Number 496 26 December 2002 % Contributions IN Science Revision of the Apocephalus pergandei- GROUP OF Ant-decapitating Feies (Diptera: Phoridae) Brian V. Brown Natural History Museum Serial Publications OL THE Natural History Museum ol Los Angeles County Scientific Publications Committee John Heyning, Deputy Director for Research and Collections John M. Harris, Committee Chairman Brian V. Brown Gordon Hendler Ines Horovitz Joel W. Martin K. Victoria Brown, Managing Editor The scientific publications of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County have been issued at irregular in- tervals in three major series; the issues in each series are numbered individually, and numbers run consecutively, re- gardless of the subject matter. # Contributions in Science, a miscellaneous series of tech- nical papers describing original research in the life and earth sciences. # Science Bulletin, a miscellaneous series of monographs describing original research in the life and earth scienc- es. This series was discontinued in 1978 with the issue of Numbers 29 and 30; monographs are now published by the Museum in Contributions in Science. # Science Series, long articles and collections of papers on natural history topics. Copies of the publications in these series are sold through the Museum Book Shop. A catalog is available on request. Natural History Museum OF Los Angeles County 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, Calieornia 90007 Printed at Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas ISSN 0459-8113 Revision of the Apocephalus pergandei-group OF Ant-decapitating Feies (Diptera: Phoridae) Brian V. Brown^ CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 3 METHODS AND MATERIALS 3 SYSTEMATICS 5 Classification 5 Taxonomy 6 Apocephalus Coquillett 6 A. pergandei-group 6 A. pergandei-suhgroup 6 A. hispidus-series 6 A. hispidus-suhseries 6 A. amplexus new species 6 A. frameatus new species 7 A. hispidus Borgmeier 7 A. hippurus new species 8 Other A. hispidus-strits 8 A. aculeatus Borgmeier 8 A. hystricosus new species 8 A. vangus new species 9 A. pergandei-series 9 A. collatus new species * 9 A. concisus new species 10 A. cyathus new species 10 A. g/omerosi/s new species 11 A. staurotus new species 12 A. planus new species 12 A. coquilletti Mulloch 12 A. disparicauda Borgmeier 13 A. camponoti Borgmeier 14 A. crucicauda Borgmeier 14 A. reburrus new species 14 A. pergandei-suhstrits 15 A. aequalis new species 15 A. astrictus new species 15 A. bispinosus Borgmeier 16 A. bulbosus new species 16 A. cuneatus Borgmeier. 16 A. fernandezi new species..... 17 A. opimus new species 17 A. pergandei Coquillett 18 A. rugosus new species 19 A. sharkeyi new species 20 1. Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. Email: (bbrown@nhm.org). Contributions in Science, Number 496, pp. 1-58 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 2002 2 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group A. similis Malloch 20 “A. lanceatus-suhgroup'' 21 A. facettalis-series 21 A. ctenicoxa new species 21 A. facettalis Borgmeier 22 A. pluteus new species 23 A. ponderosus new species 23 A. superatus new species 24 A. velutinus-series 24 A. anacurvus new species 24 A. setiventris Borgmeier 25 A. velutinus Borgmeier 25 Other A. lanceatus-snhgYoup 26 A. albiapex new species 26 A. altus new species 26 A. aquilonius new species 27 A. arachnes new species 27 A. barbarus new species 27 A. brevitergum new species 28 A. carcinus new species 28 A. cinereus new species 29 A. clarilocus new species 29 A. commensuratus new species 30 A. epicautus new species 30 A. euryterminus new species 31 A. flexiseta new species 31 A. fusciapex new species 32 A. horridus Borgmeier 32 A. inaffectiis new species 33 A. lanceatus Borgmeier 33 A. latiapex new species 33 A. medius new species 34 A. platycauda new species 34 A. radiatus new species 35 A. rotundus new species 35 A. setimargo Borgmeier 36 A. sincerus new species 36 A. vicinus Borgmeier 36 A. wirthi Borgmeier 37 Keys to females 37 BEHAVIOR 41 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 41 LITERATURE CITED 42 EIGURES 43 ABSTRACT. The monophyletic Apocephalus pergandei-gcoxip is revised and found to include 63 species, including the following 45 new to science: A. aequalis, A. albiapex, A. altus, A. amplexus, A. anacurvus, A. aquilonius, A. arachnes, A. astrictus, A. barbarus, A. brevitergum, A. bulbosus, A. carcinus, A. cinereus, A. clarilocus, A. collatus, A. commensuratus, A. concisus, A. ctenicoxa, A. cyathus, A. epicautus, A. eur- yterminus, A. fernandezi, A. flexiseta, A. frameatus, A. fusciapex, A. glomerosus, A. hippurus, A. hystri- cosus, A. inaffectus, A. latiapex, A. medius, A. opimus, A. planus, A. platycauda, A. pluteus, A. ponderosus, A. radiatus, A. reburrus, A. rotundus, A. rugosus, A. sharkeyi, A. sincerus, A. staurotus, A. superatus, and A. vangiis. The species A. Sagittarius Borgmeier is placed in synonymy with A. vicinus Borgmeier (new synonymy). Contributions in Science, Number 496 INTRODUCTION The genus Apocephalus is a large group of phorid flies that are nearly all parasitoids of ants (Hyme- noptera: Formicidae). General information about the genus, including its classification into subgroups was given by Brown (1997), but in general they are small, dark brown to yellow flies, usually 1-5 mm in length, with dark, sclerotized, parasitic-type ovi- positors (Plate 1). They are called “ant-decapitating flies” because the larvae, which feed inside the head capsule of the host, sometimes cause the head of the ant to fall off before the rest of the body stops moving (Fox, 1888; Pergande, 1901), but this name is used for species of other genera as well. Species of Apocephalus are found almost exclusively in the New World. The Apocephalus pergandei-group includes the type species of the genus and the original ant-de- capitating fly whose behavior was reported by Fox (1888) and Pergande (1901). Adult female flies at- tack ant hosts by hovering over them and darting down to lay an egg in (not on, as is frequently mis- reported) the body of the host ant. All species with known hosts attack ants of the genus Camponotus Mayr, with the exception of one new species that was attracted to crushed Pachycondyla impressa (Roger, 1861) (Table 1). The last treatment of all species in this group was Borgmeier’s (1971) key to the genus Apocephalus; since then no new species have been described. As part of my long-term revision of this genus (Brown, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000), I studied all the previously described A. pergandei-group species and described the newly discovered material. METHODS AND MATERIALS METHODS Terms for phorid morphology are those of the Manual of Nearctic Diptera (McAlpine, 1981). The nomenclature of ant species was checked against the most recent catalog (Bolton, 1995), in which references for ant names can also be found. Statistics were calculated for the frons and for wing ve- nation, namely mean frontal and mean costal ratios. The frontal ratio is the height of the frons divided by the width of the frons. The costal ratio is the distance from the bas- icosta to the apex of the costa, divided by the distance from the basicosta to the apex of the wing. Geographical coordinates usually are quoted as decimal degrees, rather than degrees, minutes, and seconds (e.g., 90.50°W, rather than 90°30'W; Crawford, 1983). The term “ALAS” in the lists of specimens examined refers to the Arthropods of La Selva (Costa Rica) project (Longino, 1994). Codes from the ALAS project, for ex- ample “M/04/067,” refer to Malaise trap (M; L for light trap), trap number (04), and sample number (067). “CAP” refers to the Colombia Arthropod Project that is being conducted by Michael Sharkey, collaborators in Colom- bia, and myself; “CAP-299” refers to sample number 299 in this survey. In addition to the usual insect labels recording locality Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 3 information, barcoded insect labels were affixed to speci- mens (Thompson, 1994) and data were recorded in a da- tabase. All barcoded labels that begin with the abbrevia- tion “LACM ENT” indicate that the data are stored in the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM). Specimens with barcoded labels beginning “IN- BIO” have their data stored at LACM and the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad in Costa Rica. To make later recognition of holotypes easier, I list their individual bar- code number in square brackets. Phylogenetic relationships depicted in cladograms (Figs. 1, 2) were derived by hand, based on characters 1-16 list- ed in Classification section under Systematics. All char- acters were consistent within the defined groups. MATERIALS This revision is based on female specimens. In some spe- cies there are described male specimens, but many were questionably associated with the females. The only males that I newly recognize are of A. horridus Borgmeier and A. wirthi Borgmeier, both of which are extremely distinc- tive and which do not co-occur with species with which they could be confused. Specimens belong to the following institutions (codens from Arnett et ah, 1993; curator or collection manager names are in parentheses): AMNH Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA (D. Grimaldi). BHMH Laboratorio de Ecologia e Comportamento de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, ICB- UEMG, C.P. 486, 30.161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil (R. Parentoni Martins). BMNH Department of Entomology, The Natural His- tory Museum, London SW7 5BD, United King- dom (J. Noyes). CASC Department of Entomology, California Acade- my of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Erancis- co, CA 94118, USA (N. Penny). CMNH Section of Invertebrate Zoology, Carnegie Mu- seum of Natural History, 900 Eorbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA (C. Young). CNCI Biosystematics Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Central Experimental Earm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA 0C6 (J.M. Gumming). CUMZ University Museum of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB3 2ET, United Kingdom (R.H.E. Disney). DEBU Department of Environmental Biology, Univer- sity of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 (S.A. Marshall). DENH Department of Entomology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA (D.S. Chandler). EMUS Department of Biology, Utah State University, Eogan, UT 84322-5305, USA (W.J. Hanson). ESC A Elorida State Collection of Arthropods, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, EL 32608-1268, USA (G. Steck). INBC Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, A.P. 22- 3100, Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica (M. Zumbado). INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Estrada do Aleixo, 1756, C.P. 478, 69.011, Ma- naus, Brazil (J. Rafael). 4 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group Plate 1 Apocephalus pergandei Coquillett, $ , Huntley Meadows, Virginia, left lateral. Top, habitus. Bottom, posterior segments of abdomen. Symbols; 5, segment 5; 6, segment 6; white bars, ventral limit of abdominal tergites Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 5 Table 1 Host-parasite list. References refer to published record or to new information in this paper. Host Parasite Reference Camponotus cingulatus A. bispinosus C. crassus A. crucicauda C. crassus A. setiventris C. ferrugineus A. coquilletti C. pennsylvanicus A. concisus C. pennsylvanicus A. coquilletti C. pennsylvanicus A. pergandei C. rufjpes A. lanceatus C. rufipes A. camponoti C. sansabeanus A. similis C. vicinus A. horridus Pachycondyla impress a A. collatus Borgmeier, 1928 New record Borgmeier, 1971 New record New record Brues, 1904 (as A. pergandei); new record Pergande, 1901; new record Borgmeier, 1925 Borgmeier, 1925 Brues, 1904 (as A. pergandei)-, new record New record New record LACM Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boule- vard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA (B.V. Brown). MCZC Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA (on in- definite loan to B.V. Brown). MIUP Museo de Invertebrados Graham B. Fairchild, Universidad de Panama, Estafeta Universitaria, Panama (D. Quintero). MUCR Museo de Insectos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San Jose, Costa Rica (P. Hanson). MUSM Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacion- al Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Arenales, 1267, Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, Peru (G. Lamas). MZSP Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Nazare 481, C.P. 7172, 01051, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.C. do Val). NHRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Sektionen fur Ento- mologi, S- 10405, Stockholm, Sweden (T. Pape). NYSM New York State Museum, Biological Survey, Room 3132, Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY 12230, USA (J.K. Barnes). QCAZ Quito Catholic Zoology Museum, Departamen- to de Biologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, 12 de Octubre y Carrion, Apto. 2184, Quito, Ecuador (G. Onore). SEMC Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA (R. Brooks). UMRM W.R. Enns Entomological Museum, 1-87 Agri- culture Building, University of Missouri, Colum- bia, MO 65201, USA (R. Sites). UNCB Museo de Historia Natural, Institute de Cien- cias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colom- bia, Apto. 7495, Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia (E. Flores). USNM United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA (on indefinite loan to B.V. Brown). WSUC M.T. James Entomological Collection, Depart- ment of Entomology, Washington State Univer- sity, Pullman, WA 99163, USA (R. Zack). SYSTEMATICS CLASSIFICATION At this time I have insufficient information to pro- vide a detailed phylogenetic revision of this group. Some characters, however, indicate the following subgroupings that I use as a provisional classifica- tion (see cladograms: Figs. 1, 2). Two main subgroups are recognized: the mono- phyletic A. pergandei-suhgroup and the possibly nonmonophyletic A. lanceatus-group. Within the A. pergandei-suhgYoup, I further recognize the A. hispidus-series and the A. pergandei-stnts. Within each of these groups are smaller subgroupings, dis- cussed below. Character states used to construct cladograms are as follows; hypothesized primitive states are given in parentheses. 1. Tergite 6 broader (extending farther laterally and ventrally on segment; Plate 1, Bottom) and markedly longer than tergite 5 (tergite 6 equal in length and width or narrower than tergite 5) . This character state defines the A. pergandei- group. 2. Sternite 6 extremely large (e.g.. Fig. 14), oc- cupying much of venter of segment (sternite 6 at most occupying a small portion of segment 6) . This character state defines the A. pergandei- subgroup. 3. Abdominal segment 6 with ventrobasal process (Figs. 12-17) (process absent). 4. Venter of abdomen with numerous scattered setae (Figs. 12-17) (setae fewer, usually orga- nized into posterior rows). Dense ventral setae are also found in A. re- hurrus new species (Fig. 18), but they are hy- pothesized to be independently derived. These two character states (3 and 4) define the A. hispidus-stnts. 5. Ovipositor with lateral clear areas devoid of sclerotization (Figs, 4-6) (clear areas absent). This character state defines the A, hispidus- subseries. 6. Ovipositor with anteroventral process (Fig. 7) (process absent). This character state defines a group contain- 6 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 ing A. hispidus Borgmeier, A. frameatus new species, and A. hippurus new species. 7. Ventral apex of ovipositor laterally expanded (Figs. 9, 10) (apex narrow). 8. Ventrobasal process of abdominal segment 6 greatly expanded (Figs. 15, 16) (process small- er, narrower). 9. Posterolateral setae of ventrobasal process greatly enlarged, thickened, blunt (Figs. 15, 16) (setae, if large, long and pointed). Character states 7-9 define a sister-group re- lationship between A. aculeatus Borgmeier and A. hystricosus new species. 10. Venter of ovipositor curved dorsally along edg- es (Fig. 42) (ventral sclerite not curved dorsal- ly)- This character state defines the A. pergandei- series. 11. Posterolateral setae of tergite 6 extremely en- larged, bristlelike (posterolateral setae sube- qual to other setae of tergite 6). This character state defines a group com- posed of all A. pergandei-stnts species except A. coUatus new species, A. concisus new spe- cies, A. cyathiis new species, A. glomerosus new species, and A. staurotus new species (Fig. 2). 12. Posteroventral setation of abdominal segment 6 consists of extremely small setae with large sockets (either large setae with large sockets or small setae with small sockets present). This character state defines a group contain- ing A. coquilletti Malloch, A. disparicauda Borgmeier, A. camponoti Borgmeier, A. cruci- cauda Borgmeier, A. rebiirms^ and all A. per- gandei-suhsenes species (Fig. 2). 13. Ovipositor apically expanded (Figs. 25, 26) (ovipositor apically narrowed). This character state defines a sister-group re- lationship between A. coquilletti and A dispar- icauda. 14. Ovipositor with well-developed, dorsomedial, bicarinate ridge (e.g.. Figs. 31, 32) (ovipositor dorsally relatively flat). This character state defines the A. pergandei- subseries. The ovipositor of A. reburrus also has a medial ridge, but it is structurally differ- ent from that of A. pergandei-suhsenes taxa, being smoothly rounded. 15. Apical sclerite of dorsum of ovipositor with an- teriorly directed arm (Figs. 46, 47, 49) (sclerite, if present, without anteriorly directed process- es). This character state defines the A. facettalis- series. 16. Apex of ovipositor curved dorsally (Fig. 52) (apex straight or downturned). This character state defines the A. velutinus- series. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group TAXONOMY Apocephalus Coquillett Apocephalus Coquillett, 1901:501, fig. 1. Type spe- cies: A. pergandei Coquillett, by original desig- nation. Pseudoplastophora Schmitz, 1915:327, figs. 6, 7. Type species: P. caudataria Schmitz, by monoty- py. Synonymized by Borgmeier, 1968. Anaclinusa Borgmeier, 1969:63-64, figs. 35-37. Type species: Anaclinusa lopesi Borgmeier, by original designation. Synonymized by Brown, 2000. Pleurophorina Borgmeier, 1969:66, figs. 40-42. Type species: P. turgida Borgmeier, by original designation. Synonymized by Brown, 1997. Zyziphora Peterson and Robinson, 1976:119, figs. 1-5. Type species: Z. hirtifrons Peterson and Robinson, by original designation. Synonymized by Brown, 1992. Apocephalus pergandei-group DIAGNOSIS. Tergite 6 broader and longer than tergite 5, extended ventrolaterally on side of seg- ment. Species with known hosts are almost all par- asitoids of Camponotus ants. Apocephalus pergandei-suhgroup DIAGNOSIS. Abdominal sternite 6 extremely large, occupying much of venter of segment. Apocephalus hispidus-series DIAGNOSIS. Abdominal segment 6 with ventro- basal process. Venter of abdomen with numerous scattered setae. Apocephalus hispidus-suhseries DIAGNOSIS. Ovipositor with lateral clear areas devoid of sclerotization. Apocephalus amplexus new species (Figs. 4, 12) REMARKS. This species is recognized by the broad, rounded ovipositor encircling the lateral clear areas (Fig. 4), and the large, triangular shape of the ventrobasal process of the venter of abdom- inal segment 6 (Fig. 12). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.4 mm. Frons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1.43. Flagellomere 1 dark brown, slightly lighter than frons, oval. Supra- antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum yel- lowish-brown. Scutellum yellowish-brown. Anteri- or pair of scutellar setae three times length and two times thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Pos- terior pair of scutellar setae slightly greater in length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.45. Halter brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot, slightly darker than rest of fe- mur. Abdominal tergites yellowish-brown, darker Contributions in Science, Number 496 laterally, tergite 6 brown. Venter of abdomen yel- lowish-brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 small, like dorsal setae. Venter of abdominal seg- ments 1-4 bare, segment 5 with scattered thin se- tae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large tri- angular sclerite bearing few short, rounded setae at apex; apex protruding into unusual sclerotized area on intersegment 6-7. Ovipositor relatively round- ed, with lateral clear areas bounded by darkening along lateral border. Ovipositor dorsally with two lines of small setulae and laterally with one seta. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Costa Rica. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for encircling, referring to the round ovipositor surrounding the medial clear areas. HOLOTYPE. $, COSTA RICA: Limon: 16 km W Guapiles, 10.15°N, 83.92°W, vih-ix.l989, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 400 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 012710]. Apocephalus frameatus new species (Figs. 5, 13) REMARKS. The abdomen of this species is ex- tremely similar to that of A. hispidus Borgmeier, but differs by the broader median darkening of the ovipositor (Fig. 5) and the pointed, recurved pro- cess of the venter of abdominal segment 6 (Fig. 13). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.5-2. 1 mm. Frons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1.06. Flagellomere 1 light brown, darker at apex, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum yellowish- brown. Scutellum yellowish-brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of pos- terior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and three times thickness of an- terior pair. Pleuron yellow. Mean costal ratio 0.44. Halter yellowish-brown, slightly darker apically. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Abdominal tergites yellowish-brown, darker laterally, tergite 6 brown. Venter of abdo- men yellowish-brown, segment 6 brown. Ventro- lateral setae of tergites 5-6 not greatly enlarged. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare, segment 4 with row of posterior seta, segment 5 with scattered setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, square sternite, narrow, anteriorly recurved process originating at base of segment, and scattered setae (Fig. 13). Ovipositor apically pointed, with lateral clear sections adjacent to relatively broad, median sclerotized strip. Venter of ovipositor with long, narrow process originating at base (as in Fig. 7). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Southeast- ern USA. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for spear, referring to the stylet, which is broader than that of A. hispidus. HOLOTYPE. $, USA: Florida: Okaloosa Co., Eglin Air Force Base, TlS-R25W-secs. 29 and 30, 18-20.ix.l995, Malaise trap, site 2C-E (FSCA) [LACM ENT 122250]. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-gcoup ■ 7 PARATYPES. USA: Florida: Lee Co., Sanibel Is- land, 29, 27.iv-3.v.l983, L. Carlson, B. Brown, dung traps (LACM), Wakulla Co., Ochlockonee River State Park, 19, 29.iv.1970, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM); Georgia: Liberty Co., St. Catherines Island, 1 9 , 1 8-2 l.ix. 1972, EC. and B.J. Thompson (AMNH). Apocephalus hispidus Borgmeier (Figs. 6, 7, 14) Apocephalus hispidus Borgmeier, 1958:348-349, figs. 41, 50. TYPES. 5 9 , BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, F. Plaumann (examined). REMARKS. The abdomen of this species is most similar to that of A. frameatus but has a narrow median sclerotization of the ovipositor (Fig. 6) and a broad ventrobasal process of abdominal segment 6 (Fig. 14). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.6-2. 3 mm. Frons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1.16. Flagellomere 1 light brown, darker at apex, oval, apically pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum light brown. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of pos- terior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.45. Halter yellow, anteroapical one-third brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Abdominal tergites brown, tergites 4 and 5 yellowish-brown anteriorly. Venter of abdomen yel- low, segment 5 gray, segment 6 dark gray. Ventro- lateral setae of tergites 5-6 not greatly enlarged. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare, segment 4 with row of posterior seta, segment 5 with scattered setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, square sternite, broad process originating at base of segment, and scattered setae (Fig. 14). Ovipositor apically pointed, with lateral clear sections adjacent to thin, median sclerotized strip. Venter of ovipos- itor with long, narrow process originating at base (Fig. 7). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica to southeastern Brazil. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: San Ramon, 10.22°N, 84.62°W, 29, viii-ix.l995, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 900 m (LACM); Cartago: Turrialba, 9.93°N, 83.67°W, 19, 15-19.vii.1965, P. Spangler (USNM); Guana- caste: 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, 19, 1-10. vii. 1992, ED. Parker (EMUS); Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 29, 15.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/01/064, 19, 15.vii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/04/155, 19, l.xi.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/08/254, 29, 31.V.1 996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/01/651, 24 9, 3.iv.2000, ALAS, Malaise trap M/19/745 (INBC, LACM, MCZC, NHRS, SEMC, USNM); Puntarenas: 5 km W Pie- dras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.28°W, 3 9, x.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 100 m (LACM), 24 km W 8 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.4°W, 18 9, iii-v.l989, 3 9, X.1990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (LACM, MUCR), 23 km W Puerto Jimenez, 8.67°N, 83.45°W, 1 9, vi.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM), San Vito, Las Cruces, 8.78°N, 83.0°W, 29, iii.1988, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM). ECUADOR: Pichincha: 17 km E Santo Domingo, Tinalandia, 19, 6-13.V.1987, B.V. Brown, clubhouse windows, 710 m (EACM). PAN- AMA: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 19, l-7.iv.l993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #936 (MIUP). Apocephalus hippurus new species (Fig. 8) REMARKS. The ovipositor of this species is sim- ilar to those of A. frameatus and A. hispidus but differs by the forked apex (Eig. 8) and forked ven- trobasal process. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1. 9-2.1 mm. Erons blackish-brown. Erontal ratio 1.06. Elagellomere 1 light brown, darker at apex, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum yellowish- brown. Scutellum yellowish-brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae three times length and two times thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yel- lowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.46. Halter yel- lowish-brown, brown anteroapically. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Ab- dominal tergites dark brown, tergites 2-5 yellow- ish-brown anteromedially. Venter of abdomen yel- lowish-brown, segment 6 brown. Ventrolateral se- tae of tergite 6 small. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare, segment 4 with posterior row of thin se- tae, segment 5 with scattered, long setae that ex- tend dorsolaterally. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, elongate, apically rounded ventral scler- ite. Ovipositor elongate, similar to that of A. his- pidus (Pig. 7), but with apical forked process (Pig. 8) and with ventrobasal process apically forked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Amazonian Ecuador. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Eatin for a type of fish, referring to the fishtail-shaped apex of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Sacha Podge, 0.5°S, 76.5°W, 3-13.vii.1994, P. Hibbs, Malaise trap, 270 m (EACM) [EACM ENT 042303]. PARATYPE. ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Sacha Podge, 0.5°S, 76.5°W, 19, 25.vii-3.viii.1994, P. Hibbs, Malaise trap, 270 m (EACM). Other Apocephalus hispidus-series Apocephalus aculeatus Borgmeier (Figs. 9, 15) Apocephalus aculeatus Borgmeier, 1925:198-199, figs. 27, 28. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group HOLOTYPE. 9 , Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Petrop- olis, 3.ii.l923, T. Borgmeier [EACM ENT 147584] (examined; MZSP). REMARKS. This species is easily recognized by the large, bifurcate process of the venter of abdom- inal segment 6 (Fig. 15). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.5 mm. Erons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.26. Elagellomere 1 or- ange basally, with dark anterior apex, oval. One pair of distinct, but small, supra-antennal setae pre- sent. Palpus yellow. Scutum light brown. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae slightly thicker and longer than posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae four times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron light brown. Mean costal ratio 0.49. Halter brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Abdominal tergites yellowish-brown, darker later- ally, tergite 6 brown. Venter of abdomen yellowish- brown, segment 6 brown. Abdominal segment 6 with one large ventrolateral seta. Venter of abdom- inal segments 1-3 bare, segment 4 with posterior row of setae, segment 5 with scattered long setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with broad, forked process originating at base of segment; posteriorly with scattered long setae. Ovipositor slightly down- turned, dorsal apex pointed. Ventral apex much longer than dorsal, slightly broadened distally (Fig. 9). Dorsum of ovipositor with rows of small setu- lae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in southeastern Brazil. Apocephalus hystricosus new species (Figs. 10, 16) REMARKS. This species can be recognized easily by the greatly enlarged ventrobasal process and blunt, thick setae of the venter of abdominal seg- ment 6 (Fig. 16), as well as by the short, thick setae of the posterior tergites and the broad ventral apex of the ovipositor (Fig. 10). The latter character is shared by A. reburrus new species, which lacks the thickened setae and is otherwise different in ap- pearance. DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.3-2.4 mm. Erons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1.08. Elagellomere 1 yellow with apical dark spot, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum yellowish- brown. Scutellum yellowish-brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae slightly thicker and longer than posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae three times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.45. Halter yellowish-brown, anteroapical half brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Abdominal tergites yellowish- brown, darker laterally. Venter of abdomen yellow- ish-brown, segment 6 brown. Dorsum of abdomi- nal segment 6 with short, thick setae that are longer and closer to lateral margin; posteroventrally with lobelike projection bearing short, thick, blunt seta. Contributions in Science, Number 496 Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare, segment 4 with short, scattered setae and posterior row of lon- ger setae, segment 5 with oval, medial sclerite. Ven- ter of segment 6 almost completely covered by ex- tensive, broad process originating at base of seg- ment; process with few short, blunt setae and scat- tered small setulae (Fig. 16). Ovipositor with relatively lightly sclerotized anterior portion and heavily sclerotized, dorsally tridentate posterior portion (Fig. 10). Ventral apex of ovipositor ex- tremely broad, with laterally pointed apices. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Southern Costa Rica to Panama. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for thorny, referring to the short, thick setae of the abdomen. HOLOTYPE. ?, COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.40°W, xii.1991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 013115]. PARATYPES. COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Cerro Rincon, 8.52°N, 83.47°W, 19, ii.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 745 m (INBC), 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.40°W, 19, ii-ih.l989, P. Han- son, Malaise trap, 200 m (LACM). PANAMA: Ca- nal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 19, 3-10.iii.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #932 (LACM). Apocephalus vangus new species (Figs. 11, 17) REMARKS. This species is recognized by the dis- tinctively shaped ovipositor, especially the concave posterior section (Fig. 11). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.4 mm. Frons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1.03. Flagellomere 1 yellow with apical dark spot, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum light brown. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar se- tae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of ante- rior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ra- tio 0.47. Halter brown. Apex of hind femur with- out anterior or posterior dark spot. Abdominal ter- gites yellow, darker laterally. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown, segment 6 brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 not larger than other lateral setae. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare, segment 4 with scattered, small, posterior setae, segment 5 with scattered setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with triangular process originating from base of segment and posterior scattered setae (Fig. 17). Ovipositor dorsally concave, narrowing posteriorly to rounded apex. Ventral apex slightly narrower than dorsal apex, subequal in length. Dorsum of ovipositor with two rows of setulae and two lateral setae on each side. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Costa Rica. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET The Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 9 name is Latin for spade, referring to the scoop- shaped ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: 14 km S Cahas, 26-30. vii. 1990, F.D. Parker, [Malaise trap] (LACM) [LACM ENT 087585]. Apocephalus pergandei-senes DIAGNOSIS. Venter of ovipositor curved dor- sally along edges (Fig. 42). Apocephalus collatus new species (Fig. 19) REMARKS. The ovipositor of this species is eas- ily recognized by its elongate, narrow shape (Fig. 19). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.7-3. 1 mm. Frons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1.04. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval, apically pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown; dark brown posteromedially. Scutellum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one- half times length and about equal thickness of pos- terior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae two and one-half times length and three times thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish- brown. Mean costal ratio 0.54. Halter blackish- brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Ter- gites 1-5 blackish-brown, lightened anteriorly, pos- teriorly, and medially; tergite 6 blackish-brown, lightened anteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish- brown; segment 5 medially brown, segment 6 brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 slightly en- larged. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segment 4 with few thin setae; segments 5-6 with large, square, lightly sclerotized sternites and thick- er posterior setae. Ovipositor elongate, narrow, rel- atively parallel-sided; with thick lateral darkenings; apically with two rounded free sclerites. Ovipositor dorsally without large setae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOST. One specimen was attracted to a crushed worker of Pachycondyla impressa. More research is necessary to determine if this is a normal host for A. collatus. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for extended, referring to the elon- gate ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Limon: 16 km W Guapiles, 10.15°N, 83.92°W, i-iv.l991, P. Han- son, Malaise trap, 400 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 013164]. PARATYPES. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: Esta- cion Cacao, 10.93°N, 85.47°W, 19, 30.vi.l997, B. Brown, J. Paldi, injured Pachycondyla impressa (LACM); Limon: 4 km NE Bribri, 9.63°N, 82.82°W, xii.1989-111.1990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 50 m (LACM), 16 km W Guapiles, 10.15°N, 83.92°W, 19, iv-v.l989, 2 9, iii-v.l990, 19, i- iv.l991, 19, vi-ix.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap. 10 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 400 m (INBC, LACM, MUCR); Puntarenas: Cerro Rincon, 8.52°N, 83.47°W, 1$, i.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM). Apocephalus concisus new species (Fig. 20) REMARKS. The short, downturned ovipositor (Fig. 20) of this species is unusual for a member of the A. pergandei-stnts and makes it instantly rec- ognizable. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.5-2. 5 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 0.99. Flagellomere 1 pale yellow, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus pale yellow. Scutum light brown. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Poste- rior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yel- lowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.47. Halter brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Ter- gite 1 brown, lighter anteriorly and posteriorly; ter- gite 2 light brown to brown, darker at lateral mar- gins; tergites 3-4 light brown with lighter medial strip, dark brown laterally; or tergites 3-4 dark brown, light brown medially and along posterior margin; tergite 5 light brown, dark brown along lateral margins; tergite 6 brown to dark brown, with yellowish-brown anterior third. Venter of ab- domen yellowish-brown; segments 2-5 sometimes grayish-brown laterally; segment 6 grayish-brown to brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segment 4 with row of thin setae; seg- ment 5 with narrow, lightly sclerotized sternite and row of thicker setae; segment 6 with large, square sternite and row of posterior setae subequal in thickness to those in segment 5. Ovipositor short, expanded posteriorly, with broadly truncate apex. Ovipositor dorsally with two, small posterolateral setae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Southeast- ern USA. HOST. I collected specimens of this species as they hovered over and darted at Camponotus penn- sylvanicus (DeGeer, 1773) workers that were feed- ing at a tuna bait. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for short, referring to the shape of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, USA: Missouri: Laclede Co., Bennett Springs State Park, 7-8.viii.1988, B.V. Brown, over Camponotus pennsylvanicus (LACM) [LACM ENT 010961]. PARATYPES. USA: Florida: Alachua Co., Gainesville, 19, 20.iv.l967, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM); Georgia: Liberty Co., St. Catharines Island, 2 9 (and two possible males of this species, which 1 do not treat as paratypes), 24-28. iv.l972, Thompson and Picchi, 49, 1 8-21. ix. 1972, EC. and B.J. Thompson (AMNH); Maryland: Mont- Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-yyonp gomery Co., Colesville, 18.ix.l977, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM), Plummer’s Island, 49, 8.vii.l968, P.J. Spangler, Malaise trap (LACM, USNM); Missouri: Laclede Co., Bennett Springs State Park, 3 9, 7~8.viii.1988, B.V. Brown, over Camponotus pennsylvanicus (LACM), Wayne Co., Williamsville, 19, 16.vii-8.viii.l988, J.T. Becker, Malaise trap (CNCl). Apocephalus cyathus new species (Fig. 21) REMARKS. This species is easily recognized by the form of the ovipositor (Fig. 21), which is ven- trally curled at the apex. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.4-2. 3 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.08. Flagellomere 1 light brown to brown, pyriform. Supra-antennal se- tae absent. Palpus light brown. Scutum light brown anteriorly, darker posteriorly. Scutellum brown to dark brown. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.51. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergites dark brown with a lightened, narrow, medial strip on tergites 1-5; ter- gites 2-5 lightened anteriorly, with or without light- ening on posterior margin; tergite 6 with or without lightening anteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish- brown, gray laterally and posteriorly. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 slightly enlarged. Venter of ab- dominal segments 1-3 bare; segment 4 with few thin setae; segments 5-6 with large, square, lightly sclerotized sternites and thicker posterior setae. Ovipositor expanded at apical one-third; lateral margins dark; apically with two rounded free scler- ites. Apical third of ovipositor curved ventrally. Ovipositor dorsally without large setae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Tropical lowlands from Mexico to Brazil. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is based on a Greek word, kyathos, for cup, referring to the curved apex of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 1- 8.V.1989, B. Brown, D. Feener, Malaise trap, pri- mary forest, CC 400 (LACM) [LACM ENT 013278]. PARATYPES. BRAZIL: Para: Oriximina, 1.8°S, 53.83°W, 19, 13.xi.l992, J. Rafael, Malaise trap (INPA); Roraima: Ilha de Maraca, 3.37°N, 61.43°W, 19, 20-30.111.1987, L. Aquino, Malaise trap (INPA). COSTA RICA: Cartago: Cachi, 9.83°N, 83.80°W, 1 9, ix-x.l997, G. Chavez, Mal- aise trap, 1000 m (LACM); Guanacaste: Santa Rosa National Park, 10.95°N, 85.62°W, 1 9 , 27.ix- 18.x. 1986, Malaise trap SE-5-0, 19, 18.x- 8.xi.l986, Malaise trap SE-6-C, 19, 21. ii- 14.iii.l987, D. Janzen, 1. Gauld, Malaise trap, 300 m (LACM); Heredia: Chilamate, 1 9, v.1989. Mal- aise trap, P. Hanson (CMNH), La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 1 9, ii.l980, W. Mason (CNCI), 19, 15-21.V.1989, B. Brown, D. Feener, Malaise trap, SOR@SHO (LACM), 29, 21.i- Contributions in Science, Number 496 3.11.1991, J. Noyes, Malaise trap (LACM), 1$, 111.1991, 19, ix.l992, R Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM), 6 9 , 2-3. iii. 1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 01/016, M/05/020, M/10/025, M/14/029, 49, 15. 111. 1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/033, M/05/ 036, 29, l.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/05/52, 3 9, 1-I5.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/04/67, M/05/068 (INBC), 29, 18.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/01/096, M/02/097, 6 9, 15.v~l.vi.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/04/111, M/07/113, M/10/ 116, M/14/120 (INBC), 29, 22-24.vi.l993, B. Brown, D. Feener, Malaise trap #1, 19, 22- 26.vi.1993, B. Brown, D. Feener, Malaise trap #4 (LACM), 3 9, l.vii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 06/151, M/09/143 (INBC), 6-1 l.vii.l993, B. Brown, D. Feener, Malaise trap #1 (LACM), 3 9, 15.vii-3.viii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/01/164, M/08/170, 3 9, 1. XL 1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 01/248, M/05/224, 19, 15.xi.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/05/268, 5 9, 3.ii.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/06/347, 29, 15.ii.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 05/352, M/ll/357, 3 9, l.iii.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/05/364, M/12/370, 19, l.viii.l995, ALAS, Malaise trap M/05/415, 1 9, 2.1.1996, ALAS, Mal- aise trap M/01/531, 2 9, l.ii.l996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/03/557, 1 9 , 15.V.1996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/03/641, 19, 15.X.1997, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 18/686, 1 9 , 19.111.1998, ALAS, Malaise trap M/18/ 704 (INBC); Limon: 4 km NE Bribri, 9.63°N, 82.28°W, 29, 1V-V1.1990, 14 9, xii.1989-iii.1990, 2 9, vii-ix.l990, R Hanson, Malaise trap, 50 m (LACM, MCZC, NHRS), 7 km SW Bribri, 9.58°N, 82.88°W, 69, ix-xi.l989, R Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM), 16 km W Guapiles, 10.15°N, 83.92°W, 19, ii.1989, 19, iii.1989, 19, v-vi.l990, 4 9, i- iv.l991, 19, vi“ix.l991 R Hanson, Malaise trap, 400 m (LACM), Pandora, Estrella Valley, 19, 20. ii. 1984, H. and A. Howden, Malaise trap (LACM); Puntarenas: Cerro Rincon, 8.52°N, 83.47°W, 29, 1.1991, 19, ii.l991, 19, iii.1991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM), Coopemarti, 8.63°N, 83.47°W, ii.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 30 m (LACM), 5 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.28°W, 19, vi-viii.l989, 19, iv-v.l991, 19, 1.1993, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 100 m (LACM), 10 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.75°N, 83.3°W, 2 9 , iii- V.1989, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM), 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.4°W, 3 9, iii- iv.l989, P. Hanson, I. Gauld, 3 9, vii-ix.l990, 3 9, X11.1990, 1 9, i-iii.l991, 19, iv-v.l991, 19, i.l992, 69, ii.l992, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (LACM, MUCR), 3 km SW Rincon, 8.68°N, 83.48°W, 2 9 , X11.1989, 1 9 , iii-iv.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM), Rio Piro, 8.28°N, 83.32°W, 29, ii.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 75 m (LACM). GUATEMALA: Escuintla, 19, 10.viii.l965, RJ. Spangler (USNM). MEXICO: Quintana Roo: Felipe Carrillo Puerto, 19, 10- 14.x. 1986, [no collector]. Malaise trap (EA4US), Kohunlich, 68 km W Chetumal, 19, 14- 17.vii.l982, S. and J. Peck, FIT, second growth, 160 m (LACM). NICARAGUA: Rio San Juan: Re- Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-^roup 111 fugio Bartola, 16 km ESE El Castillo, 10.98°N, 84.34°W, 19, 22.1V-10.V.1999, E. EaPierre, Mal- aise trap (LACM). PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 9.15°N, 79.85°W, 19, 1- 7.iv.l993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #936, 19, 23.iv-9.v.l993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #964, 19, 16-23. iii. 1994, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #2372, 19, 17-24.1.1996, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #6578 (LACM, MIUP); Darien: Cruce de Mono, 7.92°N, 77.62°W, 19, 6.ii-4.iii.l993, R. Cambra, J. Coronado, Malaise trap (MIUP); San Bias: Nusagandi Reserve, 9.33°N, 79°W, 19, 16- 23.iv.1994, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #2862 (LACM). TRINIDAD: Asa Wright Nature Center, 19, 15.i.l981, G.E. Bohart (EMUS). Apocephalus glomerosus new species (Fig. 22) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the peculiar rounded dorsal sclerite of the oviposi- tor (Eig. 22). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1. 6-2.2 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.02. Flagellomere 1 yel- lowish-brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown. Scu- tellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae two and one-half times length and three times thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yel- lowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.48. Halter yel- lowish-brown, anteroapical half brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 light brown, medially shortened; tergite 2 brown in posterior three-fifths, light brown in an- terior two-fifths, light brown medially and along posterior margin; tergites 3-4 brown, light brown anteriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; tergite 5 light brown, dark brown laterally; tergite 6 light brown in anterior half, dark brown in pos- terior half and laterally. Venter of abdomen yellow- ish-brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare, segments 4 and 5 with posterior row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 5 with nar- rowed, lightly sclerotized sternite. Venter of ab- dominal segment 6 with large, square, lightly scler- otized sternite with row of thin setae across poste- rior third. Ovipositor expanded at midlength, nar- rowed posteriorly. Dorsal sclerite oval in shape, with a separate oval sclerite inset at apex. Ovipos- itor dorsally without large setae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Missouri, USA. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for rounded, referring to the shape of the dorsoapical sclerite. HOLOTYPE. 9, USA: Missouri: Wayne Co., Williamsville, vii.1987, J.T. Becker, Malaise trap (LACM) [LACM ENT 010992]. PARATYPE. USA: Missouri: Laclede Co., Ben- 12 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 nett Springs State Park, 1?, 1-3. viii. 1988, B.V. Brown, yellow pan traps (LACM). Apocephalus staurotus new species (Fig. 23) REMARKS. This large species is easily recog- nized by the distinctive ovipositor with the large lateral expansions and the parallel darkenings near the apex (Fig. 23). DESCRIPTION. Body length 3.3-4. 1 mm. Frons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1.05. Flagellomere 1 orange-brown, elongate. Supra-antennal setae ab- sent. Palpus light brown. Scutum light brown, brown along posterior margin. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Poste- rior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thick- ness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.52. Halter blackish-brown, with narrow light brown marking. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Ter- gite 1 brown; tergites 2-5 blackish-brown, orange- brown anteriorly, posteriorly, and medially; tergite 6 dark brown, orange-brown anteriorly, posterior- ly, and medially. Venter of abdomen yellowish- brown anteriorly, grayish-brown posteriorly. Ven- trolateral setae of tergite 6 slightly enlarged. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segment 4 with row of thin setae; segment 5 with square, lightly sclerotized sternite and posterior row of long api- cally curved setae; segment 6 with square, lightly sclerotized sternite, and posterior row of shorter se- tae. Venter of ovipositor greatly expanded at mid- length. Dorsum of ovipositor slightly expanded api- cally, with apical narrowing. Apex of ovipositor with dark lateral margins. Dorsum of ovipositor without large setae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Amazo- nian lowlands of Guyana and Peru. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is from a Greek word, staurotos, for cruci- form or cross-shaped, referring to the shape of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. ?, GUYANA: Mazaruni-Potaro: Tukeit Falls, 26-30. ix.l990, B. Hubley and L. Coo- te. Malaise trap, primary rain forest, 300 ft., ROM #905019 (LACM) [LACM ENT 050862]. PARATYPES. PERU: Madre de Dios: Avispas, 12.98°S, 70.35°W, 29, 1-15.X.1962, L. Pena, 400 m (CNCI, LACM). Apocephalus planus new species (Fig. 24) REMARKS. The ovipositor of this species is sim- ilar in shape to that of A. pergandei Coquillett, but lacks the distinct median carina and has a dark, median spot (Fig. 24). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.5 mm. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.47. Flagellomere 1 brown apically, lighter brown basally, oval, apically point- ed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scu- Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-gcoup turn light brown; dark brown posteromedially. Scu- tellum dark brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and thickness of pos- terior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and three times thickness of an- terior pair. Pleuron brown. Mean costal ratio 0.42. Halter light brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Abdominal tergites brown. Venter of abdomen gray, segment 6 dark gray. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly en- larged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1- 5 bare; segments 5 with posteriorly rounded ster- nite; segment 6 with posteriorly rounded sclerite and two elongate posterior setae. Ovipositor ex- panded at midlength, dorsally smooth, with medial darkening. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in southeastern Brazil. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for smooth, referring to the dorsal surface of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, BRAZIL: Sao Paulo: Piracica- bo, ESALQ, l-5.iv.l996, J. Pinto, pan trap (MZSP) [LACM ENT 057479]. Apocephalus coquilletti Malloch (Fig. 25) Apocephalus coquilletti MaUoch, 1912:443, pi. 38 fig. 4. Brues, 1950:57, fig. 6G. Borgmeier, 1963: 176-178, fig. 175; 1966:139. Apocephalus pergandei: Brues, 1904:373, pi. VIII fig. 47, 48 (misidentification); 1906:9, pi. 2, fig. 10. Borgmeier, 1963:173-174 (c3, not 9). Apocephalus pictus Malloch, 1918:147 (d). Syn- onymized by Borgmeier, 1966:139. HOLOTYPE. 9, USA: Tennessee: Jalapa, [no date, but stated by Malloch, 1912, to have been received 8 June 1912], P.C. Newkirk, chasing Cam- ponotus (USNM; examined) [LACM ENT 037957] REMARKS. This species is recognized by the two subapical expansions of the ovipositor (Fig. 25). Its ovipositor is most simi[ar to that of A. disparicau- da, but in that species it has a broader apical ex- pansion (Fig. 26). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.6-2. 5 mm. Frons dark brown to blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 0.99. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval, apically pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus light brown. Scutum light brown. Scutellum light brown. Ante- rior pair of scutellar setae two and one-half times length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.46. Halter yellowish-brown, anteroapical half brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 brown, light brown anteriorly and pos- teriorly; tergite 2 dark brown, light brown anteri- orly, medially, and along posterior margin; tergite 3 dark brown, light brown medially and at anterior and posterior margins (or same as tergites 4-5); ter- Contributions in Science, Number 496 gites 4“5 light brown, dark brown to blackish- brown laterally; tergite 6 dark brown to blackish- brown, light brown anteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare, segments 4 and 5 with posterior row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, square, lightly sclerotized sternite with row of thin setae across posterior third. Ovipositor with expansions at midlength and apex of equal size, rounded; without large setae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Wide- spread in eastern North America. HOST. This species is a parasitoid of Campon- otus pennsylvanicus and C. ferrugineus Emery, 1899. The record in Malloch (1912; via Brues, 1904 as A. pergandei) of a specimen from Texas with Camponotus sansabeanus (Buckley, 1866) re- fers to a specimen that I have identified as Apoce- phalus similis Malloch. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. CANADA: Ontario: Ottawa, 1$, 21.vii.l989, J.R. Vockeroth (CNCI); Quebec: Old Chelsea, 29, 30.viii.l961, 1 9, 25.vi.1962, J.R. Vockeroth (CNCI). USA: Con- necticut: Tolland Co., Mansfield Center, 19, 15- 23.viii.1987, J.E. O’Donnell, Malaise trap (LACM); Iowa: Tama Co., Tama, 19, 13.vi.l940, A.L. Melander (USNM); Maryland: Montgomery Co., Bethesda, 19, 27.vii.1972, G.C. Steyskal (USNM), Colesville, 19, 18.ix.l977, W.W. Wirth, Malaise (USNM), Plummer’s Island, 19, 17. vii.l921, H.S. Barber, “hovering a half inch over Camponotus’’' (USNM), 29, 8.vii.l968, P.J. Span- gler, Malaise trap (USNM); Missouri: Laclede Co., Bennett Springs State Park, 19, 1-2. viii. 1984, pan traps, 3 9, 7-8. viii. 1988, over Camponotus penn- sylvanicus, B.V Brown (LACM); New Hampshire: Hillsboro Co., Nashua, 42.76°N, 71.47°W, 19, 20-22.vii.1994, S. Gaimari, Malaise trap, 50 m (LACM), Rockingham Co., 1.6 km SW Durham, 21.viii-2.ix.l987, D.S. Chandler, FIT (DENH), Nottingham, 19, 18.viii.l969, [no collector name], “presumably attacking carpenter ants” (DENH), Strafford Co., Durham, 19, 27.viii.1954, WJ. Morse (DENH), 4 mi. W Durham, 1 9 , 9- 13.1X.1982, 19, 5-12.X.1982, R.M. Reeves, Mal- aise trap (DENH); New Jersey: Warren Co., Dela- ware Water Gap, 19, [no date], A.T. Slosson (AMNH); New York: Ulster Co., Cherrytown, 4 mi. NNW Kerhonkson, 1 9 , 15-30.vi.l971, 3 9,8- 18. viii.l971, 49, 19.viii-12.ix.l971, P. and B. Wy- godzinsky (AMNH), Washington Co., Cambridge Fen, 43°2.30'N, 73°25.00'W, 19, 15.viii.l989, 29, 23.viii.1989, H. Romack, 244 m (NYSM), Camden Valley, 43°8.52'N, 73°15.52'W, 19, 3.viii.l989, H. Romack, 244 m (NYSM), Eldridge Swamp, 43°3.34'N, 73°21.27'W, 19, 26.vii- 2.viii.l988, 1 9, 9-16.viii.1988, J.K. Barnes (NYSM), [county?]: Bear Mountain, 19, 10.viii.l947, C.H. Curran (AMNH); North Caro- lina: Swain Co., Cherokee, 19, 29.V.1957, J.R. Vockeroth, 2000 ft. (CNCI); Pennsylvania: Phila- Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 13 delphia Co., Frankford, 1PT9, “01-2”, C.W. John- son [point-mounted specimen of Camponotus fer- rugineus on same pin] (MCZC); Texas: Brazoria Co., 4 mi. SW Columbia, 19, 24.vii.1975, D.H. Feener, over Camponotus pennsylvanicus (LACM). West Virginia: Hardy Co., Lost River State Park, 19, 10.vii.l977, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM). Apocephalus disparicauda Borgmeier (Fig. 26) Apocephalus disparicauda Borgmeier, 1962:79, hg. 12; 1963:178, fig. 179. HOLOTYPE. 9, USA: Virginia: Fairfax Co., Dead Run, 5.X.1912, J.R. Malloch (USNM; ex- amined) [LACM ENT 055527]. REMARKS. The ovipositor of this species is most similar to that of A. coquilletti Malloch, but in A. disparicauda, it has an apical expansion that is broader than the expansion at midlength (Fig. 26). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1. 9-2.0 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.03. Flagellomere 1 yel- lowish-brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown. Scu- tellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scu- tellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish- brown. Mean costal ratio 0.48. Halter light brown, brown anteroapically. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 brown, slightly lighter medially, light brown along poste- rior margin; tergite 2 light brown in anterior two- fifths, blackish-brown in posterior three-fifths, light brown medially and along posterior margin; ter- gites 3-5 blackish-brown, light brown anteriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; tergite 6 blackish-brown, light brown anteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown, segment 6 brown. Ven- trolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly enlarged, bristle- like. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare, seg- ments 4 and 5 with posterior row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, square, lightly sclerotized sternite with row of thin setae across posterior third. Ovipositor with expansions at midlength and apex; apical expansion enlarged by flat, rounded extensions. Ovipositor without large, dorsal setae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. North- eastern USA. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. USA: Min- nesota: Blue Earth Co., [no locality other than “NE Blue Earth Co.”], 19, “7-6-64,” J.L. Karthan (USNM); New York: Washington Co., Camden Valley, 43.13°N, 73.25°W, 1 9 , 29.viii.1989, H. Ro- mack, 244 m (NYSM). 14 1 Contributions in Science, Number 496 Apocephalus camponoti Borgmeier (Figs. 27, 28) Apocephalus camponoti Borgmeier, 1925:196-197, fig. 26, pi. 16 fig. 66. TYPES. 63 $ , BRAZIL: Parana: Rio Negro, 24. i. 1924, T. Borgmeier (3? examined; MCZC, USNM). REMARKS. The ovipositor of this species is ex- tremely distinctive with its down-turned shape and strongly recurved ventral apex (Figs. 27, 28). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.8-1. 9 mm. Frons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1.05. Flagellomere 1 yellow, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum light brown. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae slightly thicker and longer than posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean cos- tal ratio 0.46. Halter yellowish-brown, brown an- teroapically. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 dark brown, ligh- ter medially; tergite 2 dark brown, light brown an- teriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; ter- gites 3-5 dark brown, narrowly light brown along posterior margin (tergite 3 sometimes light brown medially); tergite 6 light brown anteriorly, dark brown posteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish- brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly en- larged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1- 3 bare, segments 4 and 5 with posterior row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, square, lightly sclerotized sternite with row of thin setae across posterior third. Ovipositor down- turned, narrowed posteriorly, apically truncate. Ventral apex reflected anterodorsally. Dorsum of ovipositor with two large subapical setae. Venter with two lateral setae on each side. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in southeastern Brazil. HOST. All specimens were collected as they at- tacked workers of the ant Camponotus rufipes (Fa- bricius, 1775) at the nest entrance (Borgmeier, 1925). Apocephalus crucicauda Borgmeier (Fig. 29) Apocephalus crucicauda Borgmeier, 1928:171-172, pi. 27 fig. 5. TYPES. BRAZIL: Parana: Rio Negro, 2 9, 11.V.1925, M. Witte, with Camponotus sp. (MZSP; examined). The specimens are stored in alcohol. REMARKS. This species is recognized by the shape of the ovipositor, especially its extremely nar- row posterior section (Fig. 29). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.6-1. 7 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.29. Flagellomere 1 yel- lowish-brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum and scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae about twice as long and thick as posterior setae of scutum. Posterior Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group pair of scutellar setae slightly longer and thicker than anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.47 wing length. Halter brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergites yellow with dark markings that in- crease in size in posterior segments. Venter of ab- domen yellowish-brown; segment 6 dark brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1-4 bare. Venter of segment 5 with round, lightly sclerotized sternite and row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, round, lightly sclerotized ster- nite and one lateral seta; apical margin with series of short peglike setae with long thin apices. Ovi- positor greatly expanded at midlength, abruptly narrowed, posteriorly thin; without large setae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in southeastern Brazil. HOST. Collected “with” (presumably attacking or hovering over) Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Parana: Rio Negro, 29, 7.V.1925, [no collector name], with Camponotus crassus (MZSP). Apocephalus rehurrus new species (Figs. 18, 30) REMARKS. This species is extremely distinctive with the long, dense ventral setae of the abdomen (Fig. 18) and the short, peglike setae on the poster- oventral surface of the hind femur. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.9-2. 3 mm. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.3. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval. One pair of distinct, but small, supra- antennal setae present. Palpus yellow. Scutum yel- lowish-brown. Scutellum yellowish-brown. Anteri- or pair of scutellar setae two and one-half times length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellow. Mean costal ratio 0.49. Halter dark brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot; venter of femur with row of dense, short, peglike setae. Abdominal tergites yellow, darker lat- erally. Venter of abdomen yellow. Ventrolateral se- tae of tergites 5-6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Ven- ter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare, segments 4-6 with long, thin ventral setae and large sternites (Fig. 18). Ovipositor broadest at midlength, with median and lateral carinae (Fig. 30). Venter of ovipositor curves dorsally at midlength, with pair of large, lat- eral setae. Ventral apex of ovipositor broadly trun- cate, with posterior apices pointed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Northern Colombia and Venezuela. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for hairy, referring to the setose ven- ter of the abdomen. HOLOTYPE. 9, VENEZUELA: Zulia, 20- 23.iv.1981, H. Townes and L. Masner, Malaise trap, rainforest, 200 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 010820]. Contributions in Science, Number 496 PARATYPES. COLOMBIA: Magdalena: PNN Tayrona, Zaino, 11.33°N, 74.03°W, 4$, 28.vi- 17.vii.2000, 19, 17-28. vii. 2000, R. Henriquez, Malaise trap CAP-301, CAP-299 (LACM, UNCB). VENEZUELA: 3 9, same data as holotype (CNCI, LACM). Apocephalus pergandei-sxxhstnts DIAGNOSIS. Ovipositor with well-developed, dorsomedial, bicarinate ridge. Apocephalus aequalis new species (Fig. 31) REMARKS. The ovipositor of this species has slight expansions, both at midlength (where the ex- pansion is larger) and apex (Fig. 31). Unlike many A. pergandei-suhstr'its species, the apical region of the ovipositor is not strongly narrowed, giving the tip of the ovipositor a truncate, blunt appearance. DESCRIPTION. Body length 2. 0-2. 7 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.42. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Pal- pus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown; dark brown posteromedially. Scutellum dark brown. An- terior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thick- ness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of ante- rior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ra- tio 0.55. Halter blackish-brown, with narrow yel- low marking. Apex of hind femur with small, brown anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergites dark brown; tergites 1-4 light brown anteriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; tergite 5 light brown anteriorly and along posterior margin; ter- gite 6 light brown along posterior margin. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown; fifth segment light brown, segment 6 dark brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergites 5-6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segment 4 with scattered thin setae; segment 5 with narrow, slightly sclerotized sternite and short, thin posterior setae; segment 6 with round, slightly sclerotized sternite and short, thin posterior setae. Ovipositor slightly expanded at midlength, posteriorly parallel-sided. Ovipositor dorsally with one pair of long setae at apical one-third. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica and Panama. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is a Latin word for uniform, referring to the relatively unchanged breadth of the ovipositor throughout its length. HOLOTYPE. 9, PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 27.iv-4.v.l994, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #2422 (LACM) [LACM ENT 137316]. PARATYPES. COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 29, 3.1V.2000, ALAS, Malaise trap M/19/745 (INBC, LACM); Limon: 7 km SW Bribri, 9.58°N, 82.88°W, 19, ix-xi.l989, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM). Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group HIS PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 129, l-7.iv.l993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #936, 1 9 , 12-19.V.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #942, 19, 27.iv-4.v.l994, J. Picker- ing, Malaise trap #2422 (LACM, MCZC, MIUP, NHRS, USNM). Apocephalus astrictus new species (Fig. 32) REMARKS. There are three species in the A. per- gandei-sxxhstv'its with relatively narrow, posteriorly tapering ovipositors: A. astrictus, A. cuneatus Borg- meier, and A. similis. The ovipositor of A. similis has the dorsolateral process of the ventral sclerite of the ovipositor undeveloped (as in A. pergandei in Fig. 42A), so that the lateral margins of the ovi- positor are relatively inconspicuous, whereas in the other two species, the lateral margin is prominent and almost black in color. In A. astrictus the dor- solateral process is moderately developed (as in A. hulbosus new species in Fig. 42C), and in A. cu- neatus it is well developed (Fig. 42B). In A. cunea- tus, the process has a thickening at midpoint that imparts a slight bulge to the lateral margin in dorsal view (Fig. 35), whereas the lateral margin in A. as- trictus and A. similis is straight. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.7 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.25. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Pal- pus yellowish-brown. Scutum brown. Scutellum dark brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae slightly greater in length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron light brown. Mean costal ratio 0.46. Halter light brown, dark brown anteriorly. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergites dark brown; tergites 1-2 light brown anteriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; tergites 3-4 light brown posteriorly and medially; tergites 5-6 light brown posteriorly. Venter of abdomen light brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergites 5-6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segment 4 with scattered thin setae; seg- ment 5 with narrow, slightly sclerotized sternite, and short, thin posterior setae; segment 6 with round, slightly sclerotized sternite and short, thin posterior setae. Ovipositor slender, slightly expand- ed at midlength, narrowing posteriorly. Ovipositor dorsally with one pair of long setae at apical one- third. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in southern Mexico. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for narrow, referring to the shape of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, MEXICO: Chiapas: Yaxoqum- tela, 16.97°N, 91.78°W, l-lO.x.1978, J.E. Rawlins, 560 m (CMNH) [LACM ENT 050889]. 16 I Contributions in Science, Number 496 Apocephalus bispinosus Borgmeier (Fig. 33) Apocephalus bispinosus Borgmeier, 1928:170-171, pi. 27 fig. 4, pi. 33 fig. 40. TYPES. BRAZIL: Goias: Campinas, Id, 2$, vi.l928, J.S. Schwarzmaier, with Camponotus cin- gulatus (ovipositor of one female on a microscope slide examined; MZSP). REMARKS. There are two similar species of the A. pergandei-suhsenes that have greatly expanded lateral margins: A. bispinosus (Fig. 33) and A. shar- keyi new species (Fig. 41). In A. bispinosus there are a pair of apical, divergent sclerites that are lack- ing in A. sharkeyi. Furthermore, in A. bispinosus the lateral expansion encircles a rounded, clear, membranous area, whereas in A. sharkeyi the mem- branous area is narrow and linear. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.8-2. 5 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.31. Flagellomere 1 or- ange-brown, oval, apically pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scu- tellar setae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean cos- tal ratio 0.49. Halter dark brown, with narrow yel- low marking. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 dark brown, ligh- ter medially; tergite 2 dark brown, light brown an- teriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; ter- gites 3-5 dark brown, narrowly light brown along posterior margin (tergite 3 sometimes light brown medially); tergite 6 light brown anteriorly, dark brown posteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish- brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly en- larged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1- 4 bare. Venter of segment 5 with round, narrow, lightly sclerotized sternite and row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, round, lightly sclerotized sternite and one lateral seta; api- cal margin with series of short peglike setae with long thin apices. Venter of ovipositor abruptly ex- panded at midlength, roundly expanded at apex. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Southeast- ern Brazil. HOST. The types were collected over a nest of Camponotus cingulatus Mayr, 1862. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Aguas Vermelhas, 2?, xii.1983, M. Alvarenga (CMNH, LACM); Sao Paulo: Itatinga, 19, 9.ii.l947, J. Lane (MZSP). Apocephalus bulbosus new species (Figs. 34, 42C) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the relatively narrow ovipositor with an expansion posterior to midlength (Fig. 34). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.0-2.5 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.33. Flagellomere 1 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group light brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Pal- pus yellowish-brown. Scutum yellowish-brown an- terolaterally, brown medially, dark brown posteri- orly. Scutellum dark brown. Anterior pair of scu- tellar setae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.49. Halter dark brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur with small, brown anterior and poste- rior dark spots. Tergites dark brown; tergites 1-5 brown anteriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; tergite 6 slightly lighter along anterior mar- gin. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown; darken- ing posteriorly, fifth segment medially dark brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergites 5-6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segment 4 with scattered thin setae; segment 5 with narrow, slightly sclerotized sternite and scattered, thin setae; segment 6 with round, slightly sclero- tized sternite, and short, thin posterior setae. Ovi- positor slightly expanded below midlength, nar- rowed apically. Ovipositor dorsally with one pair of long setae at apical one-third. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica and Ecuador. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for swollen, referring to the swelling below midlength of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Sacha Lodge, 0.5°S, 76.5°W, 30.ix-10.x.l994. P. Hibbs, Malaise trap, 270 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 049961]. PARATYPES. COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 19, 2.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/01/80 (INBC). ECUADOR: 1 9, same data as holotype (QCAZ). Apocephalus cuneatus Borgmeier (Figs. 35, 42B) Apocephalus cuneatus Borgmeier, 1958:349-350, figs. 42, 51. TYPES. According to Borgmeier (1958), 29, BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, F. Plau- mann (not examined; MZSP). One specimen from Brazil in the collection of the MCZC (see “Other Material Examined”) is labeled as “9 type” but it seems unlikely that Borgmeier would have sent one of the only two specimens to the United States. Likely he labeled this as a type some time after the original description of the species. REMARKS. This species differs from those with a similar ovipositor, A. astrictus and A. similis as discussed under A. astrictus, above. The other species with a similar ovipositor is A. opimus new species, which shares the lateral bulge in dorsal view (Fig. 37); however, the ovipositor of A. cuneatus is narrower and much more tapered posteriorly (Fig. 35). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.3-3.0 mm. Frons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1.41. Flagellomere 1 Contributions in Science, Number 496 yellow becoming dark brown at apex; oval. Supra- antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum light brown, dark brown posteromedially. Scutellum dark brown. Anterior scutellar setae slightly longer and thicker than posterior setae of scutum. Poste- rior pair of scutellar setae twice as long and thick as anterior pair. Pleuron whitish-yellow. Mean cos- tal ratio 0.47 wing length. Halter yellow with api- cal two-thirds black. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 dark brown, medially incomplete; tergites 2-5 dark brown with yellow anterior and posterior margins and yellow median strip; tergite 6 dark brown. Ven- ter of abdomen yellow, segment 6 dark gray. Ven- trolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly enlarged, bristle- like. Venter of abdominal segments 1-4 bare. Ven- ter of segment 5 with round, lightly sclerotized ster- nite and row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, round, lightly sclerotized ster- nite and one lateral seta; apical margin with series of short peglike setae with long thin apices. Ovi- positor slightly expanded at midlength, with slight second expansion at posterior one-third. In lateral view, dorsolateral expansion of ventral sclerite thickened at posterior one-third and apex. Ovipos- itor dorsally with one pair of medium-sized setae in posterior one-third. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Southeast- ern Brazil to Costa Rica. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, 1 $ , F. Plaumann (MCZC). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: La Taboga For. Res., 9 km SW Cahas, 17, 24-28. iii. 1987, W.L. Rubink, Malaise trap (EMUS), Santa Rosa National Park, 3 ? , 27.viii-18.ix.1986, 1. Gauld, D. Janzen, Malaise trap, 300 m, SE-8-C (INBC, LACM, MUCR), 3$, 21.ii-14.iii.l987, I. Gauld, D. Janzen, Malaise trap, 300 m, BH-9-0 (LACM), 1$, 14.iii-4.iv.l987, I. Gauld, D. Janzen, Malaise trap, H-4-C (LACM); Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 1$, l.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/49, 1?, 15.vii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/04/155, 19, 3.viii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/04/167, 8 9, 3.iv.2000, ALAS, Malaise trap M/19/745 (INBC, LACM, NHRS, USNM); San Jose: Escazu, 19, 19-24.iv.l988, F.D. Parker (EMUS). Apocephalus fernandezi new species (Fig. 36) REMARKS. The ovipositor of this species is like a broader version of A. astrictus, but A. fernandezi also has a pair of lateral dark markings at the apex of the ovipositor (Fig. 36; visible in cleared speci- mens only) which are not found in other A. per- gandei-s,\\hstnts species. DESCRIPTION. Body length 2. 2-2. 3 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.35. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Pal- pus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown anteri- orly, darker posteriorly. Scutellum dark brown. An- Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 17 terior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thick- ness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish- brown. Mean costal ratio 0.49. Halter blackish- brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur with small, brown anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergite 1 dark brown, yellowish-brown anteriorly, posteriorly and medially; tergites 2-5 blackish-brown, light brown anteriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; tergite 6 blackish- brown, light brown along posterior margin. Ven- trolateral setae of tergites 5-6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segment 4 with scattered thin setae; segment 5 with narrow, slightly sclerotized sternite, and short, thin posterior setae; segment 6 with round, slightly sclerotized sternite and short, thin posterior setae. Ovipositor expanded from midlength to apical one- third. Dorsum of ovipositor with lateral darkenings at apex (visible only in cleared specimens). Ovipos- itor dorsally with one pair of long setae at apical one-third. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Amazo- nian Colombia. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. This species is named for Fernando Fernandez, who aid- ed and hosted our research in Colombia. HOLOTYPE. 9, COLOMBIA: Amazonas: 22 km NW Leticia, 4.04°S, 69.99°W, 4-7.ix.l997, M. Sharkey, Malaise trap in treefall gap (UNCB) [LACM ENT 099916]. PARATYPE. 9, COLOMBIA: Amazonas: PNN Amacayacu, Mocagua, 3.82°S, 70.26°W, 14- 21.viii.2000, A. Parente, Malaise trap, CAP-853 (LACM). Apocephalus opimus new species (Fig. 37) REMARKS. The ovipositor of this species is most similar in shape to that of A. cuneatus but is broader and not as tapered posteriorly (Fig. 37). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2. 2-2. 5 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.35. Flagellomere 1 yel- lowish-brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum yellowish-brown anterolaterally, brown medially, dark brown pos- teriorly. Scutellum dark brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Pos- terior pair of scutellar setae slightly greater in length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.48. Halter brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Ter- gites dark brown, with tergites 1-5 yellowish- brown medially; tergite 2 anteriorly and posterior- ly; tergites 3-4 yellowish-brown posteriorly; tergite 5 with posterior third yellowish-brown; tergite 6 with lightened posterior margin. Venter of abdo- men yellowish-brown, segment 6 brown. Ventro- 18 1 Contributions in Science, Number 496 lateral setae of tergite 6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1-4 bare. Venter of segment 5 with round, lightly sclerotized sternite and row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, round, lightly sclerotized sternite and one lateral seta; apical margin with series of short peglike setae with long thin apices. Ovipositor ex- panded in middle three-fifths, with slight second ex- pansion at posterior one-third. In lateral view, dor- solateral expansion of ventral sclerite thickened at posterior one-third and apex. Ovipositor dorsally with bicarinate median ridge and one pair of me- dium-sized setae in posterior one-third. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Osa Pen- insula in southern Costa Rica. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for fat, referring to the broad ovi- positor. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.4°W, 1.1992, P.Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 049115]. PARATYPES. COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Coo- pemarti, 8.63°N, 83.47°W, 1 9, ii.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 30 m (INBC), 5 km W Piedras Blan- cas, 8.77°N, 83.28°W, 19, x.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 100 m (LACM). Apocephalus pergandei Coquillett (Plate 1; Figs. 38, 39, 42A) Apocephalus pergandei Coquillett, 1901:501, fig. 21. Malloch, 1912:443-444, pi. 38 figs. 3, 6, 10, pi. 41 fig. 6. Brues, 1950:57-59, fig. 6F. Borg- meier, 1963:172-174, fig. 169 (9, not S = A. coquilletti). Apocephalus similis: Borgmeier, 1963:175-176 (in part, specimens from USA: Washington: Lake Chelan, Lucerne) (not Malloch). HOLOTYPE. 9, USA: Maryland: Montgomery Co., Cabin John Bridge, 24.ix.1900, T. Pergande (examined; USNM) [USNM Type #5201]. REMARKS. The limits of this species are ques- tionable because of variation in ovipositor size. Fre- quently, it has been compared with a species found in the southwestern United States, A. similis. Borg- meier (1963:163), in his key to North American Apocephalus species, separated the two with the couplet “Ovipositor anteriorly more than twice as broad as behind (A. pergandei)"' versus “Ovipositor anteriorly less than twice as broad as behind (A. similis)." In the northern and western parts of the continent, however, are specimens that have a rel- atively broader posterior section of the ovipositor (an extreme example is shown in Fig. 39) that this couplet identifies as A. similis (as did Borgmeier with a pair of specimens from Washington State). Clearly, however, they are not conspecific with the southwestern species, and I considered these prob- lem specimens a potential third species. In an attempt to separate phenetic groups within the North American populations of A. pergandei Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group and A. similis, I plotted (Fig. 3) the maximum basal width of the ovipositor (upper width) versus the width at the apex (lower width). These measure- ments correspond to Borgmeier’s key characters of ovipositor breadth anteriorly and “behind.” Specimens of A. similis immediately separate from the rest based on their small upper width (tri- angles in Fig. 3). Their host, Camponotus sansa- beanus, is also restricted to the southwestern Unit- ed States (Creighton, 1950) and A. similis is here considered a separate species (treated below). Specimens of A. pergandei (Fig. 3, diamonds) and the potential third species (squares) are less dif- ferentiated, however. Using this relatively simple analysis, I could not reliably separate the two taxa into discrete groups. There is an area of overlap in lower width between 0.15 and 0.16 mm where specimens of both species occur. Above this area of overlap are most of the potential third species; be- low are typical A. pergandei. The host of A. pergandei is Camponotus penn- sylvanicus, a species that occurs only within the range of typical A. pergandei specimens (Creighton, 1950). The potential third species ranges from southern Canada and the west coast of the United States north to tree line in Alaska and northern Canada, a distribution that coincides with that of related species C. herculeanus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the north and C. modoc Wheeler, 1910, in the west (Creighton, 1950); however, no host records exist for these species. In summary, it is possible that the potential third species is a separate species with a broader ovipos- itor apex that parasitizes Camponotus herculeanus, but there is not enough evidence to come to this conclusion at this time. Perhaps life history or mo- lecular studies could resolve this question, but for now I consider them to be part of a single variable species named A. pergandei. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.5-2. 6 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 0.94. Flagellomere 1 yel- lowish-brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown to brown. Scutellum light brown to brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Poste- rior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.47. Halter yellowish-brown, anteroapical half brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 brown, light brown anteriorly and pos- teriorly; tergite 2-4 light brown, blackish-brown laterally, with or without dark brown posteriorly; tergite 5 light brown, blackish-brown laterally; ter- gite 6 blackish-brown, light brown anteriorly. Ven- ter of abdomen yellowish-brown; grayish-brown laterally. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly en- larged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1- 3 bare, segments 4 and 5 with posterior row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 5 with nar- rowed, lightly sclerotized sternite. Venter of ab- Contributions in Science, Number 496 dominal segment 6 with large, square, lightly scler- otized sternite with row of thin setae across poste- rior third. Ovipositor greatly expanded at mid- length, narrowed posteriorly, lateral margins roughly parallel (Fig. 38); northern and western specimens with apical portion of ovipositor less narrowed (Fig. 39). Ovipositor dorsally with one pair of long setae at apical one-third. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Wide- spread in North America. HOST. The only confirmed host is Camponotus pennsylvanicus; however, other hosts must be used (see “REMARKS”). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. CANADA: Alberta: 77 km S Fort Vermilion, 57.90°N, 115.40°W, 19, 22.v-25.vi.1991, 3 9, 25.vi- 14.viii.l991, E. Fuller, Malaise trap (LACM), Opal, 53.98°N, 113.22°W, 19, 20-22.vii.1986, B.V. Brown, Malaise trap, sand, jackpine (LACM), 81 km N Red Earth, Tall Cree Crossing, 57.23°N, 115.27°W, 149, 25.vi-14.viii.1991, E. Fuller, Mal- aise trap (LACM), Rock Island Lake, 55.50°N, 113.38°W, 89, 26.vi-16.viii.1991, E. Fuller, Mal- aise trap (LACM), Wagner Natural Area, 8 km W Edmonton, 19, 26.vii-8.viii. 1990, B.V. Brown, Malaise trap (LACM); British Columbia: north shore of Lake Shuswap, 50.98°N, 119.10°W, 19, 23-31.viii.1987, J.E. O’Hara, Malaise trap, Co- lumbian forest, 400 m (LACM); Manitoba: Win- nipeg, St. Charles Rifle Range, 19, 8-15. viii. 1997, D.A. Pollock, Malaise trap, prairie/aspen (LACM); Ontario: Guelph, South Arboretum, 1 9 , 27.viii- 4.ix.l985, B.V. Brown, Malaise trap, deciduous forest (LACM), Inmsville, 6.viii.l963, W.R.M. Ma- son (CNCI), Timagami, 19, 4.ix.l932, A.W.A. Brown (AMNH). USA: Alabama: Dekalb Co., De- soto State Park, 19, 17.V.1988, E. Fuller, over Camponotus pennsylvanicus (LACM); Alaska: Fairbanks, mi. 50 Chena Hot Springs Road, 3 9, 28. vii-12. viii. 1984, S. and J. Peck, Malaise pans (LACM); California: Sierra Co., SFSU Field Sta- tion, 10 km W Yuba Pass, 49, 28.vii-10.viii. 1996, N. Schiff, Malaise trap (LACM); District of Colum- bia: Washington, 1 9 , 4.V.1902, [reared] from Cam- ponotus pennsylvanicus, 19, 21. viii. 1902, 19, 29. viii.1902, trying to lay eggs on Camponotus pennsylvanicus, T. Pergande (USNM); Georgia: Clarke Co., 33.90°N, 83.27°W, 19, 15- 22.vii.1992, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #143 (LACM); Maryland: Montgomery Co., Cabin John Bridge, 19, 21.ix.l900, reared from Camponotus pennsylvanicus, 19, 24.ix.1900, over colony of Camponotus pennsylvanicus, T. Pergande (USNM), Colesville, 19, 13.viii.l977, 79, 18.ix.l977, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM), Plummer’s Island, 19, 16.X.1913, R.C. Shannon (USNM), Prince Georges Co., 39.05°N, 76.78°W, 19, 31.vii- 1. viii. 1992, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #228 (LACM); Missouri: Boone Co., Columbia, 19, 8.X.1977, E.G. Riley (UMRM), Laclede Co., 5 9, 7-8. vii. 1988, B.V. Brown, over Camponotus penn- sylvanicus (LACM), Wayne Co., Williamsville, 2 9, Brown: Revision of Apocephahis pergandei-group ■ 19 16.vii-8.viii.l988, J.T. Becker, Malaise trap (LACM); New Jersey: Burlington Co., Mt. Misery, 39.92°N, 74.52°W, 2 9, 13-25.1X.1992, J. Gelhaus, Malaise trap (LACM); New York: Greene Co., near Platte Clove, 42.15°N, 74.12°W, 29, 5-12.vii.1988, 19, 26.vii-2.viii.1988, 19, 2-9.viii.1988, 19, 9- 30.viii.l988, J.K. Barnes (NYSM), Ulster Co., Cherrytown, 4 mi. NNW Kerhonkson, 19, 15- 30. vi.l971, P. and B. Wygodzinski (AMNH), Wash- ington Co., Eldridge Swamp, 43.05°N, 73.35°W, 19, 22-30.vii.1985, 19, 6.viii-4.ix.l986, 1 9, 28.vi- 5.V11.1988, 19, 5-12.vii.1988, 19, 14-28.vii.1988, 19, 2-9.viii.1988, 2 9, 9-16.viii.1988, J.K. Barnes (NYSM); North Carolina: Graham Co., Robbinsville, 19, 9.vi.l976, G.E. Bohart (EMUS); Oregon: Baker Co., Lower Goose Creek, 36 mi. SE Union, 29, 13- 19.vii.l975, 19, 24-31.viii.1975, E.J. Davis, Malaise trap baited with CO2 (WSUC), Clackamas Co., Eagle Creek, 19, 2.viii.l921, A.L. Melander (USNM), Hood River Co., Mt. Hood, 19, 29.vii.1921, A.L. Melander (USNM); Utah: Cache Co., Tony Grove Canyon, 19, 14-20.viii.1967, WJ. Hanson (EMUS); Virginia: Fairfax Co., Huntley Meadows Park, 1 9 , 31. vii. 1991, B.V. Brown, over Camponotus (LACM), 59, 9-21.viii.1991 (LACM, NHRS), 49, 4-28.ix.l991, 29, 5-20.X.1991, B.V. Brown, Malaise trap (LACM), Springfield, 19, 1-7.V.1991, 19, 1- 15.ix.l991, Malaise trap, G.W. Courtney (LACM); Washington: Chelan Co., Lucerne, 19, 29.vii.1919, A.L. Melander (USNM), 13 km SW Leavenworth, 8- Mile Campground, 19, 28-29.vi.l987, B.V. Brown, Malaise trap (LACM); West Virginia: Great Cacapon to Largent, 19, 2-3.vii.1977, W.W. Wirth, Malaise trap (USNM); Wisconsin: Cranmoor, 1 9, 12.vi.l910, C.W Hooker (USNM). Apocephalus rugosus new species (Fig. 40) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the distinctive shape of the ovipositor (Fig. 40) and the ovipositor’s wrinklelike sculpturing on the dor- sal surface at midlength. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.91 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 0.88. Flagellomere 1 yel- lowish-brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown. Scu- tellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae four times length and three times thickness of pos- terior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thick- ness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.43. Halter yellowish-brown, slightly darker apically. Apex of hind femur with- out anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 brown, light brown anteriorly, posteriorly, and me- dially; tergites 2-5 dark brown; light brown ante- riorly, posteriorly, and medially; tergite 6 dark brown, light brown anteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown; grayish-brown laterally, segment 6 dark brown. Ventrolateral setae of tergites 5-6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal 20 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 segments 1-3 bare; segment 4 with row of short, thin setae; segment 5 with narrow, lightly sclero- tized sternite and row of short, thin setae; segment 6 with square, lightly sclerotized sternite and pos- terior row of short, thin setae. Ovipositor with rounded lateral expansion at midlength; dorsum of ovipositor with expansion at apical one-third, nar- rowed posteriorly. Dorsal surface with fine wrin- klelike markings, without long setae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from single sites in Ontario and Missouri. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for wrinkled, referring to the sculp- turing on the dorsum of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. ?, CANADA: Ontario: Foote’s Bay, shore of Lake Joseph, 45.13°N, 75.79°W, 11- 30.viii.l985, B.V. Brown, Malaise trap, second growth deciduous forest (LACM) [LACM ENT 095427]. PARATYPES. USA: Missouri: Boone Co., “Silver Fork St. St.,” 1$, 4.X.1975, R.W. Shepard (UMRM). Apocephalus sharkeyi new species (Fig. 41) REMARKS. The ovipositor of this species is sim- ilar to that of A. bispinosus (Fig. 33) but lacks the divergent apical sclerites found in that species. It also has narrow membranous openings laterally on the ovipositor (Fig. 41), versus the broad, rounded openings found in A. bispinosus. DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.65-2.9 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.2. Flagellomere 1 brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus light brown. Scutum light brown. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae three times length and two times thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yel- lowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.53. Halter blackish-brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 dark brown, lightened anteri- orly and posteriorly; tergite 2 blackish-brown, light brown anteriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; tergites 3-5 brown, slightly lighter medi- ally, blackish-brown laterally; tergite 6 light brown anteriorly, blackish-brown posteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown, darkening posteriorly. Ventrolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly enlarged, bristlelike. Venter of abdominal segments 1-4 bare. Venter of segment 5 with round, lightly sclerotized sternite and row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 large, round, lightly sclerotized sternite; apical margin with series of short peglike setae. Ovipositor greatly expanded at midlength, lateral margins of expansion extremely thick; ovipositor narrowed posteriorly, parallel-sided. Ovipositor dorsally with one pair of long setae at apical one- third. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Costa Rica. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. This species is named for my friend and colleague. Dr. Michael Sharkey. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Limon: 16 km W Guapiles, 10.15°N, 83.92°W, i-iv.l991, P. Han- son, Malaise trap, 400 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 013171]. PARATYPES. 9, COSTA RICA: Limon: 16 km W Guapiles, 10.15°N, 83.92°W, 19, iv-v.l989, 19, viii-ix.l989, 49, i-iv.l991, P. Hanson, Mal- aise trap, 400 m (INBC, LACM, MUCR). Apocephalus similis Malloch (Fig. 43) Apocephalus similis Malloch, 1912:444, pi. 38 fig. 7, 12-13. Borgmeier, 1963:174-176, fig. 173. HOLOTYPE. 9, USA: Arizona: Madera Can- yon, 13.vi.?1898, E.A. Schwarz, over Camponotus sansabeanus (examined; USNM) [USNM type #14837]. REMARKS. In North America, this species is recognized by the shape of the ovipositor and the narrow expansion at midlength (Fig. 43; see dis- cussion under A. pergandei above). Neotropical species with narrow ovipositors are discussed under A. astr ictus above. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.28-1.9 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Pal- pus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown. Scutel- lum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae three times length and thickness of posterior setae of scu- tum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one- half times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron light brown. Mean costal ratio 0.41. Halter yellowish-brown, anteroapical half brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 brown, lighter anteriorly and posteriorly; tergite 2 brown, anterior two-fifths light brown, light brown medially and along posterior margin, tergite 2 sometimes entirely light brown; tergites 3- 5 light brown, laterally dark brown, tergites 3-4 sometimes with light brown narrowed to a medial strip; tergite 6 dark brown to blackish-brown. Ven- ter of abdomen light brown to grayish-brown. Ven- trolateral setae of tergite 6 greatly enlarged, bristle- like. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare, seg- ments 4 and 5 with posterior row of thin setae. Venter of abdominal segment 6 with large, square, lightly sclerotized sternite with row of thin setae across posterior third. Ovipositor slightly expanded at midlength, slightly narrowing apically. Oviposi- tor dorsally with one pair of long setae at apical one-third. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Arizona and Texas. HOST. This species has only been found in as- sociation with Camponotus sansabeanus in the southwestern United States. The record of its as- Contributions in Science, Number 496 sociation with C. vicinus Mayr, 1870, published by Disney (1994) was based on an incorrect determi- nation of the ant host of the holotype that I relayed to him. The ant specimen has been reexamined by R. Snelling (Natural History Museum of Los An- geles County) and the identification corrected. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. USA: Ari- zona: Cochise Co., Cochise Stronghold, 31.92°N, 109.97°W, 16$, 17.viii.l993, B.V. Brown, over Camponotus sansabeanus (LACM), 2$, 18.viii.l993, D.H. Feener, attracted to Camponotus sansabeanus extract, 19$, 19.viii.l993, B.V. Brown, over Camponotus sansabeanus, 3$, 16- 20.viii.l993, B.V. Brown, white pan traps (LACM, MCZC, NHRS), 8.4 km W Portal, 31.88°N, 109.20°W, 1$, 5.vii.l995, S. Caiman, Malaise trap, 1520 m (LACM), 18.5 km W Portal, Basin Trail head, 2$, 8-10.vii.1987, B. Brown, T. Span- ton, yellow pan traps (LACM), Santa Cruz Co., Madera Canyon, 2 $ , l.viii.l988, B.V. Brown, over Camponotus sansabeanus (LACM); Texas: Travis Co., Austin, 1$ [no date], A.L. Melander, over Camponotus sansabeanus (USNM). ''Apocephalus lanceatus-mhgmxx^'’' DIAGNOSIS. At present, I have no character states to justify this grouping as a monophylum, although there are some demonstrably monophy- letic groups within it. Overall, the species share a compact body and relatively similar ovipositor structure, the latter of which might in the future be found to possess some diagnostic characters. In particular, there is a well-developed basal sclerite ventrally on the ovipositor that projects slightly be- low the rest of the structure (Figs. 70, 71) and is sometimes greatly developed (e.g.. Fig. 48); how- ever, a similar basal sclerite exists in some A. per- gandei-s\\hgr:o\xp species (such as A. cyathus). Apocephalus facettalis-SQnts DIAGNOSIS. Apical sclerite of dorsum of ovi- positor with anteriorly directed processes (Figs. 44, 46, 47, 49, 50). Flagellomere 1 enlarged, elongate, slightly pointed, flattened (Fig. 85). Lateral margin of scutum whitish in color; dorsum light brown. Apocephalus ctenicoxa new species (Figs. 44, 45, 85) REMARKS. This is the only Apocephalus species with rows of ctenidia (combs of dense, thick setae) on the fore femur (Fig. 45). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.7-3.15 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 0.94. Flagellomere 1 light brown, elongate-oval, apically pointed. Su- pra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown to light brown. Scutum brown, slightly lighter at lateral margins. Scutellum dark brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae two and one-half times length and twice thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group M 21 Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.54. Halter blackish-brown, with narrow yellow mark- ing. Apex of hind femur without anterior dark spot, but with small posterior dark spot. Tergites black- ish with a lightened medial strip; tergite 6 lightened anteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with mediolateral group of medium-sized, thick se- tae. Ovipositor (Fig. 44) relatively short, with me- dial darkening with anterior arms; apex truncate. Ventral apex of ovipositor pointed, short, curved ventrally. Basal sclerite narrow, elongate, extending nearly to tip of ventral apex of ovipositor. Ven- troapical margin of ovipositor with several curved, long setae. VARIATION. The specimen from Ecuador [LACM ENT 041220] is unusually small and has flagellomere 1 dark brown. The specimen from Bra- zil [LACM ENT 137064] is also small and has the ctenidia on the fore femur extremely short and sparse; it appears also to have been bleached by sunlight, as the colors are faded. Further specimens of this species from Brazil, Ecuador, and interven- ing areas are needed to properly assess the status of these variants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica; single specimens from Ecuador and Brazil. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is from a Greek word, ktenos, for comb, re- ferring to the rows of enlarged setae on the fore- coxae. HOLOTYPE. $, COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 15- 21.V.1989, B. Brown, D. Feener, Malaise trap, [trail] SOR@SHO (LACM) [LACM ENT 001558]. PARATYPES. BRAZIL: Espirito Santo: Aracruz, 19.80°S, 40.28°W, 1 $, v.l993, M. Braganga, Mal- aise trap, 60 m. Eucalyptus plantation (LACM). COSTA RICA: Cartago: Turrialba, 9.93°N, 83.67°W, 1$, 15-19.vii.1966, P. Spangler, Malaise trap (USNM); Guanacaste: Santa Rosa National Park, 10.95°N, 85.62°W, 2$, 6-27.ix.l986, I. Gauld, D. Janzen, Malaise trap SE-6-C, 3 $, 27.ix- 18.x. 1986, I. Gauld, D. Janzen, Malaise trap SE-6- C, 7$, 18.x-8.xi.l986, I. Gauld, D. Janzen, Mal- aise trap BH-9-0, BH-ll-O, H-3-0, 1$, 21.ii- 14.iii.l987, I. Gauld, D. Janzen, Malaise trap BH- 9-0 (LACM); Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 14$, 21.i-3.ii.l991, J. Noyes, Malaise trap (BMNH, LACM, MCZC, MZSP, NHRS, SEMC), 1$, iv.l991, 2$, 1X.1992, P. Han- son, Malaise trap (LACM, MUCRk 4$, 1- 6.vii.l993, B. Brown, D. Feener, Malaise trap #1 (LACM), 1 $, 16.ii-2.iii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/07/022, 2$, 15.iii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 02/033, M/07/038, 4$, 15.iii-l.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/049, M/05/052, M/10/057, M/ 15/062, 3$, 1-I5.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 10/73, M/12/075, M/15/078, 2$, 15.iv-l.v.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/081, M/04/083, 1$, 18.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/97, 2$, 1- 15.V1.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/132, M/14/ 22 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 120, 2$, l.vii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/06/ 151, M/12/146, 29, 3.viii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/07/169, 1 9, l.xi.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/249, 19, 15.xii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/293, 19, 3.i.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap MI 03/306, 39, 15.i.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/ 321, M/14/316, 19, l.ii.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/13/343, 8 9, l.iii.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap MI 05/364, M/07/365, M/12/370, 49, 4.iv.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/03/381, M/09/387, M/ll/ 389, 19, 17.vii.l995, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/ 407, 3 9, l.xii.l995, ALAS, Malaise trap M/12/ 517, 19, 2.i.l996, Malaise trap M/01/531, 19, 31.V.1996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/03/653, 19, 2.X.1997, ALAS, Malaise trap M/18/683, 49, 3.iv.2000, Malaise trap M/19/2000 (INBC, LACM); Limon: 7 km SW Bribri, 9.58°N, 82.88°W, 19, 1X-X1.1989, 19, xii.1989-ii.1990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM); Puntarenas: Cerro Rincon, 8.52°N, 83.47°W, 19, ii.l991, 19, iii.1991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 745 m (LACM). ECUA- DOR: Sucumbios: Sacha Lodge, 0.5°S, 75.5°W, 1 9, 27.viii-10.ix. 1994, P. Hibbs, Malaise trap, 270 m (LACM). Apocephalus facettalis Borgmeier (Figs. 46) Apocephalus facettalis Borgmeier, 1961:52-54, fig. 61. HOLOTYPE. 9 , BRAZIE: Rio de Janeiro: Ta- quara, Jacarepagua, ll.xii.l949, T. Borgmeier (ex- amined; MZSP). REMARKS. Of the four remaining A. facettalis- series species (excepting the distinctive A. cteni- coxa, above, which has already been diagnosed), A. facettalis is the most widespread. It differs from A. ponderosiis new species by having a narrower dor- soapical sclerite (compare Figs. 46, 49). Unlike that of A. platens new species (Fig. 48), the ovipositor of A. facettalis has a short ventrobasal process that does not extend to near the apex of the ovipositor. The other similar species, A. superatus, has the heavily sclerotized dorsoapical sclerite raised and convex in appearance (Fig. 50), whereas in A. fa- cettalis, the apical section of the ovipositor is flat. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.85-2.55 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 0.92. Flagellomere 1 light brown, pyriform to elongate. Supra-anten- nal setae absent. Palpus brown. Scutum light brown, anterior quarter slightly darker. Scutellum brown to dark brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of ante- rior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ra- tio 0.55. Halter blackish-brown, with narrow yel- low marking. Apex of hind femur without anterior dark spot, posterior dark spot may be present or absent. Tergite blackish-brown. Tergite 1 lightened anteriorly and medially; tergite 2 light brown an- teriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; ter- Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group gites 3-5 with narrow, light brown medial line; ter- gite 6 light brown in anterior two-fifths. Venter of abdomen yellow to yellowish-brown. Venter of ab- dominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with medio- lateral short sclerites, each with a few long, thick setae. Ovipositor elongate, dorsal sclerite posteri- orly pointed, with anteriorly directed arms; with small group of posterolateral setae. Ventral apex of ovipositor elongate, heavily sclerotized, with light- colored medial region. Basal sclerite narrow, semi- circular. VARIATION. Specimens from Ecuador have darker flagellomeres and extremely short oviposi- tors, possibly representing a separate species. At this time, however, I group them with other A. fa- cettalis at least until more comparative material has been collected from other South American locali- ties. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica to Amazonia. HOST. We observed females of this species dart- ing at CamponotHS species workers that were evac- uating their nest in response to a raid by the army ant Eciton rapax Fr. Smith, 1855 (see “Other Ma- terial Examined” from Peru). Unfortunately, we collected no voucher specimens of the ants. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIE: Amazonas: Reserva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 19, 6-17.vii.1992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola 14-1 m (INPA). COEOMBIA: Amazonas: Amacayacu National Park, 3.82°S, 70.26°W, 19, x.l989, M. Kelsey, Malaise trap, varzea forest (UNCB). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: Santa Rosa National Park, 10.95°N, 85.62°W, 19, 18.X-8.X1.1986, 1. Gauld, D. Janzen, Malaise trap H-3-0 (EACM); Heredia: Ea Selva Bi- ological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 22 9, 21.i- 3.ii.l991, J. Noyes, Malaise trap (BMNH, EACM), 1 9 , iv.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (EACM), 2 9 , 15.ii-l.iii.l993, AEAS, Malaise trap M/01/16, M/ 08/23, 19, 15.iii.l993, AEAS, Malaise trap M/07/ 038, 19, 2.V.1993, AEAS, Malaise trap M/04/083, 19, 1-15.V.1993, AEAS, Malaise trap M/10/104, 19, 18.V.1993, AEAS, Malaise trap M/01/096, 19, 19.V.1993, AEAS, Malaise trap M/ll/105, 19, 1. VI. 1993, AEAS, Malaise trap M/07/113 (INBC, EACM), 119, l-6.vii.1993, 1 9 , 6-ll.vii.1993, B. Brown, D. Feener, Malaise trap #1 (EACM), 19, 3. vhi.l993, AEAS, Malaise trap M/07/169, 19,1- 14.vhi.l993, AEAS, Malaise trap M/08/186, 19, l.xi.l993, AEAS, Malaise trap M/02/249, 19, 4. A.1994, AEAS, Malaise trap M/09/387 (INBC, EACM), 49, iv-v.l995, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (EACM), 29, 30.vi.l995, AEAS, Malaise trap Ml 03/389, 19, 2.1.1996, AEAS, Malaise trap M/01/ 531, 99, 3.iv.2000, Malaise trap M/19/745 (INBC); Eimon: 7 km SW Bribri, 9.58°N, 82.88°W, 29, ix-xi.l989, 19, xii.1989-ii.1990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 50 m (LACM), 16 km W Guapiles, 10.15°N, 83.92°W, 19, iii-v.l990, 19, vii- xi.l990, 2 9, i-iv.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 400 m (LACM); Puntarenas: Cerro Rincon, 8.52°N, 83.47°W, 29, ii.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise Contributions in Science, Number 496 trap, 745 m (LACM), Coopemarti, 8.63°N, 83.47°W, 19, ii.1991, R Hanson, Malaise trap, 30 m (LACM), 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.40°W, 19, ii~iii.l989, 29, iii-v.l989, 3 9, X.1990, 19,xi.l990, 19,xii.l990, 1 9, i-iii.l991, 19, X.1991, 19, i.1992, 3 9, ii.l992, R Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (LACM), 5 km N Puerto Jimenez, 8.55°N, 83.35°W, 49, i.l991, R Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM), 3 km SW Rincon, 8.68°N, 83.48°W, 19, iii.1989, 19, ix-xi.l989, 1 9 , xii.1989, 1 9 , x~xii.l990, 2 9 , i-iii.l991, 23 9 , iii-iv.l991, 29, viii.1991, 19, ix.l991, 79, x.1991, 189, X1.1991, 11 9, xii.1991, 49, ii.l992, 29, i.l993, 19, ii.l993, R Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM, MCZC, MUCR, NHRS, SEMC), 19, 5 km SW Rincon, 8.7°N, 83.5HW, 19, 31.v- 7.vi.l998, B, Brown, V. Berezovskiy, Malaise trap #3 (LACM); San Jose: 26 km N San Isidro, 9.5°N, 83.72°W, 19, ii-v.l992, R Hanson, Malaise trap, 2100 m (LACM). ECUADOR: Guyas: Rio Erio, Balao Chico, 2.73°S, 79.75°W, 26-30.ix.l963, L. Pena (CNCI); Sucumbios: Sacha Lodge, 0.5°S, 76.5°W, 19, 16-27.V111.1994, 8 9, 10-21.X.1994, 29, 21.xi-l.xii.l994, 49, l-31.xii.1994, P. Hibbs, Malaise trap, 270 m (LACM, QCAZ). PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 19, 18-25.1X.1996, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #6894 (LACM). PERU: Madre de Dios: Zona Reserva Mann, Pakitza, 11.95°S, 71.28°W, 99, 26.11.1992, B. Brown, D. Eeener, swarm raid of £c/- ton rapax (LACM, MUSM, USNM), 19, 7- 9.111.1992, R. Cambra, Malaise trap (MIUP). Apocephalus pluteus new species (Eigs. 47, 48) REMARKS. This species differs from others of the A. facettalis-series by the extremely elongate ventrobasal process of the ovipositor (Fig. 48). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2 mm. Frons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1. Flagellomere 1 or- ange-brown, oval, apically pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum brown, slightly lighter at lateral margins. Scutellum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae four times length and three times thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yel- lowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.52. Halter blackish-brown. Apex of hind femur without an- terior or posterior dark spot. Tergites blackish- brown. Tergite 1 lightened anteriorly and medially; tergite 2 light brown anteriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; tergites 3-5 with narrow, light brown medial line; tergite 6 light brown in anterior two-fifths. Venter of abdomen yellow. Venter of ab- dominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with lateral groups of three long setae (slightly sclerotized around bases). Ovipositor relatively short (but damaged in holotype female), truncate apically (Fig. 47), with large, apically truncate sclerite; scler- ite with anteriorly directed arms; laterally oviposi- Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 23 tor with relatively long dorsal setae. Ventral apex pointed, exceeding dorsal apex in length. Basal sclerite extremely large, rounded; terminating at apex of ventral apex of ovipositor. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Venezuela. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for shelf, referring to the enlarged ventrobasal sclerite of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, VENEZUELA: Zulia: 45 km SW of Machiques, El Tucuco, 5-6.vi.l976, A.S. Menke, D. Vincent (USNM) [LACM ENT 050918]. Apocephalus ponderosus new species (Fig. 49) REMARKS. This species differs from others of the A. facettalis-stnts by the broad dorsoapical sclerite and the short, thick apical setae (Fig. 49). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.2-2. 5 mm. Frons blackish-brown. Frontal ratio 1.04. Flagellomere 1 yellow to light brown, oval, apically pointed. Su- pra-antennal setae absent. Palpus light brown. Scu- tum brown; yellowish-brown anterolaterally and posterolaterally. Scutellum dark brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Poste- rior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thick- ness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellow. Mean costal ratio 0.55. Halter blackish-brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur with small, brown anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergite blackish-brown. Tergite 1 lightened anteriorly and medially; tergite 2 light brown anteriorly, medially, and along posterior margin; tergites 3-5 with nar- row, light brown medial line; tergite 6 light brown in anterior two-fifths. Venter of abdomen yellow. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with lateral groups of 3-4 long setae whose bases are surrounded by small sclerotized area. Oviposi- tor elongate, slightly constricted at midlength, with large, broad apical sclerite; sclerite with anteriorly directed arms; ovipositor with posterolateral groups of short, thick setae. Ventral apex pointed, elongate. Basal sclerite short, ridge small. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Barro Col- orado Island, Panama. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for heavy, referring to the broad, thickened ovipositor of this species. HOLOTYPE. 9, PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 31.vii- 7.viii.l996, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #6749 (LACM) [LACM ENT 085351]. PARATYPES. PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 19, 6- 13.1.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #702, 1 9 , 20- 27.1.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #736, 19,3- 10. hi. 1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #932, 3 9, 24-31. hi. 1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #935, #959, 3 9, l-7.iv.l993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap 24 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 #936, 1?, 23.iv-9.v.l993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #964, 29, 5-12.V.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #941, #965, 3$, 12-19.V.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #942, 1 9, 6-13.iv.l994, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #2419, 29, l-7.vi.l994, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #2382, 19, 22-29.V.1996, J. Picker- ing, Malaise trap #6614, 19, 24-31.vii.1996, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #6730 (LACM, MCZC, MIUP, USNM). Apocephalus superatus new species (Fig. 50) REMARKS. This species differs from others of the A. facettalis-stnts species by the raised, convex dorsal apex of the ovipositor (Fig. 50). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.05-2.15 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1. Flagellomere 1 light brown to brown, elongate. Supra-antennal se- tae absent. Palpus brown. Scutum brown, lighter posteriorly. Scutellum dark brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae four times length and three times thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yel- lowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.56. Halter blackish-brown. Apex of hind femur without an- terior dark spot, but with posterior dark spot. Ter- gites blackish-brown; tergites 1-2 light brown along anterior and posterior margins; tergite 3 light brown medially and along posterior margin; tergite 4 light brown anteriorly, medially, and along pos- terior margin; tergite 5 light brown posterior mar- gin, with or without light brown medially; light brown anteriorly and along posterior margin. Ven- ter of abdomen yellowish-brown, segment 6 brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with row of long, thick setae. Ovipositor short. Dorsal apex broadly pointed, with pair of long pos- terior setae. Dorsal sclerotization basally light, even; at midlength with central clear area; apically with large, dark triangular sclerite with anteriorly directed arms; posterior apex of triangular sclerite raised to form medial ridge. Ventral apex narrow, pointed, subequal in length to dorsal apex. Basal sclerite narrow, projecting posteriorly, with one long lateroventral seta. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for rise above, referring to the raised central portion of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Limon: 16 km W Guapiles, 10.15°N, 83.92°W, i-iv.l991, P. Han- son, Malaise trap, 400 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 013161]. PARATYPES. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: 2 km W Dos Rios, 19, viii.1988, [no collector], 600 m (LACM); Guanacaste: 9 km S Santa Cecilia, Esta- cion Pitilla, 19, 22.viii.1993, C. Moraga, Malaise trap #2322 (INBC); Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 29, 21.i-3.ii.l991, J. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group Noyes, Malaise trap (BMNH, LACM), 19, 15.iii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/01/32, 19, 15.iii-l.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/057, 19, 1-I5.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/15/78, 19, 2.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/09/88, 29, 18.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/04/099, M/13/ 1 07, 4 9 , 1 .vi. 1 993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/04/1 1 1 , M/07/113, M/15/121, 19, 14.vi.l993, ALAS, Mal- aise trap M/07/129, 1 9 , l.vii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/07/141, 29, 14.viii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/14/176, 19, l.ix.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/07/197, 19, 10.x. 1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 07/225, 19, 1. XL 1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/08/ 489, 19, 3.1.1994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/07/309, 1 9 , 16.1.1994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/14/316, 1 9 , 15.ii.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/356, 19, 2.hi.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/14/372, 19, 30.vi.l995, ALAS, Malaise trap M/03/389, 19, 14.ix.l995, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/455, 19, l.xi.l995, ALAS, Malaise trap M/04/486, 19, 14.xii.l995, ALAS, Malaise trap M/12/529, 19, 1.11.1996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/556, 19, 16.11.1996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/12/577, 19, 1.1V.1996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/611 (INBC, LACM, MCZC, USNM); Limon: 16 km W Guap- iles, 10.15°N, 83.92°W, 29, i-iv.l991, 19, vi- ix.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 400 m (LACM, MUCR). Apocephalus velutinus-senes DIAGNOSIS. Apex of ovipositor curved dorsally (Fig. 52). Apocephalus anacurvus new species (Figs. 51, 52) REMARKS. This is a distinctive, dark brown species (most Apocephalus are light brown in color) that can be recognized by the strongly upturned posterior apex of the ovipositor (Fig. 52). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.53-2.09 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.12. Flagellomere 1 light brown, darker than palpus, oval, apically pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yel- lowish-brown to light brown. Scutum brown to dark brown, yellowish-brown posteriorly. Scutel- lum dark brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae about equal length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and three times thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron brown to dark brown. Mean costal ratio 0.51. Halter blackish-brown. Apex of hind femur with anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergites blackish-brown; tergites 1-2 light brown anteriorly and along posterior margin; tergite 3 with or with- out lightened posterior margin; tergite 4 blackish- brown; tergites 5-6 with or without lightened an- terior margin. Venter of abdomen dark gray. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; 4-5 with small, scattered setae; segment 6 with lateral groups of three large setae. Ovipositor elongate (Fig. 51); dor- sal apex strongly curved dorsally, pointed, with sev- Contributions in Science, Number 496 eral medial and posterior setae. Dorsally ovipositor with raised ridge across basal one-third, posterior lightly sclerotized area; apical two-thirds of ovipos- itor evenly sclerotized except for light colored line across apical one-third. Ventral apex elongate pointed, slightly longer than dorsal apex. Basal sclerite small, triangular. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica to Amazonia. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is from a Greek word, ana, for upwards, and a Latin word, curvus, for curved, referring to the apex of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: 5 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.28°W, xi.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 100 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 013113]. PARATYPES. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Re- serva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 3 9, 6-17.vii.1992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola lB-20 m, 14-20 m, 18-1 m (INPA, LACM). COSTA RICA: Cartago: Turrialba, 9.93°N, 83.67°W, 19, 15-19.vii.1966, P. Spangler, Malaise trap (USNM); Limon: 4 km NE Bribri, 9.63°N, 82.82°W, 2 9, xii.1989-iii.1990, P. Han- son, Malaise trap (LACM), Pandora, Estrella Val- ley, 9.73°N, 82.97°W, 19, 28.iii.1984, G.V. Man- ley, Malaise trap (LACM); Puntarenas: 24 km W Piedras Blancas [= 24 km W Pan American High- way on some labels], 8.77°N, 83.40°W, 12 9, iii- iv.l989, 19, X.1990, 19, xii.1990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (INBC, LACM, MCZC, MUCR, NHRS), 3 km SW Rincon, 8.68°N, 83.48°W, 19, iii-v.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM). Apocephalus setiventris Borgmeier (Fig. 53) Apocephalus setiventris Borgmeier, 1971:113-114, fig. 154. HOLOTYPE. 9, BRAZIL: Parana: Rio Negro, 7.V.1925, T. Borgmeier, with Camponotus {Myr- mobrachys) crassus (examined; MZSP). REMARKS. This is a dark brown species, similar to A. anacurvus, but with the apex of the ovipositor much less modified and only slightly curved dor- sally (Fig. 53). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.4-1. 6 mm. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.04. Flagellomere 1 orange basally, with dark anterior apex, oval. Supra-anten- nal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum brown. Scutellum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scu- tellar setae about two and one-half times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron dark brown. Mean costal ratio 0.5. Halter dark brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergites dark. Venter of abdomen dark gray. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segments 4-6 with posterior row of long setae. Ovipositor curved dorsally at apex, with two medial rows of relatively Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 25 thick setae and several lateral setae. Venter of ovi- positor bluntly pointed. Basal sclerite oval. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in southeastern Brazil. HOST. Borgmeier (1971) gives Camponotus crassus as the host but also lists a single male spec- imen collected with C. rufipes. The male was col- lected at a different site, Itaipava in Rio de Janeiro state, however, and its association with the females of A. setiventris is questionable. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. 3 9 para- types, same data as holotype (LACM, MZSP), 1 9 paratype, ll.v.1925 (MZSP). Apocephalus velutinus Borgmeier (Fig. 54) Apocephalus velutinus Borgmeier, 1958:346-347, figs. 47, 49. HOLOTYPE. 9, BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, iv.l950, F. Plaumann (examined; MZSP) [LACM ENT 037968]. REMARKS. Unlike others in the A. velutinus-se- ries, this species is much more lightly colored, es- pecially the venter of the abdomen. Its ovipositor (Fig. 54) is most similar to that of A. setiventris, but it does not have thick dorsomedial setae. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.43 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.12. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Pal- pus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown. Scutel- lum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and about equal thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae two and one-half times length and four times thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish- brown. Mean costal ratio 0.5. Halter dark brown. Apex of hind femur with anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergite 1 blackish-brown; tergite 2 light brown with two blackish-brown spots dorsally, blackish-brown laterally; tergite 3 light brown, blackish-brown laterally; tergites 4-5 blackish- brown, light brown anteriorly and medially; tergite 6 light brown, brown along posterior margin. Ven- ter of abdomen yellowish-brown, segment 6 brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1-4 bare; segment 5 with row of short, thin setae; segment 6 with row of longer, thicker setae. Ovipositor elongate. Dorsal apex pointed, curved dorsally, with short, lateral setae. Dorsal sclerotization light, even, except for white line across midlength. Ventral apex elongate, pointed, subequal in length to dorsal apex. Basal sclerite broad, semicircular, not well defined. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Guatema- la to southeastern Brazil. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, UFMG campus, 19.92°S, 43.97°W, 19, 25-29.V.1993, 5 9, 25.v- ll.vi.l993, 2 9, 4-7.vi.l993, S. Gaimari, Malaise trap, 800 m (BHMH, LACM); Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, 5 9 paratypes, same data as holo- type (MCZC, MZSP, USNM). COSTA RICA: Pun- 26 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 tarenas: 5 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.28°W, 1$, xii.1990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM). GUATEMALA; Suchitepequez: San An- tonio de Suchitepequez, 1 9, 6.vii.l965, R Spangler, Malaise trap (USNM). PANAMA: San Bias: Nu- sagandi Reserve, 9.33°N, 79.0°W, 19, 16- 23.iv.1994, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #2862 (LACM). Other Apocephalus lanceatus-sxxhgmup Apocephalus albiapex new species (Fig. 55) REMARKS. This species is recognized by the dark flagellomere 1 with a strikingly white apex, the presence of several long, dark setae on the ven- ter of abdominal segments 4-6, and the structure of the ovipositor (Lig. 55, see “Variation” for fur- ther discussion). The other similar species with a lighter apex of flagellomere 1 is A. clarilocus new species, but it has much longer setae near the apex of the ovipos- itor (Lig. 63). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.05-3.05 mm. Lrons brown to dark brown. Lrontal ratio 0.99. Llagellomere 1 brown with whitish anterior apex, oval. One pair of small supra-antennal setae pre- sent. Palpus light brown. Scutum brown to dark brown, yellowish-brown posteriorly. Scutellum dark brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and about equal thick- ness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of ante- rior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ra- tio 0.55. Halter blackish-brown. Apex of hind fe- mur without anterior dark spot, but with posterior dark spot. Tergites blackish-brown; tergites 1-5 yellowish-brown to light brown medially; tergite 6 lightened anteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellow to yellowish-brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1- 3 bare; segments 4-6 with posterior row of long, thick setae, in some specimens those of segments 4 and 5 appearing to be in pairs. Ovipositor elongate, dorsal apex broadly rounded, with one dorsal and one ventrolateral pair of longer setae. Ventral apex of ovipositor narrowed, bluntly pointed, much lon- ger than dorsal apex. Basal sclerite short, lens- shaped. VARIATION. It is possible that more than one species is encompassed by the description of A. al- biapex. The holotype and most other specimens from Costa Rica and Panama, and some specimens from Brazil, conform to the description above, be- ing relatively large, with yellowish venter of the ab- domen, with tergites marked with yellow, and with relatively disorganized ventral setae on segments 4 and 5. In contrast, specimens from Brazil and Ec- uador and some specimens from Costa Rica are much smaller, with grayish venter of the abdomen, less (or no) yellow marking on the tergites, and ven- tral setae organized into pairs on segments 4 and Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group 5. The color of flagellomere 1 and the structure of the ovipositor is the same, however, so for now I treat these all as a single variable species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica to Amazonia. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for white tip, referring to the color of flagellomere 1 of the antennae. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 8- 15.V.1989, B. Brown, D. Feener, Malaise trap, CC 400 (LACM) [LACM ENT 001561]. PARATYPES. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Re- serva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 29, 8-15.iv.l992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola 14-20 m, 29, 6-17.vii.1992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola 14-1 m, 18-1 m, 19, 4- 13.xi.l992, J. Vidal (INPA, LACM). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: Estacion Pitilla, 1 9, vi.l994, P. Rios, Malaise trap #2996 (INBC), Volcan Cacao, Cerro Pedregal, 1 9 , ii-iv.l989, 1. Gauld, D. Janzen, Malaise trap, 1000 m (LACM); Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 29, 2.111.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/017, M/15/ 030, 3 9, 2.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/14/061, M/15/062, 19, 1-I5.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/15/078, 19, 19.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 12/106, 2 9, 1.V1.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/07/ 113, M/12/118, 19, 14.vi.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/12/134, 29, 3.viii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/12/174, 19, 16.ix.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/12/218 (INBC, LACM), 19, iv-v.l995, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (MUCR). ECUADOR: Suc- umbios: Sacha Lodge, 0.5°S, 76.5°W, 19, 20- 30. ix. 1994, P. Hibbs, Malaise trap, 270 m (LACM). PANAMA: Darien: Cruce de Mono, Es- tacion Inrenare, 7.92°N, 77.62°W, 19, 6.ii- 4.111.1993, R. Cambra, J. Coronado, Malaise trap (LACM). Apocephalus altus new species (Fig. 56) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the light brown, pointed flagellomere 1, the setation of the venter of the abdomen, and the structure of the ovipositor (Fig. 56). DESCRIPTION. Lrons dark brown. Frontal ra- tio 1.19. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval, apically pointed. One pair of barely differentiated supra-an- tennal setae present. Palpus light brown. Scutum light hrown. Scutellum brown. Anterior pair of scu- tellar setae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.56. Halter blackish-brown. Apex of hind femur without an- terior dark spot, but with posterior dark spot. Ven- ter of abdominal segments 1-2 bare; segments 3-5 with one pair of setae; segment 6 with row of lon- ger, thicker setae. Ovipositor elongate, dorsal apex broadly rounded, with short setae posterolaterally and medially below midlength. Dorsal sclerotiza- Contributions in Science, Number 496 tion even, with lateromedial darkenings at apex. Ventral apex broad, bluntly pointed, extending slightly longer than dorsal apex. Basal sclerite broad, semicircular. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in southeastern Costa Rica. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for high, referring to the elevation at the type locality. Las Alturas in Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. ?, COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Las Alturas, 8.95°N, 82.83°W, v.1992, P. Hanson, Mal- aise trap, 1500 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 013051]. Apocephalus aquilonius new species (Figs. 57, 86) REMARKS. This species, along with A. horridus Borgmeier and A. wirthi Borgmeier, is one of only three A. lanceatids-suhgroup species found in North America. One species, A. wirthi, has a relatively narrow frons (like A. aquilonius) but lacks supra- antennal setae (Fig. 88), whereas A. aquilonius has prominent, large supra-antennal setae (Fig. 86). The other species, A. horridus, has a broad frons with supra-antennal setae that are extremely close together (Fig. 87), whereas A. aquilonius has a nar- rower frons with supra-antennal setae that are clos- er to the lower interfrontal setae (Fig. 86). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.05-1.55 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.16. Flagellomere 1 brown, pyriform. One pair of distinct supra-an- tennal setae present. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scu- tum brown. Scutellum brown. Anterior pair of scu- tellar setae about equal length and thickness of pos- terior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae three times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron light brown. Mean costal ratio 0.47. Halter yellowish-brown. Apex of hind femur with- out anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 light brown; tergites 2-5 dark brown, light brown me- dially, and along anterior and posterior margins; tergite 6 dark brown, light brown medially. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with broad, short sclerite, and row of long, thick setae. Ovipositor elongate, constricted at apical one-third; dorsal apex broadly pointed, with one pair of large, me- diolateral setae at apical one-third and smaller pos- terolateral setae. Dorsal sclerotization even, except for slight lateral darkening at apical one-third. Ven- tral apex pointed, subequal in length to dorsal apex. Basal sclerite broad, lightly sclerotized. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Southern Arizona and southern California. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for north, referring to the northerly distribution of A. aquilonius relative to most other A. lanceatus-s\xhp,Tonp species. HOLOTYPE. 9, USA: California: Los Angeles Co., Walker Ranch, Placerita Canyon Park, 34.38°N, 118.44°W, 2-16.X.1998, B. Brown, I. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 27 Swift, Malaise trap (LACM) [LACM ENT 133867]. PARATYPES. USA: Arizona: Santa Cruz Co., Pa- tagonia, 31.53°N, 110.77°W, 19, 5.viii.l995, B. Brown, E. Wilk, Malaise trap (LACM); California: Los Angeles Co., Walker Ranch, Placerita Canyon Park, 34.38°N, 118.44°W, 19, 8-17.ix.l998, 2 9 , 2-16.X.1998, 19, 7.X.1999, B. Brown, I. Swift, Malaise trap (LACM, USNM). Apocephalus arachnes new species (Fig. 58) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the curved ventral setae on segment 6 and the long setae on the ovipositor (Fig. 58). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2. 0-2. 3 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 0.97. Flagellomere 1 light brown, elongate. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown. Scu- tellum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and about equal thick- ness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae three times length and twice thick- ness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.58. Halter blackish-brown. Apex of hind femur with anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergite 1 blackish-brown; tergites 2-4 blackish-brown, light brown anteriorly, posteriorly, and medially; tergite 5 blackish-brown, light brown along posterior margin; tergite 6 dark brown, an- terior two-hfths light brown. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown to brown, darkening posteriorly. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with row of medium-sized, curved setae. Ovipositor elongate, apically expanded. Dorsal apex broadly rounded with lateral group of long setae in apical one-third. Dorsal sclerotization light, even, with lateral darkening at apical one-third. Ventral apex elongate, bluntly pointed, slightly longer than dor- sal apex. Basal sclerite semicircular, with two an- terior sclerites. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Costa Rica. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is from a Greek word for spider, referring to the setae of the ovipositor, which are long and re- semble spider legs. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Heredia, La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 1- 15.iv.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/05/068 (INBC) [INBIOCRI001263950]. PARATYPES. COSTA RICA: Heredia, La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 19, 16.ih.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/15/046, 19, 15.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/06/037, 19, 30.V1.1995, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/395 (INBC, LACM). Apocephalus harbarus new species (Fig. 59) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the thick, sinuous ventral setae on abdominal seg- 28 I Contributions in Science, Number 496 ment 6 and the distinctive form of the ovipositor, with its posterolateral lobes and narrowed dorsal apex (Fig. 59). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.2-1. 3 mm. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.24. Flagellomere 1 yellow- ish-brown, posterior apex darker, oval, apically pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus pale yellow. Scutum yellowish-brown. Scutellum yellow- ish-brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae slightly thicker and longer than posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae two and one-half times length and three times thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.49. Halter brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur without anterior dark spot, but with posterior dark spot. Tergites brown; tergites 2-3 slightly lighter on anterior half. Venter of ab- domen yellowish-brown, darkening posteriorly. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with lateral sclerites with thick, sinuous setae. Ovi- positor posteriorly expanded. Dorsal apex narrow, pointed, without dorsal setae; with posterolateral lobes bearing four large setae. Dorsal sclerotization light, even, with clear area at apical one-third. Ven- tral apex narrow, bluntly pointed, subequal in length to dorsal apex. Basal sclerite triangular, ex- tended posteriorly as far as ventral apex. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica and Colombia. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for strange, referring to the unusual shape of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 15.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/01/064 (INBC) [INBIOCRI001264148]. PARATYPES. COLOMBIA: Magdalena: PNN Tayrona, Canaveral, 11.33°N, 74.03°W, 29, 14- 30.viii.2000, R. Henriquez, 30 m. Malaise trap CAP-568 (LACM, UNCB). COSTA RICA: Guan- acaste: Santa Rosa National Park, 10.95°N, 85.62°W, 19, 18.x-8.xi.l986, 1. Gauld, D. Janzen, Malaise trap SE-6-C (LACM). Apocephalus brevitergum new species (Figs. 60, 89) REMARKS. This species can be recognized easily by the shortened abdominal tergite 3 (Fig. 89). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.58-2.18 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.06. Flagellomere 1 light brown, pyriform. Supra-antennal setae ab- sent. Palpus light brown. Scutum light brown. Scu- tellum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae about equal length and thickness of posterior setae of scu- tum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish- brown. Mean costal ratio 0.55. Halter dark brown. Apex of hind femur with anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergite 1 brown, yellowish-brown an- teriorly, posteriorly, and medially; tergites 2, 4-5 blackish-brown, light brown anteriorly, posteriorly. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group and medially; tergite 3 brown, as short as tergite 1 and slightly raised, sometimes light brown anteri- orly; tergite 6 blackish-brown, light brown in an- terior half. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown, segment 6 brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1- 3 bare; segment 4 bare or with few setae; segment 5 with few setae; segment 6 with complete row of long, relatively thick setae. Ovipositor elongate, broadly rounded at dorsal apex (Fig. 60); with group of three lateral setae at apical one-third. Dor- sal sclerotization light, except lateral darkening at midlength, extending posteromedially. Ventral apex of ovipositor narrowed, bluntly pointed, much lon- ger than dorsal apex. Basal sclerite short, with me- dial posterior projection; with pair of anterior tri- angular sclerites. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica to Amazonia. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for short tergum, referring to the ab- breviated tergite 3 of the female abdomen. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: 24 km W Pan American Highway [= 24 km W Piedras Blancas], 8.77°N, 83.40°W, iii-iv.l989. Malaise trap, P. Hanson, I. Gauld (LACM) [LACM ENT 050920]. PARATYPES. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Re- serva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 3 9, 8-15.iv.l992, 99, 6-17.vii.1992, 19, 4-13.xi.l992, J. Vidal (INPA, LACM, MCZC, NHRS, SEMC, USNM). COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Sta- tion, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 29, 1-I5.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ll/074, 19, 4.iv.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/09/387, 29, 3.iv.2000, ALAS, Malaise trap M/19/745 (INBC, LACM); Puntar- enas: Coopemarti, 8.63°N, 83.47°W, 3 9, ii.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 30 m (LACM), 5 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.28°W, 19, i.l993, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 100 m (LACM), 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.40°W, 2 9 , iii-iv.l989, 19, i.l992, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (LACM, MUCR), 23 km N Puerto Jimenez, 8.67°N, 83.45°W, 2 9, vi.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM), 3 km SW Rincon, 8.68°N, 83.48°W, 19, iii-v.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM). PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Col- orado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 29, l-7.iv.l993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #936 (LACM, MIUP). Apocephalus carcinus new species (Fig. 61) REMARKS. This species is instantly recognizable because of the unusual, thickened posteromedial se- tae of the ovipositor (Fig. 61). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.38-2.00 mm. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.14. Flagellomere 1 brown apically, lighter brown basally, oval, apically pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yel- lowish-brown. Scutum yellowish-brown. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of pos- Contributions in Science, Number 496 terior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae slightly greater in length and four times thick- ness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.54. Halter dark brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur with- out anterior dark spot, but with posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 dark brown, posterior margin yel- lowish-brown; tergite 2 yellowish-brown, dark brown laterally with two dorsal, dark brown spots; tergites 3-4 dark brown laterally, lightening to yel- lowish-brown medially; tergites 5-6 yellowish- brown in anterior half, slightly darker in posterior half. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with row of long, thick setae. Ovipositor elongate, com- posed of two segments: basal lightly sclerotized area, and posterior triangular, moderately sclero- tized area. Triangular area with posterolateral pair of thick setae, and posteromedial pair of flattened spatulate setae. Dorsal apex pointed, strongly curved ventrally, with pair of curved setae. Ventral apex pointed, subequal in length to dorsal apex. Basal sclerite small, short, narrow. Ovipositor with- out ventrolateral setae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Amazonian Brazil. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is from a Greek word, karkinos, for crab, referring to the clawlike shape of the enlarged setae of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. $, BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 6-17.vii.1992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola 18-1 m [should be 1-B-l m] (INPA) [LACM ENT 031150]. PARATYPES. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Re- serva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 3 9, 8-15.iv.l992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola 1-B-l m, l-B-20 m. Arm. Oleo 1-A-l m, 49, 6-17.vii.1992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola 1-B-l m (INPA, LACM). Apocephalus cinereus new species (Fig. 62) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by its gray color and the form of the ovipositor (Fig. 62). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.5 mm. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.05. Flagellomere 1 orange- brown, pyriform. One pair of distinct supra-anten- nal setae present. Palpus light brown. Scutum light brown. Scutellum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Pleuron light brown. Mean costal ratio 0.5. Halter dark brown. Apex of hind femur with anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergites brown; tergites 2-3 slightly lighter on an- terior half. Venter of abdomen gray. Venter of ab- dominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with lateral groups of 2-3 setae. Ovipositor elongate, slightly constricted at midlength, with only small single posterolateral seta. Dorsal sclerotization even ex- cept for lateral darkening and central clear area. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-gcoup ■ 29 Ventral apex elongate, bluntly pointed. Basal scler- ite lens-shaped, with medial transverse ridge. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Mexico. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for gray, referring to the color of the venter of the abdomen. HOLOTYPE. 9, MEXICO: Yerba Buena, 8.vi.l969, W. Mason, Malaise trap, 1980 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 004005]. Apocephalus clarilocus new species (Fig. 63) REMARKS. This species is similar to A. albiapex but can be readily distinguished by its longer preap- ical setae dorsally on the ovipositor (Fig. 63). DESCRIPTION. Body length 2.05-2.18 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.17. Flagellomere 1 brown, anterior with broad, lighter colored band; sensillae large and whitish, oval, apically pointed. One pair of distinct supra-antennal setae present. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown. Scu- tellum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and about equal thick- ness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae two and one-half times length and three times thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yel- lowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.54. Halter dark brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior dark spot, but with posterior dark spot. Tergites black- ish-brown, with tergites 1-5 yellowish-brown to light brown medially; tergites 1-3 light brown an- teriorly and posteriorly; tergites 4-5 with or with- out light brown anterior or posterior margins; ter- gite 6 with anterior half light brown. Venter of ab- domen yellowish-brown, darkening posteriorly. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segment 4 with one pair of long setae; segment 5 with one to two pairs of long setae; segment 6 with row of thicker setae. Ovipositor elongate, broadly rounded at dorsal apex; with one long, apicolateral seta, and few smaller apical setae. Dorsal sclerotization in- terrupted by clear area at apical one-third. Ventral apex longer than dorsal apex, bluntly pointed. Bas- al sclerite lens-shaped with anterior and posterior medial projections. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Costa Rica. DERIVATION OE SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for clear place, referring to the light- colored tip of flagellomere 1 of the antennae. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Heredia, La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 15.ii- 1.111.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/08/023 (INBC) [INBIOCRI001263945]. PARATYPES. 9 , COSTA RICA: Heredia, La Sel- va Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 19, 16.111.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/15/046, 19, 1- 15.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/104, 29, 3.ii.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/06/347 (INBC, LACM). 30 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Apocephalus commensuratus new species (Fig. 64) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the distinctive, evenly sclerotized ovipositor, which lacks darker markings (Fig. 64). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.88 mm. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.27. Flagellomere 1 orange, oval. Absent or only slightly larger than frontal se- tulae. Palpus yellow. Scutum brown. Scutellum yel- low. Anterior pair of scutellar setae about equal length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae four times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellow. Mean costal ratio 0.51. Halter dark brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergites 1-5 yellowish-brown, dark brown laterally; tergites 4-5 mostly dark brown, yellow- ish-brown medially; tergite 6 yellowish-brown. Venter of abdomen yellow. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with row of long se- tae. Ovipositor elongate, dorsal apex bluntly point- ed. Apical one-half of ovipositor with short, dense setae. Dorsal sclerotization relatively even, with clear area at midlength. Ventral apex elongate, bluntly pointed, extending slightly farther than dor- sal apex. Basal sclerite short, broad. Venter of ovi- positor with short, dense setae, similar to dorsum. GEOGRAPHICAF DISTRIBUTION. Amazo- nian Ecuador and Peru. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is a Latin word for equality, referring to the homogeneous sclerotization of the dorsum of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. $ , ECUADOR: Napo: Yasuni Na- tional Park, PUCE Station, 0.63°S, 76.6°W, 3- 20.xi.l998, T. Pape, B. Vikhmd, Malaise trap (LACM) [LACM ENT 1102831. PARATYPES. ECUADOR: Napo: Yasuni Na- tional Park, PUCE Station, 0.63°S, 76.6°W, 1 ?, 3- 20.xi.l998, T. Pape, B. Viklund, Malaise trap (QCAZ); Sucumbios: Sacha Lodge, 0.5°S, 76.5°W, 1 $, 20-30. ix.l994, P. Hibbs, Malaise trap, 270 m (LACM). PERU: Madre de Dios: Cocha Cashu Sta- tion, 1$, 23-30.viii.1986, D.C. Darling, Malaise trap, 380 m (LACM). Apocephalus epicautus new species (Fig. 65) REMARKS. This is a small species with the ven- ter of the abdomen strikingly contrasting in color between the whitish-yellow anterior segments and dark gray posterior segments. The structure of the ovipositor (Fig. 65) is also distinctive. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.15-1.45 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.09. Flagellomere 1 brown apically, lighter brown basally, oval, api- cally pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown. Scutellum brown (slightly lighter than tergites and halter). An- terior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thick- ness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group scutellar setae twice length and thickness of ante- rior pair. Pleuron light brown to brown. Mean cos- tal ratio 0.49. Halter brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur without anterior dark spot, but with posterior dark spot. Tergites brown; tergites 1-2 light brown anteriorly, posteriorly, and medially; tergites 3-5 light brown along posterior margin; tergite 6 brown; specimen from Ecuador dark brown instead of brown. Venter of abdomen whitish-yellow anteriorly, dark gray posteriorly. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with few medium-sized setae. Ovipositor elongate, expanded apically; broadly rounded at dorsal apex; with few shorter setae at apical one-third. Dorsal sclerotization dark on basal two-thirds, with rela- tively clear area separating apical, lateromedial darkening. Ventral apex longer than dorsal apex, bluntly pointed. Basal sclerite oval, with anterior projection. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica to Ecuador. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is from a Greek word, epikautos, for burned at the tip, referring to the dark color of the apex of the abdomen. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 1- 15.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ll/074 (INBC) [INBIOCRI001263963]. PARATYPES. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: San Pe- dro de la Tigra, 10.37°N, 83.92°W, 19, ii.l990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (LACM); Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 2 9 , 15.iii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/09/040, 3 9, 2.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/05/52, M/ll/58, 14 9, 1-I5.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/01/064, M/ll/074, 29, 2.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ 09/88, 69, 19.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/09/ 103, M/ll/105, 19, 15.vi-l.vii.l993, ALAS, Mal- aise trap M/10/144, 19, 15.vii.l993, ALAS, Mal- aise trap M/ll/161, 19, 16. ix. 1993, ALAS, Mal- aise trap M/ll/217, 19, 15. xi. 1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ll/245, 2 9, 15.ii.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/13/359, 3 9, 4.iv.l994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ll/389, 19, 15.1.1996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/01/543, 19, 31.V.1996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/01/651, 5 9, 3.iv.2000, ALAS, Malaise trap M/19/745 (INBC, LACM, MCZC, MUCR, MZSP, NHRS, SEMC, USNM); Limon: 4 km NE Bribri, 9.63°N, 82.22°W, 19, iv-vi.l990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 50 m (LACM); Puntar- enas: 3 km SW Rincon, 8.68°N, 83.48°W, 19, lii- iv.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM). ECUADOR: Pichincha: 17 km E Santo Domingo, Tinalandia, 19, 6-13.V.1987, B.V. Brown, club- house windows, 710 m (LACM). PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 19, 24-3 l.vii. 1996, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #6730 (MIUP). Contributions in Science, Number 496 Apocephalus euryterminus new species (Fig. 66) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the extremely broad ventral apex of the ovipositor (Fig. 66). Other species with the ovipositor apically broadened are A. epicautus (Fig. 65) and A. latia- pex new species (Fig. 74), but both of these have the paired tips of the ventral apex closer together than in A. euryterminus, in which they are far apart. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.5 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.15. Flagellomere 1 light brown, apex and posterior slightly darker; sensillae large, oval, apically pointed. Supra-anten- nal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum light brown. Scutellum brown. Anterior pair of scu- tellar setae one and one-half times length and thick- ness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae two and one-half times length and three times thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yel- lowish-brown. Costal ratio 0.54. Halter dark brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior dark spot, but with small posterior dark spot. Abdomi- nal tergites yellow with anterolateral brown mark- ings. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; seg- ment 6 with row of thick setae. Ovipositor elon- gate, apically expanded, broadly rounded at dorsal apex, with few short posterolateral setae. Dorsum evenly sclerotized, darker near apex. Ventral apex broad, truncate, slightly longer than dorsal apex. Basal sclerite short, extremely broad. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Costa Rica. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is based on a Greek word, eurys, and a Latin word, terminus, together meaning broad end. It re- fers to the shape of the apex of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. $, COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Coopemarti, 8.63°N, 83.47°W, ii.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 30 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 004675]. Apocephalus flexiseta new species (Fig. 67) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the relatively small body size, paired ventral ab- dominal setae, and the two lateral, bent setae of the ovipositor (Fig. 67). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.34-1.64 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.1. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent to one pair of distinct supra-antennal setae present. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum yellowish-brown to brown. Scutellum brown to dark brown. Ante- rior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and about equal thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and three times thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.51. Halter brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior dark spot, but with posterior dark spot. Tergites 1- Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group M31 3 brown to dark brown; tergites 1-2 lightened an- teriorly, posteriorly, and medially; tergite 3 light- ened anteriorly, with or without lightening poste- riorly or medially; tergites 4-5 with or without lightening anteriorly or posteriorly; tergite 6 light- ened anteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish- brown, segment 6 gray. Venter of abdominal seg- ments 1-3 bare; segments 4 and 5 with one pair of widely spaced setae; segment 6 with a few longer posterior setae. Ovipositor elongate, broadly rounded at dorsal apex, with one pair of large, ap- icodorsal, bent setae and one pair of ventrolateral, bent setae. Ventral apex of ovipositor narrowed, bluntly pointed, much longer than dorsal apex. Basal sclerite short, lens-shaped. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica to Amazonia. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for bent seta, referring to the prom- inent lateral setae of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: San Jose: Ciudad Colon, 9.92°N, 84.25°W, iii-iv.l990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 800 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 009953]. PARATYPES. BRAZIL: Amazonas: 60 km N Manaus, Reserva Campina, 2.67°S, 60.0°W, 23 9, 8-19.V1.1992, J. Vidal (INPA, LACM). COLOM- BIA: Caqueta: PNN Chiribiquete, Puerto Abeja, O. 07°N, 72.43°W, 29, 29.x-12.xi.2000, J. Forero, Malaise trap, CAP-#951 (LACM, UNCB). COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 19, 26.iv-l.v.l989, B. Brown, D. Feener, Malaise trap, treefall gap, CC 100 (LACM), 3 9 , 16.ii-2.iii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/05/20, M/07/022, 19, 16.iii.l993, ALAS, Mal- aise trap M/15/046, 19, 1-I5.iv.l993, ALAS, Mal- aise trap M/06/069, 49, 15.iv-l.v.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/09/088, M/10/089, M/14/093, M/ 15/094, 59, 19.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/05/ 100, M/07/101, M/09/103, M/ll/105, 29, 2.V1.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/15/121, 49, 15.vi-l.vii.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/04/139, M/08/142, 19, 14.V111.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/ll/189, 39, 1.1X.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap MI 02/193, M/12/202, M/15/261, 29, 15.xi.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/244, 19, 4.X.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/06/235, 19, 15.iii.l996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/599, 19, 15.iv.l996, ALAS, Malaise trap M/07/620, 19, 3.iv.2000, ALAS, Malaise trap M/19/745 (INBC, LACM, MCZC, NHRS, SEMC), 1 9 , iv-v.l995, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (MUCR); Limon: 4 km NE Bribri, 9.63°N, 82.82°W, 49, xii.1989-iii.1990, 19, iv- vi.l990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 50 m (LACM), 7 km SW Bribri, 9.58°N, 82.88°W, 2 9 , ix-xi.l989, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM); Puntarenas: 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.40°W, 19, xii.1990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (LACM), 3 km SW Rincon, 8.68°N, 83.48°W, 29, iii- iv.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM, USNM); San Jose: Ciudad Colon, 9.92°N, 84.25°W, 19, ii.l990, 3 9, iii-iv.l990, 19, iv- 32 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 V.1990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 800 m (LACM), Zurqui de Moravia, 10.05°N, 84.05°W, 19, V.1994, 19, viii.1995, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 1600 m (LACM). ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Sacha Lodge, 0.5°S, 76.5°W, 19, 13-23.vi.l994, P. Hibbs, Malaise trap, 270 m (LACM). PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 9.15°N, 79.85°W, 19, 24-31.111.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #935 (LACM); San Bias: Nusagandi Reserve, 9.33°N, 79.0°W, 29, 16-23.iv.l994, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #2862 (LACM, MIUP). Apocephalus fusciapex new species (Fig. 68) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the color of flagellomere 1, the dark gray venter of the abdomen and the slightly down-turned apex of the ovipositor. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.38-1.5 mm. Erons dark brown. Erontal ratio 1.16. Elagellomere 1 orange basally, with dark anterior apex, oval, api- cally pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum brown. Scutellum dark brown. An- terior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and three times thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron brown. Mean costal ratio 0.5. Halter dark brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior dark spot, but with posterior dark spot. Abdominal tergites dark brown, tergite 6 yellow anteriorly. Venter of ab- domen gray. Venter of abdominal segments 1-4 bare; segment 5 with one pair of setae; segment 6 with short lateral sclerite and three long, thick setae on each side. Ovipositor lightly sclerotized, with clear transverse line at apical one-third; broadly pointed at apex and slightly downturned. Ventral apex narrower and longer than dorsal apex. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Amazonian Brazil. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for dark tipped, referring to the color of flagellomere 1 of the antennae. HOLOTYPE. 9, BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 6-17.vii.1992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola 18-20 m (INPA). PARATYPES. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Re- serva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 29, 6-17.vii.1992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola 10 m (INPA, LACM). Apocephalus horridus Borgmeier (Figs. 69-71, 87) Apocephalus horridus Borgmeier, 1963:181-182, fig. 171. Neodohrniphora arnaudi Borgmeier, 1966:140- 141, figs. 107-109. Brown, 1988:313-314, fig. 131. Synonymized by Brown, 1997:4. Borgmeieria arnaudi Prado, 1976:582, figs. 52-53. HOLOTYPE. 9, USA: California: Marin Co., Mill Valley, 10.ix.l948, H.B. Leech (examined; CASC) [LACM ENT 126024]. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-groxxp REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the extremely long, thick ventral setae on segment 6, as well as the structure of the head and ovipos- itor (especially the ventral, hook-shaped sclerites; Fig. 70). Its identification relative to other North American species is discussed under A. aquilonius, above. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.6-2.23 mm. Erons dark brown. Frontal ratio 0.94 (Fig. 87). Fla- gellomere 1 dark brown, slightly lighter than Irons, pyriform. Supra-antennal setae absent to one pair of distinct supra-antennal setae present. Palpus or- ange to yellowish-brown. Scutum brown. Scutellum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Poste- rior pair of scutellar setae three times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron light brown. Mean costal ratio 0.45. Halter light brown, brown anteroapically. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergites dark brown. Specimens from Arizona with tergites light brown, laterally blackish; tergites 2-3 dark poste- riorly. Venter of abdomen gray to brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with large, square sternite, with long, thick posterior se- tae. Ovipositor lightly sclerotized with darker pos- teromedial region, dorsally with two long setae (Fig. 69). Venter of ovipositor with pair of conver- gent hook-shaped sclerites. Basal sclerite semicir- cular. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Western North America. HOST. This species has been reared from work- ers of Carnponotus vicinus (Mark Mankowski, Oregon State University, personal communication). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. CANADA: British Columbia: N shore Shuswap Lake, 50°59'N, 119°06'W, Id, 1 9 , 22-31.viii.1987, J.E. O’Hara, Malaise trap, 400 m (LACM). USA: Ari- zona: Cochise Co., 5 mi. E Highway 81 on FSR 42, 31.97°N, 109.32°W, Id, 6-8.viii.1989, D. Pollock, Malaise trap (LACM), Basin Trail, 31.89°N, 109.23°W, 9d, 19, 7-10.vi.l986, B. Brown, Mal- aise trap. Id, 8-10.vii.1987, B. Brown, T. Spanton, yellow pans. Id, 12-14.viii.1999, B. Brown, G. Kung, Malaise trap #1, 1950 m (LACM), 5 mi. SW Portal, Southwest Research Station, Id, 10. vi. 1965, V. Roth, Malaise trap (LACM), 3d, 23.v-5.vi.1967, C. Sabrosky, Malaise trap (USNM), 26 km W Portal, Barfoot Park, Id, 7- 10. vi.l986, B. Brown, T. Spanton, Malaise trap, 8400 ft. (LACM), Santa Cruz Co., Upper White Rock Campground, Pena Blanca Lake, 31.39°N, 111.08°W, 19, 12-16.viii.1993, B. Brown, pan traps, 19, 14.viii.l993, B. Brown, blacklight trap, 1 9 , 18.ix.l997, B. Brown, G. Kung, J. Paldi, black- light trap (LACM), Walker Canyon, Id, 11. viii.l989, D. Pollock, blacklight trap (LACM); California: Los Angeles Co., Walker Ranch, Placer- ita Canyon, 34.38°N, 118.44°W, 3d, 19, 8- 17.ix.l998, 29, 2-16.X.1998, 19, 16-28.X.1998, Id, 19, 28.x-18.xi.1998, Id, 19, 24.V.1999, B. Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown, L Swift, Malaise trap (LACM), Marin Co., Alpine Lake, IcJ, 7.vii.l970, D.D. Monroe, Mal- aise trap (CNCI), Santa Barbara Co., Sedgewick Ranch, 34.72°N, 120.03°W, 2c3, 1 9 , 9-16.iv.l997, E. and M. Schlinger, Malaise trap, 1200 m (LACM), Tuolumne Co., 1.5 km E Tuolumne, 1<3, 15-26.vi.l986, T.G. Spanton, EIT, oak foothill for- est, 750 m (LACM), 13 km NE Twain Hart, IS, 29, 15-26.vi.l986, B. Brown, T. Spanton, FIT, montane forest, 1950 m (LACM); Colorado: Jef- ferson Co., T15 R70W Sec. 31, 39.91°N, 105.26°W, IS, 19, 26~28.vii.1994, V. Scott (LACM); New Mexico: Catron Co., 2.4 km W Luna, 5(5, 39, 7-8.vii.1987, B.V. Brown, yellow pans, 3(5, 1$, 7-8.vii.1987, T. Spanton, FIT, oak/ pine/juniper, 2300 m (LACM); Oregon: Baker Co., 36 mi. SE Union, IS, 29.vi-5.vii. 1975, E.J. Davis, Malaise trap baited with CO2 (WSUC), Josephine Co., 10 mi. N Grants Pass, 1<5, 19, 3.vi- l.vii.l986, B. Brown, T. Spanton, FIT, oak/pine (LACM); Texas: Kerr Co., Kerrville, 1 9, l.iv.l955, W.W. Wirth (USNM); Utah: Cache Co., Green Canyon, 19, 13-18. viii. 1967, W.J. Hanson (EMUS); Washington: Ferry Co., 9 mi. S Republic, Sanpoil River, IS, 23.vii.1975, W.J. Turner, Mal- aise trap with dry ice (WSUC). Apocephalus inaffectus new species (Figs. 72, 91) REMARKS. This small species is recognized by the ventrally bare abdominal segments 1-5 and the structure of the ovipositor (Fig. 72). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.5 mm. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.25. Flagellomere 1 yellow, oval, apically pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum yellow. Scutellum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Pleuron light brown. Mean costal ratio 0.51. Halter dark brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur with small, brown anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergite 1 dark brown, yellowish-brown me- dially; tergites 2-4 yellowish-brown medially in an- terior half; posterior half dark brown; tergites 5-6 dark brown; anterior margin yellowish-brown. Venter of abdomen whitish, segment 6 dark brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with short lateral sclerite with four large setae on each side (Fig. 91). Ovipositor elongate. Dorsal apex broadly rounded, with one medium-sized pos- terolateral seta. Dorsal sclerotization even on basal one-half, with clear area at midlength, and trian- gular, evenly sclerotized posterior region. Ventral apex elongate, bluntly pointed, slightly longer than dorsal apex. Basal sclerite semicircular, extremely broad. Ovipositor with one long ventrolateral seta. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Costa Rica. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for simple, referring to the plain ap- pearance of the ovipositor. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 33 HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 18.V.1993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/09/103 (INBC) [INBIOCRI002273559]. Apocephalus lanceatus Borgmeier (Fig. 73) Apocephalus lanceatus Borgmeier, 1925:195-196, figs. 24-25. TYPES. 22 syntype 9 , BRAZIL: Parana: Rio Ne- gro, 24.i.l924, over Camponotus rufipes (exam- ined; MZSP). REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the bright yellow flagellomere 1, lack of supra-an- tennal setae, and the distinctive setation of the dor- sum of the ovipositor (Fig. 73). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.5-1. 8 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.11. Flagellomere 1 yel- low, oval, apically pointed. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum light brown. Scutel- lum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae slightly thicker and longer than posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.52. Halter blackish-brown. Apex of hind femur with anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergite 1 yellow, dark posterolaterally; tergite 2 yellow, dark later- ally and with mediolateral macula; tergites 3-5 dark brown; tergite 6 anteriorly yellow and poste- riorly dark brown. Venter of abdomen yellow. Ven- ter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segments 4 and 5 with scattered long setae; segment 6 with posterior row of long setae. Ovipositor expanded slightly at midlength, rounded apex. Dorsum of ovipositor with small group of lateral setae at api- cal one-third. Venter of ovipositor converging to blunt point, with pair of small triangular darken- ings. Basal sclerite short, with anterior pair of tri- angular sclerites. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in southeastern Brazil. HOST. The types were collected at a nest of Camponotus rufipes. Apocephalus latiapex new species (Fig. 74) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the broad apical one-third of the ovipositor (Fig. 74). Unlike the similar A. euryterminus, the ventral apex of the ovipositor of A. latiapex is pointed. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.25-1.35 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.25. Flagellomere 1 light brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus light brown. Scutum light brown. Scutellum brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Poste- rior pair of scutellar setae one and one-half times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.49. Halter 34 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 brown, yellowish- brown anteriorly and posteriorly; tergites 2-3 brown, with anterior half and posterior margin light brown; tergites 4-5 brown, slightly lighter me- dially, anterior and posterior margins light brown; tergite 6 with anterior half light brown, posterior half dark brown. Venter of abdomen light brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with lateral sclerites, each bearing four to five long, thick setae. Ovipositor elongate, constricted at mid- length, expanded posteriorly. Dorsal apex broadly pointed, with three long mediolateral setae. Dorsal sclerotization of basal portion even, posteriorly with dark transverse band. Ventral apex broad, bluntly pointed, slightly longer than dorsal apex. Basal sclerite short, broad. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica and Brazil. DERIVATION OE SPECIEIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for broad tip, referring to the shape of the apex of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. $, COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 15.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/09/072 (INBC) [INBIOCRI002272651]. PARATYPES. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Re- serva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 19, 6-17.vii.1992, J. Vidal (LACM). COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 19, 1.111.1994, ALAS, Malaise trap M/10/368 (LACM). Apocephalus medius new species (Fig. 75) REMARKS. This species is extremely similar to A. platycauda new species (Fig. 76), a species with which it frequently co-occurs. In A. medius, the ovi- positor has a narrower dorsal sclerotization, and the ventral apex is much narrower (Fig. 75). Also, flagellomere 1 is light brown, slightly smaller, and less flattened. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.75-2.95 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.28. Flagellomere 1 light brown, elongate. One to two pairs of dis- tinct supra-antennal setae present. Palpus light brown. Scutum light brown. Scutellum blackish- brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae about equal length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish- brown. Mean costal ratio 0.55. Halter blackish- brown, with narrow light brown marking. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot. Tergites 1-2 blackish-brown, lighter anteriorly, posteriorly, and medially; tergite 3 light brown to brown, blackish-brown laterally; tergites 4-5 blackish-brown, with or without lightening anteri- orly, posteriorly, or medially; tergite 6 light brown anteriorly, dark brown posteriorly. Venter of ab- domen yellowish-brown anteriorly, grayish-brown posteriorly. Venter of abdominal segments 1-2 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-gcoup bare; segments 3-5 with one to two pairs of long, black setae (setae sometimes not in pairs); segment 6 with row of longer, thicker setae. Ovipositor elon- gate, broadly rounded at apex, with few, relatively short setae posterolaterally. Dorsally with light bas- al sclerotization, round clear area at apical one- third, and medial darkenings at apex. Dorsoapical one-third of ovipositor with raised median ridge (sometimes difficult to see). Ventral apex elongate, bluntly pointed; much longer than dorsal apex. Basal sclerite short, broad. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica to Amazonian Brazil. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for middle, referring to the median ridge of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.40°W, vii- ix.l990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 013088]. PARATYPES. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Estiro do Equador, 4.47°S, 71.50°W, 19, x.l979, M. Alvar- enga (MZSP); Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 29, 8-15.iv.l992, 3 9, 6-17.vii.1992, J. Vidal (INPA, LACM), 60 km N Manaus, Reserva Campina, 2.67°S, 60.02°W, 19, 8-19.vi.l992, J. Vidal (INPA, LACM); Roraima: Ilha de Maraca, 3.37°N, 61.43°W, 1 9 , 2-13.V.1987, J. Rafael, Mal- aise trap (LACM). COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Sel- va Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 19, 14.xii.l995, ALAS, Malaise trap M/02/520 (INBC); Puntarenas: Cerro Rincon, 8.52°N, 83.47°W, 19, iii.1991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 745 m (LACM), Coopemarti, 8.63°N, 83.47°W, 19, ii.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 30 m (LACM). PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 9.15°N, 79.85°W, 6 9, 19.X.1984, D.H. Fee- ner, #810, over Camponotus abdominalis (AMNH, LACM, USNM), 49, 7~14.vii.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #974, 19, 28.vii-4.viii.1993, J. Pick- ering, Malaise trap #991, 19, 4-11. viii. 1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #1668, 19, 11-18.V.1994, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #2424, 19, 14- 21. viii. 1996, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #6782 (LACM, MIUP). Apocephalus platycauda new species (Fig. 76) REMARKS. This species is extremely similar to A. medius (Fig. 75) but has a broader apical scler- otization and ventral apex of the ovipositor (Fig. 76). Flagellomere 1 is larger and flatter, ranging in color from bright yellow to light brown. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.95-2.6 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.09. Flagellomere 1 yellow to light brown, elongate. One pair of dis- tinct supra-antennal setae present. Palpus light brown. Scutum light brown. Scutellum brown to dark brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae about equal length and thickness of posterior setae of scu- tum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae about two and Contributions in Science, Number 496 one-half times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.55. Halter blackish-brown. Apex of hind femur with- out anterior dark spot, posterior dark spot may be present or absent. Tergite 1 blackish-brown, light brown anteriorly, posteriorly, and medially; tergites 2-3 light brown, blackish-brown laterally; tergites 4-5 blackish-brown, light brown anteriorly, poste- riorly, and medially; tergite 6 with anterior half light brown, posterior half dark brown. Venter of abdomen yellowish-brown; segment 6 brown to blackish-brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1 and 2 bare; segments 3-4 with one pair of setae; segment 5 with one pair of setae; segment 6 with row of longer, thicker setae. Ovipositor elongate, broadly rounded at dorsal apex; with relatively short, posterolateral setae, and group of small setae slightly below midlength. Dorsal sclerotization in- terrupted by curved line of desclerotization poste- riorly; with median and lateral darkened areas. Ventral apex longer than dorsal apex, bluntly pointed. Basal sclerite broad, short. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica to Ecuador. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is from a Greek word for broad, platys, and a Latin word for tail, cauda, referring to the shape of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. ?, COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: 3 km SW Rincon, 8.68°N, 83.48°W, iii-v.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (LACM) [LACM ENT 034790]. PARATYPES. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: 5 km W San Ramon, 10.06°N, 84.05°W, 2$, i.l997, O. Castro, Malaise trap, 1200 m (LACM); Puntaren- as: 10 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.75°N, 83.30°W, 2?, iii-v.l989, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM), 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.40°W, 3$, iii-iv.l989, 4?, x.l990, 27, xii.1990, 1$, iv- V.1991, 4$, i.l992, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 200 m (INBC, LACM, MCZC, MUCR, NHRS, SEMC, USNM), 3 km SW Rincon, 8.68°N, 83.48°W, 2?, vi-viii.l989, 75, iii-v.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 10 m (INBC, LACM, MUCR). ECUADOR: Pichincha: 17 km E Santo Domingo, Tinalandia, 19, 16-13. V.1987, B.V. Brown, clubhouse win- dows, 710 m (LACM). PANAMA: Canal Zone: Barro Colorado Island, 9.17°N, 79.83°W, 19, 3- 10.iii.l993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #932, 10 9, l-7.iv.l993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #936, 29, 7-14. vii. 1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #974, 1 9 , 28.vii-4.viii. 1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #991 (LACM, MIUP). Apocephalus radiatus new species (Figs. 77, 92) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the structure of the ovipositor (Fig. 77) and the dis- tinctive ventral setation of abdominal segment 6 (Fig. 92). DESCRIPTION. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.1. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 35 Flagellomere 1 yellowish-brown, oval. Supra-an- tennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scu- tum yellowish-brown. Scutellum light brown. An- terior pair of scutellar setae about equal length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae three times length and thick- ness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown. Mean costal ratio 0.5. Halter brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur without an- terior dark spot, but with small posterior dark spot. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with small, round, lateral sclerite with two medi- um-sized setae and several anterior setulae. Ovi- positor elongate, slightly expanded posteriorly. Dorsal apex broadly rounded, with one long pos- terolateral seta. Dorsal sclerotization light, relative- ly even, except lateromedial darkenings. Ventral apex elongate, broadly pointed, longer than dorsal apex. Basal sclerite broad, semicircular. Ovipositor with relatively short ventrolateral seta. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Costa Rica. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for shining, referring to the fact that this species was collected at a light. HOLOTYPE. 9, COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, ll.xii.l997, ALAS, light L/00/262 (INBC) [INBI- OCRI002274905]. Apocephalus rotundus new species (Fig. 78) REMARKS. This small species can be recognized by the distinctively shaped ovipositor with its api- colateral groups of closely placed setae (Fig. 78). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1 mm. Frons dark brown. Frontal ratio 1.29. Flagellomere 1 yellow, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum yellowish-brown. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae slightly thicker and longer than posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae about two and one-half times length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron light brown. Mean costal ratio 0.48. Halter dark brown, with narrow yellow marking. Apex of hind femur with small, brown anterior and posterior dark spots. Tergite 1 yellow, dark posterolaterally; ter- gite 2 yellow, dark laterally and with mediolateral macula; tergites 3-5 dark brown, lighter antero- medially; tergite 6 anteriorly yellow and posteriorly dark brown. Tergites 2-5 with isolated long, lateral seta. Venter of abdomen gray. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with lateral groups of three stout setae arising from small sclerite. Ovi- positor hourglass-shaped, broadly rounded at apex, with apicolateral groups of closely placed setae and apicomedial sclerotization. Ventral apex of ovipos- itor narrow, pointed. Basal sclerite rounded, ex- tremely broad (similar to that of A. radiatus, above). 36 I Contributions in Science, Number 496 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Amazonian Brazil. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET The name is Latin for round, referring to the shape of the apex of the ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. $, BRAZIL: Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 8-15.iv.l992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola 1-B-lO m (INPA) [LACM ENT 008187). Apocephalus setimargo Borgmeier (Figs. 79, 90) Apocephalus setimargo Borgmeier, 1971:112-113, fig. 153. HOLOTYPE. 9, BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, F.Plaumann (examined; MZSP) [LACM ENT 037944]. REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the long dorsal and ventrolateral setae of the ovi- positor (Fig. 79) and the isolated, large lateral setae of the tergites (Fig. 90). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.8 mm. Frons yel- low. Frontal ratio 1.21. Flagellomere 1 yellow, pyr- iform. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellow. Scutum yellow. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae equal in size to posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae three times length and twice thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellow. Mean costal ratio 0.5. Halter light brown. Apex of hind femur without anterior dark spot, but with small posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 yellow, dark posterolaterally; tergite 2 yellow, dark laterally and with mediolateral macula; tergites 3- 5 dark brown, medially yellow; tergite 6 anteriorly yellow and posteriorly dark brown. Tergites 2-5 with long, isolated seta laterally. Venter of abdo- men yellow. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with two lateral sclerites, each bearing 3-4 long setae. Ovipositor apically pointed with few short and one long seta. Venter of ovi- positor with long lateral seta at apical one-third. Basal sclerite short. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in southeastern Brazil. Apocephalus sincerus new species (Fig. 80) REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the relatively evenly sclerotized dorsum of the ovi- positor, which lacks darkly sclerotized areas (Fig. 80). DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.3 mm. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.41. Flagellomere 1 pale yel- low, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yel- low. Scutum yellow. Scutellum light brown. Ante- rior pair of scutellar setae about equal length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scutellar setae twice length and thickness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellow. Mean costal ratio 0.5. Halter dark brown, with narrow yellow marking. Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-gmup Apex of hind femur without anterior dark spot, but with small posterior dark spot. Tergites yellow with brown lateral spots. Venter of abdomen yellow. Venter of abdominal segments 1-3 bare; segments 4 and 5 with single pair of widely separated setae; segment 6 with lateral pair of two setae and with large, lightly sclerotized sternite. Ovipositor elon- gate, lightly sclerotized, and unmarked dorsally. Venter of ovipositor with apex pointed, extended past dorsal apex. Basal sclerite diamond-shaped with long anterior process. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Known from a single site in Amazonian Brazil. DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC EPITHET. The name is Latin for pure, a reference to the relatively plain ovipositor. HOLOTYPE. 9 , BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 3.13°S, 60.02°W, 6-17.vii.1992, J. Vidal, Arm. Cola, lB-20 m (INPA) [LACM ENT 008395]. Apocephalus vicinus Borgmeier (Fig. 81) Apocephalus vicinus Borgmeier, 1925:188-189, fig. 20. Apocephalus Sagittarius Borgmeier, 1971:109-110, fig. 140, new synonymy. TYPES. A. vicinus, BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Pe- tropolis, 4 9 syntypes, 10. ii, 7.iv, 14.v, 25.V.1923, B. Ronchi (examined; MZSP, MCZC). Apocephalus Sagittarius, BRAZIL: Santa Catari- na: Nova Teutonia, 2 9 (holotype and paratype), F. Plaumann (examined; MZSP). REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the relatively small ventral setae on abdominal seg- ment 6, as well as the structure of the ovipositor, especially the presence of four larger dorsal setae at the apical one-third (Fig. 81). In his key to Apocephalus species, Borgmeier (1971) separated his newly described A. Sagittarius from A. vicinus by “frons brown; costa 0.54” (A. vicinus) versus “frons yellow; costa 0.50” (A. Sag- ittarius). These characters vary among specimens, however, and examination of type material of both species shows that they are conspecific. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.94-2.47 mm. Frons brown. Frontal ratio 1.46. Flagellomere 1 light brown, round. One pair of distinct supra-an- tennal setae present. Palpus light brown. Scutum light brown. Scutellum light brown. Anterior pair of scutellar setae about equal length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior pair of scu- tellar setae three times length and thickness of an- terior pair. Pleuron light brown. Mean costal ratio 0.54. Halter brown, with narrow yellow marking. Fore and midcoxae of some specimens (e.g., LACM ENT 009054) with long (approximately as long as coxa), dense setae. Apex of hind femur with small, brown, anterior darkening; without posterior dark spot. Tergite 1 light brown; tergite 2 blackish- brown, light brown in anterior quarter, posteriorly. Contributions in Science, Number 496 and medially; tergites 3-4 blackish-brown, anterior and posterior margins light brown, with or without lightening medially; tergite 5 light brown, blackish- brown laterally, with or without lightening medi- ally; tergite 6 light brown, with or without light- ening anteriorly. Venter of abdomen yellowish- brown, darkening posteriorly. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with posterior row of long, thin setae. Ovipositor constricted slightly below midlength, pointed apically. Dorsum of ovi- positor with lateral pair of medium-sized setae at apical one-third and several smaller, more apical se- tae. Ventral apex of ovipositor pointed. Basal scler- ite short, broad, poorly defined. VARIATION. Among the material of this species there are specimens of two morphological groups, with both groups co-occurring at Ciudad Colon, Costa Rica and Sacha Lodge, Ecuador. The first group, including the type material of A. vicinus and A. Sagittarius, has short, regular setae on the fore and midcoxae, whereas the second group has long (about as long as the coxae), dense setae on the same segments. In other characters, the specimens are relatively uniform, so I treat them all as one species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica to southeastern Brazil. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. COSTA RICA: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station, 10.43°N, 84.02°W, 19, 15.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap M/06/69 (INBC); Limon: 4 km NE Bribri, 9.63°N, 82.82°W, 29, xii.1989-iii.1990, P. Han- son, Malaise trap, 50 m (LACM); Puntarenas: Coo- pemarti, 8.63°N, 83.47°W, 1 9, ii.l991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 30 m (LACM), 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 8.77°N, 83.4°W, 1 9, xii.1991, P. Hanson, Malaise trap (LACM); San JosC Ciudad Colon, 9.92°N, 84.25°W, 29, ii.l990, 3 9, iii-iv.l990, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 800 m (LACM, MUCR). ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Sacha Lodge, 0.5°S, 75.5°W, 19, 23.vi-3.vh.1994, P. Hibbs, Malaise trap, 270 m (LACM). Apocephalus wirthi Borgmeier (Pigs. 82-84, 88) Apocephalus wirthi Borgmeier, 1963:170-171, fig. 177. HOLOTYPE. 9, USA: Virginia: Palls Church, Holmes Run, 25.vi.1960, W.W. Wirth, light trap (examined; USNM) [LACM ENT 028309]. REMARKS. This species can be recognized by the dorsolateral pair of thick setae on the dorsum of the ovipositor (Pigs. 82, 84). Its recognition rel- ative to other North American species is discussed under A. aquilonius. DESCRIPTION. Body length 1.6-1. 8 mm. Prons dark brown. Prontal ratio 1.42. Plagellomere 1 brown, oval. Supra-antennal setae absent. Palpus yellowish-brown. Scutum yellowish-brown to brown. Scutellum yellowish-brown to brown. An- terior pair of scutellar setae about equal length and thickness of posterior setae of scutum. Posterior Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■37 pair of scutellar setae three times length and thick- ness of anterior pair. Pleuron yellowish-brown to brown. Mean costal ratio 0.48. Halter yellow. Apex of hind femur without anterior or posterior dark spot, but hind femur slightly darker poster- oapically. Tergite 1 dark brown, medially short- ened; tergites 2-3 dark brown; tergites 4-5 dark brown, light brown medially, tergite 6 dark brown, slightly lighter in anterior half. Venter of abdomen grayish-brown. Venter of abdominal segments 1-5 bare; segment 6 with broad sclerite and posterior row of long, thick setae that increase in size later- ally. Ovipositor broadly triangular, with lateral pair of short, thick setae at apical one-third. Venter of ovipositor with pair of convergent hook-shaped sclerites. Basal sclerite semicircular (Fig. 83), ex- tended posteriorly nearly as far as apex of ovipos- itor (Fig. 84). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Eastern North America to Arizona. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. USA: Ari- zona: Cochise Co., 12.5 km S Sierra Vista, Ramsey Canyon, 19, 22-29. x.1986, 1 9 , 26.xi-3.xii.1986, B. Brown, Malaise trap, 1700 m, oak/pine/juniper (LACM); Florida: Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Station, 19, 12-18.xii.1985, B. Brown, S. Marshall, FIT, scrub forest (LACM); Georgia: Clarke Co., Athens, 33.90°N, 83.27°W, 12- 19.viii.l992, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #164 (LACM); Maryland: Prince George’s Co., Camp Springs, 19, 9.vi.l979, 29, 3.vii.l979, 3c3, 29, 14.vi.l980, G.E Hevel, at blacklight (USNM); Vir- ginia: Falls Church, Holmes Run, Id, ll.viii.l960, W.W. Wirth, light trap (USNM). KEY TO FEMALES Key to Subgroups of the Apocephalus pergandei-group 1 Abdominal segment 6 with large, broad (over one-half width of segment, but often extending across entire segment), often posteriorly round- ed, ventral sclerite (Note: the ventral sclerite can be light colored and sometimes difficult to see but can be detected by the smooth, unwrinkled surface relative to the surrounding membrane); segment 5 often with ventral sclerite; major con- striction of abdomen posterior to segment 4; lat- eral corner of tergites 5-6 of many species with extremely long, thick setae; ovipositor various (Figs. 4-11, 19-43), but often with dorsal sculp- turing (A. pergandei-subgroup) 2 - Abdominal segment 6 with, at most, small round or narrow sclerites; segment 5 usually without ventral sclerites; constriction of abdomen poste- rior to segment 5; setae of tergites 5-6 short, not large and bristlelike; ovipositor various (Figs. 44-84) A. lanceatus-suhgroup 2 Venter of ovipositor with broad, laterally pointed apex; dorsal median and lateral carina present on ovipositor (Fig. 30); venter of abdominal seg- ments 4-6 with large tergites and long, dense. 38 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 thin setae (Fig. 17); posterolateral corner of ter- gites 5-6 with large, thick, bristlelike setae .... . . A. reburms new species [Colombia, Venezuela] - Without this combination of characters, al- though some of these states are found in other species 3 3 Venter (and usually lateral regions) of abdominal segments 4-6 with long, often dense scattered se- tae (Figs. 12-16) A. hispidHS-series - Venter of abdomen with short setae, setae con- fined to the posterior margin of segments, or with setae confined to fewer segments A. pergandei-series Key to Apocephalus hispidus-SQxiQs 1 Venter of abdominal segment 6 with forked, posteriorly directed process originating at anterior portion of segment (Fig. 15); ventral apex of ovipositor much longer than dorsal (Fig. 9) . . . A. aculeatus Borgmeier [Brazil] Ventral process, if present, not forked; ventral apex of ovipositor not as in Fig. 9 2 2 Ventral apex of ovipositor broadly produced with lateral pointed apices (Fig. 10); venter of abdominal segment 6 with short, blunt se- tae (Fig. 16) A. hystricosus new species [Costa Rica; Panama] - Ventral apex of ovipositor of different form; venter of abdominal segment 6 with longer, thicker setae 3 3 (2) Ovipositor concave dorsally, without dark medial area flanked by clear, membranous sections (Fig. 11) A. vangus new species [Costa Rica] Ovipositor not concave dorsally; in dorsal view, with dark medial area flanked by large, clear, membranous sections (Figs. 4-6) 4 4 (3) Ovipositor with apical, forked process (Fig. 8) .... A. hippurus new species [Ecuador] Ovipositor without such a process 5 5 (4) Venter of ovipositor lacking long anterov- entral process; ovipositor relatively broad, short (Fig. 4) A. amplexus new species [Costa Rica] - Venter of ovipositor with long, thin, anter- oventral process (Fig. 7); ovipositor narrow- er, longer (Figs. 5-6) 6 6 (5) Medial section of ovipositor relatively nar- row (Fig. 6); anteroventral process of ab- dominal segment 6 blunt, not recurved (Fig. 14) Apocephalus hispidus Borgmeier [Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama] - Medial section of ovipositor broader (Fig. 5); anteroventral process of abdominal segment 6 pointed, anteriorly recurved (Fig. 13) . . . A. frameatus new species [southeastern USA] Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group Key to Apocephalus pergandei-series 1 Ovipositor strongly downturned in lateral view; apex strongly upturned (Fig. 28) . . A. camponoti Borgmeier [Brazil] - Ovipositor straight in lateral view ... 2 2 (1) Dorsum of ovipositor, at most, with smooth median carina or with median groove (Figs. 19-29) 3 Dorsum of ovipositor with abrupt, medial, longitudinal carina (Figs. 30-43) ... 11 3 (2) Ovipositor with expansion at midlength, more distal narrowing, and equal or great- er expansion at apex (Figs. 25-26) ... 4 Ovipositor, if expanded at midlength, nar- rower at apex (Figs. 19-24, 29) 5 4 (3) Posterior expansion of ovipositor broader than anterior expansion (Fig. 26) .... A. disparicauda Borgmeier [eastern North America] Posterior expansion of ovipositor sube- qual in breadth to anterior expansion (Fig. 25) A. coquilletti Malloch [eastern North America] 5 (3) Ovipositor long, narrow, parallel-sided, without prominent expansion (Fig. 19) . . A. collatus new species [Costa Rica] Ovipositor expanded somewhere along length (Figs. 20-24, 29) 6 6 (5) Ovipositor short, truncate, broadest at apex .... A. concisus new species [USA] - Ovipositor longer, broadest anterior to apex (Figs. 21-24, 29) 7 7 (6) Apical one-half of ovipositor extremely narrow, parallel-sided (Fig. 29) A. crucicauda Borgmeier [Brazil] - Apical one-half of ovipositor much less narrowed, tapering or expanded (Figs. 21- 24) 8 8 (7) Ovipositor at midlength with broad, lat- eral, dorsally curved flaps (Fig. 23) . . A. staurotus new species [Guyana, Peru] - Lateral expansions of ovipositor of differ- ent form (Figs. 21, 22, 24) 9 9 (8) Apical one-third of ovipositor curved ven- trally and with prominent black lateral margins (Fig. 21) A. cyathus new species [Mexico-Brazil] - Apical one-third of ovipositor not curved ventrally and without prominent black lat- eral margins 10 10 (9) Ovipositor with large, rounded central sclerite (Fig. 22) A. glomerosus new species [USA] - Ovipositor of different form, without a large, separate central sclerite (Fig. 24) . . A. planus new species [Brazil] 11 (2) Ventral sclerite of ovipositor markedly produced dorsolaterally, clearly forming lateral surface of ovipositor at midlength (Fig. 42B,C) 12 Contributions in Science, Number 496 Ventral sclerite only slightly upturned, ex- cept at apex in some species; at least half of visible lateral surface of ovipositor formed by ventrolateral projection of dor- sal sclerite (Fig. 42A) 17 12 (11) In lateral view, dorsolateral expansion of ventral sclerite abruptly thickened at mid- point of ovipositor (Fig. 42B), producing curved interruption of lateral margin in dorsal view (Figs. 35, 37) 13 - In lateral view, dorsolateral expansion of ventral sclerite not thickened abruptly; in- stead, smoothly continuous along length or expanded past midlength (Figs. 42C, 31, 32, 34, 36) 14 13 (12) Ovipositor narrowing toward apex (Fig. 35) A. cuneatus Borgmeier [Brazil, Costa Rica] - Ovipositor broadly expanded until apical one-third (Fig. 37) .... A. opimus new species [Costa Rica] 14 (12) Ovipositor expanded be[ow midlength (Fig. 34) A. bulbosus new species [Costa Rica, Ecuador] Ovipositor expanded more basahy (Figs. 31, 32, 36) 15 15 (14) Apex of dorsal lobe of ovipositor expand- ed, rounded, subequal in breadth to base (Fig. 31); flagellomere 1 light brown . . . . A. aequalis new species [Costa Rica; Panama] Apex of dorsa] lobe narrower than base (Figs. 32, 36); flagellomere 1 bright yellow 16 16 (15) Ovipositor broadly expanded (Fig. 36); apex of dorsal lobe with distinct black sclerites (Fig. 36, visible only in cleared specimens) . . A. fernandezi new species [Colombia] - Ovipositor narrow (Fig. 32); apex of dor- sal lobe without sclerites A. astrictus new species [Mexico] 17 (11) Lateral margin of lateral expansions great- ly thickened; adjacent membranous area thin, linear (Fig. 41) ... A. sharkeyi new species [Costa Rica] - Lateral margin of lateral expansion not so thickened; adjacent membranous area rounder, broader (Figs. 33, 38-40, 43) . . 18 18 (17) Lateral expansions extremely abrupt; dor- sal apex of ovipositor with pair of diver- gent sclerites (Fig. 33) A. bispinosus Borgmeier [Brazil] - Lateral expansions not so abrupt; dorsal apex of ovipositor without divergent scler- ites (Figs. 38-40, 43) 19 19 (18) Ovipositor dorsally with fine wrinkles; dor- sal lobe greatly expanded in apical half, but narrowed again at apex (Fig. 40) ... A. rugosus new species [Canada, USA] - Ovipositor without dorsal wrinkles; dorsal Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-gxoup ■ 39 lobe not abruptly expanded (Figs. 38, 39, 43) 20 20 (19) Ovipositor narrow; lateral expansions only slightly developed (Fig. 43) A. similis Malloch [southwestern USA] Ovipositor broad; lateral expansions well developed (Figs. 38, 39) A. pergandei Coquillett [North America] Key to Apocephalus lanceatus-suhgroup 1 Dorsal and ventral apex of ovipositor curve dorsally (Fig. 52) 2 Dorsal and ventral apex of ovipositor straight in lateral view or slightly curved ventrally 4 2 (1) Curved portion of apex of ovipositor as long as depth of ovipositor (Fig. 52) .... A. anacurvus new species [Brazil, Costa Rica] - Only tip of ovipositor dorsally curved . . 3 3 (2) Ventral setae of abdominal segments 4-5 long, thick, subequal to those of segment 6; ovipositor with relatively thicker setae near midline (Fig. 53) A. setiventris Borgmeier [Brazil] Ventral setae of abdominal segments 4-5 much shorter than those of segment 6; se- tae near midline of ovipositor thin (Fig. 54) A. velutinus Borgmeier [Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama] 4 (1) Tergite 3 unusually short, straplike (Fig. 89) A. brevitergum new species [Brazil, Costa Rica] - Tergite 3 not short, subequal in length to tergites 4-5 5 5 (4) Ovipositor as in Fig. 67, with two large, lateral setae that are bent at apical one- third to one-quarter; each side of venter of abdominal segment 6 with two (some- times three) ventrolateral setae, the out- ermost of which is slightly thinner A. flexiseta new species [Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama] - Ovipositor with only one large lateral setae or tips of setae not bent; ventral setation of abdominal segment 6 various 6 6 (5) Venter of abdominal segment 5, and usu- ally 3-4, with at least one pair of short setae 7 - Venter of abdominal segments 3-5 bare (occasional specimens have a single seta on one side of segment 5) 16 7 (6) One pair of supra-antennal setae present, distinguished from small setulae of frons 8 Supra-antennal setae absent 12 (Note: Some specimens will be equivo- cal— if a satisfactory answer is not reached, try the other lead in this couplet.) 40 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group 8 (7) Flagellomere 1 brown with white tip, rel- 16 (6) atively small and rounded A. albiapex new species [Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama] Flagellomere colored differently, in some species enlarged, oval, apically pointed . . 17 (16) 9 9 (8) Ovipositor with relatively long posterolat- eral setae; ovipositor ventrally curved at apex (Fig. 68) A. fusciapex new species [Brazil] - Ovipositor with short, inconspicuous lat- eral setae (Figs. 56, 75, 76) 10 10 (9) Ventral setae of segment 6 separated into 18 (17) lateral groups; supra-antennal setae recli- nate A. altus new species [Costa Rica] - Ventral setae of segment 6 in continuous row; supra- antennal setae proclinate ... 11 11 (10) Dorsal apex of ovipositor relatively broad, flat (Fig. 76); ventral apex broad; flagel- lomere 1 bright yellow to light brown, larger and flatter 19 (16) A. platycauda new species [Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama] - Dorsal apex of ovipositor relatively nar- row, with longitudinal ridge (Fig. 75); ven- 20 (19) tral apex relatively narrow; flagellomere 1 brown with lighter colored apex, smaller, less flattened ... A. medius new species [Brazil, Costa Rica, Panama] - 12 (7) Ovipositor dorsolateral pairs of thick, short, preapical setae (Fig. 82); venter of ovipositor 21 (20) with large, shelflike, process of basal sclerite that extends almost as far posteriorly as tip of ovipositor (Fig. 84); ventral setae of seg- ment 6 extremely long 22 (21) A. wirthi Borgmeier [USA] Dorsum of ovipositor with different seta- tion; venter of ovipositor without prominent process; ventrai setae shorter 13 13 (12) Fiagellomere 1 eiongate, pointed (as in Fig. 85), bright yeliow 14 Fiagellomere 1 small, at most slightly 23 (22) elongate or oval, color various 15 14 (13) Ovipositor with long dorsolateral, curved setae (Fig. 58) A. arachnes new species [in part, specimens with ventral setae; Costa Rica] 24 (23) - Ovipositor with shorter, dorsolateral setae (Fig. 73) A. lanceatus Borgmeier [Brazil] 15 (13) Ovipositor lacking prominent lateral setae (Fig. 80); flagellomere 1 uniformly light- colored A. sincerus new species 25 (23) [Brazil] - Ovipositor with two pairs of prominent lateral setae (Fig. 63); flagellomere 1 brown with whitish apex . . A. clarilocus new species [Costa Rica] Cieariy differentiated, bristielike, supra- antennal setae present 17 Supra-antennal setae usually absent; if present, extremely small, similar to frontal setulae 19 Ventral setae of abdominal segment 6 rel- atively thin, subequal to medium-sized se- tae of dorsum of tergite 6 A. vicinus Borgmeier [Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador] Ventral setae of segment 6 enlarged and thick, clearly equal to or larger than larg- est setae on dorsum of tergite 6 .... 18 Supra-antennal setae close together, closer to each other than to ventral interfrontal setae; Irons broad (Fig. 87) A. horridus Borgmeier [western North America] Supra-antennai setae farther apart, closer to ventral interfrontal setae than to each other; frons relatively narrow (Fig. 86) . . A. aquilonius new species [southwestern USA] Venter of all abdominal segments dark gray . . A. cinereus new species [Mexico] At [east some abdomina[ segments yeUow- ish 20 Venter of abdominal segments 5-6 dark gray, in contrast to lighter-colored anterior segments .... A. epicautus new species [Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama] Venter of at least abdominal segment 5 yellowish, like anterior segments ... 21 Forecoxa with apicoventral ctenidia (Fig. 45) A. ctenicoxa new species [Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador] Forecoxa without ctenidia 22 Ovipositor with posterolateral pair of long, thick setae and posterior pair of broad, heavily sclerotized processes that are medially directed at apex (Fig. 61) . . A. carcinus new species [Brazil] Ovipositor without such bizarre modifi- cations 23 Dorsum of ovipositor broadly and abrupt- ly expanded before apex (Figs. 66, 74) . . 24 Dorsum of ovipositor not abruptly ex- panded before apex 25 Ventral apex of ovipositor truncate (Fig. 66) A. euryterminus new species [Costa Rica] Ventral apex of ovipositor broadly point- ed (Fig. 74) ... A. latiapex new species [Brazil, Costa Rica] Ovipositor posteriorly and segment 6 ven- trally with thick, black setae (Fig. 59); those of segment 6 sinuous at midlength .... A. barharus new species [Colombia, Costa Rica] Ovipositor posteriorly without strong se- Contributions in Science, Number 496 tae; venter of segment 6 with straight setae only 26 26 (25) Posterodorsal region of ovipositor raised, with a medial ridge (Fig. 50) . . A. superatus new species [Costa Rica] Posterodorsal region of ovipositor flat . . 27 27 (26) Tergites 2-5 with single long lateral seta (Fig. 90) 28 At least one of tergites 2-5 with more than one large seta 29 28 (27) Dorsal apex of ovipositor with long, lat- eral seta (Fig. 79) A. setimargo Borgmeier [Brazil] - Ovipositor with apical setae bunched to- gether, relatively short (Fig. 78) A. rotundus new species [Brazil] 29 (27) Flagellomere 1 large, oval, apically point- ed and flattened (Fig. 85); large, strikingly marked dark and yellow species; thorax white with broad areas of contrasting dark brown; ovipositor with quadrate or tri- angular black sclerotization at apex; scler- ite with anteriorly directed arms (Figs. 46, 47, 49) 30 Differing from the above description; fla- gellomere 1, if enlarged, inflated at apex; thorax relatively uniformly light brown in color; ovipositor without large black pos- teromedial sclerite with anteriorly directed arms 32 30 (29) Ovipositor with apical sclerite extremely broad; apical setae relatively short, thick (Fig. 49) .... A. ponderosus new species [Panama] Apical sclerite not as broad; setae thinner 31 31 (30) Basal sclerite of venter of ovipositor ex- traordinarily elongate, attaining apex of ovipositor (Fig. 48) A. pluteus new species [Venezuela] - Basal sclerite of venter of ovipositor in- conspicuous, short A. facettalis Borgmeier [Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru] 32 (29) Apex of ovipositor truncate, rectangular (Fig. 64) . . A. commensuratus new species [Ecuador, Peru] Apex of ovipositor more narrowed, tri- angular (Figs. 58, 72, 77) 33 33 (32) Ventral setae on segment 6 curved; oviposi- tor with relatively long setae (Fig. 58) .... ... A. arachnes new species [in part, speci- mens without ventral setae; Costa Rica] - Ventral setae on segment 6 straight; ovi- positor with relatively short setae (Figs. 72, 77) 34 34 (33) Larger species with several relatively long ventral setae on abdominal segment 6 (Fig. 91) A. inaffectus new species [Costa Rica] Smaller species with ventral setae restrict- Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group M 41 ed to ventrolateral pair (Fig. 92) .... ... A. radiatus new species [Costa Rica] BEHAVIOR Females of A. p ergandei-gr oup species have only rarely been collected attacking hosts (records sum- marized in Table 1). Usually these attacks have oc- curred at disturbed nests or at baits placed in the field to attract hosts. On one occasion, we collected females of A. facettalis attacking workers of Cam- ponotus sp. as they were fleeing a raid of the army ant Eciton rapax (see species treatment of A. facet- talis for more details). We have observed that females of all species are strong and extremely fast fliers (also mentioned by Pergande, 1901). They hover over ants, darting down to attempt oviposition, but there is no infor- mation on the location of egg placement. More than one parasitoid species can attack a single host species at a site (e.g., A. pergandei, A. coquilletti, and A. concisus attacking C. pennsylvanicus at a single tuna-baited card at Bennett Springs State Park, Missouri), but there is no information on how or whether they differentially use hosts. Little is known about larval development and be- havior other than Pergande’s (1901) observations on A. pergandei. One adult fly emerged 17 days after decapitating its host. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many of the illustrations in this paper were skillfully pre- pared by Jesse Cantley, others less so by the author. I am grateful to Giar-Ann Kung for extensive assistance with this project, both in the laboratory and in the field. For help with field work in Ecuador, I thank Jesse Cantley, Peter Hibbs, and Jacqueline Roschard; for permission to do research there, I thank the Fundacion Maquipucuna, Fundacion Jatun Sacha, and the Catholic University, es- pecially Dr. Giovanni Onore. For help with field work in Costa Rica, I thank Jesse Cantley, Erik Holscher, and Jill Paldi; for permission to do research there, I thank the Or- ganization for Tropical Studies, the Arthropods of La Sel- va (ALAS) project, and the Instituto Nacional de Biodiv- ersidad, especially Manuel Zumbado. For help obtaining permission to do research in Colombia, I thank Fernando Fernandez and Mike Sharkey. For help obtaining permis- sion to do field work in Peru, I thank the Smithsonian Biodiversity in Latin America program and Dr. Gerardo Lamas. In Guyana I was aided by Carol Kelloff of the Smithsonian Institution’s Biodiversity in the Guyanas pro- ject, Mike Tamessar, Diante Nerine, and Alex and Adriana Mendes. For material from Panama, I thank Diomedes Quintero and John Pickering. I am grateful to Ed Wilk of the Patagonia-Sonoita Na- ture Conservancy Reserve in Arizona and Ian Swift of Pla- cerita Canyon Park in California, who helped operate Malaise traps in their respective reserves. Mark Mankowski of Oregon State University kindly al- lowed me to cite his unpublished observation that A. hor- ridus parasitizes C. viciniis. This research was funded by grants from the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council to B. Brown and G.E. Ball, the Mellon Foundation, the Weiler Foundation (to the Natural History Museum of Los An- 42 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 geles County), the Smithsonian Institution BIOLAT pro- gram, and the National Science Foundation (NSF) grants DEB-9407190 and DEB-0090031 to B. Brown. Colom- bian collections were facilitated by NSF grant DEB- 9972024 to M. Sharkey and B. Brown. NSE grants BSR- 9025024, DEB-9401069, and DEB-9706976 funded the ALAS project; grants DEB-9522581 and DEB-96421221 and the Smithsonian Environmental Sciences Program supported John Pickering. Work in Costa Rica was sup- ported in part by support to INBio by the Biodiversity Resources Development Project, funded by Global Envi- ronmental Eacilities through its implementing agency, the World Bank. LITERATURE CITED Arnett, R. H., G. A. Samuelson, and G. M. Nishida. 1993. The insect and spider collections of the world. Gainesville, Elorida: Sandhill Crane Press, vi -I- 310 pp. Bolton, B. 1995. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Uni- versity Press, 504 pp. Borgmeier, T. 1925. Novos subsidios para o conhecimento da familia Phoridae. Archiuos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 25:85-281. . 1928. Investiga^oes sobre Phorideos myrmeco- philos. Archiuos do Instituto Biologico 1:159-192. . 1958. Neue Beitraege zur Kenntnis der neotro- pischen Phoriden (Diptera, Phoridae). Stadia Ento- mologica 1:305-406. . 1961. Weitere Beitraege zur Kenntnis der neotro- pischen Phoriden, nebst Beschreibung einiger Dohr- niphora-Arten aus der indo-australischen Region (Diptera, Phoridae). Stadia Entoniologica 4:1-112. . 1962. Some new North American species of the dipterous family Phoridae. Revista Brasileira de Biol- ogia 22:65-82. . 1963. Revision of the North American phorid flies. Part I. The Phorinae, Aenigmatiinae and Me- topininae, except Megaselia (Diptera, Phoridae). Sta- dia Entoniologica 6.T-256. . 1966. Revision of the North American phorid flies. Part III. The species of the genus Megaselia, subgenus Megaselia. Stadia Entoniologica 8(1965): 1-160. . 1968. A catalogue of the Phoridae of the world (Diptera, Phoridae). Stadia Entoniologica 11:1-367. . 1969. New or little-known phorid flies, mainly of the Neotropical region. Stadia Entoniologica 12:33- 132. . 1971. Eurther studies on phorid flies, mainly of the Neotropical region (Diptera, Phoridae). Stadia Entoniologica 14:1-172. Brown, B. V. 1988. Additions to the phorid chapter in the “Manual of Nearctic Diptera, volume 2” (Diptera: Phoridae). Canadian Entomologist 120:307-322. . 1992. Generic revision of Phoridae of the Nearctic region and phylogenetic classification of Phoridae, Sciadoceridae and Ironomyiidae (Diptera: Phoridea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 164:1-144. . 1993. Taxonomy and preliminary phylogeny of the parasitic genus Apocephalas, subgenus Meso- phora (Diptera: Phoridae). Systematic Entomology 18:191-230. Brown: Revision of Apocephalas pergandei-group . 1994. Revision and new species of the Apoce- phalas [Mesophora) trancaticercus-'mksigroup (Dip- tera: Phoridae). Contributions in Science 449:1-7. . 1996. Preliminary analysis of a host shift: Revi- sion of the Neotropical species of Apocephalas, sub- genus Mesophora (Diptera: Phoridae). Contributions in Science 462:1-36. . 1997. Revision of the Apocephalas attophilas- group of ant-decapitating flies (Diptera: Phoridae). Contributions in Science 468:1-60. . 2000. Revision of the ''Apocephalas miricauda- group” of ant-parasitizing flies (Diptera: Phoridae). Contributions in Science 482:1-62. Brues, C. T. 1904. A monograph of the North American Phoridae. Transactions of the American Entomolog- ical Society 29(1903):33 1-403. . 1906. Diptera, Eamily Phoridae. In Genera insec- toriini, vol. 44, ed. P. Wytsman, 1-21. Bruxelles: Ver- teneuil and Desmet. . 1950. Eamily Phoridae. In Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VE Diptera, 4th Eascide, 33-85. Hartford: The State of Connecticut. Coquillett, D. W. 1901. Apocephalas Coquillett, nov. gen. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Wash- ington 4:501. Crawford, R. L. 1983. Grid systems for recording speci- men collection localities in North America. System- atic Zoology 32:389-402. Creighton, W. S. 1950. The ants of North America. Bul- letin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har- vard 104:1-585. Disney, R. H. L. 1994. Scuttle flies: The Phoridae. Lon- don: Chapman and Hall, xii -h 467 pp. Eox, W. H. 1888. Note on a new parasite of Camponotas pennsylvanicas. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 1:100-101. Longino, J. T. 1994. How to measure arthropod diversity in a tropical rainforest. Biology International 28:3- 13. Malloch, J. R. 1912. The insects of the dipterous family Phoridae in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 43:411-529. . 1918. Two new North American Phoridae (Dip- tera). Entomological News 29:146-47. McAlpine, J. E. 1981. Morphology and terminology — adults. In Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 1, ed. J. E. McAlpine, B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, and D. M. Wood, 9-63. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada. Pergande, T. 1901. The ant decapitating fly. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 4:497- 502. Peterson, B. V., and W. H. Robinson. 1976. A new North American genus and species of the family Phoridae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist 108:119-21. Prado, A. P. do. 1976. Records and descriptions of phorid flies, mainly of the Neotropical region (Diptera; Phoridae). Stadia Entoniologica 19:561-609. Schmitz, H. 1915. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der myr- mecophilen und termitophilen Phoriden. Wiener En- tomologische Zeitung 34:311-330. Thompson, E. C. 1994. Bar codes for specimen data man- agement. Insect Collection News 9:2-4. Received 29 August 2001; accepted 22 January 2002. Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 43 FIGURES 6 "A. lanceatus-suhgroup A. pergandei-senes A. vangus A. aculeatus > A. hystricosus g- to' A. amplexus TD 1 A. frameatus (h CD' A. hippurus (/) A. hispidus Figure 1 Cladogram of relationships among Apocephalus pergandei-group taxa 10 11 12 13 14 A. collatus A. concisus A. cyathus A. glome rosus A. staurotus A. planus A. coquilletti A. disparicauda A. camponoti A. crucicauda A. reburrus A. pergandei-subseries Figure 2 Cladogram of relationships among Apocephalus pergandei-series taxa 0.22 0.2 0.18 ^ 0.16 E E, X H a 0.14 0.12 □ □ □ □ a □ □□□□□□ □ □ □ □ □ ■ ■ ■ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ □ ♦ ♦ ♦♦ ♦ ■ ♦♦♦ ♦♦♦ 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 UPPER WIDTH (mm) Figure 3 Scatter diagram of measurements of upper width and lower width of ovipositor. Triangles, Apocephalus similis Malloch; diamonds, Apocephalus pergandei Coquillett; open squares, hypothesized third species (see discussion under A. pergandei)-, closed squares, both A. pergandei and hypothesized third species 44 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group 9 10 11 Figures 4-11 Ovipositors. 4. Apocephalus amplexus new species, dorsal. 5. Apocephalus frameatus new species, dorsal. 6, 7. Apocephalus hispidus Borgmeier. 6. Dorsal. 7. Right lateral. 8. Apocephalus hippurus new species, dorsal apex of ovipositor. 9. Apocephalus aculeatus Borgmeier. 10. Apocephalus hystricosus new species, dorsal apex of ovipositor. 11. Apocephalus vangiis new species, dorsal. Abbreviation: lea, lateral clear area Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 45 15 16 Figures 12-16 Abdomens, ventral. 12. Apocephalus amplexus new species. 13. Apocephalus frameatus new species. 14. Apocephalus hispidus Borgmeier. 15. Apocephalus aculeatus Borgmeier. 16. Apocephalus hystricosus new species. Ab- breviations: IV, abdominal segment 4; V, abdominal segment 5; VI, abdominal segment 6; VI-VII, intersegment 6-7; vbp, ventrobasal process 46 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-gmup 17 18 Figures 17, 18 Abdomens, ventral. 17. Apocephalus vangus new species. 18. Apocephalus rehurrus new species. Abbre- viations: IV, abdominal segment 4; V, abdominal segment 5; VI, abdominal segment 6; vbp, ventrobasal process Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephahis pergajidei-group ■ 47 23 Figures 19-26 Ovipositors, dorsal. 19. Apocephalus collatiis new species. 20. Apocephalus concisiis new species. 21. Apocephahis cyathus new species. 22. Apocephalus glomerosits new species. 23. Apocephalus staurotus new species. 24. Apocephalus planus new species. 25. Apocephalus coquilletti Malloch. 26. Apocephalus disparicauda Borgmeier 48 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group Figures 27-34 Ovipositors. 27, 28. Apocephalus camponoti Borgmeier. 27. Dorsal. 28. Right lateral. 29. Apocephalus crucicauda Borgmeier, dorsal. 30. Apocephalus reburrus new species, dorsal. 31. Apocephalus aequalis new species, dorsal. 32. Apocephalus astrictus new species, dorsal. 33. Apocephalus bispinosus Borgmeier. 34. Apocephalus bulbosus new species. Abbreviations: Im, lateral margin; rma, rounded membranous area Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 49 39 40 41 Figures 35-41 Ovipositors, dorsal. 35. Apocephalus cuneatus Borgmeier. 36. Apocephalus fernandezi new species. 37. Apocephalus opimus new species. 38. Apocephalus pergandei Coquillett (specimen from USA: Virginia: Huntley Mead- ows). 39. Apocephalus pergandei Coquillett (specimen from Canada: Alberta: 81 km N Red Earth). 40. Apocephalus rugosus new species. 41. Apocephalus sharkeyi new species. Abbreviations: die, dorsolateral expansion; Im, lateral margin; Ima, linear membranous area 50 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group dorsomedial ridge A. pergandei B dorsomedial ridge lateral portion \ ^ dorsolateral process of ventral A. cuneatus dorsomedial ridge Figure 42 A-C. Ovipositors, lateral Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-gronp ■ 5 1 43 44 45 46 Figures 43-50 Apocephalus species. 43. Apocephalus similis Malloch, ovipositor, dorsal. 44, 45. Apocephalus ctenicoxa new species. 44. Ovipositor, dorsal. 45. Fore coxa. 46-50. Ovipositors. 46. Apocephalus facettalis Borgmeier, dorsal. 47, 48. Apocephalus pluteus new species. 47. Dorsal. 48. Ventral. 49. Apocephalus ponderosus new species, dorsal. 50. Apocephalus superatus new species, dorsal. Abbreviation: ada, anteriorly directed arm 52 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group 54 55 56 57 Figures 51-57 Ovipositors. 51, 52. Apocephalus anaciirvus new species. 51. Dorsal. 52. Right lateral. 53. Apocephalus setiventris Borgmeier, dorsal. 54. Apocephalus velutinus Borgmeier, dorsal. 55. Apocephalus albiapex new species, dorsal. 56. Apocephalus altus new species, dorsal. 57. Apocephalus aquilonius new species, dorsal Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group ■ 53 Figures 58-65 Ovipositors, dorsal. 58. Apocephalus arachnes new species. 59. Apocephalus barbarus new species. 60. Apocephalus breuitergum new species. 61. Apocephalus carcinus new species. 62. Apocephalus cinereus new species. 63. Apocephalus clarilocus new species. 64. Apocephalus commensuratus new species. 65. Apocephalus epicautus new species 54 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group 66 67 68 Figures 66-71 Ovipositors. 66. Apocephalus eiiryterminus new species. 67. Apocephalus flexiseta new species. 68. Apo- cephalus fusciapex new species. 69-71. Apocephalus horridus Borgmeier. 69. Dorsal. 70. Ventral. 71. Left lateral Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephahis pergandei-group >55 72 73 74 Figures 72-76 Ovipositors, dorsal. 72, Apocephalm inaffectus new species. 73. Apocephalus lanceatus Borgmeier. 74. Apocephalus latiapex new species. 75. Apocephalus medius new species. 76. Apocephalus platycauda new species 56 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group Figures 77-84 Ovipositors. 77. Apocephalus radiatus new species, dorsal. 78. Apocephalus rotundus new species, dorsal. 79. Apocephalus setimargo Borgmeier, dorsal. 80. Apocephalus sincerus new species, dorsal. 81. Apocephalus vicinus Borgmeier, dorsal. 82-84. Apocephalus wirthi Borgmeier. 82. Dorsal. 83. Ventral. 84. Left lateral Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-gtonp >57 Figures 85-88 Heads, anterolateral. 85. Apocephalus ctenicoxa new species. 86. Apocephalus aquilonius new species. 87. Apocephalus horridus Borgmeier. 88. Apocephalus wirthi Borgmeier. Abbreviations: sas, supra-antennal seta; vis, ventral interfrontal seta 58 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 496 Brown: Revision of Apocephalus pergandei-group 89 Figures 89-92 Apocephalus species. 89, 90. Abdominal tergites, dorsal. 89. Apocephalus brevitergum new species. 90. Apocephalus setimargo Borgmeier. 91, 92. Ventral setation of abdominal segment 6. 91. Apocephalus inaffectus new species. 92. Apocephalus radiatus new species H r.' , €■' SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 0 402 9656 Natural History Museum OF Los Angeles County 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007