^ ' Number 500 12 July 2004 IN Science Revision of Neotropical Setomimini (DiPTERA: PsYCHODIDAE: PSYCHODINAE) Laurence W. Quate and Brian V. Brown Contributions Natural of Los Angeles County Serial Publications OL THE Natural History Museum oe Los Angeles County Scientific Publications Committee John Heyning, Deputy Director for Research and Collections John M. Harris, Committee Chairman Brian V. Brown Gordon Hendler Joel W. Martin Xiaoming Wang K. Victoria Brown, Managing Editor The scientific publications of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County have been issued at irregular in- tervals in three major series; the issues in each series are numbered individually, and numbers run consecutively, re- gardless of the subject matter. • Contributions in Science, a miscellaneous series of tech- nical papers describing original research in the life and earth sciences. • Science Bulletin, a miscellaneous series of monographs describing original research in the life and earth scienc- es. This series was discontinued in 1978 with the issue of Numbers 29 and 30; monographs are now published by the Museum in Contributions in Science. • Science Series, long articles and collections of papers on natural history topics. Copies of this publication are available through the Scholarly Publications Office at 213/763-3330 or by visit- ing our website at for a PDF file version. Printed at Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas ISSN 0459-8113 Natural History Museum OF Los Angeles County 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, Calieornia 90007 Revision of Neotropical Setomimini (Diptera: PSYCHODIDAE: PsYCHODINAE) Laurence W. Quate^ and Brian V. Brown^ CONTENTS ABSTRACT 4 INTRODUCTION 4 METHODS AND MATERIALS 5 SYSTEMATICS.. 8 Tribe Setomimini Vaillant 8 Key to Genera of Setomimini of the Neotropical Region 8 Didicrum Enderlein 9 Didicrum griseatum (Tonnoir) 9 Didicrum inornatum (Tonnoir) 10 Didicrum simplex (Tonnoir) 10 Didicrum deceptrix new species 11 Didicrum contiguum (Tonnoir) 11 Didicrum remulum new species 11 Didicrum pyramidon new species 12 Didicrum fenestratum (Tonnoir) new combination 12 Didicrum viduatum (Tonnoir) 12 Key to Males of Didicrum 13 Thrysocanthus Enderlein 13 Thrysocanthus stellulatus (Loew) 13 Thrysocanthus rubiginosus Quate 13 Thrysocanthus deformitas new species 15 Key to Males of Thrysocanthus 17 Desmioza Enderlein 17 Desmioza edwardsi (Tonnoir) 17 Desmioza speciosa (Tonnoir) new combination 19 Key to Species of Desmioza 19 Didimioza new genus 21 Didimioza symphylia (Quate) new combination 21 Didimioza venezuelica new species 22 Didimioza chachapoya new species 25 Key to Males of Didimioza 25 Tonnoira Enderlein 25 Tonnoira protuberata new species 25 Tonnoira psacadoptera new species 27 Tonnoira mirabilis Wagner 27 Tonnoira castanea new species 27 Tonnoira sicilis new species 29 Tonnoira bifurcata new species 29 Tonnoira didyma new species 29 Tonnoira rapiformis new species 31 Tonnoira cavernicola new species 31 Tonnoira fusiformis new species 32 Tonnoira rectilata Quate 32 ^ Deceased. ^ Entomology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. Email: bbrown@nhm.org Contributions in Science, Number 500, pp. 1-117 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 2004 2 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Tonnoira pelliticornis Enderlein 33 Key to Males of Tonnoira 33 Alepia Enderlein 33 Alepia amputonis new species 34 Alepia azulita new species 36 Alepia unicinota new species.... 36 Alepia lanceolata new species 37 Alepia condylaria new species 37 Alepia martinicana Wagner 39 Alepia hirtiventris (Tonnoir) 39 Alepia valentia Quate 39 Alepia fissura Quate 40 Alepia digitula new species 40 Alepia litotes new species 40 Alepia absona new species 42 Alepia ferruginea new species 42 Alepia piscicauda new species 42 Alepia labyrinthica new species 44 Alepia tricolor (Knab) 44 Alepia caceresi new species 46 Alepia alcobregma Quate 46 Alepia relativa Quate 46 Alepia scolomeris new species 47 Alepia diocula new species 47 Alepia longinoi new species 50 Alepia frnticosa new species 50 Alepia busckana (Dyar) 52 Alepia apachis Quate 52 Alepia alfaroana (Dyar) 53 Alepia bisubulata Duckhouse 53 Alepia eburna {K2lpp) 54 Alepia imitata new species 54 Alepia falcata new species 56 Alepia ancylis new species 56 Alepia scripta TndtAtm 56 Alepia albicollare (Enderlein) 57 Alepia copelata Quate 57 Alepia incompleta (Knab) 57 Key to Males of Alepia 57 Neurosystasis Satchell 59 Neurosystasis terminalis (Satchell) 59 Neurosystasis amplipenna (Knab) 59 Balbagathis Quate 59 Balbagathis sinuosa new species 60 Balbagathis trispica new species 60 Balbagathis confraga new species 60 Balbagathis discuspis new species 62 Balbagathis barva new species 62 Balbagathis talamanca Quate 62 Balbagathis dissimilis new species.... 64 Balbagathis manuensis new species 64 Balbagathis agrestis new species 64 Balbagathis sylvatica Quate 66 Key to Males of Balbagathis 66 P latyplastinx 66 Platyplastinx culmosus new species 67 Platyplastinx tango new species 67 Platyplastinx crossomiscos new species 67 Platyplastinx sycophantos (Quate) 67 Platyplastinx moragai (Quate) 70 Platyplastinx apodastos new species 70 Key to Males of Platyplastinx 70 Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 3 Arisemus Satchell 71 Arisemus hexadactylus Botosaneanu and Vaillant 71 Arisemus tetradactylus Botosaneanu and Vaillant 71 Arisemus boxi (Satchell) 72 Arisemus maesi new species 72 Arisemus salazari Quate 72 Arisemus guhli Wagner and Joost 74 Arisemus triatrapars new species.. 74 Arisemus aenigmaticus new species 75 Arisemus woodi new species 75 Arisemus rhamphos new species 75 Arisemus grandilobus new species 77 Arisemus buzbyae Wagner and Masteller 77 Arisemus mariannae Wagner and Masteller 78 Arisemus martinezi Wagner and Joost 78 Arisemus waidei Wagner and Masteller 78 Arisemus spilotos Quate 78 Arisemus atrasetus (Rapp) 78 Arisemus caceresi new species 79 Arisemus obandoi Wagner and Joost 79 Arisemus grabhamana (Dyar) 81 Arisemus maculosus (Rapp) 81 Arisemus pigmentatus new species 81 Arisemus ampliscapus new species 82 Arisemus barbarus new species 82 Arisemus amydrus new species 84 Arisemus sesquipedalis new species 84 Arisemus confertus new species 86 Key to Males of Arisemus 86 Australopericoma Vaillant 89 Australopericoma roessleri (Wagner and Joost) new combination 89 Australopericoma abnormalis new species 89 Australopericoma exilis new species 90 Australopericoma pontilis new species 90 Australopericoma sagitta new species 90 Australopericoma multifida new species 92 Australopericoma bulbula new species 92 Australopericoma caudata (Satchell) new combination 92 Australopericoma pallidula (Tonnoir) new combination 94 Australopericoma cesticella new species 94 Australopericoma trinidadensis new species 96 Australopericoma curvata new species 96 Australopericoma bhati new species 96 Australopericoma falcata new species 97 Key to Males of Australopericoma 97 Micrommatos new genus 97 Micrommatos simplex new species 98 Micrommatos stephaniae new species 98 Micrommatos anconatum new species 98 Micrommatos serratum new species 100 Micrommatos sylvaticum new species 100 Key to Males of Micrommatos 100 Caenobrunettia Wagner 101 Caenobrunettia stylappendiculata (Wagner) new combination 102 Caenobrunettia sarculosa Quate 102 Caenobrunettia subditicia new species 102 Caenobrunettia pollicaris new species 104 Caenobrunettia pie gas Quate 104 Caenobrunettia laselva Quate 104 Caenobrunettia tropicalis Quate 104 Caenobrunettia thele new species 106 Caenobrunettia echinoflagellata Wagner 106 4 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Caenobrunettia fraudulenta new species 106 Caenobrunettia barretti new species 108 Key to Males of Caenobrunettia 108 Valerianna new genus 109 Valerianna manuensis new species 109 Valerianna bullata new species Ill Key to Males of Valerianna Ill Nemoneura Tonnoir Ill Nemoneura punctata (Philippi) Ill Nemoneura dealbata Tonnoir 113 Nemoneura confraga new species 113 Nemoneura liparotes new species 113 Key to Males of Nemoneura 115 Unplaced Species 115 Syntomolaba Tndtriein 115 Syntomolaba complicata (Tonnoir) 115 ChirolepiaVndtrWm 115 Chirolepia maculipennis Enderlein 115 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 115 LITERATURE CITED 116 ABSTRACT. The 145 Neotropical species of Psychodinae with expanded anterior gonocoxal apodemes are revised and classified in the tribe Setomimini sensu Vaillant (i990). Three new genera, Didimioza, Micrommatos, and Valerianna, are described, as well as 84 species that are new to science: Didicrum deceptrix, D. remnlum, D. pyramidon, Thrysocantlms deformitas, Didimioza venezuelica, Didimioza chachapoya, Tonnoira protuberata, T. psacadoptera, T. castanea, T. sicilis, T. bifurcata, T. didyma, T rapiformis, T. cavernicola, T. fusiformis, Alepia ampntonis, A. aznlita, A. unicinota. A, lanceolata, A. condylaria, A. digitida, A. litotes, A. absona, A. ferrnginea, A. piscicauda, A. labyrinthica, A. caceresi, A. scolomeris, A. diocula, A. longinoi, A. fruticosa, A. imitata, A. falcata, A. ancylis, Balbagathis sinuosa, B. trispica, B. confraga, B. discuspis, B. barva, B. dissimilis, B. manuensis, B. agrestis, Platyplastinx culmosus, P. tango, P. crossomiscos, P. apodastos, Arisemus maesi, Ar. triatrapars, Ar. aenigmaticus, Ar. woodi, Ar. rbamphos, Ar. grandilobus, Ar. caceresi, Ar. pigmentatus, Ar. ampliscapus, Ar. barbarus, Ar. amydrus, Ar. sesquipedalis, Ar. confertus, Australopericoma abnormalis, Aus. exilis, Aus. pontilis, Aus. sagitta, Aus. nmltifida, Aus. bulbula, Aus. cesticella, Aus. trinidadensis, Aus. curvata, Aus. bhati, Aus. falcata, Microm- matos simplex, M. stephaniae, M. anconatum, M. serratum, M. sylvaticum, Caenobrunettia subditicia, C. pollicaris, C. thele, C. fraudulenta, C. barretti, Valerianna manuensis, V. bullata, Nemoneura confraga, and N. liparotes. New synonyms are Bazara Vaillant (= Arisemus Satchell), Alepia bulbula Quate, A. sectilis Quate (both = Alepia valentia Quate), Arisemus lepidotos Quate, Ar. stylofurcatus Collantes and Martinez-Ortega (both = Arisemus atrasetus (Rapp)), and Pericoma wirthi Quate (= Australopericoma caudata (Satchell)). Newly recognized combinations are Didicrum fenestratum (Tonnoir), Desmioza spe- ciosa (Tonnoir), Didimioza symphylia (Quate), Australopericoma roessleri (Wagner and Joost), Aus. cau- data (Satchell), Aus. pallidula (Tonnoir), and Caenobrunettia stylappendiculata (Wagner). The life history of most species is unknown, although one species is newly recorded from Azteca ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests, one from an oil bird {Steatornis caripenis) cave, and one from a bromeliad. Adult males of one species were observed “dancing” on undergrowth leaves in an apparent male mating swarm. INTRODUCTION The Psychodidae (or moth flies) is a large, world- wide group of small (1-5 mm) Diptera with ap- proximately 2600 described species. They are dis- tinctive in appearance (e.g., Fig. 1; Quate and Vockeroth, 1981: fig, 17.1), with their densely se- tose (“hairy”) body and their setose, paddle-shaped wings with linear wing veins. The most commonly seen species are harmless, and their larvae are often found in household drains and other moist envi- ronments high in organic matter, but species of the Phlebotominae are medically important because adults feed on blood and can transmit diseases to humans and animals. There are six generally rec- ognized subfamilies (Bruchomyiinae, Floraiellinae, Phlebotominae, Psychodinae, Sycoracinae, and Tri- chomyiinae; Wagner, 1990), but the classification of the group is still strongly contested, and no consen- sus agreeable to all researchers is as yet apparent (Wagner, 1997). Psychodid flies are extremely diverse in the Neo- tropical Region, yet relatively little work has been done on this fauna. Prior to the 1970s, there had been few systematic studies of Neotropical Psy- chodidae other than of the bloodsucking Phlebo- tominae and the Bruchomyiinae, which are often collected together with Phlebotominae. Duckhouse (1972) provided the first systematic study of Neo- tropical Sycoracinae and Trichomyiinae, followed by a catalog of Neotropical Psychodidae (Duck- Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 5 Figure 1 Alepia spp. Left. Male, habitus. Right. Female, habitus (scanning electron micrograph) house, 1973) and redescriptions of poorly defined species of Knab, Dyar and Coquillett (Duckhouse, 1974a) and Rapp and Curran (Duckhouse, 1974b). Bravo and Amorim (1995) and Bravo (1999) also produced careful studies of Brunettia Annandale and Trichomyiinae. The first general revision of Neotropical psychodids with keys, descriptions, il- lustrations, and tribal assignments was that of Quate (1996). The tribal classification within the largest sub- family, the Psychodinae, is still being vigorously de- bated (e.g., Duckhouse, 1987; Vaillant, 1990). Most recently for the Neotropical taxa, Quate (1996, 1999) recognized Pericomini Enderlein, Ma- ruinini Enderlein, Paramormiini Enderlein, Mor- miini Enderlein, and Psychodini Enderlein. Within Maruinini, he classified the species that we herein place in a separate group, the Setomimini. The objective of this study was to provide de- scriptions, illustrations, and keys to all known spe- cies of the Setomimini. This tribe was selected for revision because of its richness in the Neotropical Region and to lay the groundwork for future stud- ies on the phylogeny and zoogeography of the group and its Old World relatives. Although a large number of specimens were examined, they repre- sent only a small part of the total Setomimini fauna that we estimate is still largely unknown. METHODS AND MATERIALS This revision is the result of the scientific investigations of the senior author before his death in 2002. In 2001, an earlier version of the manuscript was submitted by Quate, but it needed extensive revision that he was unable to complete. The junior author was responsible for thor- oughly revising, organizing, and preparing the work for final publication. Thanks to his wife, Valerie, Quate’s col- lection and field notes have been deposited in the Ento- mology Section of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and further details of his remarkable life have been recorded (Brown, 2003). COLLECTING METHODS Most specimens of Setomimini were obtained with Mal- aise traps, which generally capture a wider variety of spe- cies than other methods. Specimens of Setomimini are the 6 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini predominant psychodids caught by Malaise traps. Fewer specimens were obtained in light traps, as most psychod- ine specimens collected by that method are of the tribe Psychodini. SPECIMENS Most of the specimens examined for this work were from personally funded field collections made by the senior au- thor, specifically to Argentina and Chile (1994), the Ba- hamas (1997), Bolivia (1990), Brazil (1998, 1999), Costa Rica (1992, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999), French Guiana (1994), Nicaragua (2000), Peru (1997, 1999), Puerto Rico (1998), Surinam (1994, 1996), and Venezuela (1993, 1995, 2001). Some specimens were sent to him by the Arthropods of La Selva (ALAS) project (Longino, 1994) or were borrowed from other institutions. Some specimens from Costa Rica have separate barcod- ed labels. In holotype specimens, the data from these la- bels are given in square brackets. Descriptions are based on slide-mounted specimens. Specimens were cleared with lactic acid (Cumming, 1992) or potassium hydroxide. Great care was taken with po- tassium hydroxide, as overcleared specimens often result from treatment with this chemical. Cleared specimens were then dehydrated and dissected in a thin solution of Canada balsam on the underside of a cover slip, with var- ious body parts arranged for the best viewing. After the balsam dried thoroughly, the cover slip was inverted on a slide with a further drop of Canada balsam and dried up- side down. Keys to species are generally based on male specimens only. Female specimens possess too few diagnostic char- acters at the species level to allow ready identification. Species recognition in Neotropical psychodids is still in its relative infancy. In some instances, there are variants of species (e.g., Didimioza symphylia (Quate)) whose characters are described separately. More specimens or collections from intervening areas are necessary to resolve these situations, but for this monograph, we used our best judgment on whether species status is warranted. All scale lines in illustrations are 0.1 mm. MORPHOLOGICAL TERMS Morphological terms are those of Me Alpine (1981), ex- cept as noted below. Bravo and Amorim (1995) suggested an alternate interpretation of the mesothoracic sclerites, but we continue to use the definition given by McAlpine, recognizing the anepisternite as the sclerite bearing the an- terior spiracle. The alveolar (hair scar) patterns of the ane- pisternite sometimes offer diagnostic characters. The second costal node of the wing may be hard to distinguish, because there is almost always an enlargement of the costa beyond the costal node. However, we define the node as present when the apex is clearly demarcated and ends abruptly (see Fig. 284). If the apex tapers into the costa, we then define the second costal node as absent. Relative positions of the radial and medial forks are often referenced by “cell widths.” The cell width is the width of the wing cell immediately posterior to the first fork stated in the description. The terminalia of male psychodids are complex and rich in characters of taxonomic importance. An illustration showing the relationships of the major components was given by Quate and Vockeroth (1981: fig. 17.18). In slide mounts of specimens, the dorsal part of the terminalia (including the hypandnum and gonopods, e.g.. Fig. 20) is usually separated from the ventral part (epandrium and surstyli, e.g.. Fig. 22). The hypandrium is sternite 9 (Fig. 20), which in Psy- chodidae is usually seen as a narrow sclerite that is at- tached to the base of the epandrium (tergite 9) and/or the bases of the gonocoxites. It was termed the “parabasal process” in an earlier paper (Quate, 1996:33), a use of the term that was incorrect as defined by Duckhouse (1987: 233). The hypandrium is highly modified in the genus Ale- pia Enderlein, in which it is a broad plate that may extend from the base of the gonocoxites to their tips and often is setose. This sclerite is rarely absent, although for the sake of clarity, it frequently has not been included in illustra- tions of the male genitalia. The gonopods consist of a bas- al gonocoxite and a distal gonostylus (Fig. 20). The two parts of the aedeagus, the basiphallus (= the phallapodeme of Vaillant, 1986:333) and distiphallus, as described by McAlpine (1981), are useful terms for the psychodines, since the basal and distal parts are quite dif- ferent in structure and the distiphallus is usually more use- ful for species definitions (Fig. 43). The paramere is closely associated with the distiphallus and often appears as a bifurcation of that structure (Fig. 43). These terms are used in this paper to make the descriptions more precise. Other authors have referred to the distiphallus as the “in- tromittent organ.” The ventral epandrial sclerite was defined by Duck- house (1987:233, 1990:723) as that sclerite on the dorsal face of the epandrium that extends diagonally from the center of the base to the lateral margin of the apex (Fig. 62). It apparently serves to reinforce the epandrium during movements of the surstyli. The surstylus (Fig. 22) is an appendage that is attached to the posterolateral margins of the male epandrium. Al- most always it bears 1 or more tenacula at or near the tip (Fig. 22). These are flared at the tip or are straight and rodlike. Males of the genera Alepia and Platyplastinx En- derlein also possess accessory tenacula (e.g.. Fig. 83), which are long, filamentous structures with modified tips; in these taxa, typical tenacula are often absent. In Psychodidae, the abdominal segments posterior to the eighth are rotated 180°. This rotation, which can oc- cur in either direction (Just, 1973), has not been studied in great detail in many taxa. All references to the dorsal and ventral aspects are in reference to position after this rotation has taken place. Parts of the female genitalia have been defined by earlier authors (Vaillant, 1971; Quate, 1996, 1999). The chitin- ous arch (Fig. 5) is the membranous arch which usually extends to or little beyond the apical margin of the sub- genital plate between base of its lobes. Longitudinal struts and lateral struts (Fig. 5) are the sclerotized bars that ex- tend longitudinally and laterally from near the center of the hemispherical lobes of the “spermathecae” or genital ducts (true spermathecae are lacking in psychodids; Bur- rini and Dallai, 1975). The membranous plate is the flat dorsal portion of the spermathecal complex and contains various sclerotized structures; the margins of the plate may be lightly sclerotized and difficult to differentiate, but the shape often provides diagnostic features of the fe- males. MUSEUM ABBREVIATIONS Material was borrowed from or deposited in the following collections (most abbreviations from Arnett et ah, 1993). AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 7 Figures 2-12 Didicrum spp. 2. D. griseatum, female genitalia. 3-5. D. inornatum: 3. male genitalia, dorsal; 4. eye bridge; 5. female genitalia. 6-9. D. simplex: 6. female genitalia; 7. wing; 8. flagellomeres 10-14; 9. male genitalia, dorsal. 10- 12. D. deceptrix: 10. male genitalia, dorsal; 11. base of wing; 12. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 8 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini BMNH Natural History Museum, London, UK CNFV Centro Nacional de Referencia de Flebotomos, BIOMED, Universidad de Carabobo, Maracay, Venezuela EMUS Utah State University, Logan, USA INBC Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Do- mingo de Heredia, Costa Rica INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil IZAV Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela LACM Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Coun- ty, Los Angeles, USA MLPA Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina MUSM Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Na- cional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru RW Collection of Rudiger Wagner, Limnologische EluSstation, Schlitz, Germany ULMG University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany USNM National Museum of Natural History, Washing- ton, DC, USA ZMHB Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, Germany ZSMC Zoologische Staatssammlung, Miinchen, Ger- many SYSTEMATICS Tribe Setomimini Vaillant Setomimini Vaillant, 1982:191-192; 1986:339; 1990:161. Mormiini Enderlein, 1937:96-107 (in part). Arisemini Vaillant, 1982:190-191. Maruinini Enderlein; Duckhouse 1987:234; 1990: 724-725; Quate, 1996:18-19 (in part). DESCRIPTION. Head with eyes contiguous or separated, if separated, interocular suture nearly al- ways present, almost always with 3 facet rows; ter- minal 3 flagellomeres may be reduced; labellum flattened or bulbous, apex with spines, but without apical rods (“teeth”). Thorax usually without sensory organs on ane- pisternite. Wing plain or patterned; radial fork on same level as or basad of medial, both at center or hasad of center; R5 ends in or beyond wing apex. Anterior gonocoxal apodemes expanded plate- like and connected to basiphallus with median keel (Fig. 44). NOTES ON SYNONYMY. The classification of psychodid flies is highly unstable, as reflected in the complex synonymy, above. Vaillant (1982) first proposed tribe Setomimini but attributed it to En- derlein, in spite of Enderlein’s placement of Setom- ima Enderlein in Mormiini. Vaillant (1982) also proposed the tribe Arisemini for the genus Arise- mus Satchell, but in a later classification (1990), he rejected this taxon. Vaillant (1990) placed Arise- mus, as well as Alepia, Neoarisemus Botosaneanu and Vaillant, Neurosystasis Satchell, Bazara Vail- lant, Paratelmatoscopus Satchell, Parasetomima Duckhouse, and Tonnoiriella Vaillant, in the tribe Setomimini. At this time, we do not have strong evidence that Setomimini is a monophyletic tribe, and at our pre- sent level of knowledge, relationships of the various taxa are unclear. It is treated as a group of conve- nience for those distinctive Neotropical genera that are characterized by the expanded anterior gono- coxal apodeme (Fig. 44). Other Setomimini are found in other parts of the world, but their rela- tionships to the Neotropical species are not consid- ered herein. Duckhouse (1987) placed psychodine genera with expanded gonocoxal apodemes into the tribe Maruinini. We, however, regard Maruinini as a sep- arate tribe containing only the genus Mamina (as did Vaillant, 1990). It differs from Setomimini in possession of an aedeagal sheath (described by Ho- gue, 1973:6), the structure that encloses the ele- ments of the distiphallus. Also, the aquatic habitat of the immature stages of Maruinini is distinct from most Setomimini. NATURAL HISTORY. The lifestyle of most Se- tomimini is unknown. Like that of most small, in- conspicuous Diptera, psychodid natural history has generally been discovered accidentally by workers on other projects. Adult behavior is particularly poorly studied. As noted, Setomimini are less attracted to lights than some other psychodids, possibly indicating that they are less nocturnal in their activities. Males of one species, Caenobrunettia sarculosa Quate, were collected as they swarmed on leaves of an under- growth plant, exhibiting a “dancing” behavior that might serve to attract females. Like most other psychodids, larvae of Setomi- mini are probably detritivorous scavengers. Some, such as Tonnoira cavernicola n. sp., are found in caves, associated with organic debris from colonies of oil birds and bats. One species, Alepia longinoi n. sp., was collected in colonies of ants of the genus Azteca. Duckhouse (1974a) noted that many spe- cies of Neotropical psychodines (including Alepia) are container breeders whose larvae are found in small pockets of moisture held by bromeliads, leaves, seeds, etc.; in this paper, we report on such a habitat for Neurosystasis amplipenna (Knab). KEY TO GENERA OE SETOMIMINI OE THE NEOTROPICAL REGION Males only. 1 R5 ends beyond (posterior to) wing apex (e.g.. Figs. 7, 30, 34) 2 - R5 ends in wing apex (e.g.. Fig. 104) 4 2 Ascoids consist of a single branch (Fig. 47); ter- minal 2 flagellomeres may be reduced, but usu- ally none reduced 3 - Ascoids with 2-5 branches (Fig. 8), rarely with 1; terminal 3 flagellomeres reduced (as in Fig. 206) Didicrum Enderlein 3 Eye bridge with 3 facet rows (Fig. 40) Desmioza Enderlein - Eye bridge with 4 facet rows (Fig. 46) Didimioza new genus Contributions in Science, Number 500 - Eye bridge with more than 4 facet rows (Fig. 28) Thrysocanthus Enderlein 4 Sc short, does not extend beyond the base of R5 (Fig. 7) 5 - Sc long, extends beyond the radial fork (Fig. 297) Nemoneura Tonnoir 5 Head with same coloration above and below eyes 6 - Head bicolored, vertex darker than the frontal area; eye bridge slender, narrowing to single facet on inner margin (Fig. 281); interocular su- ture straight; wing plain, without infuscations (Fig. 284) Valerianna new genus 6 Antenna usually shorter than the wing, at most little longer than the wing 7 - Antenna much longer than wing 12 7 Eyes separated 8 - Eyes contiguous 11 8 Ascoids long, at least 3 times the length of the segment bearing them . 9 - Ascoids absent or indistinguishable from hairs 10 - Ascoids short, at most a little longer than the segment bearing them Australopericofna Vaillant 9 Eye bridge normal, extends to or close to mid- line (Fig. 148); flagellomere 1 spherical, much smaller than following segments (Fig. 148) . . . Balbagathis Quate - Eye bridge short (Fig. 273); flagellomere 1 sim- ilar to following segments Caenobrunettia Wagner 10 Gonopod composed of gonocoxite and articu- lated gonostylus (Fig. 82); surstylus not bifur- cate Alepia Enderlein - Elongate gonostylus fused to gonocoxite; sur- stylus apically bifurcate Neurosystasis Satchell 11 Terminal 3 flagellomeres not reduced, terminal 1 may be reduced but not all 3; palpomere 4 subequal to or shorter than palpomere 3 (Fig. 260); antepronotum with band of dense pores over most of sclerite . Micrommatos new genus - Terminal 3 flagellomeres reduced and smaller than preceding flagellomeres (Fig. 206); pal- pomere 4 longer than palpomere 3 (Fig. 200); antepronotum without band of pores Arisemus Satchell 12 Ascoids long, at least 3 times the width of seg- ment bearing them (Fig. 166); wing with infus- cate patterns (Fig. 167) Platyplastinx Enderlein - Ascoids absent or indistinguishable from hairs; wing without infuscate patterns Tonnoira Enderlein Didicrum Enderlein Didicrum Enderlein, 1937:105; Quate, 1963:184; Duckhouse, 1990:734-735. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 9 Podolepria Enderlein, 1937:105. Type species: Per- icoma inornata Tonnoir, by original designation. Mecysmia Enderlein, 1937:106. Type species: Per- icoma schoenemanni Enderlein, by original des- ignation. TYPE SPECIES. Pericoma griseata Tonnoir, by original designation. DESCRIPTION. Male and Female. Eyes sepa- rated, interocular suture present but may be inter- rupted in the center; bridge with 3 (rarely 4) facet rows; frons hair patch quadrate, not separated in center; if dorsal projection present, alveoli sparse and separated; antenna shorter than wing width, scape and pedicel of normal length; with 14 fusi- form flagellomeres (but see Didicrum pyramidon n. sp., below), terminal 3 reduced, terminal with cla- vate apiculis, ascoids usually composed of 2-5 an- terior branches, occasionally with 1; labellum bul- bous; palpus extends to about center of antenna, palpomere 1 about one-half length of 2 and 4 lon- ger than 3. Thorax usually without sensory organ but rarely with organ on base of forecoxa; anepisternite with alveoli evenly distributed and occupying dorsal two-thirds of sclerite; midcoxa with patch of hairs on anteroapical margin. Wing lacking second costal node; base of R2+3 attached to R4; radial fork basad of medial; R5 ending beyond wing apex. Hypandrium a narrow band between bases of gonocoxites; aedeagus asymmetrical; distiphallus consisting of dorsal and ventral processes; basi- phallus broad; paramere present; surstylus with 1 tenaculum. REMARKS. Didicrum is distinguished by the branched ascoids, fusiform flagellomeres with ter- minal 3 reduced, radial and medial forks basad of the wing center, R5 ending beyond the wing tip, and usually 1 tenaculum. Superficially, it resembles Per- icoma (tribe Pericomini), and many of its species were originally placed in that genus. However, the expanded anterior gonocoxal apodemes place Di- dicrum and Pericoma in different tribes under the present classification. DISTRIBUTION. This genus is common in tem- perate South America, Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea (Duckhouse, 1990). It is a major component of these psychodid faunas. Didicrum griseatum (Tonnoir) Fig. 2 Pericoma griseata Tonnoir, 1929:22, pi. Ill, figs. 42-45. Didicrum griseatum^ Enderlein, 1937:105; Quate, 1963:184-185. DESCRIPTION. Male. Unknown. Female. Eyes separated by 2.5-3 facet diameters; bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular suture elon- gate, inverted V-shaped, slightly interrupted in cen- ter; frons hair patch undivided, without median band; ascoids with 5 anterior branches. 10 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Anepisternite sparsely covered with alveoli on dorsal half. Wing generally infuscate over entire surface, darker anterior of R4 and posterior of M3; Rs pectinate; base of R2+3 attached to R4; radial fork distad of base of R2+3 by about 1 cell width; base of Rs distad of base of M3; without crossveins (as illustrated by Tonnoir); R5 ends beyond wing apex. Apical lobes of subgenital plate rounded and moderately short; chitinous arch faint, does not reach apical margin; membranous plate with U- shaped ornamentation in center; lateral strut very large, longitudinal strut slender; lobes of genital ducts overlaid with striations. DISTRIBUTION. Chile. HOLOTYPE. 9, CHILE, Chiloe I., Ancud, 17- 19.xii.l926, F. and M. Edwards (BMNH; exam- ined). Didicrum inornatum (Tonnoir) Figs. 3-5 Pericoma inornata Tonnoir, 1929:23-24, pi. Ill, figs. 40-50. Podolepria inornata^ Enderlein, 1937:105. Didicrum inornatum-^ Quate, 1963:185. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular suture interrupted in center and represented by only small suture from dorsal eye margin; eyes separated by 1.5-2 facet diameters; dorsal projection of frons hair patch absent or sparse with only few alveoli on midline; ascoids with 2-5 anterior branches. Sensory organ attached to base of forecoxa, elon- gate, little larger than spiracle. Anepisternite with sparse alveoli over most of surface. Base of R2+3 attached to R4; radial fork basad of medial, distad of base of R2+3 by about 1 cell width; base of R5 distad of base of M3. Gonostylus nearly straight, with slight undula- tion before apex; dorsal process of distiphallus black, single, bare, without setae, as long as or nearly as long as ventral process, inflated and ta- pering to apex; ventral process a single shaft with apex undivided; tergite 10 triangular or dome- shaped. Measurements. Antenna 1.35-1.55 mm (x = 1.43; n = 8). Wing length 3.33-3.75 mm, width 1.40-1.63 mm (x = 3.53, 1.51; n = 7). Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate symmet- rical; genital ducts with well-defined longitudinal and lateral struts, lateral broad, inner face plain with only 2 slightly sinuous bars. Measurements. Antenna 1.23-1.35 mm (n = 3). Wing length 3.45-3.60 mm, width 1.43-1.45 (n = 3). DISTRIBUTION. Argentina, Chile. HOLOTYPE. (3, ARGENTINA, Rio Negro, Puerto Blest, Lake Nahuel Huapi, 2-3.xii.1926, F. and M. Edwards (BMNH; examined). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. ARGENTI- NA, Neuquen, Arroyo Quechaquina, N side Lago Lacar, Id, 16.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweep- ing sedges, 610 m (LACM), N San Martin de los Andes, N shore Lake Huechulafquen, 3d, 19, 17- 19. xi. 1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, 920 m (LACM), 11 km W San Martin de los Andes, 5d, 49, 17.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping, bog, 890 m (LACM); Rio Negro, Nahuel Huapi NP, Lago Mascardi, 3d, 14-16.xii.1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 800 m (LACM). CHILE, Llanquihue, Yerbas Buenas, 3d, 3.xii.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping, 150 m (LACM). Didicrum simplex (Tonnoir) Figs. 6-9 Pericoma simplex Tonnoir, 1929:25-26, pi. Ill, figs. 54-57. Didicrum simplex; Quate, 1963:185, figs. 3a-g. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular suture interrupted in center and represented by only small suture extending from dorsal eye margin, sometimes totally absent; eyes separated by 1-1.5 facet diameters; dorsal projec- tion of frons hair patch absent or sparse with only few alveoli on midline; ascoids with 2-5 anterior branches. Sensory organ attached to base of forecoxa, lob- ular, about same size as spiracle. Base of R2+3 at- tached to R4; radial fork basad of medial, distad of base of R2+3 by about 1 cell width; base of R5 dis- tad of base of M3. Gonostylus nearly straight, with slight undula- tion before apex; dorsal process of distiphallus black, single, bare, without setae, much shorter than ventral process, with acute apex, slightly curved, ventral process of distiphallus a single shaft, apex split or divided; tergite 10 parallel-sided on basal half and tapering to blunt apex. Measurements. Antenna 1.23-1.48 mm (x - 1.35; n = 10). Wing length 3.08-3.43 mm, width 1.20-1.43 mm (x = 3.26, 1.35; n = 10). Female. Little larger than male; eyes separated by 1.5-2 facet diameters. Subgenital plate with well defined, asymmetrical lobes; chitinous arch barely penetrates posterior margin between lobes; genital ducts simple, reticulate on anterior part; longitu- dinal strut prominent, lateral strut absent. Measurements. Antenna 1.20-1.35 mm (x = 1.30; n = 10). Wing length 3.03-3.55 mm, width 1.13-1.50 mm (x = 3.29, 1.33; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Argentina, Chile. HOLOTYPE. 9, ARGENTINA, Bariloche, 28.xi.1926 (BMNH; examined). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. ARGENTI- NA, Chubut, Lago Puelo, 4d, 12.xii.l994, L. Qua- te, H. Bhat, willows by pond (LACM); Neuquen, 17 km W Alumine, Id, 14.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sedges in stagnant pool, 900 m (LACM), 23 km NW Volcan La Angostura, Id, 23-25.xi.l994, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 980 m (LACM), San Mar- tin de los Andes, 7d, 5 9, 19.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, bog, 790 m (LACM), 7 km W San Martin de Contributions in Science, Number 500 los Andes, 5d, 3$, 17.xi.l994, L, Quate, H. Bhat, streamside, 660 m (LACM), 11 km W San Martin de los Andes, 1$, 17.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping bog, 890 m (LACM), 81 km NW San Martin de los Andes, 2d, 20.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, 850 m (LACM), N shore Lake Huechula- fquen, N San Martin de los Andes, Id, 2 9, 17- 19.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, 920 m (LACM), Volcan Llanquin, 20 km S Confluencia, 19, 25.xi.1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping reeds (LACM); Rio Negro, Nahuel Huapi NP, Lago Mas- cardi, Id, 14-1 6.xii. 1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Mal- aise trap (LACM). CHILE, Llanquihue, Yerbas Buenas, lid, 99, 3.xii.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping, 150 m (LACM). Didicrum deceptrix new species Figs. 10-12 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular suture interrupted in center; eyes separated by 1-1.5 facet diameters; dorsal projec- tion of frons hair patch absent or sparse with only few alveoli on midline; ascoids with 2-5 anterior branches. Base of R2+3 attached to R4; radial fork on same level as medial, distad of base of R2+3 by at least 4 cell widths; base of R^ distad of base of M3. Gonostylus nearly straight, with slight undula- tion before apex; dorsal process of distiphallus sin- gle, bare, without setae, recurved near apex, same diameter throughout length; ventral process of dis- tiphallus a single shaft with apex entire, undivided; tergite 10 parallel-sided on basal half. Measurements. Antenna 1.40-1.45 mm (n = 2). Wing length 3.75-3.85 mm, width 1.52-1.55 (n = 2). Female. Eyes separated by 1.5-2 facet diameters; subgenital plate elongate, apical lobes symmetrical; chitinous arch extends beyond posterior border; genital ducts without reticulations; longitudinal strut weakly developed; lateral strut well devel- oped; posterior part of membranous plate with small sclerotized lobe. Measurements. Antenna 1.38-1.43 mm (n = 4). Wing length 3.60-3.83, width 1.45-1.55 mm (n = 4). DISTRIBUTION. Chile. HOLOTYPE. (3, CHILE, Llanquihue, Yerbas Buenas, 6.xii.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 150 m (LACM). PARATYPES. 13, 39, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin deceptrix, for de- ceiver, referring to its similarity to D. simplex and D. inornatum. Didicrum contiguum (Tonnoir) Figs. 13-14 Pericoma contigua Tonnoir, 1929:24-25, pi. Ill, figs. 51-53. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 11 Didicrum contiguum', Enderlein, 1937:24; Quate, 1963:185. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 2-3 facet diameters; interocular suture interrupted in center leaving 2 convergent bars; frons hair patch undivided, without median band; flagellomeres fu- siform (4-14 missing), ascoids with 3-4 anterior branches. Anepisternite sparsely covered with alveoli over most of surface. Base of R2+3 not attached to R4, without crossveins; base of R5 distad of base of M3, radial fork basad of medial. Hypandrium a narrow band; gonostylus strongly curved over apical one-quarter; distiphallus dark, curved; parameres paired, symmetrical, with feath- ery tips; surstylus with 1 tenaculum; tergite 10 dome-shaped. Female. Eye separation as in male; interocular su- ture similar to male, except inverted Y-shaped with center and stem very faint. Subgenital plate with sides of apical lobes slightly divergent; chitinous arch not reaching apical margin; lateral and longi- tudinal struts slender; genital ducts with striations over lobes. DISTRIBUTION. Argentina. HOLOTYPE. 3, ARGENTINA, Rio Negro, Lake Nahuel Huapi, Puerto Blest, 2~3.xii.1926, and eastern end of lake, 17. xi. 1926, F. and M. Ed- wards (BMNH; examined). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. 13, 19 para- type, same data as holotype. REMARKS. The feathery apex of the male par- ameres is unique for the genus Didicrum. Based on the branched ascoids and ending of R5 beyond the wing apex, D. contiguum is tentatively placed in Didicrum. Unfortunately, the male geni- talia are missing from the holotype and the gono- coxal apodemes are missing from the paratype. Since the structure of the anterior gonocoxal apo- demes cannot be examined, this placement is prob- lematic. Didicrum remulum new species Figs. 15-17 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular suture inverted V-shaped; eyes separated by 1-1.5 facet diameters; dorsal projec- tion of frons hair patch extends dorsally to center of eye bridge; ascoids unidigitate, with single an- terior branch. Wing with base of R2+3 directed toward, but not attached to, R4; radial fork distad of base of R2+3 by at least 4 cell widths; base of R5 distad of base of M3; radial fork slightly basad of medial fork. Gonostylus nearly straight, with slight undula- tion before apex, dorsal process of distiphallus sin- gle, bare, without setae, much longer than ventral process, straight; ventral process of distiphallus a single shaft, with apex entire, undivided; parameres asymmetrical; tergite 10 parallel-sided on basal half. 12 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Measurements. Antenna 0.83-0.90 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.43-2.70 mm, width 0.98-1.1 mm (n = 2). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Argentina. HOLOTYPE. d, ARGENTINA, Rio Negro, Lago Morena, 14-16. xii. 1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 800 m (MLPA). PARATYPES. Id, same data as holotype; Eago Mascardi, Id, 14-16.xii.1994, E. Quate, H. Bhat, 800 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. Erom Latin remulum for oar, re- ferring to the shape of one of the processes of the distiphallus. REMARKS. The 2 black parts of the distiphallus are distinctive and unlike any other species of Di- dicrum. The single branch of the ascoids differs from most other Didicrum, but such other charac- ters as the shape of the flagellomeres, the position of the wing forks, and Rs ending beyond the wing tip, are characteristics of the genus. We therefore place D. remulum in Didicrum, although it neces- sitates enlarging the generic definition. Didicrum pyramidon new species Figs. 18-22 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 4 facet rows; interocular suture inverted Y-shaped; eyes separated by 1-1.5 facet diameters; dorsal projec- tion of frons hair patch absent or sparse with only few alveoli on midline; flagellomere 1 larger than following (in two specimens flagellomeres 1 and 2 fused producing only 13 flagellomeres), terminal 3 reduced; ascoids unidigitate, with single anterior branch. Wing with base of R2+3 attached to R4; radial fork distad of base of R2+3 by at least 4 cell widths; base of R5 on same level as M3. Secondary connection between gonocoxites bear- ing 4-5 setae on small protuberance on each side of midline; gonostylus nearly straight, with slight undulation before apex; posterior gonocoxal apo- demes a pair of elongated triangular projections; dorsal process of distiphallus elongate, asymmetri- cal, little longer than ventral processes, ventral pro- cesses paired, 2 triangular shafts, basiphallus short; epandrium with 2 foramina; surstylus long and slender; tergite 10 triangular, with enlarged thick- ening on lateral margin at base. Measurements. Antenna 0.93-1.03 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.55-2.80 mm, width 0.95-1.10 mm (x = 2.62, 1.03; n - 6). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Argentina. HOLOTYPE. d, ARGENTINA, Neuquen, 81 km NW San Martin de los Andes, 850 m, 20.xi.l994 (MLPA). PARATYPES. 5d, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. Erom Latin pyramidos, for py- ramidal, referring to the shape of tergite 10. REMARKS. The single branch of the ascoids, 4 facet rows of the eye bridge and the elongate male surstylus of D. pyramidon resembles species of Satchellomyia Duckhouse (1990:737); however, D. pyramidon differs from Satchellomyia species in having the 3 terminal flagellomeres reduced and lacking the dorsal projection of the frons hair patch. Didicrum fenestratum (Tonnoir) new combination Eigs. 23-24 Pericoma fenestrata Tonnoir, 1929:20, pi. II, figs. 37-39 (labeled Pericoma fenestralis, lapsus). Synseodais fenestrata-, Enderlein, 1937:92. DESCRIPTION. Male. Unknown. Female. Eyes separated by 2.5 facet diameters; frons hair patch undivided, short median band of few alveoli extending posteriorly to lower eye mar- gin; ascoids with 2-5 anterior branches. Wing strongly infuscated on anterior border and on apical two-fifths, lighter infuscation along CUA2 and at base, circular clear area in center of wing; radial fork basad of medial, about 2 cell widths distad of base of R7+3; base of R5 distad of base of M3. Subgenital plate concave apically between lobes; membranous plate with delicate, striated arch on each side; lateral strut well developed; genital ducts with striations over lobe; membranous lobe elon- gate, extends anteriorly from lateral strut as round- ed lobe. Measurements. Antenna 0.80-0.97 mm (n = 5). Wing length 2.40-2.67 mm, width 0.85-1.07 mm (x = 2.41, 0.99; n = 7). DISTRIBUTION. Chile. HOLOTYPE. 9, CHILE, Llanquihue, Casa Pangue, 4-10. xii. 1926, F. and M. Edwards (BMNH; examined). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. CHILE, Llan- quihue, Yerbas Buenas, 29, 3. xii. 1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping (LACM), 5 9, 4-6. xii. 1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 150 m (LACM). Didicrum viduatum (Tonnoir) Fig. 25 Pericoma viduata Tonnoir, 1929:26, pi. IV, figs. 58-60. Didicrum viduatum-, Enderlein, 1937:105; Quate, 1963:185. DESCRIPTION. Male. Unknown. Female. Eyes separated by 2.5-3 facet diameters; eye bridge with 4 facet rows in second and third columns; interocular suture inverted Y-shaped but center and stem very faint; frons hair patch undi- vided, with sparse, irregular 2 rows of alveoli ex- tending posteriorly to upper eye margin; ascoids with 2 anterior branches. Anepisternite with sparse alveoli over dorsal two-thirds. Rs pectinate; radial fork slightly basad Contributions in Science, Number 500 of medial; base of R, distad of base of M3; without crossveins. Subgenital plate with apical lobes rounded; chi- tinous arch extends beyond apical margin; longi- tudinal and lateral struts well developed; genital ducts with striations over lobes. DISTRIBUTION. Chile. HOLOTYPE. ?, CHILE, Chiloe I. Ancud, 17- 19.xii.l926, F. and M. Edwards (BMNH; exam- ined). KEY TO MALES OF DIDICRUM The males of D. griseatum, D. fenestratum, and D. viduatum are unknown. 1 Interocular suture incomplete, interrupted in cen- ter (Fig. 4) 2 - Interocular suture complete, inverted V- or Y- shaped (Figs. 16, 21) 5 2 Radial fork distad of base of R2+3 by about 1 cell width (Fig. 7); distiphallus consists of 2 shafts, 1 dark and 1 pale 3 - Radial fork distad of base of R2+3 by more than 1 cell width (Fig. 11); distiphallus consists of sin- gle shaft 4 3 Dark shaft of distiphallus nearly as long as pale shaft (Fig. 3) D. inornatum (Tonnoir) - Dark shaft of distiphallus shorter than pale shaft (Fig. 9) D. simplex (Tonnoir) 4 Base of R2+3 connected to R4 (Fig. 11); radial fork on same level as medial; paramere single or absent D. deceptrix n. sp. - Base of R2+3 not connected to R4; radial fork ba- sad of medial fork; paramere paired and with feathery patch of setae at apex (Fig. 13) D. contiguum (Tonnoir) 5 Eye bridge with 3 facet rows (Fig. 16); base of R2+3 not connected to R4 (Fig. 17); radial fork basad of medial fork D. remulum n. sp. - Eye bridge with 4 facet rows (Fig. 21); base of R2+3 connected to R4; radial fork on same level as medial D. pyramidon n. sp. Thrysocanthus Enderlein Thrysocanthus Enderlein, 1937:103; Quate, 1963: 189; Duckhouse, 1973:15. TYPE SPECIES. Psychoda stellulata Loew, by original designation. DESCRIPTION. Male. Head with same colora- tion above and below eyes; eyes separated; intero- cular suture present; eye bridge extends to or close to midline; eye bridge with 4-5 facet rows; antenna shorter than wing width; scape elongate; flagello- mere 1 similar to following segments; flagellomeres fusiform or barrel-shaped; only terminal 2 flagel- lomeres sometimes reduced, terminal 1 with long apiculis; ascoids shorter than segment bearing them, unidigitate; palpus shorter than antenna, of- ten highly modified; palpomere 4 shorter to slightly longer than 3; labellum unusually large. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 13 Antepronotum without band of pores; sensory organs of thorax present. Wing irregular in outline, darkly infuscate, but without patterns; Sc short, does not extend beyond base of R^. Rs not pecti- nate; base of R2+3 attached to R4; radial fork basad of wing center, distad or basad of medial fork, without spur; R5 ends beyond wing apex. Hypandrium a curved band connecting gonocox- ites; gonopod composed of gonocoxite and articu- lated gonostylus; paramere present as shaft parallel to and dorsal of distiphallus with one side attached to gonocoxite; aedeagus asymmetrical; epandrium with 2 foramina; surstylus with 1 tenaculum, with- out accessory tenacula. Female. Eye bridge with 4-5 facet rows. Subgen- ital plate bilobed; female genital ducts with smooth lateral margin. REMARKS. The 4-5 facet rows in the eye bridge, modified palpus (with segment 2 lobed and segment 3 curved and elongate), and dark, irregular wing makes Thrysocanthus readily recognizable. Thrysocanthus stellulatus (Loew) Psychoda stellulata Loew, 1854:1. Thrysocanthus stellulatus; Enderlein, 1937:103; Quate, 1963:189-190. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 3-4 facet diameters; interocular suture inverted V- shaped; frons hair patch with dense band of alveoli extending posteriorly nearly to interocular suture; palpomeres 2 and 3 enlarged. Gonostylus with hook-shaped protrusion in cen- ter of medial surface; distiphallus with enlargement at center; paramere longer than distiphallus. DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. HOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, [no other data] (ZMHB; not examined). Thrysocanthus rubiginosus Quate Figs. 26-31 Thrysocanthus rubiginosus Quate, 1963:191, figs. 8a-g. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 4-5 facet diameters; interocular suture inverted V- shaped; frons hair patch with irregular double row of alveoli extending posteriorly to upper eye mar- gin; terminal flagellomeres not reduced; palpomere 2 protruding from apicomedial margin, 3 articulat- ed preapically, curved, 4 normal, ratio of palpom- eres 10:20:25:30. Anepisternite bare of alveoli, except slender, lon- gitudinal strip on posterior one-third with compact alveoli; laterotergite with alveoli only on ventral half. R| with enlargement basad of radial fork bear- ing cluster of long hairs. Hypandrium a well-developed band bearing rounded lobe on each side of midline, each with 8- 10 bristles; gonocoxite with 1 large bristle near apex; distiphallus small, dark, and slender; para- 14 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 13-22 Didicrum spp. 13-14. D. contiguum: 13. male genitalia, dorsal; 14. female genitalia. 15-17. D. remulum: 15. male genitalia, dorsal; 16. eye bridge; 17. base of wing. 18-22. D. pyramidon: 18. flagellomeres 1-4; 19. flagellomeres 1-4 of variant; 20. male genitalia, dorsal; 21. eye bridge and interocular suture; 22. male epandrium and surstyli. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 15 Figures 23-25 Didicrum spp. 23-24. D. fenestratum: 23. female genitalia; 24. base of wing. 25. D. viduatum female genitalia mere larger and longer than distiphallus; tergite 10 elongate, triangular. Measurements. Antenna 1.08-1.30 mm (x = 1.22; n = 9). Wing length 2.60-2.75 mm (x = 2.67; n = 5), width 0.95-1.03 (x = 1.00; n = 5). Female. Eyes separated by 4.5-5 facet diameters; eye bridge with 4 facet rows; palpus normal. Ane- pisternite without ridges, sparsely covered with al- veoli; Rj without enlargement. Subgenital plate with sides of apical lobes parallel; genital ducts elongate, longitudinal and lateral struts well devel- oped. Measurements. Antenna 1.20-1.30 mm (x = 1.23; n = 5). Wing length 2.63-2.75 mm (x = 2.68; n = 5), width 1.00-1.03 mm (x -- 1.01; n = 5). DISTRIBUTION. Brazil, Paraguay. HOLOTYPE. d, PARAGUAY, [no locality], 4.v.[no year], Eiebrig (ZMHB; examined). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. BRAZIL, Rondonia, Cacaulandia, 200 km SSE Porto Velho, 10°18'S, 62°52.1'W, 8d, 49, 25.v-6.vi.1998, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 140 m (LACM). REMARKS. In the illustration of the male geni- talia by Quate (1963:191, fig. 8f), there appears to be an appendage from the apex of the gonocoxite; in reality, this is a large, articulated spine (as shown in Fig. 26). Thrysocanthus deformitas new species Figs. 32-35 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 3.5-4 facet diameters; interocular suture dome-shaped; frons hair patch with sparse, irregular band extend- ing posteriorly to upper eye margin; terminal 2 fla- gellomeres reduced; palpus highly modified, pal- pomere 2 medially with large, rounded lobe, 3 en- larged, curved, with patch of hairs on base of lat- eral margin, 4 normal, ratio of palpomeres 10:10: 30:30. Anepisternite largely bare of alveoli but with nar- row fold on dorsal margin from anterior to poste- rior densely packed with protuberant alveoli, an- other fold along posterior margin also with alveoli but not protuberant; laterotergite with alveoli only on ventral portion. Hypandrium a wide band with elongate protru- sion on each side of midline, knob in center bearing cluster of 8-10 bristles; gonocoxite with 6 large bristles on apicomedial margin; anterior gonocoxal apodeme larger than normal; gonostylus slender; distiphallus funnel-shaped; paramere with sclero- tized margin on left and membranous area appar- ently enclosing distiphallus; tergite 10 elongate tri- angular. Measurements. Antenna 1.18-1.28 mm (x = 16 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 26-31 Thrysocanthus rubiginosus: 26. male genitalia, dorsal; 2.1 . male epandrium and surstyli; 28. male head; 29. male flagellomeres 12-14; 30. male wing; 31. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 1.24; n = 12). Wing length 3.20-3.50 mm, width 1.28-1.53 (x = 3.35, 1.43; n = 13). Female. Eyes separated by 4.5-5 facet diameters; eye bridge with 4 facet rows; palpus normal. Ane- pisternite without ridges, sparsely covered with al- veoli; Rj without enlargement. Subgenital plate with sides of apical lobes slightly divergent, apical concavity weak; genital ducts hemispherical with well-developed longitudinal and lateral struts. Measurements. Antenna 1.18-1.28 mm (x = 1.21; n = 13). Wing length 2.97-3.22 mm, width 1.12-1.33 (x = 3.07, 1.18; n = 15). DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. FIOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, Rondonia, Cacaulan- dia, 200 km SSE Porto Velho, 10°18'S, 62°52.1'W, 25.v-6.vi.1998, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 140 m (INPA). PARATYPES. 16 d, 18 7, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. Erom Latin deformis for mis- shapen, referring to the unusual male palpus. KEY TO MALES OF THRYSOCANTHUS 1 Gonostylus without protuberance near center; gonocoxite with 1 or more large bristles on api- comedial margin (Fig. 26) 2 - Gonostylus with hooklike protuberance near center of mesal margin; gonocoxite without large bristles T. stellulatus (Loew) 2 Distiphallus small and slender (Fig. 26); hypan- drium with knobs on each side of midline with 6-8 bristles at apex; palpal segment 2 slightly modified, segment 3 slightly curved (Fig. 28) . . T. rubiginosus Quate - Distiphallus funnel-shaped with broad, flattened apex; knobs on hypandrium with bristles on knob in center of protuberance; palpal segments 2 and 3 enlarged and shape strongly modified (Fig. 33) T. deformitas n. sp. Desmioza Enderlein Desmioza Enderlein, 1937:99; Quate, 1963:183. TYPE SPECIES. Pericoma edwardsi Tonnoir, by original designation. DESCRIPTION. Male. Head with same colora- tion above and below eyes; eyes separated; intero- cular suture present; eye bridge extends to or close to midline, with 3 facet rows; antenna shorter than wing width; flagellomeres fusiform or barrel- shaped; terminal 3 flagellomeres not reduced, ter- minal 1 with apiculis; ascoids short, unidigitate; palpus about three-quarters length of antenna, pal- pomere 4 longer than palpomere 3. Antepronotum without band of pores; sensory organ of thorax absent, anepisternum sparsely cov- ered with alveoli except posterolateral one-third; la- terotergite with sparse alveoli on ventral half. Wing with infuscate patterns; costa without second costal node; Rs not pectinate; R2+3 not attached to R4; radial fork near wing center, on same level as me- Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 17 dial fork, with spur; medial fork sometimes with small spur; R^ ends beyond wing apex. Anterior gonocoxal apodemes form pair of an- terior, expanded lobes; hypandrium a bar connect- ing gonocoxites, adhering to base of gonocoxites; paramere absent; aedeagus asymmetrical; epan- drium with single large foramen; surstylus with 1 tenaculum, without accessory tenacula. Female. Subgenital plate bilobed; genital ducts with smooth lateral margin. REMARKS. Desmioza is separable from all oth- er Setomimini genera, except Didimioza, by the spur on the radial fork; also, the combination of the simple, unbranched ascoids, fusiform flagello- meres, and R5 ending beyond the wing tip help de- fine this genus. Desmioza edwardsi (Tonnoir) Figs. 36-40 Pericoma edwardsi Tonnoir, 1929:12-14; Quate, 1963:183, figs. 2a-g; Duckhouse, 1973:9. Desmioza edwardsi-, Enderlein, 1937:99. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 2 facet diameters; interocular suture inverted V-shaped; frons hair patch with sparse median band extend- ing dorsally to facet row 1; scape about 3 times length of pedicel; simple, unbranched ascoids on flagellomeres 2-4, paired on 5-13; ratio of palpom- eres 10:11:14:25. Wing with small, faint spots at vein tips, base of R2+3 and R5 and radial and medial forks; radial fork slightly distad of medial; base of R5 well distad of base of M3. Hypandrium fused to bases of gonocoxites; gon- ocoxites contiguous on midline; gonostylus strong- ly curved, with subapical protrusion bearing 5-6 bristles; distiphallus composed of 2 black parts, 1 firmly attached to basiphallus, 1 detached, thicker and extends beyond tip of other; surstylus thick and rather short; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 0.81-0.91 mm (n = 4). Wing length 1.85-2.35 mm, width 0.75-0.95 mm (x = 2.21, 0.86; n = 9). Female. Eyes separated by 2.5 facet diameters. Subgenital plate with sides of apical lobes slightly divergent; chitinous arch extends slightly beyond apical margin; membranous plate largely covered with black particles, central band extends from apex of genital ducts to chitinous arch, sides of band heavily sclerotized, arrow-shaped structure at apex of genital ducts; genital ducts with longitudi- nal and lateral struts well developed. Measurements. Antenna 0.78-0.98 mm (x = 0.85; n = 10). Wing length 2.45-3.05 mm, width 0.93-1.29 mm (x = 2.64, 1.02; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Argentina, Chile. HOLOTYPE. A, ARGENTINA, Rio Negro, Bariloche, 25-28. x.1926 (BMNH; not examined). SPECIMENS STUDIED. ARGENTINA, Chu- but, Los Alerces NP, Lago Rivadavia, 4$, 9- 12.xii.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 800 18 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 32-35 Thrysocanthus deformitas: 32. male genitalia, dorsal; 33. male head; 34. male wing; 35. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 m (LACM); Neuquen, 23 km S of Lago Alumine, 9(3, 19, 13.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping grass (e.g.,1470 m) (LACM), N shore Lago Lacar, 1(3, 16.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping sedg- es, 610 m (LACM), San Martin de los Andes, 850 m, 1(3, 49, 15~20.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap in forest of Nothofagus antarctica, 850 m (LACM), 7 km W San Martin de los Andes, 3 9 , 17.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, streamside, 660 m (LACM), 11 km W San Martin de los Andes, 1 9, 17.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping, 800 m (LACM), 12 km S San Martin de los Andes, 109, 17-19.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 815 m (LACM); Rio Negro, Rio Villegas, 57 km S Bariloche, 9 9 , 8-1 3. xi. 1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, 800 m (LACM). CHILE, Llanquihue, Yerbas Buenas, 19, 6.xii.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap (LACM). REMARKS. Association of the sexes was made on the basis of common occurrence in the same locality. Tonnoir (1929:pl. I, fig. 16) shows a crossvein at the radial fork that is not present in any of the specimens we studied. Apparently, the dark spot on the radial fork gave the impression of a crossvein in the dry, pinned specimens that he examined. Desmioza speciosa (Tonnoir) new combination Figs. 41-42 Pericoma speciosa Tonnoir, 1929:11-12, pi. 3, fig. 13. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by little more than 2 facet diameters; interocular suture V- shaped, eye bridge with 3 facet rows; frons hair patch with sparse median band extending dorsally to facet row 2; scape about 3 times length of ped- icel; simple, unbranched ascoids paired on all fla- gellomeres, except absent on 1 and 2; ratio of pal- pomeres 10:12:15:24. Wing with small, faint spots at vein tips, base of R2+3 and R5, and radial and medial forks; radial fork slightly distad of medial; base of R5 well distad of base of M3. Hypandrium fused to bases of gonocoxites; gon- ocoxites slightly separated on midline; posterior gonocoxal apodemes bulbous, posterior surface re- ticulate; gonostylus bifurcate, ventral appendage short and strongly curved, with subapical protru- sion bearing 5-6 bristles, dorsal appendage black, similar shape as ventral, with spur at distal one- third without bristles; distiphallus composed of 2 black, straight shafts, ventral much longer than dorsal, tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 0.85-0.99 mm (x = 0.93; n = 9). Wing length 2.33-3.00 mm, width 0.98-1.10 mm (x = 2.67, 1.07; n = 10). Female. Eyes separated by 2.5 facet diameters. Subgenital plate with sides of apical lobes parallel or nearly so; chitinous arch extends beyond apical margin; membranous plate largely covered with Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 19 black particles, central band extends from apex of genital ducts to chitinous arch, sides of band heavi- ly sclerotized, simple, black bar in center between genital ducts; genital ducts with longitudinal and lateral struts well developed. Measurements. Antenna 0.74-0.85 mm (x = 0.81; n = 6). Wing length 2.05-2.60 mm, width 0.75-0.88 mm (x = 2.35, 0.84; n = 6). DISTRIBUTION. Argentina, Chile. HOLOTYPE. 9, CHILE, Llanquihue, Casa Pangue, 4-10. xii. 1926, F. and M. Edwards (BMNH; examined). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. ARGENTI- NA, Neuquen, 17 km W Alumine, 2(3, 14.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sedges in standing water, 900 m (LACM), 23 km S Lago Alumine, 5(3, 1 9 , 13. xi. 1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping grass, 1470 m (LACM), 27 km NW Alumine, Rio Nor- quinco, 1(3, 14.xi.l994, L. Quate, 980 m (LACM), N San Martin de los Andes, N shore Lago Hue- chulafquen, 1 9 , 17-19.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, 920 m (LACM), San Martin de los Andes, 1 (3, 1 9 , 15-20.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, Nothofagus antarctica forest, 850 m (LACM), 7 km W San Martin de los Andes, lc3, 17.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, streamside, 660 m (LACM), 11 km W San Martin de los Andes, 2(3, 17.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping, bog, 890 m (LACM), 12 km S San Martin de los Andes, 7(3, 17- 19.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 815 m (LACM), 81 km NW San Martin de los Andes, 1 9 , 20. xi. 1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 850 m (LACM); Rio Negro, Rio Villegas, 57 km S Bariloche, 2 9 , 8-13.xii.1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 800 m (LACM). REMARKS. The males of D. edwardsi and D. speciosa are easily separated by characters of the genitalia. The surstylus of D. edwardsi is longer than the gonostylus and single, whereas it is short, circular, and bifurcate in D. speciosa. In addition, the distiphallus of D. edwardsi consists of 2 shafts ending at about the same level, whereas 1 shaft of D. speciosa is much longer than the other. Females of the two species are also similar but are readily separated by the arrow-shaped bar in the center of the membranous plate of D. edwardsi, which is re- placed by a straight, simple bar in D. speciosa. The two species have overlapping distributions. This is the first description of the males of D. speciosa, which were associated with the females by collecting in the same area and by their relative abundance compared with D. edwardsi. KEY TO SPECIES OF DESMIOZA 1 Male with gonostylus single, longer than gono- coxite and C-shaped (Fig. 36); female with dark, arrow shape in center of membranous plate (Fig. 38) D. edwardsi (Tonnoir) - Male with gonostylus bifurcate, pair of small, curled appendages on top of each other, shorter than gonocoxite (Fig. 42); female with dark bar 20 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 36-42 Desmioza spp. 36-40. D. edwardsi: 36. male genitalia, dorsal; 37. male epandrium and surstyli; 38. female genitalia; 39. wing; 40. male, head. 41-42. D. speciosa: 41. female genitalia; 42. male genitalia (inset, tip of ventral appendage of gonostylus). All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini 121 between genital ducts (Fig. 41) D. speciosa (Tonnoir) Didimioza new genus TYPE SPECIES. Desmioza symphylia Quate, by present designation, DESCRIPTION. Male. Head with same colora- tion above and below eyes; eyes separated; intero- cular suture present; eye bridge extends to or close to midline, with 4 facet rows; antenna longer than wing width, with 13 flagellomeres, 1 enlarged. I'- ll pyriform with poorly defined internodes, basal internodes short but progressively elongating, fla- gellomere 12 without internode, flagellomere 13 globular with apiculis as long as base; ascoids paired on flagellomeres 1-12, unidigitate, longer than segment bearing them; palpus about three- quarters length of antenna, palpomere 4 longer than palpomere 3. Antepronotum without band of pores; sensory organs of thorax absent, anepisternum sparsely covered with alveoli; laterotergite with sparse al- veoli on ventral half. Wing without infuscate pat- terns, except small, faint brown spots at vein tips and forks; costa without second costal node; Rs not pectinate; R2+3 weakly joined to R4; radial fork near wing center at same level as medial fork, with spur; medial fork with small spur; R5 ends beyond wing apex. Anterior gonocoxal apodemes form pair of an- terior, expanded lobes; hypandrium a thin bar con- necting gonocoxites, adhering to base of gonocox- ites over part of length; aedeagus asymmetrical; paramere present; epandrium with single large fo- ramen; surstylus with 1 tenaculum, without acces- sory tenacula. Female. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; antenna with 14 flagellomeres, 1 not enlarged but otherwise like male. Subgenital plate bilobed; genital ducts with smooth lateral margin. ETYMOLOGY. Arbitrary combination of parts of Didicrum and Desmioza to indicate similarity to the genera bearing those names. REMARKS. Didimioza is most closely related to Desmioza, as indicated by the apomorphic spur on the radial fork and R5 ending beyond the wing tip. The position of the forks and position of the R5 tip is similar to Didicrum, to which it bears a general resemblance. The genus is unique in having 4 facet rows and 13 flagellomeres in the male and only 3 facet rows and 14 flagellomeres in the female. These features, along with the longer antenna and aedeagus with a paramere, indicate the distinctness of the group. Additionally, the 3 genera differ in geographical distribution: Neotropical Didicrum and Desmioza are only found south of the Tropic of Capricorn, while Didimioza is only found north of that latitude. The reduction in the male flagellomeres is formed by the fusion of the first 2 flagellomeres, as shown by the enlarged segment with a constriction in the center; in the female, there are the normal 14 fla- gellomeres. Didimioza symphylia (Quate) new combination Figs. 43-53 Desmioza symphylia Quate, 1999:418, figs. 2F-J. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture small, in- verted Y-shaped; frons hair patch with broad me- dian band extending dorsally to facet row 2; scape about 2 times length of pedicel; ratio of palpomeres 10:15:17:19. Wing with small, faint spots at vein tips, base of R2+3 and R5, and radial fork; radial fork on same level as medial; base of R5 well distad of base of M3. Gonocoxite with 2-3 large spines on apicomedial margin; posterior gonocoxal apodemes without spines on posterior border; distiphallus composed of single straight shaft; paramere similar in shape and length to distiphallus, may be little longer than distiphallus, base with lateral expansion ending in dark, sharp point; surstylus thick and of moderate length; tergite 10 dome-shaped. Measurements. See Table 1. Eemale. Eyes separated by 2-2.5 facet diameters. Subgenital plate with apical lobes ovoid; chitinous arch extends little beyond apical margin; membra- nous plate with T-shaped structure posterior of gen- ital ducts; genital ducts with longitudinal and lat- eral struts well developed. Measurements. See Table 1. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica, Panama. HOLOTYPE. d, PANAMA, Barro Colorado I., xii.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap (USNM; ex- amined). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. COSTA RICA, Cartago, 4 km NE Canon, 3d, 21$, iv.l995, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 2350 m (LACM); Guanacaste, Maritza Biological Station, 6d, 9$, 25-28. iv.l997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 560 m (LACM); Puntarenas, Monteverde, 1$, 28. iv- 1.V.1997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1550 m (LACM), Pittier Biological Station, 30 km N San Vito, 6d, ll-14.vi.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap (LACM); San Jose, 19 km S, 3 km W Empalme, Id, i- iii.1993. Id, i.l995, P. Hanson, Malaise trap, 2600 m (LACM). REMARKS. Didimioza symphylia appears to be a variable species or possibly a species complex. More specimens are needed from further localities to determine whether the following populations warrant species status. 1. The Barro Colorado Island population has the distiphallus nearly as long as the paramere, and the basal expansion of the paramere terminates in a rounded point laterally. 2. The Guanacaste populations have the distiphal- lus nearly as long as the paramere, the basal ex- 22 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Table 1. Comparison of Didimioza symphylia (Quate) populations. Structure Panama Canal Zon BCI Costa Rica e Guanacaste Maritza Cartago Canon Puntarenas Monteverde, Pittier Distiphallus length (versus paramere) Similar Similar Shorter Shorter Basal expansion of paramere Dark, acute Dark, acute Brown, blunt Brown, blunt Saclike object on female genitalia Absent Absent Present Absent Wing, mm Antenna, mm Length Width Locality Sex Range X n Range X Range X n BCI $$ 1.05-1.10 1.08 3 1.95-2.33 2.18 0.78-0.95 0.83 5 Maritza dd 1.35-1.45 1.40 3 2.10-2.35 2.20 0.83-0.95 0.89 5 $$ 1.00-1.23 1.07 5 2.10-2.43 2.29 0.85-0.95 0.90 6 Canon dd 1.61-1.67 1.64 2 3.05-3.33 3.23 1.13-1.29 1.23 4 $$ 1.28-1.50 1.40 13 3.13-3.54 3.31 1.13-1.40 1.27 13 Pittier dd 1.35-1.40 1.38 2 2.15-2.45 2.28 0.80-0.95 0.89 5 Monteverde $$ 1.10-1.23 1.17 16 2.40-2.80 2.68 0.85-1.15 1.05 16 pansion of the paramere ends in a dark, re- curved hook on the lateral margin (Fig. 43), and their size is similar to those from Barro Colo- rado. 3. The Cartago and Puntarenas populations have a smaller distiphallus (Fig. 51), which is clearly shorter than the paramere, and the basal expan- sion of the paramere ends in a blunt apex lat- erally. There is considerable size difference in these populations (Table 1). Females of the Car- tago populations differ markedly in possessing a black, saclike structure attached to the lateral margin of the membranous plate (Fig. 52). Pos- sibly, these two populations represent a separate species. The specimen from Empalme may also be a sep- arate species. It has a short, thick distiphallus and a curved paramere. Didimioza venezuelica new species Figs. 54-56 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 1 facet diameter; interocular suture small, inverted Y- shaped, stem shorter than arms; frons hair patch with sparse median band extending dorsally to bot- tom of eye bridge; scape about 2 times length of pedicel; flagellomere 1 elongate and constricted in center; ratio of palpomeres 10:15:17:19. Wing with small, faint spots at vein tips, base of R2+3 and R5, and radial fork; radial fork on same level as medial; base of R2+3 not joined to R4, no crossvein, although dark spot gives appearance of crossvein; base of R5 well distad of base of M3. Hypandrium a narrow band; gonocoxite with 2 large spines on apicomedial margin; posterior gon- ocoxal apodemes with cluster of spines on posterior margin of each lobe; distiphallus composed of sin- gle straight shaft; paramere similar in shape and length to distiphallus, may be little shorter than dis- tiphallus, base with lateral expansion ending in broad, flat apex; surstylus thick and of moderate length; tergite 10 dome-shaped. Measurements. Antenna 1.30-1.78 mm (x = 1.50; n — 10). Wing length 2.68-3.13 mm, width 0.98-1.15 mm (x = 2.83, 1.10; n = 10). Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate rounded; chitinous arch reaches apical margin between lobes but does not break margin; membranous plate with straight bar posterior of genital ducts; longitudinal and lateral struts well developed. Measurements. Antenna 1.10-1.35 mm (x = 1.23; n = 18). Wing length 2.43-3.13 mm, width 0.98-1.25 mm (x = 2.84, 1.12; n = 18). DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Merida, Jaji, 8°36'N, 7U2rW, 14.ix.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 2100 m (IZAV). PARATYPES. 4d, 14$, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM), La Azulita, 8°42'N, 71°28'W, Id, 14.ix.l995, L. Quate, light trap, 1350 m (LACM), 8°27.6'N, 71°20.8'W, 2d, 13- 15. ix. 1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 2300 m (LACM, USNM), 1$, La Mesa, W Merida, 8°34'N, 71°19'W, 1$, 20.ix.l995, L. Quate, Mal- aise trap, 1650 m (LACM), Merida, 8°41'N, 71°6'W, 1$, ll.ix.l995. Id, 4$, 12.ix.l995, 3 $ , ll-13.ix.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 2100 m (LACM), 3$, 22.ix.1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1650 m (LACM), Merida, La Hechicera, 8°38'N, Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 23 50 Didimioza symphylia Figures 43-50 Didimioza symphylia: 43. male genitalia, dorsal (specimen from Maritza, Costa Rica); 44. male gonopods (Maritza); 45. male epandrium and surstyli (Maritza); 46. male head (Maritza); 47. male flagellomeres 1-4 (Maritza); 48. male flagellomeres 13-14 (Maritza); 49. female genitalia (Panama); 50. wing (Maritza). All scale lines = 0.1 mm 24 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini D. symphylia 56 Didimioza Figures 51-56 Didimioza spp. 51-53. D. symphylia: 51. male genitalia, dorsal (specimen from Cartago, Costa Rica); 52. female genitalia (Cartago); 53. flagellomeres 1-2. 54-56. D. venezuelica: 54. male genitalia, dorsal; 55. gonopods with anterior and posterior gonocoxal apodemes; 56. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 71°9'W, 2?, 22.ix.1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1800 m, secondary forest (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. Named for the country in which specimens were collected. REMARKS. Didimioza venezuelica is similar to D. symphylia in most respects but differs in that the lateral expansion of the paramere of D. vene- zuelica is broad with a flat apex, whereas that of D. symphylia ends in a sharp, lateral projection. Additionally, the lengths of the distiphallus and paramere are nearly equal in D. venezuelica (Fig. 54), similar to the Panama populations of D. sym- phylia. A more conspicuous difference is the pres- ence of a cluster of spines on the posterior gono- coxal apodemes of D. venezuelica which is lacking in all populations of D. symphylia. The female gen- italia of D. venezuelica are quite different from those of D. symphylia, with rounded apical lobes of the subgenital plate, different ornamentation, and a lack of black sacs on the membranous plate; and the bar on the membranous plate being straight and not T-shaped (Fig. 56). Didimioza chachapoya new species Figs. 57-58 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by little less than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture small, interrupted in center; frons hair patch with median band extending dorsally to facet row 1; scape about 2 times length of pedicel; flagellomere 1 elongate and constricted in center; ratio of palpomeres 10: 15:17:19. Wing with small, faint spots at vein tips, base of R2+3 and R5, and radial fork; radial fork on same level as medial; base of R2+3 not joined to R4, no crossvein, although dark spot gives appearance of crossvein; base of R5 well distad of base of M3. Hypandrium a narrow band; gonocoxite with 3 large spines on apicomedial margin; posterior gon- ocoxal apodemes without spines; distiphallus com- posed of single straight shaft; paramere similar in shape and length to distiphallus, base with lateral expansion ending in broad, rounded apex; surstylus of moderate length; tergite 10 not discernible. Measurements. Antenna 1.83 mm (n = 1). Wing length 3.03 mm, width 1.20 mm (n = 1). Female. Subgenital plate with apical lobes some- what quadrate; membranous plate with lightly sclerotized bar in center, curved band across bar, and sclerotized arch on each side of bar; genital ducts with longitudinal and lateral struts. Measurements. Antenna 1.30 mm (n = 1). Wing length 3.05 mm, width 1.13 mm (n = 1). DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. d, PERU, Amazonas, Chachapoy- as, 6°15'S 77°53'W, 12.viii.l997, L. Quate, 2150 m, shrubs at edge of small stream flowing through pasture at edge of town (MUSM). PARATYPE. ?, same data as holotype (MUSM). ETYMOLOGY. Named for the collecting local- ity. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 25 KEY TO MALES OF DIDIMIOZA 1 Posterior gonocoxal apodemes without spines on posterior margin 2 - Posterior gonocoxal apodemes with cluster of spines on posterior margin of each lobe (Fig. 55) D. venezuelica n. sp. 2 Lateral expansion at base of paramere ending in acute apex D. symphylia (Quate) - Lateral expansion at base of paramere rounded D. chachapoya n. sp. Tonnoira Enderlein Tonnoira Enderlein, 1937:106; Quate, 1963:189. TYPE SPECIES. Tonnoira pelliticornis Enderlein, by original designation. DESCRIPTION. Eye bridges fully developed and narrowly separated, with 5 facet rows, connected by interocular suture; frons hair patch quadrate and not divided in center. Antenna very long, lon- ger than wing (except female T. rectilata), scape and pedicel short, with 14 flagellomeres; flagello- meres fusiform, unusually long, terminal segments not reduced, apical with long, slender apiculis; as- coids lacking. Palpus extends to flagellomere 4, pal- pomere 1 much shorter than other palpomeres, ra- tio of segments 10:30:40:42. Midcoxa with patch of hairs on anteroapical margin. Rs not pectinate; base of R2+3 not attached to R4, radial and medial forks basad of wing center, radial usually basad of medial, R^ ends in wing apex. Hypandrium present; aedeagus asymmetrical (rarely symmetrical), surstylus with 1-3 tenacula; ventral epandrial sclerite (Duckhouse, 1987:233, 1990:723) paired, diagonal, and striated. Tonnoira protuherata new species Figs. 59-62 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge wide, with 5 facet rows, vertex height on midline nearly equal to width of eye bridge; apex of vertex protuberant; eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; inter- ocular suture a single suture without stem; flagel- lomere 1 slightly longer than following flagello- meres, length 2-4 times width. Anepisternum with band of hairs in center, well separated from anterior margin. Wing without sec- ond costal node, membrane clear, uncolored; base of R3 normal; medial fork distad of radial by more than 3 cell widths. Hypandrium a straight band connecting gono- coxites, without setose lobe in center; gonostylus very short, much shorter than gonocoxite, ending in 2-4 blunt projections with concavity at apex be- tween lobes; distiphallus a straight shaft extending beyond tip of gonostylus; paramere absent; sursty- lus with 1 tenaculum; tergite 10 somewhat cruciate with 2 lateral arms before apex. Measurements. Wing length 2.35-2.68 mm; width 0.90-1.05 mm (x = 2.50, 0.97; n = 6). 26 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini T protuberata 63 Tonnoira T. psacadoptera Figures 57-63 Didimioza and Tonnoira. 57-58. D. chachapoya: 57. male genitalia, dorsal; 58. female genitalia. 59-63. T. protuberata: 59. male, head; 60. male genitalia, dorsal; 61. gonopods, ventral; 62. epandrium, surstylus, tergite 10; 63. T. psacadoptera, base of radial sector and R4. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. (?, VENEZUELA, Aragua, 12 km NW El Limon, 19.ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap, 1020 m (IZAV). PARATYPES. 56, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM), Henri Pittier National Park, Rancho Grande, 10°20'N, 67°4UW, 76, 13- 18.vi.2001, Malaise trap, 96, 16-18.vi.2001, L. Quate, H. Bhat, CDC trap, 1100 m (BMNH, LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin protubero, meaning to swell out; referring to the apex of the vertex. Tonnoira psacadoptera new species Figs. 63-64 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex height on midline nearly 2 times width of eye bridge; apex of vertex protuberant; eyes separated by less than 1 facet di- ameter; interocular suture a single suture without stem; flagellomere 1 slightly longer than following flagellomeres, length 2-4 times width. Anepisternum with band of hairs in center, well separated from anterior margin. Wing without sec- ond costal node; membrane clear, uncolored; base of R3 with cluster of black granules; medial fork distad of radial by more than 3 cell widths. Hypandrium a band connecting gonocoxites; pair of lobes, possibly the posterior gonocoxal apo- demes, extend posteriorly from bases of gonoco- xite, left lobe with additional slender protrusions near apex, right lobe with additional mesal lobe bearing cluster of spines on apex and acute projec- tion laterad of spinose lobe; gonostyli dimorphic, left with prominent protrusion at distal one-third, right without protrusion, more slender than left; surstylus with 1 tenaculum; tergite 10 somewhat cruciate with 2 lateral arms before apex. Measurements. Antenna 2.60 mm. Wing length 2.25 mm, width 0.98 mm (n = 1). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. 6, VENEZUELA, 10 km NE of Maracay, 19.ix.l993, L. Quate (IZAV). ETYMOLOGY. From Greek psac- for grain and pteron wing, referring to granules on wing. REMARKS. Unfortunately, the basiphallus and anterior gonocoxal apodemes of the holotype were distorted during slide preparation. Tonnoira mirahilis Wagner Figs. 65-66 Tonnoira mirabilis Wagner, 1981:217-218, figs. 1-4. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex height on midline at least 2 times width of eye bridge; apex of vertex protuberant; eyes separated by less than 1 facet di- ameter; interocular suture a single suture without stem; flagellomere 1 longer and thinner than fol- lowing flagellomeres, length at least 5 times width. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 27 Wing with distinct second costal node, wing membrane infuscate or brownish; medial fork dis- tad of radial by more than 3 cell widths. Hypandrium a distinct band connecting gono- coxites, rounded or archlike; gonocoxite with slen- der, attenuate base anterior to hypandrium, poste- rior of hypandrium nearly quadrate; gonostylus longer than gonocoxite, broad over most of length and narrowing at about distal one-quarter; disti- phallus bipartite, apex of longest branch faint, curved at tip, shorter branch straight; paramere with perpendicular expansion at apex, shorter than distiphallus; surstylus with 3 tenacula, dorsal mar- gin with 3 short projections and 3-4 bristles near base; tergite 10 triangular, about as wide as long, evenly tapering to apex. Measurements. Wing length 2.25 mm, width 0.93 mm (n = 1). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Surinam, Brazil. HOLOTYPE. 6 , BRAZIL, Amazonas, Estirao do Equador, Rio do Equador, ix.l979, M. Alvar- enga (ZSMC; not examined). SPECIMEN STUDIED. SURINAM, Raleighval- len, 170 km SW Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56°12'W, Id, 1 7-25. ix. 1996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 70 m, primary forest (LACM). REMARKS. Identification of the specimen was confirmed by Dr. Wagner. Tonnoira castanea new species Figs. 67a-b DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex height on midline at least 2 times width of eye bridge; apex of vertex protuberant; eyes separated by 1 facet diameter; in- terocular suture Y-shaped; flagellomere 1 slightly longer than following flagellomeres, length 2-4 times width. Anepisternum without hairs in center, narrow band near posterior margin, and cluster on ventral part. Wing with distinct second costal node, mem- brane infuscate or brownish; medial fork distad of radial by more than 3 cell widths. Hypandrium a distinct band connecting gono- coxites, of uniform width, rounded or archlike; gonostylus about as long as gonocoxite, broad over most of length, narrowing at about distal one-quar- ter; distiphallus bipartite, larger shaft with basal three-quarters broad, asymmetrically narrowing at distal one-quarter, smaller shaft small, blunt, about one-half as long as other shaft; paramere longer than distiphallus, sickle-shaped; surstylus with 1 te- naculum; tergite 10 triangular, elongate, longer than wide. Measurements. Antenna 2.15-2.53 mm (n = 3). Wing length 1.85-2.30 mm, width 0.88-1.05 mm (n = 4). Female. Anterior margin of tergite 8 with thin, sclerotized rim, alveoli on posterior border much denser than on other tergites; lateral margin of ter- gite 9 expanded or inflated; apical lobes somewhat 28 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Tonnoira Figures 64-69 Tonnoira spp. 64. T. psacadoptera, gonopods and aedeagus, ventral. 65-66. T. mirabilis: 65. male genitalia, dorsal; 66. male surstylus. 67a-b. T. castanea: a. male genitalia, dorsal; b. female genitalia. 68. T. sicilis, male genitalia, dorsal. 69a-b. T. bifur cata: a. male genitalia, dorsal; b. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 heart-shaped, chitinous arch shallow; genital ducts and associated sclerites lightly sclerotized. Measurements. Antenna 2.53-2.98 mm. Wing length 2.03-2.40 mm, width 0.90-1.08 mm (x = 2.31, 1.02; n = 6). DISTRIBUTION. Brazil, Surinam. HOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, Amazonas, Itacoati- ara-Itapiranga Highway, km 23, 3°3'S, 58°43.5'W, 8-15.V.1999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, 100 m, primary forest (INPA). PARATYPES. 4d, 6 9, same data as holotype (BMNH, INPA, LACM, USNM). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. SURINAM, Raleighvallen, 170 km SW of Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56°12'W, 2d, 17-25. ix.l994, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 70 m, primary forest (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin castaneus for brown, referring to the infuscation of the wing. REMARKS. A distinctive feature of T. castanea is the distribution of the alveoli on the anepister- num in which the center is bare and the alveoli are confined to the posterior border and the ventral area. The closely related T sicilis n. sp. has a sim- ilar alveolar pattern, but in the male the shape of the distiphallus differs, particularly in the shape of the smaller shaft; in T. castanea the smaller shaft is dark and blunt, whereas in T. sicilis that shaft is curved and acutely pointed. Tonnoira sicilis new species Fig. 68 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex height on midline at least 2 times width of eye bridge; apex of vertex protuberant; eyes separated by less than 1 facet di- ameter; interocular suture Y-shaped; flagellomere 1 slightly longer than following flagellomeres, length 2-4 times width. Anepisternum lacking alveoli in center, narrow band along posterior margin and triangular cluster on ventral part. Wing with distinct second costal node; membrane infuscate or brownish; medial fork distad of radial by more than 3 cell widths. Hypandrium a distinct band connecting gono- coxites, of uniform width; gonostylus about as long as gonocoxite, broad over basal half and tapering to apex over distal half; distiphallus tripartite, with short basal spur, a sickle-shaped lateral shaft, and broad, paddle-shaped central part twisted in center; paramere slender, tapering to acute apex, longer than longest shaft of distiphallus; surstylus with 1 tenaculum; tergite 10 triangular, elongate, longer than wide. Measurements. Antenna 2.53 mm. Wing length 1.80 mm, width 0.75 mm (n = 1). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana. HOLOTYPE. d, FRENCH GUIANA, Maripa- soula, 17-22.iii.1994, L. Quate, light trap, stream- side (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin sicilis for sickle, re- ferring to the sickle-shaped shaft of the distiphallus. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 29 Tonnoira hifurcata new species Figs. 69a-b DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex height on midline at least 2 times width of eye bridge; apex of vertex protuberant; eyes separated by less than 1 facet di- ameter; interocular suture Y-shaped; flagellomere 1 slightly longer than following flagellomeres, length 2-4 times width. Anepisternum with band of hairs in center, well separated from anterior margin. Wing with distinct second costal node, membrane infuscate or brown- ish, medial fork distad of radial by about 10 cell widths. Gonostylus bifurcate, shaped like fishhook, lat- eral bifurcation of gonostylus more than one-half length of median; distiphallus U-shaped with 1 branch little longer than other; paramere in shape of daw with short, sharp point at base; surstylus with 2 tenacula separated by distance equal to about one-half length of tenaculum or less; tergite 10 triangular, about as wide as long, evenly taper- ing to apex. Measurements. Antenna 2.53-2.63 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.13-2.45, width 0.88-1.03 mm (x = 2.24, 0.94; n = 8). Female. Anterior margin of tergite 8 sclerotized and forming heavy rim, alveoli on posterior border no more dense than on other tergites; lateral margin of tergite 9 expanded or inflated; subgenital plate with straight, slightly divergent sides; chitinous arch prolonged posteriorly, does not reach apical border of plate. Measurements. Wing length 1.80-1.95 mm, width 0.75-0.78 mm (n = 2). DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. HOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, Rondonia, Cacaulan- dia, 200 km SSE Porto Velho, 10°18'S, 62°52.1'W, 25.v-6.vi.1998, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 140 m (INPA). PARATYPES. 7d, 29, same data as holotype (BMNH, INPA, LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin bi- for two and f ur- ea for fork, referring to the bifurcate shape of the gonostylus. Tonnoira didyma new species Fig. 70 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex height on midline at least 2 times width of eye bridge; apex of vertex protuberant; eyes separated by less than 1 facet di- ameter; interocular suture Y-shaped; flagellomere 1 slightly longer than following flagellomeres, length 2-4 times width. Anepisternum with band of hairs in center, well separated from anterior margin. Wing with distinct second costal node; membrane infuscate or brown- ish, base of R3 normal; medial fork distad of radial by more than 3 cell widths. Hypandrium little thinner in center; gonostylus bifurcate, lateral bifurcation of gonostylus less than one-half length of median; distiphallus bipartite. 30 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini T. rectilata Tonnoira Figures 70-81 Tonnoira spp. 70. T. didyma, male genitalia, dorsal. 71. T. rapiformis, male genitalia, dorsal. 72-73. T. cavernicola: 72. male genitalia, dorsal; 73. female genitalia. 74-76. T. fusiformis: 74. male genitalia, dorsal; 75. base of male antenna; 76. female genitalia. 77-81. T. rectilata: 77. male genitalia, dorsal; 78. flagellomeres 4-6, female; 79. flagellomeres 4-6, male; 80. female genitalia (Brazil); 81. female genitalia (Panama). All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 lateral branch curved medially, very long, extends beyond tip of gonostylus, median branch curved laterally so crosses other branch, shorter, does not extend beyond gonostylus; paramere bipartite, lon- ger branch slightly sinuous, shorter branch darker, blunt; surstylus with 2 tenacula separated by dis- tance equal to length of tenaculum; tergite 10 tri- angular, about as wide as long, evenly tapering to apex. Measurements. Antenna 2.18-2.5 mm (n = 2). Wing length 1.95-2.25, width 0.90-1.00 mm (n = 3). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana, Surinam. HOLOTYPE. d, FRENCH GUIANA, Maripa- soula, 17.23. iii. 1994, L. Quate, Malaise trap, dry forest (LACM). PARATYPES. Id, same data as holotype (LACM); SURINAM, Raleighvallen, 170 km SW Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56°12'W, Id, 17-25.ix.l996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 70 m, primary forest (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Greek didymos for dou- ble, referring to the bipartite structures of the male genitalia. Tonnoira rapiformis new species Fig. 71 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex height on midline at least 2 times width of eye bridge; apex of vertex protuberant, with vertical suture from apex to cen- ter of vertex, eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture Y-shaped; flagellomere 1 slightly longer than following flagellomeres, length 2-4 times width. Anepisternum with band of hairs in center, well separated from anterior margin. Wing with distinct second costal node; wing membrane infuscate or brownish; medial fork on same level as radial. Hypandrium vestigial, small band only from gonocoxite to distiphallus and lacking in center; gonostylus elongate, about as long as gonocoxite, tapering from base to single apex without abrupt change; distiphallus turnip-shaped, bulbous at base and tapering to small apex; paramere absent; sur- stylus with 2 tenacula, separated by distance equal to about one-half length of tenaculum or less; ter- gite 10 triangular, about as wide as long, evenly tapering to apex. Measurements. Wing length 2.05-2.18 mm, width 0.85-0.90 mm (n = 2). Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Brazil, Surinam. HOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, Estrada do Caripi, km 4, 15 km SW Belem, 22.x. 1997, GDC light trap (INPA). PARATYPE. SURINAM, Brownsberg Nature Park, 100 kmS Paramaribo, 4°57'N, 55°11'W, Id, 28-30. ix.l996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 300-450 m, primary forest (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin rapum for turnip Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 31 and forma for shape, referring to the turnip-shaped male aedeagus. REMARKS. The distinctive, turnip-shaped disti- phallus is unlike any other species of Tonnoira. Also, this is the only known species in the genus that has the radial and medial wing vein forks on the same level. Tonnoira cavemicola new species Figs. 72-73 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex height on midline nearly equal to width of eye bridge; apex of vertex smooth, not protuberant; eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture Y-shaped; flagellomere 1 longer and thinner than following flagellomeres, length at least 5 times width. Anepisternum with 2 patches of alveoli, 1 in dor- soposterior corner and smaller in ventral area. Wing with distinct second costal node, membrane lightly infuscated, medial fork distad of radial by more than 3 cell widths. Hypandrium enlarged in center with knoblike protrusion; rounded or archlike; gonostylus about as long as gonocoxite, tapering from base to apex without abrupt change; distiphallus with 1 straight shaft extending little beyond tip of gonocoxite; par- amere also a straight shaft, about as long as disti- phallus; surstylus with 2 tenacula separated by dis- tance equal to length of tenaculum; tergite 10 tri- angular, about as wide as long, evenly tapering to apex. Measurements. Wing length 2.38-2.68 mm, width 1.00-1.13 mm (n = 4). Eemale. Anterior margin of tergite 8 sclerotized and forming thin rim; alveoli on posterior border no denser than on other tergites; female with lateral margin of tergite 9 unmodified; subgenital plate largely composed of apical lobes, base membranous and margins not heavily sclerotized, chitinous arch absent; genital ducts with well-developed antero- lateral margins. Measurements. Wing length 2.60-3.00 mm, width 1.08-1.25 mm (x = 2.70, 1.13; n = 5). DISTRIBUTION. Bolivia, French Guiana. HOLOTYPE. d, BOLIVIA, Chapare, 15 km W Villa Tunari, 160 km E Cochabamba, 26.viii.1990, L. Quate, 400 m, cave (LACM). PARATYPES. 4d, 6 9, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. FRENCH GUIANA, 23 km S St. Laurent de Maroni, 2d, 24- 30.viii.l994, L. Quate, Malaise trap, sea level (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin caverna for cave and coins for dwelling, referring to the habitat where most specimens were collected. REMARKS. Specimens from French Guiana are indistinguishable from those from Bolivia, but not included in the type series because of their geo- graphical separation. Type specimens were collected in a cave inhab- 32 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ited by a colony of oil birds, Steatornis caripenis (Steatornithidae). Adults were on a moist, rock wall within 10 cm of the ground and close to the cave entrance. A moist layer of decomposed manure covered the ground and a shallow, slow-moving stream flowed past the wall harboring the adults. Since other specimens were collected in a forested area, the presence in the cave was probably related to breeding in the moist, organic soil on the cave floor. Tonnoira fusiformis new species Figs. 74-76 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex height on midline at least 2 times width of eye bridge; apex of vertex protuberant; eyes separated by less than 1 facet di- ameter; interocular suture Y-shaped; flagellomere 1 longer and thinner than following flagellomeres, length at least 5 times width. Anepisternum with band of hairs in center, well separated from anterior margin. Wing with distinct second costal node; membrane infuscate or brown- ish; medial fork distad of radial by more than 3 cell widths. Hypandrium a distinct band connecting gono- coxites, of uniform width, with quadrate or angu- late lateral margins; posterior gonocoxal apodeme well developed; gonostylus elongate, about as long as gonocoxite, tapering from base to apex without abrupt change; distiphallus a straight, broad shaft extending beyond apex of gonocoxite with apex abruptly narrowing to acute apex; paramere curved away from distiphallus, shorter and thinner than distiphallus; surstylus with 2 tenacula separated by distance equal to about one-half length of tenacu- lum or less; tergite 10 triangular, elongate, longer than wide. Measurements. Antenna 3.93-4.33 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.50-2.98 mm, width 1.10-1.38 mm (x = 2.72, 1.24; n = 10b Female. Anterior margin of tergite 8 unmodified, alveoli on posterior border no denser than on other tergites; lateral margin of tergite 9 expanded or in- flated. Measurements. Antenna 2.90 mm. Wing length 2.70 mm, width 1.05 mm (n = 1). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica, Ecuador. HOLOTYPE. d, ECUADOR, E Santo Domingo, 8-14.V.1988, Hanson and Bohart (LACM). PARATYPES. 3d, 2$, same data as holotype (EMUS, LACM). COSTA RICA, Cartago, Turrial- ba. Id, 26-29. vi. 1986, Bohart and Hanson (LACM); Guanacaste, 5 km SE Rio Naranjo, Id, 24-31.X.1992, F. D. Parker (LACM), 3d, 4- 8.viii.l993, F. D. Parker (EMUS, LACM); Heredia, Est. Biol. La Selva, 3d, ll-17.vi.l986, Hanson and Bohart (EMUS, INBC). ETYMOLOGY. From latin fusus for spindle and formis for shape, referring to the spindle shaped appearance of flagellomere one. REMARKS. Most of the males from Ecuador and Costa Rica are indistinguishable, but some males from Costa Rica have larger posterior gon- ocoxal apodemes, and tergite 10 is slightly shorter. Although widely separated geographically, these ' slight differences in some specimens does not pre- i elude their inclusion in the type series. Tonnoira rectilata Quate Figs. 77-81 Tonnoira rectilata Quate, 1999:429-430, figs. lOH-I. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex height on midline at least 2 times width of eye bridge; apex of vertex smooth, not protuberant; eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture Y-shaped; flagellomere 1 slightly longer than following flagel- lomeres, length 2-4 times width. Anepisternum with band of hairs in center, well separated from anterior margin. Wing with distinct second costal node, membrane clear, uncolored; medial fork distad of radial by more than 3 cell widths. Hypandrium of uniform width, without setose lobe in center; gonostylus elongate, about as long as gonocoxite, ending in single apex, tapering from base to apex without abrupt change; distiphallus unipartite, nearly straight beyond rodlike thicken- ing at base; paramere sickle-shaped, longer than distiphallus; surstylus with 2 tenacula, separated by distance equal to about one-half length of tenacu- lum or less; tergite 10 triangular, about as wide as long, evenly tapering to apex. Measurements. Antenna 1.53-2.03 mm (x = 1.71; n = 10). Wing length 1.40-1.68 mm, width 0.58-0.65 mm (x = 1.49, 0.62; n = 10). Female. Anterior margin of tergite 8 sclerotized and forming heavy rim; lateral margin of tergite 9 expanded or inflated. Measurements. Antenna 1.50-1.88 mm (x = I. 71; n = 10). Wing length 1.65-1.95 mm, width 0.65-0.83 mm (x = 1.81, 0.75; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Nicaragua, Panama, Surinam, Brazil. HOLOTYPE. $, PANAMA, Nusagandi, i.l994, J. Pickering, Malaise trap (USNM; examined). NEW SPECIMENS STUDIED. BRAZIL, Ama- zonas, Itacoatiara-Itapiranga Highway, km 23, 3°3'S, 58°43.5'W, lOd, 63 $ , 8-15.V.1999, L. Qua- te, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, 100 m, primary forest (INPA, LACM), lA, same data as previous speci- mens except CDC light trap (LACM), Manacapu- ra, 74 km WSW Manaus, 3°17.8'S, 60°37.63'W, 14A, 18.1V.1998, CDC light trap, INPA lot 0107 (INPA, LACM), Manacapuru-Novo Airao, km 46- 50, 2°59.3'S, 60°53.6'W, lA, 1$, 30.iv-6.v.l999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise traps, 50 m, disturbed forest (LACM), lA, 1$, same data as previous specimens except CDC light trap, T. Barrett (INPA), Pitinga, 258 km N Manaus, 0°45'S, 60°4'W, lA, 16.xii.l997, Bica, CDC light trap (LACM); Rondonia, Cacaulandia, 200 km SSE Contributions in Science, Number 500 Porto Velho, 10°18'S, 62°52.1'W, IS, 25.v- 6.vi.l998, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 140 m (LACM). NICARAGUA, Rio San Juan, Refugio Bartola, SE San Carlos, 10°58'N, 84°20'W, 3c?, 99, 6- 10. ii. 2000, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 30 m, lowland rain forest (LACM), Ic?, same data as previous specimens except light trap (LACM). REMARKS. This is the hrst description of males, which were associated with females by the large numbers in sympatric distribution and by the un- usually small size of the species. Both the male and female genitalia are distinctive and should not be confused with other species of Tonnoira presently known. Eemales from Brazil show some differences from those in other areas in that the posterior extension of the genital ducts is larger and extends well be- yond the apical margin of the subgenital plate (Eig. 80). Tonnoira pelliticornis Enderlein Tonnoira pelliticornis Enderlein, 1937:106; Quate, 1963:189, figs. 7a-d. DESCRIPTION. Female. Vertex height on mid- line at least 2 times width of eye bridge; apex of vertex smooth, not protuberant; eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture a sin- gle suture without stem; flagellomere 1 longer and thinner than following flagellomeres and length at least 5 times width. Male. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. 9, PERU, Callanga, Staudinger, [no other data] (ZMHB; examined). REMARKS. As the type species of the genus, it is unfortunate that this species is known only from the female. At present, females do not offer distin- guishing features and unless associated with males, are difficult to identify. While there are many spec- imens from Peru, none resemble the holotype of T. pelliticornis. However, the very distinct antenna of the genus Tonnoira is present in this female and clearly identifies the genus. KEY TO MALES OF TONNOIRA The male of T. pelliticornis is unknown. 1 Surstylus with 1 tenaculum (Fig. 62) 2 - Surstylus with 2 tenacula 5 - Surstylus with 3 tenacula (only 2 of which are visible in Fig. 66) T. mirabilis Wagner 2 Gonostylus elongate, about as long as gonocox- ite, ending in single apex; paramere present (e.g.. Fig. 68) 3 - Gonostylus short, much shorter than gonocoxite, ending in 2-4 blunt projections, apex concave (Fig. 60); paramere absent T. protuberata n. sp. 3 Tergite 10 triangular; wing with distinct second costal node; base of R3 without black granules; hy- pandrium of uniform width (Figs. 67-68) .... 4 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 33 - Tergite 10 somewhat cruciate with 2 lateral arms before apex; wing without second costal node; base of R3 with cluster of black granules (Fig. 63); hypandrium enlarged in center (Fig. 64) . . T. psacadoptera n. sp. 4 Gonostylus broad over most of length, narrow- ing at about distal one-quarter (Fig. 67); disti- phallus unipartite; anepisternum with band of hairs in center, well separated from anterior mar- gin T. castanea n. sp. - Gonostylus tapering from base to apex without abrupt change (Fig. 68); distiphallus bipartite; anepisternum lacking alveoli in center, narrow band along posterior margin . . T. sicilis n. sp. 5 Gonostylus bifurcate (Figs. 69-70) 6 - Gonostylus single (e.g.. Fig. 71) 7 6 Lateral bifurcation of gonostylus more than one- half length of median (Fig. 69); distiphallus bi- partite; paramere about as long as distiphallus; tenacula separated by distance equal to about one-half length of tenaculum or less T. bifurcata n. sp. - Lateral bifurcation of gonostylus less than one- half length of median (Fig. 70); distiphallus tri- partite; paramere longer than distiphallus; tenac- ula separated by distance equal to length of te- naculum T. didyma n. sp. 7 Distiphallus various, but not turnip-shaped; par- amere present; medial fork distad of radial by more than 3 cell widths; hypandrium a distinct band connecting gonocoxites 8 - Distiphallus turnip-shaped, bulbous at base and tapering to small apex (Fig. 71); paramere ab- sent; medial fork on same level as radial; hypan- drium vestigial, small band only from gonocoxite to distiphallus and lacking in center T. rapiformis n. sp. 8 Hypandrium. of uniform width (Figs. 74, 77); distiphallus single; paramere shorter than disti- phallus; tenacula separated by distance equal to about one-half length of tenaculum or less . . 9 - Hypandrium enlarged in center (Fig. 72); disti- phallus bipartite; paramere about as long as dis- tiphallus; tenacula separated by distance equal to length of tenaculum .... T cavernicola n. sp. 9 Flagellomere 1 slightly longer than following fla- gellomeres and length 2-4 times width (Figs. 78- 79); tergite 10 about as wide as long; wing mem- brane clear, uncolored T. rectilata Quate - Flagellomere 1 longer and thinner than following flagellomeres and length at least 5 times width (Fig. 75); tergite 10 elongate, longer than wide; wing membrane infuscate T. fusiformis n. sp. Alepia Enderlein Alepia Enderlein, 1937:94; Quate, 1963:192; Duckhouse, 1968:31, 1974a:145. TYPE SPECIES. Alepia scripta Enderlein, by original designation. DESCRIPTION. Head without sensory organ; 34 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini eye bridge with 3 or 4 facet rows, well developed, median margin angulate or tapered to 1 facet; eyes separated; interocular suture present, often inverse Y-shaped, frons hair patch undivided; antenna lon- ger than wing width, but shorter (rarely longer) than wing length, flagellomeres fusiform, lacking distinct ascoids, terminal flagellomeres not reduced; palpus about as long as head, palpomere 4 usually longer than 2 or 3. Thorax without sensory organs; midcoxa with tuft of long hairs arising from elevated knob of an- teroventral margin. Wing with or without infuscate patterns; base of R2+3 sometimes attached to R4; radial and medial forks basad of wing center and usually both complete, radial fork basad of medial or on same level; R5 ends in wing apex. Abdomen with alveoli in single or double bands on tergite 2-7. Male. Hypandrium a broad, lightly sclerotized, fan-shaped plate above distiphallus, rarely a band; gonocoxite with anterior apodeme expanded me- dially and joined on midline, with vertical keel con- nected to aedeagus, apodemes often divergent and widely separated; aedeagus asymmetrical; surstylus sometimes with 1 or 2 normal tenacula at or near apex, with many long, slender accessory tenacula on basal half with umbellate, capitate, or clavate tips, often confined to black pad; epandrium with single foramen. Female. Subgenital plate bilobed; genital ducts with enlargement on lateral border bearing fringed ornamentation on outer surface. REMARKS. In addition to the large, fusiform fla- gellomeres and distinctly patterned wings found in both sexes, males are easily distinguished by the multiple accessory tenacula bearing modified tips, which are often confined to a basal, black pad on the surstylus; a small, rodlike apical tenaculum may also be present. Females of Alepia are characterized by the expansion on the lateral margin of the gen- ital ducts with a fringed or serrate margin. Only one anomalous species, A. amputonis n. sp., lacks this feature of the female, but the males of that species have the characteristic surstylus with acces- sory tenacula. The fringed genital ducts are not re- ported in other genera, except in two species of Bal- bagathis. The genus appears to fall into two subgroups. The first is characterized by the male surstylus hav- ing a cluster of accessory tenacula confined to a dark area near the base and the inner margin of the eye bridge tapers to 1 facet on the median margin. The species of the second subgroup have the acces- sory tenacula dispersed and there is no dark pad; the inner margin of the eye bridge is blunt and the 3 rows of facets extend to the median margin. However, we do not recognize these subgroups as separate subgenera because other divergent char- acters indicate paraphyly. As with many other tax- onomic decisions on Neotropical psychodines, de- lineations of subgenera are deferred pending further study. Ascoids are difficult to differentiate from hairs in this genus, because they are about the same size and shape as the antennal hairs. Viewed with phase contrast, however, they appear slightly more trans- lucent and to arise from a round, flat socket, where- as hairs arise from teardrop-shaped sockets. Be- cause it is difficult to differentiate ascoids and hairs, and none seem characteristic, the ascoids have not been described except in a few instances where they are clearly evident. The hypandrium of the male genitalia of Alepia is constructed differently than in other genera. It is usually a broad band between the gonocoxites that is membranous and so weakly sclerotized it is often invisible under ordinary light and is revealed only with phase contrast. A few species have a well-de- fined hypandrium, which appears as a fan-shaped plate above the distiphallus. In only one species, A. amputonis^ is the hypandrium a small band as found in other genera. This genus is a major component of the Neo- tropical psychodid fauna. It contains a bewildering array of species with the most complicated and di- verse male genitalia in the entire family. In addition to the species described below, there are at least 30 more species too poorly represented by only one or two specimens to be named and described. Alepia amputonis new species Figs. 82-84 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex protuberant with median concavity on apex; eyes separated by 1 fac- et diameter, inner margin usually rounded with 3 facet rows on innermost row, interocular suture ab- sent; frons hair patch quadrate, longer than wide, anterior margin with median concavity, posterior margin with few alveoli producing small posterior projection; antenna very long, longer than wing; flagellomere 1 as wide as pedicel, fusiform with small internode; following flagellomeres progres- sively more slender and developing short inter- nodes; 14 with slender apiculis; flagellomeres with band of teardrop-shaped sockets, covering basal two-thirds, hairs largely deciduous, palpus extends to flagellomere 5, palpomere 4 shorter than 3, ratio of palpomeres 10:18:18:15. Anepisternite with alveoli on posterior half and small band extending anteriorly below spiracle. Wing plain, without infuscations except in costal cell; second costal node absent; Sc short; radial fork usually on same level as medial, but in some spec- imens slightly distad, and distad of base of R4 by several cell widths; base of R2+3 attached; medial fork complete. Hypandrium a bar connecting gonocoxites; gon- ocoxites bifurcate, upper appendage slender, acute, with few setae at apex; lower broader, with bulbous apex ending in small projection; distiphallus con- sisting of single, acutely pointed shaft broadly at- tached to basiphallus; paramere blunt at apex, straight beyond basal curve, longer than distiphal- Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 35 Figures 82-90 Alepia spp. 82-84. A. amputonis: 82. male genitalia, dorsal; 83. male surstylus, lateral; 84. female geni- talia. 85-87. A. azulita: 85. male genitalia, dorsal; 86. tip of distiphallus, variant; 87. male surstylus, lateral. 88-90. A. unicinota: 88. male genitalia, dorsal; 89. male surstylus, lateral; 90. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 36 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini lus; surstylus ovoid, with many umbellate accessory tenacula confined to dorsal margin and 6-8 sub- apical tenacula with fringed tips; tergite 10 small and pointed. Measurements. Antenna 2.41-3.10 mm (x = 2.77; n = 7). Wing length 2.17-2.80 mm, width 0.80-1.04 mm (x = 2.51, 0.92; n = 10). Female. Antenna shorter than wing, flagello- meres smaller than those of male. Genitalia with chitinous arch variable, may or may not extend to apical margin; setal sclerite with 4 setae on each side of midline; genital ducts without lateral fringe; scattered granules on basal margin. Measurements. Antenna 1.72-1.89 mm (x = 1.84; n = 7). Wing length 2.1-2.82 mm, width 0.82-1.18 mm (x = 2.56, 0.97; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Surinam, Brazil. HOLOTYPE. d, SURINAM, Raleighvallen, 170 km SW Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56°12'W, 17- 25.ix.1996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 70 m, primary forest (LACM). PARATYPES. 10 d, 20 9, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM). Brazil, Amazonas, Ita- coatiara-Itapiranga Highway, km 23, 3°3'S, 58°43.5'W, 2d, 8-15.V.1999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, 100 m, primary forest (INPA, LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin amputo for cut away, referring to the tip of the gonostylus, which appears to be cut off. REMARKS. This species possesses characters of Alepia and Arisemus. The Alepia characters are the accessory tenacula of the male surstylus and large flagellomeres, while the Arisemus character is the female genital ducts without a lateral fringe. This is the only Alepia known without an interocular suture or markings on the wings, but many Arise- mus lack wing patterns. Another character not shared by other Alepia is the multiple tenacula. The assignment of the species to Alepia is tentative, and later studies may show another placement is more appropriate. Alepia azulita new species Figs. 85-87 DESCRIPTION. Male. Large species. Vertex protuberant, with concavity and suture on midline; eyes narrowly separated by less than 1 facet di- ameter; inner margin blunt, interocular suture in- verted Y-shaped, stem long, extends about halfway to vertex; frons hair patch divided in center; flagel- lomere 1 fusiform with small internode, narrower than pedicel, following flagellomeres progressively becoming smaller and thinner and internodes lengthening, flagellomere 14 with elongate apiculis; palpus extends to flagellomere 6, ratio of palpom- eres 10:15:19:22. Anepisternum with alveoli on posterior two- thirds, anterior margin of patch area concave and alveoli fewer posterior of concavity. Wing infusca- te, with brown spots at vein tips, on forks and at base of R5, quadrate spots at tips of Rj, R2, CuA^, and CUA2; second costal node large, quadrate; Sc short, ends between bases of R4 and R5, radial fork on same level as medial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths. Abdomen with small patch of scales on each side of midline between sternites 5 and 6 and 6 and 7. Hypandrium a wide, membranous plate covered with setae; gonocoxite with membranous, setose bar on median margin; gonostylus with articulated, paddle-shaped appendage at tip; distiphallus linear with straight sides, tip ending in hook; surstylus ovoid, accessory tenacula with umbellate tips, scat- tered and not confined to black spot, without apical tenaculum; tergite 10 triangular, short, basal width greater than length. Measurements. Antenna 3.49 mm (n = 1). Wing length 5.54 mm, width 1.98 mm (n = 1). Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. c?, VENEZUELA, Merida, La Azulita, 13-15. ix.l995, L. Quate (IZAV). ETYMOLOGY. The name is based on the type locality. REMARKS. This is the only psychodine known to have an articulated appendage attached to the gonostylus. Alepia unicinota new species Figs. 88-90 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex moderately pro- tuberant, concavity and suture on midline; eyes sep- arated by less than 3 facet diameters, inner margin of eye bridge rounded; interocular suture broadly inverted V-shaped with very short stem; frons hair patch undivided, anterior border concave; flagello- mere 1 bulbous, following flagellomeres progres- sively smaller and developing short internodes, fla- gellomere 14 with slender apiculis; palpus large, ex- tends to flagellomere 6, palpomeres 1-3 as wide as flagellomeres, ratio of palpomeres 10:19:17:21. Anepisternum with kidney- or bean-shaped, brown spot on upper third of posterior margin, with evenly distributed alveoli on posterior two- thirds, anterior margin of alveolar area concave. Wing with infuscate patterns at tips of veins and on veins, spot at tip of CUA2 large and quadrate; pale spots between vein tips; second costal node present; Sc short, does not extend to base of R5; radial and medial forks on same level, radial distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths. Abdominal tergites 5 and 6 with round lobes on apicolateral margin, lobes densely covered with al- veoli. Hypandrium an asymmetrical plate with arched posterior border, center with transverse wrinkles; gonocoxite with cluster of hairs on apex of lateral margin; gonostylus with subapical spur; distiphallus tapering to bifid apex; surstylus elon- gate triangular, tapering to rounded point; dorsal surface of surstylus with capitate and umbellate ac- cessory tenacula scattered and not confined to dark Contributions in Science, Number 500 plate, mesal surface with many shorter accessory tenacula, apex without tenaculum; tergite 10 small lobe fused to epandrium. Measurements. Antenna 1.70 mm (n = 1). Wing length 2.12-2.41 mm, width 0.89-0.96 mm (n = 3). Female. Flagellomeres smaller. Thorax also with spot on anepisternum. Abdominal tergites 5 and 6 without lateral lobes. Apical lobes of subgenital plate somewhat quadrate; chitinous arch reaches apical border between lobes; lateral fringe of geni- tal ducts small and obscure, dorsal surface setose; median bar between genital ducts ending in broad band giving bar a T-shaped appearance. Measurements. Antenna 1.37-1.48 mm (n = 2). Wing length 1.37-1.48 mm, width 2.46-2.63 mm (n = 2). DISTRIBUTION. Surinam. HOLOTYPE. (3, SURINAM, Raleighvallen, 170 km SW Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56°12'W, 17- 25.ix.1996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 70 m, primary forest (LACM). PARATYPES. 2(3, 2$, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin unicus for sole and nota for mark, referring to the spot on thorax. REMARKS. Alepia iinicinota is the only species of Alepia known with a brown spot on the poste- rior part of the anepisternite, except Alepia con- dylaria n. sp., which has a trifurcate gonostylus; the compact flagellomeres and harpoon-shaped gonos- tylus are also distinctive of A, unicinota. Alepia lanceolata new species Figs. 91-93 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex protuberant, with concavity and suture on midline; eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; eye bridge with 4 facet diameters; interocular suture inverted Y-shaped, stem very long, extends to apex of vertex; frons hair patch divided in center; flagellomere 1 large, as wide as pedicel, fusiform, following flagello- meres progressively becoming smaller and thinner and internodes lengthening, flagellomere 14 with elongate apiculis; palpus extends to flagellomere 5, ratio of palpomeres 10:25:25:25. Anepisternum with evenly distributed alveoli on posterior two-thirds, anterior margin of alveolar area straight. Wing lightly infuscate with darker ar- eas at vein tips and base of R5, pale areas between vein tips, second costal node present; costa with tuft of long hair just beyond second costal node; Sc short, ends between bases of R4 and R5; radial fork basad of medial by 3 cell widths, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; R2+3 not attached; medial fork complete. Hypandrium a broad, membranous, setose plate between gonocoxites; gonostylus subequal in length to gonocoxite, dark, long, curved, and bifurcate with sharp projection near center; distiphallus sim- ple, long, and tapering; surstylus ovoid, accessory Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 37 tenacula with clavate tips scattered and not con- fined to black spot, without apical tenaculum; ter- gite 10 elongate, triangular, length little longer than basal width. Measurements. Antenna incomplete. Wing length 3.30-3.74 mm, width 1.13-1.40 mm (x = 3.50, 1.25; n = 7). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. (3, VENEZUELA, Aragua, 10 km N Maracay, 19.ix.l993 (IZAV). PARATYPES. VENEZUELA, 12 km NW El Li- mon, 6(3, 19. ix. 1993, L. Quate, light trap, 1020 m (BMNH, LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin lancea for spear, re- ferring to the sharp projection from gonostylus. REMARKS. The presence of 4 rows of eye facets in A. lanceolata is unusual, as other species of Ale- pia have only 3 rows. Alepia condylaria new species Figs. 94-96 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex not protuberant, with small median concavity and suture on midline; eyes separated by 1 facet diameter; inner margin of eye bridge blunt with 3 facet rows on median mar- gin only; interocular suture inverted V-shaped; frons hair patch divided in center, trapezoidal with median concavity on anterior margin; flagellomere 1 fusiform without internode, nearly as wide as pedicel; following flagellomeres progressively be- coming smaller and thinner and internodes length- ening, flagellomere 14 with elongate apiculis; pal- pus extends to flagellomere 6, ratio of palpomeres 10:15:18:24. Anepisternum evenly covered with alveoli, except anterior one-quarter, with kidney- or bean-shaped, brown spot on upper third of posterior margin. Wing with infuscations, brown spots at vein tips, on forks and at base of R5, rest of membrane lightly infuscate; second costal node present; Sc short, ends between bases of R4 and R5; radial and medial forks on same level, radial distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths. Hypandrium a faint, membranous, setose plate between gonocoxites; gonocoxite linear, longer than wide; gonostylus trifurcate, longest branch with several setae at apex, shortest branch between 2 longer and much shorter than others; distiphallus in shape of shepherd’s staff; paramere in form of fishtail in lateral view (Fig. 95); surstylus with nu- merous, scattered accessory tenacula not confined to black pad, basal ones umbellate and distal ones capitate, without apical tenaculum; tergite 10 slen- der, triangular, length 2 times basal width. Measurements. Antenna 1.74-1.86 mm (x = 1.81; n = 5). Wing length 2.46-2.94 mm, width 1.01-1.18 mm (x = 2.66, 1.09; n = 7). Female. Unknown. HOLOTYPE. (3, VENEZUELA, Aragua El Play- 38 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 91-99 Alepia spp. 91-93. A. lanceolata: 91. male genitalia, dorsal; 92. male gonopods and aedeagus, lateral; 93. male surstylus, lateral. 94-96. A. condylaria: 94. male genitalia, dorsal; 95. male gonopods and aedeagus, lateral; 96. male surstylus, lateral. 97-99. A. hirtiventris: 97. base of antenna; 98. male surstylus, lateral; 99. male genitalia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 on, near Ocumari, ll.ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap, sea level (IZAV). PARATYPES. 6c5, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin condylus for knob or prominence, referring to the protuberances on the gonostylus. Alepia martinicana Wagner Alepia martinicana Wagner, 1993:114, figs. 17-23. DESCRIPTION. Vertex with distinct suture on midline, apex with V-shaped notch; eyes separated by less than 3 facet diameters; inner margin of eye bridge rounded; eye bridge with 3 facet rows; in- terocular suture absent or very faint; frons hair patch divided in center; flagellomeres large, as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than oth- er palpomeres. Wing with irregular infuscate patterns; infusca- tion over most of wing but lighter in center, spots on forks darker, large rectangular spot between tip of CuAj and CuA,, clear spots between vein tips; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or be- fore base of R4; radial fork on same level as medial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 attached; medial fork complete. Gonocoxite without tubercle at base, vestiture normal, not unusually dense; gonostylus short, about one-fifth length of gonocoxite, without ap- pendage at apex, bifurcate near center of segment, without protuberance at base, blunt or pointed at apex; surstylus elongate triangular, with accessory tenacula scattered and not confined to black sub- basal area, without tenaculum. DISTRIBUTION. Martinique. HOLOTYPE. c3, MARTINIQUE, Ravin, L’Abbe, Marne Vert, 3.iii.l989, L. Botosaneanu, light trap (RW; not examined). Alepia hirtiventris (Tonnoir) Figs. 97-99 Psychoda hirtiventris Tonnoir, 1920:151-154, fig. 3. Alepia hirtiventris^ Duckhouse, 1973:6. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; eyes separated by about 2 facet diameters; interocular suture with short spur; flagellomeres not as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3; palpus does not extend beyond flagellomere 5 or 6. Wing marked only with spots at vein tips, base of R5, and at forks; without second costal node; radial fork basad of medial by about 1.5 cell widths. Gonocoxite without tubercle at base, vestiture normal, not unusually dense; gonostylus short, about one-half length of gonocoxite, without ap- pendage at apex, bifurcate at base, without protu- berance at base; distiphallus ending in pair of small. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 39 sharp, short points; surstylus globular or ovoid, without apical prolongation; surstylus with acces- sory tenacula scattered and not confined to black area; without tenaculum. Measurements. Antenna length 0.68 mm. Wing length 2.63 mm, width 1.15 mm. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. HOLOTYPE. (3, BRAZIL, Amazonia, Garupa, 24. i. 1896, E. Austen (BMNH; examined). Alepia valentia Quate Alepia valentia Quate, 1996:20-21, figs. 8a-d. Alepia bulhula Quate, 1999:425, fig. 4H. New synonymy. Alepia sectilis Quate, 1999:426, fig. 41. New syn- onymy. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex flattened, may have slight indentation, without suture on midline; eyes separated by 1 facet diameter, inner margin of eye bridge variable, usually angulate, but may be tapered to width of only 1 facet on inner margin, bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular suture with very short spur, spur shorter than width of 1 facet, angulate, forming acute angle in center; frons hair patch divided in center; flagellomeres not as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than oth- er palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3; palpus does not extend beyond flagellomere 5 or 6. Anepisternum with alveoli forming single cluster, unevenly distributed, sparser in center, cover most of sclerite. Wing with infuscate patterns, infusca- tion uniform over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks may be darker; second costal node pre- sent; Sc short; radial and medial forks on same lev- el; base of R2+3 attached; medial fork complete. Hypandrium a faint, membranous, setose band; gonocoxite with elongate tubercle at apex of me- dian margin, vestiture normal, not unusually dense; gonostylus as long as gonocoxite, bifurcate at base, outer bifurcation much smaller than inner, ending in straight, blunt tip; inner strongly curved to sharp point; distiphallus ending in pair of bladelike points; surstylus elongate triangular, with accessory tenacula scattered and not confined to black sub- basal area, without tenaculum. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica, Panama. HOLOTYPE. (3, COSTA RICA, Heredia, La Selva Biological Station, 15.iv.l993, ALAS project (INBC). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. COSTA RICA, Heredia, La Selva Biological Station, lc3, 15.iv.l993, ALAS, Malaise trap (INBC; holotype of A. valentia). PANAMA, San Bias, Nusagandi, 2c3, i.l993, 3c3, i.l994, J. Pickering (LACM, USNM; holotypes and paratypes of A. bulhula and A. sec- tilis). REMARKS. A restudy of A. bulhula and A. sec- tilis showed that they are not distinct species, but simply specimens of A. valentia. The drawing of A. sectilis (Quate, 1999: fig. 41) does not show the tu- 40 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini bercle on the gonocoxite, but a reexamination of the types revealed its presence. Alepia fissura Quate Alepia fissura Quate, 1999:423, figs. 4E-G. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex without suture on midline and flattened; eyes separated by 2+ facet diameters; eye bridge with 3 facet rows; inner mar- gin of eye bridge angulate with anterior and pos- terior corner nearly a right angle; interocular suture present, angulate, forming acute angle in center, usually without stem on midline, but if stem pre- sent, shorter than width of 1 facet; frons hair patch divided in center; flagellomeres not as wide as ped- icel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other pal- pomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3; palpus does not extend beyond flagellomere 5 or 6. Anepisternum without spot, alveoli forming sin- gle cluster, unevenly distributed, denser in some ar- eas than in others, cover most of sclerite. Wing with infuscate patterns, infuscation uniform over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks may be dark- er; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork on same level as me- dial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 attached; medial fork com- plete. Hypandrium a membranous, setose plate; gono- coxite without tubercle at base; vestiture normal, not unusually dense; gonostylus long, as long as gonocoxite, bifurcate at base, outer bifurcation much smaller than inner, ending in straight, blunt tip, inner branch strongly curved to sharp point; distiphallus ending in pair of small, sharp, short points; surstylus with accessory tenacula scattered and not confined to black subbasal area, without tenaculum. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica, Panama. HOLOTYPE. d, PANAMA, Barro Colorado I. (USNM) [holotype data were inadvertently omitted from the original description!. SPECIMENS STUDIED. Holotype and para- types. Alepia digitula new species Figs. 100-101 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex with distinct su- ture on midline, may join suture from interocular suture, apex with V-shaped notch; eyes separated by 5 facet diameters; inner margin of eye bridge rounded; eye bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular suture present, without spur on midline, rounded at center; frons hair patch undivided; flagellomeres not as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3; palpus does not extend beyond flagellomere 5 or 6. Anepisternum without spot, alveoli forming sin- gle cluster, unevenly distributed, denser in some ar- eas than in others, cover most of sclerite. Wing with infuscate patterns, infuscation uniform over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks darker; sec- ond costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork on same level as medial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 attached; medial fork complete. Hypandrium membranous, very lightly setose, angulate at apex; little wider than distiphallus; gon- ocoxite without tubercle at base, vestiture normal; gonostylus longer than gonocoxite, ending in digi- tate process, enlarged subapically before terminal process; surstylus elongate triangular, accessory te- nacula scattered and not confined to black subbasal area, without tenaculum; tergite 10 triangular, clearly differentiated from epandrium, with quad- rate setose patch in center. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Surinam. HOLOTYPE. d, SURINAM, Brownsberg Na- ture Park, 100 km S Paramaribo, 4°57'N, 55°11'W, 28-30.ix.l996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, primary forest (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin digitulus meaning “of the finger,” referring to the small projection from the tip of the male surstylus. Alepia litotes new species Figs. 102-104 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex slightly protuber- ant, without suture on midline; eyes separated by 1.5-2 facet diameters, inner margin of eye bridge rounded, not tapered; interocular suture a small arch with flattened apex; bridge with 3 facet rows; frons hair patch undivided, anterior border indent- ed on midline; flagellomere 1 nodiform with short internode, following flagellomeres with progres- sively narrower nodes and longer internodes, fla- gellomere 14 broken and lacking; palpus extends to flagellomere 6, ratio of palpomeres 10:17:17:22. Anepisternum without spot; alveoli form dorsal and ventral clusters with bare spot in center. Wing with infuscate patterns, infuscation largely on distal half, basal half clear except infuscate spots on forks and along R^; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R5; radial fork basad of medial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 attached; medial fork com- plete. Abdominal tergites 2-7 with band of alveoli on apical margin. Hypandrium with rounded apex, lit- tle wider than distiphallus; gonocoxite cylindrical; gonostylus sickle-shaped with blunt apex, basal lobe of tubercle with 5-6 long spines distally and 2-3 shorter ones basally in addition to several small setae; paramere asymmetrical, right side darker and with several rows of short, dark spines on lateral border; distiphallus flattened laterally and broad dorsoventrally, with indentation before apex and giving appearance of bifid in lateral view; surstylus tapering to rounded point, ventral surface with cap- Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 41 Figures 100-105 Alepia spp. 100-101. A. digitula: 100. male genitalia, dorsal; 101. male epandrium and surstylus. 102- 104. A. litotes: 102. male epandrium and surstylus; 103. male genitalia, dorsal; 104. wing. 105. A. absona, male genitalia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 42 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini itate, accessory tenacula; single, very small apical tenaculum; epandrium small, with single, faint fo- ramen; tergite 10 setose dome-shaped lobe. Measurements. Wing length 2.31-2.80 mm, width 0.87-1.06 mm (x - 2.49, 0.95; n = 5). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. HOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, Rondonia, Cacaulan- dia, 200 km SSE Porto Velho, 10°18'S, 62°52.1'W, 25.v-6.vi.1998, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 140 m (INPA). PARATYPES. 4d, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Greek litotes for plain- ness, referring to the simple male genitalia. Alepia ahsona new species Fig. 105 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex slightly protuber- ant, with suture on midline; eyes separated by 1 facet diameter; interocular suture inverted Y- shaped, stem about same length as arms; frons hair patch divided in center, rounded on anteromedian margin; flagellomere 1 fusiform with small inter- node, following flagellomeres progressively becom- ing smaller and thinner and internodes longer, fla- gellomere 14 with elongate apiculis; palpus extends to flagellomere 6, ratio of palpomeres 10:15:19:23. Anepisternum with alveoli in center less dense than above and below. Wing with brown spots at vein tips, on forks, and at base of R5; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends between bases of R4 and R5; radial and medial forks on same level, radial fork distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths. Hypandrium a faint, membranous setose plate with rounded apical margin; gonocoxite with 2 projections, 1 long, curved projection from apico- medial margin extending beyond apex of gonosty- lus, and shorter, straight projection from apicola- teral margin; gonostylus ending in small hook; dis- tiphallus scoop-shaped on distal part; surstylus elongate triangular, accessory tenacula scattered and not confined to dark plate, apex bifid, ending in pair of small knobs, tenaculum absent; tergite 10 elongate triangular, length about 1.5 basal width. Measurements. Antenna 2.16 mm. Wing length 3.13 mm, length 1.8 mm (n = 1). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. (5, VENEZUELA, Aragua, 10 km N Maracay, 19. ix. 1993, L. Quate, light trap (IZAV). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin absonus for inhar- monious, referring to the unusual structure of the male gonocoxite. Alepia ferruginea new species Figs. 106-108 DESCRIPTION. Male. Dark species with dark brown antenna and wing; vertex strongly protu- berant, with median concavity, with distinct suture on midline; eyes separated 3.5-4 facet diameters, inner margin of eye bridge rounded; interocular su- j ture inverted V-shaped; frons hair patch divided on midline, anterior margin curved; antenna dark brown, flagellomere 1 with short internode, larger than pedicel, following flagellomeres progressively smaller and internodes lengthening, flagellomere 14 with slender apiculis; palpus extends to flagello- mere 7, ratio of palpomeres 10:18:15:18. Anepisternum covered with evenly distributed al- veoli except oval area in lower half of anterior part. Wing darkly infuscated with pale areas between vein tips; second costal node absent; Sc short, ex- tends to base of R5; radial and medial forks on same level or medial slightly distad of radial, radial fork distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths. Hypandrium a membranous, setose plate be- tween gonocoxites; gonocoxite with cluster of hairs in center of lateral margin; gonostylus constricted near apical one-quarter, ends in hook; distiphallus bipartite, 1 shaft sinuous, dark, nearly reaching lev- el of apex of gonostylus, other shaft short, evenly tapered to sharp point, about one-half length of large shaft; surstylus evenly tapering to tip, acces- sory tenacula with capitate tips, scattered over dor- sal and lateral surface, not confined to dark plate; tenaculum absent; tergite 10 elongate triangular. Measurements. Antenna 2.30 mm (n = 1). Wing length 3.08-3.35 mm, width 1.08-1.33 mm (n = 3). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. d, PERU, Cuzco, 26 km W Pil- copata, 13;°3.3'S, 71°32.8'W, 24.vii-2.viii.1997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1500 m, cloud forest, river- side (MUSM). PARATYPES. 2d, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin ferruginos for rust- colored, referring to the dark brown body color. Alepia piscicauda new species Figs. 109-110 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex protuberant, con- cave on midline, distinct suture on midline; eyes separated by 2.5-3 facet diameters, inner margin rounded, with single facet in inner row; interocular suture inverted Y-shaped, stem shorter than width of a facet, angulate; frons hair patch undivided, few alveoli extend posteriorly above posterior margin; broad, V-shaped concavity on anterior margin; fla- gellomere 1 globular, following flagellomeres pro- gressively more slender and internodes lengthening, 14 small and with slender apiculis; palpus very large, palpomeres wider than flagellomeres, extends to flagellomere 8, ratio of palpomeres 10:22:20:24. Anepisternum evenly covered with alveoli except on anterior border, anterior margin of alveolar patch concave. Wing infuscate with darker infus- Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 43 Figures 106-110 Alepia spp. 106-108. A. ferruginea: 106. male genitalia, dorsal; 107. male surstylus, lateral; 108. male head. 109-110. A. pisdcauda: 109. female genitalia; 110. male genitalia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 44 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini cations on vein tips and forks, clear areas between vein tips; second costal node present; Sc short, near- ly extends to base of Ri; medial and radial forks on same level, radial fork distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths. Abdominal tergites with rounded lobes on latero- posterior margins, lobes darkened by dense alveoli. Hypandrium dome-shaped, with wrinkles along posterior border; gonocoxite with dense cluster of about 15 hairs on apicolateral margin; gonostylus nearly straight, dark, ending in beaklike hook, about 12 spines scattered along dorsal margin and 5 more on apical margin, about two-thirds length of gonocoxite; distiphallus straight, slightly en- larged apically, ending in pair of blunt apices divid- ed by small concavity; right paramere heavily scler- otized, in form of cock’s comb, left rounded with riblike structure; surstylus elongate, accessory te- nacula scattered along dorsal margin, ending in cla- vate and umbellate tips, not confined to dark plate, tenaculum absent; tergite 10 rounded, longer than wide. Measurements. Antenna 1.58-1.72 mm (x = 1.64; n = 5). Wing length 2.22-2.89 mm, width 0.94-1.23 mm (x = 2.44, 1.05; n = 10). Female. Eyes separated by 2 facet diameters; fla- gellomeres and palpomeres smaller than those of male. Abdominal tergites without lateral lobes. Subgenital plate in form of fishtail, few large spines on ventral surface; chitinous arch usually reaches apical border; setal sclerite with 3 small setae on each side of midline on anterior margin; lateral fringe of genital ducts small. Measurements. Antenna 1.32-1.56 mm (x = 1.47; n = 6). Wing length 2.29-2.51 mm width 0.77-0.92 mm (x = 2.38, 0.84; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana, Surinam. HOLOTYPE. d, FRENCH GUIANA, Maripa- soula, 17-22.iii.1994, E. Quate, Malaise trap, dry forest (LACM). PARATYPES. 3d, 6 9, same data as holotype (BMNH, EACM, USNM). SURINAM, Brownsberg Nature Park, 100 km S Paramaribo, 4°57'N, 55H1'W, 3d, 29, 28-30.1X.1996, E. Quate, Mal- aise trap, 300-450 m, primary forest (EACM), Ral- eighvallen, 170 km SW Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56H2'W, 5d, 49, 17-25.ix.l996, E. Quate, Mal- aise trap, 70 m, primary forest (BMNH, EACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin piscis for fish and cauda for tail, referring to the shape of the female subgenital plate. REMARKS. The cock’s comb structure at the side of the distiphallus in males is interpreted as the paramere, but there is some uncertainty about this interpretation because parameres are rarely present in species of Alepia. Alepia labyrinthica new species Figs. 111-112 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by about 2 facet diameters; inner margin of eye bridge an- gulate with anterior and posterior corner nearly a right angle, with 3 facet rows; interocular suture present, without spur on midline, forming acute an- gle in center; frons hair patch undivided; flagello- meres not as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3; palpus extends to flagellomere 5. Anepisternum without spot; alveoli forming sin- gle cluster, evenly distributed over most of sclerite. Wing with infuscate patterns, infuscation uniform over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks may be darker; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork on same level as medial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 unattached; medial fork complete. Hypandrium a faint, membranous, setose plate between distal part of gonocoxites; gonocoxite without tubercle at base; gonostylus very short, less than one-third length of gonocoxite, without ap- pendage at apex, unidigitate, triangular, blunt or pointed at apex; distiphallus complex, consists of 2 long shafts, 1 dark and 1 light; paramere similar to and as long as distiphallus, light in color and with hooked expansion at base; surstylus elongate tri- angular; surstylus with accessory tenacula scattered and not confined to black subbasal area; without tenaculum. Measurements. Antenna 1.46-1.49 mm (n = 4). Wing length 1.83-2.03 mm, width 0.68-0.80 mm (x = 1.95, 0.73; n = 6). Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate quad- rate; chitinous arch extends little beyond apical border between lobes; triangular setal sclerite bears 6-8 small setae; horizontal and lateral struts of gen- ital ducts heavily sclerotized; serrated fringe well developed. Measurements. Antenna 1.05-1.24 mm (x I . I 1 ; n = 11). Wing length 1.83-2.13 mm, width 0.65-0.83 mm (x = 1.90, 0.71; n = 11). DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. HOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, Amazonas, Itacoati- ara-Itapiranga Highway, km 23, 3°3'S, 58°43.5'W, 8-15.V.1999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, 100 m, primary forest (INPA). PARATYPES. 4d, 15 9, same data as holotype (BMNH, INPA, LACM, USNM), Manacapuru- Novo Airao, km 46-50, 2°59.3'S, 60°53.6'W, 3 9 , 30.iv-6.v.l999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, 50 m, disturbed forest (LACM), 1 9, same data as previous specimen except CDC light trap (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin labyrinthus for “structure with many winding passages,” referring to the complex spikes of the male genitalia. Alepia tricolor (Knab) Psychoda tricolor Knab, 1914:105. Alepia tricolor; Duckhouse, 1974a: 145, figs. 11- 13. DESCRIPTION. Male, (based on Duckhouse, 1974a). Eyes separated by less than 3 facet diam- Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 45 Figures 111-115 Alepia spp. 111-112. A. labyrinthica: 111. male genitalia, dorsal; 112. female genitalia. 113. A. sco- lomeris, male genitalia, dorsal. 114-115. A. caceresi: 114. male genitalia, dorsal; 115. male surstylus, lateral. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 46 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini eters; eye bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular su- ture present, without spur on midline, forming acute angle in center; flagellomeres not as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3, palpus does not extend beyond flagellomere 5 or 6. Wing with infuscate patterns, infuscation uni- form over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks may be darker; second costal node present; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork basad of medial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 attached; medial fork complete. Gonocoxite without tubercle at base, vestiture normal, not unusually dense; gonostylus bifurcate, inner branch sharply bent and much longer than outer branch, without protuberance at base; hypan- drium a large projection above distiphallus and heavily setose; gonostylus bifurcate, lateral branch short, elongate triangular, with hook at base, lateral branch much longer, strongly bent at center and tapering to elongate, acute tip; surstylus globular or ovoid, without apical prolongation; accessory te- nacula scattered and not confined to black area, with 1 apical tenaculum. DISTRIBUTION. Panama. LECTOTYPE. d, PANAMA, Coscajar River, ii.l909, reared from larvae in water at base of epi- phytic bromeliad, A. H. Jennings (USNM; not ex- amined). Alepia caceresi new species Figs. 114-115 DESCRIPTION. Male. Very large species. Vertex protuberant, small concavity on midline, without suture; eyes separated by 2 facet diameters, inner margin of bridge rounded; interocular suture arched with flattened apex; frons hair patch trape- zoidal, scarcely divided in center, anterior margin concave; flagellomere fusiform and without inter- node, following flagellomeres more slender and with internodes well defined, flagellomere 14 with slender apiculis; palpus extends to flagellomere 6, ratio of palpomeres 10:20:20:24. Anepisternum bare of alveoli in center, alveoli confined to upper margin and posterior half of pos- terior margin. Wing patterned, with brown spots at vein tips and on forks, uniform over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks darker; second costal node large and somewhat quadrate; Sc short, ex- tends little beyond second costal node; radial fork basad of medial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 unattached; medial fork complete. Hypandrium roughly diamond-shaped with blunt apex and many longitudinal wrinkles; gon- ostylus with subapical barb having appearance of harpoon point; distiphallus straight and tapering beyond median expansion with central yokelike structure; surstylus with attenuate apex and small, subapical tenaculum, accessory tenacula with cap- itate tips scattered over dorsal surface; tergite 10 indiscernible. Measurements. Antenna 3.35 mm. Wing length 4.77 mm, width 1.98 mm (n = 1). Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. A, PERU, Amazonas, 20 km N Pedro Ruiz (MUSM). ETYMOLOGY. Named in recognition of the generous assistance offered by Dr. Abraham Cace- res. REMARKS. Alepia caceresi is the only species in this genus of such a large size, with a large, quad- rate second costal node, and with harpoon-shaped gonostyli. Alepia alcobregma Quate Alepia alcobregma Quate, 1999:423, figs. 4E-G. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex with distinct su- ture on midline; eyes separated by about 1 facet diameter, inner margin of eye bridge angulate with anterior and posterior corner nearly a right angle; eye bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular suture in- verted Y-shaped, stem long, joins suture on vertex; frons hair patch undivided; flagellomeres narrower than pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3; palpus does not extend beyond flagellomere 5 or 6. Anepisternum with alveoli forming single cluster, evenly distributed over most of surface, covering most of sclerite. Wing with infuscate patterns, in- fuscation uniform over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks darker; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork basad of medial, very close to base of R4, separated by about 1 cell width; medial fork complete. Hypandrium small, dome-shaped, does not ex- tend beyond tip of gonocoxite; gonocoxite without tubercle at base, vestiture normal, not unusually dense; gonostylus as long as gonocoxite, without appendage at apex, apex a small, curved point; dis- tiphallus a straight shaft; surstylus ovoid, with ac- cessory tenacula scattered and not confined to black subbasal area, with 2-4 subapical, clavate te- nacula arising from large sockets. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Panama. HOLOTYPE. A, PANAMA, Barro Colorado I., viii.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap (USNM; ex- amined). REMARKS. This is one of the few species of Ale- pia with a small, distinct hypandrium. Alepia relativa Quate Alepia relativa Quate, 1996:21, figs. 8e-g. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by less than 3 facet diameters; inner margin of eye bridge angulate with anterior and posterior corner nearly perpendicular; eye bridge with 3 facet rows; inter- ocular suture with short spur on midline, not ex- Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 47 tending to vertex, angulate, forming acute angle in center; frons hair patch divided in center; flagello- meres not as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3; palpus does not extend beyond fla- gellomere 5 or 6. Anepisternum without spot, alveoli forming sin- gle cluster, denser in some areas than in others, cov- er most of sclerite. Wing with infuscate patterns; infuscation uniform over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks may be darker; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork on same level as medial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 at- tached; medial fork complete. Hypandrium a faint, membranous plate without setae and difficult to discern; gonocoxite without tubercle at base; vestiture normal, not unusually dense; gonostylus little longer than gonocoxite, ending in S-shaped curve; distiphallus bifurcate with 2 short, dark shafts, 1 with angulate subapical projection; paramere longer than distiphallus and gonostylus, pale, gently curved at apex, apex blunt; surstylus elongate triangular; surstylus with acces- sory tenacula scattered, not confined to dark plate, with 1 subapical tenaculum. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Heredia, La Selva Biological Station, 23. i. 1993, ALAS project (INBC; examined). Alepia scolomeris new species Fig. 113 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex slightly protuber- ant at apex, with distinct suture on midline; eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; inner mar- gin of bridge blunt; interocular suture inverted Y- shape, with short stem; frons hair patch trapezoidal with large median concavity on anterior margin, undivided; flagellomere 1 not as wide as pedicel, fusiform without internode, following flagellomeres becoming progressively smaller and thinner and in- ternodes lengthening, flagellomere 14 with elongate apiculis; palpus extends to flagellomere 5, ratio of palpomeres 10:19:23:25. Anepisternum evenly covered with alveoli, except anterior one-third, anterior border of alveolar pat- tern concave on anterior border. Wing with infus- cate patterns, infuscation uniform over most of wing, with brown spots at vein tips, on forks, and at base of R5; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends between bases of R4 and R5; radial and medial forks on same level, radial distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 unattached; medial fork complete. Hypandrium a dome-shaped plate between gon- ocoxites without setae; gonocoxite with large, sick- le-shaped projection extending beyond tip of disti- phallus; gonostylus very small, ending in small, blunt tip; distiphallus terminating in form of scoop. setose arch near center; surstylus elongate oval, ac- cessory tenacula scattered and not confined to black pad; 1 subapical tenaculum; tergite 10 small, triangular, length about equal to basal width. Measurements. Antenna 2.23-2.60 mm. Wing length 3.01-3.42 mm, width 1.11-1.13 mm (n = 2). Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. A, VENEZUELA, Aragua, 10 km N El Limon, 19.ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap (IZAV). PARATYPE. A, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Greek skolos for anything pointed and -mere for part, referring to the small, pointed gonostylus. Alepia diocula new species Figs. 116-117 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex slightly protuber- ant with shallow concavity and suture on midline; eyes widely separated by 10 facet diameters, inner margin tapered and pointed so columns 1 and 2 with only 1 facet, 2 and 4 with 2 rows, others with 3 rows; interocular suture slightly arched, widened and lighter in center; frons hair patch trapezoidal, not divided; flagellomere 1 fusiform, not as wide as pedicel, flagellomeres progressively becoming lon- ger, more slender and with internodes, so distal fla- gellomeres slender nodiform; terminal flagellomere with long, slender apiculis; ratio of palpomeres 10: 18:20:20. Anepisternum with dorsal band of alveoli ex- tending anteriorly to spiracle, patch of alveoli on lower half of posterior part and bare in center. Wing infuscate, with clear spots between most vein tips; second costal node present; Sc very short, end- ing before base of R5; radial fork basad of medial by about 2 cell widths, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths. Abdominal tergites with thin band of alveoli on posterior margin. Hypandrium a dome-shaped plate above distal one-third of distiphallus; gonos- tylus slightly curved, ending in blunt hook; disti- phallus broad, apparently scoop-shaped with mem- branous apex; surstylus with cluster of subbasal ac- cessory tenacula arising from black base, apex at- tenuate, with subapical seta, but lacking tenaculum. Measurements. Antenna 1.66 mm. Wing length 2.10 mm, width 0.84 mm (n = 1). Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana. HOLOTYPE. A, FRENCH GUIANA, Maripa- soula, 17-22. iii. 1994, L. Quate, Malaise trap, dry forest (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin di for separate and oculus for eye, referring to the widely separated eyes. 48 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 116-122 Alepia spp. 116-117. A. diocula: 116. male genitalia, dorsal; 117. male surstylus, lateral. 118-122. A. longinoi: 118. head; 119. female genitalia; 120. male genitalia, dorsal; 121. male surstylus, lateral (only 3 accessory tenacula drawn to full length); 122. wing. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 49 Alepia longinoi Figures 123-127 Alepia longinoi, larva: 123. head and thorax; 124. abdominal tergite 3; 125. antenna; 126. oral opening; 127. siphon, lateral. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 50 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Alepia longinoi new species Figs. 118-127 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex flattened, without suture on midline; eyes separated by about 3 facet diameters; inner margin of eye bridge tapered to width of only 1 facet on inner margin; interocular suture present, without spur on midline, forming acute angle in center; frons hair patch undivided; flagellomeres large, as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other 4 as long as or lon- ger than 3; palpus short, only extends to flagello- mere 4. Anepisternum without spot; alveoli forming sin- gle cluster, evenly distributed over most of surface. Wing with brown spots on wing tips and forks only (specimens may be faded after having been stored in alcohol for several years); second costal node very large; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork basad of medial, very close to base of R4; base of R2+3 attached; basal part of radial sector enlarged; medial fork incomplete. Hypandrium a fan-shaped plate above distiphal- lus; gonocoxite without tubercle at base; vestiture normal; gonostylus longer than gonocoxite, slender, curved, ending in hook; distiphallus large, apically broadened; surstylus with black subbasal area bear- ing accessory tenacula, without tenaculum. Measurements. Antenna 1.45-1.53 mm (x = 1.52; n = 5). Wing length 1.50 = 1.75 mm, wing width 0.50-0.63 mm (x = 1.63, 0.59; n = 7). Female. Subgenital plate with V-shaped apical lobes arising from slender basal band; chitinous arch not reaching apical margin. Measurements. 1.45-1.53 mm (n = 2). Wing length 1.65-1.75 mm, width 0.68-0.73 mm (n = 4). Larva. Antenna consists of pair of rods and 2 setae; mandible with 3 sharp teeth and rounded lat- eral knob; maxilla with 4 teeth; hypostoma with 3 pairs of small teeth; each of anterior pair of plates of prothorax with single pinnate seta near center and pair near border, single dark lobe on posterior margin near center; each of posterior plates with 1 pinnate seta near midline, pair near center and 1 at margin of plate, 2 pairs of lobes on posterior bor- der, 1 near center and 1 about one-third distance from center to margin; spiracle short, little longer than wide; other plates of thorax with similar adornments. Abdominal protergal and mesotergal plates with median and lateral pair of circular spots with sculptured margins; metatergal plates with pinnate setae, 1 near center, pair at lateral three- quarters and 1 near lateral margin. Siphon very short. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Heredia, Est. Biol. La Selva, 10°26'N, 84°0'W, 5.iii.l989, J. Lon- gino, #2420 (INBC). PARATYPES. Id, 19, same data as holotype (INBC, LACM); Puntarenas, Monteverde, 10H8'N, 84°49'W, 6 9, 16 larvae, 27.iv.1989, J. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini |i Longino, #2478, #2546, 1190 m, Cecropia ohtu- ! sifolia with Azteca ants (LACM), 5d, 5 9, same | data as previous specimens but 25.V.1989, 1190 m 1 (INBC, LACM). ETYMOLOGY. Named to honor the collector. Dr. John T. Longino. NATURAL HISTORY. This interesting species was collected by Dr. Longino in nests of Azteca ants in stems of Cecropia trees. His careful collecting identified not only a new habitat for the family but also yielded the material for the first larval descrip- tion of Alepia and is an important contribution to our knowledge of this family. Details are from the following field notes provided by Longino. From collection #2420: “These specimens were in a branch sample from a Cecropia obtusifolia tree. The tree was inhabited by an active colony of Azteca xanthochroa. All the branch internodes were connected, with perforated septa. However, most of the branch interior appeared inactive, with smooth walls and scattered pastelike lumps of moist matter (‘knollen’ of Mueller). The interior walls were like wet-walled sewer pipes. I found adult dipterans inside the branch [collection con- tains two male Psychodidae, Psychodinaej. The only exit holes were the ant-maintained holes in the branch tree.” From collection #2478: “This collection is from a branch sample from a Cecropia tree: The tree was occupied by an active colony of Azteca constructor. I examined the 1-2 m of leafless branch proximal to leafy shoot tip. The septa dividing the internodes had been completely removed, and scattered work- ers occurred deep in the branch. There were regu- larly spaced knollen. The knollen were in a line on one side of the branch, 2-3 per internode. From the curvature of the branch (I do not remember its ori- entation on the tree, but it was probably curving upward) the knollen were probably suspended from the ‘ceiling’ of the internodes. The knollen were cir- cular, 5-10 mm diameter. The knollen were sticky masses (similar to that found in colonies with queens) of brown particulate matter (like soggy bran cereal). The piles were crawling with mites and full of glistening, writhing nematodes. I also saw what were probably dipteran larvae. By the next morning the knollen were drying out in the split branch. Large number of fly(?) larvae had crawled from each one and were surrounding the pile on the internode wall. I collected a number of larvae in alcohol, and gathered some of the debris pile material in the bottom of a plastic vial, with larvae, in hopes of rearing them.” Alepia fruticosa new species Figs. 128-131 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex protuberant, with suture on midline; eyes separated by 2-3 facet di- ameters, bridge with 3 facet rows, inner margin ob- tusely rounded, interocular suture inverted Y- shaped; frons hair patch undivided, hemispherical Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 51 protuberance of gonostylus Alepia Figures 128-133 Alepia spp. 128-131. A. fruticosa: 128. male genitalia, dorsal; 129. male genitalia, lateral; 130. wing; 131. female genitalia. 132-133. A. bisubulata: 132. male genitalia, dorsal; 133. male genitalia, lateral. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 52 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini with median concavity on anterior margin; flagel- lomere 1 nearly as wide as pedicel, ovoid without internode, following flagellomeres progressively be- coming smaller and thinner and internodes length- ening, flagellomere 14 with elongate apiculis; pal- pomere 2 normal, 4 little longer than 3, ratio of palpomeres 10:16:18:20. Anepisternum largely covered with alveoli except around spiracle and anterior oval area below spi- racle. Wing lightly infuscated with darker areas at vein tips and on forks with pale areas between vein tips; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends be- tween bases of R4 and R5; radial and medial forks on same level, radial fork distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; medial fork complete. Hypandrium a broad, membranous plate be- tween gonocoxites, lightly setose, gonocoxites lin- ear, longer than wide, completely clothed in dense vestiture giving genitalia shaggy appearance (only part of vestiture shown in Fig. 128); gonostylus tri- furcate with 2 pointed projections and short blunt projection; distiphallus tapering to slender point, bifurcate in lateral view; surstylus ovoid, devoid of vestiture except patch of umbellate accessory te- nacula arising from black pad near base and clavate tenaculum near center. Measurements. Antenna 1.38-1.67 mm (x = 1.57; n = 6). Wing length 1.95-2.65 mm, width 0.72-0.94 mm (x = 2.31, 0.87; n = 9). Female. Flagellomeres smaller and more slender than those of male. Genitalia with apical lobes in form of fishtail; chitinous arch extends to plate margin; setal sclerite with pair of rows of 3 setae each flanking midline near center; genital ducts with small serrated fringe on border, distinctive archlike sclerotized structure above genital ducts as figured. Measurements. Antenna 1.28-1.41 mm (x = l. 35; n = 5). Wing length 1.95-2.53 mm, width 0.77-0.99 mm (x = 2.23, 0.87; n = 6). DISTRIBUTION. Surinam, French Guiana, Bra- zil. HOLOTYPE. d, SURINAM, Brownsberg Na- ture Park, 100 km S Paramaribo, 4°57'N, 55°11'W, 28-30. ix. 1996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 300-450 m, primary forest (LACM). PARATYPES. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Itacoatiara- Itapiranga Flighway, km 23, 3°3'S, 58°43.5'W, 2 A, 2$, 8-15.V.1999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, 100 m, primary forest (INPA, LAGM), Man- acapuru-Novo Airao, km 46-50, 2°59.3'S, 60°53.6'W, lA, 30.iv-6.v.l999, L. Quate, T. Bar- rett, Malaise trap, 50 m, disturbed forest (LAGM). FRENCH GUIANA, Maripasoula, Id, 17- 22.iii.1994, L. Quate, Malaise trap (LAGM). SU- RINAM, 2d, same data as holotype (LACM), Ral- eighvallen, 170 km SW Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56°12'W, 3d, 3$, 17-25.ix.l996, L. Quate, Mal- aise trap, 70 m, primary forest (BMNH, LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin fruticosus for bushy, referring to the appearance of the male gonocoxite. Alepia busckana (Dyar) Psychoda busckana Dyar, 1926:109. Pericoma busckana'^ Rosario, 1936:145. Alepia busckana; Duckhouse, 1974a:146-148, figs. 17-22. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex flattened, without suture on midline; eyes separated by little more than 3 facet diameters; inner margin of eye bridge rounded; eye bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular suture present, without spur on midline, angulate; frons hair patch undivided; palpomere 2 enlarged, wider than other palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3. Wing with infuscate patterns; infuscation uni- form over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks darker; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork distad of medial and distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 attached; medial fork com- plete. Hypandrium a band between gonocoxites with rounded apex; gonocoxite with setose tubercle at apex, vestiture not unusually dense; gonostylus as long as gonocoxite, slightly curved, apex blunt; dis- tiphallus very dark, trifid at tip; surstylus with clus- ter of subbasal accessory tenacula arising from black base, apex rounded, apical tenacula lacking. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Martinique, Trinidad. HOLOTYPE. d, MARTINIQUE, vii.1905, A. Busck (USNM; not examined). REMARKS. Duckhouse (1974a) states that the thorax has an “epitergal organ hairbrush-like, each with pile of long spines, as in Paratelmatoscopus” He also states that ascoids are fine, digitate, and in 2 whorls, but these are here interpreted as hairs. Alepia apachis Quate Alepia apachis Quate, 1999:420; figs. 3A-D. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex slightly protuber- ant, with concavity and lacking median suture; eyes separated by about 1.5 facet diameters; eye bridge with 3 facet rows, inner margin of eye bridge rounded and tapered; interocular suture with spur on midline, forming acute angle in center; frons hair patch undivided; flagellomeres large, as wide as pedicel, each flagellomere with double row of alveoli around node; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3, palpus does not extend beyond flagellomere 5 or 6. Anepisternite with alveoli forming dorsal and ventral clusters with bare spot in center. Wing with infuscate patterns uniform over most of wing, spots on vein tips and forks darker and with clear spots between vein tips; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork ba- sad of medial by about 5 cell widths, very close to base of R4, separated by about 1 cell width; radial sector enlarged basally; medial fork complete. Contributions in Science, Number 500 Hypandrium a large, fan-shaped plate above dis- tiphallus; gonocoxite cylindrical; gonostylus slen- der, longer than gonocoxite, ending in sharp point; distiphallus ending in dark tip with membranous base; surstylus with cluster of subbasal accessory tenacula arising from black base, apex attenuate, tenaculum lacking. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Panama. HOLOTYPE. d, PANAMA, Nusagandi, i.l994, J. Pickering, Malaise trap (USNM; examined). Alepia alfaroana (Dyar) Psychoda alfaroana Dyar, 1926:110. Pericoma alfaroana^ Rosario, 1936:145. Alepia alfaroana-, Duckhouse, 1974a:148-149, figs. 23-25. DESCRIPTION. Male, (based on Duckhouse, 1974a). Vertex with distinct suture on midline, apex with V-shaped notch; eyes separated by 1 + facet diameters; inner margin of eye bridge round- ed; eye bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular suture present, without spur on midline, forming acute an- gle in center; frons hair patch undivided; flagello- meres not as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3, palpus does not extend beyond fla- gellomere 5 or 6. Wing with infuscate patterns, infuscation uni- form over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks darker; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork slightly distad of medial; base of R2+3 attached; medial fork incomplete. Hypandrium a quadrate plate between gonocox- ites; gonocoxite with setose patch on distal half; gonostylus about one-half length of gonocoxite, without appendage at apex, unidigitate, without protuberance at base; structure of distiphallus not clear in Duckhouse’s illustration, but described as “tip of aedeagus laterally flattened, double hook- shaped in lateral view, ventral surface rounded”; surstylus irregular in shape, apex without prolon- gation; surstylus with black subbasal area bearing accessory tenacula, without tenaculum. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Alajuela, viii.1921, reared from larva in water in bamboo joint, A. Alfaro (USNM; not examined). REMARKS. Duckhouse (1974a) states the fla- gellomeres bear “two whorls of fine digitate as- coids,” but because of their distribution, these are here interpreted as hairs. Alepia bisubulata Duckhouse Figs. 132-133 Alepia bisubulata Duckhouse, 1968:31-33, figs. 9-16. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex protuberant, with small concavity and suture on midline; eyes sepa- Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 53 rated by 4-6 facet diameters; interocular suture arched in center, no stem, separated in center; inner margin of bridge tapered so median margin with only 1 facet row; frons hair patch trapezoidal, un- divided in center, anterior margin with small me- dian concavity; antenna with scape and pedicel nor- mal; basal flagellomeres with very short internode, internodes progressively become longer; terminal flagellomere with elongate apiculis; palpus extends to flagellomere 5, ratio of palpomeres 10:19:19:25. Anepisternite with dorsal and ventral alveolar patches and bare in center. Wing infuscate with clear spots between vein tips, darker spots on vein tips and on forks; second costal node absent; Sc short, does not extend to base of Rj; base of R2+3 does not attach to R4; radial fork complete, basad of medial by about 4 cell widths; medial fork in- complete. Abdominal tergite with thin band of hair alveoli subapically, except 8 with broader band. Hypan- drium a large, semiquadrate plate above distiphal- lus with wrinkled surface; gonocoxite with subapi- cal, ventral tubercles bearing cluster of 10 or more hairs; gonostylus with longer knoblike, ventral tu- bercle at base bearing 5 spines; gonostylus ending in small hook; distiphallus ending in sharp, up- turned apex; surstylus with cluster of subbasal ac- cessory tenacula with clavate tips arising from black base, apex attenuate, without tenaculum. Measurements. Antenna 1.70-2.34 mm (x 2.02; n = 6). Wing length 2.05-2.46 mm, width 0.75-0.92 mm (x = 2.30, 0.82; n = 9). Female. Flagellomeres more slender and shorter than those of male. Genitalia typical; lateral fringe of genital ducts covering most of lateral margin; chitinous arch does not reach apical margin; pair of cluster of spines on basal margin of flap anterior to chitinous arch, each cluster contains 4 spines. Measurements. Antenna 1.69 mm (n = 1). Wing length 2.39-2.41 mm, width 0.80-0.89 mm (n = 2). DISTRIBUTION. Trinidad, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil. HOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, Santa Catarina, Nova Teutonia, 16.ix.l938, F. Plaumann (BMNH; examined). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Itacoatiara-Itapiranga Highway, km 23, 3°3'S, 58°43.5'W, Id, 8-15.V.1999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, 100 m, primary forest (LACM); Rondonia, Cacaulandia, 200 km SSE Porto Velho, 10H8'S, 62°52.1'W, 2d, 22- 31.X.1997, W. Hanson, 140 m (EMUS, LACM). FRENCH GUIANA, Maripasoula, 3d, 17- 22.iii.1994, L. Quate, Malaise trap (LACM). SU- RINAM, Brownsberg Nature Park, 100 km S Par- amaribo, 4°57'N, 55°11'W, 1 9, 28-30.ix.l996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 300-450 m, primary forest (LACM), Raleighvallen, 170 km SW Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56°12'W, 7d, 17-25.ix.l996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 70 m, primary forest (LACM), Id, 1 9 , same data as previous specimens except light 54 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini trap (LACM). TRINIDAD, Asa Wright Nature Center, IcJ, 15.1.1981, G. Bohart (LACM). REMARKS. The small tubercle with several hairs at the base of the gonostylus is not found in any other species of Alepia. Alepia eburna (Rapp) Figs. 134-135 Psychoda eburna Rapp, 1945:309. Alepia eburna-^ Duckhouse, 1974b:55-57, figs. 1-6. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex without suture on midline and flattened; eyes separated by about 4 facet diameters; inner margin of eye bridge tapered to width of only 1 facet on inner margin, bridge with 2 facet rows; interocular suture present, with- out spur on midline, flattened at center; frons hair patch undivided; flagellomeres not as wide as ped- icel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other pal- pomeres; 4 as long as or longer than 3. Wing with infuscate pattern consisting largely of broad, arched band across wing near center; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork basad of medial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 at- tached; medial fork incomplete, M2 not attached to M, Hypandrium a dome-shaped bar between gono- coxites; gonocoxite without tubercle at base, ves- titure normal; gonostylus sickle-shaped, ending in small hook; distiphallus straight, bifurcate, sides convergent; surstylus with cluster of subbasal ac- cessory tenacula arising from dark pad, with single rodlike tenaculum. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Nicaragua, Panama. HOLOTYPE. d, PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado I., 10. i. 1929, C. Curran (AMNH; not ex- amined). SPECIMEN STUDIED. Id, NICARAGUA, Jin- otego, Cerro Muri, 7-1 0.x. 1997, Maes and Her- nandez, Malaise trap (LACM). Alepia imitata new species Figs. 136-138 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex protuberant, with suture on midline; eyes separated by 2-3 facet di- ameters, bridge with 3 facet rows, inner margin ob- tusely rounded; interocular suture inverted Y- shaped; frons hair patch undivided, hemispherical with median concavity on anterior margin; flagel- lomere 1 nearly as wide as pedicel, ovoid without internode, following flagellomeres progressively be- coming smaller and thinner and internodes length- ening, flagellomere 14 with elongate apiculis; paL pomere 2 normal, 4 little longer than 3, ratio of palpomeres 10:16:18:20. Anepisternum largely covered with alveoli except around spiracle and anterior oval area below spi- racle. Wing lightly infuscated with darker areas at vein tips and on forks with pale areas between vein tips; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends be- tween bases of R4 and R5; radial and medial forks on same level, radial fork distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; medial fork complete. Hypandrium a delicate, membranous plate be- tween gonocoxites with slightly concave apex; gon- ocoxites clothed in dense vestiture giving genitalia shaggy appearance, with straight, slender shaft originating near center and extending well beyond tip of distiphallus; gonostylus shorter than gono- coxite, ending in sharp, curved point, with small lobe near center of median margin; distiphallus dark with central shaft flanked by 2 curved bars at base giving appearance of fleur-de-lis; epandrium with well-developed ventral epandrial sclerite (which may appear as part of basiphallus); sursty- lus ovoid, devoid of vestiture except patch of um- bellate accessory tenacula arising from black pad near base and clavate tenaculum near center. Measurements. Antenna 1.25-1.32 mm (n = 4). Wing length 1.88-1.95 mm, width 0.68-0.75 mm (x = 1.90, 0.70; n = 10). Female. Flagellomeres smaller and more slender than those of male. Genitalia with apical lobes in form of fishtail; few large spines on ventral surface; chitinous arch penetrates apical margin; setal scler- ite with pair of rows of 3 setae each flanking mid- line near center; genital ducts with small fringe on border, basal margin of plate extends posteriorly as dark, median bar. Measurements. Antenna 1.23-1.30 mm (x = l. 26; n = 5). Wing length 1.88-2.08 mm (x - 2.00; n = 9), width 0.64-0.72 mm (x = 0.68; n = 6). DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. HOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaca- puru-Novo Airao, km 46-50, 2°59.3'S, 60°53.6'W, 30.iv-6.v.l999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, 50 m, disturbed forest (INPA). PARATYPES. 9d, 3$, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM), Itacoatiara-Itapiranga Highway, km 23, 3°3'S, 58°43.5'W, 5 9, 8- 15.V.1999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, 100 m, primary forest (BMNH, INPA, LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin imitatus for copy, referring to the close similarity to A. fruticosa. REMARKS. The two species, A. fruticosa and A. imitata, are similar and differ only in details of the genitalia of both sexes. The distinctive fleur-de-lis shape of the distiphallus and the structure of the gonostylus distinguishes A. imitata. Females differ in the structure of the genital ducts; the apical lobes also are slightly different. The subgenital plate of females of A. fruticosa and A. imitata resembles that of A. piscicauda, which also has lobes in the shape of a fishtail. How- ever, those of A. piscicauda are longer and more attenuate than in A. fruticosa. Also, A. fruticosa and A. imitata have a pair of irregular rows of small setae in the center of the setal sclerite, where- as A. piscicauda has a pair of similar setae in a cluster flanking the midline near the basal margin Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 55 Figures 134-143 Alepia spp. 134-135. A. eburna: 134. wing; 135. male genitalia, dorsal. 136-138. A. imitata: 136. female genitalia; 137. male genitalia, dorsal; 138. male gonopods and aedeagus, lateral. 139-140. A. falcata: 139. male genitalia, dorsal; 140. male surstylus, lateral. 141-143. A. ancylis: 141. male surstylus, lateral; 142. female genitalia; 143. male genitalia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 56 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini of the sclerite. Finally, the spines on the ventral sur- face of the subgenital plate of A. pisdcauda are much larger than those in A. fmticosa. These dif- ferences are difficult to appreciate unless both spe- cies are available for comparison. Alepia falcata new species Figs. 139-140 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex protuberant with small concavity and suture on midline; eyes sepa- rated by 3-4 facet diameters, bridge with 3 facet rows; interocular inverted V-shaped, weakened in center; frons hair patch quadrate, not separated in center, slightly extended posteriorly on midline; an- tenna with dense patch of hairs on apicomedial margin of scape; basal flagellomeres fusiform, pro- gressively become more slender with small inter- node; terminal flagellomere with elongate apiculis; palpus extends to flagellomere 6, ratio of palpom- eres 10:22:22:28. Anepisternite with alveoli sparser in center. Wing infuscate with clear spots between vein tips, darker spots on vein tips and on forks; second costal node present in addition to pseudonode between first and second; Sc short, but extends beyond base of R5; radial fork slightly basad of medial, distad of base of R4 by about 1 cell width; R2+3 unattached; me- dial fork complete. Foretibia with 3-4 spines on posterior apex; midtibia with double band of spines nearly encircling apex. Abdominal tergites with thin band of alveoli on posterior margin. Flypandrium membranous, pyr- amid-shaped; gonocoxite with small tubercle sub- apically on medial margin bearing about 12 long hairs and additional 5-6 equally long hairs laterad and distad of tubercle; gonostylus slender, sickle- shaped, blunt at apex, longer than gonocoxite; dis- tiphallus simple, tapering to rounded apex; sursty- lus with cluster of subbasal accessory tenacula aris- ing from black base with clavate tips, apex atten- uate, with single apical tenaculum. Measurements. Antenna 2.05 mm (n = 1). Wing length 2.46-2.65 mm, width 0.99-1.08 mm (n = 3). Female. Unknown DISTRIBUTION. Surinam. HOLOTYPE. (3, SURINAM, Raleighvallen, 170 km SW Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56°12'W, 17- 25.ix.1996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 70 m, primary forest (LACM). PARATYPES. 2(3, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin falcatus for curved or sickle-shaped, referring to the shape of the male gonostylus. Alepia ancylis new species Figs. 141-143 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex slightly protuber- ant, with small concavity and suture on midline; eyes separated by 5 facet diameters; interocular an- gulate inverted Y-shaped; frons hair patch quad- rate, not separated in center, anterior and posterior margin with small median concavities; antenna with scape and pedicel normal, basal flagellomeres with very short internode, internodes progressively lengthening; terminal flagellomere with elongate apiculis; ratio of palpomeres 10:14:16:19. Anepisternite with alveoli largely confined to posterior half with small anterior extension dorsal- ly. Wing generally infuscate with darker spots on vein tips and on forks; second costal node absent; Sc short, does not extend to base of R^; base of R2+3 does not attach to R4; radial fork basad of medial by about 3 cell widths, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; medial fork incomplete. Hypandrium a fan-shaped plate over basal half of distiphallus; gonocoxite with few hairs only sub- apically on lateral margin; gonostylus slightly ex- panded distally, ending in large hook, 4 bristles near base of medial margin; distiphallus forming gobletlike structure; surstylus with cluster of sub- basal accessory tenacula with clavate tips arising from black base, apex attenuate, with single apical tenaculum. Measurements. Antenna 1.85-2.02 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.41-2.75 mm, width 0.87-0.92 mm (n = 3). Eemale. Flagellomeres more slender than those of male. Subgenital plate with sides of apical lobes di- vergent; chitinous arch does not reach apical mar- gin; lateral fringe of genital ducts small. Measurements. Wing length 2.60 mm, width 0.89 mm (n = 1). DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. (3, PERU, Cuzco, Rio Madre de Dios, 28 km ESE Boca Manu, 12°2US, 70°42'W, 17.vii.l997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 250 m, forest trail (MUSM). PARATYPES. 2(3, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Greek ankylis for hook, referring to the tip of the surstylus. Alepia scripta Enderlein Alepia scripta Enderlein, 1937:95; Quate, 1963; 192, fig. 9. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex without suture on midline and flattened; eyes separated by about 2 facet diameters; eye bridge with 3 facet rows, inner i margin of eye bridge rounded and tapered; intero- cular suture angulate, without spur; frons hair patch divided in center; flagellomeres large, as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than oth- er palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3, palpus does not extend beyond flagellomere 5 or 6. Wing with infuscate pattern, infuscation uniform over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks darker; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork basad of medial; distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 unattached; medial fork complete. Contributions in Science, Number 500 Hypandrium a membranous, dome-shaped plate above distiphallus; gonocoxite vestiture normal, not unusually dense; gonostylus as long as gono- coxite; without appendage at apex, with small tu- bercle at base bearing 4 long bristles, apex blunt; distiphallus long, extends nearly to apex of gonos- tylus, expanded at tip; surstylus irregular in shape, apex with prolongation; surstylus with black sub- basal area bearing accessory tenacula, with 1 sub- apical tenaculum. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Bolivia. FIOLOTYPE. d, BOLIVIA, Yungas, Staudinger, [no other data] (ZMHB; examined). Alepia albicollare (Enderlein) Chirolepia albicollare Enderlein, 1937:104. Alepia albicollare; Quate, 1963:193-194, figs. lOa-h. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex without suture on midline, flattened; eyes separated by about 4 facet diameters; eye bridge with 3 facet rows, inner mar- gin tapered to width of only 1 facet on inner margin; interocular suture flattened at center, without spur on midline; frons hair patch divided in center; fla- gellomeres large, as wide as pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, 4 longer than 3, palpus very long, probably extends to flagellomere 7. Wing with infuscate patterns, infuscation uni- form largely on distal half with basal half mostly clear; second costal node absent; Sc long, extends beyond base of radial sector; radial fork on same level as medial; very close to base of R4, distad by about 1 cell width; base of R2+3 attached; medial fork complete. Hypandrium membranous, triangular; gonocox- ite without tubercle at base, vestiture normal; gon- ostylus about as long as gonocoxite, sickle-shaped, with cluster of hairs at base, unidigitate, without protuberance at base; distiphallus with 2 long staffs and 1 very short staff; surstylus elongate triangular, with black subbasal area bearing accessory tenac- ula, with 2 apical tenacula. Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Bolivia, Paraguay. HOLOTYPE. d, BOLIVIA, Sara, xi.l906- iii.1907, J. Steinbach, 600-700 m (ZMHB; exam- ined). Alepia copelata Quate Alepia copelata Quate, 1999:422-423, figs. 3E-F. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex with distinct V- shaped notch and suture on midline; eyes separated by 7 facet diameters; eye bridge with 3 facet rows, bridge tapered to width of only 1 facet on inner margin; interocular suture flattened at center, with- out spur on midline; frons hair patch undivided; flagellomeres narrower than pedicel; palpomere 2 normal, no wider than other palpomeres, 4 as long as or longer than 3. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 57 Wing with infuscate pattern, infuscation uniform over most of wing, spots on wing tips and forks darker; second costal node present; Sc short, ends at or before base of R4; radial fork basad of medial, distad of base of R4 by more than 2 cell widths; base of R2+3 unattached; medial fork complete. Hypandrium a membranous plate between gon- ocoxites with convex apex; gonocoxite without tu- bercle at base, vestiture normal; gonostylus longer than gonocoxite, without appendage at apex; sur- stylus slender, ending in small hook; distiphallus bi- furcate, in shape of pair of large dark, oarlike ap- pendages; surstylus irregular in shape, apex with prolongation, with black subbasal area bearing ac- cessory tenacula, with 2 tenacula. Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Panama. HOLOTYPE. d, PANAMA, Barro Colorado I., viii.1993, J. Pickering, Malaise trap (USNM; ex- amined). Alepia incompleta (Knab) Psychoda incompleta Knab, 1914:105. Alepia incompleta; Duckhouse, 1974a:145-146, figs. 14-16. DISTRIBUTION. Panama. HOLOTYPE. $, PANAMA, Canal Zone, Ta- bernilla, iv.l909, reared from larva in dark fluid held by flower bracts of Calathea discolor Meyer, A. H. Jennings (USNM; not examined). REMARKS. This species is known only from the female. Features that might aid in its recognition, based on Duckhouse’s illustrations, are lack of an interocular suture, equal lengths of first 3 palpom- eres, unpatterned wing, and radial and medial forks on the same level. KEY TO MALES OE ALEPIA The male of A. incompleta is unknown. 1 Wing with brown infuscations (Fig. 104); sur- stylus with fewer than 6 tenacula 2 - Wing plain, without infuscations; surstylus with 6-8 subapical tenacula (Fig. 83) A. amputonis n. sp. 2 Accessory tenacula on surstylus scattered and not confined to basal area (Fig. 87) 3 - Accessory tenacula on surstylus confined to subbasal area, area usually black and forming a pad (Figs. 117, 121) 20 3 Surstylus without apical tenaculum (Figs. 87, 89) 4 - Surstylus with 1 or 2 apical or subapical tenac- ula (Fig. 115) 16 4 Gonostylus without appendage at apex; mem- branous area between sternites 5 and 6, 6 and 7 without scales 5 - Gonostylus with paddle-like appendage at apex (Fig. 85); membranous area between sternites 5 and 6, 6 and 7 with small patch of scales on each side of midline A. azulita n. sp. 58 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini 5 Gonostylus without subapical spur; hypan- drium membranous and very faint 6 - Gonostylus with subapical spur giving appear- ance of harpoon tip (Fig. 88); hypandrium sclerotized and visible, with transverse wrinkles A. unicinota n. sp. 6 Eye bridge with 3 facet rows 7 - Eye bridge with 4 facet rows A. lanceolata n. sp. 7 Gonostylus bifurcate (Fig. 99) 8 - Gonostylus unidigitate 11 - Gonostylus trifurcate (Figs. 94-95) A. condylaria n. sp. 8 Gonostylus much shorter than gonocoxite (Fig. 99) 9 - Gonostylus as long as gonocoxite 10 9 Gonostylus very short, about one-fifth length of gonocoxite, bifurcate at apex (Wagner, 1993: fig. 19) A. martinicana Wagner - Gonostylus about one-half length of gonocoxi- te, bifurcation at base (Fig. 99) A. hirtiventris (Tonnoir) 10 Apex of distiphallus 2 broad blades (Quate, 1996:fig. 8a) A. valentia Quate - Apex of distiphallus 2 sharp points (Quate, 1999:fig. 4G) A. fissura Quate 11 Gonocoxite without long projection from apex 12 - Gonocoxite with long projections from medial apex and shorter 1 from lateral apex (Fig. 105); surstylus ends in 2 small, blunt knobs .... A. absona n. sp. 12 Gonostylus not constricted at apex 13 - Gonostylus constricted at apex and ending in small, digitlike tip (Fig. 100) A. digitula n. sp. 13 Radial fork on same level as medial; gonostylus without globular protuberance at apex ... 14 - Radial fork basad of medial (Fig. 104); alveoli of anepisternite form dorsal and ventral clus- ters; gonostylus with globular protuberance bearing 5-6 long bristles (Fig. 103) A. litotes n. sp. 14 Gonostylus much shorter than gonocoxite (Fig. Ill) A. labyrinthica n. sp. - Gonostylus subequal in length to gonocoxite (Figs. 106, 110) 15 15 Distiphallus broad, straight, ending posterior to gonostyli; right paramere heavily sclerotized, in form of cock’s comb (Fig. 110) A. piscicauda n. sp. - Distiphallus in form of 2 apically narrowed, rel- atively slender shafts, neither of which extend posterior to apex of gonostyli; paramere slender, elongate (Fig. 106) A. ferruginea n. sp. 16 Gonostylus unidigitate apically, at most with subapical spur (e.g.. Fig. 114); hypandrium membranous, faint 17 - Gonostylus deeply bifurcate with long, pointed, larger shaft (Duckhouse, 1974a:fig. 12); hypan- drium sclerotized A. tricolor (Knab) 17 Gonostylus without subapical spur 18 - Gonostylus with subapical spur giving appear- ance of harpoon tip (Fig. 114) A. caceresi n. sp. 18 Spur from interocular suture does not extend to vertex; radial fork on same level as medial; sur- stylus triangular or elongate triangular ... 19 - Spur from interocular suture reaches vertex; ra- dial fork basad of medial; surstylus globular or ovoid, without prolongation A. alcobregma Quate 19 Gonocoxite without long projection from apex; gonostylus little longer than gonocoxite, ending in S-shaped curve A. relativa Quate - Gonocoxite with long projection from center of mesa! margin; gonostylus short and ending in straight, blunt tip (Fig. 113) A. scolomeris n. sp. 20 Eye bridge with only 1 or 2 facet rows, eyes widely separated by more than 3 facet diame- ters 21 - Eye bridge with 3 facet rows, eyes separated by less than 3 facet diameters 22 21 Eyes widely separated by 10 facet diameters, short eye bridge with 2 facet rows A. diocula n. sp. - Eyes separated by 3 facet diameters, bridge re- duced, with only 1 facet row (Eig. 118) A. longinoi n. sp. 22 Gonostylus unbranched, unidigitate (Fig. 132) 23 - Gonostylus trifurcate, with 2 pointed and 1 short blunt apices (Figs. 128-129) A. fruticosa n. sp. 23 Surstylus without apical tenaculum 24 - Surstylus with 1 apical or subapical tenaculum (Fig. 140) 27 - Surstylus with 2 apical or subapical tenacula . . . 31 24 Medial fork complete 25 - Medial fork incomplete 26 25 Radial fork distad of medial; frons hair patch divided in center A. busckana (Dyar) - Radial fork basad of medial; frons hair patch undivided A. apachis Quate 26 Gonostylus without protuberance at base .... A. alfaroana (Dyar) - Gonostylus with protuberance at base bearing 5-6 long bristles (Fig. 132) A. bisubulata Duckhouse 27 Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; medial fork com- plete; radial fork on same level as medial . . 28 - Eye bridge with 2 facet rows; medial fork in- complete; radial fork basad of medial .... A. ehurna (Rapp) 28 Hypandrium a membranous, faint band ... 29 - Hypandrium a large fan-shaped plate above distiphallus (Eig. 143) 30 29 Distiphallus in shape of fleur-de-lis with pair of short curved shafts at base (Eig. 137); eyes sep- arated by 2-3 facet diameters A. imitata n. sp. Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 59 - Distiphallus a simple, straight shaft (Fig. 139); eyes separated by more than 3 facet diameters A. falcata n. sp. ‘ 30 Medial fork incomplete; gonostylus hooked at apex (Fig. 143) A. ancylis n. sp. - Medial fork complete; gonostylus straight at apex . A. scripta Enderlein I 31 Distiphallus consists of 3 shafts, 2 long and dis- similar and 1 very short (Quate, 1963:figs. lOf, I h) A. albicollare Enderlein ' - Distiphallus a pair of oarlike shafts of equal size I and shape (Quate, 1999:fig. 3E) A. copelata Quate Neurosystasis Satchell Telmatoscopus (Neurosystasis) Satchell, 1955:86. Neurosystasis; Duckhouse, 1974a: 142. TYPE SPECIES. Telmatoscopus (Neurosystasis) terminalis Satchell, by original designation. DESCRIPTION. Eye bridge extends to or close to midline, with 3 facet rows; eyes separated; in- terocular suture present; antenna longer than wing width and shorter than wing length; flagellomeres fusiform or barrel-shaped, without internodes, ter- minal 3 flagellomeres not reduced, ascoids indistin- guishable; palpus normal, extends to about center of antenna, palpomere 4 longer than palpomere 3. Antepronotum without band of pores; sensory organs of thorax absent; wing without infuscate patterns; Rs pectinate; base of R2+3 not attached to R4; radial fork without spur, very close to base of R4, basad of medial fork; R5 ends in wing apex. Anterior gonocoxal apodemes form pair of an- terior, expanded lobes; hypandrium a bar connect- ing gonocoxites; gonostyli dimorphic; aedeagus asymmetrical; surstylus bifurcate, with 1 tenacu- lum. REMARKS. The bifurcate surstylus is the most distinctive feature of this genus. Neurosystasis terminalis (Satchell) Telmatoscopus (Neurosystasis) terminalis Satchell, 1955:86, figs. lA-E. DESCRIPTION. Male. Radial and medial forks on same level, basad of wing center; Mj, M2, and M3 joined at medial fork to form triad. Gonostyli dimorphic, right trifurcate with 1 short, sharp branch, 1 broad and blunt branch and 1 long and slender with blunt apex; left gonostylus bifurcate, longer than right, 1 branch slightly sinuous with blunt apex, 1 shorter branch slender with acute apex; branches of surstylus nearly equal in length, 1 blunt and 1 acute at apex. Female. Subgenital plate weakly bilobed; chitin- ous arch separates lobes. DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica. HOLOTYPE. A, JAMAICA, Monteague, 12.ii.l905, Walsingham (BMNH; not examined). REMARKS. This species can be separated from N. amplipenna (below) by its unusual wing vena- tion with the 3 medial veins arising from a single point. Neurosystasis amplipenna (Knab). Psychoda amplipenna, Knab, 1914:103. Neurosystasis amplipenna; Duckhouse, 1974a: 142, figs. 1-6. DESCRIPTION. Male. Wing membrane lightly infuscate with clear spots between most vein tips; radial fork basad of medial and very near base of R4; branches of M normal. Gonocoxite with long, slender protuberance from apicomedial margin, right little longer than left; gonostylus variable, di- morphic, right unbranched, left longer and in some specimens bifurcate with lateral branch much shorter than medial (other specimens with shorter or no bifurcation); surstylus with branches about same length with blunt apices, lateral branch with right-angle bend at apex, cluster of dark hairs at base of bifurcation. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Guba, USA. HOLOTYPE. 6 , CUBA, San Antonio de Los Ba- nos, reared from larva in water at leaf base of epi- phytic bromeliad, J. H. Pazos (USNM; not exam- ined). NEW MATERIAL EXAMINED. USA, Florida, Orange County, Christmas, 3 $ , 25. vi. 1976, D. Fish, ex Tillandsia utriculata (Bromeliaceae) (LACM, USNM). REMARKS. Larvae of this species are found in the leaf axils of bromeliads and probably are re- stricted to this habitat. Balbagathis Quate Balbagathis Quate, 1996:31. TYPE SPECIES. Balbagathis sylvatica Quate, by original designation. DESCRIPTION. Eye bridge usually with 3 facet rows, rarely 4, width usually about one-half length of vertex; interocular suture present, without pos- terior stem; eyes narrowly separated by less than 1 facet diameter, upper and lower margin angulate; frons hair patch moderately dense, not separated in center, posterior margin with concavity; antenna longer than wing width and shorter than wing length; flagellomere 1 smaller than following seg- ments, without internode, other flagellomeres strongly nodiform, sometimes terminal flagellomere reduced, ascoids single, very long and curled, much longer than flagellomeres; labellum expanded but not bulbous; palpus shorter than antenna. Anepisternum with dense patch of alveoli on pos- terior one-half, anterior one-half clear. Wing clear, unmarked; radial sector pectinate; radial fork ba- sad of medial by 4-5 cell widths; R5 ends in wing apex. Gonocoxite unmodified; hypandrium a band be- tween gonocoxites, often with posterior projec- tions; aedeagus asymmetrical; surstylus with 1 te- 60 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini naculum; ventral epandrial sclerite a V-shaped sclerite from foramen to bases of surstyli. REMARKS. Balbagathis is separable from other genera of Setomimini by the reduced first flagello- mere. A few other genera of Psychodidae also have this feature, but none occur in the Neotropics. The male genitalia are complex with a multipartite dis- tiphallus and a modified hypandrium with several posterior projections. The female subgenital plate is characteristic with its pair of slender apical lobes, which are often widely separated. Species of this genus are difficult to distinguish, except through genitalic characters. The head, an- tenna, thorax, and wing venation are so similar that they do not provide characters for separating the species; the width of the eye bridge varies slight- ly but not enough to be a distinguishing character. Because nonsexual distinguishing characters seem to be lacking, females have been associated with males only on the basis of sympatry. Unfor- tunately, a species known only from female speci- mens was chosen as the type species of Balbagathis. At the time, however, the female seemed to char- acterize the genus. Balbagathis sinuosa new species Figs. 144-145 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows, width about one-half vertex height. Gonocoxal apodeme with basal margin concave, bilobed; gonostylus sinuous, strongly curved, near- ly S-shaped; hypandrium without projections; base of basiphallus expanded; distiphallus with 2 slender shafts, about equal in length, 1 paler than other; paramere slightly curved, shorter than distiphallus; tergite 10 rounded and domelike. Measurements. Antenna 1.55-1.68 mm (x -- 1.60; n = 5). Wing length 1.85-2.60 mm, width 0.78-1.05 mm (x = 2.24, 0.91; n = 10). Eemale. Apical lobes of subgenital plate well sep- arated and moderately broad, membranous chitin- ous arch extends posteriorly between lobes; setal sclerite with 3 pairs of setae, genital ducts with faint horizontal strut. Measurements. Antenna 1.30 mm (n = 1). Wing length 2.10-2.25 mm, width 0.80-0.98 mm (n - 2). DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Merida, La Azulita, ix.l995, L. Quate (IZAV). PARATYPES. VENEZUELA, Merida, Jaji, 8°36'N, 71°21'W, Id, 14.ix.1995, L. Quate, Mal- aise trap, 2100 m (LACM), La Azulita, 8°42'N, 71°28'W, Id, [day illegible].ix.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1400 m (LACM), 2d, 14.ix.l995, light trap, 1350 m (LACM), Id, same data as pre- vious specimens except 19.ix.l995, light trap, 1400 m (LACM), Id, same data as previous specimen except 20.ix.l995, light trap, 1900 m (LACM), Id, same data as previous specimen except 22.ix.1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1650 m (USNM), El Tao, La Azulita, 8°41.7'N, 71°27.8'W, Id, 1?, 15.ix.l995, L. Quate, light trap, 1350 m (LACM), La Hechicera, 8°38'N, 71°9'W, Id, 22. ix. 1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1800 m, sec- ondary forest (BMNH). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin sinuosus for “full of bendings,” referring to the shape of the gonostylus. Balbagathis trispica new species Fig. 146 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows, width about one-half vertex height. Gonocoxal apodeme with basal margin straight, not bilobed; gonostylus sinuous, strongly curved, nearly S-shaped; hypandrium without projections; base of basiphallus slightly expanded; distiphallus composed of 2 shafts, 1 long and straight, extends well beyond apex of gonocoxite, other shorter and closely appressed to other; paramere also of 2 shafts, shorter than distiphallus and each curve away from center; tergite 10 rounded and dome- like. Measurements. Antenna 1.21-1.25 mm (n = 2). Wing length 1.75-2.00 mm, width 0.67-0.75 mm (n = 3). Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Aragua, 10 km NW El Limon, 19.ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap (IZAV). PARATYPES. 3d, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin tri for three and spi- ca for point, referring to the 3 major shafts of the aedeagus: the long shaft of the distiphallus (the shorter shaft is inconspicuous) and those of the par- ameres. Balbagathis confraga new species Figs. 147-151 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; width about one-half vertex height. Gonocoxal apodeme with basal margin straight or with concavity, but structure not bilobed; gon- ostylus nearly straight, with small subapical cur- vature; hypandrium plate with 2 projections; base of basiphallus scarcely wider than posterior part; distiphallus with central shaft straight, projects well beyond tip of gonocoxite, smaller shaft short, curved to acute apex; paramere slightly curved, lit- tle shorter than small shaft of distiphallus, appears to be fractured before fusion with hypandrium; ter- gite 10 with quadrate or angular apex. Measurements. Antenna 1.28-1.33 mm (n = 4). Wing length 1.78-2.10 mm, width 0.68-0.75 mm (x = 1.95, 0.72; n = 6). Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Aragua, 15 km NW El Limon, 19.ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap (IZAV). Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 61 Figures 144-152 Balbagathis spp. 144-145. B. sinuosa: 144. male genitalia, dorsal; 145. female genitalia. 146. B. trispica, male genitalia, dorsal. 147-151. B. confraga: 147. wing; 148. male head; 149. male antenna, flagellomeres 5-6; 150. male antenna, terminal flagellomeres; 151. male genitalia, dorsal. 152. B. discuspis, male genitalia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 62 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 PARATYPES. 4(5, same data as holotype (LACM, USNM), 10 km NW El Limon, 15, 19.ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin confragus for bro- ken, referring to the secondary articulation of the paramere. Balbagathis discuspis new species Fig. 152 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows. Gonocoxal apodeme with basal margin straight or with concavity but not bilobed, widely expand- ed; gonostylus with slight curvature; hypandrium without posterior projections, concave in center, lateral margin of concavity rounded and promi- nent; base of basiphallus straight, not bilobed, wid- er than posterior part; distiphallus a single shaft tapering to acute apex; paramere large, wider than distiphallus, lateral margin in form of dark, pointed bar, median section pale with rounded apex. Measurements. Antenna 1.30-1.35 mm (n = 3). Wing length 1.53-1.78 mm, width 0.58-0.65 mm (x = 1.65, 0.60; n - 5). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. 5, COSTA RICA, Limon, Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, 9°48.4'N, 83°1.5'W, 17- 26. ii. 1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 100-200 m, primary forest [barcode INBIOCRI001472817] (INBC). PARATYPES. 45, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin dis for without and cuspis for point, referring to the hypandrium, which is without projections. Balbagathis barva new species Figs. 153-154 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 4 facet rows. Gonocoxal apodeme with basal margin straight or with concavity but not bilobed; gonostylus with slight curvature; hypandrium with 2 pairs of pos- terior projections, lateral pair slender and median pair thicker; distiphallus a nearly straight dark shaft, enclosed in membranous film; paramere a single shaft a little longer and thinner than disti- phallus; tergite 10 with quadrate or angular apex. Measurements. Wing length 2.63-2.83 mm, width 0.95-1.05 mm (x - 2.72, 1.02; n = 5). Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate slender; chitinous arch extends nearly to apex of lobes. Measurements. Wing length 2.68 mm (n = 1). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. 5, COSTA RICA, Heredia, Parque Braulio Carrillo, Volcan Barva, vi- viii.1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 2800 m [barcode INBIOCRI001471929] (INBC). PARATYPES. 45, same data as holotype (LACM, USNM), 15, 19, same data as holotype Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini j except 9-1 7.vi. 1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 2250 ^ m (INBC, LACM). j ETYMOLOGY. Named for Volcan Barva near the type locality. REMARKS. This is the only known species of Balbagathis with 4 facet rows, which readily sep- arates it from other species of the genus. Balbagathis talamanca Quate Figs. 155-157 Balbagathis talamanca Quate, 1996:33, figs. 12d- h; Collantes and Martinez-Ortega, 1999b:25. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows, width about one-half vertex height. Gonocoxal apodeme prominent and bilobed; gonostylus nearly straight, with small subapical curvature; hypandrium with 2 lateral projections, variable, usually symmetrical, but 1 may be re- duced (Fig. 156), large triangular projection be- tween 2 slender projections, ends in blunt tip, stri- ations on dorsal surface, sclerotized bar at one side, extends to tip of distiphallus; base of basiphallus widely expanded; distiphallus a single, broad shaft slightly curving outward from midline; paramere single, with rounded curve at base; tergite 10 rounded and domelike. Measurements. Antenna 0.95-1.40 mm (n = 3). Wing length 1.30-2.15 mm, width 0.48-0.75 mm (x = 1.80, 0.67; n = 10). Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate moder- ately wide; chitinous arch extends posteriorly be- tween lobes well beyond posterior margin; lobes of genital duct well defined with distinct lateral and horizontal struts; membranous plate with dark el- lipse at anterolateral and anteromedial areas. Measurements. Antenna 1.20 mm (n = 1). Wing length 1.95-2.25 mm, width 0.70-0.78 mm (n = 4). DISTRIBUTION. Nicaragua, Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. 5, COSTA RICA, Limon, Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, 20-22.vii.1993, L. Quate (INBC; examined). NEW SPECIMENS STUDIED. COSTA RICA, Heredia, San Rafael de Vara Blanca, Rio Santo Do- mingo, 35, 18-26.vii.1993, L. Quate, light trap, i 1700 m (LACM), La Selva, 15, 18.ii.l992, L. Qua- te, at light (LACM); Puntarenas, Estacion Pittier, 22 km N San Vito, 9°1.4'N, 82°57.5'W, 35, 11- j 16.vi.l995, L. Quate, light trap, 1670 m (LACM). | REMARKS. The lateral projections of the hypan- drium are variable as shown in Fig. 156. I This species is separable from its nearest relative, | Balbagathis dissimilis n. sp., in the shape of the tri- | angular projection of the hypandrium, which has a | bar at its side in B. talamanca but is absent in B. | dissimilis (for further discussion of the median pro- j jection from the hypandrium, see “Remarks” sec- i tion for B. dissimilis). Females have very different ! ornamentations on the membranous plate of the genitalia. ’ In addition to the specimens above, there is a ‘ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 63 Figures 153-159 Balbagathis spp. 153-154. B. barva: 153. male genitalia, dorsal; 154. female genitalia. 155-157. B. talamanca: 155. male genitalia, dorsal; 156. hypandrium, variants; 157. female genitalia. 158-159. B. dissimilis: 158. male genitalia, dorsal; 159. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 64 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini large series of specimens from Venezuela and Suri- nam, in which the males are indistinguishable from B. talamanca, but the females are distinctly differ- ent. That brings into question the proper associa- tion of the sexes. Two males from Estacion Pittier were taken with 5 females and this is the basis of the sex association in the northern group. Twenty- four males are associated with 15 females in the southern (Venezuela and Surinam) group. Either there are two species with similar males, or the as- sociation of sexes is incorrect in one of the popu- lations. The solution must await additional collec- tions. Balbagathis dissimilis new species Eigs. 158-159 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows, bridge narrower than other species. Anterior gonocoxal apodeme with basal margin straight or with concavity but structure not bi- lobed; gonostylus nearly straight, sometimes with small subapical curvature; hypandrium usually with 1 posterior projection but variable, small sec- ond projection may also be present; base of projec- tion from hypandrium undifferentiated, with large triangular projection between 2 smaller projections, ends in blunt tip, striations on dorsal surface, ex- tends to tip of distiphallus; base of basiphallus widely expanded; paramere present; aedeagal com- plex extends only to apex of gonocoxite; distiphal- lus a single shaft, tapering in acute apex; paramere similar to shape of distiphallus, but base broader; tergite 10 rounded and domelike. Measurements. Antenna 1.02-1.14 mm (x = 1.08; n = 6). Wing length 1.28-1.70 mm, width 0.50-0.70 mm (x = 1.53, 0.64; n = 10). Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate relatively wide; chitinous arch extends to beyond center of apical lobes; membranous plate with 5 setae on each side of midline, with sclerotized areas in pat- terns as illustrated; wedge-shaped structure on mid- line; genital ducts lightly pigmented, without fringe on lateral margin, horizontal struts well developed, vertical struts slender. Measurements. Antenna 0.98-1.15 mm (x = 1.08; n = 10). Wing length 1.49-1.75 mm; width 0. 50-0.75 mm (x = 1.66, 0.60; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Limon, Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, 9°39.4'N, 82°45.9'W, 25.ii- 1. hi. 1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap, secondary for- est, sea level (INBC). PARATYPES. 3d, 8?, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM), Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, 9°48.4'N, 83°1.5'W, 1$, 17-26.ii.l999, L. Quate, Malaise trap, over small stream, 100-200 m (INBC), 2d, 6?, same data as previous specimen except Rio Cerere, primary forest (EACM, USNM), 4d, 1$, same data as previous specimens except Heliconia floodplain (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin dissimilis for differ- ent, referring to differences in projections from the hypandrium. REMARKS. The differences between B. dissimi- lis and closely related B. talamanca are discussed under the latter. The median projection from the hypandrium may be a precursor to the large, membranous hy- pandrium seen in Alepia. The expansion of this projection, loss of sclerotization, and the lateral projections would result in a hypandrium similar to that seen in Alepia. Balbagathis manuensis new species Fig. 160 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; width about one-third vertex height. Gonocoxal apodeme prominent and bilobed; hy- pandrium with 2 posterior projections, ending in blunt apex; gonocoxite with small knob on me- dioapical margin; gonostylus nearly straight, with small central curvature; base of basiphallus mod- erately expanded; distiphallus with 2 shafts, central shaft straight, short, lateral shaft little longer, curved, apex acute, both extend beyond apex of gonocoxite; paramere curved with right-angle cur- vature at base; tergite 10 rounded and domelike. Measurements. Antenna 1.03-1.05 mm (x = 1.04; n = 2). Wing length 1.68-1.70 mm, width 0.63-0.64 mm (x = 1.69, 0.63; n = 2). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. d, PERU, Rio Madre de Dios, 28 km ESE Boca Manu, 12°21'S, 70°42'W, 13- 24.vii.1997, L. Quate, light trap at 36.5 m [on a platform in the forest], 250 m (MUSM). PARATYPES. 2d, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. The name is based on the type locality. Balbagathis agrestis new species Figs. 162-163 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; width about one-half vertex height. Gonocoxal apodeme prominent and bilobed; gonocoxite with several long spines on posteriome- dial margin plus usual hairs along lateral area; gon- ostylus nearly straight, with small subapical cur- vature; hypandrium with 2 large, hornlike spines arising from sclerotized base; base of basiphallus moderately expanded; distiphallus with a nearly straight shaft tapering to acute apex; paramere large, extends beyond apex of gonocoxite, broad at base, tapering to apex, angled away from central shaft by 45°, about as long as distiphallus; tergite 10 rounded and domelike. Measurements. Antenna 1.05 mm (n — 2). Wing length 1.58 mm, width 0.60 mm (n = 2). Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate small, with many long spines; chitinous arch extends pos- teriorly beyond apical margin and nearly to apex Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 65 B. sylvatica B. manuensis 162 6. agrestis 163 Balbagathis Figures 160-163 Balbagathis spp. 160. B. manuensis, male genitalia, dorsal. 161. B. sylvatica, female genitalia. 162- 163. B. agrestis: 162. female genitalia; 163. male genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 66 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini of lobes; genital ducts well defined, with distinct vertical and horizontal struts, membranous fringe along lateral margins; margins of membranous plate form triangular structure in center of subgen- ital plate. Measurements. Antenna 0.83-0.90 mm. Wing length 1.43-1.68 mm, width 0.53-0.63 mm (x = 1.54, 0.56; n = 9). DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana. HOLOTYPE. d, FRENCH GUIANA, Maripa- soula, 17-22.iii.1994, L. Quate, light trap, marsh (LACM). PARATYPES. Id, same data as holotype (LACM), 1$, same data as holotype except light trap, streamside (LACM), 5$, same data as previ- ous specimen except Malaise trap, dry forest (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin agrestis for rural or wild, referring to the type locality. Balbagathis sylvatica Quate Fig. 161 Balbagathis sylvatica Quate, 1996:32-33, figs. 12a-c; Collantes and Martinez-Ortega, 1999b: 25. DESCRIPTION. Male. Unknown. Eemale. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows, width about one-quarter vertex height. Apical lobes of subgenital plate slender, chitinous arch extends to center of lobes; genital ducts lightly sclerotized, with well-developed vertical and hori- zontal struts, fine striations on dorsal surface, mem- branous fringe along lateral margin; membranous plate with 4-6 setae at lateral margin, pair of lobes flanking midline, lightly sclerotized leaf-shaped spot in center of posterior margin, hooked structure on each lateral margin. Measurements. Antenna 0.85-1.00 mm (x = 0.94; n = 5). Wing length 1.33-2.00 mm, width 0.53-0.75 mm (x = 1.65, 0.63; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Nicaragua, Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. $, COSTA RICA, Heredia, Est. Biol. La Selva, l.iv.l993 (INBC; examined). REMARKS. The female of B. sylvatica is similar to B. agrestis, but differs in distinct differences on the internal face of the subgenital plate. The scler- otized spot and the pair of lobes of B. sylvatica are the most evident differences. Both species possess a fringe along the lateral margin of the genital ducts, a similarity with females of Alepia. KEY TO MALES OE BALBAGATHIS The male of B. sylvatica is unknown. 1 Hypandrium without posterior projection (Fig. 144) 2 - Hypandrium with posterior projection(s) (Fig. 151) 4 2 Gonostylus sinuous, strongly curved, nearly S- shaped (Figs. 144, 146); distiphallus extends nearly as far posteriorly as gonostyli 3 - Gonostylus with less subapical curvature (Fig. 152); distiphallus relatively short B. discuspis n. sp. 3 Distiphallus with shafts about equal in length (Fig. 144); paramere single; base of basiphallus scarcely wider than posterior part B. sinuosa n. sp. - Distiphallus with central shaft longer than other shaft (Fig. 146); paramere paired; base of basi- phallus widely expanded ... B, trispica n. sp. 4 Eye bridge with 3 facet rows; base of basiphallus widely expanded 5 - Eye bridge with 4 facet rows; base of basiphallus scarcely wider than posterior part (Fig. 153) .... B. barva n. sp. 5 Hypandrium with triangular projection in center between pair of smaller, lateral projections ... 6 - Hypandrium without triangular projection in center 7 6 Triangular projection from hypandrium with sclerotized bar along one side B. talamanca Quate - Triangular projection without sclerotized bar . . B. dissimilis n. sp. 7 Gonostylus elongate, longer than gonocoxite (Figs. 151, 160) 8 - Gonostylus shorter than gonocoxite; distiphallus extends posteriorly as far as apex of gonostylus (Fig. 163) B. agrestis n. sp. 8 Hypandrial processes apically rounded, ending freely (Fig. 160) B. manuensis n. sp. - Hypandrial processes apically acute, merging into aedeagal structures (Fig. 151) B. confraga n. sp. Platyplastinx Enderlein Platyplastinx Enderlein, 1937:107; Quate, 1963: 195, 1999:433. TYPE SPECIES. Platyplastinx solox Enderlein, by original designation. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with 3 or 4 facet rows, normal, nearly extends to midline, sep- arated or contiguous, interocular suture present when separated; hair patch of frons dense, undivid- ed, extends posteriorly to posterior margin of scape; antenna longer than wing length, flagello- meres fusiform, distal segments gradually become somewhat pyriform with small internodes, terminal 3 segments not reduced, terminal with long apicu- lis; ascoids simple, digitate, paired on all flagello- meres, very long, more than 3 times the length of segment bearing them. Thorax without sensory organs; anepisternum with alveoli on posterior half, anterior half free of alveoli except ventral third which has sparse patch of alveoli less dense than on posterior; metapleuron with sparse alveoli except circular patch dorsally; midcoxa with tuft of long hairs arising from ele- vated knob of anteroventral margin. Wing with in- fuscate patterns; second costal node present; radial Contributions in Science, Number 500 sector usually pectinate; base of R2+3 attached to R4; forks basad of wing center; R5 ends in wing tip. Abdominal tergites with 2 bands of alveoli. Hy- pandrium a tenuous band between bases of gono- coxites; gonocoxites not fused; gonocoxal apode- mes broad and expanded under basiphallus, with median keel; aedeagus asymmetrical; surstylus with 1 or 2 long tenacula and group of short, rodlike accessory tenacula; distiphallus a single shaft, par- amere also a single shaft; epandrium with single foramen, articulates with gonocoxite, not with hy- pandrium, basal margin divided. Female. Subgenital plate ending in rounded apex and not bilobed; genital ducts small, comma- shaped, not hemispherical; lateral strut present. Cercus short and broad, little longer than wide. REMARKS. The female subgenital plate without apical lobes is unique for the tribe. Males are dis- tinguished by surstylus bearing normal tenacula in addition to rodlike accessory tenacula. Platyplastinx culmosus new species Figs. 164-166 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter, eye bridge with 4 facet di- ameters; interocular suture slightly arched; antenna broken; palpus extends to flagellomere 6, ratio of palpomeres 10:13:13:17. Wing lightly infuscated, without patterns; radial and medial forks on same level, both complete. Hypandrium connects small gonocoxites, ex- panded in center; gonostylus long with dark tip, extends little beyond tip of distiphallus; distiphallus with pointed apex; basiphallus triangular; para- mere shorter than distiphallus, pointed, about same width and closely adhering to distiphallus; epan- drium and tergite 10 indiscernible (not dissected); surstylus with about 12-15 long, slender tenacula with fimbriate tips on basal half and about 10 short, rodlike accessory tenacula (only a few of which are visible in Fig. 165). Measurements. Wing length 2.00-2.18 mm, width 0.78-0.85 mm (x = 2.08, 0.83; n = 6). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador. HOLOTYPE. d, ECUADOR, Napo, Yasuni Re- search Station, 76°36'W, 0°38'S, x.1998, W. Han- son, 250 m (LACM). PARATYPES. 6d, same data as holotype (EMUS, LACM, QCAZ). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin culmosus for “full of stalks,” referring to the multiple tenacula. Platyplastinx tango new species Figs. 167-170 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes contiguous; bridge with 4 facet rows; antenna as Platyplastinx apo- dastos n. sp.; palpus extends to flagellomere 5, ratio of palpomeres 10:17:24:25. Wing irregularly infuscated, margins darker on distal half with clear spots between vein tips, dark Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 67 spots in costal cell, on radial fork, at base of R5, at medial fork, and at base of CUA2; radial fork basad of medial by about 2.5 cell widths, both forks in- complete. Hypandrium a slender band connecting gono- coxites; gonostylus plain, with blunt apex; basi- phallus fan-shaped; distiphallus slightly sinuous, ta- pering to narrow apex; paramere much longer than distiphallus, ending in blunt apex; epandrium and tergite 10 indiscernible, surstylus very short, with 1 long tenaculum and 4 short peglike accessory te- nacula arising from heavily sclerotized base. Measurements. Antenna 2.55 (n = 1). Wing length 2.20-2.33 mm, width 0.95-0.98 mm (n = 2). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Alajuela, 20 km S Upala, 22.i.l991, F. Parker (INBC). PARATYPE. Id , same data as holotype except 22-30.vi.l991 (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin tango for touch, re- ferring to the contiguous eyes. Platyplastinx crossomiscos new species Figs. 171-172 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by about 1.5 facet diameters, eye bridge with 4 facet diam- eters; interocular suture inverted Y-shaped; antenna as P. apodastos^ palpus extends to flagellomere 6, ratio of palpomeres 10:13:13:20. Wing patterns similar to Platyplastinx moragai (Quate) (Fig. 174), lightly infuscated with clear spots between vein tips and dark spots on vein tips and base of R5; radial and medial forks nearly on same level, both complete. Hypandrium expanded in center, joins gonocox- ites; gonostylus long, extends nearly to tip of dis- tiphallus; distiphallus tapering to blunt apex; basi- phallus triangular; paramere shorter than disti- phallus, tapers to acute apex; surstylus with tenac- ula on basal half with expanded, fimbriate tips and 20 shorter accessory tenacula on distal half, with striated tips. Measurements. Wing length 2.15-2.25 mm, width 0.80-0.83 mm (x = 2.20, 0.81; n = 2). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Ecuador. HOLOTYPE. d, ECUADOR, Pichincha, E. San- to Domingo, 8-14.V.1988, W. Hanson and G. Bo- hart (LACM). PARATYPES. 2d, same data as holotype (EMUS, LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Greek krossotos for fringed and mischos for stem or stalk, referring to the fimbriate tenacula. Platyplastinx sycophantos (Quate) Brunettia sycophanta Quate, 1955:190-191, figs. 56a-f. Platyplastinx sycophanta^ Duckhouse, 1966:187. 68 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 164-170 Platyplastinx spp. 164-166. P. culmosus: 164. male genitalia, dorsal; 165. male surstylus, lateral; 166. flagellomeres 12-14. 167-170. P. tango: 167. wing; 168. thorax, lateral; 169. male surstylus, lateral; 170. male genitalia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 69 Figures 171-179 Platypiastinx spp. 171-172. P. crossomiscos: 171. male genitalia, dorsal; 172. male surstylus, lateral. 173-176. P. moragai: 173. male genitalia, dorsal; 174. wing; 175. male epandrium, surstylus, tergite 10, dorsal; 176. center of eye bridge. 177-179. P. apodastos: 177. male epandrium, surstylus, tergite 10, dorsal; 178. male genitalia, dorsal; 179. center of eye bridge. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 70 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini DESCRIPTION. Eyes contiguous; eye bridge with 3 facet rows. Wing with median infuscated band with distal extension to wing tip, no clear ar- eas or spots along margin. Surstylus with 3 tenac- ula and about 5 accessory tenacula. DISTRIBUTION. Southern United States. REMARKS. Although not yet recorded from the Neotropics, P. sycophantos belongs to a Neotropi- cal group. It is present in Florida, USA, and nearby states, and may be introduced. Platyplastinx moragai (Quate) Figs. 173-176 Tonnoira moragai Quate, 1996:34-36, figs. 13f-j. Platyplastinx moragai', Quate, 1999:434. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture strong, without median spur; bridge with 4 facet rows, in- ner margins quadrate; antenna (broken, presumed 14 flagellomeres); flagellomeres large, nearly as wide as pedicel; palpus extends to flagellomere 5, ratio of palpomeres 10:16:19:23. Wing lightly infuscated with clear spots between vein tips, darker spots on vein tips and base of R5; radial fork basad of medial by about 6 cell widths, very close to R2, R3 and M2 weakened at base. Hypandrium a band connecting gonocoxites; gonostylus plain, with blunt apex; basiphallus fan- shaped; distiphallus slightly curved subapically, ta- pering at apex; paramere adhering to distiphallus and partly enclosing it, ending in blunt apex; ven- tral epandrial sclerite slender, extends from oval base to base of surstylus; surstylus very short, length less than epandrium, with 1 long tenaculum and 3 short peglike accessory tenacula; tergite 10 parallel sided with pointed apex. Measurements. Wing length 2.18-2.50 mm, width 0.85-1.05 mm (x = 2.33, 0.97; n = 10). Eemale. Flagellomeres smaller than those of male, palpus extends to flagellomere 4. Subgenital plate rounded at apex, not bilobed. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica, Panama, Brazil. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Es- tacion Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, 10-14.vii.1993, L. Quate, light trap (INBC; examined). NEW SPECIMENS STUDIED. BRAZIL, Ron- donia, Cacaulandia, 300 km SSE Porto Velho, 10°18'S, 62°52.rw, 14d, 19, 22-31.X.1997, W. Hanson, 140 m (EMUS, INPA, LACM). REMARKS. Other species of Platyplastinx are not known to have large ranges such as that of P. moragai, but our knowledge of the genus is still in its infancy. There are no apparent differences be- tween the Central American and Brazilian speci- mens. Platyplastinx apodastos new species Figs. 177-179 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by about 1 facet diameter; interocular suture strong, with median spur; bridge with 4 facet rows, inner mar- gins rounded; antenna longer than wing; flagello- meres large, nearly as wide as pedicel; apical fla- gellomere with short apiculis, much shorter than node. Wing patterns similar to P. moragai, lightly in- fuscated with clear spots between vein tips and dark spots on vein tips and base of R5; radial and medial forks nearly on same level, medial fork in- complete, i.e., base of M2 lacking. Hypandrium a darkened bar connecting gono- coxites; gonostylus very long, extending beyond tip of distiphallus, nearly straight, lightly sclerotized, ending in blunt apex; basiphallus somewhat dia- mond-shaped; distiphallus slender, nearly parallel- sided until pointed apex; paramere closely adhered to and partly enclosing distiphallus, broader than distiphallus, ending little beyond apex of distiphal- lus; epandrium broader than long, with lobe on each side of midline at base, ventral epandrial scler- ite extends from lobe to apicolateral margin; sur- stylus with 1 apical tenacula and 9 accessory te- nacula at basal one-third; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 2.40-2.53 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.45-2.83 mm, width 1.02-1.13 mm (x = 2.64, 1.08; n = 5). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. HOLOTYPE. S , BRAZIL, Rondonia, Cacaulan- dia, 200 km SSE Port Velho, 10°18'W, 62°52.1'W, 7-18.xi.l995, W. Hanson, 140 m (INPA). PARATYPES. 3(5, same data as holotype (EMUS, LACM), 15, same data as holotype except 16-22.iii.1991 (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Greek apodastos for sep- arated, referring to the distance between the tenac- ulum and the accessory tenacula. REMARKS. The unusual male surstylus with the cluster of accessory tenacula near the base separates P. apodastos from other species of Platyplastinx. KEY TO MALES OF PLATYPLASTINX 1 Wing patterned with contrasting infuscations and clear areas (Figs. 167, 174) 2 - Wing plain, unpatterned ... P. culmosus n. sp. 2 Eyes contiguous 3 - Eyes separated 4 3 Eye bridge with 3 facet rows (southern USA) . . . P. sycophantos Quate - Eye bridge with 4 facet rows (Costa Rica) . . . . R tango n. sp. 4 Interocular suture straight or arched, without median spur 5 - Interocular suture inverted Y-shaped, with me- dian spur P. crossomiscos n. sp. 5 Peglike accessory tenacula located at apex of sur- stylus (Fig. 175) P. moragai (Quate) - Accessory tenacula located at base of surstylus (Fig. 177) P. apodastos n. sp. Contributions in Science, Number 500 Arisemus Satchell Telmatoscopus [Arisemus) Satchell, 1955:88. Arisemus; Botosaneanu and Vaillant, 1970:176; Duckhouse, 1974a:149; Vaillant, 1986:334; I Quate, 1996:21-23. 1 Bazar a Vaillant, 1986:337. New synonymy. Type species: Arisemus tetradactylus Botosaneanu and Vaillant; by original designation. TYPE SPECIES. Psychoda grabhamana Dyar, by synonymy with originally designated type species, Telmatoscopus [Arisemus] maculosus Satchell. DESCRIPTION. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows, eyes contiguous; labellum flattened; basal flagello- meres usually fusiform, but may be nodiform, if nodiform, internode short or absent on basal fla- gellomeres and lengthening distally, but never lon- ger than node, terminal 3 flagellomeres reduced (except A. amydrus n. sp.) and lacking internodes; ascoids simple, single rods. Anepisternite sometimes with sensory organs, with central patch of hairs; midcoxa with patch of hairs on anteroapical margin; wing patterned with infuscations or plain; Rs usually pectinate, radial and medial forks close to base, well basad of center (except A. confertus n. sp.); R5 ends in wing apex. Male. Anterior gonocoxal apodemes broad and joined in center; with keel connected to aedeagus; base of gonocoxites with or without dorsal connec- tion; distiphallus asymmetrical; basiphallus large and spoon- or paddle-shaped; surstylus with 1 te- naculum; epandrium with 2 foramina. Female. Subgenital plate bilobed at apex; genital ducts hemispherical with indistinct posterior mar- gin; setal sclerite lacking; cercus much longer than wide. REMARKS. Arisemus is distinguished from oth- er genera of Setomimini by the contiguous eyes, re- duction of the terminal 3 flagellomeres, termination of R5 in the wing tip, and the 1 tenaculum on the male surstylus. The female genitalia have a char- acteristic, simple structure, which is difficult to con- vey in words; study of the figures will clarify their general form. Duckhouse (1974a) regards A. maculosus (Satch- ell) a synonym of A. grabhamana (Dyar); thus, A. grabhamana is the type species. However, A. ma- culosus (Satchell) is a junior homonym of A. ma- culosus (Rapp), and if the synonymy of A. grab- hamana is proved to be incorrect, A. maculosus (Satchell) must be renamed. To avoid adding to the nomenclatorial confusion, no new names are intro- duced at this time since we agree that the synonymy stated by Duckhouse is correct. Vaillant (1986) gave a lengthy redefinition of Ar- isemus based largely on these characters: eyes con- tiguous or separated, bridge with 3-5 facet rows; antenna with 15 or 16 segments; flagellomeres 1- 10 fusiform, bulb-shaped with short stem; and ae- deagus asymmetrical. We think that this definition is too broad and produces a highly paraphyletic taxon. Therefore, we reject Vaillant’s definition and Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini use the one given above, removing Lobulosa Szabo as a subgenus of Arisemus. It is left to other work- ers to evaluate the Palearctic species included by Vaillant in Arisemus, but it seems doubtful that Ar- isemus, as we define the group, occurs there. The two species placed in Bazara by Vaillant (1986) are distinctive, with the fused gonocoxites and branched gonostylus, but these features do not warrant generic, or even subgeneric, status. Because they share the contiguous eyes, reduced terminal flagellomeres, spotted wings, asymmetrical aedea- gus, and 1 tenaculum with many other species of Arisemus, Bazara is placed into synonymy. Arisemus hexadactylus Botosaneanu and Vaillant Arisemus hexadactylus Botosaneanu and Vaillant, 1970:180-181, pi. I, fig. 8 pi. II, figs. 1-13. Bazara hexadactyla; Vaillant, 1986:337. DESCRIPTION. Male. (From Botosaneanu and Vaillant, 1970). Scape with ventral projection, with long, clavate bristle with striations at apex; pal- pomeres 2 and 3 with dark scales on dorsal surface and long, fine bristles ventrally; anepisternum with prominent sensory organ covered with long, black scales; wing with 9 brown spots at tips of all veins except R5 and on radial fork, spots at tips of Rj, CuAj, and CUA2 larger than others; Sc very short; Rs pectinate; CUA2 does not reach wing margin; gonocoxites broadly fused on dorsal surface, with blunt apical projection from ventral margin; gon- ostylus dark and trifurcate, with 2 dorsal projec- tions short and sharply pointed, and long ventral projection rounded at tip; tergite 10 quadrate. Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate with concave sides; chitinous arch reaches posterior margin of plate between lobes. DISTRIBUTION. Cuba. HOLOTYPE. d, CUBA, Rio Caburny, l.v.1969, L. Botosaneanu, 550 m (CNFV; not examined). Arisemus tetradactylus Botosaneanu and Vaillant Arisemus tetradactylus Botosaneanu and Vaillant, 1970:181-182, pi. Ill, figs. 1-4. Bazara tetradactyla; Vaillant, 1986:337. DESCRIPTION. Male. (From Botosaneanu and Vaillant, 1970). Scape cylindrical and without long hair; thorax with sensory organ as in A. hexadac- tylus, wing with spots at tips of veins, except R5, and on radial fork; Sc short; Rs not pectinate, base of R2+3 does not join with R4, CUA2 does not reach wing margin and with spur; gonocoxites broadly fused at base; gonostylus bifurcate, U-shaped, both branches rounded at apex, lateral branch about two-thirds length of larger; distiphallus and para- mere curved and tapering to sharp apices, disti- phallus longer than paramere. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Cuba. 72 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini HOLOTYPE. c5, CUBA, Palenque, 31.iii.l969, L. Botosaneanu, 420 m (CNFV; not examined). Arisemus boxi (Satchell) Fig. 186 Telmatoscopus {Arisemus) boxi Satchell, 1955:89- 90, fig. 3. Arisemus boxi; Botosaneanu and Vaillant, 1970: 178; Vaillant, 1986:336; Wagner, 1993:124. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes contiguous; pedicel with few dark scales on mesal surface; flagellomeres lacking; ratio of palpomeres 10:13:17:25. Anepisternum with black sensory organ above spiracle, organ composed of densely packed scales or granules arranged in sphere, about 2 times size of spiracle; alveoli confined to lower part of ante- rior half. Wing with brown spots on vein tips, ex- cept R5 and base of CUA2; second costal node ab- sent, small pad at base of costa with small tuft of hairs; Sc short, ends at level of base of R2+3; Rs not pectinate, base of R4 curved anteriorly to lie close to R2+3, with row of long hairs on curved section basad of radial fork; CUA2 extends to wing margin; alula with large tuft of hairs. Gonocoxite with small conical process near base, right side bearing tuft of 3 hairs; distiphallus and paramere extend well beyond gonocoxite apex; dis- tiphallus with 2 branches, 1 large and curved away from center, other small and mostly obscured by paramere; paramere as long as major branch of dis- tiphallus, with subapical enlargement. Measurements. Wing length 1.85 mm, width 0.73 mm. Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. St. Lucia, Martinique. HOLOTYPE. d, ST. LUCIA, Bar de I’Isle, 20.X.1935, H. E. Box (BMNH; examined). REMARKS. The distinguishing features of the males of A. boxi are the scales on the pedicel, the alular tuft of hairs, the unusual curvature in R4, and the genitalic characters, all of which have been il- lustrated by Satchell (1955: fig. 3) and Wagner (1993: figs. 50-56). However, there are discrepan- cies in the illustrations of the two authors. Satchell (fig. 3B) shows a row of long hairs on a curved base of R4, which is not shown by Wagner (fig. 54); the senior author has confirmed that these are present in the holotype. Satchell (fig. 3C) illustrates the dis- tiphallus with a single branch, but Wagner (fig. 56) figures it with 2 branches; the senior author has confirmed that there are 2 branches in the holotype, although the smaller is largely hidden by the par- amere. The apical prolongation of the gonocoxite is shown by Satchell to be dark and with 4 setae, while Wagner shows it to be clear and with 7 setae; in the holotype, the senior author found that the prolongation is clear and possesses 3 bristles. The differences in Wagner’s illustration are minor and there is no doubt that he properly identified the Martinique specimens. Arisemus maesi new species Figs. 180-181 DESCRIPTION. Male. Apex of vertex plain; frons hair patch without median extension, center of frons hair patch divided; dark scales on antenna of male absent; scape normal, ratio of pedicel about 1.5:1; flagellomeres 1 and 2 separated, 1 normal; terminal 3 globular, reduced, smaller than preced- ing segments. Thorax with sensory organ on anepisternum, lo- cated posterior of spiracle, marked by small, dense cluster of black, spatulate hairs, organ small, no larger than spiracle. Wing normal, length 2-2.5 times width; infuscate patterns limited to vein tips and forks; second costal node absent; costa normal, without concavity; Sc short, ends at or before base of R2,3; Rs pectinate, R^ normal; radial fork com- plete, i.e., R2 and R3 attached, at about same level as medial; R4 normal; medial fork complete, M2 joined to M^; CUA2 without enlargement, apex does not reach margin. Abdominal sternites without black scales. Gon- ocoxite simple, without processes or large spines; base of gonocoxites on dorsal side not joined; hy- pandrium inconspicuous; gonostylus without clus- ter of hairs; distiphallus undivided, apex beaklike, nearly as long as gonocoxite; paramere sausage- shaped, broader than and same length as distiphal- lus; epandrium width equals or exceeds length; sur- stylus without spatulate hairs; tergite 10 dome- shaped. Measurements. Antenna 0.79 mm (n = 2). Wing length 1.75 mm, width 0.63 mm (n = 2). Eemale. Subgenital plate quadrangular, with V- shaped apical concavity, chitinous arch varies from extending nearly to apical border to ending some distance from the border, inner face with conspic- uous median bar; lateral and longitudinal struts ab- sent. Measurements. Antenna 0.76-0.83 mm (x = 0.78; n = 6). Wing length 1.72-1.94 mm, width 0.55-0.62 mm (x = 1.87, 0.60; n = 7). DISTRIBUTION. Nicaragua. HOLOTYPE. A, NICARAGUA, Granada, Vol- can Mombacho, 11°50'N, 85°51'W, 15.xi.l998, J. Maes, Malaise trap, 1100 m (LAGM). PARATYPES. Id, 4$, same data as holotype (LAGM), 1$, same data as holotype except 30.ix.l998, 1$, same data as holotype except 30.X.1998, 2$, same data as holotype except 30. xi. 1998 (LAGM, Museo Entomologico, Leon, Nicaragua). ETYMOLOGY. Named to recognize the collec- tor, J. M. Maes, and his important contributions to the entomology of Nicaragua. Arisemus salazari Quate Arisemus salazari Quate, 1996:25, figs. 9h-i. DESCRIPTION. Male. Frons hair patch without median extension, divided in center; flagellomeres Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 73 Figures 180-189 Arisemus spp. 180-181. A. maesi: 180. male genitalia, dorsal; 181. female genitalia. 182-185. A. triatrapars: 182. female genitalia; 183. abdominal sternites 5-7; 184. male gonostylus; 185. male genitalia, dorsal. 186. A. boxi, male genitalia, dorsal. 187-189. A. aenigmaticus: 187. male genitalia, dorsal; 188. female genitalia; 189. sensory organ on anepisternite. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 74 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini 1-11 nodiform, terminal 3 globular, reduced, smaller than preceding segments. Wing infuscate patterns limited to vein tips and forks; Sc short, ends at or before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork at same level as medial. Hypandrium a narrow band connecting para- mere to gonocoxite; with digitiform projection on one side halfway between center and lateral mar- gin, without large spines; distiphallus and paramere extend well beyond gonocoxite apex; distiphallus undivided, slender; paramere thicker at base than distiphallus; surstylus without spatulate hairs; ter- gite 10 triangular. Female. Tergites 8 and 9 with thin, sclerotized margin as in A. triatrapars n. sp.; apical lobes of subgenital plate short and broad. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. A, COSTA RICA, Limon, Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, 20-22.vii.1993, L. Quate (INBC; examined). Arisemus guhli Wagner and Joost Arisemus guhli Wagner and Joost, 1994:76-77, figs. 1-7. DESCRIPTION. Male. (From Wagner and Joost). Frons hair patch divided in center. Flagel- lomeres 1-11 nodiform, terminal 3 globular, re- duced, smaller than preceding segments. Wing infuscate patterns limited to vein tips and forks; those at tips of Rj, CuAj, CUA2 larger than others; Sc extends to level of base of R2+3; Rs pec- tinate; radial fork on same level as medial; oval patch at base of M3 consisting of cluster of cell-like objects. Hypandrium apparently a narrow band attached to bases of gonocoxites; gonostylus bifurcate, with short, median projection; distiphallus and paramere extend well beyond gonocoxite apex; tergite 10 tri- angular. DISTRIBUTION. Colombia. HOLOTYPE. A, COLOMBIA, Rio Magdalena, San Agustin, 15.X.1987, W. Joost (ULMG; not ex- amined). Arisemus triatrapars new species Figs. 182-185 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex pointed and slightly elongate; frons hair patch divided in center, anteromedial margins concave; scape about 1.5 times pedicel; flagellomeres 1-11 nodiform, most conspicuous in distal segments, terminal 3 globular, reduced, smaller than preceding segments. Thorax without sensory organs. Wing narrow, length more than 3 times width, with spots at vein tips; Sc short, ends basad of base of R5; Rs pecti- nate; radial fork complete, very close to base of R4, slightly basad of medial fork; CUA2 without en- largement, ends in wing margin. Abdominal sternites 3, 4, and 5 with band of black scales in center of anterior margins. Hypan- drium a short band between extended dorsal bases of gonocoxites; posterior gonocoxal apodemes form a sclerotized shelf below aedeagus; gonostylus bifurcate, with short, median projection, in dorsal aspect projection rounded, but acute in lateral as- pect; distiphallus and paramere extend well beyond tip of gonocoxite; distiphallus slender, ends in curved point; paramere broader and longer than distiphallus; epandrium width equal to or greater than length; surstylus without spatulate hairs; ter- gite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 0.61-0.77 mm (x = 0.69; n = 10). Wing length 1.48-1.68 mm, width 0.48-0.53 mm (x = 1.57, 0.49; n = 10). Eemale. Lacking patch of scales on abdominal sternites; anterior margin of tergite 8 a thin, scler- otized band that attaches in pleural area to similar band encircling abdominal segment 9, most clearly seen in lateral view, in flattened dorsal or ventral view, margin of tergite 8 forms semicircular band connected to band of segment 9. Sides of subgenital plate angulate; chitinous arch of subgenital plate reaches margin between apical lobes; rugose sphere at posterolateral margins of membranous plate. Measurements. Antenna 0.64-0.84 mm (x = 0.74; n = 10). Wing length 1.48-1.78 mm; width 0.45-0.60 mm (x = 1.66, 0.54; n - 10). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica, Panama, Venezue- la. HOLOTYPE. A, COSTA RICA, Limon, Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, 9°48.4'N, 83H.5'W, 17- 26.ii.1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap over small stream, 100-200 m [barcode INBIOCRI0014724 39] (INBC). PARATYPES. 8 A , 3 ? , same data as holotype (LACM, USNM), 12 A, 6 9, same data as holotype except Malaise trap, Rio Cerere, shaded stream (BMNH, INBC, LACM, USNM), 19, same data as holotype except Malaise trap, primary forest (LACM), 19, same data as holotype except Heli- conia floodplain (LACM). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. PANAMA, Barro Colorado I., 9°9'N, 79°31'W, lA, 4- ll.xii.l996, J. Pickering, Malaise trap #7125 (LACM). VENEZUELA, Aragua, Maracay, 6A, 10-14. ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin tri for three, ater for black, and pars for piece, referring to 3 rows of black scales on the sternites. REMARKS. The males from Panama and Vene- zuela appear indistinguishable from the types. There are a series of females from the type locality and Venezuela, all associated with males, that differ from the female types in that the chitinous arch does not extend to the apical margin; otherwise, they are similar and have the rugose sphere on the membranous plate. Presumably, this is simply a var- iation, but since it is a conspicuous difference that may prove to distinguish another species, these fe- males are not included in the type series. Contributions in Science, Number 500 Arisemus aenigmaticus new species Figs. 187-189 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex projecting in small point; interocular suture without spur on midline above eye bridge; Irons hair patch without median extension, divided in center; flagellomeres 1-11 nodiform, most conspicuous in distal seg- ments, terminal 3 globular, reduced, smaller than preceding segments; ratio of palpomeres 10:10:12: 21. Antepronotum with fig-shaped sensory organ in front of anterior spiracle (Fig. 189), stem of organ multipartite, surrounded by thin membrane. Wing with spots at vein tips; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at level of base of R5; Rs pectinate; radial fork basad of medial by 2 cell widths; CUA2 does not reach wing margin. Gonostylus not bifurcate, reduced near apex; dis- tiphallus and paramere extend well beyond gono- coxite apex, distiphallus ending in curved, tapered point; paramere broad at base, but suddenly con- stricted and also ending in curved tapered point, extends far beyond tip of distiphallus; surstylus with about 30 black, spatulate hairs on dorsal sur- face near base; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Wing length 1.98-2.05 mm, width 0.65-0.70 mm (n = 2). Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate with par- allel sides; chitinous arch extends nearly to apical margin; genital ducts small and hemispherical; membranous plate with little sclerotization. Measurements. Antenna 0.93 mm (n = 1). Wing length 1.81-2.05 mm, width 0.58-0.70 mm (x = 1.93, 0.63; n = 5). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. A, COSTA RICA, Heredia, La Selva Biol. Sta., 12.ii.l993, ALAS Project, Malaise trap M/00/15 (INBC). PARATYPES. 2 A , 1 $ , same data as holotype (LACM), 1$, same data as holotype except l.iv.l993. Malaise trap M/09/56 (LACM), 1$, same data as holotype except l.vii.l993. Malaise trap M/14/148 (LACM), 1$, same data as holo- type except l.xii.l993. Malaise trap M/13/287 (INBC). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin aenigmaticus for perplexing, referring to the unusual location of the male sensory organ. REMARKS. The location of the male sensory or- gan on the anterior part of the pronotum in front of spiracle is unusual; thoracic organs are usually located on the anepisternum. Arisemus woodi new species Figs. 190-191 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex sagittate at apex; frons hair patch divided in center, alveoli dense, denser on anterior and median margins; flagello- meres 1-11 nodiform, most conspicuous in distal segments, terminal 3 globular, reduced, smaller than preceding segments, terminal with small api- Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 75 culis; ascoids digitiform, extend to apex of segment, paired on flagellomeres 1-11. Thorax without sensory organ. Wing plain, with- out infuscations; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork little basad of medial, very close to base of R4, medial fork incomplete, base of M2 not attached to Mg CuA2 extends to wing center. Gonopods normal; gonocoxal apodemes sclero- tized, with rounded lobe on each side of distiphal- lus; hypandrium an arched band connecting bases of gonocoxites, without projection; distiphallus heavily sclerotized, apex straight and tapered; 2 parameres membranous and inconspicuous, curved, end well before apex of distiphallus; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 0.84-1.04 mm (x = 0.96; n = 10). Wing length 2.17-2.39 mm, width 0.70-0.84 mm (x = 2.24, 0.75; n = 10). Eemale. Similar to male. Subgenital plate with chitinous arch extending only to center of apical lobes; genital ducts simple, hemispherical, anterior rugose; longitudinal struts end in lobular apex with sclerotized interior and membranous outer margin; T-shaped bar in center of membranous plate. Measurements. Antenna 0.94 mm (n = 3). Wing length 2.22-2.39 mm, width 0.72-0.84 mm (x = 2.35, 0.78; n = 5). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. 6, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Monteverde, 28.iv-l.v.l997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1550 m (INBC). PARATYPES. 2(3, same data as holotype (LACM), COSTA RICA, Heredia, San Rafael de Vara Blanca, Rio Santo Domingo, 23, 18- 26.vii.1993, L. Quate, light trap, 1700 m (LACM), Puntarenas, Estacion Biol. Las Alturas, 8°57.23'N, 82°50.22'W, 13, ll-16.viii.1995, L. Quate, 1550 m (LACM), Estacion Pittier, 20 km N San Vito, 83, 3 9, ll-14.vi.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, stream, secondary vegetation (INBC, LACM), 23, same data as previous specimens except 15. vi. 1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, small stream, 1670 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. Dedicated to Dr. D. M. “Mon- ty” Wood, Agriculture Canada, for generously pro- viding the opportunity for biologists and university students to live in comfortable quarters and work in a marvelous montane tropical forest at Montev- erde, Costa Rica. Arisemus rhamphos new species Fig. 192 DESCRIPTION. Male. Apex of vertex sagittate; hair patch on frons divided in center, anteromedial margin rounded with dense alveoli; scape and ped- icel normal; flagellomeres 1-11 nodiform, terminal 3 globular, without internodes, 14 with small api- culis; ascoids small peglike on flagellomeres 1-3, digitiform and paired on 6-9, not observed on 4, 5, and 10-14; ratio of palpomeres 10:10:11:22. 76 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 190-196 Arisemus spp. 190-191. A. woodi: 190. male genitalia, dorsal; 191. female genitalia. 192. A. rhamphos, male genitalia, dorsal. 193-196. A. grandilobus: 193. spiracle and sensory organ on male anepisternite; 194. wing; 195. male genitalia, dorsal; 196. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 Thorax with sensory organ behind anterior spi- racle, with scales arising from cluster of 6-8 alveoli, when scales absent, organ recognized by small, compact cluster of berrylike alveoli. Wing plain, without infuscations, with scales at base; Sc short, ends at or before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork little basad of medial; CUA2 extends to wing margin. Gonocoxites connected by sturdy hypandrium; gonostylus evenly tapering to apex; distiphallus and paramere extend well beyond gonocoxite apex; dis- tiphallus curved, apically tapered, much longer than paramere; paramere curved only at base, ta- pering to acute apex. Measurements. Antenna 0.99-1.06 mm (x - 1.04; n = 6). Wing length 2.46-2.55 mm, width 0.99-1.06 mm (x = 2.50, 1.03; n = 5). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Merida, La Mesa, 8°34'N, 7ri9'W, 20.ix.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1650 m, gorge, secondary vegetation (IZAV). PARATYPES. 3d, same data as holotype (LACM), Merida, 8°38'N, 71°9'W, 4d, 22. ix. 1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap (BMNH, LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Greek rhamphe for curved knife, referring to the shape of the male dis- tiphallus. Arisemus grandilohus new species Figs. 193-196 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex sagittate at apex; hair patch on frons divided in center, anterior mar- gin curved, alveoli thicker; scape and pedicel nor- mal; flagellomeres weakly nodiform, 1 larger than following, terminal 3 smaller than preceding, bul- bous, without internodes, terminal with short, tri- angular apiculis; ascoids on flagellomeres 1-11 small, peglike; ratio of palpomeres 10:10:12:22. Thorax with large sensory organ behind anterior spiracle, consisting of densely packed cluster of spatulate hairs, covering flattened, bare disk occu- pying nearly all of anepisternum (bare disc visible when hairs removed; Fig. 196). Wing without in- fuscations; spatulate hairs on basal half; second costal node elongate, vein concave at end of node forming conspicuous indentation on anterior mar- gin; Rs pectinate, but bases of R2+3 and R3 weak- ened; radial and medial forks on same level; CUA2 extends to margin. Gonopods not distinctive; distiphallus and para- mere lightly sclerotized, each ending in acute, out- wardly curved apex. Measurements. Antenna 1.12-1.19 mm (x = 1.16; n = 6). Wing length 2.46-2.72 mm, width 1.06-1.18 mm (x = 2.55, 1.09; n = 10). Female. Wing with enlargement and small cur- vature in costa near base, but far less conspicuous than in male. Anterior and lateral margins of tergite Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 77 8 with sclerotized rim. Chitinous arch of subgenital plate not reaching apical margin; band at side of longitudinal strut sclerotized, genital ducts hemi- spherical; small bar in center of membranous plate. Measurements. Antenna 1.00-1.09 mm (x = 1.06; n = 8). Wing length 2.34-2.58 mm, width 0.84-0.96 mm (x = 2.40, 0.90; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Aragua, 20 km S Ghoroni, 17.ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap, 880 m (IZAV). PARATYPES. 4d, 4$, same data as holotype (BMNH, IZAV, LACM, USNM), 3d, 7?, same data as holotype except 14. ix. 1993 (BMNH, LACM), 24 km NW El Limon, Id, 10.ix.l993, L. Quate, 650 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin grandis for great and lobus for lobe, referring to the large sensory organs on the prothorax. Arisemus buzhyae Wagner and Masteller Fig. 198 Arisemus buzbyae Wagner and Masteller, 1996: 456-457, figs. 26-31. DESCRIPTION. Male. Frons hair patch without median extension, divided in center; scape normal, ratio of pedicel about 1.5:1; flagellomeres 1-11 no- diform, terminal 3 globular, reduced, smaller than preceding segments, without internodes; palpomere 4 nearly 2 times length of 3. Wing narrow, length about 3 times width, spots at tips of veins, rest of wing unpatterned, spots at tips of CuA^ and CUA2 larger than other spots; sec- ond costal node absent; Rs not pectinate; radial fork basad of medial by about 1 cell width; apical two-thirds of CUA2 enlarged, does not reach wing margin. Hypandrium a narrow band connecting bases of gonocoxites; gonostylus bifurcate or with short projection near apex; basiphallus broad, paddle- shaped, distiphallus and paramere short, each end- ing in sharp, curved point; tergite 10 triangular. Female. Chitinous arch extends little beyond margin of plate; sclerite laterad of longitudinal strut very long; lobes of genital ducts hemispherical. DISTRIBUTION. Puerto Rico. HOLOTYPE. d, PUERTO RICO, tributary Ma- mayes, Bisley stream, Luquillo Experimental For- est, 4.xi.l991, Buzby and Masteller, emergence trap (USNM; not examined). NEW SPECIMENS STUDIED. PUERTO RICO, Luquillo, Caribbean National Forest, El Verde Ex- perimental Station, 18°19.3'N, 65°49.6'W, 79, 2- 9. i. 1998, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 350 m (LACM), 49, same date as previous specimens except La Prieta area (LACM), 19, same data as previous specimens except El Yunque section (LACM). REMARKS. This species was previously known only from the male; the female is described and il- lustrated here for the first time. 78 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Arisemus mariannae Wagner and Masteller Arisemus mariannae Wagner and Masteller, 1996: 457-459, figs. 32-37. DESCRIPTION. Male. Flagellomeres 1-11 no- diform, terminal 3 reduced and globular without internodes; hair patch on Irons divided in center, without median extension. Wing with spots at vein tips; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends before base of R2+3; radial and medial forks on same level; Rs not pectinate; apical two-thirds of CUA2 enlarged, not ending in wing margin. Male genitalia with unusual distiphallus with preapical curvature and heavily sclerotized “scler- ite” (possibly the gonocoxal apodeme) at base of gonocoxite; tergite 10 dome-shaped. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Puerto Rico. HOLOTYPE. d, PUERTO RICO, tributary Ma- mayes, Bisley stream, Luquillo Experimental For- est, 2.ii.l991, E. Masteller, emergence trap (USNM; not examined). Arisemus martinezi Wagner and Joost Arisemus martinezi Wagner and Joost, 1994:79- 82, figs. 19-23. DESCRIPTION. Male. Flagellomeres 1-11 fusi- form, terminal flagellomeres not reduced, cylindri- cal, 1-11 with pair of short, sclerotized ascoids. Wing with small spots at tips of all veins, except CuA2 has large quadrangular spot at apex and also incrassation on basal third. Gonocoxite long and slender, gonostylus narrow- ing near center; hypandrium inconspicuous; disti- phallus and paramere much shorter than gonocox- ite, both ending in sharp, beaklike tip; tergite 10 triangular. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Colombia. HOLOTYPE. d, COLOMBIA, Bogota, Quebra- da Chico, 8.xi.l987, W. Joost (ULMG; not exam- ined). Arisemus waidei Wagner and Masteller Arisemus waidei Wagner and Masteller, 1996:459- 461, figs. 38-41. DESCRIPTION. Male. (From Wagner and Mas- teller). Scape normal, ratio to pedicel about 1.5:1; flagellomeres fusiform, terminal 3 segments not re- duced. Wing with small spots at vein tips only; second costal node present; Sc extends to level of base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork at about same level as medial; CUA2 reaching wing margin. Genitalia with distiphallus and paramere extend- ing to gonocoxite apex; distiphallus wider than par- amere with rounded apex; paramere reverse J- shaped, slender; tergite 10 triangular. Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Puerto Rico. HOLOTYPE. d, PUERTO RICO, El Verde, Quebrada Prieta, 2.iii.l992, Buzby and Masteller, emergence trap (USNM; not examined). Arisemus spilotos Quate Arisemus spilotos Quate, 1996:23, figs. 9a-j. DESCRIPTION. Male. Frons hair patch without median extension, divided in center; scape elongate, ratio to pedicel at least 3:1; flagellomeres 1-11 no- diform, terminal 3 globular, reduced, smaller than preceding segments, without internodes. Thorax with anepisternal sensory organs located posterior of spiracle, diameter greater than spiracle width. Wing with spots at vein tips; second costal node absent; Rs not pectinate, bases of R2 and R3 free and not attached to other veins; CUA2 greatly enlarged basally and strongly curved in center to- ward margin. Hypandrium an arched band connecting bases of gonocoxites, with thick, triangular projection on one side halfway between center and lateral mar- gin; paramere sickle-shaped, apex acute, shorter than distiphallus; distiphallus shaft nearly straight, with 45° curve at apex. Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate quad- rate, small enlargement at base of lobes; chitinous arch does not reach apical margin. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Heredia, San Rafael de Vara Blanca, Rio Santo Domingo, 18- 26.vii.1993, L. Quate, light trap, 1700 m (INBC; examined). Arisemus atrasetus (Rapp) Psychoda atraseta Rapp, 1945:310. Arisemus atrasetus; Duckhouse, 1974b:58-60, figs. 12-17. Arisemus lepidotos Quate, 1996:23-25, figs. 9d-g. New synonymy. Arisemus stylofurcatus Collantes and Martinez-Or- tega, 1999a:216-218. New synonymy. DESCRIPTION. Male. Dark scales on antennae and wings; vertex elongate and pointed; frons hair patch without median extension, divided in center; scape very long, about 3 times length of pedicel; flagellomeres 1-11 nodiform, terminal 3 globular, reduced, smaller than preceding segments; palpom- ere 4 about 1.5 times palpomere 3. Wing length about 2.5 times width; brown spots at tips of veins and on forks; Sc short, ends at or before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; CUA2 extends to wing margin. Hypandrium a broad band between gonocoxites, with digitiform projection on one side; male gon- ostylus bifurcate, bifurcation near base, smaller ap- pendage more than one-half length of main shaft; distiphallus and paramere extend well beyond gon- ocoxite apex; distiphallus sickle-shaped, shorter Contributions in Science, Number 500 than paramere; paramere slightly curved, apex blunt. Female. (After Collantes and Mardnez-Ortega, 1999a). Subgenital plate with apical lobes some- what quadrate; chitinous arch reaches apical mar- gin; genital ducts covered with fine striations; lon- gitudinal and lateral struts developed; rod in center of membranous plate. DISTRIBUTION. Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. HOLOTYPES. Arisemus atrisetus, d, PANA- MA, Barro Colorado I., lO.i.1929, C. Curran (AMNH; examined). A. lepidotus, d, COSTA RICA, Heredia, Est. Biol. La Selva, 22.vii.1993, L. Quate, fluorescent light (INBC; examined). A. sty- lofurcatus, d, NICARAGUA, Carazo, Biorreserva Chococente, 11°30'N, 86H0'W, 13.ix.l992, J. Maes, light trap (Departamento de Biologia Ani- mal, Universidad de Murcia, Spain; not examined). REMARKS. The illustration of the male gonos- tylus of A. atrasetus by Duckhouse (1974b) appears quite different from that figured for A. lepidotos by Quate; the differences, however, are an artifact of the tilted position of the gonostylus, making the bifurcation appear shorter than it actually is. The divergent position of the distiphallus and paramere of A. atrasetus probably was caused by the com- pression of the cover slip during slide preparation. Collantes and Martinez-Ortega (1999a) state that the “aedeagal complex” of A. stylofurcatus dif- fers from that of A. atrasetus. However, in the se- nior author’s opinion, the illustration shows a nor- mal variant of the aedeagus and might be partly or entirely due to the position of the aedeagus on the slide. Arisemus caceresi new species Figs. 199-201 DESCRIPTION. Male. Antenna of male without dark scales; apex of vertex plain; median extensions dense anteriorly, sparse posteriorly; scape elongate, ratio to pedicel at least 3:1; flagellomeres 1 and 2 sometimes fused, with terminal 3 segments globu- lar, smaller than preceding. Thorax without sensory organs. Wing length 2- 2.5 times width; infuscate patterns limited to vein tips and forks; rectangular infuscation at base of CuA2 absent; second costal node absent; costa nor- mal, without concavity; Sc ends at or before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork complete, i.e., R2 and R3 attached at about same level as medial; me- dial fork incomplete, M2 not joined to M^; CUA2 without enlargement, except basal section some- times slightly enlarged; apex of CUA2 extends to wing margin; alula without tuft of hairs. Abdominal sternites without black scales. Hy- pandrium an arched band connecting bases of gon- ocoxites, with pair of triangular projections near midline; gonocoxite simple, without processes, with very long setae from apical border, as long as gon- ostylus; gonostylus undivided, monomorphic, with- Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 79 out cluster of hairs; distiphallus and paramere bare- ly extend beyond apex of gonocoxite; apex of dis- tiphallus straight, acute; paramere a single struc- ture, straight or slightly curved, slender, at most, little longer than distiphallus; epandrium width equal to or greater than length; surstylus without spatulate hairs; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 0.95-1.12 mm (x 1 .06; n = 10). Wing length 2.33-2.68 mm, width 1.00-1.13 mm (x = 2.55, 1.08; n = 10). Female. Scape also elongate; subgenital plate with weak apical concavity; chitinous arch round- ed, does not reach posterior margin of plate; mem- branous plate with irregular, rugose posteriomedial margins; genital ducts elongate, sclerotized, longi- tudinal struts curved, lyre-shaped. Measurements. Antenna 0.93-1.10 mm (x = 1.02; n = 10). Wing length 2.50-2.95 mm, width 0.95-1.25 mm (x = 2.69, 1.08; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. d, PERU, Cuzco, Manu Nat. Park, El Mirador to San Pedro, 13°6'S, 71°34'W, l-9.ix.l999, L. Quate, A. Caceres, Malaise trap, 1910 m (MUSM). PARATYPES. 4d, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM), 4 A, 2$, same data as holotype except 13°4'S, 71°33'W, 1680 m (LACM), 2 A , 4 9 , same data as previous specimens except 1780 m (LACM), 3 A, 5 9 , same data as pre- vious specimens except 13°6'S, 71°34'W, 1970 m (BMNH, LACM, USNM), 17A, 49, same data as previous specimens except 13°7'S, 71°34'W, 2030 m (LACM, MUSM), 2 A, same data as previous specimens except 13°12'S, 71°36'W, 2120 m (LACM), 9 A, 9 9 , same data as previous specimens except 13°8'S, 71°34.8'W, 2150 m (LACM), 4A, 2 9 , same data as previous specimens except 13°9'S, 7U35'W, 2280 m (LACM), 19, same data as previous specimens except 13°12'S, 71°36'W, 3350 m (LACM), 26 km W Pilcopata, 13°3'S, 71°32'W, 3A, 29, l-9.ix.l999, L. Quate, A. Ca- ceres, Malaise trap, 1480 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. Named for the co-collector, Abraham Caceres. REMARKS. Arisemus caceresi was the most common species taken in Malaise traps on an alti- tudinal transect in the Reserved Zone of Manu Na- tional Park from 1480-3350 m. Arisemus ohandoi Wagner and Joost Arisemus obandoi Wagner and Joost, 1994:79, figs. 14-18. DESCRIPTION. Male. (From Wagner and Joost). Frons with hair patch U-shaped, lacking from center; scape elongate, 3-4 times length of pedicel; flagellomeres 1-11 fusiform, 1 and 2 much larger than following segments, terminal flagello- meres not reduced. Thorax with large, hairy sensory organ behind anterior spiracle. Wing uniformly infuscate except clear spots between vein tips; second costal node 80 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 197-206 Arisemus spp. 197. A. maculosus (Rapp), female genitalia. 198. A. buzbyae, female genitalia. 199-201. A. caceresi: 199. female genitalia; 200. male head; 201. male genitalia, dorsal. 202-206. A. pigmentatus: 202. wing; 203. female genitalia; 204. male genitalia, dorsal; 205. base of male antenna; 206. male flagellomeres 10-14. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini 181 absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R2+3; Rs not pectinate; crossvein between R3 and R4; CUA2 extends to wing margin. Hypandrium an arched band connecting bases of gonocoxites; distiphallus and paramere extend well beyond gonocoxite apex, distiphallus bifurcate; paramere shorter than distiphallus. DISTRIBUTION. Colombia. HOLOTYPE. 6 , COLOMBIA, San Agustin, Rio Magdalena, 15.xii.l987, W. Joost (ULMG; not ex- amined). Arisemus grahhamana (Dyar) Psychoda grahhamana Dyar, 1926:110. Pericoma grahhamana', Rosario, 1936:145. Arisemus grahhamana', Duckhouse 1974a:149- 150, figs. 26-27. Telmatoscopus [Arisemus] maculosus Satchell, 1955:88-89, figs. 2A-G, nec Rapp, 1945:309. Arisemus maculosus; Botosaneanu and Vaillant, 1970:176; Vaillant, 1986:333, figs. 1-7. DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex slightly sagittate; Irons hair patch sparse and well separated in center; pedicel normal, about one-half length of scape; scape with dense cluster of long, black hairs on me- dian surface; flagellomere 1 cylindrical, larger than following segments, remaining flagellomeres nodi- form with very short internodes, terminal 3 glob- ular, reduced, smaller than preceding segment; as- coids not evident; ratio of palpomeres 10:12:17:20. Thorax with sensory organ on anepisternite in front of anterior spiracle, organ a dense cluster of berrylike granules, patch of long hairs behind an- terior spiracle, rest of anepisternum bare of alveoli except small patch of about 15 alveoli on ventral area. Wing with scales on venter near base; length 2-2.5 times width; membrane largely infuscate with clear areas along margin between vein tips; second costal node absent; Rs pectinate; CUA2 end- ing in wing margin; radial fork at same level as medial. Hypandrium a heavy curved bar connecting lat- eral margins of posterior gonocoxal apodemes; dis- tiphallus and paramere extend beyond apex of gon- ocoxite; distiphallus slender with acute apex, slight- ly curved; paramere much broader than distiphallus and longer, ends in blunt apex; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Lectotype, wing length, 2.15 mm, width 0.75 mm. Other specimens, wing length 2.13-2.15 mm, width 0.70-0.75 mm. Female. Subgenital plate with chitinous arch not reaching apical margin of plate; genital ducts with strong longitudinal strut and no lateral strut; sac- like enlargement at anterolateral part of membra- nous plate. Measurements. Wing length 2.00 mm, width 0.65 mm. DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica. SPECIMENS STUDIED. JAMAICA, Kingston, 6 (lectotype, designated by Duckhouse, 1974a), 10.viii.l903, M. Grabham, type 2235 (USNM), paratype 6, same data as holotype, except ll.vii.l903 (USNM), Moneaque, Id (holotype of T. maculosus Satchell), 7.i.l905, Wlsm. Eaton Be- quest BM 1929-520 (BMNH). Arisemus maculosus (Rapp) Fig. 197 Psychoda maculosa Rapp, 1945:309. Arisemus maculosus; Duckhouse, 1974b:57-58, figs. 7-11. DESCRIPTION. Male. Unknown. Female. Frons hair patch without median exten- sion, divided in center; scape normal, ratio to ped- icel about 1.5:1; flagellomeres 1-11 nodiform, most conspicuous in distal segments, terminal 3 globular, reduced, smaller than preceding segments. Wing normal, length 3.3 times width, lightly in- fuscate with dark spots on vein tips; second costal node present; costa normal, without concavity; Sc extends to base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork at same level as medial, complete; CUA2 without me- dial enlargement; CUA2 does not extend to wing margin. Subgenital plate with weak apical concavity; chi- tinous arch with narrow, prolonged apex not reach- ing apical margin; genital ducts lightly sclerotized, longitudinal and lateral struts poorly developed, membranous with spike-shaped bar in center aris- ing from pyriform base. Measurements. Antenna 0.90 mm. Wing length 2.00 mm, width 0.60 mm. DISTRIBUTION. Panama. HOLOTYPE. $, PANAMA, Barro Golorado L, 7.i.l929, C. Curran (AMNH; examined). REMARKS. This species is known only from the female and is not included in the key. It resembles other species of Arisemus with fusiform flagello- meres and patterned wings. The wing pattern dif- fers from that of A. grahhamana in being lightly infuscate with dark spots on the vein tips. This dif- fers from Duckhouse’s (1974b) description of the wing pattern. Arisemus pigmentatus new species Figs. 202-206 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex slightly elongate; hair patch on frons divided in center, anteromedial margins rounded and with denser alveoli; frons hair patch without median extension, divided in center; antenna with scape 3 times length of pedicel; fla- gellomeres 1-11 elongate fusiform, terminal 3 glob- ular, 12 and 13 with very short internodes; ascoids not found on first 3 flagellomeres nor on last 3; ratio of palpomeres 10:13:14:28. Thorax with sensory organ behind anterior spi- racle, organ covered with spatulate hairs. Wing with many irregular infuscate bands, spots at most vein tips and larger spots at base of R3 and tips of CuAi and CUA2; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends before base of R2+3; Rs not pectinate; 82 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini radial fork incomplete, R3 not attached; radial fork at about same level as medial; medial fork incom- plete, M2 not connected to M^; CUA2 without me- dial enlargement, does not extend to wing margin. Hypandrium a straight band connecting bases of gonocoxites; gonostylus simple; distiphallus and paramere extend well beyond gonocoxite apex; dis- tiphallus broad and bluntly rounded, does not ex- tend to tip of paramere; paramere slender and slightly curved; epandrium longer than wide, ven- tral epandrial sclerite extending from near center of base obliquely to base of surstyli; tergite 10 trian- gular. Measurements. Antenna 1.17-1.27 mm (x - 1.25; n = 7). Wing length 2.41-2.68 mm, width - 0.89-1.01 mm (x = 2.54, 0.96; n = 10). Female. Larger than male. Scape shorter, about 2.5 times pedicel. No sensory organ on prothorax. Subgenital plate with weak apical concavity; chitin- ous arch not reaching apical margin; genital ducts slightly sclerotized; longitudinal and lateral struts developed; membranous plate with V-shaped struc- ture and longitudinal bar with expanded base in center. Measurements. Antenna 0.96-1.18 mm (x = 1.05; n = 9). Wing length 2.29-2.92 mm, length 0.84-1.08 mm (x = 2.53, 0.95; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. d, PERU, Cuzco, 26 km W Pil- copata, 13°3'S, 71°32'W, 1500 m, 25.vii- 3.viii.l997, L. Quate, light trap (MUSM). PARATYPES. 7d, 49, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, MUSM), 13 9, same data as ho- lotype except Malaise trap (LACM, USNM), 29, same data as holotype except l.viii.l997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1500 m (LACM), 29, same data as holotype except l-9.ix.l999, L. Quate and A. Ca- ceres. Malaise trap, 1480 m (LACM), 2d, 13 9, same data as holotype except 13°3.3'S, 71°32.8'W, 24.vii-2.viii. 1997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1500 m (LACM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin pigmentum for col- or, referring to the extensive infuscation of the wings. Arisemus ampliscapus new species Figs. 207-209 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex sagittate; frons hair patch sparse, separated except for narrow con- nection at posterior one-third; antenna with scape extremely enlarged, pedicel normal; short, peglike ascoids on flagellomeres 1-11; flagellomeres 1-11 fusiform, but internodes short distally, terminal 3 flagellomeres globular, reduced, smaller than pre- ceding segments; ratio of palpomeres 10:10:11:17. Thorax with sensory organ behind anterior spi- racle, consisting of dense tuft of long hairs. Wings clear, without infuscations; second costal node ab- sent; Sc short, ends before base of R2+3; Rs pecti- nate; radial fork little distad of medial; CUA2 ex- tends to wing margin. Hypandrium broad, forming solid connection be- tween gonocoxites; gonostylus broad at base, but slender and straight over most of length; distiphal- lus tapering to apex; paramere very small, does not extend to tip of distiphallus, apex blunt. Measurements. Antenna 1.24-1.26 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.14-2.41 mm, width 0.72-0.82 mm (x = 2.25, 0.76; n = 7). Eemale. Larger than male. Scape not greatly en- larged like that of male. Tergite 8 with anterior margin sclerotized, subgenital plate with shallow, V-shaped notch, chitinous arch does not reach mar- gin of subgenital plate; longitudinal and lateral struts well developed, band at side of longitudinal strut sclerotized; genital ducts hemispherical; mem- branous with slender bar in center with slightly ex- panded base. Measurements. Antenna 0.98-1.17 mm (x - 1.05; n = 7). Wing length 2.39-2.65 mm, width 0.84-1.01 mm (x = 2.49, 0.92; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Aragua, 19 km N Maracay, 14-17.ix.l993, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1280 m (IZAV). PARATYPES. 4d, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM), 20 km S Choroni, 9 9, 17.ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap, 880 m (IZAV, LACM, USNM), 22 km S Choroni, Id, 29, 17. ix. 1993, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1000 m (BMNH, LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin amplus for large and scapus for stalk, referring to the enlarged scape of the male. Arisemus barbarus new species Figs. 210-214 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex sagittate at apex; hair patch on frons undivided, quadrangular; base of antenna densely haired, scape enlarged, ratio to pedicel at least 3:1; flagellomere 1 enlarged, much larger than following segments, 2-11 pyriform, most conspicuous in distal segments, terminal 3 globular, reduced, smaller than preceding segments. Thorax with sensory organ located anterior of spiracle, diameter greater than spiracle width. Wing narrow, length about 3 times width; plain without patterns; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork in- complete, at about same level as medial; medial fork usually complete, but incomplete in holotype; CuA2 extends to wing margin. Hypandrium an arched band connecting bases of gonocoxites, without projection or spines; disti- phallus and parameres extend well beyond gono- coxite apex; distiphallus long, slender, heavily scler- otized; parameres a pair of elongate triangles with outwardly curved apices flanking distiphallus; epandrium width less than length; tergite 10 dome- shaped. Measurements. Antenna 1.24-1.31 mm (x = Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 83 Figures 207-214 Arisemus spp. 207-209. A. ampliscapus: 207. male genitalia, dorsal; 208. female genitalia; 209. base of male antenna. 210-214. A. barbarus: 210. male head; 211. flagellomeres 10-14; 212. wing; 213. male genitalia, dorsal; 214. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 84 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini 1.27; n = 6). Wing length 2.28-2.50 mm, width 0.73-0.83 mm (x = 2.41, 0.79; n = 7). Female. Antenna normal, except flagellomere 1 larger than other flagellomeres. Thorax without sensory organ. Subgenital plate with rounded api- cal lobes, apical notch V-shaped, shallow, chitinous arch reaches only halfway up lobes; genital ducts ovoid; longitudinal and lateral struts slender, but well developed. Measurements. Antenna 0.83-1.07 mm (x = 0.94; n = 5). Wing length 1.95-2.25 mm, width 0.58-0.73 mm (x = 2.10, 0.65; n = 7). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Limon, Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, 9°48.4'N, 83°1.5'W, 17- 26.ii.1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap, Rio Cerere streamside, 100-200 m [barcode INBIOCRIOOl 473081] (INBC). PARATYPES. 2d, 4$, same data as holotype (BMNH, INBC, LACM, USNM), 3d, 29, same data as holotype except Malaise trap, over small stream (LACM, USNM), Puerto Viejo de Talaman- ca, 9°39.4'N, 82°45.9'W, Id, 1 9, 25.ii-l.iii.1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap, secondary forest, sea level (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin barbarus for foreign or strange, referring to the unusual male antenna. REMARKS. The hairy, enlarged scape of the male and large first flagellomere in both sexes of A. barbarus differ from all other Neotropical Arise- mus. Arisemus amydrus new species Figs. 215-218 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge with spur on midline longer than width of bridge; frons hair patch without median extension, undivided, a sin- gle, quadrate cluster of hairs; scape normal, ratio to pedicel about 1.5:1; flagellomeres 1-11 fusiform, terminal flagellomeres not reduced; ratio of palpal segments 10:11:19:23. Thorax without sensory organs. Wing narrow, length about 3 times width, infuscate patterns faint, present only on wing tips; second costal node pre- sent; costa with concavity, or indentation, at end of second node; Sc short, ends at or before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork complete, at about same level as medial; medial fork complete; CUA2 without enlargement, apex of CUA2 extends to wing margin. Abdominal sternites without black scales. Gon- ocoxite with 25-30 hairs on basal half of mesal surface; distiphallus and paramere extend little be- yond gonocoxite apex, curved at apices; paramere slender, little longer than distiphallus; epandrium width less than length; surstylus without spatulate hairs. Measurements. Antenna 0.50-0.55 mm (x = 0.53; n = 3). Wing length 1.03-1.13 mm, width 0.28-0.33 mm (x = 1.07, 0.31; n - 3). Eemale. Subgenital plate faint and difficult to dif- ferentiate from cerci, longer than wide, sides con- verging posteriorly, apical notch small; chitinous arch slender and pointed posteriorly; pair of rugose lobes above basal margin; genital ducts lobe with incomplete margin; lateral strut absent; cercus very long and very slender as in A. sesquipedalis n. sp. Measurements. Antenna 0.57-0.70 mm (x = 0.65; n = 10). Wing length 1.15-1.28 mm, width 0.29-0.37 mm (x = 1.22, 0.33; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Limon, Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, 9°48.4'N, 83°1.5'W, 17- 26. ii. 1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap over small stream, 100-200 m [barcode INBIOCRI001473 031] (INBC). PARATYPES. 5 9 , same data as ho]otype (LACM, USNM), Id, 16 9, same data as holotype except Rio Cerere, shaded stream (BMNH, INBC, LACM), Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, 9°39.4'N, 82°45.9'W, Id, 25.ii-l.iii.1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap, secondary forest, sea level (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Greek amydros for dim, referring to the indistinct female subgenital plate. REMARKS. Specimens of A. amydrus are easily identified by their diminutive size and pale colora- tion, the distinctive male genitalia and the unusual female genitalia with a long subgenital plate that has a small apical notch, and long, slender cerci. It is difficult to obtain good slide mounts of in- dividuals of this species due to their fragility and light sclerotization. Arisemus sesquipedalis new species Figs. 219-223 DESCRIPTION. Male. Pale, lightly sclerotized species. Sides of vertex rounded and apex a small rounded protuberance, row of hairs behind eye bridge, vertical suture on midline extending poste- riorly about 1.5 facet diameters; hair patch on frons undivided, with small posterior concavity; flagel- lomeres fusiform, terminal with long apiculis; ob- served ascoids single on flagellomeres 1-11, base little before center of segment and do not extend to apex of segment. Wing with faint infuscations at vein tips; second costal node absent; Sc short, costa without concav- ity; radial fork distad of base of M3 by several cell widths, on same level as medial. Gonocoxite elongate; gonostylus undivided, with 25-30 hairs on basal half of mesal surface; disti- phallus broad, ending in short, acute, curved point; paramere broad with 2 apical projections, medial one similar to tip of distiphallus, other triangular, projections variable, from long ones broader than tip of distiphallus to short and reduced to small bulge; epandrium width equal to or greater than length. Measurements. Antenna 1.08-1.32 mm (x = 1.20; n = 7). Wing length 2.02-2.46 mm, width 0.60-0.82 mm (x = 2.10, 0.71; n = 10). Eemale. Subgenital plate with elongate, quadrate Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 85 Figures 215-223 Arisemus spp. 215-217. A. amydrus: 215. male genitalia, dorsal; 216. female genitalia; 217. female cercus; 218. head. 219-223. A. sesquipedalis: 219. male genitalia, dorsal; 220. distiphallus and paramere, variant; 221. distiphallus and paramere, variant; 222. distiphallus and paramere, variant; 223. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 86 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini lobes, apical notch long and slender; chitinous arch slender apically, extends to margin but does not break margin; genital ducts lightly sclerotized, hemispherical, basal half with granulate surface; pair of lightly sclerotized lobes in apical part of membranous plate; cercus very long and slender, length about 10 times basal width. Measurements. Antenna 0.90-1.22 mm (x = l. 02; n = 10). Wing length 2.05-2.39 mm, width 0.65-0.72 mm (x = 2.19, 0.67; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Merida, Meri- da, 1650-2100 m, 10-22.ix.l995, L. Quate, Mal- aise trap (IZAV). PARATYPES. 1$, same data as holotype (IZAV), Jaji, 8°36'N, 7U21'W, 6 9, 14.ix.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 2100 m (LACM), La Azulita, 8°43'N, 71°26'W, 5d, 10.ix.l995, L. Quate, Mal- aise trap, 900 m (BMNH, LACM), 3 9 , same data as previous specimens except 8°42'N, 71°28'W, 17-18.ix.l995, light trap, 1400 m (LACM), Id, same data as previous specimens except 19.ix.l995 (LACM), La Mesa, W Merida, 8°34'N, 17°19'W, 2d, 2 9, 20.ix.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1650 m, gorge, secondary vegetation (LACM), Merida, 8°38'N, 7U9'W, 6 9, 22.ix.1995, L. Quate, Mal- aise trap, 1650 m (BMNH, LACM, USNM), 8d, 19, same data as previous specimens except 8°41'N, 71°6'W, ll.ix.l995, 2100 m (LACM, USNM). OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. VENEZUE- LA, Aragua, El Vigia, 8°38'N, 71°9'W, Id, 22. ix. 1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1650 m (LACM), Jaji, 8°36'N, 7r21'W, Id, 14.ix.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 2100 m (LACM), La Azul- ita, 8°42'N, 71°28'W, 3 9, 17-18.ix.l995, L. Quate, light trap. Malaise trap, 1400 m (LACM), 2d, same data as previous specimens except 19.ix.l995, La Mesa, W xMerida, 8°34'N, 17H9'W, 4d, 20.ix.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1650 m, gorge, secondary vegetation (LACM), Merida, 8°38'N, 71°9'W, 3d, 22.ix.1995, L. Quate, Mal- aise trap, 1650 m (LACM), Id, same data as pre- vious specimens except 8°41'N, 71°6'W, ll.ix.1995, 2100 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin sesquipedalis for ex- cessively long, referring to the female cerci. REMARKS. The other specimens studied are those males that have broad parameres differing from the holotype (see Figs. 221-222). In all other respects they appear identical to the holotype, and since they are sympatric, they are treated as be- longing to A. sesquipedalis. We exclude them from the type series in the event it is shown they belong to a different species. The infuscations on the wing tips of this very pale species are not always visible on slide mounts, especially if specimens are overcleared. Arisemus confertus new species Figs. 224-225 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex rounded with small apical protrusion, vertex 3 times width of eye bridge, with row of long hairs behind eye bridge; , spur on midline as long as width of bridge; hair | patch on frons undivided, sides converging poste- | riorly, with median anterior and posterior notch; | flagellomeres 1-11 fusiform, terminal flagellomeres j not reduced; ratio of palpal segments 10:15:20:25. j Wing with small spots at vein tips, no spots on ! internal surface; second costal node present; costa i with concavity, or indentation; Sc extends little be- i yond base of Rs; Rs pectinate; radial fork distad of | medial by about 1 cell width; CuA2 extends to wing I margin. Hypandrium a small arched band connected to i bases of gonocoxites; gonostylus with 25-30 hairs | on medial face before center, apex constricted be- ! yond hair patch and tapering to rounded apex; dis- tiphallus and paramere do not extend beyond gon- | ocoxite apex; distiphallus slender, extends little be- i yond apex of paramere; paramere broad and j rounded at apex; tergite 10 dome-shaped. Measurements. Antenna 0.85-0.99 mm (x = ' 0.89; n = 5). Wing length 1.49-1.81 mm, width i 0.51-0.63 mm (x = 1.62, 0.55; n = 5). ! Female. Similar to male. Apical lobes of subgen- | ital plate nearly straight, sides slightly divergent; j chitinous arch extends to and breaks apical margin; j genital ducts small, circular. | Measurements. Wing length 1.69-1.83 mm, ^ width 0.51-0.60 mm (x = 1.72, 0.54; n = 5). ' DISTRIBUTION. Bahamas, Puerto Rico. j HOLOTYPE. d, PUERTO RICO, Luquillo, Ca- i ribbean National Forest, El Verde Experimental Station, El Verde Section, 18°19.3'N, 65°49.6'W, | 2-9.1.1998, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 450 m j (LACM). 1; PARATYPES. 1 d , 3 9 , same data as holotype ex- ; cept El Yunque Section, 600 m (LACM). BAHA- ' MAS, Abaco L, Treasure Cay, 26°49.8'N, I 77°17.3'W, Id, 26-3 l.xii. 1997, L. Quate, Malaise , trap, sea level (LACM). ^ ETYMOLOGY. From Latin confertus for com- , pressed, referring to the constriction in the male ; gonostylus. KEY TO MALES OF ARISEMUS ! The male of A. maculosus is unknown. 1 Gonostylus bifurcate or trifurcate, divided at base and branches widely separated (Botosa- neanu and Vaillant, 1970:pl. II, figs. 5-6; pi. Ill, fig. 4); gonocoxites broadly fused at base . . 2 - Gonostylus usually undivided, if divided, branch occurs near center and narrowly sepa- rated from main branch; gonocoxites connected ^ by hypandrium 3 ! 2 Scape bearing long hair on lateral expansion j (Botosaneanu and Vaillant, 1970:pl. II, fig. 3); gonostylus trifid ... A. hexadactylus Botosaneanu and Vaillant - Scape normal, gonostylus bifid with 1 short and Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 87 Figures 224-230 Arisemus and Australopericoma spp. 224-225. Arisemus confertus: 224. male genitalia, dorsal; 225. female genitalia. 226-228. Australopericoma abnormalis: 226. male genitalia, dorsal; 227. female abdomen, tergites 5- 7; 228. female genitalia. 229. Australopericoma exilis, male genitalia, dorsal. 230. Australopericoma pontilis, male gen- italia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 88 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 1 long, slender shafts ... A. tetradactylus Botosaneanu and Vaillant 3 Gonostylus without cluster of hairs 4 - Gonostylus with 25-30 hairs on basal half of mesal surface (Fig. 215) 24 4 Scape normal, ratio to pedicel about 1.5-2. 0:1 5 - Scape elongate, ratio to pedicel at least 3:1 (Fig. 205), or greatly enlarged (Fig. 209) 18 5 CuA2 without enlargement 6 - CuAt with some part enlarged (Wagner and Masteller, 1996:fig. 28) 15 6 Infuscate patterns on wing present 7 - Wing plain, without infuscate patterns ... 13 7 Gonostylus undivided 8 - Gonostylus bifurcate or with short, median pro- jection (Fig. 184) 11 8 Apex of CuA2 extends to wing margin .... 9 - Apex of CuA2 does not extend to wing margin 10 9 Infuscate patterns limited to vein tips and forks; gonocoxite with protuberance or projection; paramere as long as or longer than distiphallus; surstylus with about 30 black, spatulate hairs on dorsal margin near base; alula with thick tuft of straight, squamose hairs A. boxi (Satchell) - Infuscate patterns more extensive than just at vein tips and forks; gonocoxite simple, without processes; paramere broad, with broadly rounded apex, longer than distiphallus; sursty- lus without spatulate hairs; alula normal, with- out tuft of hairs A. grabhamana (Dyar) 10 Paramere as long as or longer than distiphallus; paramere rounded-elongate, curved (Fig. 180) A. maesi n. sp. - Paramere shorter than distiphallus; paramere short, dark, and stublike . . A. salazari Quate 1 1 Base of wing vein M2 without glandular struc- ture 12 - Round cluster of glandular cells at base of M2 (Wagner and Joost, 1994:fig. 3) A. guhli Wagner and Joost 12 Surstylus without spatulate hairs; abdominal sternites with band of black scales in center of anterior margins (Fig. 183) A. triatrapars n. sp. - Surstylus with about 30 black, spatulate hairs on dorsal margin near base; abdominal sternites without black scales . . A. aenigmaticus n. sp. 13 Medial fork complete, M2 joined to Mj . . 14 - Medial fork incomplete, M, not joined to M^ A. woodi n. sp. 14 Anepisternal sensory organs located posterior of spiracle; costa normal, without concavity; apex of distiphallus straighter than that of A. grandilobus, not tapering A. rhamphos n. sp. - Anepisternal sensory organs located anterior of spiracle; costa with concavity, or indentation, at end of second node (Fig. 194); apex of disti- Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ! phallus slightly curved, tapering A. grandilobus n. sp. j 15 Second node of costa absent; distiphallus and ; paramere extend well beyond gonocoxite apex; 1 flagellomere with terminal 3 segments globular, i smaller than preceding segments; apex of CUA2 does not extend to wing margin 16 | - Second node of costa present and often unusu- j ally large; distiphallus and paramere short, | shorter than gonocoxite or barely extend be- j yond its apex; flagellomere with terminal 3 fu- siform, slightly smaller than preceding flagello- ; meres, but not globular; apex of CUA2 extends I to wing margin 17 [ 16 Gonostylus with small bifurcation near apex; 1 Rs not pectinate | A. buzbyae Wagner and Masteller ) - Gonostylus not bifurcate; Rs pectinate .... | A. mariannae Wagner and Masteller 17 Base of CUA2 with large, rectangular spot ... | A. martinezi Wagner and Joost ■ - Base of CUA2 with small, circular spot ! A. waidei Wagner and Masteller i; 18 Wing with infuscate patterns 19 J - Wing plain, without infuscate patterns ... 23 ; 19 CuA2 not enlarged 20 I - CuA2 with central part enlarged (Quate, 1996: |i fig. 9b); medial fork complete; hypandrium ' with digitiform projection on one side halfway between center and lateral margin; infuscate j patterns limited to vein tips and forks; radial | fork complete, i.e., R2 and R3 attached ...... A. spilotos Quate | 20 Apex of CuA2 extends to wing margin; infus- | cate patterns do not form bands ........ 21 ] - Apex of CuA2 does not extend to wing margin; ' infuscate patterns forming bands across wing (Fig. 202) A. pigmentatus n. sp. J 21 Flagellomere with terminal 3 segments globular, J smaller than preceding segments; radial fork basad or at same level as medial; infuscate pat- terns limited to vein tips and forks; radial fork complete, i.e., R2 and R3 attached; Rs pectinate 22 - Flagellomere with terminal 3 fusiform, only | slightly smaller than preceding flagellomeres, but not globular; radial fork distad of medial; | infuscate patterns more extensive than just at vein tips and forks; radial fork incomplete, R3 not attached; Rs not pectinate A. obandoi Wagner and Joost j; 22 Distiphallus and paramere extend well beyond i| gonocoxite apex; medial fork complete, M2 j joined to Mj A. atrasetus (Rapp) - Distiphallus and paramere short, shorter than |l gonocoxite or barely extend beyond its apex j (Fig. 201); medial fork incomplete, M2 not || joined to Mj A. caceresi n. sp. | 23 Flagellomere 1 not enlarged (Fig. 209); anepis- !; ternal sensory organs posterior of spiracle; ter- j| gite 10 triangular; wing normal, length 2-2.5 ! Contributions in Science, Number 500 times the width; medial fork complete, M2 joined to Mj A. ampliscapus n. sp. - Flagellomere 1 enlarged, much larger than fol- lowing segments (Fig. 210); anepisternal sen- sory organs anterior of spiracle; medial fork in- complete, M2 not joined to M^ (Fig. 212) .... A. barbarus n. sp. 24 Second costal node present and often unusually large 25 - Second costal node absent A. amydrus n. sp. 25 Radial fork basad of or at same level as medial; wing normal, length 2-2.5 times width . . . A. sesquipedalis n. sp. - Radial fork distad of medial; wing narrow, length about 3 times width A. confertus n. sp. Australopericoma Vaillant Australopericoma Vaillant, 1975:172-174; Duck- house, 1990:722. TYPE SPECIES. Pericoma wirthi Quate (= Per- icoma caudata Satchell) by monotypy. DESCRIPTION. Eye bridge with 3 facet rows, separated; interocular suture present; labellum flat- tened, without apical rods (“teeth”); antenna longer than wing width but shorter than wing length, bas- al flagellomeres fusiform, distal segments may lengthen and form short internode to become pyr- iform, terminal 3 segments sometimes reduced; as- coids simple, single rods, shorter than segment bearing them. Anepisternite sometimes with sensory organs, with central patch of hairs; midcoxa with patch of hairs on anteroapical margin; wings plain and un- marked; Rs usually pectinate; radial and medial forks close to base, well basad of center; R^ ends in wing apex. Male. Hypandrium a band connecting gonocox- ites; anterior gonocoxal apodemes broad and joined in center; with keel connected to aedeagus; base of gonocoxites with or without dorsal connec- tion; distiphallus asymmetrical; basiphallus large and spoon- or paddle-shaped; surstylus with 1 te- naculum; epandrium with 2 foramina; ventral epandrial sclerite T-shaped, only one-half length of epandrium. Female. Subgenital plate bilobed at apex; apical lobes usually poorly defined and separated by rounded concavity; genital ducts hemispherical with indistinct posterior margin; setal sclerite lack- ing; cercus much longer than wide. REMARKS. Named without a description but with a type species designation by virtue of listing only one species in the new genus, Vaillant (1975) created Australopericoma for those Neotropical species similar to Pericoma with an asymmetrical aedeagus and 1 tenaculum. The type species was not clearly designated, but Pericoma wirthi Quate (a synonym of Pericoma caudata Satchell) was the only named species assigned to the genus and hence Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 89 becomes the type species by monotypy. This is an unfortunate selection, because this species is atypi- cal for the genus and so divergent that it may prove to be a genus separate from the other species now assigned to Australopericoma. The atypical features of the type species, A. caudata, are the paired par- ameres and distiphallus (nearly symmetrical) and the broad hypandrium with spines in the center, features which are found in no other species of Atis- tralopericoma. Despite the reservations expressed, the genus Australopericoma is the logical taxon for the following group of highly diverse species and is used for the present. Australopericoma roessleri (Wagner and Joost) new combination Arisemus roessleri Wagner and Joost, 1994:77-78, figs. 8-13. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes narrowly separated by less than 1 facet diameter; frons hair patch with- out median extension, undivided; scape elongate, ratio to pedicel at least 3:1; flagellomeres 1 and 2 modified, fusiform and larger than following fla- gellomeres, 3-14 fusiform, terminal flagellomeres not reduced. Thorax without sense organ. Wing with basal one-third of wing infuscate, infuscation also in cos- tal cell, along R, and CuAp Rs pectinate; radial and medial forks on same level; CUA2 not enlarged, reaches margin. Genitalia with paramere U-shaped, longer than distiphallus. DISTRIBUTION. Colombia. HOLOTYPE. d, COLOMBIA, San Agustin, Rio Magdalena, 15.xii.l987, W. Joost (ULMG; not ex- amined). REMARKS. This species shares some similarities with Arisemus obandoi, Arisemus spilotos, and Ar- isemus pigmentatus: males have an enlarged scape and modified flagellomeres 1 and 2, but lack tho- racic sensory organs. Australopericoma abnormalis new species Figs. 226-228 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex protuberant at apex; hair patch on frons undivided, with small in- dentation at center of posterior margin; eyes nar- rowly separated by less than 1 facet diameter, inner margin of bridge convex; interocular suture with- out median spur; scape and pedicel normal; flagel- lomeres elongate fusiform, terminal 3 segments slightly differentiated, terminal with long apiculis; ascoids not observed on flagellomeres 1-3, paired, digitiform on 4-11, arising near center and extend to tip of segment; ratio of palpomeres 10:16:20:27. Thorax without sensory organ. Wing plain, with- out infuscations; second costal node present; costa concave beyond that node; Rs pectinate; radial and medial forks on same level; radial fork distad of base of Rs by 3 cell widths; CUA2 extends to wing margin. 90 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ! Gonocoxites with 5-6 long bristles on ventral surface beyond center; anterior gonocoxal apode- mes small; hypandrium an arched band connecting bases of gonocoxites; gonostylus dimorphic, left gonostylus long, slender and curved at base, with 2 long bristles subapically, right gonostylus bifur- cate, each branch equally slender, outer branch var- iable from inconspicuous to nearly as long as gon- ostylus, without cluster of hairs; distiphallus and right paramere short and stocky, barely extend be- yond gonocoxite apex, left paramere elongate, straight, pointed; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 1.22-1.35 mm (x - 1.27; n = 5). Wing length 2.33-2.65 mm, width 0.82-0.92 mm (x = 2.46, 0.87; n = 10). Female. Tergite 8 grossly enlarged, humped, ex- tends above other tergites, anterior margin heavily sclerotized, thick band of alveoli on anterior and posterior areas; subgenital plate large, with small apical lobes; chitinous arch extends little beyond apical margin; genital ducts hemispherical, lightly sclerotized; horizontal struts curved, form lyrelike structure. Measurements. Antenna 1.32-1.38 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.41-2.68 mm, width 0.82-0.89 mm (x = 2.59, 0.86; n = 5). DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Aragua, Mara- cay, 10-14.ix.l993, L. Quate, Malaise trap (IZAV). PARATYPES. 13d, 49, same data as holotype (BMNH, IZAV, LACM, USNM), 2d, same data as holotype except 14. ix. 1993, light trap, wooded hill- side (LACM), 10 km N El Limon, 1 9 , 19.ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin abnormalis for ab- normal, referring to the unusual asymmetrical male gonostyli and enlarged female tergite 8. Australopericoma exilis new species Fig. 229 DESCRIPTION. Male. Apex of vertex sagittate; hair patch on frons undivided, posterior margin with concavity; eyes narrowly separated, interocu- lar suture without median spur; flagellomeres fusi- form, terminal 1 globular with long apiculis; as- coids digitiform, originate beyond center and ex- tend to apex of segment, paired on flagellomeres 5- 8, single on 9-11; ratio of palpomeres 10:11:16:26. Thorax without sensory organs. Wing plain, without infuscations; Rs pectinate; radial and me- dial forks on same level; CuA2 extends to wing margin. Gonocoxite with narrow elongation from apical margin extending beyond apex of distiphallus, with apical bristle as usually seen on gonostylus; gon- ostylus very slender, over entire length, shorter than gonocoxal elongation; hypandrium a strongly scler- otized, arched band connecting bases of gonocoxi- tes; distiphallus very long, extends beyond tip of gonostylus, with right angle curve at apex; para- mere quadrate, surrounding distiphallus, and about half length of distiphallus; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 1.05-1.07 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.31-2.43 mm, width 0.87-0.99 mm I (n = 2). i Female. Unknown. i; DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. (3, PERU, Cuzco, 26 km W Pil- copata, 13°3.3'S, 71°32.8'W, 24.vii-2.viii.1997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, cloud forest, 1500 m (MUSM). i PARATYPE. (3, same data as holotype (LACM). i| ETYMOLOGY. From Latin exilis for lean, re- j; ferring to the shape of the male gonostylus. Australopericoma pontilis new species | Fig. 230 i DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex prolonged at i apex; eyes separated by about 1 facet diameter; in- i terocular suture arched, weakened in center, with- |l out median spur; frons hair patch without median ) extension, undivided; scape normal, ratio to pedicel | about 1.5:1; terminal flagellomeres not reduced; ra- |i tio of palpomeres 10:12:14:24. ( Wing narrow, length about 3 times width, plain without patterns; Sc short, ends at or before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork basad of medial j by at least 3 cell widths; CUA2 extends to wing mar- ij gin. ! Gonocoxite with 2 large spines and several setae j on apicomedial margin; gonostylus with 1 long and j several shorter setae at apex; hypandrium an ' arched band connecting bases of gonocoxites, with | 6 large spines near center; gonostylus undivided; 1 distiphallus membranous, saclike, shorter than par- ameres; parameres paired, one on each side of dis- tiphallus, with quadrate base ending in incurved, rounded point; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 0.68-0.75 mm (x = 0.72; n = 2). Wing length 1.38-1.50 mm, width 0.48-0.50 mm (x = 1.44, 0.48; n - 4). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. HOLOTYPE. (3 , BRAZIL, Rondonia, Cacaulan- dia, 200 km SSE Porto Velho, 10°18'S, 62°52.1'W, 25.v-6.vi.1998, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 140 m (INPA). PARATYPES. 3(3, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin pontis for bridge, referring to the broad hypandrium that forms a bridge between the gonocoxites. Australopericoma sagitta new species Figs. 231-234 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by more than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture without median spur; frons hair patch without median ex- tension, undivided; scape normal, ratio to pedicel about 1.5:1; flagellomeres 1-11 fusiform, terminal Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 91 Figures 231-236. Australopericoma spp. 231-234. A. sagitta: 231. male genitalia, dorsal; 232 male epandrium, surstylus, tergite 10; 233 female genitalia; 234. wing. 235. A. multifida, male genitalia. 236. A. bulbula, male genitalia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 92 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini flagellomeres not reduced; ratio of palpomeres 10: 12:15:20. Wing length 2.8-3 times width, plain without patterns; second costal node normal; costa normal, without concavity; Sc short, ends at or before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork basad of medial by at least 3 cell widths; CUA2 extends to wing mar- gin. Gonocoxite with 2 large and several small spines at apicomedial margin; hypandrium connecting ba- ses of gonocoxites, with 1 or 2 long spines in lateral region and right side prolonged into slender exten- sion which extends beyond tip of paramere; gon- ostylus with 2 very long bristles at apex; distiphal- lus and paramere slender, extend well beyond gon- ocoxite apex; paramere longer and little thicker than distiphallus; tergite 10 arrow-shaped. Measurements. Antenna 0.58-0.63 mm (x = 0.59; n = 4). Wing length 1.30-1.38 mm, width 0.45-0.48 mm (x = 1.34, 0.47; n = 4). Female. Sides of apical lobes parallel, chitinous arch rounded and not attenuate; genital ducts poor- ly defined. Measurements. Antenna 0.68-0.77 mm (x = 0.73; n = 2). Wing length 1.45-1.58 mm, width 0.48-0.50 mm (i = 1.52, 0.48; n = 3). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. A, COSTA RICA, Limon, Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, Rio Cerere, 9°48.4'N, 83°1.5'W, 17-26. ii. 1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap, shaded stream, 100-200 m (INBC). PARATYPES. 2$, same data as holotype (LACM), 1 $ same data as holotype except Malaise trap over small stream (INBC), lA, same data as holotype except Heliconia flood plain (LACM), Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, 9°39.4'N, 82°45.9'W, 2 A, 25.ii-l.iii.1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap, sec- ondary forest, sea level (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin sagitta for arrow, re- ferring to the arrow shape of tergite 10. Australopericoma multifida new species Fig. 235 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex prolonged and pointed; eyes narrowly separated by less than 1 fac- et diameter; interocular suture without median spur; frons hair patch without median extension, undivided; scape normal, ratio to pedicel about 1.5: 1; flagellomere 1 normal, 1-11 fusiform, terminal flagellomeres not reduced; ratio of palpomeres 10: 12:15:23. Wing normal, length 2-2.5 times width, plain without patterns; second costal node absent; Sc short, ends at or before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork at about same level as medial; CUA2 extends to wing margin. Hypandrium an arched band connecting bases of gonocoxites, expanded in center; distiphallus black, bifurcate, 1 shaft with rounded apex; paramere consisting of a complex structure of 4 large, black spines, 2 on each side of distiphallus. Measurements. Antenna 0.87 mm (n = 1). Wing length 1.65-1.73 mm; width 0.48-0.50 mm (n = 3). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. HOLOTYPE. A, BRAZIL, Rondonia, Cacaulan- dia, 200 km SE Port Velho, 10°18'S, 62°52.1'W, 25.v-6.vi. 1998, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 140 m (INPA). PARATYPES. 3 A, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin multifdus for many- cleft, referring to the complex paramere. Australopericoma bulbula new species Fig. 236 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex prolonged, round- ed at apex; eyes narrowly separated by less than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture without spur; frons hair patch without median extension, undi- vided; scape normal, ratio to pedicel about 1.5:1; flagellomeres 1-1 1 fusiform, terminal flagellomeres not reduced; ratio of palpomeres 10:10:13:21. Wing normal, length 2. 8-2. 9 times width, plain without patterns; second costa node present; costa normal, without concavity; Sc short, ends at or be- fore base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork at about same level as medial; CUA2 without medial enlarge- ment, extends to wing margin. Hypandrium an arched band connecting bases of gonocoxites; distiphallus short and stocky, swollen; paramere slender, much longer than distiphallus, darkly sclerotized; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 0.80-0.81 mm (n = 2). Wing length 1.63-1.78 mm; width 0.58-0.60 mm (n = 2). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Brazil. HOLOTYPE. A , BRAZIL, Rondonia, Cacaulan- dia, 200 km SE Port Velho, 10°18'S, 62°52.1'W, 25.v-6.vi. 1998, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 140 m (INPA). PARATYPES. 2 A, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin hulbus for swelling, referring to the bulbous shape of the distiphallus. Australopericoma caudata (Satchell) new combination Figs. 237-238 Pericoma caudata Satchell, 1955(February):90-92, figs. 4A-E. Pericoma wirthi Quate, 1955(May):154-155, figs. 31a-e. New synonymy. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture arched, without stem; frons hair patch undivided, without median band; scape normal, about same length as pedicel; flagellomere 1 normal, 1-13 elongate fusi- Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 93 237 Australopericoma Figures 237-240 Australopericoma spp. 237-238. A. caudata: 237. male genitalia, dorsal; 238. female genitalia. 239- 240. A. pallidula: 239. male genitalia dorsal; 240. female genitalia. Scale line = 0.1 mm 94 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini form, terminal 3 reduced, 14 with large apiculis; ratio of palpomeres 10:14:16:24. Wing normal, length 2-2.5 times width, plain, without patterns; second costal node absent; Sc short; Rs not pectinate; radial fork basad of medial by about 3 cell widths; CuA2 extends to wing mar- gin. Hypandrium an arched band, lightly sclerotized, slightly expanded in center, with 9 or 10 spines in center; gonocoxite with 1 or 2 large spines on ap- icomedial margin; gonostylus with 2 large spines at apex; distiphallus paired, slightly sinuous and with acute apex; parameres paired, larger and longer than distiphallus, also with acute apex; tergite 10 sagittate. Measurements. Antenna 0.63-0.69 mm. Wing length 1.48-1.65 mm, width 0.53-0.58 mm. Female. Eyes separated by 1 facet diameter. Sub- genital plate with sides of apical lobes divergent; chitinous arch ends well before apical margin; membranous plate with bar and pair of convex crossbars in center at apex of genital ducts; longi- tudinal strut with projection from basal quarter, lateral strut blended into longitudinal. Measurements. Antenna 0.63. mm. Wing length 1.68-1.73 mm, width 0.58-0.63 mm. DISTRIBUTION. Jamaica, Florida, Texas, Ari- zona. HOLOTYPES. Pericoma caudata: d, JAMAI- CA, Runaway Bay, 15. hi. 1905 (BMNH; exam- ined). F. wirthi: d, USA, Arizona, Wickenburg, Hassayampa River, 29.vi.1953, W. Wirth (USNM; examined). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. See Quate (1955:154) for a list of the material of this species. REMARKS. Australopericoma caudata is one of the few species of Setomimini that occurs widely in the USA and in the Caribbean. The only difference noted between the mainland and Caribbean popu- lations is that there are 2 large spines on the gon- ocoxites of the Jamaican specimens and only 1 on those from the USA. Australopericoma pallidula (Tonnoir) new combination Figs. 239-240 Pericoma pallidula Tonnoir, 1929:16-18, pi. II, figs. 28-31. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 1 facet diameter; interocular suture arched, without stem; frons hair patch undivided, without median band; palpomeres long and slender. Anepisternite with alveoli on dorsal half only (slide slightly distorted, thus alveoli may be distrib- uted differently). Wing without second costal node; Rs not pectinate; radial fork little basad of medial; CuA2 extends to wing margin. Hypandrium an arch between gonocoxites, ex- panded in center; anterior gonocoxal apodemes smaller than normal, with short anterior expansion; gonostylus tapering to acute apex (seta not evident in type slide); basiphallus very small and not ex- ; panded at base; distiphallus also tapering to acute i apex; paramere short and thick, much shorter than j! distiphallus, slightly indented at apex. 1 Female. Apical lobes broadly rounded, narrow- 1 ing basally; chitinous arch not reaching apical mar- j gin; membranous plate with elongate anterolateral ’ projections. ( DISTRIBUTION. Argentina. j HOLOTYPE. <5, ARGENTINA, Rio Negro, Lake Correntosa, 18-25.xi.l926 (BMNH; exam- ined). I l| Australopericoma cesticella new species j Figs. 241-242 j DESCRIPTION. Male. Apex of vertex sagittate; |j eyes narrowly separated by less than 1 facet di- || ameter; interocular suture without median spur; j frons hair patch undivided in center, posterior mar- j gin concave; flagellomeres fusiform, terminal seg- j ments scarcely smaller than preceding, terminal ) with long apiculis; ascoids small and peglike on fla- gellomeres 1-3, digitiform, paired on 4-11, origi- j nate beyond center, extend little beyond apex. j Wing plain, without infuscations; Sc short, ends f at or before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate, radial and | medial forks on same level; CUA2 extends to wing j margin. Hypandrium a broad band connecting bases of ) gonocoxites, pair of curved ridges extend from hy- ' pandrium to base of distiphallus to form a ring; 1 gonostylus enlarged basally, narrowing at basal third; distiphallus and paramere extend well be- | yond gonocoxite, distiphallus tubular, apex blunt; j paramere appears as central sclerotized ridge on | distiphallus; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 1.13-1.23 mm (x = 1.17; n - 5). Wing length 2.41-2.65 mm, width ' 0.84-0.92 mm (x = 2.49, 0.88 mm; n = 6). ! Female. Tergite 8 modified, about one-half length of 7, alveoli over entire surface, somewhat arched I and partly separated from 7; chitinous arch extends beyond apical margin; genital ducts lightly sclero- tized; cerci long and slender, length about 10 times basal width. Measurements. Antenna 1.14-1.19 mm (x = 1.16; n = 8). Wing length 2.43-2.77 mm, width 0.84-0.94 mm (x = 2.58, 0.90; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, 20 km N San Vito, Estacion Pittier, 11-14. iv.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, streamside, 1800 m [barcode INBIOCRI001471792] (INBC). PARATYPES. Limon, Res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, Rio Cerere, 9°48.4'N, 83°1.5'W, Id, 17- 26. ii. 1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap, sidestream, 100-200 m (LACM), Id, 29, same data as pre- vious specimen except Malaise trap over small stream (LACM); Puntarenas, Las Alturas, 8°57.23'N, 82°50.22'W, 5d, 59, ll-16.viii.1995 (INBC, LACM), Id, 3 9, same data as holotype { Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 95 96 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 (LACM), same data as holotype except 9°1.4'N, 82°57.5'W, 19, 12.vi.1995, 1700 m (LACM), same data as holotype except Rio Gelemas, 1 9 , 15. vi. 1995, 1670 m (LACM); San Jose, San Ger- ardo de Dota, Alberge Sauvegre, 9°33.12'N, 83°48.5'W, 1 A, 7-ll.viii.1995, C. Young, 2250 m (Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, USA). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin cesticillus for “ring placed on head for support,” referring to the ring connecting the hypandrium to the aedeagus. Australopericoma trinidadensis new species Figs. 243-244 DESCRIPTION. Male. Very pale species; vertex with small sagittate structure at apex; eyes narrow- ly separated by less than 1 facet diameter; intero- cular suture without median spur; frons hair patch without median extension, undivided; scape nor- mal, ratio to pedicel about 1.5:1; flagellomeres 1- 14 fusiform, terminal flagellomeres not reduced; ra- tio of palpomeres 10:20:20:38. Wing normal, length 2-2.5 times width, plain without patterns; second costal node normal; Sc short, ends at or before base of R2+3; Rs pectinate; radial fork at about same level as medial; CuA, extends to wing margin. Hypandrium a straight band connecting bases of gonocoxites; distiphallus bifurcate, first branch long, S-shaped, broad basally and slender apically, second branch more slender and little longer, strongly curved at apical one-quarter; parameres slender, nearly straight, shorter than distiphallus; epandrium width less than length; tergite 10 trian- gular. Measurements. Antenna 0.91 mm (n = 1). Wing length 1.60 mm, width 0.55 mm (n = 1). Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate well de- veloped; chitinous arch extends beyond apical mar- gin; genital ducts compact, longitudinal strut well developed; cercus long and slender. Measurements. Antenna 0.86 mm (n = 1). Wing length 1.50-1.78 mm, width 0.48-0.60 mm (n = 2). DISTRIBUTION. Trinidad. HOLOTYPE. A, TRINIDAD, Asa Wright Na- ture Center, 15.i.l981, G. Bohart (LACM). PARATYPE. 9, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. The name is based on the type locality. Australopericoma curvata new species Figs. 245-247 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex sagittate at apex; hair patch on frons undivided, rectangular with in- dentation in posterior margin; eyes very narrowly separated; without spur on midline; scape and ped- icel normal; flagellomeres fusiform; terminal seg- ments not modified, terminal with long, clublike apiculis; ascoids digitiform, very small, not ob- served on flagomeres 1-3, paired on 4-6, single on Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini 7-11, not observed on 12-14; ratio of palpomeres 10:12:13:25. ' Thorax without sensory organ. Wing plain, with- ^ out infuscations; Rs pectinate; radial and medial forks on same level; CUA2 ends at wing center. Gonostylus long, with small dorsal incrassation ' near center; distiphallus ending in hooked apex; , paramere bifurcate, each branch curved at base ! nearly in circle and curves distally to end beyond ^ apex of distiphallus. Measurements. Antenna 0.99-1.00 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.12-2.38 mm, width 0.85-0.90 mm (n = 3). ; Female. Subgenital plate with apical lobes slen- der, chitinous arch extends beyond margin of plate; genital ducts and associated structures lightly scler- ; otized; lateral strut lacking; longitudinal strut prominent, ending in smooth curve; cerci long and slender, length more than 10 times maximum width. ;! Measurements. Antenna 1.19-1.21 mm (n == 2). Wing length 2.77-2.94 mm, width 1.01-1.11 mm (n = 3). I DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. A, VENEZUELA, Merida, Meri- da, ll.ix.1995, L. Quate, 2100 m (IZAV). PARATYPES. VENEZUELA, Merida, Jaji, 8°36'N, 71°21'W, 3 9, 14.xi.l995, L. Quate, Mal- aise trap, 2100 m (IZAV, LACM), Merida, La Hechicera, 8°37'N, 7U9'W, lA, 22.ix.1995, L. , Quate, Malaise trap, secondary forest, 1800 m (LACM), Merida, 8°41'N, 71°6'W, lA, ^ 12. ix. 1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 2100 m i (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin curvatus for bend- ing, referring to the male paramere. Australopericoma hhati new species Fig. 248 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex dome-shaped at apex; hair patch on frons undivided, quadrangular with indentation in posterior margin; eyes very nar- rowly separated; without spur on midline; scape and pedicel normal; flagellomeres fusiform, termi- nal segments not modified, terminal with long, clublike apiculis; ascoids digitiform, not observed on flagellomeres 1-3, paired on 4-6, single on 7- 11, not observed on 12-14; ratio of palpomeres 10: 12:15:23. Thorax without sensory organ. Wing plain, with- out infuscations; Rs pectinate; radial and medial forks on same level; CUA2 ends at wing center. Gonostyli dimorphic, right with large lateral ex- pansion at distal one-quarter, left with small en- largement at distal one-quarter; distiphallus inflat- ed, broad at base and tapering to slender apex, slightly sinuous; paramere bifurcate, both branches dark and strongly curved and twisted at base, 1 longer than other and both longer than distiphallus; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 1.05-1.12 mm (n = 3). Contributions in Science, Number 500 Wing length 2.33-3,00 mm, width 0.93-1.15 mm (n = 5). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. d, PERU, Cuzco, Manu Nat. Park, El Mirador to San Pedro road, 13°9'S, 7U35'W, l-9.ix.1999, L. Quate, A. Caceres, Mal- aise trap, 2280 m (MUSM). PARATYPES. 3d, same data as holotype (LACM), Id, same data as holotype except 1910 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. The senior author took great pleasure in naming this species after his longtime friend and companion on many interesting field trips, Dr. Hari Bhat of Pune, India, who ably as- sisted him in the altitudinal transect in Manu Na- tional Park. Australopericoma falcata new species Pig. 249 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex with wrinkled, ovoid structure at apex with few alveoli (possibly a sensory organ); frons hairs patch undivided, with posterior margin concave at center; eyes narrowly separated by less than 1 facet diameter, interocular suture present, without median spur; frons hair patch undivided; scape normal, ratio to pedicel about 1.5:1; flagellomeres 1-11 fusiform, terminal with clavate apiculis; ascoids not observed on fla- gellomeres 1-3, paired on 4-11, digitiform, origi- nating near center of flagellomere and extending lit- tle beyond apex; ratio of palpomeres 10:16:16:30. Thorax without sensory organ. Wing plain, with- out infuscations; costa slightly concave beyond sec- ond costal node; Rs pectinate, but bases of Rs and R3 weak; radial and medial forks on same level, radial fork distad of base of R,+3 by 4 cell widths. Hypandrium a straight bar connecting gonocox- ites; gonostylus slender, tapering to dark, blunt apex, long bristle at apex, slightly incrassate in cen- ter; distiphallus broad at base, tapering to slender apex; paramere hook-shaped in form of ‘J’; tergite 10 triangular. Measurements. Antenna 0.90-0.92 mm (n = 2). Wing length 1.98-2.03 mm, width 0.70-0.75 mm (n = 2). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Aragua, 19 km N Maracay, 1280 m, 14-17.ix.l993 (IZAV). PARATYPE. VENEZUELA, Aragua, 22 km S of Choroni, Id, 17.ix.l993, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1000 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin falcatus for hooked, referring to the shape of the paramere. KEY TO MALES OE AUSTRALOPERICOMA 1 Scape normal, no more than 2 times length of pedicel; wing plain, without infuscations .... 2 - Scape elongate, about 3 times length of pedicel; Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 97 wing with infuscate patterns A. roessleri Wagner and Joost 2 Gonostyli similar 3 - Gonostyli dissimilar, 1 J-shaped, other U- shaped (Eig. 226) A. abnormalis n. sp. 3 Gonocoxite without large, median projection 4 - Gonocoxite with large, median, nonarticulated projection in addition to slender gonostylus (Fig. 229) A. exilis n. sp. 4 Paramere not J-shaped, not strongly curved .... 5 - Paramere J-shaped, strongly curved (Figs. 245, 249) 12 5 Gonocoxite with 1 or 2 large spines on apico- medial margin (Figs. 231, 237) 6 - Gonocoxite without large spines on margin . . . 8 6 Gonocoxite with 1 large spine (Fig. 237) . . . . A. caudata (Satchell) - Gonocoxite with 2 large spines 7 7 Hypandrium curved anteriorly, without median setae (Fig. 231) A. sagitta n. sp. - Hypandrium curved posteriorly, with median setae (Fig. 230) A. pontilis n. sp. 8 Paramere a single shaft 9 - Paramere consists of 3 pointed, black shafts (Fig. 235) A. multifida n. sp. 9 Paramere inflated, shorter than distiphallus (Fig. 236) 10 - Paramere slender, longer than or as long as dis- tiphallus 11 10 Paramere turnip-shaped, much shorter than slender distiphallus (Fig. 236) A. bulbula n. sp. - Paramere with sides nearly parallel, apex with slight indentation .... A. pallidula (Tonnoir) 11 Distiphallus a single shaft; paramere broad, straight (Fig. 241) A. cesticella n. sp. - Distiphallus a double shaft; paramere slender, sinuous (Fig. 244) ... A. trinidadensis n. sp. 12 Distiphallus nearly straight, tapering from broad base to straight, acute apex (Figs. 248- 249) 13 - Distiphallus curved at base similar to paramere, slender over entire length (Fig. 245) A. curvata n. sp. 13 Gonostyli dimorphic, left with large projection at distal one-fourth, right with only slight swell- ing at distal one-fourth (Fig. 244) A. bhati n. sp. - Gonostyli monomorphic, both similar and slen- der over entire length A. falcata n. sp. Micrommatos new genus TYPE SPECIES. Micrommatos sylvaticum n. sp., by present designation. DESCRIPTION. Eyes contiguous; eye bridge with 3 facet rows; frons with single, quadrate hair patch without posterior extension; flagellomeres fu- siform, terminal 3 segments not reduced, terminal 98 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini flagellomere without apiculis; ascoids absent; pal- pus short, shorter than head height, palpomere 4 usually shorter than 3. Antepronotum with band of dense pores along entire dorsal margin of both sexes; midcoxa with tuft of long hairs arising from elevated knob of an- teroventral margin. Anepisternum with single hair patch evenly distributed over most of sclerite, but lacking on anteroventral part; midcoxa with patch of long hairs arising from elevated pad on anter- oapical margin. Wing plain, without infuscate pat- terns; second costal node absent; base of R,+3 not attached to R4; radial fork basad of medial; R5 ends in wing apex. Male. Anterior gonocoxal apodemes tightly con- tiguous on midline; hypandrium a bar connecting bases of gonocoxites, usually pair of knobs flanking midline; aedeagus asymmetrical; paramere present; surstylus with 1 tenaculum; epandrium without fo- ramen; tergite 10 small, domelike, scarcely differ- entiated from epandrium. Female. Apex of subgenital plate concave; genital ducts with lobe from anterolateral margin. ETYMOLOGY. From Greek mikrommatos for small-eyed, referring to the narrow eye bridge; gen- der neuter. REMARKS. The band of pores on the antepron- otum, which probably is a male sensory organ, is not known in any other psychodid genus. Micrommatos simplex new species Figs. 250-252 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge separated by 1 facet diameter, with broad interocular suture in center of bridge; palpomere 4 about one-half length of palpomere 3. Radial fork distad of medial by several cell widths. Hypandrium without projections, with 3 large spines on each side of midline; distiphallus heart- shaped; paramere tapers from broad base to blunt apex; surstylus without setose lobe at base. Measurements. Antenna 0.60 mm (n = 1). Wing length 1.23-1.25 mm, width 0.48-0.50 mm (n = 2). Eemale. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Est. Biol. Las Alturas, 8°57.23'N, 82°50.22'W, 11- 16.viii.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1550 m [bar- code INBIOCRI001471871] (INBC). PARATYPE. COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Esta- cion Pittier, 20 km N San Vito, Id, ll-14.vi.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, stream, secondary vegeta- tion, 1800 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin simplex for simplic- ity, referring to the relatively simple male genitalia. REMARKS. The position of the radial fork being distad of the medial is unusual, and M. simplex is one of the few species of the Setomimini with this condition. Micrommatos stephaniae new species Figs. 253-254 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge broadly con- tiguous on midline over 2 facet rows; palpomere 4 little shorter than 3. Radial fork mesad of medial by about 1 cell width. Hypandrium with pair of small, sharp projec- tions flanking midline, each bearing 4 setae at apex; distiphallus bipartite, with 1 long, straight and 1 small shaft; paramere broad basally, suddenly ta- pering to acute point; surstylus with large tumor- like, setose lobe at base, lobe nearly as wide as sur- stylus. Measurements. Wing length 1.30 mm, width 0.55 mm (n = 1). Eemale. Subgenital plate with shallow concavity between poorly defined lobes; genital ducts with rounded lobe projecting from anterolateral margin; longitudinal and lateral struts lightly developed; se- tal sclerite with 4 setae on each side in central area. Measurements. Antenna 0.71-0.79 mm (x = 0.74; n = 5). Wing length 1.53-1.80 mm, width 0.55-0.70 mm (x = 1.68, 0.62; n = 6). DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. d, PERU, Cuzco, Rio Madre de Dios, 28 km ESE Boca Manu, 12°2US, 70°42'W, 14.vii.l997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 250 m (MUSM). PARATYPES. 12 9, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, MUSM, USNM), 26 km W Pil- copata, 13° 3'S, 71°32'W, 19, 25.vii-3.viii.1997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, quebrada, 1500 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. Named in honor of the senior author’s daughter, who accompanied him on the trip during which most of the types were collected. REMARKS. Association of sexes for M. stephan- iae has been made based on the short palpomere 4. Another female from the type locality is very sim- ilar but possesses heavy struts and V-shaped suture at the apex of the genital ducts. Also, palpomere 4 is as long as 3. Although the differences in the two females are slight, they do seem consistent, and they are not considered conspecific. Micrommatos anconatum new species Figs. 255-256 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes contiguous, bridge contiguous over 2 facet diameters; palpomeres 3 and 4 subequal in length. Radial and medial forks on same level. Hypandrium with pair of small knobs flanking midline, each bearing 4-5 long setae; distiphallus with 45° angle subapical curve, apex expanded and quadrate; paramere with elbowlike curve at distal one-third, apex rounded. Measurements. Antenna 0.53-0.58 mm (x = 0.56; n = 6). Wing length 1.45-1.73 mm, width 0.55-0.65 mm (x = 1.56, 0.60; n = 6). Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 99 Figures 250-257 Micrommatos spp. 250-252. M. simplex: 250. male genitalia, dorsal; 251. center of eye bridge; 252. male surstylus, lateral. 253-254. M. stephaniae: 253. female genitalia, dorsal; 254. male genitalia, dorsal. 255-256. M. anconatum: 255. male genitalia, dorsal; 256. female genitalia, dorsal. 257. M. serratum, male genitalia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 100 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Female. Little larger than male; genital ducts with lobelike projection from anterolateral margin. Measurements. Wing length 1,75-2.13 mm, width 0.70-0.83 mm (n = 4). DISTRIBUTION. Venezuela. HOLOTYPE. d, VENEZUELA, Aragua, 20 km S Choroni, 14. ix. 1993, L. Quate, light trap, 880 m (IZAV). PARATYPES. 4d, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM), 22 km S Choroni, 3 9, 17.ix.l993, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1000 m (IZAV, LACM), 10 km N El Limon, Id, 19.ix.l993, L. Quate, light trap (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin ancon for elbow, re- ferring to the elbow shape of the male paramere. Micrommatos serratum new species Fig. 257 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge broadly con- tiguous on midline over 2 facet rows; palpomere 4 little longer than 3. Radial fork mesad of medial by about 1 cell width. Hypandrium with pair of spinelike projections flanking midline, each with single subapical seta; distiphallus straight, broad at base and tapering to acute apex; paramere sausage-shaped, broad with rounded apex, base slender, with 5-6 sharp serra- tions on lateral margin near base; surstylus long, with oval enlargement at base with setae on apical margin. Measurements. Antenna 0.62-0.69 mm (n = 4). Wing length 1.58-1.98 mm, width 0.60-0.75 mm (x = 1.73, 0.65; n = 6). Female. Little larger than male; genital ducts with large projection from anterolateral margin; longitudinal strut well developed, lateral strut ab- sent; setal sclerite with 5 setae on each side in basal area. Measurements. Antenna 0.76 mm (n = 1). Wing length 2.10 mm, width 0.60 mm (n = 1). DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. d, PERU, Cuzco, 26 km W Pil- copata, 13°3.3'S, 71°32.8'W, 24.vii-2.viii.1997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, cloud forest, 1500 m (MUSM). PARATYPES. 4d, 19, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, MUSM, USNM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin serra for saw, refer- ring to the serrate edge of the paramere. Micrommatos sylvaticum new species Figs. 258-261 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eye bridge broadly con- tiguous on midline over 2 facet rows; frons with diagonal suture from anterior of antennal socket nearly to center of eye bridge; hair patch on frons without posterior extension; palpomere 4 same length as or little shorter than 3. Radial fork mesad of medial by about 1 cell width. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ‘ Hypandrium with large, rounded lobe on each side of midline, each lobe with 5 alveoli; distiphal- ‘ lus consists of 2 small shafts, each with 45° angle \ near distal one-third; paramere a longer shaft than ! distiphallus, also with 45° angle near distal one- i third paralleling those of distiphallus and slightly | upturned at apex; surstylus without setose lobe at S base or with very small setose lobe. | Measurements. Antenna 0.53-0.64 mm (x = | 0.59; n = 10). Wing length 1.45-1.93 mm, width I 0.53-0.74 mm (x = 1.65, 0.65; n = 10). j Eemale. Apex of female subgenital plate a very [ shallow concavity; longitudinal and lateral struts of I genital ducts slender; setal sclerite with 4 setae on j each side of midline in anterior area; domelike 1 structure little anterior of apical margin. j Measurements. Antenna 0.70-0.78 mm (n = 4). Wing length 1.95-2.43 mm, width 0.70-0.90 mm (x = 2.20, 0.82; n = 5). DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Est. Biol. Las Alturas, 8°57.23'N, 82°50.22'W, 11- 16.viii.l995, L. Quate, 1550 m [barcode INBI- OCRI001472387] (INBC). PARATYPES. 16 d, 49, same data as holotype (BMNH, LACM, USNM); Estacion Pittier, 20 km N San Vito, 19, Ll-14.vi.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, stream, secondary vegetation, 1800 m (INBC), Id, same data as previous specimen except 12.vi.l995, primary forest (LACM), 14 km SW San Isidro, Id, 23. vi. 1995, L. Quate, light trap, 880 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin silvaticus for “of the woods,” referring to the primary moist forest hab- itat of this species. KEY TO MALES OF MICROMMATOS 1 Radial fork basad of or at same level as medial; palpomere 4 same length as or little shorter than | 3; eye bridge broadly contiguous on midline over 2 facet rows 2 - Radial fork distad of medial by several cell widths; palpomere 4 about one-half length of 3; eye bridge separated by 1 facet diameter, with broad interocular suture (Fig. 251) M. simplex n. sp. 2 Surstylus without setose lobe at base or with very small setose lobe; distiphallus unipartite .... 3 - Surstylus with large globular, setose lobe at base, lobe nearly as wide as surstylus; distiphallus bi- partite M. stephaniae n. sp. 3 Hypandrium with rounded lobe on each side of midline; paramere slender, with distinct bend . . . 4 - Hypandrium with pair of large, pointed projec- tions (Fig. 257); paramere sausage-shaped with rounded apex M. serratum n. sp. 4 Distiphallus unipartite; paramere with elbowlike bend near center (Fig. 255) M. anconatum n. sp. - Distiphallus bipartite; 3 shafts of distiphallus and Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 101 paramere all with 45° subapical curves (Fig. 261) M. sylvaticum n. sp. Caenobrunettia Wagner Caenobrunettia Wagner, 1981:218; Quate, 1996: 25-26. TYPE SPECIES. Caenobrunettia echinoflagellata Wagner, by original designation. DESCRIPTION. Eye bridge very short and ends in acute point, eyes widely separated; interocular suture absent; flagellomeres fusiform or globular, 1-13 with round patch of rods near center, terminal 3 not reduced; ascoids paired on flagellomeres 1- 13, each ascoid consisting of 4 or 5 individual strands, twisted at base and closely appressed to appear as single filament, very long, about length of 3 flagellomeres; palpus very long, extends nearly to end of antenna, palpomere 1 much shorter than other 3. Anepisternum with anterior part sclerotized and evenly covered with alveoli, posterior part clear and devoid of alveoli, clear area wider than haired; with sensory organs; midcoxa with tuft of hairs on ele- vated knob and anterior margin. Wing plain, with- out markings; radial sector pectinate; base of R,+3 attached to R4; radial and medial forks close to base, radial fork distad of Rs base by about 2 cell widths; R<; ends in wing apex. Abdominal tergites with 2 bands of alveoli. Male. Aedeagus usually asymmetrical; surstylus with 1 tenaculum. REMARKS. Caenobrunettia is easily distin- guished from other Neotropical genera by the unique ascoids, long palpus, and atrophied eye bridges. It is similar to Setomima, which is largely 102 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Afrotropical, but also with one species in North America; Quate (1996) summarizes the differences between the two genera. Additional differences are the structure of the ascoids and tenacula. In Seto- mima^ the ascoids consist of a long, single branch and the tenacula are multiple and modified. In Cae- nohrunettia, the ascoids consist of 4 or 5 individual strands, and the tenacula are single and similar in structure to the tenacula of most other psychodids. Caenobrunettia is almost certainly polyphyletic. The first four species below, C. stylappendiculata (Wagner), C. sarculosa Quate, C. subditicia n. sp., and C. pollicaris n. sp., form a monophyletic group with similar male genitalia that clearly represent a single clade. The rest of the species have entirely different genitalia, with only C. fraudulenta n. sp. and C. barretti n. sp. showing close similarities. The others differ so much in basic structures, both among themselves and from the two recognizable clades, that it is difficult to visualize an ancestor which could give rise to all those species. Thus, dis- tinguishing characters of the head and wing pro- duce a group that is empirically definable, but un- justifiable cladistically. However, given the rudi- mentary state of knowledge regarding Neotropical psychodines, we use the description above as an empirical basis for the genus. Caenobrunettia stylappendiculata (Wagner) new combination Setomima stylappendiculata Wagner, 1993:122- 123, figs. 44-49. DESCRIPTION. Male. (After Wagner). Eyes sep- arated by about 20 facet diameters; basal flagello- meres globular, terminal elongate with long apicu- lis. Gonocoxites broadly fused on midline, without protrusions; gonostylus about as long as gonocox- ite, expanded in center, with rodlike projection from center of ventral surface with bristle at apex, serrations along lateral border beyond center, apex slender and blunt; distiphallus with 2 shafts, both with acute apices (smaller shown to lie at right an- gle to larger in Wagner’s illustration, but probably distorted in mounting); paramere parallel-sided with blunt apex; tergite 10 bilobed; surstylus with 1 tenaculum. DISTRIBUTION. Tobago. HOLOTYPE. d, TOBAGO, streamlet cut by Roxborough-Parlatuvier road near highest point, 21.iv.l991, L. Botosaneanu (RW; not examined). Caenobrunettia sarculosa Quate Figs. 262-263 Caenobrunettia sarculosa Quate, 1999:426-427, figs. 5A-G. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by more than 10 facet diameters. Basal flagellomeres glob- ular, as wide as long. Gonocoxites fused on midline, without protru- sions; gonostylus with small protrusion with jagged apex at base, Y-shaped, stem longer than bifurca- ) tions, lateral bifurcation with blunt apex and other | with acute apex; distiphallus a broad, nearly ! straight stalk with acute apex, extending nearly to j tip of gonostylus; basiphallus bell-shaped; para- mere bifurcate, lateral branch broader than medial, I both with blunt apices, slightly curved, extending [ little beyond tip of distiphallus; surstylus long and | slender, much longer than epandrium; tergite 10 tri- | angular, width and length subequal, with longitu- I dinal ridge in center. | DISTRIBUTION. Brazil, Costa Rica, Panama, j Surinam. | HOLOTYPE. d, PANAMA, Barro Colorado I., X.1996, J. Pickering, Malaise trap (USNM; exam- ined). NEW SPECIMENS STUDIED. BRAZIL, Ama- zonas, Manacapuru-Novo Airao, km 46-50, 2°59.3'S, 60°53.6'W, Id, 1$, 30.iv-6.v.l999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, disturbed forest 50 m, (LACM). COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, 3 km SE Rio Naranjo, Id, 4-8.viii.1993, F. Parker (EMUS); Puntarenas, Est. Biol. Las Alturas, 8°57.23'N, 82°50.22'W, 8d, ll-16.viii.1995, L. Quate, 1550 m (LACM), Monteverde, Id, 6.ii.l992, L. Quate, at light, 1500 m (LACM). PERU, Cuzco, Rio Ma- dre de Dios, 28 km ESE Boca Manu, 12°21'S, 70M2'W, Id, 14.vii.l997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, forest trail (LACM), Id, same data as previous specimen except 19-20.vii.1997, light trap at base of canopy tower, 250 m (LACM). SURINAM, Brownsberg Nature Park, 100 km S Paramaribo, 4°57'N, 55°11'W, 4d, 28-30.ix.l996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, primary forest 300-450 m, (LACM), Raleighvallen, 170 km SW Paramaribo, 4°43'N, I 56°12'W, 2d, 3$, 17-25.ix.l996, L. Quate, Mai- ' aise trap, primary forest 70 m (LACM). REMARKS. Males from Las Alturas, Costa Rica, ' were observed “dancing” on the leaves of a broad- leaf plant (possibly of the family Aracaceae). This behavior is probably a type of swarming behavior, serving to aggregate males to increase mating suc- cess. Caenobrunettia subditicia new species Fig. 264 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 16 fac- et diameters. Flagellomere 14 unusually long, 2.5 times length of 13; palpus extends little beyond tip of antenna, ratio of palpomeres 10:35:23:24. Gonocoxites broadly fused dorsally; without projections; dorsal apodeme projecting posteriorly as a rectangular appendage above distiphallus; gon- ostylus bifurcate and Y-shaped, stem longer than bifurcations, lateral projection of bifurcation blunt- ly rounded, with large spine near base; distiphallus asymmetrical, consisting of 2 slender stems nearly extending to bifurcation of gonostylus, 1 darker and more acute than other; paramere a straight stalk as long as distiphallus, with blunt apex; epan- I Figures 262-266 Caenobrunettia spp. 262-263. C. sarculosa: 262. male gonopod, lateral; 263. male epandrium, sursty- I lus, tergite 10. 264. C. subditicia, male genitalia, dorsal. 265-266. C. poUicaris: 265. male genitalia, dorsal; 266. female genitalia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 1 drium concave at base, with 2 foramina, surstylus long and slender, about 1.7 times long side of epan- drium; tergite 10 triangular, width equal to length, with longitudinal ridge in center. Measurements. Antenna 1.09-1.34 mm {x = 1.20; n = 10). Wing length 1.73-2.45 mm, width 0.75-1.00 mm (x = 2.15, 0.92; n = 10). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil. HOLOTYPE. S, BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manaca- 104 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini puru-Novo Airao, km 46-50, 2°59.3'S, 60°53.6'W, 30.iv-6.v.l999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, disturbed forest, 50 m (INPA). PARATYPES. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Manacapu- ra, 74 km WSW Manaus, 3°17.8'S, 60°37.63'W, 1(3, 21.iv.l998, CDC light trap, R. Quieroz (INPA). FRENCH GUIANA, Maripasoula, 13, 17-22.iii.1994, L. Quate, Malaise trap, dry forest (LACM). SURINAM, Brownsberg Nature Park, 100 km S Paramaribo, 4°57'N, 55HUW, 43, 28- 30.ix.l996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, primary forest, 300-450 m (LACM), Raleighvallen, 170 km SW Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56M2'W, 103, 17- 25. ix. 1996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, primary forest, 70 m (LACM), 13, same data as previous speci- mens except light trap (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin subditicius for coun- terfeit, referring to the unusual male genitalia. Caenohrunettia pollicaris new species Figs. 265-266 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by about 16 facet diameters; basal flagellomeres globular, as wide as long; terminal apiculis long and slender; ratio of palpomeres 10:44:35:35. Gonocoxites fused on midline; gonostylus with- out protrusion at base, Y-shaped, stem of gonos- tylus shorter than terminal bifurcations, apex of lateral bifurcation blunt, lateral projection bearing large spine; distiphallus asymmetrical, with 1 long stalk extending little beyond tip of gonostylus and 1 very short stalk, both straight and slender; par- amere absent (but may be 1 branch of distiphallus); basiphallus small; surstylus long and slender, much longer than epandrium; tergite 10 triangular, width and length subequal, with longitudinal ridge in cen- ter. Measurements. Antenna 1.18-1.22 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.33-2.35 mm, width 0.90 mm (n = 2). Female. Subgenital plate with prominent apical lobes; chitinous arch extends well beyond apical margin in sharp projection; genital ducts small, simple, lacking horizontal struts; membranous plate with sclerotized band in center; setal sclerite triangular, bearing 10 setae. Measurements. Antenna 1.05-1.08 mm (n = 2). Wing length 2.25-2.28 mm, width 0.80-0.85 mm (n = 2). DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. 3, PERU, Cuzco, 26 km W Pil- copata, 13°3'S, 71°32'W, 24.vii-2.vih.1997, L. Quate, Malaise trap, cloud forest, 1500 m (MUSM). PARATYPES. 13, 2 9, same data as holotype (LACM, MUSM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin pollicaris for “of the thumb,” referring to the shape of the bifurcations of the gonostylus. Caenohrunettia plegas Quate Figs. 267-268 j Caenohrunettia plegas Quate, 1996:27-28, figs. | lOa-d. I DESCRIPTION. Eyes separated by more than 10 facet diameters; basal flagellomeres little longer than wide. Gonocoxites joined by arched hypandrium, with pincerlike apical projection, median branch acutely pointed and lateral blunt; gonostylus without pro- trusion at base, with subapical projection, several |; spines on distal part; distiphallus short and curves | to acute apex; paramere scimitar-shaped, acutely | pointed, extends beyond tip of gonostylus, lightly j sclerotized; surstylus short and stocky, little longer I than epandrium; tergite 10 elongate, longer than wide. DISTRIBUTION. Nicaragua, Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. 3, COSTA RICA, Heredia, La : Selva Biological Station, 2.V.1993, ALAS project, i Malaise trap (INBC). i NEW SPECIMENS STUDIED. NICARAGUA, j Rio San Juan, Refugio Bartola, 10°58'N, 84°20'W, j| 33, 19, 6-1 0.ii. 2000, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 30 | m lowland rain forest, (LACM). Caenohrunettia laselva Quate Fig. 269 I Caenohrunettia laselva Quate, 1996:28, figs. lOe-h. 1 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by about | 10 facet diameters; ratio of palpomeres 10:30:37: S 25. I Hypandrium an arched band connecting gono- |i coxites; gonocoxite with dark, blunt, thumblike | apical projection from ventral surface, gonostylus j' very short, little longer than thumblike projection of gonocoxite, darkly sclerotized; distiphallus ( broad shaft, slightly curved, with rounded apex; j paramere thinner, same length as distiphallus, also [I bluntly pointed; epandrium with concave base; sur- , stylus stocky, little longer than epandrium; tergite ( 10 triangular with blunt apex, length about equal ij to basal width. ( Measurements. Antenna 1.45-1.58 mm. Wing !, length 2.25-2.50 mm, width 0.98-1.05 mm (n = 2). j: Female. Unknown. i DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica, French Guiana. HOLOTYPE. 3, GOSTA RIGA, Heredia, La Selva Biological Station, 2.V.1993, ALAS project, i Malaise trap (INBC). , NEW SPECIMENS STUDIED. FRENCH GUI- ! ANA, 30 km S St. Laurent de Maroni, 13, 24- 30.111.1994, L. Quate, light trap, secondary forest, 50-100 m (LACM), 65 km S Cayenne, 13, 12- ■ 16.111.1994, L. Quate, light trap, 50-100 m (LACM). Caenohrunettia tropicalis Quate Caenohrunettia tropicalis Quate, 1996:28-29, figs. lOi-j. Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 105 Figures 267-272 Caenobrunettia spp. 267-268. C. plegas: 267. male genitalia, lateral; 268. male surstylus, lateral. 269. C. laselva, male right gonopod, lateral. 270. C. thele, male genitalia, lateral. 271-272. C. echinoflagellata: 271. male genitalia, dorsal; 272. male surstylus, lateral. All scale lines = 0.1 mm DESCRIPTION. Eyes separated by more than 10 facet diameters; basal flagellomeres little longer than wide. Hypandrium a dorsal band connecting gonocox- ites; gonocoxite very short, apex with 2 opposing clawlike projections; gonostylus very small, much shorter than gonocoxite, ending in small hook; sur- stylus little longer than epandrium; tergite 10 elon- gate, longer than wide. Female. Unknown. 106 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. c5, COSTA RICA, Heredia, La Selva Biological Station, l.vii.l993, ALAS project. Malaise trap (INBC; examined). Caenobrunettia thele new species Fig. 270 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by about 6 facet diameters; palpus extending to flagellomere 10, ratio of palpomeres 10:25:27:24. Gonocoxites broadly fused on midline, v^ith bowlike structure at apex, lateral projection point- ed with bulbous expansion at base, median blunt with short subapical protrusion; gonostylus bifur- cate, longer than gonocoxite, lateral arm with acute, recurved apex forming small hook, median ending as small nipple, with 5 apical setae; basi- phallus rather small; distiphallus Y-shaped, ending in pair of blunt points; paramere absent; epandrium with strongly concave base, with 2 foramina; sur- stylus stocky; tergite 10 triangular with blunt apex, length about 2 times basal width. Measurements. Antenna 1.47-1.58 mm (x = 1.53; n = 4). Wing length 2.03-2.45 mm, width 0.80-1.05 mm (x = 2.19, 0.89; n = 9). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Costa Rica. HOLOTYPE. d, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Es- tacion Pittier, 20 km N San Vito, 9°1.4'N, 82°57.5'W, ll-16.vi.l995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1670 m (INBC). PARATYPES. 6 6 , same data as holotype except 12.vi.l995, 1700 m (LACM), Est. Biol. Las Altu- ras, 8°57.23'N, 82°50.22'W, 2d, ll-16.viii.1995, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 1550 m (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin thele for nipple, re- ferring to the apex of the gonostylus. Caenobrunettia echinoflagellata Wagner Figs. 271-272 Caenobrunettia echinoflagellata Wagner, 1981: 218-220, figs. 5-10. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 6 facet diameters; basal flagellomeres little longer than wide; ratio of palpomeres 10:30:29:27. Anepisternum with anterior half covered with al- veoli, posterior half unsclerotized and unmarked, 2 areas equal in width. Radial fork distad of Rs base by about 3 cell widths. Hypandrium very thin band connecting gono- coxites; gonocoxites not touching on midline, with long, slender, acute apical protuberance extending nearly to apex of gonostylus; gonostylus un- branched, without protrusion at base, slightly sin- uous, with small hook at apex; basiphallus very large, paddle-shaped, surface of central bulb wrin- kled; distiphallus consists of small pair of ducts leading into bases of parameres, paired parameres symmetrical, long, extend nearly to tip of gonocox- ite projection, ending in black barb; epandrium concave on anterior margin; surstylus subequal to lateral margin of epandrium; tergite 10 slender, | elongate, longer than wide. j Measurements. Antenna 1.18-1.43 mm (x = ^ 1.24; n = 10). Wing length 1.85-2.23 mm, width | 0.70-0.90 mm (x = 1.98, 0.77; n = 10). j Female. Eyes separated by 5 facet diameters, j Genital ducts lightly sclerotized, vertical struts well | developed; apical lobes small, comma-shaped. ^ Measurements. Antenna 1.02 mm (n = 1). Wing [ length 1.93 mm, width 0.73 mm (n - 1). ; DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana, Surinam, Ec- uador, Brazil, Panama. j HOLOTYPE. (3, BRAZIL, Amazonas, Estirao j do Equador, ix.l979, M. Alvarenga (ZSMC; not j examined). ; NEW SPECIMENS STUDIED. BRAZIL, Ama- | zonas, Itacoatiara-Itapiranga Highway, km 23, j 3°3'S, 58°43.5'W, 9c3, 8-15.V.1999, L. Quate, T. ! Barrett, Malaise trap, primary forest, 100 m ! (LACM), 1(3, same data as previous specimens ex- ; cept CDC light trap (LACM), Manacapuru-Novo , Airao, km 46-50, 2°59.3'S, 60°53.6'W, 16, 30.iv- | 6.V.1999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, dis- |: turbed forest, 50 m (LACM), 1 (3 , same data as pre- j vious specimen except CDC light trap, T. Barrett 1 (INPA). ECUADOR, Napo, Yasuni Research Sta- j tion, 0°38'S, 76°36'W, 1(3, x.l998, W Hanson, S 250 m (EMUS). FRENCH GUIANA, 37 km S Cay- i enne, 1(3, 19, 12-16. iii. 1994, L. Quate, light trap, I secondary forest, 50-100 m (LACM), 17 km E St. j Laurent de Maroni, 1(3 (identification of this spec- I imen confirmed by Dr. R. Wagner), 24-30.iii.1994, j L. Quate, light trap, sea level (LACM), Maripasou- | la, 2(3, 17-22.iii.1994, L. Quate, Malaise trap, dry ! forest (LACM). PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Col- j orado L, 9°9'N, 79°5UW, 1(3, 26.i-2.ii.1994, J. j Pickering, Malaise trap #2409 (LACM). SURF | NAM, Brownsberg Nature Park, 100 km S Para- ( maribo, 4°57'N, 55°11'W, 3(3, 28-30.ix.l996, L. | Quate, Malaise trap, primary forest, 300-450 m I (LACM), Raleighvallen, 170 km SW Paramaribo, I 4°43'N, 56°12'W, 1(3, 17-25.ix.l996, L. Quate, j Malaise trap, primary forest, 70 m (LACM), 1(3, I same data as previous specimen except light trap | (LACM). REMARKS. The single female from 27 km S ( Cayenne, French Guiana, is associated with the I male by the locality and the comparatively narrow • separation of the eyes. It is the only female Cae- nobrunettia from the localities listed above with this narrow eye separation. Caenobrunettia fraudulenta new species ji Figs. 273-279 j DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by more , than 10 facet diameters; basal flagellomeres little 1 longer than wide; palpus extends to flagellomere 13, ratio of palpomeres 10:37:43:29. Gonocoxites without protrusions, connected by narrow hypandrium; gonostylus complex and un- Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini >107 Figures 273-280 Caenobrunettia spp. 273-279. C. fraudulenta: 273. head; 274. male genitalia, dorsal; 275. female genitalia, dorsal; 276. male surstylus, lateral; 211 . male gonopod, variant, dorsal; 278. flagellomere 4; 279. wing. 280. C. barretti, male genitalia, dorsal. All scale lines = 0.1 mm 108 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini usual, with black globular body bearing acute pos- terior prolongation and smaller median projection plus additional median projection with small hook at apex and bearing 2 apical and 2 subapical bris- tles; distiphallus symmetrical, short, extends little beyond apex of gonocoxite, broad and slightly curved, lightly sclerotized, consisting of 2, separat- ed arms; basiphallus large and paddle-shaped; par- amere appressed to median branch of gonostylus, black and hooked; epandrium strongly concave at base, with 2 foramina, lacking diagonal struts; sur- stylus stocky, little shorter than long side of epan- drium; tergite 10 triangular with acute apex, length nearly 2 times basal width. Measurements. Antenna 1.20-1.33 mm (x 1 .24; n = 10). Wing length 1.70-1.98 mm, width 0.63-0.78 mm (x = 1.80, 0.70; n = 10). Female. Antenna shorter than in male. Subgenital plate U-shaped, branches uniform; genital ducts lightly sclerotized, longitudinal and lateral struts slender; membranous plate with dark, quadrate spot near posterior margin. Measurements. Antenna 1.08-1.30 mm (x - 1.20; n = 10). Wing length 1.90-2.23, width 0.75- 0.93 mm (x = 2.12, 0.84; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. French Guiana, Surinam, Brazil. HOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, Amazonas, Itacoati- ara-Itapiranga Highway, km 23, 3°3'S, 58°43.5'W, 8-15.V.1999, L. Quate, T. Barrett (INPA). PARATYPES. 32 d, 279, same data as holotype (BMNH, EMUS, INPA, LACM, USNM), Mana- capuru-Novo Airao, km 46-50, 2°59.3'S, 60°53.6'W, Id, 19, 30.iv-6.v.l999, L. Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, disturbed forest, 50 m (LACM). FRENCH GUIANA, 30 km SE St. Lau- rent de Maroni, 2d, 24-30. iii. 1994, L. Quate, Malaise trap, secondary forest, sea level (LACM), Maripasoula, Id, 17-22.iii.1994, L. Quate, Mal- aise trap, dry forest (LACM), Id, same data as previous specimen except secondary forest, stream- side (LACM), Id, same data as previous specimen except secondary forest, streamside, light trap (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin fraudulentus for de- ceiver, referring to the strange male genitalia. REMARKS. Females were associated with males on the basis of sympatry and numbers. It is possible that the females of C. fraudulenta and C. barretti n. sp. are indistinguishable, so this series might con- tain a mixture of the two. Caenobrunettia barretti new species Fig. 280 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by more than 10 facet diameters; basal flagellomeres little longer than wide; palpus extends to flagellomere 13, ratio of palpomeres 10:41:49:31. Gonocoxites without protrusions, connected by short hypandrium; gonostylus branched, 1 lateral, dark projection with tooth at basal one-third and median projection, similar to C. fraudulenta, end- ing in small hook and bearing 2 apical and 2 sub- apical bristles; paramere also similar to that of C. , fraudulenta, black with acute, hooked apex; disti- 1 phallus symmetrical, short, extends little beyond apex of gonocoxite, broad and slightly curved, lightly sclerotized, consisting of 2 separated arms; basiphallus large and paddle-shaped; epandrium i strongly concave at base, with 2 foramina, lacking j diagonal struts; surstylus stocky, little shorter than long side of epandrium; tergite 10 triangular with | acute apex, length nearly 2 times basal width. Measurements. Antenna 1.17-1.31 mm (n = 2). Wing length 1.80-2.08 mm, width 0.75-0.80 mm > (n = 4). i Female. Unknown. ) DISTRIBUTION. Surinam, Brazil. HOLOTYPE. d, BRAZIL, Amazonas, Itacoati- ara-Itapiranga Highway, km 20, 3°3'S, 58°43.5'W, 8-1 5. V. 1999, L. Quate, T. Barrett (INPA). PARATYPES. 6d, same data as holotype (INPA, ! LACM, USNM), 8d, same data as holotype but t km 23 (LACM), Manacapuru-Novo Airao, km 46- 50, 2°59.3'S, 60°53.6'W, 3d, 30.iv-6.v.l999, L. ; Quate, T. Barrett, Malaise trap, disturbed forest, 50 |i m (LACM). SURINAM, Brownsberg Nature Park, 100 km S Paramaribo, 4°57'N, 55°11'W, Id, 28- ( 30.ix.l996, L. Quate, Malaise trap, 300-450 m, ' primary forest (LACM), Raleighvallen, 170 km SW ) Paramaribo, 4°43'N, 56H2'W, 2d, 17-25.ix.l996, ' L. Quate, Malaise trap, primary forest, 70 m (BMNH, LACM). i ETYMOLOGY. Named in recognition of the |i generous assistance of Dr. Toby Barrett. REMARKS. The above two species, C. fraudu- \ lenta and C. barretti, are closely related, but easily ! distinguished by the gonostylus, which is a black | bulb with 2 large projections in C. fraudulenta and a simple arm with a tooth on the median margin near the base in C. barretti. The structure of the I median branch of the gonostylus and the paramere of the two species appear indistinguishable. The articulation of the paramere with the gono- coxite and aedeagus is difficult to see in most slide ! preparations of both species and it usually appears ^ as shown in Figs. 274, 277, 280. Some differences are due to the position of the structures on the slide, and relationship of the various parts may seem ( quite different in different positions, but the struc- tures themselves are constant. Another related species (left undescribed because of insufficient material) has a median arm of the gonostylus almost identical to the above two spe- cies. It also has a black hook, but in this species, it is clearly attached only to the gonocoxite. Probably ■ this structure is also the paramere, which has lost its direct connection to the aedeagus. KEY TO MALES OF CAENOBRUNETTIA 1 Gonostylus with bifurcation beyond center (Figs. 262, 264-265) 2 - Gonostylus usually without bifurcation beyond Contributions in Science, Number 500 I center, if bifurcate, branching occurs near base 5 2 Gonostylus Y-shaped, pincerlike bifurcations at end of basal stem (Figs. 262, 264-265) ..... 3 - Gonostylus not Y-shaped, bifurcation formed I by rodlike projection from ventral face (Wag- ner, 1993:fig. 48) C. stylappendiculata (Wagner) ! 3 Gonostylus without protrusion at base; lateral projection of gonostylus sometimes bearing ’ large spine 4 ' - Gonostylus with small finlike protrusion at base I with jagged tip (Fig. 262); lateral projection of gonostylus without large spine at base .... i C. sarculosa Quate 4 Stem of gonostylus longer than terminal bifur- cations; gonostylus with large spine on lateral projection (Fig. 264); paramere present . . . C. subditicia n. sp. I - Stem of gonostylus shorter than terminal bifur- cations; gonostylus without large spine on lateral projection (Fig. 265); paramere absent I C. pollicaris n. sp. I 5 Distiphallus extends well beyond tip of gono- coxite (Fig. 267); paramere single 6 I - Distiphallus short and ends at about tip of gon- I ocoxite (Figs. 272, 274, 280); paramere absent or paired 7 6 Distiphallus broad and curved, ending in acute apex (Fig. 267); gonocoxite with thumblike and sharp spikelike projection at apex C. pie gas Quate - Distiphallus nearly straight and with blunt apex (Fig. 269); gonocoxite only with blunt, thumb- like projection at apex .... C. laselva Quate 7 Gonostylus more than one-half length of gon- ocoxite 8 - Gonostylus very small, less than one-quarter length of gonocoxite (Quate, 1996:fig. lOi) .... C. tropicalis Quate 8 Gonocoxite with long, slender, apical projection extending nearly to apex of gonostylus (Fig. 272); parameres long, slender; gonostylus uni- partite C. echinoflagellata Wagner - Gonocoxite without long projection; parameres short; gonostylus bipartite (Figs. 270, 274, 280) 9 9 Sclerotized, pointed tip of gonostylus curves outward; pointed and blunt tips of gonostylus close together (Fig. 270) C. thele n. sp. - Sclerotized pointed tip of gonostylus curved in- ward; tips widely separated (Figs. 274, 280) . . . 10 10 Base of pointed, sclerotized hook of gonostylus with elongate, dark process (Fig. 274); hook without short subbasal tooth C. fraudulenta n. sp. - Base of pointed, sclerotized hook of gonostylus without elongate, dark process (Fig. 280); hook with short subbasal tooth . . C. harretti n. sp. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 109 Valerianna new genus TYPE SPECIES. Valerianna manuensis, by pre- sent designation. DESCRIPTION. Vertex high with bilobed exten- sion at apex, darker in color than Irons; eye bridge reduced to narrow point near midline so median margin with only 1 facet diameter; interocular su- ture present; antenna with 16 segments; flagello- meres small, much more slender than scape and pedicel, fusiform, with pair of simple, unidigitate ascoids on flagellomeres 1-13, terminal flagello- meres not reduced, 14 with slender apiculis; label- lum small and only slightly enlarged with bulbous apex; palpus extends to flagellomere 10, ratio of palpomeres 10:24:36:36. Thorax without sensory organ; antepronotum and anepisternite largely covered with single patch of alveoli; midcoxa with tuft of hairs on elevated knob and anterior margin. Wing clear, unmarked; base of R2+3 attached to R4; radial fork basad of medial by 1-2 cell widths; R5 ending in wing tip; elongate oval sclerite at base of CUA2. Abdominal sternites 4-7 with V-shaped concav- ity on midline and posterior margin with dense row of alveoli. Hypandrium a band connecting gono- coxites; anterior gonocoxal apodeme circular, lo- cated in center of genitalia and attached to gonos- tylus by slender bar; aedeagus asymmetrical; epan- drium with slender bar on midline; surstylus elon- gate and slender, with 1 tenaculum. ETYMOLOGY. This name is dedicated by the senior author to his lovely wife, Valerie Ann, for her constant support and encouragement of the field work that resulted in long periods of her being alone. Of course, the gender is feminine. REMARKS. This distinctive group of species is doubtfully assigned to the tribe Setomimini only on the basis of the enlarged gonocoxal apodeme, which differs from that of other genera in being a single circular structure in the center rather than the usual bipartite structure extending anteriorly from the gonocoxites. The keel connecting the apodeme to the basiphallus is present as in other Setomimini. Valerianna manuensis new species Figs. 281-287 DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex dark, much dark- er than frons; interocular suture double; frons with hair patch dense anteriorly and with sparse band extending posteriorly only to base of scape. Mesonotum very dark, darker than rest of tho- rax. Costa with second costal node. Hypandrium a distinct band between bases of gonocoxites; distiphallus consisting of 2 shafts, lon- ger 1 with blunt apex extending to tip of gonocox- ite, curved apically, shorter 1 with acute apex near- ly straight; basiphallus not expanded anteriorly; paramere much larger than distiphallus and ex- tends well beyond tip of gonocoxite, with oval 110 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 281-284 Valerianna manuensis: 281. male head; 282. flagellomeres 11-14; 283. sternites 4-7; 284. wing. All scale lines = 0.1 mm markings in center; gonostylus blunt and quadrate at apex; with many spines and alveoli. Measurements. Antenna 0.88-1.00 mm (n = 4). Wing length 1.50-1.70 mm, width 0.55-0.63 mm (x = 1.60, 0.57; n = 8). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. d, PERU, Cuzco, 28 km ESE Boca Manu, 12°21'S, 70°42'W, Id, 17.vii.l997, L. Qua- te, Malaise trap, river trail, 250 m (MUSM). PARATYPES. 5d, same data as holotype (LACM), Madre de Dios, 5 km E Puerto Maldon- Contributions in Science, Number 500 ado, 12°36'N, 69°2'W, 3d, ll-19.ix.l999, L. ' Quate, Malaise trap, 300 m (BMNH, LACM, ) USNM}. I ETYMOLOGY. The name is based on the local- i ity of the Manu Wildlife Center. I I Valerianna bullata new species I Figs. 288-290 I DESCRIPTION. Male. Vertex light, same color as frons; interocular suture a single, heavy band; frons with quadrate hair patch less dense than that of V. manuensis and without dorsal extension. Hypandrium an indistinct, narrow band between bases of gonocoxites; distiphallus consisting of 2 shafts, longer 1 with blunt apex extends to tip of gonocoxite with slight basal curve, shorter 1 with ! acute apex with slight median curve; basiphallus I broadly expanded anteriorly; paramere large, sau- sage-shaped, axis nearly perpendicular to midline; I gonostylus tapering to acute apex with small apical I hook. I Measurements. Antenna 0.75-0.80 mm (n = 2). I Wing length 1.35-1.53 mm, width 0.45-0.50 mm (n = 3). _ Female. Apical lobes of subgenital plate promi- nent and asymmetrical, chitinous arch narrow, ex- tends just to margin between lobes; membranous I plate with 4 pairs of setae, with double curved line ' across center; genital ducts elongate, without fringe ! or striations; longitudinal and vertical struts mod- I erately sclerotized. I Measurements. Antenna 0.72 mm. Wing length 1 1.58 mm, width 0.53 mm (n = 1). I DISTRIBUTION. Peru. HOLOTYPE. d, PERU, Cuzco, 28 km ESE Boca Manu, 14-17.vii.1999, L. Quate, Malaise trap (MUSM). I PARATYPES. 2d, 1 9 , same data as holotype I (LACM, MUSM). j ETYMOLOGY. From Latin bullatus for inflated, referring to the enlarged paramere. KEY TO MALES OF VALERIANNA 1 Tergite 10 quadrate (Fig. 286); paramere a straight shaft with blunt apex (Fig. 285); gon- ostylus ending in angulate, blunt apex i V. manuensis n. sp. * - Tergite 10 oval (Fig. 289); paramere inflated, I sausage-shaped (Fig. 288); gonostylus ending in tapered apex V bullata n. sp. I Nemoneura Tonnoir Nemoneura Tonnoir, 1929:27; Satchell, 1953:417- 418; Duckhouse, 1973:8. ! TYPE SPECIES. Psychoda punctata Philippi, by original designation. DESCRIPTION. Eye bridge with 4 facet rows in male and 3 in female; eyes separated, interocular suture present and angulate; antenna with scape and pedicel normal; flagellomeres pyriform, termi- Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ill nal 3 flagellomeres reduced; ascoids unidigitate, simple, very long, extend to apex of succeeding seg- ment; labellum bulbous; palpomeres normal, ratio 10:11:12.5:16. Male anepisternum with 3 patches of alveoli: 1 elongate, posterior to and on same level as anterior spiracle; larger 1 on posterior half of sclerite, oval, ventral of spiracle, on separated dark area; 1 small- er than others, between and anterior of other 2. Anterior half of anepisternum with similar dark area, but without alveolus, female with single patch of alveoli covering most of sclerite posterior of spi- racle; midcoxa with cluster of alveoli on knoblike enlargement. Wing largely without infuscate pat- terns (but with faint spots at vein tips); Sc very long, extends to about half distance between radial fork and tip of Rj, base strongly curved toward margin and most of vein very close to C, but does not end in C; base of R2+3 not attached to R4; forks basad of wing center, radial fork basad of medial; R5 ends in wing apex; CUA2 curved in center and slightly enlarged at apex; ends in wing margin; R5 ends in wing apex. Abdomen without modified sclerites; tergites with 2 bands of alveoli. Male hypandrium a band expanded in center, connected to epandrium; ante- rior gonocoxal apodemes prominent, bilobed; gon- ostylus large and clublike, nearly parallel-sided to bluntly rounded apex; basiphallus broad at base, with keel connected to apodemes; distiphallus and paramere single; epandrium with single foramen in center at base; surstylus with 1 tenaculum. Female genitalia with rounded apical lobes and large, hemi- spherical genital ducts; cercus long and slender, more than 10 times basal width. Nemoneura punctata (Philippi) Psychoda punctata Philippi, 1865:631. Nemoneura punctata-^ Tonnoir, 1929:27-29, pi. IV, figs. 61-63; Duckhouse, 1973:8. DESCRIPTION. Male. Unknown. Female. Eyes separated by 2 facet diameters; in- terocular suture Y-shaped; frons hair patch divided in center and formed of 2 oval patches; scape and pedicel normal; flagellomeres elongate pyriform; as- coids single on flagellomere 1 and paired on others, ascoid on flagellomere 1 very small, other ascoids larger, but none extend to apex of segment; ratio of palpomeres 10:17:20:22. Wing with radial fork basad of medial by 6 cell widths; other characters as in genus. Measurements. Antenna broken; scape, pedicel, flagellomeres 1-9 1.48 mm. Wing length 3.35 mm, width 1.38 mm. DISTRIBUTION. Chile. HOLOTYPE. Location unknown; presumed lost. SPECIMEN STUDIED. CHILE, Llanquihue, Puella, 19, 12-13. xii. 1926, F. and M. Edwards (BMNH). REMARKS. There is a single female at the 112 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Figures 285-290 Valerianna spp. 285-287. V. manuensis: 285. male genitalia, dorsal; 286. male epandrium; 287. male surstylus. 288-290. V. bullata: 288. male genitalia, dorsal; 289. epandrium and tergite 10; 290. female genitalia. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 BMNH labeled ‘TYPE. Nemoneura vestita sp. n. A. Tonnoir det.’ Based on consistency with the lo- ' cality, description, and figures, this undoubtedly is I the female described as N. punctata (Philippi) by Tonnoir (1929:27). Probably when he first studied 1 the specimen, Tonnoir felt it represented a new spe- i cies and labeled it as such. Later, he decided it was Philippi’s species, but forgot to change the label on ' the specimen. This would explain the apparent dis- j appearance of N. punctata from the BMNH to which Tonnoir (1929) had referred. Nemoneura dealbata Tonnoir Figs. 291-292 Nemoneura dealbata Tonnoir, 1929:29, pi. IV, figs. 64-65; Duckhouse, 1973:8. ii DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 1-1.5 facet diameters; interocular suture interrupted in center; frons hair patch quadrate, partly divided, with sparse, irregular band extending dorsally to upper eye margin, band double to lower eye mar- gin, single dorsally; ascoids paired on basal flagel- lomeres, but single on distal (second ascoid possibly removed in mounting); ratio of palpomeres 10:10: 12:22. j CuA2 strongly curved preapically and with i preapical enlargement. Anterior gonocoxal apodeme with straight ante- I rior margin and does not appear bilobed; disti- phallus with dark, quadrate base, distal part taper- ing to acute apex; paramere apparently articulates with hypandrium, similar to shape of distiphallus but basal part broader and extends well beyond tip of distiphallus. Female. Eyes separated by 1.5-2 facet diameters; interocular suture inverted V-shaped. Chitinous arch extends only to base of apical lobes, not reach- ing apical margin; genital ducts hemispherical, lat- eral and longitudinal struts well developed; addi- tional longitudinal strut dorsal of genital ducts. Measurements. Antenna 1.45-1.75 mm (x = 1.63; n = 8). Wing length 2.83-3.38 mm, width 1.20-1.35 mm (x = 3.16, 1.24; n = 10). DISTRIBUTION. Chile, Argentina. HOLOTYPE. S, CHILE, Llanquihue, Casa Pangue (date not stated) (BMNH; examined). ! OTHER SPECIMENS STUDIED. ARGENTE I NA, Neuquen, Ar. Quechaquina, N side Lago La- I car, 3d, 16.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping sedges, 610 m (LACM), N shore Lago Huechula- fquen, 2d, 17-19.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, 920 m (LACM), San Martin de los Andes, Id, 15- 20.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Nothofagus antarc- tica forest, 850 m (LACM), Id, same data as pre- vious specimen except 19.xi.l994, bog, 790 m I (LACM), 7 km W San Martin de los Andes, 3d, 17. xi. 1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, streamside I (LACM), 11 km W San Martin de los Andes, 13d, 17.xi.l994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping bog, 890 m (LACM). CHILE, Llanquihue, Ensenada, 2d, 19, 4-6.xii.1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap. Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 113 180 m (LACM), Volcan Osorno, La Angostura, Id, 4-6.xii.1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 980 m (LACM), 2 9 , same data as previous speci- men except 770 m (LACM), Yerbas Buenas, 4d, 6 9 , 4-6.xii.1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 150 m (LACM). REMARKS. Only one of the females has a spher- ical sclerite at the apex of the longitudinal struts. In the illustration (Fig. 292) it is dotted to signify this might not be a consistent character. It might be present on all specimens but destroyed during dis- section. Nemoneura confraga new species Fig. 293 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 1.5 facet diameters; interocular suture interrupted in center, consists of 2 diagonal bars; vertex with api- cal notch, small protrusion on each side of notch; frons hair patch undivided, but with deep median notch on anterior border, with sparse, double row of sockets extending dorsally to upper eye margin; ratio of palpomeres 10:12:17:22. CuA2 with moderate preapical curve. Anterior gonocoxal apodemes strongly bilobed; distiphallus appears fractured in 2 places at base, extends well beyond apex of gonostylus, swordlike with small preapical curve; paramere absent; curved transverse bar at base of distiphallus ante- rior of fracture. Measurements. Wing length 3.0 mm, width 1.13 mm (n = 1). Female. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Argentina. HOLOTYPE. d, ARGENTINA, Neuquen, Ar. Quechaquina, N side Lake Lacar, 16. xi. 1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, sweeping sedges, 610 m (MLPA). PARATYPE. d, same data as holotype (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Latin confragus for rough, referring to the fractures of the base of the distiphallus. Nemoneura liparotes new species Figs. 294-299 DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by less than 1 facet diameter; interocular suture inverted Y-shaped, stem 2 times length of arms; vertex with apical notch, small protrusion on each side of notch; frons hair patch partly divided, but with deep median notch on anterior border, with sparse single row of sockets extending dorsally to center of eye bridge; ratio of palpomeres 10:15:17:22. CuA2 with small, preapical curve, not enlarged preapically. Anterior gonocoxal apodemes with small con- cavity on midline; distiphallus short, broad, extends little beyond apex of gonocoxite; paramere slender, much thinner and little shorter than distiphallus; curved transverse bar at base of distiphallus. Measurements. Antenna 2.53 mm (n = 1). Wing J 114 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini Nemoneura Figures 291-299 Nemoneura spp. 291-292. N. dealbata: 291. male genitalia, dorsal; 292. female genitalia. 293. N. confraga, male genitalia, dorsal. 294-299. N. liparotes: 294. male genitalia, dorsal; 295. female genitalia; 296. male head; 297. male wing; 298. male anepisternum; 299. male, flagellomeres 6-8. All scale lines = 0.1 mm Contributions in Science, Number 500 ! length 3.15-3.25 mm, width 1.28-1.35 mm (n = Female. Frons hair patch very sparse, single. Api- I cal lobes of subgenital plate rounded, chitinous j arch does not reach apical margin of plate; genital i ducts large, with dark lateral and longitudinal I struts; above genital ducts an elongate sclerite be- j tween genital ducts and longitudinal strut, another ! small sclerite at side of apex of longitudinal strut; one specimen with spherical sclerite at apices of longitudinal struts (see “Remarks” section for N. death ata). Measurements. Antenna 2.08 mm (n = 1). Wing I length 3.18-3.35 mm, width 1.33-1.45 mm (n = I 3). i DISTRIBUTION. Chile. HOLOTYPE. d, CHILE, Llanquihue, Yerbas Buenas, 13 km NE Ensenada, 4-6.xii.1994, L. Quate, H. Bhat, Malaise trap, 150 m (LACM). PARATYPES. 1 9 , same data as holotype (LACM), 3$, same data as holotype except 3.xii.l994, sweeping, fuchsias and ferns (LACM), 1 $, same data as holotype except 3.xii.l994, shad- ed seepage bank (LACM). ETYMOLOGY. From Greek liparotes for fat, re- ferring to the short, broad distiphallus. KEY TO MALES OF NEMONEURA The male of N. punctata is unknown. 1 Interocular suture either inverted V-shaped or in- terrupted in center; CuA2 with preapical enlarge- ! ment 2 - Interocular suture inverted Y-shaped with stem longer than arms; CuA2 without preapical en- largement N. liparotes n. sp. 2 Paramere present (Fig. 291) N. dealbata Tonnoir - Paramere absent (Fig. 293) . . . N. confraga n. sp. Unplaced Species Syntomolaba Enderlein Syntomolaba Enderlein, 1937:100; Quate, 1963: 184. TYPE SPECIES. Pericoma complicata Tonnoir, by original designation. Syntomolaba complicata (Tonnoir) Pericoma complicata Tonnoir, 1929:15-16, pi. II, figs. 23-27. ■ Syntomolaba complicata; Enderlein, 1937:100. DESCRIPTION. Male. Eyes separated by 1 facet diameter; interocular suture inverted Y-shaped with ' long stem; bridge with 3 facet rows; frons hair j patch quadrate with sides parallel, median band ex- 1 tending posteriorly to lower eye bridge margin; i scape elongate, 2 times length of pedicel, basal fla- ) gellomeres fusiform and progressively developing 1 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini ■ 115 small internodes; palpus normal, palpomere 4 lon- ger than 3. Anepisternite with alveoli only behind and below spiracle, mostly bare. Wing as shown by Tonnoir (1929: fig. 25), but without crossveins; R5 ends in wing apex. Genitalia missing from type. DISTRIBUTION. Argentina. HOLOTYPE. d, ARGENTINA, Rio Negro, Puerto Blest, Lake Nahuel Huapi, 2-3. xii. 1926, F. and M. Edwards (BMNH; examined). REMARKS. The missing male genitalia makes placement of S. complicata conjectural. The branched ascoids suggests placement in Didicrum, but R5 ending in the wing apex, the bifurcate gon- ostylus, and peculiar shape of distiphallus are not Didicrum characters. Therefore, since it cannot be assigned a genus and does possess some unusual features, we leave this species in Syntomolaba for the present. It does not belong to Pericoma as sug- gested earlier (Quate, 1963). In the LACM collection there is another species that resembles 5. complicata in the possession of mushroom-shaped ascoids and bifurcate gonostyli on the male genitalia; the position of radial and medial forks and ending of R5 are also similar. The anterior gonocoxal apodemes of the male genitalia are not expanded anteriorly and thus lack a defin- ing Setomimini character. On this evidence, Synto- molaba might belong in another tribe. Chirolepia Enderlein Chirolepia Enderlein, 1937.T03; Quate, 1963:192. TYPE SPECIES. Chirolepia maculipennis Ender- lein, by original designation. Chirolepia maculipennis Enderlein Chirolepia maculipennis Enderlein, 1937:103. Alepia maculipennis; Quate, 1963:192, figs. lOi-1. DISTRIBUTION. Bolivia. HOLOTYPE. BOLIVIA (ZMHB). REMARKS. Only fragments of the type species of this genus, C. maculipennis, remains in the En- derlein collection and it appears to be a female. Quate (1963) synonymized the genus Chirolepia with Alepia; however, its simple, but distinct, as- coids and the ending of R5 beyond the wing apex are not Alepia characters. It is impossible to defin- itively place Chirolepia in a tribe at this time. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals have generously provided assistance during field trips to Central and South America, offering both logistical support and assistance in obtaining per- mits. We sincerely thank the following for their support and generous cooperation: Manual Zumbado, INBC, Costa Rica; Jan Michael Maes, Museo Entomologico, Nicaragua; Toby Barrett, INPA, Manaus, Brazil; Abraham Caceres, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru; Gustavo Spinelli and Javier Munoz, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Dora Feliciangeli, Universidad Central de Ve- 116 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 500 Quate and Brown: Neotropical Setomimini nezuela, Maracay, Venezuela; Florence Foque, Institut Pasteur, Cayenne, French Guiana; Muriel M. Held, STI- NASU, Surinam. Tim Van Eldirk, Mil Madeireira Itacoa- tiara. Ltd, provided living and research space at their lum- ber camp. Zoe Adams, Natural History Museum, Lon- don, Tam Nyugen, American Museum of Natural History, and Nancy Adams, Smithsonian Museum of Natural His- tory, responded to many requests for loans of specimens. Finally, we appreciate the helpful reviews of J. Gelhaus, G. Hendler, S. Ibahez-Bernal, and R. Wagner. 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