haul native vegetables to New York City and similar large
marketing centers find that their trade requires that most
products be marketed in suitable packages. Chain store
buyers have, in recent years, increased their purchases of
native vegetables to a marked degree. They purchase large
volumes for distribution to hundreds of stores and, naturally,
require produce in standard and uniform containers. Many
vegetable growers were quick to adopt the use of standard
containers as a means of increasing their sales by satisfying
the requirements of certain buyers. On the other hand, many
other vegetable growers still cling to the use of inferior types
of containers, principally in the mistaken belief that because

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 37

they may be obtained at little cost, the difference in price is
retained by the grower. As a matter of fact, a market full
of vegetables in nondescript packages creates an almost
impossible situation for the large buyer who wishes to make
up a uniform load. Therefore, produce in such containers
often remains unsold or brings a low price where a satisfac-
tory sale would have resulted had standard containers been
used.

The use of sacks for beans and peas is not recommended,
although they are still found on local markets. The market-
ing of these vegetables in sacks is a generally unsanitary
practice which is even worse where second-hand fertilizer
bags are used. Sacks easily collect dust, dirt and mud and in
a short time become unfit as a container for fresh vegetables.
An increasing number of growers are turning to the Standard
Farm Box as a container for these products. The New York
City market, in particular, is discouraging the use of sacks
with the result that Standard Farm Boxes are now largely
used in shipping beans and peas to that city.
In order to provide the Connecticut vegetable grower with
standard boxes for farm produce, the following specifications
were adopted by the Commissioner of Agriculture in accord-
ance with an act of the legislature.

38

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

SPECIFICATIONS FOR STANDARD BUSHEL AND HALF

BUSHEL BOXES FOR FARM PRODUCE

SOLD AT WHOLESALE

Standard Box and Standard Half Box

(Established in accordance with Section 2060, General Statutes,
Revision of 1930.)

The Connecticut standard box for farm produce sold at wholesale,
except as otherwise provided, shall contain 2,150.42 cubic inches and
shall be of the following dimensions by inside measurements: 17^4

inches in length by 17^/2 inches in
width and 7^ inches in depth.
The Connecticut standard half box
for farm produce sold at whole-
sale shall contain 1,075.21 cubic
inches and shall be of the follow-
ing dimensions by inside measure-
ments : 12^8 inches in length
by 12^ inches in width and 7^
inches in depth. When the above
specified boxes are made of wood
and ends shall be not less than ^
of an inch in thickness and the
sides and bottom not less than V%
of an inch in thickness. All such
boxes and half boxes of the
dimensions specified herein shall
be marked on at least one outer
side in bold, uncondensed capital
letters, not less than one inch in
height : Standard Box Farm
Produce and Standard Half Box
Farm Produce, respectively. Whoever marks or otherwise represents
any box or half box to be a standard box or half box for the sale of
farm produce at wholesale shall, unless such box or half box complies
with every specification and requirement as made above, be subject to
the penalties provided in Section 2064, General Statutes, Revision
of 1930.

Amendments to Above Specifications Including Specifications for an
Additional Half Bushel Box that Will Nest

(Established January 28, 1932.)

The present ruling concerning standard half boxes for farm
produce shall be amended to include a half bushel box of the following
inside dimensions: 13 inches in length by 11% inches in width by 7
inches in depth.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

39

All such half bushel boxes of the dimensions specified herein shall
be marked on at least one outer side in bold, uncondensed capital
letters, not less than one inch in height: Contents One-Half Bushel.

The present ruling limiting the thickness of stock used in the
sides and bottom, as well as the ends of the existing standard box
farm produce and standard half box farm produce, is hereby with-
drawn but the ruling concerning cubical content and inside measure-
ments of said boxes shall remain in force until further notice.

Principal Vegetables Produced in Connecticut and Suitable
Containers for Each

The recommended containers listed below are used chiefly as
wholesale packages for trade within the state or on nearby out-of-
state markets such as New York City.

Asparagus

Asparagus crate holding
dozen 1-pound bunches
Standard farm box

two

Beans, Lima, String and Shell
Standard farm box
Ventilated bushel basket

Broccoli, bunched
Standard farm box
Bushel basket

Broccoli, loose

Standard farm box
Bushel basket

Brussels Sprouts

32-quart berry crate using
1-quart baskets

Cabbage

Bushel basket
Standard farm box
Sacks, clean and uniform

Carrots

Standard farm box
Standard half box
Bushel basket

32

Cauliflower

32-quart berry crate

Long Island 3-Way Cauliflower

Crate holding 1 dozen heads

Corn, sweet

Sacks holding 60 or 100 ears,

clean and uniform
Bushel basket
Standard farm box

Cucumbers

Standard farm box
Bushel basket

Dandelions

Standard farm box
Bushel basket

Egg Plant

Standard farm box
Bushel basket

Endive, escarole
Standard farm box
Bushel basket

Lettuce, Iceberg, Big Boston.
Curly
Standard farm box
Bushel basket

40

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

Melons

Standard farm box
Bushel basket

Onions

50 pound sack

Parsnips

Standard half box
Bushel basket

Peas

Standard farm box
Ventilated bushel basket

Peppers

Standard farm box
Bushel basket
Standard half box

Potatoes

Bushel or 100 pound sacks,

clean and uniform
Paper bags holding 1 peck

Radishes

Standard farm box
Bushel basket

Rhubarb

Standard farm box

Spinach

Standard farm box
Bushel basket

Squash, summer
Standard farm box
Bushel basket

Squash, winter

Standard farm box (small

varieties)
Bushel basket (small varieties)
Barrel (large varieties)

Tomatoes

Standard half box
16-quart peach basket

Turnips

Standard farm box
Bushel basket
Bushel sack

E. Federal Standard Containers as Established by the Standard
Container Act of 1928.

A portion of the Federal Standard Container Act of 1928 is
presented below. Copies of the complete text of the Act
together with rules and regulations may be secured by writing
to the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
"An Act to fix standards for hampers, round stave baskets,
and splint baskets for fruits and vegetables, and for other
purposes."

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That
the standard hampers and round stave baskets for fruits and
vegetables shall be of the following capacities : One-eighth
bushel, one-fourth bushel, one-half bushel, five-eighths bushel,
three-fourths bushel, one bushel, one and one-fourth bushel,
one and one-half bushels, and two bushels, which, respectively,
shall be of the cubic content set forth in this section. For the
purposes of this Act a bushel, standard dry measure, has a
capacity of two thousand one hundred and fifty and forty-two
one-hundredths cubic inches.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 41

(a) The standard one-eighth bushel hamper or round stave
basket shall contain two hundred and sixty-eight and
eight-tenths cubic inches.

(b) The standard one-fourth bushel hamper or round stave
basket shall contain five hundred and thirty-seven and
six-tenths cubic inches.

(c) The standard one-half bushel hamper or round stave
basket shall contain one thousand and seventy-five and
twenty-one one-hundredths cubic inches.

(cc) The standard five-eighths bushel hamper or round stave
basket shall contain one thousand three hundred and
forty-four cubic inches.

(d) The standard three-fourths bushel hamper or round stave
basket shall contain one thousand six hundred and twelve
and eight-tenths cubic inches.

(e) The standard one bushel hamper or round stave basket
shall contain two thousand one hundred and fifty and
forty-two one-hundredths cubic inches.

(f) The standard one and one-fourth bushel hamper or round
stave basket shall contain two thousand six hundred and
eighty-eight cubic inches.

(g) The standard one and one-half bushel hamper or round
stave basket shall contain three thousand two hundred
and twenty-five and sixty-three one-hundredths cubic
inches.

(h) The standard two bushel hamper or round stave basket
shall contain four thousand three hundred and eighty-
four one hundredths cubic inches.

Sec. 2. That the standard splint baskets for fruits and vege-
tables shall be the four-quart basket, eight-quart basket,
twelve-quart basket, sixteen-quart basket, twenty-four quart
basket, and thirty-two quart basket, standard dry measure.
For the purposes of this Act a quart standard dry measure
has a capacity of sixty-seven and two-tenths cubic inches.

(a) The four-quart splint basket shall contain two hundred
and sixty-eight and eight-tenths cubic inches.

(b) The eight-quart splint basket shall contain five hundred
and thirty-seven and six-tenths cubic inches.

(c) The twelve-quart splint basket shall contain eight hun-
dred and six and four-tenths cubic inches.

(d) The sixteen-quart splint basket shall contain one thou-
sand and seventy-five and twenty-one one-hundredths
cubic inches.

(e) The twenty-four quart splint basket shall contain one
thousand six hundred and twelve and eight-tenths cubic
inches.

42 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

(f) The thirty-two quart splint basket shall contain two
thousand one hundred and fifty and forty-two one-
hundredths cubic inches.

Sec. 3. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall in his regu-
lations under this Act prescribe such tolerances as he may
find necessary to allow in the capacities for hampers, round
stave baskets, and splint baskets set forth in Sections 1 and 2
of this Act in order to provide for reasonable variations occur-
ring in the course of manufacturing and handling. If a cover
be used upon any hamper or basket mentioned in this Act,
it shall be securely fastened or attached in such a manner,
subject to the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture, as
not to reduce the capacity of such hamper or basket below
that prescribed therefor.

Sec. 4. That no manufacturer shall manufacture hampers,
round stave baskets or splint baskets for fruits and vegetables
unless the dimension specifications for such hampers, round
stave baskets, or splint baskets shall have been submitted to
and approved by the Secretary of Agriculture, who is hereby
directed to approve such specifications if he finds that hamp-
ers, round stave baskets, or splint baskets for fruits and vege-
tables made in accordance therewith would not be deceptive
in appearance and would comply with the provisions of
Sections 1 and 2 of this Act.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

43

CHAPTER VIII

Improved Storage Facilities for Connecticut Fruit with Special
Reference to Refrigerated Storage Plants

A. Fruit Storages in Connecticut are Divided into Two General
Types :

(1) Air cooled or "common" storages and (2) artificially
cooled or refrigerated storages.

The air cooled or "common" storages range from ordinary
unimproved cellars to those with insulation and power ven-
tilating systems. Some of the best common storages keep
apples very satisfactorily, especially during seasons when fall
temperatures are relatively cool, as during the 1933-1934 sea-
son. However, when warm weather prevails for several
weeks after picking, the fruit often does not cool down soon
enough and fails to keep satisfactorily during the cold months.

Artificially Cooled or Refrigerated Storages in Connecticut
are Principally of the Three Following Classes :

(1) Commercial cold storages operated by concerns engaged
in the business of renting space to growers and dealers ; (2)
cold storages operated by wholesale fruit and produce con-
cerns and others for the purpose of holding perishables which
they have purchased and (3) cold storage plants owned and
operated by growers.

A Model Grower - Owned Cold Storage Plant.

Commercial cold storage plants in Connecticut which make
a business of renting space for fruit or vegetables are located
chiefly in Hartford, New Haven, Norwich and New Milford.

44 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

The capacity of commercial cold storages in Connecticut is
ordinarily not large enough to take care of local crops, with
the result that many growers ship their fruit to storages in
cities outside of the state such as New York City, Boston,
Providence, etc., while others have constructed refrigerated
plants at the orchard.

Only a few of the wholesale fruit and produce houses are
equipped with cold storage rooms of their own large enough
to keep several thousand bushels of fruit during the market
season. Many of them, however, are equipped with small
sized plants, used particularly for temporarily storing fresh
arrivals of fruit and vegetables, while others either rent space
from commercial storage concerns or remain without refriger-
ating facilities.

Fruit growers have been building cold storages mainly
because of the following reasons: (1) Inadequate commercial
facilities locally. (2) The promotion of a more orderly system
of marketing throughout the season. (3) Better quality of
fruit during the winter and spring months. (4) More inde-
pendence from buyers due to knowledge that the fruit will
keep. (5) Fruit more accessible to grower than in a commer-
cial storage in the city. (6) Temperature control under
growers' supervision.

Farm cold storage plants are generally of the two following
types: (1) Plants constructed from previous common stor-
ages or basements of barns, and (2) new buildings erected for
cold storage purposes. Such storages in Connecticut range at
the present time from 5.000 to 44,000 bushels capacity.
A cold storage plant may often be installed by remodeling
a suitable building and thus save part of the expense of wholly
new construction.

If the grower has a suitable building, a remodeling job may
run as low as 40 to 50 cents per bushel capacity according to
prices prevailing at the time of writing. The expense includes
machinery, installation of the cooling system, insulating the
floors, walls and ceilings, etc. If the building itself must be
remodeled very much, of course, the costs would be higher,
Where an entirely new building is necessary the cost of con-
struction, equipment and machinery should not be figured
at much less than $1.00 per bushel capacity.
Insulating materials used include cork board, ground cork,
rock wool, redwood bark, fiber wood, fiber board, rock cork,
etc. The insulating power of all materials is based upon cork
board as a standard. For one-inch of cork board an equivalent
in other insulating materials would be about as follows:
Ground cork, use 2 inches; rock wool, 2 inches; redwood
bark, 2 inches; rock cork, 1 inch; Celotex or other insulating
lumbers, use two and one-half inch thickness.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 45

Cold storages partly below the surface of the ground should
be insulated as follows : Banked walls in cellars should have
at least two inches of standard cork board or its equivalent
in other materials. Exposed walls need at least three inches
cork board or equivalent. Ceilings should have not less than
four inches of cork board or its equivalent.
For above-ground construction, cork board or its equivalent
should be used in the following thicknesses : All walls three
inches, ceiling four inches, floor three inches.
At the time of writing, cork board was quoted generally at
seven cents per board foot, that is one inch thick and twelve
inches square. Prices on other materials were as follows :
Ground cork \y2 cents per board foot, rock wool and redwood
fiber approximately two cents per board foot ; rock cork and
asbestos preparation, 6^4 cents per board foot.
Power is derived from a gasoline engine, electric motor or
Diesel engine. The choice depends upon electricity rates, the
cost of a Diesel, the type of storage, etc. Operating costs
include power and handling. These items during a season
from September 1 to May 1 should be approximately five cents
per bushel. If all overhead expenses are included on a com-
plete newly constructed cold storage of 10,000 bushel capacity
or over, total costs should be figured at fifteen cents to
eighteen cents per bushel of capacity per season.
While the bulk of grower-owned refrigerated storages are
used for apples, the practice has been increasing during the
past few years to lengthen the marketing season of peaches,
tomatoes, spinach and a few other products by this method
Many of the apple growers also grow peaches, which are
sometimes kept under refrigeration for several weeks until
prices advance, after the height of the season is over. How-
ever, care must be taken in storing peaches, due to their
susceptibility to brown rot. Peaches should be placed into
storage when in firm condition, not when soft ripe. The fruit
should be kept as cool as possible after picking and taken to
the storage without delay. Punctures and bruises should be
avoided, as they offer an entrance to the brown rot fungus.
The storage must be functioning properly in order to bring
the peaches down to the required temperature as soon as
possible.

Often vegetable growers pick tomatoes green just before
killing frosts in the fall and place them into cold storage
ripening them with ethylene gas when needed. Spinach is
also kept in cold storage for several weeks after killing frosts
have put a stop to cutting in the fields.

Fruit or vegetables placed in storage should not be allowed
to come in contact with objectionable odors resulting from
oils, moth balls, etc.

46

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

Apples, when picked for storage, should be mature and well
colored but in the "hard ripe" stage. The fruit should be
placed into storage as soon as possible and brought down to
the proper temperature without delay. Rough handling
should be avoided in order to prevent cuts and bruises.
Only good quality fruit should be placed into refrigerated
cold storage. Ordinarily the storage expenses or charges will
nullify any possible profit to be made from storing inferior
quality apples.

B. Refrigerated Apple Storages in Connecticut, 1934.

fStorages

*Public Storages

Maintained

^Growers'

Town or City

Renting Space

by Wholesalers

Storages

| Total

Total

Total

No. | Cap. (Bu.)

No.

Capacity

No.

Capacity

Hartford

1

40,000

1

12,000

New Haven

4

56,000

Bridgeport

1

25,000

South Norwalk

1

3,000

Norwich

1

15,000

1

15,000

New London

1

7,000

New Milford

1

20,000

Middleneld

1

44,000

Bantam

1

8,000

Wallingford

2

15,000

Southington

1

22,000

Greenwich

1

40,000

Hamden

1

7,000

Easton

1

8,500

Total 131,000

[Total 47,000

rotal 159,500

State '

rotal 337,500

* Public Refrigerated Storages engaged in renting space to growers, whole-
salers, retailers, etc. The capacity indicated in the column is not
necessarily the capacity of the entire plant but only that portion which
ordinarily is available for storing apples.

t Storages maintained by wholesalers and commission men includes
refrigerated storage capacity available for storing apples throughout the
normal marketing season. Small refrigerated storage rooms used prin-
cipally for temporarily holding fresh arrivals of fruit or vegetables are
not included.

X Growers' storages include farm or orchard storages which are refrigerated
or artificially cooled. This does not include air cooled or "common"
storages.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 47

CHAPTER IX

Federal Inspection of Fruit and Vegetables Under Supervision of the
Food Products Inspection Service, United States Department

of Agriculture

Federal shipping point inspection service is available to Connec-
ticut fruit and vegetable shippers.

The purpose of this inspection is to provide a certification of
quality upon which long distance transactions may be made. Fruits
and vegetables are graded according to official United States Stand-
ards and inspections are made to insure conformity to grade. This
service consists of an inspection of a lot of fruit or vegetables by a
qualified Federal inspector who issues a certificate, showing the
quality and grade, which is sent to the receiver. The service is
entirely voluntary although many receivers require that Federal
inspection certificates accompany shipments sent to them.

In order to cover inspections at country and city points, both
shipping point and receiving point inspectors are maintained. Ship-
ping point inspectors chiefly cover inspections at country points and
issue certificates on lots scheduled for shipment to the receiver in
the city. Receiving point inspectors, on the other hand, inspect the
lots after arrival at the destination, in cases where the transaction
is made on the basis of grade. Some of the larger receivers have
yearly contracts with the inspection service covering inspections on
all receipts while others only call in an inspector when they have
reason to believe that the products are not up to grade or condition.

In cases where a certificate accompanies the lot showing the prod-
uct conforms to grade, an inspection by two receiving point inspectors
is necessary to reverse the decision of the shipping point inspector.
In localities where the demand for shipping point inspection is
usually small, such as in Connecticut, such work is performed by a
receiving point inspector in the nearest city.

Several states, producing a sufficient volume of products requiring
inspection, have made an arrangement with the Federal Food Prod-
ucts Inspection Service whereby State Department of Agriculture
inspectors receive Federal licenses and are authorized to make what
are known as Federal-State shipping point inspections under Federal
supervision.

Apples, potatoes and onions are the principal products for which
shipping point inspection service has been established in the New
England States. Connecticut shippers, however, are relatively close
to their markets, with the result that the call for shipping point
inspections is much less frequent than in states with more distant
markets. The shipping point inspection work in Connecticut is per-
formed by the regular receiving point inspectors in Hartford and
New Haven who are located in the Federal Buildings of the above
cities, there being insufficient volume to warrant maintaining a
regular shipping point inspector.

48 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

An inspection fee of $4.00 is charged for each car lot or, more than
one-half car lot, plus the transportation expenses of the inspector.
A rate of $2.50 is charged per one-half car lot or less. The farm
products inspection certificates issued on shipments scheduled for
delivery to points within the United States should not be confused
with Export Form Certificates, which are required when certain
products are to be exported to foreign countries. The requirements
for an Export Form Certificate are described in Chapter X, Apple
Export Information.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 49

» CHAPTER X

Apple Export Information

A. General Statement.

Connecticut apple growers do not ordinarily export to foreign
markets to the extent which is common in many other states.
However, certain of our larger growers export a few carloads
at times when market conditions are favorable. Ben Davis
is the principal variety exported from Connecticut although
during some seasons the smaller sizes of Mcintosh and Bald-
wins are advantageously marketed through this channel.
Small lots of Wageners, Rome Beauties, Winesaps, etc., are
sometimes used to complete a carlot shipment of Ben Davis
or another principal variety exported from Connecticut.
Among the foreign countries which have imported Connecticut
apples are Great Britain, Germany, Belgium and Argentina.
New York City as a port, receives the bulk of export ship-
ments from Connecticut although growers in the eastern part
of the state sometimes use the port of Boston.

B. Apple Export Regulations.

Before a lot of apples (or pears) may be consigned for export,
an inspection must be made by an authorized government
inspector and an Export Form Certificate issued in accordance
with the regulations of the United States Department of Agri-
culture. No steamship line or private or common carrier may
accept a shipment of apples under a through bill of lading
for export which is not accompanied with a copy of an Export
Form Certificate or memorandum. An Export Form Certifi-
cate may only be issued on a lot of apples (or pears) which
meets the requirements of the Export Apple and Pear Act.
(Copies of the Act may be obtained from the United States
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.)
In order to obtain an Export Form Certificate on a lot of
apples the following minimum requirements must be met :

(1) The lot of apples must not grade lower than United States
Utility or United States Utility Early.

(2) The apples shall not contain apple maggots. If any apple
maggots are found during inspection, the lot is turned
down and Export Form Certificate refused. Not more
than 2% by count of the apples in the lot may have apple
maggot injury but not to exceed 4% in any one package.

(3) Not more than 5% of any kind of worm injury allowed,
not to exceed 10% in any one package.

(4) Not more than 2% may be infested with San Jose scale
(not more than 4% in any one package).

50 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

(5) The packages must be plainly and correctly marked with
(1) the name and address of the grower or packer; (2)
the variety; (3) the grade names; and (4) the minimum
size or numerical count.

(6) The face or shown surface of the apples in each package
must be reasonably representative in size, color and
quality of the contents of the package.

(7) Chemical analysis of the fruit will be required if spray
residue is visible. At the time of writing, the export
tolerance on lead was .019 grains per pound of fruit and
on arsenic was .01 grains per pound of fruit.

In addition to the requirements for an Export Form Certifi-
cate, the United States Export Standards for Condition have
been established in order to serve as a guide to the exporter.
The Export Standards for Condition should be complied with
if the exporter expects the fruit to arrive in good condition
under normal conditions. They are as follows :

(1) Apples in barrels or baskets shall be packed generally
tight and well shaken down. There should be no move-
ment of apples within the package.

(2) Not more than 5% shall be further advanced in maturity
than Firm Ripe.

(3) Not more than 5% shall be damaged by Bitter Pit, freez-
ing injury and other condition factors, except that:

(a) No more than 2% decay is allowed.

(b) No more than 2% damage by internal breakdown is
allowed.

(c) Apples shall be free from scald unless packed in oiled
paper or treated with oil. When so packed or treated
not more than 2% slight scald is permitted.

Two authorized inspectors of the United States Department
of Agriculture Food Products Inspection Service have offices
in Connecticut and are available when needed. One inspector
is located at the Federal Building in Hartford and the other
at the Federal Building in New Haven. A fee of $4.00, plus
traveling expenses, is charged per carlot inspection.

C. European Markets.

Market Preferences.

While Ben Davis is the principal apple variety exported from
Connecticut it is not because of any popularity on foreign
markets but because it is a good shipper and also generally
unpopular for local consumption. For these reasons many of
the local "Bens" find their way to Europe and Argentina. Of
the principal varieties produced in Connecticut, the popularity
on European markets is generally greatest for Rome Beauty
and next for Rhode Island Greening, Delicious, Baldwin,
Mcintosh and Ben Davis, in the order mentioned.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 51

California Gravensteins are popular in Great Britain in
August and early September but New England Gravensteins
arrive on the market later and meet competition with similar
apples produced in England, which usually results in an un-
profitable deal. Among the varieties which are attaining more
prominence are Delicious and Mcintosh. Delicious is becom-
ing better known and is now one of the most popular red
eating apples shipped to Great Britain, with Scotland the best
market. Mcintosh are not sufficiently well known as yet, but
seem to be making headway.

Eating apples in small and medium sizes are generally pre-
ferred in Europe, while strictly cooking apples may be larger
in size.

Prices on the London market range highest on 2 to 2I4_inch
stock, although fairly satisfactory returns are received for
sizes down to l1^ inches in diameter. At Liverpool and
Glasgow the most popular sizes are 2*4 to 2^ inches. Most
of the Continental markets prefer 2*4 to 2^-inch fruit. France
requires the largest fruit going to Europe, mostly 2^ inches
and up. Medium to large sizes bring the highest prices in
Argentina.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

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Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 55

CHAPTER XII

Federal Agricultural Credit Facilities Available to Connecticut
Fruit and Vegetable Growers

A. Farm Credit Administration.

The Farm Credit Administration was organized for the pur-
pose of providing farmers and farmers' cooperatives with
various types of credit facilities to enable them to satisfac-
torily carry on their business.

A Regional Federal Land Bank, a Farm Loan Commissioners'
Agent, a Regional Intermediate Credit Bank and a Regional
Bank for Cooperatives is located in each of the twelve districts
into which the United States is divided.

Springfield, Massachusetts, is the headquarters for the district
comprising the six New England States, New York and
New Jersey.

The district institutions are responsible to the commissioners
in charge of their respective phases of activity, who are
located in Washington, D. C.

1. The Federal Land Bank, Springfield, Massachusetts.

Federal Land Bank loans are secured in every instance by first
mortgages on real estate. The maximum loan is $50,000, but
the permission of the Land Bank Commissioner is required in
making loans from $25,000 to $50,000. Loans are usually made
for 10, 20 or 33-year periods. The interest rate on new loans is
written at 5% but the rate charged on all payments made
before July, 1938, is Ay2%. Local Farm Loan Associations
handle the local business and are supervised by the Federal
Land Bank Commissioner. Further information concerning
Federal Land Bank loans may be secured from the Secretary
of any local Farm Loan Association or County Farm Bureau
Agent.

2. The Federal Land Bank Commissioner's Agent, Springfield,

Massachusetts.

The Federal Land Bank Commissioner in Washington, D. C,
is represented by an agent at each of the twelve Federal Land
Banks. The Commissioner's loans are made through the same
channels as the Land Bank loans and may be secured by either
first or second mortgages on real estate. The interest rate
is 5% and the loans are usually made for a period of ten
years. The maximum loan is $7,500.

The mortgage securing the commissioners' loan, together with
any previous mortgage, may not exceed 75% of the appraised
value of the land and buildings.

56 Connecticut Fruit and Vecetable Handbook

The Commissioner and his agents work with the Federal Land
Banks in making loans. The function of the Commissioner is
chiefly for emergency purposes, as he may make loans on
second mortgages and up to 75% of appraisal value, which
cannot be done by the Federal Land Bank.

3. The Intermediate Credit Bank, Springfield, Massachusetts.

The Intermediate Credit Bank serves mainly as a rediscount-
ing organization for the Production Credit Corporation and
the Bank for Cooperatives.

4. The Production Credit Corporation.

The Production Credit Corporation was set up as a source
of short term credit by which farmers could carry on farm
operations and obtain needed equipment, livestock, etc. Pro-
duction Credit Loans require as security straight notes, en-
dorsed notes, chattel or crop mortgages. They bear Sy2%
interest and are usually written for the crop-growing season.
Livestock loans are usually written for one year with monthly
installments, sufficient to liquidate the loan within two or
two and one-half years. The local Production Credit Asso-
ciations handle the local business under supervision of the
Production Credit Commissioner.

Growers may obtain Production Credit loans on apples,
potatoes or other crops in storage or in the field.
The Western Connecticut representative of the Production
Credit Corporation is Frank Kearns, 130 Washington Street,
Hartford, and the Eastern Connecticut representative is
George Tinkham, Providence, R. I.

Applications for Production Credit loans should be made well
in advance of the time the loan is needed in order to avoid
delays.

5. The Bank for Cooperatives, Springfield, Massachusetts.

The Regional Bank for Cooperatives is in a position to make
loans to eligible farmers' cooperatives for the purpose of pro-
viding working capital and also buy, lease or refinance packing
plants or other necessary buildings and equipment.
Working capital loans carry an interest rate of 3J/2% while
facility loans carry an interest rate of Al/2% and have to do
with the acquisition of or refinancing of buildings, equipment,
machinery, etc.

Working capital loans are usually made for one year or less
while facility loans have a duration up to ten years. Loans
arc limited in size to the value of the buildings, equipment,
i tC, and also to the ability of the borrower to repay.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 57

Loans to cooperative marketing associations enabling them
to make advances to grower-members on commodities to be
delivered to the association for the purpose of meeting market-
ing costs are made through the Intermediate Credit Bank.
The Intermediate Credit Bank also makes loans to cooper-
ative purchasing associations for the purpose of assisting
them in carrying inventories.

B. Seed Loans.

Farmers may apply for seed loans in an amount not exceed-
ing $250 for the purchase of seed, fertilizer and spray materials.
The loans, are secured by crop liens and bear an interest rate
of 5 J/2%. These loans should be applied for at your County
Farm Bureau Office. Seed loans come direct from Washing-
ton, D. C.

58 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

CHAPTER XIII
Roadside Marketing in Connecticut

For several years farmers' roadside markets have existed along
the principal highways to some extent. The earlier stands were, how-
ever, few in number and were usually maintained by bona-fide farmers
who sold products of their own raising. The number of farmers'
roadside stands increased with the development of improved high-
ways until such markets became numerous.

Within the past few years unemployment has forced many men
to seek other means of livelihood, with the result that a large number
of roadside stands have sprung up about the country which are not
operated by farmers but by men who buy their products from farmers,
city markets or wholesalers. Some of these men pose as farmers
while others make a practice of buying up second grade, or cull prod-
ucts, stale vegetables and overripe fruit at very low prices and then
attempt to attract customers by means of low price signs. Some of
the less honest stand operators often overface, or "top off", their
packages with good quality products.

Non-farmer stand operators are able to remain in business and
compete with grocery stores and farmers because of their low over-
head costs and because they often buy "distress" merchandise on the
open markets at prices below the cost of production. Many of these
men are only in the business temporarily and expect to seek other
occupations as soon as improved conditions permit. The more suc-
cessful of this class of stand operators may continue for a longer
period.

The genuine farmers who operate roadside markets, have also in-
creased rapidly in number during the depression years. This tendency
is due to their efforts to obtain a larger percentage of the consumers'
dollar than they would by wholesaling their products. During the
years of low prices many fruit and vegetable growers have been prac-
tically forced to operate stands in order to survive. In fact, many
growers have said that were it not for a successful roadside stand
business, they would not have been able to make a living during
recent years.

Farmer-operated roadside markets are patronized by different
types of customers, depending on their location, the quality and
variety of their products and the prices which they charge. Some
stand operators near a city or large town do most of their business
with local customers who patronize them day after day instead of
buying from grocery stores. Other stand operators, located on main
highways away from towns or cities, rely upon tourists, week-end
parties and others who are making longer trips. Some of these cus-
tomers are regular, stopping at the stand every few days, while others
arc only chance visitors.

At first the growers who operated stands sold only products raised
by themselves. Where a grower had a large variety and sufficient
volume he sometimes continued this practice. However, many

^^^^^^

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Clifton L. Dawlev

Typical Farmers' Roadside Markets

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

50

growers with a limited variety of products now make a regular prac-
tice of buying from their neighbors or from city markets in order to
carry a complete line and better distribute their overhead cost. Quite
a number of farmers buy shipped-in products such as oranges, onions,
etc., to sell at their stands. Many sell ice cream, cigars, candy, etc.
They say they do this because their customers call for such products
and such products help to increase their volume of sales. When a
farm stand operator reaches this stage he must soon decide whether
he will run a store and buy a larger part of the products he handles,
thus devoting most of his time to the selling end, or whether he will
remain a farmer and expand his business on the basis of what he can
raise himself.

Representative roadside market operators can be found in all of
these various stages of development. There must be a dividing line
somewhere, however, where a stand operator ceases to be a farmer
and becomes a storekeeper. At the present time some of the farm
stand operators have built up a large business by carrying good
quality products, some of which they raise themselves and some of
which they buy, both from local and from out-of-state sources. A
considerable number of stand operators are to be found who at one
time grew a substantial part of their sales but who now buy nearly
everything. Whether or not a farmer will eventually suffer by going
through an evolution of this kind remains to be seen.

The better class customer usually goes to roadside stands instead
of city retail stores because of the possibility of obtaining fresher
and more satisfactory products at reasonable prices. Some customers
are looking for nothing but price, no matter where they go. At the
better class roadside stands it is certain that fresher products can be
obtained, especially if they are grown on the place or nearby. Goods
bought on the open markets or at wholesale stores cannot very well
be fresher at the stands than at the better city retail stores. Of
course, this applies to more perishable vegetables and fruits than to
products such as winter apples, potatoes, onions, etc. How long the
customer will be willing to continue to patronize roadside markets
will depend on how satisfactory they remain in comparison with city
retail stores.

Growers' roadside marketing organizations
have been formed in many states for the pur-
pose of giving the bona-fide farm roadside
stand operator a means of carrying to pros-
pective customers the fact that fresh home
grown products of good quality and pack are
obtainable at his stand. The association mem-
bers display a distinctive sign and agree to
produce a certain percentage of the products
sold by them and also abide by the other rules
governing the operation of a properly con-
ducted stand. Such voluntary growers' road-
side market organizations are to be found in
the states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
New Hampshire, Maine, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, Maryland and Ohio.

m\

CONNECTICUT

FARM PRODUCTS

at roadside markets

connectk;ut '
derwitment

OF

AGRICULTURE

oo Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

The Connecticut Approved Roadside Market Association, Inc.,
was organized in 1932 by a group of farm roadside stand operators.
The membership is limited to bona-fide farm stand operators who
are defined as follows :

A bona-fide farm roadside market is one operated by
a farmer who either owns or leases the land or property
on which 75% of the principal type of products sold are
produced. Any exceptions to this rule must be made by
a special vote of the Board of Directors of the Connec-
ticut Approved Roadside Market Association, Inc.
An official sign, bearing the New England Quality Label, was
designed for display by members. The signs are the property of the
association and are leased to the members at an annual fee of $5.00.

Rules and regulations governing the use of the Association sign
are as follows :

1. The lessee agrees to operate a bona-fide farm roadside market
as defined above.

2. Farm products which are sold, or offered, or exposed for sale
at farm roadside markets and which were not produced on the
lessee's own farm or neighboring farm, shall not be represented,
marked or labeled in such a way as to indicate to the purchaser
that these products were locally produced.

3. All farm products sold, offered, or exposed for sale by the
lessee shall be so packed or repacked that the face or shown
surface shall represent the contents of the package.

4. The lessee's farm roadside market shall be located at a sufficient
distance from the highway to provide space to the extent that
it will not be necessary to use the highway for parking pur-
poses to the extent that there will be any menace to traffic. In
no case shall the roadside building be located on the traveled
portion of the highway.

5. No marks, labels, or signs used in connection with the sale of
farm products on lessee's roadside market shall be false or
misleading.

6. Farm roadside markets displaying official sign of the Associa-
tion shall be clean, neat and attractive.

7. All products sold at roadside markets under the provisions of
this agreement shall be of good quality, fresh and otherwise of
good condition.

8. Lessee's farm roadside market shall be inspected periodically,
with special reference to sanitation, quality of products, com-
parative prices, general appearance and the compliance or fail-
ure to comply with the conditions of this agreement.

9. The rented sign shall remain under the control of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and the right to use such sign may be
revoked by the lessor at any time for failure to comply with
the provisions of this agreement. The sign shall be posted in

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 61

a conspicuous place and the lessee agrees to accept responsibil-
ity in case of loss, damage, or destruction of said sign, and it
is further agreed that this sign shall not be sublet or assigned
The lessee may cancel this lease upon ten days' notice in
writing to the Commissioner of Agriculture, and the rented fee
will be forfeited after the lease has been in effect for more than
three months, and in no instance will an amount greater than
one-half the rental fee be returned to the lessee.
The Connecticut Approved Roadside Market Association, Inc., has
been cooperating with the State Motor Vehicles, Highway and Police
Departments in outlining a program for the elimination of traffic
hazards in connection with the location of roadside stands.

The Association is actively interested in raising the standards of
roadside selling and sponsoring legislation designed to benefit the
industry and remove many of the existing detrimental practices.

62

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

CHAPTER XIV

Fruit Production in Connecticut

A. Number of Fruit Trees in Connecticut Compared with Several
Important Producing States. (From United States Census of
Agriculture.)

1. Apples

1

Trees not of Bearing Age

Trees of Bearing Age

1930

1925

1920

1930

1925

1920

United States

27,455,303

34,299,348

36,195,085

88,848,970

103,697,180

115,309,165

Maine

258,956

435,091

512,217

1,731,981

2,441,937

2,833,304

Vermont

256,084

175,936

254,029

614,799

559,046

712,594

Massachusetts

697,440

756,897

791,771

1,301,977

1,402,223

1,218,870

Connecticut

266,976

295,939

266,405

540,117

701,160

692,569

New York

2,017,203

2,422,156

2,932,281

8,284,507

9,468,661

9,636,698

Pennsylvania

1,616,353

2,078,469

2,628,053

6,244,104

6,726,473

6,988,594

Virginia

1,426,316

2,272,786

2,857,007

7,839,771

8,010,777

7,385,277

West Virginia

946,721

1,361,390

1,735,126

5,246,817

5,480,350

5,554,731

Michigan

1,393,611

1,871,434

2,050,299

5,199,870

5,544,840

5,615,905

Washington

947,986

1,049,949

755,898

5,193,571

6,781.852

7,964.167

2. Peaches

1

Trees not of Bearing Age

1

Trees of Bearing Age

1930 1920

1930 1920

United States

20,134,313

21,617,862

58,911,983

65,646,101

Massachusetts
Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Ohio

Michigan

Georgia

California

121,721

128,750

785,698

320,021

1,083,603

1,461,539

1,173,238

1,306,190

1.633,516

135,426

133,577

658,868

884,067

1,234,708

970, 1S3

764,838

3,391,851

1,366,941

182,198
250,678
1,683,521
1,463,108
2,362,904
2.356,414
2,007,743
7,914,134
10,222,215

346,260
495,750
3,03S,023
1,936,632
3.563,726
2.924,177
2,010,022
8.655,051
9,057,760

3. Plums

Trees not of Bearing Age

Trees of Bearing Age

1930

1920

1930 | 1920

United States

4,514,409

9,375,268

29,399,411 20,452,293

1

Massachusetts

ticut
\'v. York
i i Ivania
California

7,485

5,464

81,163

61,804

2,255.389

16.553

9,065

205,702

114.1 11

5.237.145

18.021

8.178

454.576

233,384

16.668.590

32.764

15.749

745,889

451.835

8.768.436

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

63

4.

Cherries

Trees not of Bearing Age
1

Trees of Bearing Age

1930

1

1920

1930

1920

United States

4,615,286

3,694,531

8,381,472

10,787,751

Massachusetts
Connecticut
New York
Pennsylvania
California

4,043

2,781

352,026

192,957

436,534

13,123

8,806

279,864

217,046

347,572

10,639

8.351

875,753

600,889

974,876

18,239

13,759

1,027,203

951,924

657,470

5.

Grapes

1

Vines not of Bearing Age
1

Vines of Bearing Age

1930

1

1920

1930

1920

United States

24,653,072

27,394,469

342,191,490

225,754,285

Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Michigan
California

32,780

5,188

53,760

1,214,745

162,937

445,331

814,362

879,868

15,762,026

22,691

44,984

57,247

1,389,042

194,562

402,271

521,207

607,149

21.388,646

100,449

80,482

455,104

37,282,114

1,327,115

8,454,033

8,738,560

16,919,628

242,079.041

81,494

50,933

272,315

30,677,555

1,477,617

7,462,067

6,553,904

11,097,734

153.195,213

B. Recent Plantings of Leading Commercial Apple Varieties, 1930.
30

GREENIN6 WEALTHY

Under 5 Years

VZ7A
5-9 Years

10-14 Years

64

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

C. Production of Commercial Apple Orchards by Counties, 1930.

Thousands of Barrels.

NEW HAVEN

HARTFORD

FAIRFIELD

LITCHFIELD

MIDDLESEX

WINDHAM

TOLLAND

NEW LONDON

D. Production of Commercial Apple Orchards by Leading Varieties,
1925 and 1930. Thousands of Barrels.

WEALTHY

ALL OTHERS

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

L930

1925 EZZ2

'I his charl shows the production by leading varieties in commer-
cial orchards in thousands of barrels. The 1925 figures are taken from
Storrs Experiment Station Bulletin No. 145 and include 597 reports
i r< »m c< unmercial grt >wers.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

65

E. Connecticut Bearing Apple Trees, 1930.

ET-

:: /

-F*

u^pi'-l^f'

_.y

MtX\

J

,7 /fir:ii:'

,lv

:kl

~5TATL-DLEARTM£NT OF ACRICUITURE — ~

Connecticut Bearing Apple Trees
1930

Each dot represents 100 Trees

Each dot on this map represents approximately the location of 100
bearing apple trees in orchards having 100 bearing trees or more.

66

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

CHAPTER XV
Estimated Acreages of Vegetables in Connecticut, 1933

Commodity | State

| New
Fairfield j Hartford | Litchfield |Middlesex| Haven
County | County | County | County | County

New
London
County

Tolland
County

Windham
County

Asparagus,
bearing

660

74

190

70

27

200

37

23

39

Asparagus,
non-bear'g

75

30

30

3

2

4

3

1

2

Beans, lima

185

22

39 |

12

16 |

85

6

4

1

Beans,
string

1,150

126

286

10

9

620

60

12

27

Beets

150

21

64

5

5

43

s

4

3

Broccoli

55

7

14

1

1

28

2

1

1

Brussels
sprouts

140

|

1 1

12

6

121

Cabbage,
early

415

S3

94

33

29

135

18

30

23

Cabbage,
late

895

175

200

69

32

290

30

50

49

Carrots

290

42

116

8

11

83

17

10

3

Cauliflower

255

18

100

4

13

35

3

50

32

Celery, early

90

10

51

1

2

22

2

1

1

Celery, late

110

28

52

2

2

20

4

1

1

Corn, sweet

5,140

710

990

300

300

2,050

360

1 60

270

Cucumbers

575

41

213

27

15

203

40

26

10

Dandelions

5 5

2

31

2

18

2

Endive,
Escarole

30

3

IS 1

3

8

Lettuce

415

39

127

4

17

186

20

4

18

Melons

305

26

140

2

22

86

9

9

11

Onions

140

27

69

8

7

16

9

3

1

Parsnips

115

11

43

3

7

47

1

2

1

Peas

415

46

105

22

12

171

30

21

8

Peppers

245

7

43

2

6

176

4

2

5

Potatoes,
early

1,255

100

278

130

25

360

242

70

50

Potatoes,
late

12,115

650

5,600

940

720

1,000

940

1,395

870

Raspberries

225

16

75

15

8

65

16

1 16

14

Spinach

575

74

206

5

11

223

49

4

3

Squ.'l ll.

summer

185

23

59

S

3

72

19

3

1

Squash,

winter,and
pumpkins

| 320

22

80

8

18

120

18

1

6

1

| 48

Strawberries

900

38

312

45

| 63

| 225

| 102

| 110

| 50

Tomatoes

1 1,815

150

403

35

96

963

| 70

25

| 73

Turnips, fall
and winter

!

495

1

20

162

30

30

170

19

48

16

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 67

CHAPTER XVI

Carlot Receipts of Fruit and Vegetables

A. Receipts by Freight in Connecticut of Apples from Out-of-State
Sources, 1928-1934.

Cars Received Principal Sources

Season of 1928-29 480 Wash., Va., N. Y., Pa.

Season of 1929-30 707 Wash., Va., N. Y., Pa., W. Va., Ont.,

Vt., Maine

Season of 1930-31 235 Wash., N. Y, Pa., Mass., few from

Minnesota and Ind.

Season of 1931-32 743 W. Va., N. Y., Va., Pa., Md.

Season of 1932-33 241 N. Y., Pa., W. Va., Va., Wash.

Season of 1933-34 30 Wash., Pa., Md., Va.

A glance at the above figures will reveal a very pronounced
decrease in the freight receipts of out-of-state apples in Con-
necticut during the past three seasons. Truck receipts from
nearby states were moderate during the season of 1931-32,
heavy in 1932-33 and have been comparatively light to
moderate this season (1933-34).

The marked influx of apples into Connecticut during the sea-
son of 1931-32 was caused chiefly by a small local crop and a
large crop in the Southeastern and Middle Atlantic states.
During the season of 1932-33 a larger local crop and lighter
crops elsewhere reduced the carlot receipts to a considerable
extent. During the past season Connecticut growers have
had very little competition on local markets outside of a few
cars of Western boxed apples, late summer varieties from the
southern states and moderate truck receipts from Massachu-
setts and the Hudson valley. A heavy crop in Southern New
England and relatively light crops in the principal Southern
and Middlewestern producing states resulted in a reversal of
the situation as compared to previous seasons.

Connecticut was largely an apple exporting state in the season
of 1933-34, with New York City and Newark the principal
outlets. An increase in exports to other countries has also
taken place, Ben Davis being the most common variety which
was sold in this manner.

6S

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

Carlot Unloads of Fruit and Vegetables in Bridgeport, Hartford,
New Haven and Waterbury During the Calendar Year 1933*.

Commodity

Anise
Apples

Asparagus
Bananas

Beets

49.5

61.5

Broccoli

9.0

10.0

Cabbage

334.0

338.0

Cantaloupes

Carrots

Cauliflower

Celery

Chicory

14.0

11.5

Cherries

0

4.0

Cranberries

5.0

0

Corn, Sweet

1.0

0

Cucumbers

13.5

4.0

Endive and

Escarolc

5.5

8.5

1 m ,i |, r -fruit

287.5

253.0

Crapes

1379.0

978.0

Honey Balls

17.0

11.0

Honey Dews

171.0

102.5

Kale

2.0

1.0

Lemons

102.0

102.0

Lettuce

740.0

679.5

Onions

' )rai
ley

1932 1933 Origin for 1933

1.5 .5 California .5.

457.5 143.0 Washington 46, New York 31, Virginia 20,
W. Virginia 12, Delaware 7, Illinois 3, Maine
4, Missouri 1, California 1, Pennsylvania 18.
57.0 28.5 California 26.5, South Carolina 1, Arizona 1.
319.0 282.0 New York 254, Massachusetts 27, Pennsyl-
vania 1.
23.0 34.0 Florida 29, North Carolina 1, South Carolina
1, Maryland 1, Michigan 1, California 1.

Texas 49.5, Virginia 11.5, Florida .5.

Texas 6, California 4.

New York 131.5, Texas 62.5, Virginia 42.5,
Florida 41.5, South Carolina 23, Alabama 19,
Mississippi 6.5, Louisiana 5, California 2,
Maryland 2, New Jersey 1.5, Delaware 1.

California 145.5, Colorado 44, Arizona 26,
Maryland 3, New Mexico 4, Delaware 3,
Texas 2, Mexico 1.

California 129, Texas 61, Arizona 5, New York
4, Wisconsin 2.5, Indiana 1, District of
Columbia 1, New Jersey .5.

California 120, Oregon 16, Arizona 2, Texas
1, Colorado 1, District of Columbia 1, In-
diana .5.

Florida 110, California 82, New York 29, New
Jersey 1, Idaho 1.

California 11, Indiana .5.

California 2, Washington 1, New York 1.

Maryland 2, Delaware 1, South Carolina 1.

Florida 4, California 2, Texas 1, Illinois 1,
Virginia .5.

Florida 250, California 3.

California 952, New York 23, Massachusetts 1,
Nebraska 1, Michigan 1.

California 11.

California 79.5, Colorado 22, Pennsylvania 1.

Virginia 1.

California 102.

California 505, Arizona 125, New York 25,
Washington 20.5, Colorado 3, Pennsylvania 1.

Michigan 112, Texas 79, New York 32.5, Cali-
fornia 18, Indiana 15, Virginia 4, Illinois 2,
Idaho 2, Colorado 2, New Jersey 1, Maine
1, Ohio 1.

1597.5 1513.5 California 979, Florida 532.5, Texas 1, Penn-
sylvania 1.
1.5 3.0 Texas 3.

346.0 228.5

247.0 204.0

138.5 141.5

278.0 223.0

314.0 269.5

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

69

Commodity 1932 1933

Peaches 156.5 249.0

Pears

Peas

146.0 97.0

225.5 239.5

Peppers

6.0

7.0

Pineapples

5.0

6.0

Plums

73.5

54.0

Potatoes

1992.0

1992.0

Potatoes, Sweet 188.0 179.0

Prunes

Radishes

Rhubarb

Sauerkraut

Spinach

23.0

1.5

.5

1.0

308.0

19.0
0
0
1.0

298.5

Squash
Strawberries

.5
34.0

0

53.0

Tangerines
Tomatoes

66.0
433.0

74.5
374.0

Turnips

Vegetables,
Mixed

Watermelons

84.0 88.0

Origin for 1933

Georgia 161, Virginia 39, North Carolina 21,
South Carolina 17, Maryland 4, California 2,
Pennsylvania 2, New Jersey 1, West Vir-
ginia 1, Illinois 1.

California 50, Oregon 29, Washington 11, New
Jersey 2, Indiana 2, New York 1, Missouri
1, Texas 1.

California 164, Washington 29.5, Idaho 28,
Mexico 6, Oregon 3, Colorado 3, Arizona 2,
Mississippi 1.5, Texas 1, Virginia 1, Wis-
consin .5.

Florida 6, California 1.

New Jersey 4, Havana 1, New York 1.

California 54.

Maine 1481, Virginia 246, North Carolina 119,
New Jersey 33, South Carolina 31, Florida
31, Connecticut 18, Maryland 14, New York
6, Massachusetts 5, North Dakota 1, New
Brunswick 1, Georgia 1, Delaware 3, Prince
Edward Island 1, Vermont 1.

Virginia 129, Tennessee 16, Maryland 15, Dela-
ware 10, New Jersey 3, Florida 2, North
Carolina 1, California 1, Massachusetts 1.

Washington 9, Oregon 5, Idaho 4, California 1.

New York 1.

Texas 201, Virginia 90.5, New Jersey 4, Cali-
fornia 1, Missouri 1, Massachusetts 1.

Virginia 29, North Carolina il, Delaware 5,
New Jersey 3, South Caro'ina 2, Maryland 3.

Florida 74.5.

Texas 165, Florida 53, Tennessee 35, Missis-
sippi 33, California 30, North Carolina 16,
Maryland 10, Mexico 14, Louisiana 10, Utah
6, Massachusetts 1, Cuba 1.

Ontario 49, Massachusetts 18, Prince Edward
Island 21.

50.5 40.0 Texas 33, Florida 2, California 3, New York
1, Virginia 1.
267.0 341.0 Delaware 10, Maryland 2, Louisiana 1, New
York 1

Total 10,972.0 9,748.0

* This does not include express receipts.

NOTE — Includes combined cars of not more than two commodities
in all cases except mixed vegetables.

70

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

CHAPTER XVII

Weighted Seasonal Average Jobbing Prices of Connecticut

Vegetables on Four Connecticut Markets for

1933 and 1932

Vegetable

Unit

Bridg

eport

Hartford

New Haven

Waterbury

Lb.

l"v,

1932

1933

1932

1"33

1932

1933

1932

Asparagus

.086

.10

.10

.092

.074

.087

.088

.091

Beans, Green

Bu.

1.111

1.123

1.26

.997

1.129

1.00

1.075

.929

Beans, Lima

Bu.

1.8S9

1.254

1.773

1.166

1.606

1.162

1.777

1.148

Beans, Shell

Bu.

1.329

1.015

1.41

.904

1.311

1.030

Beans, Wax

Bu.

1.111

1.126

1.264

.889

Beets

Dz.

.30

.319

.269

.326

.352

.33

.325

.308

Broccoli

Dz. Bn.

.89

.765

.69

.78

.786

.743

.607

.635

Cabbage

Bu.

.764

.483

.79

.479

.889

.58

.939

.569

Carrots

Dz. Bn.

.303

.296

.31

.265

.336

.285

.307

.247

Cauliflower

Dz.

1.359

1.355

1.085

1.113

.971

1.24

1.145

1.167

Corn. Sweet

100 Ears

1.355

1.338

1.32

1.301

1.348

1.441

1.356

1.19

Cucumbers

Bu.

.905

.855

.924

.788

.905

.858

.969

.772

Dandelions

Bu.

.556

.554

.466

.364

.437

.451

.49

.443

Eggplant

Bu.

.726

.583

.696

.62

.618

.644

.812

.596

Lettuce

Dz.

.295

.284

.45

.396

.318

.394

.339

.246

Lettuce, Iceberg

Dz.

.318

.416

.508

.523

.30

.627

.332

.314

Peas

Bu.

1.273

2.702

1.641

2.03

1.17

1.886

1.284

1.766

Peppers

Bu.

.571

.554

.617

.648

.674

.721

.618

.658

Radishes

Dz. Bn.

.168

.19

.164

.166

.097

.033

.142

.177

Rhubarb

Lb.

.029

.032

.024

.029

.022

.034

.02 7

.031

Scallions

Dz. Bn.

.179

.196

.128

.129

.131-

.232

.14

.20

Spinach

Bu.

.659

.68

.56

.576

.563

. .643

.508

.515

Squash

Bu.

.769

.213

.809

.304

.711

.189

.835

.205

Tomatoes

*A Bu.

.526

.37

717

.423

-433

.425

.752

.43

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 71

CHAPTER XVIII

Directory of Fruit and Vegetable Organizations and Local
Cooperative Purchasing Associations in Connecticut

A. State and Regional Growers' Organizations.

1. Connecticut Vegetable Growers' Association, Educational and Legis-

lative.
President, Harry Didsbury, Thomaston
Vice-President, Samuel F. Holdridge, Norwich.
Secretary, Frank W. Roberts, Middletown.
Treasurer, C. R. Turner, Hamden.
Annual Membership Fee, $2.00.

2. Connecticut Potato Growers' Marketing Association, Inc., Cooperative

Marketing.
President, Harry Liebman, Ellington.
Secretary, F. V. Williams, Buckland.
Treasurer, P. F. Chamberlain, Broadbrook.
General Manager, George Miller; headquarters, Hartford.

3. Connecticut Potato Growers' Association, Educational and Legislative:

President, Joseph Lavitt, Rockville.
Secretary, Frank Shepard, Collinsville.
Annual Membership Fee, $1.00.

4. Connecticut Pomological Society, Educational and Legislative:

President, H. B. Buell, Eastford.

Secretary, H. C. C. Miles, Milford.

Treasurer, S. Leonard Root, Farmington.

Annual Membership Fee, $2.00; Life Membership Fee, $20.00.

5. Connecticut Approved Roadside Market Association, Inc., Educational

and Legislative.
President, George R. Sullivan, New Milford.
Vice-President, Mark Bishop, Cheshire.
Secretary, Sherwood G. Bowers, Manchester.
Treasurer, John R. Haley, Groton.
Annual Membership Fee, $5.00.

6. New Haven Farmers' Cooperative Auction Association, Cooperative

Marketing.
President, C. R. Turner, Hamden.
Secretary, C. M. Upson, Branford.
Annual Membership Fee, $1.00.

7. Fruit and Vegetable Producers' Marketing Association of Manchester,

Cooperative Marketing.
President, Camillo Gambolati, Manchester.
Secretary, Edward Accomazzo, Andover.
Market Master, Joseph Novelli, Glastonbury.
Annual Membership Fee, $1.00.

B. State Trade Associations.

1. Connecticut Wholesale Fruit and Produce Association, Inc.
President, W. L. Hall, Waterbury.
Vice-President, Charles Basch, Hartford.
Secretary, W. H. Steinecke, New Haven.
Treasurer, Frank Esposito, New Haven.

2. Connecticut Retail Grocers' and Marketmens' Association.

President, M. J. Burnham, West Hartford.
Secretary, J. F. Reardon, Hartford.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

C. Local Growers' Cooperative Purchasing Associations.

1. Fairfield County.

Bridgeport Fruit and Vegetable Growers' Association, Herbert P.
Beers, Manager, Southport.

2. Hartford County.

Berlin Farmers Exchange, Inc. — Carl A. Lund, Manager, Berlin.
Bloomfield Farmers Exchange, Inc. — Hans Jepson, Manager, 70

Whitman Avenue, West Hartford.
Canton Creamery Association, Inc.- — R. C. Bristol, Manager,

Canton Center.
East Granby Farmers Exchange — W. A. Wilcox, Manager, East

Granby.
Farmers' Cooperative Purchasing Association — Dwight J. Minor,

Manager, Bristol.
Granby Farmers Cooperative Exchange — Chester M. Beeman,

Manager, R. F. D., Granby.
Hartford Market Gardeners, Inc. — Joseph Shimansky, Manager,

24 Squire Street, Hartford.
Newington Grain Club, Inc. — H. S. Blake, Manager, Newington.
Southington Cooperative Association — J. B. Lewis, Manager,

Southington.
Wethersfield Cooperative Exchange, Inc. — Burton A. Harris,

Manager, Wethersfield.

3. Litchfield County.

Farmers Cooperative Association of West Morris- — W. C. Weik,
Manager, Lakeside.

Litchfield County Cooperative Association- — Henry C. Goodwin,
Alanager, Torrington.

New Milford Cooperative Association — F. B. Sherwood, Man-
ager, New Milford.

Thomaston Supply Company — F. N. Buell, Manager, Thomaston.

Washington Fruit Growers Association — H. G. Hallock, Man-
ager, Washington Depot.

Watertown Cooperative Association — George A. Harper, Man-
ager, Watertown.

Woodbury Cooperative Association — Stephen Brown, Manager,
Woodbury.

4. Middlesex County.

Middlctown Grain Association, Inc. — Charles A. Congdon,
Manager, Middletown.

5. New Haven County.

New Haven Farmers Cooperative Auction Association — C. R.
Turner, Manager, Hamden.

New Haven-Highwood Fruit and Vegetable Growers' Association,
Inc. — O. A. Warren, Manager, Circular Avenue, Hamden.

Meriden Farmers Exchange, Inc. — Charles Greenbackcr, Man-
ager, Meriden.

Westwoods Cooperative Association, Inc. — C. K. Andrews,

Manager, Mt. Canm 1.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 73

6. New London County.

Jewett City Cooperative Association, Inc. — Merton Barlett,

Manager, Jewett City.
Lebanon Cooperative Exchange, Inc. — Fred M. Abell, Manager,

Lebanon.
North Stonington Cooperative Exchange, Inc. — Harold D.

Critcherson, Manager and Secretary, Westerly, R. I.
Norwich Cooperative Exchange — Avery Gallup, Manager, R8,

Norwich.
Preston Cooperative Exchange — A. E. Shedd, Manager, Norwich.
Voluntown Farmers' Cooperative Association, Inc. — Eric Wil-
liams, Manager, Moosup.
Waterford Farmers Exchange, Inc. — Arthur H. Davis, Manager,

Box 55, Waterford.
Yantic Cooperative Exchange, Inc. — George Miller, Secretary,

R2, Yantic.

7. Tolland County.

Columbia Cooperative Association, Inc. — G. B. Dimon, Manager,

Chestnut Hill.
Ellington-Vernon Farmers Exchange, Inc. — H. H. McKnight,

Manager, Ellington.
Hebron Farmers' Exchange — Joseph A. Barrasso, Manager,

Hebron.

8. Windham County.

Ashford Cooperative Association — George Kremko, Manager,

Warrenville.
Farmers Cooperative Association of Woodstock, Inc. — Henry F.

Joy, Manager, Woodstock.
Interstate Farmers Cooperative Exchange, Inc. — William Mar-

tilla, Manage];, Moosup.
Quinnebaugh Valley Fruit Growers Association — H. B. Buell,

Manager, Eastford.
Windham Farmers Club — George A. Cook, Manager, Willimantic.

74 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

CHAPTER XIX

Fruit and Vegetable Educational, Research, Regulatory and Service
Agencies in Connecticut

A. Educational Agencies.

1. Connecticut State College, Storrs. Resident Teaching Department.

Sherman P. Hollister, Professor of Horticulture.
Alton M. Porter, Instructor in Vegetable Gardening.
Charles O. Dunbar, Assistant Instructor in Pomology.
I. G. Davis, Professor of Agricultural Economics.

2. Connecticut State College, Storrs. Extension Service.

B. W. Ellis, Director.

Allen W. Manchester, Assistant Director.

A. J. Brundage, State Club Leader.

Tilford Cocks, State Club Agent.

Albert E. Wilkinson, Extension Vegetable Specialist.

Howard A. Rollins, Extension Fruit Specialist.

E. A. Perregaux, Extension Economist.

George B. Clarke, Associate Professor, Agricultural Economics.

3. County Farm Bureaus.

a. Fairfield County, headquarters: Post Office Building, Danbury,

Conn.

LeRoy M. Chapman, County Agricultural Agent.
James R. Case, County Club Agent.

b. Hartford County, headquarters: County Building, Hartford,

Conn.

Charles D. Lewis, County Agricultural Agent.
William L. Harris, Assistant County Agricultural Agent.
Russell S. Anderson, County Club Agent.

c. Litchfield County, headquarters: County Building, Litchfield,

Conn.

Raymond P. Atherton, County Agricultural Agent.
Donald C. Gaylord, County Club Agent.

d. Middlesex County, headquarters: Post Office Building, Middle-

town, Conn.

Philip F. Dean, County Agricultural Agent.
Elizabeth M. Ailing, County Club Agent.

e. New Haven County, headquarters: Federal Building, New

Haven, Conn.

Raymond K. Clapp, County Agricultural Agent.

Roy E. Norcross, Assistant County Agricultural Agent.

Warren E. Brockett, County Club Agent.

f. New London County, headquarters: Shannon Building, Norwich,

Conn.

Walter T. Clark, County Agricultural Agent.

Randolph W. Whaples, County Club Agent.

g. Tolland County, headquarters: Prescott Building, Rockville,

( !i >nn.

Ernest E. Tucker, County Agricultural Agent.
Elizabeth G. Clark, County Club Agent.

h. Windham County Farmers' Association, headquarters: Putnam
Savings Bank Building, Putnam, Conn.

Raymond E. Wing, County Agricultural Agent.
Benton P, I ummings, County Club Agent.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

75

4. Vocational Agricultural High Schools, 1934-1935.

B.

Towns Where

Teaching Centers

are Located

Enfield
Suffield

Glastonbury

Instructor's
P. O. Address

Somers, Conn.

Glastonbury High School
Glastonbury, Conn.

Guilford Boston Post Road

Madison Madison, Conn.

Killingly Killingly High School

Danielson, Conn.

Middletown 568 Main Street

Portland, Conn.
New Milford New Milford High School

New Milford, Conn.

Newtown Hawley High School

Newtown, Conn.

Norwich 22 West Town Street

Norwichtown, Conn.

Southington Lewis High School

Southington, Conn.

Thompson Tourtellotte Mem. High School

Woodstock North Grosvenordale, Conn.

Winchester The Gilbert School

Winsted, Conn.

Windham Windham High School

Willimantic, Conn.

Woodbury Woodbury High School

Woodbury, Conn.

Instructors
William A. Hutton
J. C. Dufford
S. A. Holdridge
Walter G. Bruce
Ralph B. Lyman
George E. Wells
F. W. Wooding
Russell H. Waldo
Carl M. Small
Henry J. Dunleavy

Carl L. Coleman

Francis A. Ryan
Vincent P. Gaffney

Ellis F. Clark

5. Jewish Agricultural Society.

Headquarters: 301 East 14th Street, New York City.
Connecticut Field Agent: Milton N. Simons, 404 Farmington
Avenue, Hartford, Conn.

Research Agencies.

1. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.

a. State Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Conn.

Administration
Botany

Entomology

Plant Breeding

William L. Slate, Director.

G. P. Clinton, Botanist in Charge.
E. M. Stoddard, Pomologist.
Florence A. McCormick, Pathologist.

W. E. Britton, Entomologist in Charge.

B. H. Walden ]
M. P. Zappe Assistant

Philip Garman | Entomologists

Roger Friend J

Donald F. Jones, Geneticist in Charge.
W. Ralph Singleton, Asst. Geneticist.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

Soils M. F. Morgan, Agronomist in Charge.

H. G. M. Jacobson, Asst. Agronomist.
H. A. Lunt, Asst. Agronomist.

b. Sub-station at Windsor.

P. J. Anderson, Pathologist in Charge.
T. R. Swanback, Agronomist.
O. E. Street, Plant Physiology.

2. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Connecticut State College,
Storrs, Conn.

Administration William L. Slate, Director.

Agronomy Benj. A. Brown, Associate Professor.

C. Regulatory and Service Agencies.

1. Connecticut State Department of Agriculture, State Office Building,

Hartford, Conn.

Function: Establishment and administration of grades and stand-
ards, enforcement of apple grading law, etc., compiling and
distribution of market information, cooperation with educational
agencies in interpretation of the grading and standardization of
Connecticut farm products.

Olcott F. King, Commissioner of Agriculture.

Leonard Ff.'Healey, Deputy Commissioner of Agriculture.

Bureau of Markets

Sidney A. Edwards, Director.

Brainerd T. Peck, In Charge, Fruit and Vegetable Division.
Dotha Warner, In Charge, Statistics and Consumer Relation-
ship.
Garrett M. Stack, Market Reporter.
Benjamin P. Storrs, Market Reporter.
Emory Sanford, Market Reporter.
Frederick N. Taylor, Market Reporter.

2. United States Department of Agriculture, Food Products Inspection

Service.

Robert Tyson, Inspector, Federal Building, Hartford, Conn.
Wr E. Phillips, Inspector, Federal Building, New Haven, Conn.

Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook 77

CHAPTER XX

Fruit and Vegetable Magazines, Newspapers and Periodicals

A. Fruit and Vegetable Publications of General Interest.

1. American Fruit Grower, published by American Fruit Grower Publish-

ing Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Subscription rates 50 cents per
year, 3 years for $1.00.

2. Better Fruit, Portland, Oregon. Subscription rates, $1.00 per year,

3 years $2.00.

3. Connecticut Vegetable News, published quarterly by the Connecticut

Vegetable Growers' Association, Eagleville, Conn. Free to mem-
bers. Membership fee, $2.00.

4. The Market Growers Journal, published bi-monthly by Market

Growers Journal Company, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky. Subscrip-
tion rates, $1.00 per year, 3 years for $2.00.

B. Agricultural Publications Containing Fruit and Vegetable Infor-

mation.

1. The American Agriculturist, published bi-weekly, Poughkeepsie,

New York. Subscription rates, $1.00 per year, 3 years for $2.00
5 years for $3.00.

2. Eastern States Co-operator, published by Eastern States Farmers'

Exchange, Box 1482, Springfield, Massachusetts. Sent free to
members.

3. The Farm Journal, published by Wilmer Atkinson Company, Wash-

ington Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Subscription rate, 25
cents per year.

4. The Farmer-Salesman, published by Tom Delohery, 817 Exchange

Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. Subscription rates, $1.00 per year,
3 years $2.00.

5 The New England Homestead, published bi-monthly by New England

5- Homestefd Publishing Company Mynck Building Springfield,

Massachusetts. Subscription rates, 60 cents per year, 2 years $1.00.

6. The Rural New Yorker, published weekly by the Rural Publishing
Company, 333 West 30th Street, New York. Subscription rate,
50 cents per year, 3 years for $1.00.

C. Publications Containing Economic and Marketing Information of

Special Interest to Fruit and Vegetable Growers and Dealers.

1. The Agricultural Situation, published by United States Department of

Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Rates, 25 cents per year, pay-
able to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office.

2. Connecticut Market Bulletin, published Mondays, Wednesdays and

Fridays by Connecticut State Department of Agriculture, State
Office Building, Hartford, Connecticut. Free upon request to
residents of Connecticut.

3. Consumers' Guide, published twice monthly by Consumers' Counsel,

A. A. A., U. S. D. A. Free upon request.

78 Connecticut Fruit and Vegetable Handbook

4. Economic Digest, published by Connecticut State College, Storrs,

Connecticut. Free upon request.

5. The Facts in the Food Markets, published weekly. The Facts in Food

Distribution, published bi-weekly. Published by the American
Institute of Food Distribution, Inc., 122 East 42nd Street, New
York, N. Y. Membership, $9.50 per year.

6. Food Industries, published monthly by McGraw-Hill Publishing Com-

pany, Inc., 330 West 42nd Street, New York, N. Y. Rate, $2.00
per year.

7. The New York Packer, published weekly by Barrick Publishing Com-

pany, 99 Warren Street, New York City. Rate, $2.00 per year.

8. The Produce News, published weekly by P. & D. Publishing Company,

6 Harrison Street, New York City. Rate, $2.00 per year.

9. The Producers' Price-Current, published daily except Sunday by

Erner-Barry Company, 173 Chambers Street, New York City.
Rate, $1.00 per month, $10.00 per year.

'7 3